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 FROM THE ART .ALl,ERV..p,„ENNlALEXHIBITrON, 
 
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THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Centennial Exhibition, 
 
 HELD IN COMMEMORATION 
 
 OK 
 
 THE ONE HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY 
 
 OF 
 
 AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 WITH A FULL DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 THE GREAT BUILDINGS AND ALL THE OBJECTS OF 
 INTEREST EXHIBITED IN THI:M, 
 
 EMBRACING ALSO 
 
 A Concise History of the Origin and Success of tiie Exhibition, itnd Biographies of the 
 Leading Members of the Centennial Commission, 
 
 TO WHICH 18 ADDER 
 
 A COMPLETE DESCRIPTION OF THE CITY OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 BY JAMES D. McCABE, 
 
 AUTHOR OF THS "CKNTBSNIAL HISTORY OP THE INITED STATES," 
 " PATHWAYS or THE HOLY LAND," ETC., ETC. 
 
 EMBELLISHED WITH OVER 300 FINE ENGRAVINGS OF BL'ILDINGS AND SCENES 
 
 IN THE GREAT EXHIBITION. 
 
 IiMueo by gub«cription only, an<l not fbr sale in the Iwok stores Residents of any State deslriuB 
 a copy should aildress the Publishers, and an Agent will e«i| i\«n th«ui. Sec {Mgu 875. 
 
 J. B. MAGURN, Publisher, 
 
 36 King Street, East 
 
 TORONTO. 
 
\:- 
 
 ^■ 
 
 I: 
 
 
 .. 
 
 n^c,2, 
 
 Kuternd uccurdiiig to Act ut Cougrem, in the year 1870, by 
 
 J. li. JOJSTES, 
 
 In thu onire of tho Liljriiriiiii nt Ctiui^rexn, at AVaahiiigtoii, D. C. 
 
Vv 
 
 1870, by 
 ngtixi, D. C. 
 
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 VIEW IN IIIK MAIN l'.riLIHN(i. SlloWlNd INK 
 
In\\l.\(i TlIK .Sl'AiMSIl, KdVl^MAN AND UAiNJSH COL RT^ 
 
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 ii 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 HE close of the first century of American Inde- 
 pendence naturally called for some extraor- 
 '^^ dinary and imposing commemoration of the 
 great event ; and when it was proposed to cele- 
 brate it by an International Exhibition, in which the 
 American Republic should display to the world the 
 triumphs it has achieved in the noble arts of peace 
 during its first century of national existence, and in 
 which these triumphs should be compared in friendly 
 rivalry with those of other and older nations, there 
 was a general and cordial response of approval from 
 the entire country. Out of this sentiment the Inter- 
 national Centennial Exhibition wis born. Foreign 
 nations entered cordially into the comiK'tition to which 
 they were invited, and the enterprise was carried for- 
 ward to completion with the most gratifying energy 
 and promptness. 
 
 The International Centennial Exhibition was ii 
 grand success. It surmounted its early difficulties and 
 delighted its friends and silenced its enemies by the 
 beauty and grandeur of its proportions, and by its 
 
 o 
 u 
 
4 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 positive and overwhelming success as compared with 
 the previous great Exhibitions of the world. 
 
 It is a success of which the American people have 
 especial cause to be proud, for it was entirely their 
 work. The great International Exhibitions of Europe 
 were the work of the governments of the countries in 
 which they were held, and were fostered with the great- 
 est care, and every resource of the state was placed at 
 their disposal to insure success. The Centennial 
 Exhibition, on the contrary, was viewed with disfavor 
 by the American Government, which withheld its aid 
 until the indignant remonstrances of the people forced 
 it to come forward and do its share in the work. The 
 Centennial Exhibition was thus the work of the people 
 of the United States, conceived by them, carried for- 
 ward to its close by them, and made by them the 
 grandest success of the century. 
 
 The deepest interest was manifested by all classes of 
 our people in their beautiful Exhibition. Thousands 
 came from all parts of the Union, and yet other 
 thousands from abroad, to visit the great Exhibition, 
 and all these went away with the acknowledgment 
 that, great as their expectations were, they were more 
 than realized. 
 
 Believing that such would be the interest of the 
 American people in the Exhibition, the author began 
 at an early day the preparation of this work, in which 
 he has sought to present to the reader not only the 
 history of the great enterprise, from its inception down 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 6 
 
 to its close, but at the same time to give to him a life- 
 like picture of the Exhibition and its varied sights 
 and attractions. Apart from his other labors, he 
 visited every portion of the Exhibition in person, 
 note-book in hand, and has endeavored to record 
 faithfully and accurately the various features and 
 incidents of the great fair which seem to him most 
 likely to give the reader a correct idea of it. He 
 ventures to hope that he has succeeded in this task, 
 and that the work will be found of use and interest 
 by those who visited the Exhibition and saw for 
 themselves the beautiful and instructive display de- 
 scribed herein, as well as by the thousands who could 
 not enjoy this privilege. These latter know the Ex- 
 hibition only by the reports that reach them through 
 their friends and the newspapers. For their benefit 
 chiefly the author has written these pages, in which 
 he has endeavored to enable them to become familiar 
 with the Exhibition without either the expense or 
 trouble attendant upon a visit to it. It is believed 
 that those who visited the Exhibition will find a 
 perusal of these pages of benefit to them. The Ex- 
 hibition was a world within itself, and the visitor 
 entering its portals was plunged at once into the 
 midst of so much that was beautiful, novel, and at- 
 tractive that he was bewildered. A thorough study 
 of this eighth wonder of the world through the 
 medium of some systematic and carefully prepared 
 account of it cannot fail to be of great benefit to the 
 
6 
 
 I'KEFACE. 
 
 intelligent visitor. Such a means of study is offered 
 him in this work. 
 
 Those who saw the Exhibition will, it is believed, 
 admit the trutlifulness of the picture herein presented, 
 whatever they may think of the manner in which 
 the work is executed. 
 
 The engravings in this work have been prepared 
 especially for it, and at great expense. It is sufficient 
 to say that they were engraved by Messrs. Van Ingen 
 & Snyder, Philadelphia, Harper & Bros.^ New York, 
 and other well-known houses. 
 
 Jas. D. McCabe. 
 
 Philadri.phia, 
 
 December 4th, 1876. 
 

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 THE CENTRAL AISLE OF Till: I 
 
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 ;LE of Tin: main exhibition imiLDINC. 
 


 J7eO€HEgTKa T^T- -PH TLHD^gy 
 
 1. Steel Portrait of Cioor,'!- Wasliiiirti>n Frontispiece 
 
 2. Sitriiiiii; tlic DocliiraliiMi of liitK'j)L'inieuee by tlie C'oiiti- 
 
 lU'iital ('(iiitrrcss, July 4tli, 177t) " 
 
 3. Main Uuililiiif,' of tiic Iiitoniatioiial Centennial Exhibition 
 
 4. View in the Main Kxhiiiition IJnilding, showing the Spanish, Eg; j)tiun 
 
 and Danish Courts 
 
 f). Main Entranee to Exliil)ition Grounds 
 
 ti. Agricultural llali — International Exhibition 
 
 7. Scene in Agricultural iliili, showing the Tobacco Exhiliit 
 
 8. Memorial Huililing or AitOallery — International Exhibition 
 
 !». Machinery Hall — International Exhibition 
 
 10. View in Agricultural llall, showing the Hra/.ilian Exhibits 
 
 11. Horticultural Hall -international Exhiliit ion 
 
 12. Ceremonies at opening of the Exhibition 
 
 13. General View of the Interior of Main P.uilding 
 
 14. Food Fishes of the Sea- Exhibited in the Fnited States Govern- 
 
 ment Building 
 
 15. Grangers' (\Mitennial Eneaini»inent 
 
 Hi. Main Aisle in Agricultural Hall, showing the Old Windmill, 
 
 etc 
 
 17. View at Ninth and Chestnut Streets 
 
 18. William Perm PAGE 18 
 
 19. Penn's Treaty Monument li' 
 
 20. Penn laying out the plan of Philadelphia 21 
 
 21. Monkey House, Zoological (ianlcns 23 
 
 22. Market Street below Seventh 26 
 
 2;{. Ninth and Market Streets 27 
 
 24. Declaration of Independence jtroclaimed in Philadelphia 28 
 
 25. Lippincott's Huilding '-'J 
 
 26. Market Street above Eighth 30 
 
 27. Corner of Market and Sixth Streets 32 
 
 28. Bingham House 33 
 
 29. The house in which the Declaration of Independence was written 34 
 
 7 
 
8 
 
 LIST OF ir.r.rviKA irovs. 
 
 30. 
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 47. 
 
 48. 
 
 49. 
 
 50. 
 
 51. 
 
 52. 
 
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 .56. 
 .57. 
 58. 
 59. 
 60. 
 61. 
 62. 
 63. 
 64. 
 65. 
 66. 
 67. 
 6«. 
 69. 
 
 70. 
 71. 
 72. 
 73. 
 74. 
 
 Murkft Strop( alu'Vf Sovnith t'AOl'. 
 
 Nalioiuil I'lililisliim; <'iim|miiy's Uiiililini; 
 
 Christ Church in ir7ii.. 
 
 YouiiK Mfii's i'hriHiiiin .Vs.-wMMiuinn ItiiiltlinK 
 
 Ouiinintf*' Triixi iiixt Sato l)r|M.sii ('iiin|iaiiy's lluildiii);, ("hoslmu 
 
 Sirrcl 
 
 Cariu'iilfr's Hall 
 
 Iiiilt'p»'iiil«iifi' ilall ill 1776 
 
 rniviiifiit l.ilr ami Iriist t'oiiipuiiy 
 
 Chi'stiuit Strict Ix'iuw 'rhinl 
 
 ( h(>;tiiiit St net al>'ivt' Sixtli 
 
 l'o>t-( HUcr 
 
 Imlr|n inh'nci- Hall, rhiliiilcl|'iiia, in 1^7(! 
 
 Interior of Iiulfpt'inlonco Hail 
 
 Old Mi'll of Iniii-iuiKliMUH' ILill 
 
 I'uMio Lfiliicr ItuiMini^ 
 
 UtTiiiaii DciiKMTUt Uuildiiit; 
 
 (iiiy's llotfl 
 
 Old Ma>oiiic 'rcnipU-, Clifsiniil Strrrt 
 
 C'ontiiKMital Hotel 
 
 (iirarti House 
 
 ClK'stniit Siivet at Twelfth 
 
 A (hestiuit Street I)ry-(ioo(ls Store 
 
 Coloniiatle Hotel 
 
 Chestmit Street Hridire over the Sehiiylkill, riiiladelphia.... 
 
 Mereliants' KxehaiiKe 
 
 Ilesliletiee of (ieorjju W. ("hilds, Walnut Street 
 
 Corner of .\reli and Sixth Streets 
 
 rU'iijaniiu Franklin 
 
 St. Cloud Hotel 
 
 Areh Street Methodist Chiireh 
 
 Heth-P/leii Haptist Chureh 
 
 Ilortieuliiiral Hall 
 
 Academy ot Music 
 
 Union Lcairiie Club House 
 
 La Pierre House 
 
 The New Puhlic Buildini,'s 
 
 The National Museum in Independeiiee Hnll 
 
 New Masonic Temple 
 
 Aviary, Zoolouieal (Jardens 
 
 Moonli-ht on the Heach at Cui)e May— Hraneh of the Pennsylvania 
 
 Railroad 
 
 Cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul 
 
 Gethsemane Baptist Church 
 
 The Old SwetK's' Church 
 
 Central Congrepitionul Church. 
 University of Pcnnsylvaniii 
 
 5. Girard Cc)lleKe. 
 
 76 
 
 Seminurv of St. Charles Borromeo. 
 
 3,1 
 36 
 37 
 
 ;!'.» 
 
 40 
 42 
 43 
 44 
 
 45 
 46 
 
 4H 
 50 
 51 
 53 
 54 
 
 M 
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 59 
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 63 
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 94 
 97 
 99 
 101 
 103 
 106 
 108 
 111 
 
 # 
 
T.IST or ri.T.tJSTIJATfONS. 
 
 
 
 A' 
 
 77. Arc'ciintilc I.ihrary v.\(,r II'.' 
 
 7S. nii|)tist |{(>;\nl of I'liMiciitiiiii, (•jicstniil StnM't ll.'. 
 
 7!'. Aciidfmy of Niitiinil Sciences Ilti 
 
 MO. I'rcsl.ytcriMii M.ianl of I'liltlientioii, < licsdiut Street 120 
 
 K|. IMiila(lcl|iliia Comity Prison 1'."-' 
 
 8'J. View of tlie SclinylUill from l.jnirej Hill, , showing,' tin! Fulls Mrjilge. \'2'> 
 
 K.i. View (if rairnioiint Wiitcr Works l'J7 
 
 84. SteaMislii|i Docks of tiu; renn-yivaniii llailroa<l <in the DclaMaic 
 
 llivcr i;{(» 
 
 H't. Fairniniirit Mridu'f l.'<4 
 
 Sti. View aliovc tiie l>ain, I'.iirinoiint I,'{(! 
 
 87. (liranl .\vcnne MriiL'e Vifi 
 
 8.S. Pennsylvania Uailroal Mridijc, Kairnioiint I'ark 140 
 
 80. The Hattle of (Jermiintown— Clicw's Mouse Hi 
 
 90. .\ (ieniiantown Villa 14:' 
 
 !tl. The SeliiiylUill, at riiiladelpliia 145 
 
 l»2. Hoar Pits in the Zoolo_'ical (Janleii. 141! 
 
 0.1. Fountain near Mineral Sprin;,', f.enion Hill 147 
 
 94. Monument to Al'raliam l.ineolii in I'airmonnt Park. I'liiladelpiiia 148 
 
 9."). Fast Terrace, I.cmoii Hill, Fairmoniit Park l.'tO 
 
 90. (ilen Fern, M'iss;iliickon l.'>2 
 
 97. Schuylkill Hiutf, Fairnioutit Park l."),'} 
 
 W. The Ifermil's Well !.").-> 
 
 99. The Wissahiekon 1.'.7 
 
 100. Ileniloek (ilen on the Wissahiekon I.'t9 
 
 101. Fntranee to FairiTionnt i'ark at lv,".rlesticl(I. 100 
 
 102. Fairmoniit I'ark from the Pennsylvuniii Piailroail P)tI^I^'e l(i_' 
 
 10.'!. |)rinkini,'-l''oiiiitain on the Wissahiekon l(i.'! 
 
 101. Oolnnihia Uridine over the Schuylkill, from the Ilustic Hrid;.^u in i.lie 
 
 West Park IfiS 
 
 105. The Drive -Wissaliicl;oii 172 
 
 101'. Flephaut House, Zoolii'_'i''al (lardens 174 
 
 107. The Wissahiekon at Chestnut Hill 177 
 
 108. On the Wissahiekon 180 
 
 109. Drive in Fairmount Park 184 
 
 no. On the Wissahiekon Drive ISO 
 
 111. Kestnurant in the Zoidoj^ieal ({aniens 1S9 
 
 112. Bridj,'e over the Wissahiekon at Valley Circen 191 
 
 11.'}. Hridjje over Wissahiekon, near Mount Airy 207 
 
 114. Centennial Medal — Ileverse 212 
 
 11'). Centennial Medal —Ohverse 21.'{ 
 
 11(5. Carnlvora Buiidinir, Zoolotjieal Ciurdens 214 
 
 117. Monster Pines, West Park 21.'» 
 
 lis. View from Belmont, West Park 219 
 
 119. Building of the New York Mutual Life Insurance Company 222 
 
 1'20. Ravine in Western Park, Sweetbriar Vale 225 
 
 121. John Wanamaker's New Clothing House, Market Street 229 
 
 122. Scene near Tyrone, on the Pennsylvania Railroad 2.1'.' 
 
 I'i.'l. Scene at Allegrippaa, Pennsylvania Railroad '.*4J 
 
10 
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 I'jti. 
 
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 13({. 
 
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 139. 
 140. 
 141. 
 
 1 4'J. 
 
 144. 
 
 14-,. 
 
 Hti. 
 147. 
 
 US. 
 
 l.'A 
 151. 
 152. 
 153. 
 154. 
 155. 
 150. 
 157. 
 l.'')8. 
 159. 
 160. 
 161. 
 162. 
 16;«. 
 164. 
 165. 
 16(i. 
 1t57. 
 !♦>«. 
 109. 
 
 l,|.sr OF IM.rsTUATIONH. 
 
 Tlie II<ir««'-Sli(M' Ciirvr, I'l'imxylvanin Kailronil l'A<iK 247 
 
 Trtu'k Tank. IVim<«ylvaniii llailmail 249 
 
 llldi-k Si):nal Staliitn, I't-miftylvaiiia ItailriMul 2.VJ 
 
 Hryii Mawr SiaiiDM, IVntiNylvania Itailntatl '2'A 
 
 Hryii Mawr Ili«icl, Pcimsylvaiiia Kiiilrnail 'Jti4 
 
 lU'pot (if ilif IVimsylvaiiia lluilroail at .Mfimna i>7(i 
 
 Interior <if a Parlor Car, IN-iinsylvaiiia Kailmail 271 
 
 Cfiilral I'ciiiic, Nicniia i;.\piisiti<in IJiiililim.' '27s 
 
 <'h('«*trr ValNy, near l'liila<lrl|tliia, a-t Kcrii (Voni tlic INMinsylviuiin 
 
 Kailroail... •JX2 
 
 Si'ciH' on till' Scluiylkill, m-ar I'liilaili'lpliia 2!M 
 
 Tin- (IIuIh' IIiiIcI, opposite nitrancf to Main Itnildini; 297 
 
 Transciiniiniiil:il lintel, oppoiitt- Main Itniltiin;.' 29S 
 
 The Inilt'il States lloUjl, near the .Main K.xliibition Mnililini; '2W> 
 
 <iranil Kxpci-^ilion Hotel ,'{0I 
 
 (Vnteniiiai lUpnt, reiiiisylvania Kailroad, oppoxitu Mi'eliinery Hall. .'<or 
 
 Doyle's llestanrant .'U I 
 
 (Vntennial Depot of |li<- I'liilaili Iphia and lieailini: llailmail ,'<14 
 
 Hird s-I!ye View of the Ceiiteiiiiial Hiiildin^'s, lairrnonnt Park, Philii- 
 
 deiphia .'Jl!' 
 
 The Pionian Catliolie Centennial rountain 326 
 
 Statue of I.ilierty to he ereet<'d in Indepemlenee Sipiare '.ViS 
 
 Muin ituiidinu' of the International Centennial Pvliiiiition, Phila- 
 delphia. \>7>'> .134 
 
 Delaware State Pnildinu' .340 
 
 Conneetieiit Slate Ihiildinj; 343 
 
 Ohio State Biiildini; 347 
 
 Massaehttsetts State llnildini,' 3.'>3 
 
 New York State P.uildin'r 3.'i7 
 
 Studio of the National Photoijrapliic Company 3(1'.' 
 
 New .lersey State Pniiilinir 370 
 
 C«dnrado and Kanvas State Ituilding 376 
 
 Arkansas State Hiiildin-^ 3bO 
 
 The Book Trade Kxhihit-Showintr .T. R. I.ippineott & Co.'s Case.... 385 
 
 The ColosseuiM, Southeast Corner Hroad and Locust Streets 3lil 
 
 Eastern F.ntranee to the Swedish Court 404 
 
 Entranee to the Spanish Court 409 
 
 Entrance to tin- I'lryptian Ciairt 412 
 
 Entrance to the Praziltan Court 422 
 
 The Spanish Hnildint,' 42>« 
 
 Machinery Hall -International Kxhiliition ; 43(i 
 
 The 4'orliss Knj.'inc in .Machinery Hall 43!i 
 
 Cook's World's Ticket OHiecs, Centennial (iroiinds .. 451 
 
 The (iermun Restaurant 462 
 
 Aifricr.ltural Hall 471 
 
 The Carriage Huildinj; 476 
 
 Interior of Aurieultural Hall 481 
 
 Horticultural Building 50> 
 
 Stairwaj: in Horticultural Hall 511 
 
 
 ^'! 
 
334 
 310 
 343 
 347 
 3:.3 
 3-.7 
 
 37(t 
 37« 
 380 
 
 3«r. 
 
 3!M 
 404 
 40!) 
 41-' 
 422 
 4US 
 431 ; 
 43!l 
 451 
 462 
 471 
 470 
 484 
 50.S 
 oil 
 
<''^l/f^r.. 
 
 '4^f; 
 
 
 •ifl'lli!^-. 
 
 Ip 
 
 k\t<il> FXBUEa OF TUli .SKA — RXUIBITJiJ) IN TUK U] 
 
IIBITJO) IN TUK UNUSED bTATJ£U UOVfillMMEMT BUILDI^'Q. 
 
■f,- 
 
 ■ Hi 
 
 m 
 
 k 
 
LIST OF IF.LUSTUATIONS, 
 
 n 
 
 
 irO. The rorciim'-IIiniso, Horticultural Hall PAGE 512 
 
 171. Memorial Mall or Art (iallory 519 
 
 17il. Knirli- fiscd in ornanjcntation of Memorial Hull 521 
 
 IT.'i. Italian Statuary in the Annex to the Art (Jallery 534 
 
 174. Pholo'.'raphie Art Cialiery 541 
 
 175. United State.s Government finiidin;,' 54«i 
 
 17il. Post Hospital of tiie United States Army 5S() 
 
 177. Women's Pavilion, International Centennial Uxhihition 590 
 
 178. Pennsylvania State Hnilding tiOO 
 
 179. Maryland State Unildini,' C()2 
 
 180. Tlie Hritisii Muililinus tiOH 
 
 181. Puililin,' of till' (ierman Enii)ire 611 
 
 182. Swedisii Sciiooj-Ilouse 013 
 
 18.1. The Jai)anesc Dwelling »;15 
 
 184. The .Judges' Hall Ull> 
 
 185. Grand American Restaurant 621 
 
 186. The Southern Restaurant 622 
 
 187. Restaurant of the Trois Freres Proven(,eaux 623 
 
 188. The Shoe and Leather Ruilding 626 
 
 18!). Hnilding of the Departnient of Pnlilic Comfort 630 
 
 1!>0. Singer Sewing .Maeliinc Hnilding 633 
 
 191. The Empire Transpoitation Company's Huildini: 636 
 
 192. Hnilding of the t'amphell Pre.ss Comj>any 638 
 
 19.i. The American Niu<paper Hnilding 641 
 
 194. General J. R. Ha-.vley, President of the U. S. Centennial Commission... 650 
 
 195. John Welsh, Chairman of the Centennial Board of Finance 654 
 
 196. A. T. Goshorn, Director-General of the Exhibition 665 
 
 197. Professor J. L. Campbell, Secretary of the United States Centennial 
 
 Commission 656 
 
 198. General Charles B, Norton, Secretary of the Centennial Bureau of 
 
 Revenue 658 
 
 199. Abbe Bolt F"'orging Machine, exhibited in Machinery Hall 660 
 
 200. The New Post-Office, Philadelphia 662 
 
 201. The Wisconsin State Building 665 
 
 202. Women's Centennial Concert Garden, Broad Street 670 
 
 203. Boat Houses of the Schuylkill Navy 674 
 
 204. Commodore James M. Ferguson 679 
 
 205. The Baldwin Narrow-Gauge Locomotive, used by the West-End Rail- 
 
 way in the Exhibition Grounds 682 
 
 206. The Ice- Yacht, exhibited in Machinery Hall 683 
 
 207. The Sellers Slotting Macliine, in Machinery Hall 685 
 
 208. Johnson's Tyi)e Casting Machine, in Machinery Hall 687 
 
 209. The Sellers Hydrostatic Wheel-Press, in Machinery Hall 689 
 
 210. "The Death of the Elk"— Swedish Group in the Main Building 691 
 
 211. Brayton's Hydro-Carbon Engine, exhibited in Machinery Hall 692 
 
 212. Group of Palm Trees in Horticultural Hall 694 
 
 213. Dead-Stroke Power Hammer, in Machinery Hall 696 
 
 214. Sevres Vase, in Memorial Hall 699 
 
 215. The Vintage Festival, by AlmA Tadema, in Memorial Hall 703 
 
12 
 
 216. 
 
 217. 
 
 218. 
 •219. 
 220. 
 
 221. 
 ooo 
 
 223. 
 224. 
 
 226, 
 227. 
 
 228. 
 229. 
 230, 
 231, 
 232. 
 
 233. 
 
 2;>i. 
 
 23.'i. 
 
 2.36. 
 
 237. 
 2.38. 
 
 239. 
 
 240. 
 
 241. 
 
 ■ji;;. 
 
 244. 
 245. 
 246. 
 247. 
 
 248. 
 
 249. 
 250. 
 
 251. 
 252. 
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Lnnijpn Otto Gas Motor, cxliibited in the rjerninn Section of Mnchijiery 
 
 Hall PAGE 704 
 
 FlowiMs' Ontonnial Oil-Cup, e.xliil>ite(l in Macliint'ry Hall 70S 
 
 Carvi'il Fast Indian Furniture, in the Main nuildini^ 709 
 
 Machinery Seclion, Asricnltural Hall 711 
 
 Fonr-Cylindi-r Soap-Makintj Machine, cxhihitcil in the French Section, 
 
 Machinery Hall 712 
 
 Intcriir (if Rotunda of Memorial Hall 714 
 
 "Aquoniefer" rutnp, exhiliited in Machinery Hall 71.'> 
 
 Departnieiit of I'rintinu Machinery in Mnehinery Flail 717 
 
 riecker's " Ilizpah I'mtectinj^ the Hodies of her Sons," in Memorial 
 
 Hall 719 
 
 Condiination Wood Worker, e.xhihitcd in Machinery Hall 720 
 
 Kastnuin Johnson'H "Old Kentucky Home," in Memorial Hall 722 
 
 Gttrlandar.s .\ir-Cooler and I'urifyini? Apparatus, exhibited in Ma- 
 chinery Hall 723 
 
 The Stevens Parallel Vise, exhibited in .Machinery Hall 724 
 
 The Italian Department, A;,'ricultural Hall... 726 
 
 Slotting ilachine, exhiliited by Ferris & Miles in Machinery Hall... 727 
 
 The Sewinj; Machine Section, Machinery Hall 729 
 
 Chambers, Hro. & Co.';-: .\vehimedean Hrick Machine, exhibited in 
 
 Machinery Hal! 730 
 
 Power Punching; Machine, exhibited by Ferris & Miles in Machinery 
 
 Hall 731 
 
 Hreairiins^ lolanthc, in liulter, in the Women's Pavilion 73.'i 
 
 " i)ui,'-Out" from Hriiish « ohnnbia, in the I'nited States liovcrnuient 
 
 Btiilding 734 
 
 Steam Hammer, exhiliited by Ferris & Miles, in .Machinery Hull.... 730 
 
 Ferris & Miles' Shajiiii.: Machine, exhibited in Machinery Hall T'.iS 
 
 Totera-Post, from Ilaidulis, (^ueen I'harlotto Islands, in the I'nited 
 
 States Government lUiiMiiiR 73',i 
 
 "Diana." Fijjure in Tcrra-Cotta, exhibited by GuUoway & GratT, in 
 
 the Main Ruilding 712 
 
 "Psyche." Fij,'ure in Terra-Cotla, exbibitod by Galloway & Graff, 
 
 in the Main Huildinj; 744 
 
 View (if the Interior of the Glass Works 745 
 
 Cl'inese Pagoda, in the Main Ihiilding 746 
 
 Kiosk of Stuffed Birds, exhibited in the Main Huilding 748 
 
 Patent Folding Ped, exhibited in the Main Building 750 
 
 The Whifmore Portable Steam-Fngine, exhibited in Machinery Hall. 752 
 
 Perforated Veneer Seats 764 
 
 View of Section of Fish Fxhibit, United States Government Building. 756 
 "The Century Vase," exhibited by the Gorham Company in the 
 
 Main Building 757 
 
 British Museum Vase, exhibited by Galloway & Graff 759 
 
 Tumbler Drainer, and Wutcr-Jet, exhibited by Charles Lippiucott & 
 
 Co., in Machinery Hall 761 
 
 Palmer Power Spring-Hammer, exhibited in Machinery Hall 763 
 
 Exhibit of Seedi in Agricultural Hall 767 
 
CEIlEMONin.S AT THE OPENING OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 OENKUAL VIEW Ol TillC INTEUIOK Or HIE MAIN BUILDING. 
 
« 
 
 ! 
 
 4 
 
LIST OF ILLUtsTRATIONS. 
 
 13 
 
 253. 
 
 ■J.w. 
 
 2oj. 
 
 257. 
 258. 
 
 259. 
 260. 
 
 261. 
 
 262. 
 263. 
 
 264. 
 
 26.'). 
 266. 
 267. 
 
 268. 
 261). 
 270. 
 
 273. 
 274. 
 276. 
 276. 
 277. 
 278. 
 279. 
 
 280. 
 281. 
 
 282. 
 283. 
 
 :;S4. 
 
 286. 
 287. 
 288. 
 289. 
 
 Ticket-Office of the Pennsylvania Railroad, in the Exhibition 
 
 Grounds PAGE 770 
 
 Soda Fountain, t'.xliibiled by Charles Lippincott & Co., in Machinery 
 
 Hall 774 
 
 Japanese Hronzc Va.se, in the Main Building 776 
 
 Baugh's Sectional Mill for Hard Substances, exhibited in Machinery 
 
 Hall 779 
 
 Liberian Ivory Display, exhibited in Agricultural Hull 781 
 
 Malachite Muutol and Ornuiieiits, exhibited in tiie Russian Section, 
 
 Main Building 783 
 
 Weimer's Suspended Hot-Blast Stove, exhibited in Machinery Hall.. 786 
 The " Warwielc Vase," exhibited by Galloway & GrafT, in the Main 
 
 Building 787 
 
 Weimer & Birkenbiuc's Furnace Charger, exhibited in Machinery 
 
 Hull 788 
 
 The Twiss Vertical Fngiue, exhibited in Machinery .'lull 789 
 
 Terru-Cotla Vuae, exhibited by Galloway & Gruff, in the Main 
 
 Building 792 
 
 Theorcll's Printing Meteorograjjh, exhibited in the Swedi.sh School- 
 House 793 
 
 Mammoth California Grape Vine, in Agricultural Hall 796 
 
 Centennial Award Medal (Obverse) 798 
 
 Centennial Award Medal (Reverse) 799 
 
 Terra-Cotta Vase, exhibited by Galloway & Gruff, in the Main Building. 803 
 
 Patent Car Coupler, exhibited in Machinery Hall 805 
 
 Blank Books, exhibited by W. F. Murphy's Sons, Philudelphiu, in 
 
 the Main Building , 807 
 
 The Aquaria, Agricultural Hall 809 
 
 Alcott's Turbine Wheel, exhibited in Machinery Hall 811 
 
 Steam Jlammer, exhibited by Ferris & Miles, in Machinery Hall 814 
 
 Porlugutse Government Building 816 
 
 View of the Looms, Machinery Hall 818 
 
 Rhode Island State Building 820 
 
 Gregg's Impact Brick Machine, exhibited in Machinery Hull 822 
 
 Liberian Coffee Huller, exhibited in Agriculturul Hull 823 
 
 "Keystone Soda Water Aj)paratus," exhibited by Charles Lippincott 
 
 & Co., in Machinery Hall 826 
 
 Terra-Cotta Vase, exhibited in the Main Building 826 
 
 Silver Bas-Relief Plaque, Repousse, exhibited by the Gorham Co 828 
 
 Ornamental Pugoda, in the Chinese Section, Main Building 829 
 
 Mississijipi State Building 831 
 
 Communion Service, "Gorham Plate," exhibited by the Gorham 
 
 Manufacturing Company, in the Main Building 833 
 
 Drum Roller Printing Press, exhibited by Cottrell & Babcock 835 
 
 The Runquist Oscillating Governor, exhibited in Machinery Hall.... 836 
 Silver Flower Vase, Repousse Work, exhibited by the Gorham Co... 837 
 
 Wagper's Chariot Race, in Memorial Ilall 838 
 
 Makart's " Venice doing Homage to Catharine Cornaro," in Mem- 
 orial Hall 841 
 
I , 
 
 14 
 
 290. 
 291. 
 
 2l»2. 
 2;>3. 
 
 2;»4. 
 
 295. 
 290. 
 297. 
 29S. 
 299. 
 300. 
 301. 
 302. 
 .'<03. 
 304. 
 305. 
 
 306. 
 307. 
 30S. 
 309. 
 310. 
 311. 
 312. 
 313. 
 314. 
 315. 
 316. 
 317. 
 318. 
 319. 
 320. 
 321. 
 322. 
 3J3. 
 324. 
 325. 
 326. 
 327. 
 328. 
 329. 
 330. 
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Gillinder A Sons' Glass Works in the l-khlbition Grounds PAGK 843 
 
 Upright Prillinjc Machine, e.\hibite(l in Machinery Hall 846 
 
 Hrazilian Government Building 847 
 
 "Old Virginia" HuildinR 848 
 
 Philadt'iiihia (."ity Huiiding S'>0 
 
 French Iliirr Mill, in Machinery Hall 853 
 
 Steam-Pump, exhibited in Machinery Hall 8.'')4 
 
 Conelly'H Statue of Thetis, in Memorial Hall 8,55 
 
 Kmbroidered Screen, exhibited in the Chinese Section, Main Huilding. 856 
 
 Vermont State Huililing 8,")8 
 
 The New England I>op Cabin and Modern Kitchen 859 
 
 Planing Machine, exhibited in Maeliinery Hall 860 
 
 Radial Prill, exhibited in Machinery Hall 861 
 
 Liberian Coflee Display, exhibited in .\gricuitural Hall 864 
 
 Screw-Cutting I.atiic, exhibited in MaciiiiuTy Hail 867 
 
 Peacock's I'catiier, eimtaiiiing the famous " Hrunswick " Diamond, 
 
 and over 600 Small Diamonds 869 
 
 China Viuses 871 
 
 China Vases 872 
 
 Centennial Award Medal 873 
 
 Interior View of the Kansas and Colorado Building 
 
 General View of the iiiiirior of Machinery Hall 
 
 The Hydraulic i5asin, in Machinery Hall 
 
 View of the liiierior of tiie Women's Pavilion 
 
 Interior of tin- I'niteil Slates (ioverument nuilding 
 
 Interior of the Brazilian Court, in the Main Building 
 
 General View of the Interior of Horticultural Hall 
 
 The Chinese Court, in the Main Building 
 
 Exhibit of (larden Seed, in .\gricultural Hail 
 
 Ornamental Vase and Flowtirs, exhibited in Main Building... 
 
 "Exhibition Vase," exhibited in Main lluilding 
 
 The Starch Pavilion, in .Vu'rioultural Hall. 
 
 General View of the Interior of Agricultural Hall 
 
 Pagoda and (iroup of Viuies, in the Chinese Section 
 
 Japanese Temple in Bronze, Main Building 
 
 Silver Pitcher, exhibited by the Gorham Co 
 
 Solid Silver Salver, exhibited by the Gorham Co. Value $.i,(H)0 
 
 Show-Ciix's in the Chinese Department, Main Building 
 
 Group of Vu.ses, exhibited in the Chinese Section 
 
 Bronze Vase, exhibited in the Japanese Section 
 
 Principal Depot of the Pennsylvania Railroad, West Philadelphia... 
 Improved Stoj) Cylinder Press, exhibited in Machinery Hall 
 
'AGK 843 
 
 846 
 
 847 
 
 848 
 
 8.10 
 
 8'>:] 
 
 8.14 
 
 H'}5 
 
 ing. nr,e 
 
 8.-1H 
 
 ,S".9 
 
 860 
 
 861 
 
 864 
 
 867 
 
 nd, 
 
 .... 869 
 .... 871 
 .... 872 
 .... 873 
 
 (irSKHAI. VIKW ol' TICK INTKIUoll OF MACIIINKUY ItALL. 
 
 ^N»*t^r.s.^Tf>on» ^ 4 
 
 -WrnH UYBKAtT^IC BASIN, IN MAt HTKKKY UXl^t,, 
 
1 
 
 il 
 
 I 
 
 ill 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER 1. 
 
 THE CITY OF PHILADELPHIA. — HISTORICAL. 
 
 Founclinfjon'hiliulelpliiahy William Penn— His Treaty with the Indians 
 — Orit,'iiml Plan of the City— Growth of the City— Tiie Revolution- 
 Occupation liy the British— Coinniereial Prosperity of Philadelplua— 
 Its I?ankin,<r Interests— Consolidation of the Suburbs with the City — The 
 Centennial Census— Population of Piiiladelphia 
 
 17 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 PIIILADELPHIA %N 1876. 
 
 Location of Philadelphia— Size of the City — Its Regularity — Materials 
 used in P>uilding the Houses — "The City of Homes" — Philadelphia 
 Houses — Mr. Kortwright's Statistics — The I'ublic Squares— Market 
 Street — Tiie House in which the Declaration of Independence was written 
 — The National Publishing Company's Building — Second Street — Christ 
 Church — Chestnut Street — A Sjilendid Thoroughfare — Carpenter's Hall 
 — Tiie CoiUincntal Congress — The First Prayer in Congress — Tiu' Custom 
 House — Tiie Post-Oflice — Indipendencc Hall — The Fashionable Prom- 
 enade—Noted r.uildiugs— The Hotels — Tiie Continental— The United 
 StJitesMiiit — Walnut Street — The Merchants' I'xcli iiige — The Commer- 
 cial Kxchiiuge — An Interesting Site — Pennsylvauii" and Philadelphia 
 & Reading Railroa<l Puildings — Offices of the Centennial Commission — 
 The Abode of Wealth and Fashion — Arch Street — The Grave of Frank- 
 lin — n;ndsome('hurchcs — Proad Street — The Baltimore Depot — Penn- 
 sylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb — Academy of Music — The 
 Colosseum — Union League Club House — The Public Buildings — The 
 Masonic Tem])le — Academy of Fine Arts — Reading Railroad Depot — 
 Third Street— The Financial Centre— The Girard Bank— Old Churches. 
 
 15 
 
 24 
 
!?l 
 
 IG 
 
 rONrKNTS. 
 
 CHAPTER 
 
 IMIII.ADKI.l'III V IN ISTO — l'()N( I.l'DKn. 
 
 Steam Hnilmail^ — Tlnir Dcjwd-; wwd Tit kit ( )l!ui's Sti ;iiii>lii|i l.iii('« — 
 TIk' I'liil.icli l|>lii:i Maikrl.' - riiiiiiiiu'iil ( 'liiirdu's — Catludial Tlio 
 olilist rrc^ltvii ri.iii ami Itiunaii Callmlii' ('Imnlio — Tlu' old Swiilcx' 
 Cliiircli- I'lic I'lililir Si|iii(i|> - I'liivir^ity ot IV iiii«\ Ivaiiia - 'l"lu' Midi- 
 ral ( <)lli'j,'is— liiranl < <ill(;;i — The I'liihult Ipliia l.iluarv —Mil rant ik- 
 Liliniiy— i;iili;\vav Lil»iai\v — A«;ulriii_v ul' Nuliiial Si iiiitcs Li'ariu'il 
 
 Stti'iilii Till- /(.(il.-iiMl « ianliiw — Ilciu Anlciii Iii-lilutioii-; 'I'lic IV tin- 
 
 Hvlvaiiia llii-pital -Isi-aiii' A-.vluiii Naval A-vlmii I'mmui^ lloibrtif 
 (orii riii)n I'l, ices 111 Amii-riiuiil ( 'cim ti rii> - Ni\v-|iMiiirs I'aiiks — 
 <l,i-aii(l WaiiT— .Slivi't Railways 'I'lic Wal'.r I'mni 'riic hilaware 
 Slidi' --rml llicliiiKHiil Till' dial Wliarvts Slii|i VanU ('aiiidt'ii — 
 Siiiilli'-" ami \\ imliiiill l-liinls I)iiik> nt' tlif I'l iiii-\ Kaiiia Itailrnail — 
 Till' Aiiicrii an Sh aiii-liip l,ii!f TIk <>!'! Navy Yard ( in ( invitli I'dint 
 — Liauiii- I-laiid Tlic Navv V.ud jnii Milllin -A Ifrmiiii-ci'lU'c of 
 the lu'Viiliiiinii Tin' Si liu\ Ikill iJivir-'riif llridu'i- 'I'iir I'ainiioiiiit 
 and Oiranl Aviimc riiid-i- Tlic liiiot I'.rdL'i' in Aiiniifa — Wct^t 
 I'liihukliiliia -di nnantiiwit Maiiulai tuii> aii'. ( 'uniiin'ri'i' \)2 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 rAIKMdlM' 1'AI;K. 
 
 Dinu'nsiiiiis of llic Park It- Hi-tmy Imiuovi nn i.t-;- Old I'airmoiinl 
 ;uid Ltindii Iliil \'iiw fryiii llic liiil -The Watt r\vnjk>— Till' Art 
 (ialltTv- Tlif l.imnlii Miinnnuiit I.riiinii Hill II' iiiirii^ciiici's <if 
 KdluTt Mnrri,— Sid-'Ity I'ark -Tin Kiv. r Hi ad The iia-l Tark— 
 Tile Stiirau't' I{e«tvipir ( Hd ( 'oiiiilry-Mat.-- .Mmiiit I'ieasint - Ariiold'rt 
 Iloiiie - i"i>it Si. havid"-— 'I'lie \\'i-s:dilikiiii — I'' niiantic Sceiaiy — Tlic 
 H(ilei--Tlie Hirndl"> Well — Tlie M\-lii> -Waddnutnli's lliick— TIlO 
 
 M<>iia-i<Ty - Tile W'l'-t I'ark - Snliiiide— Tile /iKilnLMral (iardiMs Tlio 
 (iroiiiids nt' the ( 'ii'teiiiiial llxliiliitiuii— I,aiisd(i\v:ie— ( Je(ir;.'e's Iliil — 
 Pelnioii .Indue I'l (i I- — '.lie Sawyef ()l)-ervatory - Hnw to Jteaeli 
 the- Turk 114 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 TlIK IIISTOUY < r Tin: ( KNTKN-NIAI. K-MHIUTION. 
 
 Tlio First l'rnii()>i;i!< fur the I'.thihitinn — Iiuliatury Mra-nr. ^ .\etii)n of 
 the Cily ( oniieils ul' Philadi i|phia--Tlie Memo; iai to ( 'oiiL'fi-s — Tlit' Act 
 of Iiieorporatioii — Appointnieiit of the Centennial ( 'oinnii<si(ai — Creation 
 of the P.oard of l'"in;inee — Liheral .Vctiun of the ('ily of I'iiiladelphia — 
 Donation of the I'.xhiliiiion ( iroiinds -'I'he I'ornial Transfir I'roelanm- 
 tiou of llie I're-ideiit of the I'nitod Slaten — Tlic Invitation to Foreign 
 
 atm 
 
n 
 
 CONTKNTS. 
 
 17 
 
 'I The 
 
 <■ .Midi- 
 rratilili' 
 .I'Jiint'd 
 .I'.i.n- 
 
 !;iiiks — 
 ■l.nvarc 
 iidtii — 
 load — 
 
 I I'diiit 
 ■lice of 
 iiKMint 
 Wvxl 
 
 V2 
 
 noiint 
 v Alt 
 
 IS (if 
 
 :nl< — 
 
 M.ld'H 
 
 -The 
 Tlio 
 Tilt' 
 
 !ill- 
 
 Ii'.lcll 
 
 Ml 
 
 II of 
 
 Aft 
 
 lion 
 
 ia — 
 
 nin- 
 
 ■ign 
 
 Powci-H- The Law for tin; Frco Kiilry of Kxliiliitors' Goods— Tlir ricnoral 
 tioviriitiu'iit Takes Part in tin- Kxliibition— Tiic (Jroiind Hroki'ii, .Inly 
 4lh. 1S7I -I'laiiH of tlu' CotmniK«ion— Circniars of tlic Dircvtor-Cu'iuTal 
 
 — Ki'yiilalioiis for Kxliihiiors -Oiih r of tlic TrcaMiiry Inpartiiuiiit— 
 Work of tlic i)()aid of Kiiianci;- Salis of Stock— The I>nrean of lievciino 
 
 — Its HiiicesHfiil Work— Sale uf Medal«— Approiirialioiis In- IVimsyl- 
 vaiiia and riiiladilphia— Ucfiisal of CongrcsH to Aid the Kxhihition— 
 Report of the IJoard of Finance- Action of the Stales— Apiiropriations 
 hy Forei!;n ( Joveriinients— Congress Appro[)riate.s a Million and a Half 
 to the Kxliihition— Third Annual Report of the Roard of l'inan<e— 
 Kecei>lioiiof(Joods— Completion of the Work— The System of Awards 
 —The Centennial Calendar Ig7 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 THE MANAGEMENT OE THE EXillHITION. 
 
 ,A List of the Onicers of the Centennial E.xhiliitioii, .md the Comniissloners 
 froni Foreign Connlries t2:\0 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 CiETTING TO THE EX 11 1 HITION— ACCOMMODATIONS Foil 
 
 VISITOUS. 
 
 Rush of Visitors to Philadelpliia— Arrangements for Transportation uf 
 
 VisiU)rs hy the Railroads of the I'nitcd States— .Settlement of iIieQnestion 
 of Fares— Arrangements of the Railroad.s leading into Pliilailcli>hla— 
 How to reach the Kxhiliitinn (ironnds from the city— The Pennsylvania 
 Railroid-Magniliecnt ccpiipmcnt of the Road— The Model Hiilmad of 
 the Union— Armngement.s of the Philadelpliia tSi Reading Railroad— 
 The Selniyjkill Sleamhoat.s-Thc Stia-t Railway arrnn-('ment^-Cabs 
 nnd^ Carriages- Regnlations concerning theni-Thc Philadelphia Hotel- 
 —Their Capacity for accommodating (inests— The Centennial Lnd-ing- 
 Honse A-ency— Ronrding ITonr,c3-Snbnrban Hotels— Circular of the 
 Cente.mial Coinmis-ion with rcfei-nce to Accommodations for Visitors, 210 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 THE OPENIXf} or THE EXFIIIUTION. 
 
 .\rrangement.s for the Openinc;— Progrnmmo fssned b\- the Ccnfoimial 
 Commission— Scenes in Philadelphia on the 0th of May— The ()p<ning 
 Day—The Rush to the CJrnimds— Arrival of Visitois from Di-^iant 
 
 Points -The r.atcs Thrown Open —The Crand Stanils— A nrilliant Sc-ne 
 —Arrival of (he President of the Tnitod .*5tatos— Wagner's Cmtemiiiil 
 Mareli— Bishop Simpson's Prayer— Whittier's ITymn— Fnthnsia-=m of 
 the Multitude -Transfer of the Exhibition to the Centennial (ommia- 
 
18 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 I 
 
 I' 
 
 V 
 
 n 
 
 I 
 
 296 
 
 sion— Tlic Centennial Cantata — Aiidivw of Coneral Hawliv rn.>nlvijt 
 (Jrant Declares the llxliiUition O^cn — The ria^ I'Mfmled — Tlio I'lChi- 
 (lenl's Tour Tliroiijili the Hiiiitiings — Thi- Starling of the (Jreat Engine 
 — »Seenc8 ik ho Kxliibiiion (iroiuuls — llluniinatiuu of the Cit/ 267 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 WITllOL'T TllK GROUNDS. 
 
 Kapid (Jrowth of tlie (Vntennia' Town— The Transcontinental and CJlobe 
 Hotels — Tiie United States —The (Jraiid Kxposition — Tiie Panorama — 
 Sights and Scenes on Khu Avenne — The (heap Hotels — The Heer-Ciar- 
 dciis— The Carriage Sheds — Tlie Cheap Mnsennis — The Oil Wells — The 
 Street ("ar Conc(inr>e — A Hnsv Scene — Ccnteiniial IVpoi otllic IVinisyl- 
 vania K;iilroad — Hclnioi\t Avcnnc -Appearance of t'"- Street — The 
 Largest Soda Fountain in the Worhl — Tlie Keslaiirants — The Tropical 
 Ganhii A I>elightud Kesort— (;cr)rpe"s Hill—l'ehnont — The Steam 
 boat Landing— Centennial Dejun of the IJeadiiig Railroad 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Tin: KXIIIHITION finoCNDS. 
 
 Toi)(>gr,ipliy of the (Monnds— The Kavines-Tlie Liilranees— The Turn* 
 htiles— Styles of TieUets used— The Thotograph lugulalion— The Cen- 
 tennial (iuard— The I'ire Department— The Narrow-! iange Railway— 
 The Rolling (hair Service— LandscajK" (Jardening- The Flowers- The 
 Avenues — The I'ridges— I'artlioldi's Fountain — The Roman Catholic 
 Total Ahstinenre Fountain— The Centennial Walerwoil-s -Relief IMauH 
 of Foreign Cities— Staiiie of Religious Liberty— Statues of I'liristophei" 
 Colimihus anrl V.\\:\< Howe— The Hunter's Camp- An Old-Fashioned 
 Railroad Train-- Tiie American Soldiers' Monument — The Ice-Water 
 Fountain— The Indian Camp 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 TIIE MAIN nriLMNO. 
 
 Description of the Main Building— A Mouster Fdiliee- The Interior— 
 A Magnificent Hall— Derorati(>n« — The (ialleries— A Il.aiitiriil and 
 Imposing Scene — Water-'Closet* — Kestaiirants — Fountains — Letter 
 I{„xos— Telegraph System— The Elevator— Cias<ification of the Display 
 in the Riiilding- Tlie Amcilcan Department— Tiie Creat Organ— The 
 Mass.»chusetts Educational Exhihit— The Ron^cvdt Or>ran— The Paper 
 Makers— The Rook Pavili(m— The Model Po-t-OlTice -The Cotton and 
 Woollen fioods— The Carpet Rooms— American Pottery— Among the 
 Iron Worker>^ The Fire-Anus Exlniol Rich C i les The T.le. 
 giaphic Display-The Uas Fixture Department— A Hnllianl Display— 
 
 316 
 
 t 
 
K> rioKi- 
 
 267 
 
 (1 C J lobe 
 mnia — 
 cMiar- 
 Is— The 
 Vnnsyl- 
 ■t-flie 
 "rnpical 
 Si earn 
 
 296 
 
 Tum- 
 c Cen- 
 way — 
 -The 
 
 ilholic 
 I'lniiH 
 ophfr 
 idiiL'd 
 iVater 
 
 316 
 
 lor — 
 and 
 oUer 
 play 
 Tlie 
 a per 
 and 
 (he 
 '.1... 
 
 CONTENTS. J 9 
 
 The Jouollors and Silversmiths— The Moorish Pavilion— A Gorfjeons 
 Exhihit of Karo and Costly Uhjivls— Tlie Century \'ase— Tlie Coh)<,Mi» 
 Fountains— Tho Kiirnituro Disphiy— Modtl Houses Conii)letily fur- 
 nisiied— The Pianos and Organs -IJeautilid Instruments— Concerts — . 
 (ireat r.ritain and Ireland— Magnilii-ont Display of Silver and Plated' 
 Ware— S[)len(lid Furniture and Chureh Ornaments— Beautiful Porce- 
 lains— Superb Pottery— Statuary— Process of Making Pntery— The Tile 
 Fxhihit— Rich Iron Work— Rare Furniture— A Koyal Pavilion— (irand 
 Display of Cotton and Woollen (mmmIs and Linens— Jcwdiv -Splendid 
 Carpets— The liook Display— The (Jraphie's Art Colkrtion— Rich 
 Stained (ilass— A (iorgeous Show from India— The Canadian Fxhibit— 
 The Manidaetures an<l Natural Products of ihi; Dominion— The Fduea- 
 tional Fxhibitof Ontario— The Australian Kxhihiis— The Wonders and 
 liesources of the Pacific Contin(>nt- -Pyramids of Gold— Sui)erb Photo- 
 graphs of Australian Scenes— Dust from the (lold Coast— Native Dia- 
 monds -The West Indian Display— France— The French Coiut— Rare 
 Bronzes— Fxquisite Por-jelains— The Textile Fabrics of France— The 
 Silk Court— Beautiful Laces- Statuary— Kcligitais Groujjs- The Book 
 Trade Fxhibit Fine Fn<,Mavini|;s— Fine Cutlery— Articles de Paris - 
 Scientilic and I'hilusophical Apparatus ;^3>j 
 
 CHAPTF.R XII. 
 
 THE MAIN r.UlM)lNG— CONCLUDED. 
 
 Germany- Location of the German Section— A Superb Display of Porce- 
 lain— H«'antiful Vases— Plate (Jlass— Bnmzes— The Silks— Display of 
 the F'berlVld Manufacturer: -The Ivory Pavilion— The Chcn)ical Dis- 
 play—The Velvet Pagoda— The Hospital Department— Fine Church 
 Decorations— Models of an Ocean Stcanur— The Book Pavilion- The 
 Atistrian Court- Magnilicent Bohemian <ilass- rht Meerschaum Pipes 
 — Kx(piisite Carvim-s— Vienna Leather Work— The Italian Court- 
 Artistic Wood Carvintrs- Beautiful .Jewelry- (Jlassware from Venice- 
 Belgium— Magnilicent Display of Textile Fabrics— Carved Furniture 
 —Fire-arms- A Belgian School and (;> nmasium—Tlie Lace Court- 
 Beautiful Iron Work — Pictin-es in Tapestry -The Netherlands -Atirand 
 Display of the Public Works of noUand-Tlie Woollen (Joods-Model 
 Farms— A Dutch Fating-hous.' -Rare and Beautiful Art Works -Fduca- 
 tional Fxhibit— The Artisans' School— Switzerland in Miniature— The 
 Watchmakers- Scientific Insiiumcnts — The Swiss School Systt'iii - Rich 
 Laces— TI.e Wood I'arver;- Sweden— The Peasant (iroups— Scenes in 
 the Home Lifeof the Swedes— A Beautiful Fxhibit-Fine Porcelains— 
 The Bv'sscmer Steelmakers — Disjilay of the Swetlish Army— Norway- 
 Peasant Groups— The Laplamk. — A Fine Collection— The D.uiish 
 ('ourt- Etruscan Imitations -Fsipiimaiix Houses and Boats -The Span- 
 ish Pivilion— A Beautiful Structure— Rich Display of the Resources 
 and Wealth of Sfiain— Evidences of Sj)anish Industry -The I'lgyptiaii 
 

 i 
 
 CONTKNTS. 
 
 Court- A llaiv aiul pKaiilifiil Display from the Land of tlio Nili — The 
 l'ii.>*t ami tiio Prosi'iit — A 1'm<j;i' from tlio Arabian Ni<j;lits — Kicii IJolios — 
 Artii'ii's from C't'iitial Afriia — K.uypl's Afxriciiltural l{>.'sonrci's — Tliu 
 Japaiu'si' Court — A \Vtiii(Krfiil I>is|ilay— Siiju'rlt Hroii/is — Tlic Laoq- 
 urri'd Wari' — Wli:it tlu' island lMii|Mro Kxliiliits— Tlio Cliinisc Court — 
 A ISfantifid and Curious Hi^play -l-ixliiliit of tlio ()ran<?e Krco State — 
 Anotliir Sample of Dutch Knor^iy- Tiio Tunisian Court —I'-astirn Mag- 
 iiilici'iK'o -l>i-play of tlio Native rrodiuts and Manufaeturos of Mexico 
 
 — riio J'ra/.ilian ravilinu — A Superh Kdiliee — Ttio Empire of I5razil 
 Illu>lrated --l'>xliiliit of iIk' other South Ameriean States — Display from 
 the Sanilwieh Islands —The Ilu>-ian I'.xliihit Ilieh and I'.eantit'ul Ob- 
 jeets tVoni St. IVtorshuri:: and Moseow Tlie Portuguese C<iurt — A IFand- 
 some Collictiou — Sjieeial I'oituijuese Fealui' ■•< The Turkisli Court — 
 The WtiuiUrs of the Land of the Sultan 'i'lu Miniral Ainiex -The 
 Oirriage Amiex 388 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 MACIIIXEUV HA [J.. 
 
 Description of the Ihiildinj,' -The Interior -CouvenienreH for Visitors — 
 rncanlions Ajxainst I'ire The Corli.-s Lupine- Distriluilion of Power 
 
 — The AiU' ri.'an Di-play — Curious and Intere-tin<j Machines — The 
 Slt'am-]'iii,'ine> -The I'irst Steam-laiuiue in America -The HIa-t Kur- 
 naeo— The ScwiuL: Machines — A Haudxime I>i>;play -The Suspeusion 
 Bridge I'.xhiliit -A Monster Cotton Pros \Vea\ inuMaehines -Makinj^ 
 V»'atihes hy Machinery-Carpet Weaving' Thi' Water Mot(M-<- The 
 Loeomotives The Railway Kxhihit The N'acmim Pan — The Tohaeeo 
 Factory- M.ikiiu: India Huhher Shoes -Makinj; Candies hy Machinery 
 — The Ma<<Mchn.--eti< Marine— Amon).f the Prinliuf,' Machines The Old 
 Franklin Pro"; Priiitins? the >'<»• Ynrk //. -v//*/ -The lee Yacht — 
 American Machine Simps — Nail and Tick Makiiifj- The Hydraulic 
 Annex— The Tank— The Cascade The Hytlranlic and niuwin;,' Ma- 
 ehines--Thc Pritish Section- The IJoad Sicamers -Iron Aniu;:- Plate — 
 AVcavini; Machines Hallway ModeU The Waltei Pre: -<- T!.. S':,'ar 
 Mill--The Canadian I'.xliihit -Thederman Section— The Krupi .uvm 
 -The French S'^ction --- Silk Weaving - LiihojiraphinR - lUl-rian 
 Maihimry- The Well-Porer The Swiili-h Seciioii and Fxhihits -The 
 Itu~-ian < Inns— Tile Ihazilian Section A Handsome and Characterisiic 
 Display 4^3 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 AGUI(i'i;irKAI. HALL. 
 
 Description of the Huildinj.' -Interior Arraiifiements— Classification of the 
 Kxhihit The American Department- .\Kricultural Machinery -The 
 I'luw.s -Harvesting Macliines -Threshing MaehineH— The Ci ler Mill 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 lo-The 
 
 's—TI.e 
 ^ Lacq- 
 'oiirt — 
 Stat(>— 
 II Mag. 
 Mexico 
 
 Hrazil 
 y fidrn 
 I'll! ()l>- 
 iraiid- 
 'oiirt — 
 
 -The 
 
 21 
 
 386 
 
 — Tl... X;.(ivo Wincsof America— The Stardi Makers— The Wiiidniill— 
 
 The Nai.naj History Collection- Tlic Calirornia IJiiflet— The A(iiiaria— 
 
 The Tobacco Exhihit-A Fine Display— Collective Kxhibit:^ of the 
 
 A-nciiltiiral Products of the States of the Union— Daniel Webster's 
 
 Plou—The Cape Ann Fisheries-" Old Abe "-The British Court-A 
 
 Small DispIay-Agricnltm-al Products of (\inada-Canadian Machinery 
 
 -The I'rench Kxh|bit-A Fine Display of French Wir.cs-Ciern.any's 
 
 Contribution-The Wines of the Khinc land-Agricultural Products of 
 
 Austria and Ilungary-Kxhibii of Rnssiaii Products-Italian Winesand 
 
 Oils-Dologna Sausagcs-Thc Spanish Court-A Complete Exhibit of 
 
 the Products of Spain-The Portuguese ColIection-II<,lland's Exhibit 
 
 -The Norway Fislurics-Swclish Exhibit-The Japanese Court-The 
 
 Tea and Silk Culturc-Tho Brazilian Court-The Cotton Pavilion- \ 
 
 Kcmarkabic Collection -The Brazilian Silk Culture -Exhibits of 
 
 ^ enczuela and tlie Arg,.ntine Kepubiic-The Libcrian Court-The 
 
 Ponujlogical Annex— The Wagon Aimex ^-q 
 
 tors — 
 I'ower 
 -The 
 
 Fur- 
 iision 
 aking 
 -The 
 bacco 
 inerv 
 eOId 
 .ht- 
 anlic 
 
 Ma- 
 ,te-~ 
 •' ;ar 
 
 ■ IIMH 
 
 liiian 
 -The 
 •istic 
 
 l!i3 
 
 the 
 The 
 lill 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 iioiiTKri/rrnAL hall. 
 
 Descrii.tion of the T^iilding-The (irand Conservatorv-A Beautiful Hall 
 -The Fountain- -Cost of the Ihiilding-CIassilicaiion of the Exhibit- V 
 K.ch Collection of Tropical Plants-A Beautiful Scene-The Forcing 
 IIouses-The l-ast and We.t Koon.s-Exhibit of Gardening Materials-^ 
 The Electrical Organ-TheJloriicult.u-aKJrounds-TheGuano Pavilion 
 1 he Tent-Anthony Waterer's PJ.ododendrons-The Cuban Summer 
 
 lioii 
 
 507 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 MKMOUIAL HALL. 
 
 Description of the Building Bronze (Iroupsof Statuary— The Annex- 
 Classification of the Art Exhibit-The Beception and Central Ilalls- 
 Ihe lamliugsand Statues in thcm-The Art Galleries-Xotable Pic 
 UM-es by Anieiiean Arti>ts-The English Oalle.y-Masterpieces of the 
 Modern English P:untcrs-Ti>e Ohlcr English Artists-Tlie Queen's 
 I iclures-The South Kensington Exhil.ii-The French Picturcs-The 
 (.erman Gallery -The Austrian Collcction-A Fine Collection of t,dian 
 Statuary- Italian Paintings -Tl,e Castellani Collections -Spanish 
 1 icturcs-- Art (Jems from Sweden a.ul Norway-Masterpieces of the 
 Modern Dutch School-Notable Pictures from Belgiuni-The Danish 
 (.allcry-Brazilian and Mexican Art-The Photographic Annex-A 
 1- me Display of Photographs r.. 
 
*22 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 THE UNITED STATES (JOVEKNMENT RUlLDixo. 
 
 rKsrriptiuii of tlie Biiildiiip— Tlii' (irtMiiiilx Kxliiliils of tho Vnriou» 
 iK'IKirtiDeDts Oiitsitk'of llie r>iiililiii<j— Tlii' Monitor Turret — Tin- (Jroal 
 liiiiis of the Army ami Navv — Tlu- I'ostal Cars — Tlu- Transit of Vi-nus 
 Kxhibit — Arniv Trains— l)is|io,sitii>n of Spare ii: tlie Hall- Kxliibit of 
 tlie Tost-Oflice iVpartnuiil -A Mixiel I'ost-Ofli-.e -Tlie Agriinltiiral 
 IX'parlnicnt— A Fine Di.-^itlay— Tlic Interior De|iarlnient — Ivxiiihit of 
 the Patent Otfiee -llistiirieal Kelies— A Kicli l)isplayof Indian Curi- 
 amities — The Ediuational Kxhihit— The C'ensns-riiotographs of the 
 (leological Purvey of the Territories — A MairiiilKent Display by the 
 Smithsonian In>titiition — The Animals and l"i>lus of the I'nited States 
 — The Mineral (olleetion— The Treasury Kxhibit- The I.ij;lit-1 louse 
 nnd t't>ast Survey Ilranehes — Tli-." Navy I>epartmrnt — A Splendi<l and 
 t'oniplete l)ispl;iy of the Construetioii and iMpiipnuiit of an American 
 Man-<)t'-\Var — The ToriH'<lo Se-rviee — The War lU'|)artment — Splendid 
 Kxliibit of the Siiinal Service — The Kn<;in«'er ('ori>s and its Work — 
 M.ikinj; Uilles and ( arlridiies by Machinery— The I'ost Hospital — The 
 Laboratory— The Light-House Mo 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 THE WOMAN H Bl'lLPING. 
 
 IVscriptinn of the Building — Its Cost —A Lady Kngineer — The Interior 
 of the I'uihling— Tin Lxhibit -The Looms Works of Female Artists 
 — Inventions of Women— Institutions Managed by Women Splendid 
 Kiubroideries — Display from Foreign Countries — The Printing Oflice.. 
 
 CHAPTER XlX. 
 
 THE MINOll STUrcTriJES OF THE EXHUHTION. 
 
 The State Bnihiings— St. (ieorge's House — The French (lovemment 
 Building— The French Stained (Ila>s Pavilion -The (iernian (lovern- 
 ment Building— The Spani>h Bui Mings — The Portuguese Building — 
 The Swedish School-House -The C.inadinn Log-House — The Brazilian 
 Building— The Japanese Dwelling nnd Bazaar— Tiie Turkish and Tu- 
 nisian Cofli'c ITonsc- ;in<l Bazjiars— The Svrian Baza.irs-The Moorish 
 Villa — The < hilia'i Machineiy Hall !?uildiui;>i (tf tlu' Centennial Com 
 ndssion -The .Jud;;,s' Hall — The KestaurMnI — The Shoe and Leather 
 Building The Brewers' Hall — The Butter and Cheese Factory — 
 Department of Public Comfort— Singer Sewing Machine Cottage— The 
 Centennial Photographic .\ssociatinn -The .\merican Railroad Ticket 
 Oflice Km pi re Transportation Comp.iny's Building -Starr's Iron Works 
 — The(ilass Works - (.'ampbell Printing Pre.s.s Building Tiie .American 
 
 >sa 
 
 i 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 m 
 
 AJC 
 
 Interior 
 Artists 
 |ilt'iuii(i 
 OfliiT.. r>,s9 
 
 Nowspapc-r Building-Tlie World's Ticket Office— The Palestine Camp 
 --Tlie W(,metrs Scliool-IIonse—Tlic American Kindergarten— The 
 New Kiigland Farmer's Home and Modern Kitchen— Pacific Guano 
 (^)nipany's JJiiildii.jr -Tlie 8iieet-Mctal Pavilion— The United States 
 Life-Saving Station— Tiie Elevated Railway— The Windmills 596 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 BIOCRAPIirCAL. 
 
 Cu-Mcral .Tosopli R. Ilawlcy, President of the United States Centennial 
 ComniisMon- .Joim Welsh, Chairman of the Centennial Board of Fi- 
 nance— Alfred T. <iosliorn, Director-CJeiieral of the Exhihition— Pro- 
 fessor Jnlin L. C;uiiplH>ll, Secretury of the United States Centennial 
 Commission -Geiural Charles 15. Norton, Secretary of the Centennial 
 IJMreaii of Revenue 
 
 649 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 TIIK CELEBKATION OF THE FOIJUTH OF JULY, 1876, 
 
 AT PIIILADELrirrA. 
 
 Arranijoments for the Great Celehration-lndcpendence Hall Decorated 
 —The Centennial Eeoior,— The Mhie and the Grnv-Ceremonies of 
 Jnly Ist-Congress of Authors-Tl.c (Jreat Civic Parade of Julv 3d- 
 The Midnight Celehration-Dawn of the Fonrtli-The Militarv Parade 
 -Ihe Kxcn-ises in Independence S,p,are-Ilhunination and Fireworks. 661 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 THE INTERNATIONAL HECATTA. 
 
 Arrangement, for the liegatta-The Pri..es-Ske.ch of the Schnylkill 
 Navy-I mgiamme of the Races -Biographical Sketch of Connnodore 
 James M. I'ergnson-Dcscription of the Races-The Winners 673 
 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 THE LIVE-STOCK DISPLAYS. 
 
 Anangc.n,ents f>>r the I>i^,Iay of Live-stock-Dccription of the Grounds 
 -ri.e I orse Munv- The Noted Animals-The Dog Show-The Cattle 
 N.ov-A Snpcrb Kxhihit-Display of Sheep, Swine and Goats-The 
 1 oultry Miow 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV, 
 
 THE STATE DAYS. 
 
 An-uigenunls fi.r the S.ate Celchrations-Xew Jersey Dav-An Inspirit- 
 vv^s^uvUuAo-Vnnnvctk^n Day-Massa,<h,Hetts Dav-Ncw Y„,k Dav 
 -A (,r.,.;,l OvatMn to the (iovernor of the Empire slate-P. lui- vlvania 
 Day- ihc (.randoHt Celebration of All-A Gala Day at the Exhibition 
 
 697 
 
 ■Ja^, 
 
i^ 
 
 i '■ 
 
 24 
 
 CONTEXTS. 
 
 — TIio Fireworks -Rhoilo Islainl Pay— TIio Italian Day~In.itignra- 
 tion of tlio C'oliiiiiliii-i Mommiitit— New Ilaiii|>-liiro l>a_v — iVlaware, 
 Maryland, ami Virginia Hay — Tiic Fireworks — The Delaware rek-bra- 
 
 tion — Keeijition hy the (iovernur ot" Maryland Tiie \'irj;inia ('elel)ra- 
 
 tiun-Tlie Tournanuiil Tiie I>all Crowning the (^nein of Love and 
 Beauty —Ohio Day - Tlu' Mcrehants' Keunion— Vermont Day 725 
 
 CHAPTER XXV 
 
 THE HIXORl) OF THK KXHIBITIOX. 
 
 Hi.ittinent of Ltading Fvents Coiniected With and Growing Out of the 
 Fxhiiiition 782 
 
 CHAPTER XXVI. 
 
 THi: ANNOrxcKMKNT OF THE AWAUnS. 
 
 Corenuinir« at Judges' Hall — Aiiiiniiiicinunt of the Awards granted hy 
 tlie ("omniission— ("haraeter of the \wards— Description of the Medals 
 — Lint of the Principal Awards in Kach ClasM 791 
 
 CHAPTER XXVII. 
 THK CLOSE OF I III; EXHinrrrov. 
 
 The Fireworks on the 0th i.f NovenduM- 'I'liv ('In^ioL' Day — I'nfavornble 
 ^Vl■atIler — Tlie Attendance at ihc l^xliiliilion- ('« rt iii(init> in .Indges' 
 Hall- Tlie Music— Addr.-n of Hnn. D. J. Morrell The Tc iK uni— 
 Remarks of I'residtiit .Ichn \\\lsh -Addres.s of Din ctor ( ii neral 
 '•>horn — Speech of (iiUcral Hawhy Presidiiit <iranl Declares the 
 Kxhibition Closed — Stopping (lif Mai liincry — Set ni in Machinery Hall. 819 
 
 CHAPTER XXVIII. 
 
 .VTATI-riCS OF ATTEXDANt E, 
 
 ( .iust>s of tlie Farly Indillerrpce of the People Towards the K.xhiliitioii — 
 (irailiial Incr»ase in the .Attendance — Statement of .\dmissions — The 
 Reci'iiits— The State Days - Oih- r N'oi((i Days — Comparison of the 
 "Centenniur' with Otlicr I'-xli'iiii'mn — <iatement of Fxhibit(jrs 81') 
 
 CHAPTER XXIX. 
 MMiAT ^^AS ACCOM pr.isFrED. 
 
 P,i iietits confcmd upon the Ann rii an People by thi^ Fxldhition — View.s 
 of (leiieral Hawley — Wl^at ( i( uc ral < ioshorn Tiiiidvs the Kxhiliition 
 h IS .\cc()m|ilished — Views of President John Welsh, Mr. .lohn Sartain, 
 '"aptain All)ert, Mr. Piurnelt I.andreth. Mr. Miller, and (ieneral I'rancis 
 \. Walker (.'oneerniiig ilieii' R( -pi ctive D'.parimi nis 8o2 
 
naiigiira- 
 
 (Vli'lirji- 
 < V'l.hra- 
 'ovo and 
 
 of tlic 
 
 782 
 
 THE 
 
 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 ted In- 
 \rcdals 
 
 roi 
 
 arable 
 
 iini — 
 iicral 
 s I lie 
 Hall. 819 
 
 Tlie 
 llie 
 
 81.') 
 
 ion 
 in, 
 ('is 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 THE CITY OF PHILADELPHIA.— HISTORICAL. 
 
 Founding of Pliiladelphia by William Penn-His Treaty with the Indians- 
 Orignial Plan of the City-Growth of tlie City-The Rcvolution-Occupa. 
 tion by the British-Commercial Prosperity of Pliiladelphia-Its Banking 
 Interests-Consolidation of the Suburbs with the City-The Centennial 
 Census— Population of Philadelphia. 
 
 HEX it was proposed to celebrate the close of the first 
 centiny of the independence of the United States by an 
 International Exposition, it was admitted that the 
 proper phice for the holding of such an exhibition was 
 the city of Pliiladelphia, in which occurred the decisive 
 event which placed the United States among the nations of the 
 worhJ,, and which the exhibition was designed to commemorate. 
 Before proceeding to speak of the exhibition, it will be best to 
 in<:roduce the reader to the great city in which it was held. 
 
 The city of Philadelphia, in the conntv of the same name, is 
 the metropolis of the State of Pennsylvania. It is the secoiui 
 city in the Union, aud is classed as the sixth great city of tlu 
 world. 
 
 The city of Philadelphia was founded by William Penn 
 2 17 
 
i 
 
 18 
 
 THK ll-Lt'STUATKn HISTOIJY 
 
 immediately after takinpj possossion of the jirovinoc ol'lViinsyl- 
 vania granted to him by Charles II. He .sent over a body of 
 colonists in August, l(j«l, and in 1082 came over himsell' and 
 superintended the surveys of the new lity. The land was 
 ehosen by him Ixcause, he declared, " It seemed a|)|)ointc<l for a 
 town beeau»ie '1' Its i^-jvcis, iloeUj^ springs, and lofty land." All 
 the^ featurjf hwx long since disappeared bclbre the rapid 
 
 WIT.MAM PEKN. 
 
 jrrowth of his city. During the year 10S2 a large number of 
 colonists arrived, the majority of whom were Friends or 
 (Quakers, and persons of respectability and wealth. 
 
 The ])lace at which William Penn first set tb<it on the .soil of 
 ins new city was long known Jis the *' Blue Anchor Landing," 
 from a tavern of that name, the first hou.se built within the 
 igna-i th ci(7 X. Httll lut^Kj uudei a sprwiding elm at 
 
iViinsyl- 
 !i body of 
 "si'lf a!i(l 
 land was 
 iit<'<l lor a 
 Hi." All 
 the rapid 
 
 k 
 
 '/ 
 
 % 
 
 iber of 
 ids or 
 
 soil of 
 ding," 
 n tho 
 ilm at 
 
«; 
 
 f- 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXillUITION. 
 
 19 
 
 Shackainuxun, now Kcnsingtun, Pcnn met the chiefs of the 
 neighboring Indiun tribes, and entered into a treaty of peace 
 and friendship witii tlieni. Tliis treaty was conHrnicd by no 
 oath, but it reniained unbroi<en ibr Hlty years, and as ncitiier 
 Bide sought to evade its obligations, wiueii were siinj)Iy of peace 
 tiu\ good will, the colony of I'ennsylvania escaped in its earlier 
 years the horrors of a .sivage warliire i'rom which the other 
 settlers sutlered. " We will live," said *hc Indian sachems, 
 "in love with William Penn and iiis children as long as the 
 moon and the sun shall endure." They kept their word. 
 "Penn came without arms; he declared his purpose to abstain 
 
 PENN 8 TREATY MONUMENT. 
 
 from violence ; he had no message but peace; and not a drop of 
 (Quaker blood was ever shed by an Indian." 
 
 The venerable elm tree which witnessed "the only treaty ever 
 ratified without an oath, and the only one never broken," stood 
 unhai'med until 1810, when it was blown down by a furious 
 gale, rts site is now marked by a small obelisk of granite, 
 vvliich stands on the east side of Beach street, a few stej)s north 
 of Hanover. The Second and Third street cars will convey the 
 visitor to Hanover street, from whi(^h he will have but a square 
 to walk ; but the monument is so surrounded by piles of stone 
 and lumber that it will require a sharp eye to detect it. 
 
 On the pleasant tract lying between the Delaware and the 
 
' I 
 
 20 
 
 Tin; U.hr.STUATKI) lliSTOUY 
 
 *^T 
 
 ;• 
 
 i 
 i 
 
 St'liuylkill, .vliit'li was piircliasotl from the Swcdt's, who had on 
 their [tart purchased it troiu the Indians, IViin in lOS.) laid out 
 the ea[)ital ot' his provinee, whieh liu naiiied i'illl.ADKi.i'iiiA, 
 the eity of Brotherly Lovi', in toUen (»f the prineipK's whieh he 
 meant shonhl eonstiinte thi? common law of Ids possessions. It 
 was ahundantly supplied with sticams of pure water, an<l was 
 adnnrahly siiiiau-d for pnr|)osis ot' trade. He did nut wish it to 
 he built alter the manner of European eities, but desi»i;ued it to 
 l)G a '* greene eountry town, p;ar'Jens round eaeh house, that it 
 miirht never be burned, and always be wholesome." The streets 
 were laid off by markin<]j their course through the primitive 
 forest by bla/ing the trees, and the building of dwellings waa 
 begun. h\ the tirst year of I'eiuj's arrival in theeolony, twenty- 
 three ship3 with emigrants arrived in Pennsylvania. In three 
 years after its Ibundation Philadelphia contained upwards of 
 six hundred houses. The Indians proved the firm frieu«ls of 
 the colonists, and supi)lied them with wild fowl and venison in 
 return for articles of l^uropean manufaef 
 
 The original plan of the city was a p ...clogram, two miles 
 long, from the Delaware to the Selniylkill, by one mile wide. 
 It contained nine stri'cts, running from river to river, crossed 
 by twenty-one running north and south. A grand stpiare >)f 
 ten acres was laid olf in the heart of the city, and in each of the 
 four (juarters was a s(piaro of eight acres, all for pleasure 
 grounds and promenades. In the main the original [)lau is 
 still adhered to. 
 
 The streets runinng from river to river, witli the exception 
 of High street, were nametl after the native forest trees. They 
 were called Vine, Sassafras, Mulberry, High, Chestiujt, Walnut, 
 Si)ruce, Pine, and Cedar, Nearly all of these names remain. 
 Sassafras is now called Ra<'e ; Mulberry is Arch; High is 
 Market ; and Cedar is South street. Tlie streets intersecting 
 these were numbered. 
 
 Philadelphia grew rapidly, and by the early part of the eigh- 
 teenth century was the largest and most flourishing city in 
 America. Its commerce was important, and it increased steadiljr 
 in wealth. 
 
k'ljo had on 
 ■^o laid out 
 ^i>i:mmiia, 
 "i wliicji he 
 j>*i()iis. It 
 I", uiid was 
 wislj it to 
 }s;ued it to 
 «(', that it 
 he streets 
 primitive 
 lings waa 
 ', tweiity- 
 In tlireo 
 \vm\h of 
 iieiids of 
 c'liison in 
 
 wo miles 
 ilo wide. 
 ', crossed 
 ']ii:iro .)f 
 •h of the 
 pleasure 
 plan is 
 
 tception 
 They 
 iV'alniJt, 
 r(M)iain. 
 righ ia 
 'secting 
 
 e eigh- 
 eity in 
 teadilj 
 
 .JJ^KL^ 
 
II- 
 
 ml 
 
 :x' 
 
 f" ■ XV' '': ^ •' ^>W*| 
 
 f 
 
 d>» ^'yaiiiifii, 
 
 
 i'lA,2 
 
 ^^S ^% -fiftW-^St?' '"il 
 
 m 
 
 T" Jill |,<d 
 
 L#51^^^ 
 
 .Jili^L^IH 
 
 
 WlHH 
 
 -:€^1^.^ 
 
 ^pbi 
 
 
 
 VIEW IN AORICULTHRAt, HALL, SHOWINO 
 

 HALL, SHOWING THE BRAZILIAN EXHIBITS. 
 
'' 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 i ik 
 
 ■V 
 
 I 
 
 n 
 
 1 1 
 
 It 4. 
 
OP THE CENTE27NTAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 21 
 
 "In 1711 the city was divided into ten wards. In Decomlrr. 
 1719, a printing press was set up, and Andrew Bradford hv^im 
 to publish the Anicncnn Weekly 3Iercur}/, which was continued 
 until 1746. In 1728 the Gazette was begun, which fell to 
 Franklin to conduct in 1729. In the latter year the building 
 of a State House was authorized, the site was selected in 1730, 
 and the building begun in 1732, and coniploted in 1735. The 
 bell tower was not erected until 1750, and on June 7tli, 1753, 
 the new 'great bell,' cast here, weighing 2080 pounds, with the 
 motto, * Proclaim liberty throughout all the land, unto all the 
 inhabitants thereof," was raised to its place. This is the bell 
 celebrated in connection with the Declaration of Independence, 
 
 PKNN LAYING OCT THE PLAN OF rillLADia.nilA. 
 
 and now in Tndoi^oiulonco Hall. The first Colonial Congress 
 met in Pliil;idclphia at Carpenter's II:ill, a bnilding still in use 
 as a hall, Soptoniber Itli, 1774. Congress held its sessions at 
 the State Mouso in 177('5, and lure adopted and signed the 
 Declaration of rndcpcndcnce. The l^ritisli forces 0('('ni)ied the 
 citv from S('j>t(Mnl)rr, 1777, io June, 177S." 
 
 During tlie I>riti>h occupation a census of the city was taken 
 by order of Lord Cornwallis, and showed a population of 21,7G7 
 inhabitants and 5470 houses. After the evacuation of the city 
 by the enemy, Congress resumed its sessions at the State House, 
 which remained the scat of government of the Union until the 
 close of the war. The Convention which framed the Constitu- 
 tion of the United States met in Philadelphia in 1787, and that 
 
22 
 
 THK ILLUSTRATED HISTOUY 
 
 |i 
 
 « . 
 
 
 great instrument was adopted in the same building that had 
 witnesseil the signiiii^ of tlje Declaration of Independence. 
 Upon the inauguration of the I'Y'deral government, the national 
 capital was removed to New York, but in 1790 was restored to 
 IMiiladelphia, which remained the scat of government until 
 1800, when the new city of Washington became the capital. 
 In ISOO Philadelphia also ccasetl to be the capital of the State, 
 which was located at llarrisburg. 
 
 The foreign commerce of Philadelphia grew with great 
 rapiility between the close of lli'i lievolution and the year 1812. 
 The second war with lOngland almost destroyed this commerce, 
 which did not return witii the peace ()f 181"), and the completion 
 of the \-]v\c canal a leu years aftei" the c'Wtso of (he wai", gave to 
 New York an advantage wliich reduced Piiiladelphia to a 
 secondary place in f)ur foreign trade. 
 
 "Previous to 1830, the banking capital of Philadelphia was 
 largo, and for the most of the period prcvion • to 18.'>G, it wjis 
 the monetary centre of the country. The first liank of the 
 United Stat(>s, established by Act of Congress, in 171>1, with a 
 eaj)ital of $1(),<)00,00(), was lorated here, and the second JIank 
 of the United States was established here in 181(), with a capital 
 of $.'];") .0()0,00(>. The sr.bscfpicnt failure of the bank undci its 
 State charter in 1S."]!», and the loss of its large cajiital, greatly 
 weakened the linancial strength of the city, and the monetary 
 centre was permanently transferred to Xew Yoi k. Tiie revul- 
 sion of l8.'>7,and the siibseqtient financial depression, fell heavily 
 on the city and State, the recovery from them not being apj)arent 
 until ISli." 
 
 The city retained it- original limits luitil IxVl. In the mean- 
 time the thriving -ubnrbs of Ken-iniiton. ( Jermantow n, West 
 Philadelphia, Northern Liberties, Spring Ciarden, Itieiimond, 
 Pcnn, Southwark, ^btyamensing, and Passyunk. had sprung up 
 around it, making in the aggregate a eity nnieh larger than the 
 parent town, and causing no little confusion and trouble by the 
 number of adjacent and independent municipal jurisdictions. 
 In 1854 the State Legislature consolidated the parent town 
 and all its suburbs in one city under the general name of 
 
iiat hud 
 LMuleiice. 
 i:ati()iial 
 torod to 
 lit until 
 capital, 
 le State, 
 
 great 
 r 1812. 
 
 inicrcc, 
 i|>i('(i()ii 
 K'"ivo to 
 ia to a 
 
 Ilia wa3 
 , it wjis 
 of the 
 , with a 
 (1 J5ank 
 L ("ipital 
 iiuci its 
 jz:n'atly 
 oiK'taiy 
 I rovul- 
 hcavily 
 >j>aront 
 
 ' rnoan- 
 , \\ Cst 
 inioiid, 
 in^r up 
 an the 
 hy the 
 ctions. 
 town 
 ne of 
 
 OF THE CEN'TKNMAL, EXHIBITION. 
 
 23 
 
 Philadelphia. liy the same cnactnfient the corporate limits 
 of the city were made to embrace the entire oouut/" o^' 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 MONKKY IIDLSK, ZOOLUUICA J, (iAKl)hN>.. 
 
 Since the consolidation the citv has jjrown with markod 
 rapidity. In 18(50 the poi)nlation was 5()0,529 ; in 1S70, 
 G7 1,022 ; and hy the municipal census of the 1st of Aj)ril, 1H76, 
 was 817,44<S, showin^r an incr(>ase of 21:|^ per cent, in the six 
 years that have elapsed biuce the last Federal ceusus. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA IN 1876. 
 
 Location of Philadelphia — Sire of the City — Itn Regularity — Materials used in 
 Building the Houses — "TlieCityof Homes" — Philadelphia Houses — Mr. 
 Kortwright's Statistics — Tiie Public S<iuare8— Market Street — The House in 
 which -he Declaration of Independence was written — The National Pub- 
 lishing Company's Building — Second Street— t'iirist C.'hurcii — (,'hestnut Street 
 — A Splendid Thoroughfare — Carpenter's Hull — Tiie Continental Congress 
 — The First Prayer in Congress — The Custom House — The Post-Oflice — 
 Independence Hall — Tlie Fashionable Promenade — Noted Buildings — The 
 Hotels — The Continental— The United Slates Mint— Walnut Street— The 
 ^Icrchants' Kxchangc — The Commercial Kxchange — An Interesting Site — 
 Pennsylvania and Piiiladelphia «& Heading Kaiiroad Buildings — Offices of 
 the Centennial Commission — Tlie Alxxle of Wealth and Fitshion — Arch 
 Street— Tlie (irave of I'ranklin- Handsome Churches — Broail Street — The 
 Baltimore Depot — Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb — Acad- 
 emy of Music — The Colosseum — Union League Club House — The Public 
 Buildings — The Masonic Temple — Academy of Fine Arts — Reading Rail- 
 road Depot— Third Street— The Financial Centre— The Girard Bank— Old 
 Churches. 
 
 HE city of Philadelphia lies between the Delaware and 
 Schuylkill rivers, at a distance of nearly one luuidred 
 miles fr^m the Atlantic ocean, following the course of 
 the Delaware bay and river. It is one hnndred and 
 thirty-six miles northeast of Washington City, and 
 eighty-seven miles southwest of New York. The old city is 
 locate<l in a nearly level plain, elevated above the Delaware and 
 Schuylkill, but the recent additions, especially those on the 
 northwest, are built on a fine rolling country, which abounds in 
 picturesque views that offer a striking contrast to the uniform 
 flatness of the old city. The corporate limits cover an area of 
 one hundred and twenty square miles. Its greatest length from 
 north to south is twenty miles, and its greatest breadth from 
 24 
 
 frrmmmrn^T^ 
 
lis used in 
 
 uses — Mr. 
 3 House in 
 unal Pub- 
 tnut Street 
 I Congress 
 <t -Office— 
 ings — The 
 reel— Tlie 
 ing Site — 
 ■Offices of 
 on — Arch 
 reot— The 
 lb — Acad- 
 lie Public 
 ling Rail- 
 ank— Old 
 
 'are and 
 lundred 
 )ursc of 
 red and 
 ty, and 
 I city is 
 are and 
 on the 
 tunds in 
 iinifbrni 
 area of 
 tij from 
 til from 
 
t,»s^ 
 
 cN^ 
 
 -'^ M^ll 
 
 ? •' y 
 
 
 -i 
 
 Soir 
 
 SCENE IN THE ART GALLERY-CENTI 
 
GALLERY-CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
If 
 
THE CENTENNIAL EXEIIIJITION. 
 
 2o 
 
 ^^^^WK^ 
 
 cast to west, eight miles. The 'onsely inhabited portion of the 
 city covers an area of about nine scjuare miles, extending for 
 about five miles along the Delaware, and two miles along the 
 Schuyllvill. The greater part of the business of the city is trans- 
 acteil between Vine and tSpruee street.s, east of Twelfth street. 
 The wealthiest private section, that inhal)ited by "the fashion," 
 is south of Chestnut, and west of Seventh street. Walnut above 
 Tenth is cunsiilered the most desirable street in the city, and 
 contains many of the most costly and beautiful residences in the 
 Union. Arch street above Broad, and J5road along its nortl-ern 
 j)ortion, arc handsome rcsiden(!e streets. Market street is entirely 
 devoted to business, and Chestnut street is the principal retail 
 thoroughfare, and one of the handsomest streets in the Union. 
 
 Tlie suburbs of riiihideiphia are noted for their beauty, and 
 are thickly built up with handsome country seats, villas, and 
 cottages. They abound in exquisite scenery, especially in the 
 vicinity of the Wissahicrkon. 
 
 Philadelj)hia is laid out with great regularity. As wc have 
 stated, the original plan of Penn contemplated a city of ten 
 streets running from river to river, and crossed by twenty-five 
 others at riy;lit annlcs. Broad and ^larket streets were to divide 
 this city into Ibm- nearly equal portions, a considerable area 
 being reserved at the intersection of these streets for a large 
 public square. This was the famous Penn Square, now the site 
 of the magnificent City Hall, in course of erection. The streets 
 arc usual I v from fiftv to sixtv-six feet in width, with a few of 
 greater breadth. Those running from north to south arc num- 
 bered, beginning at the Delaware river; those from east to west 
 are named. In the older sections of the city the sewage is 
 defective in consequence of the flatness of the land, but the 
 higher portions have nothing to complain of in this respect. 
 Considering its size and importance, Philadelphia is remarkably 
 deficient in good pavements. The streets are generally paved 
 with cobble stones, but Belgian and wooden pavements are now 
 superseding these in the more important thoroughfares. The 
 general asj)eet of the city is bright and jileasing, mingled with a 
 certain degree of primness, duo to its Quaker origin. Except 
 
MAilKKT STBEET BCLOW H£V£HTH. 
 
 26 
 
 ■^ 
 
.-4 
 
 IT^ 
 
 OHNAMKNIAI. \ ASK AM> ll.oW KKS, DXIlimTEU IN MAIN Bl'lLDINt. 
 
i^i 
 
 i 
 
THE CENTENNIAL, EXHIBITION. 
 
 27 
 
 in those [)ortions uloin^' the rivers it is clean and healthy. 
 Market street divides it into two portions, culled North and 
 South. The houses are numbered according to a peculiar plan, 
 one hundred numbers being assigned to each block or square. 
 Thus 950 would be located between Ninth and Tenth streets. 
 This system renders it easy to rind a building in any part of the 
 city between the, lunubered streets. The portion of ♦'le vATy 
 lying beyond the Schuylkill still retains its old uamti )f VV<iit 
 
 *W^^sat™^pvv 
 
 
 NINTH AND MAHKII' STUKIVIS. 
 
 Philadelphia. It was in this section that the Exhibition grounds 
 were situati'd. 
 
 As a rule the city is built of brick, but of late years many 
 ediiiccs of brown antl free stone, iron, and marble have been 
 erected, which give to the city a more varied as well as a hand- 
 somer and more substantiid a|.pearance. Philadelphia is 
 emphatically a ''city of homes." Ol' its 140,000 buildings, 
 130,000 are dwclliug-liouses, a number greater than the whole 
 
28 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 ! I 
 
 number of dwellings in Baltimore, St. Louis, Boston and Ix)uis- 
 ville in 1870. Of these 00,000 are the homes of mechanics. 
 It is the boast of Philadelphia that her working classes arc 
 better housed, better fed, and better clothed than tho^e of any 
 city in the world. The expenses of living are moderate as com- 
 pared with New York, Boston, Chicago, or St. I^)uis ; l^altimore 
 alone, of all the large cities of the Union, surpassing Philadel- 
 phia in cheapness of living. The houses of Philadelphia are as a 
 rule constructed upon a uniform plan, and are admitted to be the 
 best arranged internally of any dwellings in this country. Tiicy 
 are generally three stories in height, with pressed brick fronts, 
 and white marble steps and trimmings. They have solid whit« 
 
 ' 
 
 BEf-LAKATlOX OF INDKrKXDKXC K I'UOCLAIMEU IN rilll.ADKLrUIA. 
 
 wooden shutters whicli greatly disfigure them. On the first 
 floor there is a wide hall, a jnu'lor. dining-nxMn, kitchen, and 
 usually a summer kitchen. On the second iloor are two cham- 
 bers, a bath, and a sitting-room, and on the third lloor, two 
 spare chambers, and one or more servants' rooms. IMiey are 
 lighted with gas, heated by furnaces iu the cellar, and supplied 
 with hot and cold water. About six thousand new buildijigs 
 are ereeteil every year. 
 
 A year ago, Mr. Kortwritrjit, the British Consid at Philadel- 
 phia, thus sum.n.Ml up the leading f(-atures of the city, in one of 
 his official rejmrts to his govcrnm(>nt: 
 
 'Philadelphia has a j.opulation of nearly 800,000, and it 
 
 « Til 
 

 i^:v -i^. 
 
 ' ^-A 
 
 
 V- m 
 
 " .^^0^' 
 
 ' ^5^^^:^ ---T 
 
 Jllliiilii 
 
 S^ 
 
 V 
 
 ^.,v.^^§y^*^.-,C^ 
 
 
 »NP. VJ^S^- 
 
 TUi;: JAPANESE BAZAAK— UENTE: 
 
BAZAAR— CENTENNIAL EXllimTlON. 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 29 
 
 lives in an area of 129 J square miles. The city has 1000 miles 
 of streets and roads opened for use, and over 500 of tliese aie 
 paved. It is lighted by nearly 10,000 gas lamps. The earth 
 beneath conceals and is penetrated by 134 miles of sewers, over 
 GOO miles of gas mains, and 54G miles of water pipes. It has 
 over 212 miles of city railways and nearly 171) t ciiy railroad 
 
 LIPPINCOTT S nUIIiPINO. 
 
 cars passing over these railroads daily ; .3025 steam boilers ; over 
 400 public schools, with suitable buildings, and over 1600 
 school-teachers and over 80,000 jiupils. It has over 34,000 
 bath-rooms, most of which are supplied with hot water, and for 
 the use of the water at low rates tiie citizens pay more than a 
 half million of dollars ; it has over 400 placesof public worship, 
 and accommodation in them for 300,000 persons ; it has nearly 
 
 W 
 
30 
 
 THE ILLl'STUATEI> HIKTOIJY 
 
 9000 manufactories, with a capital of 0185,000,000, employing 
 145,000 hands, the annual product of whose lul)or ia over 
 384,000,000. It eximrted in IST.'i in vahit- over $21,000,000, 
 and importe<l in value over §20,000,000 ; tiie amount for duties 
 in gold was nearly $8,500,0* )0 ; the real estate, as assessed for 
 
 MARKKT STKKET ABOVE KIGUTH. 
 
 taxation, was over $458,000,000, and there was collected nearly 
 f 9,000,000 for taxes." 
 
 Public Squares. 
 
 Penn^s original plan, as we have said, contemplated a public 
 Hi)uare in each of the four quarters of the city. These still 
 remain, riid others have been added. 
 
Tin: ciiiNKsK ((Hirr, in rm; main i'.i 11,1)1 no. 
 
 KXUIIUT t)K (JAUUKN SKED, IN ACiKKL I.TL'UAl, HAI.l,, 
 
i 
 
 ii 
 
•« 
 
 OF THE CENTENNIAIi EXHIBITION. 
 
 m 
 
 Indepnulrnce Square, or, as it wtus forniorly called, T7ie Slate 
 }Iou«e Vdnl, licb iinmediately back of IiKlependciice Hull, ex- 
 tciuling IkicIv to Walnut street, and from Filth to Sixth .streets. 
 It haw been |»ut in order ibr the centennial year, and is now a 
 neat ai, I tii.stefnl gn<nnd. The lampposts recently set up at the 
 entrances to tiie Hpiarc are not only <piitc pretty, but appropriate 
 also. On the base o*' the po,->t8 appear the names of the original 
 thirteen States, and above them, on a part made in imitation of 
 the In«lopendencc licll, is the inscription, '* Proclaim liberty 
 throughout the land," ete. Each lamp, of very beautiful 
 design, has ibur rej)rescntations of the bell upon it, surrounded 
 by thirteen stars. I'hey add much to the appearance of the 
 8(piare. 
 
 W'dfihint/ton Sjiuire lies diagonally opposite Independence 
 Square, and extends from W'ahiut almost back to Spruce street, 
 and from Sixth to above Seventh street. It is shaded bv tine 
 old trees, and is a pleasant lounging-placc in summer. This 
 square was once a " Potter's field," and here were biu'ied many 
 soldiers who died from the small-pox, camp fever, and prison 
 diseases of the Revolution. 
 
 Rittenliouf<c Square lies between Walnut and Locust streets, 
 and extends from p]ighteenth to above Nineteenth street. It is 
 a handsome enclosiu'e, provided with walks, seats, and a tasteful 
 fountain, and is a favorite resort for the nurses and children of 
 the aristocratic neighborhood in which it is located. It is sur- 
 rounded by elegant and substantial dwellings, some of which 
 are among the handsomest in the Union. 
 
 Lorjan Square lies between Race and Vine and between 
 Eighteenth and Twentieth streets. It is the handsomest square 
 in the city, and a favorite resort. In 1S<)4 the great Sanitary 
 l'\iir tor the benefit of the Union army was held here. The 
 entire square was roofed over and the ground covered with 
 flooring. The trunks of the tree?; served as so many pillars for 
 the roof, above which waved the bmnches of the trees. 
 
 Frnirhliri Square lies between Race and Vine streets, and ex- 
 tends from Sixth to above Seventh street. It is a fine old 
 square, the i?r-ineipal attraction of which lies in its fine old trees. 
 
32 
 
 THE Il.LUSTUATi:i) IIIST«)UV 
 
 It was orij»inally u burviii^-grouiul, aiicl \va.s used as such for 
 many vears. 
 
 IS'vi'rin Sfjuiur, in Ivt'iisiiijjton, ami Jcffcvaon Stiuarc, at I'liinl 
 HtH't't ami N\ a.sliin<:;tun avenue, arc very liamlsoinc. Tlioy arc 
 new ; the first lour named above constituting the squares ilc- 
 si«;necl bv iVnn. 
 
 'J'hc streets of IMiiiadilphia are aiiionj; the most attractivu in 
 the world, and the business streets have lew equals. 
 
 Market Sfrcct. 
 
 Mnrket street is the ^real thoronj^lillire of the city. Il is tiiu 
 grand (utirjiot of the domestic and lureign ccMumcice of IMiila- 
 
 (h'l|)lii:i, and extends 
 in an unbroken line 
 i'roin the Delaware to 
 the Schuylkill, cros- 
 ses that river, and 
 contimies its course 
 to the cily line. It 
 was the lliuli street 
 William I' 
 
 enn 
 
 o 
 
 and lias always en- 
 joyed the prc-eini- 
 neiicc it now liohls. 
 It is one hniidrcd 
 feet wide, and is lined 
 with maiiniiiccnt 
 warehouses I'rom the 
 Delaware almost to 
 the Schuylkill. 
 Home of these are 
 stiperl) edifices, built 
 in the handsomest and most massive manner, and arc provided 
 with every convenience for the business transacted within them. 
 Prominetit amon^r these arc the splendid buildings occn|)ied by 
 the great ])ublishing houses of Lipj)incott it Co., and C'laxton, 
 liemsen «t Haffelfinger ; the mammoth warehouse of Hood, 
 
 CORNER OF MARKET AND SIXTH STItFETS. 
 
 s?ti 
 
OF I'HK CKNTKNMAI, KXiri uriluN. 
 
 m 
 
 At, 
 
 |J(»iil>riv;lit *^' ^ "•. (Ir\ -_u<ii'(ls nn rdiants ; the vast cldtliini; waro- 
 liKiisc nf, lolm W'aiiainaUci' A- ( 'i»,, at Si\tli ami .Mai'k<i, on tlio 
 >\[v ol' the |ir(':*i(li'iitial iiiaii-inii (.1' W ;i-liiii;^i(>ii aii<l Ailains, 
 pirliaps llu' larm'sl and nio-t f'nni|»l(.'t(' clotliiiii:' t'>tal>lislMii('nt 
 in tlio world. The Hiiii//i(iiii llouxc, at the rornci- ol" Markd 
 and I'iK'Vcntli sticct.-, is an cNccllcnt hotel, and a tastcltil 
 
 The jiH'tit wiillli (»!' Markrt stnrt all(t\\s an immense amount 
 
 niNfiuAM ncii-i:. 
 
 of trallic to he done upon It. In ndtlition to tlio linos ol" the 
 strr(>t railway-;, tracks arc hiid from West l^hiladel|)hia yV-'wn 
 the trreater part oi' the street, conneetiiiiji: with th(^ principal 
 steam railway linos, and niorehants are thus enabled to lain the 
 cars e()p..;i<;nod to thom directly into their warc'honsts. The 
 various railways have branch depots, and the Adams Kxpross 
 Company has its main do|)ot on this street. 
 
 Tlio scene on Market street is always; hritjht and animated, 
 3 
 
34 
 
 Tin: ii.i.rsriiA i'i:i> iii>r»'i;\ 
 
 and vicwiHl tVoiii ;uiy pomi at aii) 
 
 IliMir ct' llu' (I.IV tilt' r^lVvrl IS 
 
 tllluli^iU 
 
 with an tautr., Inirrviiii; crcwi 
 
 1 nl Vl'lli 
 
 cirs 
 
 Ul)«l 
 
 »t'(lc-triaii>. 
 
 A'vi)umiiii; llif >• 
 
 iitliwcst conicr (I 
 
 t' Marktl ami St\tiiili 
 
 -trtvt.< i- a plain. iiindc-t-lonkinL:,- huildhiLi "'l' ln'ifi^. ii'>\\ used 
 
 a.- a hlisilios lnHi-f 
 
 A -t!Miii;«'r wiiiiid |ia— it 
 
 l)\ a (id/en I line 
 
 MiiliDiiI notice, 1)111 it i> aiiiDiii: tlir ini»t iiotrd rilit,«'cs in the 
 (•it\, and .-liiiiild lie drai' to rvcrv Aiiirrican licait. It i- the 
 
 House in which the Declaration of Imiepemtcnce :vas written. 
 
 ill ITVii ilii> buiidiiiLi .-tt»(Kl li.'vund ilir tliirklv M'ttlcd i)or- 
 
 ■I 
 
 l! 
 
 
 V.i 
 
 Tin: H"!-!; in wiiic ii rni- I'K' ; \i; \ ri'iv "i' ism la M'I n^ r w < - \v i.i i i i n. 
 
 tjon "t" the citv. and in what was kiinw n a^ " I iif I' irM-. ' A 
 irardi'ii. ciH'loscd 1»\- a lirick wall, <M'cii]>i(d the sitf of the Imnsr 
 wliicli ii:)W stands (in tlir corner. Tlif lion-e wa- iirw . and tin 
 situation was ^o )ilea-ani. that it ai once attracted the attention 
 ot that deaf lo\ er dl' natnrc. 'I'loinas .letli r~on. w hen he came 
 to IMiiladclphia to lake lii< seat in the ( 'out iiiental ( onL^'t'ss. 
 " I rcutcil the second lioor," he t<'lls n>, " con-i^tiiii: of a paijoi 
 
tlir 
 ll.,' 
 
 }^ 
 
 INTEIUOI! Ill' 'Mil: I'.l; A/.ll,l.\.> (OIK'T. IN Till: \IM\ Ulll.I'lN 
 
 i;i..m:i:ai \ii.\\ i>i iiii iniikiuk <ti' uni; i u i i.ri i; \ i. UAi.i 
 
ill 
 
 I I 
 
 fc^v'r>\/;"-.^.. ,:..-2',.r 
 
OF llli: CllNTKNMAL KX II I HITION. 
 
 35 
 
 •ami l)(>(lr«>i)iii, ready t'iiriiisli('(l." lie paid tliii'l v-l'ivc sliilliii'rs 
 ;i week lui- his rooms, and in the 'rl(.r lie wrote the ])ei'larii- 
 tion of IndependentM! upon a lidie writing-desk three incrhe.s 
 liiixli, whieh still exists. 
 
 .---^ii**^^" 
 
 lilt 
 
 . Iff fl r 
 
 ^4^. 
 
 :mi 
 
 ^vssi :rn:n zsan 
 
 ----- pt« 
 
 IB 
 
 
 U— -1 
 
 MMiKi'i -iiuKir Ar.uvi: skvkxiii. 
 
 The dok wa< l>(i|Uial lud l>\ liiiii lo a tVicnd, and was ac- 
 T'uiipanied l»\ a cri-t ilicaic in Mr. .Ittlti-dii'- own handwriting, 
 -1 llin^ lorth (lie placi ;iiid lime of its |nn'.'liase Ity him, and the 
 fai't that he had w^rA it in the prepai'ation ot' the ^reat and 
 ' ioriods doenrnent with which hi.- name and lliine ai'<' inseparu- 
 
 •i.lv <'r>IHHH'tlHl. 
 
u 
 
 I 
 
 
 3 
 
 .r.K^'^f^ 
 
 NATiuNAt. 1-L1U.I.->111.NU CuMTANV's lU K.;a.NCi. 
 
 Oil Seventh -treet. just north of Market, i- the s|»h'ii(liil iii.n- 
 Irunt biiildhig (»!' the 
 
 Naiioual Pub/ishmg Company. 
 
 The oflices, s((yro-r()oii.s, puekiiiLC-ivtoui.-, e ■.■ , .>! t'h. < 'omiiaiiy 
 •ii'c in the hiiildiiiu' shown in the ae, > !ii;nnvih<_:' < isuivivintj. 
 'I'heir extoiibive jirinun^r otliec hikI hiii(ler< : le Ijeat-t! • , iwu 
 
 3n 
 
 
rNj) 
 
 . 
 
 fi 
 
 tf 
 
 rC*S 
 
 !'Ai:i>llA AM' liKMl'l' UV VA^Iv- !N 'I'llli CU IN tSJ': itC'llON. 
 
■^l 
 
 
 1 
 
 Tin: CKNTHNMAL KXIIIIMTIOX. 
 
 't' 
 
 
 •adjoiiiiiii; Iniildings in the rear of this itua. 'I'licy ai'e iittcd uj» 
 with r\('i\' (•oiivt'iiicncc for the maimtiictuic ot' hooks, uiid with 
 tilt' latoi and most iiiipi'ovfd hihor-savin<i' iiuicliiiicrv. Evcrv 
 a|ti>oiiitni(;iit is pci-Cfct in it.^ way, and tiu> work ol'tiiis imnuMisc 
 I'sfahiishnient <ro<'> on iVoni dav to dav with rc^idaritv and 
 j)r(M'ision. The unu-iial liicilitics enjoyed hy the ('oni|iany enai)l( 
 lliein to supply iarize ((Htions ol' tlieir books with a raj)iditv 
 whicli only a <2,i'(;U i)iihlisiiing house can eoniinand, and tc 
 sti[)i>l\' tlieii' agents witli ]ii'Mni|»tness and i'ei;nhirity. 
 
 'J'he C"oni[)any was organized in 1(S<!."), under the presidency 
 
 of Mr. 
 manage 
 perity, 
 -nl'scrii 
 
 11K1.--T ( jiiia II JN 177t> 
 
 ']. If. .loiies, who ronialiis at its head, I'lider his able 
 nieiii ii has enioved tliirtecii years of I'eiuarkahle pros- 
 and has tal<en rank as tlie largest and most succossl'ul 
 ition hook liouse in the world. 
 
 Second Street. 
 
 Second street is one of the most peculiar features of the city. 
 It extends in an almost unbroken straight linel'rom the northern 
 to thf, southern \\in\t of tlie eitv. and is to Philadelphia vt;rv 
 
f: 
 
 ;i8 
 
 Till-: lI.LUt^TUATKU lIUSTOliY 
 
 MUich wluit the Bowery is to N<'w York. It is lined for miles 
 with retail stores of every iiescri|)ii«»ii, the customers of which 
 lire almost entirely of the humbler elas<, and it would be liard 
 to surpass the c(>nfu>ioii .uid the utter disri;j:ard of " the oternnl 
 fitness of thii)i;s'' witli wliirh tlu'se are thrown top'ther. It is 
 a street which the visitor must i?ee in order to appreciate it 
 thorouulily. 
 
 The most prominent oltjeet on Second strtxl is 
 
 :lir site of the first 
 
 Christ Church, 
 
 Situated north of Market, it stands on tiir site oi the iirst 
 church ere<'tcd hy the followci's oi" William Pcnii. It was 
 l)ei:uii in IT'JT, and wjis complete*! in ITol. |i i> huilt of 
 lirick. in tlic old >tylc. anil is surmoiinlfd by a tall spire, iVoiii 
 wliicii he who lias the cdura^i'' tn ax'cnd it will Im- rcwai'tlcd 
 with a nolilf view (>\ri iIk ciiv.thc I 'dawarc , and the .-ur- 
 roundini:- countrv . Tlic >tccplf i- liMj tlct in height, and <'on- 
 tains a cliiine ()l < i^lii 1m!|>. -aid tc he ilic oldest in America, 
 i hev raiii: out merrilv upun the I 'I'nelamal i' in n{' 1 ndepiauh'iicc 
 i>n'' hundred \ cai'- aii'o. and will juin tlieii' voieo to ihe ijlaij 
 ilmru- of rejoieinL:' ihat will 'jo up liom the txreat city on the 
 Ith ot'-liiJ\, iST'i. Ihcy were ea-t in London, and on the 
 tenor hell is in-erihed this legend: " ( iiri-l ( 'hur>'li, IMiihulel- 
 piiia. 17'")h Ihoma- Le-ler and I lioma> I'lck. of London, 
 made u-i all." The interior of the eliureh i- ta-te|'ul, hut i> 
 tini.-hed in the stvie of ilie eai'K pail ol'lhe ( i^litei nth eeniiirv, 
 e.\ec|)t that (he old hii;ii-haek pew> are l;oih', and the --itlinii 
 arranu'eineiits are alierc(I to suit the needs ol' a modi in eoui^rc- 
 L'atioii. In the ai-hs of the ehiireh are hiiried .lohn I'enn, the 
 tir>t member of the Penn f:iiiiily boin in America. l>r. Hi' hard 
 I'eters, Robert A.-licion, and many edlicr-^ who were noted men 
 in their (hiy, but are now remembered onl\ by the sehoJar. 
 \\'a>hin<fton attended divine service rciXidarL in this ehiirch, 
 while in the city, diiriiiL' the Rivohition. and (hiriiiLT Ids resi- 
 dence in I'hiladeljihia as {•resid<nt of (he Tnited .^(;ifes, jind 
 the feet of many of (|ie g/-e)it'>t men of onr history have trod 
 the lialioweil tiislcs i^f \\\]& yf.0}jii\}h: cilifiec < lifist C'hMn'h is 
 
 I ;• 
 
niilcs 
 vvliich 
 
 liani 
 oi'iial 
 
 It is 
 i(e it 
 
 OF TIN-: < KNTKNMAI, i;X 1 1 1 111 I l( i.N. 
 
 39 
 
 llu! property oC the !:pisc()pal ( •|iii,vli. In I77"J the \lv\ . 
 Williiun While, afterwards the (irsl r,i>h..p .^f the Kpivecp;,! 
 Chiireii ill I'eiiiiM-lvaiiia, \va^ made Assisimit Rector, mid in 
 
 ITjSil the lil>t -eMcnil e,,i,Veilli which adopted the (',i||>|itl|- 
 
 i ■"'^fc^-l^-,.,^ 
 
 vols,, MKS'- ( |||:i-ll \N A->(.( I A ridS lillllMN(,. 
 
 ''"" '^f the IVotosfant tpUrn^Kii ^'luvrh in fh<- (Jnitod States, 
 iK"t here. 
 
 The church is opened twi.'e for servico on ?^iiM^?nv, and for 
 F.rr.vers on We(hiesd:.y and iMichiy Jnorniiigs, at which ti.no it 
 may hi' visital. 
 
t 
 
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 " txiiiiuTiON vAbf," Kxumnii) uv cam.owav a gkafk, in tuk 
 
 MAIK BUILUINQ. 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 
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 L25 114 iil.6 
 
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 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 33 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, NY. 14580 
 
 (716) 873-4503 
 
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TlIK CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 41 
 
 Chestnut Street. 
 
 Chestnut street id tlio Pliihuli^lpliiii Broadway. I;; extends 
 from the Dehiware to the Sdiuylkill, crosse.s it 'ov means of a 
 inaiiiiilicent l)ridi!;o, and contiiuies its course through West 
 IMiilacU'lphiu to the corporate limits. From the Dehiware to 
 Fifteenth street, it is lined with lon«; blocks of lofty and elegant 
 stores, and beyond this, to within a lew squares of the Schuyl- 
 kill, the street is built up with handsome residences. 
 
 Some of the most noted buildings in JMiilailelphia are located 
 on this ^ti'cet. (ommencing at the Delaware, we find the 
 wliarf at the lower end of the street lined with river steamers, 
 and tlie burv crowded Dclawan; avenue, which lies along the 
 river's bank, is noisy with the constant roar of the immense 
 torrent of bu-incss that j»oiirs along it. ('Iiml»ing the hill 
 which leads up from the river, {"'roiit >treet is reached, " the 
 hiiih and drv bank " that rose ai)ovc tlu' river in the days of 
 \\ illiam renn. From j-'ront to Third street, the buildings are 
 massive, very tall, and below Seeond street are almost entirely 
 c()ii>triieted of brick. Above Second street mai'l>le antl other 
 stoi'es relieve tlu' monotony of ilie brick li'onts. This j)art of 
 the '^rreet is devi>le(l to the wholesale dry-goods ti'ailc. 
 
 < )n the -out liea-i riirm r ot" Third street is the live-story brick 
 i)uilding ot" the \\ t^tei'ii I iiioii 'j'ele'^raph ( 'oiiipany. with long 
 lines of wires radiatinu' from it in every direction. 'Jhird is the 
 Wall --tfcet nt I'hiladclphia, and we shall I'cHi' to it again. On 
 the xiuth side of ( hc-tiuU. above Tliirtl, is the jiamlsonu' brown- 
 stone i)iiilding ot' the llmiL- nf .\nrfh Anicricd. This was tlo 
 fu'-t bank cstabii-heil in the I'niied Stales. It was <'liarlered in 
 ITsl, al a time of '^i-eat linancial distress, and one of its prin- 
 cipal originators was IJoberl Morris, This able financier made 
 a irood use oi' the bank in behalf of the Federal uovernmcnt, 
 and restored tlu^ national credit by its aid. immediately above 
 the bank, an<l separatetl from it by an alley, is the new buihl- 
 ing of the (fiinrnvlrr Trust (dkJ Safe Prposif (ompdui/. It is 
 one of the liandsomest structures in Philadelphia, and its two 
 bankii'g rooms are among the most beautiful and convenient in 
 
 i' 
 
 m 
 
I li 
 
 42 
 
 rili; !L!-USTK.\TKI» II1SU)KY 
 
 tlu' UiiitHi. The sail' (l('jH)sit vaultss arc l»iirglar-pr(M)l' in evorv 
 K'use of tilt' wx)!'*!,, 
 
 A little above liiis l»iiiUliii>;, and siainliiig hark from the s^tivot 
 in a court, is a «[iiaiiit, veiu rahlt-lookiiig editice. This is 
 
 Carpenters' Hall. 
 
 The Carpenters" C'i»iii|)aiiy ot' l'liiiailel|>hia was organized in 
 1724, and in 1770 l)e<;aii the treetJon of this striieture as a 
 place of nieetin*;-. It was linishwl in 1771. On the 5th ol' 
 September, 1774, the Continental Congress, the gretit Coriirre-;s 
 
 If 
 
 CAUI'KNTERS' HAM,. 
 
 of the Revolution. e.Mnpt)sed of delegate-^ fro.n all the coloni.-^ 
 except ( Jeorgia, assembled in this building. It nund>ered fltt v- 
 fivo members, consisting of delcgjites from everv colony sav 
 (J<- )rgia. whose governor had pn venf-d the el.vtion of delegaK- 
 Among tl.,' members were many ..f the most ...ninent men in 
 the land, l^'om Virginia eani<. (;....rge M'ashinirton, Patrick 
 Henry and Hi<.liard Henry Lee; fVo.n Ma>sachn>.tts, Saniuel 
 A. ams and John Adams; from X.w V..,.|,, |>|,i,i,, r,ivir:.-ston 
 •John .lay and Wilbam Livingston; fn.n. Jihude Island the 
 
I- - 
 
 •/. 
 
 o 
 
%i- 
 
(.)!- Jill-: CENTENNIAL EXllIlUTlON. 
 
 I.-; 
 
 veuerabk' Sic'iilioii llo[»Uiiis; Iroin (omitcticut, Uogt;r .Shernum ; 
 i'nmi South C'urulina, J'Alwiirtl and Joliu Uiilcilgt' and t'hiisto- 
 j>hor(iad.siltii ; and lioin New J erst y, tin- lifV..)ul)n \V itljcrsjtoon, 
 tlio I'lv^idi-nt ol" I'linccttm (nlliM-c. Tlic nicndx-rs of this 
 illu.striou> body witl' not >tran«;i'i,> to cacli otlier, though the 
 majority oi thcni nu't now Ibr the lir.st tiuic. Tliey iiad <'orre- 
 spondcil with eacii other, and ha<l discuHsed tlieii wrongis no 
 
 INI) 
 
 Ki'i;Niir.N( i: iiai.i. in ITTtl. 
 
 thoron<,diIy, that each was well aocjuainted with the s<'ntiinents 
 of his coileaixues, and all wei-e hoiuul toii'ether l»y a eojiunoii 
 synipathy, 
 
 The ('oULM'es^ was oriraiii/ed by the election of Peyton IJaii- 
 dolph, of N'irninia. as Speaker. Charles Thomson, of Penn- 
 sylvania, an Irishman by birth, and the principal of the Quaker 
 Iliuch School in Pbil:idel|»hia, was then chosen stjcretary. It. 
 
44 
 
 rilE ILLUSTRATED IIISTOUV 
 
 was l.n.i.(>.al to o,.ou the sessions with prayer. N>,ne ot the 
 members iIum.uI.. .hi. migla >>- it.expeaient, as all the clelegaU^ 
 might not be al>le to join in tbo >aiMe lorn, ol Nvor^liip. Up 
 
 frientl tl 
 Kpiseojl 
 chaplail 
 
 11 
 
 i'K(;V'.I>r.NT I.IFK AND TRIST C'OMPAXY. 
 
 rose Samuel Adams, in \vlios(! ^^wwt soul tliere ^^as not a pr.un 
 of sham. He was a strict rongre^ationalist. " I am no bigot," 
 he said. " T can hear a prayer from a man of piety and virtue, 
 whatever may be his cloth, provided he is at the same time a 
 
OF THK CKNTKNNIAL KXll IHITION. 
 
 15 
 
 friend to liis ronnlrv." (>ii liis iiKtdon the \Uv. Mr. Ducli^j, an 
 H|»i.sc'<)|»iil rlcr;xyin!in of IMiila(l(l|»lii!i, was invited to act as 
 chaplain. Mr. Dticlic acccptftl tlio invitation. 
 
 • iiKSTX!"" sti;i:f'' IIKI.OW titikp. 
 
 Wlion tlio Conj^rosR assembled tlionext morn in£j all was anx- 
 iety and a|>j)r('li('nsion, for the rumor of *I;e attack U|)on Bo«ton, 
 which had reachctl Putnian and aroused Connecticut, had gotten 
 
 
I«i 
 
 ■niK 111 r-ii{.\ri:i' iii-ioky 
 
 .,« far M.^ rinl;i.l.'l|.liia. T\u' .luiphiin oprMnl ilw srssion by 
 
 ,„.,aiM., 1\U- tl.i.IV-lilll. l.Slll.l, Vvlu.ll >rrll,r.l. MS .lull.. AduiMS 
 
 sii.l, ..r.l:iinr.l l.v ll-MWii u> lu' iva.l tl.at inon.in-. aiwl tlu'ii 
 I'.n.Uc t..nh into an rxtnnpoiv prayrr of -ivat Hrvor ainl rlo- 
 ,j,U'H(v. At tlir .'loM' (.f the prayer a (Kv|. >ilcii(M> piwailctl iii 
 tl,i lull. It wa- l.rokiMi l)y Patrick ll.iiry. wlm n-^f to open 
 
 
 n 
 
 (•in>TNrT STHKKT AllnVI. ~1X1'II. 
 
 The <lav's ]»roc'n(Hliii'j;<. lie boijan slowly ami iu'-itiitinirly at 
 first, "as it' l)orn(' down l)v the w('i;:;lit ol' liis -uWjrct," hut !i.s 
 lie i>roc('(Ml('(l lie ro>-o ^raiiillv lo tlio (!iit\' ot' the occasion, and 
 ill a s|)cccli ot' masterly clotiiiciicc lie r('citc<l ilic wroni^s «»t" tlic 
 \.incric4in «'oloni('s at the hands ol'drcat Uritain, and dcchircil 
 that all iri>vcrnmcnt in America was dissolved, and tir^cd upon 
 
I 
 
 viKvv i)i' mi; INI iiiii'it OF niK uo.mkns i-avimun. 
 
 iiJv ■»»M>tt.-i--. . ; ' 
 
 I.N'Ji;UIul{ (^K TUK IXITKL sTATt:^ i.uVLUN.MU;M UL'li.DiNti. 
 
 t '« 
 
 t ■ m 
 
 i 
 
 J; 
 
 » 
 
 ill 
 
 % 
 
 !;*, 
 
\\ 
 
 the ('oJi| 
 ro!niiir.s. 
 
 wllit'll il 
 rlilitiM'il 
 tlir »li^ 
 
 YorUtT." 
 
 ixiniaii, 
 
 «'l(Mim'ii 
 
 tlu'V \V( 
 
 ^tyk^ i? 
 ii)t»-t »' 
 vaults 
 liun<lrt' 
 A liaii 
 TrvHt 
 The r 
 Clu'sti 
 in lic'i! 
 On 
 th<^ 
 
 Tl. 
 of tlu 
 in IS' 
 tercd 
 with 
 T^nit( 
 luvrv, 
 Htruc 
 t\nul( 
 
 CoMjU 
 
 exist 
 later 
 for i 
 
OK Tin: CKNTKNMAI. KXHIIUTION. 
 
 47 
 
 tlir ('<)np;ro.ss thr lurcssity of roniiiiig a nuw ^^ovcrnment for tin* 
 <'o!niiir.s. 'I'owar^i tlir cIom- oC Ills s|m'«,'<'Ii Im; struck u chord 
 wliitli jinswcrctl in vvvvy licart. " IJritisli opprcsHion," lie ex- 
 claimed, " lias ctVaced the l>oiui(hirics of the several colonics ; 
 
 the (li>liiictioiis hrtwccii \'irt;ini: 
 
 ms, 
 
 I 
 
 (;ims 
 
 Yorl 
 
 kers aiK 
 
 1 New Kii<:l;in«lers arc nt 
 
 norc. 
 
 ylv 
 i an 
 
 inians, 
 
 icw 
 
 I not a V II 
 
 ^iiiian, hut an Ainerieaii. " The deputies were astonished at, hi> 
 cl(M|neiiec, as well as at the iiia^nitndeor thi> interests witii wliieh 
 
 ti 
 
 icv were intrusted 
 
 < )|>|»ositc ( 'arpcnters' Hall, on the north side of (liestnnt 
 street, is the eicixaiit white niarlile huildinj; of tin* Fi<lclifi/ Soj'f 
 Jh'j)i>.si( and IiiMuniiKr ( 'onijxini/. It is i)nilt in tlie Italian 
 style, is one of the principal ornaments of the street, and is tiie 
 most extensive cstahlishnient of its kind in the conntrv. Its 
 
 vaults are 
 
 l)ur<;l! 
 
 d ( 
 
 ir and lire-ni'oo 
 
 .f It 
 
 s immense safe wei^'li< oik 
 
 hundred and lifty tons, an<l was constructed at a cost of ^(il),(K)n. 
 A handsome iron biiildiiii;, used by the VrovUlmt Life <nul 
 Trfif<f (otiiixnii/, stands in Fourth street just below Chestnut. 
 The mas«»ive irranite buildings ol' the flavnc estate Iront on 
 ('hestnut street, cast of Third. i'he central one is eiglit st 
 
 one 
 
 Ml 
 
 the 
 
 heiulit. 
 
 On the south side of Chestnut, between I'ourth and Fifth, is 
 
 United States Custom House. 
 
 Tiiis noble structure was oriiiinally built lor the second Batdc 
 of the United States. It was l)c<;nn in \H]\), and wa.s finished 
 in I.S2-1, at a cost of nearly S<>^><'.0()(). The bank was eliai- 
 tered by Conjifress in ISU), after the close of the second war 
 with Fntrland. Its ca|)ital was S'io,()<>(\<)00, of which the 
 Ignited States took >s7,()00,000. It began ojuTations in .biii- 
 uary, ISIT. This was the bank at which Andrew Jackson 
 >itruck siieh liard blows. In 1S;^3 he removed the government 
 funds from its kecj>ing, and as lie steadily vetoed the acts of 
 Congress for a renewal of its cliarter, the l)ank passed out of 
 existence at th(^ expiration of its charter, in IS.'UJ. A few years 
 later th > building was purehased by the I'Vderal government 
 for about half of its original cost, and was converted into a 
 
 '.| 
 
48 
 
 THE ILLISTUATKI) MlfTOKV 
 
 Custom House. It is constructed of wliitc ruarhlo, and stands 
 upon a p'.iitforin or dais of •^loiic, i>olatfd iVdin ail the surroinxl- 
 inu: iiousc'S. It is an iniitation of the Partiiciion at Atiicns, and 
 is one of the ))urest speeimeus of J )orie ai'chitectiin' in Aineriea. 
 It lias a front ol' eighty-seven feet and a dcjith oi' one hundred 
 
 ! I' 
 
 r; ' 
 
 ','. ' 
 
 
 POST-OFFICE. 
 
 and sixty-one feet. It ha.s two massive fa9ad(>s. one on Chest- 
 nut street and th(> other on Library street. Ea.-h iront ronsists 
 of a heavy entahlatiire and pediment, restin- upon oi,ur),t larire 
 fluted Doric columns. The huildinir mntains the ofTiees of li-. 
 Custom House and the United Slates Siih-Treasnrv. 
 
m 
 
4i^r ^ 
 
 MAIN AISLK IN ACHJICTLTURA L HALL, SIIO^^ 
 
rURM. HALL, SHOWJNU TUJ; OLl> WJNDMH-L, KTC. 
 
'i . 
 
 .'vf 
 
 liii 
 
OK TlIK CENTENNIAL EXIIIBITION. 
 
 49 
 
 '^'■i 
 
 The Post-Office 
 
 Ts sitiuitcd iniinodiately al)ovo the Custom House. It is buili 
 of :i bluish white marble, in the Frcncii style, witli a iuansar<l 
 roof". The business of the Post-Ofhee has lon<;' since out^jrown 
 its present eontraeted (juarters, and a new i)uildin<; Ibr its use i> 
 in eourse of eonstruetion liigher uj) Cliestmit street. The pres- 
 ent edifiee contains, in addition to the Post-OfKee, the rooms oi' 
 the United Statec Distriet and ("ireuit Courts and the ollice of 
 the United States ^Marshal. 
 
 Oi'. the north side of ( 'hestnut street, opjtosite tlic Custom 
 Ifouse, is the substantial ^'ranitc i)uildin^ of the lUtnl: <>f J*hU- 
 <i<li'/j)lii(i. Just above it is the F(ir)itn's avd Mcrhdnios' IhtnJ:, 
 a white marble structure. This bank is one of the oldest in the 
 Union, its charter datiuL;; from 1<S07. IMie jn'cscnt bnukiuu- 
 house was built in 18")"). It stands on the site oi" a spacious 
 old-time mansion, which was tlu; hcad-cpiarters of Admiral 
 Lord Ilowe dnrinti; the occiipati(»n of the city i)y the Ihili-h in 
 the I\evolution. The inink is the finaneial accent ol' the State 
 of l*ennsylvania and of the city of Philadelphia, and is the 
 depository ol'the'' IMiillidelphia Clcarino- House.'' 'J'lic Clcarini;' 
 House occupies a p.'rtion of th(.' building-. Here the banks of 
 tlu! city make their daily settlements. 
 
 Immediately above the Farmers' and IMechanies' P>ank is the 
 buildinii' occupied by the V( iinsiilnin'tit Lifv Instirdncc and 
 Tnisf ( 'diiiiKnii/. This company was established in |S12. It 
 does an immense business as an executor, and is said to hold 
 nearly $10U,(H)(),()()() in trust. In the same block are the 7'(V>- 
 yj/cs' y?n?i/.' and the r/ii/dtli/jjiin Tt-usi (ni<i S//) Jkjjo^il ( 'o)ii- 
 pciny, both handsome structures. On th(> south side of Chest- 
 nut street, occupy inn; the entire square from Fiftii to Sixth, ar(> 
 tlie venerable buildings of 
 
 Independence Hall. 
 
 This building is decidedly the most interesting of any in the 
 city. It was designed by Dr. Kearsley, who also piainied 
 Christ Church, was commenced in 1729 and completed in IT.'il. 
 
 fill 
 
I 
 
 '■n ■ 
 
 until 17' 
 
 ClodiVcy] 
 
 The Dvi:- 
 
 of l)ru'U| 
 
 (lio;nity 
 
 ami l)V>i 
 Iraiulsoij 
 
 A ti\st*'l 
 tre of t 
 tho ovid 
 
 mw: 
 
 I'KNUIiNCK IIALI., 1"1IU.AUKU'N1A, IN 1876. 
 
rilK CKN TlCNNIAIi EXHIBITION. 
 
 51 
 
 Tlic biiildcT was Kdinimd VVooIoy ; the wiii^ wero not added 
 until 1740. Tlic ula/lii^ ol" tlic windows was done l)y Tlioiuan 
 (JodlVcy, since known lo lame as tlie inventor of tlie (quadrant. 
 Tiic oritjjinai eost of tlie Unildini; was .11 ;">,(;(»(►. 'I'lie buildinjf is 
 of l)riei<, witli niarl)l{! trininiin<;s, and lias an air of stately 
 <lii!;nity and repose, wliieli ollri's a strikinji eonti'asl to the linny 
 and hnstle of tlu; busy street. 'J'lie central biiildini; is the 
 iiand.soni(>st, the win^s bein^ nnich [)lainer as well as smaller. 
 A tasteful stee|»le, ornamented with a clock, rises from the cen- 
 tre of the main buildini:;. It was erected in 181^8, in place of 
 the ori<;inal stee[)le, which was taken down in conse(iuen(^e of 
 
 : i 
 
 ;' 
 
 m 
 
 INTIMUOI! (>!■• iM>i:iM:M>i:\(l' IIM.l.. 
 
 beini!^ decayed in the latter part of the last century. In front 
 of the Chestnut street entrance stands a handsome statue of 
 Washiiifjjton of white marble, the gift to the city of the children 
 of the pid)Iic schools. 
 
 The buildinu; was erected by the province of Pennsylvania 
 for the purposes of a State House. The (bntinental Congress, 
 composed of delegjitcs from the thirteen colonies, assembled here 
 
i 1 
 
 52 
 
 THE ILLl'STHATKP HISTORY 
 
 . i 
 
 at the opening of its adjourned session on the 10th of May, 
 1775; and here was si«ined the Declaration of Indcpendenee, 
 whieh has made this venerable editiee lor all time the verv 
 shrine of American patriotism. 
 
 The interior decorations remain as orit;inally designed by the 
 architect. Over the doors of the main iialls on the first floor 
 are medallions containing the head of one of the (ieorges. 
 The eastern iiall — the one on the left of tiie visitor as he enters 
 from Chestnut street — is " Independence Hall." It was in 
 this chamber that the Continental Congress held its sessions, 
 and that the Declaration of Independence wa" signed. The 
 hall is substantially unchanged, the only rejjairs that have been 
 made being such as were necessary for its preservation. The 
 old chandelier used by the Congress of the Revolution still hangs 
 from the ceiling. The walls of lh(> room are adorned with 
 portraits of the Signers ol' the Declaration, by Peale, Stuart, 
 Inman and Sully, and in the northwest corner stands Rush's 
 statue of Washington. On a dais at the eastern end stands the 
 chair used by John Hancock, as President of the Congress, and 
 the table on which the Declaration was signed. 
 
 At the opposite or western end of the building is the hall 
 formerly used by the C(HU*t of Common Pleas. It is now a 
 Museum of National Relics, and cont:i"ns many rare and 
 cm-ions articles of historical interest. The collection is being 
 constantly enlarged. 
 
 On the ground-iloor (»f the steeple stands the old bell whieh, 
 in 1776, hung in the State House steeple, and proclaimed 
 liberty to the peojilc ol' America. It was cast in England, 
 especially lor the State House, in 1752, but was cracked in 
 testing it. It was then recast l)y Isaac Norris, of Philadelphia, 
 who inscribed upon it the strangely prophetic words, "Pro- 
 claim liberty throughout all the land, unto all the inhabitants 
 thereof." On the morning of the 4th of July, 177G, vast 
 crowds assembled around the State House, as it was known 
 that the Congress would on that day take definite action upon 
 the Declaration. The bell-ringer stationed himself in the tower 
 ready to proclaim the good news the moment it should be an- 
 
MH.MOKIAI UI'ILMIN(i ()U AliT (JAIJ.EUY- 
 
 :MM\ feet ill length and 210 f 
 
i AUT (fALLEUY — INTKiJN ATlo.N Ah KX II I lUI l< ).\. 
 'oot ill length and 210 feet in wicitli. 
 
hull to 
 
 IKtUllfill 
 siiiiiiil : 
 lu'iivd 1 
 !Lir:is|). 
 lu'unl. 
 
 t(»t\('S (1 
 
 answi'n 
 
 sh()\it 
 
 lliroiii^ 
 
 A I 
 
 IKrlar 
 
 fllCC V 
 
 orilci' t 
 
 (Inorw 
 
 llalh' 
 in tlic 
 the li: 
 l.y tli( 
 cnthii 
 (.r th 
 l«>r<> 
 iVoiu 
 tlicm 
 nuuli 
 A 
 to th 
 the ^ 
 The 
 <liiri 
 (.1" I 
 cast" 
 
 l)V t 
 
 "l 
 
 tuci 
 I'ol 
 
OF Tin: CHNTKNMAI. IIXIII IllTION. 
 
 5.') 
 
 liJ 
 
 iintiiiccd to liitn, iiixi liad postctl his little son :it llio door ol'llu; 
 iiiill to await tlic siLTiial of tlic (|ih»i'-|\(«|i( r. \\ lien the aii- 
 lloimcciiK'iit. ol" tin- volt' ua> iiiadi , tlir d(i(»i'-l<('»|Kr '-mvc tlio 
 sit;nal and tlic l)oy ran (|nirkly to ilic |it\v»r. Tlic old man 
 liriird liini cotninu', and (Intrlit'd ih lit'll-ropc with a liiin 
 ii'i'as|». The ni'xl instant the ''lad m ol' the Itov'rt voici; w:ls 
 heard. "Itiiiul lin^!" lu- ci'icd ; and th( n the il('('|i, ><'norr»ii.s 
 tones (»r the hell went rollini; out of the tower, and wcrcj 
 aniswcred wiih a niiuhiv 
 
 shonf Iroin the a— >ein 
 
 l>le<l 
 
 ihroiiLj withnnt. 
 
 A lI'W day- lali'r tlic 
 I>eelarati<>n of Indejtend- 
 enee wa- fui'nially read hy 
 order of ( oM'ii'i s<, from the 
 dtmrwav of I ndi|icndi'ne(' 
 
 I lall to \\\r |M'(i|)|(' as~eMll)!eil 
 
 in the -i|narc in the reai' of 
 the hall, ami wa- received 
 hy them with nvei"\\ heJnilnLC 
 enthnsia>m. At the el(--< 
 of the l"ea<lintj; the crowd 
 tore the rityal decorations 
 from the hall, and carried 
 them into tin; s(|nare and 
 made i)(»nfires <»i' them. 
 
 A broad stairway leads ''^^ ""'' **'' ■^"••'•':N-'"-N'f-T. ttall. 
 to the se('(>nd llo(»r, on which nro located the chamhcrs nsed hy 
 the Select an.l ( 'onininn < uuncils ..f the City of l'hila<lel|)hia. 
 The hall at the western end was nsed as tho S(>nat(' chamhor 
 durinira part nf ihe so-inn^^ of the l-'irst ( 'ontrross. At tho timo 
 of the IJevolntion, the lohhy extended from this hall to tho 
 (■astern end (.f the Kiiildinn-. The American oilicers captnrcd 
 l>y the |>riii-li at the hattle of ( i(>rmanto\vn wero c(»nlined h(>rc. 
 
 The ea>tern winu- is now oc(!U|)i(Ml hv the Mnnicipal (Jovcrii- 
 ment, and contains the oillecs of the INlayor of the city, and tJK? 
 Police Department. TIk; western wini; is known as " Cou<i;ress 
 
 m 
 
 11 
 
 aJ^-. 
 
54 
 
 THE 1LLU6TKATKD lil.vroKT 
 
 Hall." On the eiustorn wall ol' this wing id a marble Ublet 
 
 bearing^ thiri inscription : 
 
 •■ In tliis builiiing met Uie 
 
 Fuwr Sknate 
 
 ;liui llif 
 
 FlIlST IIol'SK OF Ktl'KKSKNTATIVt>» 
 
 ot ilio liiiUtl Stales ui AiMirici; 
 
 ami hereiiUiKoKOK Washinutdn was inaugurated 
 
 rivsiilLiil. .Manli 4, 17'Jo, 
 
 ami tlo.-ftl lii.- ollicial cari'iT; 
 
 wluri.-. Iicriii! alMi, 
 
 John Adams wa.s inaugurait<l tliu 
 
 Second I'a'sitk'ni of ilif liiiiid Slates, 
 
 Manii 1, 17'.i7." 
 
 The House of Kepivscntatives occnpial tlir tii-sl floor, now 
 used by tlie ('onit of (Quarter Sessions aiid tlio lligiiway 
 
 I ft 
 
 I'l! 
 
 PIIU.IC I.KlMiKI!, lil'lI.DINd. 
 
 DcjKirtnuMit, ;in<l tlir* Senate, ii|)|)e!' Iloor, at j^resent (](>vote(i to 
 T>i>irict C'onits \o. 1 and Xo. 2. Thomas Jefl'ei-son, as \'ie«>- 
 I'i('sid(^nt, j^'csided over the Senate diirini; Mr. Adams' ad- 
 ministration. ( 'o!iire'^> sat here from iTJt'J to 17!>!i. 
 
 Immediately opposite Independenee llall are the Aiiin'l<'(i)i 
 
 / 
 
^"'i, 
 
 ^ 
 
 m 
 
 '} r-i 
 
V';K 
 
 . ®*'' 
 
 jm^ 
 
 
 Ir^'AI 
 
 B^^ 
 
 Wi 
 
 
 
 UTill'lll 
 
 
 ^■v;> i 'J 
 
 Un 
 
 UJ; fc^ 
 
 f^^Zm.- -aS 
 
 ^HK-^ ^ ii 
 
 flrri 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 ■iSi 
 
 m 
 
 -■■M 
 
 fU>' 
 
 \ V.<^ 
 
 1 v'j 
 
 <y^:y>My.' 
 
 ''' . /. 
 
 //-/: 
 
 ;/ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ///// 
 
 7/' 
 
 SCENK IN ACJHICULTUKAL HALL, SIlOWINd T] 
 
LI., SHOWING TIIK TOIUCX'O AND OTHEK EXHIBITS 
 
OK TIIK CKNTENNIAL KXIMIJITION. 
 
 55 
 
 Hotel, the rooms of the PhihtdcliiliKi l^rcxx (Vith, tind the ofii(!C 
 of the Aildins Kr/tres.s Coinjxtni/. 
 
 At the southwest ooriier oi' Chestnut and Sixtli streets is the 
 sph'udid browii-stone l>iiiKlin<^ ol' the Pii/>/lr LaUjcv, It is one 
 of the most perfeetly ;i|)|)ointe(l ncwsptiper ollices in the worM, 
 and is a noble monument to tiie enei-<xy and ability of Mr. 
 CJeorge W. (Miihls, its proprietor, who has nuuk! the L>(l(/ir one 
 of the most useful as well as one of the most successful journals 
 in the Union. On tho 
 northwest corner is the 
 office of T/ic Ddif, and a few 
 <loors above is the oiVuv of 
 the Evening f lUilldin, the 
 oldest al'ternoon |)aper in 
 the city. Almost immedi- 
 ately opposite the lialldin 
 is the ollice of the (u'liiuui 
 Ih'iaocnif, a showy build- 
 iuLC ; and on the southwest 
 I'orner of Seventh and 
 ('hestnut is tlicolliceof 77.. 
 Press. A lew doors above 
 Seventh, on the north side 
 of ( ^hestmit, is the office of 
 T/ic Tiiiits. 
 
 At the northeast corner 
 of Seventh is (iui/s Hotel, 
 a handsome buildiiiii; of 
 white marble. The hotel 
 is conducted on the Enroj)(>an plati, ami is an excellent house. 
 
 The heavy bnsiiKss of the street may be said to end at 
 Seventh street, at which point the fashionable prom<Miadr 
 begins. Above this, the stores are chieffy retail establish nuMitx. 
 and in the next eight s(piares are coll(>cted the handsomest and 
 most extensive dry-goods, clothing, jewelry, house-lurnishing. 
 carpet, book, and fancy stores of the city. Many of these are 
 palatial Htructlu•(>^., and in tiie majority the display of goods is 
 
 (JKUMAN 1)1;M(K liAT IUII,DINO. 
 
56 
 
 THK IIM'STUATKI) HISTOIIY. 
 
 rioli and beautiful. Tlio windows aic dressed with great taste, 
 aiui ail'ord a eonstautl / ohangiiig series of pictures unsurpassed 
 l»y any street in the worhl. The seene on th(> street is always 
 brilliant. Tiie whok> liishionable world turns out liere to see 
 and be s(>en in tine weather, and from tw() to six in the aftiM*- 
 noon the street i> tlironged with elegantly dressed people, and 
 showy carriages and other vehicles. 
 
 Ou the north side, al)ovc ISeventh, is the elegant front of the 
 
 ^>-...--^ 
 
 U=:l 
 
 m 
 
 11 
 
 Ol^' >: nOTEL. 
 
 fffiJ M(i.<nv'if Tt'ii)j)l(\ Tf is :i conspicuous olijeet on ihc street, 
 and :it the titiie oi" it~ ercctidii was considered the most elegant 
 strnetiii'e of its kind in the eonntrv. It is now eclipsed by the 
 new Trtnitle on I'road -treet. and having been deserted l)y the 
 brethren, is i)eing converted into a hotel. 
 
 At the sontln-ast corner of Ninth and C'hestnnt is th(> Conf'i- 
 vrnidl Tloft/, the largest in the cit\', and esteemed bv experi- 
 enced travellers the best in the Knion. It is six stories in 
 height, and covers an area of 41,5.')r> square feet of ground. 
 
:>lASi-M<' TCMI'I.i;, CIIKSTNI'I' VIIIKKT. 
 
 57 
 
<)8 
 
 Tin; IM.rsTliATEP histouy 
 
 'Pile Clicstiiiit stivi't trout is built of Albert ami IMt-tou hjuuI- 
 stoiic, aiul i> ili'iiaiit and tasti'liil in (k'siiiii. 'I'lic Ninth iuid 
 Sansom street Inaits are ol' a line (|ualiiy of preyed bricik. 
 'Vlw hotel was i)|)ene(l in I"'ebriiary, l.SliO, ami has done a steady 
 and j)ros|)er()ns bnsiness ever .since. It has aeeornniodations Ibr 
 1 ()()() oiiots, and is llunons us settinj^ a better table than any 
 Ainerieau hotel. All ol' its appointments are ele^ani and snb- 
 stantial, and eond)ine >(ili<l e(»nilbrt with beauty. I'^levators 
 eoiivev iijuests ami their biiiiiam' I'roni the ^iround-Hoor to the 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 A'MSdWy^Trr 
 
 I'DNI'INlNIAl, IIOTKI.. 
 
 sixth story; tele<rrapli wires radiate from the hotel to all parts 
 of the world; the traveller may i)nrehas(! ills ticket t<^ Ins 
 destination and cheek his baimatje bef()i-(> leavint; the house; 
 and most of the neee-siti(>s and many of the luxui'ies of lilo 
 may be had from the store- under the same roof. The cost of 
 the buildinu' was 81,0(10, ()()(). 
 
 Immecliately opposit(! the Continental is the (t'iranJ IToiLse, 
 a stately ediliee of bi-o\vn-stone, ereetcil at a cost of .S'"jOO,000. 
 It is considered the sec(;nd hotel in Philadelphia, and is a for- 
 
 !/■" 
 
 lA 
 
.^7 
 
 r. 
 
 -3 
 
 
 
 '.KnLl' nr \\-r~, IN 1 1 1 llll ID IN llli: (llIN 
 
 l>i: -l> lli>N. MAl.N litlhiJj.Ni. 
 
OF TIIK CKNTKNNIAL KXIMHITION. 
 
 69 
 
 U\ 
 
 inidable rival to the Continental. It liius ucconimodatlons for 
 
 The oastcrii lialfor thesciuare, bounded by ('lK'?;tnut, Market, 
 and Nintli strt^ets, is tin; sitt; on wliicli the new Posl-Oj/itw is 
 bi'inj; crcctL'd. An appropriation ul" $;),U(M),()()() has been niadc; 
 l(>r this work, and the l*»)st-()tlit'i! will be a s|)lc'ndid and pcr- 
 it'ctly arranL;('d building. it will be const riu'tctl of fj;ranitc', 
 and it is estimated that its cost will not fall short of ^G,()0(),00(). 
 
 At the southwest corner of Chestnut and Ninth is the " Burd 
 IJloek," built of white marble, and consisting of three beautil'ul 
 and inaj^nifieent stores — the handsomest on the street. 
 
 At the northwest corner of Tenth street is the buildintr of the 
 
 ^ J 
 
 (ilKAUK llDl'SK. 
 
 Neio Vorl: Miihuil J/ifr /nsiir<iiicc Coiiijxrvi/. It stands on the 
 site of the old Keene mansion, and is a ma[!;ni(icent structure 
 of lii^ht Rhode Island ijranite. in the Renaissance styl(>. It is 
 one of the principal ornaments of the city, and one of the 
 han<lsomest business edifices in the world. Its cost was 
 .S1,0(K),()00. 
 
 On the north side of Chestinit, above Tenth, is the Anwrieaji 
 Theatre, better known as /'o.c'x. It is a uandy -(ructure, stands 
 on the site of the o!>l Academy of l-'ine Arts, and will se;it 
 2800 people. On the opposite side of the street are a number 
 of cleijant stores. 
 
 The American Sunday-School Ihion occuj^ies a handsome 
 granite edifice on the south side of the stre«'t, between Eleventh 
 
 1 :■. 
 
 ( ,: 
 
60 
 
 TirK II.M'STIIATFM) lllsrollY 
 
 :! 
 
 
 iiiul Twcirtli. !t was ('r(>ct('(l ill lhr)|,:in(l is llic licad-qiitirtrrK 
 and coiitnil ollicc <»!' diis va>l (iruaiii/atioii. (lirnnl Iioir, on 
 tlio oppnsito side of tlic >trt'('t. ('(tiitaiiis a iiiiiiilicr ol' liaiidsoiiic 
 stores. One of rlicsc is (Kvnpicd In- the mi oallcr'ics of ( ', F. 
 Ilascltiiu', a placv wliicli no loNcr of an >iioiild fail to visit. 
 
 Jldilii/'y ./('irclri/ 'V'"' . ill lln' >oiitli('ast t'oniil' of ( lirstmit 
 and Twclftli, is a su|»ori) cditicc of wliilc niai'ltlc. It is the 
 laim'st t'stablislmuMit of its l<in(l in ilic cilv.aiid is licliK worili 
 
 ciiKviMT -ri;i;i:i \i rwri.irii. 
 
 a visit. Tlic huildintr is owned i)y Dr. S. S. Wliitc. inanidiuv 
 tiircr oi' dental material.-, who oe(Mi|>ies all tlie up])'!' tloors. 
 
 On ilic noi-tli side of the street, ahoxc Twelfth, are tho 
 ('ht.^f)nil Stral Tlirdlrc. the leading >oeI(i\ theatre of the <'itv, 
 and ('(iiKU'ii Hull. 
 
 The United States !\/lint 
 
 Stands on the north side of (hestnnt street, al)ov(> Thirt(MMitli. 
 Tho 1)iiildini:: is |irinei|t;il]y of hriek. liiced in I'ront with white 
 niarhie ashler. It is in the loiiie order, and the front is orna- 
 mented with a wide portieo of heautiful desi<rn, sni»j)orted by 
 
OK TItK CKNTRNNIAI, KXHIIMTION. 
 
 Gl 
 
 nix lar^*' i)ill:iix, and iipproiicliiMl l>y a lli'j!,lit of widr Htcjw. 
 Tlic riiitcil Stales Mint was i-siaMislicd by Act of Congress, in 
 April, I71»-J, and in 17!>1 David ltittenlion>e was appointed by 
 President Washington its first Director. A building on Seventh 
 street, near Market, was lirsl ii>ed, and tliere copper cents were 
 
 A <lIi;STNTT STI!i;i".T DII V-(ii >()|)S Sl'olll';. 
 
 coinal in 179-'l Silver dollars wore coined the next year, and 
 gold eagles in 175)5. Until 182(5 all the work of coining was 
 done by hand, bnt in that year steam machinery was introduced. 
 The present structure was begini in 1820, and was finished in 
 1833. It is the principal mint of the country, all the others 
 
 ■1 : ■ 
 
 
 i 
 
 mm 
 
 I ;■ 
 
 V J- 
 
 M 
 
 m 
 
 h^ ii 
 
Gli 
 
 TIIK ILLUSTRATKI) IIISTOUY 
 
 : 1 
 I < 
 
 u 
 
 V? 
 
 
 l)C'iiij5 ..lorcly branohos oi' this cstublishincnt. It is oiu? of tlic 
 uiu&t complete and perfectly equij.ped institutions ol" its kind. 
 The steam-engine and the coining :iiid milling niachinery are 
 exceedinu'lv intricate and costlv. The steam-* U'jinc used for 
 driving the coining niachinery is one oi" the most |)crlci't and 
 beautiful i)ieccs ol" machinerv in existi'ucc. I'lic larircst scale 
 used in the mint will weigli 0000 ounces oi" metal, and the 
 smallest one-thirteenth-luuidredth part of a grain. ( )f lato 
 years the mint has been largely engaged in coining monev i'or 
 China an<l Japan. The i)r()bable resumption of specie; pay- 
 ments at an ear'.v day will no doubt re.->t(»re to this institution 
 its old time activity. The operations ol' the mint are con- 
 ducted with the most scrupulous integrity, Tlic govcrniiicnt 
 lias never lost a cc'iit's worth by the dishonesty ol' anv of tlic 
 oilicials or employe's since the institiuioii was cstal)ii>licil. 
 \'i;itors are ailmitted t'roni to 12 each day, and th(^ ollii i i- 
 of the mint take ple.isiu'e in cxplainin-g the coining and othir 
 processes. There is a valuable and <'\tcn^ive cabin<'t ol' raic 
 and curious coins attached to the mint. .Some ol" the coin- :iii' 
 of a (late 70() vears bcl"ore the ('hristian era. 
 
 Xcnrly oppixite the mint is the ni'w building of the /^•(^o//- 
 fcriifii Vxtanl <>f Pitb/icc/flon. It is built oi' white gi'anitc, with 
 trimnnngs of j)olished Aiicrdcen stone. 
 
 At the southeast corner oi" ( 'lie.-tmU and Fii'tccntli street- is 
 the magniiiccnt new building oi" the Yotivjj 7%ii\-< ( '/iri.slinn 
 A--<-^oc!((fioii. Ilu! groimd-iloor is dcvotcil to store.-, but the 
 upper ''oors are used l)y the Association. It is tlu; hand.somest 
 building owned by this .society in the United States. 
 
 At the southwest corner of Fifteenth street is the CohniKKJe 
 ]l(>fr/. a handsome structure of white marble, seven stories in 
 height. It is a fir.st-class hotel, and lia," accommodations I'or 
 700 guests. 
 
 At the northwest corner is the f^pi.scopal ('hur(;h oi' the 
 Epiphany. 
 
 Immediately above the Colonnade Hotel is the Ref(i)in (Uub 
 House, a marble building, pleasantly situated, and fitte 
 
 superb Ktyle. 
 
 'P 
 
THK STAIUH PAVILION, IN AfJIiKTI/riKAl. HAM 
 
 
 ; !- 
 
 'i,,i 
 
 Ul 
 
 
 ill li! 
 
 ORVKllAL VtKW OJf* TUK INTKKHUl Oh' AOKirfLTfRAt, HALL. 
 
Boyo 
 rosuit'iK 
 most 1)1 
 
 liltC 1)1 
 
 Oil tlic 
 luiflo 1 
 The 
 of iron 
 
 up r('<: 
 of do 
 
 At tli( 
 stoiio 
 entire 
 street 
 Jw 
 
OF Till-: CKNTENMAL KXIIIHITION. 
 
 63 
 
 Royond Kii'tcciitli, diostnut street is lined with hiiiulsome 
 residences, to within a short distance of the SchuylkiU. The 
 most heantiCnl and costiv of these is the mansion i)iiilt by the 
 late I)r. .laync. at the soiitiieast corner of Xineteenih street. 
 On the north >ide of Chestnut, above I'^Iightcenth, is the Taber- 
 na'ele iJaptist ( hurch. 
 
 'I'he Schuylkill is crossed by means of a handsome bridge 
 of iron, with stone i)iers. I>eyond the river the street is built 
 
 Idl.oNNADK UVil.l.. 
 
 Mj> regularly for a few squares, but then gives way to a series 
 of elegant villas. 
 
 Wainuf Street 
 
 The lower part of Walnut street is devoted entirely to business. 
 At the corner of Second and Walnut is a large four-story brown- 
 stone building known as ''Anthracite Block," as it is occupied 
 pntirely bv persons engaged in the coal trade. This part of the 
 street is principally devotccl to the same interest. 
 
 Jui^ ubovf Sci^nJ street. Dock street intersects Walnut 
 
obliqui 
 Walni 
 
 H 
 
 Thii 
 del phi 
 nmrbl» 
 the lai 
 
 of H 
 bniU 
 of ri 
 Ii 
 the 
 buil 
 hull 
 mee 
 
THE CENTENNIAL EXHIIJITION. 
 
 65 
 
 obliquely, and in the triangle bounded by Third, Dock, and 
 Walnut streets stiuids 
 
 The Merchants' Exchange. 
 
 This is the most conspicuous leature of this portion of Phila- 
 del[)hia. It is a splendid edifice, constructed of Pennsylvania 
 marble. It is used tin- the purposes indicated by its name; and 
 the large rotunda ou its eastern side has lately been fitted up at 
 
 MKKCHANTS i:X< !I.\ N(ii;. 
 
 groat expense for the daily sessions of tlie Philadelphia IJoard 
 of Hrokers. Dock street, upon which the eastern side of the 
 building fronts, is said to have been once the course of a stream 
 of running water. 
 
 In Second street below Chestnut, and almost within sight of 
 the Exchange, is the Commcrcidl K.vchavcje. It is a handsome 
 building of brick and brown-stone, with a tower. The lower 
 hall is used by the grain and flour merchants for their (hiily 
 meetings, and the tower by the Philadelphia branch of the 
 
 : ; 
 
 !, I, 
 
 i: m 
 
m 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 
 <'J 
 
 m 
 
 I' ! 
 
 I J 
 
 1 
 
 
 United States Signal Service. Tlie building stands on the site 
 of the "Old Slate Koof House," whicii was so culled because 
 it was at that time the only house in riiilucklpiiia provided 
 with such a roof. It was built at a very early day by Samuel 
 Carpenter. William Penn occupied it during his second visit 
 to Philadelphia, in 1700, when he brought his lumily with him, 
 and John Penn, the only native American of the liimily, wa» 
 born here. General Forbes, Braddock's successor, died here, 
 and General Henry Lee, the famous "Light-Horse Harry" of 
 the Revolution, was buried from liere. John Adams, John 
 Hancock, and the Baron de Kalb also resided here lor a while. 
 Washington was a frequent visitor to the house. 
 
 At the southeast corner of "Walnut and Third streets is the 
 building of the Delaware Mutual Sajdij Jnsunnicc Compaini, 
 one of the handsomest in the city. On the oj)p()site corner of 
 Third street is the office of the Sundai^ iJkpaU'h. BotwivMi , 
 Third and Fourth the street is occupied almost entirely by coal 
 offices. 
 
 On Fourth street below W''alnut are the offices of the 7V»h- 
 sylrania and the Pliiladcltthia & licadinr/ liaUroad Compaithn. 
 The Pennsvlvania Coiniiaiiv controls more miles of railwav 
 than any other organization in the world. The building of 
 this company is of brick, with a handsome front of Quincy 
 granite. The Reading Railroad is the second corporation in 
 the State, and controls tiie bulk of the transportation from the 
 rich coal-liclds of Pennsylvania to the seaboard. 
 
 Lidopendcnce Square lies on the north side of Walnut street, 
 between Fifth and Sixth ; and diagonally opposite, at the corner 
 of Sixth, is Washington Square, both of which have been 
 already described. This is a region of lawyers' and real (>state 
 agents' offices; a number of insurance offices are also located 
 here. On the corner of Walnut street and West Wa'^himxton 
 Square is the handsome bank building of the Plilfadelphia S<iv~ 
 inc/s Fund Socict}/, the first savings bank established in America. 
 It began in a small way in I81fi, and its depositors now num- 
 ber 39,000, while its deposits amount to more than $10,000,000. 
 
 On the northeast corner of Walnut and Ninth streets is the 
 
It;!! J 
 
^QMIiSWM^WMAJL 
 
 ACiRK ri/iJUAL MALL — INTKUNA'I 
 SlH) fift in leiiKtIi and 540 k 
 
L HALL — INTKUNATIONAL EXIIimTION. 
 ftx't ill leii>;tli juid 540 feet in width 
 
Wa 
 lt^ 
 
 liot 
 J 
 
 
 bi 
 
 o 
 
 b( 
 ac 
 
OF THE CEM'ENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 67 
 
 Walnut Street Theatre, once tliu leading tlieatre of the Union. 
 It waa the scene ol" many ol' tiie most memorable triumpliH of 
 Kean, Kembie, l^orrest, Alaereaciy, and tiie elder ajd younger 
 iiootii. 
 
 Adjoining the northwest corner of Walnut and Ninth Ih the 
 
 I 
 
 UKSIUKNCK OK CKO. \V. (Illl.ns. WM.NCT STKKET. 
 
 buildincT oconj)iod hy city nfTicos of tho Ignited Sfttfcs (\nfnmiat 
 Commission. Tninu'diafoly opposite is tlio offico of the Ccn- 
 tennidf Ihard of Finance, (^ii llio north sido of tlio street, just 
 below Tenth street, is the Trring llonsr, a fashionable hotel, with 
 accommodation ;^ for 200 jrucsts. 
 
 The business portion of \Valiuit street may be said to end 
 
 
 I 
 
 f: 
 M 
 
 It H 
 
 m 
 
 ' !,'■ 
 
68 
 
 TllK IM.lJrtTKATKl) IlISTOUY 
 
 ! 
 
 i'iJ; 
 
 !l 
 
 I \ 
 
 at IVnth street. IJcvoiul tliis the street is oeeiinietl by dwcIU 
 ings, whicli, above 'rwelllh street, are iimon-; the liaiulsoiuest 
 in the eoiiutrv. Marble, l)ri)\vn-stoiie, granite, and tVee-stono 
 alternate with brieJN, and give to the street an appearanee more 
 varied than tliat of Tiltli Avrnnc, and abnost as handsonie. 
 
 Ritteiilionsf S([uar(', abvatly (hM-ribcd, is at the interseetion 
 oi' Kighteenth and Wabuit streets. The residi>nees snrroumbng 
 it are espeeially attraetive, and allbrd a ii:ir sample of tlic 
 higher chiss of the domestic arehii'-eture of the eity. At the 
 nj)l»er end of Uiitenhonse Sijnare is the ('lun-eii of the Holy 
 Trinity, a handsome brown-stone ecbfiee with a scjnare tower 
 and [tinnaeles of the same material. At tiie southeast corner of 
 Twentv-lirst and Walnut is (ineof the most beautiful speeimens 
 of ehun-h arcliitei'ture in I'hiladelphia. It is the property of 
 tiie Pr(sl)yt(>rian denomination, and is known as tiio Second 
 Pirshj/fcriitii ( 'Inircli. 
 
 The line of risidences ceases abrnjitly about a s<|uare from 
 the river. JJeyond the Schuylkill it is taken u|) again, and 
 Walnut >treet forms one of the most beautil'nl thoroughfares of 
 West Philadelphia. At Thirty-ninth and Walnut is the ])ala- 
 tial residence of Anthony .1. Drexel, llu' well-known banker, 
 and one of I'hiLidelpiiia's most useful citizens. It is a s|)l(!n- 
 did specimen of villa architecture. 
 
 Arch Street 
 
 Arch street is the next great th(M'ougldtire north of Market 
 street, and extends from the Delaware to the Schuylkill. It is v 
 wide and handsome avenue, the lower part of which is given to 
 business. It is a str<>et which retains more traces of the Phila- 
 delphia of half a century ago than any of the great highways 
 of the city, and is (piicter and more staid than either Market or 
 Chestnut. It is one; of the brightest and most attractive of the 
 city thoroughfares, and forms a [)leasing contrast to either of 
 those just mentioned. 
 
 At the corner of Fourth and Arch, surrounded by a liigh 
 brick wall, is the Mcdhuf House of the Orthodox Friends. 
 Philadclpliia owes her prosperity to-day, in a great measure, to 
 
■11 VI I! nit iii;i;, K\iiiurn:i> nv nii. (.uhham MANUFACTt'FUNO jo. 
 
 »!yUD 8ILVFH MAT.VER. KXHinTTKP TIY TTTK (iCiRHAM MANUFAcTURIXO CO. VALVi: $3,000, 
 
 ! I 
 
an 
 gr 
 
 sa 
 
 tv 
 
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OF THE CENTKNNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 69 
 
 ! I 
 
 the people of this society, and in this city at least, the sincere 
 and modest virtues of the Q,uaUer will always command the 
 grateful reverence of the people. 
 
 At the southeast (.'orner of Filth and Arch streets is 
 
 Old Christ Church Graveyard. 
 
 It is enclosed by a high brick wall. It was purchased at the 
 same time the ground ou which ( 'hrist Church stands was ac- 
 quired, and the first in- 
 terment was made here 
 in 17U0, five years after- 
 wards. Many prominent 
 men are buried here. 
 Here lie the bones of 
 Peyton Randolph, the 
 Presidentof the first Con- 
 tinental Congress; Fran- 
 cis Plopkinson, a 'signer 
 of th(; Declaration of In- 
 dependence ; and Major- 
 General Charles Lee. 
 Clos(> by the Arch street 
 wall, at tiie upper end of 
 the cemetery, are the 
 graves of Benjamin 
 Franklin, and Deborah, 
 
 his wife. In 185.S, a portion of the wall was renjoved, and an iron 
 railing was set in its place. The passer-by can now look in from 
 the street and behold the graves of the philosopher and states- 
 man, and his wife. A plain slab of marble marks their last 
 resting-place, bearing an inscrij)tion dictated by Franklin him- 
 self, with the exception of the date. It reads thus: 
 
 iiii;m:i: it wm \i wd >i\rii >ri:i:i;i- 
 
 if 
 
 vii 
 
 "Benjamin ) 
 
 a.ul [ I- 
 Dkhouah ) 
 
 1790." 
 
 RANKMN. 
 
 What a contrast between this modest legend and the pompous 
 
70 
 
 TIIK II.LUS'I UATED IIISTOUY 
 
 ! I 
 
 r 
 
 I'l' 
 
 i 
 
 inscriptions in Luiir(>l Hill ! Franklin needed no monument 
 over his tomb, no e[)it;ij)h, to keep his memory green in Phila- 
 delpiiia. His monuments lie all over the city. Among the 
 most {)rominent are the Philadelphia Lihrary, the American 
 Philosophieal rfoeiety, the Pennsylvania Hospital, the Univer- 
 sity of Pennsylvania, and Christ Church. 
 
 Adjoining the grave of Franklin is thut of his daughter 
 
 1!1:N.IAM1N KlvANKMX. 
 
 Sarah, and her iiusl)and, Richard Bacho, Tt is marked by s 
 similar slab. 
 
 At the southwest corner of Fifth !ind Arch is an ancient 
 building, erected during the latter part of the last c'-ntury for 
 the useof tlie Free (Quakers. It is now occupied bv the Appren- 
 tices Library Comptmi/, which was established in 1820, " for the 
 use of apprentices atid other young persons, without charge of 
 any kind, for the use of books." 
 
 On the north side of Arch street, above Sixth, is the Arch 
 Street Theatre, a handsome marble front buildinir. The interior 
 is one of the best arranged and most comfortable in f le city. 
 
 I 
 
OF THE CENTKNNIAL KXHIHITION. 
 
 71 
 
 On the same side, above Seventli, is the St. Cloud Hotel, a 
 hanclsoine building, witii a brov/ii-stoiie front, with accommoda- 
 tions tor 400 guests. 
 
 At tiie northwest corner of Arch and Ninth streets is Colonel 
 Wood's Museum, a popular place of amusement. Adjoining the 
 northwest corner of Tenth and Arch is Simmoius' and Slocuni's 
 Opera House. 
 
 .IS: Hi 
 
 mi 
 
 ST. C'LOt'D IIOTEI.. 
 
 On Arch above Tenth, on tiie south side, are the Methodist 
 Book Iiooms. 
 
 At the southeast corner of Arch and Broad streets is the^rcA 
 Street Mcthodid Kinseopal Church, one of the stateliest church 
 edifices in the city. It was ('omj)Ieted in 1873, is constructed 
 entirely of white marble, and is built in the pure Gothic style, 
 
■M 
 
 i 
 
 'J ! 
 
 m 
 
 
 l- 
 
 
 72 
 
 THE ILLUSTIIATED HIS'lOUY 
 
 with a spire rising to a lieiglit of 233 i'eet. Its cost was over 
 ^250,000. At tiio northwostorn corner is St. Johi's Lutheran 
 Church. It is built of sori^ntine stone, with gray sandstone 
 and Hummel-stono tircssings. The tower, wliich is not yet 
 completed, will be m:issive in its proportions, and very beauti- 
 
 ARCH STIM.KT Mr.TUOniST CHIltCH. 
 
 fill. The interior docoratioiis are very rich, and tlie altar is one 
 of the liandsomest in this country. The ohureh is JMiilt in the 
 florid German Gothic stylo, and will cost when conipletod about 
 $300,000. At the northwest corner of Arch and Broad is the 
 First Baptist Church, one of the oldest organizations of that de- 
 
w 
 
 Sit 
 ml 
 
 1' 
 
 hiH 
 
 >i\\<)\\-i.\>L- IN nil .iiim:-i, I'I r \i:i .\u..n r, .main liiii.i'iM 
 
 
 i 
 
 h 
 
 y if: J 
 
f 
 
 n 
 
 I 
 
OF THE CENTENMAL EXUIBITIOK. 
 
 73 
 
 nomination in tiiis country. Tiie congregation was formed in 
 1G84. The present edifice was erected in 1854. The church 
 is a substantial brown-stone structure, with a spire 225 feet in 
 height. The interior is very handsome. 
 
 Above Broad, Arch street is entirely devoted to residences, 
 many of wliich are very handsome. Many of the "solid men " 
 of the city live in this quarter, and their residences, while often 
 plain and unassuming without, are sumptuously and beautifully 
 furnished within, and are arranged with every convenience. At 
 the corner of Arch and Eighteenth is the West Arch Street Pres- 
 byterian Cliurch, a splendid edifice, much admired by the people 
 of the city. 
 
 Broad Street 
 
 Broad street is the longest in the city. It extends in an un- 
 broken line from the Delaware to Germantown, a distance of 
 about fifteen miles, and preserves a uniform width of 120 feet 
 along this entire length. 
 
 The southern terminus of the street is at licague Island, a 
 low tract of land at the junction of the Delaware and the 
 Schuylkill. This island was presented to the United States by 
 the city of Philadelphia a few years ago, for a Navy Yard. 
 Work was begun upon it almost innnediately, and about a year 
 ago the Navy Yard Mas transferred to it from its old quarters 
 liigher up the river. A\'e shall refer to it again in another por- 
 tion of Hils work. For some distance north of I^cague Island, 
 Broad street is bordered by truck farms, and is ornamented with 
 a double row of trees. Several haiK some churches and some 
 fine residences are located south of Washington avenue. At 
 the northwest (!orner oi" Broad street and Washington avenue is 
 the Drpot of the PhihuJelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Rail- 
 road, oVyaH it is more commonly called, "the Baltimore Depot." 
 It is a large and commodious building, well suited to the needs 
 of this pn»sperous road. Diagonally opposite the depot, in the 
 square bounded by Broad, Thirteenth, Christian and Carpenter 
 streets, is the Ridgway Branch of the Philadelphia Library, to 
 which we shall refer again. 
 
 At the corner of Broad and Pine streets is the Pennsylvania 
 
 
 , at 
 
 i )l 
 
 11 
 
 
 
74 
 
 THK ILLUSilUTED UISTORY 
 
 Imiituilon for the Deaf <vul Dumb. This noble cliarity was or- 
 ganized in 1820, by Bishop White, and iu 1821 was incor- 
 poratod by the State. The buihling presents a front of cut stone, 
 with a portico supported by pillars of the Tuscan order. It 
 consists of a central portion and two wings, the whole having a 
 
 il.' , 
 
 
 n I 
 
 - — >«.»-j.»»^ 
 
 BKTII-KliKN HAI'Tlsr (111 Ki II. 
 
 frontage of 200 fc(>t. The State of Pennsylvania makes a lib* 
 eral appropriation fvcry year towards its support, and the States 
 of Maryland, Now Jersey, and Delaware also contribute to it, 
 and send their deaf and dumb to enjoy its benefits. 
 
 At the northwest corner of Spruce street is Beth-Eden Church, 
 the property of the Baptists. It is a superb edifice, and when 
 
Ol' 'Hi: CKNTKXNIAL EXIIIHITION. 
 
 75 
 
 its spire is comitlutcd, will be one of the most pertect speciiueus 
 of cliureh art'liiU-fluro in America. 
 
 On Broud tslreet above JiOc;u,st is IJortlenlturdl Hall, the prop- 
 erty of the lVini.->ylviiui:i llurti(;ullural .Society, which waa iu- 
 corporatecl in 1SLJ7. 
 
 nORTICtrLTTRATi nAu:i. 
 
 Immediately above ITortioultnral Hall, and separated from 
 it by a spiwe of a few yards, is the 
 
 American A cademy of Music, 
 
 The most capacious and (^lecjant opera hons(> in the country. It 
 was completed on the 26th of January, 1S57, and was oj)oned 
 with a notable ball. It is still used for the errand balls of the 
 Philadelphians, on which occasions a temporary bridiro is 
 thrown across the space between the Academy and Horticul- 
 tural Hall, and the two buildincrs are used in common. The 
 Academy is built of fine pressed brick, with brown-stone trim- 
 miners, and has a front of 140 feet on Broad street, and a depth 
 of 238 feet on Locust street. The exterior is substantial, but 
 
 '■ I 
 
 
 ' );■ 
 
 i 
 
 m 
 
76 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 plain, and not at all in keeping with the magnificent interior. 
 The stage is 90 feet wide, learly 50 feet high, and nearly 100 
 feet deep. The proseenium is richly ornamented, and tiie 
 boxes which it contains are situa'.ed between six splendid Cor- 
 inthian pillars, three on each side, and are sumptuously up- 
 holstered. The jjarcpiette and its accompanying circle are very 
 large, and above them rises the balcony, at the back of which 
 are rows of private boxes, the iUmily circle, and the amphitheatre. 
 
 j 
 
 II. 
 
 I, 
 
 :li 
 
 'A 
 
 I it 
 
 1- 
 
 I: 
 
 
 ACADKMY OF MTSTC. 
 
 The galleries are supported by Corinthian pillars, similar to 
 those of the proscenium, but smaller. The dome is frescoe<l to 
 re{)resent the sky with its myriads of stars, and from it hangs a 
 magnificent crystal chandelier. The upholstering of the house 
 is in crimson and gold, and the effect of the whole is dazzling 
 and grand. The front doors lead into a large lobby, hand- 
 somely frescoed, and provided with retiring-rooms, cloak-rooms, 
 etc. On the right and left, grand stairways lead to the balcony, 
 which is backed by a smaller lobby opening into the foyer, 
 
1 1 
 
 if 
 
 » ■ 
 
 •'•WaJ 
 
 ■MMi^wa 
 
7 if » II MAIM EXHIBITIOri BT 
 
 -"^^f. 1776^:,4-^- *H 
 
 m* 
 
 
 IPMALi 1 
 
 ^lAIN l{UlLi)ING OF THE INTKllNATIONAL CENTENNIAL 
 
 188U feet in length and 464 feet 
 
^'V. ' i'l«!tlt!ii;iyf ri'lil'}t!*IBfiH{!l8|<:|#ill'M lil ^'''''^-J;; ^*i 1 
 
 |)M.jt|»i!!|iiij|^«''^''J^'ii;i-a^^^^ ;' ;• I ] 
 
 
 
 W' -^-^ y ^ 
 
 XHIBITION BUIlilDIMG. 
 
 r 
 
 *-* 
 
 l®iTiHM_,_:-*g^»^:-j 
 
 iNAL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION, PHILADELPHIA, 1876. 
 in length and 464 leet in width. 
 
I 
 
 ] 
 
 which 
 
 ing wi 
 
 as 40( 
 
 sccncr; 
 
 On' 
 
 ( b/o.SiSi 
 
 and is 
 
 origin 
 
 street, 
 
 <leli)lii 
 
 stitutc 
 
 the \vl 
 
 to tht 
 
 a (liar 
 
 The 1 
 
 77 fe( 
 
 l.hu'k 
 
 T in 
 
 base, 
 
 terva 
 
 tiiein 
 
 ei<ili( 
 
 cnrel 
 
 ]):n)c 
 
 ami 
 
 <'()nsl 
 
 take 
 
 phia 
 
 tondi 
 
 and 
 
 pron 
 
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 teen 
 
 The 
 
 iiiii; 
 
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OF THE OENTENMAJ. EX II liJ IT ION. 
 
 wliidi is located imniodiatcly over the iDain lobby. Tiie build- 
 ing will coiufbrtably scat JJOOO persons, and has held as nian\ 
 as 4000 sittinj:; and standin<i;. Its cstiDiati'd value, with it- 
 scenery and other appointments, is $<S00,0()0. 
 
 On the southeast corner ol" Broad and Locust streets is Tlh 
 (hloHSCum. Jt "stands directly opposite the Academy of JMusic. 
 and is one oltlie most noticcabh; buiidiii'rs in the citv. It was 
 originally erected at the corner of Jiroadway and Thirtv-fd'th 
 street, in New York, but was tal<e?i down, transii-rrcd to I'iiila- 
 dclphia, and rebuilt here in the sj)rinL!i: *>'' 187(5. As if con- 
 stitutes one of the most prominent places ol" interest in tiic citv 
 tlu! wludeyear round, a brief description of it will be of interest 
 U) the reader. The building is (ylindrical in t"orm, and has 
 a diameter of 129 feet at the base, and I'ld iL-et at the eaves. 
 'J'he height from the pavement to the inider side oi" the roof is 
 77 {vQi. The l()undations are of nuisonry, e;ij)j)ed w ith uianin! 
 blocks. The walls arc eonstructcd ot" \\ron<ihl-iron t"rame work. 
 
 T irons. ?>\ by Vjl inches, are set upriulit, (i feet n|)afi at i\\v. 
 base, and .'1 ieet aj)art at the top, and are conneet(<! ai in- 
 terval- of 7 ieet () inches by T and aiiiile-iron- bohed to 
 tliem, the whole forming a kind ol' laddei'. Tliei'e are twenty- 
 eight of thcs(> laddc^rs placed I'ound the eii'cuniti reiice, all se- 
 curelv joined togdher. \\ Ooden braec- are a(idid to t.Iie 
 
 ]ian( l~ of the 
 
 aiK 
 
 ladders. TluMtutside, I( lo feet ii 
 
 th 
 
 1 eircnmlei'( lice 
 
 r.) ieet liiuli, is eovei"(<i With eorniuated iron 
 
 1 
 
 Xing 
 
 constnicted in this wav it can b 
 
 ■^eeii how it was posMhle to 
 
 take the building down in New York and >liip ii to IMiilaiJej- 
 j)hia, alth(»ngh the undertaking was a laboi-ioiis one. ami at- 
 tended by enormous expense. The roof is covered wiili tin. 
 and contains (brty-eight skylights. \\ ilhin the building i> a 
 ])rftnienade 94 {W'\ iii diameter, and •"•(><) feet in circnmleii>ne(\ 
 It is fitted with ornamental colunnis and pilasteis, and lia> lii- 
 teen alcoves containing many objects of interest and beaiiiy. 
 
 ri 
 
 10 main entranw 
 
 totl 
 
 »e nniltlinu: is a 
 
 t tl 
 
 le corner ot i)roa(l an< 
 
 J] 
 
 Tioenst street.s, the f:i(;ait^ of ornamental galvanized iron stand- 
 ing diagonally across the corner of the streets. The fa(;ade i- 
 32 feet wide, and G5 feet hii;h. The whole building is beaut i- 
 
 
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 1 
 
 Ii 
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 ^li: 
 
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 BW 
 
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78 
 
 THE ILLTJSTKATED HISTORY 
 
 u 
 
 fully frescoed in l)rii2;lit colors. The entwine for workins^ the 
 elevator is in the basement at the centre t)f the striietiin>, and 
 the boiler at the rear of the lot, entirely separated from the 
 building. There will l)e no tire whatever in the Colosseum, 
 I the heating being done by steam-pipes), except gaslights, and 
 every precaution in the shape of plugs, hose, ttc, will be used 
 to «;uard au;ainst accident. 
 
 A great feature of the Colosseum is the tower. This 8ul> 
 structure arises from the ground in the interior of the building, 
 around it running the promenade already described. It is .'.58 
 K'ct G inches in diameter at the basi-, and formerly terminated 
 at the roof-line. In reeonstructini«; the buildin<r on the Phila- 
 delpliia site, the tower was run U[) to a total height of UJG feet, 
 with a diameter at the top of 20 feet. The tower has a balcony 
 llf'i feet above the pavement-line, 47 feet in diameter. From 
 this point the tower takes a conical lorni, de<'reasing in width as 
 it rises. At a height of 111 ieet from the j)avement, a second 
 balcony i^ reached, with a diameter of .'io feet. The balconies 
 are each 4 feet wide outside the tower, and [)rotected by substan- 
 tial railing.'?. The two balconies will acconnnotlate from 2-j() to 
 t]()0 |)cople at one time. An Otis steam (.'hivator, capable of 
 carrying Ibrty persons at a time, is run from the ground to 
 the upper balcony, whence there will be an iron stairway on the 
 outside ol" the tower giving access to the summit, twenty-live 
 feet above, where llt'ty or more persons may be accommodated at 
 one time. This topmost s[)ace i> protected by a high ami strong 
 iron railing. The tower is composed ol" sixteen " laddeis" sim- 
 ilar to those used in the construction of the main building. On 
 the inside is a heavy framing of tind)er, extending from the floor 
 to the toj), and braced to the iron work, within whicli the ele- 
 vator works. In addition to the elevator, a >taircasc seven feet 
 wide runs round the interior of the tower to the top. At an 
 appropriate |)oinL is hung a chime of bells. Here it may 
 be stated that the cost of the Colosseum in New Y<trk wa- 
 S250,0()(). The extension of the tower and the cost of tearing 
 down, bhip[)ing and rebuilding, brought the total value of the 
 
 £ 
 
-1 
 
 WjWMK 
 
 •h ■■ 
 
 
 
 iflB 
 
 iilnBffl 
 
 'i ii 
 
 m 
 
 Iff 
 
 i^-m ' 
 
 
 1 . 
 
 1 ' 
 
 i 
 
 i . 
 
 
 r.i; i\/l \ \-l. 1\ it I 111 I I 11 I N I III I U' \M>1. -1.1 MuN, AIAI.S 
 
 1 l.l'lMi 
 
 
 'f 
 
 
 •1 1 
 
 ' ''\ 
 
 
 ^ J 
 
 kii 
 
investmt 
 
 ings, to 
 
 It is ( 
 
 traction 
 
 vicinity 
 
 can be 
 
 steeples 
 
 acconin 
 
 the wli 
 
 taken i 
 
 u natur 
 
 the spc 
 
 either t 
 
 may lie 
 
 Ifheh 
 
 way to 
 
 affect t 
 
 for tho 
 
 a more 
 
 (K>lphi; 
 
 in the 
 
 The 
 
 niaiujnil 
 
 attcnti' 
 
 " l»ari^ 
 
 artists 
 
 more 
 
 about 
 
 proniii 
 
 canva?^ 
 
 in its 
 
 am one 
 
 ilhisi.i 
 
 devise 
 
 one 1! 
 
 breatl 
 
 Paris, 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 79 
 
 investment at Broad and Locust streets, apart from the paint- 
 ings, to u sum not lur short of half a million. 
 
 It is expected that iiie tower will i)rove a great point of at- 
 traction to residents and visitors. Tliere is no place in the 
 vicinity from which so good a bird's-eye view of Philadelphia 
 can be had, nor under such pleasant circumstances. A few 
 steeples in the city have the rec^uisite elevation, but there are no 
 accommodations in them lor visitors, who are forced to climb 
 the whole distance. At the Colosseum tower the visitor is 
 taken up by an elevator, and all the surroundings will be of 
 a nature suited to the class of citizens who will be attracted to 
 the spot. Arrived at the lirst balcony, the sight-seer may 
 either there satisfy his curiosity, or again entering the elevator, 
 may be carried still higher ui> the shaft to the second balcony. 
 If i)e has yet further as|)irations, he may take the outside stair- 
 way to the extreme top. It is j)robablo ladies will not much 
 affect the last stage of the journey, but it will be [)erlectly safe 
 for those who clumse it. It is evident (hat visitors may gain 
 a more correct and immediate.' idea of the to|)ograpliy (jf Phila* 
 delpliia ihrouy-li this medium than bv any other means at hand 
 in the city. 
 
 Tlie building is designed expressly for the exhibition of the 
 magnificent j)aii(»rama of Paris, which has attracted so much 
 attention in that city and in ^*'ew York. The picture shows 
 " Paris by Night," and is the work of ^lessrs. Danson & Son, 
 artists of eminence. It covers over 40,000 scpiare feet — or 
 more than an acre — of canvas, and represents a territory of 
 about seven square miles. Every street and every building of 
 proininenco or interest in all this wide space is depicted on the 
 canvas with absolute correctness. The great capital is shown 
 in its most magnificent mood, and the painting has a reputation 
 among artists higher than that of the "Old Jiondon." In its 
 illusion "Paris by Night " surpasses all works of this kind ever 
 devised. It is almost impossible to escape the impression that 
 one is indeed looking down upon an enormous living and 
 breathing city. Drawing and perspective are perfect, and 
 Paris, absolutely as it was before the Communistic spoilers 
 
 '1!,^ 
 
 «h': 
 
 
 \ I '■■? 
 
 %4 
 
 m 
 
 u 
 
80 
 
 THE lI.LUSTliATED lllHTOUY 
 
 it 
 
 iii 
 
 ravaged it in parta, is |)ractically before the gazer. All persona 
 who luive been in Paris will take delight in rei'reshing their 
 memories by this uiean.s, and it will give the greater number 
 who have not been there an excellent idea oi" the plaee where 
 all " •'•ood An'cricans go when they die." The Uyelorama is 
 arrama'd by ingenious mechanism around the entire inner sur- 
 face of tiie circular ediiicc, its lower edge, however, not coming 
 to within twenty-five loot of the ground lloor, that space being 
 tilled, as before stated, by the promenade. The spectator ascend- 
 ing the tower emerges at a height of about fifty feet upon a 
 central platform, looking downward I'rom which he sees the 
 sparkling city spread seemingly lor miles around him. The 
 idea is that the sight-seer is upon some eminence in the city of 
 Paris, and there is nothing to break the spell, unless it is the 
 queer French spoken by the |)('ople around him. 
 
 To I'urther carry out the pleasant fiction the canvas is made 
 to extend I'ar up and beyond the platform, and is painted to 
 represent the heavens. The stars shine out, and the moon pours 
 its i'ull soft li<rht over the scene, harmonizing and contrasting 
 with the myriad illuminatiops which make gay the IJoulevards, 
 the briilgos, and the other busy centres of Parisian life. At 
 certain times mechanical means are brought in play by which 
 there is a perfe(^t simulation of a storm over tiie city. The 
 moon becomes obscured by clouds and the lights of the city are 
 blurred and extinguished by fast driving rain. This scenic 
 effect universally excites admiration and astonishment. 
 
 At I'^e southwest corner of Broad and Walnut is the new 
 St. Gcorr/e Hotel, a first-class house, with accommodations for 
 400 guests. 
 
 On the west side of Broad, north of Walnnt, is the 
 
 Union League Club House. 
 
 This magnificent edifice is the property of the Club whone 
 name it bears. It is built of brick, with brown-stone trimmings, 
 in the French Renaissance style, and cost over $200,000. It 
 was finished in May, 1865. It is sumptuously and tastefully 
 furnished, and has all the appointments of a first-class club 
 
i ^ A ^ 
 
uouTicii/rrRM. hall — internati 
 
 ;i83 feet in le^sgtii aiul 193 ieet 
 
HALL — INTERNATIOXAI. KXllililTION. 
 ■t in leiglh ainl 193 leet in widtli. 
 
ui' tin; cknthnmai. kxiiihition. 
 
 81 
 
 iioiisc. It.s rt'staiirunt is excellent, and it coiitaiiis numy valu- 
 al)li! j)aiiuiii-j;>, statues, ami hiisis. The cliil) iias now a inVnihcr- 
 bliip of over two thousand. It was oroaiiized in 1802 ior tlio 
 avowed {)iir|>o-e ol' oiviii^ to the genefal goverinneni" an un- 
 wavering^ hUp[)ort of ii,-, ellorth ior the suppression oC tlie 
 rebellion." 
 
 Ininiodiutt'ly above the " League ll(.use"i.s the Iji ricvre 
 JJou.sc,ouo of the nio.^t ele-anl hotels of the city, with ae<oniino- 
 dutiuns lor over liUd uiie.>?ls. 
 
 iMON i.r.Acri: ci.rii iidi'.-i;. 
 
 A Presbyterian church, witli a liandsonie Corinthian ]iortico, 
 stands opposite tlie " TiearTUe House," and iinnicd lately above 
 Chestnut street is anotlier on tlio same side of Broad street. 
 
 The line of Broad street is interriij)ted a little above Chestnut 
 street, by the enonnous pile of tlie new 
 
 Public Buildings, 
 
 now in course of erection for the use of the municipal ji^overn- 
 
 ment. The building is surrounded by a Lcrand avenue, lo') feet 
 
 wide on the southern, eastern, and western fronts, and 205 feet 
 6 
 
 !'■ r\ 
 
 
 ■ \ 
 
82 
 
 tin: ll.l.l'.si UATKl) lllsToliY 
 
 wide on the norllnrii lioiit. The plan siihinitted hy Mr. John 
 McArthiir, .Jr., anhitcct, was a(h)i)ti'(l. It is essentially modern 
 in its leading leatuivs, ami presents a rii-h exaniph- of what is 
 known by the «;enerie term of the '• IJeiiaissanee," modified and 
 adaptetl to (he vai'ic! and extensive re([niremenfs of a great 
 Ameriean mmiieipality. 
 
 It is dc'siiTiied in luc .s[urit of l-'reiieh art, admirable In its 
 ornamentation, wiiile the whole ell'eet is one of massive dignity, 
 worthy of ns and onr posterity. 
 
 Tiiis immense arehiteetnral pile covers, exelusive of tlie court- 
 yard, an area of nearly IS acres, and consista of ouo building, 
 
 ^,.ii 
 
 i,A I'iKiUiK imrsK. 
 
 w 
 
 ■!i5 
 
 It 
 
 surronndinjnr an interior eonrt-yard. The north and south fronts 
 measure 470 leet, the east and west 480 i feet, in their extreme 
 length. The four fronts are similar in their design. In the 
 centre of each an entrance pavilion, of 90 leet in width, rises to 
 the height of 185 teet, having receding wings of 128 feet eleva- 
 tion. The fronts terminate at the four corners with towers or 
 pavilions of 51 i'wt s(piare and 145 feet high. 
 
 The whole exterior is bold and efleetive in outline, and rich 
 in detail, being elaborated with highly ornate columns, pilasters, 
 pediments, cornices, enriched windows, and other appro])riate 
 adornment. Archways of 18 feet in width by 36 feet in heigiit, 
 opening through each of the four central pavilions, constitute 
 
Tnio NT-w rrni.ic nrii.wxo.^ 
 
 THE NATIONAL MUSKUM IN INUEPKNOKXt K UAI.Ti. 
 
 83 
 
 !!!<! 
 
 I :t 
 
 
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 I'll':,] 
 
 rfli 
 
 ?:»;j If 
 
84 
 
 THE HJ.USTnATED HISTOllY 
 
 tlie four principal ciitrunces, and at the snnio time aflbrd pas- 
 sagos for pedestrians u}) and down Jiroad and Market streets, 
 (lircctlv tlironii'li the buildin<2;s. The basement is 18 il-ct in 
 height, and stands entirely above the line of the pavement. Jts 
 exterior is of line white granite, of massive proportions, ibrniing 
 a fitting base for the vast superstructure it supports. The 
 exterior, above the basement, embraces a principal story of .'KJ 
 feet, and an upper story of ol ieet, with an attic over the central 
 ))avilions of 30 Ieet, and over the corner ])avilions of 12 lcct,all 
 of white marble, from the Lee (piarries, in JUitler county, 
 Massachusetts, wrought, in all its adc»rninents. to express 
 American ideas and develop American genius. In the centre 
 of the group a couri-yard of 200 feet sqnai'callbrds light and air 
 to all the adjacent portions of the building. l"'rom the north 
 side of this space rises a grand tower which will gracefully adorn 
 the itul)lic buildings, and at the same time will be a crowning 
 feature of the city, as St. Peter's is t)f Kome, and St. Paul's of 
 London. 
 
 The tower, which is so deeply and sirongly ibundcd, is 90 
 feet S(puire at the base, falling oil' at eacli story until it becomes, 
 at the spring of the dome, an octagon ol' TjO lect in diameter. A 
 Btatue of the Ibunder of Pennsylvania, 20 li-'ct in height, will 
 crown the structure and eomidcte tlie extraordinary altitude of 
 450 feet, ma! ing it the iiighcst tower in the world. The entire 
 structure will contain -520 rooms, giving ample, convenient, and 
 stately provision for all the de|)artments of the city government, 
 including heat, light, and ventilation, and the whole is to be 
 absolutely Hre-|)roof and indestructible. 'J'he several stories 
 will be reached by four large elcvatora, placed at the intersections 
 of the heading corridors. In additioi^. to these there will be 
 large and convenient stairways in the foureoi-ner buildings, and 
 u grand staircase in <>aeh of the centre pavilions, on the north, 
 south, and east fronts. It is com])uted that the entire cost of 
 the work will be near ten millions of dollars, and that it will be 
 comj)leted in ten years from the day when the iirst si)adeful of 
 earth was removed. 
 
 Opposite the uorthvvest corner of the public buildings is the 
 
 new 
 
 A ma 
 
 At tl 
 
OF THE t'KNTKXNIAI, KXIIIMITIOX. 
 
 H5 
 
 School of Dcxign for ]Vonu'n, the only institution of the kind in 
 AnicM-ica. Jt \v;i.s Ibivulucl in 1818 by Mrs. Poter, and the work 
 of tlie school consists in tniinino; women trratuitouslv in the 
 business of niechiuiical dniwinti;, juid thus enabling them to 
 acquire a pleasant and [)n)fital)k! means of su{)port. 
 
 TT^ ' •^f SC^^" 
 
 NK.W MASONIC TKMri.i;. 
 
 At the northeast corner of Broad and Filbert stre(!ts is th" 
 new 
 
 Masonic Temple, 
 
 A massive editlce of (ape Ann syenit(> <>1" a <xraylsh white color. 
 At the southwt;stern corner u graml tower rises to a height of 
 
 V 'i, 
 i 
 
 
 i ;i 
 
 I 
 
 mm 
 If 
 
 I 
 
 Iff 
 
 
 > 
 
 "■ill 
 
 
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I m 
 
 i*l 
 
 f ■ 
 
 
 it 
 
 1.1 
 
 iil^ THE IIJ.USTRATED IirSTORY 
 
 230 feet. It is built of stone also. At tlie nortlnvestoni corner 
 tliero is anotluT. but a lower, tower. Tiie main entrance is in 
 the centre of the western or Broad stnvt i'ront, and is protected 
 by a l)eautif'ul Norman jxtrcli of (^uincy f2;ranite. 'I'he temple 
 is loO liet in lcn<:;th, with a side elevation of 90 feet. Its 
 ap})earance is massive and beautiful. All the stone of which it 
 was built was dressed at the quarry, and was brought to the city 
 ready to be set up in its place. It may, therefore, be said of 
 this temple as it was of Solomon's, that " There was neither 
 hammer nor ax, nor any tool of iron heard in the house, while 
 it was in building." The temple is devoted entirely to Masonic 
 purposes, and its interior decorations arc very beaut il'ul and 
 costly. It is iittcd up with halls for th(> dilfcrent brancluN of 
 the Masonic order, each hall represcntinii a distinct school of 
 architecture, and each a model of beauty and nia^niticencc. 'J'he 
 temple wa> live yi'ars in process of erection, and co^ i 8 1 ,'")00,000. 
 
 The jtubjic buildintrs, the IVIasonic temple, and the churches 
 at the intersection of Broad and Arch streets give to this portion 
 of Jji'oad street a magnificence unsurpassed in any city of the 
 country, and in striking contrast with the ajtpcarance of the 
 street north nl' Ai'ch. 
 
 (Vossing Arv'h street, the visitor enters npon a region of 
 wareiiouses, shops, and lumber yards, which it is to be hoped 
 will ere long give |)lace to buildings more suitcxl to this fine 
 street. This state oi'aH'airs continues as iiu' as ( 'allowhiU street. 
 The oidy building of note in this part of the street is the new 
 A<'"<hrmi of Finr Arfi^. The academy was foiuided in iSOo by 
 the subscrij)tions of private citizens of Philadclj)hia. For many 
 years it was located in a building on the site of the present 
 C'hestiuit Street Theatre. In 1S70 it was determined to remove 
 to a larger and better building, and the present edifice was 
 begun a vcar or two later. It is an elaborat(>ly ornamented 
 buihlinir with a frontage of 1(10 liet on Broad street, and a 
 dej»tli of 258 feet on Cherry street. The Broad street iVont is 
 two stories in height. The wall is laid in patterns of red and 
 white brick, with light stone trimmings, and the ornaments 
 consist of encanstic tiles, and statuew of terra cotta. The efiect 
 
X < 
 
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 ■a - 
 
 a z. 
 
 9i 
 
 (? ^^■ 
 
 3 = 
 
 /■ s 
 
 ll;, : 
 
 I' 7 
 

 If J 
 
 
 'I 
 
OP THE CKNTKNNIAL KXIFIBITION, 87 
 
 is novel and rich. The ('licrry slroct fronf is constrticiod of 
 like materials. It is relieved hy itti ele(>;aiit colonnade support- 
 iiif; a row oi arched windows, baelc of which rises a transept 
 with a pointed gable. The collections of the academy are the 
 most valuable in the country, and among them are the master- 
 pieces of Stuart, Sully, Neagle, Benjamin West, and other 
 eminent artists. These are arranged in handsome galleries. 
 The cost of the building was ^300,000. The galleries are 
 open to the public at slated times. A slight admission fee 
 is charged. 
 
 At Hroad and Callowhill streets is the Depot of the Philadel- 
 phia <(• Reading Railroad. This road is one of the direct routes 
 to the Centennial lOxhibition grounds. 
 
 Diagonally opjiosite, immediately below Spring Garden street, 
 are the Baldwin Locomotive Worhn, one of the largest establish- 
 ments in the world. Three thousand men are employed here, 
 and one locomotive is completed in every eight working hours. 
 It is worthy of mention that Oliver Evans, a Philadelphian, 
 was the first to propose the use of a locomotive in America, and 
 that M. W. Baldwin, the Ibunder of these works, was the first 
 to manufacture one. 
 
 On the east side of l>i'oad, above Sj)ring Garden street, is the 
 Hoys' Centred. High School, above which rises an observatory. 
 It is considered one of the best schools in the Union. Next 
 door to it is the North Broad Street I\'esbi/(erian Church, a 
 handsome edifice of brown-stone, with a lofty spire. The build- 
 ing next beyond it is the Jeicit<h Synagogue of Rodef Shalom, a 
 rich and striking s|)ecimen of Saracenic architecture. The inte- 
 rior is {\[[v(\ up with great magnifeence. 
 
 Above Green street the characier o/ Broad street undergoes a 
 change, and the visitor enters a region built up with some of 
 the handsomest residences in tlie »ity. Some of these are mag- 
 nificent, and all are elegant and tasteful. The street is bordered 
 on each side with a row of fine trees, which add greatly to its 
 beauty. It is a |)opular drive and promenade, and on Sunday 
 afternoons and other fine days presents an animated and attrac- 
 tive scene. At tlu; southwest corner of Master street is the 
 

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 ; 
 
 u 
 
 "~ '~I [|f ' 
 
 38 
 
 11 IK U.LrsTUATKD lllsroilY 
 
 liaiulsomc ivsidonco ibrmorly oocupiod by tlio late Edwin 
 l'\)nc,-it. It was ei'CL'tod by luiii in 1 851). it is now used as a 
 
 hotel . 
 
 Diauonallv opposite the Forrest Mansion is the Memorial 
 Baptis! C/iinrh, biiih of green-stone, and in the Ibrin of an 
 uniphiilieatre. 
 
 Above Colninbiii avenue the street is more sparsely built up, 
 and bv detrrees the houses become more scattered, until the 
 visitor fnuls himself in the charming sul)Urb (liat lies between 
 the citv proper and (Icrmantowii. 
 
 Third Street. 
 
 » 
 
 From Market to Walnut, Third stn^t is the "Wall street 
 of I'hihulelpiiia, and is given up to the ! ankers and brokers of 
 tht> city. It is lined with l)anking establisjimcnts and brokers* 
 ofliecs, and its ways arc as dark and its t icks as vain as those 
 which have made the fniaiicial centre of New York IJimous. 
 fortunes ari' made and lo.-t (piickly licre ; and the street has 
 witnessed some ^ligantic operation^, and some tremendous fail- 
 ures in its day. Xorth of ( 'hotnut is the M<r<'h(iiih'' J!(inl:, 
 with a line ( 'orinlhiaii portico. Xearer to ( 'hestimt, on tho 
 east siileof ilie -Ireei, is the banking-house of Drcxcl tt Co., the 
 leading establishment oi" iis kiml in the citv. It has branches 
 in Xew York, London, iiiiil Paris. At the southeast corner of 
 Tiiird ami ('hestinit is the \'ifii(li//:f Ihii/iliiif/, \\^<'(] bv the 
 ^^^■stenl I'nion 'relegrai)h ( 'ompany as its central i>l1ice. One 
 hundred and sevent<>en lines of tclegrajih radiaf(^ from this 
 building to the ditlcrent jiarts of the country: fiftv-si\ to New 
 York, eighteen to the West, and forty-three to the South. 
 Lower down the street i- the Trinlrsiiirn's Ii<nil\n showv bin'ld- 
 ing; an<l at the corner of Dock street is the I'nni jitiililin;/, the 
 first iron building erected in the city. 
 
 On the west side of Thii-d street, between f'hestnnt niH 
 Walnut, is 
 
 The Girard Bank. 
 
 This is u handsome edifice, and is faced with white niarble 
 
 i 
 
 ii 
 
 is ornamented with an elegant portico wit^< ^hiienj-jpitttlilf 
 
JAPANESE TEMPLE IN BfU)yf/.y. MAIN bl II.DIXU. 
 
 1,1 
 
 
 iih 
 
 t: 
 
 I 
 
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 ii 
 
Corint! 
 
 TIlO CO 
 tlu! coll 
 WIUJ til 
 
 It was 
 
 Stiitcs, 
 cliartci 
 reiiiscd 
 Step 
 aeciiini 
 tru'K,', 
 <'auso ( 
 was so 
 he ord 
 tlieir li 
 was (U 
 cluirtci 
 Discov 
 tlu' cai- 
 oil the 
 capital 
 
 the I; 
 Sinips( 
 Siinps( 
 int^ oii 
 Biispcn 
 
 hU lu 
 
 great 
 
 iiitcgri 
 
 puspcii 
 
 was G\ 
 
 red ceil 
 til" St 
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 111 
 
OF Tin; (JENTKNMAL KXIl I UITIUN. 
 
 89 
 
 Corintliian columns. On the pediniont is an Ameriaiu ea<''lo. 
 Tlie coniicu ami the pediinciit are of wood, and the cajiitals of 
 thecoluinus areof h'a»i. T!ie building was erected in 1795 and 
 was then considered the iiandsomcst public ediliee in the eitv. 
 If was built l()r and occupied by the First Hank of the United 
 ►States, which iiad been chartereil by Congress in 17!)1. The 
 ciiarterof the bank expired by limitation in 1811, and Congress 
 refused to renew it. 
 
 Stei)hen (jirard, the famous Philadelpliia merchant, wlio liad 
 accunuilatcd a large fortune by his ventures in the Kast India 
 trade, was a warm friend of th(> bank, which lie regarded as the 
 cause of a very great part of the prosperity of the country. He 
 was so sure that Congress would renew the charter that, in LSIO, 
 he ordered the Barings, of Ijondon, to invest all his i'unds in 
 their hands in sliares of the J>ank of the United States. 'J'his 
 was done to the amount oi' half a million of dollars. When the 
 charter expired, he was the principal creditor of the bank. 
 Discovering that he could purchase the old bank building and 
 the cashier's house for $^ r20,< )()<), he at once se(ru red them, and 
 on the 12th of ISIay, 1812, opene<l the Cintrd Ihnil: with a 
 ca])it:d of ^1,20(),0()(), which he increased the next year by 
 ??1()0,()()0 more. He retained all the old oflicers oi'the Hank of 
 the United States, and contimicd the cashier, Mr. (ieorge 
 Simpson, in his position. He was greatly indebted to Mr. 
 Sim|»son tor the subse(pient success of tlie baidv. The break- 
 ing out of the second war with England, and the c<mse(pient 
 suspension of specie payments, soon followed, and subjected 
 Ills new ent<'rprise to a severe strain. Jt was a matter of 
 great doubt with AFr. (iirard how he shoidd preserve the 
 inteirritv of hi- own institution, while tin- other baid<s were 
 suspending their payments; but the credit of his own l)aid-c 
 was effectually secured by the suggestion of his casJjier, Mr. 
 Si/npson, who advised the recalling of b's own notes by 
 redeeminij: them with speci(>, and by paying out the notes of 
 th" State b;mks. In this way not a sirigle note of liis own 
 was suflered to be dei)reciated, ai. I he was thus enabled. 
 
 ^ ^' 
 
90 
 
 THE ILTJTSTUATKD HISTORY 
 
 II 
 
 I t 
 
 i 
 
 1 \ 
 
 1 i 
 it 
 
 ' I: 
 
 in 1817, to contributi) ellLrtually to the restoration ol" specie 
 jmynientw. 
 
 Mr. CJinird was instnnucntiil in securing the estahlishnicnt 
 
 of the iSccond lianU ol' I lie United States, and was iu* hirgcsfc 
 
 storkiiolder and one of its directors. When the hooks were 
 
 opened for subseriplions to tiie stoelc of llie bank, he waited 
 
 nntil the last moment before the bool^s were to be closed, and 
 
 then ciime forward, and asked if all had !<nb>cribed who wisiieil 
 
 to do so. Ijeing answered aifirtnatively, he asked how nineh of 
 
 the cai)ital remained iniealled for. He was toUl ^;i, 100,000. 
 
 To the sui-prise of all {)re<ent, ho said he would suWseribe Ibr 
 
 that entire amount. At his death the capital of his own bank 
 
 had increased to .$1,000,000. By the terms of his will his bunk- 
 
 buildin<r became the property of the city of IMiiladelphia. in 
 
 18;}3 the(Jirard Bank was chartered i)y the State, and began 
 
 business in a |)ortion of this bniidiuir, which it still occupies, 
 
 having, since lS(j 1, bi'come a national i)ank. i'he rest of the 
 
 building is now occupied by the ollices of the city treasurer and 
 
 city controller. 
 
 Inniiediately above the bank is the old bankin<r-houso of Jay 
 Cooke iV: ('()., whose failure a lew years ago occasioned a heavy 
 loss to the cut re country. 
 
 On the east side of Third below Walnut is tlic handsome lifjht 
 stone building ot' the LeUhjli Vdlhii Railrnml ( '(mi/xnn/. Almost 
 immediately opposite is St. Panr.'i KpiKcopof (1i /-c/f, a veiHM'ai)lo 
 structure, erected in 17G0, by a number of the congn^gation of 
 old Christ Church, who had withdrawn from thatpiirish b<>cause 
 of the dismissal of the Rev. Pr. ]McClenaghan "without suHi- 
 eicnt cau-e." The church is routih-cast, and stands inasj\acious 
 enclosure, in the midst of long ranges of vaults covenHl with 
 marble slabs. Edwin Forrest, the tragedian, is buried in one 
 of these. 
 
 At the southwest corner of Third and Pine streets is an old 
 grave-yard, in the midst of which stands Si. Pcti-rs Kiiisrojjtf/ 
 Church. It was begun in 1758 and was finished in 17(51. It 
 was oriLnnally designed as, and was for many years, a chapel of 
 ('lirist Church, by the congn^irallon of which it was built. Dur- 
 
OF IIIK CKN TKNM \|, I Xl 1 1 1'.l TM >N. 
 
 i»l 
 
 iiiir tlic Hcvoliitioii it \\;is ()(•( ii|»i((l hy llir Hritisli wlicii llicv 
 licld tlic fify, :ii)(l \v;is i;r(!itly <l;uii;i^t'<l l>y llii'in. in 18.'>1 St. 
 IVtcr's was separated Iroiii ( 'lirist ( 'Imidi, and was luailcnu indc- 
 
 AVIAIIY, ZUOLUGR'AL GAKUKNS. 
 
 pendent parish. Tlie steeple is much more modern than the 
 ehiuvh. It is liirnished with a chime of hells, the (jift of a Mr. 
 Wilcox, onco a wealthy merchant of the city anil a member 
 of the congregation. 
 
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 33 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. MS80 
 
 (716) 873-4503 
 

•' 
 
 I 
 
 f 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 PHILADELrillA IN 187t> — CONCLUDED. 
 
 Steam Railroads — Their JJi'iwt.s anil Titkcl Olliies— f?t(.aiii.-.iiij) Linos— The 
 Pliilatk-lphia .Markols— Pniiiiinciil C'luirohcs — Cathcilral — The uiiKsi 1 ri'«- 
 byuriaii an 1 Ivmian C'atiioiic ('iuuvl'''s — The (ilil SwciU's' (.'hurcli — The 
 Pul)iiL^S(li(nils — I'nivcrsityol' Pennsylvania— Till' Meilical < olltges— < lirard 
 College — The I'hilailelj[)hia Library — Mereantile Lil)rary- liidgway Library 
 ■ — Aeaileiuy of Natural Silences — Li'arneil Soeielies — The Zoulogieal (iar- 
 dens — r»enevolent Institution: — The Pinnsylvania Ili.sjiital — Insane Asylnni 
 — Naval AsyluMi — Prisdn: — IIoum' of Correetion— Plaees of AiniiMiiunt— 
 Ceinetiries-Ne'VspaiJers— Uaiik:' — (ias anil Water— Street Kailways- 'J'ho 
 Water Fruiit — The Delaware Sliuri — Port Kiehnionil — The (oaMVharve.s 
 — Ship Yards — Camden- Smith's and Windmill Islands- Doeks cf iho 
 Pennsylvania Kaihuad — The Anieriian Stiaiiishi|i Lini' — The (.)lil Navy 
 Yard- I ireeiiwieh Point- Leagne Lsland — The Navy Y'ard- I'ort Milllin-- 
 A Keminiseence of tlif l\evohilion — 'J"he Schuylkill lIJNir — 'i"he Uriilues — 
 The I'aii'miiunl ami (iirard Aveinie I'.iidges— The line.-t Lridgi' in Anii'riea 
 — West Philadelphia - (iennantown — Maniili.ctinis and Commerce. 
 
 , /TTTTERK ;iri' eight lines of mil way enteriiio; llie city of 
 , 11 I'liil;>(I<'l|»!ii:i, or termiiiiitinu' at Camden, on the o|>- 
 r-Vr" iiosite shore of the Delaware. These are as follows: 
 
 
 J Tlf /*<•)! nsi/h'tinitt Jiailnxid, the depots of whit h an; 
 
 at Thirty-second and Market streets, in West I'hiiadel- 
 phia, and at Keiisin'jton. The ticket ofliees ol' this road are 
 located at the de|H»t, and at S:1S Chcstnnt street, I-'JIS diestinit 
 street, and 110 Market street. Fmm the Kcnsinirton dejjot 
 local trains rnn to jvtints hetwcen IMiiladcIphia and Trenton. 
 The AVest Philadelphia depot is the arrivint; and startini; point 
 of trains from and to the West and Xew York. The old liiK? 
 of the Camden and And)oy road, now leased hy the I'ennsyl- 
 vania C'ompany, lies entirely in New Jersey, and the terminus 
 is in Camden. The Afurket Street I'Y-rrv connects with it. It 
 
Tiro CENTENNIAL EXIIIBITION. 
 
 03 
 
 is the line to New York by way of Amboy, and to points in 
 New Jersey. 
 
 The P/iil(«kf-Jii(i and Read'my Raih'oad. TIio depots of this 
 road are at Thirteenth and Callowiiill, and at >iiiith and (Jreen 
 streets. The tici<et ofHces are at So8, (524 and 7o2 Chestnut 
 street, 317 Areh street, and at the depots. The Thirteentii 
 street depot is the station I'or t!ic main line to Reading and the 
 antlu'aeite eoal regions. The Ninth and (ircvnj streets depot is 
 the station for points on the Gerniautown and Norristown 
 branehes. 
 
 The North Pcnnsi/lcania RaUroad. The depot of this road 
 is at IJerUs and Ameriean streets. It is a direet line to lieth- 
 leheni, J Lehigh A'^alley, and tiie North and West. A branch of 
 this road has just been constructed, conneetiug with the Cei.iral 
 KaiU-oad of New .Jersey, at Hound Prook. It forms with that 
 road a direet line to New York, an.l {-asseiigers over it enter 
 that city by the New Jersey Central I'Vrry, at the foot of 
 Liberty street. 
 
 The I'hilKdclphid, Wi'iahu/foti (ind Pudthnoi'v RaUroad. Tlio 
 depot of this road is on l^onth Jiroad street, at tlie comer cf 
 Washington avenue. It is the onlv direet line from IMiiladel- 
 piiia to IJaltimore, Washington, and the South. It is also the 
 route from Philadelphia to the West i)y way of the Bahim(»re 
 and Ohio Railroad, connection with which is i.c at IJaltimore. 
 The ticket offices of the road are at the depot, and at 700 and 
 83S Ciiestnut street. 
 
 The Wed Chester Railroad. The depot of this road is at 
 3100 Chestiuit street, in West Philadelphia, and its cMily ticket 
 odice at the same place. The road extends to West Chester. 
 
 The Xeic Jertfey Southern Railroad. The depot of tills road 
 is in Camden. The JSIarket Street Ferry connects with it. The 
 ticket offices are at 700 and 838 Chestnut street. It is a direct 
 line to Long Branch, Ocean Grove, and Handy Hook, on the 
 New .Jersey coast. From the latter point connection is made 
 with a steamer to New York. 
 
 The Caviihii and AUantic Railroad. This is the line to 
 Atlantic City, on the New Jereey coast, the nearest an<l most 
 
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 11 
 
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 94 
 
 T 
 
 Phil; 
 
 ^can 
 
 noted 
 
 The 
 
 corpo 
 
 SUCCCf 
 
 pliia 
 ilelph 
 
 OOQst 
 
THK CKXTENNIAL KXHIHITION. 
 
 5)0 
 
 accessible sea-shore resort from Pliilii(lclj)hia. Atlantic City 
 has lon<; been famous as tlic best sea- b:\thiiisjr \)o\ut on the coast, 
 and is always crowded (lurinjjj tlic ^uniincr . oason with a bril- 
 liant and iiisiiionable thronji; of visitors, in scarcii of health and 
 pleasure. Its proximity to l'hiladelj»hia — being only an hour 
 and three-quarters distant — and the admirable facilities ior 
 reaching; it afl'onled by the numerous fast trains between the 
 two points, will enable visitors to the city of Philau(l|)liia to 
 spend u day or two at the sea-shore, and enjoy "a dip in the 
 ocean," without trespassing upon the time set apart for their 
 summer vacation. The depot is at the foot of Vino street, 'i'he 
 ticket ofHccs are at 838 and l.'US Chestnut street, and at the 
 depot. 
 
 The West Jersey Railroad. This line extends to Ca]ic INFay, 
 and to points in Western New Jersey, on the Delaware Jiay. 
 The depot is in Camden, and passengers arc conveyed t(< it by 
 the Market Street Ferry. The ticket offices arc at 808 and 
 1348 Chestnut street. The road is controlled by the Piimsyl- 
 vania Company. 
 
 Passengers over aiiy of these lines can procure their tiek(>ts, 
 secure berths in sleeping-cars, and have their baggage elieeked 
 and called for at their residences or hotels, at anv of the eitv 
 ticket offices named above, thus saving themselves all trouble at 
 the dejwt at the moment of departure. 
 
 Steamship Lines. 
 
 There are two steamship lines plying regularly between 
 Philadelphia and Kuroi)ean ports. These are the American 
 Steamship Compani/, the splendid vessels of which have become 
 notetl as among the best and most comfortable on the ocean. 
 The sailir.gs of this line are weekly. It is a strictly American 
 corporation, and the only one for this purpose in existence. Its 
 success has been marked fiom the start. The Internationtd 
 Steamship Compant/, or Pcd Star Line, plying between Philadel- 
 phia and Antwerp, de^ipatch their vessels ibrtnightly Phila- 
 delphia is connected with the principal ports on the Atlantii; 
 ooast by steamship lines, which transact a steady aud profitable 
 
 
 .); 
 
 
 :(' 
 
96 
 
 Tlir: U.M'STRATED illSTOUV 
 
 business. The various Kiiropoan sto!Unslii|» lines sailing irom 
 >»c'\v York liavo ollict's in IMiiUukiitiiia. 
 
 Markets. 
 
 The markets of JMiikuk'lpliia are among liio institutions of 
 the eitv. In them are eolkrted the vegetable proihiets of the 
 Xortii, Sontli, Kast and West. It is the hoar-t of tlie eity 
 that the provisions to be had here are ak.vays I'roii and at 
 moderate prices. Meats of ail kinds, jtoultry, li.-ii, eL:i:>, bntler, 
 vegetables and Iruits, are displayed in the greate>t |)rofu>ioii and 
 in the most iemptin<;' manner. The old sheds wliiili furinerly 
 disfiirnred the streets of the eity are giving way t. handsome 
 and commodious editices of brick. At the corner ot" Market 
 i\\\(\ Twelfth streets, and on Fifth street near (he.-tnnt, are two 
 of the iinest market-houses in the eity. They are well wurili a 
 visit. 
 
 Churches. 
 
 A number of the most prominent churches of the city lia\ c 
 been noticed in our description of the itrinci[)al streets. A ;i\v 
 remain to be mentioned. 
 
 The Ciilhalral oj SI, iMir and Sf, Paul, situated on l]ii:li- 
 tecnth strtct, facinii; Ltigan Scpiare, is one of the most elal)orat(> 
 religious editices in the city. It is the principal chur.'h of the 
 Roman (atholic denomination, and a conspicuous object in aiiv 
 view of the <ity. The Nfost ilev. Francis Patrick KcMirick, 
 I>. 1)., afterwards Ari'hbisho|) of r>altimorc, was liishoj) of tii(» 
 J.>ioccse of Philadelphia from 1.S12 to iSol. Soon after his 
 entrance \\\)0\\ his oHice, he inaugm'at(Ml the movement i!)r the 
 erection of a new Cathedral, and fixed upon the liOgan Sipiare 
 site as the proj)er place for it. The site was oj)p(ysed by the 
 clergy and many of the lailv as too remote from the centre of 
 the city; but th(( liishoj), who had an abiding faith in the 
 growth of Phikuh'Iphia, carried his point, and on the Oth of 
 September, bS4G, the corner-stone of the Cathc'dral was laid. 
 In 1857 Bishoj) Kem'ick was promoted to the Archdiocese of 
 P»aItimore, and was succeeded by Bishop Wood, under whom 
 the work was completed. It was dedie^ited with imposing 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 97 
 
 ceremonies in 1864. Tho architects were Napoleon Le Brun 
 and John Mutmun. 
 
 The building is of stone, and is built in the form of a cross, 
 with a massive j)ortit'o and a grand dome. It has a frontage of 
 136 leet, and a depth of 216 feet. The height of the apex of tlie 
 
 CATHKDUAL OF ST. THTKli AND ST. I'Al I.. 
 
 pediment from the pavement is 101 1 feet, the lieight of the dome 
 is over 210 feet, and it.s exterior diameter is seventy-one feet. 
 The architecture is of tho most elaborate Roman Corinthian 
 style. There are no side window.s — a feature in which the 
 church differs from most of the buildings in this country — the 
 7 
 
 ■ uf I 
 
 M 
 
 iM 
 
 4 
 
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 98 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED IIISTOnV 
 
 , 
 
 l: 
 
 light being introduced almost wliolly from above. The lliQade 
 is ornamonti'd wilii a portico supported by ibur immense (^'or- 
 intliian cai)ital!H sixty i'cct iiigh, and six tcet in diameter. On 
 the frieze of the pediment are cut the words "Ad Majorcm Dei 
 Crloriam." Tiie interior of tlie buildinj; is cruciform, and is 
 finished in a lii^ht stone which j^rcatly resembles Paris stone, 
 the effect of wliieh -s striking;. Tiie walls are frescoed with a 
 fine i)aintin<jj of the Crucifixion, the Nativity, and the Adora- 
 tion of the Shej)herds, and with fi«;ures of the four Evangelists. 
 The crown of the dome is adorned with a j)ainting representing 
 the Assumptio of the Blessed Virgin. The liigh altar and 
 the various shrines of the church are constructed of marble, 
 and are adorned with great magnificence. The interior is thus 
 rendered one of the richest and most beautiful in this countiy, 
 and will bear coini)arison with many of the churches of Europe. 
 The cost of the whole edifice was over §1, 000,000. Adjoining 
 the Catheibv.l are the chaj>el, used for early and week-day ser- 
 vices, and the rosidenee of the Bishop. 
 
 Immediately opposite the southern entrance to Washington 
 Square is 
 
 The First Presbyterian Church. 
 
 This congregation was for many years regarded as the oldest 
 Presbyterian congregation in America, but in 1835 it was dis- 
 covered that an older congregation existed at Rehoboth, on the 
 Eiistern Shore of Maryland. The records of the church go back 
 to 1G08, in which year the congregation was worshipping with 
 the Baptists in their church on " Bi'rbadoes lot," at the north- 
 west corner of Chestnut and Second streets. The present build- 
 ing was erected in 1820. From 1830 to 18G8 the church was 
 under the pjtstoral care of the Rev. Albert Barnes, whose literary 
 labors are too well known to the reader to need nientiou here. 
 
 5*/, Joseph's Church. 
 
 The oldest Roman Catholic church in Philadelphia, is situated 
 in Fourth street ju.-.t below Walnr.t, near the building of the 
 Reading Railroad Company. In 1733 several Jesuit fathers 
 purchased the lot on which it stands, and erected a plain wooden 
 
mii 
 
^CMIMSSl 
 
 MACHINERY HAM. — INTERN ATIO 
 1402 feet in length and 860 fee 
 
MEMWK 
 
 ,1,1,, -~>-^fm>f^^ 
 
 I AM- — INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 
 ieet in length and 860 feet in width. 
 
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 oessful, I 
 1821, ul 
 the Com 
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 At the 
 
OK THE CENTHNNIAIi EXHIIIITION. 89 
 
 edlfirc. Tins was pulled down by the Koldicrs by order of the 
 onloiiial nuthoriticK, \vus rubiiilt, mid |)tillcd down u second time. 
 A third time the church was erected, and once more the soldiers 
 catue to destroy it. Tliis time the fathers interpoHcd the plea 
 that the buildinj; was their dwelling:, ns well as a church, and 
 that as 8ucii they were entitled to hold it. The plea was suc- 
 
 OETHSEMANE BAPTIST CIIUnCH. 
 
 ocssful, and the house was spared. The old church stood until 
 1821, when it was remodelled and enlarged. Washington and 
 the Continental Congress asseml)led here in it, at the close of 
 the Revolution, to return to France, through Lafayette, the 
 thanks of the country for he- aid in the llovolution. The 
 present structure was erected in 1838. 
 
 At the corner of Fourth and Pine streets is 
 
100 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 IN 
 
 The Third Presbyterian Church, 
 
 Generally called " The Old Pine Church." It was organized 
 in 1760 by a number of fUmilie.s who withdrew from the First 
 Church, and in 1764 a small frame building was erected on 
 this lot, which was obtained from Thomas and Richard Penn. 
 The present church was begun in 1766 and completed in 1768. 
 Dur'ng the sessions of the Continental Congress, John Adams 
 was one of its most constant attendants. During the occupation 
 of the city by the British, the church was used as a hospital for 
 the troops. It was stripped of its pulpit and pews for fuel, and 
 was then converted into a stable for the horses of the dragoon ,. 
 Among the graves in the churchyard is that of David Ritten- 
 house, famous as a mathematician, and a signer of the Declara- 
 tion of Independence. 
 
 In Swanson street near Christian is the most venerable edi' 
 fice in the city, the 
 
 Gloria Dei, or Swedes' Church. 
 
 It was built by the Swedes, who settled the site of Philadel- 
 phia in 1637, more than forty years before the arrival of Penn's 
 colony. The first settlers were very poor, and at first sheltered 
 themselves in caves which they dug in the banks of the river. 
 A year or two later tl'ey built log huts on the plateau beyond 
 the river. " They were a kindly, though hot-tempered folk, 
 too ; gave their open hand to the English, who asked leave to 
 settle on the land, and ahut it against the Dutch ''ho claimed 
 the land as a right. . . Nothing can be more pa .etic than the 
 letters which they sent to old Sweden by every chance voyager 
 to Euroj>e, setting forth that they were in a strange and heathen 
 land, far away from their own dear fatherland, and begging 
 that 'godly men might be sent to them to instruct their chil- 
 dren, and help themselves to lead lives well pleasing to God.' 
 It was six years before the letter was answered by the arrival 
 of Rudman and Bjork, the first clergymen sent out by the 
 Swedish king. . . Immediately atter the arrival of Rudnan 
 nnd Bjork, Gloria Dei Chui'ch, known now in Philadelphia as 
 
 ■\ ; 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL, EXHIBITION. 
 
 101 
 
 old Swedes', was built. It stood upon a green bank of the 
 quiet river, Swan Swanson's being tlie only hut near by. On 
 Sunday mornings the men came tramping on foot beside the 
 women's horses from Kingsessing, Passajungh, and even far- 
 away Matzongh, hanging their muddied outer leggings or 
 shirts of wolfsiiin on the branches of the trees before they went 
 
 THE OLD swedes' CHURCH. 
 
 in. Now and then a pirogue brought a chance worshipper up 
 the lonely river, or a solitary Indian stood in the doorway, half 
 believing, and wholly afraid. . . The church itself was built in 
 a fervor of pious zeal, the carpenters and masons giving their 
 work, and the good pastor, Erick Bjork, selling or pawning the 
 best articles out of his house when the money did not come in 
 
t. 
 
 102 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATF1> HISTORY 
 
 fast cnougli, and carrying the hod every day himself." Thft 
 orijrinal church was built of logs, and served as u bU)ckhouse as 
 well as a [)lacc of worship. It was built in 1G77. The present 
 edifice was erected on the same site in 1700. It is built of 
 brick, and is cruciform. The interior is quaint, and the gallery 
 front is ornamented with wooden cherubim brought over from 
 Sweden. In the churcliyard lies buried Alexander Wilson, the 
 ornithologist. It may be added here that William Penn 
 scrupulously respected the rights of the Swedish settlers, and 
 purchased from them the site upon which he founded his city 
 of Philadelphia. 
 
 On the north side of Locust above Sixteenth street is 
 
 St Mark's Episcopal Church. 
 
 It was erected in 18 19, is built in the decorative Gothic style, 
 and is considered one of the most beautiful and gracefully pro- 
 portioned churches in the city. It is built of iVcestonc, so nicely 
 laid that no trace of mortar can be seen. It is 150 feet in 
 length, with a breadth, including the tower, of 91 feet. The 
 tower is a massive structure of stone, supporting a spire which 
 rises to a height of 230 feet from the ground. The interior is 
 very beautiful, and its stained glass windows are among the . 
 finest in the country. The church is the property of one of the 
 wealthiest congregations in the city, and its services are grand 
 and imi)ressive. 
 
 St. Clemcnfs Churchy at the corner of Twentieth and Cherry 
 streets, is a handsome edifice, richly decorated within. It is an 
 Episcopal church, and is noted as the most extreme ritualistio 
 establishment in the city. 
 
 On the east side of Fourth street, just below New, is 
 
 St. George's Mefhodisf Episcopal Church, 
 
 The oldest Methodist church in the city. Methodism was estab- 
 lished in Philadelphia in 1767 by Captain Thomas Webb, who 
 held his meetings in a sail-loft near Dock and Front streets. 
 He succeeded in forming the germ of the present congregation. 
 Tn 1769 Richard Boardmun and Joseph Pillmore were sent 
 
OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 103 
 
 over by Jolin Wesley to take charge of the Philadelphia church. 
 They preached iu the present building, which had just been 
 erected, and was known as " Our Preaching House." Francis 
 Asbury, afterwards the great bishop, named it St. George's, in 
 1781. In March, 1770, the first love-icast held in America 
 was held here. During the Revolution the British occupied 
 the church as a riding-school. The church has had among its 
 pastors lour who became bishops in the Methodist Ej)iscopal 
 
 CENTRAL CONGREGATIONAL CHUnCll. 
 
 Church. They were Francis Asbury, Richai-d "Whatcoat, 
 Robert R. Roberts, and Levi Scott. 
 
 The Central Congregational Church, on Eighteenth street, at 
 Eighteenth and Green streets, is a handsome edifice, in the late 
 Norman style, erected at a cost of $100,000. 
 
 St. Peter^s Roman Catholic Church is at the corner of Girard 
 avenue and Fifth street. It is a large and handsome structure, 
 with a tower 215 feet high. It will seat 2000 persons. The 
 
104 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 congregation is the largest and wealthiest in the diocese of 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 There are in all over five hundred churches in the city of 
 Philadelphia. They are divided as follows among the different 
 denominations : 
 
 DENOMINATION Vnmber oT Chnicbw. 
 
 Advent Christian Cliurch 8 
 
 Baptist 63 
 
 Bible Christians 1 
 
 Christian Evangelist. 1 
 
 Christian Independent 2 
 
 Church of God 1 
 
 Congregational 2 
 
 Disciples of Christ -, 2 
 
 Evangelical Association 8 
 
 French Protestant EpiscopaL 1 
 
 Friends (Orthodox) 6 
 
 " (Hicksite) 8 
 
 " (Primitive) 1 
 
 Hebrews 11 
 
 Lutheran (English) 14 
 
 " (German) 12 
 
 " (Independent) 2 
 
 Mennonite , 3 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 89 
 
 " African 9 
 
 Methodist (Free) 1 
 
 Moravian 4 
 
 New Church (Swedenborgian) 3 
 
 Presbyterian 75 
 
 " (Reformed Synod) 3 
 
 " " (Original 1 
 
 « " (General Synod) 8 
 
 (United) 12 
 
 Protestant Episcopal 90 
 
 Reformed Episcopal 3 
 
 " Church in the United States. 16 
 
 Boman Catholic 43 
 
 Unitarian 2 
 
 UniTersaliat 3 
 
 Total 603 
 
OF THii CENTENNIAL EXHI£ITION. 
 
 105 
 
 Educational Establishments. 
 
 The public schools of Philadelphia have long been famous for 
 their excellence. In the year 1872 there were 396 school-houses 
 in the city ; and 78 male and 1552 female teachers. The whole 
 number of pupils belonging to the schools at the close of the 
 year was 84,387, and the average attendance during the year 
 72,025. The whole amount paid for salaries of teachers was 
 $900,819; the whole amount paid for school purposes was 
 $1,576,199. There were also 29 night-schools, attended by 
 8,587 pupils. 
 
 The private schools and academies are numerous and well 
 attended. 
 
 There are thirteen colleges in the city. The principal of 
 these is the 
 
 University of Pennsylvania. 
 
 This noble institution grew out of the Philadelphia Academy, 
 founded by Benjamin Franklin. It consists of four departments 
 or scliools, namely : the Academical, the Collegiate, the Medical, 
 and the Law Schools. 
 
 The University buildings are located in West Philadelphia, 
 at the junction of Thirty-sixth street, the Darby road, and 
 Locust street. The University buildings are constructed of 
 serpentine stone, witli the coping, buttresses, and gables of Ohio 
 stone. When all are erected they will comprise a complete 
 square of Gothic structures, unsurpassed in beauty and conve- 
 nience by any in the world devoted to similar purposes. The 
 buildings at present comprise the Schools of Arts and Science, 
 the Medical School, and the Hospital attaeiied to the Medical 
 School. The School of Arts and Science is an imposing structure, 
 three stories in height beside the basement. It has a frontage 
 of 260 feet on Locust street, and a depth of 120 feet. Its 
 pavilions and towers give to it a beautiful and picturesque 
 appearance. The Medical School, though it possesses distinct 
 architectural features of its own, follows the general design. It 
 is fitted up with every convenience for the successful prosecution 
 of the studies and investigations of the students. The Hospital 
 
106 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 is situated to the soutli of the School of Arts and Science, and 
 stands in a lot given to the Universiity by the city on condition 
 of its niuintaining fifty free beds for poor patients. The Law 
 School is located in the first building; mentioned. 
 
 UNIVKUSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 The University is in a flourishing condition, and the faculty 
 includes in its number some of the most eminent men in the 
 Union. 
 
 Jefferson Medical College 
 
 Is situated in Tenth street below Chestnut. It was established 
 in 1825, and was at first a branch of the medical college at 
 Cannonsburg, Pa. It owes its existence principally to the 
 exertions of Dr. George McClellan. It soon attracted to its 
 faculty the most eminent physicians of the city. Its success was 
 rapid, and it has long been considered one of the first medical 
 schools in America. Its graduates are to be found in every 
 part of the Union. The college building is a handsome 
 structure, and is fitted up with all the appliances of a first-class 
 institution. 
 
OF THE CENTEXNIAIj EXHIBITION. 
 
 107 
 
 The Honiocopathio Medical College is situated on the north 
 side of Filbert street, above Eievcntli. Attached to it is a large 
 and well-conducted hospital. 'Ihc college is regarded as one of 
 the best schools of this branch of medicine in existence. 
 
 The College of Pluunnacy is on the east side of Tenth street 
 below Race. It was founded in 1821, and is designed for the 
 education of chemists and apothecaries. Thaidcs to its effort?, the 
 drug business of the country has been placed mainly in the 
 hands of educated pharmaceutists. 
 
 The College of Physicians 
 
 Is located at the northeast corner of Thirteenth and Locust 
 streets. It was founded in 1789. Its members are practising 
 physicians, and its object is thfi investigation of "the diseases 
 and remedies which arc peculiar to this country." The members 
 are divided into two classes: Fellows, or practising physicians 
 residing in the city; and Associates, who are eminent physicians 
 in other parts of the countiy. The college publishes a quarterly 
 journal of its transactions, which is higiily ''alucd by the pro- 
 fession. Its transactions are of the greatest benefit to the 
 sciences of medicine and surgery. 
 
 Girard College 
 
 Was erected through the munificence of Stephen Girard, whose 
 name it bears. The college grounds consist of a tract of forty- 
 five acres, fronting on Ridge avenue about a mile from its junc- 
 tion with Ninth and Vine streets. The grounds are enclosed 
 with a high stone wall, capped with marble slabs, and 
 strengthened with pilasters. By the terras of his will, Mr. 
 Girard left the sum of six millions of dollars to trustees for the 
 purpose of founding and maintaining a college lor the free educa- 
 tion and support of white male orphans. The cost of the build- 
 ings for the purposes of the college was limited to two millions 
 of dollars. Up to the present time the sum of ^1,933,821 has 
 been expended upon the buildings and grounds. The rest of 
 the vast legacy was to l>e kept as a fund for the support of the 
 college, the interest only being used. The trustees in a recent 
 
i 
 
 108 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATE!) HISTORY 
 
 report state that if the residuary estate is properly managed, " it 
 will soon be ample to maintain as many orphans as the entire 
 plot of ground can accommodate." The number of pupils in 
 the college at present is about 500, and the sum of $190,000 is 
 annually expended in their support. Since its foundation, the 
 college has received as pupils 1800 poor, fatherless boys, and 
 has indentured 780 of them to honest and profitable trades. 
 
 The grounds are handsomely laid out and carefully kept. 
 The main entrance is through a tasteful lodge in the south front. 
 
 OIRARD COLLEGE. 
 
 The college proper is one of the handsomest structures in the 
 United States. It is constructed of j)ure white marble, and the 
 general design is that of a Greek temple, surrounded with a 
 range of magnificent Corinthian columns, having eight at each 
 end, and eleven on each side, including those at the corners. 
 The building rests upon a basement consisting of eleven steps, 
 which extend around the entire edifice, thus giving to it an 
 air of greater solidity and splendor. The building has a length 
 
of 
 
 bet 
 
 tec 
 
 pel 
 
 col 
 
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 iro 
 
 tl'C 
 
 the 
 
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 bio 
 
 96 
 
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 the 
 
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 be a 
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 pers 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 109 
 
 of 169 feet and a width of 111 feet, with a wide platform 
 between the outer walls and the ranges vt columns. The archi- 
 tecture is of the purest Corinthian order, and is one of the most 
 perfect specimens of Grecian architecture in America. The 
 <>olumns are 55 feet high, 10 feet in diameter at the base, and 
 are surmounted by capitals 8 feet 6 inches high. The distance 
 from the top of the capitals to the apex of tlie pediment is 34 
 feet, making the total height from the apex of the pediment to 
 the floor of the platform on which the superstructure stands 
 nearly 95 feet. The principal entrances are in the north and 
 south fronts, and are 32 feet high, and 16 feet wide. Each aide 
 contains twenty windows, four of which open into each room, 
 and one upon each stairway. The building is floored with mar- 
 ble, and the roof is constructed of the same material and weiglia 
 969^- tons. The building is divided l»ito three stories, and is 
 used entirely for lecture and recitation purposes. The interior 
 work is done entirely in marble, iron, and brick, but not a trace 
 of tiio last material is anywhere visible to the eye. 
 
 A marble statue of Stephen Girard, by Grevelot, stands in 
 the south porch of the college, and beneath it lie the remains of 
 the founder, and a room in the building known as"Girard'3 
 Room " contains his books, office furniture, and personal effects. 
 
 A numl)er of fine marble buildings, roofed with copper, stand 
 in the college grounds. They are each three stories in height, 
 with a frontage of 52 feet and a depth of 125 feet, and are used 
 as the residences of the college officers and the dormitories of 
 the pupils. 
 
 Mr. Girard's will contained the following r< strictions upon 
 visitors to the college, which are rigidly enforced. The italics 
 are his own : 
 
 " I enjoin and require that no ecclesiastic, missionarr/, or minis- 
 ter of any sect whatsoever, shall hold or exercise any station or 
 duty whatever in the said college : nor shall any such person ever 
 he admitted for any purpose, or as a visitor, within the premises 
 appropriated to the purposes of the said college. In making this 
 restriction, I do not mean to cast any reflection npon any sect or 
 person whatsoever ; but as there is such a multitude of sects, 
 
[';: 
 
 I ■ 
 
 no 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 and Hiu'li a diversity of opinion anionf^st thorn, 1 desire to kocp 
 the tender minds of the orphans, wlio lire to derive advantaj^n 
 from this i)e(|ti('st, free from the excitement whieh ehishiny doc- 
 trines and sectarian controversy are so apt to pro(Uice; and my 
 desire is, tliat all the instructors and teacher's in the college shall 
 take pains to instil into the minds of the scholars tlir purest 
 pvinciplcn of iiKird/iti/, so that, on their entrance int(t active life, 
 they may,//'o»i iiiv/iii(((ioii and liohit, ov'imv Lourofvtcc towards 
 iliiirJcUow-crcidiU'CH, and a lore of trut/i, snhricti/, and iiidiiatn/, 
 adopting at the san)e time such religions tenets as their matured 
 rfUHnn may enahle them to prefer." 
 
 " WluMi Mr. Dnane hud written this passage at Cirard's dicta- 
 tion," says Mr. Parton, "a conversation occurred hetwecn them, 
 whit^h revealed, perha|>s, one of the old gentleman's reasons for 
 inserting it. * What <lo you thiidv of that ? ' asked (Jirard. Mr. 
 Dnane being unprepared to comment on such an unexpected 
 injunction, rc|)lied, after a long pause, ' 1 can only say now, ^Ir. 
 Girard, that 1 think it will make a great sensation.' (lirard 
 then said, * I can tell yon something else it will do, — it will 
 please the Quakers.' lie gave another proof of his regard for 
 the Quakers hy naming three of them as executors of his will ; 
 the whole number of the executors being five." 
 
 The Pcnnnijlvania CoUcrje of Dental Si(rf/cri/ is located at 
 Tenth and Arch streets, and the Phi/adc/ji/tla Dental CoUe(jc at 
 108 North Tenth street. Both arc flourishing institutions. 
 The II o»irn/'.s Medical Coller/c of Pcnnsijlvania is at Twenty-first 
 and North College avenue. The Poli/technic Collcf/e of the State 
 of PennKjilrania. is on Market street above Seventeenth. 
 
 The church institutions are the Academij of the Protestant 
 Epiwopal Church, at Locust and Juniper streets; the Theolof/i- 
 cnl Seminary of the Evanf/elical Lutheran Cr.urch, at No. 210 
 Franklin street; St. Joseph's (Roman Catholic) CoHef/c, at P.l? 
 Williiig's alley ; and the Seminarj/ of St. Charles Itorromco, at 
 Overbrook station on the Pennsylvania Railroad, just beyond 
 Hestonville. The bnilding of the last-named institution is a 
 magnificent speciraeu of the Italian style of architecture. 
 
OF THK CKNTENMAL KXIIIIUTH/N. 
 
 Ill 
 
 LIBRARIES. 
 
 The principal library of the city is tlie 
 
 Philadelphia Library. 
 
 It was founded in IT-M, l)y IJoiijaiiiiii l<'niiikliii, Thomas IIop- 
 kiuhon, Thomas Catlwallaiior, ami several other gentlemen, 
 Franklin being the principal mover in the matter. James Logan 
 became interested in the enterprise at an early day, an<l instructed 
 Mr. IlopUinson, who was about to sail for England, to purchase 
 books to the value of Xiio. This was done, and the books were 
 
 1*1 
 
 I'l 
 
 4»; 
 
 "»>*».\«.;,;. 
 
 SEMINARY (ir ST. CHAKLKS llOKKOMEO. 
 
 received in 1732. I'he library was made free to the public, but 
 none but' subscribers, with the exception of Mr. Logan, were 
 allowed to take the books from the building. This rule is still 
 observed. The librarv grew slowlv, and in 1782 the heirs of 
 James Logan presented the trustees with the valuable Loganinn 
 Library, which is still kept as a separate collection. Tlio two 
 collections now number about 1CO,UOO volumes. The librar/ 
 
 
 Af 
 
112 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 is located in a stately and substantial old-time edifice of brick, in 
 Fifth street south of Chestnut, and opposite Independence 
 Square. The building was begun in 1789, and was completed 
 and occupied by the library in 1790. 
 
 The Mercantile Library 
 
 Occupies a handsome building in Tenth street north of Chestnut. 
 It was organized in 1821 by a number of merchants and bankers, 
 and in 1826 was tnade a stock company. The building used by 
 the company was formerly the Franklin Market, and cost, with 
 
 MERCANTILE LIBRARY. 
 
 the alterations necessary to adapt it to its new use, ^230,000. 
 It contains a fine collection of 95,000 volumes and all the prin- 
 cipal newspapers and magazines of this country and FiUrope. 
 It has also acliess-room with twenty-fur tables. It is managed 
 upon the most liboral plan, and has a membership of 12,000. 
 
 The Ridgway Branch of the Philadelphia Library. 
 
 The building now in course of erection for this purpose is one 
 of the most superb structures in the United States. It stands 
 
OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 113 
 
 in the centre of the square, bounded by Broad, Thirteenth, 
 Christian, and Carpenter streets. This is enclosed by u stone 
 wall, except on the Broad street Iront, v.herc the wall gives place 
 to a tasteful iron railing. The grounds are to be laid oil' in tlu 
 most beautiful manner. The building is of granite, and consists 
 of a central edifice and two wings, the whole having a frontage 
 of 220 feet, and an extreme dej)th of 105 lect. The principal 
 fiiQude faces Broad street, and consists of three porticos, one to 
 the central building and one to each of the wings. The jmrticos 
 are enclosed by massive Doric columns of granite, sixteen in all, 
 eight in the central portico, and four to each of the wings, each 
 thirty feet high. The structure stands upon a ))latfbrm which is 
 reached by a flight of steps the full width of the central building. 
 The main entrance is from the central portico, and loads into a 
 vestibule 36 feet long, 10 feet wide, and 14 feet high, which 
 opens into the main hail. This hall is crucilbrm, 84 feet in 
 length, and 60 feet in width. At the intersection of the cross 
 are twenty-four Ionic columns supporting a gallery. The ceiling 
 in this part of the hall is 44 feet from the floor. The main hall 
 will be fitted up with alcoves for books. There are several other 
 rooms in the building, intended for the use of the directors, etc. 
 The wings will be used as reading-rooms. A mausoleum will 
 be erected in the main hall opposite the principal entrance, to 
 contain the remains of the late Dr. Benjamin Rush and his wile. 
 The building owes its existence to the munificence of Dr. Rush, 
 who at his death bequeathed the land en which it stands, and 
 the million and a half dollars expended in its erection. When 
 completed the Philadelphia liibrary Company will most likely 
 exercise control over the "Ridgway Branch. ' The building is 
 in all respects one of the most mass^vo and superb edifices of 
 its kind in the world. It is an ornament of which any city 
 might be proud, and is the noblest monument its founder could 
 have desired to perpetuate his name and fame to after ages. It 
 is solid enough to withstand the decaying hand of time, and 
 will always form one of the noblest of Philadelphia's publio 
 institutions. 
 8 
 
; ,i 
 
 i 
 
 114 THK ILLUSTRATED liiSTOiiY. 
 
 The other libraries of Philadelphia are as follows: 
 
 NAMK. LOCATION. 
 
 American Baptist Historical Society 530 Arch Street. 
 
 American Meciianics' Library Fourtii and George Streets. 
 
 Athenaeum Library Sixth and Adelphi Streets. 
 
 Apprentices' Library Association 500 Arch Street. 
 
 American ProtesUmt Hall and Library Asso'n. .1415 Locust Street 
 
 Friends' Library 304 Arch Street. 
 
 Germantown Library 4838 Germantown Avenue. 
 
 James Page Library Company 208 East Girard Avenue. 
 
 Library Association of Friends Race and Fifteentli Streets. 
 
 Library of tiie Germim Society 24 South Seventh Street. 
 
 Library of the Law Association 532 Walnut Street. 
 
 Mechanics' Institute Library 1 1 10 South Fifth Street. 
 
 Moyaiuensing Library Eleventh and Catharine SLs. 
 
 Odd-Fellows' Library 806 North Third Street. 
 
 PhihuU'lphia City Institute Library Eighteenth and Chestnut Sts. 
 
 Sprin<; <iarden Institute 1349 Spring (iarden Street. 
 
 Soutliwark Library Company 76"") South Sccoiul Street. 
 
 \Vm. Brothorhead's Library 205 South Thirteenth Street. 
 
 West Philadelphia Institute Library 40")0 Market Street. 
 
 Wagner Free Institute of Science Seventeenth and Montgomery. 
 
 The public and private libraries of Philadelphia number 
 3700, and comprise a total of 2,985,770 volumes, 
 
 SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 Chief among the learned societies of Philadelphia is the 
 
 Academy of Natural Sciences. 
 
 This society was organized in 1812, by a number of gentle- 
 men for purposes of mutual improvement. At an early period 
 a museum and a library were established. These have been 
 steadily increased, and the library now contains nearly 25,000 
 volumes. The museum contains over 250,000 specimens. 
 Among these are "more than 6000 minerals, 900 rocks, 65,000 
 fossils, 70,000 species of plants, 1000 species of zoophytes, 
 2000 species of crustaceans, 500 species of myriapods and 
 arachnidians, 25,000 species of insects, 20,000 species of shell- 
 bearing moUusks, 2000 species of fishes, 800 species of reptiles, 
 37,000 birds with nests of 200 and eggs cf 1500 species, 1000 
 mammals, and 900 skeletons and pieces of osteology." The 
 
 ■i ; 
 
m 
 
 BAm-IST UOAIiU OF PUBLICATION, CIIKST.NLT sTlUK'i. 
 
 115 
 
116 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 collection is as valuable as it is extensive. Gratuitous instruetioa 
 is furnished to a number of student;;.. Visitors are admitted on 
 Tuesday and Thursday afternoons, for the slight sum of ten cents. 
 The money is devoted to the purposes of the building fund. 
 
 The Academy was formerly located on Broad street, south of 
 Chestnut, but a year or two ago a new and larger edifice was 
 begun at the southwest corner of Nineteenth and Race streets. 
 It will have, when completed, a frontage of 288 feet on Nine- 
 teenth street, and a depth of 198 feet on Race street. It will 
 be in the collegiate Gothic style, and will be constructed of 
 
 J 
 
 ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. 
 
 serpentine stone with trimmings of Ohio sandstone. Only the 
 north wing has been completed, and into this the collections of 
 the Academy are crowded. It is estimated that the entire 
 building with all its appointments will cost over $700,000. 
 
 The American Philosophical Society 
 
 Occupies a quaint old building in Fiflh street, immediately in 
 the rear of Indejiendence Hall. The society occupies the second 
 floor of the building, the lower floor being devoted to the Court 
 of Common Pleas and the Water Department. In 1727 Ben- 
 jamin Franklin, then a prosperous printer of Philadelphia, 
 
 ! i: 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 117 
 
 paving become interested in scientific studies, established a 
 society of kindred spirits, which he called " The Junto." Its 
 membership was restricted to twelve, and its meetings were 
 secret to prevent the intrusion of improper persons. Out of 
 this grew the present society, which was founded in 1743. 
 Among its members have been some of the greatest men of our 
 history. The library of the society comprises nearly 20,000 
 volumes, and connected with it is a fine cabinet of coins and 
 antiquarian relics. The present building was erected in 1789. 
 Among the most i)recious possessions of the society is the 
 original draft of the Declaration of Independence in tho hand- 
 writing of Tliomas Jefferson. 
 
 The Pennsylvania Historical Society 
 
 At present finds a habitation in a building attached to the Penn- 
 sylvania Hospital in Spruce street above Eighth. The society 
 was established in 1825, and for a number of years struggled 
 onward in the face of great difficulties. It has now a member- 
 ship of 600, a library of 12,000 volumes, and 80,000 pamph- 
 lets, a gallery containing sixty-five portraits of historical per- 
 sonages, twelve historical pictures, and a large collection of 
 engravings and manusc;'pts, among which are William Ponn's 
 papers. The society also possesses a valuable collection of 
 American antiquities. 
 
 The Franklin Institute 
 
 Was incorporated in 1824, "for the promotion and encourage- 
 ment of manufactures and the mechanic and useful arts by 
 popular lectures, the formation of a library, with a cabinet of 
 models and minerals, offering premiums on all subjects deemed 
 worthy of encouragement, and by examining all inventions sub- 
 niittcd to them." The membership is open to all persons 
 friendly to and interested in the mechanic arts. The building 
 occupied by the society is on the east side of Seventh street north 
 of Chestnut. Its exterior is plain. The interior is provided 
 with a fine lecture-room, in which lectures are delivered at stated 
 times upon scientific subjects and accompanied with experiments. 
 
118 
 
 THK ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 iM I 
 
 ^i:. 
 
 The library of the Institute is on the second floor. There is 
 also a museum, in which is the famous astronomical clock con- 
 structed by David Rittenhouse. The Institute has done and is 
 doing a noble work for technical science, and its Journal is the 
 oldest and one of the most valuable mechanical publications in 
 this country. 
 
 The Zoological Sociefy of Philadelphia, 
 
 After an existence of many years, has but recently become 
 prominent among the learned associations of Philadolphia. It 
 has within the past few years leased from the Fairmount Park 
 Commissioners a garden of 35 acres, located on the west side of 
 the Schuylkill below the Girard Avenue Bridge. This tract 
 was originally known as "Solitude," and was Hie residence of 
 John Penn, the son of Thomas and grandson of William Penn. 
 The old mansion built by him when Governor of Pennsylvania 
 is still standing. His descendants retained the place until its 
 purchase by the Commissioners of Fairmount Park. The Zoo- 
 logical Society have fitted up their garden with a number of 
 handsome improvements, consisting of a mop key-house, a beaver- 
 dam, (leer and buffalo parks, a winter-house for animals from 
 the tropics, three large stone bear-pits, ind an aviary. The col- 
 lection of animals is already very large, and is being increased. 
 It is the intention of the society to make this garden second to 
 none in the world. Visitors are admitted at a charge of twenty- 
 five cents for adults, and ten cents for children. 
 
 Besides the above associations are the American Entomologi- 
 cal Society, at 518 South Thirteenth street; the Gennnntown 
 ScientijiG Association, at 483G Germantown avenue; the Numis- 
 matic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia, at the corner of 
 Eighteenth and Chestnut streets ; and the Wagner Free Institute, 
 at Seventeenth street and Montgomery avenue. 
 
 Benevolent institutions. 
 
 The benevolent and charitable institutions of Philadelphia 
 number more than one hundred. In respect to her institutions 
 of this kind, Philadelphia is second to no city in the Union. 
 We can mention here but a few of the more prominent. 
 
 I 
 I 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 119 
 
 The Pennaylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb has been 
 noticed in our account of Broad street. Tiie 
 
 Pennsylvania Hospital 
 
 Occupies the square bounded by Eighth, Ninth, Spruce, and 
 Pine streets. It was established in 1751, and among its first 
 managers was Benjamin Franklin. The charter set apart the 
 institution for " the relief of the sick, and the reception and cure 
 of lunatics." The grounds are enclosed with a high brick wall, 
 except in the centre of the Pine strpfit front. Through this open 
 space the group of venerable buildings car. be seen from the 
 street. The eastern wing was erected in 1755, the western in 
 1796, and the central building in 1805. This noble institution 
 has admitted and cared for nearly 100,000 patients since its 
 establishment, fully one-half of whom have been supported 
 at its expense. Until 1841 a portion of the hospital was devoted 
 to the treatment of the insane, but in that year these patients 
 wore removed to the new hospital in West Piiiladelphia. 
 
 The Wills* Hospital, in Race street, opposite Logan S(|uare, 
 was founded by a bequest of tiie late James Wills, for tlie treat- 
 ment of diseases of the eye and limbs. It was opened in 1834. 
 
 The Pennsylvania institution for the Instruction of the Blind 
 
 Is lit the corner of Race and Twentieth streets. It was founded 
 in 1833. It is a plain, but large and excellently arranged build- 
 ing, with an average attendance of about two hundred pupils, 
 many of whom are from other States, who are required to pay 
 for their instruction and support. 
 
 The Municipal Hospital 
 
 For the treatment of patients afflicted with small-pox and other 
 contagious diseases is situated on Hart lane near Twenty-first 
 street. It consists of a principal building and wings, all of 
 Cleveland brown-stone, with a mansard roof. Adjoining it is 
 the " Potter's Field," with its rows of nameless graves. 
 
 The Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania has been 
 already mentioned in connection with the University. The 
 
 I 
 I 
 
120 
 
 TIIK ILLUSTUATED HISTORY 
 
 Blockley Almshouse 
 
 Lies south of the University and faces the Schuylkill. It con- 
 sists of four buildings, each 500 feet long and three stories high. 
 
 .^\«l.V».-A>*« 
 
 i':;:.n> iKitiA.N isovkdoj' i'i:iii,icATioy, ciikstnit st. 
 
 These are arranged as the four sides of a square. The number 
 of inmates is about 3000, of whom 600 are in the insane depart- 
 ment, and 200 more in the children's asylum. The buildings 
 
OP THE CENTENNIAL. EXHIBITION. 
 
 121 
 
 themselves cover aii area of ten acres, and stand in a tract of 
 179 acres which is cultivated for the use of the asylum. The 
 city of Philadelphia annually expends over four hundred thou- 
 sand dollara in the support of this institution. 
 
 On Market street, between Forty-second and Fiftieth streets, 
 in West Philadelphia, is the 
 
 Pennsylvania Hosp'fal for the Insane, 
 
 Which was established in 1841. The buildings stand in a tract 
 of 113 acres of beautifully ornamented grounds enclosed with a 
 high wall of stone, and consists of two large structures, each with 
 a central edifice and wings, with Doric porticos, and a fine dome 
 over one hundred feet high. One of those buildings is occupied 
 by the male and the other by the female patients, and each has 
 its separate enclosure and pleasure-grounds. They were erected 
 at a cost of $800,000. The number of inmates is about 400. 
 
 The Presbyterian Hospital, at Thirty-ninth and Filbert streets ; 
 the Hospital of Christ Church, on Belmont avenue, near the 
 Park entrance ; the Jewish Hospital, on the Olney road in the 
 Twenty-third ward ; the Asylum of the Orphan Society of 
 Philadelphia, at Haddington ; the Biird Orphan Asylum, on 
 the Delaware county line, at the extreme western end of Market 
 street; the Preston Retreat, the House of Industry, and the 
 House of Refuge, are noble institutions. The 
 
 Uniied States Naval Asylum 
 
 Is located on Gray's Ferry road below South street. It was 
 built by the general government in 1832, and is for the care of 
 infirm and decrepit officers and sonmen of the navy and the marine 
 corps. The main building has a frontage of 380 feet and a depth 
 of 150 feet. It has a front of white marble, is three stories in 
 height, and is approached by a flight of marble stops. There 
 are about 130 decrepit sailors maintained here by the govern- 
 ment. The Commodore's quarters stand north of the asylum. 
 In the rear of the asylum is a large building erected during the 
 late war by the government for the care of the si<;k and wounded 
 sailors of the navy. Tiie grounds are handsomely laid out. 
 
 i 
 
I Mi 
 
 122 
 
 THE- Il.LL'STUATED UJUTORY 
 
 PR/SO/VS. 
 
 The prisons of Philadulphia are well conducted. Thej are 
 three in number. The 
 
 Philadelphia County Prison 
 
 Is located on Passyuuk road, just below Heed street. It is a 
 massive edifice comprised of a central building with receding 
 wings on either side. At the end of each wing is a heavy octagonal 
 
 PHILADELPHIA COUNTY PRISON. 
 
 tower, and on each side of each wing is a high wall terminating in 
 a bastion. The architecture is in the English-Gothic style of the 
 fifteenth century. The building is constructed of Quincy granite, 
 and is regarded as one of the strongest prisons in the Union. 
 About 14,000 persons are annually committed to it. The prison 
 is generally known as the " Moyamensing Prison," from the 
 former name of the district in which it stands. 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXUIBITION. 
 
 12S 
 
 The Eastern Penitentiary. 
 
 Or, as it is better known, " Cherry Hill Prison," occupies the 
 entire square bounded on the south by Fairmount avenue, and 
 lying between Twenty-second and Twenty-third streets. It is 
 enclosed with a massive stone wall. The Fairmount avenue 
 front consists of two square towers with battlements, 65 feet 
 high, connected by a stone wall, in which is set the main entrance, 
 a heavy door studded with bolts. An octagonal tower rises from 
 the wall, above this entrance, to a height of 97 feet. At each 
 corner is a heavy tower, connected with the central building by 
 thick walls pierced with narrow and heavily barred windows. 
 The grounds of the prison cover about eleven acres, nearly all 
 of which space is occupied by the buildings. Within the 
 enclosure is a central building, from which radiate seven corridors 
 like the points of a star. They are so arranged that the warden, 
 sitting in the central building, can see the whole length of each 
 corridor. The cells of the convicts are located in these corridors, 
 and to each coll is attached a small walled yard, in which, at 
 certain hours of the day, the prisoner is permitted to enjoy the 
 air and sunlight. The prison is for the confinement of convicts 
 from the eastern counties of the State, and is conducted upon the 
 solitary plan. The prisoners are furnished with work enough 
 to keep them busy, and this they perform in their own cells. 
 They are also permitted to earn money for themselves by extra 
 work. Each prisoner is allowed to see and converse with the 
 prison officials, the chaplain, and an occasional visitor, but is not 
 permitted to hold any intercourse with any of his fellow-prisoners. 
 It is claimed that this system possesses the peculiar advantage 
 of preserving the prisoner from association with the other 
 criminals during his confinement, and thus saves him from the 
 danger of meeting with other prisoners after his release, and being 
 by their influence drawn back into his evil ways. There are 
 about 500 convicts confined here. 
 
•i 
 
 124 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED III8TOEY. 
 
 me House of Correction 
 
 is at Ilolmcsbnrg, in the northern part of the city. It contains 
 two tlionsund r-cii.s, and answers the purpose of a work-house 
 and a prison. 
 
 Places of Amusement. 
 
 The most prominent plaees of amusement have already been 
 noticed in our accuunt (»f tiie city. Pijiladelpliia has or.3 first- 
 class op(, a-house — the Academy of Music, at Broad and Locust 
 streets — mid three lir.st-class theatres. These are the CheMnut 
 Street Tlic(tlri\ uu Cliestnut street, between Twelfth and Thir- 
 teenth ; the Arrk Street Theatre, on Arch street between Sixth 
 and Si'vcnth directs; and the Walnut Street Theatre, at the 
 corner of NVahmt and Nin.h streets. 
 
 During the centennial season there will be two first-class 
 concert fi;ardens, viz. : Theodore Thoimtn' Garden, at Broad and 
 Master streets, and Kiraify^s Alhan\Jbra Palace Garden, on 
 Broatl street below Locust. 
 
 T/ic ( hfosKeiun, at Broad and Ijocust streets, affords a first- 
 class art entertainment in its panorama of Paris. 
 
 The other ])laces of amusement are, Fox^a New American 
 Theatre, on Chestnut above Tenth street; the Grand Central 
 Thmtre, on Walnut street above Eighth; the New National 
 Theatre, tii Callowhill and Tenth streets; and Enoch\s Varieties, 
 on Seventh street below Arch — all devoted to variety entertain- 
 ments; the Arch Street Opera Home, on Arch street above 
 Tenth, and the Eleventh Street Opera Home, both of which are 
 negro minstrel halls, and well patronized; and Colonel Wood^a 
 Museum, at Arch and Ninth streets. 
 
 Cemeteries. 
 
 The principal cemetery of Philadelphia is Laurel Hill, on the 
 east side of the Schuylkill, below the Falls. It is situated in a 
 region famed for its beauty, and is one of the most beautiful 
 cemeteries in the world. It contains a large number of splendid 
 tombs, some of wliich are noted as works of art. The other 
 
3 
 
 ^ 
 
 I 
 
 125 
 
 t 
 
 M .. 
 
'Ill 
 
 I 1 
 
 ' .'I 
 
 126 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 cemeteries are, Glentoood, MonumerUf Woodlands, Monaldson'g, 
 Odd Fellows, and Mount Moiiah. 
 
 Newspapers. 
 
 There are twenty-seven daily and weekly newspapers, devoted 
 to politics and general news, published in Philadelphia. Of 
 these, seven are Republican, four Democratic, and sixteen inde- 
 pendent. About fifty periodicals are published in the city, 
 which also conducts a large part of the book publishing business 
 of the United States. 
 
 Banks. 
 
 There are forty banks in Philadelphia, with an aggregate 
 cai)ital of $20,235,000. Of these, twenty-nine are National 
 banks, and eleven continue to do business under the State laws. 
 The National banks have a capital of $16,235,000, and the 
 State banks a capital of $4,000,000. 
 
 Gas and Water. 
 
 Philadelphia is lighted with gas of an excellent quality, 
 which is suj)plicd at a reasonable rate to the citizens. The gas 
 works are conducted by the city, and the consumers are secured 
 the best gas that can be made, and are protected from the extor- 
 tions of private companies. The total length of street mains i? 
 over 600 miles. 
 
 The (ty is supplied with water from the Schuylkill river. 
 The water works are at Fairmount, on the cast side of tli(! 
 Schuylkill. They were begun in 1812, and water was intro- 
 duced into the city in 1827. Since then additional reservoirs 
 have been constructed within the limits of the Park, and addi- 
 tional pumping houses have been erected at Belmont, Ilox- 
 borongh, and other points on the Schuylkill. The works arc 
 su|)plied with the most approved and complete machinery, the 
 engines at the Spring Garden pump house having a capacity of 
 ten millions of gallons every twenty-four hours. 
 
 In order to preserve the svater of the Schuylkill pure and fit 
 for drinking, the Commissioners of Fairmount Park, a few years 
 
OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 127 
 
 ago, purchased the land on both sides of the river to the Falls, and 
 along the Wissahickou lor several miles from its mouth. These 
 
 ^VT 
 
 VIEW ()i- rAIKMOlNT WATKR WORKS. 
 
 streams are thus prevented from heinj^ made tlie rceoptacles ior 
 
 the refuse of factories, which would render their waters impure. 
 
 About 546 miles of water pipes have heiin laid tlirough the 
 
 'i* •' 
 
 ! * 
 
 ■hi. 
 

 iii 
 
 ■i 
 
 IP 
 
 128 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 city, and all the modern, and the most of the older houses, have 
 water introduced into them. The average amount used per 
 day is over 30,000,000 gallons. A vast storage reservoir ha;;, 
 been recently constructed in the East Park, at a cost of $2,000, 
 OOO. It has a capacity of 750,000,000 gal'ous. 
 
 Street Railways. 
 
 There are about twenty-two main lines of street railway ii» 
 Philadelphia. Including the branches of these, the number of 
 railway lines is about forty-five. These constitute the best 
 system of street transportation in the Union, and convey pas- 
 sengers to all points of the city at a uniform fare of seven cents. 
 A number of these lines run .'irect to the entrances to the exhi- 
 bition grounds. 
 
 The Water Front. 
 
 The plateau on which Philadelphia stands is washed on three 
 sides by the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers, which give to the 
 city all the advantages of a great commercial seaport. Along 
 the Delaware shore there is always to be seen a forest of masts, 
 representing the shipping of every nation on the globe. The 
 visitor to Philadelphia should by no means omit an opportunity 
 to view the city from the Delaware river, as from no other point 
 can he as perfectly acquire a correct idea of the vast commerce 
 which yearly enters and leaves tl. .i port. An excellent plan 
 would be to engage a boat at Taer-i.y. descend the river to the 
 mouth of the Schuylkill, and ascend ui? ; stream to the exhibi- 
 tion grounds. 
 
 Starting from Tacony, the suburb of Bridesburg is soon 
 passed, and then, turning a bend of the river, the visitor finds 
 himself opposite Port Richmond, the coal-shipping depot of the 
 Reading Railroad Company. This vast depot is one of the 
 "sights" of Philadelphia, and is the most extensive in the 
 world. It comprises 21 shipping docks, with an aggregate 
 length of 15,000 feet, and accommodations for 250 vessels and 
 boats. The shipping piers are 23 in :number, and their aggrc' 
 gate length is 4 J miles. They are provided with 10 J miles of 
 single track, and in addition to this are connected with each 
 
OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 129 
 
 other and with the main line of the road by 22 miles of track. 
 The cars, loaded with coal at the mines, are brought direct to 
 this depot, and are run out on the shipping piers. By means 
 of trap-doors in the floors of the cars the coal is emptied into 
 scimtes 169 feet in length, which convey it directly into the 
 holds of the vessels to be loaded. About 2000 men are em- 
 ployed here, and the daily shii)inents of coal amount to 30,000 
 tons. The piers have a storage capacity of 175,000 tons. The 
 company at present employ six fine iron steamers for the trans- 
 portation of coal from Port Richmond to other points, and 
 intend to increase this number to fifty. Several hundred other 
 vessels are employed in this trade. 
 
 Opposite Port Richmond is Treaty Island, a spot dear to the 
 hearts of Philadelphia sportsmen. 
 
 A short distance below Port Richmond are the shipyards of 
 William Cramp <fe Son, said to be the most extensive establish- 
 ment of its kind in the United States. A number of vessels 
 were built here for the navy during the civil war, among others 
 the New Ironsides. The four iron steamers of Ihe Amei'ican 
 Line, plying between Philadelphia and Liverpool, were also 
 built here. 
 
 Below these shipyards rises the standpipe of the Delaicare 
 Water Works, and beyond this is a region devoted to rolling 
 mills, iron foundries and forges ; and beyond these still, occupy- 
 ing the river front from Laurel to Noble street, is a succession 
 of lumber yards, where an immense business in all kinds of 
 lumber is annually transacted. Large quantities are shipped to 
 South America and the "West Indies. Immediately below 
 Noble street are the freight dei)ot3 and piers of the North Penn- 
 sylvania and Reading Railroads. 
 
 Below Noble street the long line of foreign and coastwise 
 shipping begins, and stretches away for several miles down the 
 river. Immediately opposite this part of Philadelphia, and 
 separated from it by the Delaware, is Camden, the sixth city 
 of New Jersey. It is but a suburb of Philadelphia, with which 
 it is connected by six lines of steam ferries. The time occupied 
 in crossing the river is five minutes. 
 9 
 
I: 
 
 I 
 
 ; J 
 
 130 
 
THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 131 
 
 In the middle of the Delaware, opposite Market street, is 
 Smith's Island, a noted pleasure resort. Immediately south of 
 it, and separated from it by a narrow channel, through whieh 
 the Camden & Amboy Railroad ferry boats pass, is Windmill 
 Island, also a pleasure resort. 
 
 At the foot of Christian street and Washington avenue are 
 the docks of the American line of steamers to Liverpool. In the 
 rear of these docks is the enormous Elevatoi' of the Pennsylvania 
 Railroad, with a capacity of half a million bushels of grain, and 
 every facility for prompt and economical shipment. 
 
 Immediately adjoining these docks is the Old Navy Yard, 
 covering a tract of eighteen acres. It was purchased by the 
 government in 1801 for §37,500, and was sold about a year ago 
 to the Pennsylvania Railroad Company for about $2,000,000. 
 Some of the finest vessels in the navy were built here. The 
 navy yard has, since the sale, been entirely transferred to 
 League Island. The Pennsylvania company intend to fit up 
 the old navy yard as their principal terminus on the Delaware. 
 This road is a large stockholder in the American line of steamers, 
 which vessels lie at its docks and receive and transfer passengers 
 and freight from and to its cars. By this system all breaking 
 bulk of freight from distant points is avoided, there being but 
 one reshipment, from the cars to the steamer, necessary. 
 
 At Gi'emimch Point, at the foot of Packer street, are the coal 
 wharves of the Pevnftylrania Railroad, second only in extent 
 and the amount of business transacted at them to those of the 
 Reading road at Port Richmond. 
 Just above the mouth of the Schuylkill is 
 
 League Island, 
 
 Now occupied by the United States as a Navy Yard. The 
 island was presented to the government by the city of Phila- 
 delphia. It covers an area of 600 acres, and when the ex- 
 tensions in contemplation are completed, will have a frontage 
 of nearly three miles on the Delaware, with an average depth of 
 water of twenty-five feet. Machine shops, and all the establish- 
 
I 
 
 132 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOBY 
 
 •J 
 
 ments necessary to the purposes of a great naval station, have been 
 constructed or are in course of construction. The back channel 
 is for the use of monitors, a large number of which are here laid 
 up in ordinary. The advantages of League Island as a naval 
 station are thus summed up by the Secretary of the Navy, in 
 his report for 1871 : "A navy yard so ample in its proportions, 
 in the midst of our great coal and iron region, easy of access to 
 our own ships, but readily made inaccessible to a hostile fleet, 
 with fresh water for the preservation of the iron vessels so 
 rapidly growing into favor, surrounded by the skilled labor of 
 one of our chief manufacturing centres, will be invaluable to 
 our country." 
 
 Just below League Island is Mud Island, on which stands 
 old Fort Mifflin. This work was begun at the outbreak of the 
 Revolution, and consisted then of an embankment of earth. It 
 was known as the " Mud Fort." Upon the occupation of the 
 city by the Britisli in 1777 it became necessary to capture the 
 defences on the Delaware, at Mud Island and at Red Bank, on 
 the New Jersey shore, in order to open communication between 
 the British fleet and the city. Could these works have been 
 held by the Americans the enemy must have evacuated the city. 
 On the 22d of October, 1777, Lord Howe opened a tremendous 
 cannonade upon Fort Mifflin from his fleet, and at the same 
 time a picked force of twelve hundred Hessians was sent to 
 storm the works at Red Bank. The latter attack was repulsed 
 with a loss of four hundred men, and the Hessian commander, 
 Count Donop, was slain. In the attack upon Fort Mifflin the 
 British lost two ships, and the remainder were more or less 
 injured by the fire of the American guns. Soon after this re- 
 pulse the British erected batteries on a small island in the 
 Delaware, and on the 10th of November opened a heavy fire 
 upon Fort Mifflin from these works and their fleet. The bom- 
 bardment was continued until the night of the 15th. Fort 
 Mifflin was literally destroyed, and on the night of the 16th was 
 evacuated by its garrison. On the 18th the works at Red Bank, 
 on the Jersey shore, were abandoned. The British removed now 
 the obBtructions from the river, and their fleet ascended to Phila- 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 133 
 
 delphia. The present work was constmcted after the cloee of 
 the Revolution, and is strongly armed. 
 
 The Schuylkill river flows into the Delaware immediately 
 below League Island. This river was sc named by the early 
 Dutch navigators, and the name is said to meau " a hidden 
 river," from the fact that its mouth cannot be seen by voyagers 
 ascending t^ie Delaware until the junction is reached. 
 
 A little above the mouth of the river, on the eastern shore, 
 are the new docks and the grain elevator of the International, 
 or Red Star, Steamship Line, plying between Philadelphia and 
 Antwerp. These docks are a terminus of the Pennsylvania 
 Railroad, and transfers of grain and freight are made directly 
 between the cars and the steamers. This promises to be one of 
 the most prominent shipping points of the city. 
 
 "Tile Schuylkill may be reckoned among Philadelphia's 're- 
 serve ibrces.' With a depth of water sufficient to float a frigate, 
 and room enough on either bank for long rows of wharves and 
 warehouses, it is comparatively deserted. Some coal and stone 
 yards on its shores employ a few vessels annually. The Scliuyl- 
 kill Canal brings down numbers of boats from the mines in the 
 coal regions ; but, apart from these, there is as yet no commerce 
 on the Schuylkill. This grand avenue to the future heart of 
 the city is still waiting for the time when its services shall be 
 required — a time which cannot be far distant." 
 
 The principal objects of interest on the Schuylkill are the 
 bridges, which connect the quarters of the city lying on the op- 
 posite sides of the river. Some of these arc among the finest in 
 the world. The fir, t of these, after passing the mouth of tlie 
 river, is the Penrose Ferry Bmlge ; above this is the Gray's 
 Fn-ry Bridge, a double structure, used for the passage of the 
 trains of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad, 
 and for pedestrians and vehicles. Above this is the handsome 
 iron truss bridge of the south extension of the Pennsylvani.i 
 Railroad. Higher up is the new South Street Bridge, begun in 
 1870 and completed in the early part of 1876 at a cost of 
 8865,000. With its ajiproaches, which rest upon massive stone 
 arches, the bridge has a total length of two thousand four hun- 
 
t34 
 
THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 135 
 
 dred and nineteen feet, and a width of fifty-five feet, excej)t at 
 the draw spun, where the width is but thirty-six feet. This 
 gives a roadway of tliirty-five feet, and two fbotwalks, each ten 
 feet wide. The river span is five hundred and eighty-four feet 
 long, and consists of two permanent spans of one hundred and 
 eighty-five feet each, and a pivot draw with two openings, each 
 of seventy-seven feet, supported by a cylindrical cast-iron pier. 
 
 Chestnut Street Bridye lies next above. It was begun in 
 1801 and completed in 186G, at a cost of $500,000. It is one 
 thousand five hundred and twenty-eight feet in length, and is 
 constructed of iron, with approaches and piers of granite. 
 
 At Market street is a temporary wooden bridge, erected in the 
 place of the old wooden bridge that crossed the river at this 
 point, and which was burned about the close of 1875. It is 
 used for the Market Street Railway, by vehicles and pedestrians, 
 and by the freight trains of the Pennsylvania Railroad. 
 
 The Fairmount, or Callowhill Street, Bridge stands on the site 
 of the old suspension bridge, so well known to visitors to Fair- 
 mount. It is one of the hai 'Isomest and most substantial 
 bridges in the Union, and during the progress of the Centennial 
 Exhibition was used by a large ])art of the visitors. Thcr^ is 
 a span over Callowhill street of eighty feet ; then follow five 
 arch colonnades on the east side, having a total length of one 
 hundred and five feet; then the main span of three hundred and 
 fifty feet over the Schuylkill ; then ten arch colonnades on the 
 west side, with a length of two hundred and thirty feet ; tlien 
 the bridge over Thirtieth street, ninety feet long ; then 5:c'ven 
 spans of plate girders, three hundred foet in length, and finally 
 the span over the Pennsylvania Railroad, one hundred and 
 forty feet long ; making a total length of one thousand two hun- 
 dred and ninety-five feet. The bridge consists of two roadways, 
 the upper one thirty-two feet above the lower. The upper floor 
 is forty-eight feet wide between the balustrades, and the lower 
 fifty feet wide. Each floor has a roadway with sidewalks on 
 each side. The bridge is constructed of iron with stone pieni 
 and foundations, and is ornamoiilod with a double row of mag- 
 nificent gas lamps. Street railway tracks are laid on each floor, 
 
 
136 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 i 
 
 and are used by a number of street car lines running direct to 
 the exhibition grounds. The cost of this magnificent structure 
 was 31,200,000. 
 
 Above the bridge are the dam and water-worlvs at Fairmount, 
 and liigher up still are the boat-houses of the Schuylkill navy, 
 to which we shall refer again in another portion of this work. 
 
 Higher up still is the finest of all the Philadelphia bridges, 
 the now famous 
 
 Girard Avenue Bridge, 
 
 Which spans the Schuylkill at the main avenue of approach to 
 
 VIEW ABOVE THE DAM, FAIRMOUNT. 
 
 . I 
 
 it 
 
 Fairmount Park and the Centennial Exhibition. It is the 
 most magnificent bridge in the United States, and will always 
 bo one of the principal objects of interest to visitors to the city. 
 It has a length of one thousand feet, and a width of one hun- 
 dred feet, and was built at a cost of $1,404,445. The height 
 of the roadway above low water is fifty-five feet. The girders 
 rest on three piers and two abutments, and form three centre 
 spans of one hundred and ninety-seven feet each. The following 
 description of the bridge is taken from The Scientific American'. 
 " The masonry of the piers and abutments is rock-faced ashlar 
 
 J ■ 
 
OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 137 
 
 of Maine granite laid in raortar of one part Coplay cement to 
 two parts of Baud. The copings and parapets are of finely-cut 
 granite, but no other cutting has been done, except the necessary 
 drafts, the object being to preserve the massive effect of rock- 
 faced granite work. 
 
 "Superstructure. — There are seven lines of trusses or girders 
 placed side by side, sixteen feet apart, and united by horizontal 
 and vortical bracing. 
 
 " These trusses are of the well-known Phoenixville pattern 
 of quadrangular girder. The upper compressive members and 
 the vertical posts are Phoenix-flanged columns, united by cast- 
 iron joint boxes. The lower chords and diagonals are Phoenix 
 weldless eye-bars, die-forged by hydraulic pressure. Upon the 
 tops of the posts, twelve feet apart, are laid heavy fifteen-inch 
 Phoenix-rolled beams, and upon these longitudinally nine-inch 
 beams placed two feet eight inches apart. These are covered 
 transversely with rolled corrugated plates one-fourth inch thick, 
 corrugated one and one-fourth inches high by five inches wide- 
 These form an unbroken iron platform upon which the asphalt 
 concrete is placed. 
 
 " The dead load of the structure, with a moving load of one 
 hundred pounds per square foot, makes a total load of 30,000 
 pounds per lineal foot carried by seven trusses. The limit of 
 strain is 10,000 pounds per square inch, reduced to 6000 pounds 
 per square inch as the compressive limit on parts. 
 
 "All points of contact are either planed or turned. The pins 
 are of cold rolled iron, and the limit of error between pin and 
 hole is one sixty-fourth of an inch. The iron used in this 
 bridge is double refined, or of * Phoenix best best ' brand, cap- 
 able of bearing the regular tests of that quality of iron, as fol- 
 lows : Ultimate strength, 55,000 pounds to 60,000 pounds per 
 square inch ; no permanent set under 27,000 poimds to 30,000 
 pounds per square inch ; average reduction of area at point of 
 fracture, twenty-five per cent. The elongation of a twelve-inch 
 bar is fifteen per cent., and the cold bend of a one and one-half 
 inch round bar before cracking one hundred and eighty degrees, 
 or hammered flat. 
 
138 
 
TIIK CKNTENNIAL KXHllUTIOK. 
 
 139 
 
 "Roadway. — The corrugated iron plates which cover the 
 bridge are tijcnisilvos covere<l by four inches to five inches of 
 asphaite, making u water-tight surface. Tiie one hundred feet 
 of width is divided into sixty-seven and one-iialf leet orsarriage- 
 way and two sixteen and one-iialf leet sidewalks. 'J'he roadway 
 is paved with granite blocks in the usual manner, except that 
 it is divided into seven ways by two lines of iron trackways next 
 the sidewalks ibr horse-cars, and five lines of carriage-tramways, 
 made of cut granite blocks, one foot wide, laid to a five-leet 
 gauge. The gutters and curbstoneaare of fine cut granite* The 
 sidewalks are covered for ten feet of their width with black 
 Lehigh county slate tiles, two feet square^ laid diagonally. 
 
 "On each side of t!io slate tiles are spaces two feet wide, 
 which were originally laid with encaustic tiles. After one 
 winter's frost these tiles became so much shattered that they 
 were removed and white marble tiles substituted in their place. 
 The curbstone, eighteen inches wide, makes up the remainder 
 of the sixteen and one-half feet. 
 
 "The sidewalks are separated from the roadway by railings 
 of galvanized iron tubes with bronze ornaments, and are sup- 
 j)()rted by cast-iron standards at every six feet. Every eighth 
 standard is prolonged into a lamp-post. There arc eight refuge 
 bays, each of which contains a cluster of six lamps, the support- 
 ing shaft rising through an octagonal seat, which forms its biu;c% 
 The outer balustrade and cornice is of cast-iron with bronze 
 open-work panels, and treated in a highly ornamental manner. 
 
 "The bronze panels represent various birds and foliage, such 
 as the phoenix, swan, heron, owl, eagle, tobacco, ivy, Virginia 
 creeper, ferns and hops. These panels are of statuary bronze 
 cast under a pressure of sixty j)oun(ls per square iiicli, which 
 forces the metal into all the finest linos and makes an extremely 
 sharp casting; so sharp, indeed, that a casting made by this pro- 
 cess from an electrotype has been used to print engravings from. 
 There are between eight and nine hundred of these bronzes set 
 in the balustrade, like pictures in a frame. 
 
 " It is intended, at some future day, to place sidewalks inside 
 the bridge, at the level of the lower chord. Access to these will 
 
"This rapidity of construction is due, first, to the mode 
 adopted of laying the foundations under water, instead of pump- 
 ing out that water; second, to the fore^^hought displayed in 
 making the temporary work strong enough to pass uninjured 
 through a freshet which increase<l the depth of water from thirty 
 feet to forty-six feet ; third, to the peculiar i onstructioii of the 
 girders (which r-ontain over three thousand five hundred tons 
 
OF THK CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 141 
 
 of iron), which were made at Phoenixville from the ore, entirely 
 by machinery, and without ai.y hand labor ; and, lastly, to the 
 rapidity and facility of erection allowed by the pin-connected 
 mode of construction." 
 
 Immediately above this magnificent structure is the Connect- 
 big Bridge of the Fennsylvania Eailroad, over which tlie road 
 from West rhiladelphia to New York passes. Above this is 
 the Columbia Bridge, a wooden structure, used by the Reading 
 Railroad to connect its branches. Just below the Falls of the 
 
 ' i 
 
 THE BATTLE OF GERMANTOWX — CHEW S lIOUSi;. 
 
 Schuylkill is a picturesque stonfe bridge of six arches, which is 
 also the property of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad 
 Company, the trains of which pass over it. 
 
 West Philadelphia. 
 
 West Philadelphia is one of the most attractive portions of 
 the great city. It is built up with numerous handsome villas 
 and cottages, which give to it a partly rural aspect, while it 
 possesses every advantage and convenience of the citv proper. 
 

 [:. 
 
 H't 
 
 142 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOKY 
 
 It offers many fine drives and many objects of interest to the 
 visitor. 
 
 Germantmn 
 
 Is the principal and most beautiful suburb of Philadelphia. It 
 is reached by the Germantown branch of the Philadelphia and 
 
 A (iKRMANTOWN VILLA. 
 
 Reading Railroad, and by a line of horse-cars. It was settled 
 in 1683 by emigrants from Germany, from whom it takes its 
 name, and was a distinct corporation until 1854, when it was 
 incorporated with Philadelphia, of which city it now forms u 
 
OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 143 
 
 part. It contains many splendid country-seats, a large number 
 of elegant but less costly suburban mansions, and several his- 
 torical mansions, chief among which is the old "Chew Mansion," 
 which was occupied by the British as a fortress during the battle 
 of Germantown, on the 4th of October, 1777. Germantown is 
 a favorite place of residence with the wealthier class of Phila- 
 delphians, and its natural beauty has been heightened by a lib- 
 eral expenditure of wealth and taste in the adornment of the 
 homes with which it is filled. 
 
 Manufactures and Commerce. 
 
 The number of manufacturing establishments in Philadelphia 
 is 8184. They employ a capital of $174;016,674, and 137,496 
 hands; they pay out $58,780,130 annually for wages ; consume 
 raw material to the amount of $180,325,713 ; and yield an an- 
 nual product of $322,004,517. In 1872 the commercial returns 
 were as follows: Vessels arrived, American, 503; tonnage, 
 185,727 ; crews, 4943; foreign, 522; tonnage, 322,184; crews, 
 6325. Aggregate arrived, vessels, 1025; tonnage, 417,911; 
 crews, 11,268. Vessels cleared, American, 343; tonnage, 153,- 
 845 ; crews, 3741 ; foreign, 547 ; tonnage, 251,467 ; crews, 6526. 
 Aggregate cleared, vessels, 890; tonnage, 405,312; crews, 
 10,267. Of the arrivals 27 were steam vessels, of which 21 
 were American and 6 foreign. Of the clearances 27 wore steam 
 vessels, of which 16 were American and 11 foreign. 
 
 In the same year the imports amounted to $20,383,853 ; and 
 the exports to $21,016,750. Of the latter sum $20,982,876 
 were for domestic exports, and $33,874 for foreign exports. 
 
 Such is the great city in which the Centennial Exhibition 
 was held. • 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 FAIRMOUNT PARK. 
 
 |! 
 
 Dimensions of tlie Park — Its History — Improvements — Old Fainnount and 
 Lemon Hill — View from tlie Hill — The Waterworks — The Art Gallery — 
 The Lincoln Monument — Lemon Hill — Reminiscences of' Robert Morris — 
 Sedgeley Park— The River Road — The East Park — The Storage Reservoir 
 — Old Country-seats — Mount Pleasant — Arnold's Home — Fort St. David's— 
 The Wissahickon — Romantic Scenery — The Hotels— The Hermit's Well — 
 The Mystics — Washington's Rock — The Monastery — The West Park — 
 Solitude — The Zoological Gardens — The Grounds of the Centennial £zhibi« 
 tion — Lansdowne — George's Hill — Belmont — Judge Peters— The Sawyer 
 Observatory — How to Reach the Park. 
 
 fAIRMOUNT PARK, the great pleasure-ground of 
 Philadeli)hia, is the fourth park in size in the world. 
 It contains 2740 acres, and is exceeded in size only by 
 -^ Epping and Windsor forests, in England, and the 
 Prater, in Vienna. It lies on both banks of the 
 Schuylkill, from Callovvhill street bridge to the Falls of Schuyl- 
 kill and the mouth of Wissahickon, a distance of six miles, and 
 along the Wissahickon, from its mouth to Chestnut Hill, a 
 further distance of seven and a half miles. 
 
 The Park grew out of the necessity of placing the Schuylkill 
 and Wissahickon under the control of the city, in order to pre- 
 serve the water supply of Philadelphia from pollution by the 
 refuse of the factories and slaughter-houses that were being 
 erected along the shores of those streams, and out of the convic- 
 tion in the minds of the Philadelphians that then* great and 
 growing city needed a suitable pleasure-ground for the enjoy- 
 ment of its people. 
 
 The Park is naturally one of the most beautiful enclosures i: 
 the world. It has not yet received the care and taste \;hat have 
 been lavished upon the "Central" of New York, but improve- 
 144 
 
THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 146 
 
 inenta are being steadily and rapidly made in it, and it will, 
 bctbre many years, be tlie most magnifieent park in (jxistonee. 
 It is generally divided into four seetions, known as Old l'\ur- 
 niount and Lemon Hill, East Park, West Park, and Wissa- 
 liiekon Park. 
 
 Old Fairmount and Lemon Hill. 
 
 Fairraount and Lemon Hill begin at Oallowhill street bridge, 
 and extend a short distance above the Connecting Bridge of the 
 
 
 THK SCHrVIiKILL. AT Pini.ADKLrHIA. 
 
 x-ennsylvania Railroad. Old Fairmount has long been a pleasure 
 resort, and was originally laid off as such upon the construction 
 of the Fairmount Waterworks in 1822. William Penn selected 
 this site as the most suitable for his manor, as he was greatly 
 impressed with its beauty. 
 
 The main entrance to the Park is from Green street. On the 
 right rises the picturesque height which gives its name to the 
 Park, and on which are located the reservoirs into which the 
 10 
 

 146 
 
 BEAK PITS IN THK ZOOl-OUlCAl, OAUUEN. 
 
 ji;;illon 
 
THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 147 
 
 waterworks on the river shore below pump dai'.y by steam 
 iiiul water power the enormous quantity of thirty-five million 
 irallous. The reservoirs are four in number, and iv'^m them the 
 visitor may enjoy one of the most superb views to be obtained 
 ill the Park, "u* t the foot of the galleries of green velvet grass, 
 •ibove which you are standing, you have the Reservoir l*arU, 
 with its cascades, 
 walks and plots ; 
 and turning west- 
 ward your eye em- 
 braces the lake-like 
 Fiiir mount dam, 
 witli its broad and 
 bright-falling sheets 
 of foam ; its head- 
 race, fore bay, and 
 beautiful terraces ; 
 the fairy-like little 
 steamers that ply up 
 a n d d o w n the 
 Schuylkill ; the tem- 
 ple-like pier at the 
 dam; the boat- 
 houses of the 
 Schuylkill Navy 
 and their little fleets 
 with ^v a V i n g 
 streamers; the grand 
 Lincoln monument, 
 and beyond this, the 
 arboreal and floral 
 commencement of Fairmount Park 2)roper, with its broad and 
 beautiful river-drive on the left, of fourteen miles; its fountains 
 ascending, and shrubbery-lined pathways, embowered seats and 
 historic groves." Near the base of the standpipo on the cliff 
 overlooking the forebay are " Leda and the Swan," a group of 
 statuary which formerly ornamented the old waterworks at the 
 intersection of Broad and Market streets. 
 
 FurXTAlN NKAU MINKRAli SPUIXd. I.i:>[ii\ IIII,!,. 
 
148 
 
 THK ILl.L'HTK.Vi i:i) lilSTOliY 
 
 Not far from the Green street entranec to the Park is the Art 
 Gallery, a rough-cast building, containing a munber ol" fine 
 works of art, among which are Kothermel's " Battle of CJett^s- 
 burg," painted by order of the State of Pennsylvania, at a cost 
 of 830,000, and Benjamin West's "Christ Rtyected." The 
 gallery is free to visitors. Tlie "Battle of Gettysburg " held a 
 place in Memorial Hall during the Exhibitirm. 
 
 Passing the Art Gallery, and following the main drive, the 
 
 MONHMKNT TO AUKAUAM LINCOLN IN PAIRMorNT PARK, l'lIIt,AUJ;i,l'JIIA. 
 
 visitor reaches the Lincoln Monument, which stands in the open 
 space at the foot of Lemon Hill. It is of bronze, and represents 
 the martyred President seated in his chair, holding in his right 
 hand a pen, and in his lefl the scroll of the Emancipation 
 Proclamation. The statue rests upon a high pedestal of granite. 
 On the south side of the pedestal is the inscription: "To 
 Abraham Lincoln, from a grateful people ; " on the east, these 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAI> EXHIBITION. 
 
 149 
 
 words: " Let us here highly resolve that the government of the 
 people, by the peoj)le, and lor the people, shall not perish from 
 the face of the earth ; " on the north : " 1 do order and declare, 
 that all persons held as slaves, within the States in rebellion, 
 are and henceforth shall be free ; " on the west side : " With 
 malice towards none, with cliarity towards all, with firmness in 
 the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us tiuish the work 
 we ai'e in." 
 
 The statue is the work of Randolph Rogers, the artist of the 
 famous Bronze Doors of the Capitol at Washington. It was 
 modelled at Rome and cast at Munich. Its cost was $3ti,CC0. 
 It is colossal in size, being 9 feet 6 inches in height. It was 
 dedicated in 1870. 
 
 Beyond the Lincoln Monument is a handsome fountain in the 
 centre of a large basin, known as the Gold-fish Pond, From 
 this spot the hill rises in terraces to the summit. Ascending to 
 the top by the stone steps which load up from the successive 
 terraces, the visitor finds himself on the summit of 
 
 Lemon Hill, 
 
 And before a handsome, old-time mansion. The present edifice 
 was erected in 1800, by Henry Pratt, on the site of an older 
 mansion, which constituted the country-seat of Robert Morris, 
 the great financier of the Revolution, the man to whose fertile 
 brain, not less than to the valor of her sons, America owed the 
 successful issue of the war for Independence. Morris' country- 
 scat was generally known as " The Hills." His residence was 
 simple but tasteful. He owned a fine town-house, but this was 
 his "dearly loved" home, and here he resided from 1770 to 
 1798. A part of this time he was virtually a prisoner, as he 
 was afraid to leave the house lest he should be arrested for debt. 
 The part played in the Revolution by this illustrious man 
 should never be forgotten by his countrymen. But for his 
 indefatigable efforts the American cause must have failed for 
 want of funds to carry on the war. At the critical moments, 
 however, Morris promptly devised the means of raising the 
 necessary funds, and often when no other way would answer 
 
150 
 
 THE ILLUHTUATED HlSTOllY 
 
 pledged his own private credit as security for the loans made to 
 the Continental Congress. Personally, he was a great sufferer 
 from the financial troubles caused by the war, but had the 
 happiness in tlu; end, of seeing the triumph of the cause lor 
 which he had labored so devotedly. Shortly after the close of 
 the Revolution he formed a new private business enterprise. 
 
 EAST TERRACE, LESION HILL, FAIRMOUNT I'ARK. 
 
 ■which resulted in a failure and caused hi^ ruin. He had always 
 advocated imprisonment for debt, and now, being unable to 
 meet his liabilities, was obliged to suffer that penalty. He was 
 offered his liberty in consideration of the great services he had 
 rendered to his country during the Revolution, but refused to 
 accept it, saying that "a law-maker should not be a law-breaker." 
 
OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIIUTION. 
 
 151 
 
 He remained in prison for four years, and was releast'd in 1802, 
 upon the passage of the Bankrupt Law. Shortly atler this, he 
 died in an humble house on Twelfth street above Chestnut. His 
 beautiful home at "The Hills" was sold at the time of his ruin, 
 and in 1800 Henry Pratt erected the present mansion on the 
 site of the old one. The house is now used as a restaurant. 
 
 Beyond the plateau on which the liouse stands is another, once 
 called "Sedgeley Park." Here is a plain wooden building 
 known as " ( Grant's Cottage," from the fact that it once stood at 
 City Point, Virginia, and was used by General Grant as his 
 head-quarters during the siege of Petersburg. It was removed 
 to Fairraount Park after the close of the civil war. 
 
 From the Green street entrance to the park the river-road 
 sweeps around the foot of Lemon Hill, and skirts the shore of 
 the Schuylkill, passing the beautiful and substantial boat-houses 
 of the Schuylkill Navy. It is the main drive to the East Park, 
 and passes under theGirard avenue and Pennsylvania Railroad 
 bridges, after which it plunges through a tunnel through 
 Promontory Rock, and enters the East Park. It rises gradually 
 IVoni the river to the level of the Reading Railroad, wliich it 
 crosses at Mifflin Lane. 
 
 The East Park. 
 
 The East Park extends from Thirty-third and Thompson 
 streets to Ridge avenue, a short distance north of Dauj^hin 
 street. From this point Ridge avenue forms the eastern 
 boundary of the park, and the Schuylkill the western, to the 
 mouth of the Wissahickou. Above South Laurel Hill Ceme- 
 tery the East Park is scarcely a quarter of a mile in width. 
 Its greatest breadth below that point is about one mile. Its 
 extreme length is about four miles. 
 
 In the lower section of this portion of the park is located the 
 vast storage reservoir, now in course of construction, the capacity 
 of which is 750,000,000 gallons of water. It is built upon 
 what was formerly a cultivated field, thus sparing the most 
 picturesque portions of the East Park. 
 
 The section east of the Schuylkill is one of the most beauti- 
 
162 
 
 TMK ILLirsTKATKU IIISTOirV 
 
 I 
 
 ful portions of Fiiinnouiit I'ark. It compriseH a series of ra- 
 vines an<l lulls (»f tlio most picturesque cliaraeter, stretching 
 northward towards the Falls, and jutting out upon the Schuyl- 
 kill in bold and heautiful clitfs and promontories, which are the 
 delight of the artist. At everv turn the visitor is confronted 
 with some new and charming landscape. The trees are mag- 
 
 OLEX FERN. WISSAnifKOX. 
 
 nificcnt and the shrubbery luxuriant and carefully trained. The 
 grass is soft and velvety, and the lawns are perfect. 
 
 Within the limits of the East Park are several of the old 
 time country-seats, which were once so thick in this region. 
 Some of them are rich in historical interest. The first of thcso 
 is Founinin Green, near the lower end of the reservoir. It was 
 
OF THK CKNTKNMAL KXIIIIJITiOM. 
 
 163 
 
 once the reHidciicc of Suniuel Mocker, and was built in the 
 latter part of the last century. North of this, between the 
 reservoir and the Reading Itailroad, is Mount Plcumnt, a fine 
 stone mansion, built some years before the Kevolution by Ca|)- 
 tain John AlePherson. During the wars between Great 
 Britain, France and Spain, in the early part of the eighteenth 
 
 sciirYi.KiM, lii.nr. iaikmoint ivsiiK. 
 
 century, Oa])tain McPherson commanded several })rivateers be- 
 longing to the port of Philadelphia. He was a bold and suc- 
 cessful cruiser, and accumulated a considerable fortune from his 
 captures, with a part of which he built this mansion, which 
 John Adams, who was a guest of McPherson in 1774, describes 
 as " the most elegant seat in Pennsylvania." McPherson sold 
 
 ( 
 
 Hi 
 
 Ir 
 
 ■ 
 
164 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HLSTORY 
 
 the house soon after the opening of the Revolution, and it was 
 purchased by Major-General Benedict Arnold, then in command 
 at Philadelpliia. After his marriage to Miss Shippen, of 
 Philadelphia, Arnold settled the place on his wife and children, 
 retaining only a life-interest in it. Upon the discovery of his 
 treason, the State of Pennsylvania contiscated his life-interest in 
 the estate. The mortgage given by Arnold at the purchase of 
 the property was never paid, and it was sold again in 170G, the 
 new purchaser being General Jonathan Williams, a gallant 
 officer of the Revolution, and subsc<piently the first Superin- 
 tendent of the IMilitary Academy at West Point. From the tall 
 of 1781 to the spring of 1782, the house was the head-quarters 
 of Baron Steuben, of the American army. 
 
 Just south of Laurel Hill is Strawberry Mansion, now a 
 park restaurant. It is a poj-r.lar place of resort for the people 
 of Philadclpiiia, and is admirably conducted. The view from 
 the heights on which the mansion is located is magnificent. 
 
 Within the limits of the East Park, just above the stone 
 bridge of the Reading Railroad, is Fort St. Davld^s, a fishing 
 club-iiouse, erected on the site of a strong work of heavy timlior 
 which was built long before the Revolution at the base of the 
 hill from which the rock which forms the falls projects. 
 
 77?^ Wissahickon Park 
 
 Commences a short distance above the Falls and extends from 
 the mouth of Wissahickon Creek to Chestnut Hill, a distance 
 of seven and a half miles. It consists of a narrow strip along 
 both banks of the river, and is less than an eightii of a mile in 
 width. It is one of the most beautiful sections of tiie park. 
 Nature has adorned it with such a bold and lavish hand that 
 there is nothing for art to do in its behalf. 
 
 The AVissahickon has long been famous for its scenery. The 
 creek lies deep in a rocky ravine, the wooded sides of which rise 
 up steeply on either shore and in some places almost overhang 
 it. Its waters are calm and clear, and except when swollen by 
 heavy rains or the spring freshets, have in many places scarcely 
 any motion at all. "Along the whole course of this romantic 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL KXlllBITlON. 
 
 155 
 
 stream the scenery is wild and constantly changing in appear- 
 ance. The wati^rs leap along seeking the great river by devious 
 courses, winding in curves, and sometimes changing suddenly 
 their direction as new obstacles are encountered. Every step 
 along the banks opens new vistas of beauty and of romantic 
 
 THE HERMIT S WELL. 
 
 impression. The effect is heightened by the towering rocks and 
 lofty trees which shade the j^athway or let occasional gleams oi 
 brightness flash through the gorges.'* 
 
 A short distance above the Falls is Wissahlekon Half, a house 
 well known to pleasure-seekers for its catfish suppers. Above 
 this are the Maple Spring, Vallcif Girc)), and Indian liocl: 
 
156 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. 
 
 
 I 
 
 ■I 
 
 J 
 
 ^ 
 
 hotels. Above Maple Spring is Washington's JRoch, a favorite 
 resort of the father of his country during his residence in 
 Philadelphia as FVesident of the United States. 
 
 On the opiiosite side of the Wissahickon, and beyond the 
 limits of the park, is "The Hermit's Well," dug by Johann 
 Kelpius, a religious enthusiast, who founded a peculiar sect here 
 towards the close of the seventeenth century. "Johann Kelpius 
 emigrated from Germany to Pennsylvania in 1694, ai d with 
 him forty others ■ they settled on the Ridge, the range of hills 
 on the west bank of the Wissahickon, and called themselves the 
 Society of the Woman in the Wilderness. Kelpius was their 
 leader and believed he would not die before he saw the millen- 
 nium. But he was mistaken. He died in 1708. Three of his 
 followers — the rest having disbanded — wei afterwards known 
 as the Hermits of the Ridge, and continued to live in their 
 caves, awaiting the sign and visible presence, until death claimed 
 them. 
 
 "A short distance above the bridge which crosses the Hermit's 
 Lane, and also on the opposite bank of the stream, is a high 
 bluff; the rock which rises from this bluff is called the Lover's 
 Leap. It overlooks a wild gorge and stands two hundred foot 
 above the surface of the stream. On the face of the rock is an 
 illegible Latin inscription, said to have been cut by Kelj>iiis. 
 Jt is the scene of one of the numerous traditions which survive 
 here." 
 
 The main road crosses the Wissahickon just above A\ ashing- 
 ton's Rook, and continues its course to Chestnut Hill, oi the 
 west side of the creek. A short distan«e above the bridge the 
 stream bends, and is here joined by Paper Mill Run, a sm ill 
 creek " which is scarcely less picturesque in places than the 
 Wissahic^k'on. It joins the latter by a series of waterfalls. 
 The lower of tlicse has a perpendicular descent of about twenty 
 feet. Near it stands the old house in which David Rittcn- 
 house was born, and near its source the first |»aper-inill in 
 America was eroctod by his ancestors in 1690. Beyond the>e 
 points the road reaches a bridge — the Red Bridge — overwhi<'i 
 it crosses to the opi)osite bank of the stream. About a n»ilo 
 
^0 
 
 THE W1S8AUIUKUN. 
 
158 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 further, another road leaves the park road and, crossing 
 the stream by a bridge, takes you to the Monastery. When auv* 
 by whom it was erected antiquarians are not agreed. It appears 
 to have been built about 1750. It stands on high ground on 
 the brow of a hill, with a range of hills towering above it. A 
 lane winds round the bend of the bluff and, climbing its steep 
 side, forms in front a semi-circular lawn. The outlook here and 
 the uplook from the romantic dell below are magnificent. In the 
 valley below (Willow Glen) there is a spot known as the Bap- 
 tistery. Here the monks immersed their converts. A yard in 
 the rear of the dwelling was used by them for the burial of their 
 dead. 
 
 "A mile further, on the west bank, are the caves, which are 
 situated in a lovely valley formed by the junction of a small 
 stream with the Wissahickon. The most remarkable of tliLin 
 was excavated by miners seeking for treasures ; the other caves 
 are natural, and were perhaps holes for bears and foxes, and 
 possibly the resort of Indians. A short distance beyond — throe 
 and a half miles above its mouth — the stream is crossed by a 
 beautiful structure called the Pipe Bridge, nearly seven hundred 
 feet long and one hundred feet above the creek. It is iron 
 throughout, except the bases of the piers, which are set in ma- 
 sonry, and is a model of grace and strength. It conveys the 
 water supply from the Roxborough to Mount Airy reservoir at 
 Germantown. A hundred yards above this a wooden bridge 
 spans the river. Crossing this bridge, turning to the left and 
 following a pathway a short distance, you arrive at The Devil's 
 Pool, wh'"re Lime-rock or Cresheim creek comes sighing down, 
 forming a mirror-like basin reflecting every object near ; upon 
 moonlight nights nothing can equal the numerous fairy-like 
 figures and grotesque outlines and shadows that play in the 
 silent and fantastic light. 
 
 " It was the scene of an engagement during the battle of 
 Germantown, and its waters once were dyed red with blood ; a 
 portion of the earthworks used in the engagement may still hv 
 seen in close proximity. 
 
 "A short distance further on is Valley Green, with its hotel 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 159 
 
 Here the hills open out into the sunlight, and a stone bridge 
 with strong buttresses winds across the stream. The bridge 
 has only one arch, and 
 its reflection is so per- 
 fect that on fine days 
 we see an entire oval 
 of masonry instead of 
 a single arch. 
 
 " Proceeding a short 
 distance through a 
 deeper and more 
 mountainous course of 
 the stream, we reach a 
 p () i n t of celebrity, 
 
 known as Indian 
 
 Hock, the abode and 
 
 hunting-grounds of 
 
 the last tribe of the 
 
 Indian race in this 
 
 region. Upon a lofty 
 
 and peculiarly shaped 
 
 rock is seen the figure 
 
 of their chief, Todyas- 
 
 cuny, or Todawskim, 
 
 who, with the remains 
 
 of his people, left for the hunting-grounds of the AVest above an 
 
 hundred years ago."* 
 
 Less than a mile above, the extreme northern limit of the 
 
 park is reached, in the bright, open country about Chestnut 
 
 Hill. 
 
 The West Park. 
 
 The West Park commences at Spring Garden street, on the 
 west side of the Schuylkill, and extends along that river to the 
 Falls. Below Girard avenue it is a narrow strip, a large ]iart 
 of which immediately below Girard avenue bridge has been 
 
 * Mage^a lUuatrated Ouide to Philadelphia, pp. 103, 104. 
 
 IIK.MLOCK r)I.f:N ON Tin: .VISSAIIICKGN. 
 
160 
 
 THE IM,USTUATE1) HISTORY 
 
 assigned to tlie Zoological Society for their Zoological Garden. 
 This is tlie portion fbrnierly known as Solitude, the country-seat 
 of John Penn, to which reference Jias been made in another part 
 of this work. 
 
 Above Girard avenue the park widens rapidly, stretching 
 
 ENTRANCE TO FAIRMOUNT PARK AT EGOLESFIELD. 
 
 away from the entrance at the bridge to George's Hill, two 
 miles distant. This is its widest portion. 
 
 The main road crosses Girard avenue bridge from old Fair- 
 mount and Lemon Hill, and passes under the Pennsylvania 
 Railroad bridge by a series of arches at the point known :i3 
 E^lesfieid. About a quarter of a mile beyond this it passes 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXIIIBITlOy. 
 
 161 
 
 Sweetbriar Mansion, once the residence of Thomas Breck, at on? 
 time a metuber of Congress from Philadelphia. 
 
 Farther on, about a mile and a quarter from Girard avenue 
 bridge, are Lansdowiie Plateau and Lansdowne Concourse, the 
 grounds lately occupied by the Ckniennial Exhibition, The Lans- 
 downe Mansion was destroyed by fire in 1854. It stood near 
 the group of giant pine trees. The estate formerly comprised a 
 tract of two hundred acres, and extended from Sweet Briar to 
 Belmont and George's Hill. The nmnsion was built by J«»hn 
 Pcnn, the grandson of William Penn, who resided in it during 
 the period of the Revolution. His sympathies were with Great 
 Britain in this struggle, and his great estate was confiscated by 
 the State of Pennsylvania in consequence. He retained the 
 Lansdowne property, and at his death in 1795 bequeathed it 
 to his widow, Anne Penn, the daughter of Chief-Justice Allen. 
 In 1797 it was purchased by William Bingham, the first United 
 States Senator from Pennsylvania. He lived in great style, and 
 the place was well known for its splendid hospitality, and was 
 the resort of the most distinguished people of the day. His 
 daughter married Alexander Baring, afterwards Lord Ashbur- 
 ton. It thus became the property of the Baring family, from 
 whom it was purchased by the Park Commission. 
 
 Beyond Lansdowne is Georges Hill, a beautiful elevated 
 tract of eijhty-three acres presented to the city by Jesse George 
 and his sister, well-known and respected members of the Society 
 of Friends. The summit of the hill consists of a fine plateau, 
 the highest point in the city, being 210 feet above tidewater. 
 The view from it is superb. Almost the whole of the lower 
 part of the park on both sides of the river is in sight, with the 
 city and its hundreds of spires and towers in the distance, and 
 immediately at the foot of the hill are the exhibition grounds 
 and buildings. Adjoining the hill is the Belmont reservoir, the 
 capacity of which is 36,000,000 gallons of water. 
 
 The road from George's Hill leaves the reservoir on the 
 right, and passes over a plateau of considerable elevation to 
 Belmont, one of the most prominent points within the limits of 
 the park. This was the home of Judge Richard Peters, whose 
 
THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 163 
 
 father, William Peters, purchased the property in 1742, and 
 built the first house which stood there. This ve'ierable build- 
 ing now constitutes the kitchens and ladies' restaurant of the 
 present establishnient. Richard Peters, the son of the founder 
 of the estate, was born tliere in June, 1744, and resided there 
 until his death in 1828. Pie served with distinction as an offi- 
 cer of the American army during the Revolution, was subse- 
 quently a Commissioner of the War Office, and after the estab- 
 lishment of the present government of the United States wa» a 
 member of Congress, 
 and a Judge of the 
 United States Dis- 
 trict Court. He was 
 one of the most prom- 
 inent men of his 
 day in Pennsylva- 
 nia, and was the in- 
 timate friend of 
 Washington, Jeffi^r- 
 son, Hancock, the 
 Adamses, and others 
 of ihc "fathers of 
 the republic." He 
 was as well known 
 for his wit as for his 
 more solid attain- 
 ments, and his resi- 
 dence was the resort 
 
 of a brilliant and distinguished throng. Among the foreigners 
 of distinction who were his gtiests w^er6 Lafayette, Steuben, Chas- 
 tolJux, Kosciusko, Pulaski, Talleyrand, and Louis Philippe. 
 
 The mansion is now used as a restaurant, and is the principal 
 establishment of its kind within the park. The view from the 
 verandah is beautiful, embracing as it does, the park, the river, 
 and its bridges, the great exhibition buildings and the distant 
 city. 
 
 A walk leads from Belmont through a picturesque glen to 
 
 DRINKING-FOUNTAIN ON THE WISSAHIfKON. 
 

 1G4 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 :) 
 
 tlie shore of the Sdiuylkill. Here the visitor is sliown a small 
 cottage whic'ii was the summer riwidonoe of Thomas Moore, the 
 poet, during his stay in this country in 1804. 
 
 Adjoining the iV'Imont Mansion is the l^moijei' Observaiory, 
 one of the most noted structures in the park. The observatory 
 rises from the Behnont phvteau, which is over 200 feet above 
 tidewater, and is 170 feet high, or 100 feet above the higliost 
 point of the Centennial buihlings. It was constructed by the 
 inventor, ^Ir. L. B, Sawyer, of Boston. The trunk of the obser- 
 vatory is a wn>nght-iron tower, eight feet in diameter at tiie bottom 
 and three feet in diameter at tiie top, constructed by theWhittier 
 Machine Company of Boston. This tower is set in a foundation 
 of Conshohocken stone, eighteen feet square and fourteen feet 
 deep, hiid in cement and dressed with granite. On the ujiper 
 dressing of granite, which is cue foot thick, tliere is ribbed iron 
 plate, eight inches deep and thirteen feet square, bolted down 
 with two inch bolts eight feet long. On the bed-plate are fast- 
 ened ten heavy iron columns seven feet high, on which rests an 
 iron ring eight feet in diameter (inside), weighing a ton and a 
 half. This ring is riveted to the main shaft of the observntf»ry. 
 The shafting and machinery used in the observatory are attaclud 
 to the columns supporting the ring, and the columns are also 
 riveted to the central shaft. 
 
 The top of the tower is reached by an annular car encircling 
 the shaft, and moved upwards from the base on the outside of 
 the shaft. It is made of iron and wood, handsomely upholstered, 
 and is ca})able of accommodating comfortably about thirty pas- 
 sengers. The si(ics are almost entirely of glass and small iron 
 bars, so that the occupants may have an excellent view of the 
 surroundings while they are ascending. 
 
 The car is hoisted (by means of a forty-horse power engine' 
 by eight wire steel ropes, about three-quarters of an inch in 
 diameter, and capable of sustaining eleven tons. These roi)( s 
 pass over iron drums situated at the base of the shaft, conne(t((l 
 with the foundation by iron columns, and turned by four-inoli 
 cast-steel shafts, worked by four worm-gears. The roj)es ])ass 
 up inside the shaft to the top, where they pass over eight wheels 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 1G3 
 
 or s1iivcs,and down outside the sliafl. They are attached to the 
 cur at four points. 
 
 Outside the siiaft there is a truss work of wrought-iron, of the 
 same diameter at the top as at base, and intended to M'rve the 
 two-fold obJiHjt of guiding and supporting the car and strength- 
 ening the tower. The car runs on tour guides, or ])oints, which 
 I'orin a portion of the truss work, and is raised by a total 
 strength of cigljty -eight tons. Tlie car and its thirty passengers 
 are estimatetl to weigh about six tons. TIjc car itself is counter- 
 balanced by a weight, suspended inside the tower, of three tons, 
 and the total weight to be raised, therclbre, i.s about three tons. 
 Supposing, therefore, that all the wire ropes but one were to 
 break, the one remaining would be strong enough to raise nearly 
 four times the contents of the car. In case of the breakage of 
 a!l of the ropes there are four separate "checks" provided, any 
 one of which would be amply sufficient to stop the downward 
 passage of the car on the instant. By means of a powerful 
 s[)ring the breakage of the rope itself is made the nieaus of 
 throwing in a milled steel roll, clamped by a powerful wrought- 
 iron clutch to the guide, which will stop the car immediately. 
 The car when near the top encircles a gallery two and a half 
 feet wide passing all the way round the shaft, and enclosed with 
 a wire net work. From this gallery the visitors ascend by 
 means of a stairway to the top of the tower, which is also 
 enclosed with a wire netting, thus exf^luding the possibility of 
 any one falling or jumping from it. From this jwint a flagstaff, 
 thirty-five feet high, ascends. The space at top of the tower is 
 twenty feet in diameter, and is capable of accommodating 125 or 
 130 persons comfortably. 
 
 At the base of the tower, and enclosing it, there is a building 
 about sixty feet square, of an ornamental style of architecture, 
 after designs by Mr. H. S. Schwart/nian, architect of the Cen- 
 tennial Board of Finance. This building is used for offices, 
 engine-room, reception-rooms for ladies, etc. 
 
 It is asserted that the observatory would be sufficiently strong 
 to withstand almost any storm alone, but for additional security, 
 and to obviate any vibrations in the building, the structure is 
 
166 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. 
 
 \ 
 
 braced by eigl»t guys of galvanized iron roj)c, an incb and a 
 quarter in diameter, and eaeli eupable of sustaining twenty tuns, 
 anchoreti in masonry ten feet deep. 
 
 The total weight of the structure is eighty tons, and the total 
 cost was $40,(KX). The charge to visitors is 25 cents for adultn, 
 and 10 cents for children. 
 
 Deyond Belmont tiie main road passes through one of the 
 finest portions of the park, and in a short while reaches Mount 
 Prosjiect, a point from which a most extensive view of the j)ark, 
 the city, and the distant Delaware can be obtained. Beyond 
 this the road passes to Chamouni, at the northern limit of the 
 park, and descends to the Schuylkill, crosses it at the Fulls 
 bridge, and continues through the East Park to the Wissahickoii. 
 
 During the Exhibition, the park was reached from the city 
 by the Pennsylvania and Reading Railroads, the depot of tho 
 former line being at the Elm avenue entrance to the Exhibition 
 grounds, and those of the latter at the foot of the hill on which 
 stood Memorial Hall, and at the foot of Belmont hill. A num- 
 ber of street niilway lines also led to the park and the Exhibition 
 grounds. Steamboats plied regularly on the Schuylkill between 
 Fairmount, just above the dam, and the various landings within 
 the park limits below the Falls. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 THE HISTORY OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 The First Proponals for the Exhibition — Initiatory Meaaures — Action of the 
 City Coiincila of Philadelphia — The Memorial to Congress — The Act of la- 
 coriwration — Appointment of the Centennial Comnii>wion — Creation of the 
 Board of Finance — Liberal Action of the City of Philadelphia — Donation 
 of the Exhibition Grounds — The Formal Transfer — Proclamation of the 
 President of the United States — The Invitation to Foreign Powers — The 
 Law for the Free Entry of Exhibitors' Goo<la — The General Government 
 Takes Part in the Exhibition— The Ground Broke i, July 4th, 1874— Plana 
 of the Commission — Circulars of the Director-General — Regulations for Ex- 
 hibitors — Order of the Treasury Department — Work of the Board of Finance 
 — Sales of Stock — The Bureau of Revenue — Its Successful Work — Sale of 
 Medals — Appropriations by Pennsylvania and Philadelphia — Refusal of 
 Congress to Aid the Exhibition — Report of the Board of Finance — Action 
 of the States — Appropriations by Foreign Govenmients — Congress Appro- 
 priates a Million and a Half to the Exhibition— Third Annual Report of 
 the Board of Financc'^Reception of Goods — Completion of the Work — The 
 System of Awards — The Centennial Calendar. 
 
 S the close of the first century of the uidependence of the 
 United States drew near, it was generally regarded as 
 the duty of the nation to celebrate it in a manner 
 worthy of the great fame and wealth of the republic. 
 Various plans for accomplishing this object were sug- 
 gested, but none met with a national approval. In 1866 a 
 number of gentlemen conceived the idea of celebrating the great 
 event by an exhibition of the progress, wealth, and general con- 
 dition of the republic, in which all the nations of the world 
 should be invited to participate. The honor of originating and 
 urging this plan upon the public belongs to the Hon. John 
 Bigclow, formerly minister from the United States to France; 
 General Charles B. Norton, who had served as a commissioner 
 
 167 
 
 I 
 
168 
 
THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 169 
 
 of tlie United States at the Paris exposition of 1SG7 ; Professor 
 John L. Campbell, of Wabash College, Indiana; and Colonel 
 M. Riehard.s Mnekle, of Philadelphia. The plan proposed by 
 these gentlemen was not generally reeeived with favor at first. 
 It was argued in opposition to it that the great exhibitions of 
 Europe were the work of the governments of the countries in 
 which they were held ; that under our peculiar system the 
 Ijovernment could not take the same part in our exhibition; and 
 tliat it would thus be thrown into the hands of private parties 
 and would result in failure. The city of Philadelphia was desig- 
 nated as the place at which the exhibition should be held. This 
 feature of the i)lan aroused considerable opposition growing out 
 of local jealousies. It was argued by the friends of the scheme 
 that Philadelphia was fairly entitled to the honor, inasmuch as 
 it had been the scene of the signing of the Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence ; and that the citv was also admirablv loeateil for such 
 an exhibition, being easily accessible from all parts of the Union 
 and from Europe. 
 
 The friends of the scheme labored hard to 'overcome the ob- 
 jections urg'.'d against it, ; (d had the satisfaction of seeing their 
 plans become more jiopular every day. The matter was ably 
 discussed in the press of the country, and at length was taken 
 in hand by the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia, which body 
 petitioned the municipal authorities to grant the use oi' a jxtrtion 
 of Fairmoiint Park for the purposes of a centennial celebration. 
 This petition was laid before the Select Council by Mr. John L. 
 Shoemaker, one of that body, who offered a resolution [)rovid- 
 ing for the appointment of a joint commission of seven mendjcrs 
 from each chamber to take the subject into consideration. The 
 resolution was adopted, and ^[r. Shoemaker was appointed 
 |)resi(lont of the joint commission. 
 
 After a careful consideration of the subject, the commission 
 <li'i'idcd to lay the plan before Congress. The Legislature of 
 IN'unsylvania now came to the a-sistance of the commission, 
 and adopted a resolution requesting the Congress of the United 
 States to take such action as in its judgment should seem wise 
 in favor of an international celebration in the city of Philadel- 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 i 1 ' 
 1 .€ ■ J 
 
 IS^^^^H 
 
 
 !l- 
 
 ifflHI 
 
 
 ili 
 
 l^H 
 
 !• :. 4-^ 
 
170 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 |l '?! 
 
 phia of the one hunclredth anniversary of American independ- 
 ence. The Legislature also appointed a committee of ten to 
 accompany the Philadelphia commission to Washington to 
 present a memorial upon the subject to Congress. The memo- 
 rial of the committees was presented to Congress by the Hon. 
 William D. Kelley, a representative from Pennsylvania, who 
 urged its adoption by that body, and the selection of Philadel- 
 phia as the scene of the celebration, as that city had witnessed 
 the adoption, signing, and proclamation of the Declaration of 
 Independence. 
 
 Early in March, 1870, Mr. Daniel J. Morrell, of PennsyK 
 vania, presented a bill in the lower House of Congress making 
 provision for the proposed exhibition. The bill was several 
 times amended, and was finally adopted by Congress on the 3d 
 of March, 1871. It provided for the appointment by the Presi- 
 dent of the United States of a commissioner and alternate com- 
 missioner from each State and Territory of the Union, who Avere 
 to be nominated by the Governors of the States and Territories 
 from which they were appointed. Philadelphia was selected as 
 the place at which the exhibition should be held ; and it was 
 expressly declared that the United States should not be liable 
 for any of the expenses attending the exhibition. 
 
 The Act of Congress was as follows : 
 
 * I 
 
 An act to provide for celebrating the one Imndredth anniversary of the 
 American Independence, by holding an International Exhibition of Arts, 
 Manufactures, and Products of the Soil and Mine, in the city of Philadelphia, 
 and State of Pennsylvania, in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-six. 
 
 Wherefj.s, The Declaration of Independence of the United 
 States of America was prepared, signed, and !>■ nulgated in the 
 year seventeen hundred and seventy-six, in f :tc city of Philadel- 
 phia ; and, whereas, it behooves the people of the United States 
 to celebrate, by appropriate ceremonies, the Centennial anniver- 
 sary of this memorable and decisive event, which constituted the 
 Fourth Day of July, Anno Domini seventeen hundred and 
 seventy-six, the birthday of the nation ; and; whereas, it is 
 deemed fitting that the completion of the first century of our 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 171 
 
 national existencv. _iiall be commoniorated by an exhibition of 
 the natural resources of the country and their development, and 
 of its progress in those arts wiiich benefit mankind, in comi)ari- 
 son with those of older nations; and, whereas, no place is so 
 appropriate for sueii an exhibition as the city in which occurred 
 the event it is designed to commemorate ; and, wliercas, as the 
 exhibition should be a national celebration, in which tiie i)eople 
 of tiie whole country should participate, it should have the sanc- 
 tion of the Congress of the United States ; therefore, 
 
 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of 
 the United States of America in Congress assembled, That an ex- 
 hibition of American and foreign arts, products and manufac- 
 tures shall be held under the auspices of the Government of tiic 
 United States, in the city of Philadelphia, in tlie year eighteen 
 hundred and seventy-six. 
 
 Section 2. That a commission, to consist of not more than 
 one delegate from each State and from each Territory of the 
 United States, whose functions shall continue until the close of 
 the exhibition, shall be constituted, whose duty it shall be to 
 prepare and superintend the execution of a plan fo** holding an 
 exhibition, and, after conference with the authorities of the city 
 of Philadelphia, to fix upon a suitable site within the corporate 
 limits of the said citv where the exhibition shall be held. 
 
 Sec. 3. That said comniissioners shall be appointed within 
 one year from the passage of this act by the President of the 
 United States, on the nomination of the Governors of the States 
 and Territories respectively. 
 
 Sec. 4. That in the same manner there shall be appointed 
 one commissioner from each State and Territory of. the United 
 States, who shall assume the place and perform the duties of 
 eiK'h commissioner and commissioners as may be unable to 
 attend the meetings of the commission. 
 
 Sec. 5. That the commission shall hold its meetings in the 
 city of Philadelphia, and that a majority of its members shall 
 have full power to make all needful rules for its government. 
 
 Sec. 6. That the commission sliall report to Congress, at the 
 first session after its appointment, a suitable date for opening 
 
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 172 
 
 and til 
 
THE CENTENNIAL EXIIIUItrON. 
 
 173 
 
 and for closinj^ the fxliibition ; a schedule of aj)j)roi)riate cere- 
 monies for o[Kning or dtdiciting tlie same; a })lan or plans of 
 the buildings; a complete plan for the reception and classilica- 
 tion of articles intciided for exhibition; the rccjuisii.. custom- 
 house regulations for the introduction into this couutry of the 
 articles from foreign countries intended lor exhibition ; and such 
 other matter as in their judgment may be important. 
 
 Sec. 7. That no compensation for servici's shall be paid to 
 the commissioners or other officers provided by this act from the 
 treasury of tiic United States; and the United ^^itatcs shall not 
 be liable for any expenses attending such exhibition, or by reason 
 of the same. 
 
 Sec. 8. That whenever the President shall be informed by 
 the Governor of the State of Pennsylvania that provision has 
 been made for the erection of suitable buildings for the purpose, 
 and for the exclusive control by the comuiission herein pro- 
 vided for, of the proposed exhibition, the President shall, 
 tlir jugh the Department of State, make proclamation of the 
 «;unp, setting forth the tinxe at which the exhibition will open 
 and the place at which it will be held ; and he shall communi- 
 cate to the diplomatic representatives of all nations copies of the 
 same, together with such regulations as may be adopted by the 
 .'onimissioners for publication in their respective countries. 
 
 Aj^proved March Sd, 1871. 
 
 The President having approved the bill it became a law. 
 During' the year 1871 he appointed the commissioners provided 
 for bv the act of Congress. Thev were invited to assemble at 
 Philadelphia on the 4th of March, 1872; and on that day com- 
 luis.'-'Ioners from twenty-four States, three Territories, and tho 
 District of Columbia, met at the Continental hotel in Philadel- 
 phia. A temporary organization was effected by the election of 
 David Atwood, of Wisconsin, as chairman, and J. N. Baxter, 
 of Vermont, as secretary. The commissioners then repaired in 
 a body to Independence Hall, where they were officially received 
 and welcomed by Mayor Stokley. General Joseph R. Hawley, 
 of Connecticut, responded to this address on behalf of the com- 
 missioners, who then repaired to the chamber of the Commoa 
 
1 i 
 
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 lii 
 
 
 
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 Ifli 
 
 jB 
 
THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 176 
 
 Council. After a prayer by the Rev. Dr. Hutter, the cotnmls- 
 sioiici's prcx'cedod to business. On the 5th a permanent organ- 
 ization was eiU'cted, officers were elected, nine standing eoni- 
 niittees were appointed, and the United /States Centennial Com- 
 ini'Snioa was definitely organized. 
 
 Several changes have been made since 1872, and at present 
 the commission is constituted as follows: 
 
 PuBWiDKNT— Hon. Josii)li K. Iliiwley. 
 
 Vilk-1'k1:;siim;xt.s — Hon. Orustes C'li'vcland, Hon. Jolui Dinihar Civisli, 
 Hon. Robert Lowry, Hon. Koburt Mallury, Hon. Tlios. H. Culdwcll, Hon. 
 Jolm McNeill, and Hon. Wni. (Jurnoy. 
 
 .SiX'KEi'AKY — I'rol'essor .John L. Oainpboll. 
 
 DuiixTuR-OKN'ioKAL — Hon. .MlVi'd T. (io-iliorn. 
 
 CoUNSELLoii AND Soi-KITOK — John L. iSlioeiuakcr. 
 
 The members of the Centennial Commission for ISTU are: 
 
 A LA P.AM A — R'u'liard M. Nelson, .James L. Cooper. 
 
 Aiu/oXA — Ilieliard (". Met 'orniiek, .John Wasson. 
 
 AKKANsAs--(ie()rtre \V. I.awri'nee, (ii(iri.;i' I.. Dodge. 
 
 Calu'ouxia — John Dunbar Creijih, Ilenjaniin 1'. l\ooser, 
 
 CoLonAiK) — J. Marshal Paul, N. C. Meeker. 
 
 C<iN-.\i:(Ti(TT- Joseph K. Hawley, Wiliiiun I'liipps lllake. 
 
 Dakotaii— J. A. IJurbank, Solomon L. Spiidc. 
 
 Delawark— John Iv. Ivane, John H. Kodney. 
 
 DisTHicT oi' CoMMiiiA — James K. Dexter, Lawrence A. Gobright. 
 
 J''U)i!ii)A— T. II. Osborn. J. T. liernard. 
 
 (ii:oi;(iiA — 'ieorife Hillyer, Iliehard Peters, Jr. 
 
 Idaho — Thomas Donaldson, ('. W. Moore. 
 
 Ir.MXois — I'reik'rii'k L. Mathews, Lawrence Weldon. 
 
 IxinAXA — John L. C'am|>bell, Franklin ('. Johnson. 
 
 Iowa — Robert Lowry, Coker F. Clarkson. 
 
 Kansas— .John A. Martin, fieorpe A. f'rawford. 
 
 Ki;xrrcKY— Robert Mallory, Smith M. Hobhs. ' 
 
 LonsiAXA — John Lyncii, FdwanI Pennington. 
 
 Ma IXK— Joshua Xyc, Charles H. Haskell. 
 
 MAitvf.Axn— J. H. B. Lafrobe, S. M. Shoemaker. 
 
 MAssAcirrsKTTs— Cieorge B. Loring, William B. Spnoner. 
 
 MiiiiifiAX— James Birney, Claudius B. Cwant. 
 
 MixxKsoTA— J. Fletcher Williams, W. W. Folwell. 
 
 Mississippi— O. C. French, M. Fdwarda. 
 
 MissoiMu— .Tolin McNeil, Samuel Ha^'es, 
 
 MoxTAXA— J. P. VV(j(dman, Patrick A. Largey. 
 
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176 
 
 THE IJ.LUftiTUATED IIISTOEY. 
 
 B i 
 
 NEimAiSKA— Henry S. Moody, K. \V. riirnas. 
 
 Nkvada — William Wirt McCoy, Jaiius W. Ilnines. 
 
 Nkw Hami'shihk — ICzckii-l A. Straw, M. V. li. Kdgarly. 
 
 Ni;\v Ji;itsi;Y — Orustfs ('ieveiaii(I, Jolni (i. Stiveiis. 
 
 Ni:\v Mi;xi(>() — Kiihidge W. Little, Stephen 15. KlUina. 
 
 Nkw YoitK— X. M. IJeekwitli, diaries P. Kinihall. 
 
 NoiiTii Cakomna — Samuel F. I'iiillips, Joiiatiian W. Alberts^n, 
 
 Ohio— Alfred T. (iosliorn, Wilson W. (iriHitli. 
 
 OiuXioN — James W. N'irtiie, Andrew J. J)id'in. 
 
 Pkxn.sylvania — Daniel J. Morrell, Asa Pai^ker. 
 
 KiKJDK Isi. VND— (ieorge II. Cori.ss, Royal (.'. Taft. 
 
 SuiTii ("auomn'A — William tkirney, Areliil.ald Canieron. 
 
 Ten'Ni;ssi;i:— Thomas II. C'oldwell, William !'\ I'rosser. 
 
 Tkx AS— William II. Parsons, John C. Chew. 
 
 Utah— William llaydon, Charles K. Gilelirist. 
 
 Vermont — Middleto'i Cloldsmith, Henry Chase. 
 
 VluuiN'iA — F. W. M. Ilolliday, Ednnmd R. Ragwell. 
 
 WashinciTon Teuiutokv— Kllwood Evans, Ale.xander S. Ahernetliy. 
 
 "West ViiioixiA — Alexander R. I'oteler, Andrew J. Sweeney. 
 
 Wisconsin — David Atwood, Edward D. Ilolton. 
 
 Wyom I N(i— Joseph M. Carey, Robert II. Lanihorn. 
 
 In order to provide the necessary funds for the oxiiibition, 
 Congress, on tlio 1st of June, 1872, adopted a bill creating a 
 "(V'ntennial IJoard of Finance," which was authorized to issue 
 stock in shares often dollars each, the whole ainoiuit issued not 
 to exceed ten millions of dollars. The commissioners adopted 
 rules for the oiganization and government of this board, and 
 directed that the books for subscriptions to the stock should be 
 opened on the 21st of November, 1872, and should remain ojkmi 
 for one hundred days. At the same time the President and 
 Secretary of the Centennial Commission issued an address to tl;e 
 people of the United States, setfing forth the oi»jects of tfie 
 exhibition, and asking their support and assistance in carrying 
 the enterprise through to success. 
 
 Tiie members of the Centennial J3oard of Finance were ap- 
 pointed by the stockholders at a meeting held in Aj)ril, 187'J. 
 A majority of the members of the board were chosiii from 
 Philadelphia in order that, the.se gentlemen being residents of 
 the city, there might always be a c|norum for the tran.saction of 
 business present at the meetings of the board. The board was 
 authorized to issue bonds to an amou:;it not to exceed the capi- 
 
T-rr ■'vtoo/.nTnKo:^ at ^^r.r^yvT mix. 
 
 m 
 
 « 
 
 177 
 
178 
 
 THE ILLUSTHATKI) HISTORY 
 
 tal, to be secuh'd upon the oxliibition buildings and other 
 property in possession of the commission, and upui its pros- 
 pective revenues. The board was also ordered to begin at onee 
 the work of preparing the grounds and erecting the necessary 
 buildings ibr the exhibition. 
 
 The city of Philadelphia, with the liberality which Ins char- 
 acterized its whole treatment of the exhibition scheme, at once 
 set apart the porticm of Fairmount Park lying below Belmont 
 and George's Hill, and constituting the old Lansdowne cnlate, 
 lor the pur[)oses of the exhibition. This magnificent domain 
 was formally transferred to the Centennial Commission on the 
 4th of July, 1873. It comprises a tract of four hundred and 
 fifty acres, and is in all respects the best suited to the needs of 
 the exhibition of any location in the Union. The transfer was 
 made in presence of an innnensc throng of citizens, and with 
 imposing ccrenionics in which the military and civic organizu- 
 tions of Philadelphia took part. The ceremoni"- were opened 
 with a prayer by Bishop Simjjson, of the ISIethodist Episcopal 
 Church, after which Hon. Morton McMichael, President of the 
 Park Conmiission, formally surrendered the grounds to General 
 J. H. Hawley, President of the Centennial Commission, in an 
 appropriate address. After reciting the reasons which had in- 
 duced the city to make this grant, Mr. McMichael concluded as 
 follows : 
 
 "General Hawley : To you, sir, as the representative of 
 the C( ntennial Commission of the United States, in the con- 
 structive presence of the Chief Magistrate of the nation and the 
 actual presence of his constitutional advisers — in the presence 
 of the Governor of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and his 
 official staff — in the presence of the Mayor and the Councils of 
 Philadelphia — in the presence of these dignitaries gathered from 
 all parts of the Union to mark the national character of the 
 ceremony — in. the presence of this multitude of ray fellow- 
 citizens, who are here to sanction and approve the act — in 
 behalf of the Commissioners of Fairmount Park, to whom its 
 legal custody has been confided, — I now, publicly and formally, 
 transfer to your keeping all the land designated and described 
 
OF TIIK TENTFINNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 179 
 
 in the map« and iK.,ters lierewith presented. And in the same 
 behalf J hereby eon ter on the ^'entennial Commissi in t'nll power 
 to hold and |)os.s('S8 and employ this land, for so lonj; and in 
 Hueh maiuiei as the needs of the International Exposition, instant 
 and prosjHitivc, may reqnire. And, sir, this transfer, which fnl- 
 lils an essei.iial provision nf , .10 law ereatinj; yonr commission, 
 being t);n.s made, who shall doubt that — stirred by memories of 
 the Inrbulcni past, urged by knowledge of the flourishing 
 p:esent, inspired by anticipations of the promising future — the 
 peoi>1(> of the several States, and the States themselves in their 
 sovereign eai>aeities, as well as the Congress of the United 
 States and all the branches of the Federal Government, will so 
 assist your endeavors that in 1876 yon will be enable*! to pre- 
 sent to the world a spectacle which, while ty[)ical of the skill 
 and culture and ingenuity of the older nations, will conspicuously 
 demonstruie what the thrift, intelligence, enterprise and energy 
 01 our own, under the beneficent rule of free institutions, and 
 with a due smise of reverence for Almighty God, have achieved 
 in a single century of existence." 
 
 General Hawlc}' responded in an eloquent address of accept- 
 ance, at the conclusion of which he said, " In token of the United 
 States Centennial Commission now takes possession of theso 
 grounds for the purpose we have described, let the flag be 
 unfurled and didy saluted." The stars and stripes were then 
 raised, and at the same moment the trumpeter of the City Troop 
 gave a signal which was answered by a salute of thirteen guns 
 from the Keystone Battery. 
 
 When the applause had subsided, the Hon. John F. Hart- 
 ranft. Governor of Pennsylvania, spoke as follows : 
 
 " By the act of Congress creating a commission charged with 
 the holding of the Centennial Exhibition in this city in the year 
 1876, it was made the duty of the Governor of Pennsylvania to 
 certify to the President of the United States the fact that provi- 
 sion has been made for the erection of suitable buildings for said 
 Exhibition, whenever he became satisfied that such result had 
 been achieved. 
 
 " I hold in my hand a joint certificate, signed by General 
 
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 Photographic 
 
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 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STKEET 
 
 WEBSTER, NY. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4S03 
 
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180 
 
 Till-: iM.iJSTKATp:n history 
 
 f 
 
 .Joseph K. Hiiwloy, President of the (Viitennial Connnission, 
 niul Mr. J»)hii Welsh, C'hairmjui of the I'^inaiiee (^'ommidee of 
 said Coiniuission, to the elU'Ct that siieh provision has lu-en made. 
 Knowini:;, as you all kr.ow, the wisdom and integrity of theso 
 gentlemen, 1 liave i'elt it to be my duty to eertity to the Prcsi- 
 
 'i. XV^XV-SA-VvS^ 
 
 (1N TIM-; WISSAHirKON. 
 
 dent of the United States, as required by the act of Congress, 
 and the eertifieate reads as follows: 
 
 "*To the President of the United States: 
 
 " ' Pursuant to the provisions of section 8 of the act of Con- 
 gress approved March 3d, 1871, providing for a National Cele- 
 bration of the one hundredth anniversary of American Independ- 
 ence, a copy of which act is appended hereto, the undersigned, 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 181 
 
 Govern(*r oftlio Stuii! of I'ciinsylviuiiM, has the honor to Inform 
 the President that provision has been male ior the ceclion of 
 suitable buildinjjjs for the purposes of the Int(!rnational Kxhibi- 
 tion of Arts, Manufactures and Products lA' the tSoil and Mine, 
 proposed to bo held in Philadelphia, in the year 187G, and for 
 the exclusive eontrol of the said Exhibition by the United JStates 
 Centennial Commission. 
 
 "'The undersifjjned makes this announcement to enable the 
 President, in acconhmce with the requirements of the act above 
 mentioned, to issue his proclamation concerning tiic said Exhibi- 
 ti(/n, and to cause olTieial invitations to be given to foreign 
 governments to participate therein. 
 
 "'John F. Hartuanft. 
 
 " ' IlAiini.iOuno, June 2Ath, 18V3.' 
 
 "So far, this grand project has, to some extent at least, 
 appeared local — necessarily so by the conditions imposed ; but 
 henceforth it will bo purely national. If a failure, it will be a 
 national failure. If a success, a national success. 
 
 " We have assembled here to dediwitoa portion of this beauti- 
 ful Park to the uses of this great International Exhibition, which 
 is to commemorate the anniversary of our country's birth. Upon 
 the threshold of the century to expire in 1870, thirteen poor and 
 feeble colonics, with no common ties other than their love of 
 liberty and their hatred of oppression, declared their independ- 
 ence. These thirteen colonics, Avith their oftspring, now 
 increased in number to thirty-seven, stretch their empire across 
 a continent, and afford the grandest exhibition of a nation's 
 progress in the world's history. In all the wondrous changes 
 wrought in the nineteenth century, none arc so wondrous and 
 conspicuous as the industrious, moral and physical growth of 
 this our native land. With those powerfid auxiliaries, steam 
 and the telegraph, both of which our country gave to mankind, 
 we are striding with majestic steps toward a dominion unrivalled 
 by any nation on the face of the earth. Let us, then, from every 
 State — north, south, east and west — bring to this great city, the 
 consecrated place where our liberty was born, the evidences of 
 
 tl 
 
182 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 
 our culture, the proofs of our skill, and our vast and varied 
 resources, that the world may have a glimpse of our enlargeiaeut, 
 industry, wealth and power. And to the myriads who will 
 gather here from every clime wo must be ready to accord a 
 welcome in keeping with the dignity and magnitude of the 
 country. 
 
 " To this city, then, and to the Exhibition the public bids 
 welcome the people of every nationality, assuring them of a 
 cordial reception, and just and generous recognition. And here, 
 too, let our own people gather, and garnering new and fresh ideas 
 from a survey of the world's arts and industries, let us dedicate 
 ourselves to a higher civilization, to more extensive f '^Ids of 
 development, to more liberal and more diffused education, to the 
 purification of our institutions, and the preservatior. of the liberty 
 which is the foundation-stone of our happiness and prosperity 
 as a people." 
 
 i 
 
 The following is a copy of the certificate referred to by Gov- 
 ernor Kartranft: 
 
 "The undersigned has the honor to report to the President, 
 in order thac it may be officially announced in such proclama- 
 tion as he may be pleased to issue, under the provisions of sec- 
 tion 8 of the act of Congress, approved March 3d, 1871, relating 
 to the International Exhibition, to be held in Philadelphia in 
 1876, th?t it was decided by the United States Centennial Com- 
 mission, at a meeting held on the 24th of May, 1872, that the 
 Exhibition shall be opened on the 19th of April, 1876^ and 
 closed on the 19th of October, 1876. 
 
 "The undersigned has also the honor to transmit, for the 
 information of foreign governments, a copy of the General 
 Regulations adopted by the Commission on the 24th of May, 
 1872. 
 
 " Respectfully submitted, 
 
 "J. R. Hawley, 
 " President of the United States Centennial Commission. 
 
 "Philadelphia, Junt 20lh, 1873." 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 183 
 
 Hon. Morton McMichael then introduced Hon. George M. 
 Eobeson, Secretary of the Navy, who appeared as the delegated 
 representative of tlie President of the United States. He said : 
 
 " Prevented himself from being present on this interesting 
 occasion, only by the calls of in)perative personal duty, the 
 President of the United States has directed me, as his represent- 
 ative, and as the representative of the State Department for 
 the occasion, to make by his authority and in his name the fol- 
 lowing proclamation : 
 
 ^^By the President of the United States of America. 
 "a proclamation: 
 
 "Whereas, By the act of Congress approved March 3d, 1871, 
 providing for a National Celebration of the one hundredth 
 anniversary of the Independence of the United States, by the 
 holding of an International Exhibition of Arts, Manufactures 
 and Products of the Soil and Mine, in the city of Philadelphia, 
 in the year 1876, it is provided as follows: 
 
 "That whenever the President shall be informed by the 
 Governor of the State of Pennsylvania that provision has been 
 made for the erection of suitable buildings for the purpose, and 
 for the exclusive control by the Commission herein provided 
 for of the proposed Exhibition, the President shall, through the 
 Department of State, make proclamation of the same, setting 
 forth the time at which the Exhibition will open, and the place 
 at which it will be held; and he will communicate to the 
 diplomatic representatives of all nations copies of the same, 
 together with such regulations as may be adopted by the Com- 
 missioners, for publication in their respective countries ; and 
 
 " Whereas, His Excellency, the Governor of the said State of 
 Pennsylvania, did, on the 24th day of June, 1873, inform me 
 that provision had been made for the erection of said buildings, 
 and for the exclusive control, by the Commission provided for 
 in the said act, of the proposed Exhibition ; and 
 
 "Whereas, The President of the United States CeuLennial 
 Commission has officially informed me of the dates fixed fop 
 the opening and closing of the said Exhibition, and the place 
 at which it is to be held ; 
 
184 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 
 I I 
 
 " Now, therefore, be it known that I, Ulysses S. Grant, Presi- 
 dent of the United States, in conformity with the provisions of 
 the act of Congress aforesaid, do hereby declare and proclaim 
 that there will be held, at the city of Philadelphia, in the State 
 of Pennsylvania, an International Exhibition of Arts, Manu- 
 lactures, and Products of the Soil and Mine, to be opened on 
 
 mtt- .*^^'l 
 
 '^'smy.'. 
 
 t.R 
 
 
 DRIVE IN FAIRMOUNT PARK. 
 
 the 19th day of April, Anno Domini 1876, and be closed on 
 the 1 9th day of October in the same year. 
 
 "And in the interest of peace, civilization and domestic and 
 international friendship and intercourse, I commend the cele- 
 bration and Exhibition to the people of the United States; and 
 in behalf of this government and people, I cordially commend 
 them to all nations who may be pleased to take part therein. 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 185 
 
 " In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and 
 caused the seal of the United States to be affixed. 
 
 " Done at the city of Washington, this 3d day of Julj, 1873, 
 and of the Independence of the United States of America the 
 ninety-Sevan th. 
 
 "U. S. Grant. 
 " By the President, 
 
 " Hauii/toh Fish, Secretary of State." 
 
 "GENERAL REGULATIONS. 
 
 " 1. The International Exhibition of 1876 will be held ia 
 Fairmount Park, in the city of Philadelphia, in the year 1876. 
 
 "2. The date of opening the Exhibition will be April 19th, 
 1876, and of closing will be October 19th, 1876. 
 
 " 3. A cordial invitation is hereby extended to every nation 
 of the earth to be represented by its arts, industries, progress 
 and development. 
 
 " 4. A formal acceptance of this invitation is requested pre- 
 vious to March 4th, 1874. 
 
 " 5. Each nation accepting this invitation is requested to 
 appoint a Commissi -n, through which all matters pertaining to 
 its own interests shall be conducted. For the purpose of con- 
 venient intercourse and satisfactory supervision, it is especially 
 desired that one member of each such Commission be desig- 
 nated to reside at Philadelphia until the close of the Exposition. 
 
 " 6. The privileges of exhibitors can be granted only to citi- 
 zens of countries whose governments have formally accepted 
 the invitation to be represented and have appointed the afore- 
 mentioned Commission, and all communications must be made 
 through the Governmental Commissions. 
 
 "7. Applications for space within the Exposition buildings, 
 or in the adjacent buildings and grounds under the control of 
 the Centennial Commission, must be made previous to March 
 4th, 1875. 
 
 " 8. Full diagrams of the buildings and grounds will be fur- 
 nished to the Commissioners of the different nations which shall 
 accept the invitation to participate. 
 
186 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 " 9. All articles intended for exhibition, in order to secure 
 proper position and elassiiicution, must be in Philadelphia on or 
 belbre January 1st, 187G. 
 
 " 10. Acts of Congress pertaining to custom-house regula- 
 tions, duties, etc., together with all special regulations adopted 
 
 by the Centennial 
 Commission in ref- 
 erence to transpor- 
 tation, allotment of 
 space, classification, 
 motive power, in- 
 surance, police rules, 
 and other matters 
 necessary to the 
 proper display and 
 preservation of ma- 
 terials, will be 
 promptly commu- 
 nicated to the ac- 
 credited representa- 
 tives of the several 
 governments co-op- 
 erating in the Ex- 
 position." 
 
 The ceremonies concluded with a grand military review, and 
 were followed at night by a display of fireworks in the park. 
 
 On the 5th of July, 1873, the Secretary of State of the United 
 States forwarded the President's proclamation to the various 
 ministers from foreign countries residing at the national capital^ 
 together with the following official note : 
 
 ON THE WISSAHICKON DRIVE. 
 
 } 
 
 "Department of State, 
 "Washington, D. C, Jvly 5th, 1873. : 
 
 "Sir: — I have the honor to enclose, for the information of 
 the government of , a copy of the President's procla- 
 mation, announcing the time and place of holding an Interna- 
 tional Exhibition of Arts, Manufactures, and Products of the 
 
iX- 
 
 OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 187 
 
 Soil and Mine, proposed to be held in the year eighteen hundred 
 and seventy-six. 
 
 "The Exhibition is designed to commemorate the Declaration 
 of the Independence of the United States, on the one hundredth 
 anniversary of that interesting and h.istoric national event, and 
 at the same time to present a fitting opportunity for such display 
 of the results of art and industry of all nations as ■.vill serve to 
 illustrate the great advances attained, and the successes achieved, 
 in the interest of progress and civilization during the century 
 which will have then closed. 
 
 " In the law providing for the holding of the Exhibition, 
 Congress directed that copies of the proclamation of the Presi- 
 dent, setting torth the time of its opening and the place at which 
 it was tc be held, together with such regulations as might be 
 adopted by the Commissioners of the Exhibition, should be 
 communicated to the diplomatic representatives of all nations. 
 Copies of those regulations are herewith transmitted. 
 
 " The President indulges the hope that the government of 
 
 will be pleased to notice the subject, and may deem it 
 
 proper to bring the Exhibition and its objects to the attention 
 of the people of that country, and thus encourage their co-o])era- 
 tion in the proposed celebration. And he further hojies that 
 the opportunity afforded by the Exhibition for the interchange 
 of national sentiment and friendiy intercourse between the 
 people of both nations may result in new and still greater 
 advantages to science and industry, and at the same time serve 
 to strengthen the bonds of peace and friendship which already 
 
 happily subsist between the government and people of 
 
 and those of the United States. 
 
 " I have the honor to be, sir, 
 
 " With the highest consideration. 
 
 " Your obedient servant, 
 
 «. 
 
 » 
 
 In June, 1874, the fallowing bill requesting the President to 
 invite foreign nations to take part in the Exhibition was passed 
 
 i 
 
188 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. 
 
 by both Houses of Congress and approved by the President on 
 the oth of June : 
 
 " Whereaa, At various International Exhibitions which have 
 been belli in ibreign countries, tlie United States have been 
 represented in pursuance of invitations given by the govern- 
 ments of tliose countries, and accepted by our government, 
 therefore, 
 
 "Jie it enacted bij the Senate and House of Representatives of 
 the United Stcdcs of America in Congress assembled, That the 
 President be re(picsted to extend, in the name of the United 
 States, a respectful and cordial invitation to the governments of 
 otlier nations to be represented and take part in the Interna- 
 tional Exposition to be held at Piiiladelphia, under the auspices 
 of the jijovernment of tlie United States, in the year 187G. 
 Provided, however, tiiat the United States shall not be liable, 
 directly or indirectly, for any expense attending such Exposi- 
 tion, or by reason of the same." 
 
 The invitation was duly extended by the President to the 
 various nations of the world to take part in the Exhibition. 
 Tlie nations which accepted this invitation and have taken part 
 in the Exhibition are as follows: 
 
 Ari^entiiie Confederation. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Austria. 
 
 Japan. 
 
 Ik'lgiiiin. 
 
 Liberia. 
 
 Bolivia. 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 Brazil. 
 
 Netherlands. 
 
 Chili. 
 
 Norway. 
 
 China. 
 
 Nicaragua. 
 
 Denmark. 
 
 Orange Free State — ^Africa. 
 
 Ecuador. 
 
 Persia. 
 
 Egypt. 
 
 Peru. 
 
 France, including Algeria. 
 
 Portugal. 
 
 German Empire. 
 
 Russia. 
 
 Great Britain, including her 
 
 Siam. 
 
 Colonies. 
 
 Spain. 
 
 Greece. 
 
 Sweden. 
 
 Gautemala and SaWador. 
 
 Switzerland. 
 
 Hawaii 
 
 Tunis. 
 
 Hayti. 
 
 Turkey. 
 
 Honduras. 
 
 United States of Colombia. 
 
 Venezuela. 
 
A 
 
 
 u 
 
190 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 III order to remove all difficulties in the way of the complete 
 success of the intcrnalioncU character of the Exhibition, Congress 
 enacted the following bill, which was approved by the President 
 on the 18th of June, 1874, for the pur|)ose of enabling foreign 
 exhibitors to enter their goods free of duty : 
 
 "Jjc it enacted by the Senate and Iloune of licprcscntatives of 
 the United States of America in Congress assembled, That all 
 articles which shall bo imported for the sole purpose of exhibi- 
 tion at the International Exhibition to be held in the city of 
 Philadelphia, in the year 1876, shall be admitted without the 
 payment of duty or of customs, fees, or charges, under such 
 regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe: 
 Provided, That all such articles as shall be sold in the United 
 States or withdrawn for consumption therein at any time after 
 such importations, shall be subject to the duties, if any, innwsed 
 on like articles by the revenue laws in force at the date of 
 importation : And provided further, That in case any article 
 imported under the provisions of this act shall be withdrawn 
 for consumption or shall be sold without payment of duty as 
 required by law, all the penalties prescribed by the revenue 
 laws shall be applied and enforced against such articles and 
 against the persons who may be guilty of such withdrawal or 
 sale." 
 
 Previous to this the general government of the United States 
 had decided to take part in the Exhibition as an exhibitor, and 
 on the 24th of January, 1874, the President issued the follow- 
 ing order directing the various executive departments of the 
 government to take the necessary measures for their proper 
 representation : 
 
 "EXECUTIVE ORDER BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED 
 
 STATES. 
 
 " Whereas, it has been brought to the notice of the President 
 of the United States that in the International Exhibition of 
 Arts, Manufactures, and Products of the Soil and Mine, to be 
 held in the city of Philadelphia, in the year 1876, for the pur- 
 pose of celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of the Inde- 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL KXHIHITION. 
 
 11)1 
 
 pcntlcnco of the United Stiitos, it is desirable that from the 
 Executive Departments of the (iovenunent of the IJnitod States 
 ill which tliere may be articles suitable fur the purpose intended, 
 there shouKl api)ear sueli articles und materials as \vill, when 
 presented in a collective exhibition, illustrate the functions and 
 administrative faculties of the {government in time of peace, and 
 its resources as a war power, and thereby serve to demonstrate 
 the nature of our institutions and their adaptation to the wants 
 of the people: Now, for the purpose of securing a comi)leto 
 and harmonious ar- 
 
 raugcment of the ' " -'•'-» P i^^^^ 
 articles and materials 
 desij^ned to be ex- 
 hibited from the Ex- 
 ecutive Department 
 of the Government 
 it is onlered that a 
 board, to be composed 
 of one person to be 
 named by the head 
 of each of the Exeen- 
 t i V e Departments 
 which may have ar- 
 ticles and materials 
 to be exhibited, and 
 also of one person to 
 be named in behalf 
 of the Smithsonian 
 
 Institution, and one to be named in the behalf of the Depart- 
 ment of Agriculture, be charged with the preparation, arrange- 
 ment, and safe-keeping of such articles and materials as the 
 heads of the several Departments and the Commissioner of 
 Agriculture and the Director of the Smithsonian Institution 
 may respectively decide shall be embraced in the collection ; that 
 one of the persons thus named, to be designated by the Presi- 
 dent, shall be chairman of such board, and that the board 
 appoint from their own number such other officers as they may 
 
 BRIDGE OVEK THE WIS? AIIICKON AT VALLEY 
 GREEK. 
 
192 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 think necessary, and that tlie said board when organized shall 
 be authorized under the direction of the President to confer 
 with the executive officers of the Centennial Exhibition in 
 relation to such matters connected with the subject as may per- 
 tain to the res'»ective departments having articles and materials 
 on exhibitioi. and that the names of the persons thus selected 
 by the heads of the several departments, the Commissioner of 
 Agriculture, and the Director of the Smithsonian Institution, 
 shall be submitted to the P' >sident for designation. 
 
 " By order of the President : 
 *' (Signed) 
 
 " Washington, January 23d, 1874." 
 
 "Hamilton Fisir, 
 
 "Secretary of State. 
 
 In accordance with the above order, the President appointed 
 a board composed of a representative from each of the Executive 
 Departments of the Government, except the Department of 
 State and the Attornoy-Generars Depiutmcnt; but including 
 the Department of Agriculture and the Smitlisonian Institution. 
 The board is composed as follows : 
 
 War Department— Col. C. S. I.yford (Chairman), Ordnance Bureau. 
 
 Treasury Department— Hon. R. W. Tayler. 1st Controller of the 
 SVensury. 
 
 Navy Department— Admiral Thornton A. Jenkinn, U. S. Naiy. 
 
 Interior D'^partment — .Jo'nn Eaton, Commissioner of Education. 
 
 Post-Offick Department — Dr. Chas. F. McDonald, Chief of Money 
 Order Department. 
 
 Agricultural Department — Wm. Saundei*?, Superintendent of Propa- 
 gating Garden. 
 
 Smithsonian Institction — Prof. S. F. Baird, Assistant Secretary of the 
 Smithsonian institution and U. S. Fishei-y Cmnviissioner. 
 
 This board was charged with the duty of perfecting a collec- 
 tive Exhibition, that shall illustrate the functions and adminis- 
 trative faculties of the government in time of peace and its 
 resources as a war power. 
 
 On the 4th of July, 1874. the ground was formally broken 
 in Fairmount Park for the Exhibition buildings. The occasion 
 was celebrated with the most imposing demoustration ever 
 
OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 193 
 
 witnessed in Philadelphia, and in whicli thousands of the citi- 
 zens took part. The celebmtion beinj^ also the ninety-eighth 
 ainiiversarv of the independence of the United States, was largely 
 national in its character, and drew vast crowds from otiier parts 
 of the Union to witness it. It will long be retneinbered by 
 Philadelphia as one of the most memorable days in her history. 
 The work being now fairly begun, the following regulations 
 were issued by the Dircctor-Goi'.eral.' They so fully describe 
 the j)urposes of the projectors of the Exhibition that we quote 
 them entire : 
 
 "GE\"ERAL REGULATIONS FOR EXHIBITORS IN THE UNITED 
 
 STATES. 
 
 "The Exhibition will be held in Fairmount Park, in the city 
 of Philadelphia, and will be opened on the 10th day of May, 
 1876, and closed on the 10th day of November following. 
 
 "The ten departments of the classification which will deter- 
 mine the relative location of articles in the Exhibition — except 
 in such collective exhibitions as may receive spe(nal sanction — 
 and also the arrangement of names in the catalogue, are as 
 follows : 
 
 " I. Raw Materials — Mineral, Vegetable, and Animal. 
 " II. Materials and Manufactures used for Food, or in the Arts, the result 
 of Ivxtraetive or (^1lnl>ininp; Processes. 
 " III. Textile and Felted Fal>rics ; Apparel, Costumes, ^nd Ornaments for 
 
 the person. 
 "IV. Furniture and Manufactures of geneial use in construction and in 
 dwellings. 
 " V. Tools, Implements, Machines, atid Processes. 
 " VI. Motors and Transportation. 
 
 " VII. Apparatus and Method^i for the increase and diflusion of knowl- 
 edge. 
 " VIII. Engineering, Public Works, .\rchitecture, etc. 
 " IX. Plastic and Graphic Arts. 
 ' X. Olijccts illustrating efforts for the improvement of the Physical, 
 Intellectual, and Moral Condition of Man. 
 
 "Applications for space and negotiations relative thereto 
 >*houId be addressed to ti^e Director-General, Interrational 
 Exhibition, Philadelphia, Penna. 
 18 
 
 t i 
 
194 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 " Exhib'tore will not be charged for space. 
 
 "A limited quantity of steam and water-power will be sup- 
 plied gratuitously. The quantity of each will be .settled defin- 
 itively at the time of the allotments of space. Any power 
 required by the exhibitor in excess of that allowed will be fur- 
 nished by the Commission at a fixed price. Demands for such 
 excess of power must also be settled at the time of the allotment 
 of space. 
 
 " Exhibitors must provide, at their own cost, all show-cases, 
 shelving, counters, fittings, etc., which they may require; ami 
 all countershafts, with their pulleys, belting, etc., for the trans- 
 mission of power from the main shafts in the JMachinery Hall. 
 All arrangements of articles and decorations must be in con- 
 formity with the general plan adopted by the Director-General. 
 
 " Sjiccial constructions of any kind, whether in the buildings 
 or grounds, can only be made upon the written approval of the 
 Di rector-Genera 1 . 
 
 ^' The Commission will take precautions for the safe preserva- 
 tion of all objects in the Exhibition; but it will in no Avay be 
 responsible for damage or loss of any kind, or for accidents l)y 
 fire or otherwise, however originating. 
 
 " Favorable facilities will be arranged by which exhibitors 
 may insure their own goods. 
 
 " Exhibitors may employ watchmen of their own choice to 
 guard their goods during the hours the Exlubition is open to 
 the public. Appointments of such watchmen will be subject to 
 the approval of the Director-General. 
 
 "Exhibitors, or such agents as they may designate, shall be 
 responsible for the receiving, unpacking, and arrangement of 
 objects, as well as for their removal at the closeof th&Exhibition. 
 
 "The transportation, receiving, unpacking and arranging of 
 the piTiducts for exhibition will be at the expense of tiie 
 exiiibitor. 
 
 "The installation of heavy articles requiring foundations 
 should, by special arrangement, be begun as soon as the progress 
 of the work upon the buildings will permit. The general re- 
 ception of arti(;le8 at the Exiiibition buildings will be commenced 
 
OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 195 
 
 on January Lst, 1876, and no articles will be admitted after 
 March 31st, 1876. 
 
 " Space not occupied on the 1st of April, 1876, will revert to 
 the Director-General for reassignment. 
 
 " W products are not intended for competition, it must be so 
 stated by the exhibitor ; and they will be excluded from the ex- 
 amination by the International Juries. 
 
 " If no authorized person is at hand to receive goods on their 
 arrival at the Exhibition building, they will be removed without 
 delay, and stored at the cost and risk of whomsoever it may 
 concern. 
 
 "Articles that are in any way dangerous or offensive, also 
 patent medicines, nostrums, and empiriciil preparations whoso 
 ingredients are concealed, will not be admitted to the Ex- 
 hibition. 
 
 " Tiie removal of goods will not be permitted prior to tha 
 close of the Exnibition. 
 
 " Sketches, drawings, photographs, or other reproductions of 
 articles exhibited, will only be allowed upon the joint assent of 
 the exhibitor and the Director-General ; but views of portions 
 of the building may be made upon the Director-General's 
 sanction. 
 
 "Immediately after the close of the Exhibition, exhibitors 
 shall remove their effects, and complete such removal before 
 December 31st, 1876. Goods then remaining will be removed 
 by the Director-General and sold for expenses, or otherwise 
 disposed of under the direction of the Commission. 
 
 "Each person who becomes an exhibitor thereby acknowl- 
 edges and undertakes to keep the rules and regulations estab- 
 lished for the government of the Exhibition. 
 
 " Special regulations will be issued concerning the exhibition 
 of fine arts, the organization of international juries, awards of 
 prizes, the sale of special articles within the buildings, and on 
 other points not touched upon in these preliminary instructions. 
 
 " An Official Catalogue will be published in four distinct 
 versions,— viz., English, French, German and Spanish. The 
 ale of catalogues is reserved to the Cc-.itennial Commission. 
 
196 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED UISTOUY 
 
 " Communications concerning the Exhibition should be ad- 
 dressed to *The Director-General, International Exhibition, 
 187(), Philadelpl.ia, Penna.' 
 
 *' TIjc Centennial Commission reserves the right to explain 
 or amend these regulations, whenever it may be deemed neces- 
 sary for the interests of the Exhibition. 
 
 "A. T. GosHORN, Director -General. 
 " John L. Campbell, Secretary. 
 " Philauelphia, July ith, 1874." 
 
 "GENERAL REGULATIONS FOR FOREIGN EXHIBITORS. 
 
 " The Exhibition will be held at Fairmount Park, in the 
 city of Philadelphia, and will be opened on the 10th day of 
 May, 1876, and closed on the 10th day of November following. 
 
 " All governments have been invited to appoint Commis- 
 sions, for the purjiose of organizing their departments of the 
 Exhibition. The Director-General should be notified of the 
 appointment of such Foreign Commissions before January 1st, 
 1875. 
 
 " Full diagrams of the buildings and grounds will be fur- 
 nished to the Foreign Commissions on or before February 1st, 
 1875, indicating the localities to be occupied by each nation, 
 subject, however, to revision and readjustment. 
 
 "Ap|>lications for space and negotiations relative thereto 
 must be conducted with the Commission of the country where 
 the article is produced. 
 
 " Foreign Commissions arc requested to notify the Director- 
 General, not later than May 1st, 1875, whether they desire any 
 increase or diminution of the space offered them, and the 
 amount. 
 
 " Before December 1st, 1875, the Foreign Commissions must 
 furnish the Director-General with approximate plans showinir 
 the manner of allotting the space assigned to them, and also 
 with list of their exhibitors, and other information necessary 
 for the preparation of the Official Catalogue. 
 
 " Products brought into the United States, at the ports of 
 New York, Boston, Portland, Me., Burlington, Vt., Suspen- 
 
OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 197 
 
 Rion Bridge, N. Y., Detroit, Port Huron, Mich., Chicago, 
 Piiiladelphia, Baltimore, Norfolk, New Orleans and San Fran- 
 oirfco, intended for display at the International Exhibition, will 
 he allowed to go forward to the Exhibition buildings, under 
 proper supervision of customs officers, without examination at 
 siU'li ports of original entry, and at the close of the Exhibition 
 will be allowed to go forward to the port from which they are 
 to be exported. No duties will be levied upon such goods, un- 
 less entered for consumption in the United States. 
 
 " The transportation, receiving, unpacking, and arranging 
 of the products for exhibition will be at the expense of the 
 exhibitor. 
 
 "The installation of heavy articles requiring special founda- 
 tions or adju-jtment should, by special arrangement, begin as 
 soon as the progress of the work upon the buildings will 
 permit. The general reception of articles at the Exhibition 
 building will commence on January 1st, 1876, and no articles 
 will be admitted after March 31st, 187(). 
 
 " Space assigned to Foreign Commissions and not occupied 
 on the 1st of April, 1876, will revert to the Director-General 
 for reassignment. 
 
 " If products are not intended for competition, it must be so 
 stated by tlie exhibitor, and they will be excluded from the 
 examination by the International Juries. 
 
 "An Official Catalogue will be published in four distinct 
 versions, — viz., English, French, German and Spanish. The 
 sale of catalogues is reserved to the Centennial Commission. 
 
 "The ten departments of the classification which will deter- 
 mine the relative location of articles in the Exhibition — except 
 in such collective exhibitions as may receive special sanction — 
 and also the arrangement of names in the catalogue, are as 
 ii)llows : 
 
 " I. Raw Materials — Mineral, Vegeti.ble, and Animal. 
 " II. Materials and Manufactures used for Food, or in the Arts, the result 
 
 of Extractive or Combining Proposses. 
 " III. Textile and Felted Fabrics ; Apparel, Costumes, and Ornaments for 
 the person. 
 
198 
 
 THE ILI.USTRATED HISTORY 
 
 " IV. Furniture and Manufactures of general use in construction end in 
 dwellings. 
 " V. Tools, Implements, Machines, and Processes. 
 " VI. Motors and Transportation. 
 *' VII. Apparatus and Methods for the increase and diffusion of knowl- 
 edge. 
 " VIII. Engineering, Public Worki, Architecture, etc. 
 " IX. Plastic and Graphic Arts. 
 
 "X. Objects illustrating efforts for the impiovenient of the Physical, 
 Intellectual, and Moral Condition of Man. 
 
 " Foreign Commissions may publish catalogues of their re- 
 spective sections. 
 
 " Exhibitors will not be charged for space. 
 
 "A limited quantity of steam and water-power will be sup- 
 plied gratuitously. The quantity of each will be settled defini- 
 tively at the time of the allotment of space. Any power 
 required by the exhibitor in excess of that allowed will be fur- 
 nished by the Centennial Commission at a fixed price. De- 
 mands for such excess of power must aiso be settled at the time 
 of the allotment of space. 
 
 " Exhibitors must provide at their own cost, all show-cases, 
 shelving, counters, fittings, etc., which they may require ; and 
 all countershafts, with their pulleys, belting, etc., for the trans- 
 mission of power ft )m the main shafts in the Machinery Hitll. 
 All arrangements of articles and decorations must be in 
 couformity with t le geneiral plan adopted by the Director- 
 General. 
 
 " Special constructions of any kind, whether in the buildings 
 or grounds, can only be made upon the written approval of the 
 Di rector-General . 
 
 *' The Centennial Commission will take precautions for the 
 safe preservation of all objects in the Exhibition ; but it will in 
 no way be responsible for damage or loss of any kind, or for 
 accidents by fire or otherwise, however originating. 
 
 " Favorable facilities will be arranged by which exhibitors or 
 Foreign Commissions may insure their own goods. 
 
 " Foreign Commissions may employ watchmen of their own 
 choice to guard their goods during the hours the Exhibition is 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 199 
 
 open to the public. Appointments of such watchmen will he 
 subject to the approval of the Director-General. 
 
 " Foreign Commissions, or such agents as they may designate, 
 shall be responsible for the receiving, unpacldng and arrange- 
 ment of objects, as well as for their removal at the close of the 
 Exhibition ; but no person shall be permitted to act as such 
 agent until he can give to the Director-General written evidence 
 of his having been approved by the proper commission. 
 
 "Each package must be addressed 'To the Commission for 
 [imme of coiinlry'] at the Interjuitional Exhibition of 187G, 
 Philadelphia, United States of America,' and should have at 
 least two labels affixed to different but not opposite sides of each 
 case, and giving the following information : 
 
 "(1) The country from which it comes; (2) name or firm oi' 
 the exhibitor; (3) residence of the exhibitor; (4) department U* 
 which objects belong; (5) total number of packages sent by that 
 exhibitor; (G) serial number of that particular package. 
 
 "Within each package should be a list of all objects. 
 
 "If no authorized person is at hand to receive goods on their 
 arrival at the Exhibition building, they will be removed without 
 delay, and stored at the cost and risk of whomsoever it may 
 concern. 
 
 "Articles that are in any way dangerous or offensive, also 
 |)atent medicines, nostrums, and empirical preparations whose 
 ingredients are concealed, will not be admitted to the Ex- 
 hibition. 
 
 " The removal of goods will not be permitted prior to the 
 dose of the Exhibition. 
 
 "Sketches, drawings, photographs or other reproductions 
 of articles exhibited, will only be allowed upon the joint assent 
 of the exhibitor and the Director-General ; but views of portions 
 of the building may be made upon the Director-General's 
 sanction. 
 
 "Immediately after the close of the Exhibition, exhibitors 
 shall remove their eff'ects, and complete such removal before 
 December 31st, 1876. Goods then remaining will be removed 
 by the Director-General and sold for expenses, or other- 
 
 m 
 
200 
 
 THE IliLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 wise disposed of under the direction of the Centennial Com- 
 mission. 
 
 "Each person who becomes an exhibitor thereby acknowledges 
 and undertakes to keep the rules an<l regulations established for 
 the government of tlie Exhibition. 
 
 " Special regulations will be issued concerning the Exhibition 
 of fine arts, the organization of international juries, awards of 
 prizes, and sale of special articles within the buildings, and on 
 other points not touched upon in these preliminary instructions. 
 
 "Communications concerning the Exliibition should be 
 addressed to 'The Director-General, International Exhibition, 
 1876, Philadelphia, Pa., U. S. A.' 
 
 "The Centennial Commission reserves the right to explain or 
 amend these regulations, whenever it may be deemed necessary 
 ibr the interests of tl»e Exhibition. 
 
 "A. T. GosHORN, Director- Genrnd. 
 " John L. Campbet.l, Secretary. 
 
 "Philadelphia, Ju/y 4</t, 1874." 
 
 On the 3d of October, 1874, the Secretary of the Treasury 
 issued the following order prescribing tlie mode of the iVcc 
 admission of goods for the Exhibition : 
 
 "REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE FREE IMPORTATION OF 
 GOODS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION OF 1870, 
 AT PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 "Treasury Department, "i 
 "Washington, D. C, October 3c/, 1874. i 
 
 "An act of Congress approved June 18th, 1874, entitled *An 
 
 act to admit free of duty articles intended for the International 
 
 Exhibition of eighteen bundred and seventy-six,' provides as 
 
 follows: 
 
 " * Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of 
 the United States of Amei'ica in Congress assembled, That all 
 articles which shall be imported for the sole purpose of exhibi- 
 tion at tlie International Exhibition to be held in the city of 
 Philadelphia in the year 1876, shall be admitted without the 
 payment of duty or of customs fees or charges, under such 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 201 
 
 regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe : 
 Provided, That all such articles as shall be sold in the United 
 States or withdrawn for consumption therein at any time after 
 such importation shall be subject to the duties, if any, im- 
 posed on like articles by the revenue laws in force at the 
 (late of importation : And provided further, That in case any 
 articles imported under the provisions of this act shall be with- 
 drawn for consumption, or slmll be sold without i)aynient of 
 duty as required by law, all the penalties prescribed by the 
 rovcnuc laws shall be applied and enforced against such articles 
 and ajijainst the person who may be guilty of such withdrawal 
 or sale' 
 
 " In pursuance of the provisions of this act the following 
 regulations are prescribed : 
 
 **1. No duty or customs fees or charges being required on 
 any such importations, a new form of entry is prescribed, which 
 will be employed in all ciises at the port where such goods are 
 received. 
 
 " 2. The ports of Xew York, Boston, Portland, Me., Burling- 
 ton, Vt., Suspension Bridge, N. Y., Detroit, Port Huron, Mich., 
 Chicago, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Norfolk, New Orleans and 
 8;ui Francisco, will alone constitute ports of entry at which 
 importations for said Exhibition will be made free of duty. 
 
 " 3. All articles designed for such Exhibition must be for- 
 warded, accompanied by an invoice or schedule of the numbers, 
 character, and commercial value of each shipment, which state- 
 ment shall be attested before a consul of the United States or a 
 civil magistrate of the country in which they are produced or 
 from which they are shipped to the United States. Such veri- 
 fied bill of contents and values will be transmitted in triplicate, 
 one copy to the collector of customs at the port where it is 
 tU'sired to make entry, which will be retained for the files of his 
 office; one copy to some duly authorized agent, either of the 
 owners, or of the Foreign Commission of the country from which 
 >>lii|)ment was made, which agent must in all cases be recognized 
 by the Director-General of the Exhibition, who will, by virtue 
 f^f that authority, verify the goods and made entry ; and one 
 
202 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 copy to the collector at the port of Philadelphia; and all pack- 
 ages and enclosures containing goods destitied for such Exhibi- 
 tion must be plainly and conspicuously marked with the words 
 'For the International Exhibition of 187G, at Philadel])hia.' 
 
 "4. All goods arriving so marked and re[)resentcd, either at 
 the tinie of arrival or at any time while remaining in the custody 
 of the collector of customs at the port of arrival on general order, 
 will, when entered at the port of arrival, be delivered without 
 exannnation to such recognized agent or agents, to be by him or 
 them forwarded from the port of arrival by bonded line of 
 transi)ortation to Philadelphia, there to be delivered to the 
 custody of the collector of that port. 
 
 " 5. Entry lor warehouse will be made for all such trans- 
 ported packages on arrival at the said ])ort of Philadclphin, and 
 original entry for warehouse will be made of all goods directed 
 by first shipment to Philadelphia. Warehouse entry having 
 been nmde, the packages will be held in the custody of the said 
 collector until the Exhibition building, or some building erected 
 by and in the custody of the officers controlling the said Exhi- 
 bition, and suitable for secure custody as a warehouse under the 
 authority of the United States, is ready to receive them. 
 
 "6. Separate and complete records of all packages so trans- 
 mitted and received by the collector at Philadelphia will be 
 made by the storekeeper at the port of Philadelphia in a book 
 prepared for the purpose, in which will be entered, so far as 
 known, the owner's name, the agent's name representing the 
 articles, the country from which shipped, the date of such ship- 
 ment, the name of the importing vessel, and the date of arrival, 
 the general description and value of the goods, and the 
 specific marks and numbers of the packages. Such record will 
 also be kept in duplicate by a special insj)eetor of customs who, 
 under the direction of the Secretary of the Treasury, shall bo 
 appointed to identify, forward, and care for packages so j)ropci'ly 
 marked, and intended in good faith for the Exhibition, but 
 W'hich may not be properly represented by an owner or agent. 
 
 " 7. When the said Exhibition building, or a warehouse 
 suitable for secure custody of articles intende<l for the Exhibi- 
 
OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 20? 
 
 tion, duly authorized for receiving bonded goods, shall he ready 
 to receive articles then in the custody ot the collector of the 
 port of Philadelphia, descriptive permits, in duplicat", shull bo 
 issued by the said collector to the storekeeper of the port, 
 directing the delivery of packages as required by the owner or 
 agent, or by the officers of the saitl Exhibition — one copy of 
 which permits shall be preserved by the said sto'xkcepcr, the 
 second copy to be (k'liverod with the goods to a proper officer 
 of the customs stationed at the said Exhibition building or 
 warehouse, to be there kept as a record of goods entered for 
 such Exhibition in addition to the duplicate required to be 
 kept in a book of proper form as before referred to. And all 
 packages shall be oj)cncd in presence of an officer of the customs, 
 who shall verify the contents from and upon such descriptive 
 list, correcting and completing it as the facts may require. 
 
 "8. In case of receipt by the collector at Philadelphia of 
 packages imperfectly described or verified, or in regard to which 
 information may be received questioning the good luith of the 
 persons forwarding the same, the said collector may direct an 
 examination, in proper form, for the purpose of determining 
 the question, and if, on conference with the Director-fJeneral, 
 the goods are found to have been forwarded not in good faith 
 for said Exhibition, they will bo charged with duty according 
 to their value and classification, and hold by the said collector, 
 subject to appeal to the Secretary of the Treasury, to await 
 proper claim and payment of duty by their owners. 
 
 "9. All charges for transportation, drayago, and freight, 
 accruing on goods arriving for the said Exhibition, wil' be 
 required to be paid by the owner ©r agent at the time of their 
 <lolivery into the custody of the collector of customs at Phila- 
 delpliia, or if on packages of small bulk or weight, not accom- 
 panied by the owner or agent, or consigned to a foreign com- 
 missioner, and not exceeding $5 in amount, will be charged 
 aj^ainst the goods as so delivered into the custody of the col- 
 lector at Philadelphia, to be paid with other charges subse- 
 quently accruing before the permit is issued for their delivery 
 to the Exhibition building; and on all packages exceeding 
 
 ■I J. 
 

 204 
 
 THE ILLU8TUATEI) IIISTOUY 
 
 fifty poimtls in uoiglit, hall' storage, as provided hy regulation 
 for the storage ol' ordinary merchandise in the puhlie warehouse 
 at the port of I'iiiladclphia, will he charged against the goods 
 received and stored therein Iroin the time of receipt to the time 
 of delivery to the Kxhihition l)uilding. No fees for entry, 
 permit, or other ofticial ai^t, and no duties will he charged up(»ii 
 or against such packages until after their withdrawal from sucli 
 Kxhihition, lor sale, at its close or during its contimiance. 
 
 "10. All articles received and entered at such Kxhihition in 
 the manner hereinhefore jirovided may, at any time consistently 
 with the regulations controlling said Kxhihition, he withdrawn 
 for sale or delivery to other parties than the owner or agent 
 concerned in their importation, on payment of the duties prop- 
 erly accruing on said goods according to the laws in force at 
 the time of tiie importati(»n thereof; and for the pur[K)se of 
 assessment and deternjination of such duties, and lor i)roper 
 identilication of the articles, an oflicer of the appraiser's 
 department of the port of Philadel[)hia shall be detailed to 
 make due examination of the articles so withdrawn or sold, 
 verifying them by the record of their introduction, and charg- 
 ing upon a proper form, to be prepared for such purpose, lli ' 
 said rate and amount of duty ; and on payment of the duty so 
 charged, but without fee or other expenses, the owner or agent 
 shall receive a permit for their removal from the Kxhihition. 
 
 "11. Articles designed to be returned to the foreign country 
 from which the same were imported, or to be removed from the 
 United States, will, at the close of the Kxhihition, or at such 
 time as shall be directed bv the officers of such Kxhihition, he 
 verified by the customs officer in charge at the Kxhihition, re- 
 enelosed, duly marked, and forwarded, under permit of the 
 collector at Philadelphia, to any other port for export, or may 
 bo directly e.v'jmrted to Philadelphia. Kxport entries for such 
 use will be pre[)ared, corresponding to the import entries under 
 which the goods were originally received. 
 
 " 12. A special inspector of customs will, under the direction 
 of the Secretary of the Tr(>asury, report at intervals to the col- 
 lectors of the ports of Philadelphia and of New York, or of 
 
OF TIIK CENTENNIAL EXIIIHITroN. 
 
 205 
 
 such other ports us ho miiy Iw diroctcd to visit, for the purpose 
 of applyiiij^ the rej^uhitious hereiu provided. 
 
 ^ *^ '■* " B. li. liiusrow, Scortni'if. 
 
 Iniiuediiitcly ailer the passage of tlio act of Congress estal)- 
 li«.liii)g the United States Centennial Coinniission, the work of 
 preparing lor the Exhil)ition was begun. It was understood 
 trout the lirst that the most dillieult portion of this task woidd 
 be the providing of the funds neeessary for carrying on the 
 work. Congress had exi)ressly stipulated that the general 
 government should not be responsible ft)r any of the debts 
 contracted on account of the Exhibition, and had given the 
 I'riends of the scheme to understand that they need not expect 
 any aid from the treasury of the United States. Whatever 
 money was to be provided must come from private individuals, 
 or from the various States and cities of the Union. It was 
 necessary, therefore, in order to inspire the people of the coun- 
 try with confidence enough to induce them to contribute to- 
 ward the enterprise, that the management of the financial part 
 of it should be placed in the hands of j)roper parties, who 
 should be vested with certain powers and brought under cer- 
 tain restrictions. Accordingly, the friends of the Exhibition 
 obtained the passage of an act of Congress, which was approved 
 by the President on the 1st of June, 1872, establishing the 
 Centennial Board of Finance. The following are the 
 principal sections of this bill : 
 
 " Whereas, Congress did provide by an act entitled ' An act 
 to provide for celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of 
 American Independence by holding an International Plvhibi- 
 tion of Arts, Manufactures, and Products of the Soil and Mine, 
 in the city of Philadelphia, and State of Pennsylvania, in the 
 year eighteen hundred and seventy-six,' approved March third, 
 eighteen hundred and seventy-one, for the appointment of Com- 
 missioners to promote and control the exhibition of the national 
 resources and their development, and the nation's progress in 
 arts which benefit mankind, and to suggest and direct ajspro- 
 priate ceremonies by which the people of the United States 
 
 im 
 
206 
 
 THE ILLUSTKATED IllSTOUY 
 
 may coniinciviorate that memorable and dwlsive event, tl«c 
 Doclaration of American liulependeiiee by the Coiigre.<;s of the 
 United Colonies, as^^embled in the eity of Philadelphia, on tli(> 
 fourth (lay of July, Anno Domini seventeen lumdred and 
 seventy -six ; and, whereas, sueh ])rovisions should he made i\iv 
 proeuring the innds re<|uisite tor the purposes aforesaid, as will 
 enal)le all the people of the United States, who have shared tlic 
 conunon blessings resulting from national independence, to aid 
 in the pre|)aration and conduct of said International Plxliibitinii 
 and memorial celebration under the direction of the Comniis- 
 bioners of the United (States: Therefore, 
 
 *'i>V it enacted by the Senate and JloiiKe of BeprcficnidflvcK aj 
 the United Statca of America in ConfjrcHS assemhfed, That there 
 is hereby created a body corporate, to be known by the name 
 of the Centennial Board of Finance, and by that name to have 
 an incorporate existence until the object for which it is ibrnied 
 shall liave been accomplished; and it shall be competent to sue 
 and be sued, plead and be impleaded, defend and be defeiuhd 
 in all courts of law and equity in the United States; and may 
 make and have a corporate seal, and may purchase, take, have, 
 ami hold, and may grant, sell, and at pleasure dispose of all 
 such real and personal estate as may be required in carrying into 
 effect the provisions of an act of Congress, entitled 'An act to 
 provide for celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of 
 American Independence by holding an International Kxliil)!- 
 tion of Arts, jNIanufncturcs, and Products of the Soil and 3Iiiio, 
 in the city of Philadelphia and State of Pennsylvania, in 
 the year eighteen hundred and seventy-six,' aj)proved Manli 
 third, eiiihtien hundred and seventy-one, and an act supple- 
 mentary thereto. 
 
 "Sec. 2. That the said corporation shall have authority, and 
 is hereby emjiowercd to secure sid)scriptions of capital stock to 
 an amount not exceeding ten million dollars, to be divided into 
 shares often dollars each, and to issue to the subscribers oi'sii<l 
 stock certificates tlierefor under the corporate seal of said «'i'r- 
 poration, which certificates shall bear the signature of the V\r>\- 
 ilent and Treasurer, and be transferable under sueh rules and 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 207 
 
 r.'^iilations as may be made for the purpose. And it sluiU be 
 lawful for any municipal or other corporate body existing by 
 or under the hiws of the United States to subscribe and j>ay for 
 shares of said capital stock ; and all holders of said stock shall 
 hecome associates in said corporation, and shall be entitled to 
 one vote on each share. 
 
 "Six;. 8. That the Centennial Uoard of Finance shall have 
 aiitljority to issue bonds, not in excess of its capital stock, and 
 secure the payment of 
 
 the same, principal ;^«^^^^^v*^^- ^^ 
 and uiterest, by mort- 
 j.nige upon its proper- 
 ty and prospective in- 
 come. 
 
 "Sec. 9. That it 
 shall be the duty of 
 the Secretary of the /■ 
 Treasury of the United /f Vi 
 btates, as soon as prac;- 
 ticable after th ^ pas- ^?iS 
 suge of this act, to 
 cause to be prepared, 
 in accordance with a 
 design ai)proved by 
 the United States Cen- 
 tennial Commission 
 and the Secretary of 
 tile Treasury, a suffi- 
 cient nundier of certificates of stock to meet the require- 
 inoiits of this act; and any person found guilty of connter- 
 Itiling, or attempting to counterfeit, or knowingly circidating 
 false certificates of stock herein authorized, shall be subject to 
 the same pains and penalties as are or may be provided by 
 law for counterfeiting United States currency ; but nothing 
 in this act shall be so construed ns to create any liability 
 'if the United States, direct or indirect, for any debt or ob- 
 ligation incurred, nor for any claim by the Centennial Inter- 
 
 nRIDfiK OVKK WISSAHICKOX, NKAR MOUNT AIKY. 
 

 208 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 national Exhibition, or the corporation hereby created, lor aid 
 or pecuniary assistance from Congress or the treasury of the 
 United States, in support or liquidation of any debt or obli- 
 gations created by the corporation herein authorized: A)i>l 
 provided, That nothing in this act shall be so construed as t<» 
 override or interfere with the laws of any State; and all con- 
 tracts made in any State for the purposes of the Centennial 
 International Exhibition shall be subject to the laws thereof: 
 And provided Jurtlic)', That no member of said Centennial Board 
 of Finance assumes any personal liability for any debt or obli- 
 gation which may be created or incurred by the corporation 
 authorized by this act. 
 
 "Sec. 10. That as soon as practicable after the said Exhi- 
 bition shall have liaen closed, it shall be the duty of said cor- 
 poration to convert its property into cash, and, after the \r,\y- 
 mcnt of all its liabilities, to divide its remaining assets ainoiM^^ 
 its stockholders, pro rata^ in full satisfaction and discharge of 
 its capital stock." 
 
 Under the above act the Centennial Board of Finance was 
 organized, and as now constituted is as follows : 
 
 CENTENNIAL BOARD OF FINANCE. 
 
 Presioext — John Welsh, Philadelphia. 
 
 Vice PREsrnEXTS— William Sellers, Philadelphia; John S. Barhonr, Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 Secretary and Treasurer — Frederick Fraley. 
 
 Auditor — II. S. Lans<ing. 
 
 Directors— Samuel L. Felton, Philadelphia; Daniel M. Fox, Phihukliilii;! ; 
 Thomas Cochran, Philadelphia ; Clement M. Biddle, Philadelphia ; N. I'arkir 
 Shortridge, Philadelphia; James M. Robb, Philadelphia; Edward T. SIlcI, 
 Philadelphia; John Wanamaker, Philadelphia; John Price Wetherill, Phil;i- 
 delphia; Henry Winsor, Philadelphia; Henry Lewis, Philadelphia; Aiiiti> 
 R. Little, Philadelphia; John Baird, Philadelphia ; Thomas 11. Dudley, Niw 
 Jersey; A. S. Hewitt, New York; John Cummings, Massachusetts; Jdlin 
 Gorham, Rhode Island ; Charles W. Cooper, Pennsylvania ; William Biglt i'. 
 Pennsylvania ; Robert M. Patten, Alabama ; J. B. Drake, Illinois ; George 
 Bain, Missouri. 
 
 Financial Agent— William Bigler. 
 
 In the organization of the Board of Finance a majority ol 
 
 it'^ 
 
OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 209 
 
 members were chosen from Philadelphia in order that, being 
 ou the ground, they might be able to devote their whole time to 
 the work intrusted to them. 
 
 The Board of Finance was authorized by the act of incor- 
 poration to issue certificates of stock to the amount of ten mil- 
 lion dollars. It was estimated that apart from the subscrip- 
 tions of the various States and cities, it would be necessary to 
 sell stock to the amount of $o,000,000. The shares were lixcd 
 by the board at ten dollars each, a sum suited to the means of 
 all classes, and calculated to make thesui)scriptions to the stock 
 of the Exhibition popular in character. The holder of each cer- 
 tificate is entitled to a share in the profits of the Exhibition. All 
 the net income of the six months' display, together with the 
 proceeds of the sale of all the available proi)erty remaining at 
 the close of the Exhibition, will be divided proportionately 
 anionii the holders of the stock. 
 
 The act of Congress directed the Secretary of the Treasury 
 to cause certificates of the stock of the Exhibition to be engraved 
 and printed at the treasury of the United States and delivered 
 to the Board of Finance. These certificates were duly delivered 
 to subscribers to the stock of the Exhibition, and each is to re- 
 main forever the pro])erty of its holder as a memorial of the 
 great enterprise and of the liberality with which the American 
 })oople carried it through to success. The certificate is in all 
 respects a beautiful specimen of the highest branch of steel en- 
 graving. "The plate is twenty-four by twenty inchc.*, on the 
 bust bank-note i)aper. The design is pyramidal, America form- 
 ing the apex, with Fanieand Art personified sitting at her feet; 
 the busts of Washington and Grant on either side, typical of 
 the commencement and end of the century. America is repre- 
 stilted as welcoming the representatives of foreign nations, who 
 bear symbols of their national industries and resources. Inde- 
 pendence Hall and the National Capitol are in the background. 
 Ikneath the former stand Fulton and Fitch, with their steam- 
 hnat models, and under the latter are Franklin and Morse, with 
 electric and telegraphic instruments. On the right, facing the 
 tii^ure of America, is Howe offering his sewing-nmchine, also a 
 14 
 
I 
 
 
 \ 
 
 210 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 shipwright with a model of a clipper. The freedtnan, Conti- 
 nental and Federal soldier, and mechanic, form a group on the 
 right, and the farmer, planter, miner, trapper and Indian, all 
 presenting symbols of their avocations, the group on the left. 
 The centre of the base is Trumbull's painting of the 'Signing 
 of the Declaration of Independence,' on the right of which is 
 exemplified progress — the busy manufa(!turing city in contrast 
 with the neglected windmill. To the left of the base is repre- 
 sented civilization, combining the railroad, telegraph, steamship 
 and reaping-machine, in contrast with the Conestoga wagon, 
 mail rider, sailing vessel and laborer with a sickle. The legend 
 in the body of the certificate was engraved by a new and inge- 
 nious process, the invention of G. W. Casilear, Superintendent 
 of the Engraving Department of the Treasury, and is most 
 creditable, as is also the printing — the department being deter- 
 nuned to make the work worthy of the nation and the grand 
 conunemorative occasion. The designs and arrau'jement are 
 due to Messrs. Ferris and D.irley, American artists." 
 
 The efforts f)f the Board of Finance to dispose of the stock of 
 the Exhibition succeeded but slowly at first. The stock had to 
 contend in the market with that of a hun<lrcd other schemes 
 which promised a larger rate of interest and a quicker return. 
 Still, it did not go begging. The adjacent State of Xew Jersey 
 gave new life to the effort by a subscrij)tion of ^100,000, and 
 was followed by subscriptions from New Hampshire, Connect- 
 icut and Delaware for .^10,000 each. The city of Wilmington, 
 Delaware, subscribed for ^5000, and in a short time a subscrip- 
 tion ol' about $250,000 was made up in the city of New York. 
 
 This did not meet the demand, however, and as it was found 
 impossible to carry on the work of raising funds through the 
 agency of the banks, as was at first proposed, it was decided by 
 the Board of Finance to create a Bureau of Revenue, which 
 should devote all its energies to the task of raising fimds, tliii- 
 leaving the Board of Finance free to attend to its other duties. 
 The Bureau of Revenue was, therefore, duly organized on the 
 1st of July, 1874, and was constituted as follows: 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 211 
 
 Clement M. Biddle, Clwinnan Philadelphia. 
 
 William Higler, Financial A<jenl IViiiisylvaiiia. 
 
 Edmund T. Steel I'liiladelphia. 
 
 Amos K. Little '' 
 
 John Wananiaker " 
 
 Daniel M. Fox " 
 
 James M.Kobb " 
 
 JohnBaird " 
 
 I Thos. H. Dudley New Jersey. 
 
 Jolm Cummings Ma.ssaeluisett3. 
 
 ^VilliuIn L. Strong New York. 
 
 George IJain Missouri. 
 
 C B. Norton, Secretary. 
 
 The work wliicli was thus intrusted to the Bureau of Revenue 
 was important and hiborious in the liighest degree. The panic 
 of 1873 had ahiiost paralyzed the finances of the country, and 
 the people had become timid and hesitating in supporting 
 schemes of any kind which required an outlay of money. It be- 
 came necessary for the Bureau of Revenue to win the confidence 
 of the people in the scheme tiiey were asked to assist, as the 
 basis of all its operations. It had by this time become evident 
 that the various States of the Union could not be depended upon 
 to furnish their respective proportions of the funds, and that the 
 Exhibition must depend for its success mainly upon private 
 subscriptions. 
 
 The Bureau of Revenue at once set to work. Its efforts to 
 popularize the stock of the Exhibition were systematic and well 
 directed. How well they have succeeded is shown by the mag- 
 nilicont sum subscribed by the people of the Union in response 
 to their appeals — a sum amounting to nearly three million dol- 
 lars. To each member of the bureau is duo his share of praise 
 for this splendid success, but the credit is chiefly due to the 
 able and efficient Secretary, General Charles B. Norton, upon 
 whom has devolved the principal portion of the labor of the 
 board, and whose wide experience and fertile genius have 
 suiigosted the happiest and most successful methods by which 
 this success has been won. 
 
 As a means of facilitating the work in hand, and of securing 
 as nearly as possible the exact quota originally assigned to each 
 
212 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED IlISTOUY 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 State by the Board of Finance, auxiliary boards were organized 
 by the bureau in States, counties and districts. Tiiese were 
 comjwsed of volunteers, whose patriotic interest in the Exhibi- 
 tion induced them to give their services gratuitously to the 
 cause. One of their duties was to select responsible and ener- 
 getic men in their respective communities for the sale of stock 
 and medals. The plan was eminently successful. 
 
 As a further means of obtaining a revenue, and at the same 
 time of providing a permanent, appropriate, inexpensive and 
 yet handsome memorial of the Centennial year, the Board of 
 
 Finance obtained the 
 passage of an act of 
 Congress, a ]) p rove d 
 June IGth, 1874, aiithor- 
 izing the board to Iiave 
 coined at the United 
 States Mint at Pliila- 
 (1 c 1 p h i a a series of 
 Memorial Medal a in 
 bronze and gilt, and 
 silver. These medals 
 were furnished by the 
 mint at cost, and were 
 sold by the Bureau of 
 Revenue and its agents 
 at a fair profit. Persons 
 ■whose means did not permit them to purchase the ten dollar 
 certificates of stock were thus enabled by the purchase of one or 
 more of these medals to contribute towards the success of the 
 great enterprise, and at the same time to possess a beautiful and 
 enduring memorial of the Centennial year and Exhibition. 
 
 These "Memorial Medals" are of four descriptions, to brini; 
 them within the taste and means of all, viz. : In large bronze, at 
 $2 ; large gilt, at $o ; small silver, at $3 ; and small gilt, at ^1. 
 In addition, the four medals can be had neatly arranged in one 
 case, price $11. The fac-simile annexed is of the size of the 
 first and second of these, the small silver and gilt being the size 
 
 CEXTKNXIAl. MEDAL— RKVERSE. 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 213 
 
 blazing 
 
 inent. 
 
 tlate, 
 
 of the American dollar, with the same obverse design, but 
 bearing on the centre of the reverse the inscription : " In Com- 
 nionioration of the Hundredth Anniversary of American Inde- 
 pendence, 1876," surrounded by the words: "By authority of 
 the Congress of the United States." 
 
 The design of the " obverse " on all of the medals represents 
 the Genius of American Independence rising from a recumbent 
 position, grasping with her right hand the sword which is to 
 enforce her demands, and raising her left in appealing pride to 
 the galaxy of thirteen stars, which, indicating the original coi- 
 onies and States, are 
 in the firma- 
 Bencath is the 
 1776. The "re- 
 verse " on the large 
 medals displays the 
 Ooiiius of Liberty, with 
 the now ornamental 
 sword buckled to her 
 girdle, the shield of the 
 stars and stripes leaning 
 at rest, while with either 
 hand she extends a wel- 
 <'()ine and a chap'et to 
 th'j Arts and Sciences 
 assembled with evi- 
 dences of their skill and craft to do honor to the date 1876, 
 which is inscribed upon the platform. The history of our great 
 nation is depicted in these two designs ; and as a work of art, 
 a memento of the Centennial, or as a means of contributing to 
 its celebration, these Memorial Me<lal3 should be objects of 
 universal appreciation. 
 
 The State of Pennsylvania at an early day came forward to 
 the assistance of the Exhibition with an appropriation of 
 5:1,000,000. This was followed by appropriations by the city 
 ^if Philadelphia amounting to $1,500,000. Besides these ap- 
 propriations, the city of Philadelphia may be regarded as a 
 
 CEKTENKIAI. MEDAL — OBVERSE. 
 
214 
 
THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 215 
 
 contributor to the success of the Exhibition in the erection of 
 
 the ni!jgniH«;ent bridgeji over the iSchuylkill at Callowliill street 
 
 aiitl Girartl avenue, at a cost of over $2,500,000; in the various 
 
 inii)roveuieiits it has made in Fairniouut I'ark on account of the 
 
 JCxhibition ; and in its splendid donation of the Exhibition 
 
 grounds. Apart iVoni all this, however, the direct ai)propria- 
 
 tions of the JState and 
 
 city, together with the 
 
 subscriptions of private 
 
 individuals to the stock ^ 
 
 of the enterprise, swell 1:^ 
 
 the contribution of . 
 
 Pennsylvania to the 
 
 Exhibition to more thau 
 
 four million dollars — t, 
 
 fully one-half of the en- -^ 
 
 tire cost of the prepnra- ^ 
 
 tion and adiniuistnitioii 
 
 of the Exhibition. 
 
 In spite of the clansi' 
 of the act of Congress 'Zr^^^''** 
 incorporating the Exiti- ^^' '^Is^v 
 bition, which stipulated ^^^rm 
 that the Ignited States 
 shun Id not be respon- 
 sible for any of the ex- 
 penses of the enterprise, 
 the Centennial Commis- 
 sion, in the spring of 
 1874, made an appeal to 
 Congress for an appro- 
 priation in behalf of the scheme. A bill was introduced in 
 the House of Representatives ai)propriating the sum of three 
 mWioinhUars to the Exhibition. It was argued by the friends 
 of the scheme that as the United States had l)y its invitations 
 to foreign powers to participate in the Exhibition given to it 
 an international character, and had become res^wnsibte for its 
 
 MOXSTKR riNEi*, WKST PAltK. 
 
 fi 
 
 i 
 
 
216 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY , 
 
 success^ Congress was morally bound to aid the enterprise by 
 a liberal appropriation, if for no other reason, for the simple 
 imrpose of sustaining the cre<lit of the country in the eyes of the 
 world. It was also argued that as the single State of Pennsyl- 
 vania had voluntarily assumed fully half of the cost of the 
 Exhibition, Congress might reasonably l)e expected to con- 
 tribute the sum asked for on account of the nation at large. 
 Ti)e bill was put upon its final passage on the 6th of May, 
 1874, and was defeate<l by a vote of 139 against it to 90 in its 
 favor. Tlie defeat of the bill was owing chiefly to the 
 Western States, which cast their votes almost solidly against 
 it. The vote of the various sections stood as ibllows: The 
 Eastern States, for the bill, 43 votes; against it, 27 votes; the 
 Sontha-n States, for the bill, 36 votes ; against it, 22 votes ; the 
 Westa-n States, for the bill, 11 votes; against it, 90 votes. The 
 Western vote against the bill thus equalled the combined vote 
 in its favor. 
 
 The defeat of the appropriation bill by Congress, instead of 
 disheartening the friends of the Exhibition, merely stimulated 
 them to fresh exertions. They were resolved that the scheme 
 should not fail in their hands. Thanks to the liheral action of 
 the State of Pennsylvania and the city of Philadelphia, and the 
 cordial manner in which the people of the country responded to 
 the appeals of the Board of Finance and the Bureau of Revenue 
 for aid, the work upon the great Exhibition buildings was 
 promptly hegun, and steadily carried forward. On the 1st of 
 December, 1875, the Board of Finance was able to make the 
 iollowing encouraging showing of its work : 
 
 SU^OIARY OF RECEIPTS. 
 
 Total stock mibscriptlons, reliable $2,357,750 
 
 In which are included : 
 
 New Jersey §100,000 
 
 Delaware 10,000 
 
 Connecticnt 10,000 
 
 New Hampshire 10,000 
 
 Wilmington, Del 5,000 
 
 Sl3o,000 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 Gifts, conccssioiiH and inti-rcst S2"0,000 
 
 Furtlier rt'ceipts from coiit't'H.Hion8 100,000 
 
 Appropriation by Poniisylvania 1,000,000 
 
 Appropriuliun by Pliiludclpliia 1,500,000 
 
 Dt'licicmy I,');i7,100 
 
 Total cost of preparation to May 10th, 1876 $0,724,850 
 
 EXPENDITURES. 
 
 The expeiulitiuo!) have been as follows: 
 
 Main Hiiiiding, or Induttlrial Hall $1,113,793 22 
 
 Memorial liall 834,218 80 
 
 Macliinery Hall 577,(537 25 
 
 Hortit'ultnral Hall 231,4(5(5 60 
 
 Agricultural Hall 26,(541 14 
 
 Administration offices 25,787 48 
 
 Boundary fence 8,638 55 
 
 Water supply 35,331 87 
 
 Lansdowne and Belmont bridges 20,821 00 
 
 Judges' Hall 7,047 50 
 
 Grading and drainage 163,801 20 
 
 Railroads 11,1(5() 10 
 
 Wotnen's Pavilion 5,750 00 
 
 Engineers and architects 53,780 56 
 
 Insurance and police 1,258 55 
 
 Fire Department 2,348 13 
 
 Ceremonials on Fourth of July, 1873 and 1875. . . . 6,003 56 
 
 Advertising and printing 31,043 17 
 
 Expenses of the Centennial Board of Finance 91,456 07 
 
 Expenses of the United States Centennial Com- 
 mission 199,027 70 
 
 Medals 9,227 56 
 
 Available means on hand .367,92(5 03 
 
 §3,824,172 19 
 
 Wliich were provided from the following sources: 
 
 Payment on subscriptions to stock $1,852,649 S) 
 
 Gifts 5><,015 91 
 
 Concessions for privileges ]4(!,OoO 00 
 
 Interest on deposits 24,374 71 
 
 State of Pennsylvania towards Memorial Hall .... 456,800 73 
 
 City of Philadelphia towards Memorial Hall 302,812 24 
 
 City of Philadelphia towards Machinery Hall .... 490,795 37 
 
 City of Philadelphia towards Horticultural Hall. . 191,082 29 
 Percentage retained to secure the fulfilment of 
 
 contracts 301,431 64 
 
 53,S24,172 19 
 
 217 
 
' 
 
 ! 
 
 318 TiiK n.:,r.sriiATKi) history. 
 
 KSTIMATKI) I'lTlKK KXI'KNDITIHKS. 
 
 Kstiiuatc of tilt! sum icciuirccl lor tlic completion of the 
 grounds iiiitl buildings up to the 10th of May, 187G, when tlic 
 Intiirnalional Exhibition will be opcnc'il. The Memorial, 
 Maehinerv and llctrticultural Halls being provided ihv by the 
 Statu of rennsylvania and city of riiilaiK'lphia, are nut 
 included: 
 
 For tlie M.mi Industrial IFiill S<i()(),000 
 
 Ayricnlluriil Hall , 'JTo.dUU 
 
 AdiniiiisiiMiii.n ullicis l!(t,(iUO 
 
 Jiulj{is' Hill! -•■',""'•) 
 
 Liiiisdowiu' mid llvlinont l)iid;,as 00,0(10 
 
 Woiiuii's I'avilion 2o,UUU 
 
 Four additional I)uililin^s to niout enliirgod <k'- 
 
 n.ands 190,000 
 
 Ciradinu', draiiiini,', rnclaiinij; roads and walks, 
 
 jiri |>arati(ins tor v;ardriis, loinitains, and cjilu-r 
 
 orn.mu'nts, inciudint; teas and additional water 
 
 supi^ly 400,000 
 
 ]?oiliT-lii)Use cri-'atioii and distribution of power, 
 
 slial'iini;, .'If 110,000 
 
 ExiH'Usi's ol'tlu' ITnili'd Stales (Vntonnial Conuuis- 
 
 sion, anil tliosL'ot'all its bureaus up to May lOlli. 4n(),0(M) 
 
 Ivxpi'Msi's of tlie Iioard of I'inanoo -40,000 
 
 Ki'taitn'il jn'rcenlams to he i>:iid on conipU'tion of 
 
 eonlraets, not includiuij; tliose to he paid hy tluj 
 
 State of IVnnsylvaiiia and eity of ridladelpliia. ICiO.OOO 
 
 Contingem is 200,0(i() 
 
 Total ruiiuirements up to >[ay lOtli, 1870 $2,o0o,000 
 
 RESOURCl'S. 
 
 Available means on hand SHRT.OOO 
 
 Subscriptions to stock yet to he paid oOO.OOO 
 
 Probable receipts from concessions 100,000 
 
 9()7,0n0 
 
 DL'ficlency $1,');;7,100 
 
 This stat(M«ent is submitted with confidence that it is as dose 
 
 an approximate as can be made. 
 
 John AVei,sit, 
 
 PrcsHlcnt Centennial Board of Finance. 
 
 PiirL.\i>Ei-rinA, December 1st, 1875, 
 
■^ 
 
 ■ilC: 
 
 ;* M 
 
 i 
 
 219 
 
220 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 In the meantime the sales of the stock and medals was car- 
 ried on steadily, and it became at length apparent that the 
 Exhibition would be financially a success. The work of prep- 
 aration was paid for by the Board of Finance as it progressed, 
 and no heavy and embarrassing debt was allowed to accumulate. 
 It was the aim of the numagers of the scheme from the first to 
 open the doors of the Exhibition free from debt, and this pur- 
 pose has been steadily adhered to. 
 
 It was found that the Exhibition could MOt be opened on tlio 
 19th of April, 1876, the day originally appointed, and the 
 opening day was changed to the 10th of May. A corrcsj)on(l- 
 ing change of the date of closing the Exhibition was also ma<le 
 from October 19th to November 10th, 1876. 
 
 The success of the Exhibition being secured, the Congress of 
 the United States appropriated the sum of ^505,000 to enable 
 the general government to erect a building of its own on the 
 Exhibition grounds, and to exhibit in it the articles necessary 
 for the proper illustration of "the functions and administrative 
 faculties of the government in time of peace and its resources 
 as a war power." 
 
 Many of the States also made appropriations for the erection 
 
 of State buildings on the Exhibition grounds, and for defraying 
 
 the experises of their State Boards of Centennial ^lanagers. 
 
 These appropriations amount in the aggregate to over §400.- 
 
 000. The principal were as follows : 
 
 Pennsylvania S50,000 
 
 Massachusetts 50,000 
 
 New York 25,000 
 
 Oliio I.VIOO 
 
 Nevada 20,000 (i,'oI(l) 
 
 Illinois 10,000 
 
 Delaware 10,000 
 
 Indiana 10,000 
 
 IMieliigan 7,500 
 
 West N'irginia 2(t,000 
 
 New .Jersey 10,000 
 
 ^ Arkansas 5,000 
 
 Kansas 5,000 
 
 Maryland 15,000 
 
 Colorado 4,000 
 
 Arizona 5,000 
 
 Montana 5,000 
 
01' THE CEM'ENXIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 221 
 
 The foreign powers to whom ihe invitations of the Govern- 
 ment to i)articii)ate in the Exhibition were addressed, re- 
 sponded cordially and favorably, as we have stated. Tlieir 
 appropriations for the pnrpose of defraying the expenses of their 
 share of the display were largely in excess of the most sanguine 
 expectations of the friends of tiie enterprise. 'I'he appropria- 
 tion of Great Britain (including Australia and Canada) was 
 8-250,000 in gold ; that of France (including Algi.-na) 8120,000 ; 
 Germany, $171,000; Austria, $75,000; Italy, $70,000, of 
 whicl: $38,000 is from the government, and $38,000 from the 
 Chaniber of Commerce; Spain, $150,000; Japan, $000,000; 
 Sweden, $125,000; Norway, $44,000 ; Ecuador, $10,000 ; and 
 the Argentine Confederation, $60,000. Egypt, Chii)a, Brazil, 
 Chili, Venezuela, Russia, and other nations, have made appro- 
 priations ft)r the expenses of their exhibitors, the exact amount 
 of which is unknown. In all about forty governments have 
 contributed to the expenses of the Exhibition. Their total 
 outlay will exceed two million dollars in American money. 
 This sum, it should be remembered, is distinct from the eight 
 millions and a half, estimated as the proper cost of the Exhibi- 
 tion. Each government taking part in the Exhibition is ropre- 
 sonted by a board of commissioners appointed by it, and con- 
 sisting of a number of its most distinguished citizens. Thoy 
 are charged with the management and display of the exhibits 
 of their respective countries. 
 
 The success of the Exhibition being now assured, the Centen- 
 nial Commission resolved to make a final appeal to Congress for 
 aid. Soon after the opening of the session of 1875-7(1, a bill 
 was introduced appropriating one million five hundred thousand 
 dollars in aid of the Exhibition. There was a general demand 
 from the press and people of the country that the bill should 
 pass. The Exhibition had been carried so nearly to success by 
 private and State subscriptions, that it was felt that the honor 
 of the nation required that the general government should 
 make up the sum which was still needed to j)lace the Plxhibi- 
 tion on an assured basis of success. After considerable discus- 
 sion, the bill passed both Houses of Congress, and was approved 
 hy the President on the 16th of February, 1876. 
 
222 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 The bill roquirecl the sum of one million five liundred thou- 
 sand (lolliirs to l)e paid hv the Treasurer of the United States to 
 the President and Treasurer of the Centennial Board of Finanee 
 
 BUILDING OP THE NEW YORK MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE 
 
 COMPANY. 
 
 as follows : one-third immediately after the approval of the aci 
 by the President, and the remainder in four equal monthly pay- 
 ments. Before any portion of the approjjriation could be paid 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 223 
 
 out of the Federal Trcasurv, the President and Treasurer of the 
 Board of Finanee were required to give security lor the proper 
 use of the money paid them in a bond of five hunched thousand 
 dollars. The bond was given on the 3d of Marcli, 1876, and 
 the sureties affixed to it consisted of the names of one hundred 
 prominent citizens of Piiiladelphia, whose aggregate wealth 
 amounted to over $60,000,000. The act of Congress required 
 that the general government should be reimbursed out of the 
 first profits of the Exhibition, thus placing it in the position of 
 a preferred creditoi , an act w^orthy of the Forty-fourth Congress. 
 
 The million and a half dollars approj)riated by Congress 
 placed the Centennial authorities in possession of the full sum 
 needed by them to carry out their grand idea of ojk iiing the 
 Exhibition free from <lebt. This amount was sufficient, to- 
 gether with the sum alioady obtained from other sources, to 
 pay the cost of preparing the grounds, erecting the buildings, 
 and making all the ncces^^ary preparations for the opening of 
 the Exhibition. After the opening of the doors to the public, 
 the "running expenses" were to be defrayed from the daily 
 receipts. 
 
 The third annual rejiort of the Board of Finance, dated 
 April 19th, 1876, gave the following gratifying statement: 
 
 "So many agencies are in action, drawing the various parts 
 of our preparatory work to a closc^that it is impossible to speak 
 other than approximately of the outlay. We see no reason to 
 vary the estimate heretofore made, which was eight million five 
 hundred thousand dollars, from the beginning to the final wind- 
 ing up. It must be borne in mind that the expenditure incident 
 to an Exhibition on so large a scale can, in advance, only be 
 given eonjecturally. 
 
 " The whole outlay will be provided from the following sources : 
 
 State of Pennsylvania $1,000,000 
 
 City of Philadelphia 1,500,000 
 
 Concessions, prifts, and interest 500,000 
 
 Stock subscriptions 2,500,000 
 
 Appropriation by the United States 1,500,000 
 
 $7,000,000 
 
224 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 "As tliijj sliows a deficiency of one million five hundred thou- 
 sand dollars, that amount must he supplied from admission lees. 
 
 "Assuming that our present assured means are equal to the 
 payment of everything; up to the opening, and that for the 
 expenses of the Kxhibition until the final winding up of its 
 affairs there will be re(piired one million five hundred thousand 
 dollars from the receipts lor admission i'vdji, then whatever sum 
 oeyond that shall he realized from admissions, together with 
 the value of the materials after its close, will be applicable to 
 the repayment of the capital stock and the United States appnt- 
 priation ; the interests of the State or Pennsylvania and the City 
 of Philadelphia being rej)resented by their respective buildings, 
 the Machinery, Memorial, and Horticultural Halls." 
 
 Tlic item given as concessions in the above report comprises 
 the sales by the Board of Finance of the privilege of selling 
 various articles upon the grounds of the Exhibition. The total 
 sum received for these privileges was $450,000, and was made 
 up as follows : 
 
 The Centennial Ciitalogiie Company, exclusive right of 
 
 printing and selling the Oftieial Catalogue $100,000 
 
 Narrow Gauge Railway 20,000 
 
 French Restaurant 6,000 
 
 f Jernian Restaurant 6,000 
 
 Royalty on heer, $3 per barrel, to be collected at the 
 
 gates ; estimated at 50,000 
 
 Exclusive right to sell soda water 52,000 
 
 " " " cigars and tobacco 18,000 
 
 " " " popcorn 7,000 
 
 Glass factory for supplying exhibitors 3,000 
 
 Telegraph and messenger service 35,000 
 
 Department of Public Comfort 16,150 
 
 Other privileges 136,850 
 
 $450,000 
 
 The great, work was at length completed, and the Centennial 
 Kxhibitio?^ was an accomplished fact. It had been throughout 
 a series of triumphs for those engaged in it. The singleness (»t 
 purpose, the systematic energy, and the rai)idity with which its 
 projectors carried it through to success have no parallel even 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION 
 
 22") 
 
 in the history of our own enterprising country. It is fittiii;^ 
 that the enterprise destined to eomnieniorate the great acliieve- 
 inonts of the American j)eopIe in the arts of peace should be in 
 itself one of the most remarkable of tliose achievements. 
 
 The work on the great buihlingswas pushed forward steadily 
 from the time of its connneneement. It was watched with the 
 (jiepest interest by 
 thousands who daily 
 visited the grounds, 
 :iii(l evci: to those who 
 lichcld its daily })ro- 
 gi'c.-s it seemed almost 
 iii'redible that so 
 iiuich should have 
 Ik'cii done in so short 
 a time. Machinery 
 Hall was the first 
 completed, and this 
 was Ibllowed by the 
 Main Building, the 
 Horticultural, Agri- 
 cultural and Memo- 
 rial Halls. 
 
 All things being 
 in rca<lincss the ro- 
 c('i)tion of articles 
 for the Exhibition 
 was begun on the 
 5th of Januarv, ravine in wkstekn park, sweetcriar vale. 
 1S76. This work 
 
 was greatly facilitated by the co-operation of the Pennsylvania 
 Kuilroad Company. A line of track was laid from the main 
 line of that road into the Exhibition grounds, and was carried 
 into each of the principal buildings. By this means tlie cars 
 loaded with the materials for the constru'^tion of the buildings 
 were enabled to discharge their contents )n the exact s})ot, and 
 vhen the structures were completed the articles intended f(jr 
 15 
 
 
 lifer ' 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
226 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 exhibition were transported to the proper buildings on the cars 
 and unloaded within a few yards of the location assigned to 
 them. Goods arriving from abroad were transferred from the 
 steamer in which they were originally shipped to the cars along- 
 side the vessel, and transported direct to the Exhibition build- 
 ings. 
 
 The work of installation was pressed forward with vigor, and 
 it was hoped that it would be ended by the time appointed for 
 the opening of the Exhibition. So great and so numerous were 
 the delays on the part of the exhibitors that the Exhibition, like 
 its predecessor at Vienna, was opened before this work was 
 completed. The opening ceremonies were held on the 10th of 
 May, 1876, and will be noticed at length in another chapter. 
 
 The Exhibition being competitive in character, great care was 
 given by the Centennial Commission to the preparation of a 
 system of awards. At a meeting of the executive committee 
 held on the 13th of October, 1875, a report was made with 
 reference to this matter and a system of awards finally decided 
 upon. We quote the following extract from the report : 
 
 "Awards have generally been made by an international jury 
 of six ' undred members. The apportionment of jurors to 
 countries was tried on various bases, but was usually made on 
 the basis of relative space occupied by produ(;ts of each country 
 respectively in the Exhibition. The great jury was divided 
 into numerous small juries, who examined the products and 
 prepared lists of names of persons whom they proposed for 
 awards, and the proposals thus made were confirmed or rejected 
 by higher juries. This system brought together, unavoidably, 
 many individuals unqualified for the work. The basis of rep- 
 resentation was apparently fair, but its results were delusive. 
 The countries nearest the Exhibition occupied the largest space. 
 Numerous remote countries filled smaller spaces. The number 
 of jurors allotted to the latter body left them in many instances 
 without jurors on many classes, and thus in voting on awards 
 they had no voice, and the awards were in effect decreed by the 
 few contiguous countries. Written reports were not usually 
 made by juri<.j, and if made, were not printed, consequently no 
 
OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 227 
 
 person outside the jury knew on what ground awards were 
 made. Medals, when distributed, were silent verdicts, and 
 awards thus made conveyed little useful information. Awards 
 were based upon ai)onymous reports or reports not published, 
 and final decisions were recorded in vague and mystic language 
 not satisfactory to i)roducers or public. 
 
 " The method of awards adopted by the Centennial Commis- 
 sion differs from this system. It dispenses with the interna- 
 tional jury, and substitutes a body of two hundred judges, one- 
 half foreign, chosen individually for high qualifications. It 
 dispenses also with the system of awards by graduated medals, 
 and requires of the judges written reports on vhe inherent and 
 comparative merits of each product thought worthy of award, 
 setting forth its properties and qualities, and presenting the con- 
 siderations forming the ground of the award. Each report has 
 the signature of its author. The professional judgment and 
 moral responsibility of the judges being thus involved, the 
 integrity of the reports is assured. The success of this method 
 al);5olutely depends uj)()n the judicious selection of judges, and 
 to this point I desire to call particular attention." 
 
 The following is the 
 
 SYSTEM OF AWARDS: 
 
 "i. Awards shall be based upon written reports attested by 
 the signatures of their authors. 
 
 " 2. Two hundred judges shall be appointed to make such 
 reports, one-half of whom shall be foreigners and one-half 
 citizens of the United States. They will be selected for their 
 known qualifications and character, and Mill be experts in 
 departments to N.hich they will be respectively asslgneil. The 
 foreign members of this body will be appointed by the commis- 
 sion of each country and in conformity with the distribution and 
 allotment to each, which will be hereafter announced. The 
 judges from the United States will be appointed by the Centen- 
 nial Commission. 
 
 " 3. The sum of one thousand dollars will be paid to each 
 commissioned judge for personal expenses. 
 
228 
 
 TIIE ILLUSTRATED HI6T0HY 
 
 "4. Reports and awards shall be based upon merit. The 
 elements of merit siuill beheld to inolude considerations relutini' 
 to ori;i;inulity, invention, discovery, utility, quality, skill, work- 
 manship, fitness for the i)urposes intended, adaptation to public 
 wants, economy, and cost. 
 
 "5. Each report will be delivered to the Centennial Commis- 
 sion as soon as com[)leted, for final award and publication. 
 
 "0. Awards will be finally decreed by the United States 
 Centennial Commission, in compliance with the act of Conuics.^, 
 and will c(>nsist of a di[)loma with a uniform bronze medal and 
 a special report of the judges on the subject of the award. 
 
 "7. Each exhibitor will have the right to re[)ro(iuc(' aiui 
 publish the report awarded to him, i>'it the Unite<l States Cen- 
 tennial Commission reserves the right to publish and dispose of 
 all reports in the manner it thinks best for public informatii>n, 
 and also to embody and distribute the reports as records of tlio 
 Exhibition. "A. T. Gosiionx, Dircdor-Gcmrnl. 
 
 "John L. CAMi'HEfJ-, Sccrdanj." 
 
 The following is the Exhibidon ('((a/u^rn' determined upon by 
 the Executive Committee: 
 
 IvL'ception of Articles comnitiu'cs January otii. 
 
 Kccoption of Articles ends April IDth, 
 
 Unoccupied space forfeited April 2Gth, 
 
 Main Exhibition opens May lOtli. 
 
 (Irand Ceremonies on Exhibition Grounds, .July 4tli. 
 
 Trials of Harvesting Machines, .Tune and .July. 
 
 Trials of Steani-Plowa and Tillage Implements, September and October. 
 
 Exhibit of Horses, Mules, and Asses, September 1st to September loth. 
 
 Exhibit of Horned Cuttle, September 20th to October oth. 
 
 Exhibit of Sheep, Swine, Goats and Dogs, October 10th to October 25tb. 
 
 Exhibit of Poultry, October 28ih to November lOtli. 
 
 Main Exhibition closes November lOtli. 
 
 Exhibits must be removed by December 31st. 
 
 There will also be a number of celebrations during the year, 
 connected with and growing out of the Exhibition. The most 
 important are as follows : 
 
 Knights Templar (^lasons), Annual Conclave, May 30th. 
 Knights Templar (Masons), Grand Parade, June 1st. 
 
OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 Orilur of Good Templars, Special Gathering, June 13tli. 
 
 Inluriiatioiial Kcgatta (New York Harbor), June -2J. 
 
 Yai'lit Kiyalta, Delaware Kiver, in June. 
 
 Sons ol' Teniperanee, S];)ecial Gatiiering, June. 
 
 International iSeries of Cricket Matches, June and September. 
 
 Congress of Authors in Independence Hall, July 2d. 
 
 I'arade of Irish SoiieJes (Dedication of Fountain), July 4th. 
 
 I'arade of Military Organizations, July 4tli. 
 
 L'nited American Mechanics, I'arade, July 8th. 
 
 Knights of Pythias, Parade, August 22d. 
 
 Jiiiernational Rowing Uegatta, August 20th to Septeiuher 15th. 
 
 international Jviile Matches, in September. 
 
 Jnternational Medical Congress, September 4th. 
 
 liidepeiideut Order of Odd-Fellows, Parade, September 20tli. 
 
 229 
 
 ! 
 
 JOIIX WAKAMAKKRS NKW <'IX)TIIINC* HOl'SK — MAKKKT M. 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 THE MANAGEMENT OF THE EXHIBITION. 
 
 A List of the Officers of the Centennial Exhibition, and the Commissioners 
 
 from Foreign Countries. 
 
 OFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 
 
 President — Joseph R. Hawley, Colonnade Hotel, city. 
 
 Vice-Presidents: — Orestes Cleveland, Jersey City, N. J.; John D. Creigh, 
 San Francisco, Cal.; Robert Lowry, Davenport, Iowa; Thomas H. Coldwell, 
 Shelby ville, Tennessee; John McNeil, St. Louis, Mo.; William Gurney, 
 Charleston, S. C. 
 
 Director-General — Alfred T. Goshorn, Continental Hotel, city. 
 
 Secretary — John L. Campbell, 318 South Broad street, city. 
 
 Assistant Secretaries — Myer Asch, Dorsey Gardener. 
 
 Counsellor and Solicitor— John L. Shoemaker, Esq., 611 Vine at., city. 
 
 Office of the Commission— No. 903 Walnut street. 
 
 BUREAUS OF ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 Chiefs c^ Bureaus. 
 
 Foreign — Direction of the foreign representation, A. T. Goshorn, Myer Asch. 
 
 Installation — Classification of application for space, allotment for space 
 in Main Building, supervision of special structures, Henry Pettit. 
 
 Transportation — Foreign transportation for goods and visitors, transpor- 
 tation for goods and visitors in the United States, local transportation, ware- 
 housing and customs regulations, Dolphus Torrey. 
 
 Machinery — Superintendence of the Machinery Department and building, 
 including allotment of space to exhibitors, John S. Albert. 
 
 Agriculture — Superintendence of the Agricultural Department, building, 
 and grounds, including allotment of space to exhibitors, Burnet Lnndreth. 
 
 Horticulture — Superintendence of Horticultural Department, conserva- 
 tory, and grounds, including allotment of space to exhibitors, Charles II. 
 Miller. 
 
 Fine Arts — Superintendence of the Fine Art Department and building, 
 including allotment of space to exhibitors, John Sartain, 
 230 
 
THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 231 
 
 EXECUTIVE (COMMITTEE. 
 
 Daniel J. Morrell (JohiiHtown), Peiin«ylvaiua, Chairman; Alfred T. Gos- 
 horn (Continental Hotel), Ohio; N. M. Becliwlth (New Yorit city), New 
 York; Alexunder K. IJoteler (Siiepherdstown), \Ve.-st Virgiiiiti; Kicliard C. 
 McCorniieit (WoHliington, D. C), Arizona; Jolin Lyncli (New Orleans), 
 LouiHiana; Charles P. Kimbull (Hrewwter A Co.), New York eity; Samuel F, 
 PliillipH (Washington, D. C.), North Carolina; George B. Lorin^,' (Ssdcni), 
 MiuwaehiiMettw; Frederick L. Matthews ((,'arlinville), Illinois; William Phipiis 
 Blake (Piiiladelphia), Connecticut; James E. Dexter (Washington), Dist. of 
 Columbia; J. T. Bernard (Tallahassee), Florida. 
 
 Myer Asch (Philadelphia), Secretary, 
 
 CENTENNIAL COMMISSION-CENTENNIAL BOARD OF 
 
 FINANCE. 
 
 President — John Welsh, Philadelphia. 
 
 Vkje-Pkesidents — William Sellers, Philadelphia; John S. Barbour, Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 Directors— Samuel L. Felton, Philadelphia ; Daniel M. Fox, Philadelphia ; 
 Thomas Cochran, Philadelphia; Clement M. Biddle, Philadelphia ; N. Parker 
 Shortridge, Philadelphia; James M. Robb, Philadelphia; Edward T. Steel, 
 Philadelphia; John Wanamaker, Philadelphia; John Price Wethcrill, Phila- 
 delphia; Henry Winsor, Philadelphia; Henry Lewis, Philadelphia; Amos 
 R. Little, Philadelphia ; John Baird, Philadelphia ; Thomas H. Dudley, New 
 Jersey; A. S. Hewitt, New York; John Cummings, Massachusetts; John 
 Gorham, Rhode Island; Charles W. Cooper, Pennsylvania; William Bigler, 
 Pennsylvania; Robert M. Patton, Alabama; J. B. Drake, lUinob; George 
 Bain, Missouri. 
 
 Secretary and Treasurer— Frederick Fraley, Philadelphia. 
 
 Financial Agent— Hon. William Bigler. 
 
 Chief Bureau op Revenue — General C. B. Norton. 
 
 Auditor — H. S. Lansing. 
 
 Engineers and Architects — Henry Pettit, Joseph M. Wilson, H. J. 
 Schwarzmann. 
 
 OFFICERS OF THE WOMEN'S CENTENNIAL EXECUTIVE 
 
 COMMITTEE. 
 
 Mrs. E. D. Gillespie, President; Mrs. John Sanders, Vice-President; Mrs. 
 Frank M. Etting, Secretary ; Mrs. S. A. Irwin, Treasurer. 
 
 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BOARD. 
 War Department, Ordnance Bureau— Col. S. C. Lyford, Chairman. 
 Treasury Department— Hon. R. W. Taylor, First Controller of the 
 Treasury. 
 
232 
 
 SCENE NEAR TYRONE, ON THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD. 
 
THK CENTENXIAIi EXHiniTIOX. 
 
 233 
 
 Navv Dki'autmknt— Admiral Thornton A. JenkinH. 
 Intkuioh DKr.VKTMDN'r— Hon. Jolin Katon, Coniniissionor of Ediirntion. 
 I'osT-Oi'i'U'K IHoi'AKTMKXT — Dr. t'liiirlcH F. Mc'DonaUl, C'.iu'f Mom-y. 
 Urtlcr Ik'piutini'iit, 
 
 AoiiKi'i-Ti'iiAL I>i:pahtmknt — Williuni Saunders, Siiperintt'ndt'nt ol' 
 rropaj^iiting Dupartnieiil. 
 
 SMITIISOMAN INSTITl TION. 
 
 Prof, f^, V. Ruinl, Acting Socrctary oi' llie Siuitlisonian Institution and 
 UnilL'd States risliery Commission; William A. IkCaindry, Secretary. 
 
 BUILDING COMMITTKi:. 
 
 Tiiomas Cocliran, Cliairman ; .John IJaird, Clement M. Biddlc, William 
 Hellers, Samuel M. Felton, James M. liobb. 
 
 TELI'XiKAPIIIC DIRKCTOR, W. J. Phillips. 
 DlIiKCTOU FIRE DEPARTMENT, At wood Smith. 
 CHIEF BUREAU OF AW VRDS, Dr. C. J. StilW. 
 
 COMMITTEE ON CONCESSIONS. 
 Jolm Price Wetherill, Chairman ; N. Parker Sliortridge, Henry Winsor. 
 CHIEF BUREAU OF ADMISSIONS, David G. Yates. 
 
 FOREIGN COMMISSIONS ACCREDITED TO THE INTERNA- 
 TIONAL EXHIBITION OF 1876. 
 
 Aroentine Republic— Carlos Carranza, President, New York ; Edward 
 Shippen, Vice-President, Philidelphia ; Edw. T. Davison, Treasurer, Consul 
 (lencral. New York ; Diego de Castro, Secretary, New York ; Dei)uty Member, 
 E. Mara Davison. 
 
 Central Committee — Ernesto Oldendorf, President, Buenos Ayrcs ; Ednardo 
 Olivera, Buenos Ayres; Onesimo Lcguizan«on, Buenos Ayres; Diego de la 
 Fuente, Buenos Ayres ; Lino Palcois, Buenos Ayres ; Rieardo Newton, Buenos 
 Ayres; Leonardo Pereyra, Buenos Ayres; Jose M. Jurafdo, Buenos Ayres; 
 Kmilio Duportal, Buenos Ayrcs ; Julio Victorica, Secretary, Buen()S Ayres. 
 
 AusTniA — Rudolf Tsbary, Vice-President of tlie Cluunber of Commerce, 
 PicsiiLnt, Vienna; Franz Hitter von Liebig, member of the Ciiamber of Com- 
 merce, First Vice-President, Rcicbeiiberg ; Micliael Matscheko, Manufac- 
 tiu-cr. Second Vice-President. Jlembers: Eugene Felix, President of the 
 SiMicty of Arts; Edward Kanitz, member of the Cliami)er of Commerce; Karl 
 von Oberleitner, member of the Chamber of Cfniimerce, Olnnitz; Otto von 
 Bauer, member of the Chamber of Commerce, Bruim ; Ernst von Pontzen, 
 Kngincer; Dr. Emil Hornig, Counsellor ; Dr. F. Migerka, Imperial and Royal 
 Counsellor; Theo. A. Havemeyer, Austro-Hungarian Consul-General, New 
 York. 
 
234 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 Africa — Ouanou Fkee State — Charles W. Eiley, Consul-General, 
 Pliiliideiphia. 
 
 Belgium — Baron Oiistave de Woelir.ont, Senator, President, Brussels; 
 Alexander llobert, Historical Painter, member of tlie Bel[j;ium Academy of 
 Fine Arts, Letters and Sciences, Vice-President, Brusselt' ; Cli. de Smet-de Smet, 
 Maniif;'.cturer, President of tlie Industrial and Commercial Society, Vice-Presi- 
 dent, Glient; I. ' lurft^. c, Chief of Bureau, Ministry of tlie Interior, Secretary 
 of the Upper-Consul of Industry and Commerce, late Secretrry of the Belgian 
 Commission and Juries of the International Exhibition of Paris, London, and 
 Vienna, Secretary, Brussels; Alfred Ancion, Manufacturer of Arms, Liege; 
 A. J. B'jipaior, Inspector-General of Railways and Telegraphs; L. de Cinte, 
 Architect, member of the Koyal Commission of Monuments, and Council for the 
 Improvement of the Arts of Design, Brussels; Felix Duhayon, Lace Maim- 
 ftict'ircr. Judge of the Tribunal of Commerce, and member of the Chamber of 
 Commerce, Brussels; E. Duisberg, Director of the Paper Manufactories of 
 Messrs. Godin & Co., at Iluy, member of the Chamber of Commerce, Liege; 
 Jos. Fayn, Mir'ng Engineer, Consul of the Netherlands, Liege; P. F. Ghys- 
 Bruneel, Lace Manufacturer, Gramniont ; Jules Ilaveiuth, Ship-Owner, Counsel 
 of Austria, Hungary, Antwerp ; J. Kindt, Inspector-General of Industry, Minis- 
 try of the Interior; Eugene Meeus, Manufacturer, member of the Chamber of 
 Representatives, Antwerp; Alph. Morel, Director of the (Mass Works, Lodelin- 
 sart, Charlerol ; Henri Morel, Flax Manufacturer, Gand ; Remy Paquot, 
 Director of the Compapy of Bleyberg-es-Montzen, Verviers ; Edm. Parmentier, 
 Manufacturer, Brussels; Ferdinand Pauwels, Historical Painter, Antwerp; 
 Aug. Ronnberg, Director-General of Agriculture and Manufactures, Ministry 
 of the Interior; E. Sadoine, Director-General of Works, Seraing-lez-Licge ; 
 Jules Sauveur, Director-General of Public Instruction, Ministry of the Interior; 
 E. E. A. Schaar, Chief Engineer, Director of the Arsenal and Railways of the 
 State, Mali.ies; Alfred Simonis, Cloth Manufacturer, member of the Chamber 
 of Reprcsi'iitatives, Verviers. 
 
 Resident Commissioners in Philadelphia~:-Connt d'Oultremont, Director-Gen- 
 oal ; Air. ,1. Van Bree, Chief of Fine Art Department ; Mr. J. Gody, Ministry 
 of Public Works; Mr. J. Beco, Engineer, Brussels, 
 
 Brazil — His Iliglmess Gaston d' Orleans, Conde d' Eu, Mrrslial of tlie 
 Army, President; Viscount de Jaguary, First Vice-President; Viscount de 
 Bonn-Ketiro, Second Vice-President ; liis Excellency A. P. de Carvalho Bor)j;i's, 
 Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of his Ma'-'sty tlie Em- 
 peror of Brazil, Washington, D. C. ; Viscount de Souza Franco Joaiiuiu An- 
 tonio de Azevedo. 
 
 Chili — Mr. Rafael Lorrain, Mr. Maximiano Erraznriz, Mr. Ignacio Doin- 
 eyko, Mr. Armando Pliilippi, Mr. Francisco Solano Asta Buniaga, Mr. Kiii;o- 
 nio Figuerad, Mr. Lamo Barros, Edward Sliippcn, Esq., Philadelphia, Josejili 
 P. Root, Esq., Francisco Gonzalez, Esq., J. Patterson Burd, Esq., Secretary iiiul 
 Treasurer, riiiladelphia. 
 
 China — Edward B. Drew, Commissioner of Customs, Cliefoo; Gustave Diet- 
 ring, Commissioners of Customs, Ningpo; Charles Ilannen, J. L. Haiunioiid, 
 Commissioner of Customs, Swatou. 
 
OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 235 
 
 Denmark — Jacob Holmblad, Manufacturer, President ; Olaf Hansen, U. S. 
 Vice-Consul, Vice-President ; Joli Hansen, Austrian Consul-General, Treasurer ; 
 C. C. Burnieister, Manufacturer ; V. Christesen, Manufacturer ; V. Fieklskon ; 
 Sculptor; Charles Hansen, Manufacturer ; William Han'mer, Artist; Thomas 
 Schmidt, New York ; Th. Green, Secretary. 
 
 Ecuador — Edward Shippen, Esq., Consul, President, Philadelpliia; Gabrivl 
 Obarrio, New York ; J. J. liibon, New Y^ork ; J. M. Munoz, New Y'ork ; J. K. 
 de la Espriella, New York. 
 
 Egyit — His Highness Prince Mohammed Tawfic Pacha, President, Cairo; 
 His Excellency Cherif Paclia, Minister of Commerce, Vice-President, Cairo ; 
 H. Brugsch Bey, Commissioner-General, Cairo. Commissioners — fJeneral 
 Stone, Cairo ; M. Mahmou<l Bey, Astronomer, Cairo ; M. Mariette Bey, Director 
 of the Museums of Antiquities, Cairo ; M. Gastinel Bey, Professor in the Medical 
 School, Cairo; M. Rogers, Director in the Ministry of Public Instruction, 
 Cairo; M. Acton, Chief of Division, Ministry of Commerce, Cairo; M. Baudry, 
 Architect, Cairo ; M. Delchevalerie, Attache, Cairo. 
 
 Itesidtnt Members in Philadelphia — H. Brugsch Bey, Cairo, Connnissioncr- 
 General; Brugsch, Cairo, Chief of Transportation and Installation; Behmcrt, 
 Attache, Cairo, Secretary ; Edward Elias, Cairo, Secretary and Interpreter ; 
 M. Danninos, Attache, Cairo. 
 
 France — M. M. Ozenne, Counsellor of State, Secretary-General of the 
 Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce, Commissioner-General of International 
 Exhibitions ; Du Sommerard, Director of the Museums of Thermes and Cluny, 
 Conunissioner-General of International Exhibitions, 
 
 Committee — Organized under the Presidency of the Minister of Ayriculture and 
 Commerce— }iil, Duclerc, Vice-President of the National Assembly, member of 
 the Committee on International Exhibitions; Marqui-i de Talhouet, Deputy ; 
 B.aron de Soubeyran, Deputy; Mr. \Voi< ski, Deputy; Marquis de Lafayette, 
 Deputy ; M. Bonnet, Deputy ; M. Flotard, Deputy ; M. Laboulaye, Deputy ; M. 
 Dietz-Monin, Deputy; M. Count de Bouille. Deputy; Viscount d'Haussonville, 
 Deputy; M. De Chabrol, Deputy ; M. Jullien, Deputy; the Secretary-General 
 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce, the Director-General of Customs, 
 the Director of the Academy of Fine Arts, the Director of Consulates and 
 Commercial Affairs at the Ministry of Foreign Afliiirs; M. Oiitrey, Minister 
 Plchijx)tentiary ; M. Du Sommerard, Director of the Museum of Thermes and 
 2Umy, the Assistant Director of Foreign Commerce, the President of the Paris 
 Chamber of Commerce; M. Guillaume, member of the Institute ; Marquis de 
 Rochambeau, Baron Alphonse de Rothschild, M. Sieber, M. Mame (Alfred), 
 M. Laveissiere (Jules), Dealer in Metals; M. Roullcaiix Dugago, Secretary; 
 M. do Fallois, late Cliief of Bureau, Ministry of Public Works, Assistant 
 Secretary. Jivsidcnt Commissioners — Mr. de Laforrest, Consul-Cieneral of 
 France, Commissioner-General, New Y'ork ; Mr. Ravin d'Elpenx, Vice-Consul, 
 Piiiladelphia; Capt. Anfrye, Military Attacii^, French Legation, Washington. 
 
 (iERMAN Empire — Dr. Jacobi, Royal Prussian Actual Privy-superior (iov- 
 crnment Coimsellor and Ministerial Director, President ; Dr. Stuvo, Royal I'rus- 
 sian Privy-Ciovernraent Counsellor and Counsellor in the Ministry of Commerce ; 
 Dr. Wedding, Royal Prussian Counsellor of Mines ; Mr. Reithcr, Royal Bava- 
 
 % if ^ 
 
23G 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 riaii Counsellor of Legation ; Mr. Von Nostitz-Wallwitz, Ro) al Saxon Envo^ 
 l')xtraorclinary and Minister Plenipotentiary ; Baron Yon Siiitzenibcr<f, Koyal 
 Wurteniburg Envoy Kxtraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary; Dr. Neid- 
 liardt, Grand Ducal Hessian Ministerial Counsellor; Mr. Kaulliiiann, Koyal 
 Prussian Counsellor of Commerce ; Dr. Kruger, Ilanseatic Minister llesident; 
 Mr. Von llolloben, Koyal Prussian Superior Tribunal Counsellor ; Mr. Niebi r- 
 ding, Coinisellor in tiie Office of the Chancellor of the Empire; Paron Voii 
 Zedlitz, Koyal Prussian Provincial Counsellor. Jlcnideid Conunissiuncru — 
 Jolni D. Lankenau, Escj., Piiiladelphia; Charles II. Meyer, Esq., Consul, 
 Philadeipliia; iJustavusKemak, E.-ii., Piiiladelphia; Dr. Fred. Volck, Hahiiuorc. 
 
 CiUKAT Biur.vix ANO CoLONiKs — Ilis Grace the Duke of Kichmond, K. (r., 
 Lord- President of the Council. Joint ExccutiV Coiiuniiisiuners — Col. IIerI)ert 
 Sandford, K. A., ProfeAior Thomas C, Archer, E. R. S. E., \. J. K. Trendell, Ivsj., 
 Secretary, Philadelphia. Superintendents — T. A. Wright, Industrial Depart- 
 ment ; John Anderson, LL. D., Machinery Department; B. T. Brandreth (iibbs, 
 Agricultural and Hortieidtural Departments; J. M. Jopling, Fine Art Depart- 
 ment; J. H. Cundall, Engineer, Philadelphia. Clerical Assislantn — Hugh 
 Willoughby Sweny, Ernest Charrington, Philadelphia ; Ernest E. Cooper, Phila- 
 delphia; John M. Brett, Philadelphia. 
 
 Canada — Senator-Luc Letellier de St. Just, Minister of* Agriculture, Presi- 
 dent, Ottawa. Honorary Commissioners — Hon. Adam Crooks, Provincial 
 Treasurer, Ontario; Hon. P. A. Garneau, Minister of Agriculture, Queljec; 
 Hon. Pt Carteret Hill, Provincial Secretary, New Brunswick ; Hon. J. J. Eraser, 
 Provincial Secretary, New Brunswick ; Hon. L. C. Owen, A'torney-General, 
 Prince Edwards Island ; Hon. W. J. Armstrong, Minister of Agriculture, British 
 Columbia ; Hon. Mr. Nolin, Minister of Agriculture, Manitoba. Executive Com- 
 missioners— Hon. E. G. Peimy, Senator, Montreal, Quebec ; Hon. R. D. Wilniot, 
 Senator, Sanbury, New Brunswick; D. Macdougall, Esq., Berlin, Ontario; J. 
 Perrault, Esq., Secretary, Ottawa. 
 
 New South Walks— His Honor Sir James Martin Knight, Chief Justice, 
 President ; Hon. .lohn Hay, President of the Legislative Council, Vice-President ; 
 Hon. George Wigram Allen, Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, Vice-Presi- 
 <lent ; Hon. Sir Edward Deas Thomson, C. B., K. C. M. (r., M. L. C, Vice- 
 President, Commissioners — The Rev. Charles Badham, D. D., Samuel Bennett, 
 Esq., James Byrnes, I<]s(j., R. W.Cameron, Esq., The Hon. (i. II. Cox, M. L. C, 
 J. K. Fairfax, Esq., Andrew Garran, Escj., LL. D., Hon. S. I). Gordon, M. 1. C, 
 Henry Ilalioraii, Esq., Edw. S. Hill, Esq., Hon. Tiiomas Iloet, M. L.C., P. A. 
 Jennings, Est)., {}. W. f-ord, Esq., M. P., Hon. Sir William Macarthur, Kiiiglit, 
 M. L. C, William Macleay, Esq., E. L. .S., T.S. Mort, Esq., Benjamin Palmer, 
 Esq., Mayor of Sidney ; Commander Thomas Stackhoiise, R. N., Ale.NMiidei 
 Stuart, Es(|., M. P., George Thornton, Esq., J. P., William Wallis, Esq., James 
 Watson, Esq., M. P., Hon. J. B. Watt, M. L. C, Fitz William Wentwortb, Fs.|., 
 J. H. Williams, E-^q., John Williams, Esq., W. C. Windeyer, F:sq., Robert 
 Wisdom, F>()., M. P., John Woods, Esq., William Wolfen, Es(j., CiiarKs 
 Robinson, Esci., Secretary. 
 
 VuTolilA — Sir Redmond Barry, Acting Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, 
 President ; Hon. J. J. Casey, M. P., Hon. J. F. Sullivan, M. P., Hon. C. J. Jenner, 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXITIBniOX. 
 
 
 M. L. C, James Mnnro, Esq.. J. ^rdlwraitli, Esq., L. J. Siiemnl, Esq., Count 
 de Cai^teliiaii, H«n. S. H. liiiuton, Jaint's Hosisto, Ksq., M. P., JaiiRs ( Jatehoiisc, 
 Esq., Mayor of Melbourne; J. I. Kleasdalo, I). 1)., lion. Sir John O'Slianassy, 
 K. C M. G., Hon. Sir James ^IcC'iiilocl), M. V., lion. John Aiixander Mac- 
 jilierson, M. P., Hon. John Thomas Smiih, M. P., Leslie James Slierrard, Esq., 
 Jolm Danks, Esq., Oeorge Colliiis Lovoy, Escj., Secretary. 
 
 Soi'TH ArsTUAi.iA ( .4(/Wa(V/()— His E.xcelleney, \. Mnsgrave, Esq., ('. M. (}., 
 
 Chairman; Hon. W. EverardjConnnissioncr of Crown Lands; Hon. II. E. Hriglit, 
 
 M. J^. C., J . P., Commissioner of Public Works ; I lun. J ohn Croziir, M. L. ( '., .LP., 
 
 Hon. Wentwood Cavanagh, Esq., M. P., J. P., Hon. Josiah I5ootbly, Es(].,J. 1' , 
 
 Hon. !•'. W. Andrews, Esq., J. P., Hon. S. Davenport, Esq.. ,1. P., Hon. .lo-i \A\ 
 
 ('niMq)lon, Es(i., J.P., Hon. (ieorge Mclhvan, Esij., J. P., I)r. Schonibnrg, 1>. P., 
 
 .1. P., Caleb Peacock, Esq., J. P., K. I), lloss, Esq., M. P., J. P., K. S. Smith, 
 
 i:s(j., M. P., J. P., Walter Hackel, Esq., 1. A. Holden, ICsq.. J. P., S. V. Po/ey, 
 
 Emj., C. J.Coates, Escj., E. C. Watcrlioiise, Es(|.. (', l.Coatcs, ilononiry Sccrctiiry. 
 
 C.vi'K OF (Juoi) Hoim:— Mr. C. Crawford Coaks, J^.Mcutive Coinmissioncr 
 
 and .\gent, Philadelphia. 
 
 (iiiKiX'K — Dr. Botassis, Special Peprescniativo, Cnnsnl-rkneral. New York. 
 
 (iiATEMALA AM) Sai.vadoij— His Excellency Don N'inccnte Dardon, 
 
 Minister Plenipotentiary, ^Vashington, D. C. 
 
 Honduras — (iovernor Don Francisco IJardaios, flencral Don E. de Salignac, 
 Dun Jose Maria Eiallos, Don Juan Hamon N'aUiiziicla. I!i^-iil<)il ( 'oniniiysidiin's — 
 Don Vincente Dardon, Minister Plenipotentiary, Washington, I). C. ; T. 
 Ansoatigin, CtJiisnl, New York. 
 
 Itaj.y — H. E. Baron Blanc, Minister Pleniiiotcntiary, Washington, D. C. ; 
 T'ouiil B. Litta, First Secretary of Legation, Washington, D. C. ; M. .\ngelo 
 (iiamlli, Agent, Piiiladelidiia. 
 
 Jai'AXKSE E.Ml'iRE — His Excellency Okubo Toshimichi, Minister of the 
 Interior and Privy Counsellor, President; His E.xcelleney Lientenant-(ieneral 
 Saigo Y'orimichi, Imperial Army, Vice-President; Mr. Kawase Hidehaiu, 
 Vice-President Bureau of Agricultm-e and Industry, Commi-^sioner-Cieneral ; 
 Mr. Tanaka Yoshio, Minister of the Interior; Mr. Sekizawa A kekio. Bureau 
 of Industry; Mr. Y'amataka Nohtiakira, Bincau of Industry: Mr. Shioda 
 Masashi, Bureau of Industry ; Mr. Ishihara Toyoyasu, Bureau of Industry ; 
 Mr. Ishida Tametake, Bureau of Industry; Mr. Yamao Tsunetaro, Bureau of 
 Industry; Mr. Kubo Hiromichi, Minister of the Interior; Mr. Xotoini Skejiro, 
 Bureau of Industry; Mr. Shibata Hircshi, Biu'eau of Industry; Mr, Makiyania 
 Kobe, Bureau of Indu.stry; Mr. Isliii Y'oshitaka, Bureau of Industry; Mr, 
 Asahi Nobori, Ministry of the Interior; Mr. Kawara Noritachi, Bureau of 
 Industry ; Mr. Sasashe Motoakira, Bureau of Industry ; Mr. Takeda, Bureau 
 of Agriculture and IncUistry ; Mr. Sugiyama Katsunari, Bureau of Agricidture 
 and Industry ; Mr. Hitaka Giro, Lieutenant Imperial Army ; Mr. Omori Ichiu, 
 Bureau of Agriculture and Industry; Mr. Asnmi Tadatsune, Bureau of Agri 
 culture and Industry ; Mr. Fukui Mokoto, Bureau of Agriculture and Industry; 
 Mr. Fritz Cunlifle Owen, Attaelie, Philadelphia. 
 
 Liberia — J. S. Payne, Esq., Monrovia; Edward 8. Morris, Esq., ConHiil, 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 lij 
 
 
238 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 Mexico — Mr. Romero Bubio, President, city of Mexico ; Ramon y Alcaraz, 
 city of Mexico ; Gabriel Mancera, city of Mexico ; Rafael Martinez de la 
 Torre, city of Mexico ; Julio Zarate, city of Mexico ; Antonio del Castillo, city 
 of Mexico ; Sebastian Caniacho, city of Mexico ; Eduardo E. Zarate, Secretary, 
 city of Mexico. Special Commissioner, Mr. E. Avila, Washington, D. C. 
 
 Netherlands — Dr. 10. H. von Baumliaiier, Honorary Professor, Secretary 
 of the Dutch Society of Sciences, Director of the Society for the Advancement 
 of Industry in the Netherlands, President, Haarlem ; F. de Casembroot, Rear 
 Admiral Aid-de-camp in PLxtraordinary Service to His Majesty the King of 
 the Netlierlands, and Member of the States Cieneral, Second Chamber, Tlie 
 Hague; A. H. Eigeman, Industrial President of the Society of Dutch Indus- 
 trials, Leiden ; P. Harsten, Chairman of th.e Amsterdam Board of Commerce, 
 Amsterdam ; J. E. Van Ileemskerck Van Beest, Dutch Royal Navy, The 
 Hague; Dr. W. T. A. Jonckbloet, President of tiie Committee of Superin- 
 tendence of the Academy of Imitative Arts, Amsterdam ; D. Van der Kei- 
 len, Jr., Member of tlie Administration Society Arti et Amiciticc, Amsterdam; 
 L. C. Van Kerkwyk, Pensioned Lieutenant-Colonel Corps of Engineering, 
 Member of the Council of Administration of the Royal Institution of En- 
 gineers, The Hague; M. M. de Monchy, President of the Board of Commerce, 
 Rotterdam ; Dr. J. Th. Mouton, Vice President of the Society to Promote 
 Manufactures and Trade-Industry in the Netherlands, The Hagi ■: ; C. T. Van 
 der Oudermeulen, President of the Dutcii Society of Agriculture, The Hague; 
 Baron W. G. Brantsen van de Zyp, LL. D., Lord in Waiting to His Mnjesty 
 tlie King of the Netiierlands, Arnheim ; Dr. M. W. C. Gori, Doctor of Medi- 
 cine, late Medical Officer of the Netiierlands Army, Ophthalmic Surgeon, 
 Amsterdam; R. C. Burlage, Consul-General of the Netherlands, New York; 
 L. Westergaard, Consul of tlie Netherlands, Philadelphia ; C. Muysken, Civil 
 Engineer, Secretary, Haarlem. 
 
 NoiiWAY — Herman Baars, Bergen ; William C. Christopherson, Buenos 
 Ayres; Gerhard Gade, United States Consid, Christiania. 
 
 Peku— Jose Carlos Tracy, President, New York ; Frederick L. Barreda, 
 J^dward Villena, Charles Nasy. 
 
 Russia— Privy Councillor Butoffsky, President; Privy Councillor Kobeko, 
 Director ; Councillor of State Yermakof, Vice- Director of the Department of 
 Commerce and ManufactiircH ; Councillor of State Vijshnegradsky, Director 
 of the Technological Institute; Councillor of State, Beilsky, Special Official 
 Department of Commerce and Manufactures, Commissioner-General; Coun- 
 cillor of State Potlobiedof, Director of Section Department of Commerce and 
 Manufactures ; Councillor of State Ilin, Professor in the Technological Insti- 
 tute ; Councillor of State Behr, Special Official, Ministry of Finance ; Coun- 
 cillor of the College Timiriazef, Director of Section Department of Commerce 
 and Manufactures. 
 
 Sandwich Islands— Hon. S. G. Wilder, Minister of the Interior, Honolulu ; 
 Hon. J. U. Kawainui ; Elisha H. Allen, Jr., New York. 
 
 SiAM — J. H. Chandler, Commissioner, Bangkok. 
 
 Spain — Colonel Lopez Fabra, Royal Commissioner-General ; Don Joaqum 
 Oliver, Secretary ; Don Alvarado de la Gandara, Director of the Industrial 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 239 
 
 Dtpartment; Count del Donadio, Director of the Department of Fine Arts; 
 Don Jose Jordana y Morcra, Director of the Agricultural Department. Cliiej's 
 of liureuus — Don Enrique lirolons, Don Alfredo Escobar, Don Enriqjie Borrell. 
 Chiefs of Installation — Don Bernardo Forzano, Don Francisco Foranzo, Don 
 Francisco Parody, Interpreter; Don Juan Morpiiy, Consul-CJeneral of Spain, 
 Member of tiie ("oniniission ; Don Julian A. Principe, Vice-Consul, Attach^; 
 Don Miguel Gonzales, Attache ; Don Jose Fonrodona, Attaclii. 
 
 SwKUEN— P. A. Bergstrom, late Minister of Interior, President Board of 
 Domains, President, Stockholm; C. O. Troilius, Director-General of Clovern- 
 ment Kailways, Vice-President, Stockholm ; F. L. von Dardel, Dirccto»-- 
 General Board of Public Buildings, Stockiioim ; Ch. Dickson, M. D., Giiteborg ; 
 Baron A. H. E. Fock, Chief of Board of (Controls, Stockholm ; Professor F. W. 
 Sciioiander, Academy of Fine Arts, Stockiiohn ; C. F. Lnndstrom, Manufac- 
 turer, Stockholm; N. H. Elfving, Consul-General, Stockholm; S. Stenberg, 
 Professor Carolinian Medico-Ciiirurgical Institution, Stockholm ; A. R. Acker- 
 man, Professor of School of Mines, Stockholm ; J. Bolinder, Manufacturer, 
 Stockiioim; J. Lenning, Manufacturer, Norrkoping; C. L. Lnndstrom, Manu- 
 facturer, Giiteborg; Ch. G. Breitlioltz, Colonel of Artillery, Stockholm; K. 
 Peyron, Captain in the Navy, Chamberliin, Stockiioim; E. Widmark, Cliief 
 of tlie Board of Public Education, Stockholm ; II. M'idcgrcn, Superintendent 
 of Fisheries, Stockholm ; P. E. Sidenbladh, Secretary of the Central Board 
 of Statistics, Stockiioim; V, Norman, Captain of Engineers, Secretary, Stock- 
 iioim ; E. Brusewitz, Engineer, Mining and Metallurgy. 
 
 Eesidevt Commissioners in Philadelphia— C Juhlin Dannfelt, Commissioner- 
 General, Stockholm ; L. Wcstergaard, Consul, Assistant Commissioner, Phila- 
 delphia ; Dr. J. Ph. Lindahl, Secretary. Lund ; M. Issens, Arcliitect, Stock- 
 holm ; W. Hoffstedt, Engineer, Stockholm ; A. E. Jacobi, Engineer, Stock- 
 holm. 
 
 Special Commissioners— C. J. Meijerberg, Superintendent of Primary Schools, 
 Educational Department, Stockholm ; G. W. Bergman, Captain of Artillery, 
 Army Department, Stockholm ; Baron O. Hcrmelin, Fine Art Department, 
 Stockholm. 
 
 SwiTZERLANl>— Colonel H. Rietcr, Commissary-General, Winterthur; Dr. 
 Emile Schumacher, Assistant Commissioner ; N. I. Andersson, Professor Royal 
 Academy of Science, Educational Department ; Arnold Steinmann, Secretary 
 of Commerce, Zurich ; Dr. Adolph Hirsoli, Director of the Observatory, Neuf- 
 chatel; Colonel Siegfried, Cliief of the Federal Topographical Bureau, Berne; 
 Dr. Frederic de Tochudi, St. Gall ; Mr. Edward Gnyer, Secretary -General, 
 Zurich ; Mr. John Icely, Engineer, Basle ; Mr, Rud. Koradi, Consul, Resident 
 CommisBioner, Philadelphia. 
 
 Tunis— His Excellency Sidi Heussein, General of Division, Minister of 
 Instruction and Public Works, President. 
 
 Turkey— His Excellency G. d'Aristarchi, Minister Plenipotentiary, Wash- 
 ington, D. C. 
 
 Venezuela— Mr. Leon de la Cova, Consul, 218J Walnut street, Philadel- 
 phia , Dr. Adolphus Ernst, Professor University at Caracas. 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 
 GETTING TO THE EXIirHITIOX — ACCOMMODATIONS FOTl 
 
 VIS1T01J.S. 
 
 Ivii.-li of Visitors to Pliihulelpliia — Arrangements for Transportation of Visitdis 
 l)y tiie Ilaiiroads of tlie United States — S.'ttienieiit of llie (Question of Fares — 
 Arran<i;enients of tlic Railroads leading into I'hiladeljiliia — IIow to reiicli 
 the Kxhibiiion Grounds from the city — The Pennsylvania Kailroad — Mag- 
 nilicent cuiiipment of the I\uad — Tiie Model Kailroad of the Union- 
 Arrangements of the PliihuL'iijhia & Keading Kailroad — The Schuylkill 
 Steamboats — The Street llailway arrangements — Cabs an<l (Carriages — Ja'<.,- 
 iilations concerning tliem — The Philadelpliia Hotels — Their Capacity for 
 accommodating Guests — The Centennial Lodging-IIouse Agency — noardiii!,' 
 Houses — Suburban Hotels — Circular of the Centennial Commission with 
 reference to Accommodations for Visitors. 
 
 HE opening of the Centennial Exhibition has naturally 
 drawn thousands of visitors to Philadelphia. As thou- 
 sands are yet to come, it will be both interesting tuid 
 ;/^ useful to glanee for a moment at the means provided 
 by the various railroad lines of the eountry for reaching 
 Philadelphia, at the means of reaching the Exhibition grounds 
 from the city, and at the arrangements that have been made 
 for accommodating the vast throns: of strangers who will 
 crowd the city of Philadelphia during the continuance of the 
 Exhibition. 
 
 The arrangements for transporting visitors from the various 
 parts of the country to Philadelphia are admirable. The bulk 
 of the passenger traffic is controlled by the Pennsylvania Rail- 
 road, the most perfect organization of its kind in this country. 
 By its main line visitors are brought from all parts of the West, 
 and are set down at the Exhibition doors. By its New 
 Jersey Division visitors from Xew York and the Eastern Statoy 
 are brought to the same spot. This company has granted the 
 S40 
 
THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 241 
 
 use of the new depot it has erected opposite the Exhibition 
 grounds to tlie Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore Rail- 
 road, by which visitors from Sonth and Southwest may reach 
 the Exhibition. The Philadelphia & Reading Railroad Com- 
 pany have erected a new passenger s ition within the limits 
 of the Park, at the foot of the hill on which Memorial Hall 
 stands. Passengers from central Pennsylvania and the West 
 can reach the Exhibition gates by this road, without loss of 
 time. 
 
 The ofiicials of all the railroads terminating in Philadelphia 
 were bus;' tor months preparing for the increased amount of 
 travel which the Exhibition would draw to that city. Their 
 trucks were overhauled and put in order; new cars were built; 
 and every arrangement made by which the comfort and safety 
 of large bodies of travellers could be secured. By the arrange- 
 ments now in force 145,000 visitors can be transported daily 
 from the various points of the Union to Philadelphia. 
 
 A few months before the opening of the Exhibition a meeting 
 of the General Ticket Agents of the great trunk lines between 
 Philadelphia and the West was held at Louisville, Kentucky, 
 to consider the question of fares. Nearly every principal road 
 in the Union was represented, one hundred agents being in 
 attendance. They agreed upon a rate which may be generall" 
 stated as follows : 
 
 To 
 
 New York. 
 Kcduc'tiun. 
 
 riiiln. 
 RcUiiction. 
 
 Pliiln. via N. Y. 
 Iiiori'use. 
 
 From Detroit 25 p. c $1 $1 
 
 " Toledo 25p.c 1 1 
 
 " Cleveland 25 p. c 1 1 
 
 " Crestline 25 p. c 1 1 
 
 Columbus 25 p. c 1 1 
 
 Cincinnati 25 p. c. 1 1 
 
 (I 
 
 The round-trip tickets to New York from the above places 
 may be sold at points west thereof, and east of Omaha, and at 
 competitive points south of the Ohio river, at a reduction of 25 
 per cent, from convention rates ; to Philadelphia at $1 less than 
 round-trip rates to New York ; to Philadelphia via New York 
 at $1 more ; and from territory east of those points the basis of 
 16 
 
 ft' 
 
SCENE AT ALLEORIPPAS, PENKSYLVANIA KAILROAD. 
 
 242 
 
THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 243 
 
 reduced rates and limit for round-trip tickets is to be fixed by 
 trunk lines, and from competitive points between trunk lines in 
 said territory the rate to Philadelphia via New York is to be 
 two dollars less than rates to Philadelphia by direct or short 
 line. 
 
 Fares from the principal points in the East have been 
 reduced twenty-five per cent, for the round trip. 
 
 The Pennsylvania Railroad, iu order to accommodate the 
 enormous traffic between that city and Philadelphia, will 
 run on the New York and Philadelphia branch, during the 
 continuance of the Exhibition, two regular excursion trains 
 daily, in ad<]ition to the usual express and mail trains; and 
 will also sell round-trip tickets good for all trains, except "tlie 
 limited express," at reduced rates. Tickets, good only for tlve 
 day of issue, will be sold at $4 for the round trip ; tickets good 
 for fifteen days at $o. The first daily Centennial excursion traia 
 is second-class, and leaves New York at 5.25 in the morning, 
 arriving at the Exhibition grounds at 9.30 A. M. Second-class 
 round-trip tickets for this train cost $3. Third-class tickets 
 will also be issued for this train, the round trii> costing $2- 
 Third-class passengers will be supplied with box cars provided 
 with hard scats, and will not have an opportunity to start on 
 the return trip until after 7 p. m. They will thus have nine 
 hours of daylight for the Exhibition. The first-class excursion 
 train, to which will be attached second-class cars, will leave 
 New York daily, at 6.25 a. m., arriving at the Exhibition 
 grounds daily at 9.30, the returning time being an hour less 
 than that of the second-class excursion train. First-class round 
 tickets, good only on the day of issue, will be $i; second-class 
 tickets, $3. Half-rate excursion tickets are to be sold for chil- 
 dren between the ages of five and twelve years. 
 
 The new line from New York to Philadelphia, by way of the 
 North Pennsylvania and New Jersey Central roads, will not 
 run excursion trains, but round trip tickets will be sold, good 
 for one day at $4 ; good for fifteen days at $5. This road does 
 not extend to the Centennial grounds, but passengers by it can 
 connect with the cheap trains of the Pennsylvania road between 
 
 i 
 
 k 
 .id. 
 
 
 |!V S 
 
244 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 Kcnsiii<,-tuii and the Exhibition. The connection is made at the 
 North Pcnn junction on the Pennsylvania Railroad. 
 
 The Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad will 
 run an excursion train from Baltimore daily during the Exhibi- 
 tion. The train will leave Baltimore at 6 o'clock A. m., and 
 will arrive at the Pennsylvania Railroad depot opposite the 
 Exhibition gates at 9.30. Returning, it will leave the Penn- 
 sylvania depot at 6.55 p. m., and will reach Baltimore abou. 
 10.30 P. M., giving visitors an entire day at the Exhibition. 
 The round trip fare by this train will be 34. By the regular 
 trains round trip tickets good for two days will be $5. 
 
 The Philadelphia & Reading Railroad will also run several 
 daily excursion trains from Reading, AUentown, Bethlehem, 
 and other points on the main line at reduced rates. 
 
 Thus it will be seen that there is ample accommodation for 
 all who choose to visit Piiiladelphia during the Exhibition. 
 
 The most interesting question to the stranger in Philadelphia 
 is how to reach the Exhibition grounds. From what follows 
 it will be seen that the transportation facilities are fully equal 
 to any demand that may be made upon them. 
 
 The Plxhibition buildings are located on the west bank of the 
 Schuylkill, about two and a half miles from the centre of the 
 city. The Schuylkill is crossed by ten bridges, all of which 
 can be used as approaches to the Centennial grounds. Four of 
 these are used exclusively by steam railroads, a fifth by a steam 
 railroad and horse vehicles, and the remaining five by horse 
 vehicles and pedestrians. 
 
 The Pennsylvania Railroad will run excursion trains from 
 the Kensington depot as follows : 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD. 
 
 Centennial Aceommodation Trairu. 
 On Wednesday, Maj lOtli, and thereafter, trains will be run from Kensington 
 to the Centennial Depot, as follown : 
 
 Leave Kensington at 6, 6.25, 7, 7.30, 8, 8.30, 9.05, 9.30, 10, 10.45, and 
 ,11.55 A. M., and at 12.30, 1, 1.36, 2, 5.40, 6.10 and 6.40 p. m. 
 
 Leave Germantown Junction at 6.23, 6.48, 7.23, 7.53, 8.23, 8.53, 9.28, 9.53, 
 10.23, 11.08 A. M., and 12.18, 12.53, 1.23, 1.58, 2.23, 6 and 7 P. M. 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 245 
 
 Arrive Centennbl Depot at 6.3>, 7, 7. ;.5, 8.05, 8.35, 9.05, 9.40, 10.05, 10.35 
 tnd 11.20 A. M., and 12.30, 1.05, 1.35, 2.10, 2.35, 0.10, G.40 and 7.10 p. ii. 
 
 Returning, leave Centennial Depot at 0.45, 7.45, 8, 8.15, 8.45, 9.15, 10, 10.30 
 A. M., and 12 M., and 12.30, 1.15, 4.50, 5.20, 5.50, 0.20, 0.50 and 7.41 -. m, 
 
 Tlie^ traiim Ktop at Frankfurd road and Bidge avenue. 
 
 Fare for single trip, 15 centH ; round trip, 25 cent8. Children between the 
 agen of five and twelve, single trip, 10 cents; round trip, 15 cents. 
 
 TicketH Hold at Kensington, Gennuntown Junction, and at Ccntenniul Depot. 
 Conductors eeli tickets from stations wlicrc tiicrc arc no agents. Mxcliange 
 tickets sold on street cars at 20 cents ; children, 15 cents, good in either direc- 
 tion on Centennial trains. , 
 
 The sanie road will also run excursion trains from the south- 
 ern part of the city, leaving Washington street wharf, and 
 stopping at Bruud street, the United States Arsenal, and West 
 Philadelphia, as Ibllows: 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD. 
 
 Wiushiiiijtoii Avenue Centcnnkd Accommodation Trains. 
 
 On and after Wednesday, May lOlli, trains will run from Washington street 
 wliarf to the Centennial Depot as follows: 
 
 Leave Washington street wharf at 8, 8.30, 9, 9.30, 10, 10.30 A. M., and 12 jr., 
 and 1, 1.30, 2, 3, 3.30 i-. m. 
 
 Trains stop at Droiid street. United States Arsenal and West Philadelphia. 
 
 Returning, leave Centennial D.pot at 8.55, 9.25, 9.55, 10.25, 10.55, 11.25 
 A. M., and at 12.55, 1.55, 4.30, 4.55, 6.25, 5.55, G.30 and 7 V. M. 
 
 Rates of Fare : Single trip, 15 cents ; round trip, 25 cents. Children between 
 five and twelve years, single trip, 10 cents ; round trip, 15 cents. Kxchango 
 tickets are sold on streetcars, full rate, 20 cents; half rate, 15 cents, g'lod in 
 t'ither direction on Centennial trains. Tickets between Wasiiington platform, 
 West Plitladelphia and Centennial Depot, 7 cents, or ten tickets for (if(y cents. 
 Tickets are sold at all stopping-places of trains. Five cents additional to abovo 
 rates charged wluii fare is paid on the cars. 
 
 m 
 
 The extraordinary arrangements made by the Pennsylvania 
 Railroad for transporting passengers from all parts of the Union 
 to Philadelphia will warrant a brief reference to this great 
 " American institution," at this point. It was begun in 1846 
 and completed in 1854. " It was," says Mr. Sipes, in his inter- 
 esting account of the road, "constructed in a superior manner, 
 ind with the improvements since made, is undoubtedly the ntost 
 perfect road in America. Notwithstanding it had to overcome 
 
216 
 
 THE ILLUSTUATED IIISTORV. 
 
 I ! 
 
 , 
 
 the groat Allegheny mountains, a barrier whieh for a qiinilci 
 of a eentury had been eoii^jiilerwl insurmountuble by a raih'oad 
 without inelinetl i)lanes, yet it was carried aenws l)y engineering 
 skill with a tiicilitv rcallv astonishing. The road eonimenees a 
 gracUial useent at llarrishnrg, where it is .'ilO feet alK)ve tide, 
 and rises rogularly. At Lewistown it is 48U feet above tide; at 
 lluntinjidou it lias ascendod to GIO feet: at Tvrone it has 
 elinibcd to an altitude of .S8(> feet; and at Altoona, where it 
 rcaehcs the base of the mountain projjer, it is at an elevation of 
 11(!8 feet. Up to this point the heaviest gradient per mile has 
 not exeecded twenty-one feet. From a short distaneo west of 
 Altoona this gradient is increased to ninety-five feet per mile 
 on straight lines, and eighty-two feet per mile on <'urves. Thus 
 ascending, it reaches its culminating iH)int at the west end of the 
 great tunnel, where its altitude above tide is 2101 leet. lis 
 iMiiximnni gradient is twenty-one feet per mile less than the 
 Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, and is crpialled by several rail- 
 roads in the New England States. The highest gradient west 
 of the tunnel is fifty-two and eight-tenths feet per mile, and the 
 average gradient on that end is twenty-six and four-tenths l<'et 
 per mile. At Johnstown the elevation above tide is 1 IX ^ feet; 
 at Grcensburg it i 1091 feet; and at Pittsburgh it is 7 18 feet, 
 being 4-j8 leet higher at its western terminus than at Harris- 
 burg, where it commences to overcome the barrier presented by 
 tl»e mountains." 
 
 The Pennsylvania Railroad extends from Philadelphia to 
 Pittsburgh, with a number of branches, giving it a total mileacie 
 of 888 miles. By the purchase of the New Jersey, Camden it 
 Amboy, and Philadelphia it Erie Railroads, an additional mile- 
 age of 7Go miles was gained, making the total number of miles 
 owned and oi)erated by the Pennsylvania Railroad, 1G51, and 
 .giving it outlets at New York and u|)on I^akc Erie. A number 
 of branches or fee<lers had been acquired west of Pittsburgh, by 
 lease and ]iurebase, extending the line of the road to Chicago, 
 St. liouis, Cincinnati, and Louisville. In order to simplify and 
 render more effieient the management of these western eonnoa 
 tions, a charter was procured ^r^m the Legislature of Pennsyl- 
 
Bff' 
 
 11 
 
 
 lliil 
 
 BKi 
 
 1 
 
 |i 
 
 > 
 
 m 
 
 i| 
 
 ■J >s 
 
 i 
 
 247 
 
248 
 
 THE ILLUSTKATED HISTORY 
 
 I 
 
 vania incorporating the " Pennsylvania Company," to whicli all 
 the interests of the Pennsylvania Railroad west of Pittsbnrgh 
 were transferred on the 1st of March, 1871. The Pennsylvania 
 Railroad retained a controlling interest in the new company, 
 riie total nunihcr of miles of road owned and controlled bv the 
 "Pennsylvania Company " is 1715. The Pennsylvania Rail- 
 road has also a controlling interest in the Pittsbnrgh, Cincinnati 
 & St. Louis Railroad, better known as "The Panhandle 
 Route," which with its connections embraces a total of 1150 
 miles, and in the St. Louis, Vandalia, Terre Haute & Intlian- 
 apolis Railroad, with a mileage of 238 miles. Thus the total 
 number of miles of railroad owned, operated, or controlled by 
 the Pennsylvania Railroad Company is GG15. It will be seen 
 from this showing that the Pennsylvania Railroad Company is 
 the largest and most powerful corporation in the world. 
 
 The main line of the Pennsylvania road is in all respects the 
 most sj)lendid piece of railroad engineering in America. The 
 road-bed is perfect and the track is laid with a solidity and 
 care that render a high rate of speed compatible with sallty. 
 The discipline is of the most rigid and thorough character, and 
 a faithfid performance of duty is exacted from every empIo\ o. 
 The rolling stock is mainly constructed at the company's shops 
 at Altoona. The passenger trains are supplied with the " Wcst- 
 inghouse Air-brako/' and are lighted with gas. The cars arc 
 handsome and are luxuriously upholstered. The sleeping and 
 parlor cars are of the Pullman class, and "Pullman IIoUl 
 Cars," in which meals are furnishca passengers while tiie train 
 is in motion, l.avp recently been placed on the line. The 
 "Wharton Patent Switch" is used on the entire line, and 
 furnishes a perfect guard against accidents from misplaced 
 switches. 
 
 "Another improvement in use upon the road is the Trach 
 Tank, which enables a hxjomotive to supply itself with water 
 while the train is in motion. Tlsis is an English invention, 
 and in practice hero is found to work satisfactorily. Hereto- 
 fore much time has been lost by the frequent stop|)ages net;os- 
 Bary to fill the water-tank ; and, in consequence, express trains 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 249 
 
 had to acqtnre an extremely high rate of speed between stations 
 to make up for this loss. As now arranged, but two stoppages 
 are necessary between Philadelphia and Pittsburgh — at Ilarris- 
 burg, after a run of one hundred and five miles, and at Al- 
 toona, after a run of one hundred and thirty-two miles, leaving 
 a run of one hundred and seventeen miles to Pittsburgh." 
 
 The tank is a trough of wood laid in the centre of the track, 
 and is about eighteen inches in width and six inches in depth, 
 with an inclined plane at each end from the bottom to the top 
 
 THACK TANK, PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD. 
 
 of the tank.. It is filled with clear water. As the locomotive 
 roaches the first end of the tank, a pipe is let down which slides 
 down the inclined plane into the trough. The momentum of 
 the train forces the water through this pipe up into the reser- 
 voir of the tender. As the end of the tank is reached the 
 pipe slides up the incline, and is caught up in its place in the 
 tender. 
 The great number of fast trains which pass over the maia 
 
 f: 1 
 
 I 
 
 T 'PI 
 
 m 
 
 
250 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 line and the New Jersey Division daily have induced the com- 
 pany, as an additional measure of safety, to adopt tlie system 
 o( Block Sif/nals. As this system will be of the deepest in- 
 terest to tlie thousands who will this year owe their safety 
 to it, we present an account of it as conducted on the New 
 York Division, merely adding that the system is the same 
 on the main line. "The whole line is divided into sections 
 of two or three miles in length, and each subdivision is sup- 
 plied with telegraph operators and signal men on constant 
 duty. At the commencement of each section is placed a frame 
 or api)aratus for displaying signal-targets or lights, and by 
 these the engineers are guided with perfect safety, when other- 
 wise it would be necessary to intrust the lives of the travelling 
 public to the probabilities of all trains being on time, or all 
 conductors knowing the full extent of their duty. The manner 
 in which these signals are classified and read is exceedingly 
 simple. When the section is entirely clear, a white light or 
 target is shown ; but when the train enters a section — or 
 * block,' as it is termed — a red one is displayed, and this indi- 
 cates that no other train can follow until the white color sho^\'s 
 that the division is again clear. Presuming that a train has 
 just entered a 'block,' and the red light debars all others from 
 immediately following, let us in imagination whirl along with 
 the moving cars and note the next movement. Only a few 
 nmmonts are required to })ass over the block, and as the Mhite 
 light at the next section is displayed the iron horse speeds 
 rapidly on from the first division to the second. The instant 
 it passes the line the fact is telegraphed back to the commence- 
 ment of the block, the red light is superseded by the white, and 
 the next train dashes in. Before the rear train has cleared the 
 first block the first engine has passed into the third section, 
 and, as the telegraph says and the white light indicates that the 
 second block is again clear, the rear train can speed along into 
 the second without danger. Thus section after section is occu- 
 pied by train after train, and as they dash onward there is a 
 constant pulsation of intelligence all along the line between the 
 two cities, of which the passengers on the trains arc totally 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 25: 
 
 unconscious. They do not realize, as they sweep on with the 
 speed of the wind, that their every movement is recorded by 
 the finger of electricity, shooting back and fortli with the 
 velocity of light. Should any delay occur the trains would be 
 obliged to stop on whatever block they haj>pened to ocer.jiy, 
 and, as every subdivision of the road belongs to the irain which 
 is in it at the time, there can be no possibility of collisions or 
 danger from trains in the rear. AVhcn the obstruction is re- 
 moved the delayed engine ))asses on, the telegraph notes the 
 fact, white lights take the place of red, and again all are whirl- 
 ing along to their destination. Besides the numerous passenger 
 trains, there is a great number of freight trains constantly in 
 motion. These have to make their way along as best they can, 
 being careful to keep always out of the way of passenger trains. 
 Knowing just what time they can make, and also when the 
 j)assenger trains are due at any point, the conductors and 
 engineers always manage to make some convenient side-track 
 in time to escape collision. When a freight train is running 
 on any block or section, a green signal is shown, which indi- 
 cates that succeeding trains may follow with caution. If the 
 next train carries passengers, it is the business of the freight to 
 get out of the way ; if it is also a freight train, it will i)rol)ably 
 not overtake its predecessor. Some of the principal side-tracks 
 have telegra])h stations at both ends, so that no time need \>i. 
 lost by the tuiin hands. There are probably more than fifty 
 telegraph offices scattered along the ninety miles of road. The 
 I'rangcments usually work so perfectly that it is seldom neees- 
 6.1 rv for anv train to halt before entering a block. Signal 
 f(t ows signal in quick succession along the line, indicating 
 periect safety upon the crowded highway. At the superin- 
 tendent's office, in Jersey City, a large chart is Ivcpt, on which 
 is marked a record of the progress of each train upon the road 
 as recorded by telegraph. The officers are thus able to see the 
 position of affairs at all times. A train cannot be a minute 
 bchiiul at any station without the fact being instantly known at 
 hfa(l-(piarters. It will be seen from this that not only are all 
 the engineers and conductors in constant coixnizance of thr^ 
 
H 
 
 252 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 movement of the trains both ahead and behind them, but their 
 own position can be determined at a glance by those to whom 
 they are directly responsible. When, in addition to all these 
 precautions, it is remembered that, as a general thing, con- 
 «1 actors and engineers are intelligent and experienced men, 
 some adequate idea can be gained of the marvellous progress 
 
 BLOCK SIGNAL STATION, PENNSVLVAKIA RAILROAD. 
 
 "ccently made in the management of the great railroads of the 
 ^untry." 
 
 The scenery on the main line of the Pennsylvania rotul lia.i 
 long been famous for its beauty. The road is in all respects 
 the "Model Railroad of America," and as such will constitute 
 one of the greatest objects of interest to visitors to the Ex- 
 ^libition. 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 253 
 
 Th« Philadelphia & Reading Railroad constitutes one of 
 tiie ..ialn lines from the city to the Exhibition grounds. Its 
 trains start daily from its three depots as follows : 
 
 PHILADELPHIA AND READING RAILROAD. 
 
 Sleam Trains to and from Centennial Exhibition daily, commcncinrf May 7th, 1876. 
 Leave Broad and Callowliill every fifteen minutes, from 8 a.m. to 7.4.J p.m. 
 Leave Ninth and Green every fifteen minutes, from 8 A. M. to T.oO v. m. 
 Leave liiclimond street every tliirly miimtes, from S.IO A. 51. to 7.10 P.M. 
 Trains will leave Centennial Station at simil;T intervals. 
 Broad street trains stop at Eighteenth street, Tweniy-iiiird street and Brown 
 
 street. 
 
 Ninth street trains stop at Girard and Columbia avenues. 
 
 Richmond trains stop at Trenton Crossing, Frankford road, Kensington 
 aveuni", Second street, Tioga street, Nicetown. 
 
 Single fare, 15 cents. Package tickets, five for 50 cents. Exchange tickets 
 witii street car lines, 15 cents. 
 
 A line of steamboats has been established on the Schuylkill 
 between the landing at old Fairmount and the Exhibition 
 grounds. The boats run at intervals often minutes during the 
 day, and land passengers at the foot of the hill below the Hor- 
 ticultural building. A broad plank walk has been constructed 
 from the river to the entrance to the grounds. The fare is ten 
 cents each way, or fifteen cents for the roimd trip. This is one 
 of the j)leasantest routes to the Exhibition. 
 
 The Street Railroads. — The street railway system of Phila- 
 delphia is admitted to be the most perfect in the Morld. All 
 the prominent lines have extended their tracks to the entrances 
 to the Exhibition grounds on Elm avenue, and transport pas- 
 sengers thither from the various })arts of the city. A well- 
 devised system of tracks has been laid on Elm and Belmont 
 avenues, by which all crowding is prevented, and the cars arrive 
 and depart without confusion. It is estimated that three hun- 
 dred cars per hour may arrive and depart from this point. Th.e 
 various street car lines transported on the day of the opening of 
 the Exhibition over 200,000 people without an accident. The 
 rates of fare are as follows: Single fares, seven cents; four 
 tickets, twenty-five cents, these tickets being good on all the 
 
 f> f 
 
 9' 
 
254 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 city roads; children under ten years, four cents; exchange 
 tickets, nine cents. 
 
 Exchange tickets are sold by all the conductors (except those 
 of the Union and Ridge avenue lines); so that a person going 
 north or sonth can exchange with a car going cast or Most (or 
 vice versa) and thereby avoid paying two full fares. All roads 
 having branch lines give transfer tickets or " passes " without 
 additional charge. 
 
 Night cars are run on the Chestnut and Walnut streets, Tenth 
 and Eleventh streets. Thirteenth and Fifteenth streets and 
 Union lines after midnight. The Market street lino also run 
 cars from the West Philadelphia depot upon the arrival of 
 trains after midnight. The fare is ten cents, and no exchange 
 tickets are sold or received on the night cars. 
 
 Lines of omnibuses, hacks and other vehicles have boon 
 established between the city and the Centennial grounds. The 
 following is the city ordinance relating to the rates of fare: 
 
 The rates of fare, except when otherwise expressly agreed 
 upon before starting, are to be as follows: 
 
 For carrying one passenger any distance not exceeding one 
 mile, the sum of seventy-five cents; two passengers, one dollar 
 and twenty-five cents; and for every additional passenger, 
 twenty-five cents. 
 
 For conveying one passenger any distance more than a mile, 
 and not exceeding two miles, one dollar and a quarter; two 
 passengers, one dollar and seventy-five cents, and for every 
 additional passenger, twenty-five cents. 
 
 For carrying a passehj,er any distance over two miles, for any 
 additional mile or part of a mile, the sum of fifty cents in ad- 
 dition to the fare for the first tM'o miles, and for every additional 
 passenger, fifty cents. 
 
 For the use of a carriage by the hour, with one or two pas- 
 sengers, for the purpose of going from place to place, and 
 stopping as often as may be required, one dollar and a half per 
 hour, and for each additional passenger, twenty-five cents. 
 
 Whei'e the hiring of a hackney-carriage or carriages is not at 
 the time specified to be by the hour, it shall be deemed to be by 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 255 
 
 the mile ; but in case the distance shall be more than four miles, 
 the rate to be charged for each additional mile shall be fifteen 
 cents tor each passenger, as herein provided. A mile shall be 
 taken and construed to mean twelve blocUs of" one hundred 
 numbers on numbered streets. 
 
 Whenever any hackney-carriage or carriages, not engaged by 
 the hour, shall be detained by the passenger or passengers, the 
 owner or owners, or driver, shall be allowed at the rate of 
 seventy-five cents per hour, in addition to the rates hereby 
 established. 
 
 For children between five and fourteen years oi age half price 
 is only to be charged, and for children under five years of age 
 no charge is to be made, if not more than one such child to two 
 adults. 
 
 Every driver, or owner or owners, of a hackney-carriage shall 
 carry, transport, and convey in and upon his carriage, in addi- 
 tion to the person or persons therein, one trunk, valise, saddle- 
 bag, carpet-bag, portmanteau, or box, not exceeding one hun- 
 dred pounds in weight, if requested to do so, without charge or 
 compensation therefor; but for every additional trunk, or other 
 articles above enumerated, shall be entitled to demand and re-, 
 ceive ten cents. 
 
 It is further provided, that on a card to be conspicuously 
 placed in each carriage must be printed in English, French, 
 Spanish and German, the above rules, the registered number of 
 the coach, and also the name and residence of the owner. In 
 section eighth of the ordinance it is provided, that if any owner 
 or driver of a coach shall demand or receive any greater sum 
 than he or they may be legally entitled, all claim for compensa- 
 tion shall be forfeited. 
 
 •The Exhibition Transfer Company run a line of fifty or sixty 
 handsome coaches from the depots and principal hotels to the 
 main entrance to the Exhibition. Fare fifty cents. 
 
 The Hamilton Omnibus Company run also about fifty vehicles 
 from the principal points in the city to the Exhibition grounds. 
 Fare fifty cents. It is estimated that the Transfer and Omnibus 
 
25G 
 
 THE ILLUSTKATED HISTORY 
 
 coni|)ni)ics and the hacks, cabs and coupes can transport about 
 50,000 people daily. 
 
 Thus it will be seen that the facilities for transporting visitors 
 at moderate rates from any point in the city to the Exhibition 
 gates arc equal to any <>cmand that may be made upon them. 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 BRYN MAWR STATION, PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD. 
 
 With regard to the accommodations for visitors in Phila- 
 delphia, the most ample arrangements have been made. At 
 least 150,000 visitors can be provided with comfortable quar- 
 ters in Philadelphia, at moderate rates. The following is a list 
 
OF THE CENTE.NMAI, EXHIBITION'. 
 
 267 
 
 of the hotels of Philadelphia, with their locations, capacity hv 
 acconiinodatiiig visitors, and the prices announced by their 
 propriotore : 
 
 Ilutcl. 
 
 Locntion. 
 
 Niimlier 
 of rotiDis. 
 
 Niinilter that 
 caiili«acconi- 
 niodnted. 
 
 TrrniB 
 l«<r 
 day. 
 
 ("oiidnental 9th and Chestnut sts 500 1500 $4.60 
 
 (iirard House 0th and Chestnut sts .... 400 1500 3.50 
 
 Colonnade 15th and Chestnut sts.... ,'514 500 3.50-5.00 
 
 Trans-Continental Elm and Belmont avs 500 1200 6.00 
 
 Globe Elm and Belmont av8....1000 4000 6.00 
 
 La Pierre Broad near Chestnut st. lo(i 325 3.50-6.00 
 
 St. Cloud Arch ab. 7tlist 16.') 350 3.00 
 
 United States 42d and Columbia av. ... 325 GOO 4.00 
 
 Hotel Aubrey 33d and Walnut sts 400 3000 European 
 
 Atlas Elm av. op. Machinery 
 
 Hall 1500 .TOOO 1.00-3.00 
 
 (.irand Exposition Girard & Lancaster avs..l 325 4000 European 
 
 Masonic Hall Chestnut ab. 7th st 1000 3.00 
 
 St. Stephens' Chestnut ab. 10th st 118 350 3.50-5.00 
 
 Bingham 11th and Market sts 150 400 3.50 
 
 Merchants' Fourth bel. Arch st 300 860 3.00 
 
 Washington Chestnut ab. Tth st 200 450 3.00-3.50 
 
 American Chestnut ab. 5th st 300 COO 3.00 
 
 St. Elmo 317 and 319 Arch st 225 500 2.50-3.00 
 
 Merchants' House 413 N. 3d st 90 300 European 
 
 Mansion House 621 Arch st 100 300 3.00-3.50 
 
 Irving House 915 Walnut st 140 200 3.00-5.00 
 
 Central Avenue 831 Markets! 125 300 European 
 
 Alleghany 814 Market st .... 150 300 2.00-3.00 
 
 St. Denis 13th and Walnut sts 100 1.50-2.60 
 
 Arch Street House 1 Arch st 75 200 2.50-3.00 
 
 Montgomery 6th and Willow sts 75 150 2.50 
 
 Ridgway House I Market st 150 250 2.00-3.00 
 
 Revere House 923 Chestnut st 125 200 2.00-3.00 
 
 Commercial 826 Market st 150 300 2.C0-2.50 
 
 Clarendon 8th bel. Chestnutst 50 150 1.00-2.00 
 
 Red Lion 472 2d st 125 250 2.00-2.50 
 
 Keystone Broad st. opposite New 
 
 Masonic Temple 60 100 European 
 
 St. George Broad and Walnut sts... 125. 
 
 Petry's N. W. cor. Broad and 
 
 Walnut sts 
 
 West End Chestnut ab. 16th st 90. 
 
 Guy's 7th and Chestnut sts .... 60. 
 
 Marble Terrace 23d and Chestnut 15, 
 
 Eagle 227 N. 3d st 400. 
 
 300., 
 
 6.00 
 
 60 Euroj>c'iiu 
 
 180 
 
 150 
 
 50 " 
 
 600 2.50 
 
 Bald Eagle 416 N. 3d st 
 
 Barley Sheaf 257 N. 2d st 
 
 Philip Hohl's Hotel Callowhill »t. beh 6th... 
 
 17 
 
 75 175 1.76-2.i:.-. 
 
 125. 
 300. 
 
 ... 1.75--2.0lt 
 ... European 
 
 M 
 
 m 
 
258 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOHY 
 
 jflotel. 
 
 Location. 
 
 Numlipr 
 of ruoDU. 
 
 80... 
 
 3r>... 
 
 60... 
 3J.., 
 10... 
 10... 
 20... 
 
 Miimlicr fhnt 
 cull ijf Hccum- 
 mudiited. 
 
 300.. 
 loO., 
 150.. 
 80. 
 20., 
 30., 
 50.. 
 
 Trniii 
 
 du}', 
 
 2.:0 
 
 2.50 
 
 ,',(1 
 
 1.75 
 1.50 
 1.75-2..'5ii 
 
 l.")0 1.75-2.50 
 
 150 
 
 100 Europcnn 
 
 ?enn Manor 8th & Spring Garden Rts, 
 
 Sorrel Horse 2ti8 N. 4th st 
 
 Sniedley House 1227 Filbert st 
 
 White Hear 5tli und liueu 8ts 
 
 White Horse 31(i N. 3d ot 
 
 National House 1-104 H. Peuu Square.... 
 
 Howard House 2001 Chestnut st , 
 
 Johnson's Hotel 1115 Market st 
 
 Cjermunia 23,'iO Muikut H 
 
 Mercantile 1.'3 S. loth st 
 
 New Market I'il!* Market st 54 l.-)0 
 
 William Penn ;Jsl7 Market st 33 J50 
 
 Pennsylvania Farmers'....34(j N 3d st CO l,">u 1.75-2.50 
 
 Lincoln House 3lt) N. 4th st 15 10 1.7,5-2..".(i 
 
 London 15 and 17 Darhy road,... 33 100 Europcnn 
 
 Zeiss' Hotel 820 Walnut st 70 150 
 
 Markoe House 919 Chestnut st 60 l.TO 1.50-4.00 
 
 .\llen House '220Markctst 10(' 
 
 Black Bear 425 N. 3d st 63 150.. 
 
 Black Horse 352 N. 3d st 100 300. 
 
 Bull's Head 1205 Market st 200. 
 
 Binder's Hotel 312 Race st GO 125. 
 
 Columbia House lllN.Broadst 48 1.50. 
 
 Clinton House 1608 Ridge av 45 175.. 
 
 Davis' Hotel G and 8 S. Delaware av. 50 200., 
 
 Union Hotel 1314Archst 100.. 
 
 Fairniount Avenue Hotel. 701 N. 4th st 
 
 Tiger 327 Vine st » 60 160 2.00 
 
 2.00 
 2.00 
 
 2..")0 
 
 2.00-3.00 
 2.00 
 3.50 
 
 The coaches of the Exhibition Transfer Coin])any run 
 between each of the above-named hotels and the Exhibition 
 grounds. 
 
 In addition to the hotels, Pliiladelphia is provided with 
 numerous boarding-houses, in which vMiousand.s will find com- 
 fortable and cheap accommodations. The Centennial Lodging- 
 house Agency {Limited), of Philadelphia, has been organized to 
 provide visitors with a ready and expeditious means of securing 
 board in the city. Arrangements have been made by this 
 company with the various boarding-houses of the city to fur- 
 nish accommodations at a fixed rate. The agency will have 
 tickets on sale at all the leading railroad offices of the country, 
 securing the purchaser comfortable accommodations at Phila- 
 delphia. Upon reaching the city the purchaser will be met on 
 

 OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 259 
 
 board tlie train by the agents of the company, who will give 
 
 the necessary information as to the h)cation of the lodgings and 
 
 the best means of reaching them, and will attend to the delivery 
 
 of baggage . The office of the agency is at 1010 Walnut street. 
 
 In adilition to the hotels and board ing-iiouscs of the city, the 
 
 vicinity of Philadelphia contains numerous suburban hotels and 
 
 summer resorts, situated on the main lines leading direct to the 
 
 Kxhibition grounds. These offer a delightful phice of abode 
 
 to summer visitors, and will furnish accommodations at from 
 
 'S.'}.50 to $5 per day, witli fair discounts to weekly and monthly 
 
 hoarders. 
 
 SUBURBAN II0TI':LS. 
 
 Pennsylvania Railroad. 
 
 Oiimclty. 
 
 Bryn Mawr Hotel, Bryn Mawr 250 
 
 Banm's Houpe, Ardniore 75 
 
 Wliite Hall Hotel, Bryn Mawr 80 
 
 Siuiimit Ch-ovc House, Bryn Mawr 80 
 
 Old Buck House, Bryn Mawr. 40 
 
 Corbin House, Bryn Mawr 25 
 
 Brookfield House, Bryn Mawr 20 * 
 
 Shallioll House, Bryn Mawr 15 
 
 Bullock House, Bryn Mawr 25 
 
 Carr's Boarding-house, Rosemoiit 50 
 
 Harnian's Boarding-house, Rosemont 40 
 
 Arthur's Boarding-house, Rosemont 25 
 
 Warner's Boarding-house, Rosemont 15 
 
 Eachus' Boarding-house, Rosemont 25 
 
 McKee's Boarding-house, Villa Nova 7 
 
 Deal's Boarding-house, Villa Nova 5 
 
 Marsh's Boarding-house, Wayne 12 
 
 Garrett's Boarding-house, Wayne 35 
 
 Zeiss' Boarding-house, Wayne 15 
 
 Jones' Boarding-house, Overbrook 10 
 
 Maxwell's Boarding-house, Overbrook 15 
 
 Smith's Boarding-house, Overbrook 25 
 
 Duffield's Boarding-house, Merion 7 
 
 Wild Wood Boarding-house, Elm 10 
 
 Wayne Hotel, Elm 30 
 
 Ardmore Hotel, Ardmore 30 
 
 Morgan's House, Ardmore 8 
 
 Wildgoss House, Haverford College 20 
 
 Eagle Hotel, Eagle 20 
 
 ( 
 
 
2fi0 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 ' BununnAN iiotei-s, Pennsylvania b. n.—coniinutd. Capacity. 
 
 Eagle Doarding-hoiifle, Eagle fiO 
 
 Roi'kwood HuuHe, Eagle 12 
 
 Wilil'H liouHe, Eagle 10 
 
 Cleaver's Houne, KecHcville 35 
 
 Leeds' HoiiHe, Keeseville 10 
 
 Stetson's House, Keeseville 20 
 
 liObb'a House, Keeseville 40 
 
 Puoli Hotel, Paoli 12 
 
 Eavenson's House, Paoli 20 
 
 Coates' House, Paoli 12 
 
 Thompson's House, Paoli 25 
 
 Ogden's House, Paoli 15 
 
 Beale's House, Green Tree 25 
 
 Thomas' House, Malvern 12 
 
 Williams' House, Malvern 10 
 
 Dunwoody House, Glen Loch 50 
 
 Stone's House, Glen Loch 15 
 
 Doan's House, Glen Loch 20 
 
 Barry's House, Glen Loch 15 
 
 Oakland Hotel, Oakland 40 
 
 Lionville Hotel, Lionville 20 
 
 Lionville Boarding-house, Lionville 10 
 
 Pennsylvania Railroad Hotel, Downingtown 50 
 
 nines' House 20 
 
 Roberts' House, Downingtown 12 
 
 Total 1170 
 
 West Cheater Railroad. 
 
 Capacity. 
 
 Swarthmore College, Swarthmore 350 
 
 White Horse, Moore's station 25 
 
 Lamb Hotel, near Clifton station ')0 
 
 Cherry-Tree House, Baltimore turnpike 25 
 
 Wallingford station. West Chester 40 
 
 Heckley's House, Media 150 
 
 Total 640 
 
 North Pennsylvania Railroad. 
 
 Capacity. 
 
 Old York Road Hotel (York road station) 25 
 
 Lady Washington (York road station) 20 
 
 Eagle (York road station) 22 
 
 Sorrel Horse (York road station) 20 
 
 Eagle, Jenkintown 25 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 261 
 
 MLHl-llllAN HOTELS, NORTH PEMN. R. B.—Cbn<^Hi(^<f. CapMtty. 
 
 Union, Jeiikintowii 20 
 
 Weldt'ii IIuuj«.>, Abingtoii 25 
 
 Muntguinery House, Abiiigtun 25 
 
 Kaglu House, Abington 25 
 
 Filzwatcr House, Kdgehill 25 
 
 Jarrettowii House, Kdgeliill 25 
 
 Fort Wusliiiigtoii House 100 
 
 Clifton House, Fort Wusliington 50 
 
 Ambler Park Hotel 60 
 
 "Williani Penn Hotel, (iwynedd 100 
 
 Franklinville Hotel, Gwynedd 50 
 
 Lukens' Hotel, North Wales 85 
 
 Philadelphia Hotel, North Wales 50 
 
 Central Hotel, North Wales 50 
 
 Junction Hotel, Lanadale 30 
 
 Amcrie.li) Hotel, I^nnsdnle 30 
 
 Sackett Hotel, Lansdale 30 
 
 Kulpsville Hotel, Lnnsdale 30 
 
 Hatfield Hotel, Hatfiuld 25 
 
 Franconiaville Hotel, Hatfield 25 
 
 Soiider's Hotel, Sander's 20 
 
 Franconia Square, Bonder's 25 
 
 County Line Hotel, Telford 20 
 
 Telford Hotel, Telford 22 
 
 Wiishington Hotel, Sellersville 25 
 
 Sellersville Hotel, Sellersville 25 
 
 White Horse Hotel, Seliersville 25 
 
 Bridgetown Hotel, Sellersville. 20 
 
 Perkasie Hotel, Perkasie 20 
 
 Bush House, Qiiakertown 70 
 
 Ked Lion, Qiiakertown 50 
 
 Ea<,'le Hotel, Coopersburg 40 
 
 Baldwin Hotel, Coopersburg 35 
 
 Total 1404 
 
 Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad. 
 
 Capacity. 
 
 Eidley Park Hotel 150 
 
 Paschalville Hotel 75 
 
 Drove Yard Hotel, near Darby 100 
 
 Blue Bell Hotel, near Darby 30 
 
 Cruni Lynn Hotel 75 
 
 Total 430 
 
 ■• -x 
 
 I 
 
wmmmmm 
 
 262 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 In addition to the arrangements already made, or being per- 
 fected, by our city and suburban landlords for the reception 
 and proper entertainment of the expected throng, the country 
 for miles around is awakening to the importance of assisting 
 as far as possible in making the Centennial a success by con- 
 tributing to the welfare and comfort of those who may over- 
 run our built-up limits and overflow the surrounding region. 
 Within a radius of sixty miles from Philadelphia 75,000 per- 
 sons can be comfortably lodged, housed and fed at the almost 
 numberless rural homes on the several lines of railway entering 
 the park from all directions. The facilities afforded by these 
 lines will permit visitors to enjoy the delights of a summer 
 residence in the most beautiful portions of the Chester and 
 Lancaster valleys, and yet be within easy reach of the Cen- 
 tennial grounds, to which the) can be conveyed in almost as 
 short a space of tiine as from the heart of the city. The fame of 
 such charming country-side resorts as Bryn Mav/r, Ridley Park, 
 Media, West Chester, Chester, Haddonfield, Beverly, Burling- 
 ton, Norristown, etc., etc., and their elegant and spacious hotels, 
 is known to every Philadelphian, and is suggestive of good fare, 
 prompt and polite attendance, pleasant company and a hearty 
 desire on the part of the whilom host to make his guests feel 
 perfectly at home. 
 
 The Centennial Commission, at their recent session, in order 
 to put an end to the reports of insufficient accommodations for 
 visitors, issued the following notice to the people of the Union: 
 
 "Philadelphia, Pa., May ilk, 1876. 
 ''TothePuhlie: 
 
 "The United States Centennial Commission, charged with 
 the duty on behalf of the United States of preparing and exe- 
 cuting a plan for holding the United States Centennial Cele- 
 bration and Exhibition of 1876, notify the public: 
 
 That the hotels of Philadelphia will accommodate (above 
 
 the presoiit regular occupancy ) (guests) . . 150,000 
 
 The Centennial Lodging-Iious* Agency , 20,000 
 
 Accommodations by relatives and friends 40,000 
 
 Boarding-houses 1 3,000 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 263 
 
 Piitroim of Husbandry (for Grangers^ 5,000 
 
 Camp Scott (for military organizations) 5,000 
 
 Camp in Fairmount Park (for military). 5,000 
 
 Suburban hotels 20,000 
 
 " Tliere is no doubt of Philadelphia being able to entertain, 
 if necessary, at reasonable prices, 100,000 persons, and, it" 
 further pressed, to comfortably lodge and care for 200,000 
 persons. Hotel prices, from ^5 to $1.50 per day ; boarding- 
 houses, from $1 to $2.50 per day ; Centeiniial Lodging-housu 
 Agency lodgings, $1.25 per day; breakfast, supper and lodg- 
 ings, $2.50 per day. 
 
 " Patrons of Husbandry Camp at Elm Station will accom- 
 modate 5000 persons of that order at $1.50 per day; three 
 miles, by Pennsylvania Railroad, from Exhibition grouuls. 
 yare, round trip, 15 cents. Address V. E. Piolett, Elm 
 Station, Pa. 
 
 "Camping-ground for military organizations in Fairmount 
 Park, under the laws of Pennsylvania, near Exhibition 
 grounds. Address Adjutant-General J. W. Lattu, Harrisburg. 
 
 "Camp Scott, for civic and military organizations, one mile 
 from Exhibition ; fare same as street-car rales. Horses cared 
 for and furnished, and meals provided. Postal and telegraj)hic 
 facilities. Address J. V. W. Vandenburgh, Camp Scott, Phila- 
 delphia, Pa. 
 
 "As an instance of the preparations for the accommodation 
 of visitors, the Centennial Lodging-house Agency is mentioned. 
 It has rooms for 20,000 guests, which can l)e increased to 
 50,000. Tickets for lodgings and meals will be sold at all im- 
 portant points in the country and on all passenger trains 
 approaching Philadelphia. Persons who have purchased such 
 tickets will be furnished a card by the train agent, assigning 
 thcnj to proper quarters. This agency is in the hands of com- 
 j)etent managers. Address Wm. Hamilton, General Superin- 
 tendent, No. 1010 Walnut street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 "By steam and horse cars, with present facilities, 2(>,(K)l) 
 persons per hour can reach the Exhibition from any part of the 
 city of Philadelphia. If it is necessary, 40,000 persons per 
 hour can be moved. Fares, 6| and 9 cents. 
 
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2tj4 
 
THE CE.XTEXNIAL EXillBITIOX. 
 
 2G5 
 
 " The Exhibition Transfer Company (limited), whose agents 
 will be on all passenger trains, transpor, -^ carriage j)assengcrs 
 within limits of four or five miles for 50 cents each; baggage at 
 like reduced rates. Hundreds of hacknien and omnibus com- 
 panies, as well us private individuals, will perform the same 
 service at same rates. 
 
 "One minute after the arrival of trains on all main lines 
 entering Philadelphia, passengers can be within the Exhibition. 
 We confidently expect that during the year the railroads of the 
 United States will make such further reductions in their rates 
 as will enable every person who desires to visit the Exhibition 
 at a very small expenditure, and thus put the opportunity 
 within reach of all. Incidentally we note as an evidence of this 
 the fact that the Pennsylvania Railroad has ordered a train 
 between New York and IMiiladelphia at the rate of $2 for the 
 round trip. 
 
 " The sanitary condition of Philadelphia is good. IJational 
 amusements have been provided. Arrangements for protection 
 from fire, thieves, etc., are as nearly |)erlect as it is possible in 
 a great city. Within the Exhibition every precaution has 
 been taken for the safety, comfort, happiness and pleasure of 
 the public. 
 
 ''The buildings of the Exhibition are in order. The Exhi- 
 bition will promptly open on the 10th of May, and is an 
 assured fact. All j)reparations have been made on a gigantic 
 scale. Philadelphia and licr citizens have spent n)illions in 
 preparing for the reception and care of guests. There is no 
 disposition or evidence of extortion. Increased business at 
 usual rates is considered sufticient comiK'iisation for the vast 
 amount of capital and labor expended. fJving is as cheap, if 
 not cheaper, than in any large city in Atnerica. Accotiunoda- 
 tions are unsnri)assed. All grades of society can be accommo- 
 dated. Railroad and transportation facilities are nncfpiallcd. 
 It now needs but the presence of the ])ublic to crown with 
 triumph the greatest International Exhibition in history, com- 
 inomorating the one hundredth year of the nation's life. 
 
 "Acting for the government and the people we invite all to 
 
I I 
 
 2G6 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. 
 
 aid by their presence no less than by their exhibits, and to 
 
 come from all parts of the world and meet us at this assemblage 
 
 of the nations of the earth. 
 
 "J. R. Hawley, President. 
 *' For the Commission." 
 
 The accommodations are ample for all who will come. No 
 one need stay away for fear there is not room for him, or that 
 he will not be comfortable. There is abundant room, as we 
 have shown ; the accommodations are excellent, and there is a 
 hearty welcome for each and all. 
 
 Since these pages went into the printer's hands many rumois 
 have been circulated throughout the country that the visitor to 
 the Centennial Exhibition is sure to fall a victim to extortion 
 of all kinds, and that his expenses while in Philadelphia will 
 average at least ten dollars per day. This is far from being the 
 case. Good board can be obtained for from six to eight dollars 
 a week at a comfortable boarding-house; the admission to the 
 Exhibition is fifty cents, and covers everything ; so that one can 
 visit Philadelphia, see the Exhibition comfortably, and have 
 something left for amusements, for from two and a-half to tluoe 
 dollars per day. These prices '\re for comfortable but plain ac- 
 commodations and fare. Th who are ahle can of course 
 increase them according to their .iicans. 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 THE OPENING OF THE EXHIBITION. 
 
 Arrangements lor the Opening — Programme Iswiied by the Centennial Com- 
 mission — SceiitH ill Philadelphia on the 9th of May — The Opening Day — 
 The Rush to the Grounds — Arrival of Visitors from Distant Points — The 
 Gates Thrown Open — The Grand Stands — A Brilliant Scene — Arrival of 
 the Presi'lnpt of die United States — Wagner's Centennial March — Bishop 
 Simpson- Prayer— '.Vhittier'a Hymn — Enthusiasm of the Multitude — 
 Transfer o.' the Exhibitioii to the Centennial Commission — The Centennial 
 Cantata — Address of Cleneral Hawley — President Grant Declares the Exhi- 
 bition Open— The Flag Unfurled— The President's Tour Tiirough the 
 Buildings — The Starting of the Great Engine — Scenes in the Exhibition 
 Grounds — Illumination of the City. 
 
 PIE 10th of Muy, 1876, was the day appointed for the 
 opening of tiie International Exhibition. On the 
 8th the Centennial Commission issued the following 
 order : 
 
 UNITED STATES CENTENNIAL COMMISSION, 
 InlenuitioncU Exhibition, 1876, Philadelphia. 
 
 Philadelphia, May 8th, 1876. 
 The United States Centennial Commission announces the 
 following orders and programme for the opening of the Inter- 
 national Exhibition on the I'^th instant. 
 
 The Commission with, the concurring counsel of the Board 
 of Finance, instruciod *ts officers to give formal invitations only 
 to persons in official positions, to those officially connected with 
 the Exhibition ui i to members of the press, by reason of the 
 impossibility of discriminating among the numerous and gen- 
 erous supporters of the enterprise. 
 
 All the gates, except those at the east end of the Main Build- 
 ing, will be open to the public at 9 A. M. at the established rate 
 
 of admission. 
 
 2^7 
 
 mm.: 
 
268 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 The Main Building, Memorial Hall and Machinery Hall 
 will be reserved for guests and exhibitors until the conclusion 
 of the ceremonies, about 1 r. M., when all restrictions will be 
 withdrawn. 
 
 The President of the United States will be escorted to the 
 Exhibition by Governor Hartranft, of Pennsylvania, witii a 
 division or more of troops from Pennsylvania and New Jersey. 
 
 Invited guests will enter the Main Building from the carriage 
 concourse at the east end, or by the south-middle entrance on 
 Elm avenue. The doors will be oiien to them at 9 a. m. They 
 will pass to the platform in front of ^Memorial Hall through the 
 north-middle doors of the Main Building, and should occupy 
 their places before 10.15 a. m. All the space in the vicinity of 
 the platform, save what may be needed for passage, will be open 
 to the public. Seats on the platform for the ladies invited are 
 provided, and it is expected that they will join the procession 
 if they choose. 
 
 The orchestra of one hundred and fifty pieces and the chorus 
 of one thousand voices will be under the direction of Theodore 
 Thomas, assisted by Dudley Buck. 
 
 HI. 
 
 11. 
 
 J 2. I 
 
 TROGKAMME. 
 
 10.15 A. M. — Niitlidiiil Airs by tliu Orchestra. 
 lO.JiO— Arrival of the Prfsidtiit of the United States. 
 Centennial Inauguration March, by lliciiard Wagner. 
 Prayer, by the Kigiit Eeverend Bishop Simpson. 
 Ilynui, by Jolin CJrcenleaf Whittier. 
 
 Music, by .John K. Paine, of Mas^sachusett<(. 
 
 Organ and Orchestral accompaniment. 
 Presentation of the linildings to tiie (."onimis.sion by the President of tlie 
 
 (Jentennial Board of Finance. 
 Cantata, by Sidney Lanier, of (Jeorgia. 
 
 Music, by Dudley Buck, of Connecticut. 
 
 Baseo Solo, by Myron W. Whitney, of liaston. 
 Presentation of the Exhibition to tlie President of the United Stiitew by tlio 
 
 Preaidciit of the Centennial Commission. . 
 
 .\ddre8s by the President of tlie United States. 
 Unfurling of the Flag, Ilallehijah Chorus:, Salutes of Artillery and lii/ig- 
 
 ing of the Chimes. ' ■ " 
 
 Procession tiiroiigh tlie Main building and Machinery Ifall. 
 
 [{eeei.tiun l)v iJic President of (he t'iniuti Slates in tlie Judges' Pavilion. 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAI. EXFIIFUTfON'. 
 
 269 
 
 No flags or ensigns, except such a.s are permanently fixed in 
 the buiklings, will be displayed on the morning of the 10th until 
 the signal be given. The organs and other musical instruments 
 and the bells will await the same notice. 
 
 When the President of the United States declares the Exhi- 
 bition open, the flag on the staff near him will be unfurled as a 
 signal for the raising of all other flags and ensigns, the ringing 
 of the chimes, the salute of one hundred guns on George's Hill, 
 and the singing of the Hallelujah Chorus of Handel by the 
 chorus, with organ and orchestral accompaniment. 
 
 Immediately upon the announcement, the Foreign Commis- 
 sioners will pass into the Main Building and take places upon 
 the general £ venue opposite their respective sections. 
 
 The President of the United States, conducted by the Director- 
 (lencral of the Exhibition, and followed by the guests of the day, 
 will pass through the Main Building. As the President passes 
 the Foreign Commissioners they will join the procession, and 
 the whole body will move to Machinery Hall. 
 
 On his way the President will be saluted by his military 
 escort, formed in two lines between the buildings. 
 
 In Machinery Hall, when the procession shall, as far as pos- 
 sible, have entered the building, the President, assisted by 
 George H. Corliss, will set in motion the great engine and the 
 machinery connected therewith. No further formal order of 
 procession will be required. 
 
 The President, and such of the guests as may choose to fol- 
 low, will be escorted by way of the north main aisle of Ma- 
 chinery Hall to the doors of the eastern tower and to the 
 Judges' Pavilion. 
 
 The passage in return to the Main Building will be kept for 
 half an hour. 
 
 The President of the United States will hold a brief reception 
 in the Judges' Pavilion. 
 
 Should the weather render it impossible to conduct the exer- 
 cises in the open air, they will be held in the Main Building, 
 and the best regulations the circumstances may permit will be 
 communicated to the guests upon their arrival. T. B. P. Dixey 
 
 «;ji 
 
 s t! 
 
 U'l 
 
 , t| 
 
27vy 
 
THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 271 
 
 is announced as Master of Ceremonies. He will wear a white 
 sash. He will be assisted by twenty-five aids, who will wear 
 blue sashes. 
 
 By order of the Centennial Commission. 
 
 J(Ksi;i>H K. Hawley, Prmdmt. 
 
 John L. Campbeli., Scvrdart/. 
 
 Philadelphia was in a whirl of cxeitcnicnt for several days 
 previous to the lOtli. The hotels begun to fill up as early as 
 the 7th, and by the night of the 9th were full to overflowing. 
 On the 9th of May a steady rain fell during the day, but in 
 spite of this Chestnut street was alive with peo|)le eager to be- 
 hold the arrivals of distinguished visitors and the various vi^it- 
 ing military organizations that came in during the day. Great 
 anxiety was manifested lest the storm should eontimie through 
 the next day and interfere with the opening ceromonics. To- 
 wards nightfall the rain increased, and it seemed almost useless 
 to hope for fair weather the next day. 
 
 The dawn of Wednesdav, Mav lOth, found the rain still fall- 
 ing and the sky covered with heavy elouds in which no rift was 
 visible. In spite of this, however, the city was lavishly and 
 Ix'autifully decorated with flags and streamers. Chestnut, 
 Market and Walnut streets, and all the principal thoroughfares, 
 were literally alive with flags. The stars and stripes were 
 naturally the most prominent, but every nation of the globe was 
 represented in the display. As the morning advanced the rain 
 ceased, and about eight o'cloclc the sun shone out and soon 
 gcattered tlie clouds across the sky. 
 
 From an early hour in the morning the street cars, steam cars 
 and other conveyances to the Exhibition grounds were crowded, 
 and long before nine o'clock, the hour for opening the gates to 
 the public, arrived, the entrances were surrounded by dense 
 throngs eager for admission. All through the morning excur- 
 sion trains from New York, Baltimore, and points along the 
 railroads leading to Philadelphia, were arriving at the Centen- 
 nial depots of the Pennsylvania and Reading Railroads and 
 
 "W..^^^; 
 
272 
 
 THE ILLUSTUATED IIISTOUY 
 
 II ' 
 
 illscluirgiiJ^ tliousands of visitors to swell tlie crowds in tlie 
 Exhibition j^roiuids. 
 
 " llunclrt'd.s of those who waited at the gates, which were so 
 soon to admit them to an assembled world, had not before been 
 near the grounds since the enclosure had consisted only of :i 
 half-erected fence and the skeletons of a few of the larger build- 
 ings; and their looks of glad surprise and expntssions of aston- 
 ishment can easily be imagined by those who have had the good 
 fortune to gaze upon the niighty cosmos in all its completed per- 
 fection. The I icture presented even from the outside of the 
 grounds was interesting from its peculiarity, entertaining from 
 its novelty, and bewildering from its dazzling varietv. The 
 inconceivable expanse of the Main Building, enriched through- 
 out all its acres of length and breadth with the most brilliant 
 decorations, was yesterday rendered doubly magnificent by tlu 
 addition of myriads of flags of all colors, shapes, sizes and na- 
 tions, and from every inch of available space floated red-white- 
 and-blue streamers. The national and international insignias 
 over the entrances were almost covered with the grcnipcd 
 baiuiers of every nation, and even the golden motto, ' Virtue, 
 Liberty, and Independence,' seemed to have grown brighter 
 since the dawn of the 10th of May. Machinery Hall was less 
 elaborately decorated than its neighbor, and the larger banners, 
 like those on all the other buildings, were kept furled until the 
 formal opening of the Exhibition. There were, however, 
 myriads of miniature flags and streamers dancing in the breeze, 
 and the great structure in which had been collected the triumphs 
 of the inventive ingenuity of all races presented a gala appear- 
 ance well befitting the occasion. The chaste, imposing beauty 
 of Memorial Hall was enhanced by the gracefully-intertwined 
 colors which decked the southern fa9ade, while far into the 
 grounds could be seen countless thousands of furled standards 
 and waving streamers. The arriving trains of the Pennsylvania 
 Railroad came in quick succession, bringing thousands of pas- 
 sengers from the Kensington and Washington avenue stations 
 to swell the crowd already assembled, and the handsome depot 
 south of Machinery Hall soon became a scene of fascinating 
 
OF TIIK CENTENNIAL EXUnJlTiON. 
 
 273 
 
 aiiimtUion as the inortasing visitors liastc-cd out of the niiiucr- 
 ous cars and poured iu living streams of hiunanity to tin; still- 
 closed entrances. Tlu; arrival of trains at tho sainc structure 
 fVorn points along the main line and its connections, bringing 
 guests from New York, lfarri,-l>urg. I'itt.shuigh, ami interme- 
 diate stations, added new intert.'.st to tiie inspirilipj^ scone, and 
 the plateau between the bu'ldinir Jind the ( enteunial ofHces 
 became almost immediate'} packeu with men, women and ehil- 
 (Iron, ftll waiting anxioitsly for the hour of nine. The Philadel- 
 phia, Wilmington Sz Baltimore Railroad trains also landed at 
 the Pennsylvania depot, bringing car after car loaded with pas- 
 sengers. At the new depot ere(!ted by the Heading ilailroad 
 Company, at the foot of the bluff on which stands Memorial 
 Hull, long trains of cars every few moments dashed in loaded 
 with i)assengers from Broad and Callowhill streets, Ninth street 
 and Columbia avenue, and Ninfh and Green streets stations, in 
 addition to the thousands of visitors from Germantown, Xorris- 
 town, Heading, Pottsville, and more distant points. The wide 
 platform of over fifteen hundred feet in length was continually 
 covered with visitors, none of whom lost a moment in pressing 
 onward to tho various entrances. On these trains arrived al- 
 most all of the one thousand choristers who had so long been 
 prej)aring for their important part in tho oi)oning ceremonies, 
 and so complete had been all the arrangements that all the 
 singers were conducted to the seats they were to occupy without 
 material delay. As the hour of nine approached, the throngs of 
 visitors increased still more rapidly ; and from tho eastern end 
 of the Main Building to the western boundary of the passenger 
 railroad concourse tho Elm avenue tracks were for the next hall' 
 hour filled with inc(»ming and outgoing street curs, and the 
 roadway was crowded with rapidly-driven vehicles hastening to 
 or returning from the carriage concourse. In sj)ite vi' this con- 
 stant danger to pedestrians, thousands of persons of both sexes, 
 all ages and classes abandoned the closely-packed sidewalks and 
 made their way along the street towards the main entrance. 
 Every moment this method of locomotion became moro difficult 
 and more dangerouS; until the ouce cj[uiet avenue was converted 
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 (716)872-4503 
 

274 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 into an indescribable confusion of restive horses, yelling drivers, 
 moving street cars, frantic old ladies, rumbling wagons, dis- 
 tracte<l women, enthusiastic gamins and laughing children. 
 The Httlo fi)ll<s were, of course, present in full force, and no 
 iiiiiouiit of pliysical discomfort or personal danger seemed to 
 
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 I: 
 
 INTERIOR OF A PARLOR CAR— PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD. 
 
 disconcert tliom. They wore out for a vjaud holiday, and, on 
 the principle of 'the more the merrier,' they seemed to have 
 found the height of juvenile felicity in the midst of this general 
 melee. Belmont avenue presented much the same appearance, 
 hut as on this thoroujrhfare ever^'body was hastening in the snmc 
 direction there was less '.onlusiim. The thousands aasemblcd 
 
OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITIOX. 
 
 275 
 
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 and assembling represented every possible class of society, every 
 profession, trade, or vocation in the world, and almost all the 
 nations on the globe. Hundreds of men who had come from 
 other countries, either as exhibitors or as workmen, were 
 mingled with the throng, and as most of them had again donned 
 their national costumes in honor of the occasion, the moving 
 spectacle was indeed one of rare interest. Americans and Eng- 
 lishmen, Germans and French, Norwegians and Turks, Irish- 
 men and Japanese, red Indians and dark-skinned Moors, 
 Chinamen and Mexicans, Egyptians and Arabs, were all to be 
 found mingled with the heterogeneous collection of humanity, 
 and here, there, and everywhere at once were heard innumerable 
 fakirs loudly expatiating on the incomparable virtues of their 
 articles of merchandise. A certain proportion of the visitors so 
 closely packed together were, of course, obliged to submit to no 
 little personal inconvenience and more or less physical discom- 
 fort; but the pleasure of being among the thousands who were 
 to witness the final blossoming of the nation's Centennial plant, 
 and the general excitement and ever-changing variety of the 
 wondrous display, overcame for the time the selfishness of weak 
 Iiuman nature, and as the few churlish entities who at first 
 scowled at the closed gates, growled ai the heat, and sullenly 
 glared at the incoming crowds, had eiiher moved off to more 
 congenial quarters or been compelled to forget their acerbity 
 by the magnetic sympathy of exultant multitudes, the scene soon 
 became one of universal good nature, pleasant anticipation, and 
 general rejoicing." 
 
 At nine o'clock the entrances to tlip grounds were ojiened, and 
 the people were admitted upon payment by each one of a fifty 
 cent note or a silver half dollar. The multitude passed in 
 rapidly, and soon the grounds were thronged. The crowds 
 pressed up eagerly around the stands which had been erected 
 for the accommodation of those who were to take part in the 
 opening ceremonies. 
 
 The site selected for the opening ceremonies was the open 
 space between the Main Building and Memorial Hall. A pint- 
 form for the Centennial authorities, the President of the United 
 
276 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 States and other distinguished guests was erected in front of the 
 latter building, and another, rising like an amphith3atre from 
 the level of the terrace in front of Memorial Hall to the second 
 row of arches in the central pavilion of the Main Building, was 
 provided foi the accommodation of th*^ orchestra and chorus of 
 a thousand voices which were to render the musical portion of 
 the exercises. 
 
 The reserved places were jealously guarded by a detachment 
 of the Centennial guard, and only persons provided with com- 
 plimentary tickets were admitted to them. Every place was 
 filled before the hour for the commencement of the ceremonies 
 struck, and every available foot of ground without the enclosure 
 was occupietl by the public generally. 
 
 On the grand stand in front of Memorial Hall were assembled 
 the Congress of the United States, the Governors of a number 
 of the States, officers of the army and navy of the United States, 
 the Emperor and Empress of Brazil, the Ministers from foreign 
 countries, and a large number of distinguished persons from our 
 own and other lands. The display of uniforms was brilliant, 
 and the rich toilettes of the ladies on the stand gave to the scene 
 a plea-jing and picturesque aspect. The Emperor and Empress 
 of Brazil were given seats on the central platform on the rigiit 
 of the chair reserved for the President of the United States. 
 
 The decorations of the grand and orchestra stands, which 
 were located directly opposite each other, were of the simplest 
 description, consisting only of the colors of the United States 
 and the various European nations. Hundreus of fliigs fluttcrctl 
 from the pinnacles of the Exhibition buildings, but the larger 
 flagstaffs were conspicuously bai-e. 
 
 As the distinguished guests were seated, there was a slia^ht 
 commotion on the orchestra stand, and immediately Theodore 
 Thomas took his place at the conductor's desk, and waved his 
 baton as a signal for the music to begin. Under the leaderslii]) 
 of this master the orchestra rendered in fine stvle the national 
 airs of all the nations represented in the exhibition. 
 
 "Afler having stated," says the Philadelphia Press, in its 
 admirable account of the opening ceremonies^ " that the immense 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 mr 
 
 multitude was comjwsed of representatives of all civilized coun- 
 tries on the globe, it is scarcely necessary to describe the efiPect 
 of this succession of hymns which, in times past, hud roused 
 whole nations to activity, called to the defence of their country 
 millions of brave men, sustained the drooping energies of soldiers 
 on forced marches, stimulated them in battle, comforted the 
 dying, infused new courage after defeat, and celebrated the most 
 brilliant victories — rational hvmns which had been learned in 
 childhood, loved in youth, and venerated in old age. Nor need 
 it be added that as the first familiar strains of each air were 
 touched by tlie orchestra more than one face became ilhuuinated 
 with looks of joyous recognition, and more than one mind 
 reverted to times and scenes when the simple air sent the warm 
 blood thrilling through his veins and made him worship the 
 country he had already learned to love. Tiie second selection, 
 the Austrian national hymn, has long been familiar to citizens 
 of all Eurojiean and American governments, as it is nmch used 
 in church music. But how widely difterent must have been 
 the thoughts suggested by its sweet melody to different auditors ! 
 To English and American citizens it recalled, not some great 
 national occasion, but the holy sanctuary where on the co.icordant 
 voices of devout worshippers paeans of praise were wafted heav- 
 enward ; to the Austrians the same strains doubtless brought 
 vividly to mind their country's trials, dangers, and triumjihs, 
 and perhaps to not a few its harmonies were overpowered by the 
 memory of terrible conflicts with their country's foes, long hours 
 of almost mortal suffering, rewarded at last by the consciousness 
 of having been one of the few who bravely fought and yet lived 
 to celebrate a glorious victory. When the Brazilian national 
 hymn was played both the emperor and empress gave to the 
 orchestra a look of glad surprise in recognition of the compli- 
 ment, and then, aa the musicians glided into the stirring * Mar- 
 w'illaise,' Americans and Frenchmen clasped hands, in spirit if 
 not in reality, for this peerless national hymn is almost equally 
 loved in both countries. Its martial measure a d exciting 
 strains are always infectious, but when played as the Thomas 
 orchestra yesterday performed it the effect was irresistible. 
 
278 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 Among the throng were thousands who had either come direct 
 from Franoe or had been brought up in the land of the * ^Iiir- 
 sei liaise,' and it was easy to see that, as the old familiar summons 
 to the defence of Liberty was being grandly repeate<l, hun«lreds 
 of the impulsive Frenchmen within sound of the orchestra 
 would have danced for joy had there been room enough. But 
 there was not, and the lovers of the noble hymn were compelled 
 to content themselves with waving their hat**, shouting * Vive 
 la France,' and looking volumes. The Germans who had been 
 anxiously waiting for the 'Wacht am Rhine' were surprised 
 though not disappointed when the familiar melody of ' Was ist 
 
 caEirrBAii dome, tienna xxponnoir BCiLciNa. 
 
 dps Deutschen Vaterlund ' reached their ears, and the l)caming 
 faces of hundretls who years and years ago had heard the same 
 air sung as a lullaby by the long-silenced li|)6 of a hallowed 
 mother told how sacred the beautiful air had become. Gram! 
 old ' Hail Columbia,' of course, met with the heartiest possible 
 reception,, and for the first time during the waiting hour the 
 pressing, surging mass of humanity ceased their efforts to push 
 their way still further forward, and stood silent and motionless, 
 enjoying to the utmost the life of recollections and flo<Kl of 
 emotions which this hymn had so suddenly called into new 
 existence." 
 
 As the music ceased, a loud cheer rising from the entrance to 
 
OF THE CENTKNMAL EXIIIBITIOX. 
 
 270 
 
 the grounds in the rear of Memorial Hull, proclaimed tliu 
 arrival of the President of the United States and his Cabinet, 
 f he President was ojjcortcd from the city to tlie Exhibition by 
 a division of 4(X)0 troojKs, made up of the volunteers of the eity 
 and visiting detaciuuenis from other parts of tiie Union. The 
 President was received with considerable enthusiasm as he 
 reached the grand stand, and at once took the place reserved for 
 him. He was followed by the members of tlie Cabinet and the 
 distinguishe<l persons who had come from the city with him. 
 
 As the President, after acknowledging the greeting of the 
 multitude, took his seat, there burst from the orchestra at a sign 
 iVoin Theodore Thomas the first strains of the grand Ccntcnnidi 
 Ifuiuguration March composed for the occasion by Jiiciiard 
 Wagner. This magiiificicnt comi)Osition was rendered with a 
 fervency and thoroughness which only a lea<ler and an orchestra 
 who understand and love the great composer^as j)erfectly as do 
 Tije<Hlore Thomas and his band, could impart to it. It was 
 listened to with breathless attention by the vast throng of over 
 100,000 ix'0{)io, and at the conclusion wiis greeted with loud 
 and enthusiastic cheers. 
 
 The music had scarcely cease<l when Bishop Simpson, of the 
 Methodist P]piscopal Church, advanced to the front of the stand, 
 and lifting up his hands, offered up the following impressive 
 prayer : 
 
 "Almighty and everlasting God, our heavenly Father. 
 Heaven is thy throne and the earth is thy footstool. Picfore 
 thy majesty and holiness the angels veil their faoes, and the 
 uplrits of the jusi made perfect bow in humble adoration. Thou 
 art the creator of all things, the preserver of all that exist, 
 whether they be thrones or dominions, or principalities or 
 powers. The minute and the vast, atoms and worlds, alike 
 attest the ubiquity of thy presence and the omnipotence of thy 
 sway. 
 
 "Thou alone art the sovereign ruler of nations. Thou 
 raiseth up one and casteth down another, and thou givei^t the 
 kingdoms of the world to whomsoever thou wilt. The ])ast 
 with all its records is the unfolding of thy counsels and the 
 
28C 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATID HISTORY 
 
 realization of thy grand designs. NVc hail thee as our rightful 
 ruler, the King eternal, innnortal, and invisible, the only true 
 (jod, blessed forever more. 
 
 " We come on this glad day, O tliou God of our fathers, into 
 these courts with thanksgiving and into these gates with praise. 
 We bless thee ibr thy woiideriul goodness in the past, for the 
 land which thou gavest to our liiihers, a land veiled from the 
 ages, from the ancient world, but revealed in the fulness of 
 time to thy chosen people, whom thou didst lead by thine own 
 right hand through the billows of the deep, to a land of vast 
 extent, of towering mountains and 1 oad plains, of unnumbeiixl 
 products and of untold treasures. 
 
 " We thank thee for the fathers of our country, men of niiml 
 and of might, who endured privations and sacrifices, who briived 
 nmltiplied dangers rather than defile their consciences or be 
 untrue to their God, men who laid on the broad foundations of 
 truth and justice the grand structure of civil freedom. 
 
 " We praise thee for the closing century, for the founders of 
 the republic, for tlie immortal Washington and his grand asso- 
 ciates, for the wisdom with which they planned, and the firm- 
 ness and heroism, which, under thy blessing, led them to trium- 
 phant success. Thou wast their shield in hours of danger, their 
 l>illar of cloud by day, and their pillar of fire by night. May 
 we, their sons, walk in their footsteps and imitate their virtues. 
 
 " We thank thee for social and national prosperity and pro- 
 gress, for valuable discoveries and multiplied inventions, for 
 labor-saving machinery relieving the toiling masses, for schools, 
 free as the morning light for the millions of the rising geiioia- 
 tion, for books and periodicals scattered like leaves of autumn 
 over the land, for art and science, for freedom to worship God 
 according to the dictates of conscience, for a Church unfettered 
 by the trammels of State. 
 
 " Bless, we pray thee, the President of the United States and 
 his constitutional advisers, the Judj3;es of the Supreme Court, 
 the Senators and Representatives in Congress, the Governors of 
 our soveral commonwealths, the officers of tin army and nnvy, 
 a::d all who are in official position throughout our land. Guide 
 
 i ^ 
 
OP THF CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 2S1 
 
 litem, we pray thee, with counsels of wisdom, and may they 
 over rule in righteousness. We ask thy blessing to rest upon 
 the President and members of the Centennial Commission, and 
 upon those associated with them in the various departments, 
 who have laborc<l long and earnestly amidst anxieties and diffi- 
 culties for the success of this enterprise. 
 
 " May thy special blessing, O thou God of all the nations of 
 the earth, rest upon our national guests, our visitors from distant 
 lands. We welcome them to our shores, and wc rejoice in their 
 presence among us, whether they represent thrones, or culture, 
 or research, or whether they come to exhibit the triumphs of 
 genius and art, in the development of industry and in the pro- 
 gress of civilization. Preserve thou them, we beseech thee, in 
 health and safety, and in due time may they be welcomed by 
 loved ones again to their own, their native lands. 
 
 " Let thy blessing rest richly on this Centennial celebration. 
 May the lives and health of all interested be precious in tliy 
 sight. Preside in its assemblies. Grant that this association 
 in effort may bind more closely together every part of our great 
 republic, so that our Union may be perpetual and indissoluble. 
 Let its influence draw the nations of earth into a happier unity. 
 Hereafter, we pray thee, may all disputed questions bo settled 
 by arbitration, and not by the sword, and may wars forever 
 cease among the sons of men. 
 
 " May the new century be better than the past — more radiant 
 with the light of true philosophy, warmer with the emanations 
 of a world-wide sympathy. ^lay capital, genius and labor be 
 freed from all antagonism by the establishment and application 
 of such principles of justice and equity as shall reconcile diver- 
 sified interests and bind in imperishable bands all parts of 
 society. 
 
 "We pray thy benediction especially on the women of 
 America, who ft>r the first time in the history of our race take 
 so conspicuous a place in a national celebration. May the light 
 of their intellig mce, purity and enterprise shed its beams afar, 
 nntil, in distant lands, their sisters may realize the beauty and 
 glory of Christian freedom and elevation. We beseech thee. 
 
g 
 
 s 
 
 s 
 
 282 
 
THE CENTENNIAL EXIIIUITION. 
 
 283 
 
 Almighty Father, that our beloved repuhlic may be strength- 
 ened in every element of true greatne.s.s, until her mission is 
 accomplished by presenting tu the world an illustration of the 
 happiness of a free people, with u free ehurch, in a free Slate, 
 under laws of their own enactment and un«Ur rulers of their 
 own selection, acknowledging .supreme allegiance only to the 
 King of kings and I^ord of lords. And a-> thou didst give to 
 one of its illustrious sons first to thaw experimentally the 
 electric sparU from heaven, which has since girdled the }ilolje 
 in its celestial wiiispers of 'Glory to (jod in the highest, |>eace 
 on earth and gootl will to men,' so to latest time may the 
 mission of America, under Divine inspiration, be one of all'ec- 
 tion, brotherhood and love lor all our race. And may the 
 coming centuries be filled with the glory of our Christian 
 eivili/iition. 
 
 "And unto thee, our Father, throiioh Him whose life is the 
 light of" men, will we ascribe glory and praise, now and forever. 
 Amen." 
 
 n 
 
 At the conclusion of the prayer Whitti(>r's Ccntennhil llijuin, 
 a fine, vigorous production, worthy of the genius of the poet, 
 was sung by the chorus of one thousand voica*;, accompanied 
 by the orchestra and the great organ erected at the north end 
 of the central transept of the Main Building. 
 
 The music for this poem was written by Mr. John K. ]*aine, 
 of Massachusetts, and as the united voices rendered it the 
 composition was exceedingly beautiful, though not of striking 
 individuality. The sweet melody wa.s aeeom|)anicd by sim|)lo 
 harmonies, which rolled forth upon the air like the gently- 
 raoving billows of old ocean in her most peaceful mood ; and, 
 as the sacred strains were heard, countless thousands, who had 
 previously regarded the occasion as a grand day of joy and 
 mirth, seemed to fully realize that the crowning hours of a 
 century of independence had also a serious meaning, which 
 should not be overlooked. The voices of the chorus were par- 
 ticularly full and strong in every bar, and some of the higher 
 
284 
 
 THE ILLUSTUATED JIISTOUY 
 
 * 
 
 chords could bo diutiuctly heard fur a great diHtancc. The 
 hymn was us follows: 
 
 ( )iir futhcra' God I from out whose hand 
 Tliu oeiitiiriuH Tull liku gruiiiit uf huikI, 
 We mt'C't to-day, united, fre*, 
 And loyal to our lund uiid thee, 
 To thank thee for the eru done, 
 And trust thee for the opening one. 
 
 Here, where of old, by thy derti>,'n, 
 The fatherH Hpake that woxi of thine, 
 AVhose echo ix the glad refrain 
 Of rended bolt and falling chain, 
 To grace our festal time from all 
 The zones of earth our giiest-s we cull. 
 
 Be with U9 while the New World ureeta 
 The Old World thronging all its >ireeU<, 
 Unveiling all the tritnnphs won 
 Uy art or toil beneath the sim ; 
 And unto common good ordain 
 This rivalship of hand and brain. 
 
 Thou who hast here in concord furled 
 The war-flags of a gathered world, 
 IK'neath our western skies fulfil 
 TIic Orient's mission of good will ; 
 And, freighted with Love's golden fleece, 
 Senil back the Argonauts of peace. 
 
 For art and labor met in truce, 
 For beauty made the bride fif iwc, 
 "We thank thee, while withal wo crave 
 The austere virtues, strong to save; 
 The honor, proof to plnoe or gold ; 
 The manhood, never bought or sold ! 
 
 Oil ! make thon us, through centuries long, 
 In peace secure, in justice strong; 
 Around our gift of freedom draw 
 The safegnards of thy righteous law, 
 And, cast in some diviner mould, 
 Let the new cycle shame the old I 
 
 The hymn being ended, Mr. John Wel^sh, President of the 
 B(\ir(l of Finance, rose from his place by General Hawley, for 
 
Ol" TIIK CENTENNIAL EXIIIBITIOX. 
 
 285 
 
 the purpose of formally presenting the Exhibition buildings 
 and grounds to the United States Centennial Commission. His 
 appearance v/aa the signal for long continuetl plaudit^i of en- 
 thusiasm. To many of the great audience this was the first 
 opportunity that had been vouchsafed to them to behold the 
 man whose genius, pre-eminent above that of many of his 
 compeers, has made his name a household word throughout 
 America, aiul through whose unfaltering and unsclfiwh devotion 
 the Exhibition has been made not only a reality, but an 
 assured success, and this without even the suspicion of a dis- 
 honest or improper act on the part of a single one of its oflicials. 
 Cheer upon cheer rent the air in grateful recognition of the 
 worth and services of one who has done so much for Phila- 
 delphia and Philadelphia interests. AVhen order had been 
 partially restored, Mr. Welsh proceeded as follows : 
 
 "Mr. President and Gentlemen of the United 
 STATi-a Centennial Commission: In the presence of the 
 gov«rnment of the United States and of the several distin- 
 guished bodies by whom we are surrounded, and in behalf of 
 the Centenniol Board of Finance, I greet you. 
 
 "In readiness at the appointed time, I have the honor to 
 announce to you that, under your supervision and in accordance 
 with the plans fixed and established by you, we have erected 
 the buildings belonging to us, and have made all the arrange- 
 ments devolving on us necessary for the opening of the 'Inter- 
 national Exhibition.' We hereb;- now formally appropriate 
 tlicm for their intended occupation, and we hold ourselves 
 ready to make all further arrangements that may be needed for 
 carrying into full and complete effect all the requirements of 
 the acts of Congress relating to the Exhibition. 
 
 " For a like purpose we also apjiropriate the buildings 
 belonging to the State of Pennsylvania and the city of Phila- 
 delphia, erected by us at their bidding, to wit : Memorial Hall, 
 Machinery Hall and Horticultural Hall. These and other 
 substantial ofTerings stand as the evidence of their patriotic co- 
 
286 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 I 
 
 operation. To the United States of America, through Congress, 
 we are indebted for the aid which crowned our success. 
 
 " In addition to those to which I have just referred, there 
 are other beautiful and convenient edifices which have been 
 (Tccted by the representatives of foreign nations, by State 
 authori and by individuals, which are also devoted to the 
 purposes of the Exhibition. 
 
 "Ladies and Gentlemen: If in the past we have mot 
 with disappointments difficulties and trials, they have been 
 overcome bv a consciousness that no sacrifice can be too jjreat 
 which is made to honor the memories of those who br()uj>;ht our 
 nation into being. This commemoration of the eveu'^s of 
 i77G excites our present gratitude. The assemblage here to-day 
 of so many foreign representatives uniting with us in this 
 reverential tribute is our reward. 
 
 " We congratulate you on the occur»'ence of this day. Many 
 of the nations have gathered here in peaceful con)petition. 
 Each may profit by the association. This Exhibition is but a 
 school ; the more thoroughly its lessons are learned the greater 
 will be the gain, and, when it shall have closed, if by that 
 study the ijations engaged in it shall have learned respect for 
 each other, then it may be hoped that veneration for Ilim who 
 rules on high will become universal, and the angels' song 
 once more be heard : 
 
 "Glory to God in the highest, 
 And on eartli peace, good will towards men." 
 
 Upon the conclusion of Mr. Welsh's address General Joseph 
 U. Ilawley, the President of the United States Centennial 
 Comnussion, replied as follows in Ijehalf of the Commission : 
 
 "Mb. President of the Centennial Board of Fi- 
 nance : The Centennial Commission accepts the trust with 
 grateful and fraternal acknowledgment of the great services of 
 the Board of Finance." 
 
 The chorus then sang, with orchestral accorapariiii.o.ii;, the 
 following Centennial Cantata, written by Sidney Lanier, of 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 
 Georgia. Tlie music, which is singularly beautiful, was coui- 
 poscd by Mr. Dudley Buck, of Connecticut: 
 
 From this hundred-terraced heiyiht, 
 Sight more large with nobler liglil 
 Kanges down yon towering jlui.-.: 
 Humbler smiles and lordlier teard 
 Siiinc and full, shine and fall, 
 While old voices rise and call 
 Yonder where the lo-and-fro. 
 Weltering of my Long-Ago, 
 Moves about the moveless base, 
 Fur below my resting-place. 
 
 Mayflower, Mayflower, slowly hitlior flying, 
 
 Trembling, Westward o'er yon balking sea. 
 Hearts within. Farewell, dear Knglaiid, sighing, 
 Winds without but dear in vain rejilying, 
 Gray-lipp'd waves about thee shouted, crying, 
 "^'o! It shall not be!" 
 
 Jamestown, out of thee— 
 Plymouth, thee — thee, Albany — 
 Winter cries: "Ye freeze; away!" 
 Fever cries : " Yc burn ; away ! " 
 Hunger cries; "Ye starve; away ! ' 
 Vengeance cries: " Your graves siudi st:iyl" 
 
 Then old Sha[ies and Masks of Thlnps, 
 Framed like Faiths or clothed like Kings- 
 Ghosts of Goods once fleslied and fair, 
 Crrown foul Buds in alien air — 
 War, and his most noisy lords, 
 Tongued with lithe and poisoned swords- 
 Error, Terror, Enp'^ and Crime, 
 All in a windy night of time 
 Cried to me from land and sea : 
 "No! Thoushalt not be!'- 
 
 Hark ! 
 Huguenots whispering yea in tlie dark ; 
 Puritans answering yea in the dark I 
 Yea, like an arrow shot true to his mark, 
 FinrtJ? through the tyrannous heart of Denial, 
 i'atience and Labor and snlemn-soided Trial, 
 
 Foiled, still heginninp: ; 
 
 bjoiled, but not sinnlu!;; ; 
 
288 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 Toil through the stertorous death of the Night; 
 Toil wlion wild brother-wara new-dark tlie Light; 
 Toil and forgive and kiss o'er and rcpligiit. 
 
 Now praise to God's oft-granted grace ; 
 
 Now praise to man's undaunted face. 
 
 Despite the land, despite the sea, 
 
 I was, I am, and I shall be — 
 
 IIow long. Good Angel, oh! how long? 
 
 Sing me from Heaven a man's own song t 
 
 Long as thine Art shall love true love; 
 
 Long as thy Science truth shall know ; 
 Long as thine Eagle harms no Dove ; 
 
 Long as thy Law by law shall grow ; 
 Long as thy God is God above, 
 
 Thy brother every man below, 
 So long, dear Land of all my love, 
 
 Thy name shall shine, thy fame shall glow! 
 
 O Music! from this height of time my Word unfold ; 
 In thy large signals all men's hearts Man's Heart behold ; 
 Mid-heaven unroll tiiy ciiords as friendly flags unfurled. 
 And wave the world's best lover's welcome to the world. 
 
 Tlie bass solo, commencing " Long as thine Art shall love 
 true love," was rendered in superb style by Myron J. Whituoy, 
 of Boston, and was enthusiastically encored. At the conclusion 
 of the Cantata Mr. Buck was loudly called for, and upon ap- 
 pearing at one of the windows of the Main Building was givcf 
 three hearty cheers in acknowledgment of his work. 
 
 Silence being restored. General Joseph R. Hawley, President 
 of the Centennial Commission, rose, and turning to the Piesi- 
 dent of the United States, formally presented the Exhibition to 
 him, in the following words : 
 
 " Mr. Presidext — Five years ago the President of tlic* 
 United States declared it fitting that * the completion of tlu' 
 first century of our national existence should be commemorated 
 by an exhibition of the natural resources of the country and 
 their development, and of its progress in those arts which bene- 
 fit mankind,' and ordered that an Exhibition of American and 
 foreign arts, products, and manufactures should be held, under 
 the auspices of the government of the United States, in the 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 289 
 
 city of Philadelphia, in the year 1876. To put into effect the 
 several laws relating to the Exhibition, the United States Cen- 
 tennial Commission was constituted, composed of two Commis- 
 sioners from each State and Territory, nominated by their 
 respective Governors, and appointed by the President. The 
 Congress also created our auxiliary and associate corporation, 
 the Centennial Board of Finance, whose unexpectedly heavy 
 burdens have been nobly borne. A remarkable and prolonged 
 disturbance of the finances and industries of the country has 
 greatly magnified the task, but we hope for a favorable judg- 
 ment of, the degree of success attained. July 4th, 1873, this 
 ground was dedicated to its present uses. Twenty -one months 
 ago this jNIemorial Hall was begun. All the other one hun- 
 dred and eighty buildings within the enclosure have been 
 erected within twelve months. All the buildings embraced in 
 the plans of the Commission itself are finished. The demands 
 of applicants exceeded the space, and strenuous and continuous 
 efforts have been made to get every exhibit ready in time. 
 
 "Ily general consent the Exhibition is appropriately held 
 in the City of Brotherly Love. Yonder, almost within your 
 view, stands the venerated edifice wherein occurred the event 
 this work is designed to commemorate, and the hall in which 
 the first Continental Congress assembled. Within the present 
 limits of this great park were the homos of eminent patriots of 
 that era, where Washington and his associates received gener- 
 ous hospitality and able counsel. You have observed the sur- 
 passing beauty of the situation placed at our disposal. In 
 harmony with all this fitness is the liberal sujiport given the 
 enterprise by the State, city, and the people indivitlually. 
 
 " In the name of the United States, you extended a respect- 
 ful and cordial invitation to the governments of otiier nations 
 to be represented and to participate in this Exhibition. You 
 know the very acceptable terms in which they responded, from 
 even the most distant regions. Their Commissioners are here, 
 and you will soon see with what energy and brilliancy they 
 liave entered upon this friendly competitioa in the arts of 
 peace. 
 
 19 
 
290 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. 
 
 " It has been the fervent hope of tljc Commission that, (hir- 
 ing this festival yeai, the people from all States and sections, ot" 
 all creeds and churthes, all parties and classes, burying all 
 resentments, would come up together to this birthplace of oui 
 liberties, to study the evidence of our resources; to measure tlir 
 progress of an hundred years, and to examine to our profit tlic 
 wonderful products of other huids ; but especially to join hanils 
 in perfect fraternity, and promise the God of our fathers that 
 the new century sliall surpass the old in the true glories of 
 civilization. And furthermore, that from the association liorc 
 of welcome visitors from all nations, there mav result not aioiu 
 great benefits to invention, manufactures, agriculture, trade 
 and commerce, but also stronger international friendshijis and 
 more lasting peace. 
 
 " Thus reporting to you, Mr. President, under the laws of 
 the government and the usage of similar occasions, in the name 
 of the United States Centennial Commission, I present to yinir 
 view the International Exhibition of 1876." 
 
 Immediately following General Ilawley's speech President 
 Grant discharged the last formal yet simple and dignified act 
 of the ceremonies by making proclamation of the evcntCiil f'aet 
 of the opening of the International Exhibition. The remarks 
 of the President, like all the other speeches of the day, were in 
 writing, and at intervals were ajiplauded with great sj)irit. 
 The following is the address: 
 
 " My Countrymen — It has been thought appropriate upon 
 this Centennial occasion to bring together in Philadeli)hia, Inr 
 popular insj)ection, specimens of our attainments in the imlus- 
 trial and fine arts, and in literature, science and philosophy, as 
 well as in the great business of agriculture and of commone. 
 That we may the more thoroughly appreciate the exccllenii(> 
 and deficiencies of our achievements, and also give emphatit 
 expression to our earnest desire to cultivate the friendship oi 
 our fellow-members of this great family of nations, the eiiiiiilit- 
 ened agricultural, commercial, and manufacturing peo|)le of the 
 world have been invited to send hither corresjionding spei i- 
 mens of their skill to exhibit on equal terms in friendly coui- 
 
 ^ 
 
^^'^:hCk 
 
 
 "■tj./, 
 
 W^m-^^r^^yi/^r ; 
 
 SCENE OX THE SCHUYLKILL, NEAR PniLADELPHIA. 
 
 W: 
 
 •■\'i i 
 
 1 5 > 
 
 291 
 
 ■- !■* 
 
292 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 j)otitioii with our own. To this invitation they have generously 
 responded. For so doing we render them our hearty thanks. 
 
 "The beauty and utility of the contributions will this day 
 be suDmittod to your inspection by the managers of this Exhi- 
 bition. We are glad to know that a view of specimens of the 
 skill of all nations will attbrd to you unalloyetl pleasure, as well 
 as yield to you a valuable practiad knowledge of so many of 
 the remarkable results of the wonderful skill existing in enlight- 
 ened communities. 
 
 "One hundreil years ago our country was new and but par- 
 tially settled. Our necessities have compelleil us to chieHy 
 expend our moans and time in felling forests, subduing prairies, 
 building dwellings, factories, ships, docks, warehouses, roads, 
 canals, machinery, etc., etc. Alost of our schools, churches, 
 libraries, and asylums have been establishefl within an hundred 
 years, liurdened by these great primal works of necessity, 
 which could not be delayed, we yet have done what this Exhi- 
 bition will show in the direction of rivalling older and more 
 advanced nations in law, medicine, and theology ; in science, 
 literature, philosophy, and the fine arts. Whilst proud of what 
 wc have done, we regret that we have not done more. Our 
 achievoinonts have be^n great enough, however, to make it easy 
 for our people! to acknowledge superior merit wherever found. 
 
 "And now, fellow-citizens, I hope a careful examination of 
 wliat is about to be exhibited to you will not only inspire 
 you with a profound respect for the skill and taste of our 
 friends from other nations, but also satisfy you with the at- 
 tainments made by our own people during the past one hun- 
 dred years. I invoke your generous co-operation with tlio 
 worthy Commissioners to secure a brilliant success to this Inter- 
 national Exhibition, and to make the stay of our foreign vis- 
 itors — to whom we ex:end a hearty welcome — both profitable 
 and pleasant to them. 
 
 " I declare the International Exhibition now open." 
 
 .As the President declared the Exhibition open. General 
 lla^.^ey gave the signal, and the flag of the United States wa-; 
 ran up to the staff rising from the north transept of the Main 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 293 
 
 IJuiltling. This was the signal for the unfurling of the national 
 and foreign flags on ail tlie buildings, and was greeted with 
 deafening cheers from tjje assembled multitude. At the same 
 moment the chorus, the orchestra and great organ in the Main 
 Huilding burst li^rth into the grand strains of Handel's " Halle- 
 lujah Chorus," rendering it with fine eflect. As the nnisic died 
 away, the merry peals of the ciiimes of ]Mai'liinery Hall were 
 heard, and a salute of one hundred guns was thundered from 
 George's Hill. 
 
 The invited guests, to the number of 4000, were now mar- 
 shalled in line by Mr. T. B. P. Dixey, Master of Ceremonies, 
 and passing from Memorial Hall, through lines of troops,, 
 entered the Main Building. The following was the 
 
 ORDER OF PROCESSION. 
 
 Tlie President of the UnitetJ .Statet*, and Alfred T. CJosliorn, Directcn-General. 
 
 The Chief-Jiistiee of the Unitcnl Htates. 
 
 The President of the Senate. 
 
 The Speaker of the House of Repreientatives. 
 
 Joseph R. Hawley, President of the I'nitcd Slates (Vnfeiinial Ccinmis.sion. 
 
 Joiin Welsli, President of tlje Centennial IJoard of Finance. 
 
 Daniel J. Morreli, Chairman of the Executive Committee of tlie Commiission. 
 
 John L. Campbell, Secretary of the Commission. 
 
 Frederick Fraley, Secretary of tlie Board of Finance. 
 
 The Cabinet. 
 
 The Supreme Court of the United States. 
 
 The Diplomatic Cor|)s. 
 
 The United States Centennial Commission. 
 
 Ch'efs of Bureaus of Administration. 
 
 The Centennial Board of Finance. 
 
 Henry Pettit and Josei)h M. Wilson, Engineers and Architects of Main 
 
 JJuilding and Machinery Hall. 
 H. J. Schwarzmami, Architect of Memorial Hall an<l Horticultural Hall. 
 James H. Windrim, Architect of Agricultural Hall and United States 
 
 Governmen Building. 
 
 Richard J. Dobbins, Contractor Main Building an<l Memorial Hall. 
 
 Philip Quigley, Contractor Machinery Hall and Agricultural Hall. 
 
 Aaron Doane, Contractor Government Building. 
 
 The Board of the United States l\xecutivo Department. 
 
 The Women's Centennial Executive Conunittee. 
 
 The Fairmount Park Commission. 
 
 The Governors of the States and Territories. 
 
 The Senate of the United States. 
 
 i 
 
294 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATKD HISTORY 
 
 The House of Representatives. 
 
 The General of the Army and >"?taff. 
 
 The Admiral of the Navy and StufT. 
 
 Tiie Lieiitenant-General of the Army and Staff. 
 
 The Vice-Atlmirul of the Navy and Stafl". 
 
 Tlic (Jeneral Oflicera of the Army and Stalls. 
 
 The IJear- Admirals and Commodores of the Navy and Stuffs. 
 
 Officers of the Army and Navy. 
 
 Military and Naval Officers of Foreign Governments. 
 
 Consids-General an<l Consuls of Foreign Governments. 
 
 Judges of United States Courts and Ollicers of the United States Executive 
 
 Bureaus. 
 
 Officers of the United States Coast Survey. 
 
 Officers of the Naval Observatory. 
 
 Officers of the Smithsonian Institute. 
 
 The Board of Judges of Awards of the Exhibition. 
 
 The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. 
 
 The Legislature of Pennsylvania. 
 
 The Judiciary of Pennsylvania. 
 
 The Board of State Supervisors of Pennsylvania. 
 
 The State Boards of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Tiie Mayor of Philadelphia. 
 
 The Mayors of Cities. 
 
 The Select and Common Councils of Philadelphia. 
 
 Tlie State Centennial Boards. 
 
 The Women's ("entennial Committees. 
 
 Tlio Advisory and Co-operating Committees and Boards of the Commission. 
 
 International Regatta Committees, and Committee of the National Rifle 
 
 Association. 
 
 Officers of the City Departments of Philadelphia. 
 
 The Foreign Commissioners of the Exhibition successively took positions 
 
 Jmm^diately after the Diplomatic Corps, as the latter passed 
 
 the Foreign Sections in the Main Building. 
 
 The proces.sion passed through the Main Building, aiul 
 through the lines of troops which kept clear the passage to 
 the Machinery Hall. Entering the latter edifice, escorted hy 
 the Philadelphia City Troop as a guard of honor, the Pre.«ident 
 of the United States and the Eni|)eror of Brazil ascended to the 
 platform of the great Corliss Engine, where Mr. George II. 
 Corliss, a Commissioner from Rhode Island and the inventor aii<l 
 constructor of the engine, received them, and instructed thci.i 
 how to turn the wheels of shining steel that were to wake the 
 engine into lift, When all the guests had assembled around 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 295 
 
 the platform, the President and the Emperor to(ik their po.si- 
 riosLs at the starting wheels. A sharp wave of the hand from 
 Air. Corliss gave the signal, and at twenty minutes past one 
 o'clock p. M., the wheels were turned, and the great engine 
 began to move slowly and steadily. In an instant the countless 
 wheels and bands connected with it started on their rounds, and 
 Machinery Hall was alive with motion. 
 
 The crowd in the hall burst into loud and prolonged cheer- 
 ing. A sort of inforniui reception was held on the platform 
 by President Grant, but it was soon cut 3hort, as the Presiden- 
 tial party, worn out by the fatigues of the day, departed for the 
 city, omitting the reception at the Judges' Pavilioh, the last 
 llature in the programme. 
 
 The doors of the various Exhibition buildings were at once 
 thrown open to the public, and the halls were soon filled, and 
 remained thronged throughout the day by sight-seers. On all 
 sides were heard exclamations of wonder and delight. Few had 
 imagined the Exhibition either so extensive or so grand an 
 affair, and all were delighted. 
 
 The Exhibition was now an accomplished fact. The hopes of 
 its friends were more than realized. The criticisms of its 
 enemies were silenced. 
 
 At night the city was brilliantly illuminated in honor of the 
 opening, and the principal streets were thronged with sight-seers 
 to an extent which made them almost impassable until near 
 midnight. 
 
 P 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 
 WITHOUT THE GROUNDS. 
 
 Kaj)i(l Growth of the Centennial Town — The TraiiHConlinentiil and GIoIr' 
 Hotels — The United States — The Grand ExiMKsition — Tlie Panorama— 
 Sights and Scenes on Elm Avenue — The Cheap Hotels — The I5eer-Gardiiis— 
 Tlic Carriage Sheds— The Cheap Museums- The Oil Wells— The Slrcil ( nr 
 Concourse — A Ihisy Scene — Centennial Depot of the Pennsylvania Kailniiul 
 — Belmont Avenue — Appearance of the Street — The Largest Soda r<niritaiii 
 in the World— The Restaurants— The Tropical Garden— A Deliglitfiil Ki- 
 sort— CJeorge's Hill— Belmont — The Steamboat Landing— Centennial Di|.i)t 
 of the Keading Kailro.ad. 
 
 > 
 
 HEN the Exhibition buildings were begun, the portion 
 
 of the city which lies south of Elm avenue, and along 
 Lancaster avenue, was an open field, with scarcely a 
 structure upon it. It is now a busy and thriving town, 
 having an interest quite apart from that of the great 
 city on the otitskirts of which it lies, and drawing its life solely 
 from tiie Centennial Exhibition. It consists of a multitude of 
 structures of brick and wood that have sprung uj) along the 
 approaclies to the Exhibition, and which present a scene almost 
 as picturesque and as animated as that within the enclosure. 
 
 At the intersection of Belmont and Elm avenues, opposite 
 the main entrance to the Exhibition grounds, is the Transconti- 
 nental Hotel, a handsome edifice of brick, built in the most sub- 
 stantial manner, and triangular in shape. It is five stories in 
 height, including a mansard roof, with a front of 297 feet on 
 Elm avenue, and one of 181 feet on Belmont avenue. The 
 three sides enclose a spacious courtyard, giving to each room an 
 abundance of light and air. It contains 500 rooms, with accom- 
 modations for 1200 guests, which number can be increased to 
 1500 in case of necessity. The view of the Centennial grounds 
 296 
 
2S7 
 
298 
 
 THE ILI.U.STUATKD lllSTOUY. 
 
 from any portion of it above the second story is excel lal onlv 
 by that from the summit of the towers of its gigantic neighbor, 
 the Main Exhibition Building, or from the Jiehnont observatory. 
 The ears of the Chestnut tt Wabiut, West Phihidelphia, Race 
 & Vine, and Girard Avenue Passenger Railway lines run 
 directly to its doors, while the depot of the Pennsylvania Kail- 
 road is within less than a stojie's throw. These are advantages 
 which it possesses in common with the Globe. It was built by 
 11. J. Dobbins, the well-known contractor, who erected the Main 
 Exhibition Building and Memorial Hall, and who is one of the 
 stockholders of the hotel. The fact that ita management is con- 
 
 TBANSCONTINENTAL HOTEL, OPPOSITE MAIN BUILDINQ. 
 
 t 
 
 ducted by Messrs. J. E. Kingsley & Co., of the Continental, is 
 sufficient to warrant in this new quarter that success which lias 
 ever deservedly attended those famous managers. Built and 
 furnished at a cost of over ^250,000, nothing lias been IcCt 
 undone in the hotel that could contribute to the perfect satisfac- 
 tion of patrons of the highest class. The business office, public 
 pariorf, bar-room, kitchens, laundries, reading-rooms and diriinji- 
 rooms are models in themselves, and an important featiire is a 
 great restaurant, independent from the dining-room, and con- 
 ducted on the same plan as the restaurant at the Continental — 
 in fact, the two hotels are managed and conducted throughout 
 after tli€ one plan. 
 
IS 
 
 i 
 
 m 
 
 299 
 
300 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOUY 
 
 Across Belmont avenue, a short distance back of Elm avciiuo, 
 with nothing between it and the Exhibition buildings to break 
 the view, stands the monster Globe Hotel, built also to accoin- 
 niodate the throng <»f visitors to the Exhibition. It stands on 
 Belmont avenue, within 500 feet of the mail' entrance to the 
 Exhibition grounds. It is not flush with the avenue, for a lawn 
 interspersed with beds of bright flowers separates it from t!i'.' 
 roadway more than fifty feet. A verandah fifteen feet wide and 
 no less than 900 feet long encircles the building, and will aft'unl 
 a cool promenade during the warm summer evenings. The 
 hotel, including the mansard roof, is five stories high, and the 
 area which it covers is about 81,000 square feet. At tlic 
 entrance to the hall is the office, eighty feet square; the dining- 
 room, which will be able to accommodate thirty thousand persons 
 a day, is 500 by 53 feet. There are forty-seven flights of stairs, 
 the steps seven feet wide, running in a direct line from, the 
 basement to the roof. Upon the uppermost floor are tanks 
 capable of containing 15,000 gallons of water, and there is a 
 regularly-organized fire department that is competent to nij) a 
 conflagration in the bud. The ventilation is perfect, and guests 
 will not have to make the complaint so universal on the conti- 
 nent of Europe that they have to rinse their faces in a soup 
 plate half full of stagnant water and wipe them with the pillow 
 case, for every room is completely furnished. The upper floors 
 can easily be reached, by means of the elevators, by weary 
 guests, who can summon servants at will by the touching of 
 electric bells. In fact, every possible provision has been made 
 to insure the comfort and security of all who make the Globe 
 their abiding-place. The Pennsylvania Railroad will debark 
 passengers on the hotel grounds, so there will be none of the 
 uncomfortable jolting by stage or car, which proves such a trial 
 to tired travellers; they will be at home when they land, for 
 they will find all they desire at their immediate beck uud call. 
 It contains 1100 rooms, with accommodations for 4000 guests. 
 
 The Globe is under the management of Mr. John A. Rice, 
 80 well and favorably known to travellers as the proprietor of 
 the Grand Pacific Hotel of Chicago, one of the most genial and 
 
OF THi: CENTENNIAL EXHIBITIO:;. 
 
 301 
 
 accoinplishcd geiitlcMuen in the country, and a very prince of 
 " men who can keep si hotel." 
 
 Within a square of the Exhibition grounds, and in the rear 
 of the Transcontinental, is the United States Hotel, at the corner 
 of Forty-second street and Columbia avenue. It was built and 
 is owned by Mr. R. J. Dobbins, already referred to al)ove, and 
 is so constructed that it can be readily converted into first-class 
 dwellings after the close of the Exhibition. It is one of the 
 |)leasantest of the Exhibition hotels, and while perfectly conve- 
 nient to the grounds is sufficiently removed from them to escape 
 
 GRAND EXPOfilTION HOTEL. 
 
 tlifi noise and confusion which reign supreme on Elm and Bel- 
 mont avenues. It contains 325 rooms, with accommodations 
 for 600 guests. 
 
 Another monster establishment is the Grand Kvposifion Hotel, 
 at the intersection of Girard and Lancaster avenues. It conlaiiis 
 1'j25 rooms, and has acconimodations for 4()()0 gucs^^'. It is 
 di'lightfully located in a })loasant neighborhood, and is within 
 fifteen minutes walk of the main entrance to the Exhibition. 
 The street cars pa^s the door, and afford direct communication 
 with the Exhibition and all parts of the city. The house is 
 under the mann'jj"ni"nt of Mr. >r. Riley. It is conducted on 
 the European plan. 
 
 I 
 
302 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 Having thus disposed of the four great hotels that owe tlioii 
 existence to the Exhibition, let us glance at the town that ha<? 
 sprung up around tlie great buildings. It is very different from 
 tlio city which lies in the distance beyond it, and possesses such 
 a distinctive character of its own that i>o description of tlio 
 Exhibition would be complete without some reference to it. 
 
 We begin our inspection on Elm avenue below the Main 
 Exhibition Building. Within the limits of the Park, and a few 
 hundred yar.ls below the Exhibition grounds, is a huge circular 
 building of corrugated iron. This is The Panorama, and is built 
 somewhat upon the plan of the Colosseum, on Broad street. It is 
 used for the exhibition of the panorama of The Siege of Paris, 
 painted by Colonel Lienard of the French army. This picture was 
 exhibited in New York during the past winter, and received the 
 highest praise from both press and public. Standing upon the 
 central platform — the point of observation — the gazer beholds 
 every detail of the memorable siege of Paris by the Prussian army 
 in 1870-71, reproduced with life-like exactness. Visitors are 
 admitted during the hoursof the Exhibition at a moderate charge. 
 
 Looking up Elm avenue and across to Girard avenue, from 
 this point, the scene is gay and inspiriting. On the right tower 
 up the huge masses of the Exhibition buildings. On the lofr, 
 stretching away up Elm avenue for nearly a mile, is a line of 
 restaurants, small hotels, beer-gardens, ice-cream saloons, ami 
 small shows that have sprung up as if by magic. Each is gayly 
 decorated with flags and streamers, and at night glitters with 
 scores of gas-lamps of all possible hues. Almost every one of 
 these buildings has a flat roof, which is either lefl open and 
 slieltcred by a canvas awning, or the second story is built open 
 in order that the guests of the house may enjoy the air while 
 eating and drinking. These upper stories form cajiital points 
 of observation, and from any of them a brilliant and interestiiii? 
 picture of the street and the Exhibition buildings and grounds 
 may be obtained. Many of the " beer-gardens " are provided 
 with bands of music, which add to the gayety of the scene, and 
 attract customers. 
 
 Every available foot of ground is covered, and the buildings 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 303 
 
 are arranged in a manner that is oft«n amusing. There is no 
 ground wasted in the rear of the front line of buildings. A 
 small side alley often leads to an extensive restaurant or beer- 
 garden set back behind the front line. The prices i)aid for the 
 leases of the ground were high as a rule, and the buildings are 
 cheap and flimsy. They are mostly of wood, a few being of 
 brick. A fire in any one would spread with a rapidity that 
 would defy all efforts to check it, and the sense of insecurity 
 one feels in gazing at this immense mass of wooden structures 
 is painful. 
 
 At Forty-first street and Elm avenue commences a line of 
 small hotels. These are of brick, and though small are generally 
 well kept. The principal are, the Elm Avenue Hotel, at the 
 corner of Forty-first street and Elm avenue; the Metrojwlitan, 
 in Forty-first street, just out of Elm avenue; the International, 
 a German house, on Elm avenue, a few doors above Forty-first 
 street, and Congress Hall, a few doors higher up. These houses 
 can accommodate from 200 to 800 guests — thf latter being the 
 capacity of Congress Hall. The last-named house is conducted 
 on the European plan ; the others on the American plan of full 
 board. They are the best of the cheaper hotels in the vicinity 
 of the Exhibition. 
 
 Set in the midst of the long row of bar-rooms and beer-gar- 
 dens which line Elm avenue, like a rose among thorns, is the 
 "Temperance Dining-room," from which intoxicating liquors 
 of all kinds are sternly excluded. 
 
 A walk of a square down Forty-first stroet brings us to 
 Girard avenue, beyond which rise the handsome iron bridges 
 at this and Fortieth streets, over the tracks of the Pennsylvania 
 Railroad. By means of those bridges the Market Street Pas- 
 senger Railway Company is enabled to reach Elm avenue and 
 the street-car concourse in front of the Main Exhibition Build- 
 ing without using the tracks of any of the other roads. 
 
 Looking down Girard avenue towards the Schuylkill*, one 
 beholds a long line of restaurants, beer-gardens, bar-rooms, and 
 cheap hotels similar to those on Elm avenue, all gaudily decor- 
 ated and gay with flags. 
 
li , 
 
 [ 
 
 304 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 Just about Forty-first street, Girard and Columbia avenues 
 cross each other obliquely, the former continuirtg its course 
 through West IMiiladclphia, the latter stopping short at Beltnoiit 
 avenue. Gathered around their intersection are the " Carriage 
 Repositories," a peculiar feature of the Exhibition. These con- 
 sist of several establishments, each of which is made up of an 
 office, one or more waiting-rooms, and long lines of rough sheds 
 enclosed with a high board fence. The sheds are divided into stalls, 
 and are intended for the accommodation of carriages and horses. 
 Visitors coming from the city or the surrounding country in 
 their own carriages or buggies may leave them at these "Re- 
 positories," and receive checks for them. They will be left in 
 charge of competent hostlers, and a charge of fifty cents per 
 carriage will bo made for taking care of them. The repositories 
 are connected by wires with the telegraph offices in the Exhil)i- 
 tif)n grounds, from which visitors about to return may order 
 their teams to be gotten in readiness for them, and thus avoid 
 all delays at the stands. One of these "Repositories" contains 
 1000 stands or stalls; another 800; and a third 500. Tlio 
 "R(^pository"at the intersection of Girard and Columbia avenues 
 is ornamented with a handsome two-story l>nilding containing a 
 bar, a restaurant, private rooms for ladies, dressing-rooms, etc. 
 
 Returning to Elm avemie by way of Forty-first street, wo 
 continue our walk towards Belmont avenue. The line of 
 vestniu'ants is broken by a building, covered with coarse and 
 glaring ))i('tures which inform us that the establishment is a 
 •* Museum." Here may be seen the wild men of Borneo, and 
 the wild children of Australia, the fat woman whose avoirdupois 
 is put down in the bills at G02 pounds, a weight heavy enough 
 to entitle her to a place in Machinery Hall, and a collection of 
 " Feejees," who are vouched for by the exhibitors as " pure and 
 unadulterated man-eaters." Most visitors will accept this 
 assurance without seeking to put it to the test. 
 
 A'few doors above the " Museum " is an establishment richly 
 worth a visit. Two tall derricks of frame-work rising above 
 the highest of the surrounding buildings at once attract tiie 
 attention of passers-by. A large canvas suspended between 
 
CiF THE CEJSTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 30d 
 
 tliem announces that this is a " Pennsylvania Oil Well." This 
 establishment is the property of Messrs. O'Donnell, Alshouse, 
 & Louge, of Titusville, Pennsylvania. They have erected, at a 
 cost of $24,000, a large working oil well, such as is used in the 
 oil regions of Pennsylvania. The members of this firm are 
 enterprising and practical men, and their business is the sinking 
 of oil and artesian wells. They have bored many of the most 
 successful wells in the oil regions, and with commendable enter- 
 prise have purchased the ground on which their establishment 
 stands, and have erected all the machinery necessary to the suc- 
 cessful working of an oil well of the largest size, in order that 
 visitors to the Exhibition, both native and foreign, may see the 
 practical operation of what is now one of the leading industries of 
 America. 
 
 Messrs. O'Donnell, Alshouse & Louge use the most improved 
 machinery in their works, and by their ojierations here show the 
 working of both pumping and flowing wells. They design to 
 show also all the improvements that have been made in the 
 business of boring for oil and raising it from the mcHs when 
 sunk, from the discovery of petroleum in Pennsylvania down to 
 the present day. For this purpose they will drill one well to a 
 depth of 2500 feet, and with this illustrate the method of oper- 
 ating a " flowing well." A ^* pumping well " will also be sunk 
 to a depth of 400 feet, and will show the working of this branch 
 of tlie business. Their flowing well can be worked to an extent 
 of 2000 barrels of oil per day. Considerable interest is felt by 
 those acquainted with the plans of the firm, as to the result of 
 the sinking of a well of 2500 feet depth at this point. 
 
 Among the objects of interest exhibited by this firm is the 
 first "derrick" for Iwring wells ever set up in the Pennsyl- 
 vania oil regions. An admission fee of 25 cents is charged. 
 
 Higher up, on Elm avenue, nearly opposite to the central 
 pavilion of the Main Building, a section of one of the famous 
 Big Trees of California attracts wondering spectators who may 
 from it form an idea of these marvels of the Pacific slope. 
 
 Immediately below the Transcontinental Hotel is a hand- 
 ^me building consisting of a long narrow gallery, the lower 
 20 
 
306 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. 
 
 
 i i 
 
 story of which is a beer-saloon and the second story an open- 
 air restaurant. At the Ehn avenue end is a tastefid circular 
 pavilion used as an ice-cream saloon. It forms one of tlie l)e.<t 
 points of observation on the street, and from it one may see the 
 whole of the brilliant scene below svhile be si})s his ices. 
 
 On the opposite side of Elm avenue, just under the shadow 
 of the Main IJuilding, is the Street Car C'u-ofu-.sg. All tlic 
 passenger railway lines centre here, and a number of tracks are 
 laid for their accommodation. These are in the lorm of an 
 ellipse, so that the turning of the car and changing of horses, 
 which would result in endless confusion, are avoided. An 
 endless stream of cars is arriving and departing at all hours 
 during the day, taking on and discharging their thousands of 
 passengers. 
 
 Belmont avenue is now reached. At the southwest corner 
 of this street and Elm avenue is the Tninscontinental Hotel, 
 alreadv referred to. Pausing a moment in the shelter of this 
 handsome edifice, we notice the throng of vehicles gathered 
 about the main entrances to the Exhibition grounds inunedi- 
 ately opposite. Here are vehicles of every description — omni- 
 buses, cabs, carriages, coupes, transfer coaches, etc., fui-nishing 
 ample transportation of this class for all who desire to use it. 
 
 Through the gates of the Exhibition a steady throng pours 
 in and out, and the turnstiles at the entrances keep up a con- 
 stant clicking as they register the arrivals and dei)artures. 
 
 Crossing Jielmont avenue we continue on our way up El in 
 avenue, and come upon an open space lined with the "small- 
 trade people." Here are pea-nut stands, pie-stalls, the api)le- 
 men and women, Bologna sausage-vendors, dealers in cakes and 
 lemonade, and the inevitable balloon-man. They make up a 
 curious display as they stand patiently through the long hours 
 of the hot and dusty day, offering their wares which no one 
 seems to buy. You wonder, as you see them, how all tlusc 
 people manage to live; if they ever sell the uninviting > arcs 
 in which they deal ; and if those who buy of them eat their 
 purchases. 
 
 Passing on, the Centennial Depot of the Pennsylvania Rail- 
 
■Ml 
 
 807 
 
308 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 road, on Eltn avenue, opposite the main entrance to the Exhi- 
 bition grounds, is reached. This is a large and handsome 
 wo(xlen structure, tastefully painted to harmonize with the 
 great buildings across the street, and is ornamented with pic- 
 turesque towers at its four corners. It is provided with all the 
 conveniences of a first-class railroad depot, and is in all respects 
 Avorthy of the great road to which it belongs. 
 
 The depot building is devoted to offices, ticket-offices, waiting 
 and baggage rooms, etc. The waiting-rooms are large and airy, 
 and are abundantly supplied with comfortable seats. News and 
 refreshment stands are established at convenient points, and 
 several ticket-offices are attached to these rooms. 
 
 The doors on the north side of the building lead out upon 
 Ehn avenue. Those on the south side open upon a series of 
 platforms provided with three lines of track, each of which is 
 enclosed with a picket fence separating it from the others. The 
 tracks enter the depot enclosure at one end, pass around in a 
 semi-circle, and leave it at the opposite end. This arrangement 
 allows the use of the depot by a large nuniber of trains without 
 confusion. The main line of the Pennsylvania Railroad is hnt 
 a few hundred yards distant, and all western trains of this ro.id 
 pass through this depot, thus landing their passengers at the 
 very gates of the Exhibition. Trains also arrive at this station 
 from New York, Baltimore, and Washington, so that passen- 
 gers from all parts of the Union by tlie Pennsylvania Railroad 
 and its southern and eastern connections can be set down here, 
 and may liere take the trains for their distant homes. 
 
 The depot is a busy place. Trains are constantly arriving 
 and departing, and each one brings in or takes out its load of 
 human freight. So perfect are the arrangements, and so strictly 
 are the tracks guarded against the intrusion of persons not con- 
 nected with the road, that in spite of the constant moving of 
 trains and the vast crowd of passengers, accidents are impossible. 
 
 Above the Pennsylvania Railroad Depot, the line of restaur- 
 ants, beer-saloons and bar-rooms begins again. These establisli- 
 ments are inferior to those below Belmont avenue, but the same 
 peckless use of wood is found here, and the same lavish use of 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 309 
 
 flags and painted canvas is seen. The danger of fire is even 
 greater here than beluw Behnont avenue, for here the buildings 
 are generally of wood, and of the flimsiest character. 
 
 One square back of Elm avenue, on Viola street, and extend- 
 ing from Fifty-second to Forty-eighth street, is the Atlas Hotel. 
 It consists of a number of frame buildings connected by covered 
 galleries. The hotel contains fi^leen hundred rooms, and can 
 provide accommodations for three thousand people. 
 
 Returning to Belmont avenue, we pause once more to gaze 
 upon the busy scene at the intersection of this thoroughfare 
 with Elm avenue. On the one hand are the main entrances to 
 the Exhibition grounds, with the eager throng around them ; 
 to the east and west stretches away the long line of Elm avenue, 
 gay with flags and alive with music and the sharp rattle of 
 passing vehicles. Facing Belmont avenue the scene is equally 
 attractive. To the right is the large open space occupied by 
 the Pennsylvania Railroad, with its constantly arriving and 
 departing trains, with the main line beyojid it, and farther on 
 the towers and flags of the huge Grand Exposition Hotel are 
 seen rising above the trees. On the left is the Transcontinental 
 Hotel, about the entrance of which a crowd is always collected. 
 A constant stream of street cars and carriages pours along Bel- 
 mont avenue, which is the main route from the Exhibition into 
 the city, and the street is as bui5y, as bustling and as gay as its 
 neighbor. Elm avenue. 
 
 About one hundred yards back from Elm avenue is the 
 Globe Hotel, Avhich has been described. It stands opposite 
 the Transcontinental and fronts on Belmont avenue. It is an 
 immense structure, the prevailing colors of which are gray and 
 brown, and its long galleries offer a delightful promenade, and 
 remind one of the great watering-place hotels. 
 
 In the open space between the upper end of the Globe and 
 Elm avenue are two structures, which from their peculiar ap- 
 pearance are sure to attract the attention of strangers. One of 
 these is a large building erected as a soda water saloon by Mr. 
 James W. Tufts, of Boston, the well-known manufacturer of 
 soda water fountains and apparatus. Mr. Tufts has some thir- 
 
 }i 
 
 '11 
 
310 
 
 THE IIJ.USTRATED iirSTORY 
 
 tccn or fourteen soda water fountains in operation within tiie 
 Exhibition grounds, but his greatest display is reserved for this 
 buiUlinu;. The exterior of the ediliee is neat and tasteful, and 
 the interior is fitted up very handsomely and adorned wiih 
 elaborate frescoes. In the centre stands a splendid ibuntain ol' 
 variegated marble, witii silver trimmings. It is forty liet in 
 lieight, and was erected at a cost of between twenty-five and 
 thirty thousand dollars. It is the largest fountain in the world, 
 and is by far the handsoinest. It is ca])able of su|)plying an 
 almost unlimited demand for soda Mater, as it has seventy-six 
 syrup, eight soda, and twenty mineral tubes. 
 
 Immediately aiijoining the soda water liall is a showy 
 pavilion constructed mainly of colored glass set in a tastol'ul 
 frame work. This is the Vi(jar Pavi/ion oi' M. Salomon iS: Co., 
 importers of Havana cigars, whose wholesale houses in Phila- 
 delphia and New York have long been known to the trade. 
 
 On the east side of IJelmont avenue, immediately in the rear 
 of the Transcontinental Hotel, is Wiley s lieHUtuvdnt, with a 
 handsome entrance and an open-air saloon in the second sldiy. 
 Jsx'xt door to it is ])oi/lcs Jicstnuranf, a large and snbstanlial 
 edifice of brick, with a sj)acious dining-iiall, a cafe, and a liar- 
 room on the first floor. Hero are also telegraph offices, writing 
 and wash-rooms, and a private parlor for ladies. The second 
 floor contains mnnerous suites of rooms, private parlors, ban- 
 quet-rooms, etc., Avhich may be engaged by private i)artios. 
 There are also lodgings here for two liundred men at moderate 
 rates. The house is the property of Mr. John Doyle, late of 
 the Continental Hotel. 
 
 Next below Doyle's is Tischncv\s licstaurant, a hand^^ome 
 private dwelling altered to suit the demands of the times. It 
 stands in the midst of its own grounds and is shaded by iine 
 trees, and constitutes one of the prettiest features of the street. 
 At the entrance to these grounds is a handsome j)avilion con- 
 taining a beautiful marble soda fountain, from which cooling 
 drinks are dispensed for the refreshment of Aveary passers-by. 
 
 The east side of Belmont avenue, from Columl)ia avenue to 
 Tetferson street, is taken up with the stables and depot of the 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHiniTION. 
 
 311 
 
 Pliihuk'lpliia City Passenger lluihvay, tasteful and substantial 
 buildings of j)ic'.s,s(.'(l brick. 
 
 linniddiately o|>[)osite, and adjoining the (ilul)e Hotel, is a 
 huge building of wood, covered with corrugated iron and 
 painted in light colors. This is Opcrtis Troitivul ilankn, one 
 of the handsomest places of amusement iu Philadelphia. It is 
 light and airy as befits a summer garden, and is handsomely 
 dt'corated with frescoes and other paintings. Long lines of col- 
 ored globes, each containing a gas jet, stretch across the interior 
 
 DOYLK S RKSTA U R A XT. 
 
 beneath the ceiling, and shed a brilliant light upon the scene 
 below. At the back a large waterfall dashes over the painted 
 rocks, forming a beautiful cascade, and giving to tlio air on the 
 hot m'ghts of the summer a delicious coolness. The orchestra 
 stand is in the centre of the hall, and is profusely decorated with 
 Ho" jrs and shrubbery, which are also scattered lavishly through 
 the hall. The chairs of visitors are arranged around the 
 orchestra on the lower floor, and in a large gallery which 
 extends entirely around the ball. 
 
312 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 The scene within the hall during the performances is very 
 beautlAil. Kockv nooks and beds of rare and Ix^autiful flowers 
 invite the visitor on every hand. The splendid cascade dashes 
 down its rocky height, glittering in the radiance of a powerful 
 lime light shed upon it from an invisible {loint. Diiferciit 
 colored lights flash down from the lamps overhead, and the air 
 is laden with the rich i)erfume of the flowers and the delicious 
 coolness of the waters. 
 
 The nuisic is furnished by a superb band of over sixty per- 
 formers led by Signor Guiseppe Operti. The uniform of the 
 musicians consists of a military cap, a dark blue coat with red 
 and gold trimmings, and white pants ami vest. As the concert 
 begins the water is turned off I'rom the cascade, which is silent 
 during the porfurmance ; but the moment the music ceases it 
 springs into life again. 
 
 The garden and the performances will compare favorably 
 with any in the country, and every effort will Ixj made by the 
 management to render it a place of amusement suited to the 
 demands of the most fastidious taste. The admission fee is half 
 a dollar; and in order to prevent the intrusion of improjjer 
 characters the management announce that they will deny admis- 
 sion to ladies unaccompanied by gentlemen. 
 
 Below the Tropical Garden the line of cheap restaurants 
 and bar-rooms commences, and continues unbroken to Girard 
 avenue. These are mostly of brick, and altogether Belmont 
 avenue hns a more substantial and respectable appearance than 
 Elm aveuue. The two great hotels, the musical garden and the 
 solid appearance of its buildings give to it more of the aspect 
 of a street of a great city, and the picture, as one surveys it 
 from Girard avenue, is enhanced by the great buildings of the 
 Exhibition and the long reach of Exhibition grounds, which 
 stretch away from the head of the street to the hills of the Park. 
 
 At Girard avenue a fine iron bridge carries the line of Bel- 
 mont avenue over the tracks of the Pennsylvania Railroad, and 
 a similar structure at an oblique angle to the first continues the 
 line of Girard avenue unbroken to the westward. From this 
 bridge a fine view may be obtained of the main line of the 
 
Ol' THE CENTENNIAL EXIIIBITIOX. 
 
 3!3 
 
 Pcnnsylvaiiiu Uuilroad for a distance of several imlns, uiid of 
 its Coiitomiial l)niiich and depot. The constant niovin}; of 
 trains, wiiicli pass this point at a high ratcofspcod, renders this 
 view one of the most interesting tu be liad in the vicinity of the 
 Exhibition. 
 
 At (iirard avenue the temporary town which has grown up 
 about the gates of the Exhibition ceases, and a long, sparsely 
 built region intervenes between it and Philadelphia proper. 
 
 No one should fail to obtain a view of this '* Centennial 
 town " from some commanding point at which the whole picture 
 can be taUen in at once. The central towers «)f the Main Ex- 
 hibition Building afford a capital place from which to view this 
 curious panorama, as from them both J3elmont and Elin avenues, 
 and the distant lineof Girard avenue, with the intervening cross 
 streets, may be seen. The contrast between the splendid and 
 imposing structures within the Exhibition grounds and the 
 cheap and tawdry buildings which lie beyon<l them is striking 
 indeed. Still, the scene is curious and interesting, and not the 
 least among the "sights" of the Exhibition. 
 
 Scarcely less interesting is the scene within the Park beyond 
 the enclosure of the Centennial grounds. At the prominent 
 points, such as George's Hill and Belmont, crowds assemble to 
 view the busy scene within the Exhibition grounds. One can- 
 not realize the extent and variety of the Exhibition until he has 
 viewed the buildings and grounds from one of these points. A 
 tall observatory of frame-work has been erected on George's 
 Hill, from which a view of the " Centennial " and the surround- 
 ing country may be had. A siniilar view can be obtained from 
 the Sawyer Observatory at Belmont. Those who do not wish 
 to soar so high as the summit of this structure may sit in the 
 balconies of the restauratit or under the trees and eniov the 
 magnificent view, which embraces the Centennial grounds, the 
 river with its bridges, the Park and the distant city beyond. 
 The Centennial, with its midtitude of restaurants, has not 
 robbed Belmont of its popularity, and on fair days one is sure 
 to find this favorite resort thronged with guests. 
 
 Two prominent points of interest are situated on the river 
 
il 
 
 lit 
 
 :i 
 
 >^ - 
 
 2 & 
 
 f r 
 
 f? t> 
 
THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 315 
 
 shore. The first of these is the landing-place of the Scluiylkill 
 steamboats, which ply between the Falls and the city, making 
 rejjular landings liere. Broad flii^hts of stairs lead from the 
 water to the summit of the iiili above, and atl'ord an easy means 
 of reaching the entrances to tlie Exhibition groun^'.s. 
 
 Tiie other and last point of interest without the enclosure is 
 the depot of the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad. It is a 
 tasteful frame building, painted in colors which harmonize well 
 with the luxuriant foliage in which it is embowered. The de- 
 pot is provided with ticket offices, waiting-rooms, private rooms 
 for ladies, and all the conveniences of a first-class railway station. 
 The tracks of the main ]ine lie ahmgside the station, and a long 
 platform alfords the means of entering and leaving the cars. A 
 plank walk-way leads up an easy ascent from the depot to the 
 entrances to the Main Exhibition Building. The dejmt is 
 situated in one of the loveliest sections of tiie Park, and there 
 can be nothinir more charming and delightful than the view 
 which greets the wearied sight-seer, returning from the Exliibi- 
 tion to the cars, as he descends the hill towards the river. The 
 luxuriant foliage seems to enwrap the depot building, so thickly 
 does it cluster about it; and through the oi)ening in the trees 
 can be seen the broad and beautiful river, with the picturesque 
 arches of the bridge in the distance, and the bold, blutf-like 
 shores of the East Park across the water. 
 
i 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 THE EXHIBITION GROUNDS. 
 
 Popograpljy of tlie Grounds — Tlie Ravines — The Entrances — The Turnstiles- 
 Styles of Tickets used — The Photograph Regulation — The Centennial Guard 
 — The Fire Department — The Narrow-Gauge Railway — The Rolling Chair 
 Service — Landscape Gardening — The Flowers — The Avenues — The Bridges 
 — Bartholdi's Fountain — The Roman Catholic Total Abstinence Fountain — 
 The Centennial Waterworks — Relief Plans of Foreign ( liica — Statue of Re- 
 ligious Liberty — Statues of Christopher Columbus and Ellas Howe — The 
 Hunter's Camp — An Old-Fashioned Railroad Train — The American 
 Soldiers' Monument — ^The Ice- Water Fountain — The Indian Camp. 
 
 HE Commissioners of Fairmount Park transferred to 
 the United States Centennial Commission, for tlie pur- 
 poses of the International Exhibition, a tract of 450 
 acres. Of this tract 236 acres have been occupied by 
 the Exhibition buildings and the open spaces between 
 them, and have been enclosed with a stout picket fence. 
 
 The tract thus enclosed is admirably adapted to the purposes 
 of the Exhibition. It is an elevated plateau, with tl.ive spura 
 jutting out toward the river, separated from each othi^r b^'doep, 
 wooded ravines, through which flow small streams. Jie 
 ravine nearest the southern end of the grounds is called the 
 Lansdowne valley, the other the Belmont valley. The Lans- 
 downe valley is spanned by two handsome bridges, the Belmont 
 valley by one, these bridges affording an easy communication 
 between the various portions of the grounds. 
 
 The Exhibition plateau stands 120 feet above the Schuylkill, 
 and is always swept by a delightful breeze. The view from 
 either of the spurs is exquisitely beautiful, embracing as it does 
 the river, the park, and the distant city. The most northern 
 of these spurs is occupied by the Agricultural Building, the 
 316 
 
THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 317 
 
 central one by Horticultural Hall, and the southern hy 
 Memorial Hall. The three unite in a broad plain, M-hich con- 
 tains the Main Building, Machinery Hall, the United States 
 Government Building and a number of smaller structures. 
 The sides of the ravines and the spaces between the more promi- 
 nent edifices are also thickly covered with buildings. 
 
 Thirteen places of entrance and exit to and from the grounds 
 have been selected by the Board of Finance. These are located 
 at points convenient to the main roads and nearest to the places 
 at which the horse and steam railways and steamboats will set 
 down their passengers. 
 
 " The entrances nearly all have four gates : one for visitors 
 proper to the Exhibition, that is, those who pay to go in ; 
 another for persons bearing complimentary tickets; a third for 
 exhibitors, representatives of the press, and emi)loyC'S, in fact, 
 for all not belonging to the two classes just named ; and another 
 for wagons. At these points of entrance, so called, are also 
 placed the exits. Ba^ed upon a careful calculation of the traffic 
 over each of the roads surrounding the Exhibition grounds and 
 leading to the entrance points selected, have been placed from 
 one to thirty-three gates or turnstiles. Of these altogether there 
 are one hundred and six. The exits, in their vicinity, are forty- 
 two. On page 318 will be found a detailed statement of their 
 number and position. 
 
 " The turnstiles, which have the usual four arms, are in twos 
 at the end of passage-ways ten feet long, separated by anotlier 
 passage-way to be afterward described. These lead slantingly 
 from the doorway, so as to prevent a direct crowd pressure upon 
 the head of the line of visitors. Other means have also been 
 adopted to prevent this pressure. Each turnstile is under the 
 control of a keeper, who sits or stands behind a short counter 
 and receives from each visitor the admission fee — ^a fifty cent 
 note — before the visitor passes the arm of the stile, which is, b}' 
 a mechanical contrivance, operated by the keeper's foot. As 
 i\\e stile turns for each entrance it registers itself as well at the 
 gate as electrically at the manager's office, with which each has 
 electrical communication. 
 
318 
 
 THE ii.;,i:.sr;:ATED history. 
 
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 Monpy sates 
 
 Coiiiidiiiioiitary 
 
 Exhibitors, eiiiployos, jircss, etc. 
 
 Total number of entrances. 
 
 (I) 
 
 21 
 
 Hj'J 
 
 "The money, M-licn rcc'e!v(\l by t!;o gatc-l;ccpcr, U clopo.-iitcil 
 in a box placed under the counter, \vlii('!i aI.->o by a nieclianical 
 contrivance locks itself as it i.s pulled from the position wliicii 
 it occui)ies when in use. Its opening can only be cd'ected by 
 the bank oflicers. 
 
 " Between the two counters and entrances stands an offic(M-, 
 who, with his bad: io the middle passai^e-M-ay previously retcrrcd 
 to, watches both lines as they enter. On the happening of the 
 Ica.'^t disturbance he will draw the disturber from the luie anJ 
 pass him down this pass.nge and out I)oyond the fence. 
 
 "The exits are of ingenious contrivance, and, while permit- 
 ting freely the departure of persons from the grounds throui^h 
 
T H 
 
 fe'^tl 
 
320 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 turnstiles of rather different construction than those described 
 nhove, absohitely prevent re-entrance, altliough no officer is re- 
 quired to watch them. They resemble small roofed sheds, witi* 
 two gates opening inward or backward from a centre post on 
 the fence line. One of the sides of the shed is extended or con- 
 tinued in an arc till its inner limit is opposite the centre of the 
 gate-post. At the other side, opposite the spot at which the 
 arc (or fender) starts, and rising one above another, extend out, 
 at right angles with the side, a series of fixed lateral bars or 
 arn.s nine feet high. On a line with this, and also on a line 
 with the end of the fender opposite the gate-post, rises another 
 post on which another turnstile revolves, the four arms of which 
 repeated, rise as high as the top of the lateral bars, between 
 wiiich they pass on each quarter revolution. This latter works 
 with a ratchet, and always outward. 
 
 " It will ba seen from this that when a visitor desires to leave 
 the ground he has to place himself in a triangle formed by two 
 of the turnstile arms and the fender. As he moves forward and 
 outward the turnstile moves with him until he finds himself at 
 the gate. He cannot change his mind and get back, this being 
 prevented by the outward movement controlled by the ratchot, 
 nor can he come in again without the payment of another fifty 
 c^'ut note, this being prevented by the fixed lateral bars. 
 
 " The designs of all the entrances are very neat and tasteful. 
 The wagon entrances, ten feet in'gh, being necessarily the widest 
 and highest, admit of the greatest scope for ornamentation. 
 They are surmounted with American trophies, shields, flails, 
 eagles, etc. A flagstaff rises at each side, and the name ' Inter- 
 national Exhibition ' is over the door. A similar style of orna- 
 mentation is upon the pedestrian entrance gates and exits. On 
 panels over the gates are gilt signs indicating whether they are 
 I'or emplfuos, etc., or are complimentary, or pay entrances." 
 
 No tickets are used for the pay admissions. The visitor is 
 required to come provided with a fifty cent note or a silver half- 
 Jollar. There must be a separate fifty cent note or half-dollar 
 for each visitor. The gate-keepers have no authority to accept 
 notes or silver pieces of a larger or smaller denomination, and 
 
OF THP: CENIEXNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 321 
 
 do not furnish change. At each entrance an office will be found 
 to furnish change for large bills. 
 
 There are but two kinds of tickets issued or used — conii)li- 
 mentary tickets, and those issued to exhibitors, members of the 
 press, employes, etc. Complimentary tickets are issued only to 
 persons whose high official stations entitle them to the privilege, 
 and the number will therefore be limited. These tickets are 
 printed on heavy bond paj jr in square note-size sheets. The 
 design is on the first page, a female figure of America seated on 
 a globe, with a palm branch in her hand, and by her side a 
 cornucopia. Beneath are the words, " United States Interna- 
 tional Exhibition, Philadelphia, openuig May 10th, closing 
 November 10th, 1876. Complimentary," They are signed by 
 the President of the Board of Finance, the President of the Com- 
 mission, and the Director-General. On the third page there is 
 a request to the holder that he will deposit his card on entrance 
 as a basis for future statistics of the Exhibition. The envelope 
 containing these is worded as the note, but without the figure 
 of America. The tickets for exhibitors, employ6s, etc., are on 
 fine card, in the form of a two-leaved book. Round the centre 
 space on the inner pages is a border of geometrical lathework- 
 cutting, while around that are three rows of numerals, corre- 
 sponding in number with the number of days the Exhibition 
 will be open. Around these again is another lathework border. 
 It is intended that one of these numbers, and the appropriate 
 one, shall be punched on the first daily entrance of the holder. 
 Each time he leaves the ground after his first entrance he will 
 receive a pass or return-check. This is noted on the left leaf 
 of the ticket. On the right inner page there is an oval in the 
 centre surrounded by stars and ornamental lathework. In this 
 oval the holder will be required to insert his photograph before 
 the 1st of June, and he is reminded of this by the words in this 
 Pl)ace, " Not good after June 1st unless the regulation photograph 
 of the holder be inserted in this place." Under the photograph 
 space are the words, "Not transferable, forfeited if presented by 
 any but the proper owner." On the first or title page outside is 
 the title, " International Exhibition," with the holder's name^ 
 21 
 
322 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOIJV 
 
 his class, his country, and serial number. On the fourth or 
 last page there is a lathework medallion with the warning, 
 "This ticket will not be renewed if lost." The border on these 
 two pages, as well as on the inner |)a^es, is elaborate lathework. 
 
 For the protection of the buildings and the large and vuiii- 
 ablc collection gathered within them a special police or guard 
 has been provided by the CDmmission. The force consists of 
 600 men, uniformed, and placed under rigid military disci- 
 pline. They are quartered in barracks erected at the uj)|)er 
 and lower ends of the Exhibition grounds, and are on duty 
 day and Jiight. They are organized as a regiment, under the 
 command of a colonel, and are divided into companies, each 
 with its proper officers. They are charged with the duty of 
 guarding the buildings and thei." contents, and preserving order 
 within the enclosure. They have full power to arrest otfenders 
 and convey them to the station house provided for their rece[)- 
 tion and detention until they can be turned over to the courts 
 for trial. 
 
 A special fire department has also been provided. Several 
 first-class steam fire-engines 'are located at convenient [joints 
 within the grounds, and a system of telegraphic signals has 
 been arranged by which the exact location of a fire can be 
 instantly communicated to the engine houses. A number of 
 Babcock Fire Extinguishers, ready for instant use, are placed 
 in the various buildings, and every possible precaution against 
 fire has been taken. 
 
 To visit the distant parts of the grounds on foot would be a 
 slow and tedious undertaking, and would greatly interfere with 
 the comfort and pleasure of visitors. As no carriages mi-c 
 allowed wilhin the enclosure, a pleasant and speedy means of 
 transit between the various portions of the grounds is provided 
 in the West End Railway, a narrow-gauge railroad about four 
 miles in length, which, beginning at the lower end of the ]Main 
 Building, makes the circuit of the grounds. The road is laio 
 with a double track, and is finely equipped with ten narrow- 
 gauge locomotives and forty cars. The road with its equip- 
 ment is a special exhibit by the West End Railway Company, 
 
OF THE CENTKNXIAI. EXUIBITIOX. 
 
 323 
 
 who liavo also purchased tiio sole riglit to transport passengers 
 Nvitliin the grounds. Passenger stations, consisting of enclosed 
 platforms, are i)rovided at convenient ])()ints along the line. 
 Passengers purchase tickets at the offices at these stations, and 
 deliver them to the guard uj)on entering upon the platforni. 
 Tiiey arc then at liberty to take the train when it conies alonu', 
 and may leave it at any station, or may make the circuit of the 
 grounds for a single fare. The trains run at an average sj)eed 
 of eight miles an hour. The fare is five cents. No one visit- 
 ing the Exhibition should fail to make the circuit of the 
 grounds by means of this railway, as it is only by doing so that 
 a comprehensive idea of the size and arrangement of tlie Kxhi- 
 i)ition can be obtained. 
 
 Rolling chairs are kept for hire at designated stations within 
 the principal buildings, and may be used to pass from point to 
 point within the grounds. They may be hired witii the ser- 
 vices of an attendant to propel them, or without, as one may 
 desire. The charge, with an attendant, is sixty cents an hour, 
 or $4.50 a day. If hired without an attendant the charge is $i 
 for three hours, subject to a drawback of thirty cents for each 
 liour in which the chair is unused. These cliairs are comfort- 
 able vehicles, in which one may sit at ease and make the toui- 
 of the buildings without fatigue. They are excellent for ladies 
 or persons who are not able to endure the long and steady 
 tramp through the buildings, and their construction and shape 
 ar(! such that they may be wheeled through the narrowest 
 l)assage-ways of the enclosure, except within the special ))a- 
 vilions, and close up to the articles the occupant wishes to 
 inspect. 
 
 Chairs and settees are scattered through the buildings and 
 p;rounds, for the accommodation of visitors. No charge is made 
 for the use of these. Many of the exhibitors have handsome 
 sofas and other seats within their spaces, which are at the 
 visitors' service. 
 
 The gi'ounds are handsomely laid off, and are in many j^laces 
 well shaded by the native forest trees. Tiie ravines wiiich 
 separate the spurs on which the principal buildings stand give 
 
 « I 
 
 I I 
 
 I 1 
 
324 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 
 l! 
 
 to them a picturesqueness which nothing else could impart. 
 From almost any point a beautiful landscape stretches out 
 before the gazer, and aifords a pleasant and grateful contrast to 
 the lines of buildings which stretch away on every hand. At 
 the north side of Machinery Hall a pretty lake, covering about 
 five acres of ground, constitutes a pleasant feature of the scene, 
 and from its centre a fine jet of water springs up, cooling tlio 
 air with its moisture. Other fountains there are to be noticed 
 hereafter. The spacious grounds in front of Horticultural Hall 
 are dotted with parterres of flowers and are traversed by u 
 sunken garden leading up to the portals of the hall. Wherever 
 it was possible to save any ground for ornamentation, there the 
 landscape gardeners have been busy, and fresh grass swards 
 and beds of flowers afford new delights to the lovers of the 
 beautiful. The fine old trees of the park add greatly to the 
 beauty as well as to the comfort of the scene. 
 
 The grounds are traversed by five main avenues, and by 
 many miles of walks which are nameless. The first of the 
 main thoroughfares is the Avenue of the Republic, which com- 
 mences at the eastern end of the grounds and runs north of the 
 Main Building and Machinery Hall to the Roman Catholic 
 Fountain. It is 100 feet in width. Belmont avenue extends 
 from the main entrance on Elm avenue, between the Main and 
 Machinery Halls, to Belmont, crossing the grounds obliquely. 
 Fountain avenue extends from the Roman Catholic or Tem- 
 perance Fountain to Horticultural Hall. Agricultural avenue 
 extends from the Avenue of the Republic, near the western end 
 of the Main Building, to Agricultural Building. State avenue 
 skirts the base of George's Hill. All the avenues and walks 
 are paved with asphaltum. 
 
 To furnish direct communication between the various parts 
 of the grounds at their eastern end a fine bridge is thrown over 
 the Lansdowne ravine, just north of Memorial Hall. The 
 bridge consists of twelve spans, and has a total length of 515 
 feet. The roadwav is 60 feet wide, and the footwalks 10 feet 
 wide each, making the total width of the bridge 80 feet. The 
 foundations are masonry throughout, trestles of timbers being 
 
OF THE CENTENKIAF. EXHIBITION. 
 
 
 erected on tlie piers. The trestles are formed with combination 
 posts, the pieces firmly bolted and mortised together, forming a 
 stiff, rigid system. The masonry is of the best Conshohocken 
 stone, that in the foundation being laid with good flat beds, the 
 stone of good size and shape, none averaging less than 6 cubic 
 feet, and the footing courses projecting 6 inches on all sidas. 
 'J'he masonry above ground is rock-range work, pointed with 
 dark mortar. The wrought-iron work is specified of the best 
 quality, and all the lumber throughout the structure is of the 
 first quality white pine, except the upper flooring and curb, 
 which is of white oak. All parts of the bridge, except the 
 flooring and floor-joist, are painted in three coats of oil of ap- 
 proved tints. The fence which encloses the Exhibition grounds 
 passes along the centre of the bridge, thus reserving one part 
 of it to the Exhibition and devoting the other to the public 
 drive through the park. Another bridge has been built higher 
 up, over the Lansdowne valley, and Belmont valley is also 
 bridged in several places. 
 
 The Esplanade, at the main entrance between the Main and 
 Machinery Halls, has been handsomely laid off with grass plots 
 and beds of flowers. In the centre is a large bronze fountain, 
 with statues of Light and Water, "the twin goddesses of cities," 
 by Bartholdi. 
 
 At the west end of Machinery Hall is the Centennial Foun- 
 tain, erected by the Catholic Total Abstinence Union of 
 America. It is constructed entirely of marble and granite, and 
 is one of the finest works of art in America. The design is by 
 Herman Kirn, a young sculptor of Philadelphia, a pupil of the 
 celebrated sculptor Steinhauser, of Carlsruhe. It consists of a 
 granite platform in the form of a Maltese cross, and approached 
 by steps which extend entirely around it. In the centre is a 
 large circular basin, 40 feet in diameter, from the centre of 
 which rises a mass of rock work, on the summit of which n 
 colossal statue of Moses is placed. He stands with one end of 
 his rod resting on the rock which he has just struck, and from 
 which the water gushes in streams about his feet un<l flows 
 down into the basin below. At each of the four j)oints of tlie' 
 
 *,, i 
 
 i!l 
 
32G 
 
 TllfcJ IM.UsjTUATLD lllSiOUV 
 
 cross is a Immlsome pedestal of white marble, near the base of 
 whit'h is a (h'iiiIvinu;-tonntain. Each pedestal is surinounted by 
 a luarblo statue i) tlet hij^h. The persons represented by tlicsc! 
 statues aro Cimrles Carroll, of Carrollton, Father Matthew, 
 Archbishop Carroll, and Commodore John Barry, a distin- 
 guished naval officer of the Kevolution. The fountain is one 
 of the handsomest ornaments of the grounds, and will remain 
 after the Exhibition buildings have been removed; the cost of 
 the fountain was $oU,OUO. 
 
 THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CENTENNIAL FOUNTAIN. 
 
 The demand for water for various purposes being so great 
 within the Exhibition grounds, a separate system of water- 
 works is provided, and the main supply of Philadelphia is thus 
 relieved of what would be a heavy drain upon it. A large 
 pump-house of brick is built on the shore of the Schuylkill, 
 immediately south of Columbia bridge, and is supplied witli 
 powerful pumping engines of the most approved pattern. Tin 
 water is pumped from the river at this point and forced up the 
 
OF TllK CENTKNNIAL EXHiniTIOX. 
 
 O07 
 
 liill to tlje top of the tall istaiid Pipe which rises hatk ot 
 Macliintry JIall. Tho llill from the summit of this pipe j^ivcs 
 it a force siilHcicnt for all the purposes of the F^xliibitiou. The 
 works can supply 7,000,000 gallons of water daily to tho buiUU 
 iiigs and grounds. 
 
 To ihc north of the temj)erance fountain, and between Foun- 
 tain and State avenues, are a series of relief plans in miniature 
 of Swit/erlaiu], .fcrusalem, Paris and Naj)les, constructed by 
 Colonel liienard, a distinguished French artist. These plans 
 arc exact representations in miniature of the places named, each 
 building being cut out and set up to appear as it does in the 
 cities reju'csented. These arc among the most interesting of the 
 minor sights of the P^xhibition. 
 
 Immediately in the rear of Memorial Hall is the statue of 
 Religious Liberty, erected by the Hebrew order of B'nai 
 iJ'rith. It is the w. ik of Ezekii'l,an American sculi)tor of the 
 Hebrew faith, and a native of Richmond, Virginia. Its cost 
 was {t?'30,000. The statue is of marble, and together with the 
 pedestal is twenty feet in height. The design is a group «>f two 
 ligiu'cs — the on(! colossal, eight feet in height, stands near the 
 centre of the pedestal. It typifies the Genius of Fiilierty. It is 
 a fcMnale figure in armor ; a mantle fastened at the neck by an 
 agralfe falls from the lefl shoulder to the left foot. The right 
 breast and arm are uncovered. On the breastplate of the armor 
 is wrought the American shield. The head is covered with the 
 I'hrygian cap bordered with thirteen stars. The left hand of 
 the figure which holds tne Constitution is supported by the 
 liisces. The other figure of the group stands at the right side 
 ot'the former; it is a youth, slightly draped, with face upraised; 
 one hand of this figure is stretched to heaven and holding an 
 urn in which burns the sacred fiame. At the base of the group 
 ;m eagle is represented, its talons buried in a snake, typifying 
 tlie destruction of slavery. The idea conveyed by the group is 
 Liberty protecting Religion, and in the idea, personified by 
 Religion, it is intended to express in a universal sense the 
 reliance on a divine power common to humanity. The pedestal 
 
I 
 
 I 
 
 8TATUK OF LIBERTY TO BE ERECTED IN INDEPENDENCE SQUARE. 
 
 328 
 
THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 329 
 
 is inscribed with suitable sentences from the CoDstitution of the 
 United States. 
 
 A few feet west of the intersection of Fountain and Belmont 
 avenues is the statue of Christopher Columbus, erected by the 
 Italian residents of the United States. The statue is of Ravaz- 
 zioni marble, and was executed in Italy by an Italian artist. It 
 is of heroic size, and represents Columbus at the moment of 
 the discovery of the New World. 
 
 On the western side of the lake stands a bronze statue of 
 Elias Howe, the inventor of the sewing machine. 
 
 A number of soda water fountains are scattered through the 
 grounds at convenient points. They are the property of 
 Charles Lippincott & Co., of Philadelphia, and James W. 
 Tufts, of Boston, who have the exclusive privilege of selling 
 soda water in the buildings and grounds. 
 
 Six cigar pavilions, owned and conducted by W. A. Flem- 
 ing & Co., are located in various parts of the grounds. They 
 are one story in height, with observatories. 
 
 In the Belmont ravine, south of Agricultural Hall, is The 
 Hunters^ Camp, erected by the " Forest and Stream Publishing 
 Company of New York." It is what is known as a permanent 
 camj), and consists of a number of hnts constructed of logs and 
 bark. It is provided witl' all the appurtenances of a hunting 
 and fishing camp, such as portable boats, sporting tire-arms, 
 rods and lines, a kennel of sporting dogs, and specimens of 
 game birds. At the margin of the camp, the stream which 
 flows through the ravine has been converted into a small lake, 
 and this has been stocked with game fish. The camp will bo in 
 charge of a number of experienced hunters, and will illustrate 
 the various phases of a sportsman's life in the backwoods. 
 
 Near the southern edge of the grounds, above iNIachinery Hall, 
 is a queer-looking locomotive with two antiquated railroad pas- 
 senger cars attached to it. This is the "John Bull," an English 
 locomotive, and the first ever used on the New Jersey Railroad. 
 It is the property of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, by 
 which it is exhibited. The cars are the old-style coaches 
 . familiar to all whose fate it was to travel on the Camden & 
 
330 
 
 THE If, I.U.ST IJATED HISTORY 
 
 Amboy Railroad twenty years ago. The entrances are on the 
 side, and the cars are low and badly ventilated. There are no 
 steps at the side, the platforms of the stations being in those 
 days built on a line with the doors of the cars. On the roof 
 of the car which serves as a tender to the locomotive is a large 
 covered seat, resembling an old-fashioned buggy top. When 
 these cars were used, a man sat in this seat with his back to the 
 locomotive and his face to the rear of the train, and held the 
 end of the bell cord in his hand. Another cord extended from 
 his seat to the signal bell of the locomotive. He was thus 
 enabled to see that the cars did not become uncoupled, and 
 icpeatcd the signals of the conductor to the engineer. The 
 locomotive shown here was placed on the New Jersey Railroad 
 in 1831. A comparison between this machine and the splendi.l 
 locomotives on exhibition in Machinery Hall will show better 
 than words the advance that has been made in railroad engine 
 building. 
 
 On the north of the Main Building stands the Avicricaii 
 Soldierx' Jfoiiumoif, a colossal granite statue 21 feet in heiglit, 
 and weighing 30 tons. 
 
 At the intersection of Belmont and Fountain avenues is the 
 Jrc- W'fdcr Fountain, erected by the Grand Division of Sons (tf 
 Temperance of the State of Pennsylvania. It is enclosed by 
 a wooden jjavilion with thirteen sides, representing a Greek 
 temple, 25 leet in diameter and 36 feet high. The fountain is 
 eight i'eet in diameter and is surrounded by a passage-way. 
 The fountain is provided with twenty-six self-acting spigots, 
 and is connected with a reservoir underground which is fed 
 from the reservoir on George's Hill. The reservoir of the 
 ibuntain has a capacity of 4000 to 5000 gallons of water, and 
 can furnish an almost unlimited supply of ice-water, which is 
 live to all. 
 
 A most interesting feature of the Exhibition is the Indian 
 Encampment, which is located on a reservation in the Centen- 
 nial grounds at the foot of George's Hill. Over 300 Indians 
 are encamped here ; and this number is made up by detachments 
 oi' from four to eight from fifty-three tribes. Both sexes are 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 331 
 
 included, and the redskins are, in many instances, famous 
 chiefs and their families. They were selected for their perfec- 
 tion of form and physical development, or for their distin- 
 guished deeds ; so that they constitute the very aristocracy of 
 the Indian nation. The object of the encampment is to show, 
 in as perfect a degree as is now possible, the original inhabitants 
 of this country and their mode of life. For this purpose they 
 have with them a number of their lodges, their cooking utensils, 
 weapons, agricultural implements, and the instruments by which 
 their rude manufactures are carried on. They have also a num- 
 ber of ponys and dogs. They will carry on their various 
 occupations, including the weaving of blankets and belts, the 
 making of moccasins and clothing, baskets and bead ornaments, 
 and the construction of pottery and stone implements. The 
 Indians are in charge of George Anderson, a famous Texan 
 guide and scout, whose romantic and daring adventures would, 
 if written truthfully, make one of the most entertaining of 
 voUimes. 
 
 The various buiklings located in the Exhibition grounds will 
 be described in their appropriate places. 
 
 A ride through the grounds on the cars of the narrow-gauge 
 railway is a necessity, but no one shoukl omit the pleasure of 
 seeing them on foot. There are so many objects of interest to 
 linger over, so many exquisite bits of landscape, so many pic- 
 turo«que views of the buildings to enjoy, that it is only by 
 taking a leisurely walk through these beautilul grounds that this 
 pleasure can be tasted to its full. 
 
 M^ 
 
CHAPTER XI. 
 
 THE MAIN BUILDING. 
 
 Description of the Main Building — A Monster Edifice — The Interior — A Mag- 
 nificent Hall — Decorations — Tlie Galleries — A Beautiful and Imposing 
 Scene — Water-Closets — Restaurants — Fountains — Letter Boxes — Telegrapli 
 System — The Elevator— Classification of the Display in the Building— The 
 American Department — The Great Organ — The Massachusetts Educational 
 Exhibit — The Roosevelt Organ — The Paper Makers — The Book Pavilion — 
 The Model Post-OflSce— The Cotton and Woollen Goods— The Carpet Rooms 
 — American Pottery — Among the Iron Workers — The Fire-Arms Exhibit- 
 Rich Costumes — The Telegraphic Display — The Gas Fixture Department — 
 A Brilliant, Display — The Jewellers and Silversmiths — The Moorish Pavilion 
 — A Gorgeous Exhibit of Rare and Costly Objects — The Century Vase — The 
 Cologne Fountains — The Furniture Display — Model Houses Completely 
 Furnished — The Pianos and Organs — Beautiful h struments — Concerts — 
 Great Britain and Ireland — Magnificent Display of Si ' .'er and Plated Ware — 
 Splendid Furniture and Church Ornaments — Beautiful Porcelains — Superl) 
 Pottery — Statuary — Process of Making Pottery — The Tile Exhibit — Kioli 
 Iron Work — Rare Furniture — A Royal Pavilion — Grand Display of ( 'ottoii 
 and Woollen Goods and Linens — Jewelry — Splendid Carpets — The Book 
 Display — The Graphic's'Art Collection — Rich Stained Glass — A GorRcmis 
 Show from India — The Canadian Exhibit — The Manufactures and Nntural 
 Products of the Dominion — The Educational Exhibit of Ontario — The Aus- 
 tralian Exiiibits — The Wonders and Resources of the Pacific Continent- 
 Pyramids of Gold — Superb Photographs of Australian Scenes — Dust from 
 the (iold Coast — Native Diamonds — The West Indian Display — Franco — Tlio 
 French Court — Rare Bronzes — Exquisite Porcelains — The Textile Fabrics 
 of France — The Silk Court — Beautiful Laces — Statuary — Religious (ironj)s 
 — The Book Trade Exhibit — Fine Engravings — Fine Cutlery — Articles de 
 Paris — Scientific and Philosophical Apparatus. 
 
 HE principal Exhibition buildings are five in number. 
 
 Of these the largest is the Main Building. It is located 
 
 immediately east of the intersection of Belmont and 
 
 Elm avenues, and extends in a line from east to west, 
 
 parallel with Elm avenue. It stands one hundred and 
 
 seventy feet back from the north side of Elm avenue, at the 
 
 north side of which the fence enclosing the Exhibition grounds 
 
 332 
 
THE CKNTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 ;i33 
 
 is placed. A broad, open space is thus left between the fence 
 and the building. The building is in the form of a parallelo- 
 gram, and has a length, from east to west, of eighteen hundred 
 and eighty feet, and a width, from north to south, of four hun- 
 dred and sixty-four feet. 
 
 The larger portion of the building is one story in height, and 
 shows the main cornice upon the outside at forty-five feet from 
 the ground, the interior height being seventy feet. At the 
 centre of the longer sides are projections four hundred and six- 
 teen feet in length, and in the centre of the shorter sides or ends 
 of the building are projections two hundred and sixteen feet in 
 length. In these projections, in the centre of the four sides, are 
 located the main entrances, which are provided with arcades on 
 the ground floor, and central arcades extending to the height of 
 ninety feet. 
 
 The main entrances are arranged as follows : The northern 
 entrance communicates directly with Memorial Hall, which 
 faces this portal. The east entrance is the principal approach 
 for carriages, which may be driven up to the arcades, at which 
 visitors alight. The doors at this end open upon the Park, the 
 fence line extending from the northern and southern sides of 
 the building. The southern entrance is the principal approach 
 from the street cars which have their terminus on Elm avenue 
 immediately before this door. The western doors open upon 
 the esplanade at the main entrance to the grounds, and commu- 
 nicate with the Machinery and Agricultural Halls. 
 
 A tower, seventy-five feet high, rises from each of the four 
 corners of the building, and between these towers and the cen- 
 tral projections or entrances there is a low roof introduced, 
 showing a cornice at twenty-four feet above the ground. 
 
 At the central part of the building the roof, for one hundred 
 and eighty-four feet square, is raised above the surrounding 
 portion. From the four corners of this elevated roof four 
 towers, each forty-eight feet square, rise to a height of one hun- 
 dred and twenty feet. 
 
 The building is the largest in the world. It covers an area 
 of 936,008 square feet, or 21.47 
 
 acres, as follows : 
 
"> a: 
 
 *; i?; 
 
 e; X 
 
THE C'ENTENXIAL EXHIBITION. 335 
 
 Ground floor 872,320 Hcjiuire feet 20.02 aeren. 
 
 Upper floors in projections o7,344 " 85 " 
 
 Upper floors in towers 2(),:>44 " CO " 
 
 Total.. 930,008 " ....21.47 " 
 
 The ground-plan shows u central avenue or nave one hun- 
 ched and twenty feet in width, aiul extending eighteen hundred 
 and thirty-two feet in length. Thi.s is tiie longest avenue ot' 
 that width ever introduced into any building. On either sido 
 of the nave there is an avenue one hundred feet in width hy 
 eighteen hundred and thirty-two feet in length. Between the 
 nave and the side avenues are aisles forty-eight feet in width, 
 and on the other sides of the buihling smaller aisles twenty-four 
 feet in width. 
 
 In order to relieve the monotony which would have resulted 
 from the continuation of the roof in an unbroken line, three 
 cross avenues or tran.septs have been introduced of the saniQ 
 widths and in the same relative positions to each other as the> 
 nave and avenues running lengthwise, viz. : a central transept 
 one hundred and twenty feet in width by four hundred and six- 
 teen feet in length, with one on either side of one hundred feet 
 by four hundred and sixteen feet, and aisles between of forty- 
 eight feet. 
 
 The intersections of these avenues and transepts in the central 
 portion of the building result in dividing the ground floor into 
 nine open spaces free from supporting columns, and covering in 
 the aggregate an area of four hundred and sixteen feet square. 
 Four of these spac( s are one hundred feet square ; four one hun- 
 <lred feet by one hundred and twenty foct, and the central space 
 or pavilion one hundred and twenty feet square. The inter-^ec- 
 tions of the forty-eight feet j> isles produce four interior courts 
 forty-eight feet .square, one at each corner of the central space. 
 
 The main promenades through the nave and central transejit 
 are each thirty feet in width, and those through the centre of 
 the .side avenues and transepts fifteen feet each. All other walk.s 
 are ten feet wide, and lead at either end to exit doors. 
 
 The foiuidations of the building consist of piers of masonry 
 
 .'i 
 
a36 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 : 
 
 set solidly in the earth, and more than equal to the task of sus- 
 taining the immense weight which rests upon thcni. Tlio 
 superstructure is composed of wrought-iron columns, wliidi 
 support wrought-iron roof trusses. " These columns ai<; com- 
 posed of rolled channel bars with plates riveted to th.c flango?. 
 Lengthwise of the building the columns are placed at the juii- 
 form distance apart of twenty-four feet. In the entire structure 
 there are six hundred and seventy-two columns, the slioitcst 
 being twenty-three feet and the longest one hundred and twenty- 
 five feet in length. The aggregate weight is 2,200,000 pounds. 
 
 "The roof trusses are similar in form to those in general uso 
 for depots and warehouses, and consist of straight rafters with 
 struts and tie bars. The aggregate weight of iron in the roof 
 trusses and girders is 5,000,000 pounds. 
 
 " This building being a temporary construction, the columns 
 and trusses are so designed that they may be easily taken down 
 and erected again at another site. 
 
 " The sides of the building for the height of seven feet from 
 the ground are finished with brickwork in panels between the 
 columns ; above the seven feet, with glazed sash. Portions of 
 the sash are movable for ventilation. The roof covering is of 
 tin upon sheathing boards. The ground flooring is of plank 
 upon sills resting upon the ground, with no open space under- 
 neath. 
 
 "All the corners and angles of the building upon the ex- 
 terior are accentuated by galvanized iron octagonal turrets, 
 which extend the full height of the building from the ground 
 level to above the roof. These turrets at the corners of tlio 
 towers are surmounted with flag-staffs, at other places with the 
 national eagle. 
 
 " The national standard, with appropriate emblems, is placed 
 over the centre of each of the four main entrances. Over each 
 of the side entrances is placed a trophy showing the national 
 colors of the country occupying that part of the building. 
 
 " At the vestibules forming part of the four main entrances 
 variegated brick and tile have been introduced. 
 
 " The building stands nearly due east and west, and is lighted 
 
OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 337 
 
 almost entirely by side light from the north and south sides. 
 Louvre ventilators are introduced over the central nave and 
 each of the avenues. Skylights are introduced over the central 
 aisles." 
 
 The edifice was erected by Mr. R. J. Dobbins, one of the 
 most eminent builders of Philadelphia. He was the constructor 
 of the Public Ledger Building, and his two great works in the 
 Exhibition grounds, the Main Building and Memorial Hall, are 
 enviable monuments of his skill and energy. In the construo- 
 tioa of the Main Building 7,000,000 feet of lumber, and nearly 
 8,000,000 pounds of iron were used, and the services of three 
 thousand men were employed. Underneath, and extending 
 through the edifice, are four miles of water and drainage pipes, 
 the service in this respect being perfect. Gas pipes are intro- 
 duced through the building, which is lighted at night by 
 " reflectors " suspended from the roof, and placed beyond the 
 possibility of communicating fire to the structure or its contents. 
 Hydrants are placed at numerous points in the hall, and are so 
 arranged that the water can be turned directly upon a fire, 
 which can be extinguished before it has gained any advantage. 
 
 The light in the building is excellent, and all exhibitors are 
 placed on an equality for showing their goods by the admirable 
 arrangement of the hall in this respect. 
 
 The cost of the Main Building was $1,580,000. The engin- 
 eers and architects were Henry Pettit and Joseph M. Wilson. 
 The wrought and cast-iron work was manufactured by William 
 Sellers & Co., of the Moor Iron Works ; the wrought-iron was 
 furnished by A. & P. Roberts, of the Pencoyd Rolling Mills; 
 the cast-iron was furnished by Morris, Tasker & Co., of the 
 Pascal Iron Works; and the iron work was erected by the 
 Watson Manufacturing Co. The f'^'indations of the building 
 were begun in the autumn of 1874. On the 8th of May, 1875, 
 the erection of the iron work was begun, and was completed on 
 the 2d of December, 1875. The other work was carried on 
 with rapidity, and the building was completed early in Feb- 
 ruary, 1876, and on the 14th of that month was delivered by 
 the contractor to the Board of Finance. . 
 
 22 
 
338 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 f 
 
 The Main Building is in all respects the most imposing 
 structure of the Exhibition. It is not as beautiful as Mcmoriul 
 Hall, but is superb in its massiveness and in the perfection of 
 its details. In spite of its intmense size, it is light and graceful 
 in appearance, and seen from any commanding point, witii its 
 thousands of flags and streamers fluttering in the air, its beauti- 
 ful proportions rising grandly and clearly against the sky, it 
 constitutes an object which long holds the gazer's eye and elicits 
 his warmest praise. The exterior is painted in light-brown 
 colors, with tasteful ornamental lines in red and other harnio- 
 nizing hues. 
 
 The interior is decorated handsomely. The prevailing colors 
 are the lightest shade of blue and cream-color, and the decora- 
 tions are in bright, cheerful tints which blend well with those 
 hues. There is nothing sombre or gloomy about the edifice, 
 and the taste displayed in the selection and arrangement of 
 colors is highly to be commended. 
 
 A.round the inner cornice small circular panes of stained glass 
 have been set, decorated with the arms of the United States, 
 the various States and Territories of the Union, and the dilfor- 
 ent nations of the world, and with subjects relating to the arts 
 and sciences. 
 
 The four sides of the central transept are ornamented with 
 elaborate pieces representing America, Europe, Asia, and Africa. 
 Each of these paintings is forty feet in width and fifty feet in 
 height, and embodies a group emblematic of one of the four 
 quarters of the globe. At the east end of the transept is the 
 American group. Am<jJica is represented by Columbia holding 
 in her hand the staff surmounted by the Liberty Cap, while 
 beneath is the word America and the numerals MDCCLXXVI. 
 On the right is the bust of Washington, on the left that ul" 
 Franklin. As a background the national colors are most promi- 
 nent, and on either side are the flags of the old original ^''irtecii 
 States. The whole forms a very pretty picture, and cannot but 
 attract great attention. 
 
 Immediately opposite, on the west side of the transept, is the 
 European group. Europe is represented by a female figure at 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 339 
 
 the top, while beneath, on the right, is .ne bust of Shakespeare, 
 
 and on the left that of Charlemagne. A horse and lion arc 
 
 conspicuous objects, and back of all are the flags of the Great 
 
 Powers. 
 At the south end of the transept is the Asiatic group. Asia 
 
 is represented by a female figure, seated between the busts ot 
 Confucius and Mahomet. Chinese and Japanese emblems are 
 conspicuous, and the flags of the Asiatic nations are tastefully 
 grouped. 
 
 At the north end of tlie transept is the African group. 
 Africa is represented by an Egyptian female, and beside her are 
 the busts of Rameses and Sesostris. Characteristic oriental 
 scenes and the flags of the African states make up the back- 
 ground. 
 
 In each of the groups the products of the resi)ective great 
 divisions of the world are conspicuously displayed. The effc(rt 
 of the pictures is very fine, and they harmonize well with the 
 grand assemblage of beautiful objects in this portion of the 
 building. 
 
 At each end of the building and at convenient points on the 
 sides, galleries are provided from which the visitor may survey 
 the brilliant scene below. From the gallery on the south side, 
 or from the towers at the centre of the building, one may enjoy 
 at leisure the magnificent view which the hall and its content** 
 afford. Before him and on either hand is the vast interior of 
 tlie hall stretching away for hundreds of feet, brilliant and 
 imposing with its rich decorations, and astounding and delight- 
 ing the gazer with its vastness and its perfect adaptation to the 
 purposes of the Exhibition. At the north and east ends the 
 magnificent organs which occupy the main galleries constitute 
 two of the most beautiful ornaments of the hall. The scene on 
 the floor below is enchanting. The long lines of magnificent 
 show-eases, the sumptuous pavilions of the various foreign 
 nations, the gorgeous display of objects of use and beauty, the 
 infinite variety of forms and colors, all tend to make up a picture 
 to be remembered for a lifetime. At various points fountains 
 send their clear jets of water into the air, the strains of music 
 
340 
 
 THE ri-LUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 come floating up to you from below, or the deep tones of the great 
 organs lull your senses into a delicious repose, and the porfunies 
 of the cologne-fountains fill the air with a luxurious languor. 
 You hear the sliaVp click of the telegraph telling of the rostloss 
 busy energy that has produced all this luxury, and are reminded 
 
 DELAWAKE STATE BUILDING. 
 
 by it that you are not yr t in Fairyland. The aisles and papsngc- 
 ways are thronged witli sightseers, and as you lean over from 
 your lofty perch you nay see the costumes of many nations 
 mingled in the crowd. The stalwart Indian stalks through the 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL UXIIIDITION. 
 
 341 
 
 hall, as cinotion1es.s as a stunc, ami oonceuling his wutuler ut uU 
 tU'ia iiiagiiiticcnce beiieuth a stolidity which yuu luuy udiuire but 
 cMiMi(»t equal. The suiuU but alert Japanese, with his luo&e 
 (Ire^s e^ii^ht up as it' it were au obstacle rtither than a cun- 
 ven-ienee, the ** Heathen Ciiinee," with his aliuond-eyes and 
 long pig-tails, his comical dresri, and his " ways that are dark 
 and tricks that are vain," the turbaned Turk in his gay cos- 
 tume, the Egyj»tian with his red iarbuJi, and the brilliantly 
 uniformed attachos of the European Commissions, all jostle each 
 other in the throng below you. From your elevatetl stantl you 
 look down upon the wealth (»f the world. All the nations liave 
 sent their rarest and choi(Tst objects here, and in this vast 
 collection you may study the civilization and customs, and read 
 the history of the dominant part of the human race. 
 
 The building is provided with every possible comfort for 
 visitors. Seats are scattered throuj^h the aisles, and in many of 
 the pavilions and enclosures, chairs and cushioned settees are 
 furnished by the exhibitors. At each end of the main aisle 
 and at the ends of the central transept are water-closets and 
 wash-rooms for visitors. These are in charge of attendants and 
 are kept scrupulously clean. They are i'coii to all. Cl<»ak-rooms 
 and umbrella-stands, provided by the Department of Public Com- 
 fort, are located under the arcades at the four main entrances to 
 the building. Umbrellas, water-prools, »tr parct-ls of any kind 
 are received at these stands, and taken care of for a, small sum. 
 The owner is given a metal check for his ju'operty, and this 
 must be presented when the article is claimed. 
 
 Restaurants are located at the north and south ends of the 
 central transept. They are jjrovided with lunch counters as 
 well as with tables, and those who desire merelv a light lunch 
 cjin be accommodated at moderate prices. 
 
 Several fountains are located in the main aisle. One of these 
 is a tall, ugly series of iron basins from which the water flows 
 down into the pool below. It is the largest fountain in the 
 Ijuilding, and does not reflect much credit ui)on the taste that 
 provided it. 
 
 Soda-water stands are established at several prominent ])oints 
 
 il' ■( 
 
342 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 in the main aisle and the central transept. The fuuntaii:s, a.s u 
 rule, are very handsome, Ix-'ing constructed of white or colored 
 marble with silver mountings. Soda is sold at the national 
 l)rice of ten cents? a glass, and the fountains all appear to do a 
 gocxl business. 
 
 Wheel-chair stations arc located at each end, and near the 
 centre of the main aisle. In the main aisle, also, are stands for 
 the sale of the t)fficial catalogues and guide books. 
 
 Telegraph offices are established at one or two points in the 
 main aisle, from which messages may be sent to any })art of the 
 world. The American District Telegraph Company have the 
 sole privilege of ;)perating these offices, and have introduced 
 their admirable ujcssenger service system into the grounds. 
 
 Scattered through the building are a number of iron letter 
 boxes, established l)y the United States Post-Office Department, 
 from which colleitions are made at stated times. These boxes 
 are to be found in all the main buildings and at prominent 
 points in the grounds. A separate mail service is provided lur 
 the Exhibition, which has its own |>ostniaster and officials, and 
 Ictteis are rec'cived and despatched by the Centennial l*ust- 
 Office, which is located in the Government Building, with the 
 greatest ]iromptness. 
 
 In the centre of the building a large music-stand has been 
 erected. Concerts are given here daily by the finest bands in 
 the country, (-oncerts are also given by the ])roprietors of the 
 great organs at stated times during the day, and these, with the 
 performances of the eminent musicians engaged by the various 
 mannfact!r*er? of pianos to sliow the merits of their respective 
 instrument*, fin*nish a rich treat to the lover of music. 
 
 On the south side of the main aisle, about half-way between 
 the eastern entrance and the transej)t, is the establishment <>1" 
 the Centennial Safe Deposit Company. It is enclosed wiih a 
 stout iron cage, and contains a number of large safes and desks 
 and tables. The company veceive on deposit valuables and 
 papers, and guarantee their safe return upon demand. A charge 
 is made for the keeping of each article according to a fixed 
 tariff. The safes of the company are fire-proof. 
 
OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 343 
 
 In one of the central towers a steam elevator conveys visitors, 
 who may wish to mai^e tiie ascent, to the roof or to the galleries 
 of the tower. Stairways are provided for those who do not wish 
 to use the elevator. The elevator is of tlie most approved cou- 
 
 CONNBCTICtTT STATE BUILDIKa. 
 
 struction. and is exhibited as one of the most perfect siMJcimcns 
 of its kind. 
 
 The greatest care and forethought have been exercifscd to 
 render the Exhibition buildings perfect in the conveniences 
 tliey offer to visitors. Advantage has been taken in this respect 
 
 ill 
 
344 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 of the experience of all the other great World's Fairs, and it may 
 1)6 safely asserted that our own presents improvements upon 
 each and all. 
 
 In a work like this it is simply impossible to describe ou'h 
 feature of the Exhibition in detail. We can only refer to it in 
 general terms, dwelling merely upon the objects which constitute 
 its principal attractions. 
 
 The Centennial Commission at an early day divided the 
 objects to be exhibited into seven departments, as follows : 
 
 1. Mining and Metallurgy. 
 
 2. Manuiiictures. 
 
 3. Et'hication and Science. 
 
 4. Art. 
 
 5. Machinery. 
 
 6. Agriculture. 
 
 7. Horticulture. 
 
 These were assigned to the five principal buildings, the fiist 
 three being included in the Main Building. The classificati< a 
 and grouping of these is as follows : 
 
 I.— Mining and Metallurgy. 
 
 Classes. Groups. 
 
 100 — 109 Minerals, Ores, Stones, Mining Products. 
 
 110—119 Metallurgical Prwlnets. 
 
 120 — 129.... Mining Engineering. 
 
 II. — MANUFACTUREg; 
 .Chemical Manufactures. 
 .Ceramics, Pottery, Porcelain, Glass, etc. 
 
 217—227 Furniture, etc. 
 
 228—234 Yarns and Woven Goods of Vegetable or Mineral Material* 
 
 23i>— 241 Woven and Felted Goods of Wool, etc. 
 
 . .Silk and Silk Fabrics. 
 . .Clothing, Jewelry, etc. 
 . .Paper, Blank-Books, Stationery. 
 . . .W'capons, etc. 
 . . .Medicine, Surgery, Prothesis. 
 
 . . .Hardware, Edge Tools, Cutlery, and Metallic Product'*. 
 . . .Fabrics of Vegetable, Animal, or Mineral Materials. 
 . .Carriages, Vehicles, and Accessories. 
 
 III. — Education and Science. 
 . ..Educational Systems, Methods, and Libraries. 
 .. .Institutions and Opf^'anizjitions. 
 
 . . .Scientific and Philosophical Instruments and Methoil*. 
 . . .Engineering, Architecture, Maps, etc. 
 . . .Physical, Social, and Moral Condition of Man. 
 
 200—205. 
 20G— 216. 
 
 242—249.. 
 250—2)7.. 
 258-204. , 
 2G>— 271. 
 272—279. 
 280—284. , 
 285—291 . 
 292—296. , 
 
 300-309. 
 310—319. 
 320—329. 
 530—339. 
 340—349. 
 
OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 345 
 
 At least one-third of the twenty-one and a half acres of the 
 floor-space of the Main Building is occupied by the United 
 States. These seven acres are filled with a rich and beautHul 
 display, and the national pride of the native visitor is sure to 
 find satisfaction in the imposing and splendid appearance made 
 by his country. In one department especially, the show-cases 
 in which the articles on exhibition are displayed, the United 
 States lead the world. " Wandering through the long avenues, 
 lined by cases of strikingly novel designs and elaborate work- 
 manship, one may be wearied by the endless variety, and may 
 find the simple uniformity of the French section a relief; but 
 he cannot fail to be impressed by the fertility of resource, the 
 original genius for decorative effects, and the evident liberality 
 of expenditure displayed ; and he will remark a certain unstudied 
 harmony in dissimilarity produced by the kaleidoscojiic mingling 
 of divei-se colors and forms, and may find in it a faithful reflex 
 of our composite American life." 
 
 The United States. 
 
 We begin our inspection of the contents of the Main Building 
 in our own country, and in doing so glance first at the great 
 gallery which crosses the eastern end over the entrante doors. 
 Stairs ascend to this gallery from either side of the entrance. 
 A sign over the doorway at the foor of the stairs inlbrn.s us that 
 the gallfMT is occupied mainly by the Educational Department 
 of the State of Massachusetts. This dis])lay occupies the 
 northern and southern sections of the gallery, the central portion 
 being given to the well-known Boston organ-builders. Hook & 
 Hastings, who display here one of their grand organs and a 
 number of smaller instruments. 
 
 The great organ is one of the " features " of the Exhibition, 
 and, as seen from the floor below, forms a beautiful ornament 
 of the great hall. It was erected at an expense of $15,000, and 
 is intended as an exposition of the art of organ building us 
 practised by its makers, who stand confessedly in the front rank 
 of their class. It embodies the latest improvements and the 
 highest oxcellence of an instrument of this style, and comprises 
 
346 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 four manuals, each of 58 notes, 47 speaking-stops, 12 mechani- 
 cal registers, including couplers ; 10 pedal movements for crni- 
 biaations, etc., including a crescendo pedal controlling the full 
 power of the organ. The total number of pipes used in it is 
 2704. There are three bellows. The two main ones have 
 vertical feeders, and can supply 3600 cubic feet of compressed 
 air per minute. The bellows are blown by an hydraulic engine 
 located on the main floor beneath the organ. Frequent concerts 
 are given by the organist in charge, and these perfoiniancts 
 never fail to draw crowds of enthusiastic and appreciative 
 listeners. The organ is 40 feet high, 32 feet wide and 21 feet 
 deep. Passages traverse it in every direction at ditferent alti- 
 tudes, and are connected by stairways giving ready access to 
 every part for inspection and adjustment. 
 
 In the two rooms on the right and left of the great organ, the 
 Commonwealth of Massachusetts displays her public school 
 system, and docs so by exhibiting models and specimens of the 
 furniture, apparatus, and text-books used in her schools of all 
 grades, and by showing the actual work of the pupils of the 
 various schools as set forth in their examination papers. These 
 papers are bound in handsome volumes, each of which is pre- 
 faced by a sketch of the system used in the various classes, and 
 the questions propounded to the pupils at the examinations. 
 The result is liigidy creditable to the State. A good display of 
 drawings from the IJoston High .and Evening Schools is to be 
 seen here. Plans and models of the principal schools of the 
 State are also exhibited, and the workings of the industrial 
 schools is shown in the apparatus used, and some of the achieve- 
 ments of the pupils. Harvard contributes a volume of fine 
 photographic views of the various departments of the university, 
 and several of the leading colleges of the State are shown in the 
 same way. The public lil)raries of the State are also to be seen 
 here in j)hotography, and with pardonable pride the Bay State 
 offers for inspection a series of finely executed photographic 
 views of its principal cities. A handsome case is filled with 
 volumes of reports, showing the present condition of the various 
 public institutions of the State. 
 
OP THE CEiiTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 347 
 
 For some reason a series of fine etchings by Mrs. Eliza 
 Croatorex, of New York, iiave been placed in this portion of 
 the building. They are justly admired by visitors, and should 
 be included in the art collection in Memorial Hall. 
 
 The gallery at the south end of the central transept contains 
 
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 OHIO STATE BUILDING. 
 
 the educational departments of a number of the States. These 
 are Maryland, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Maine, New 
 .l(Msoy, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Iowa, Wisconsin, 
 Tonnossee and Connecticut. The system adopted for showing 
 
 [ 
 
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348 
 
 THE ILIATSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 the workings of their school systems is similar to that of Mas.s.i- 
 cliusetts. Nearly all the States mentioned show models, plans. 
 or photographic views of their public schools of various gradcti. 
 Samples of school furniture are also shown, and some of the 
 States exhibit models of their educational buildings so constructed 
 as to display the interior as well as the exterior arrangement. 
 
 At the eastern end of the gallery the colored schools of the 
 South nuikc a creditable showing of their progress. Their 
 examination papers evince a success in the work of impaiting 
 education to the negro race which is gratifying in the highest 
 degree, and a presage of greater triumphs in the future. In this 
 department is a large oil-painting of the jubilee singers of Fiske 
 University, Nashville, whose concerts have made them familiar 
 to the people of this country and Great Britain, and have earned 
 for their school a sound basis of financial success. 
 
 The gallery at the north end of the transept is occui)icd by 
 the second of the great organs of the Exhibition. This is the 
 Roosevelt Organ, and was built by Hilborne L. Roosevelt, of 
 New York, whose magnificent instruments have made him 
 famous throughout the country. The organ in the Chickering 
 Music Hall, in New York, is of his make, and is acknowledj^ed 
 by lovers and professors of nuisic to be one of the most porlkt 
 and delicious instruments in existence. The organ exhibited 
 here has fifty-six stops and pedals, and has three manuals and a 
 pedal bass. It embodies a number of improvements peculiar to 
 theorgansof this maker, notable among which is the mechanism 
 placed directly over the key-box by which the organist can 
 readily change the combination on any of the pedals. By this 
 novel arrangement, from one stop to the full organ can be set 
 on any pedal. The organ is threefold in its construction, and 
 consists of the Main Organ in the north gallery, the Electric 
 Echo Organ, and the Electric Suspended Orcran, all played from 
 one key-board. The Electric Echo Organ is placed in the 
 English Tower, and is connected by about 200 feet of wire cable 
 to the keys of the great organ ; its bellows being blown by an elec- 
 tric engine. The Electric Susjiended Organ is suspended from 
 the roof about twenty feet in front of the organ gallery. Tliis 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAT. EXHIBITION. 
 
 S49 
 
 IS conncetetl alao by a cable of insulated wires to the keys of the 
 £;reat orj^an ; and its bellows are b!own by an electric engine. 
 The main bellows are blown by two of Jaques' Inaproved Brass 
 llyraulic Engines, situated directly under the organ gallery. 
 
 This instrument is exhibited as a specimen of the Americaii 
 school of organ-building, and is intended to illustrate the ad- 
 vancen\ent made in the art in this country. Though founded 
 on tho best schools of modern European organ-building, still 
 the improvements introduced are for the most part entirely 
 new and American in their origin. Though there are several 
 larger instruments here and in Europe, still it is claimed that 
 none so complete, musically, and in the application of pneu- 
 matic, tubular and electric action, has been constructed hitherto. 
 In the matter of voicing, the builder's school has been carried 
 out as heretofore, and it is to be hoped with equal success. It 
 aims at individuality in the different stops, and at the same 
 time a perfect blending. So that when the full organ is used 
 there will be a powerful united body of tone, in which the 
 foundation sto])s are not lost and the mixtures are not too 
 prominent. The reeds in this organ (which were made here) 
 may be said, in character of tone, to be between the French 
 and English schools, and are remarkably effective. 
 
 The effect of the celebrated Vox Humana in the Chickering 
 Hall Organ (by same builder). New York, is here reproduced 
 in the Electric Echo Organ, which is placed in the English 
 Tower, as hitherto described. The wonderful imitation tliis 
 makes of a chorus of voices singing in the distance is perfect. 
 The cost of the organ was $20,000. 
 
 The gallery over the western entrance is occupied by the 
 American Society of Civil Engineers, who make a fine display 
 of engineering, drawings, photographs and models, the object 
 of the di.s])lay being to show the progress and triumphs of the 
 science of engineering in this country. 
 
 Having finished our glance at the galleries, we now descend 
 to the floor and begin our inspection at the eastern end of the 
 American Department, which is also the eastern end of the 
 building. 
 
 ti '1 
 
 < I 
 
 1 
 
 \ ^^ 
 
 'I 
 
 ^1 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 I' 
 
350 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 Near the eastern doors the manufacturers of paper displa 
 their wares. Tlie exhibit is very good, and the articles arc 
 arranged in the most tasteful and attractive manner. The 
 Jiow-c;:ses used are beautiful specimens of skill in cabinet- 
 making. TJ'e Philadelphia and New York stationers also 
 exhibit fine specimens of book-binding. Close by, Lanjro tfe 
 Little, of New York, exhibit some beautiful specimens of fine 
 printing. 
 
 Immediately under the gallery the State of Maine displays 
 her cotton goods, and here a register is kept in which visitors 
 from the Pine Tree State may inscribe their names and ad- 
 dresses as a means of enabling their friends to find them. 
 
 At the southeast end of the hall is a large two-story pavilion, 
 constructed of black walnut, and towering high above the line 
 of show-cases. It is one of the handsomest pieces of work in 
 the building, and is a model of neat and systematic arrange- 
 ment. It is divided into sections, each of which is fitted u|) 
 with convenient cases, in which the various leading publishing 
 houses of the United States display their wares. All the great 
 houses, such as the Harpers, Appletoiis, Scribner, Osgood and 
 Houghton are represented, and a number of minor firms help 
 to swell the representation. The Harpers and others display 
 handsomely bound sets of their standard works, and the Ajiple- 
 tons make an imposing display of their magnificent illustrated 
 publications. The bindings shown by this house are sump- 
 tuous, and exhibit this branch of Americjm industry in its 
 highest form. Lippincott, of Philadelphia, has a superb case 
 of black walnut, with cushioned seats aiound it, just without 
 the pavilion, and displays many fine samples of printing and 
 binding. 
 
 Near the western end of the pavilion the American Bible 
 Society have erected a beautiful case of polished oak, in which 
 they exhibit copies of the Scriptures printed in every language. 
 The work is done at the Bible House in New York, from which 
 millions of copies of the Word of God have been scattered over the 
 world. Versions in twenty-nine different languages are shown. 
 Some rare and valuable copies of old Bibles are also shown, 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXUFBITIOX. 
 
 351 
 
 among which are the Bibles owned by the great poet John 
 Milton and the martyr John Rogers. A copy of the first Bible 
 printed in the English language in America is also shown. Jt 
 was printed by Robert Aitken, in Philadelphia, in 1781. Prior 
 to the Revolution all English Bibles used in the colonies were 
 brought from England. During the war they became very 
 scarce. In 1778 Robert Aitken undertook the production of 
 an American edition of the Scriptures. In March, 1782, the 
 Pennsylvania Assembly loaned Mr. Aitken £150 to assist in 
 carrying out the enterprise. September 10th, 1782, Congress 
 recommended this edition of the Bible to the inhabitants of the 
 United States, "as subservient to the interest of religion and 
 progress of arts in this country." The paper was made in 
 Pennsylvania, and the Bibles were printed and bound in 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Merriam & Co., of Springfield, Massachusetts, have a case in 
 the second story of the book pavilion containing an interesting 
 collection of the works of Noah Webster, with copies of the 
 various editions of the great dictionary. Close by the proprie- 
 tors of the famous Riverside Press, oi Cambridge, Massachu- 
 setts, exhibit specimens of their fine printing, including an 
 exquisite portrait of Longfellow. 
 
 Descending to the floor again we soon find ourselves opposite 
 the Yale Lock Manufacturing Company. Here are to be seen 
 beautiful specimens of this famous lock, including a superb 
 chronometer bank-safe lock. Tlie company have erected a 
 large and complete model of a post-office, provided with several 
 hundred of their patent lock-boxes, such as are used by the 
 government in the post-offices of our principal cities. The 
 office on exhibition here is complete in every respect, and could 
 be put into operation at any moment. 
 
 Immediately opposite is a large case in which James W. 
 Scott & Co., of New York, display a classified collection of all 
 the postage stamps of the world. 
 
 Returning eastward, but still keeping south of the main aisle, 
 we notice a beautiful assortment of f.oor cloths by the American 
 Linoleum Company, of New York. The designs of these 
 
3o2 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 }>;oo(Is are very beautiful. The fabric is manufactm*etl by a 
 peouliar process out of cork and linseed oil. It is softer and 
 more durable than oil-cloth, and the foot falls as noiselessly 
 upon it as upon a carpet. It is as yet u new industry, but bids 
 fair to become an important one. 
 
 We now reach the niain aisle, near the eastern doors. Hoic 
 is collected the display of cotton, woollen and silk goods of 
 American manufacture. In all three departments the exhibit 
 is very fine. Xcarly all the great New England factories arc 
 represented — in some cases by sejjarate exhibits, and in others 
 by collective exhibits of the products of all the mills in a single 
 town. Great praise is due the exhibitors for the handsome and 
 liberal manner in which they have displayed their goods. TJie 
 show-cases in this section are among the finest in the building, 
 and the arrangement of the goods is tasteful and striking. Tlio 
 group is the la ,est in the building, and, with the exception of 
 a few frou) IMiiladelphia, the exhibitors are mainly from New 
 England, 'i'lie cotton and woollen mills of the West and 
 South are but poorly represented, and this is all the more to be 
 regretted, as they have made such marked progress of late years 
 ns to render them formidable rivals of the Eastern mills. A 
 contrast between the articles displayed here and those exhibited 
 in similar sections by the foreign countries caimot fail to be 
 gratifying to the American visitor. 
 
 To the north of this section the carpet-makers of New Eng- 
 land, New York and Pennsylvania have erected a triple row 
 of pavilions, open on one side, in which an extensive and 
 beautiful collection of Ameriean-r>iade carpets is shown. Except 
 in the most costly styles, woven in a single piece, this young 
 American industry compares more than favorably with its 
 older competitors from Europe. The designs are liandsome 
 and tasteful, the workmanship good. 
 
 On the south side of the main aisle, above the department of 
 textile fabrics, the hardware and cutlery firms of the country 
 make their display. The collection of cutlery compares well 
 with that of the great English manufacturers, and few visitor'^ 
 will fail to notice the immense Centennial knife and fork ex- 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXIIIIUTION. 
 
 353 
 
 hlhitcd by the Beavor Fulls Cutlery Company, of Pennsylvania. 
 The exhibit of to<jls and hardware of all kinds id eoiupletc unci 
 attraetive, and merits a careful study. 
 
 Alongside of the hardware men iNfr. Charles W. Spurr, of 
 l^',>)ton, has erected a small but handsome [Kiviliou, lighted by 
 
 
 
 
 ■J 
 
 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS STATE BUILDIKO. 
 
 a crystal chandelier. The inner walls are decorated with 
 j)olished woods prepared by a patent process. The wood is. ; 
 sawed to the thinness of soft paper and is then ghied to hanhr 
 paper, which is pasted on the walls in the usual manner, after . 
 23 
 
 1 
 
 Ml 
 
 1 
 
 % 
 
 
 
 • .14 
 
354 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 which the wood surface is subjected to a liigh polish. This 
 system of house decoration is very bcautii'ul, uud is rapidly be- 
 coming popular in this country. 
 
 On the south side of the hall^ near the enstcrn end, is tlio 
 display of American pottery and porcelain. It is creditable on 
 the whole, but does not compare with the display made bv 
 either of the leading European nations, or by China or JajKin. 
 The exhibits in this line are therefore modestly j)laced in a 
 corner. They include excellent white stoneware from Trenton, 
 New Jersey, and some excellent terra cotta specimens i'rom the 
 same State, and an abundance of rich brown ware from Liver- 
 pool, Ohio. The collection also contains some fine animal 
 specimens from Phcenixville, Pennsylvania. The Greenwood 
 Pottery Company, of Trenton, New Jersey, show a small model 
 of a brick pottery, and specimens of the clay in the various 
 stages of manufacture. 
 
 Below the pottery collection are a number of tall marble and 
 granite shafts and monuments, and beyond these are the care- 
 fully executed maps and charts of the Geological Survey of 
 New Jersey, with a number of specimens of the geological 
 formations of the State. 
 
 Close by, the Stephens Institute of Technology, of Hobokcii, 
 New Jersey, displays an interesting collection of scientific 
 apparatus. 
 
 The iron, steel and slate men of the country make an impos- 
 ing disjday of ores and manufactured metals. The Cambria Iron 
 Works of Pennsylvania has a stately ^Masonic arch constructed 
 of solid T rails; and close by the famous Lucy Furnace, of 
 Pittsburgh, is shown in a small but complete model. The dis- 
 play of ores, pig-metals, manufactured articles, nails, bars and 
 other products is extensive and interesting. 
 
 The Keystone Bridge Company, of Pittsburgh, exhibit 
 alongside of the irons a fine model of the famous draw-bridge 
 constructed by them over Earitan bay for the Central Railroad 
 of New Jersey. 
 
 Crossing towards the main aisle again, we notice a handsome 
 case in which the American "Watch Company, of Waltham, 
 
OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 355 
 
 ^russncliu£c>tt.s, display an extensive assortment of Imndsome 
 watches in gold and silver cases. A few feet north of this case 
 tlic Elgin Wutuli Company, of Elgin, Illinois, exhibit their 
 watches and a nnniber of samples of the wheels and other move- 
 ments used in them. In Machinery Hall we shall see the 
 process by which these watches are made by machinery. Onr 
 country is rapidly taking rank with the older nations for the 
 excellence and beauty of its watches, and the accuracy and 
 rapidity with which they are made by machinery has chullcngcd 
 the admiration of the civilized world. The two companies 
 ntcntioned above are the most prominent parties engaged in 
 this branch of our industry, and are the best prepared to show 
 it to the thousands who gaze in wondering admiration at the 
 process as shown in Machinery Hall, and at the results as ex- 
 hibited here. 
 
 Crossing the main aisle we notice along its northern side a 
 formidable row of Gatling, Parrott and breech-loading guns. 
 The cannon are all fine specimens of the classes to which they 
 belong, and attract much attention. The display of small 
 arms is also very fine, and shows some interesting improve- 
 ments in sporting weapons. 
 
 North of the arms collection are the burglar and fire-proof 
 safes. All the principal safe makers arc represented, and the 
 display is exceptionally good and interesting. 
 
 Close by the safes, Ives, Blakeman & Co., of Bridgeport, 
 Connecticut, have a large stand with an extensive collection of 
 mechanical toys. Several persons are kept busy displaying the 
 ojiorations of these ingenious contrivances, and a crowd of 
 delighted little folks is always gathered about the stand. 
 
 To the west of this stand is a large case containing a hand- 
 some display of military uniforms and ornaments, exhibited by 
 SLiuiyler, Hartley & Graham, of New York. The most con- 
 spicuous object of this collection is a figure of the Emperor 
 AVilliam, of Germany, in a superb uniform. 
 
 AVe now enter a region of ready-made clothing and ladies' 
 costumes. The principal display here is made by the well- 
 known houses of John Wannamaker <& Co., of Philadelphia, 
 
 a Hi 
 
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 ^^■-ssei!: 
 
356 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 Devlin & Co., and Madame Demorest, of New York, and 
 Homer, Colladay & Co., of Philadelphia. The last-named 
 house exhibits a number of wax figures dressed in the most 
 beautiful and costly costumes. 
 
 Continuing on the north side we notice a handsome display 
 of terra cotta ware. Galloway <fe Graif, of Philadelphia, exhibit 
 some beautiful vases, tazzas, pedestals and fountains. The col- 
 lection of articles for homelier uses is also very good. 
 
 Along the western end of the American department on the 
 north side is a capital exhibit of ropes and cordage, from the 
 most delicate pack-thread to the stoutest cables. We have now 
 reached the extreme limit of the American department on the 
 north side, and returning to the main aisle cross to the south 
 side at the soda fountain which stands opj)Osite the Mexican 
 court. In the front line on the south side of the main aisle 
 are the vaults of the Ceniennial Safe Deposit Company, looking 
 the very picture of strength and security, and next above this 
 the Seth Thomas Company, of Thomaston, Connecticut, display 
 a large collection of American clocks. The clocks of this com- 
 pany are admitted to be fully equal to the best French time- 
 pieces, and the Avriter can testily to their excellence from many 
 years' use of them. The designs are tasteful and handsome, 
 and the clocks being made by machinery, are sold at about half 
 the cost of a first-class foreign clock. 
 
 Immediately above the clocks is the Telegraph Department, 
 fronting also on the main aisle. Here are telegraphic and elec- 
 trical instruments of every description. The Western Union 
 Telegraph Company have here a handsome case of French 
 walnut, showing the workings of a " telegraphic switch," for 
 shifting the magnetic current from wire to wire. A complete 
 collection of telegraphic apparatus is to be seen here, and a 
 thorough illustration is given of the system by M'hich the exten- 
 sive lines of this company are operated. 
 
 On the main isle, just west of this section, are handsome 
 models in silver of the palace cars of the Pullman and Wood- 
 ruff Companies. 
 
 The display of glassware along the main aisle is very beauti- 
 
OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 357 
 
 ful and quite extensive. The finest specimens of cut and 
 ground glass are to be seen here. This department extends 
 southward from the main aisle, and embraces also a large collec- 
 tion of plainer and more substantial articles of glass. Wheel- 
 
 NEW YORK STATE BCILniNO. 
 
 ing, West Virginia, and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the two 
 principal scats of American glass manufacture, are well repre- 
 sented, and New Jersey and Massachusetts also make excellent 
 displays. 
 
 in 
 
358 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 Just beyond the glassware, on the main aisle, is a magnificent 
 display of fine gas fixtures by the leading manufacturcis of 
 New York and Philadelphia. This is one of the most notable 
 features of the American department, and many of the articles 
 exhibited are exceedingly beautiful. The collection takes up a 
 great deal of room, and shows to what a surprising extent the 
 taste of our people for luxury and variety has gone in the single 
 direction of apparatus for light. No foreign country has any- 
 thing to compare with us iu the extent of the display in this 
 line. 
 
 The next department is that of the silver and plated ware. 
 The firms represented here are principally from the Eastern 
 States, and the display of the finest grades of plated ware is 
 large and magnificent. The various manufaeturing firms repre- 
 sented appear to have exhausted their ingenuity in the produc- 
 tion of rare and beautiful articles for display at the great 
 Exhibition. The cases are rich and massive, and are in strict 
 aecordance with the beautiful objects they contain. Tiie Mcri- 
 den Britannia Company and Reed Barton have exceptionally 
 fine displays, many exquisite bronzes being among that of the 
 former firm. The show-cases of these firms are the most ele- 
 gant in the whole American section. 
 
 The jewellers make a fine exhibit of their wares, Bailey & Co., 
 of Philadelphia, being the first whose display attracts us. They 
 have a handsome pavilion, in which is a large and beautiful col- 
 lection of jewelry and precious stones. 
 
 At the intersection of the main aisle with the central transept 
 is a crescent-shaped Moorish pavilion of beautiful design, and 
 ornamented in warm, rich colors. It is in all resj)ccts the most 
 beautiful structure in the Exhibition, and is occupied by Mcs'^- s. 
 Tiffany & Co., and Starr & Marcus, of New York, Cald.. .1 & 
 Co., of Philadelphia, and the Gorham Manufacturing Company, 
 of Providence, R. I. Those houses display the richest and most 
 costly articles to be seen in the Exhibition. The finest joxvcls 
 arc to be seen here in profusion. Tiie cameos exhibited by 
 Starr & Marcus are among the most exquisite in the world, and 
 are selected with skill and taste. Tiffany & Co exhibit a 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 359 
 
 s\iperb collection of precious stones in the most beautiful set- 
 tings, and Caldwell & Co. c" ay a, line of beautiful jewelry 
 and silver ware which are the envy of many a fair gazer upon 
 them. The Gorham Manufacturing Company, famous as the first 
 manufacturers of silver and fine plated ware in America, fully 
 sustain their well-earned reputation by their display here. The 
 l)rincipal object of their exhibit is the magnificent "Century 
 Vase," which stands at the entrance to their section. It is of 
 solid silv^er, and is four feet two inches in height. The length 
 of the vase is five feet four inches. The vase rises from the 
 centre of the base, which rests upon a slab of polished granite, 
 and both the vase and base are ornamented with a number of 
 groups, the figures of which stand out boldly and beautifully. 
 Each of these groups is emblematical. The following is the 
 description of this splendid work of art given by its pro- 
 prietors : 
 
 " The pioneer and Indian represent the first phase of civiliza- 
 tion. Groups of fruit, flowers, and cereals, the natural products 
 of the soil. The slab of polished granite signifies the unity and 
 solidity of the government on which rest the thirty-eight States. 
 The band of stars, thirty-eight encircling the piece, thirteen in 
 front, represent the present and original number of States in the 
 Union. The group on the left is the genius of war, with the 
 torch in her right hand, while the left grasps the chain holding 
 the ' dogs of war ' in check. A shell has shattered the tree, and 
 a broken caisson wheel is half buried in the debris on the battle 
 ground. The group on the right is the lion led by little chil- 
 dren, musical instruments and flowers strewn on the ground, all 
 denoting perfect peace and security. The medallion in front is 
 the angel of fame, holding in one hand the palm branch and 
 laurel wreath, and in the other a wreath of immortelles and a 
 portrait of Washington. The medallion on the opposite side is 
 the genius of philosophy and diplomacy, with one hand resting 
 on the printing press, and with the other holding a portrait of 
 Franklin. On either side of the plinth is a head of the bison, 
 the king of the prairie. Having now passed the Revolution 
 and witnessed the restoration of peace, the nation commences 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 m 
 
 IWK 
 
 W 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
3G0 
 
 THE U^LUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 its growth, and hence, from the plinth the vase rises. Tlie front 
 panel of the vase represents genius, ready to inscribe on tlie 
 tablet the progress made in literature, science, music, painting, 
 sculpture, and architecture. On the reverse panel, genius is 
 ready to record the advancement in commerce, mining and 
 manufactures. The cover of the vase bears tlie group in wiiich 
 tiic story culminates. The figures denote Europe, Asia and 
 Africa, while the central figure, America, is inviting and wel- 
 coming all nations to unite with her in celebrating the triunijili 
 of her Centennial year. The cost of the vase was §7(J00. 
 
 I'assing to tlie southward we find near the central transept an 
 extensive display of chemicals and paints. These are grouiicil 
 tastefully, and with their brilliant hues constitute one of the 
 most attractive features of the American department. Consi)ic- 
 uous in this collection is the exhibit of John Lucas & Co., of 
 Philadelphia, one of the largest and best known houses in the 
 Union, whose extensive works are located at Gibsboro', New 
 Jersey. The display of this house embraces a fine exhibit of 
 white leads and zincs, colors, paints, varnishes, and window- 
 glass, both white and colored. Some magnificent specimens of 
 zinc ore are displayed, and the processes of manufacturing white 
 lead and white zinc a hown in the simplest and clearest 
 manner. The high repu ution enjoyed by this house, and the 
 extensive display made by it, render it one of the most conspicu- 
 ous " features" of the Exhibition. To visitors interested in or 
 familiar with this branch of American industry it is unnecessary 
 to add that this is the representative house of the Union in this 
 line. Close by is the handsome exhibit of printing inks made 
 by Charles Enu Johnson & Co., of Philadelphia, the largest 
 and best known manufacturers of these ai'tit^ies in Ai;'orica. 
 The goods are displayed tastefully, and a crowd of the members 
 of the "fourth estate" may always be seen gathered around the 
 stand, inspecting the wares which exjierience has taught them 
 are unexcelled by any of their class in the world. 
 
 Going eastward again we notice the handsome display of the 
 cologne and perfume makers of th's 'oaniv'. The firms repre- 
 sented arc from New York ainl Pi>il:ulclpVi;;i .Ixiefly. Burnett 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAF, EXHIBITION. 
 
 361 
 
 has a [iretty black marble fountain which sends up a constant 
 jet of cologne water, and where the tired visitor may enjoy the 
 delightfui privilege of batiiing his forehead with the refreshing 
 licjuid. Wcnoh, of New York, has a handsome bamboo pavilion, 
 from which perfumed sprays are thrown, filling the air with 
 their delicious fragrance. Lundborg, of New York, has a tall, 
 gayly decorated Moorish pavilion, in which he makes an exten- 
 sive and attractive show of his perfumes. 
 
 Going eastward still we enter the furniture dej)artment, and 
 it requires but a glance to see that the West has offered a sharp 
 competition to the East in this, its specialty. There are some 
 line specimens of furniture from the West, the State of Michigan 
 being especially well represented in this respect. The display 
 of furniture is very large, and some of the finest specimens are 
 from Columbus, Ohio. The makers of the finest grades of fur- 
 niture in New York and Philadelphia have gone to great ex- 
 pense in setting up their exhibits. Many of them have con- 
 structed rooms of the usual size, which are handsomely carpeted, 
 provided with curtains, doors, frescoed ceilings and walls, and 
 superb gas fixtures and mantel-pieces. The rooms are open on 
 one side. With the homelike surroundings thus provided the 
 furniture shows to the best possible advantage. It is of the 
 most elaborate description, and is richly upholstered. Smith & 
 Campion, of Philadelphia, exhibit a suite of four rooms, consist- 
 ing of a parlor, library, dining-room and chamber, fitted up 
 magnificently and furnished with the most costly articles. Some 
 rich specimens of interior decoration are also shown by the firms 
 represented here, prominent among those being the decorations 
 furnished by Marcolte & Co., of New York. George J. Hen- 
 kcls, of PhiK;de'phia, has a fine chamber suit of maple, made 
 from the wood of an old maple tree that grew in Independence 
 S(piare. It Nvas over 200 years old when it was cut down. 
 
 North of the furniture collection is the display of j)hi]().soj)hical 
 and surgical instruments. It is quite large, and the articles 
 compare well with those in the English, French and Swiss 
 dL'partments, Among the most conspicuous objects of this col- 
 
 I ■ 
 
 V'l 
 
 ,ui 
 
 ;■) '!i 
 
 m 
 
 r»v«t*^-?'"e 
 
SG2 
 
 TUB ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 lection is the fine equatorial transit instrument exhibited by 
 Messrs. Fouth & Co., of Washiugtou, D. C. 
 
 From the scientific department we pass on and find ourselves 
 in tlie piano-forte collection. All the principal firms are reprc- 
 
 STUDIO OF THE >fATIO\AI. rHorOfiKAnilC COMrANY. 
 
 sented. Steinway, Chickcring, Wcbor, Knabc, and a score of 
 well-known names greet us at evrry turn. Eacli maker lias 
 sent his best instruments, and the hiiiliost skill has been exerci-rd 
 in the construction of the beautiful frames in whieji the.«e are 
 idaced. All the spaces occuijicd by the piano makers are cn- 
 
 fir^'i'i •' ■' ■ *■-■ • -T ,,,,,, ,f.i.-f , • >f ; , f" ' " ' /" '■ " 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 363 
 
 closed, and many of them are covered with elegant pavilions, 
 richly carpeted, and provided with seats ior visitors. Several 
 of the leading firms jjave engaged distinguished performers to 
 show off their instruments, and one is sure of always hearing 
 some brilliant pianist while lingering in this department. The 
 collection covers a large area and is very complete. In the col- 
 lection of Wm. Knabe & Co., of Baltimore, there is a harpsi- 
 chord made for Charles Carroll of Carrollton, a centnrv iijro. 
 
 Alongside of the pianos is the display of cabinet organs, 
 which, though smaller, is quite as handsome as that of the 
 stringed instruments. George Wood & Co. and Mason & 
 He.mliu exhibit some beautiful instruments, and, as far as 
 exterior ornament goes, arc certainly in advance of their coni- 
 pet'tors. Two pipe organs are on exhibition dose by. 
 
 We have now completed our survey of the American depart- 
 ment of the main hall, and must turn our attention to the dis- 
 play made by foreign countries. 
 
 Great Britain and Ireland. 
 
 First among these nations is the kingdom of Great Britain 
 and Ireland, the mother land of our young republic. The space 
 occupied by the British section lies north of the main aisle and 
 west of the central transept, and is not enclosed by a pavilion 
 or any other structure. Each exhibitor was obliged to provide 
 and set up his own show-case, and these, while always executed 
 in a thorough and workmanlike manner, are as simple and 
 unadorned as possible. They are painted black with gilt mould- 
 ings. Professor Archer, of the British Commission, states as a 
 reason for this, that his country has learned from its great expe- 
 rience in international exhibitions, that too great a display in 
 the furniture detracts from the appearance of the exhibits 
 proper. A banner of red, with the words "Great Britain and 
 Ireland," is suspended from the roof over the entrance. 
 
 At the entrance, opposite the music stand in the central tran- 
 sept, is a rich display of silver and plated ware by Elkington & 
 Co., silversmiths, of Birnn'ngham. The collection embrace!* 
 many articles of great value and beauty, and is the gem of the 
 
 rii 
 
 ■t- :i 
 
d64 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 Brlti;jli exliibit. Some splendid bronzes are included in it, and 
 one may pass hours in inspecting the objects displayed by this 
 enterprising firm, whose exhibit is valued by the London Times 
 at $500,000. One of the most beautiful articles to be seen here 
 is the " Helicon vase," in repouss6 and richly enamelled, which 
 is valued at $30,000. The reproductions in electro-deposit of 
 ancient works of art from the South Kensington and British 
 Museums are especially interesting. 
 
 Adjoining this splendid display is the space occupied by 
 Messrs. Cox &, Co., of London, who exhibit a large and hiuul- 
 some collection of church plate, wrought-iron and brass work, 
 church furniture of various kinds, and some fine ebonized and 
 carved oak furniture. 
 
 Going north, along the eastern end of the British section, we 
 reach the display of porcelain, pottery and majolica ware. In 
 her porcelain England fairly rivals France, the first nation in 
 Europe in the extent and beauty of this manufacture, and in 
 pottery and majolicas leads the world. The display of porcelains 
 made by A. B. Daniell & Son, of London, is extensive and very 
 beautiful, including ornamental vases, candelabra, splendid 
 dinner, dessert, and tea sets. Brown, Westhead, T. C. Moore 
 & Co., of Staifordshire, also make an elegant display. 
 
 Li pottery, England excels nil the nations in her display. 
 The collection includes vessels of all kinds for household, 
 scientific and commercial uses, drainage and objects of orna- 
 ment, statuary, etc. Some of the statues and busts are remark- 
 ably fine, and the display, on the whole, is beautiful and 
 creditable in the highest degree. One of the most complete and 
 conspicuous displays is that of Bates, Walker & Co., of Biirslcm, 
 in Staffordshire, from whose circular we take the following 
 account of the process of the manufacture of the articles dis- 
 played here, which is identical with that followed in all pottery 
 establishments. 
 
 "The raw materials of the manufacture are commonplace 
 enough — certain clays from Devon and Cornwall, China stone 
 and flint being the principal. Tlie latter is calcined, broken up, 
 and ground with watei- in a large cylindrical tub, lined at the 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXIIIBITIOX. 
 
 365 
 
 bottom with hard siliceous stones. From the central vertical 
 si'.aft working in this tub pnject arms between which large loose 
 stones are placed, and the mill being, set going, these move 
 round on the bed-stone, grinding the flint until it forms with 
 the water a creamy fluid. The China stone is treated sepa- 
 rately, but in a similar manner, and the clay is mixed up with 
 water and then made to pass through silk sieves of exceeding 
 fineness, having a reciprocating movement, and which arrest 
 impurities in the clay, as also the coarser particles. Next the 
 ingredients, in their semi-fluid state, are mixed by measure in 
 large underground tanks, from whence the 'slip,' as the mix- 
 ture is now called, is pumped into lon<r bags of a coarse cotton 
 fabric. A number of these bags being filled, they are i)laced 
 side by side in a press actuated by powerful screws, and thus 
 subjected to powerful compression the water filters throiigh the 
 bags in a perfectly j)ure and limpid state, the solid clayey com- 
 pound being left behind. The dough-like masses removed iVoni 
 the bags are thrown into a pug mill with an internal spiral 
 arrangement of knives, which cut up the clay, and it is gradu- 
 ally forced through an opening in the mill in a perfectly homo- 
 geneous and workable condition. Having now seen how the 
 fine plastic material which is to form the body of the ware is 
 prepared, the next thing is to follow it into the potters' domain 
 pure and simple. There are two methods by which the clay is 
 made to assume the required shapes, viz., by throidny and 
 mouldivg. The former operation requires considerable manual 
 dexterity, and is accomplished by the aid of the potter's wheel, 
 the essential part of which is e^imply a horizontal revolving disc. 
 Tlie potter places on it a lump of clay, and while it revolves, 
 fashions it with his fingers into any shape that may be desired. 
 Articles thus formed in the rough are, when partially dried, 
 finished by turning thorn in a lathe, A less expensive method 
 of fashioning the clay is that which involves the use of plaster 
 of Paris moulds. Such things as teacup"^ which require to be 
 of a uniform thinness, are made by pressing thin sheets of clay 
 into the moulds, which absorb the superficial moisture of the 
 paste, and allow the articles to be removed without injury. 
 
 » f ' - w -rvw ■ r ■ r ' ^ r w m r-r - ■ r .• - ^ f 
 
 I IB 
 
 l.i 
 
066 
 
 THE I ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 Ewers, jugs, teapots, ami articles of somewhat intricate slmpe 
 are ruriaed in moulds wliich are in several parts. Spouts, 
 luuullcs, etc., are moulded, and afterwards joined to the body of 
 the vessel by liquid 'slip.' Coming now to that part of the 
 factory where plate making is going on, we notice that the plan 
 adopted combines both the processes of throwing and moulding. 
 A moidd tiu'ned to the shape of the upper surface of the plate is 
 placed on the revolving disc of the potter's wheel, and a thin 
 sheet of paste is pressed on to it; then, while in movement, the 
 potter places in position a tool representing a section of the 
 l)late, and this pares <]own and shapes the clay to its own out- 
 line. Their edges Jiaving been finished oft", the plates, still on 
 the moulds, are placed in a hot closet on shelves which slowly 
 revolve, and by this ingenious arrangement the drying of the 
 goods to the desired degree is well accomplished. Being formed, 
 the articles, of whatever kind, must be 'fired,' and they are ac- 
 cordingly packed in coarse earthenware vessels called saggers, and 
 these are j)iled one on the other in the oven until it is quite full. 
 The furnaces are now lighted, and an intense heat kept up for 
 about forty hours; the oven is then allowed to cool, and when 
 the saggers are withdrawn they contain the ware in the state 
 known as 'biscuit.' At this stage we are introduced to the 
 decorative processes of tlie manufacture. The patterns are 
 printed on peculiarly soft and thin tissue-paper from copper- 
 plates, and are transferred to the ware by applying the printed 
 tissue-paper fo its surface and rubbing it on. The biscuit being 
 of a highly absorbent nature, readily receives the pattern, and 
 the paper is got rid of by the application of water. Gilt dec- 
 oration is largely used, and the patterns are printed on the ware 
 in a kind of size, the gold alloy being afterwards dusted on. 
 Before heating the gold is quite dark ; during that process it 
 changes to a dirty yellow, and is only brought out in all its 
 resplendency by the operation of burnishing with agate. The 
 more elaborate patterns are hand-painted on the ware, and there 
 is scope here for the display of the most artistic execution. Each 
 color has to be separately applied, and the many heatings the 
 ware has to undergo to bring out the tints exposes it to such 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 567 
 
 risk of injury that other manufacturers arc disinclined, in con- 
 Ke(iuencc, to apply this variety 1' decoration to their goods. 
 After the biscuit has received its ornamentation, it is dipped in 
 a glaze, and the final heating it undergoes vitrilies the latter, 
 and calls up the natural vividness of the colors Ibrming the 
 patterns." 
 
 The tile makers have n fine collection. Several of the struc- 
 tures enclosing the bpaei's of the exhibitors are constructed 
 entirely of tiles bearing han Isome paintings, and finished in the 
 most perfect style (»f the art. The iainous house of Minton 
 tt Co., of Stoke-u poll-Trent, have perhaps the most perfect col- 
 k'ction in the groui). The designs are fine, and the workman- 
 siiip of the highest class. Maw & Co., and Craven, Dunnill 
 it Co., of (Shropshire, also make a fine show of geometrical 
 mosaic, encaustic, and majolica tiles, among which are a number 
 of fine reproductions of ancient works, as well as modern 
 designs. 
 
 The collection of tiles is chiefly near the north side of the 
 British section, at its ea^tern end. Returning from this to the 
 front line, we notice, near the collection of Elkington & Co., the 
 exhibit of ornamental iron-work, made by Barnard, Bishop & 
 Barnard, of Norwich. The most prominent object of this col- 
 lection is the fine pavilion of iron-work filled with the wares of 
 the firm. The South Kensington Museum has purchased 
 duplicate portions of this building as specimens of the finest 
 styles of ornamental iron-work of the nineteenth century. 
 Just above this collection a sujicrb crystal chandelier, sus- 
 ])cnded over a fine display of cut glassware, attracts our atten- 
 tion. It is the handsomest in the building. 
 
 Passing northward, we reach the collection of furniture. A 
 p])eeial feature of this department consists of the handsome and 
 comfortable-looking brass bedsteads, of which quite a number 
 are displayed. 
 
 Messrs. James Schoolbred & Co., of London, have one of the 
 handsomest pavilions in the Exhibition. It is divided into a 
 number of chambers furnished with exquisite taste in the Anglo- 
 Indian style. These cozy apartments arc exceedingly attractive, 
 
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 THE ILI.USTnATED HISTORY 
 
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 and visitors are loud in their praise of their arrangement. This 
 house also exhibits sotne fine furniture of the Jacobean and 
 Queen Anne styles. A fine display of decorative furniture is 
 also made by W. Scott Morton, of Edinburgh. The furniture 
 exhibit includes many beautiful specimens of interior decora- 
 tion and adornment, and is a fair representation of a school from 
 which our own decorators might learn much. 
 
 The collection of ornamental mantels, fire-places, and heatintj 
 ap])aratus stands in the rear of the furniture. It is handsome, 
 but in point of convenience and completeness is inferior to that 
 displayed by our own country in the annex to the Main 
 Buildinfj. 
 
 A cons])icuous feature of the British collection is the mag- 
 nificent tent, or booth, constructed of purple velvet hangings, 
 and ornamented with a superb collection of specimens of em- 
 broidery and needlework. An exquisitely worked scroll over the 
 entrance tells us that this is the pavilion of the "Royal School of 
 Art and Needlework." This school is under the especial patron- 
 age of Pier Majesty, Queen Victoria, and the greater part of the 
 embroideries displayed aie the work of the royal family or of 
 ladies of ncble birth. A screen worked by the Princess 
 Christian attracts much attention from visitors. The hearty 
 interest displayed by the Queen of England in our Exhibition, 
 and the generous manner in which she has personally taken 
 part in it, merits and should receive the cordial acknowledg- 
 ment of our people. 
 
 Against the nortl.ern wall of the building are suspended two 
 seamless pieces of oil-cloth, each about twenty-five by forty-five 
 feet in size. They are from Kirkaldy, in Scotland. 
 
 Returning once more to the main aisle, we enter the depart- 
 ment of cotton and woollen goods. The exhibit in these lines is 
 immense, and extremely varied. The articles are of the host 
 quality, and are displayed in the most artistic manner. Linens 
 also abound here, and excite, as they well deserve, the praise of 
 all visitors. A case of magnificent Irish poplins is exhibited 
 by Pirn Brothers, of Dublin. They are among the most beau- 
 tiful fabrics on exhibition in the Main Hall, and a crowd of 
 
OF THE CENTKXXIAL KXIIIinTlOX. 
 
 569 
 
 visitors is always colloclcd amiiiul tlie:i!. Tlic iiniious IJai- 
 bii<j;,ii:an Hose Mannllictiircrs make an iiitc:;vr.tiii<^ and comploti; 
 exhibit near hy. Tlie display of laces, silks, ribbons and silk 
 iiibrics is also vory tine. 'J'lio d('[)ai'unent of textile llihries 
 includes lOn^land, Scotland and Ireland, and fully sustains the 
 claims of the IJiilish kinploni with re^iard to this branch of 
 her manuflietures. A conspicuous portion of this ex'iibit is the. 
 handsome display of satleens and cloths for tailors" ust-, made by 
 Ferguson Jirothers, of the Holme Head \\'orks, near Carlisle. 
 These goods are of the most sujH'rior class, and are consMenMl 
 nne(jMalled in the Exhibition. The well-known house oi" 
 William F. Jiead, of Philadelphia, is the American representati\'e 
 of this firm. Hitchcock, Williams tt Co., of London, display 
 a case of lumd-itine and c(.mplete toilettes iur ladies, el(?<>'antly 
 set oiY on wax figures. 
 
 Farther north is the collection of jewelry. This is handsonio 
 in many respects, but is not such a display as was h<iped for 
 from (ireat liritain. One or two cases are especially noticeable.. 
 -James Aitcthison, of lOdiidjurgh, has a pretty exhibii, of Scottish 
 jewelry in gold and silver, Higida.nd ornaments, and {)reciou$ 
 stones found in Scotland; and William Gibson, of Belllist, has a 
 line display of Irish bog-oak jewelry. 
 
 The exhibit of < til Urv, tools, and hardware is larije, and 
 
 includes London, 
 
 'Hi eld 
 
 an< 
 
 I J 
 
 iirmin.<xham 
 
 The 
 
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 olfiu'cd are of the finest quality, and are tastefully arranged. 
 Tn this department the Te!egra|)h (Vuistruction and [NTaintain- 
 ence Company exhibit a collection of specimens of the diff'er- 
 \t submarin(^ cables laid l\v them in various j)arts of the 
 
 ei 
 
 world. 
 
 The disi)lay of ecientific and ]iliiloso])hieal instruments is 
 
 extensive and muisnally goo(h All the leading makers are 
 
 sDci'imens on e\hil)ilion are amou": the 
 
 renr(\s 
 
 cnted, 
 
 ani 
 
 1 th 
 
 n> 
 
 very best in the building. Some fine watches and chronome- 
 ters and a number of musical instruments are to be seen 
 
 near l)V. 
 
 In the alcoves along the northern wall of the building the 
 carpet makers display their finest products, litre are to be 
 
 it 
 
I w.m 1 1" IWl- 
 
 I 
 
 III 
 
 I 
 
 o70 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 seen the most beautiful Axmiustcr, Wilton, and Indian carj)ets 
 and rugs tiuit Great Britain lias evor sent to this country. The 
 larger ones, woven in a seamless piece, are suspended against 
 the wall, aufl may be (examined readily by the lovers of these 
 beautiful fabrics. 
 
 NEW JEUSKY STATE BUILDING. 
 
 A fine collection of fire-arms is to be seen near by, together 
 <vith apparatus for hunting and fishing, a collection deeply 
 interesting to sportsmen. 
 
 At the western end of her section Great Britain has grouped 
 
 the 
 •Viis 
 
Ihcr 
 
 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXIIIDITION. 
 
 371 
 
 tlin exhibits of licr publishers, and Jior educational display. 
 The latter is not large, and does not do justice to the eomitry 
 which has done so much ti)r the cause of kno\vlecl!i;e. Jle 
 o-roat universities are not represented at all, and her excellent 
 school system is scarcely shown, a cireunistanec nuich to be 
 regretted. 
 
 The book-men have but a slight representation. C'assell, 
 Pettcr t!k (lalj)in, of London, show a good collection of their 
 illustrated works, and JSlcssrs. liradbury, Agnew & Co., of 
 liondon, the proprietors o^ I'ltnch and the British EncyclopaxUa, 
 have a handsome j>avilion, at the entrance to which JNIr. Punch 
 stands, bowing a welcome to his visitors. The publications of 
 this house are well displayed, and the lover of books will not 
 fail to notice with especial pleasure the rich and exquisite 
 editions of Shakspeare to be seen here. 
 
 Immediately opposite, the London Illustrated Ncxcs and the 
 London Graphic unite in an enclosure along the sides of which 
 are displayed specimens of their illustrations and fine cut- 
 printing. The (jraphic exhibits a number of original sketches 
 and complete drawings of scenes and incidents in the late 
 Franco-German war, and a series of blocks showing the ditlcr- 
 ent stages of the process of wood engraving. A small printing 
 press worked by a gas-engine is used to strike off the illumin- 
 ated circulars of this firm. 
 
 The display of stained glass windows is more complete and 
 beautiful than has ever been made by England at any Intern!»r 
 tional Exhibition. These exhibits are to be found chiefly in 
 the windows of the gallery at the south end of the transept, 
 whore they show to the best advantage. 
 
 One-fifth of the entire space of the Main Building is taken 
 up by Great Biitain and her colonies. Of this, Great Britain 
 and India occupy one-half. 
 
 India. 
 
 The exhibit made by British I-idia is under the control of 
 the British Commissioners, and is chiefly from the India 
 Museum in London. It is neither as extensive nor , s fine as 
 
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 372 
 
 THE ILLUSTUATED HISTORY 
 
 tlio c'.\liil)it made at Vienna. Spoeimcns are exhibited, sliowin*; 
 eveiytiiing' tiie natives eat, wear or nse. The grains of" Intiia, 
 the cotton, and other products are arniiiined in ca^cs aecordinjr 
 to a reijnhir elas.silication, and are dcservin"- oi' a earefnl studv. 
 Native dyes are also siiown, together with a (juantity of .silks, 
 raw, floss, spun, and woven, and the eoeoc>n from which the 
 silk is obtained. Some of the silks are beautii'ully embroidered, 
 and some line sj)eeimens of oohl and silver cloth are to be seen 
 liere. The collection of laces and shawls is very attractive. 
 A set of magnilicently carved black fui-niture is included in the 
 collection, and attracts much attention. Jewelled wea]>ons and 
 native arms are among the showiest features of the dis[)lay. A 
 collection of native jiottery and metal W(»rk, lacquered ware, 
 boxes made of porcupine quills and .'^andal wood, some mag- 
 nificent native fans inhiid with ivory ami precious stones, some 
 singular drawings in mica, and a number of Hindoo antitpiities 
 aro also to be I'ound in this department. Some fine India car- 
 pets arc disj>layed. I)cllii sends some handsome embroidered 
 work, and ])ombay a rich collection of jewels. Along the 
 sides of the .s])ace are photographs of scenes in India, and of the 
 native races of that count ly. From the disj^lay made here one 
 may gather a fair idea of the people of India and their habits, 
 and contrast them with those of other lands. This, indeed, 
 should bo the main object of the intelligent visitor, and the 
 various Commissions have arranged their exhibits for the pin- 
 pose of facilitating this study. 
 
 The Dominion of Canada. 
 
 Canada occupies almost as much space as the mother country. 
 The exhibit is made under the direction of three Commissioners 
 from the Dominion and one from each of the Provinces. The 
 collection is made up of articles from the Provinces of Quebec, 
 Ontario, ]\ranitoba, Xova Scotia, Xew r)runswick and I3riti.-li 
 Columbia, The Dominion contributed the sum of .$100,000 
 to the expenses of the Ivxhibition, and the Provinces an equal 
 sum. The goods are disj)layed in neat uniform walnut cases, 
 but little expense having been gone to on this account. 
 
OP TIIK CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 373 
 
 Tlie extent and variety of the exhibition of Canadian manu- 
 ftctiires will surpri.se even those who suppose themselves well 
 versed in these matters. Cotton and woollen goods, hosiery, 
 boots and shoes, drugs and chemicals, sewing niajhinos, hard- 
 ware, saws, pianos, and wearing api>arel of all kinds, are dis- 
 played in profusion and of admirable (jualities. The leading 
 ship-builders on the coast send mode's of the vessels they have 
 consfucted, and Quebec and Toronto send fine specimens of 
 furniture. The Canadian potters send handsome specimens of 
 stoneware, which they claim is equal to the best Staf'ordshire 
 ware; and from Montreal there are finely wrought marble 
 mantels, which the exhibitors assert are ccpial in quality and 
 workmanship to anything produced in Italy. A large display 
 of furs is made, the Hudson Bay Company taking the lead in 
 this respect. 
 
 A specialty is the exliibit of the geological department, in which 
 the ores and petroleum of the Dominion are most prominent. 
 A lump of plumbago, six feet by four in si/e, is exiiibited. It 
 is said to be the largest ever mined. New Brunswick contrib- 
 utes some line specimens of red granite. A case of clothing of 
 skins ornamented with bead-work, and articles of adornment 
 of bead-wo:'k, made by the Indians of Canada, attracts mneli 
 attention. 
 
 'i'iie I*r<)vinee of Ontario disj)lays with great pride and mi- 
 nuteness her educational system. The plan adapted is similar 
 (o that of til!' Slates of the American Union, and no jiains have 
 been snared to make the showing complete. INfodels and draw- 
 ipii's ot the principal educational establishments are exhibited, 
 to^i'iher with the icxt-books used, and sj)ecimens of the pupils' 
 work, A handsome collection of }>hilosophieal apparatus and 
 maps is embraceil in the exhibit. 
 
 Altogether Canada has good cause to be satisfied with her 
 display, and the careful observer nuiy learn much that is new 
 to him of the progress of our northern neigh!)or. 
 
 The British Colonies. 
 
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 Til 
 
 
 Of the space allotted to the dependencies of Great Britain, 
 
374 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 i-'if 
 
 ;i 
 
 Canada lias three-sixths, the Australian colonies two-sixths, 
 and the remainder is divided among the African and American 
 colonies. 
 
 Hfew South Wales. 
 
 The Australian colonies exhibit many interesting objects, 
 New South Wales, which lies in the southeastern portion of 
 that continent, has endeavored to show by her display the 
 extent and variety of her resources. Fine photographs of 
 Sidney, the capital, said to l)e the largest ever taken, constitute 
 a prominent part of the exhibit, and show to the visitor what a 
 stately city has grown up in the far-off country which but a 
 generation back was almost unknown. 
 
 The exhibit of wool is very large, and fairly represents the 
 extent and importance of this branch of Australian industry. 
 An extensive collection of mineral specimens, including copper, 
 antimony, iron, gold and kaolin, is shown, among which is a 
 pyramid formed of blocks of coal and samples of all the carbon- 
 iferous specimens discovered in the country. A number of 
 lumps of tin ore, and blocks of refined tin, show what New 
 Zealand can do in the mining of this metal, and a lofty obelisk 
 of gilt siiows the amount of gold that was taken from the country 
 from 1851 to 1874, which was 8,205,232| ounces, valued at 
 $167,949,3oe5. 
 
 Samples of silk and silk cocoojis, and a number of specimens 
 of the work of the natives of tiio country, are shown. The fine 
 timber which forms so prominent a ))art of the ex])orts of the 
 colony is shown in a nimiber of excellent specimens of sections 
 of trees. A large block of kerosene shale is to bo seen, from 
 which the kerosene oil used in the colony is manufaeture<l. 
 
 The whole exhibit is deeply intei'esting and instructive. It 
 is arranged with great care and judgment, and is a fair showing 
 of the resources and progress of the country it represents. 
 
 Queensland. 
 
 The exhibit from Queensland is contained in an enclosed 
 apartment, on the north side of the British ^piux;, immediately 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXIIIIJITION. 
 
 ;<o 
 
 opposite the New South Wales section. It is in charge of Mr. 
 Angus Maeliay, of the Quecnslandcr (the leading journal of the 
 colony), a gentleman who has identified himself closely with \\m 
 progress of this liir-oil' country. It is in all respects one of ihe 
 most interesting in the building, and is so admirably arranged 
 that it does not fail to attract throngs of inquiring and appre- 
 ciative visitors. Queensland occupies the northwestern [)art of 
 Australia, and is a raj)idly-growing and thriving colony. It 
 originally formed a part of the colony of N'jw South Wales, 
 but was separated from it and given an uidepeudent administra- 
 tion some years ago. 
 
 The visitor's attention is at once drawn to a tall obelisk 
 covered with gilt, which shows the amount of gold exported 
 from Queensland between 1868 and 1875. It was sixty-five 
 tons forty-one pounds and six ounces, and was valued at $35,- 
 000,000. A fine collection of gold-bearing quartz is arranged 
 around this obelisk. The collection of minerals is very com- 
 plete, and embraces all that are found in the colony. There are 
 specimens of tin, copper, arrowroot, woods, oils, silk, timber and 
 antimony. The production of tin is increasing every year, and 
 now exceeds that of gold. Indeed, the principal supply of the 
 tin used by the civilized world is now drawn from Queensland. 
 Several lumps of copper ore are exhibited, weighing five tons in 
 the aggregate, and twenty-two different kinds of wood are 
 shown. The botanical collection is very rich. Some fine native 
 sugars are exhibited, and the display of wool is large and of an 
 excellent quality. A case of native implements and clothing, 
 exhibiting the dress and habits of the native Australian, forms 
 an interesting part of the collection. Black wall tablets are 
 suspended around the enclosure showing the mining, grazing, 
 au'ricultural and gcoloy;ical statistics of the colonv, and below 
 these is an extensive array of paintings and ])hotogra))hs illus- 
 trative of the country and its inhabitants. The whole exhibit 
 is so arranged that the colony and its resources can be under- 
 stood almost at a glance. 
 
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376 
 
 Tin: IIJ.UHTUATED HISTORY 
 
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 '&\i 
 
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 Victoria. 
 
 The colony of Victoria oeciipies the southeastern corner of 
 Australia, and covers an area of about 88,198 square inilee. It 
 
 C0Lor;\ro and Kansas state building. 
 
 has a population of about 820,000. The capital is Melbourne, 
 one of the largest cities in Au.stralia. It is better provided with 
 railways than any of the Australian colonies, and its people are 
 well educated, education beitig free, secular, and compulsory. 
 The exhibit of this colony embraces a display of Jier mineral 
 
 '\m 
 
 I ii-i 
 
 imjx 
 
OP rilE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 377 
 
 resources, iududinj^ fue-siinile.s of I'lionnous nuggets of gold 
 luuiul in her rieh gold fields; u elassi lied eolleetlon of roeks, 
 minerals and I'ussils, illustrative of the geology, mineralogy and 
 mining resourees of Vietoria; and a eoUeetion of gems antl pre- 
 t'iuus stones, eonsisting of diamonds, blue sa|»j)hires, oriental 
 emeralds, rubies, acjua marines, topazes, spinels, beryls, opals, 
 garnets, tourmalines, ete. A number of specimens of chemieal 
 j)reparations from Australian products will be found in this 
 section, and the display of home-made pottery is excellent. 
 8i)cciinens also are shown of the manufactures of the colony in 
 cotton and woollen goods, and silk threads and raw silk pro- 
 duced in Victoria. Samples of paper made from difTeront barks 
 are shown, also a collection of fine photographs. The Austra- 
 lian climate is the most favorable in the world to photograjjliy, 
 and all the s[)ecimcns from that continent are very fine. The 
 grains and other agricultural products, the wools, collee and 
 native wines, arc also well dis|)laycd. A small exhibit is made 
 of the educational svstcm of the colonv, and als(t of the work of 
 the penal institutions. Around the walls of the enclosure are 
 hung a number of photographs and paintings of places and 
 scenery in Victoria. 
 
 South Ausfrolia. 
 
 iiiis IS on 
 
 HC of the largest of the Austi'alian colonics, and 
 li'S south of (Queensland and west of New Souiii Wales. It 
 comprises i\n area of 91 l,7.'>() scjuare miles, about onc-tliird the 
 sl/e oi'tlio ITuitcd States, i\Ui\ has a population of 21(>,()ill). It 
 is rapidly increasing in po])iiIati()u and wca!lh. Its principal 
 ex])orts arc wool, wh(>at and copper. The cxliiMi of the colony 
 inehides specimens of gold (piartz, copper ores, ii'on ores, bismuth 
 i.\\u\ maiachite, olive oil, native wines, the native woods, barks, 
 grains, and other vegetable products, wools and raw silks. Ar- 
 .icles made by the native Australians are also exhibited. Fine 
 photographs of Adelaide, the cajntal, and various places in 
 South Australia, are hung around the enclosure. 
 
 .1 if 
 
 
 
 '1 
 
 
378 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HI8TOKY 
 
 i 
 
 
 /\few Zealand. 
 
 The colony of New Zctilaiul consists of the three i.slani]^, 
 known lis the North, Sonth and St'; wart Islands, and the several 
 n('i<fhhorii^^ small islands, all of which lie in the Pacitic ocean, 
 to the southeiust of Australia. The total area is about 1()(),()0() 
 square miles; the population about 299,014. The exhibit of 
 the colony is not very large, but includes specimens of the ores 
 — such a.s copper, lead, zinc, manganese, iron and coal — found 
 in the islands. Tlie principal feature of the exhibit, however, 
 is the display of paintings and drawings representing the country 
 and its inhabitants; the models of its public works and the 
 large photographs of scenery and places in the colony. There 
 is also an interesting collection of Maori weapons and imple- 
 ments. 
 
 The Gape of Good Hope. 
 
 The colony of the Cape of Good Hope comprises an area of 
 about 201,000 square miles, and has a population of 770,158, 
 of which 1S7,4;J9 are whites. The arrangements of the exhibit 
 of the colony are exceptionally good. The display includes 
 some rich specimens of copper ore, black oxido of manganese, 
 diamonds, saltpetre and coal; native articles of dress; native 
 jewelry and weapons; specim(;ns of the wines and brandies 
 made in the colony ; leather, wool, mohair, agricultural |)ro- 
 ducts, ivory, skins, and specimens of the birds and animals of 
 the Cape. Here also are photographs and paintings of the 
 scenery of the country. 
 
 The Gold Coast 
 
 The exhibit of the Gold Coast colony is small, but well 
 arrang(!d. It embraces some fine specimens of g^^^ dust and 
 native ornaments of gold ; skins of the wild animals of the 
 African coast ; native idols, clothing, weapons anu other articles. 
 
 Jamaica. 
 
 The island of Jamaica has fitted up a small pavilion, in which 
 it displays its favorite rums and sugars, its cofiee, cotton, medi- 
 cinal barks, hemp and native woods. 
 
 ^^■■■^^.-jmm} 
 
V'f. 
 
 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXIIIBITIOvV. 
 
 C79 
 
 The Bermudas. 
 
 In the small pavilion appropriated to the Bcrnuula islands a 
 handsome collection is gathered, consisting of shells, corals of 
 the most exquisite forms, palm-leaf baskets, mats and fans, and 
 native woods 
 
 The Bahamas. 
 
 The Bahama islands dis[)lay some beautiful specimens of shell 
 work, large shells, native woods, tobacco, cotton, beeswax, and 
 tough fibres of the native trees of the islands. 
 
 Trinidad. 
 
 Trinidad's display is small, and consists mainly of specimens 
 of the agricultural and mineral products of the colony, and a 
 number of samples of the native manufactures. 
 
 British Guiana. 
 
 The exhibit of this colony consists principally of sugars, r^ms 
 and specimens of the reptiles found in the colony. 
 
 Tasmania. 
 
 The collection of Tasmania is small, but interesting, and 
 represents the native products, the mineral and the agricultural 
 rcsoiu'ccs of the colony, with photographs and paintings of 
 scones and places in the island. 
 
 Taken as a whole, the British display is larger and bettor 
 than that at Vienna, and the colonies make an exhibit which i? 
 gratifying and instructive in the highest degree. 
 
 France. 
 
 The space occupied by France lies on the north side of tho 
 building, immediately east of the central transept, extending 
 from the main aisle to the north wall. It is about one-half as 
 large as the space assigned to Great Britain. The section is 
 unenclosed, and the cases are simple but perfectly constructed. 
 They are invariably painted black, with ornamental lines of 
 
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 TUK n.IAISTUATKI) JIISTOUV 
 
 frill, and with lln! iianics of tho cxliihiiorH aUove in ^ilt lollcr.s. 
 This unifoiniily iiiid ,sintj>licity were prcscrihcd hy M. (h; S«>ni- 
 rranl, tho J)ii(i'tnr-(icn('r!il of riiincc, for all lnt"rnalional 
 lOxhihitioiis. I It; cstahlished this rc-rnlation at tin; I'aris Kx- 
 
 " %ii 
 
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 i ^ * 
 
 AliKANSAS srATIO lU;iM)IN<i 
 
 position in l.Stw, and has enforced it ever since. It has the 
 ^ood resnit of previMitinfj; persons from losiiit;; siM;ht of (lie 
 heanty and exc('llen<'e (•!' the j^oods displayed in their admira- 
 tion of the cases. The eleij;ant simplicity of the I'^rench Deparl- 
 iniMi! is, however, very pleasint^. 
 
 
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 OF 'I'lii; <!;nii:nmai, i:.\iiii!rii<i.N. 
 
 ;,si 
 
 \ 
 
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 Tlic [H'liii'Ipal ciifr'ncc |() tlic I'^rciicli scctidii is at tlic inter- 
 .'-('rli(»ii ol' the main ai>li' witli the central transept, o|t|i<)-~ite (lie 
 !iiiisi(' stan<l. Ild'e, in a semi cirenlar spaee, is a ei.lleeiinn of 
 
 e\< 
 
 .I'l 
 
 iiiisite hroii/.e-^ and arlieles in ;.'ill ami veid aiili(|ii<'. Tlic 
 
 n «>!' tiie wliole eolieetioM i a manlei- pieee of lilaek liiarMe 
 liriccii I'eel liijrii, <)rnainenl<i| willi statues and iii^^ii relieCs 
 in ;;il( ami v<'r<l aiiti<|ne hron/.e. It lias nn rival in the lv\- 
 liiliilion. r»aei< of the IVnnt. line one finds a rieh and Ixautil'id 
 (li-|»Iav of anti.'|ue liirnitiire, eal)ine(,s, cje., all -if wliieli are 
 \( rv attraelive, an<l maii\' of w lii< n are oi" j^reiit \aliie as works 
 u\' art. 
 
 ( 'Id.-^e liv is (Ii(( dis|ilay oC |M>i'celaiii and |inl|(r\-. This is the 
 IarL;<>l |»nr(inn ol' the I'reneh exhililt, and 1)\ (iir (he nin.-l 
 allraetive. There are lt)nr <<illeeti(ins nC poreelain |prii|)er, ami 
 six <»l' liiience and inajtiliea. 'I'he |Mii'eelains are arran'.'i'd ahmi^ 
 the "entral (r'anse|tt, and I'aee (he !'ji^li.-li di>|)lay in friendlv 
 diTianee, heinj; sejtarated IVuni it only hy the iimail walls. In 
 this department I''ran<'e is altsolntely peeile-- anion;; the nations 
 of l']nro|ie, and (he I'are h.anty aii<l extent <»(' her di^pinv will 
 delight all lovers of lieaudl'id ohjeeis. 'I'he liimons hoii'-e ol" 
 l'>:irl»i/.('( A' Son, ol' Paris, exhihii a nnniher of (heir mat<'lile s 
 re|>i'o(l!ie(ioiis of I'alissy ware, each ai'tiele heinj; worthy of eare- 
 (nl stiidv. Another lionse cxliihits only woi'hs in imitation of 
 old (iiieiK'c. .Inles lioiir\- *V ( 'o., ot I'aris, dl-|ilav a eolleetion 
 of ex<|iiisite china and liiience, and some aiti-lic rnniitiire. 
 I'aul l>lol, another well-known dealer, has an exhihil ol" the 
 most delicate and heantirnl ^k'-suare for nse and oinament. 
 I'elletieriV Son, of St . .Iiist on t lie I /)ire, show some rich stained 
 j^lasses for windows ; and !*..!. lirocard, ol' I'aris, has a lar^reand 
 liaiidsomc displav ol' ehandeliers an<l mirror,-, arraiiecd with 
 cxeeptiotial ^'ood taste. 
 
 TIk! front line alon^ (he main al-Ie is taken np principallv 
 with a display ol" <'Iolhs, cotton .!j;oods, silks, velvets, f,do\is, 
 liU'CH and wearin'j; apparel. The "(kmIs displaved in i his dcp.art- 
 inent arc e\cce(liii;r|y heandru!, and (lie exhiliit, is ver\- laree. 
 Tli(> silks and velvets are displayed in <'ases enclosiiiir a coiirl, in 
 which the exhibitors have provided cushioiiod seats, that the 
 
 I 
 
882 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 '1*1^ 
 
 ti\t 
 
 W. i1 
 
 lady visitors may examine tlic beautiful fabrics at their ease. 
 The variety of the display is astonishiuiz;. All tiie great niaiui- 
 faeturers of J>yoiis and Paris a.o represented, and each has 
 exhausted his ingenuity to make his exliibit as beautiful and as 
 varied as possible. Here are silks, velvets and satins, ribbons 
 and silk threads of every coneeivable hue and texture. The eye 
 is dazzled by the brilliancy of the collection, and at the same 
 time one is charmed with the perfect good taste of the arrange- 
 ment. 
 
 The clothing department is also extensiv^e and includes 
 wearing ap[)arel of every description. Some of the costumes 
 for ladies are suj)erb, and are not excelled by any in the Exl "- 
 bition. They are displayed upon wax figures, and are thus 
 seen to the best advantage. Among these are several magnifi- 
 cent court dresses, which are the delight of lady visitors. The 
 display of laces and lace fabrics is very fine, and is also quite 
 extensive. The collective display of the lacemakers of the 
 department of Calvados is one of the most complete in the 
 French section, and in it are a number of superb lace shawls 
 which receive, as they deserve, general admiration. 
 
 (Joing back from the front line, near the western end of the 
 French court, we find a handsome display of Aubusson tapes- 
 tries, worked by hand, in which the weaver has introduced as 
 many as three thousand shades of wool. These arc hung prin- 
 cii)ally around the outer walls of the pavilion of the French 
 booksellers, and constitute a series of rich and beautiful 
 ornaments. They are woven into fine pictures, which at a 
 distance resemble i)aintings, and the shadings are as deli- 
 cate and as })erfectly laid on as if the work had been done \s ith 
 a brush. 
 
 Haiti & Co., of Paris, make a showy display of statues for 
 churches, of painted plaster. The centre })iece is a group 
 representing the Adoration of the Infant Saviour by the Shep- 
 herds and the Wise Men. There is a stable of boards, with 
 real straw. The Holy Child lies in the manger and at either 
 side kneel Mary and Joseph, while grouped around are the 
 shepherds and the four kings. The figures are about two- 
 
1 
 
 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 S83 
 
 tliirds life-size, and are brilliantly painted. A crowd i.s always 
 gathered about the space, and the group receives as nuicli 
 notice, perhaps, as anything in the French collection. 
 
 Gou[)il & Co., of Paris, have a separate enclosure in which 
 arc displayed their iainous art publications. ]Many of these 
 engravings are laniiliar to the people of this country, ha\ iiig 
 been extensively sold by the agents of the publishers in the 
 United States. The collection is very fine, and shows the art 
 of steel engraving in its most perfect form. 
 
 Opposite this enclosure is the pavilion of the Paris book 
 publishers. Several of the great lioiises are represented. 
 Ilachette & Co. show a number of fine illustrated works, in- 
 cluding Bida's beautiful etchings of tho lM)in* (jlospels. An 
 interesting exhibit is also made of educational and sci- 
 ciitilic works. Ducher & Co., of Paris, exhibit a fine 
 collection of works on architecture, and at the centre of 
 the j)avilion is a superb reproduction of an oil painting in col- 
 ored litliograi)hy. 
 
 To the north of the booksellers' pavilion are a number of 
 liniidsome carriages, made princij)ally in I'aris. They are 
 elegant and costly vehicles, and are fitted up i'l the most 
 siinij)tuous style. Among them are a steam velocipede and 
 two velocipedes worked by dog-power. The latter are singtdar- 
 looking vehicles, jirovidcd with three immense Avheels, one in 
 iront and two behind. Between the hind wheels is a comfort- 
 al>Ie buggv seat for the convenience of the rider. The two 
 liind wheels are made of light iron spokes, extending in a 
 double row from the hub to rim. ]Jctween these rows is an 
 inner wheel or cage of stout wire-work in which the dog is 
 placed. The animal thus works a sort of tread-mill, which 
 turns the larger wheels and propels the machine. This singular 
 vehicle is known as the Cynofere, and is said to run well on 
 smooth surfaces. In the carriage department will also be seen 
 a handsome array of trunks, saddles and harness. 
 
 Just beyond the carriages is the exhibit of cutlery. This is 
 very fine, and the articles are beautifully displayed, but the 
 ixhibit is not equal to that of Great Britain. Tha chemists 
 
 1^' ■!! 
 
o84 
 
 THE IIJ,UsrK.\TED HISTORY 
 
 also niiiko an attractive display, and beside tlioDi are the glass- 
 innlicrs. wlio.se collection t'Xtciids up to the central transept and 
 
 nmkeiv, wlio.se co 
 dist 
 
 lor .so!ne distance north ware 
 
 th 
 
 d. C 
 
 onspicuoiis anioiiLi; the articles 
 exhibited are several immense sheets of i)latc glass, which tower 
 towards the roof. They are said to be the largest specimens 
 plate glass in the world, and their transportation from 
 
 Ol 
 
 ilie 
 
 steamer 
 
 to the Exhibition groinids was eilected with extre 
 
 me 
 
 dill 
 
 icuHv. 
 
 Near the western end the perfnniers make a cajjital display 
 of their w;ircs, bnt do not dispense them to the pnblic as 
 lavishh- as do the exhibitors in the same line in the American 
 department. 
 
 Tiie display of that largo class of objects known on the con- 
 tinent of Europe as Arlic/cs dc Paris is extensive, and occnjiies 
 a vcrv considerable part of the Ercnch si)ace. It covers a wide 
 range ol' articles, and may be said to inctlnde every object t!i:it 
 can be used in the adornment of the person or of tlu; house. 
 U'he j(!welrv is a notable feature, and several rich exhibits are 
 made, and are characterized by the peculiar loveliness and 
 originalitv which bi'longs to the metropolis of Europium ,'ivili- 
 zation. 'I'he list embraces bronzes, clocks of original and 
 beautiful design, precious stones, tims that are the envy of all 
 the fliir visitors who look iqxMi them, articles in ivory, ebony, 
 tortoise shell, crystal and steel, inant<'l oinamentj- and a thou- 
 sand other beautiful things which may be scmmi and enjoved in 
 this s|)lendid collection, but which it wonlil take a volume to 
 describe. 
 
 The dej)artment of engineering and architecture includes a 
 series of finely executed ma|)s and plan< of the J^uez Canal, a 
 fhie model of the steamship '' IVreire," plying between New 
 York and Ifavre, and a number of maps and i)lans and iiitelv 
 illustrated works and reports upon subjects belonging to this 
 deixirtment. 
 
 The collection of scientific and philosojihical instruments is 
 excellent, and represents the best work of the best makers. 
 The musical instninients are chiefly horns, flutes, violins and 
 
in 
 
 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 385 
 
 miislc-l)oxes, though a few pianos and parlor organs are in- 
 chided in the collection. 
 
 The French exhibit of mining and metallurgy was trans- 
 ferred to Agricultural Hall for want of space in the Main 
 Building, and will be noticed in another part of this work. 
 
 T!ie offices of the French Commission are in the gallery to 
 the east of the Roosevelt organ. 
 
 I OS a 
 al, a 
 
 int'ly 
 this 
 
 Us i> 
 
 and 
 
 TlIK BOOK TKADK KXIUIJIT— SUOWING J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO.'S CASE. 
 
 25 
 
 n 
 
 ;l»' 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ■1» 
 
 • ill"" 
 
 liltii' 
 
CHAPTER XII. 
 
 TJIE MAIN T5UILDIXG — CONCLUDED. 
 
 Gormany— Location of the German Section— .i Superb Dissplay of Porcelain — 
 Beawtifiil Va.-scs — Plate ( Jhuss — lironzes — Tlio Silks — Display of the Elher- 
 A'Ui Manufacturers— Tlie Ivory I'avilion — Tiie Cheniical Display— The 
 A'elvet Pagoda — The Hospital Department — Fine Church Decorution.s — 
 Models of an Ocean Su'anier — The Hook Pavilion — The Austrian Court — 
 Mnirnilicent Bohemian (Mass— The Meerschaum Pijtcs — Kxnuisite Carvings 
 — Vienna Leather NN'ork — The Italian Court — Artistic Wood Carvings — 
 Beautiful Jewelry — CJiisswaro from Venice — Belgium — Magnificent Dis- 
 jilay of Textile Fabrics — Carved Furniture — Fire-arms — A Belgian School 
 and (Jynniiisium — The Luce Coiu't — Beautiful Iron Work — Pictin-es in 
 Tapestry — The Netherlands — A Grand Display of the Public Works of 
 Holland — The Woollen Goods — Model Farms — A Dutch Eating-house — 
 Kare and Beautiful Art Works — Educational FLxhibit -The Artisans' 
 fechool — Switzerland in Miniature — 1'Iie Watchmakers — Scientific Instru- 
 ments — The Swiss School System — liich Laces — The \Vood Carvers — 
 Sweden — Tlie Peasant (ironps — Scenes in the Home Life of the Swedes— 
 A Beautiful Exhibit — Fine Porcelains — The i?essemer Steelmakers — Dis- 
 play of the Swedish Army — Norway — Peasalit Groups — The Laplanders — 
 A Fine ColkcLion — The Danish Court — Etruscan Imitations — Escjuiniaux 
 Houses and Boats — The Spanish Pavilion — A Beautiful Structure— llicli 
 Display of the Resources and Wealth of Spain — Evidences of Spanish In- 
 dustry — The ICgyptian Court — A Rare and Beautiful Display from the Land 
 of the Nile — The Past and the Present — A Page from the Arabian Niglits 
 — Rich Robes — Articles from Central Africa — F^gypt's Agricultural ive- 
 pources — The Japanese Court — A Wonderful Display — Superb Bronzes-- 
 The Lacquered Ware — W'lat the Island Empire Exhibits — The Chlnesi 
 Court — A Beautiful and Curious Displa.v — Exhibit of the Orange Tree 
 State — Another Sample of Dutcli Energy — The Tunisian Court — Eastern 
 Magnilicence — Display of the Native Products and Manufactures of Mexico 
 — The Brazilian Pavilion — A Superb Edifice — Tlie Empire of Brazil Illus- 
 trated — Exhibit of the oHier South American States — Display from the 
 Sandwich Islands — The Russian Exhibit — Rich and Beautiful Objects from 
 St. Petersbtirg and Moscow — The Portuguese Court — A Handsome Collec- 
 tion — Special Portuguese Features — The Turkish Court — The Wonders uf 
 the Land of the Sultan — The Mineral Annex— The Carriage Annex. 
 386 
 
THE CEXTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 887 
 
 / <r*^ 
 
 Germany. 
 
 IKE her neighbors, England and France, Germany has 
 
 1? left her space unenclosed. It lies on the west side of 
 
 V the central transept, and extends frooi the main aisle 
 
 <r^ to tlie south wall of the building, covering a little 
 more than one-half the space occupied by Frii.jce. The 
 display is very fine, and the cases in which it is contained are 
 more varied than those of the other European nations. 
 
 The principal display, and the most beautiful single exhibit 
 in the building, is made by the Koyal Prussian Factory, of 
 Berlin. It stands at the int«;rseftin.i of the main aisle with the 
 central transept, and faces the si)lendid collection of Elkington 
 tt Co., in the English section, the rich bronzes and ])oreelain 
 of the French section, and the (tavilion of the jewellers and 
 silversmiths in the American Department. The collection of 
 these beautifid objects at this central point of the building 
 renders it by far the most attractive portion of the entire hall. 
 The space of the Royal Prussian Factory is occupied by a 
 large crescent-shaped ease, covered with b.aclv velvet and orna- 
 mented with gilt lines and bands. At each end of the case is 
 a tall column of ebony and gold, surmounted by a PriLssian 
 eagle in gilt. On the shelves of the case, which rise one above 
 the other, is collected a rare and beautiful disjilay of porcelain. 
 Vases, cups and saucers, plates, statuettes, busts, and other 
 articles of the most exquisite shapes, ornamented with the most 
 delicate and eare'ully executed paintings, arc gathered here. 
 Here are also framed paintings on flat plates of porcelain, each 
 of which is worthy of the most careful study. At the front 
 line of the collection stand three massive vases, its master 
 pieces, which are not equalled in tlu. Exhibition for richness 
 of decoration or the artistic merit of the paintings upon them. 
 The largest of these is the Germania vase, one side of which v^ 
 decorated with a painting of "Germania Cultivating the Arts 
 and Sciences," the other with a painting of "Borussia, the 
 fehield and Protectress of the Empire." The price of this vase 
 
 ' i"i 
 
388 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 ■,1 II 
 
 : ■ !& 
 
 
 is ^oOOO. Near by is the Aurora vase, decorated with a fine 
 co})y of Guido's Aurora, and valued at ^4500. The third is 
 the Otlio vase, of dead olive green, with a painting of "Otho in 
 the Tomb of Charlemagne." It is valued at $900. A hand- 
 some centre table of carved oak, with a porcelain top, on which 
 is painted a copy of Ilaphaers " Poetry," is valued at $2200. 
 One must linger long here to enjoy and appreciate this beauti- 
 ful display, each article of whicii is a study in itself. The 
 Royal Factory is the only exhibitor of fine porcelains. The 
 German exhibit is not, as a rtile, made up of objects of beauty 
 simply ; it is a collection of all the important industries of the 
 Fatherland, and includes articles in daily use by the lower as 
 well as the upper classes. 
 
 Immediately west of the porcelain exhibit, along the front 
 line, is a fine display of plate-glass, and beyond this is the col- 
 lective exhibit of the Gorman jewellers. It is contained in a 
 handsome case, and includes many objects of great value and 
 beauty. It does not compete with the exhibit of either the 
 United States, France, or England, but is well worthy of examin- 
 ation. The cameos and enamels are very good, and the oxidized 
 silver caskets are very pretty. 
 
 Going west still, along the front line, wo notice a considerable 
 collection of bronzes, the principal object of which is a copy of 
 the monument to Frederick the Great in Untor den Linden at 
 Berlin. Here arc shields and swords such as might have boon 
 !ised by some of the stout old German warriors centuries ago, 
 and a number of kindred pieces. This collection does not 
 represent the best school of German art at the present day. 
 
 Still going west, along the front line, we come to the collec- 
 tive display of the toy-makers of Nuremberg. They are of tin 
 and wood, and are contained in a large and handsome case, but 
 do not fairly represent the extent or variety of the industry 
 which employs so many thousands of German hands. Magde- 
 burg has also a case of toys exhibited through a Philadelphia 
 importer, who is singularly enough named Doll. 
 
 Beyond the toys, Gebbard & Co., of Elberfeld, make a fine 
 display of rich silks and satins of all hues, and in the next lino 
 
OF THE CENTEXXIAL EXIlIUrriON. 
 
 G89 
 
 of cases Saxony displays hor hosiery, her yarus, and her gloves 
 in tiireiid, wool and kid. 
 
 Still i'artlicr west, on the front line, is the colkotlve exhibit 
 of cloths made by the nianulacturers of the llliiiio land, and 
 beyond this Klbcrield makes a collective exhibit ol Italian cloth 
 and tailors' trimmings. The ElberfelU mumiiacturers contribute 
 a considerable part of the display of textile fabrics, and their 
 gootls are arranged in tall and large cases, well filled and taste- 
 fully arranged.' A prominent feature of the Elberfeld collec- 
 tion is a case of handsome prints illustrative of a new process 
 of dyeing goods. 
 
 Nuremberg has a space on the front line, just beyond Elber- 
 feld, in which she shows a collection of fine linens and damasks. 
 Close by. Saxony has a sin)ilar collection, and that country 
 brings up the rear of the German line ujion the main aisle 
 with an attractive exhibit of laces and embroidery, together with 
 a number of illustrations of the process of lace making. 
 
 We pass now from the front line to the aisle itumediately 
 south of it, and beginning at its western end, work our way 
 eastward again. We first notice some specimens of woven wire 
 goods from Dresden, close by which is a handsome dis])lay of 
 woollen articles from Berlin. 
 
 The next prominent object is a tall and elaborate ebony show- 
 ease ornamented with ivory — one of the most unique and attrac- 
 tive structures in the building. It contains a beautiful exhibit 
 of ivory articles by Heinrich Meyer, of Hamburg, showing the 
 different uses to which that substance is put. To the east of 
 this is a handsome case containing the collective display of the 
 Bavarian makers of metal-leaf and bronze colors. Gold and 
 silver leaf are shown here in great variety, and the powders of 
 these metals are contained in a number of glass cups. 
 
 A pyramid of printing inks stands .t the eastern end of the 
 aisle, and above and below it two of the Farinas, both hailing 
 from the bad smelling city of Cologne, exhibit their perfumes. 
 
 Turning southward, we find a number of cases along the cen- 
 tral transept devoted to the collective exhibit of the German 
 "iauufacturing chemists. The preparations displayed are ex- 
 
 f- !L« 
 
 "111* 
 
 Ui... 
 
 k 
 
 i\ 
 
 'I' 
 
 r 
 
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 tiii 
 
 fir 
 
 lit 
 
 ■^ \- 
 
 \M '»i^lH 
 
 ■iiiJ 
 
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 m 
 
 tVJO 
 
 Tin: ILLUSTKATED IIISTOIIV 
 
 (•('(<liii<fly intcrestiiif^, and are amonu^ the host of tlieir t'\a.-s in 
 the lv\liil)ition. Tlic display is very large, and i)roniinont in it 
 is the case of fine Aniline dyes exhibited by a Berlin house. A 
 large e;ise of ultramarine from Nuremherg stands at the western 
 end of the cheniical exhibit and attracts much attention, 
 
 (loing west from the chemicals, we notice a line collection of 
 lamps and lanterns from Lciji/ig, among which a number of 
 Chinese lanterns make a gocwl show. JJevond this is a tall 
 pagoda eonstrncted of velvet, gilt, and glass, containing a beauti- 
 fully arranged disj)lay of brilliant-hued fal>rics of cotton-velvot 
 from liindcn, in Hanover. At the lower ])art of the pagoda 
 arc a nnnd)cr of sniall drawers containing samples of the goods 
 displayed above, which may be oj)ened for the examination of 
 the s;)m])lcs. Opposite this pagoda is a bcantifid cnllcction of 
 Berlin worsteds iuid wools of the most exrpiisite shades arranged 
 in an attractive and artistic manner. 
 
 W'c have now reached the western (>nd of the Herman exhibit 
 once more, and turning southward enter the dej)artment of 
 musical instriunents, The displny oi' brass, reed ;uid stringed 
 instruments is (piite larg(\ Adjoining it on the east is a con- 
 siderable exhibit of (Jerman pianos. They are mostly in ca-es 
 of ebony, some of which arc richlj^ carved. A munbcr of t!;;' 
 leading ])iano-niakers of (Tcrmany are represented, but scareelv 
 any ellbrt has been made to compete with America in this lin<\ 
 The square form of ]uano is eonsj)ieuously absent. It is not 
 used novv' in Kuro])(\ and the eases in this collection are either 
 upright or of the "grand " form. Two makers exhibit cabinet 
 organs, and one a large pi|)e organ. Several orcliesti'ions are 
 also included in the collection. 
 
 Cl(»sr- by are the scientific and philnso|>hical instruments, the 
 leading makers of (Germany being r(>pi-esentcd. In the rear ol' 
 this, against the southern wall, is the collection of api)lianees 
 illustrating the hosjiital system of the German army. It 
 includes litters, ambulances, camp-beds, models of hospitals and 
 of railway hospital trains, and a figure showing the dress and 
 equipment of the brethren of the Geneva convention. There 
 are all sorts of surgical appliances, and books of instruction and 
 
OF Tin: (;i:ntj:nmai, ex ii inn ion, 
 
 101 
 
 [)li()tograplis of various .siirgicai operations. The whole sy.stem 
 of (Jerinaii military surgery unci iio.s[)ital nmnageineiit is well 
 -ihown in this litile corner whieh stands by itsull'. 
 
 ^os 
 
 llio 
 
 and 
 
 and 
 
 hon> 
 
 and 
 
 THE COLOSSEUM, SOUTHEAST COUNER BROAD AND T.OCUST STREETS. 
 
 Beyond the hospital department is a tower clo/k exhibited by 
 a firm from Hoyerswerda, in Upper Lansitz. The bell is so 
 
 • 1 
 
 I '^ 
 
 fir i*i 
 
 ....I 
 
U92 
 
 TIIK ILLrsTUATED IIISTOIIY 
 
 
 arranged that It can bu rung in the usual style, nnd \h liand- 
 soniely chased. 
 
 Adjoining this is tlio collective display of the cloek-makcrs 
 of the Bhu'k Foresit. It is large and attractive, and includes 
 nnisical clocks, and the small time-pieces which are a specialty 
 of this part of CJcrniany. Some of the clock cases are finely 
 carved and vcrv heautifnl. 
 
 To the east of the piano department, a Munich liouse exhihits 
 a large collection of church ornaments and figures of the 
 Madonna and the saints. The collection includes a "Christ on 
 the Cross," " a Christ in the Sepulchre," and a considcirahle 
 number of " Virgins " and saints. Each figure is gayly painted, 
 and each is ticketed with its price in true business style. Tiie 
 Madonnas are rather better than is usually found in work of this 
 class, and their expression is singularly sweet and winning. 
 The collection also includes a large altar in oak, with numerous 
 niches containing figures and painted panels. It is a brilliant 
 work, and is valued at $.3000 gold. 
 
 Immediately south of this collection, and near the entrance 
 to the " Ladies' room," the Hamburgh Steamship Company 
 exhibit two models of the " Frisia," one of their largest nn\ 
 best steamers. One of these shows the vessel complete in every 
 detail ; the other is a longitudinal section and shows the interior 
 construction of the vessel from keel to deck. The two models 
 are admirably executed, and show perfectly the construction 
 and equipment of a first-class ocean steamer. 
 
 Opposite these models is a handsome case containing a 
 fine display of lead pencils, crayons, and colors by the well- 
 Know manufacturer, A. W. Faber, of Nurend)erg. The next 
 case is that of his great rival, Schwanlia;isser, of Nuremberg, 
 who also makes an elaborate dis[)lay. 
 
 We come now to the handsome pavilion containing the collec- 
 tive exhibit of the German booksellers. It stands at the south 
 i^ide of the German section, in front of the Cafe Leland, and i* 
 black, with ornamental gilt lines and mouldings. The cases 
 are arranged arouncl the outer walls, and upon entering througli 
 either of the four portals the visitor finds himself in the midst 
 
OF THE OFNTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 393 
 
 ni" ii display of hooks to >\!ii(:h the array on the outer side was 
 but an introdiulion. The exhibit is very extt-Uhive and very 
 roMiplctc, and is the only thing in the building that can rival 
 tlio display o( the American book trade. All the leading (Jer- 
 iiiaii publishers are represented, Leipzig and Berlin eontribut- 
 iii^ the greater part of the eollection. The c(»lh'('tion is miscel- 
 laneous in its character. Some superb illustrated works are to 
 Ito seen here, and a number, of costly and valuable atlasses. 
 The eollection is open to the inspection of visitors upon appli- 
 cation to the official in charge. 
 
 The display of leather goods is large and excellent. Leipzig 
 sends some elegant furs; Stuttgart many specimens of inlaid 
 wood work, and some fine furniture in ebony and oak ; and 
 I)resden some handsome furniture from the establishment of 
 the Royal Saxou Cabinet-maker. 
 
 Ausfna— Hungary. 
 
 The Austrian section lies along the main aisle, and adjoins 
 that of the German empire on the west. Like the German 
 section it is unenclosed. It is handsome in many respects, and 
 much resembles the display from Germany, but cannot, on the 
 whole, be considered a fair showing of the great industries of 
 the Austrian empire. Hungary is scarcely represented at all. 
 The Hungarians were anxious at first to send a complete na- 
 tional representation of their country to the Exhibition, but 
 their enthusiasm was suddenly destroyed by the decision of the 
 government at Pesth not to make a separate national exhibit. 
 
 Commencing at the west end of the front line we notice a 
 fine display of cut and stained glass. There are other casep of 
 fine glassware at other points along the front line, and these, as 
 is proper, are arranged as conspicuously as possible. The glass- 
 ware is mostly from Bohemia, and constitutes one of the largest 
 portions of the Austrian exhibit. It is arranged on broad 
 counters with mirror tops, and makes a brilliant and attractive 
 show. It is of the fin^t and most delicate quality, and is 
 beautifully ornamented. The colors are of the rarest hues, and 
 are superior to anything of the kind to be seen in the building. 
 
 
 
804 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 L« 
 
 A rich ruby tint overlaid with gol/.eu vines is ono of the favorite 
 and most beautiful colors ; another is a clear heavenly blue 
 throui^h which a ruddy light resend)ling the glow of the setting 
 sun seems to shine steadily. The contrast between these rich 
 hues and the clear crystalline glass which gleams like a mas< 
 of diamonds is very striking. 
 
 The next display along the front line is of work in amber 
 and meerschaum. Austria has no rival in this class of work-. 
 The .amber si)ecimens are principally mouth-pieces for pipi- 
 stems, and the meerschaum work consists chiefly of ornamental 
 pi])es, which are often very artistic and of great variety. Tluy 
 rei)resent heads of famous personages, types of the vai'ious races 
 and nationalities of Europe, and animals, birds and fishes in 
 the sim[)ler styles, while the more elaborate have bowls richly 
 carved with hunting or historical scenes or comic representa- 
 tions of episodes in domestic life. 
 
 East of the j)ipes is a handsome collection of porcelain. It 
 is attractive, but cannot compare with the neighboring exhibits 
 in tliiri line. Continuing on our way we notice some lumd.-omc 
 laces which attract considerable attentioi]. 
 
 This brings us to the German section, and we turn off to the 
 southward and notice the extensive display of gloves of kid and 
 leather whi(.'h come principally from Prague. Close by are the 
 displays of the A'ienna manufacturers of articles in Russia 
 leather. They consist of albums, jjortemonnaies, mirror- frames, 
 caskets, diaries, and other articles for household adornnu'nt or 
 personal use. This, as all travellers know, is a great Viennese 
 industry. It is largely represented here, and the articles attract 
 general attention by their richuess and beauty. .V not her >\)Q- 
 cialty of Viennese industry is the manufacture of d''ess buttons, 
 and these arc extensivelv and handsomely shown here. The 
 display of cloths is principally from Moravia, and is well 
 worth examination, but does not fairly represent the great ^lo- 
 ravian industry. The silk-weavers of Vienna have a large and 
 iiandsome exiiibit tastefully arranged in rich cases of ''bony and 
 gold. The exhibit of jewelry is small, but contains some beau- 
 tiful ornaments and some fine precious stones. A Vienna house 
 
 ill 
 
 m^: 
 
OF THE CENTENXIATi KXHIBITr X. 
 
 3C5 
 
 slio'.vs some pretty ornaments of motlier-of-p?arl, and one troni 
 Prague some splendid garnets. In tlie furniture department 
 there are a number of iron sets wortliy of notice. The disjilny 
 of musical instruments is large and showy ; and the scientific 
 and philosophical instrument makers make a credita1)le exhibit. 
 The carpets shown do not comj)are with either England, France 
 or the United States, but are very good. 
 
 A consi(lerabl(> section is devoted to a dis[)lay of books, paper, 
 lithographs, and photographs. The princijial feature of th!s is 
 the collective exhibit of englncd'ing and architectural photo- 
 graphs, models, designs, and reports. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 The Italian section occupies the west end of the ^Fain Build- 
 ing, and lies north of the main aisl'\ The space is enclosed 
 wit!' a light frame-work, uith three tasteful arches fronting on 
 the main aisle. Over the central arch rises a shield bearing; the 
 white cross of Savov surmounted bv a troi>liv of national flajrs, 
 and above cadi of the other arches is a shield with the arms of 
 the kingdom and a trophy of flags. A tall flag-staif rises from 
 oneh end of the (Mitrance bearing a banner. The banner at the 
 eastern end is inscribed with the proud legend, " Italy Ignited 
 Forever," that on the west bears the inscription, ** To the Great 
 Italian Xavigator, Christopher Colund)us." 
 
 Entering the enclosure we notice first a collection of fine 
 bronzes, some of which are half life-size, and are reproductions 
 of ancient works of art. Beside them is a considerable dis- 
 play of furniture. Some of the pieces are heavy and elabo- 
 rately carved. A prominent object is an Episcopal chair and 
 desk carved in a masterly manner with the heads of chcrid)s, 
 and scenes from the Scriptures, An elaborately carved bed, a 
 bookcase, and mantel are also worthy of careful examination. 
 Venice has a case of cherubs carved in wood, which f^.re very 
 pretty. Milan has a number of inlaid tables, ornamented with 
 exquisite pictures in papier-mach6. One of these represents the 
 Milan Cathedral, and another St. Mark's, at Venice. 
 
 The display of wood carvings is very fine. The gem of 
 
 •a 
 
39G 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 ^ 'i 
 
 this collection is a mirror-frame, in dark, rich wood, with a 
 troop of chubby children dancing around it. 
 
 The exhibit of jewelry is not large, but contains many ha;jd- 
 some and valuable objects. Olivieri, of Venice;, sends soruo 
 line corals, and Salvo & Sons, of Genoa, displi'.y a collection 
 of ornaments in filigree and gold. Francatti & Santamaria, of 
 Home, exhibit a case of rare and beautiful cameos and Floren- 
 tine mosaics. Pio Siotto, of Rome, exhi!»its a case of cameos, 
 showing the various stages of cameo-cutting, from the shell to 
 the complete<l gem. In this collection are some of the finej«t 
 cameos in the Italian exhibit. 
 
 Venice sends a number of exquisite specimens of her glass- 
 ware, and also some beautiful mosaics and corals. A promi- 
 nent feature of this collection consists of the handsome mirrors 
 of all sizes, which ave in the best style of Venetian workman- 
 ship. There is a pretty exhibit of pottery and majolica ware. 
 It is not very large, but is very attractive. Alongside of it are 
 a number of statues, statuettes and busts in terra cotta and 
 baked clav. 
 
 Milan, Modena, Turin, Rome, Palermo and Lucca, send a fine 
 collection of raw and spun silks and silk goods, and Tuscanv 
 sends a creditable display of her world-renowr.ed straw goods. 
 
 A conspicuous object near the centre of the eastern side of the 
 Italian section is a large bell made in Venice and delicately 
 chased. It has been exhibited at all the recent International 
 Exhibitions, and has always taken a medal. A good showing 
 is made of musical instruments. Italy also sends a fair con- 
 tribution of t)ie plainer and more necessary articles of household 
 use, showing that her genius is being directed towards the more 
 prosaic as well as to the fine arts. 
 
 Along the northern end the photographers make their dis- 
 play, exhibiting, among other pictures, a number of rich "moon- 
 light effects." Here is a large map showing Garibaldi's plan 
 for improving the navigation of the Tiber and draining the 
 njarshes of the Campagna, and fronting this is a statue in 
 plaster of the " Liberator of Italy." 
 
 •Uli^f 
 
 I 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 397 
 
 Belgium. 
 
 The busiest country in Europe is well represented in the 
 Exhibition. The Belgian section lies immediately west of the 
 Brazilian court, and north of the main aisle. It is unenclosed, 
 but is conspicuous from the elegance of the cases with which it 
 is lined and the beauty and systematic arrangement of the goods 
 displayed. Along the front line the glass-makers have the 
 post of honor. A number of cases arc filled with handsome 
 specimens of plate and colored glass, and several immense oval 
 and rectangular mirrors stand towering to the ceiling at the 
 very front of the section. The glass exhibit is very fine, and is 
 richly worth examination. 
 
 At the western end of the front line stands a large wooden 
 pulpit elaborately and beautifully carved with scenes in the 
 life of the Saviour and figures of the saints. It is surmounted 
 by a canopy, ornamented with angels sounding their trumpets. 
 It is admirable for the art as well as the workmanship displayed. 
 
 Back of the front line we enter a region devoted to cloths 
 and woollen fabrics, of which a large and excellent exhibit is 
 nivide. Verviers sends her best products, an{> offers a sharp 
 oonipctition to both France and England in this department. 
 The manufacturers of this place make a collective exhibit. 
 Close by are the ebony and gilt cases filled with snowy linens 
 from Brussels. The skill and artistic taste of the Belgian 
 wood-carvers is shown in a collccti(m of carved furniture and 
 a massive mantelpiece, and in some excellent statues of this 
 material. 
 
 Although the most peaceful country of Europe, Belgium is 
 larg-elv engaged in the manufacture of fire-arms, and con- 
 sequently her display in this department is exten,«ivc and 
 valuable, and those interested in military matters will find 
 ample opportunity for the gratification of their cm'iosity. Not 
 far from the arms exhibit, the city of Ghent makes a curious 
 display, consisting of rags and waste ]>apers assorted in rows of 
 glass boxes, with this motto on the case : CoUir/ite frarfmrnfa ne 
 pereant ("Gather up the fragments, that nothing maybe lost"). 
 
 P II 
 
 U I 
 
 i 
 
 *l> 
 
398 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 ). » 
 
 i>f' '1 
 
 n 
 
 Near the centre of lier section Belgium displays a niotlel of 
 one of her public schools. The building is about twenty feet in 
 heiglit, is constructed of native pine, and is divided into several 
 apartments. Entering at the principal door, we find ourselves 
 in a small hall provided with washing apparatus, towels, and a 
 jTow of pegs for hats and coats. A door at the end of this hall 
 admits us to the school-room, whicii is furnished with rows of 
 desks and seats for the pupils, a platform and desk for the 
 master, a tall stove, a clock, and a crucifix. Blackboards and 
 all the apparatus used in the school are grouped about the room, 
 and specimens of the text-books used and a schedule of the 
 course pursued are exhibited. At the front end of the room a 
 door leads into the gymnasium, in which is a small model uf 
 this department. The school is admirably arranged, and gives 
 one a clear and comprehensive understanding of the system of 
 primary education in Belgium. 
 
 Close by the school-house are some marble mantels of beau- 
 tiful workmanship. They are in both white and colored marble. 
 We notice here, also, a number of marble slabs, on which some 
 curious landscapes atul figures are etched with aqua-fortis. 
 
 There is a handsome pavilion devoted to the purpose of 
 advertising the waters of the Spa. A fine display is made of 
 articles of cnd)ossed leather, a number of paintings upon wood, 
 jewelry, priests' vestments of cloth of gold embroidered with 
 silk, and fancv articles. 
 
 A small court is formed of the cases conlaining the laces of 
 Brussels and Mechlin. The display is large and magnificent, 
 and excels anvthiiig of the kind in the buildinir. The fabrics 
 are of an infinite variety in form and texture, and range from 
 tlie most delicate laces to curtains heavy with embroiderie;^. 
 Look where you may the eye rests upon some beautiful object 
 in this court, and you can but wonder at the patience with wliicl) 
 go many woinen have -.vorkcd their lives into these fabrics. 
 
 An excellent display' of books and scientific and philosophical 
 apparatus is made, and musical instruments fijrm a small part 
 of the exhibit of the " republican kingdom." 
 
 The iron and steel exhibit is not entirely satisfactory. It con- 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 399 
 
 pists of a few car wheels, a small display of bar-iron, and princi- 
 pally of small sections of rail bars, steel ingots, and iron girders 
 for bridges. It does not fairly represent the magnitnde or 
 variety of this great branch of Belgian indnstry, and gives us no 
 idea of the great works produced by the Belgian manufacturers. 
 We notice, however, tsvo doors of iron wrought in vines and 
 flowers, which are worthy to have been the work of the I'lor- 
 entine iron-workers of the middle ages. 
 
 An exhibit is madt;, close by the iron, of liquors and cordials 
 uiauuf'actured in the kingdom. 
 
 At the ni)per end of the section are a number of beautiful 
 tapestries from Malincs, equal in beauty and workmansl.ip to 
 those we have noticed in our account of the French exhibit. 
 One of them is a portrait of Rubens; another a portrait of 
 Cousin in Arabian costume; and a third a full-length painting 
 in the style of liOuis XVI. Eight jjanels, grouped together, 
 represent the eight gods of Olympus, with all their attributes. 
 
 The Neiherlands. 
 
 The Dutch section lies on the north side of the main aisle, 
 between the Brazilian and Mexican courts. It is one of the 
 most ornamental in the building, and is enclosed Mitli a light 
 arched frame-work, painted in cream-color and gold, and hung 
 with heavil} draped curtains of maroon -colored velvet. There 
 are three entrances in the front line and several at the sides. 
 Over the central entrance is a trophy of the uati«mal colors and 
 the arms of the kingdom in gold. The entrance on the east 
 eide of the central arch leads to the exhibit of the colonies of 
 Holland, and that on the west of the central arch to the depart- 
 ment of public works. Holland makes a larger and better 
 arranged display here than she did at Vienna, and her various 
 industries and the energy and skill of her people are shown in 
 the most favorable light. 
 
 One naturally turns first to the department ,of public 
 works, not only because of the imposing disj)lay which it 
 makes, but because it is to the patient and skilful labor of her 
 pcoj)le in this department that Holland owes her existence 
 
400 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOKY 
 
 m'M 
 
 among the nations of the earth. In tliis section a number of 
 finely executed plans, models and photographs are shown, from 
 which one can learn how the work of reclaiming land from the 
 ocean is carried on, and can gain a clear knowledge of the 
 system by which the little kingdom is protected from the in- 
 roads of the sea, a work which reciiiires ce:iseless vigilance and 
 the most intelligent labor. Models are exhibited which show 
 at a glance the change that has been made in the surface of the 
 kingdom, and from the study of these we can well understand 
 how it was possible for the desolate marshes of the North Sea 
 to become one of the busiest, richest ana most intelligent 
 countries of Europe. The energy and intelligence that could 
 conquer the elements and make a home in the face of such 
 obstacles is capable of anything. The docks, railroads, bridges 
 and other public works of the kingdom are shown by a series 
 of photographs, drawings and models. Indeed so complete is 
 the display of these illustrations that a few hours spent in 
 examination of them cannot fail to make the visitor thoroughly 
 acquainted with and give him a profound respect for the little 
 kingdom and its sturdy people. Holland justly devotes con- 
 siderable space to this department, for in no other way could 
 she so thoroughly show her triumphs in the work of civili- 
 zation. 
 
 Passing out of the department of public works into the 
 general exhibit of the kingdom, we notice near the cntraiuv 
 some beautiful specimens of inlaid furniture. One of these is 
 a screen decorated with scenes from Faust, in papier-mache. 
 Close by is a display of lacquered ware, as handsome and as 
 well executed as anything in the Japanese exhibit. 
 
 Delft sends a fine collection of carpets woven each in a single 
 piece, in imitation of the iSmyrna carpets, and softer, thiekcr 
 and richer in color than those famous fabrics. Alouy-side of 
 these is a collection of fine blankets, some of which are nearly 
 an inch in thickness, and all as soft and delicate as down. 
 With them are disj)layed coverlets, thickly wadded and deli- 
 cately quilted, which are the housewife's delight. The display 
 of woollen and cotton cloths, of matting's and m 
 
 'b) 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 401 
 
 the 
 
 traiK'C 
 -c is 
 UK 'ho. 
 lul a» 
 
 -ingle 
 lickcr 
 do of 
 nearly 
 down. 
 .1 doli- 
 lispliiy 
 ugs, is 
 
 also exceptionally good. Jute goods form a specialty of this 
 collection. 
 
 Just back of this display is a queer hand fire-engiuc, set on 
 little wheels and requirinj^ sixteen men to work it. One can 
 hut smile at the contrast between this old-fashioned machine 
 and the splendid ''steamers" on exhibition in our own depart- 
 ment in Machinery Hall. 
 
 The Dutch armv exhibits samples of the fire-arms used bv 
 it; and to make the display truly national a manufacturer 
 sends a case of the long-stemmed j)ipc which is the inseparable 
 companion of the Dutchman. Close by is a fine display of 
 chemicals; and near this we notice a number of excellent 
 specimens of wood-graining, A collection of tiles auvl oil 
 cloths is also shown, in which the diff'-rent marbles and woods 
 are perfectly imitated. The collections of glassware and of iron 
 and tinware are good, and near them are several of the immense 
 covered wicker bathing-chairs familiar to those who have vis- 
 ited the seashore resorts of Holland. 
 
 The agricultural system of the kingdom is <lisplayed by the 
 exhibition of a model farm in miniature. It is no doubt well 
 adapted to the needs of the country, but shows lew <lctails that 
 our own farmers will care to copy. A number of plaster casts 
 of (I'tujccfa membra of cattle afflicted by the plague are also 
 shown. A. number of models of Dutch houses are exhibited, 
 among which is the model of an eating-house, showing the 
 whole interior arrangement. Another model shows the system 
 of thatched roofs in use in the Dutch colonies. 
 
 A special pavilion is used for the exhibit of the Dutch pub- 
 lishers. Here are to be seen a number of fine illustrated works, 
 and the lovers of rare etchings will find a treat for them in the 
 collection displayed by the book trade of Amsterdam. Con- 
 spicuous among the art works is the beautiful Memorial 
 volume, published in commemoration of the war of inde- 
 poiulence, in which the Dutch, with pen and pencil, do homage 
 to the heroes that saved them from the destruction ])repared 
 fur them by Spain. 
 
 The exhibit of school apparatus, text-books, desks, maps, qU\, 
 26 
 
 |UH 
 
402 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 i.s admirable, and sliows what good work Holland is doing in 
 the cansc of knowledge. The Artisan School, of Kotterdam, 
 established in 18G9, makes an interesting showing of its work. 
 It is designed to give theoretieal and practical instruet'on in 
 the useful arts, and turns out each year a class of sidllcd 
 and educated workmen. It is doing its work quietly but 
 thoroughly. 
 
 The colonial department is exceedingly interesting and very 
 complete. All tiie colonies are represented, and the products 
 of each are shown. The collection includes grains, woods, 
 barks, fruits, oils, metals and otiier minerals iu great abun- 
 dance. The weapons and clothing of the native tribes are also 
 shown, and include curious filigrees and some rich silks and 
 embroideries and silver cloths. The principal display is fi-oin 
 Java, and the cinchona trade of that colony is illustrated pro- 
 fusely i)y means of photograj)hs, specimens of bark, leaves, etc. 
 Coffee forms a large part of the exhibit. 
 
 Against the northern wall of the building is a handsome 
 pavilion of ash — one of the i)rettiest structures in the hall — 
 containing the offices of the Royal Commission, the members 
 of which iiave abundant reason to be satisfied M'ith the apjiear- 
 ance their country makes in this grand assembly of the nations 
 of the world. 
 
 Switzerland. 
 
 The Swiss section lies on the north side of the main aisle, 
 between France and Belgium. It is unenclosed, and is one of 
 the plainest in the building in ornamentation. It is not the 
 less interesting for this absence of decoration, and receives a 
 fair share of the attention of visitors. 
 
 On the front line is arranged a large collection of watches, 
 the most important article of the Swiss export trade. Nearly 
 all the leading makers are represented, and back of these cases 
 are displayed the tools by which the watches are matle. A 
 number of cbcks, including a large electrical clock, form a part 
 of this exhibit. Musical boxes and mathematical, scientific 
 and philosophical instruments come next, and the display of 
 these is excellent and extensive. They are of the finest (piality, 
 
OF THE rENTENNIAL EXITiniTIOX. 
 
 403 
 
 tlio S\vl.«s hciut!: as prnficioiU in the iimiuifUotureof them as they 
 are in the making of watches. 
 
 ]Jac!< of this line is a large pavilion, the entrance to which is 
 throngh an archway in the front. On one side of the arch is a 
 o)lcn(li(l niaj) of the geological snrvcy of Switzerland, and on 
 the other a line geographical inip, each richly worthy of study, 
 riie arch itself is eoni[)(),sed of panels ornamented with the 
 iiriiis of the various cantons, and above it stands the white 
 cross of the republic. The pavilion is devoted to an cxhihilion 
 of the educational system of Switzerland, au;l consists of charts, 
 tiiodels and apparatus used in the system of ohject-teaching. 
 Drawings, text-books and specimens of the ])upi!s' work in the 
 common schools are also shown. The Swiss publishers luako 
 tlicir exhibit here, and in this pavilion are displayed line 
 photographs of scenery and of the cities and public works of 
 Swit/orkuid. These views, together Avith the maps at the 
 nil ranee, give the visitor a iliir idea of the topography and 
 scciierv of the eountrv. 
 
 One of the most notable featrnvs of the Swiss exhibit is the 
 fl 'splay of embroidered la.eo curtains from the canton of St. 
 ('x:.\\. These curtains are made by hand; the pntterns are rich 
 nid artistic, the workmanship of the finest quality, and the 
 completed fabric constitutes a genuine work of art. 
 
 A large exhibit is made of coarse woollen goods for peasant 
 wear, and some good silks and fine straw work are shown. 
 
 The wood-carvers, who are so numerous in Switzerland and 
 so flnnous for their sk'll, make a large and attractive disp'ay. 
 Their wares exhibit a wonderful degree of patience as well as 
 skill, and arc as various as they are ( \cellcnt, consisting of 
 miiiiature chalets, churches, birds and iic\ast3 of many lands, 
 cuckoo elo('ks, tables, brackets, etc. 
 
 The office of the Swiss Commissioners is a pretty chalet, and 
 stands against the northern wall of the building. Swit/erhuid 
 docs not make as large or as comprehensive a display here as 
 she did at Vienna in 1873, but her exhil.'ii: is still deeply in- 
 teresting, and should be carefully studied. 
 
 ' 
 
4Ul 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED IHSTORY 
 
 Sweden. 
 
 The Swedltih court is situated on tlie north side of the main 
 aisle, to the west of the space occupied by the British colon !<>. 
 It is enclosed along the siiles, but the front is open and i- 
 marked merely by a series of ta'l, ornamental flag-statis, bearing 
 banners of blue with the Swedish crt)ss in vellow. Festoons ol 
 
 EASTKIIN KNTKANCK TO THK SWEDISH COUUT. 
 
 blue and yellow streamers are susjpnndod between the fl;i;:;-sta(Ts, 
 and give to the entrance a light and graceful aj)i)earance. 
 
 Six groups of figures are placed at the sides of the entrance^ 
 to the court, illustrating some of the habits and the dress of the 
 peasantry. There is one at each side of the front entrance on 
 the main aisle. The group on the east consists of four figures, 
 and represents a young man coming to ask for a wife. The 
 young man, a tall, fine-looking f(;llow, stands opj^osite the 
 father, who is seated at a table mending a clock, and awaits his 
 answer. The old man looks down in doubt and smokes, ami 
 the mother, who is evidently favorable to the suit, stands with 
 her hand on the father's shoulder, as if trying to persuade him 
 to consent. The girl meanv/hile stands between the mother 
 
OF THE CENTENXIAI, EXIIiniTIOX. 
 
 405 
 
 mill tlie lover, with an expression whieli seems to siiy that .she 
 has made up her mind, and the old man "may as well give in." 
 At the west side is a group representing a hunting scene. A 
 Inrge elk has just been brought down by the rillc oC a hunter 
 ;!:id lies bleeding on the ground, while the meiuliors ol" the 
 lumter's family are standing by enjoying his triumph and 
 watching the death-struggle of the animal. 
 
 At the entrance on the east side oi' the court are two grouj)s. 
 Tlic one on the south side of the doorway represents the 
 christening of a child. The baby is swaddled in the most 
 niicomi'ortable manner, and is ready for the solemn act. Three 
 women, one of whom is the mother, are groui)cd about it, and 
 the father sits acr(»ss a c^hair, with his pipe in hand, looking at 
 the child with paternal jiride. At the north side of the door 
 is a sadder group. The little one is dead, and lies white and 
 still in its little cradle, with the tiny black coffin which is to 
 receive it in readiness on the floor. The mother bends over it 
 in grief, and the father, clad in a sheepskin coat, stands looking 
 on sorrowfully. At the opposite side of the room the good 
 pastor, who lias been endeavoring to comfort the aillicted 
 parents, sits with his Bible in one hand and his arm around the 
 rcmainiufi; child of tlie familv. 
 
 At the entrance on the west side of the court there are two 
 additional groups. The one on the north side re|)resenls a 
 T>aplander. with his sledge drawn by a reindeer. He is jnst 
 startiic out from home, and his wife stands bv the sledge re- 
 cciving his orders. Both figures are dressed in skins, and the 
 sledge is a genuine article from "the frozen North." At the 
 south side of the door the group consists of two figures — a 
 husband and wife seated at op|)Osite sides of a table. The 
 man is reading from the Bible, and the woman is listening 
 reverently. The figures in all the groups are life-size, and are 
 clad in the national dress of the classes they represent. The 
 faces preserve the characteristics of each class. 
 
 The Swedish exhil>it is one of the most complete and taste- 
 fully arranged in the Exhibition. The show-cases are hand- 
 
■ ^ ' 
 
 Ihh 
 
 l^ffl 
 
 tn 
 
 w 
 
 ^ '•^, 
 
 ni 
 
 40G 
 
 THE ir,r,USTRATKD IIISTOUV 
 
 soiiier than is the rule with the Kiiropciiu luiiioiis, and tlie 
 art ides are displayed to the best advaiitajjfe. 
 
 At tile entrance stands a rieli display of iKautifnl porcelaiii. 
 Ti»e articles an' delicate and the tints cxipn'site. Floral tlctiora- 
 tions ai'(.' nmch used in these, and with more than ordinary taste, 
 Tiie exhihit of pottery and glassware is also attractive. In thi. 
 eollection arc several models in Parian niarhle of the foinitaii.-, 
 in the [)rinei[)al stpiaro of StocUhohn, which attract nun li 
 attention. 
 
 I'urs and leather goods form a considerable and interestin;r 
 part of the display. 
 
 One of the ino.'it prominent features of the Swedish eulleetion 
 is the exhibit of I)es;5einer steel, in which the principal part is 
 taken by the Saudvik it Fagaster works. The articles exhibited 
 cover a wide ran;^e. The largest is a piston-rod (illecn leet in 
 length for a live ton stcain-hamincr, and the smallest a delicately- 
 polished hand-mirror for a lady's toilelte-trble. Steel files, saws, 
 tools of every description, and loeomotiv.,' tiros make up tlio 
 collection. The workmanship in all these articles is masterly. 
 Scissors, knives, swords, skates, and steel articles of the finer 
 class are also shown in i)rofusion. The remarkable bending 
 power of the liessemer steel under a great strain is sliown by a 
 railway axle live inches in diameter, double cold, which was bent 
 under a fifteen ton hammer. 
 
 !Mateh-niaking is a prominent industry in Sweden, and is 
 represented by an extensive display of sall'ty matches from 
 .Jo!inko[>ing. These matches will not ignite except when 
 struck ujion a peculiarly prepared surface. 
 
 The , lueational exhibit is well arranged, and u number of 
 illustrated works are shown as s[)ecimens of Swedish printing. 
 A fine nr.jp of the geological survey of thekingxlom and a large 
 toj)()graphical ma[) are included in this display. 
 
 The woollen manufactures of the kingdom make a fair exhibit, 
 and the show of silks is especially good. 
 
 On the soisth side of the main aisle, diagonally opposite her 
 principal exhibit, Sweden has an additional sj)acc betwioii 
 the Japanese and Danish sections in which she displays Iki' 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXIIiniTION. 
 
 407 
 
 inililiiry oquii)iiu'nt. Hero arc soveral wax-fi^uros showiiij; llic 
 costume of Uvv ni('ii-at-ani)s in the tiiiic of tlii; great (Jiistavus, 
 and the iiiiilornis of the oHiccrs of several braiiehes of her Horvice 
 at tlie present time, lien; are exhil)ite(l samples of the eaniiuii 
 and small arms used in the Swedish army, and the equipments 
 of the artillery and hospital services. Jii the rear of the mili- 
 taiy exhihit she displays specimens of the uorh of the pn|)ils 
 of her technical s<'hools, and illustrates in a happy manner the 
 admirable operations of these establishments. 
 
 /\/orway. 
 
 The Norwegian court is situated on the north side of the main 
 aisle between the Swedish and Italian sections. The space is 
 enclosed by a handsome framework of native pine ornamented 
 uitli re(l lines. Over the entrance from the main aisle is the 
 name "Norway," and a tro|)hy formed of the national arms and 
 colors. The cas;>s contained in this enclosure are unilbrm, and 
 are constructed of light woods handsomely decorated. 
 
 At the front, immediately within the enclosure, are three 
 liand-ome cases containing a due displav of jewelrv and silver- 
 ware. Hero are some beantifid specimens of filigree-work Ironi 
 Christiana, which would not shame Venice itself. 
 
 Immediately back of these cases are two jTjroups of figures 
 similar to those in the Swedish court. On the east side is a 
 group of liaplandcrs in their dresses of furs, comprising a lather 
 and mother with an infant and young child. The inl'ant is 
 stowed away in a leather case or cradle which is suspended from 
 the mother's neck, and the older child is clad in a holiday suit 
 of white bearskin. On the west side is a group consisting of a 
 bride and groom in their wedding costumes. 
 
 Back of these figures is a small but beautiful collection of 
 glassware from Christiana. Adjoining it Norway exhibits 
 several home-made pianos, and then comes an exhibit of cloths, 
 both cotton and woollen, cordage, threads and skins. There is 
 also a case of fine shoes, another of silver ware, another of ancient 
 coins and medals, and an im|)osing display of cod-liver oil. 
 ^Specimens of ancient armor and weapons Ibrni a most interesting 
 
 l» 
 
 'i(i' 
 
108 
 
 TIIH ILLUSTUATi:i) JIISTORY 
 
 cxliihil, iiiul coiitrasl slril<iiii;jly with tlic lKiiuls(»nioly-('nrv('(l 
 
 TIk! iron m:uuil;u- 
 
 in. 
 
 M)()(lcrn f'lirniliin? wliicli sdinds near tlu; 
 tnrcrs niiikc u I:iri;(' and interest in<j^ exl\il)it, sliowinjjj both th(! 
 oreri and tii(! niaMniaetuicd ii-on in various forms. A lar^c; va^c 
 of" silver iiii!;ots >laii<ls near by, and opposite are several (pieci 
 little Noi\v('L;ian earriai^cs, each with a perch behind in which 
 
 its, anil soinelinies stands, to drive — the post ili 
 
 ion 
 
 the postilion si 
 
 beinj;' often a rosy -eh(!eke(l Xorwei;ian lass. Here is shown a 
 
 sledi'c made in the mountain districts in Jti'J") and still in 
 
 excelleni <'onditi(»n. 
 
 A iikmIcI of a Xor\veL;ian school is shown, with books and 
 apjaratiis illnstratin<;- tlu; mode and course of tuition, and a iiia|> 
 of the lieolou'ical survey of the lvin<rdoni is close ''\'. 
 
 
 m''' 
 
 ,. s 
 
 Denmark. 
 
 'i'lic Danish section lies on tlK^sinitli '^ide of the main aisle 
 
 iminedia 
 
 wes 
 
 t of the Tiirhish cdiirt, and is enclosed 1 
 
 trii>l 
 
 e CO 
 
 iirt. 'riie entrance to the first, court, consist.- 
 
 >v a 
 
 Iriiimphal arch richly decorated. ( )n each side of the entrance 
 is the word " Dcnmarlv," snrmi>iinte(l by a i^ohlen crown and a 
 fropliy of colors. Over the arch a >!iield with the national arms 
 is set in the midst of a trophy of colors. The pavilions an; 
 
 tirapec 
 
 1 with 
 
 I warm red curtains, which ''iv( 
 
 totl 
 
 lem a rich eH'cct 
 
 'V\w. front or northern <i>iirt is devoted to a displav (tf Mtriiscaii 
 imitations in terra cotta by I*. Ipsen's widow, of f 'opeidia^vn. 
 These are ex(piisite works, and arc; «j:;enerally admired. Here 
 also is a fine collection of silverware; l)y a ('o|)enha<!;en silver- 
 smith. The |»iincipal object is a lar<;(! vase of solid silv(>:' valued 
 at .*!? \'1\){) ^old •md the iinty. The vase is erne of the most- beaiili- 
 fnl in the building". In the centre is a statue of r'aiiK', at llic 
 feet of which are <i;ronpe(l the Arts. The base is devot<'d td a 
 series of p;ronps represent Inp^ the triiinijih of Xepfiine. 
 
 In the central conrt some handsome furniture ma<le of '.lie 
 wood of a pear tree is exhibited. Here is shown a eollectioii ol 
 lv-(piiinanx elolhini,% and in the sonthern court is a model <il an 
 lOsipiimanx hoo'^e and an l'',s(jniiiiaiix boat, all from CJreenlaiid 
 Th(! exhibit includes specimens of the woollen mannfaeturcs of 
 
fr. 
 
 OF THE CENTENNIAI- EXimUTION'. 
 
 400 
 
 clic'inifius, gc'ognnMiui 
 
 Domnark, ;i collection of furs and skins, 
 charts, and native Danisii woods. 
 
 Spain. 
 
 The Spanish section extends Ironi (he main aishj to the sonth 
 wall of the htiildinti:, and adjoins the 10j;v|>tian court on the' 
 cast. It is enclosed by an elahorately ornamented .vall lini^hcd 
 in imitation of <;ninit(>, with two tall archways on each side. 
 In this wall are set liiu's ol" show-cases, in which arc displayed 
 Mil extensive collection of the minerals of the kinirdom. Tin- 
 
 r.MKANci: 'lo TiiK si'ANisn <'ornr. 
 
 ficade which stands upon the main aisle is one of the most 
 iitiposiiiii; structures in the huildinij;. A ti'i|>lcarch painled in 
 imitation of por|)hyry sup|)orfs a heavy e?ilal)lafure which is 
 tlccorated with shields end)la/one;I with the arms of all the 
 Spanish |)rovinccs, with the arms of the kinL:;(lom over the cen- 
 tral arch. Above the? royal arms is a painlini;' rcprcscniin}^ 
 Spain dniwint; hack a curtain and displayin<;' the risin^i' sun of 
 tlic New World. Standards and tntphies of the national c(tlors 
 'M)niplele tin; ornamentation ol the t'>}) of the structure. The 
 
 ll» 
 
 
 !«: 
 
 "i\<f 
 
 4 
 
410 
 
 THE ILLUSTKATED HISTORY 
 
 arched arc Imiig with rich curtains of velvet. At each side of 
 the central portal is a show-case, and over each is a portrait. 
 That on the east side is Isabella the Catholic, whose generosity 
 cnaMeil Columbus to make his voyage of discovery; and that 
 on the opposite side is Columbus himself. The word " Espana" 
 is blazoned across the entablature in gilt capitals. The sides 
 of the fa(;:ulc arc also decorated with portraits. On the inner 
 or southern side are portraits of Cortez and Ponce do Leon, at 
 the east end is a portrait of Dc Soto, and at the west end one of 
 Pizarro. 
 
 In the show-cases at the sides of the central portal arc rich 
 specimens of silver and gold work, and ornamental work in 
 iron and steel, with fragments of armor and [)hotogra[)hs of the 
 government museums of ancient armor. In the show-cases 
 built in the walls of the court arc specimens of the mineral ores 
 of the kingdom, silver, lead, co]>per, iron nud coal, and samples 
 of Spanish marbles, all admirably arranged. 
 
 Tlu' exhibit within the court is not a commercial one. There 
 is scarcely an article shown that has a ready market in this 
 c()untry. The Spanish kingdom has taken a deep interest in 
 the Centennial ICxhibition, and lias made an unusual ellbrt to 
 show its resources and wealth in the most pleasing and varied 
 f)rms. One can hardly believe, in looking at the long lines of 
 well-filled cases of all kinds of manufactures, that the Spanish 
 people deserve their traditional rci)ntation for indolence. It 
 would seem that they must be, after all, a very busy and ingen- 
 ious nation to })roduce so many and such attractive objects. 
 
 The woollen, cotton and silk fabrics displayed Ihtc a:'c attrac- 
 tive as a rule, and many of them very elegant. . ' iunjituoiis 
 exhibit is made of tapestries, velvets, brocades, iaco . shawls, 
 scarfs and light dress goods. They arc distinct from those of 
 citlier Franco or Pclgium, and the cl(>ganco and beauty which 
 characleri/(! tluMU arc pccidiarly their own. A consid(>ral)le dis- 
 [)]ay is made r)f glassware and pottcM'v of excellent (pialitics, and 
 the painted porcelain tiles in this group arc noticeably well 
 cxeented. Chemicals are also cxhibit(>d in great abundance and 
 vnrie'y; atid marbles, building stones, and large blocks of coal 
 
OF THE CENTEN>'IAL EXHIBITIOX. 
 
 411 
 
 show that this branch of the wealth of tlie kingdom is still 
 vigorous after so many centuries have dawned upon it. There 
 are a number of specimens of arms, works in metul and inlaid 
 work, the principal display being made by the province of Cat- 
 alonia, the peoi)le of which are the most enterprising of the 
 inhabitants of the Peninsula. Hats, shoes, line woollen blankets, 
 iirticles of wearing apparel and carpets are also shown. The 
 t'litiie exhibit is interesting in the highest degre(^, and, aCtci- 
 examining it, the best-read visitor will amend his conceptions 
 of "sunny S[)ain," and accord to her a more prominent i)Iii('c 
 than he has hitherto assigned her among the industrial nations 
 of the world. 
 
 Egypt 
 
 The Egy[)tian court stands south of the main aisle and to the 
 oast of the Danish section. It is enclosed by a high wooden 
 strncturc resembling an ancient temple of the land of the Nile, 
 iiml the fa(;ad(! is massive and attractive. It is painted in imita- 
 tio-.i of stone, and resembles the portal of a temple. Two 
 iiiiissivo pillars support the entrance, and their capitals are imi- 
 tations of tiic lotus flower. Over the entrance is the globe with 
 the encircling wings, the ancient l'igy[)tian symbol of eternity, 
 mid on either side of the entrance crouches a solemn-eyed 
 splniix. The coloring is subdued, but fme. Upon the sides 
 of the entrance are inscribed the words: " Kgypt — .Soodan — the 
 oldest people of the world sends its morning greeting to the 
 yoniigest nation." 
 
 loitering the court you seem to have left tlu; out>ide world 
 behind you, and to have entered a region oi' romance. Old 
 incniories of your boyish dreams of the Arabian Nights come 
 over you, and you are tempted to look around io see if the good 
 Calipli liaroun Alraschid is not watching in disguise the move- 
 ments of the people who throng his realm, which has strangely 
 ptrayod across tiu; seas. For the time you may leave the great 
 Exhibition out of your thoughts. You are in the East — in the 
 land of Isis and Osiris, and you may revel in the treasures 
 spread out before yon. 
 
 As you enter, you notice on your right a small model of the 
 
 ■ .'I 
 
 
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 t' 
 
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 n 
 
 f 
 
 
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 •112 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 grout Pynunid of Gizoli, and o{)po.site this is a plaslcr head of 
 llanieses il., who is doclarod by all the great masters of 
 Egyptian science and history to be the Pharaoh of the Exodus, 
 the new king which knew not Josej)!i. Aronnd the walls of tlio 
 court are hung plain and colored jjliotographs and drawings of 
 places and scenery in J']gypt. 
 
 On the east side of the court is a case containing inagnifu^ont 
 saddles and furniture for horses. These were formerly used bv 
 the pashas of Egypt, and are now the property of the Khedive. 
 
 
 KNTKANCK T(» TIIK KGVPTIAN COCIM'. 
 
 Tiiey arc used only upon occasions of the greatest ceremony. 
 Their hangings are of crimson velvet, covered with heavy oiri- 
 broideries of gold. The harness and trai)pings are of pure bul- 
 lion, and arc heavy and costly. Some of the saddh' bliuikots 
 are woven of silk. The display is gorgeous, and gives <i;ic a 
 fair idea of the magnificence of an Eastern ruler. 
 
 A fine exhibit is made of oriental and drawing-room funii 
 ture, a prominent object of which is a cabiiH>t of ebony beauti- 
 fully inlaid with ivory and mother of pearl, t!ie designs being 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXIIlD.rrON. 
 
 413 
 
 in imitation of tlio.se in the ancient inos(incs. It is valned at 
 /^o^OO, and is for sale. The display oi" ornaments for the honse- 
 •idld and person is very rieh, and inclndes a large (jnantity of 
 jewelry, precious stones, work in iron and copper, hoth ancient 
 and modern; fancy articles, dress adornments, fiuis, walkini:;- 
 •aiics, sun-shades, and [)ipes of every description, many of whieli 
 arc ornamented with jewels. 
 
 'J\vo lar«^o cases contain a collection of stnfl's woven of silk 
 and gold and silver thread. These are of the most gorgeous 
 and brilliant character, and it is impossible to convey in words 
 an accurate idea of them. Some of the smaller articles are' 
 worth as much as §:i<HK) each, and one rich robe is a master- 
 piece both in workmanship and design. In the same case arc 
 suspended two iianging lamps of glass, beautifully decorated 
 with colors worked into the glass. They are liundrcds of years 
 old, and the art of making them has been forgotten ibr centuries. 
 They are valued at $5000, and constitute a rare and beauiiful 
 feature of the exhil)it. 
 
 Between these cases lies stretched at full length a largo croco- 
 dile of the Nile. 
 
 Close 1)V arc a number of dromedarv saddles; and near these 
 a number of specimens of red pottery w'are. There are cases of 
 heautiCul and curious Arabic books and maiuiscripts, some of 
 tlicni bound in covers of velvet, cnd)roidered with gold thread. 
 Articles of ivory, iiorn,an<l metal for houseliold use, are shown, 
 and a uund)er of native? nuisical instruments. One of the rear 
 courts contains a fine exhibit of Egypt's chemical products. A 
 good display of porcelain and table ware of solid gold is made. 
 
 We next notice an exhibit of silk and silken fabrics, an in- 
 dustry which is carried on upon a large scale in Egypt. A 
 prominent feature is a display of cocoons, arranged in neat 
 patterns according to tints. They are attached to an ujjright 
 hranch, and in tht centre is a large bunch of mulberry leaves 
 lunig with clusters of grajies formed of the small glassy coco(tns. 
 
 The rugs and carpets of Egyptian manufacture form an inter- 
 .^sting part of the exhibit, and will compare well with those ol 
 Turkey. 
 
 > 
 
 It 
 
 
 
 lilllK 
 
 hi" 
 
 ill 
 
 h 
 
.<^; 
 
 %\ 
 
 4lt 
 
 TIIK II.MJSTUATl'n IMSTOIIY 
 
 Tlic Klicdivc mnUos :i collccdvc cxliiltil of over Iwo ihoiisniui 
 HUinplcs of na(ivc coMoii, rcpn'scnlin^ tlio crops of n'^\\{ years. 
 J\i];_V|)( lias siiici' IS()() hccoiiic Iarj;rly ciijra^i'd in llic culliirc oi' 
 coUuiJ, and (he sainj)I('s (Ims displayed are ol' the liiL!;liesl iiii- 
 
 »oi 
 
 lance (o ns, as (liev arc the annoiinceinent that \\c iiav 
 
 c ;i, 
 
 dctorrnini'd rival in lliis hraiicli of onr own iiidnstry. Ividi 
 Haniplc is licl<e((>d willi the name ol'llie l)iiyor, the place of sale, 
 .•md the pric(> in l\iiypt and in I'ji^Iand. 
 
 A collection of photoirraphs exhihits the K;jjy[»tiaii system of 
 pnl)lic works, liriilges, railroads, etc., and is of great inlerol ami 
 value. 
 
 riio sni;ar, leatluM-, gums, harks, nuts, wheat and oilier 
 grains and the grasses of l"'gypt arc (shown by numerous u ell- 
 arranged samples. 
 
 A I: 
 
 ini'e coilt'ction is shown ol the r\u\o arms an<l armor, the 
 
 rough wooden sandals, the hats woven of reeds, the noisy lnii|. 
 toms, and a barbaric canopy for the chief or monarch of ilio 
 tribes of Soudan in Central Alrica. 
 
 The >(iiii'aiioiial syslein pursued in the schools cstablislii d hv 
 the Khedive is shown by ;i collection of Arabii^ text-book^ and 
 niocliaiiiral instruments executed by the pupilfj of the I'oly- 
 teehnie School at Cairo. 
 
 Altcgcllier the l\gyplian display is a bewildering blending 
 
 .f the aiiciciil and modern civilizations of that wdiiderl'iil hmd. 
 
 taking you from a period four thousand years before CliiiM to 
 
 the pr( -( 111 (l:iy, and showing you side by side a liust ol' lli<' 
 
 Pharaoli of Moses ami a portrait of Ismail Pacha. 
 
 Japan. 
 
 The d; 
 
 ipaiuse 
 
 ■^(^cliou is on the south side of the main aisle, 
 
 cast of" the (,1iiiies(> com-(, and immediately opposite the Swedish 
 section. It is enclosed with a light bamboo Iramework, and is 
 ornanuMilcd with a profuse display of .Tapane.-e flags, it is 
 about three tinus as larg(> as the I\gyptian space, and is filled 
 in ev( ry part with a rich and valuable display, iIk; variety and 
 beauty of which aie one of the great surprises of the lOxhiliilion. 
 Just within the entrance from the main aisle is a disjilay of 
 
 -.Ui4, 
 
m 
 
 OF Tiir: cKNTr.NNrAi, r,\iiir,iT«)\. 
 
 'Hi 
 
 Mipcr 
 
 ) IH'oilzc.s ;iii( 
 
 1 of 
 
 i)()i((!l:iiii ware 
 
 iimnltcr of hroiizt 
 
 vases arc incliidcd in lliis rollcciiun, wliicli arc tlic woiulcr imd 
 Hdiniiation of all visitors. 'I'licy are of Ijcaiililid shapes, and air 
 oniamcnted willi such a [H'ol'iisiou <A' engraviii}^ and ehasinj^; — • 
 the conceptions of which an; so droll and intrieale — lli.il a plio- 
 t();:;raph would he ncc(,'ssary to ^ive an accurate iilca nC tin id. 
 'J'ho work is inii(jue and cannot he reproduced hy Ihe ino-t skil- 
 ful artificer in cither JOurope or America. 'J'he cheaper vaK(;."i 
 are c:ist, hut th(! more elahorale ones are woi hcd out with the 
 IkumI. One of the largest vase^ is va 
 
 lued at $20(10. 
 
 and IS said 
 
 to hav(! rcfjuircd an unioui ' of work in its niauuliu'tiu'e c(|ual to 
 twenty-two hundred and fifty days steady lahor of a siii;^le man. 
 The variety of hluipc and onuimentatiou of the vases is very 
 great and very riinarkablc. 'J'he ."rt is peculiar to .'-iiJan, and 
 
 las 
 
 lourisliec 
 
 1 th 
 
 icre for several cent in I( 
 
 Jt 
 
 IS carried on tii 
 
 8ixtceii dilferent places in the empire. 
 
 'J'he porcelains of the .lapaiiese department are fully ('fpial to 
 the hiduzes. 'J'his is an old art, and attained perlictiDu in 
 .Japan long hefoi'c it was kr.own in J^urope. 'J'he .lapanesu 
 designate; their works of this kind hy the nanus of th(> cities in 
 which th<y were manullietured, or hy the jK.'culiarities of manu- 
 facluic or dc'coratiou. 'J'he display of j)orcelaiiis in this singlo 
 de|)arlmcn( surpasses in beauty of i'orms and ornamentation the 
 comhiued oxhihit of every other nation in the building. ( )no 
 must see th(M'()llecl ion here to realize this, but few will doubt 
 
 th 
 
 le statenu'ut, having once m 
 
 ld(; t; 
 
 If comparison for tliem'-'lves. 
 
 At the front lino is a pair of superb vases about ten fit high 
 and valued at $2500. The ground is u delicate blue and white, 
 and tli(! ornamoutation consists of golden (b'agons and tho 
 (laiiitie-t landscapes. There are a number of articles in grei'u, 
 scarlet and trold, of tho class known as knun ware, which is 
 
 or 
 
 ns brilliant as Jiohomian glass. 'J'he banko war<' is also vv.vy 
 beautifu'., its jieculiarily ])eing that the coloi's are worked 
 through to the inner surface. It would l)e impos>ible to men- 
 tion all the varieties of j)orcelain to be seen here. We can only 
 
 speak' in a general way of its won( 
 
 dr^rfiil 
 
 beauty and brilliancy 
 
 A case of porcelain figures from Tokio attracts much attention. 
 
 ii 
 
 
 II*' 
 
 )'• 
 
41G 
 
 THE n.LUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 " M 
 
 ll'. 
 
 They are caricatures of the manners of the various classes of 
 Japanese society, and are exceeding droll, and at tiie same time 
 thoroughly artistic. 
 
 The display of lacquered ware is immense, and one of the 
 marvels of the Exhibition. The manufacture of this ware is :i 
 5pecialty in Japan and has attained perfection. The articles 
 displayed hero range from the tiniest trays, which may bo 
 bought for about fifty cents, to largo and costly cabinets. The 
 gem of the collection is a cabinet said to be two hundred and 
 fifty years old, which is as exquisitely beautiful and as free iroiii 
 signs of wear as on the dav it came from ita maker's hands. It 
 is valued at ^oOOO. Contrasting it with the other beautil'iil 
 wares by which it is surrounded, one can see that it is superior 
 to them. The official in charge of the exhibit states that the art 
 is now on its decline in his country, and that the ancient master- 
 pieces cannot be renewed. There are some curious vases made 
 of elci)hant's tusks ornamented with lacquered woru, and some 
 other fine work in ivorv. 
 
 The inlaid work is very fine, and a large collection of cabinets, 
 work-boxes and European furniture ornamented in this maimer 
 is shown. These articles are not as expensive as the lacqufM-cd 
 wares, but equal them in beauty and delicacy of finish. Tho 
 Japanese have successfully imitated, and some claim that tluy 
 have surpassed, the papier-mach{' of the French. A considor- 
 able display is made of richly carved furniture, wood carving 
 being an art in which the Japanese excel. 
 
 Going southward we come now to the disj)lay ()f screens, 
 which is large and interesting. These are of silk on li<;lit 
 frames, and are painted and embroidennl with scenes in the 
 daily life of the people. The outlines of the figures and the 
 landscapes are ])aintcd, and tlie costumes, faces, animals, and 
 houses, etc., are worked out in relief with embroidery. One 
 may find in these screens abundant means for a study of Japan- 
 ese life and manners. The Japanese gentleman takes great 
 pride in his collection of screens, wdiich embody the best picto- 
 rial art of his country, and regards them as the European or 
 
w 
 
 or THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 417 
 
 American tloes his gallery of paintings. The designs of the 
 bcrcens arc often quaint and amusing. 
 
 A fine collection of rich silks and embroideries is shown, one 
 exhibit from Yokohama being sni)erl). Cotton and \\d<tllon 
 jf(»ods are exhibited of an ad jni ruble quality. !Sanq)le.s of mat- 
 ting, which is largely manufactured in Japan, are also to bo 
 seen. S})ecimens of the papers made in the onq)ire, the leathers, 
 the inks, and the coloring materials of Japan, are shown, as are 
 also samples of the woods, grains, and grasses of the country. 
 The niineral products are also shown by numerous spcciniens, 
 and the native animals and birds are treated in the same way. 
 
 Near the south wall is a large case representing a bazaar con- 
 taining a number of paintal plaster images illustrating the dif- 
 ferent costumes of all classes of the [mpulation of the empire. 
 It is one of the most instnictive portions of the whole exhibit. 
 
 Immediately behind it is an enclosure in which the Imperial 
 Government exhibits its educational system. Here are models 
 of the desks and school apparatus usc<l, the work of the pupils, 
 the text-books, philosophical instruments, and photographs and 
 colored sketches of the principal schools. Compositions by the 
 pupils in f^nglish, French, German, and Japanese are shown, 
 and one is made fairly acquainted with the progress made by the 
 empire in its effort to introduce the learning nd civilizaiion of 
 Europe. 
 
 Tlie visitor who makes even a hasty inspection of the display, 
 of which we have given but a mere outline, must amend his 
 ideas of Japan. AVe have been accustomed to regard that 
 country as uncivilized, or half-civili/cd at the best, but we find 
 here abundant evidences that it outshines the most cultivated 
 nations of Europe in arts which are their pride and glory, and 
 which are regarded as among the proudest tokens of their high 
 civilization. 
 
 China. 
 
 The Chinese section is not quite half as large as that of 
 Jqjan, and lies immediately west of it on the south side of he 
 main aisle, extending back to the south wall of the building. 
 27 
 
 ]■' 
 
 i 4i 1 
 
mAL 
 
 n^'' 
 
 . ,Ml 
 
 418 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED mSTORV 
 
 It is eneloaccl by a pavilion, the entrance to which in a copy of 
 tiie [Ku-tul of a celestial [)agotla, gaudily painted and oi'ntunento<l 
 with liiiUrons curletl-up dragons, which, though ugly, are well 
 carved. Over the entrance is a line in Chinese, said to naan 
 "The (.'hinose Empire." The pavilion is constructed (»t" vari- 
 ous kinds of hard wood that grow in China, and is in itscll" an 
 exhibit. 
 
 Every j)art of the enclosure is of the gaudiest character, and 
 Iiere and there rise tall pagodas and towers ornamented with 
 the most brilliant colors. All the show-cases are in the Chinese 
 style of architecture, and are as gay and mid-looking as the 
 pavilion itself. The display gathered within the enchvsure is 
 rich, valuable, and exccetlingly interesting. At the front en- 
 trance is a collection of fine vases of excpiisitc China ware, and 
 opposite these a row of screens of the finest silk, covered with 
 designs in enibroidery, and having richly carved frames. Close 
 by these begins the display of inlaid tables and stands and other 
 articles of household use which runs through the whole exhibit. 
 They are as handsome and as well executed as anything of tlio 
 kind in the Jai)anese section, which is saying a great deal. 
 
 Just within the enclosure is a tall show-case in the lorni of a 
 pagoda, in which are displayed some suju'rl) ^ilks, gold cloths 
 and embroideries. The silks are of the most delicate shades of 
 color, and are of the (inest quality. 
 
 There is a large exhibit of carved furniture, all in the Chi- 
 nese stvle. The carvings are both artistic in design and well 
 executed. Two elaborate bedsteads are exhibited, Avhlch arc 
 very handsome, and show that John Chinaman has an eye to 
 solid comfort in .the midst of all his love of gaudy colors and 
 gingerbread ornaments. 
 
 The display of porcelain and pottery is large and handsome, 
 and iiilly sustains the reputation of the celestials for skill in 
 this branch of their industry. The lacquered wares shown arc 
 also very beautiful, but are not equal to those in the Japanese 
 collection. There is a case of exquisitely carved articles in 
 ivory, many of which have been purchased by the Pemisyl- 
 vania Museum of Industrial Art. The bronzes, many of 
 
T 
 
 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION 
 
 419 
 
 >vlil('h are old and curious, make up an extensive and interest- 
 ing collection, and there is also an exhibit of rare old Chinese 
 coins. 
 
 A tall iwgmla or jass-house, in imitation of such buildiu"'^ 
 in China, Ibnns a conspicuous part of the display. Near it are 
 some /ine porcelain tiles ornamented with queer Chinese figures. 
 Cotton and hemp cloths, and cotton prints, stockings, Chinese 
 shoes, hats, articles of clothing, iancy leather work, trunks, and 
 toilet-boxes, and samples of native paper, musical instruments, 
 minerals, specimens of native woods, wines, grai-^s, Hour, honey, 
 wax, cotton, hemp, wool, and hair make up a large and inter- 
 
 l\ 
 
 cstnig exhibit. 
 
 At the rear of the enclosure is a gaudy little structure of 
 carved and gilded wood-work, with panels of scarlet silk, on 
 which are painted scenes from Chinese life. It is devoted to 
 the ofJiees of the Chinese Commission. 
 
 A number of almond-eyed, pigtailed celestials, in their 
 native costumes, arc scattered through the enclosure, and you 
 may for a moment imagine that you have put the sea between 
 you and the Exhibition and have suddenly landed in some 
 large Chinese bazaar. 
 
 The Orange Free State. 
 
 The Orange Free State is a Dutch republic situated in the 
 southeastern part of Africa, and adjoins the English colony of 
 the Cape of Good Hope on the northeast. It covers an area of 
 over 70,000 square miles, and is a thriving and energetic little 
 state. Its section in the Exhibition hall lies back of the 
 Peruvian court, in the southwestern corner of the building. 
 It is enclosed by a handsome pavilion painted in imitation of 
 black walnut, and decorated with the national colors of M'hite 
 and yellow, and red, white and blue streamers. 
 
 The exhibit is entirely governmental, and is handsomely and 
 compactly arranged, rendering the little court one of the bright- 
 est and most pleasing nooks of the "great show." The design 
 is to show the resources, products and natural wealth of the 
 country. Specimens of minerals, grains, leather and skins, and 
 
 13 
 ri 
 
420 
 
 THF. ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 samples of luoluiir, native woods, spcciiuens of coal, and samples 
 of wool niaUe up the j)rinc'ipal ))art of the exhibit. Cases of 
 BtuH'od hirds of rare and beatitilnl plumage, ami collections of 
 inscctH are placed at various points in the court, and a ntnnlxr 
 of superb ostrich [)lumc3 are exhibited. An interesting featiiro 
 is a case of the cream tartar fruit. There are also to be scoi 
 8j)ecimcns of ivory, including two enormous elephant tusks, 
 and a collection of pipes and other articles of native manu- 
 facture. 
 
 Tunis. 
 
 The Tunisian court stands in the rear of the Danish and 
 Turkish sections, on the south side of the building. It is 
 small, but is brilliantly ornamented, the principal structure 
 being a large show-case at the rear end of the court on which 
 the goods are arranged. The exhibit is largely the proi)erty of 
 the Bey of Tunis. His Highness exhibits some pretty gilt I'lir- 
 iiiture, a collection of fine woollen blankets and shawls, woven 
 silks, jewelry, national costumes, native arms richly ornamontcil, 
 some superb decorated saddles, resem' g those of the Egyp- 
 tian collection. In the Exhibition mIs he also exhibits 
 two Arab tents, illustrating the domestic life and customs of 
 the Arab sheiks and Bodowin. The Bey also sends a nunil)er 
 of antique relics dug from the ruins of old Carthage, which is 
 situated in his dominions. 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 The space assigned to tlic Mexican republic lies on the north 
 side of the main aisle, and adjoins that of the United States on 
 the west. It is enclosed by a handsomely ornamented pavilion 
 of light wood, painted in a soft cream color, and designed in tiic 
 Aztec style of architecture. The main entrance to this pavilion 
 is opposite the easternmost of the soda fountains in the main 
 aisle, and is a handsome arch draped with the arms of the 
 republic in gilt set in the midst of a trophy formed of the 
 national colors. 
 
 The Mexican exhibit is not as large as had been hoped, and 
 scarcely shows the extent or variety of the natural resources and 
 
PF" 
 
 OP THE CENTENNIAL EXIIiniTlON. 
 
 421 
 
 ni:\mifu(;turcs of the republic, but is still intemstiii}?, and should 
 receive a cjireful exam i nation. A very considerable part of tho 
 display consists of Mexican historical remains of the most intcr- 
 ^M'm^ character. They give us a partial view of the civilization 
 of the Az.tec race, that curious jKiople whose history is at once 
 ISO perplexing and so sad. 
 
 'I'he mineral exhibit is very large and very good, and shows 
 the wealth of the leading mines of the country. A large speci- 
 men, weighing l.'JOO pounds, and composed of quartz and bro- 
 miiie of silver, is a prominent object in this collection, and large 
 lumps of lead ore, iron ore, specimens of coal, native marble, a 
 sample of a new mineral called libinstone, and sj>ecimens of the 
 nuitter thrown up by the volcano of Celwruco during a recent 
 eruption, and specimens of native woods are tastefully arranged, 
 and constitute an instructive display. Samples of bucUskin 
 clotliing ornamented with gold and silver embroidery, sucli a» 
 tlie Mexican aivaliers wear, are shown, and each suit is valued at 
 $1(X)0. There is a considerable exhibit of ready-made clothing, 
 dressed and undressed leather, kid gloves, straw hats, woollen 
 and a»tton cloths, ;uid papers; and some porcelain is shown 
 which marks the beginning made bv Mexico in this beautiful 
 art. There are also some pretty silks in the collection. A full 
 display is made of the medicinal plants of Mexico, and of the 
 iibres of all the varieties of the aguave. The native wines and 
 cordials are also well represented. A great variety of ancient and 
 modern national costumes is shown, including those of the Indians 
 and luixexl races. A number of educational and scientific works 
 illustrate the efforts being made to diffuse knowledge among the 
 Mevican people. 
 
 Brazil. 
 
 The Brazilian court is situated on the north side of the main 
 aisle, between the Dut<'h and Belgian sections. It is enclosed 
 by one of the most brilliant and noticeable structures in the 
 building. It is a pavilion built in the Moorish style, and con- 
 sists of a colonnade of wooden pillars, with brightly ornamented 
 capitals and arches, sup^wrting a superstructure of wood painted 
 in various bright colors. This colonnade surrounds the entire 
 
 i 
 
 III' 
 
 \i 
 
 i 
 I 
 
 If- 
 
 f »* 
 ■ 
 
422 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 ,.'" 
 
 Brazilian section, and on three sides is nineteen feet hit>Ii. 
 Between the pillars are wooden sereens six feet hi).--!! painted in 
 panels, the effect of which is very fine. The fa§ude consists ol 
 clusters of pillars supporting the superstructure, as on the sides, 
 but the columns are closer tog(;ther and are decorated with piv 
 colors and with glass tiles of a novel and attractive kind, Tluso 
 tiies have various rich designs, and are used to form the nanus 
 of tiie diflerent provinces on the frieze extending around the 
 
 KXTRANCK TO THE BRAZILIAN COURT. 
 
 structure. Over the principal entrance the word " Brazil " is 
 placed in colored glass tiles. The central arch ri.^es to a lulgiit 
 of nearly forty fcot, but the arches on the cn«!t and west of it are 
 uniform in height with those along the sides of the pavilion. 
 The pavilion is painted in the gayest colors, the ])riricipal hcing 
 th3 national colors, green and yellow, and red and blue. l)ia- 
 zilian flags and streamers are draped along the front and tiy 
 from the prominent points of the structure. 
 
 The siiow-cjises within the pavilion are of plate-glass orna- 
 
OF THE CEXTENXIAL EXHIBITION'. 
 
 420 
 
 nicnhHl M-lth ivory ami gold, and are very iuiiKlsoine. Tlioy 
 arc lined with a dark tnaroon-colored cloth, "which adds to the 
 richness of" their aj)j)earaiice. No less than $;5(j,()00 >vas ex- 
 pended l>y Brajzil in the oonstruetiou of her paviiioii. 
 
 .\t tlje ciitranee stands n very large show-ease j)laeod on a 
 square sj)aec paved with niarhle. It I'ontainsaltoantilul display 
 otartilieial fl()wci*s made of the gay and brilliant phnnageoi" the 
 birds nf J>n\zii, and near it is a eollcetion of biiUcrllies and 
 brilliaivt insoets. * 
 
 Awnnd the oonrt are disjdaycd jdiotographs showing the 
 jToological formation and the scenery <«f the cin[)ire, and a s<M'ics 
 of to])ographi('al maps. The puljlie works are exhibited in a 
 number of iinely-exeeiited ehtirts and plans. 
 
 Several lases of books and <»ther specimens of the printer's 
 art are to be seen here, showing what lira/.il has done in this 
 d(]iartment, and the rise of her national literature is shown in 
 the works of a number of her native authors, printed and bound 
 in I'»nixil. 
 
 'J'he native pn)diiets of the empire are largely re)>resentod, 
 and among them eoilee h(»lds the chief place, being the great 
 staple of the eoujilry. lii(v, t'o<x>a, inan<li<x', ging(>r, yams, 
 sarsaparilla, and many other tropiral products, are shown in 
 great alnuuhmce. The native woo<ls, in which JJra/il is wealthy 
 almost beyond eomputalitm, are also largely shown, and among 
 them we fnid the castor tree, rosewoo<l, IJrazil-wood, eaoutehoue, 
 iX'dars, logwo(td an<l mal' vjruny. 
 
 An excellent disjilay ol funutnre is also made, and the spcoi- 
 mcns iwii both woodi'u and wicker. 
 
 The rising manufactures (»f the eni]>irc are shown in the fine 
 exhibit of woollen and eotton <'l(»ths, dress goods, hers, en^- 
 broideries, silks, and straw and wo(d hats. A (<onsiderable dis- 
 play is also made of chemical inatnifaetnrt^:. The display of 
 porcelain and glassware is small. Leather, boots and shoes, 
 saddles, and skins, form a considerable pari i»f the e<dlcction. 
 
 There are also a numlKn* of antirpiitit's ; and the Indian Iriliw 
 are represented by lianuno<"ks and other articles peculiar to 
 then)selves and their aue(;stor.s for eenturies. 
 
 t¥ 
 
 i 
 
 1' 
 4 
 •!■ 
 "»■ 
 
 
424 
 
 THE ILLUSTUATED IHSTOUY 
 
 f'ffr.!; ,»':! 
 
 Ill'vi 
 
 Altogether thu liraziliuu exhibit is hnndsomc and deoply 
 intcri'sting, iiiul is worthy of the h.'acUiig nation of the southern 
 hnlfot'thc American continent. 
 
 Argentine Confederation. 
 
 Tlie section assigned to tlie Argentine Con federation is on tlie 
 vSonth si«Ie of the main aisle and next to its western end. It is 
 onehweil, and at i\w front stands a handsonie eireniar paviUun. 
 
 Th 
 
 »e exhil>it IS «lesigne«l to repress 
 
 >nt tl 
 
 le tiitmmereial 
 
 ai-ri- 
 
 enltm'al, and mineral wiaUh of the rcpnhlic. The articles 
 are tastefniiy arranged, antl arc attractive and worthy uf ;i 
 carefid study. 
 
 Tlu^ mineral exiiihit includes the ores of gold, silver, U'ad, 
 <H)pper, and iron, galena, kaitlin, sulphate of lime, «)uart/, niar- 
 
 l)lcs, coal, huildinir stones, <>vi)sum, davs 
 
 » o. 
 
 for tl 
 
 le manuiactiu'c 
 
 of crockery, tiles, and hricLs, graphit*', soapsti 
 
 >nc: 
 
 an( 
 
 I oil 
 
 icr 
 
 varu'liis. Specnncns 4>l tlie j>ruuipal metals are also shown. 
 There is a large <*ollcction of «-hemical manufactiu'cs, and a small 
 one of glassware, pon-clain, and pottery. The department of 
 textih^ fahrics includes <'otton and w«»olK'ii gojwls, iDafs w«>ven 
 l>y State prisoners, fabrics made by Indians from native plants. 
 
 <!lothing, laces, and embroiderie 
 
 V spun and in cocoons is 
 
 also e\hil>it(Ml in considerable (plant it ics. \\'of>l hats, and boots, 
 .^hoes, and other leather goods, and sanjj)Ies of Icsilhcr and skins 
 make up a large |>art of the col lection. Tlu- bows, arrows, clubs, 
 and lances of the various Indian tribes, slings usc<l bv the htni- 
 ters to cali'h <'attle and alpaca on (li«> " plains," and lassos used 
 l>y the hunters of Ibienos Ayrcs an' als<) sli«»wr», A lurinlKT of 
 figures of Argentine peasants tbrni aii interesting part of the 
 exhibit. 
 
 The disjday here Is greater than any made Ity the Argcritin<' 
 republics at any ju'cvious World's Fair, an<I is in tlu; liigliot 
 degree ercilitablo to both the government and tlur peoi>lo of that 
 i'ountry. 
 
 Chili. 
 
 The Chilian S(vtIon stands at the western end of tFie Main 
 Building, on the south siile of the main aisle. At tlu; IihuiI, 
 
M 
 
 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXIIIUITIOX. 
 
 425 
 
 which faces the main aisle, is a circular pavilion, gayly painted, 
 aioiHicl the sides of \vhi(;h arc arranged show-cases cv)ii(aiMing 
 ;iii extensive and valuahle eoilcction of the minerals of the 
 icpnl)li<\ The animals of the (country yre represented hy stiiHcd 
 liides of the congar, jaj^nar, llama, gtianaeo, and monkeys, 
 'riure is also an exeeedin};ly valnable jmd interesting disphiy 
 of old pottery and domcslir ntensils, agricnltural imjdementw, 
 and weapons of war used hy the; Indian tribes. 
 
 Specimens of Chilian silks, raw anil mamiliietured, are shown, 
 and also sonn^ fine worsted work. A chissilied exhihit is m:i(le 
 (if (he vegetable products, the native wines, and the leather 
 (if Chili. 
 
 Peru. 
 
 Th<! Peruvian court is enclosed by a neat and taslefid pavilion 
 deeoiated with (he arms of the r<'pid)lic and (he national colors, 
 aiid stands at the western end of (Ik; building, immediateiv in 
 (he rear of the Chilian and Ai-gentine sections. The entrance 
 is fiom th(! west. 
 
 Around the sides of (he |>avilion the mineral wealth of (he 
 republics is liiintly shown by a number of s|)eeimens. (Jold, 
 silver aixl precious s(on<'s are included in tin; collect ion. (Quick- 
 silver, copper, iron, IcadjSidphur, saltjM'trc, and salt are exhibited 
 in a variety of firms. 
 
 'fh 
 
 d 
 
 le prmcipal manuiacturcs shown an; leather, soap, am 
 sugar. The nativ wines and li(piors ai'(! also extensively dis- 
 Itlaved. Cotton, <'ocoa, colfee, cinnamon, |iimen(o, pcpjx'r, 
 tobacco, IN'ruvian bark, indigo, sarsa|)arilla, vanilla, caoutchoiK! 
 and a variety of drugs and dye stidls are shown. 
 
 Then; is a large display of ancient pottery, the work of (ho 
 aboriginal iidiabitants of Peru, sh«»wing that (hey wen; liir 
 ailvanced in tlu; arts and customs of civili/ation ; and by the 
 siile of these is an exhibit of the dresses and weapons of the 
 Jndian tribes. 
 
 Hawaii. 
 
 The king<lom of Hawaii, better known as tlu; San<hvich 
 Islands, has a handsome pavilion, with two arched entrances, 
 
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 426 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 situated against the south wall of the building immediately back 
 of the Tunisian court. 
 
 The exhibit includes several specimens of native sugar, coffee, 
 and native woods. The fibres of a number of trees — strong and 
 tough — are also shown, and a considerable quantity of straw 
 work makes up the display. There are a number of specimens 
 of lava thrown out by the volcano of Kiiauea, the largest now 
 in action in the world. Manufactured articles from the native 
 woods, and calabashes used by the natives to hold their food are 
 among the articles exhibited. A fine collection of specimens of 
 lava, mosses, and ferns is shown, and was made by Mr. Hitch- 
 cock, the special commissioner, during a residence of fourteen 
 years in the islands, 'i'licre are cases of beautifid native birds, 
 and a rich display of pink :;nd white corals, shells, and seaweed. 
 Queen Emma exhibits a ease of fans and feather-work, native 
 millinery, and historical curiosities. Photographs of scenes in 
 the islands are displayed about the enclosure. 
 
 ' Russia. 
 
 The Russian space is situated on the so.>th side of the main 
 aisle, between the Spanish and Austrian sections, and extends 
 back to the south wall of the building. It is unenclosed, and 
 but little eilurt has been made to ornament it. A handsome 
 shield emblazoned with the im[)erial arms, and set in the midst 
 of a troj)hy of Russian and American colors, is affixed to the 
 ]>i!lar at the south side of the aisle. Along the front line is a 
 row of lofty octagonal and square cases of darfc oak and plate- 
 glass, filled with rare and beautiful articles. 
 
 At the western end of the front line, Sazikoff, of Moscow, has 
 two handsome cases containing a magnificent display of }:old 
 and silver articles for table service, personal use, and housohold 
 ornament. They are richly carved, and some of them are 
 enamelle«l in a masterly manner. TIutc are a number of 
 statuettes of solid silver, prominent among which is one of IVter 
 the tlreat. The gem of the whole collection is a superb work 
 in rcponssc, rej)resenting the "Adoration of the Magi." It is 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 427 
 
 one of the most perfect specimens of this school of art in the 
 Kxliibition. 
 
 Kt-'iir tlio cast end of the front line, P. Ouchinnikoff, of ^NIos- 
 cow and St. retcrsburg, makes an ciiually handsunie display of 
 richlv chased articles in gold and silver and enamels on L^old 
 and silver, rrominent in the collection is a fine allar-picco, 
 representing the Saviour with the Gospel in his hand. The 
 work is done upon a gold surface, and the portrait of the 
 Saviour is in enamel of various colors. The efl'ect ol' the 
 whole is very rich and boautil'ul. A superb tankard made 
 of a single ])iccc of silver, with decorations in gilt, is shown. 
 At the top is a small co])y of the statue of Peter the Great, 
 and around the sides of the vessel is a sui)crb rcprcscnlation 
 in high relief of the entry of Peter into Moscow after the 
 battle of Pultawa. The tankard is valued at !?.'>0()(). A 
 massive salver of silver with ornamentations in gilt, and a 
 centre-piece carved with a representation of the Kremlin, is 
 valued at $2000. 
 
 At the east end of the line, Felix Chopin, of St. Petersbiu'g, 
 displays a collection of fine bronzes in the best style of the art. 
 Tlicy represent scenes from the life of the Russian peasantry, 
 and are much admired. A conspicuous object of this collection 
 is an immense candelabra of gilt and porcelain, fully fifteen feet 
 high, capable of holding one hundred candles, and with vases 
 for flowers around the base Opposite it is a gilt clock of 
 peculiar design, about four feet high. The hoiu's encircle a 
 large globe of silver and move around it, and an angel in the 
 act of flying points to the hour with one hand and towards 
 heaven with the other. 
 
 Along the eastern border of the Russian section, Messrs. 
 Iloessrich and WoerfTel, of St. Petersburg, have an extensive 
 and valuable display of articles in malachite and lapis la/.idi. 
 These are of an infinite variety, consisting of cabinets, mantels, 
 tables, statuettes, clocks, caskets, candelabra, and some beautiful 
 jewelry and small articles for personal use. One fine centre- 
 table in gilt and malachite is valued at 8-100, and a large mass 
 of malachite in the rough is held at $1800. 
 
 
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423 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 Just back of the front line is a rich and large display of silks 
 and velvets magnificently embroidered with gold, and cloth of 
 gold with decorations of silver worked into it. These fabrics 
 are superb, and are equal to anything in the Egyptian or Turk- 
 Lih exhibits. 
 
 ■vu 
 
 THR PPANMSU BUII-DINQ. 
 
 r>;\('k of those is a largo exhibit of furs, equal in quality and 
 boauty to anything in the building; and stuffed specimens of 
 I'ur-bcaring animals are shown in connectio.i with this display. 
 There is a good exhibit of cotton and linen goods, and of hats 
 and military caps. 
 
OF THE CKNTEXMAL EXIIIUITIOX. 
 
 420 
 
 In tlic centre of the section, the Russian American linhbor 
 Company, of St. Petersburg', have a fine octagonal pavilion of 
 ebony and plate-ghiss, containing a handsome collection of their 
 goods. Opposite, on the west side of the court, a tailoring firm 
 shows a case of uniforms of the different branches of the Kus- 
 sian army. 
 
 The exhibit of mathematical and philosophical instruments 
 is small but very interesting, and is located near the south 
 west corner of the court. Immediately to the oast of it is 
 a case of ornamental cast-iron work. The collecction consists 
 t)t' a number of statuettes, busts, vases, etc., the principal 
 object being a co|)y of the statue of Peter the fireat, at 
 St. Petersburg. There is a softness about the work which is 
 very pleasing, and it greatly resembles the darkest antifpio 
 bron/c. It is much lighter in weight than brony.e, and nuich 
 less expensive. 
 
 The paper makers have a small exhibit, and close by is an 
 extensive and valuable collection of the minerals of the Russian 
 empire. At the south end of the court is a case of inlaid 
 caskets, boxes, waiters, etc., the work upon whi(;h is exceedingly 
 beautiful. In the next case a bookbinder shows specimens of 
 his work. The books are merchants' account books, and show 
 the Russian system of bookkeej)ing. At the southeast corner 
 of the court is a fine carved oaken billiard table, one of the 
 handsomest in the Kxhibition. There is an excellent though 
 small exhibit of cutlery, and several excellent pianos form a 
 part of the Russian exhibit. A number of carved oaken cabinet^ 
 stand along the eastern line, where also may be seen a case of 
 rich embroideries, worked on colored cloths with gold and silver 
 threads. 
 
 There is a small exhibit of perfumes and soaps, and a few 
 pieces of porcelain and majolica-ware complete the display. 
 
 Russia was one of the last of the European powers to take 
 part in the Exhibition, and her space was not in comj)lete order 
 until near the last of June. Her display is at once unique and 
 beautiful, and receives much praise from visitors. 
 
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 430 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 Portugal. 
 
 Like the Russian, the Portuguese exhibit was not in order 
 until the latter part of June. The section assigned to Portugal 
 is on the south side of the hall, and immediately in the rear ot" 
 the Turkish and Egyptian courts. It is about as large as tlio 
 Kgyj)tian section, and is enclosed with a line of handsome show- 
 cases of wood, stained in imitation of black walnivf, with 
 entrances at the north, east, and west ends. 
 
 Along the southern wall the Portuguese department of public 
 works exhibits a collection of topographical and geological niap.s 
 and charts of the kingdom, with drawings of the principal har- 
 bors, in this section of the space is the display of glassware. 
 ])ottery, and porcelain, which, though not large, is very good. 
 Some fine dyes and specimens of woollen fabrics dyed in tlicm 
 are also shown. 
 
 The cases which form the east and west sides of the enclosure 
 are filled with cotton and woollen goods, generally of a coarse 
 texture. The blankets shown here are very good. 
 
 A good display is made of silk fabrics, of various kinds, and 
 a case is also shown of cocoons ami raw silk. Some of the silks 
 are beautifully embroidered. A number of excellent specimens 
 of wood-carving are shown, and a series of photographs of 
 places in Portugal show some admirable work in this line. 
 
 A case containing flowers, baskets, ships, and other objects 
 made of the fibre of the fig tree, from the island of St. ^lichael, 
 in the Azores, attracts great attention. The material is e\(|nis- 
 itcly beautiful and the work very fine. There are a number of 
 statuettes in colored plaster, representing dilTerent types of 
 Portuguese brigands and peasants. At the northern end of the 
 section is a collection of tinware, showing the fine quality of the 
 native tin of Portugal, and here is to be seen the finest porcelain 
 and glassware of this exhibit. 
 
 The Mineral Annex. 
 
 The space in the main hall being filled, a couple of loner. 
 narrow, wooden buildings were erected on the south side of the 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXiITBlTION. 
 
 431 
 
 ]\rain Biiikling. In these structures is shown a hirj^e and inter- 
 esting collection of the minerals of the United States, prominent 
 in which arc a number of immense blocks of coal taken from 
 the mines of rcnnsylvania and some of the Western States. 
 
 The Carriage Annex. 
 
 The annex to the Main Buihling, devoted to the display of 
 carriages and other articles, is situated on the north side of the 
 Avenue of the Republic, just north of Memorial Ilall. It is 
 built of corrugated iron and glass, and is 84(3 feet long and 2ol 
 i'cct deep. The greater })art of the space is taken up by 
 American exhibitors. 
 
 The display of carriages in the American department is very 
 fine, and includes vehicles of all classes, and several old- 
 fashioned Concord stages. Wheels, hubs, si)okes, harness, 
 carriage hardware and fixtures, springs, etc., are displayed here, 
 and make a handsome showing. The collection of carriaires fur 
 children is also very pretty. 
 
 A number of railroad cars are exhibited in this building. 
 The Pullman Palace Car Comj)any show one of their hand- 
 somest parlor cars, and a superb hotel car, to both of which 
 visitors are admitted. The latter shows the entire arrange- 
 ment for providing passengers with meals cooked to order while 
 the train is in motion. A boudoir and library car, built for 
 the St. Paul & Rio Janeiro Railway of Brazil, is a model of 
 beautiful workmanship and comfortable arrangement. It is a 
 narrow gatige car, and smaller than the l*ullman coaches by 
 which it stands. Several other fine cars for ordinary use 
 arc exhibited, and show what the various railway lines of 
 the country might do for the comfort of their ])assen- 
 gers. Several magnificent street railway cars stand by the side 
 of the larger coaches, and arc beautiful specimens of workman- 
 ship. 
 
 A large part of the American department is devofed to an 
 exhibition of stoves and heating ap[..u'atus of various kinds, tin 
 and ironware, and house-furnishing goods. These make up a 
 Vretty and attractive display, and draw many visitors. 
 
 
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432 
 
 TH*? ILLUSTRATKD HISTORY. 
 
 Ill the English (U'partmont wc nolioo several fine drnfrs 
 of the most elaborate style, and a number of broii^liains, 
 cou|h's and a spceies of one-horse baroiu-he. The Ent^lMi 
 Vehicles are all substantially made and arc elegant and tasteful 
 
 Canada exhibits her fine sleighs, which arc much admired. 
 
 Italy sends two specimens of u curious little cIomm) 
 
 carriage. 
 
 The display is very fine, and the carriage annex is one of 
 the most interesting halls in the Exhibition. 
 
 It is large and airy, and the articles exhibited in it are dis- 
 played t'> the best advantage. The beautiful work ni)nii tlir 
 wooden bodies of the carriages is especially noticeable foi- Its 
 beauty and skilful joining. 
 
 One of the pleasantest features of the hall is the view from 
 the north entrance. You look down into the wooded depths of 
 Lansdowne V^vlley, beyond which are the towers of Agricultiuiil 
 Hall and the pretty buildings on its slopes. There is gononillv 
 a breeze stirring here, and yon may seat yourself on the benches 
 which the thoughtfulness of the Commission has provided, and 
 enjoy as rural and as enchanting a view as the eye ever rested 
 upon. 
 
 'iM 
 
 ^^^"Y^} 
 
CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 MACIIINKUV HALL. 
 
 I),sTi|ition <if tlif HuildiiiK— Tilt! Iiiti-rior— Coiiveiiii'iK r-i for Visitors I»ro- 
 cnutioiiH Awiiiiist Fire — The Corliss Kngine — Distrihutioii of I'owi r— The 
 AmiTiciiii !)is]ihiy— Curious aii<l Interi'siing Mat'liincs — The Steiini-Krigines 
 -The l''iist Steam-I'liifiiiie in Anieriea— The Hlast Funiaee — Tiie Sewing 
 Machines — A Handsome Display— The Suspensiou Hiiilge l-lxliiitit— A 
 Monster Cotion I'ress — Weavinir >[a(hines — Making Watches by Machinery 
 —Carpet Weaving — The Water Motors- The Locomotives —Tin- llaihvay 
 Kxliiliit — The Vaeuuin Pan — The Tobacco Factory — Making India Jiuhher 
 iSiioes — Making ( 'andies by Machinery — The Massaciiiisetts Marine— Among 
 the Priming Machines — The Old l'"ranklin I'ress Printing the AVm Ymk 
 //cm/'/— The Ice Yacht — American Machine Shops — Nail and Tack Making 
 — Tlie Ilvdraulie Amiex — The Tank^The Cascade — Tiie JIvdranlic and 
 
 lilouing Machine 
 
 ■The IJritish Section— The Road Steamers — Iron Armor 
 
 Plate— Weaving Machines Uailway Models- The Waltir I'riss-Tlie 
 
 Sjii'^ar .Mill — The Canadian Fxhibit — The < !crman Sect 
 
 ion 
 
 Th 
 
 >nipj) 
 
 ( iims — The French Section — Silk Weaving — Lithographing — Pelgiaii 
 Machinery— The Well-Porer— The Swedish Section and Exhibits— The 
 Russian Ciuns — The IJrazilian Section — A Handsome and Characterist 
 
 Display. 
 
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 V 
 
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 AClIIXKllY IIALL is dosignod for the oxhihition of 
 iiiacliiiK'ry in motion, and the second of the Kxhihition 
 l)iiildin<2;s with ropjard to size. It stands imnKMliately 
 west of the Main Bnildinp;, at a distance of five hiin- 
 (h'od and forty-two foot from it, and its sonthorn wall is 
 two Iiiindrod :ind sovonty-fonr foot from the north side ol' Elm 
 avoiuio. The lon>ith of the buildiiu"; is from oast to wost, and 
 its iiortli front is on the same lino as thtit of the AFain Exhihiiion 
 lUiildiiio;, thus prosenting a frontage of thirty-eight hnndrod ttiid 
 twoiity-lltnr feet from the oast to the wost ends of the IiXhiI)ition 
 buililings upon the principal avonno within the groimds. 
 Tiie mat'hinory building consists of the main iiull, fourteen 
 2C 433 
 
 !ii 
 
 I 
 
 
4.'] 1 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED UISTOUY 
 
 Imndrod and two foot long by three hundred and sixty fiw t 
 wide, and an annex on the south side of two hundred and v\^h[ 
 by two liun(h'ed and ten ("eet. The entire area eovered bv tlic 
 buihling and the annex is n}')H,A40 Mjuare feet, or about I'i.S'j 
 aeres. Including the uj)per floors the Exhibition ppaee is about 
 Ibiu'teen aeres. 
 
 The principal j)ortion of the building is one story in hcij^ht 
 with the nmin corniee upon the outside about forty feet fnmi 
 the ground. The roof is seventy feet from the floor of tlic 
 avenues, antl forty feet from tin; floor of the aisles. The iiiain 
 entranees at the cast ami west are finished with handsome 
 lli^ades, consisting of a scpuire tower at each side rising to a 
 height of seventy-eight feet, with a tasteful entrance between 
 them. The central entrance and the towers are each providi d 
 with light ornamental galleries, and over the central galh rv a 
 large eagle is placed, with a clock immediately beneath Iiiin. 
 A similar projection with a simihir fa(;:ide stands at the ends of 
 the transept upon the north and south sides of the buildiiijf, 
 giving to it a fine and j)ictures(pie effect ; and in order to furtlur 
 relieve the monotony which would have rcsidted from the long 
 unbroken lines of the exterior, other projections have been in- 
 troduced upon the north and south sides of the building, with 
 tasteful fa9adcs. A chime of thirteen bells, rej)resenting tlie 
 thirteen original State?, is hung in the northeast tower of the 
 building. They weigh twenty-one thousand pounds, the largest 
 weighing vcr three thousand pfumds and the smallest three 
 hundred and fif^y pounds. They cos-f .^12,000, and were east 
 bv Hcnrv McShanc <t Brother, of Baltimrx-e, 
 
 The building is painted in a light and pleasing blue, with 
 ornatnentations in other colors. As its length is eighteen tini('«; 
 its height it has necessarily a low and "squat" effect, but the 
 general appearance is pleasing, and the structure is so admirahly 
 adapted to the purj>oses it is designed to servo that criticism 
 is disarmed. While there im nothing mean or shabby about it, 
 it is plain and simple, but little effort having been made at 
 ornament. The building is in perfect good taste througliont, 
 and while it is not as handsome or as imposing as its gignntlc 
 
ir^ 
 
 OF Tin: CENTENNIAL EXimUTIOX. 
 
 435 
 
 lu'ii'hlKH', the Main Exliiliition IJiiildiiij;, It is still attractive 
 ami ploiLsiiig, and the gazer is proibiimlly impressed with its 
 I'xpression of vastiiess. 
 
 The eastern doors open npon the grand plaza at the main en- 
 trance to the gronnds, and form the principal api)roach iVom 
 tlic street cars, the Pennsylvania Railroad Dcjjot and the Main 
 Kxhihition Building. The western doors lead to the Total 
 Abstinence Fountain and to George's Hill and the buildings 
 clustered about its feet. 
 
 The arrangement of the gr()un<l-plan is very siniple. It shows 
 two main avenues, each ninety fec.'t in width and thirteen hun- 
 dred ami sixty feet long, with a central aisle between them and 
 an aisle on eith(>r side. Each aisle is the length of the avenues, 
 and is ^ixty I'eet in width, thus making the aggregate width of 
 the avenues and aisles three hundred and sixty feet. At the 
 centre of the building is a transept ninety feet wide, which at 
 the south side is prolonged beyond the main building to the 
 southern end of the annex. At a distance of thirty-six feet 
 from the main hall a series of aisles extend on either side of the 
 transei)t for a distance of two hundred and eight feet to the 
 southward, formint:; with it the annex for hvdraulle machines. 
 These aisles arc sixty feet in width. The promenades in the 
 avenues are fifteen feet wide ; those in the transept twenty-fivp 
 feet wide, and those in the aisles ten feet wide. All other walks 
 extending across the building are ten feet wide, and lead at 
 either end to exit doors. 
 
 The foundations of the building are ])iers of solid masonry. 
 " The superstructure consists of solid timber columns supporting 
 roof trusses, constructed with straight wooden principals and 
 wrought-iron ties and struts. As a general rule, the eolunnis 
 are i)laced lengthwise of the building, at the uniform distance 
 apart of sixteen feet. The columns arc forty feet high to the 
 heel-block of the ninoty feet span roof trusses over the avenues, 
 and they support the heel of the sixty feet spans over the aisles 
 at the height of twenty feet. The outer walls are built of 
 masonry to a hpight of five feet, and above that are composed 
 of glazed sash placed between the columns. Portions of the 
 
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 J 
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 '*« 
 
 
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 THE CENTENNIAL EXIIIHUIoN'. 
 
 4;,'i 
 
 hash aro movable for ventilation. Ivouvre ventilators are intr«»- 
 (lueed in eontinnons lengths over both the avenues ami the aisles. 
 The bnilding is lit entirely by side light, and stands lengthwise 
 nearly east and west." 
 
 Machinery ilall was the first eonipleteil of the Kxhibition 
 Mrnetnres. 'J'he eontract lor its eredion was made on the 27th 
 ol" .Jannary, 1875, and the work was immediately begun. Jt 
 was completed on the 1st of October, 1875, and was turned over 
 to the JJoard of Finance about the close ol' the year. Th ,.;>; 
 of the building was $542,o<)0. 'i'he engineers and or: hitect ; 
 were Henry IVttit and Jose|)h M. \\'ilson, of iMiiladelph.,., as.'? 
 the contractor, l*irili[» C^uigley, of \\ ilminglon, Delaware. The 
 wrought and cast-iion work used in the building was furnished 
 hy Pusey, Jones tt Co., of \\'ilniington, l)elawarc. 
 
 The building is fitted up with especial care for the comfort 
 and convenience of visitors. Water-closets are j)laecd at Uie 
 east and west ends, with attendants. KoUing-chair stations are 
 located at the main entrances, and telegraph ollices are estab- 
 li>hed at prominent points. Stands for the sale of the otUeial 
 L'atahtgue are placed in the central aisle, and letter-boxes are 
 -cattcred throughout the building. The fire service is perfect, 
 alarm stations being placed at regular intervals, eaeii wiih its 
 proper nuniber, and liabcock extinguishers are scattered over 
 the building ready for instant use. At the north end of the 
 transept is a restaurant, the proj>rietor of which promises to fur- 
 iiish a good diinier for the niodi'rate sum of fifty cent's. Ad- 
 joining the restaiu'ant is a confectionery, and by the side of this 
 the j)oi)-corn man has a tasteful stand, from which he Iocs a 
 thriving business in this peculiarly American eatable. Soda- 
 fountains are placed at several })oints in the building, and are 
 under the same management as those in the other halls. 
 
 The interior decorations are simple, the roof and pillars being 
 piMuted in light colors, the object being to render the interior as 
 light as possible. 
 
 From the gallery one looks down upon a busy scene. The 
 jreat engine in the centre drives several miles of shafting and 
 
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438 
 
 Tlir: ILLUSTHATED HISTORY 
 
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 belting, and the liall resounds with the hum and click of the 
 niaeiiincry in motion. 
 
 Xo fires or I'liniuces are allowed in the hall. The boilers of 
 the great Corliss engine are placed in a separate building on the 
 south side of the hall, and steam is introduced into the hall hv 
 a service of pipes. 
 
 The motive power for all the raacluncry in motion in tlii- 
 vast hall is a douUIc-actiiig duplex verticil e'lgine, erected by 
 Mr. (Jeorgo IT. Corliss, of Providence, Jlhode Island, its in- 
 ventor. It stands in the centre of the hall, and is built upon a 
 platform iifty-six feet in diameter, and three and one-half tlrt 
 above the floor of the hall. The engine rises to a height of foitv 
 feet above the platform, and is the most conspicuous object in 
 the hall. "It has cylinders of forty-four inches in diameter and 
 ten fi'et stroke, the peculiar varitible cut-off arrangement being 
 actuated by the governor, as coiiunon in the Corliss cMginc.-. 
 Between the vertical engines is a fly-wheel of tiity-six tuns 
 weight, thirtv feet in diamctei a'ld twentv-four inch Itu _> ; it 
 makes thirty-six revolutions [)er minute, the rate being l<e[)t 
 e(pial by means of the governor cut-olf, which immediatejv 
 responds to any change in duty, owing to the throwing olT or 
 on of machines either singly or embraced in a whole section of 
 the building. The tubular boilers arc twenty in mnnbcr, in a 
 separate building, and each represents a nominal power of seventy 
 horses, the work of the engine at sixty pounds j)ressure being 
 about fourteen hun<1red horse-power. The fly-wheel has cogs 
 on its periphery, which match with cogs on a pinion which 
 rotates a line of undcrgrouiul shafting, and this by means of 
 mitre-gearing rotates other undergroimd shafts, so that motion 
 is communicated to eight points in the ground-j)lan at the tran- 
 sept, at which are pulleys from which belts rise through the 
 floor and thence pass around ])rimary j^uUeys on the eii:lit 
 princi])al lines of shafting, which reach fiom the transept to the 
 extremities of the east and west end of the building. The sunk 
 shafting, its mitre-gears, pillow-blocks and pulleys, weigh two 
 hundred tons." The work on the engine was completed on tin 
 lOth of April, the day proniis>ed by its inventor, and the entire 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAI. EXniBITIOX. 
 
 439 
 
 cost of its construction — §200,000 — \va.s borne by Mr. George 
 Jl.t'orliss, 
 
 Kight main lines of shafting are providetl for the macliinory 
 i.i the avenues and aisles, tiic larger portion being speeded to 
 (tiie hundred and twenty revolutions per minute, and one lim 
 
 •J 
 
 » i 
 
 I 
 
 Tlir rOULISS ENGINE IN MACHINERY HAM,. 
 
 to two hundred and forty revolutions per minute, principally for 
 the wood-working machines, which occupy the larger part of the 
 west end of the southern aisle. With the snlisidlary lines, the 
 length of shafting is estimated at 10,400 feet, each mnin line of 
 six hundred and fifty feet transmitting one hundrcfl and eighty 
 horse-power to the various machines connected with it. 
 
 
440 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED IIISTOUY 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 The oxliibit (lisplaycd in ^^acllillery Hull is classified by tho 
 Centennial Commissiion as fullows : 
 
 Depaktmknt v.— -Mac iiiNEUY. 
 
 500— r;f)9 Machines, Tools, etc., of Mining, Clieaiistry, etc, 
 
 510_r,19 Machines anil Tools for working Metal, W(xxl and Stone. 
 
 520— r,L'9 Machines and Implements of Spinning, Weaving, etc. 
 
 o.'JO- ");)!) Machines, etc., used in Sewing, making Clotiiing, etc. 
 
 540— "in Maciiines for Printing, making Books, Taper Working, etc 
 
 5<')0— '').")9 . . . .Motors, Power Generators, etc. 
 5()0— ')()9. . . .Tfvdranlic and Pnenmatic Apparatus. 
 
 570— .">7!) Railway IMant, Rolling Stock, etc. 
 
 580—589 Machinery used in preparing Agricultural Products, 
 
 590—599 Aerial, Pneumatic and Water Transportation, 
 
 Machinery and Apparatus especially adapted to the reipiiro- 
 menta of the Exhibition. 
 
 The United States. 
 
 The space occnpicJ by the United States covers about throc- 
 foiirths of the area of Machinery Hall, and extends from tho 
 western end entirely across the hall to a point nearly half way 
 between the transept and the eastern doors. Bcinj; at home, 
 the American exhibitors were naturally the first to have tluir 
 machinery in readiness. The machinery displayed covers a 
 wide range, extending from the most delicate machines for tlie 
 niannfactnre of watches to the most powerful trip-hammers and 
 r()llir'r:-n)ills. 
 
 We begin our inspection at the west end of the building, !in<l 
 start from the western end of tho south aisle and pursue our 
 way eastward along this aisle. 
 
 On the south side we notice an extensive collection of ga* 
 meters and kindred machines. These are very handsome and 
 complete in every <letail, and the visitor can but wonder that 
 such pretty and attractive things should be such an unending 
 source of trouble to every householder. The whole system of 
 registering the consumption of gas is shown, but we are imt 
 'mated to an exhibit of the method of making a meter register 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 441 
 
 more gas than is burned. That is a secret which tlie gas com- 
 panies tlo not care to mal<e public. 
 
 A hirge collection of machines for making illuminating gas 
 from naphtha is shown beyond the gas meters, the largest ex- 
 lijbit being made by the Spriiigfield (las Machine Company, 
 of Massachusetts, whose machines are admitted to be the best 
 and safest in use. 
 
 Biyond the gas niacliines the Ilagner Drug Milling Com- 
 pany, of Philadelphia, exhibit a pair of <lonl)le-run flaxseed 
 cliasing mills, which attract considerable attention by their si/e 
 and excellent workmanship. To the east of this is a large 
 frame moilcl of an anthracite coal-breaker, showing the pro- 
 cess of crushing coal and separ;iti:^g the different sizes for the 
 market. 
 
 A fine display of steam-drills comes next, and below these is 
 a blast-furnace, with plans showing its operation. A capital 
 display is made of steam-engines, stationary and portable. The 
 Atlantic Mills, of Philadelphia, show some powerful machin- 
 ery, and below these the scroll-saw men are at work with their 
 machines cutting out scroll work in wood. Some of these saws 
 are driven by steam and some by foot-power. A handsome 
 ^specimen of their work is a "Centennial clock," the frame of 
 which is made of wood sawed in this way. 
 
 We have now reached the transept, and turn back to ex- 
 amine the display along the north side of the aisle, ^^'e are 
 attracted at once by the exhibit of barrel, hoop and stave- 
 making machinery in operation. These machines cut out the 
 staves and hoops and set up the barrels and head them in an 
 exceedingly short space of time. 
 
 Close by is an automatic shingle-maker, which can turn out 
 2o,000 shingles in a day; and next to it is a "Dovetailing, 
 Carving, Moulding and Panelling Machine," exhibited by the 
 Battle Creek Machinery Conipany, which is one of the < uri- 
 osities of the Exhibition. Royond these machines William 
 Cramp (t Son, of Philadelphia, exhibit two fine marine engines. 
 In the next space J. W. Griffiths, of New York, exhibits a 
 
442 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOUY 
 
 ..«* 
 
 iiiacliine for bending wooil, and shows by its oj)oration the 
 prwess of bending stout wooden beams for sliii)s' frames, or for 
 arclies. 
 
 We are at the west end once more, and [)ass into the south 
 .'ivcnue. As we move down this avenue we oonline our in- 
 spection to its south si<Ie, and nutit^e first a hirge road steam- 
 eiiii'ine of American make. It is the invention of (ie(»rge W. 
 Fitts, of Phihulelphia, and compares liivonibly witii the EngUsh 
 steamers at the other end of the hall. Adjuining this s[)aee is 
 one oeenpied by Win. An(h*ews, of Williamsport, Pennsyl- 
 vania, who exhibits a number of circular ami straight saws of 
 the beht workmansliip. Here is to be swn the iirst saw-maker's 
 anvil ever brought to the United States. It was brought from 
 London in l.Sl'J, hyan uncle of its present owner, who had 
 used it in the old count ly, and has beep in steady use for over 
 seventy years in this family. It looks^^as if it was good for 
 seventy years njore of work. 
 
 ^^'e now reach an extensive collection of saws, moulding- 
 machines and steam engines, noticeable among the latter being 
 the splendid automatii; cut-olf and throttling steam-engines of 
 the ]>ucktye Company, of Salem, Ohio, hi the midst of this 
 group Cornell University displays some of the results of her 
 department of mechanical engineering in the work of her 
 studimts and in a fme collection of machinery. Here are a 
 foot-lathe, magneto-electrical machine, measuring machine 
 and steam-engine, all of which are handsome pieces of work- 
 manship. 
 
 Having reached the end of the avenue, which is here closed 
 in by the si)ace assigned to an exhibitor, we notice on the north 
 side a section of the first steam-engine ever introduced into the 
 United States. This venerable relic is exhibited by Messrs, D. 
 M. Meeker it Son, of Newark, New Jersey. Its history is so 
 interesting that we give it here as related by Mr. Justice Brad- 
 l<>y, of the Supreme Court of the United States, in a letter to 
 Mr. D. M. Meeker: 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXIIIHITIO.V. 
 
 443 
 
 " Washington, Scpkmbir 20lh, 1S75. 
 " David M. Meeker, Esq. : 
 
 *'I)mrSir: The stciun-oiigine of wlilch you possess a ivlio 
 was, as you suppose, the first ever ereeteil on this eoutinent. ft 
 was imported from England '\h the year 175;i hy Colonel John 
 Sehuyler, for the purpose of pumping water fn»m his coj)per 
 mine op|)osite Belleville, near Newark, New Jersey. The mine 
 was rieh in ore, hut had been worked as <U'ep as hand and 
 horse power eonld elear it of water. Colonel Scliuyler, having 
 heard of the sueeess with whii-li steam-engines (thon called fire- 
 engines) were used in tlu" mines of Cornwall, determined to 
 have one in his mine. lie accordingly rt'cpu'stnl his London 
 correspondents to procure an engine, and to send out with it an 
 engineer cnpable of puttiiig it up an'! in operation. This Mas 
 done in the year named, and JosiAii IIoiiniu.oweu, a young 
 man, then in his twenty-fifth year, was sent out to superintend 
 it. The voyage was a long and perilous one. ]\Ir. irornblosver 
 expected to return as soon as the engine was in successful opera- 
 tion. Ihit the projirietor induced him to remain, and in the 
 course of a couple of years he married Miss King.-land, whose 
 fiither owned a large plantation adj(»iniug that of Colonel 
 ScJMivler. The late Chief-Justice Ilornblower was the voimgest 
 of a large family of (;hildren which resulted from this marriage. 
 Mr. irornI)lower's father, whose name was Joseph, had been 
 engagc(l in the business of constructing engines in Cornwall 
 from their first introduction in the mines there, about 1740; 
 and had been an engineer and engine-builder from the first use 
 of steam-engines in the arts, about 1720. The engines con- 
 structed by him and his sons wore the kind known as Xew- 
 comen's engines, or Cornish engines. That brought to America 
 by Josiah was of this description. Watt had not then invented 
 his separate condenser, nor the use of high pressure. But it is 
 generally conceded that, for pumping piu'poscs, the Cornish 
 engine has still no superior. 
 
 "After 17G0 the Schuvler mine was worked for several vears 
 I>y Mr. Hornblower himself. The approach of the war, in 
 1775, caused the operations to cease. Work rvas resumed, 
 
 1* 
 
 
 I 1 
 
 Ik 
 
 s "., 
 
114 
 
 THE ILLUSTUATED HISTOllY 
 
 however, in 1792, and was carried on lor several years hy 
 sueeessive parties. It fiiiiilly (.-eased a!tt)getlier early in this 
 century.' and the i>l«l eiii^ine was hrohcii ui) and the materials 
 disposed of. The hoiler, a large copper cylinder, btan<liiig 
 upright, eight or ten feet high, and as much in diameter, with 
 a Hat bottom and a dome-shaped toj), was carried to I'hila- 
 delphia. The relic in yonr possession was a poi'tion of the 
 cvlinckr and was purchased bv some person in Newark. 
 
 "In IHOt I met an old man named John Van Kiidiurgh, 
 then a hundred years old, who had worked on the engine when 
 it was in operation in 1792. He described it very iniimtely 
 and, I doubt not, accurately. It is from his description that I 
 happ(MU'd to know the kind of engine it was; although, from 
 
 1 the use to which it was put, 
 
 the date of its construction anc 
 lere could have been 
 
 tl 
 
 ut little (loul>t on the subject. 
 
 " \\'hat chanires have been wrousxht in one hundi'e(l and 
 
 mgc 
 twentv-two vears 
 
 t 
 
 What 
 
 mighty power 
 
 has I 
 
 )een en 
 
 ated 
 
 on 
 
 tl 
 
 us continent, in 
 
 that t 
 
 I me 
 
 bv tl 
 
 le multiplieation and improve 
 
 ment of the steam-engine! We may well look upon this relie 
 with a sort of sui>erstitious veneration, and, looking ibrward as 
 well as backward, wonder what another centiirv will brinsr 
 
 forth ! 
 
 Respectfully, your obedient servant, 
 
 " Joseph P. Bradley." 
 
 Leaving the south avenue at its western end, we pass around 
 into the central aisle and continue our inspection on the south 
 side of that aisle. We pass a number of vertical and other 
 steam-engines, and ptuise to examine the immense high s|)eed 
 blowing engine erected by the Weimar Machine Works, of 
 Lebanon, Pennsylvania, This fine engine has a ca))acity of 
 5000 cubic feet ])er minute at ten pounds pressure. The same 
 comi)any also exhibit a section of an ap[)aratus for charging a 
 blast furnace. 
 
 Below this is a display of fire-engines, three of which are 
 liandsomc steamers, and a case of firemen's hats, overhauls, etc. 
 Beyond the engine^* a fine hook and ladder carriage is placed. 
 Several old-fashioned hand-onginos are included in the display, 
 
OF THK f UNTENNIAL EXItmiTIOX. 
 
 445 
 
 and l(Jok odd indeed bchide the glittering steamers. I*iissing 
 on we come to the <lisj)lay of eliemicul fire-cxtingnislu rs, the 
 hirgcst and han<lsoniest exhibit heing made by the Hahcock 
 Fii'j'-lvxtingnisher Company, whose maeiiines are nsed in the 
 Kxhiliition Iniildings. 
 
 raitluT on, I. P. Morris tS: Co., of the Port Uiehmond Iron 
 Worlds, Phihidelpiiia, exhibit a hirge and eonipletc! bhist Inrraec 
 which towers to the roof, high above all the snrronnding 
 objects. Near the intersection of the aisle with tlu; transept, 
 ]']. M. J'xtynton, of Svw York, has a handsome pavilion of 
 black walnnt, velvet and gilt, ornamented with specimens of his 
 saws. It is oneof th(! most eonspiciions objects in the hall, and 
 is adn)irably snited to the display of the articles it contains. 
 
 Tnrning westward again, and crossing to the north sidi' of 
 the aisle, we notice a handsome disj)Iay of paintings and models 
 of the steamers of the American Line, from IMiiladelphia to 
 Liverpool, made by the steamship company. 
 
 The north side of the central aisle, I'rom the transept west- 
 ward, is taken n[) almost entirely by the exhibit of the sewing 
 machine man n fact nrers. All the sewing machines of the 
 conntry are represented here, and the dis|)lay made by them is 
 one of the most attractive featnres of the Exhibition. The 
 spaces occnpied by the varions mannfactnrers stand side by side, 
 and are fitted np in the handsomest style. Rich native woods 
 and costly hangings are nsed in the construction of the en- 
 closures and pavilions of the various manufacturers, and .leither 
 expense nor taste has been spared to render these as brilliant 
 and imposing as possible. Each firm exhil)its its best machines, 
 linisiie(l in the handsomest style, and displays eonsj)icui)Usly 
 ■samples of fine needlework done by its operators. 'J'he ma- 
 ,>hines are operated by a number of young ladies, and are shown 
 to all who are disixtsed to examine them. The handsomest 
 :lisplays are made by the Wilson, Weed, Wilcox iV (Jil)bs, 
 Howe, Domestic and Home Companies. The Howe pavilion 
 jontain-; a |H)rtrait of Klias Howe, th(> inventor of the sewing 
 machin:-, ;;nd the j)avilion of the Home ^lachine is the richest 
 and most beautiful structure in Maeliin(>rv Ibdl, 
 
 '1 ■'. 
 
446 
 
 THI! ILI-USTRATKD lIIHTOItV 
 
 To tlic went of the scwiiij:; machiiH's arc the knitting lua- 
 (.*liiiic\s, tlie \V()rkit)<^s of wliicli iittnict niiu^h attention; and 
 l>eyoml these is a hamlsonie niodul of a steam tug, with an 
 exhibit of iinprovetl screw projx'Uers for steam vessels, and we 
 enter once more the space tlevoted to steam-engines. Among 
 tiicsi! we notice a machine for ditching and draining, exhil>ite(l 
 by Kandolj)h Brothers, of New .Jersey. Several .'li/es t>l' this 
 machine l(>r hors(! iind steam power are made. The largest size 
 will dig eight enlii<! yards per mimiie in clay soil, or as much 
 as a single man can dig in a day. A two-horse machine, 
 weighing IGOO [)onnds, will do the work of Ibrty men. The 
 next space is occupied hy Pnsey, Jones & Co., of Wilmington, 
 Delaware, with a large display of machinery of various kimls; 
 and just beyond X. \V. Twiss it Co., of New Haven, exhibit a 
 nund)er of beautifid vertical engines. The yacht engine ex- 
 hibited her(> is one of the prettiest and most eom[)lete machines 
 in the building. 
 
 We are at the west end of the aisle, and pass around to the 
 north avenue, t the western end of which, on the south side, 
 ]\[essrs. Poole ^S: Hunt, of J>allimore, have a large <lisplay of 
 machines of various kinds. Ivistward of this exhibit, on the 
 same side of the avenue, the steam-engines stretch away for a 
 considerable distance. Hevond these the American Iron Woi'ks 
 
 r>> 
 
 of IMttsburgh, make an extensive disjday of wheels, shaftiu 
 pulleys, bar, sheet, plate iron, and T rails. 
 
 Jnunediately to the south (tf this exhibit a loom is at work 
 weaving suspendirs for the National Suspender Company, of 
 ^ou may have a pair woven with your name 
 
 iCW 
 
 York. 
 
 while vou wait for them. 
 
 IV'low the American Iron Works, Is one of the handsomest 
 tlisplays in the hall. It is th(> evhibit of the dohn A. Uoeb- 
 liiig's Sons Company, of Trenton, Xew Jersey, manufaetiu'crs of 
 wire rope and suspension bridge cables. Here are shown sei*- 
 tio;is (tfthe cables of the suspension bridges over the Niagara at 
 
 N 
 
 la'ura 
 
 Fall> 
 
 an 
 
 d those over the Ohio at I'lttsburtrh and Cin- 
 
 cinnati, which were made by this lirm. Ilaud-onie (h'awings 
 of thes<« bridges are displayed. A splendid plan of the sus[)en- 
 
OF TIIR PENTRNNIAi EXIl IIJITION. 
 
 447 
 
 bIoii briilf^e now in courso of construrtioij over tlic ICast river, 
 at New York, f<)rins ono of tin.' most ('(Mi^picnous olycct.s of the 
 collection, and beneath it is a swtion of tlie cable for this bridj^c 
 now beinj^ made i)y this firm. It is eunipo^ed of ^ix thonsaiul. 
 No. 7, galvaiii/.ed sfcel wires. Tlu; ultimate ,<tren<;th of this 
 cable is 22,.'}()(>,0()() jxtnnds. A model of a large menliant ship 
 rigged with win; ropo is exhibited, and samples of the wire 
 ropes and other articles made by the company arc to be seen 
 also. 
 
 Beyond this space is an enormous <lirect acting st(>aiii and 
 hydraidic cotton press, from the Taylor Iron W'ltrks, of Charles- 
 ton, S. C It is constrntrted entirely withont pumps, and has 
 but a single valve. It is the most powerful cotton press in the 
 worhl, and among its other feats i^; said to liav( reeompressed a 
 bale of cotton into two-thirds of its oritrinal size. 
 
 We now enter a region of looms a. .d cotton machinery, and 
 pause to notices the process of making and winding s]>ooI cotton 
 as shown by the Willimantic and Ilopcdale Cotnpanies, of Con- 
 necticut and Rhode Island. Beyond these machines a large 
 power-loom is weaving corsets for the Ignited States Corset 
 Comj)any. A lady operates the machine, and a number of her 
 sex ar(> generally interested lookers-on. Next do(tr, a larger 
 sized loom is wea\'ing jute cloth. Both of these machines are 
 the Tiyall Positive Motion Tioom, tiie accuracy and rapidity of 
 the work of which are wonderful. 
 
 In the next stand on the east, the I'yranjid Pin Company, of 
 New TIaven, Connecticut, have a machiiH', in charge of a little 
 girl, at work sticking pins in papers. I'his machine is capable 
 of sticking 1 SO, 000 pins per day in this way. 
 
 Next below is one of the most interesting exhibits in th( IimII. 
 The American Watch Com|)any, of Walt ham, Massiiclni-etts, 
 have a work-!»hop, in which a number of their most cxj)erienced 
 and skilful workers are engaged in the manuflicture of watches 
 by jnachinery. Kv<'ry part of the proee«s is illustrated by the 
 work doii(> here. The machines used are of the m(»st delicate 
 and perfect charact<>r, and the operations are marked by ;ui 
 accuraiy and skill which elicit the warm praise of tlic inter- 
 
•118 
 
 TlIK ILLirsTUATKI) HISTORY 
 
 c'stid spcftaturs who .siirrouiid tliu work-liup. Tlic Wallliaiii 
 wiitclics have lon;^ U'cii le^anh'il as th»; best ol' .Vnu'riiaii 
 niaiinlactiirt', and ihe universal tesliiiioiiy of all who have; uxd 
 thi'ia is that tlu'V are iiiiexeellcd l)v aiiv in the world. 
 
 • • • 
 
 Adji»iiiiii;; the shop ol" the Waltham ('oiii[>any is u eiirioiis 
 macliiiie I'or (ii^iMviii;^- pallenis lor i-nihroidei y and laees. 
 
 'ihi! transej»t is reached a;^ain, and we turn hack westward 
 a;j;ain. On the ri;^ht, »,>]>|M»site the Waltham .shop, the Mono- 
 tut'k Silk ("oiMpany, of l-'loreiice, .Mas.siehnselts, show the pro- 
 cess of l.ihellin;^ spools and windinj^ niaehint! twi.>t and sewinj^ 
 silk for I he market. In the next spai'e heyond William Wood 
 tVCo., of I'iiiladelphia, hav(! a loom at work weaving; eotton 
 elot\is; and above this the Monitor ( "arpet Mills, of I'hiladel- 
 phiii, have a power-loom at work weavinjjf carpets without the 
 n a' of a shuttle. Two [)ower-looms are en;;ajfed beyond this one, 
 weaving lirnssels car|H'ts. The l"\ills of Schuylkill Carpet 
 Mills <»j)erate one of these looms, and thus illnstiate the process 
 by which the beautiful earj)i'ts dispkiyed by them in the Main 
 ]>uil(lini^ are woven, (loin*^ wi'stward wo j)ass several looms 
 L'nir;i(i('d in weavintr cloth, and a number of wool-cardinif 
 machines, and notice a line Miirkland power-loom at work 
 weavinu; ini:;rain earjM'ts Ibr Messrs. .lohn lJrond<-y tV: Sons, 
 Philadelphia. Tlu! rapidity with which this htorn does it> 
 work is surj)risiniif. With u eomj)etent operator it will run olf 
 thirty-live yards of earpetinfjj in a workinj^ dav. I'eyond this 
 is the (Jaruett machine, which takes the waste of woollen llicto- 
 rii's and works it up into fibre a;j,ain, washing it clean at the 
 same time. 
 
 An interesting display is made of meters fov r(>gistering the 
 consumption of water ; and tlu? exhibit ol" steam-gauges is both 
 largi! and handsomely arranged. Here is seen a little register- 
 ing apparatus which records every revolution of the Corliss 
 enL;iiie at the distant <'entre of the hall. Near the door is a 
 hydraulic ram of novel construction, exhibited by the Dexter 
 Spring Coujpany of I'ennsylvania. It furnishes its own power 
 and is a perfect automatic ])ump. 
 
 From the western end of the avenue we have been travcrsinij 
 
OF Tin: CENTKXNIAI, EXIIIDITION. 
 
 119 
 
 WO i>as.s into ii snijill aisl(! to tlic north of it. 'I'lic firnt iiolalilc 
 ('.\liil)it is that of the StilKvi'lI t\L' JJicnc Maimljictiiiinu ( uni- 
 paiiy, of Daylnii, Ohio, They cxhihit a hoiU'P lor use in lime- 
 stone connti'ic.-, which removes the <h'|M)>iL oi* lime from the 
 water and presents it fiom entrii.itin;;' the interior MM'dice of the 
 hoiier. JJeyond this space is the liaekns Water Motor, which 
 wouM seem U) he tin.' lonj; doiicd moti\c' power iltr rnnninf; 
 sewinj^ machines. jK'y(»nd this is ji mo>t intcrestinj; exhihit of 
 ashe.stos, a mineral which has the pecniiar property of hein;; a 
 non-conductor of heat. I''.irlhcr on the \\'<>tinuhonse Air-hrake 
 
 and Jlenderson'.s Hydraulic ihake iiir railroad lars make lar 
 
 jro 
 
 and interestin;^ displays of the merits of their respective ma- 
 chines. At the lower end of the aisle, on the sojith side, is a 
 tall machine lor dryin;; paper-collar stock, and below this 
 machines for dryinj.' cotton and worsted i\\vi\ ^oods. 
 
 We have reached tlu; transej»t onc<' more, and <ntcr upon the 
 section tlcv(»ted to thedisplay of locomotives, which is one of the 
 most prominent as w<'ll as one of the most attractive fcatnres oi' 
 the Kxhihition. About ten locomotives built by the J'aldwin 
 W(»rks, the IVnnsylvani'.i and Reading IJailroad Coi.ipaiiies, and 
 othiT well-known mamiliictnrcrs, make up th<'<<tlleeti(»n,in which 
 th(^ lati'st improvenjenls and the hifilKst skill in this branch of 
 10 mechanic arts are shown. A narrow }iaii{ie locomotive and 
 
 tl 
 
 one for mininp; piirj)osos ar<' inelude<l in the collection. 'J'he lln- 
 ishinpr of these «|)lcndid machines is handsome, but substantial. 
 Th(>v are no liner in appearance than is usual, and represent 
 faithfully th(? puj)erior appearance as well as const rnc.t ion ol" 
 
 the Ai 
 
 njcrican locomotive. 
 
 TioaviiMjj the locomotives behind, wo p'-.ss to the noiih aisle, 
 where we notice a larpjo displny of machinery lor mills by .1. 'l\ 
 Novo S: Son, of HulTalo, New Yf»rk, beyond which is an im- 
 nionso hoistin<; en'j;in(^ lor mines, and a <lisplay «if niininj; 
 inachinery, in<'lii<liiiLr a powerful ('ornish pumpinfr cnLriiic made 
 l)v the Dickijison Manuliieturint; Company, of .S'ranton, J'cnn- 
 pylvania. 
 
 J)oth sides of the aisle are now occupied by the dis|)Iay of the 
 geale makers. All the i»rincipal manulactin-ers are represented, 
 29 
 
 i 
 
 H 
 
 . r 
 
 (■•si 
 
 
450 
 
 TlIK IM-rsTRATKI) IIISTOUV 
 
 and this (Icpiirtmciil is one of tlic largest and handsomest in the 
 hall. The various stvhs ot' scales are show 
 
 tl 
 
 lose for counters, letter scales, am 
 
 d l.al; 
 
 n — platfnrni .-cah 
 
 mces. 
 
 !• 
 
 verv article i.- 
 
 iinished in the handsomest and showiest nianner, and with a 
 _L'<'nerons disrcijard of expense. A niimhcr ot' the inaki'rs show 
 platl'orm scales adjusted to the standards of ihe [trineipal nations 
 of V 
 
 \\ 
 
 urope. 
 'I'lien tljjlows, on hoth sides of the aisle, a collectio:; of ear- 
 heels, trucks, spriiiu;s, railroad iron and rail~, switches, seats 
 f<»r cai<, and other railroad material, in 'he mid.-t *>[' which the 
 Wharton I'atent Switch inah.'s ;m int"reslin!^ showiiii:; of its 
 workings. It is claimed for this switch that it is automatic in 
 its movements, and that where it is used accidents an; impo>sil>le. 
 On the Icl't haml >ide, al)ov(; the \\'harton Switch, the l>a.\tcr 
 Steam-MiiLiino ('nmpany make a handsnme c\hil>it, of their 
 famous engines; and on the opposite; side of th(,> ai>le is a hand- 
 some arch made of lapwelded w nui^ht-iroii tiihes, ornamcntctl 
 with the names o|" the States, anu exhiltited hy tho Xationul 
 Tiihe ( 'onipany as specimens of their workmanshij). 
 
 ( ^^n the ii'M-lh side of the aisle, at the western end of the 
 hiiildim:-, is a hnje vacuum pan f<»r clarifving su'jar, exhibited 
 hy tile (ulwell Iron Works, of New York. It towers t(t a 
 height nf thiriy-five feet ahove the floor of the hall, and the 
 vacuum pan has a diameter n{' ten leet. There are twtt plat- 
 form- (>!• vtorics niic ahove the other, ( )n (he ground Ihirn- is a 
 powerful hori/diital eiinine workiiin; an air-pump to make the 
 vacuum ii! tin pan. The air-pipe connecting with the t-ip is 
 siinie eiglileen iiiclie< in dianieie;', of ii-uii, and has several 
 
 drums, rnderneath tin |)ai! is a laru^e circular valve to run 
 olT the product of evaporation. There are alxi connected with 
 tlii< diving |)an snuar lio\e-; to i-eccive the su'jar and moulds 
 i'oy moulding the sui:ar loal^. The whole apparatus is of tlu; 
 mii-t I'omplite description, and i- a fair sample ol" the vacuum 
 p'ui-; u-i'd in the larLjc-t su^ar relineric- in t'liha or lionisiaita. 
 
 We jiass around into the north ai-l<' and -tart eastward 
 nuaiii, iiotifin'j: fir^t, on the riMlit. or south side of the ai-le. a 
 large eolleeiioii of washing, wrinuiiiu', ami luauiiliu"- maeliii 
 
 les 
 
H1I 
 
4o2 
 
 TIIK ILLUSTRATED IIISTOllY 
 
 ofc'vcrv kind and description, to run hy hand or by stcam-jiowcr. 
 On the opposite side of the aisk' a hirjjje machine i'or print inj;- 
 wall paper is shown l>y Messrs. Howell t\L' Brothers, of IMiiladel- 
 j)liia, the largest nianuCacturers of wall paper in the rnited 
 States. I)iaj4nnally (ipposite this machine a nuinher of j:;las.s- 
 blowers are at work making limey articles of glass by means of 
 the blow-pipe. 1'he left liaiul side of the aisle is taken up for 
 a c<»n»idcrable distance by machinery for making jtaper in oper- 
 ation, aiKJ on the other side a cracker-making machine is at 
 work. r>cli)W the hist are several mat'hincs engaged in the; 
 manullictnre of line candy bon-bons, i\\u\ beyond these, on both 
 sides of the aisle, we notice machines for butchers, bakers, aiul 
 lh>nr mills. 
 
 ()p|)(»site these, on the north side of the aisle, is a small model 
 of an old N'irginia tobacco factory. All the oj)erations of mann- 
 factnring chewing tobacco are shown here, with the exception 
 of till! flavoring |)roccss. Four negro nieti are at work twisting 
 th(! rolls from the leaves, and these rolls are |)resscd into the 
 
 pings of commerce while the visitor 
 
 1 h 
 
 look 
 
 on. 
 
 Tl 
 
 le ncirrocs, as 
 
 they work, sing the songs and liynms which are iamiliar to 
 those who have visited the tobacco fact(»rics of the Sonlh. The 
 establislnnent is the exhibit of Mr. Albert Ordwav, of Ilich- 
 
 nmiK 
 
 I. V 
 
 irtriiiia. 
 
 lielow the tobacco factory is a pretty dis|)lay of small millf 
 
 f.i 
 
 .ffe 
 
 d 
 
 or grinding cotiee and spices, l)elow whiili tlic 
 
 beh 
 
 butcl 
 
 icriiit: 
 
 machinery greets us 
 
 auaiii, and still fiirthcr east, on the iioith 
 
 side, the process of making India rubber shoes is illustrated by 
 inachincrv at work. 'J'lic various stages of the process of uork- 
 iiiir iil» the soft ma^s of rubber and inoiildiiiLr it into .-lioo is 
 I'xceedingly interesting, and the vi>itoi' may order a pair of 
 
 sho<' 
 
 icic and have them made iiiidcr Ins own ohscrvation 
 
 uhile he waits for them. 
 
 "Ihe s(»iith side of the aisle, oj)posite the tobaccft and India 
 rubber works, is occupied by an exhibit of French be- .•ill- 
 stones and v,heat-cl( ailing machines. Ddow these is ;i large 
 centiifiiL,'':il sii'jar diaiiiin,;- and drying machine in ojicratioii, 
 exliil>ited l)v II. \\'. it 1*. Lall('rt\-, of (Jloucesti'i*, \ew Jersev. 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXlIIIiriTON. 
 
 •Ij.] 
 
 L)i;\«;oiially c>j)|)()sito, (»ii the iiortli side of the aislo, ht'low tlio 
 nihlKi- \\ui!^>, ML'S>5r.-i. \\ liilniaii «.t Sou, tin; wcll-Unuwu IMiilu- 
 (k'l|»liia ((iiircelioiR'i^, iiialvc a |»ia(ii(al cxliihil <•!' llicir pnnr.-.s 
 of |)rc'|)aiiii<^ their bun-Luiia and line caiulics. Thcio arc made 
 and sold here daily. 
 
 At the intcrst'ctioii of tiic ai>ic; witli the transept is a ri'staii- 
 raiit, which appears to he doiuj^ a thriviii;;' hiisiuess, aiul \vhi( h 
 olfeis ";ood hot dinners lor lil'tv eents. J nmiediateiv in iVont 
 of tiie locomotives, and l)eibre the (h>or of the restaurant, is the 
 stand of the |)o])-eorn man, already referred to in another part 
 of this ehapti-r. 
 
 \\ r cross the transept, and ('(mlinne on our way down tiie 
 uorlh ai.->h'. On the east side of the transept and extendin;^ 
 eastward alon<jj the north aisle for .-oun; di.-lance is tiu; <:.\hil)it 
 oj'the Massaehusett.s marine prepar>'t| hy the CommissioiH i>< of 
 li.iat Stale. It occupies a larnc stand hand.-omely draped with 
 lla^s and streauu-rs, and consists of models ot" all the varioui 
 Ivintis of sailin;^ and steam vessels, both old and new style, 
 ownetl in the ports of .Massachusetts. Here is a li>hinL; 
 schooner, with her i-rew holding the lines which liave heen 
 thrown overhoard, a jrracefnl yacht, a clipper ship, man-of-war, 
 and whaler, each one (omplete in its way. J'he eolleciion 
 includes models of heels, fixtures of various kinds for vessels, 
 sti'cring j;'ear, divinu; armor, and life-savin<^ apparatus. The 
 articles are arranged with great taste, and the e(»lleclion consti- 
 tutes one olthe most conspicuous displays in Maehinerv iiall. 
 
 On llie oppor-ite side of the aisle the type-writer, an ingenious 
 mai'hiiie lor printing letters or manuscripts instead of wiiiing 
 them with the pen, is at work, and beyond it the system < 4' 
 setting up music type is slmwn. 
 
 Passing on we enter the; department of |)rinting machinery. 
 Ilc.'rc are pres.>*cs of all kimls and of every make, from the little 
 hand press designed for an\ateurs, t<» the groat Jiulloek machines 
 whii'h stiiUe otf '20,000 cojiies of the .New York Jfcnihl in an 
 JKUir. I'he presses stami on both sides of the aisle, and extend 
 over to the north avenue. 
 
 In a prominent space near the northern wall we notleea.s[»lerulid 
 
 i 
 
4ol 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED IIISTOKV 
 
 six I'ollor stdp cylliKlcr press, a rollor-drutu j»rt's>, ami a porriiliiij^ 
 prt'ss i'nv illustrati'd cut work, nil iiuidc and exhihitcd Uy Mosrs. 
 C'ottivll t^c HalK'ock, of Xcw York. Tlu'sc presses attract great 
 utteiition, and are proiiouncfd l)y coinpet^'iit Jndj^es (lie lust oC 
 their kind in the world. 'J'he [»erreet di.-trilintion oC the ink, tin 
 registerini^ apparatus, whieji does its work with a niatheinatieal 
 exactness, and the nnilorniity and l»eauty of its impressions, con- 
 stitute it the mn>t pi-ilect printiii;;- machine for line hook work 
 ever made. The puhlishers of this hook have long n><vi\ it in 
 the printing of their finest illustrated works, and have H)nnd it 
 perior to any press they have ever used. The drum cylinder 
 
 su 
 
 jtress is provided with Charlrv Kneu .]ohll^on's aiilonialie paper 
 fceditig machine, w hieh di>penses with the servii'cs of a I'eeder 
 
 for tl 
 
 le 
 
 pre 
 
 ss. 
 
 ^\'c are now at the end of the American dej)arlment,and pass 
 into the north avenue to complete our examination of the print- 
 ing inachiiu'ry. AVe notice two large presses at the eastern end 
 of that avenue made liy the Bullock Printing Press Company. 
 They are in daily operation^ and every afternoon a nuMd)er of 
 eopii's of the New York llcnild and Smi are struck olT fr 
 stereotype plates sent over from New York in the morni 
 The papers are distrihuted among the visitors. 'I'hese pres-ses 
 have a ca|)acity of liO.OdO impressions |)er hour. 
 
 Paper cutting machines stand on the north side of the avenue, 
 and in this departmo'it are hook hinders' machinery, presses for 
 "feci and copper pla iid lithographie printing, and inachineiy 
 for stcreoty|)ing and c.cctrotyping and for type founding. 
 
 om 
 nir. 
 
 On the north side ol' the aisle Messrs. R. Hoe (Sc Co., of Xe 
 
 w 
 
 York, show several of their improved presses, one of which is 
 engaged in j)rinting the fine illustrations contained in *' Piclnr- 
 cscpie Americii," thus giving a practical demoiislralion of its 
 excellence; and at the western end of their space is the venerahle 
 hand press at \vhich lienjamiu Franklin \vorked asajoiu'ney- 
 nian printer during his first visit to IjondoiL 
 
 On the south side of the avenue opposite these presses is a 
 fine ice yaeht, a pcetiliarly American institution, and ahove ii 
 an American douhle life-boat with its ecpiipnienls, heyond which 
 
OF THE CEXTKNNIAL EXIIIIUTION. 
 
 456 
 
 is a cdlloction of boats and slidls, and a lialf-sizo model of tlie 
 famous Nfoiiilor lili- raft, wliidi, it will be rcmciiilx'rod, made a 
 eiicccs.sj'iil voyago acrosH (lie Atlaiili*' a f<'\\ years a^o, and lias 
 slnee bei.'ii adopled by tlie navy of the United Slates. Ucyaiul 
 thJH in a fnll-si/ed .steam yaelit exliiltited by IJaird it IIu.>t(»n, 
 of Pliiladelpliia, showing an im|iidven)ent in the arrangement 
 of the propeller. On i\u'. (»|)pof*il(' side of the avenue, the 
 New York Safety Kngine ( "(»m]>any exhibit a iine up !ght 
 I'liginc. 
 
 At the head of the north avenue, and along the transept, 
 John Koaeh tt Son.-, the famous shipbuilders ot" New York and 
 Chester, Pennsylvania, exhibit a hand-ome eolleetion of models 
 of the noted iron steamships tiiey have built Ibr the I'aeilie Mail 
 Company and other shippers, and models of the ironclads 
 Puritan and Miantonomoh built by them for the I'niled States. 
 Thoy exhibit also a sample of armor plating, and other work fjr 
 iron vessels. 
 
 Passing along the transept into the eentral aislo, we notice a 
 liumber (»f models of vessels, life-saving apparatus, rafts, etc., 
 and turning into the eentral aisl" pause to notice the gljv>s 
 cutters and engravers at work at the hea<l of the aislo, orna- 
 menting glassware by engraving designs upon it by means of 
 small grindstones workeil by the foot. 
 
 To the eastward <»f this stand we enter a region of niachinerv 
 of various kinds flir weaving t-ofton, woollen and silk cloths. 
 On th(! left hand side of the aisle the PhoMiix MaMufacturing 
 Cinnpany, of Palerson, Xew Jersey, have a Jacipiard loom at 
 wiu'k weaving Centennial badges in silk, with the arms of the 
 United States and a portrait of Washington woven on the face. 
 These are beanlifid pieces of work, and large numbers ctf them 
 are purchased by visitors as souvenirs of the Exhibition. 
 
 Opposite the Ii.om A. F. I'renticc iV: Co., of Worcester, Mas- 
 saehusc Is, exhibit a fine collection of machinists' tools, with a 
 number cf presses, dies, and other machines for working in 
 metal. On the left hand side of theaish^ the Danforlh ^[achino 
 Conipi.ny, of Paterson, Xew .Jersey, exhibit three fine machines 
 for spinning silk thread. All the stages of (he manufacture of 
 
456 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED IIISTOnY 
 
 this article, from the raw sill to tlic complete thread, are shown 
 here. 
 
 Ik'low this W. Vj. Si Vj. D. i/nkwoo(l, of Philadclphin, make 
 an iiitcri'stiii<j; ('.\hil)it of a .si-lf-frcdinir marhiiie for the niaiin- 
 fartiire of paper envelopes. The luachiiie is almost eiUirelv 
 aiitornatie, and cuts, folds, j^nms and counts 120 envelopes ])or 
 minute. Jiv the side of (his macl:in(! is an(»th(>r for ))rintiii<r 
 envt'h)pes, wliich j»rints (j(>,<)()() per day. A third machine is 
 en'raj^'cd in makinj; paper collars. 
 
 On the next space below, the process of makinj^ ])aper boxes 
 hv njachinerv is shown, and farther on is a brick-makiit" ma- 
 chine which works the clay, moulds the bricks and turns them 
 out i-eady fur bakini;. 'J'he tnachine takes the clay direct from 
 th(.' i)ank, tempers it in water, moidds it into bricks of uniform 
 si/c with sharp anudes ai;d smooth surdices, the bricks beiu"- 
 still' enough to wheel and stack in the sheds immediatelv with- 
 
 CD » 
 
 out sun-dryinir. The larsrest size of this machine is capable of 
 jirodiiciuL' fiom 'Jo.OMO to 40.000 fnll-si/ed bricks in ten hours. 
 The machine is exhibited by Cliambrrs, Uro. S: Co., of I'liila- 
 delphia, and always dra'vs a crowd about it to witness its opera- 
 tions. 
 
 At the end of the aisle, William Sellers i^- Co., of Philadel- 
 phia, make an extensive exhibit of jiowei'lul machinery for 
 certain lines of worlc. They have a complete machine shop, 
 which could at any moment !)(> started upon the most difliiult 
 nud the heaviest wftrk. v\mon^f the articles included in their 
 collection is the largest macjiin(> tool in the hall. It is a plan- 
 luff machine of eighty-one tons wei<xht, having a bed weighing 
 fifteen tons and a tnivcrse of forty-four fvot. 
 
 In the next space I'ratt S: Whitney, of Ilart^ford, Connecticut, 
 exhibit a I'.nndx'r of machinists' tools, somewhat .'-•imilar to, but 
 of a smaller class than, those of Sellers tt Co. Some of tluv^e 
 tools are remarkable ad:i|)tations to certain classes of work, and 
 exhil)it the highest skill in their designs and construction. 
 
 We are now at the cn<l of the American department, and jiass 
 over to the south avenue, and work our way westward along it. 
 On the right is tiic machine shop of Sellers & Co., nnd on the 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 457 
 
 left an cxtciii^ive exliibit of valves aiul steam pipe connections, 
 steam fittings of various kinds, ami nuts, bolts and screws. 
 
 Immediately on the west of the Si-lJcrs machinery, the Mid- 
 vale Steel Worhs, of '^Xicetown) I'hiladelphla, mtd<e a spU'ndid 
 display of specimens of .stci 1, including large axles and sliaits of 
 
 finely forijcd metal, and twisted and cold chilled bar; 
 
 An 
 
 axle is shown which was tested at the United States navy yard 
 at Washington, D. C, and which rcrpjired a otrain of l'2'2,'j()0 
 pounds to the sipiare inch to snap it. 
 
 Diagonally opposite, on the south side of (he avenue, the 
 Pittsburgh foundry shows some fine rollers of chilled iron Ibr 
 rolling brass, with a broken section of a roller, showing the 
 dejUh of crystalliziition. 
 
 Above this, on the south side of the avenue, is a tall Tiimiiu 
 cohnnn, built of thirty-eight diiVcrfut kinds of grindstones used 
 in the meehanii- arts, surmounted by a bron/e eagle, it is ll 
 exhibit of J. K. Mitchell, o( I'liiladelphia. 
 
 ic 
 
 1)1 
 
 lagonaliy opposite a wood-turner is at work Vtitli a lathe, 
 turning out handsome ornaiiuutal wooden boxes, and in the 
 next space on the west, Iloopes iV: Townsend, of Pliila<U'l|iliia, 
 have a handsome and unique pavilion ornamented with a large 
 <lisplay of bolts, st-rews, and nuts. On the opjiosite side of the 
 aisK; is another stand with ght^sbtowers at work making fancy 
 
 articles for sale, and next above this a soda fountai 
 
 (>1 
 
 tposite 
 
 till' soda ronntain is a striking <lis])lay of files of various kinds 
 
 i|'po.-itc 
 
 and si/es m a lian(l>omc suow-case, and imniec 
 
 d 
 
 diatel 
 
 \' ( 
 
 this exhibit is one of ()ti> tV: Co.'s finest elevators with the lil't- 
 
 ing machinery. 
 
 Having r<'ached the tran«ept again we turn into the south 
 *K', and notice on the riirht, within a few feet of the traIl^cI'(, 
 
 ai: 
 
 I corkmakintr mai-iiinc at work, cuttmtr out cor 
 
 ks of 
 
 vai-ioiis 
 
 sizes from the l/ark. Here is a section of the bark of a cjrk 
 tree, said to be the largest in the world. 
 
 On the opposite side of the aisle Steinway & Sons, of New 
 York, show metal frames for pianos, the mechanism of that in- 
 strument, and specimens of the machinery used in its manufac- 
 ture. 
 
 i t'i' 
 
 11 
 
458 
 
 TllK ILLUSTIlATEn HISTOIIY 
 
 Jiolli tiii\v!i oi' llic aiblc are now taUcii i;p witli a rollcrtioit uf 
 inacliiiicry of various kinds. On the norlli side of the aisle the 
 Peinisylvania iaiU N\'orks, of Norristown, liave six of llieir 
 niai'liines at woiU cnltin;^ tacks out of tliiu strips of nu-tal. 
 The nuu'hine.s u.sed are " Weaver's patent," whieh make lOU 
 tacks per minute, and over -|."")()0 dillercnt kinils and .>i/.es. 
 In the next space hehnv, the l>(nicannt»n Iron C'umj)ai<y of 
 PhihuK-lphia show the procos of makin<{ nail> i>y a machine 
 operated hy a nail (.'Utter. Innncdiately hai-k of ihis is an ai.to- 
 malie nail cutter, which does not re(piire the ser\ ices of a man 
 to turn the metal plate as in the onlinary machine. The 
 remainder of the aisle is taken up with maehimry ll»r chargini^ 
 soda i()imtains. 
 
 Ilaviii}^ now iinishid our insjicctlon of the .Vmerican dcpart- 
 nienl in the main hall, we go hack to the Corliss enj^inc, anil 
 
 examine 
 
 Tl:c Hydraulic Annex, 
 
 which is a prolongation of the south transept, as wc have stated 
 
 elsewhere, 
 
 Immediately south of the Corliss engine is a eollcetion of 
 hrass and nickel plate stop-eoeks, and another of machinists' 
 vises and tools. On the west side of the main aisle of iho 
 annex is an exhibit of iiles in a handsome ease. The principal 
 olijeet of this collei-tion is a large tile-l>lade of [)olislicd steel 
 suspended in the ease. Jt is v.cnamented with a series of fine 
 etchings, representing the workshops (»f Alexander Krumhliaar, 
 of I'iiiladelphia, hy whom tic exhihit is made. On the other 
 siile of the file is etched a line view of riiiladelphia. The 
 etchings are hy C. F. i'luemachi'r. 
 
 On the right hand of ihe ai>le, just beyond tlie file.«, the Silsby 
 Manufacturing Company, of Seneca Falls. New York, display 
 several handsome steam fire-engines, and horse and hand hose- 
 earriages, and elose by the same company Imve one of lluir 
 iamous rotary steam-pinnpH. 
 
 The (vntral portion of the annex is oceupit d by a sunken 
 tank, 100 feet long by (iO liet wide, which is filled with wat' " 
 to a (ieptli of about ten feet. At tliu soulli cad of this ixmk is u 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXIIiniTION. 
 
 4.">9 
 
 smaller tank raised alxmt forty feet from the floor of tlie Imll, 
 from which a sti'ady sheet of water pours in aeascacle down into 
 'Phe water is raised by two rotary pnnips, 
 
 th 
 
 1 lu'l 
 
 ow 
 
 driv( n hy a steam-engine of 1 ")() horse-jtower, which raise l}U,()0() 
 gallons of water pir minute to the upper tanU. The pumps and 
 en;; ine wore made hy Robert Wetherill A: ( 'o., of Chester, I*cim- 
 sylvania. The fall has a weir depth of about four inches and 
 a width of thirtv-six feet. The ellin-t is verv Ihie, and the cascade 
 forms one of the principal attra<'tions of the iiall. 
 
 Tlic pumps and hydraulic machines are <;rouped around the 
 lower tank, and discharge steady streams of water into it. Here 
 are hydraulic rams, ])resses, steam and hand pumps, pumps Ibr 
 
 nnnes, .su'rar rclineries, an( 
 
 d bl< 
 
 1 otl 
 •I 
 
 ler special us( 
 
 turl 
 
 )Uie water- 
 
 wlieels and blowinj^ machines and ventilating; apparatus, 
 'Ircat Ih-ilaiu and several forei^fu nations participate in the 
 cwhibit, their machines beinj; located on the east side of 
 
 tl 
 
 ic annex. 
 
 With the TTydraulic Annex, we ronelude our inspection of 
 tilt! American department, and turn our attention next to (he 
 exhibits of the foreign nations. 
 
 Great Brifnin and Ireland. 
 
 The space assigned to (Ireat ih-itaiii and Ireland covers about 
 one-third of the area occupied by the lureign ixhibits. Banners 
 of \-r{\ witli letters of w!iitc suspended fioin the roof mark the 
 Ih'itisli section. We begin our tour through it in the southern 
 aisle, at its eastern end, just above the (lerinan section. 
 
 On th(! south side of the ai>le are two of the famous traction 
 en;j;ines made by Aveling S: Porter, of Ilochester, pjigland. 
 Thev nttra<t much attention, and have no superiors in the world. 
 Across (lie aisle Mcs>i'-. Howard c*w' nullough exhibit some fine 
 cotton niacliinery, including a large carding machine. In the 
 Uist space is a disjility of submarine armor and diving apparatus, 
 maile by Siebe &' fJorman, of London. 
 
 Wc, cross now to the south avenue, on the .«outh side of wliieh 
 several steam-ham ukts are disnjnyed l»y 13. A: S. Massey, of Man- 
 chester. This firm exhibit also steam-stamps, and circular-.saws 
 
 41 
 
 ! ^T 
 
4G0 
 
 THE IM.rSTHATlU) HISTORY 
 
 lor ctittiiij; liot iron and steel. A se<'ti<)ii of niiii>-iiieli iiMii 
 nrMior-plati' iHuls(»exliil)i(e(l,in which arcsovcnil deeply-indented 
 shot holes, which show the severity of the te.>t t(» which it wa.s 
 suhjceted. On (he oi>|iositi! ^i<le of the avi nile is another section 
 of iron phite, "Jl^ inches in thjcluie,-.-, which is |)oli.slu'd t>n one 
 flice. The onter ed^e shows th<' manner of hniMin;; np phite 
 upon |»late (o ;j;ain the retpiired thici<nc>-. Armor of tiiis j\iii<l 
 is (htnhtlcss d(si<;ned for land l>ai(eri(s and forts lalhcr than ior 
 vessels. N\'ehave no rojlintj-mill plants in thiscoinilry < ;ipal>Ieof 
 niakini:; sm-h heavy plating;, and this is therefore witliont a rival. 
 
 On the south ^ideof the avenue we pass a group of machinery 
 for weaving cotton < luths, and come upon two immeii>e sU'am- 
 cranes made liy Applcl)y I?rothers, London. TheM- have done 
 good service since tin ii- ariival at the hall, their e\hil»itoi- liav- 
 insr ireneroiislv allowed them to he used in lifting and iilaciny; 
 heavy articles in j)osition. 
 
 OppD'iic the cranes, Thcnnas (iad<1, of Manchester, Iia> a fine 
 machine for |ii'lnling calicoes, which prints eight eolor> a! once, 
 and an engine fir rnnning it ; and hclow this, Clarke, Stanfield 
 tt Co., of London, show a pretty model ol" a floating <Iry-doeK, 
 with a steamship drawn np on on(>, to illustrate its workings. 
 
 We are at the eastern end of the lirilish section once more, 
 and pass northward into the central ai>le, and tnrn west\var<l 
 airain. On the north side of the aisle Messrs. Xewfoii A: W'il- 
 son, of Ltuulon, make a large display of tlu-ir sewing machines, 
 many of which are operated hy the hand instead of tlu foot, a 
 style very popular in JCngland. The machines are handsome, 
 and are displayed in an attractive manner. On the opposite side 
 of the aisle, a Jacquard loom is weaving badges of silk, and 
 above the loom is another exhibit of sinving machines, tluse 
 being the " Kimball vt Mort(.n machine." They are made in 
 Glasgow, and arc famous in the united kingdom as the machine 
 that broke up the combination monoj)oly, and coinpc lied the 
 trade to lower the }>riee of sewijig machines. Immcdiati'ly on 
 the west of these niaehino8, the well-known cotton-spimiers, J. 
 & P. Coats, of Paisley, Scotland, have machines at work wind- 
 ing and spooling cotton thread, which finds a ready sale to 
 visitors to the hall. 
 
OF THE CEXTKVNIAL EXIIiniTIO.V. 
 
 401 
 
 At tlio west 011(1 of tlio British section in this uisl«' w' notice 
 n \n\)xv tahio on ^vhi(•h Mo>isi-s. Hricrly Sons it Kcynolds, of 
 J^niidoii, have u hcantilnl model of tv railway iunction, hv means 
 of \ liicli tliev illustrate the Kn<>lish .svstem of nianie-inir railway 
 switclit < and signallin;f ll movements of trains. A similar 
 
 exiii 
 
 hit 
 
 is made immediatelv north of this on( 
 
 l.v M 
 
 essn 
 
 axil 
 
 y 
 
 iV' I'\(rmer, of l^ondon, who also show |ihoto;4ra|ihs and dmnin^.s 
 of the u'orkings of tlu' Hwitcli wvstem of the great depots (»!' Lon- 
 don. Thou twoevhihits are amonj^ the njost interestinj^ oltjeets 
 in Machinery Hal' 'I'liey show tli ])ractieal workinj^s of the 
 *' block system " of riinninj; tniins, which has been adopted l»y 
 a nnndur of our le;iii ig railroad lines, aial emi)ody some valna- 
 hlc (eatur.s w hieh our roads generally might adopt w ith advan- 
 tage ((• the piil.lii'. 
 
 Ad)nining Saxhy vt Farnier's moih-l, the Inman Steamship 
 (Vtmpany exhibit a liill-riggcd mocU-l of their fine sfeamtir, the 
 City ol JUrlin. To the cast of the railway model, Mr. .fohn 
 W alter, of the London Times, exhibits the printing pre.«s which 
 bears his name It is a fine machine and a worthy rival of the 
 gr(>af Ameri<an presses. Jt prints a daily editictn of the New 
 York 'J ,.iifn, and attracts mtich attention from visitors. 
 
 On the east of the NN'alter press, Messrs. Mirlces, Tait tfe 
 ^^'atson, of (ilasg(»w, make an extensive display ol" machinery 
 in motion, consisting of a sugar mill, and a valveless (ngino 
 working an air-pnmp for a vacimm-jian, aiui <lriving centriliigal 
 ma«hiiies. This is one of tln> largest exhibits in the hall, and 
 the machinery is all of tin' largest class. 
 
 'J'hoiigh the English display of machinery tliKs not I'airly 
 represent the capacity of (Jrcat Jlritain lur dealing succc.v-lnlly 
 with the heaviest as well as the most delicate la'andies of (he 
 mcchaiuc arts, it is still deeply interesting, and is in many par- 
 
 Ueidars iine(|iia 
 
 lied bv anvthing in the hal 
 
 Canada. 
 
 < ('ana<hi. New Jiriinswiek and Mova Scotia make a collcdive 
 exhibit tinder one general title, as above. They have |>Ianiiig 
 anil niiiulding machines, (wo kinds ol" tnrl)ine wheels, horizontal 
 
^K 
 
 <>i^. 
 
 ^%>. 
 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 /. 
 
 ^j 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 w 
 
 &^^ 
 
 .£/. 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 !.0 !:. '^- IM 
 
 =:^ .r 111 ^o 
 
 
 I.I 
 
 1.25 
 
 I!: s^ 
 
 2.2 
 
 1.4 
 
 120 
 
 1.8 
 
 Pi 
 
 <^ 
 
 W4 
 
 /2 
 
 o> 
 
 ■c 
 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, NY. 145S0 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 

THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 4G3 
 
 fiiul mdial borinj^ mills, from Dundas, stiitioiiarv, vortical, lu ri- 
 zontal, and portable btL'am-oiigir.c.<, and seamk'.ss lead trap 
 mac'hinos from Montreal ; ear-wheels, soda-water aiiiniratiis, 
 and marbles, from Toronto: and railv.av siiinals from Jielle- 
 ville, in Canada. Xova Scotia sends <|uartz-ernsliers I'rom 
 Halifax; and X(!W lirnnswiek, vertical steam-engines and ciren- 
 lar-saws from St. John's. Lathes, drills, briek-making maehinery, 
 a steam fire-cngino, sewing machines, from Canada, canoes, and 
 boats of varions kinds, make np the remainder of the exhibit, 
 which is very interesting, and fully sustains the views we have 
 expressed with reference to the enter[)rise and skill'idnoss t)('((ur 
 northern neighbors, in our account of the Canadian display in 
 the Main Building. 
 
 Th(^ Cana<lian section Is at the eastern end of Machinery Hall, 
 antl in the centre of the building. 
 
 t ii '•; 
 
 Gjnnany. 
 
 The German section occnjjies the southeast corner of 
 Machinery Hall, and is about one-half as large as tiuit assigned 
 to Great IJritain. The German (i:s[)liiy i.s neither very large 
 nor very varied, and does not give tiio visitor a Ihir idea 
 of the vesonrees of (Jermany, or the progress made by her in 
 mechanics. 
 
 Upon entering the southeastern door;, of ^rachinery Hall, 
 the visitor's attention is at once drawn to two immense breech- 
 
 load 
 
 iwf siege ginis 
 
 that 
 
 construction. 
 
 Thes 
 
 are mounted on carriages of a peculiar 
 
 e are 
 
 the f 
 
 unou-^ 1200-ponnder brecch-lo.jd- 
 
 niir 
 
 a-npi 
 
 ) guns, from the fonndrv of that maker, at ]js 
 
 en. 
 
 These guns have been adopted by the CJcrman government for 
 the li)rtilications of the emj)irc and for siege jiurooses. 'fhey 
 were well tested during the Franco-German war a fewyoMrs ;igo 
 in the sieges of Strasbur<xh, ]\[etz, and Paris, and arc (•(tnsidcred 
 
 . til 
 A number 
 
 among tlie most formidable and effective weapons in the world. 
 smaller rilled steel-guns of th<> samt> malvci', fur 
 iield us(\-;, are groupetl about the base of the monsters which 
 frown down from their lofty position upon the peaceful assem- 
 blage about them. 
 
464 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 On the north of the Kriipp guns is a tall column of exhihits 
 from the iron mine from which the metal for these guns is drawn. 
 The base of the column is of crude iron ore, and the shaft of the 
 smelted ore. It is a conspicuous object in this part of the hall. 
 To the north of it is a fine collection of copper and iron wire 
 piled in pyramidal form. 
 
 On the south side of the space occupied bv the Krupp guns a 
 large machine is at work maUiug i'ull-sized bricks of a line 
 quality. It is exhibited by C Schlickeysen, of J5erlin. 
 
 Trus-sia makes a fine exhibit of sulphur and copj)er ores, and 
 on the south of this are a number of railroad car-wheels, a rail- 
 road switch, and machinery for railroad cars. Along the south 
 aisle several gas-engines of a peculiar construction are in opera- 
 tion, siiowing how a steady moiivc power is derived from the ex- 
 jjjosive'force of ordinary burning gas. They are exhibit .* by the 
 Gas Motor Factorv, of Deutz. At the eastern end of the German 
 section a collection of steam gauges from Hamburg and Magde- 
 burg is shown. The German sewing machine nianufacturers 
 make a collective displav, and Aix la Chapelle shows her 
 
 needles in handsome style. There are printing presses I'rom 
 Leipzig, steam-engines from Bremerhaven, and machinery of 
 various kinds from Hamburg and Berlin in the remainder of 
 the collection. 
 
 France. 
 
 The French section occupies the northeastern corner of 
 Machinery Hail, and is equal in size to that of CJcrmany. 
 
 At th(> oMstern end of the north avenue of the building, A. 
 Guiiiet Sz Co., of Lynns, have a loom, for the illustration of the 
 process of weaving silk ; and beyond the loom E. Secrcfan, of 
 Paris, has an exceptionally elaborate pavilion, constructed of 
 brass and copper, in which he exhibits specimens of his work in 
 those metals. To the north of this pavilion, the ]"^rench choco- 
 late and bon-bon makers arc at work, making and seliir.g their 
 finest confections; and the same firm, Beyer Biothers, of" Paris, 
 have a set of machines turning out their fine soaps, Avhich find a 
 ready market. 
 
 Oji the north side of the aisle, near the cast door, F. Arbey, 
 
OF THE CENTEN'XIAI, EXIII lUTlO.V. 
 
 4Go 
 
 of Paris, exhlhit.s a colliH-tion of wood-working nmcliiiu'rv, and 
 to tlio west of tliis Morano, of I'aris, (.'xlubiLs some adininil)l« 
 mai'iiinery for uiakiny; stcarine candles. 
 
 In the north aisk', near tiie western end of the Freneii sec- 
 tion, P. Ahiuzet t^ ("<)., of Paris, have a series of lithot;rai)iiic 
 printing machines. One ol' these is a railway printing machine, 
 the !)ed of which is carried on wheels, which run on tracks. 
 Around the sides ol' their space are displayed specimens of their 
 lithographic printing. 
 
 'J'he remainder oi" the French exhibit consists of a variety of 
 machines. A line a})j)aratus for making beet-root sugar is 
 shown by Deyer Brothers, of Paris. A Charlevilie house ex- 
 hibiis portable forges ; Sascole, of Paris, has an interesting 
 machine for making ilhuninating gas; D. 'Segat, of Paris, ex- 
 hibits a machine lor sewing straw hats; E. Comely, of Paris, 
 a machine i'or embroidering; E. Carre, also of Paris, a machine 
 for making ice; and Leon P^doux, of Paris, a special system iiir 
 mountain railways. The machines of the French exhibit are 
 made with a neatness and display a cornj)letencss of workman- 
 ship that challenge the admir.uion of all who examine them. 
 
 Belgium. 
 
 Tlie P)elgiau exhibit is small, but very complete, and occu- 
 pies a space about one-third as large as that ol Great Britain. 
 It is situated on the north side of the hall, innnediatelv west of 
 the French section. 
 
 One of the largest single machines in the hall is a Belgian 
 well-l)orer, exiiibitetl by Jos(>ph Chaudron, of Brussels. It is 
 an enormous leg of iron, with a foot having a row of chisels on 
 the side, used to stamp holes into the ground. '* It weiglis 
 20,000 pounds, and, being rotated six inches after each stroke, 
 makes a circidar hole ten feet across. Claws and valved 
 buckets lift up stones and mud respectively, for the creature 
 delights in water; and when r. hole is made a certain depth 
 another still larger shaft, with a foot fifteen inchc long, and 
 weighing 30,000 pounds and having chisels to match, is 
 30 
 
4CG 
 
 Tin: ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 stamped iij) mid down to enlarge tlie liole, w'nicli is then eased 
 with east-iron pipe." 
 
 Louvain sends a fine exhibit of railway ear-wheels and axles; 
 Marieniont, railway stock of varions kinds; Verviers, wool- 
 eleaning and e:wding machines and looms; and Brussels, em 
 hroidering and sewing machines. Auguste I)e Tomboy, oi 
 Marcinelle, near Charleroi, exhibits the model of a tripdiammcr 
 and one of steam shears, and close by is a eolle(!tion oi maehin- 
 eiy Ibr making bolts. Emile Van Flaecht, of Ilaeren, near 
 Urnssels, shows some beautiful models of iat-rendering works, 
 with sami)les of stearine and oleine. 
 
 One of the finest of the Jk'lgian exhibits is that of P. Van der 
 Kerchove, of Ghent, and consists of a beautiful horizontal Cor- 
 liss engine, built for the J»elgian mint, at Brussels, and a smaller 
 one with Kidei- valves. 
 
 Verviers sends beautiful niaehincs for working; in wool ; and 
 Celestine Martin, of the same city, has a ring and traveller 
 spinner, lirussels, Xamur and La Lonviere send multitubular 
 iilters, rotary pumps and punching machines. 
 
 From the above description it will be seen that but a few of 
 the great Belgian manufacturers take part in the display in 
 Machinery Hall, a circumstance much to be regretted, as there 
 is no eountry in Europe which could offer such a varied, in- 
 teresting and valuable meehanieal exhibition as the " llepubli- 
 ean kingdom." 
 
 Sweden. 
 
 The Swedish space is loss than a third as large as that of 
 Belgium, and I'cs along the north side of the north aisle, im- 
 mediately ojiposite the Belgian S'paee. The tall stoves of the 
 country form conspicuous portions of the exhibit. The ma- 
 chines for working in wood and metal are among the very best 
 in the hall, and there are quite a number of them. Norway 
 has some fine machinery for the same purpose, her collection 
 being shown with that of Sweden. There are several trip- 
 hammers in this section, and machines lor making bricks of 
 peat; also two stationary horizontal, and one vertical steam- 
 engine. Sewing machines, a fire-engine, railway axles and 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 407 
 
 springs, and fire-e.scaj)ing apparatus are exhibited. A small 
 narrow gauge locomotive, called the " Xyhanuner," stands at 
 the western end of" the owedish space, and is a singular-looking 
 machine. 
 
 Russia. 
 
 Russia does not make much of a display in Macliinory Ilall. 
 She has two sections, one of which is situated on the north side 
 of the north aisle, on the west of the Swedish space, where she 
 displays some fine brass mortars and naval guns; and another 
 between the central aisle and northern avenue, and between the 
 American and British sections, in which some interesting ma- 
 chinery is shown. 
 
 Brazil. 
 
 The Brazilian section lies b-jtwcen the north avenue and 
 north aisle, to the west of the Belgian space. It contains one 
 of the most complete displays made by any of the loreign 
 nations in this hall. One o'l the most conspicuous objects of 
 the collection is a stationary engine of very peculiar construc- 
 tion, which can l/C constructed fur either high j)ressure or low 
 pressure, and is said co be very simple and easy to keep in 
 order. There are also several models of marine engines. 
 
 "There are three models of men-of-war, representing difTcr- 
 ent styles. One of these is to represent a ship carrying a square 
 battery amidships, being almost as wide as the vessel itself, and 
 pierced for four guns, one on each face. The second carries 
 amidships a turret that is Hat on the sides and circular on the 
 ends, at one of which is the porthole lor the single gun it 
 carries. The third model is for a gunboat of ordinary construc- 
 tion. The models in elevation showing the lines of the vesseU 
 are some fourteen in number, and are representations of vessels 
 of various sizes, from a large sloop-of-war to an ordinary .sized 
 gunboat. They are all well made and will bear inspection. 
 
 "The machine shop at the arsenal of Marinha, at Bahia, is 
 here beautifully represented by a miniature models in which 
 are represented the engines and boilers and all the ;!'tterent 
 pieces of machinery. There are three boilers and two engines, 
 
 '•\ i 
 
 »: 
 
•1G8 
 
 TIIK ILLUSTUATKD HISTORY 
 
 and a complete line of sli:iflinir, with coii[)lings, coimtur-.sliiifiiiig 
 and li;uiL;vrs, all comi)lc'te. Jlcro wo (.':in sec, all arranged in 
 inctliod'K'al order, planes, upright drills, boring nuicliine.s and 
 several latlie.s. Small as these latter are, and all are made to 
 f-ea!e, they show every part as [)erfeet as in the larger machines. 
 JJesides the engines and boilers and the shafting, there arc; 
 twenty-one dilTerent machines rej)resented, r.nd also the rail 
 tracks with the two turn-tables and two trucks. 'JMiere are 
 also two models of stone dry docks, being made to scale from 
 those at Santa Cru/ and the Imperial dry dock. These are also 
 complete, and give a very good idea of those Important govern- 
 ment works. A very handsome model of a stone casemate, with 
 gun and carriage, is also a very prominc t piece in this section. 
 It is very accurate and com]iletc to the most minute details, 
 every part of the carriage and the training tackle being shown, 
 as well as tlie rifling in the guns. 
 
 "A pin-making machine is shown, completed, and a series of 
 the dilierent pieces arc also shown, both complete and in section, 
 so as to give a perfect idea of the entire construction. It is 
 worked by hand, and makes the ordinary solid-headed i)in, and 
 is api)arently very simple and effective in construction. It is 
 iiot a large machine, being not over two feet in length and a 
 foot in width, and so constructed as to be placed upon any table. 
 A couple of the machines used in the Imperial mint are also 
 shown, one of wliich is for .<tami)ing the coin. 
 
 '■ The armv and navv of Brazil are represented bv full suits 
 of the uniforms of the several grades of the service, and also a 
 large case full of the various small arms, rifles, carbines, swords 
 and ])istols. One of the latter is a silver and gold-jilated re- 
 volver of very handsome make. A very handsome model of a 
 brass field-piece, all limbered up with caisson and everything 
 complete, is a fine piece of M'orkmanship. There arc here also 
 three bronze mortars of the sizes used in the service. Thev are 
 mounted on their carriages, or beds, all ready for service. One 
 field-piece of bronze is mounted and in position. It is about 
 the size of one of our twelve-pounders. There is a larger one dis- 
 mounted, and also a specimen of a howitzer. These pieces are 
 
OF TIIK CKNTKNNIAI. KXII IHiTION. 
 
 4(59 
 
 very liiglily finished in every part. A coiiplo of small I'ainj)- 
 clic'sts ol' leather, ard also ot' aimmiiiition-hiieket.s oi' the ."-aiue 
 material, are shown. 
 
 "(iuite a number of hrass [mmfw are here on exhihil, as well 
 as two or three stationary fire-enj^ineti. The spei-imeiis of brass 
 weks are some of them rather unicjue in shape to us, but tin y 
 are all of line worknuinship. We tiucl also some specimens of 
 HJiai'iini^ hau«i;ers and pulleys, a gear wheel and propeller, and 
 also some specimens of carpenter tools, the planes haviiij^' a sort 
 of horn in the rear of the handle. A ease of coins shows the 
 diilerent kinds of money used in tl»e empire, and <;ives the gold, 
 tiilver and eop|)er coins of the several denominations." 
 
 A small .s[)aee across the north aisle is devoted to a showing 
 ol the silk culture of I^razil, which is as yet in its infancy. 
 The habit-! of 'he silk worm are exhibited in ii most interesting 
 manner, and a loom for sjiinning silk thread is in operation. 
 
 On the south side of Machinery Hall, and west of the 
 Hydraulic Ainiex, are three substantially built structures, smaller 
 than, but similar in outward appearance to, the princij)al edifice. 
 These are the Annexes I'or the display of boilers and quartz- 
 crusliing machinery, which may be se(;n in operation here. 
 
fM I 
 
 t\ 
 
 E 
 
 CIIAITI'IU XIV. 
 
 A(ji{i« ri,iri{.\i, II Ai.i,. 
 
 P<wi<ripti(Mi (if llu' UiiildinL; liilfrinr Arranjjcnu'iiN < 'his^tilicMliuM of tlifl 
 Kxliiliil Tlu- Aiin'iicaii l>i|>.iiliiu'iil A);ii( nitiiral Miuliincrv I'lic I'Iowh 
 llMivt'siin^ Macltinos riiwsliin^ MacliiiUK riii> (idir Mill 'I'lio 
 Native Willi') of Vnniii-a Tin- Siaiili MaKcv- Tlu' Winilinill 'I'lic 
 \:i(inal Ili'^lory ('i>ll.rtiiin Tin- (alifuniia Itiitli t Tin- ,\i|ii;iiia 'I'lii' 
 Titlvicio I''\liil>il \ I'inc l>i>j|>lav -('iiilrclivo Ivxiiiliits of llic A)^ii('iilliir;rt 
 I'kxIiuIs of tl\«' Stall's of till' I iiiiiii Haiiirl WiIisIit'm IMow 'I'lio ('a|H« 
 Anil I'lslii'iii's "Dill Alu'" riu' l!rili.-li ( 'oiirt A Small Disjilay A>;ii- 
 niitiiral I'loilints of ( 'aiiaila Caiiitliaii MarliiiU'vy '!'.»' !''n'iirli I'lxliiliil 
 V I'inr Pi--|>lav of Vit'iii'li Willi'; ( iiTitiaiiyV ' 'inilrilMilioii — 'i'lu> Winrsof 
 tlir li'liiiu' laiiil Auririillmal I'l .itiii'lM of A' -iria ami lliiiiuary I'lxliiliil 
 of Uii'Jt.iaii I'nxliii'ts Italian Wiiirs ami <)iU lioloi^na Saiisa>;*'s I'lio 
 Soaiu-li < 'ii;iil A ('oin|>lrti' I'.xluliit ot tlio I'liuliii ts of Spiip I'lu' rmiii- 
 jiiii'si' Colli'i'tion lloilaiitrs ''Alii))!! Tiu' Noiuay I'i-liii it •^ SwiMJi-Ii 
 l''\liil>il Till' JapMni-^r Coiitt Tlif Ti'a ami Silk Ciilliin' 'riio I'.ra/ilian 
 roan {'111' ("otion I'avilion A Ki'iiiaikalili' ( 'oUci'lioti Tlio Hraziliaii Silk 
 (iilinrr l'!xliitiils of \ I'lu'/iit'la ami tlii> Arf;i'iitiiu> KcpiiMic — Tlic laln-riiirt 
 'oil II riu' l'oinoliiL;irai Aiiiii'N riu' Wai;oti Annex. 
 
 , /Trill'l .\<;;ri('nMiirMl F.iiilir ,0; sfaiuls on <lit< lliinl of (he 
 
 \ 11 s|mi-s iw ritlucs wliicli IucmU the F.xliihilion (Micldsiin', 
 
 . Vf' Mini is siliiiitiNl to till' iiortli ol' f'.i' rx'lnioiit v;ill(>v, ;m<l 
 
 C^^ tin iho (>:i'l(Mii sidi^ of l.cliiiont nv(Miii(\ I( is (li(> third 
 
 in si/0 dl' tlu^ l\\lnIiition lniiMin:.';- and is ('(instrnctcd 
 
 jirinriimlly ol' wooA ;uid ulnss. 'I'lu' cxlcrior is juiintcd :i d:ifk 
 
 Invnvn. and tlit^ root* is a dai-k oi-(>,-i< broKc-n only liy tli<' sKv- 
 
 li^'hts whii'h aiv jilacm^ a( nnjiicfoii- |ioin(s in i(, 
 
 Tlic hnil(]in<r consists of a iiavi^ S'JO loci in Icnoili and 100 
 it'ot in wiiltli. i^xlrndino- iVoni nui'tli ti) soiilli, Tjiis navo is 
 ('V(Wv;>d liy \\\vcc li-ansi>pt- ninninu- cast and west, cacli "> 10 tret 
 lone-. Tlic central ti'an^ciit is I('(1 I'cct in widlli, the side 
 trail-.;*;- Si'' Icil in widlli. At ihc point of inii'i'scction ol" (he 
 470 
 
iiir, ( i;mi:nmai, Kxiiiini-ioN. 
 
 171 
 
 n.'ivo mid rcnlinl liMiiscpl ji Iiiiti)lsniii(> »ii|h»I;i iim'h rriiiii tlin 
 lonC, Hliniiitlllilnl l»\ ,1 \\<;illirr v.'llic. Tlic Miivr iUid lr!lliM'|il« 
 lire n»iii|>(M'.| uf ll.uvc Iniss-iinlirs ol" u (irtlijc lidiii. 'I'Ih' 
 li('ij;l!( ul' llic iijivf :iti(| (ciidMl lr;iiisc|it I'lOlii tin lln(.r |o ||ic 
 |tniiil (iIiIm' jircli is V.'i (id ; (lie Iwu ciid IraiiM'pls arc 7(J hrl, in 
 Ini^lif to ||it> |i()iiii ul' llir Midi. 
 
 TIk' (■(•III- <i.m(s cncldscd lictuccii llir nave and (lie lransc|(|s, 
 and (lie litiii- spairs at (Ih- ••(iincrs mI" tlic !»iiil<liii;,r^ liaviii;.r (lie 
 navf and iiid (raiis(|tf,s (■-r hvu oC (lair sides, jiiv loi. led over 
 
 I rons(i(iii(. iiil(.(r|-jil |,uili(»ns ul' ilic liall as il slands. A». 
 
 aiK 
 
 4 ^'' 
 
 tl 
 
 i\ 
 
 Anrtiri'T.Ti'nAT, iiat.t,. 
 
 i",H 
 
 Il end of (he nave and of tlic Iranscpis arc placed liaial.'' 
 
 onm 
 
 ornamental entrances, at. caeli side o(" wliieli rises a pninted 
 tnri'ct, 'I'iiesc tniTcts, tlic central cupola, and tlie pointed looCs 
 ^ive a picliires(|iieness to the laiildinir, wliicli \y, on tlic wliolc, 
 a liappy lilcndiii^ of arcliiteclnral skill and taste with adapt- 
 ahilily to the purpose (or which it is desitxncd. Seen from 
 the spur on which tiie I loif iciillnial Hall is located, the cllect 
 is very line and iniposinir. 
 
 'i he interior ol' the hal! is .simply decorale(I, the roof, arclies 
 and colnmns heinn- covered with a plain c(»alin<4 of whitewash, 
 
 winch color aud.s miicli 
 
 U> tl 
 
 V. air ol spaciousiKss w iiicii is a 
 
 ■a 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 Hi 
 
 -ill 
 
['2 'iiir. iM.i'sTUA ri;i» iiisiouv 
 
 clinractcristic of the liall. TIic view is hidK'ii ui Iiitorvals hy 
 the liases of the lltnvr Iniss-arclit's and slcmlcr rdlinniH nl' 
 \V(><)!l. Ovcrlicail is a be viliU'i'iiii; lict work of trusses and liriiins. 
 
 'I'lic ni'oiiinl-plaii of the luiildi:!;;, iiicliidili;,^ tlic coiii'ts :iiid 
 ('■;,>nici' spaces, \:< a pandli'Ioyraiii of >i"JO by ;">!() li-ci, covcriiij; 
 ail ai't'u oI'Mboiit (ell at'i't's. 
 
 Till' hall is lii;lilcd with ^as, rdli i-tors for this piirposo Ikmiij; 
 Kiispi'iidcd i\\)in the roof, and is supplied with water. !>oi!ei> 
 sitiiJiled ill a frame hiiildini;' to the (;i>t ol" the hall supply 
 steam for lli<' eiii;iiies which turn the auri« u'.lural luaehiiieiy. 
 W'aler-elosi'ts are located at the east and west ends of the hiilM- 
 Iiil;', >md a eoniplele lire-service is i>it:vided. The huildiiij,^ 
 heiiijj^ of wooil aii<l more iiillaminahK! tliau the other ^reat 
 striu'tures, an iu!.;eiiious arraiiifeiiieiit has liecii eirected by which 
 a (ire can be at once smothered by the action of carboniu 
 acid gas. The contract lor the ereciioii of the building was 
 made on tin; 2{)th of Jidy, 1875, and the work was begun in 
 the following SeptembiM', and linislied about the middli; of 
 April, ].S7t>. The cost (»f the building was !?2(;( ),()()(). 'IMie 
 architect was James II. Windrim, of IMiIlailelphia ; the con- 
 tractor, I'lii I i|) (iuigley, of Wilmington, Delaware; and tho 
 builders, Hell brothers, of Philadelphia. 
 
 Stock-yards for the exhibition of liorses, cattle, sheep, swino, 
 j)oultry, etc., arc provided in the vicinity of tho Kxhibition 
 grounds. 
 
 The following is the classification of the exhibits made in 
 this building by the Centennial Commission : 
 
 Dr.rAKTMKNT VI.— AonicTi.Trin:. 
 
 fiOO— 009 \rl)()riciiltiirc and Forest Products. 
 
 (ilO— ()I9 roiiiolotry. 
 
 ()20— (1:29 Asificultunil Products. 
 
 G;50— (!;!9. ...I.iuid Animals. 
 
 (510— (i 19. . ..Marino .\uiinals, Fish Culture, and .Vpiiaratiis. 
 
 (i'lO— (jll'J. . ...Vniinal and Vei;i>tal>li' Pniduets. 
 
 tUi')— (itiO. . . .Ti'xtile Substances of Vegetable or Animal ()ri<;in. 
 
 ()70— 079. . . .Maeliinos, Implements, and Processes of Maiiutacture. 
 
 OSO — t'.S9. . . ..Vuricultural I'ai^ineerinij and Administratiuii. 
 
 ()90-0',i'.>. . . .'riUane and Cicncral Manauciiunt. 
 
or Tin; < i;nti;nm.\i, r.xiiiitniox. 
 
 47;i 
 
 'I'lic »lisj)l;iy cullccttd witliiii this liall i> llic lar;j;(>>t and most 
 (■om|ilclc ever ;Ut(in|it((l at any ol' tlic W'nrldV I''aii>, ami is 
 \>\ many cnnsidcnMl the tn(t>t strikini; and mi^inal liatnic ol" 
 llic whole lv\hil»i(!<iii, ()th(i' Inti'rnational Ivvpusitions hav(> 
 ina(h' "^rcat di^phiys ul' niafhincry, mainiracuircs, and ait rol- 
 loctions, liiit none have I'Vcr j^ivcn such an cxhilMtion of the 
 bonrcis IVoin winch llio witrld ihaw.s i(- I'ood. To (lie visitor 
 wlio has ooiic tliron;:li llic otlicr ^ivat hnildin;;s, the A^ricnl- 
 tniai Ilali is a (hliglitlnl ,-nrj)iisc, and he may walli (()r honrs 
 tiii()ii;j,li it, liiidin^' bumetiiing new and inlc'i'e,->(in^ at every 
 turn. 
 
 'ilie Ami ; lean dcpartnicnL oeenpies al)ont two-tliirds oC tlie 
 uitiru space of ilie hall, and embraces an extensive and varied 
 collection. We turn our attentiuu t(» it at first. 
 
 The United Slates. 
 
 We enter tlie building at the north door ol" the nave, and 
 tlU'uing ti» the lell make t)ur first insjiection in the northeastern 
 (juarlcr ul'the hall, which is devoteil exclu>ively to a display ol' 
 agricidtiM'al machinery and fiirmini"; implements. 
 
 Xiar the north (h)or Messrs. Alexander Speer t^- Sons, oftln* 
 I*ittsburgh Plow A\'orI<s, make a hands(»m<( display ol" their 
 fiunous j)lows, each oC which i.-^ brought to the highest stage of 
 perfect workmanshi[) and artistic finish. In tlu- midst of this col- 
 lection of s[)lendid iiuplenionts is a worn, faded-Iookin;- plow, the 
 frame and share of wjiieh are wood, the latter being shod w i'.h 
 sheet-iron. It was made sixtv vears aiio, and was the result of 
 n contest of skill between three manufacturers. It was made at a 
 small shop in Pittsburgh, which ha.-' since grown into the avcII- 
 knowu Pittsl)urgh Plow ^\'orks. The exhibit of the Messrs. 
 Speers thus shows at a glance the great j)rogivss that has been 
 made in this branch of otn* industry (hiring the present century. 
 
 On the opposite side of the court Messrs. I>. I''. Ames <S: S 
 
 (JUS 
 
 show some handsome plows of an im[)roved [)attern, also some 
 fine cultivators. 
 
 Passing ihc plows avo enter the line of wlieat-eleaning 
 maehiiierv, fans, etc., which brln<rs uy^ to (he eastern nid of the 
 

 474 
 
 Tin; II.MTHTIIATKF) HISTOIIV 
 
 Imilfliiijjj. ir<'iT is ;i Ii;nnl'-()iii(- rxlnl)!! ofsiKidcs, shovels, riikc,"*. 
 liocs, clc, iiiadc l»y (l('(»i<j;(' (Irilllllis tV Sons, of IMiiI;itlcIplii;i, 
 :in»l Oliver Allies \- Sons, of Norlli I'/islon, IMassaeliiiseds. 
 Ill tlie midst of (lie eolleelion of Messrs. (Iridillis tV: Sons is ;ni 
 old rusty and lialf-ealen spade, dii;i; nj) l>y (lie late I'ev. I)i\ 
 I'rainerd IVoni the line of the iiitreiiehnients of tlu; Anieriean 
 army at. Valley |'\)ii;(' during the lle\dliiti<»n. This mnto 
 insdiiment, lieli did its hiiinlile part in the work of"«'s(aMish- 
 uvs. the fVeeilom oC the repulilie, not ina|>|)ro|>riately eoines r,«i\v 
 to share in the erowninu; ji;Iory of the era whieh it helped to 
 inau^iirjite, thon^^h the patriot liands which wielded it have 
 loiiL!; siiK'c mouldered to l!»r^olten dust. 
 
 We turn iulo the e<»mt to the north of the first transept, and 
 return t>\vards th(! nave. \\ C pass throii^h a row of drills, 
 hor. ; -ral<i's and threshir.ir Miaeliiiies, and iiotiee Iwiiist's tine 
 inaehine (or lakiii:^ ii|) hay and loadintj^ it on the wat;oii in the 
 harvest lield. It will take up a ton of hay and load il on 
 the wai^oii in five mimihs, aii<l lake it as clean as liy the hand 
 foi'k. It is exhil)il<'d hy (he makers, Messrs, Stratton A' ('ul- 
 lom, ot' Meadville, Pennsylvania. 
 
 I II (III' niidsi ol" til's col Iccdoii the Oliver Chi I leild 'low ( 'olll- 
 pany,ofSoutll IJeiid, Indiana, make a heaiitifiil display of their 
 plows. ( )iie of these is the hand oiliest in the hilildin;^'. Tho 
 metal palls are nickel plated, and the frame is of ro.-cwood, 
 hcaiidfiilly car\('d with aL;'riciiltiiral symkols. 
 
 W'c are now at, (he nave a;;aiii, and turn into the northeast 
 transept an 1 follow il c:i-t\\ard. Here the IIie;^aiiiim IMow 
 ('ompaiiv, of ( 'oniieetieni, have a fine di-play of plows, in the 
 midst of which is a veiieraltle plov,' made in ( 'oiiiiecticiit in the 
 year I 7'")(>. The contract lie! ween this and tin splcnditl |»!o\vh 
 exhiMted hy (his company is even moic strlkint:: than that r(v 
 fcried to i?! our account of the (whihi! of the I*iltsl)ur,i:h I'lfivv 
 AN'orks. 
 
 AlnMit half way <lo\vn the transept is a handsome soda foiiii- 
 t'lin. Oil (he north side of this fountain Mes-rs. I!;;i-t tt 
 
 r.rad' 
 
 e\\ Ol 
 
 (1 
 
 i!eM;:i>, exIiioM a iiuiiilier ol line 'j:\\wz p o 
 
 V. -, aiiii 
 
 oil llie sonlli side 
 
 M. 
 
 (.'ollill-^ iV ( 'o., ul New Y 
 
 DiK aiiM 
 
OI' 'llli: CKNTHNNIAI, KXIIiniTDN. 
 
 4 ^ f 
 
 4(.') 
 
 irartfonl, Connccticm, ii)?il«' a simihir dif^plny. Tlioso plows of 
 tlu'Hc firms nro. iti tlit^ Ix'st style of Atiicriraii \v<>rKtn!iiislii|), and 
 ar^ aiiion;^ the (iiicst articles cxliihitcd in the i)iiil(linii;. 
 
 On tli(! south side of the traiisej)t we notice a eolleefion of 
 threshing machines and j)ortal)Ie steain-enj^incs for operatinjj^ 
 thetn. ()|)j(osit(; these the Wayne Ajjjricnltnral ("ompuny, of 
 I{,ichm(»nd, Indiana, exhihit llie famous Planet Reaper. 
 
 A eolleclion of hnlciicrs' and !ncat-|)acl<ers' maehinery occu- 
 pies the eastern i-nd of the transept, and passini^ thron;j:;h this 
 wv reach the eastern (loor, and tinii oil' to the ri;^lit into the 
 court immedi.'itely south oi ihv. n<»rlheast transept. 
 
 A little way down, on the left, is a lar^e sj>ace devoted to tlu^ 
 display of ihe liuckcyc Mower and Reaper and the Swee|>stakcM 
 Thrf'slicr. Thesc! machines are anion^- th(! he.-t known in iIk; 
 Union, and those e\hil»ilc(l Iicrc are finished in clcn;ant style. 
 On ihc op|ios!((! side of the lonrt the Ifalladay Standar<l Wind- 
 mill makes a line appearance; and in a s])ace iinnicdialcly hai'k 
 of this Weslinj;hons(' tV: ( 'o., ol' Schenectady, \cw York, c\Iiiliit, 
 one of liiei?' splendid -.tcnin-thrcslicrs, which attracts nmch altcn- 
 tiini. Siiiiic distance firthci' on, on the ri^^ht of tli(! court, is ;\ 
 i)eantifiil ;iiodcI of the Union ( 'orii I'ianter, c\hil)itc(l liv Si'lhv 
 
 i\:' ( 
 
 O.. Ol 
 
 coria. 
 
 III 
 
 mois. 
 
 ^\'e are at the nave au;aiii, and turn off into the next court on 
 the soiiih and u,<) eastward a^ain. On the nurlh side of the 
 court is one of the most infcrestinjjf inachincK in the I'Aliiliitloii, 
 namely, "Slo^ser's Self-Iioadini; Kxcavafor." Vnder the maii- 
 aL!,cniiiit of a '^iii'j^Ie man, who is also the di'iver of tin' team, 
 this machine <!!;;■< up the !:;rotnul, takes up a load of earth and 
 deposits it, at any desire(| place. It does its work wi;h a rapid- 
 ity that is astonishiuL'", :m<l has heen used (»n some of the most 
 important pnhlie works in the country. It is exhihited hy 
 
 peter .[. Strvker, of Xew I»rnnswick, \ew J 
 
 cr ev 
 
 A 
 
 liort 
 
 distance farther on, on the same sid<' of the eonrt, tic .Irdmston 
 Harvester C^)m|»any, of l'rock|iort. New York', have a lar'j;e 
 spai e el(>;;;anfly fitted np, in which the\' make a Iar'j;e and liand- 
 SDinc di^plav of r<Mpers and tnower-. One nf ||ie-e r^ae|lin'■^ is 
 
 so [irraii'jcil 
 
 that 
 
 il <an III 
 
 ll-eil either a- a 
 
 iiiowrr or ;',< a rc'ipcr 
 
H 
 
 B 
 M 
 
 SI 
 
 n 
 
 50 
 
 r; 
 
 ? 
 
 s 
 
 o 
 
 476 
 
THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 47' 
 
 at the plcapiiro of the operator. A little farther on, on the 
 south side of the eonrt, the famous MeCorniick Reapinfr and 
 Mowing Machines occupy a large space and make a handsome 
 display. The merits of this, the pioneer reai)cr of America, are 
 so well known that they need no description liere. A most 
 ingenious and valuable improvement to this machine is the 
 automatic hinder, by which bundles of grain are taken up from 
 the cradle of the machine, boiuid, and distributed at regular 
 distances. The remainder of the court, on both sides, is taken 
 up with harvesting machines of various kinds, prominent among 
 which is the Adams t^' French H.u'vester, which also has a 
 binding and dropping attachment. By a carrier attached to the 
 binder's stand, the bundles of grain are carried on the machine 
 until enough of them are gathered to make a shock ; then they 
 are dumped together. Tliis saves the labor of one man. The 
 machine is exhibited by the Adams tfe French Harvester Com- 
 pany, of Cedar Fulls, Iowa. In the same space the Sandwich 
 ]\r;uuifactnrlng Company, of Illinois, exhibit a number of the 
 famous Ailams Power Corn-Sheller, one of the largest of its 
 kind in the Exhibition. 
 
 We are now at the eost door, where a horizontal engine is at 
 work sup]>lying power to the line of shafting M'hich turns the 
 agricultural machinery in this quarter of the building. AVe 
 pass by it .uid enter the next court on the south. This court, 
 like the preceding one, is filled M'ith harvesting machines of 
 various kinds. In the midst of these a fine display of lhimu- 
 drills of improved construction is made by the Farmers' Fi-icnd 
 ^fanufacturing Company, of Dayton, Ohio. The Buckeye 
 Agricultural Works, of Springfield, Ohio, also make a fine 
 exhibit of this class of machines, and of cultivators and sulky 
 plows. 
 
 Being at the nave again, we pass to the central transept and 
 go east, noticing on the left the handsome exhibit of horse-rakes 
 made by J. H. Thomas & Sons, of Springfield, Ohio. Passing 
 through a collection of reapers and rakes, we come to a hand- 
 some pavilion cf black velvet, ornamented with pitchforks, hoes, 
 rakes, scythes, cutting-knives, etc., made by tlie .\uburn Manu- 
 
 n. 
 
 '1 ... 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 Hi 
 
 i 
 
 li 
 
 I M 
 
 i!: 
 
478 
 
 THE ILLUSTllATED HISTORY 
 
 flictiiring C()iii[)aiiy, of Auburn, New York. It is one of the 
 liiindsotpc'st exhibits in the buikling, and the articles mentioned 
 are dis])laye(l in a very original and tasteful manner. 
 
 Opposite this pavilion, on the north side of the transept, 
 Wliiteley, lassler ct Kelly, of Springfield, Ohio, exhibit a mag- 
 nificent specimen of their Light diampion Mower and Reaper. 
 The metal paris of the machine are nickel-plated, and the frame 
 is of rosewood. It is the most beautiful piece of work of this 
 kind in the hall, and of course attracts much attention. 
 
 Harvesting machinery occuj)ies the transept to the eastern 
 end, where the Rochester (New York) Agricultural Works show 
 a large Ilul xml Mower harnessed to two fine wooden horses. 
 This is one of the notable displays of the hall, and deserves the 
 praise it receives. 
 
 IinuKdiatcly south of this machine the Walter A. Wood 
 Mowing and Reaping Machine Company, of Hoosick Falls, 
 Xcw York, exhibit one of the handsomest and most satisfactory 
 harvestinr machines in the hall. Attached to it is Locke's Self- 
 Binder. This binder is operated by the driver of the machine, 
 and does its work with a wonderful exactness and rapidity. It 
 can be easily detached and a binder's tal)le substituted for it in 
 ease of accident to it. It is a genuine triumph of American 
 ingenuity. 
 
 We are now at the east wall again, and pass into the court on 
 the south of the central transept. At the eastern door of this 
 court is a vertical engine for running the machines in the south- 
 eastern section of the buildinjj. 
 
 On tlu> south side of this court, at its eastern end, Messrs. 
 Boomer & Boschort, of Rochester, New York, have an immense 
 ciiler-mill in operation. The apples are ground by a grating 
 machine whicli has a capacity of five hundred bushels an hour. 
 It is claimed for this press, which is the most powerful of its 
 kind in the world, that it extracts more of the juice of the apples 
 than any other. The whole process of cider- making is shown 
 iiere. Beyond the cider-mill, on the south side of the court, is 
 a display of portable steam-engines, and farm saws for steam or 
 horse-power; and to the west of these is a collection of meat- 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIRITION. 
 
 479 
 
 clioppiiif): iiKu liiiK'i'v. On the oppo>ito ^ide of the court tlio 
 Howe Manufacturing Company siio'.v a collection of.sealcLi suit- 
 able for farm uses. On the south side of the aisle, opposite the 
 scales, is an exhibit of ice-cream freezers, churns and wooden 
 ware ; and fronting these, on the north side of the aisle, is a col- 
 lection of lawn mowers of various patterns. These make up 
 a pretty dis[)lay, and bring us to the nave once more. 
 
 AVe turn into the next court on the south and 1:0 east a<rain. 
 On the north side of the court Robert Wood t^' Co., of Phila- 
 delphia, make a liandsome exhibit of a model stable of three 
 stalls, and a <piantity of ornamental iron- work fur farm anil 
 stable use. Above the stable is a collection of niaehinerv ibr 
 making ice-cream by steam-power, churns, butter tubs and other 
 wooden ware; and on the south side of tlie court, immediately 
 opposite, is a display of threshing machines. 
 
 A farm saw-mill is shown by Plarbcrt & Raymond, of Phila- 
 delphia, on the north side of the aisle; and above this V. K. 
 Dedriek Sz Co., of Albany, New York, exhibit their improved 
 press for baling hay, straw, broom-corn, hemp, cotton, wool 
 and hair. It may be operated by either hand, horse, or steam- 
 power. 
 
 At the eastern end of the court is a fine iron stable, with a 
 patent flooring, exhibited by James L. «Tackson, of New York. 
 Tt is complete in every detail, and has stalls for four horses. 
 Immediately opposite, on the south side of the court, is a col- 
 lection of the largest and finest power threshing machines and 
 horse-powers in the hall. They are exhibited by J. I. Case, of 
 Racine, Wisconsin, and the Pitts Agricultural Works, of Buf- 
 falo, New York. 
 
 Having reached the east wall again, we pass into the next 
 court on tlie south. On the south side of this court are the 
 Canadian and Liberian exhibits, the north side of the court 
 being the limit of the American department in this quarter of 
 the building. It is an unbroken line of threshing machines for 
 steam and liorse-power, and of portable engines. Passing by 
 these, we find ourselves in the nave once more. 
 
 We turn northward no v aid pass up the nave towards the 
 
 i 
 
 HI 
 
 li 
 
■180 
 
 TIIK IMJ'STKATKD IIISTOIIV 
 
 iKirlli door. For :\ wliilo our inspoction is confined to tlio oast 
 ^idc, :is tlic opposite side is lakt'ii up with several I'orciu;!! de- 
 j)artnit'Mts. Wo (Miter at once* ui>on llie exliihit of tli(> native 
 wines of the United States. These are han<lsoniely dis])laye(l 
 in Iiottles, each wine-grower havinu; his own hooth, or stall, 
 some of which are (inely litted up. Here are the wines of ( all- 
 fornia, ()hi(^, Missouri and central Xew Yorlx, eonsistiuu; of 
 ehanipau;ne, still and s])arkling wines, ])ort and claret. The 
 oxeellence of these wines is n-(.nerallv admitted, and IIk^v arc 
 rajiidlv acipiiriiiy; a footinuf e(pial to the best foreign wines. The 
 making of wine is yet in its infancy in ihis country, l)ut fVoni 
 what has been already achieved there seems to he Iittl(> doubt 
 that it will before many years rank among our most important 
 and extensive iudustrii's. Tlu'exhil)it here is most encouraging. 
 
 At the inti'rseetiou of the nave and the eentral transej)t stands 
 a handsome bronze fountain, which throws its water* almost to 
 the rouf. TUr design is :;ttraetive, and the fountain very much 
 superior to the large one in the Main Exhibition ]>uilding. 
 
 On the east side of the nave, opposite the fountaiuj the; Weikel 
 ct Smith Company, of Philadelphia, show a complete model of 
 their extensive works, ?n Front street. Philadelphia, and a col- 
 lection of mustards, spices, blacking, etc., manufactured by thorn. 
 This is one of the handsomest exhibits in the I'.all, and i.s much 
 admired. 
 
 Xorth of tlio fountain the Vmeriean department extends along 
 both sides of the nave. The western side is occupied by the 
 exhibits of the starch-makers. The Glen Cove Company nave 
 a beautiful ^loorish ])avilion with an imitation stained glass 
 roof and tile-work at the base, one of the handsomest structures 
 in the building, in which are displayed in a most attractive 
 manner speeinicns of their starch, and illustrations of the pro- 
 cess of manufacture. Above this, Andrew Erkenbrechcr, of 
 Cincinnati, has a tall and handsome case of black walnut and 
 plate-glass. He exhibits samples of his perfumed starch, the 
 only preparation of the kind in the world. A fine display is 
 made bv T, Kingsford & Son, manufacturers of the liunous 
 Oswego (Xew York) starch. Both the Glen Cove and Oswegc 
 
OP THE CENTENNIATi EXHIBITION. 
 
 481 
 
 Companies exhibit starch for the laundry and corn-starch for 
 table use. 
 
 Above tlic starch-makers is a display of extracts of hops and 
 malt, and a line of canned goods, all tastefully shown. On the 
 opposite side of the nave is an exhibit of cologne spirits and 
 whiskeys, in glass and wood. 
 
 A handsome soda fountain stands in the middle of the nave 
 at this point. On the west, or left-hand side of it, the American 
 Condensed JNIilk Company make a tasteful exhibit. Adjoining 
 this C. J. Fell & Brother, of IMiiladelphia, make a fine exhibit 
 of spices, gelatine and sclf-raisino- flour. The show-cases of this 
 firm are of black walnut and plate-glass, and are anion^ the 
 richest in the hall. On the ojjposite side of the nave is the stand 
 of the Rumford Chemical Works, of Providence, Rhode Island, 
 where the baking powders of the company are displayed, and 
 hot biscuit prepared with them are daily baked and dispensed 
 to the visitors. 
 
 Diagonally opposite, on the west side of the nave, the Port- 
 land (Maine) Packing Company exhibit an extensive assortment 
 of their famous canned meats, fish, shell-fish, fowls and soups. 
 This is one of the largest establishments in the Union, and 
 conducts twenty factories in New England and the I>i"itish 
 provinces. It turns out about two and a half million cans an- 
 nually, and its goods arc well known in all parts of the world. 
 
 In the next space above, Atinore & Son, of Philadelphia, 
 have a hr.ndsomely fittcd-np stand, with velvet cushioned seats, 
 in which they display their mince meats and I^nglish plum 
 pudding. The stand is surmounted by a large stuffed cow. 
 
 On the opposite side of the nave the bakers make one of the 
 handsomest exhibits in the hall. Their crackers, cakes, bread, 
 biscuit and other products are displayed in ornamental cases, 
 and are often arranged in tasteful and sometimes artistic 
 designs. 
 
 A large windmill stands in the nave at this point. It is 
 
 built in the old style, is about thirty feet in height and its sails 
 
 reach nearly to the roof of the hall. It bears the date 1776, 
 
 and is complete in all its arrangements. If a sufficient force of 
 
 31 
 
182 
 
 THE IIJ-rST RATED HISTORY 
 
 wiiul rould be obtained in flio Imll, it conld be put to work at 
 any moment. It is exhibited by (Jeorj^e V. Ilecker tt (V)., of 
 New York, who display liere and on the west side of tiie nave, 
 inunediately opposite the mill, samples of their self-raising 
 (Ii)in', buckwheat, farina and eraekcd wheat. 
 
 Along the eastern side of the nave is a large exhibit of stuffed 
 animals and birds. Some of these are Ameriean, others are 
 • atives of foreign eountrics. The prineipal display is made by 
 l'rof(>ssor Henry A. Ward, of Rochester University, one of the 
 l)est known and most skilful scientists in the Union. Ho has 
 here a large Rietrian camel, a giraffe thirteen feet high, and a 
 lunuher of easts of celebrated fossils. The collection is the best 
 ot" its kind in the Exhibition, and is deej)ly interesting to the 
 masses as well as to the student of natural history. 
 
 North of the windmill, on the east side of the nave, the 
 cj)nfectroners make a handsome display of their wares. The 
 principal exhibits are by Stei>hen F. Whitman it Son, of Phil- 
 adelphia, and Henry Maillard, of New York. Schare & Co., 
 of New York, make a unique disj)lay of a tall i>yramid of 
 (;andy, with figures of the same material, illnstratinj;'^ the sign- 
 ing of the Declaration of Independence and the principal events 
 of our history. North of Whitman's cases Walter Baker & 
 Co., of Dorchester, INFassachusetts, make a tasteful and attrac- 
 tive display of their chocolates and cocoa and broma prepara- 
 tions. On the opposite side of the nave the macaroni and 
 oatmeal makers exhibit their goods. 
 
 We are now at the north door, and, turning to the loft, enter 
 the northwest section of the building. Here is a handsome 
 little room, enclosed with a tasteful wooden screen in white 
 and gilt, known as the California Restaurant, where an oppor- 
 tunity can be had of becoming acquainted with one of the best 
 varieties of California wine, the sale of which is the specialty 
 of this establishment. 
 
 We pass along the first court on the north, pausing to notice 
 the handsome display of the mustard and spice grinders. 
 Farther on Smith, Earle & Co., of New York, and George A. 
 Alden & Co., of Boston, have a large space in which they 
 
OF TIIK CKNTKNNIAI, KXIIIIJITIOX. 
 
 
 cxliiblt cnidv. India riibbor and clastic gnins, with spci'iiiu'ii.i 
 of the trees fi-oin \v'hieh they are obtained. An exhibit of fer- 
 tilizers oecu[)i('s the opposite or :iorth side of the court, extend- 
 ing to the western end of the building. 
 
 Along the western wall is a row of a<iiiaria containing the 
 food fishes of our rivers, lakes and the sea. It is deserving of 
 careful study. Sea water is brought daily from the ocean for 
 the marine fishes. 
 
 We pass to the next court on the south. The Norwegian 
 fishery exhibit occupies the south side of this court for a short 
 distance, and beyon*' iv, on the same side, is a display of bird 
 cages. Fertilizers occupy the northern side for a considerable 
 space, and are followed by samples of the native woods of thy 
 United States, among which is a collection of forly-eight 
 speeiinens of dilfercnt kinds of wood found growing in a 
 space of an acre and a half in New Jersey, not ilxv from 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Wo now enter the section devoted to the tobacco exhibit. It 
 is very largf, and occu[)ies a considerable j)ortion of this section 
 of the hall, extending over to and beyond the norlhwest tran- 
 sept. The various manufacturers have exerted all their in- 
 genuity to render this seetioti as attractive as possible. It is 
 entirely unic[ue, and many of the exhibits are displayed with 
 originality as well as taste. The collection embraces the vir- 
 gin leaf, manufactured tobacco of every kind for chewing and 
 smoking, and snuff. We notice esjiccially the fine display of 
 plug tobacco and twists made by L. Lottier, of Richmond, 
 Virginia; and not far from this the handsome jiavilion in 
 which George W. Gail & Ax, of BiiUimore, exhibit their 
 famous fine-cut tobaccos and snuffs. (\ A. Jackson & Co., 
 of Petersburg, exhibit a pavilion built of plug tobacco, close 
 by. On the north side of the northwest transept E. IIol- 
 brook, of Louisville, makes an exceptionally fine display of 
 manufactured tobaccos, the virgin leaf and the growing plants. 
 Immediately opi)osite, Frishmuth & Broihor, of Philadelphia, 
 have a handsomely fitted-up space fillc<l with manufictured 
 tobacco. Adjoining this space is the exhihit of P. H. Mayo & 
 
I>' >' 
 
 ll I 
 
 484 
 
 THE ILLUSTUATKD HISTORY 
 
 Brother, of Riclunond, Vir;^inia, in wliicli the various stages 
 of the process of inamifucturuig chewing tobacco arc shown. 
 This space is adorned with festoons of tobacco twists. West of 
 this is the liiindsonie exiiibit of P. Lorrillard & Co., of New 
 York, consisting of their famous brands of fine-cut tobacco and 
 simffs. In the next space, on the west, is a loity case of ebony 
 
 INfERTOB OF AGRICULTURAL HALL. 
 
 with gilt mountings, in which Krobbs & Spiess, of New Yora, 
 show a collection of fine cigars. 
 
 Passing the tobacco exhibit, and continuing along the court, 
 we enter the exhibit of flour, whicli is well arranged and at- 
 tractive. It occupies the remainder of the court to the nave. 
 
 We enter the northwest transept from the nave. The east- 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 485 
 
 trn part of it is onoiipied on both sides by a display of pickles, 
 preserves and canned goods of various kinds. From these we 
 pass tiirough the tobacco exhibit again, and beyond it, on the 
 north side of the transept, notice a decayed tree covered with 
 Southern moss. This is the natural state of the growing moss, 
 which is here exhibited by the Delta Moss Company, of New 
 Orleans, who also show several bales of the cured moss, which 
 is now being extensively used in the place of curled hai** for 
 upholstering purposes. The supply of this article in the 
 swamps of the South is unlimited, and it is much cheaiKr and 
 quite as elastic as hair. 
 
 At the west end of the transept is an apparatus for the 
 artificial hatching of chickens, which attracts much attention 
 from those interested in the raising of fowls. 
 
 From the western end of the transept we turn into the next 
 court on the south. On the left hand side is the exhibit of 
 horse shoes, with a model of the machine for making them, and 
 opposite this is a large evaporator for drying fruits for market. 
 By the side of this is an immense steam road-roller from the 
 Pioneer Iron AVorks, of Brooklyn, New York. 
 
 On the right hand side of the court, beyond the steam roller, 
 the State of Oregon makes a collective exhibit of her agricul- 
 tural products. A large part of the display is made uj) of 
 specimens of the native woods of the State, which are among 
 the finest in the world. The grains and other products of the 
 State are 'veil shown, and a specialty is dric<l fruits, of which 
 large quantities are produced in Oregon and shippe<l to all ])aris 
 of the world. The most remarkable product in the exhibit is 
 a specimen of dried cider. The water is evaporated from tiu^ 
 cider, and the solid residue is then rolle<l around a wooden 
 roller and is ready for transportation. It is dissolved in water 
 when ready for use, and makes excellent eider. Bricks of 
 solidified apple butter arc also shown. Beyond Oregon, Wis- 
 von.iin and Illinois make collective exhibits of their agricul- 
 tural products, the chief feature of their displays being speci- 
 mens of the sj)lendid grains which they produce Ears of corn 
 are shown which are of astonishing si/c, and every kernel is as 
 
 I! 
 
I ; 
 
 48G 
 
 Tin: IM.USTRATKI) IIISTOIlY 
 
 perfect as tlie most iirdcnt fanner (H)Ii1(1 dcslro. Opposite thrso, 
 on the left li uul side of the courf, Ma.s.siieliu.sett.s shows 
 her aj^rioultiirul products and also spefimena of h(;r Ijcneficiul 
 l)irds. 
 
 At its easfi'i-n tiid the court is occupied by the pickle and 
 preserve makers and canned goods packers again, and in the 
 midst of these a handsome display is made bv the New York 
 Condensed jMilk Company and liorden Meat Preserving Conj- 
 pany. This house was the first to engage in the process of 
 condensing milk :ind other snlwtances, and was founded by Gail 
 Borden, the inventor of the j .ocess. 
 
 Passing into the next court, on the south, we notice a display 
 of i)ickles, preparcil mustards and sauces, on both sides. All 
 the goods of this class exhibited in the hall are displayed in 
 the most attractive manner, and constitute one of the prettiest 
 features of the agricultural exhibit. On the north side of the 
 court, a little way down, J. W. Norris & Co., of New York, 
 exhibit a nnniber of fine canvas-covered hams in a glass case. 
 
 The north side of the court below this is occupied by the 
 collective exhibits of the States of Michigan, Indiana, Connecti- 
 cut and New Hampshire, and the T(>rritory of Washington. 
 These are all dis])layed in a titstcful manner, each State occu- 
 pying an enclosed court and laying especial weight n|)on the 
 products in which it excels. The Western States exhibit wheat 
 and corn that cannot be surpassed. New Hampshire shows 
 her native woods, and some exceptionally fine samples of wool. 
 She also exhibits two stuffed hogs of enormous size. One is 
 seven feet four inches, and the other eight feet four inches, in 
 length, from snout to tail. The former was killed when nine- 
 teen months old, and weighed 1253 pounds* the weight of the 
 latter when he was killed, at the age of twenty-one months, 
 was 1007 pounds. A large plow, thirteen feet long, is also ex- 
 hibited by the New Hampshire State College of Agriculture. 
 It was made- by Panicl Webster, who delighted in large things, 
 and it was one of his greatest delights to guide it. Four oxen 
 were required to draw it. 
 
 On the south side of the court, opposite the Indiana display, 
 
OP THE CENTENNIAL EXIIIIUTION. 
 
 487 
 
 the Cotton Excliangc, of New Orleans, exhibits a number of 
 fine varieties of Southern eotton in the bale unci by sample. 
 Adjoining this is an exhibit of wool from New Kiiglaiul. 
 
 At the west end of the north side of the court is the fishery 
 exhibit of Massachusetts. In a largo tank float a number of 
 moilels of tile fishing craft of 177G and 187G. Projecting into 
 the water i^ a fac-simile in miniature of the wharf of a century 
 ago, and one of the wharf of to-day, with its extensive fish- 
 hoiise, with men and women engaged in preparing the fish for 
 packing. Around the tank, on shelves and frames, are ranged 
 the various apparatus used in fishing, oil-cloth clothing for the 
 men, nets, etc. The whole exhibit is made with a skill and 
 taste wnich reflect the highest credit upon the people of Cape 
 Ann. 
 
 This brings us to the west wall of the building, and we pass 
 into the next court on the south. At the head of this court, on 
 the north side, Is a large case containing a number of specimens 
 of California silk-worms at work. They are fed with fresh 
 mulberry leaves at stated times, and the manner in which they 
 are shown affords an excellent opportunity of studying their 
 habits. On the same side of the court the native woods of 
 California are shown, also the native birds and a number of the 
 agricultural products of that State. On the opposite side of the 
 court the Central Pacific Railway exhibit a number of large 
 photographs of scenery on their ro:ul. 
 
 On the north side of the court the States of New Jersey and 
 Delaware exhibit tlieir agricultural products, and on the oppo- 
 site side similar exhibits are made by the States of Ohio and 
 Nebraska. ]kwo!id the Nebraska exhibit is the display of the 
 seedsmen, whose cases extend across to the central transept and 
 almost to the nave. The eastern end of the court is taken up 
 with a large display of oakum and curled hair, ojjposite which, 
 standing proudly on his lofty perch, surveying the scene around 
 him with an air of royal majesty, is "Old Abe," the famous 
 eagle of the Eighth Wisconsin Regiment of Infantry. This 
 noble bird accomj)anicd the regiment throjigh its entire period 
 of service in the civil war, was present in every battle in which 
 
 m 
 
 \m 
 
488 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOIIY 
 
 it was engaged, and was twice wounded. He is accompanied 
 now by the sergeant who bore him at the head of the regiment 
 during the war. 
 
 Between the court and the central transept the space along 
 the nave is occupied by the collective cxiiibit of the pork- 
 packers of Cinciiiuati. 
 
 Wc pass into the central transept, on the south side of which 
 is the Spanish exhibit. On the north side D. ijandreth & 
 Sons, of Philadelphia, make an extensive and handsome display 
 of their famous seeds for the garden and farm. Mr. B. I^an- 
 dreth, one of the partners in this well-known house, is the 
 Chief of the Bureau of Agriculture. The zeal and skill with 
 which he has conducted his department are shown in their 
 highest light in the grand exhibition of the products of the 
 world collected within the Agricultural Building. 
 
 The transept is here occupied by a confectionery stand, 
 beyond which, on the north side of the transept, is Renter's 
 Restaurant, the principal eating-house in this hall. 
 
 Beyond the restaurant the State of Iowa makes a beautiful 
 display of her agricultural products, a prominent feature of 
 which is a large and complete collection of fruits under glass. 
 Beyond this is an exhibit of the minerals of Xevada, and at the 
 west end of the transept Iowa exhibits specimens of her soils in 
 tall glass columns. 
 
 We are now at the end of the American department, and in 
 turning our attention to the exhibits of foreign nations give 
 the first place to the mother country. 
 
 Great Britain and Ireland. 
 
 The British section is in the southeast corner of the hall, and 
 extends from the nave to the eastern wall, and from the south- 
 east transept to the south wall. The display is small, and does 
 not compare favorably with the splendid showing made by 
 Great Britain in the Main Building. Scarcely any of the 
 English agricultural machinery is to be found here, and the 
 exhibit is far from doing justice to England as an agricultural 
 country. 
 
OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 489 
 
 The post of honor, on the front line of the section, is given to 
 the makers of pickles, potted meats, mustards and extracts. 
 Crosse & Bhickweli, the famous Chow-Chow makers, have a 
 lofty case of black and gilt, semicircular in shape, at the inter- 
 section of the nave and transept, in which they show their 
 goods, and immediately behind them Keen ^ Robinson, of 
 London, have a handsome case of mustard. On the front line, 
 immediately south of Crosse & Bljickwell, T. & H. Smith, of 
 Edinburgh, have a handsome display of extracts of various 
 kinds. The most conspicuous portions of their exhibits are 
 two fine white crystallized substances, looking exactly alike. 
 One of these is coffecine, or the active principle of the coffee 
 bean; the other, thcine, the active principle of tea. Adjoining 
 this exhibit is a case of fine extracts by John Mackays, also 
 of Edinburgh. To the south of the extracts is an exhibit of 
 bcc-hives and bee-furniture, by George Neighbor & Sons, of 
 London, and in the adjoining space John Ij. Bowes & Brother, 
 of Liverpool, exhibit samples of wool from all parts of the 
 world. At the south end of the front line the Cork Distilleries 
 Company, of Cork, Ireland, have a tasteful pavilion in which 
 they show some superior Irish whiskeys in wood and glass. 
 
 Having finished the front line along the nave, we go back to 
 the southeast transept and continue our examination along its 
 south side. Adjoining Keen, Robinson & Co.'s exhibit Emile 
 Menier, of London, makes a handsome display of fine choco- 
 lates and cocoas. Farther on, on the south side of the transept, 
 John McCann, of Droghcda, Ireland, exhibits a fine article of 
 Irish oatmeal^ and shows the appearance of the meal at the 
 different stages of grinding. To the right of the oatmeal is an 
 exhibit of meat extracts, soups and potted .ncats. The Colonial 
 Produce Company, of London, exhibit specimens of their patent 
 tea, milk and sugar, and patent coffee, milk and sug^ir. These 
 arc reduced to a powder and wrapped in air-tight gelatine en- 
 velopes, which readily dissolve with the powder in hot water. 
 A package will make three cups of tea and toffee. This is a 
 capital preparation for travellers or for persons camping out for 
 l)leitsure or fiom necessity. 
 
 . ii 
 
 'I 
 
 iil 
 
 I 
 
 »: 
 
490 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOUY 
 
 An exhibit of ginger ales and aerated waters now follows, 
 beyond which John Coope & Co., of Bnrton-on-Trent, display 
 their well-known Burton ale. In the next space i-j one of 
 Aveling & Porter's road steam-engines which we noticed in 
 Machinery Hall. By the side of it is a large wagon ior road 
 ' iocornotives. Farther on Barnard, Bishop & Barnard, of Nor- 
 wich, exhibit a collection of ornamental iron work for farm 
 and stable use. 
 
 From the east end of the transept we pass to the next court 
 on the south. Half way down this is a portable engine for 
 farm use, diiferent in style from those used in this country and 
 occupying less space. Below it the exhibit of ales is continued. 
 On the south or opposite side of the court James Fussell & 
 Sons, of Somersetshire, have a collection of reaping hooks and 
 other edge tools nsed iu agriculture. 
 
 Lower down are the confectioners, who show their goods in 
 handsome cases, and to the south of them Lea & Perrin have 
 a case of ebony and gilt, in which they exhibit their world- 
 famed Worcestershire Sauce. 
 
 Passing to the most southern court of all wc notice a hand- 
 some case of walnut, containing a large display of ales, Dublin 
 stout and whiskey, by E. & J. Burke, of Dublin. 
 
 Farther eastward is an apparatus for suckling young calves, 
 sheep and pigs. It is a wooden trough, which is filled with 
 milk when ready for use. A number of tubes project from th« 
 side, each with a rubber nipple. Beyond this a potter, too late 
 for a place in the Main Building, exhibits a collection of por- 
 celain and plain whiteware. Then follow some ornamental 
 work, ditching tiles, drains, etc., in terra cotta, and several 
 French burr millstones for hulling rice and grinding flour. 
 
 Canada. 
 
 Tlie Canadian section lies in the southwest quarter of tlje 
 hall, oj)posite that of Great Britain, and extends from the nave 
 back to the I^iberian section. 
 
 The front line along the nave is taken up with an extensive 
 display of the agricultural products of the Dominion, consisting 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXIIIBITIOX. 
 
 491 
 
 of llio grains, beans, peas, roots and flour grown and made in 
 Canada. Imnicdiately back of these is an exhibit of Canadian 
 wool. Tlic quality is very fine, and the length of the wool is 
 notable. 
 
 Jn tho noxt line, going eastward, is a row of tall cases, in 
 which are s-iiown prepared specimens of the birds, animals and 
 insects of Canada. The exhibit of insects is by the Entomo- 
 logical Society of London, Ontario ; the birds and animals are 
 exiiibitcd by individuals from London, Toronto and Halifax. 
 In tho rear of these collections John Harvey & Co., of Hamil- 
 ton, Canada, have a number of fine lU-oces, showing a remark- 
 able length and thickness of wool. Then follows an exhibit of 
 vinegar in barrels, native fruits, macaroni, flour, salt, pickles, 
 cheese, cured fish and canned goods of various kinds, which 
 take up considerable space, and show the progress of the efforts 
 of our Northern cousins in this direction. 
 
 A pyramidal stand, of considerable size, contains a display 
 of the agricultural products of British Columbia. Some very 
 fine Mheat is included in this exhibit, and samples of this grain 
 and oats on the stalk show the size and vigor which they attain 
 in this high northern latitude. Specimens of the woods and 
 barks of the country are also shown, and there are two blankets 
 of vai legated color?, woven by the Indians. 
 
 Wo now enter the department of agricultural machinery, in 
 which over one hundred exhibitors take part. The collection 
 is similar to that in the American department, and is particu- 
 larly rich in reapers, mowers, plows, harrows, root and straw- 
 cutters and horse-powers. The variety in plows is, if anything, 
 greater than our own, but the number of plows is much smaller. 
 The most conspicuous exhibits of plows are made by (ieorge 
 Ross, of Cliathani, Ontario, and T. Spardle, of Stratford, On- 
 tario. The " Yeondle plow," exhibited l\v the latter, is the 
 finest in the Canadian collection, and one of the very best in 
 the hall. The Hamilton Agricultural Works show a fine speci- 
 men of the Iron-dad Adjustable Table and Platform Reaper, a 
 worthy rival of the best American reapers. A machine which 
 forms a conspicuous part of this exhibit is the turnip-drill, 
 
 
 m 
 
492 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED IHSTORY 
 
 c 
 
 which does not appear in our own collection. The Canailiaii 
 climate is not suited to corn, and turnips and peas are raised in 
 place of it. The collection includes also portable engines, cider- 
 presses, ])otato-diggers, snow plows for breaking winter roads, 
 grain-drills and hay-loaders. Some of the threshing machines 
 exhibited here are among the largest and best in the hall, 
 and are handsomely ornamented. 
 
 France. 
 
 The French section lies west of the nave and along the 
 southwest transept. It extends on the south side of the tran- 
 sept from the nave to the Dutch court, and on the north side 
 of the transept from the nave to the west wall. It adjoins tho 
 Brazilian section on the north and the Gorman section on the 
 south. 
 
 The most prominent feature of the French exhibit is tho dis- 
 play of wines. Every grade of wine made within the limits of 
 the French republic is shown here. We find champagnes in 
 abundance, and the dainty and delicious wines of the south of 
 France are well represented. Here are Burgundies, clarets, red 
 and light wines, and brandies and liquors of every description. 
 
 The front line along the nave is occupied by a row of hand- 
 some show-cases, principally of ebony and gilt, in which ai*o 
 displayed champagnes, brandies, liquors and olive oils. On the 
 south side of the transept Mcnier & Co., of Paris, have a hand- 
 some case of ebony and gilt, filled with a collection of fine 
 chocolates. In tho sides of the case are set photographs of the 
 Menier establishment and the people employed in it. On the 
 north side of the transept, Mcunier, of Paris, has a beautiful 
 case of carved ebony, ornamented with lithographs of his fac- 
 tory in 1785 and 1876, in which is a collection of fine chocolates. 
 These firms are the principal chocol^ to -makers of France. Tho 
 house of Men nier was founded in 1700, and is the oldest now 
 in existence ; and its rival, Menier, claims to do an annual trade 
 in chocolates of 25,000,000 francs. 
 
 On the south side of the French court, near the nave, C. Dn- 
 
•of Tin: CENTENNIAL EXHiniTION. 
 
 493 
 
 raouticr, of Clavillo, malccs an exhibit of the agricultural pro- 
 ducts of the (Icjiarfmont of the Euro. 
 
 Immediately l)ack of the f»ont lino, the south side of the 
 section is occupiod fur hoine distance by a triple row of hand- 
 some oak stalls, in which the great Paris seedsmen, Vilmorin 
 & Andrieux, exhibit i)hotographs of flowers, vegetables, and 
 plants, and samples of seeds. 
 
 Passing this we reach the principal exhibit of wines, brandies, 
 liquors, cordials in glass bottles and small stone jugs, which 
 takes up the entire space south of the transept, back to the 
 Dutch section. 
 
 On the north side of the transept is an extensive collection, 
 by a number of exhibitors, of the famous pcUe de foi gras of 
 btrasburg, pickles, preserves, mustards, jellies and prepared 
 food of various kinds. Preserved fish and sardines in oil form 
 a prominent part of the collection, and candied fruits, dried 
 fruits, and vegetables, and prepared soups are extensively 
 disj)layed. 
 
 Oa the north side of the court D. Gazaubon, of Paris, 
 exhibits a fine collection of machinery for making and bottling 
 mineral waters, and syphon bottles of a handsome pattern ; and 
 near the west end of the court several makers display machines 
 for bottling and corking champagnes and other sparkling wines. 
 
 A number of French burr mill-stones of a fine quality are 
 shown near the northern border of the court, and near these 
 are some fine crucibles, and specimens of various kinds of 
 cements, hydraulic lime and artificial stone. The Roquefort 
 cheese factory exhibits specimens of its famous cheese ; the tan- 
 ners have an extensive exhibit of leather; and the silk-growers 
 of southern France show their raw silk and cocoons. Artificial 
 manures, phosphates, and animal charcoal are also shown. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 The German section lies on the south of France and extends 
 to the south wall of the building. It fronts ,ii the nave and 
 extends westward to the Austrian court 
 
 At the nave the Rhenish Sparkling Wine Company of 
 
 il 
 
 ;i ! 
 
 wBa \ 
 
 !i 
 
 i ! 
 
 l:hlt 
 
iH 
 
 "1 
 
 49 i 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED IHSTO^.Y 
 
 Scliielstein liavo a largo pavilion made of wino boxes, and siir- 
 niountt'd hv an ininienso wine boltlo of "lass at oacli of tlio four 
 corners, in which they dis[)Iay their famous wines. Rack of this 
 pavilion is the collective exhibit of Rhine wines, in which the 
 finest as well as the ordinary grades are shown. Alongside of 
 these wines the German brandies, liquors, extiacts and essences 
 are displayed. A fair exhibit is also made of Bavarian and 
 Prussian beer and hops, and of sampler of the malt from which 
 these are made. 
 
 The confectioners, makers of wax,and manufacturers ofsmok- 
 ing and fine-cut tobacco ibr ciiewing, cigars and cigarettes, make a 
 large dis])lay ; and there is a fair exhibit of ]!rc[)ared mustard, 
 sugar and starch. Fraidcfort sends sanijiles of ciu'lcd hair, and 
 Prussian Silesia some fine wool. The Royal Steel Works of 
 Frcdericksthal, Wurtemberg, have a large r-tand representing a 
 palm tree. The tiunk is of wood, and the branches arc scythe 
 blades arranged in a , icturesque manner. 
 
 The wines arc the strouf'- feature of the German cxlilbit, and 
 no effort has been made to show the agricultural .'-^.•slom or 
 resources of that couvitry. 
 
 Aushia and Hungary. 
 
 The Austrian section is situated immediatclv west of the 
 German court. Tiie display is not large, but is interesting. 
 On the eastern border of the court, fronting Gcrmaiiy, Johann 
 Michael Schary, of Prague, exhibits a collection of raisins and 
 other dried fruits, beer, wine, vinegar and mustards from 
 Bohemia. Beyond this space is an exhibit of Austrian and 
 Hungarian wines; and at the north end of the court ^larks 
 & Weydcn, of Buda-Pesih, Hungary, exhibit a fine collec- 
 tion of the fruits and nuts of Huntrary and the Danubian 
 provinces. To the north of this collection is a di.-play of 
 candied fruits from Vienna, near which are specimens of hemp 
 of an excellent quality grown in Hungary. Samples of fine 
 Hungarian wool arc also shown ; and near the west end is a col- 
 lection of the grains of all the different provinces of the Aus- 
 trian empire. Specimens of flax from Austria and Hiuig\ry 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 495 
 
 01 
 
 [fine 
 Icol- 
 
 L US- 
 
 are inchukd in the exhibit, and a number of samples of leather 
 from Austria and Bohemia. 
 
 Russia. 
 
 The Russian court lies on the south side of the central transept, 
 immediately west of the Spanish court, and extends back to the 
 western wall. It Is unenclosed, and occupies about one-third as 
 much space as France. It is filled with one of the ]lan(l^■onlost 
 and most interesting collections in the Agricultural Building, 
 and one that is richly worth studying carefully. 
 
 The wheat, oats, barley, rye rnd other grains of the empire 
 are shown in the most tasteful manner. They are arranged 
 upon pyramidal stands, bags of the grains being collected 
 about the base of the stands, while stalks with the ripened ears 
 are placed in handsome majolica vases at the top. Largo IVanies 
 are filled with hemp suspended from the top of the frame in 
 order to show the length of the fibre. The agricultural ])roducts 
 of the various portions of the empire are shown according to a 
 systematic classification, and many illustrations of Russian 
 farm-life arc given. A number of the agricultural implements 
 of the country are exhibited, and two large farm-wagons from 
 Poland constitute a principal feature of the collection. Candied 
 and dried fruits, preserves, crackers and confections are ex- 
 hibited in glass cases, and the liquors and wines of the country 
 are. also shown. 
 
 At the western end of the space, a number of exhibitors who 
 were crowded out of the Russian court in the Main Building 
 display a collection of rich and beautiful wares in large cases of 
 oak and plate glass. 
 
 As in the Main Building, Russia was one of the last countries 
 to have l;er exhibit in readiness. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 The Italian court is situated in the southeast corner of the 
 hall, and covers but a small space. Along the cast -wall are 
 samples of raw and combed hemp exhibited by P. F. Facchini 
 & Co., of Bologna, and adjoining these are a number of speci- 
 mens of leather and boots and shoes. 
 
 E 
 
i I 
 
 I 
 
 .1 ' 
 
 e :i! 
 
 :l 
 
 i , 
 
 496 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 The principal portion of.the cxljibit consists of wines, liquors, 
 cordials and olive oil, representing ali tlie grades of these 
 articles made in the Italian Peninsula and in Sicily. They are 
 exhibited in bottles, and make an attractive display. In the 
 southeast corner of the court the soap-makers have a credi.able 
 display. Large blocks of Castile and olive oil soap are among 
 the most conspicuous objects in the court. A collection of 
 grains, peas, beans and nuts, principally from Sicily and central 
 Italy, is arranged along the southern side of the court, and rice 
 from riodmont is also shown here. It will be remembered 
 that it was from a small quantity of rice obtained in Piedmont 
 and sent to America by Mr. Jefferson, at the close of the last 
 century, that the finest grades of our own rice have been pro- 
 duced. There is a handsome display of confectionery and 
 candied fruits from Turin ; and a ease of the minerals found in 
 the Peninsula is shown near the centre of the court. At the 
 western end of the court are a number of specimens of man- 
 ganese and iron ores from the mines of Rae Brothers, at Monte 
 Argcntino in Tuscany. Both minerals are of a fine quality and 
 the ores are exceedingly rich. Milan sends Parmesan and Gor- 
 gonzola cheese ; Ancona and Turin, leather and hides ; Palermo, 
 Home and Sienna, honey; Bologna, her world-renowned sausages 
 and salted moats; Naples and Sicily, macaroni and dried fruits; 
 Syracuse, nuts ; and the other Sicilian cities, oranges, lemons, 
 olives and figs. Sicily also makes an exhibit of a case of the 
 essential oils of fruits, and of some fine liquorice. Sardines are 
 to be seen here in quantities, and in glass and tin, in oil and 
 pickled. Along the northern side of the court are several 
 plows from Ancona, Cremona and Pisa, and a harrow from 
 Venice. They are heavy and clumsy in appearance, and in 
 striking contrast with the fine plows to be seen in the Amci'iean 
 or Canadian departments. 
 
 Spain. 
 
 The Spanish court is situated on the south side of the central 
 transept, and extends from the nave back to the Russian section. 
 
 As in the Main Hall, Spain makes here one of the hand- 
 somest exhibits in the building. Her section is surrounded with 
 
OF THE CENTEXNIAI, KXllinniOX. 
 
 497 
 
 [fruits; 
 mons, 
 of the 
 lies are 
 ,il and 
 leveral 
 from 
 nd in 
 ciican 
 
 I central 
 Iscction. 
 band- 
 ed with 
 
 a high wall of yellow wowl, in the sides of whieii are sot sinali 
 glass-covered panels, whieh are tilled with eolleetions of the 
 grains, beans, peas, nuts, fruits, and other agricultural products 
 of the Spanish kingdom. The entrance to the court is lhrouf>h 
 a lofty gothic archway decorated with the arms of the kingdom 
 and the national colors. 
 
 P2ntering the court we fiud ourselves iu the midst of one of 
 the most extensive and best arranged collections in the hall. 
 Tmmciiso logs of mahogany and rosewood lie on the ground, and 
 festoons of tobacco leaves and sheaves of urain ornament the 
 pillars, while from the roof along the side,-- of (lie cdurt are sn,'-- 
 pended specimens of skins and Spanish leather. On each side 
 of the entrance stand pyramids of the fniest wdols of Spain, and 
 along the sides of the court the rich wines of the country are 
 displayed in bottles arranged on shelves rising one above 
 another. At the eastern end arc several barrels of the famous 
 Duff Gordon slierrles. At the southeast corner of the court tlie 
 Valencian Society of Agriculture show a collection of the 
 agricultural pniducts of that province. There is a large 
 display of Manilla liemj), and cordage made from it, from the 
 Philij>j)ino islands. In the centre of the court is a rustic struc- 
 ture of rough wood, containing specimens of resinous pine and 
 the gums and resins extracted from it ; and to the east of this 
 the agricultural products of the Philippine islands are exhibited 
 in glass jars. Near the south end, the cigar-makers of Havana 
 and Manilla have a large and handsome exhibit of cigars, 
 cigarettes and tobaccos. They are displayed in ornamental 
 cases of mahogany mounted upon standards. A large collection 
 of chocolates occupies the northwest corner of the court, and 
 close by it is a tall metal stand containing large jars and bottles 
 of olive oil. The skill and ingenuity with which the articles 
 are displayed is as noticeable as the conipleteness and excellent 
 character of the exhibit. 
 
 Portugal. 
 
 The Portuguese exhibit fairly rivals that of Spain both in size 
 and variety. It is distributed in two parts of the hall. The 
 principal section assigned to Portugal lies ou the south and west 
 32 
 
I 
 
 I I 
 
 il , I 
 
 1 ■ 
 
 1 
 
 
 L 
 
 ' 
 
 4 US 
 
 THE ILLL'HTUA ri;i) HISTORY 
 
 of the Spaulftli court, and is lillod wUli v large and vailed exhibit 
 oi' the products of tlie kingdom. In the seetiou on the south 
 of the Spanish court, the little kingdom displays her oils and 
 wines; the south side of this sci'tioii being entirely taken up 
 with bottles of Port and Maileira wines. Here also are to be 
 seen the raw silk and cocoo.is, which form a part of the Portu- 
 guese exhibit. In the section to the west of the Spanish court is 
 a very extensive coll<L>ction of the agricultural products of the 
 kingdom, arranged on shelves and in glass jars. These consist 
 of the grains, roots, fruits, nuts, olives, raisins, dried fruits, and 
 s])i('('s of the dilferent provinces of Portugal. Some very large 
 potatoes and tjrnips are j)roservcd in alcohol. Pickles, preserves, 
 and canned meats, vegetables, and (ish are exhibited in large 
 quantities. 
 
 The products of the Portuguese colonies an; displayed in a 
 similar manner, in a small court in the southeast corner of the 
 hall, between the Italian and English sedions. 
 
 Tfie Netherlands. 
 
 The section assigned to the Netherlands lies south of the south- 
 west transept, and extends from the west w;dl of the building to 
 the French section on the oast, and from t!ie transept to the 
 Austrian and Venezuelan sections on the south. AVith charac- 
 teristic industrv the Dutch were among the first to liave their 
 exhibit ready, and have arranged it with admirable .system and 
 neatness. 
 
 Starting from the west end of the section we notice the collec- 
 tive exhibits bv the agricultural societies of Guelderland and 
 Zealand, of the products of those provinces, including seeds, 
 specimens of grain, plants, dye-woods, photographs of cattle, beans 
 and peas, and a model of a thatched hay-cock. In this exhibit 
 are shown the wooden shoes worn by certain classes of the Dutch 
 j)easantry. Close by is an exhibit of a peculiar kind of flour 
 which has the property of kocjiing pure and sweet for years. 
 Adjoining this is the exhibit of the makers of chocolate and 
 cod-liver oil. A collection of round Edam cheeses is shown 
 to the east of these; and then come specimens of fine flax. 
 
OP TIIK rKNTKNNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 A'M) 
 
 and 
 I seeds, 
 L beans 
 [xluWt 
 IPutch 
 flour 
 years, 
 te and 
 IshoNvn 
 flax. 
 
 0|>pnsitc tlie llux i.s tlic cxliibit of cigars uud nianuiUctured 
 tobacco. 
 
 On the north side of the court are a number of models of old 
 and new style Dutch fishing vessels, from Scheveningen, with a 
 collection of (ishing tackle, Jjarge seines for deep-water fish- 
 ing are suspended overliead. 
 
 We come next to the collection of pickles, cainied moats, fish, 
 and vegetables, wliich is large and well dis])layed. Adjoining 
 this arc jars containing samples of dillerenl grades of beet-sugar 
 from the Ik-et-.Sugar Factory of Arnhem. 
 
 The remainder of the section is taken up with the exhibit of 
 Holland gin, cordials and liquors, which is very large. Tlie 
 l^rineipal dis])lay is made by the liquor-makers, who occujiy a 
 handsome pavilion of wood ornamented in maroon-color and 
 gilt. Here are shown the finest grades of anisette, curayoa, 
 cremc de mocha, noyau, arul a hundred other odorous and pun- 
 gent drinks not much used in this country, but which arc very 
 j>oj>ular in Holland, and e>])ecially among the ladies. 
 
 Opposite this pavilion, on the north side of the section, the 
 Hutch agricultural society make a collective exhibit of all the 
 a,':;rlcultural products of Holland. The cnt'rc exhibit speaks 
 eloquently of the skill, taste, energy, and thrifty industry of the 
 Hutch. 
 
 l\/omay. 
 
 The Norwegian court lies immediately west of that of Brazil, 
 and is enclosed with a light and tasteful railing. Along the 
 front line is a collection of heavy, clumsy-looking plows, such as 
 are used for breaking the rugged soil of this northern land. 
 The exhibit is small, but consists of pale ales and a strong 
 liquor called punch, which is much used in Norway and Sweden, 
 as a stimulant against the intense cold of those countries. Wines, 
 brandy, cordials, tobacco, cigars, confectioneries, essences, and 
 canned meats and fish make up the display. There is a fine 
 exhibit of leather at the back of the court, and specimens of the 
 water-birds of Norway are shown. 
 
 In the northwest section of the building, Norway has another 
 space enclosed with a light railing and handsomely draped with 
 
( i 
 
 K 
 
 iiS i 
 
 » !' 
 
 i 
 
 
 500 
 
 TFIK TIJ.rSTRATKD FrrstOIlV 
 
 Spiiics sMid the national colors. Iloro slip makes an cxliihit of 
 tlio products •)f her fisheries, and shows models of her fishing 
 vessels of all kinds and their eiinipnicnts, specimens of fishinj^- 
 taeUle, and samples of dried and ])reserved fish, anchovies, etc., 
 as they arc ]>repared for the market. For the purposes of this 
 display, some of the larger kinds are preserve<l in alcohol. 
 
 Sweden. 
 
 The Swedish coint lies immediately we.-t of that of Norway. 
 Alonjjf the north side are u number of tine plows, every part 
 heinj^ of metal. They are intended tor tleep plowing, and seem 
 capable of doing good \vork. 
 
 The licjuors, especially bottled pinieh, are a strong feature of 
 the display. Here are also confections, prepared coll'ee, crackers, 
 
 smi 
 
 lis 
 
 anc 
 
 I chewinir tobacco. A chemist from Stockholm has a 
 
 case of j)h()sphates and other j)reparations of agricultural 
 chemistry. Towards the west end of the space are models of 
 the various kinds of vessels used in the v-wedi.-li fisheries, \vitli 
 samples of tlshing-tackle, and overhead are susjjendcd the seines 
 used by the Sweilish fishermen. Specimens of the fish of the 
 country are exhibited in alcohol. A niuuber of samples of 
 leather hang against the wall. The exhibit of native woods is 
 complete and interesting. The grains of the country are shown 
 in glass jars and also in the stalk and car, and dose by are a 
 number of covered earthen jars containing samples of flour made 
 in Sweden. 
 
 Sardines, anchovies, herrings, and potted meats, scythes, and 
 dairy ntonsils complete the collection. 
 
 Denmark. 
 
 The Danish section lies west of the Norwegian and south of 
 the Swedish court. It is small, and the exhil)it is made up of 
 Danish punch, grains in the blade and in small canvas bags, 
 brandies, pickles, preserves, and potted meats and fish. 
 
OF THE t'KNTENNIAl- KXIIIHITION. 
 
 601 
 
 bags, 
 
 Belgium. 
 
 The I5el|^iuii Hoction liiH west of the nave, ami iiiunrdlntely 
 «ast of llie Spaniish auil I'ortugiiosse courts. Tiie exhibit is very 
 fiiiiall, but thirty-eight {)ei>>oii.s tukiiig part in it. It i^niprises 
 chiceory, raw, iu t)ic [)0(1, and niaiiutiutured, ehocohito, and the 
 details of chocolate nuinufacture, hpeciinens of fnie leathers and 
 kid, candicH, cordiaii?, gin, flax, wool, and millstones. 
 
 Japan. 
 
 The Japanasc court is situated in the southwest corner of the 
 liall, immediately west of the Austrian section, and is divided 
 int(» small passage-ways by canvas screens. JCach passage-way 
 is provided with long vows of shelves on which the articles 
 exhibited are arranged. Along the south wall, samples of native 
 tobacco are shown ; but the greater part of this section of the 
 court is devoted to an exhibit oi' the teas of Japan. Specimens of 
 tea arc shown, and the process of tea-culture is illustrattHl by a 
 iiuujbcr of drawings of the difTerent stagas of the growth of 
 the plant. 
 
 Along the west wall is a display of the fishing-tackle, nets, 
 etc., used in Japan, with specimens of cured fish, some of which 
 are put up in canvas, like bacon. Fishing-neLs are susjiended 
 overhead, and a part of the space along the west wall is given to 
 an exhibit of the few simj)le agricultural implements used in 
 Japan, a primitive-looking plow and luurow, a scythe and cradle. 
 
 On the north side of the south aisle of this court is a beautiful 
 exhibit of the culture of silk as carried on in Japan. Jt is 
 shown by specimens of the worm and cocoon, and of floss silk, 
 and by models and drawings with explanations in English. 
 
 In the next aisle on the north is a large collection of skins 
 of fish and animals, and of shells, also samples of cotton from 
 the government manufactory. 
 
 The south side of the next aisle on the north is taken np with 
 a display of tackle for hand-fishing, very much like our own, 
 but made with the neatness that characterizes everything of 
 Japanese workmanship. On the north side of this aisle is a 
 
9 
 
 1 .;' 
 
 « 
 
 ■.02 
 
 Tin; ii.uisruA ri;i> iiisiouy 
 
 (M>ll('t'tiun of HinuTs iim(l(» IVom v"gr(nl>I(> sul)M(aii<T.«<, uihI (rnri 
 taiiirtl ill sl<»iu> l)onlrs. 
 
 In the last ai.sl«> on (lio north tlic grains and ollior a^iiciillural 
 |)|-o(1ii(>Im ol'.lapan arc sliown atyonliii^ 1,«» a NVstrniaJic «'lMssirK'a- 
 tion, an*l on lli«' southern wall oC this aislo is a ilisplay of the 
 native woods oftho empire. Kaeh l)Ioelv of wood hiis aiVixed to 
 it a spei-inien-leafor twij; ol'lhe tree fntin which it was taken. 
 
 Brazil. 
 
 Tiie Kr.-i/.ilinn s<«etion lies we.st of tlu> nav«> an«l extends l)a<'k 
 to the Norw<'i;ian <'onrt. The I'^reneh section l)()nn<ls it on the 
 south ."nid the i'ortnijnese on the north. Hra/il was one of the 
 v<>rv tirst of tlu' loreij^n nations in this hall to ha'-i' iier exhihit 
 in readiness, and it is i'nily in heepinjij in thorouj^hness and 
 heanty with her display in the Main Hnildin^. 
 
 In tVont of the court in which the principid <lisplay is niado 
 stands one of the most uniipic structtu'cs in the huildin^. It is 
 a rustic pavilion, the posts and i-aCtcrs <il' which are wrapped in 
 native cotton, i:;ivin!jj to it at a distance tin* eilcct of an immense 
 house of snow. 'V\w. dilVerc.it grades of Rra/.ilian <'otton arc' 
 shown in hahvs arrani:;ed around the sides of the pavilion. 'Ihi* 
 antnial prodnclion of «'olt(Mi in th(> (>inpire aniounts to ahont 
 $1 l.OOLMIo. Within the pavilion the <lin'erent {grades of 
 Itr:;zilian coiVee are shown in jars and l)ox(\s of fanciful desiji^n, 
 tin M(H'ha and Kio heinuj conspicsious amonj^ th(> other }:;raM!s 
 The aiuMial product of coll!'*" in I»i:i/.il is .^(J 1,0 I7,1S| , tluis 
 makiiiLT its culture the principiil and most protltahle industry of 
 the empire. Samples of native leaf t(»l)acco are also showi' in 
 this pavilion. 
 
 The priiK'ipal <H)nrt lies immediatelv in the rear of th«> cotton 
 pavilion, and is enclosed hv a hrilliantiv ornamented railin<i, 
 (le«'orated with streamers of tri"e(Mi and vellow and national Hat's. 
 The collei'tion of native woods is astonishinjj; in the nund)(>rand 
 ricluu'ss of the specimens displaved. It «>omprises over one 
 thousand ililleivnt woods, ainoni; which rosewood and mahogany 
 are «'«)nspiciu)iis, and is arranijed alonij: the entire <'ourl. A con- 
 siderable display is also made of leather and skins, which aro 
 
OK ini-: CKNTKNM \I. KXIIIIirilON, 
 
 f>();'. 
 
 Illl^- 
 
 llllS 
 
 III 
 
 (toil 
 
 |ini:, 
 
 anil 
 
 <)IU> 
 
 any 
 •on- 
 
 iiro 
 
 KUH])''ii»lr<l ovnlicjul aroiiml tin- nmrl. Tlic wines and li(|nors 
 of tlir rnipirr ar«' NJiown, (liniiirli (lirsr <lo not its }et conHtitiitc 
 a very itroiiiincnt lira/iliaii iiiilnslry. 
 
 rill* annual protlnd of sii^ar in l>ra/il iiinonnls lo $1 5, lO.'i.- 
 I.M, making il, lli(< srcdiiil iiiiliisdv oC flir rniiiirc. 'Iwrlvr 
 «lii1i>n'nt. kinds of sn^^ar an- shown in (iiis coiirl, and will n>ni- 
 parc Cavoraltly willi (lir sugars of our own SuimIktu ,S(al<'s and 
 llic West Indies. 
 
 riic exliiiiil, iiK liidcs cocoa Ml llir lint and |in'|iar('d lor (lie 
 niarkcl ; rice (Voni iMaraidiao; slarclic^ ; riiMicr, ready Toi' •!•<' 
 market and in tln' crude ^iim ; ninety diU'erent varietiesof'edilde 
 lieans ; lirazilian leas, lli(> cnlliire ol" wliicli is as yet in its in- 
 laney ; ^iinis, resins, canned ^oods, liein|>; vej^elaMe (il)ies ll»r 
 inakin<r rope, and a liner lihre wliicji <'aii lie woike<l up into a 
 Horl ol wool ; wax, pickles and preserves. 
 
 The tohacco exhihil, is lari^e, and, l-esides smoking; lohaccos, 
 ciiiais aiul ci^aictfes, includes ('oiirh cii dilUcreiit kinds of siinU'. 
 
 The l>ra/i!ian silk worm ami ils hahits arc sli(»wn in an ad- 
 mirahle manner. Tlu^ I'ra/ilian wurm winds ilscK" in such a 
 way with ils silk threads thai in utili/.in<!; the silk the j'lower 
 does not have to kill the worm, as is the case with the Asialie 
 worm. This worm is ahiindaiit, in nearly all parts of the Iha- 
 /.iliaii einpire,aiid piodiices in each f:;eneration an avera^re of two 
 hundred and lorly cocoons ol silk ; each cocoon \veifj;hin;; two 
 and one hair drachms and (•on'aiiiiii'r thirl v '-lains ol iiood silk. 
 The IJra/iiians lake i:;real. priile in their silk ciill'ire, and eveiy 
 ell'orl. is made to extend and imoiove it IVom year to \( ar. 
 
 Venezuela. 
 
 The Vene/.iielan exhil»il arrived so late (Imi it eould not 'or 
 eiven :i place in lli(> Main I'^yl 
 assijriied a section in A<^riciilli,ial 
 the southwest (piarter of liie hall, 
 Austria. It is enclosed hy :i last 
 red and l)ln(>. 
 
 The collection is almo-l entirely 
 ami includes th(! grains, vei^ctahle-', 
 
 II 
 
 no 
 
 r 
 
 1:!! 
 
 r* 
 
 li 
 
r>o 1 
 
 THK II.LUSfRATED HISTOItY 
 
 I i 
 
 ])iil)lit'. A largo o.\Iiil)it of cofil-e is made, and cochineal forms 
 a considerable part of the display. A collection of oils, balsams, 
 rnm, and the famous Angostura bitters, is also exhibited. The 
 skins of the native animals of Venezuela are sus})ended over- 
 head, and samples of niitive tobacco are affixed to the pillars of 
 the court. Pine-apples and other large fruits are shown in 
 alcohol. 
 
 A cabinet of very rich gold-bearing quart/ and other minerals 
 stands on the north side of the section, and on this side are also 
 exhibited specimens of Venezuelan printing and book-binding, 
 chocolates, boots and shoes, fruits in wax, embroideries, leather, 
 and flowers made ofthi' feathers of native birds. A portrait of 
 Washington, surrounded l)y national emblems, made of human 
 liair, is also shown. Haniples of sugar and dye-woods complete 
 the collection. 
 
 The Argentine Republic. 
 
 The section assigned to the Argentine lv(|.ui)iic lies back of 
 Portugal and south of the Russian court. It is enclosed with a 
 light wooden railing, ornamented with the national colors. 
 Festoons of the leaf of the native tobacco are hung about the 
 court, and the skins of the native wild animals of the country 
 arc suspended overhead. 
 
 The collection is very large, and includes over six hundred 
 exhibitors. It comprises the native woods, barks, <^ums, resins, 
 dye-woods and seeds of forest ])rodncts; the grains, sugars, 
 beans, peas, fruits, tobacco, coO'ee, chocolate, wines, dried I'rults, 
 nuts, li(]Uors, leather, starch, Hour, wax, honey, cotton and wool 
 of the country. An exhibit is made of the silk gr< wa in the 
 republic, and several grades of sugar are showu. 
 
 Liberia. 
 
 The Tiiberian section is located at the cast end of the hall, 
 north of the southeast transept, and to the east of tlio Canadian 
 section. It is the only display made by Liberia in the entire 
 Exhibition, and is due entirely to the energy of Messrs. E. S. 
 iM(»rris Sc Co., of Philadelphia, who arc extensive growers of 
 
 1 
 
Of the cextenma.i- EXHrnrriov. 
 
 60b 
 
 liadian 
 
 j entire 
 
 E. S. 
 
 M'S of 
 
 coffee ill that fai'-off* land. The members of this firm have 
 assumed the entire expense of the exhibit, and deserve praise (or 
 tlieir lijcnorous (omUiet. It may be said that they have been 
 tlie principal means of developing the culture of coffee in 
 Liberia, which is now one of her most i)ruminent industries. 
 They have also given themselves heart and soul to the work of 
 civilizing Liberia by educating its peo])le, and have caused a 
 number of native Africtiii boys to be educated at the Lincoln 
 University, at Chester, Pennsylvania, and intend sending them 
 back home next vear to establish schools amony: their own 
 people. All the proceeds of the sales of Libcrian coffee at this 
 stand during the Exhibition are devoted to the building of 
 schoo!-ho:iscs. Messrs. Morris & Co. intend lo supply the de- 
 ficiency from their own means. They will establish the schools 
 aj5 soon as possible, and require each pupil lo pay for his tuition 
 by planting and cultivating a small patch of coffee al his own 
 home. Thus they hope to make liibcria a great coffee-growing 
 country, and to extend the i)roduction of that article among the 
 native tribes of tlic interior of Western Africa. 
 
 The collection exliibited here consists of cofrce principally. 
 This is of an excellent quality, as the writer c:ni testily Irom a 
 personal knowledge of it. Palm soap is the next exhibit in 
 importance. Palm oil is shown in glass jars hermetically sealed. 
 Lime-juice, cho olatc, arrow-root, sugar, indigo, ivoiy and iron 
 ore, make up the list of liibcrian jmiducts. .^dessrs. Morris it 
 Co. have their own indigo works in liiberia, the only c<-!abl:>h- 
 ment of tlh' kind on the west coast of Africa. A (ofric-hullinir 
 machine forms a part of the exhibit, and there are a good many 
 curiosities in the way of implements and clothing made by the 
 native tribes. The cap and robes of an African king are also 
 shown. Ten native African boys, taken from the bush, and 
 destined to serve as teachers, as mentioned above, arc 0:1 duty in 
 this department. 
 
 The Pomological Annex. 
 
 To the east of Agricultural Hall is a large; wooden building 
 intended for the various displays of ripe fruits and vegetables 
 
r^ 
 
 
 ' -I I 
 
 i 
 
 Hi 
 II 
 
 Hi' 
 111 
 
 506 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED IIISTOUV 
 
 which are to ho made from time to time (hiring the progress of 
 the Exhibition. 
 
 The Wagon Annex 
 
 Is situated to the uortli of Agricultural Hall, and is simply a 
 series of rough sheds, whitewashed. It conUiius a fine display 
 of farm wagons and carts, bakers' and milk carts and ice 
 wagons. Tiiese represent the highest degree of skill in wagon 
 making, and show an admirable oombination of lightness and 
 strength, which is particularly characteristic of American work- 
 manship in this department. They are handsomely ornamented, 
 as a rule. Amoriean-made wagons have long eoniniande*! a 
 high re[)utation in tlu> markets of Europe for their admirable 
 workmanship and beauty of design, as well as i'or their marked 
 superiority over European vehicles in the combination of lij^ht- 
 ness, strength and durability, to which we have referred. 
 
C II A ITER XV. 
 
 UOltTICl 1 1 :i V ll\l. 11 A LL. 
 
 DesiTiption of llie Hiiildiiif? — Tiio<;raiul ("uHservatory — A Reantiftil Hall — 
 Tlio Konntain— Corit of tlie IJiiiltliiiK — Classilicalioii of tlie Kxliibit -A Rich 
 (.'ollection of Tropical Plants A Ikaiitiful Scene — Tlie Korcin;? Houses— 
 The Ea.'.t and West Koonis — Exhibit of Gardening Materials— The Klei.'tri- 
 cal Organ — The Horticidlnral (jlroiinds — Tiie (iiiano I'avilioti — The Tent — 
 Anthony Waterer's Rhododendrons — The Cuban Summer House. 
 
 HE Horticultural Jlulkliii^" Is llio «iuulIont of tlie live 
 priucipal edifices of tho Kxliibitiou. It .stands on the 
 Laiisdowne terrace, a short <listance north of tlie Main 
 ll{"3 Exhibition Buildin;^, from which it is separated by 
 the Lansdowne valley. It is located a short distance 
 back from the brow of the hill whicli rises from the Schuyl- 
 kill, and commands a fine view of the river, the city and the 
 surrounding country. The design of the building is iu the 
 Mauresque style of architecture of tlie twelfth century, the 
 edifice being constructed principally of iron and glass. Scon 
 from a distance the cflfect is charming. The exterior is painted 
 in variegated colors, which give to the building a light, fairy- 
 like aspect, in jx'rfcct kcojiing with its graceful design. The 
 length of the building is .38'] foot, tlie width 193 feet, and the 
 height, to the top of the lantern, G9 feet. 
 
 The main floor is occu|)ied by the central conservatory, 230 
 by 80 feet, and 55 feet high, surmounted by a lantern 170 feet 
 long, 20 feet wide and 14 feet hi<j;!i. Running entirely around 
 this conservatory, at a height of 20 feet from the floor, is a 
 gallery 5 feet wide. On the north and south sides of this 
 principal room are four forcing-houses for the pro|)agation of 
 young plants, each of them 100 by 30 feet, covered with <Mirve<l 
 roofs of iron and glass. Dividing the two I'orcing-hoiises in 
 
 507 
 
 !^I 
 
I ■" 
 
 IIJI 
 
 III 
 
 •'V 
 
 Jif 
 
 i'l 
 
 l!t 
 11 
 
 Hi 
 
 I* 
 
 is 
 
 
 508 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 each of these sides is a vestibule 30 feet square. At the centre 
 of the east and west ends are similar vestibules, on either side 
 of which are the restaurants, reception room, offices, etc. From 
 the vestibules ornamental stairways lead to the internal gal- 
 leries of the conservatory, as well as to the four external gal' 
 lerics, each 100 feet long and 10 iect wide, which surmount 
 the roofs of the forcing-houses. These external galleries are 
 connected with a grand promenade, formed by the roofs of the 
 rooms on the ground-floor, which has a superficial area of 1800 
 square yards. 
 
 HOKTlCULTUBAIi BUILDING. 
 
 Tlie east and west entrances are approached by flights of blue 
 marble stops from terraces <S0 by 20 foot. In the centre of each 
 stands an open kiosqno, 20 foot in diameter. Each entrance is 
 adorned with ornamental tile and marble work, and the angles 
 of the main conservatory are provided with eight ornamental 
 fountains. 
 
 The basement is of fire-proof construction, and contains the 
 kitchen, the heating apparatus, store-rooms, coal-houses, etc. 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAT. EXHIBITION. 
 
 609 
 
 blue 
 
 each 
 
 kicc is 
 
 [ingles 
 
 lental 
 
 lis 
 tc. 
 
 the 
 
 Mounting the marble stops and ])assing through the vestibule 
 to which thev lead, th^ visitor finds himself in the main con- 
 servatory, a spacious and beautiful hall, which elicits the ad- 
 miration of every beholder. The roof is of glass, and the ifon 
 framework in which the glass is set is tastefullv decorated in 
 fresco, A light gallery, with railings of open fretwork, extends 
 around it, and opens at each of the four sides of the hall u])nn 
 the external galleries to which reference has been niade. It is 
 supported by horse-shoo arches of black, white and red bricks. 
 Two superb chandeliers hang from the roof, affording the 
 means of brilliantly il. jminating the hall at night. 
 
 In the centre of the hall is a largf foiuitaiu of marble, exe- 
 cuted by Miss Margaret Foley, an American artist, in Koine. 
 It is a tall structure, the water fUling from several successive 
 basins into the pool below, in which is a group of statuary in 
 marble, of quaint design. It represents a group of children 
 bathing from a reedy banlc. One joyous little one is blowing a 
 shell, and another, half reluctant to plunge into the cold water, 
 upon Avhich she gazes down, leans lightly on the chubby 
 shoulders of a third child. From the fountain walks radiate 
 to the north, east, west and south, anil divide the floor of the 
 conservatory into beds. 
 
 Around the hall is a row of corridors, fro-n which the arches 
 which support the inner gallery open into tin; conservatory. 
 
 The Horticultural Building is tho property of the city of 
 Philad(^Iphia, and will remain a permanent ornament of the 
 park after the close of tho Exhibition. It cost $300,000, 
 which sum was defrayed by appropriations by the City Councils. 
 The ground was graded and the foundations laid on the 1st of 
 May, 1875, and the building was completed April 1st, 1876. 
 It covers an area of about an acre and a half. The architect 
 was IT. J. Schwarzmann; the contractor, John Rice, both of 
 Phila<'elphia. The wrought-iron was furnished by the Key- 
 stone Bridge Company, of Pittsburgh ; the cast-iron by San,nel 
 J. Cresswell, of Philadelphia; the painting was done by Joseph 
 Chapman, of Philadelphia ; and the masonry by Moore it S"at- 
 tcrgood, Philadelphia. 
 
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 10 
 
 TIIK II-II'S'IIJA I i;i» lllsroKY 
 
 I'lic cuncclioii cxliihilcii in <li<' I loi(i(iil(iii';il IJuiMiiiir is 
 rlassillcd as follows l>v (lie ( 'ciitvimial ( 't»iniiiissioii : 
 
 II 
 
 I I-AUIMIN I 
 
 \- 1 I II 
 
 nKrii'i'i.iriti 
 
 rid 
 
 ,"()!> 
 
 ( )i'ii:iiiirntal Ticcs, Sliriilis ami I'lnuiTi 
 . llo( liiiiHcs, ( 'onsi rvaliii icM, ( iraiu'iics. 
 
 L*",l. . .(iiinlcii 'r(K)i><, Accfssoiics of < ianlcniii)^'. 
 
 ;?!>. ..(ianlni |)csi^;iiing, Coiislni, lion iiiiil Maiia^^cmi'iil. 
 
 'I'lu' conscrvalorv, or main liall, t»l' tlic Itiiiltliiiu, is lillcd willi 
 n siiptil) foiled ion <»{■ raiv and liixniiaiil (ropiral liccs and 
 sliinbs. Till' side spaces of the liali arc lillcd willi slalnarv, 
 (lie most imporlanl work luin^- a eolossal Hianii in plaster eom- 
 posilion iVom tlu' liimons Donlton potteries in lOnj^land. 
 
 Tlie eolleelion of plants in the eonservatctrv is deeply inter- 
 est ini;, and is tleservinj; of earelul slnilv , IlerciU'e the hroad 
 tan palm, the sa^o, dat(> and eoeoa palms, all oC I'ldl size, and 
 as t;nu'el'nl as a dream ol" Ivistern roman 
 
 ee, 
 
 T\ 
 
 le oran<re and 
 
 lemon frees, with llu'ir rich iiclden iVnit, the camphor tree 
 ith its liixuiianl growth orshar|)ly ent leaves; the euealyptns 
 
 ^\ 
 
 w lui'li IS sau 
 
 I to h 
 
 ive the properly of Mentrali/in}^ the malarial 
 
 piMsons ot" the air; the }:nava ; the mahotiany, an<l tli(> India 
 rubber trei', with its thick, hi-avy leaves, all make np a rich 
 find beantirnl display offoliaj^e, whit'h is charming IVom what- 
 ovor part of the hall it is viewed. A banana, with its lat, 
 stnr»ly branches o[' fruit, ibi-ms a eonspicnons object of the 
 collection, and a mnnber of line eai'ti are scattered fhrotitrh 
 
 tl 
 
 10 ha 
 
 11. 
 
 It would not bo possible to give a eompleto account ol' the 
 l>lants giithorod within this hall, without making a copy of the 
 oataloguo, and wo must content ourselves with the brief sunnnary 
 given above. 
 
 The greeu-housos, which extend on either side of the con- 
 servatory, are sunken eight or ten feet below it. These, as has 
 been said, are four in number, and are covered with curved 
 roofs of glass. Each is 100 by 30 feet in size, and is intended 
 for the propagation of young plants. In one of these forcing- 
 liouscs is a collection of tree-ferns gathered from almost every 
 
oi' Tin; ( i:\'i'KNNiAi, i:xiiii:iTr(>\, 
 
 fill 
 
 (•(iimlry <»n (lie };luli(', mihI u iiiiiiiImt oC raro jiliinls IVum an 
 l'iii;;lisli j^rccii-lioiisc, wliifli wen; sfiil to tliis coiiiitry cuirlully 
 |»;i«k('(l in ninss. Aiiionjf tin- niiiniis spt-H-inifn.H ^iitlicicd within 
 tlicsc (nr(iii_;-li(»n.M'.s are a nnnihci- of (ia;j;iant a/.aliiis IVoni 
 l»('I;;iuiii, tlic; lluwtr of wliidi is of a pale crciin cdltic; and 
 (•1(»H(! l)y IIkmu is a maple IVuin .lajiaii wilii crimson sliailiii|^s in 
 
 STAIRWAY IN IIORTICrMt'RAL HAM,. 
 
 In- 
 las 
 
 d 
 d 
 
 |g- 
 Iry 
 
 its fine cut Icavos. Thoro is also a ffrnnp of pitclicr plants from 
 the South Sea islands, whirh bear a hlotchcd p;reeni.^li euji, 
 which looks as if it were made for a frog to drink out of. A 
 Hamingo plant (Aidhurhim Wil/inmsii) is a notable meml>er of 
 the stately assemblage, its blossoms of deep rich scarlet being 
 in form simjily a broad curled leaf, (lose by it stands a deli- 
 
 " 'J ■ '1 
 
r>i2 
 
 Tin; n.irsriiATK.n iiisiouy 
 
 ii 
 
 
 il I* 
 
 il 
 
 
 
 rate fairv-likc Xorltilli Ishiiul [)\\w, and llic Samlsvicli Islautl.s 
 soml some line spceiniens of fern, wliicli spread out from (lie 
 stem like a broad nniltreJla. A. most in(eres(in»j: (ree is a sa;;o 
 palm, about ten I'eel liij;!!. Il was once llie properly of Ilobert 
 Morris, the sifeat liiiaiicii-r of the llevohilion, airl is said to be 
 
 THE FORCINQ-lIOrSE, HORTICt'LTURATi HAM.. 
 
 from one hundred and twenty-five to one hundred and thirty 
 years old. 
 
 The lover of the beautiful In nature may spend hours in this 
 rieh eolleetion. One of the green-houses contains a superb 
 eoUcction of ferns, belonging to a gentleman of South Amboy, 
 New Jersey, and valued at $10,000. 
 
\;r 
 
 OF TIIK (KNTKNNIAF, KXIIIIUTION. 
 
 5i;i 
 
 |\ii'ty 
 
 this 
 Iperb 
 Iboy, 
 
 Tlio rooms at r.'wii end ofllic liiiil<lin<^ jwc liaiidsonicly (Vcscocd, 
 and an' lilird willi a varicly of liorlicidtiiral ii|tj>li:ui('<.s. 'I'lic 
 ro«»in oil i!h' iKH'lli side of llic wcslcni entrance is the olliee of 
 tlie eliiel'of llic liiircan of I lorlieulliirc. Tliat on tlie o|»|io>iie 
 side is used for the display stands and frames (ui- lloweis, a.|iiaria, 
 and wax-flowers, and aIon;i; the walls are ariaiip;ed a mnulier of 
 
 desij^ns for landscape-^ardenin^ 
 
 T\ 
 
 le ro(»m openinjr into this 
 
 contains a similar dis|)Iay, and a nnmlier of handsonie j;arden 
 vases, and ;:;arden tools, wateiinj^-p(»(s, an«l hanj]jin^-liasl;e|s. 
 At on(>side (»f tin; room Henry A. Dreer, of I'liihuh-lpliia, makes 
 M handsome exhihit «»f j^ai'den and flower seeds, garden lo(»ls and 
 implements and flower stands. 
 
 In a room on the north side of tlie west entrance, ndjoining 
 the odiee of the I»iii( an, is ;tn ex([nisite dis|)lay of cut flowers hy 
 I'ennoek t^- ]>ro., of I'hiladelphia ; a ease of natnral flowc rs and 
 
 friiit> 
 
 presei'ved hy a new process ; an( 
 
 flowers and fruits in wax. 
 
 At Ih 
 
 1 a I 
 
 irg(! collection oi 
 
 10 eastern end the rooms adjomni}:; tlio entrance contam 
 apparatus for heating gr(M'n-h(mses, fnrnilnre for them, garden 
 tools, iron fnrnilnre and ornamental w(»rk (or gardens and lawns, 
 '^riiero is also a large collection of lawn-mowers and of garden 
 vases. 
 
 The view from the west end of the hnilding is very heantifiil. 
 It omhraces the Main and ISIaehinery Hails on the left hand, 
 and ;i ninnher of smaller buildings to the north of them. To 
 the westward are the United States liiiilding, the Woman's 
 I'avilion and the State linildings, while to the left the towers 
 of Agrienltnral Hall rise through the trees. Almost the <ntire 
 exj>anse of the Kxhibifion groinids can he seen at a glanc(> from 
 fhis ])oiut. The view from the eastern end is as interesting, hut 
 diflferent. It embraces the Schuylkill with the Kast Park, 
 Laurel Hill, and the country beyond, aiid in the distance oi:c 
 can sec the towers and spires of the city. To the right the 
 eastern ends of the Art Gallery and Main Hall fdl up the 
 picture, with the wooded depths of Lnnsdowne Valley lying 
 
 bct\ 
 
 th 
 
 1 th 
 
 ween tncni and tlie gazer. 
 In the eastern gallery of the conservatory is one of the mo'-f 
 33 
 
 |) i 
 
 1' 1 
 
f=iFr^ 
 
 i ' 
 
 I ■ n 
 
 'li !l» 
 
 ' II 
 
 t !!i 
 
 
 i ii 
 
 514 
 
 TIIK ILLUSTRATKI) niSTOUY 
 
 rftnarkahle nni-hincs to be soon in tlu> Exliihitinn. It is tli« 
 " Eh'ctro-Miii^iu'tic Orchestra," iind is('xIiil)ito.(l by the inv(Mitors, 
 
 Win. V. iS: II. SchnuK'lo, of Pliiljidclpliia. It consists of an 
 " Oi'clicstrion," which is snpplietl with wind in the ordinary 
 way from a hcUows, but which reads the music it i.s to perforin 
 and executes it by the action of electricity. 
 
 " The automatic rcadinj^ i.s based upon the idea that if tho 
 music notes be printed on paper in metallic or conductiuf^ marks 
 (such as printers style illuminated work), the clectricily will 
 distinguish tho conductin": characters thu.s formed from the non- 
 conducting surface of the paper, and will thus be made to feel 
 or 'read' the notes. If, in place of this printed music, tho 
 notes be cut as perforations mi the sheet, and a metallic plate bo 
 placed beneath, over which tho sheet is drawn, this |)late, which 
 shows thronsrh the pn)>cr wherever tho perforations exist, answers 
 j)ractically the saujc j)urpose as the marks on the printed sheet, 
 being in fact but an additional modilication of the same principle. 
 Tiio perforated notes have been preferred for the music of the 
 ])rcscnt instrument, because the sheets can thus be prepared by 
 hand, thereby obviating the otherwise cnstlv necessity of .'netting 
 uj) type and going to press for single cop* f the pieces desired. 
 Such notes boar the same relation to the ^ ..^'d or gilt ones that 
 inanuscrij)t docs to printed matter. 
 
 " The music sheets are in the forms of rolls, which are drawn 
 under a row of charged feelers or * readers/ whose office is to 
 distinguish the notes. They are moved by passing between two 
 gum-covered rollers, rotated by a mochanism called a * wind- 
 engine.' The motor power of this is the compressed air or 
 
 wind ' of the bellows of the instrument; and it contains, in 
 its construction, all the necessary elements of a steam-engine, 
 represontcd, however, in such different forms, that no resem- 
 blance to the latter is left. It is a double engine^ each pair of 
 opposite wind-pockets being equivalent to a steam-cylinder ; and 
 the alternate movements of their swinging leaves are the counter- 
 parts of the push and return of the piston-head. The noise or 
 puff is prevented by a peculiar construction of the valves, and 
 the manner 01 working of the cut-off; and the expanding gussets 
 
OF TIIK CKNTKNNIAI, KX IF I IMTION. 
 
 515 
 
 IS, and 
 russets 
 
 of tlic pockets talvo tlu> place <>l" the 'packing;' in ;i stciiii- 
 cyliijdci", over which they have the great a«lvaiita;;e that they 
 roiisnme no power in friction, so that the wiml-eno;inc isexcced- 
 in;^ly economic, n-ing the whole lorecof'thc wind without wa-<le. 
 'I'he.se advanta^jjes, and the eheai)Mess oreonstriu'tion of this wood 
 
 ai 
 
 id U'atlier cniLiiue, rciuu-r it an a(huiral)le iuott>r for h)W pressures. 
 
 "The present instrument has several hundred ' readers ' or 
 feelers, standing' close to<;ether in order that a great many may 
 he placed in ii small space. The electricity, which may he 
 called a hundred-lingered performer, pervades them all, ready 
 tu pass at a moment wherever a note oeoiU's. The various 
 instruments, representing a band of twelve pieces, hesidcs the 
 drums, etc., have their approjjriate spaces allotted them on the 
 
 nnisic sheet ; anc 
 
 I tl 
 
 le connections 
 
 bet 
 
 ween their 'readers' aiu 
 
 (1 
 
 the performing |»arts are made by wires, which, when grouped 
 together, foi in the cal)Ie runniiig from the reading apparatus to 
 the main ea<c. Each note, as soon as detected, it? telegraphed 
 to the eorre.-ponding performing magnet ; and as a great number 
 may be simultaneously read, it follows that the musie may Ix) 
 
 exeee( 
 
 lin<il 
 
 V Viiried 
 
 About twenty-five acres of ground unmediately around the 
 Ilorticiiltin'al Hall have been laid oil' as an ornamental •rarden 
 
 bv Mr. (\ ir. Miller, the Chief of the Bur 
 
 eau. 
 
 T 
 
 lese n-rouiuls 
 
 arc filled with a beautiful disj)lay of native and foreign llowers, 
 which give to thorn an exceedingly brilliant and charming 
 appearance. A broad sunken garden leads from lielmont avenue 
 to the western door of the ilorticultural Building. It is bright 
 with flowers of a thousand different hues, and sparkles with 
 haiulsome fountains. The flowers of England, France, (Sermany, 
 an<l the tropics sjrow side bv side with those of our own countrv 
 in the beautiful garden, in the midst of which the grand Con- 
 servatory stands like a central jewel in the midst of a thou-and 
 gems of various hues. 
 
 At the western end of the HortieuUiiral grounds the Pacific 
 (iiiano Company, of Boston, Massachusclis, have a beautiful 
 Nfooiish pavilion, in which they display samples of their 
 fertilizer. The grounds immediately around this pavilion are 
 
516 
 
 Tin: II.I.USTRATEn lUSTOItV. 
 
 1 ' 
 
 planted with tobacco, and a minibor of tropical plants, wliicli 
 tlirivo adniirahly in tiiis soil, which has boon fevtili/.ed with the 
 guano of this company. 
 
 At the north side of the Horticultural Buildinjr is a lartrc 
 tout-like structure, consisting of a seric^5 of wooden arches 
 covered with canvas. It is designed tor the exhibition of 
 Howers in bloom, and was first used for the display of a mag- 
 nific(>nt collection of rhododendrons by Mr. Anthony J. Waterer, 
 oC the famous Knapj) Ilill Nnrs(>ries, in England. 
 
 A large exhibit is made of rustic furniture, seats, fencing, etc., 
 which is scattered through the grounds. At the south side of 
 the hall, on the slope of the Lausdowne Valley, Cuba exhibits a 
 collection of rustic work and flowers in a ta.^teful summer-house, 
 and back of this is a fisherman's hut of bark, sueh as is every- 
 where to be seen on the coasts of the West India islands. 
 
 il 
 
 "•' :'''P**,t'\ 
 
 n» 
 
 is 
 
 I" 
 ■ » 
 
 'I' 
 
 If 
 
 I 
 
 I r 
 
 u. 
 
CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 MK.>fOUrAL HA LI,. 
 
 Utscripiion of tlie Uiiililin;?— I5njn/.e Giowih of SUituary — The Amu x -. las- 
 ^Ifii-aliiiii of tlie Art Kxliibit — The lu'cuiitiuii and Central JIalls — The 
 raintiiiga and .Statues in tlicni — Tlie Art (iaileries — Notable rietnre:', by 
 American Artists — The Kn<,'Iish (iallcry — Masterpieces of the Modern 
 English Painters— Tlie Older lOnglish Artists— The (Queen's Tietures— Tlie 
 South Kensington I'.xhibit — The I'reneh Pietures — The (iirnian (lallery — 
 The Austrian Collection — A Tine Collection of Italian Statuary — Italian 
 Paintings — The Castdlani Collections — Spanish Pictures— Art (lems from 
 Sweden and Norway — Masterpieces of the Modi'rn DiUch School — Notable 
 Pictures from I'elgium— The Danish (iallery— IJrazilian and Mexican Art 
 — The Pliotograi)liic Annex — A Fine Display of I'hotograplis. 
 
 fl 
 
 X 
 
 EMOIUAL HALL is the most bubMantial of all l 
 
 lie 
 
 l^ 
 
 KxhilMtioii biiikliiigs. Tlio nmtoi'ial.s of which it is 
 (!on.striK!to(l arc .stone, iron tind t^hiss. It was built at 
 6 J « a cost of §l,oUO,0()0 l)y the State of i*ennsylvaiiia and 
 city of Piiihulelphia, ai'd is designeil as ii pernianiiit 
 memorial of the Cent' inial year of American- imlepenilenee. It 
 is ])lace(l at the (lisj)osal of the Centi'unial (.'ommission to !)•' 
 used diu'ing the Exhibition as an art gallery, after which it is 
 dosij^ned to make it the rece])taele of the Pennsylvania Muscnm 
 of Industrial Art, an institution similar to the Soiilh Kensin-tmi 
 Museum, at rioudon. 
 
 The building stands on the plateau on which the Mtiin Exhi- 
 bition Bui'dinu; is located, atid is about two hundred to two hun- 
 dred and fifty feet north of that structure. It is plautecl upon 
 a broad terrace six feet above the jreneral level, the banks well 
 turfed an<l bordered with slirubbery, to which the visitor ascends 
 by broad and easy steps in front, or smaller ones at the siile. 
 At ca(;li side ol' the tVont row of steps are enormous broiize 
 
 ol7 
 
V\ 
 
 . i*r, 
 
 
 518 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 fi!i;m<s of liorscs held in chock l)y women in Howinj; diiipcry. 
 On the right of the huihlin*^ is a tine jrronj) of bronze, represent- 
 ini: the tiriiii; of a shell from a lari^e mortar. The shell h;is 
 heen liretl, ;in(l ;in olliccr of the naval servi<'e, glass in hand, is 
 leaning forward watihing its conrse. A sailor has s|)rnng on 
 top of the mortar, and is shading his eyes with Ids hand and 
 looking in the same directi(>n. Another stands on the ri<rht of 
 the mortar and is sinularly engaged. The <>\j)i'('ssion of the 
 iignres is excellent. 
 
 The gronp on the left oltlie hall represents a lioness dying in 
 the miilst of her whelj)s, Tlu' airow (»f the hnnlcr is deepiv 
 imhcdtled in her shoulder, and she is in the agonies of death. 
 Her whe][)S are gathered ahont her in niiite astonishment, and 
 the male lion, who realizes the fidl extent of the misfortnno, is 
 standing ready to defend or avenge his mate. 
 
 Memorial Hall is three hnndrcd and sixtv-fivc feet lon<r, two 
 
 )^> 
 
 sc- 
 
 hundrcd and ten fvct witle, and iiftv-nine Jeet high over a l>a 
 nient of twelve Cwt. It is bnilt of graiute, with an iron and 
 glass roof, iron being altogi>ther nsed in the place of wood, and 
 is entirely fire-[)r 
 
 of. The (.lesiirn is a modern re 
 
 naissance 
 
 The general [)lan i ^ ;i right-angled parallelogram, relieved by 
 square towers at eaeli of the four corners, and by ]>r()jecting 
 vestibules and steps in the centre of eaeh of the long sides. It 
 
 is crowned bv a central four-sided (K)me, rising one hinu 
 
 Ircl 
 
 and (ifiy (ei't above the gronn<l and cap|)cd by a colossal ball, 
 from which rises tlu; figure^ of f'ohunbia. At the base of this 
 dome ixvo seated four tlunrt's representing the lour (piarters of 
 the globe. 
 
 "The main front looks st)Uthward ; it displays three distinc- 
 tive f(\itures : 
 
 " /''//n/. a maiti entrance in the centre of the structure, con- 
 sisting of three colossal arched doorways of equal dimensions. 
 
 ".Scojh/. a pavilion at each end. 
 
 " Tliivd. Two arcades connecting tlie pavilions with the centre. 
 Tlu' central sectitm is ninety-five fc'ct long, seventy-two Cvvt high ; 
 the paviliojjs are forty-tive feet long, sixty feet high ; the arcades 
 each ninety feet long and forty feet liigh. 
 
OI' THE CKNTENMAI, KX II I lUTlON. 
 
 .019 
 
 "'IMio front of the south face of tl»e central section displays a 
 rise of tliirteen steps to tlie entrance seventy feet wide, 'i'lie 
 entrance is by three an-lied dooi'\v;.ys, each I'orty feet hi{,di and 
 fil'teen feet wide, ojx'ninj^ into a hall. IJetueen the arches of 
 the doorways are elnsters of colnnins terminating in enibleniutic 
 designs illustrative of science and art. 
 
 " riie doors, which are of iron, are relieved hy bronze panels, 
 liaving the coats of artns of all the Slates and Territories. Jn 
 liie centre of the main tiieze is the United Slates coat of arn»s. 
 
 t 
 d 
 
 I, 
 lis 
 of 
 
 Ho- 
 
 les 
 
 MKMOKrAI- IIAI.I,, OK AKT (iAI.LKUY. 
 
 The main cornice is surinountod by a balustrade with cande- 
 lahro. At either end is an allegorical liguro representing st^ience 
 and art. 
 
 "Each pavilion displays a window thirty feet high and twelve 
 leet wide; it is also ornamented with tile-work, wreaths of oak 
 and laurel, thirteen stars in the irieze, and a colossal eagle at 
 each of its four corners. 
 
 "The arcades, a general feature in the old Roman villas but 
 entirely novel here, are intended to screen the long walls of the 
 gallery. 
 
 ; .::|! 
 
tf=T 
 
 i 
 
 f ! 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 % 
 
 II 
 I ]) 
 
 :| f^ 
 
 :;i ill 
 
 520 
 
 THE ILLUSTUATED JllSTOm' 
 
 "Tlicse cadi consist of five groined arches — tliese arcades 
 form prouieiiadcs looiiing outward over the grounds aud inward 
 over open ganlens, wliich extend back to tlic main wall of the 
 building. These garden-plats are eacii ninety feet long and 
 thirty-six lect deep, ornamented in the centre with fountains 
 and designed for the display of statuary. A stairway from the 
 gardens reaches the upper line of these arcailcs, forming a second 
 j)romenade thirty-live feet above the ground. Its balustrade is 
 ornamented with vases, and is designed ultimately for statues. 
 'Jlic cornices, the atticas, and the cresting.-^ throughout are highly 
 urnaniented. 
 
 " The walls of the east and vvc>t sides of the structure display 
 the pavilions and the walls of the picture galleries, and are re- 
 lieved bv five niches dcsiL'^ned for statues ; the frieze is richly 
 ornamented — above it the ccnual dome shows to great ad- 
 vantage. 
 
 *' The rear or north front is of the same general character as 
 the main front, but in place of the arcade is a series of arched 
 windows, twelve in number, with an entrance in the centre; in 
 all, thirteen o])cnings above, in an unbroken line, extending the 
 entire length of the structure; between the p-.vilions is the grand 
 bnlcony — a ])romenade two liiuidrcd and seventy-five feet long 
 and forty-five feet Avidc, and elevated forty feet above the 
 ground, overlooking northward the whole i)anorania of the park 
 grounds. 
 
 " The main entrance opens on a hall eighty-two feet long, oixty 
 feet wide and fifty-three feet high, decorated in the modern 
 renaissance style ; on the farther side of this hall three door- 
 ways, each sixteen feet wide and twenty-five feet high, open into 
 the centre hall ; this liall is eighty-three feet stpiare, the ceiling 
 of the dome rising over it eighty feet in height. 
 
 '•' From its east and west sides extend the galleries, each 
 ninety-eight feet long, forty-eight feet wide, and thirty-five feet 
 in height. These galleries admit of temporary divisions for the 
 more advantageous display of paintings. The centre hall and 
 galleries form one grand hall two hundred and eighty-seven 
 feet long and eighty-five feet wide, capable of holding eight 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 521 
 
 Ixty 
 fern 
 i)or- 
 
 lUtO 
 
 [a oh 
 libct 
 Ithe 
 iml 
 IV en 
 Ight 
 
 tliuiJaanJ persiuns, lU'iirly twice the dimensions of the hirge.-t 
 hall in the country. From the two gtilieries cloorway.s open 
 into two smaller galleries, twenty-eight feet wide and eighty- 
 nine feet long. These open north and south into private apart- 
 ments which connect with the pavilion rooms, forming two side 
 galleries two humhvil and ten ieet long. Along the whole 
 leny;th of the north si<le of the main «;alleries and central hall 
 extends a corridor i'ourteen feet wide, whicli opens on its north 
 line into a series of private rooms, thirteen in number, designed 
 for studios and smul.er exhibition ruouis. 
 
 "All the galleries and central hall are lighted fioui above j 
 the ])avilions and .studios 
 are lighted from the sides. 
 The pavilions and central 
 hall are designed espec- 
 ially for exhibitions of 
 sculpture." 
 
 The work on MiMuorial 
 Hall was begun on the 
 4th of July, 1871, and 
 the building was com- 
 pleted on the 1st of 
 March, 187G. Tiie archi- 
 tect was II. J. Schwiirz- 
 inann ; the contractor R. 
 J. Dobbins, both of Thila- 
 delphia. The iron-work 
 was furnished bv t h e 
 
 Kdgemoor Iron Company, the Pencoyd Rolling \ii\h, and the 
 Kittredge Cornice Company. The stone-work was furnished 
 iiy Sargent & Co., the Westham (iranitc Company, (lie Con- 
 shohocken Stone Company, S. F. Prinw & Co., and the Ex- 
 celsior Brick Company. The glass was furni-hid by yiiocmakcr 
 tt Co., Ward & Co., and J. M. Albertson. 
 
 At an early period of the work on Memorial Ilall it was 
 found that tlie applications for space in it were so numerous 
 that the buildiu'j; would not accommodate the works ol' art to 
 
 KAfJT.K r«Fn FN OKNAMKNTATION OP 
 MKMORIAL. HAM,. 
 
 
If 
 
 I 
 
 if. I: 
 
 ■ ^ 
 
 II 
 
 1 ttS 
 
 If 
 
 i!!' 
 
 C22 
 
 THK ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 be txliiliitecl in it. An exten.sioii, or annt'X, was therefore built 
 iininc'diatoly north of tlie liall. Jt is of brick and iron, and 
 liarnioiiizt's well with the |)riiKi|»al buiUlinj^ in design and color. 
 Jt is intended to lie permanent. The principal bnilding givci? 
 75,000 feet of wall space lor painting',, hikI 20,000 leet of floor 
 space Ibr statiiaiv, etc. The aiuiex allbrds (30,000 scjuare feet 
 ol' wall space ibr paintings, and contains thirty galleries, each 
 forty ieet s(jiiare, besides lour galleries each one hundred feet 
 long by fifty-lbur feet wide, and two transverse central corridors 
 twenty feet wide. 
 
 The exhibit of works of art contained in these buildings is 
 thus classilied In- the Centennial Commission: 
 
 DtrAKTMENT IV.— AkT. 
 
 400—400 Sculpture. 
 
 410—410 PaiiitiriK. 
 
 420 — 429. . . .Engraving and Liihograjihy. 
 
 4uO— 4;i9. . ..riiotography. 
 
 440 — 449. . . .Industrial and Architectural De.'iignp, etc. 
 
 4o0— 459. . . .Ceramic Decorations, Mosaics, etc. 
 
 The exhibition of photographs is ,so large that a ihird build- 
 ing was provided for it. It will be described at the close of 
 this chapter. 
 
 I'^rom the nialn entrance the visitor passes into ttie .soiuh 
 liall or vestibule ol' the building. The wainscoting is of colored 
 marble, but the remainder of the hall is finished in simple 
 white. It is in the modern renaissance .style, and is elegant 
 and tasteful. A magnificent crystal chandelier, exhibited by 
 Cornelius & Sons, mainifactiu'ers of gas fixtures, Philadelphia, 
 liaugs from the ceiling. At the north side three massive arches 
 open into the central hall, and at the east and west sides doors 
 lead to the gardens lyiug within the arcades of the southern 
 front of the building. 
 
 The hiiU is filled with statuary in marble and bronze. 
 Against the arches of the north wall is a colo.'^sal bust of 
 Washington, by Pietro Guarnerio, of Milan, Italy. The col- 
 lection of statuary is very good, and we shall allude to it again 
 in our remarks upon the Italian section. 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXIUBITIOX. 
 
 623 
 
 kant 
 
 [l by 
 
 Iphia, 
 
 Vrhcs 
 
 lloors 
 
 [horn 
 
 lonze. 
 It of 
 col- 
 igain 
 
 The i^urdens and arciulos on tlio cast and west s'ulcs of the 
 main entrance are prettily ornamented with Huwers, aiul con- 
 tain a small collection of statuary. In the eastern arcades is a 
 Hue l)ust of Dante, and another of ^licliael Angelo. In the 
 srarden on the west side are some interestinj^ specimens of 
 statutirv and vases in sj)elter. 
 
 l*assin<r through the arches at tlie north iiul of the south 
 hall, we enter the central hall, a spacious and heautilully pro- 
 ])ortione(l apartment, liifhted i'roni the dome overhead. It is 
 tinislu'il in simple white, and it is to be reifrctted that its 
 l)eauti(\s were not enhanced by a judicious use of color in its 
 decorations. 
 
 In the centre, under the dome, is a copy in terra cotta of the 
 Iars2;e i^rou]) representing "America," from the Albert Memorial 
 i.i Hyde I'ark, London. At the south side of the hall is a 
 life-size bronze statue oi' Professor Morse. lie is represented 
 in the act of examining his lirst telegraphic message. (-)n the 
 same side is a bronze statue of Robert Iv. Livingston, of Xew 
 York. At the southeast corner, fronting the (jrcrman depart- 
 ment, is a fine colossal statue of Prince IJisnuirck. At the 
 rtouthwcst corner is an equestrian statue in plaster of President 
 Blanco, of th(! republic of Venezuela; and just ba<'l< of this is 
 a fine allegorical painting, by Professor K. Von Ileuth, repre- 
 rtcnting .Vmi'riea iloing homage to the spirit of her institutions. 
 A number of vases in bronze, by the late Horatio Stone, are 
 scattered through the hall. At the north side is a handsome 
 memorial altar and reredos in n.urble from Italy. It is adorne(l 
 with pictures in mosaic work, representing tlu; Adoration of 
 the Magi an<l the Shej)her<ls, and the Crucifixion. The latter 
 is a copy of the fir (ous painting by (iuido Ri'ui, in the Church 
 of St. Lorence, h\ Lucina, at Rome. The northeast corner, 
 fronting the (jrerman de|)artment, contains three superb vases 
 of Sevres porcelain and sonK? bronzes, among which are a 
 statuette of President MacMahon, in silver Itoiizc, and a full- 
 siz(Ml Egyptian girl, with a harp, in ornameutal bronze. 
 
 Tlu! s})acc in the centre, around the base of the group re|)re- 
 8onting America, is filled with statuary, chiefly by American 
 
 W 
 
 I 
 
 m 
 
II 
 
 ■ » 
 ..if 
 
 5' 
 
 •I li 
 
 'I 
 
 524 
 
 THE ILI.USTRATEI) HISTORY 
 
 artists. The most important works arc; Thetis, with the infant 
 AchilU's in her anus, thinking how slie may regain the boy's 
 birthright, by P. F. Connelly; a bust of Cliarles Sumner, by 
 Preston Powers; a bust of Cleopatra, by Miss Margaret Foley; 
 and a full-length statue of Medea, bv \V. W. Storv. 
 
 The halls on the east and west of the central hall are divided 
 by partitions into smaller apartments, which are assigned to the 
 various countries taking part in the Kxhibition. The corridors 
 vthich lead east and west from the central hall arc thus merely 
 temporary. They are lined with paintings. 
 
 It will not be possible to give a complete list of the works 
 of art in the IMemorial Hall and the annex, nor to descn'ibe 
 each of them. W'e can but glance at the various departments, 
 calling attention only to the most prominent works in them. 
 
 The Uniied States. 
 
 The American department is divided between Memorial Hall 
 and the annex. It fills one large hall, a corridor and a part 
 of a second in the principal edifice, and nine galleries and a 
 corridor in the annex, and c-omprises several thousand ])ictures 
 and statues. As a whole it has been much criticised, and is 
 not accepted by the critics as the best expositicm of American 
 art that could have been given. Still it contains works ol" 
 which the country has reason to be proud. 
 
 One of the ends of the American gallery in Memorial Hall 
 is entirely covered by Ilothermel's large painting of the Battle 
 of Gettv^iburir, which formerlv stood in the Art Gallerv at old 
 Fairmount. This painting has been sharply criticised, l>nt 
 nevertheless finds much tavor with the masses who daily throng 
 around it. 
 
 A notable picture is "Going to Church in New England in 
 the Olden Time,'' by George H. Boughton. Edward Moraii 
 exhibits two fine marine views, "The Coming St(»rm over Xew 
 York Bay," and " Minot's Ledge Light." Thomas Moran ex- 
 hibits his "Mountain of the Holy Cross," and the "Hot Springs 
 of the Yellowstone," two of the most superb pieces of mountain 
 scenery in existence. Eastman Johnson sends two pictures in 
 
 \ III 
 
OF TlIK CKNTENNIAI. EXHIBITION. 
 
 525 
 
 IJattlu 
 
 at ('111 
 
 i(\, but 
 
 throng 
 
 ami in 
 
 Moran 
 
 Id- Now 
 
 Iran cx- 
 >prings 
 )untain 
 
 lures in 
 
 Ills liappicst stylo, "A KenfiK'ky Home" anil "What llio Sea 
 8ays." M. F. II. De Haas has a fnu; marine view, "Moonriso 
 at Sunset." J. F. Cropsey has a careful study of a " Church 
 in the Isle of Wight," wliich is much admireil. W. Whitt- 
 rc(l.L;c's "Home by the Sea" is a beautiful work; and li. S, 
 (Jilibrd's "Fishing IJoats of the Adriatic," "Lake Geneva" 
 and "The (lolden Hour" show the artist at his best. Charles 
 X. Miller, of Xew York, sends two excellent works, "Return- 
 ing to the Fold " and " The Old Mill at SpringHeld." J. F. 
 Kcnsett has a line view of "Conway Valley, Xew Hampshire." 
 G. 1*. A. Ilealey Isas several of his most carefully ami solidly- 
 painted portraits in the collection. Daniel Huntingdon sends 
 a view of " Lake George," and Toby Ivo.senthal has an 
 " ICIaine," representing the barge with the dead maiden de- 
 scending the stream. Thomas Hill's large painting of " Don- 
 ner Lake, California," occupies a prominent place and attracts 
 much attention. Professor Weir's iamous "Gun Foundry," 
 and his less known " Confessional," are also fine pictures. 
 George II. Smiiie sends "A Lake in the Woods," a pretty com- 
 position ; and F. A. Bridgeman has a brilliant Moorish scene 
 called "The Story-Teller." Albert Bierstadt exhibits six j)ic- 
 turcs of Western and Pacific coast scenerv. One of those is a 
 " View of Yosemite Valley from Glacier Point Trail ; " another, 
 a glim[)se of " Mount Hood ;" and a third, "Spring in Cali- 
 Ibrnia." His "Settlement of California" attracts much atten- 
 tion. W. L. Sontag has a beautiful "Sunset in the Wilderness," 
 and C. Schussele, a Philadelphia artist, a striking painting of 
 "Solomon and the Iron Worker." F. D. Briscoe, another 
 Philadelphia artist, has a spirited water scene representing "A 
 Breezy Day off Dieppe." The late Charles L. Elliott is repre- 
 sented by two fine portraits, one of Edwin Forrest, the other 
 of General Bouck. Harry Fenn sends " The Old Convent 
 Gate "and the "Old Firc-Place," executed in his best style. 
 Winslow Homer's "Snap the Whip" shows that artist's best 
 qualities as well as his faults. Henry Innman has a portrait 
 of Hackett in the character of Rip Van Winkle. D. T. Ken- 
 drick, of Boston, sends "A Foggy Day at the Beach." Page is 
 
ii 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 ! 
 
 If 
 31 
 
 n 
 
 \l 
 
 526 
 
 TllK IM.US'iliATKI) IIISTOUY 
 
 f jH'Csontotl Ity liis wi'll-known " Farr;i<;'iit Kntcrini;' ^fobilf! 
 }Jay," a lar<fc and Htirrini^ work, T. I>. Tliorpt- has a laiidMape 
 called " Wi'.stwani the CoiiiXMd" Kiiipirc Takes Its Way.'' J^oiiis 
 C. TilTanv soiids several Oriental scenes, aniony; liuiii "A 
 
 Guard at Prison (jiate, Tangier." Jerome 
 Oaken Jiucket " is here. It is well kii 
 
 Tl 
 
 Mm 
 
 pson 
 th 
 
 own ov the exce 
 
 Old 
 
 -'llent 
 
 elironio which had such a lary^e sale a few vears a<io. 
 
 Ther'j ai'e several of Washinj^ton Allston's paintings in the 
 collection, but the only one which shows him at his lu^t is 
 '• .Spalatn/s X'ision of the Bloody Pland." licmhrandt Pcale 
 is represented by one of his portraits of Wasliingion. Among 
 the portraits are Commodores Peri-y and McDohoujih, by 
 Jarvis; (Jcncral Jackson, by Waldo; Commodore Decaiur, by 
 Sully; General Meade, by Thomas Hicks; Washington, by 
 Charles Wilson Peale, the elder of the two painters of that 
 name; Washington, by Colonel John Trumbull; John Adams, 
 Thomas Doylston and Mrs. Boylston, by J. S. Copley ; John 
 Jay, Fisher Ames and Judge Story, by (Jilbert Stuart. 
 
 These, as has been said, are but a few of the most piominrnt 
 nf the American pictures; and the list of necessity omit-^ many 
 
 that 
 
 are (leservmg o 
 
 f not 
 
 lec. 
 
 England. 
 
 The English coll(>ctIon of pictures is i)laced entirely in 
 Meniorial Hall, and occupies two rooms and the iM«rthwest 
 corridor lying lictwccn them. It is in every respect the best 
 and the most judiciously arranged collection in the Kxhil)iiion. 
 No such c.\liil>ition of English art has ever been made belbre 
 in auv I'oreiun count i-v. It is a better displav than was made 
 by England at i'aris in 1SG7, or at \'ienna in 187.'). 
 
 The main room is (Unvoted to the modern painters of Eng- 
 land, and is well filled with their finest works. Here aie Sir 
 John t;ill.ert's "First Prince of Wales" and "Battle of 
 Naseby," in his best style. Frederick Leighton, whose work 
 m as poetic as it is artistic iu the highest sens(\ has three oi' the 
 finest paintings in the hall : "Siunmer Moon," •'The Court of 
 a Jew's House at I)amascus" and "An Eastern Sliny,cr SeariuL' 
 
 :M! 
 
 i t ' 
 
 4 
 
OF nii: < KNTKNMAI- F,X IIiniTlON'. 
 
 527 
 
 Birds from a Field in the MarveHt Time." Alma Tadema lias 
 five pictures in tlio collection, two of which are watcr-colorf. 
 These ait) "Am Egyptian Mnmmyof the Ili)ni:in Period," "'j'lir 
 Sick Girl," " The Vinta.ire Festi'val," "The ConnoisMiir " and 
 "The Story of a CJood Wife." T' o last two are watcr-colnrs. 
 It in impojisiblc to write of these pictnres here as they deserve. 
 We can only mention their presence in the eolleetion, and in- 
 vite the reader's attention t<» them, 
 
 Amon^' the portraits is a fnie one of Lady Marianne Alford, 
 by II. JJuckiier; one of George If. Bonghton, In- John I'l'ttie; 
 Mistress Dorothy, by Gef)rge .A.Story; IJetty, by I^nUe Fildes; 
 ft enrions portrait of him If, by Ilolman Hunt; and portraits 
 of Leighton and Millois, by Watls. 
 
 William Frith Powell^ famous " Rail wav Station," embodv- 
 ill- the arrest of one of the most notorious English forgers at 
 the moment of the departure of the continental train, oeciijiies a 
 prominent positi'Mi and receives the praise it deserves. Edward 
 Armitago sends his "Jidian the Apostate Listening to the I)is- 
 j)utcs of the Sectaries." Luke Fildes has a powerful London 
 scene, entitled, "Applicants Seeking Admission to the Casual 
 Ward of the Workhouse." The north wall has two "Stutlies 
 (){■ L:o:is," by Landseer, and "The Marriage of Griselda," by 
 Charles West Cope. At the cast end of the room is a I'ldl- 
 lengtli portrait of Washington, by Gilbert Stuart. George H. 
 Ronghlon has a scene of the olden time, called "God Speed 
 the Pilgrims on their Way." Millois sends a charming study 
 of a child. II. Moore and John Brett send each a noble, but 
 ditlcrent, seashore view, and Colin Htniter has another, calle<l 
 "Trawlers Coming Ashore," three pietuns which have no 
 equals ot' their k'ind in the E\'hil)it;on. 
 
 The corridor between the two English roouT? is laigcly de- 
 voted to water-colors. One of the best of these is an " Interior 
 of the Si-tine Chapel," by II. M. Knowles. Another is A. P. 
 Xewlon's "Left by the 'i'ide." Sir John Gilbert has a water- 
 t'oka* of "Francis I. and his Court Visiting the Work'^Iiop of 
 Bonvenuto Cellini." TiOiiis Haghe has a flue work repre- 
 senting "The TepidariuMi of the Baths of Pompeii." "The 
 
r>i>8 
 
 TIIK II,I,lTHTIlATF,n IIIHTOUY 
 
 ; ! 
 
 
 
 4 I' 
 
 I 
 I? 
 
 r 
 
 ■ «;■ 
 » 
 
 w 
 
 Nijijlit Watch" (the aitist'.s luimo is not given), is also a (1 
 
 no 
 
 \v(»r 
 
 The u|>|)<'r t'lul of (iiis corridor ('(mtiuiics tlic collci'lion of oil 
 |>ainliii;;s. Tlio most n(»(aitl(' arc 10. ('roll's " Uattlcof Ligny" 
 and "The Convent Ferry," hy Arthnr Iluj^hes. 
 
 Thi? northwest gallery contains a notahlc collect inn, many 
 of them by deceased painters. Jlere are Maclise's " H ,n(|nct 
 Sci'ne in Macbeth," one of his largest works; IMnlready's 
 "Village Knd'oon," loaned by the Uoyal Academy; portraits 
 
 of the " First Three Partners of the Jlonsc of IJari 
 
 mr, 
 
 bv Si 
 
 Thomas Lawrence; the large painting of " The Marriage of the 
 I'rince of Wales," l)y William Powell Frith, loaned by Qneen 
 Victoria ; " The Marriage of the Yonng Princess," by the late 
 J. Northeote, also loaned by the queen ; Benjanjiii West's 
 "Death of Wolic," also the pr()j)erty of her Majesty; (Jaines- 
 borongh's " Portrai' of the Diu'hess of Richmond;" West's 
 "Christ Blessing Little Children;" Landseer's portrait of the 
 first Lord Ashhurton ; " Dolbadden Castle," a genuine Turner, 
 loaned by the Royal Academy; Barry's "Adam and Eve;" 
 and " Lantlseapes," by Creswick, Calcott and Stanficld. 
 
 The other rooms north of the British corridor arc devoted to 
 an exhibit of the course of industrial art taught at the South 
 Kensington Museum. The exhibit consists of copies of famous 
 art works, and tlic desiy-ns and drawings of the pnuls of tlio 
 
 BCMIOO. 
 
 France. 
 
 Tlio Fren ', section oi'cu[)ies several galleries in ^^cmorial 
 Hall and in the annex. But few of the leading artists of France 
 are represented, and the collection contains none of her great 
 names in art. The best jiicture in the ollection is Carolus 
 Duran's large portrait of his sister-in-law, Mile. Croixette, of 
 the Theatre Francjais. The lady is seated on !icr horse, which 
 stands on the sands of the sea-shore with the last ripple of the 
 \vaves breaking about his feet. The lady is exceedingly pretty, 
 and the horse is perfect. 
 
 Among the notable pictures of this collection are, " Rizj)ath 
 Protecting the Bodies of her Sons," by George Becker, a power- 
 
OF TIIK (i'.NTKNNIAI. KX IIIIUTIOX. 
 
 529 
 
 > 
 
 honal 
 Ira nee 
 great 
 irolus 
 \o, of 
 •Inch 
 If the 
 j-L'tty, 
 
 spath 
 )\ver- 
 
 fiil worU, and (h<; larj^cst in tho rollcclion ; "Tho Kii-st Step in 
 Crinii'," Ity .lean I'icrrc Aiili^riia; "A (onsj)ira<'y under Catha- 
 rine i\v Medieis," hy Louis Adan ; a hiri^e " Death of Ca'sar," 
 hy Keiix Clement; *' lladdon Hall, 1 )erl.yshire," and "A ("all 
 (HI Hneje ( 'iirdinal," holh hy .Joseph ( 'a>tiL!,MoMe ; the "Story 
 of Ivuth," hy Pan! (h'('nr/on; "S;iiiit Antonio, I 'at run of the 
 Mariners of I'orlo d'An^io, Italy," hy Henri Dnhonrhet; 
 " Na|K»leon I. with ( Joethe an<l W'ieland," hy lOnircni' Ililje- 
 niaeh.T; a " Fellah Woman," hy Charhs Lanch-lle; "Theln- 
 tliscreet," hy Arniancf Lelenx; the *' Morvan Kinjx," hy 
 I'lvariste licminai-i; "Tin.' Itest," hy Leon I'cranlt; " ,Morninj( 
 on the Lairnne of N'eniee," nnd "Snnset at Sea," hoth hy 
 Anicdee liosier ; "Heath Fhnvers," and "Snow Mowers," hy 
 Aniiuste Sehenek ; an e.\(pii>it(! " Lee la and the Suan," hy 
 .lules Siiintin ; " 'i'he (.Jilana's Diinee in (irenada," hy JJenjamin 
 Uhnann; " I>onloune-Snr-M<'r," hy Alexandre ^^'r(m ; and 
 " Jcwephine, in I Hi I," hy Hector Vij^er. Tluj portrait of 
 " JJielle, the Flower-filrl of the Paris Joekev Clnh," hv Pierre 
 (ilai/e, and " Cassandre," hy Lecni (.'ominere — tlio latter in tlie 
 annex — arc two sphiidid siM-eiinens of llesh-iiuintinir. 
 
 'i'he nniin trallei'v in Memorial Hall contains a 
 
 luitnlxT « 
 
 ox(piisite tapestries from the national uuunifiietor 
 (iohelijis at l*ari-s, and at JJcanvais. 
 
 les <> 
 
 f tl: 
 
 te 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Tiio Gorman cxliihit is <!onfino<l dilefly to Memorial Mall, 
 and occupies tho conthcast r^llery, opposite the French section. 
 In tho corridor Icadinjjj to tin principal hall are ii nninhor of 
 (lernKin paintings, the principal of which are, "A Courtyard in 
 Venico," hy Henry Jaoekel ; " Tiic J.iiahmondi Canal, at Cairo," 
 hy F. Korncr ; " Fortmit of Pauline I.ncca," hy O. IJegas ; " Mt 
 Vesuvius," hy n. Heck ; " iVnst w\th Caro,"' hy R. Dcntsch. 
 
 U[)on entering the German gallery, the first ohject that 
 adract;; the visitor is the large equestrian jwrtrait of the Crown- 
 Prince William Henry. The horse and rider api)OJ\r to have 
 just emerged from the line of fire in the battle that is raging 
 hehind then), and hutli are full of the excitement of the fight. 
 34 . , 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 si 
 

 h 
 
 II 
 
 I 
 
 I* 
 
 H 
 
 5.50 
 
 TlIK ILU'STI.ATKl) JIISTOKV 
 
 The picture is by C Steireck, ami !< niiieli ailmirod, as it rirlily 
 (leservo-s to be. 
 
 Tborr are two pirtiiies of the "Smremler of Setlaii," on tiie 
 %\ of S'ptembcr, 1870. One of these, and the more |i()\veiinl 
 j)iefin-e of tite two, is by Jjouis liiann ; the other by Count 
 Hanas, who was himself present at the memorable scene, ami 
 who has another fme painting in the gallery — the "Arrest of 
 Jjnl'icr on his Kctiu"! from the Diet at Worms." Jnlins 
 Schradcr, an artist whose liime is not confined to (jlernjanv, has 
 a line represtMitai'on of " Eli/alkcth Signing the Death Warrant 
 of Mary of Scotland ;" and ii companion to this is the " Jzuly 
 Jane (Jrey Confuting IJishoj) (jardiner," u stiking picture, by 
 Tolingshy. II. Ileck sends a beautiful view of u " Natural 
 Arch at Capri ; " and C^. lioekel's " J>efore the Christening," and 
 "After the Christening," arcMlelightful in their sweet simplicity. 
 A. S'wart/ has a n)u<h adujired painting called " lirowii 
 Flowci-s," and V. IJoscr one entitled "Early Trials," belbro 
 which visitors linger long. The " Evening Scene in the Zoo- 
 logical Clardens at lierlin," by Ilerdcrt, is an exceedingly care- 
 ful and life-like pictm'e. Ecnlinand Meyer's "After the Church 
 Festival," is not only an admirable painting full of keen humor, 
 but conveys a sounil moral. Meyer, of IJn men, has a capital 
 picture, "The Village (iossips," close by, and Achcnbach, one 
 of Cicrmany's best marine paiiiters, exhibits " Flushing in a 
 Storm." Xylander's " Moonlight at .Sea " is much admired, and 
 Jonion's " Old IMlot," is admirable in its way. J.ouis llorst 
 sends a tine portrait of the Emperor William, and (iustave 
 Kichter, one of George IJancroft. "The Flight of Frederick 
 V. fi'om Prague, after the liattle of the White Mountain," by 
 Fabcr du Tour, is one oi' the best pictures in the gallery. The 
 st^cne is one of the greatesi confusion, and is admirably depicted. 
 II. lirucke exhibits a larg<» " Discovery of America by Columbus," 
 which is warn>ly praisi^l. 
 
 In one of the small rooms of the northeast quarter of the 
 building, is one of the finest of the (Jerman pictures — Wagner's 
 
 inasterpitH 
 
 Si'cne in 
 
 the V 
 
 u'cus Maxnnus 
 
 at 1 
 
 {ome, A.v. .S(S. 
 
 It is well-known iu this country, and is exhibited by Goupil <V: 
 
 Co., of V 
 
 lUMS. 
 
OF Till-: CKNTKNMAL KXIIIHITION. 
 
 oOl 
 
 richly 
 
 )n the 
 wtrliil 
 Count 
 u', ami 
 
 ITht of 
 
 Julius 
 ny, lias 
 ^'anaut 
 " Uuly 
 I me, by 
 Naliual 
 
 iplicity. 
 
 ' IjIOWU 
 
 " l)i'lbi-c 
 the Zoo- 
 i;ly caro- 
 \M»uich 
 humor, 
 apital 
 u'h, one 
 n<; in a 
 ed, au»l 
 s Ilorst 
 (lustave 
 rctlcricU 
 >iii," hy 
 •. The 
 opit'ted. 
 imhus, 
 
 ■ of tho 
 
 'ajjjnor's 
 
 P.SS." 
 
 loupil A: 
 
 I « 
 
 Austria. 
 
 Tho Austrian <-o]l('cli(Mi o(<ii|ii('.s IJio oa^tcni }jj;ilKiy, anil 
 nnii|His('.s Hi.) |iiniiliii<;s, <((liiiij;,s aiitl statues. Jt is very j^cmk! 
 as a rule, and (Villains luany pictmi'.s wliicli are worthy ol<'juc'- 
 iiil s(n(ly. 
 
 'J'he ircni «>r tlic wliole <'<»lhr(ioii is .I«»hii Mal^art's " V<'niec 
 
 r 
 
 iuL; lloiiia'^c to Catharine Coriiarn 
 
 'Jli 
 
 |)i(tnr«' is ^>."> 
 
 ((•et h(ii;jj uitti I 1 (i'et hi^h. On the chath of her hn>han«'. Dm 
 «lae<»|io J J. Lii>!;_Mi:ino, Kinj^ <*1 ( y|trjis, .slt<' niaih- a i'l-'r ^i/; >.>}' 
 <hat kiii;Ml(t:ii to ti.e llcj;ni»iie of Venice, inuler wiiosc titei-'t'i! 
 slie had Ijcen hioii^ht u|) as '*iij;l!a <li San Marco." l'];tm iwr 
 relnrn to Venice siie uas jire<'te«i with the re<'<'j»tion whicii this 
 jHclnre e(tninieinorate.s. I'he canvas contains a larjjje n'»:nlH;r 
 i<r |t(»rtrait.s of jjerMMiis we]l-kn<twji in \'i<nna. 
 
 Krne.st La title has two o\<|uisite pictnns, a 'Miirl of lJp|H'r 
 
 A usl 
 
 I'ta, 
 
 uni 
 
 i "I 
 
 easan 
 
 t W 
 
 oman ot 
 
 I 
 
 I'l 
 
 >cr 
 
 A list 
 
 na. 
 
 .lol 
 
 in 
 
 ( aiio.i, oi' Vienna,exhil»its "A l*aii<'," an<l u"<iirl with J'init," 
 wliieli are.M) iniieii li];e Ivcmhrandt's woii; that niany (>x|k rieiietxl 
 jiidi^es have [iroiioiineed them liis, and have ahnost reiiisi-d to 
 
 hel 
 
 ievo tiidn iiiofU-rn 
 
 I''r( f!<'riek I'k icllandcr «Niiil»its his 
 
 "Tastiiii; th(» Wine,'' <>:ie ol" iiis hcst \\(»ri<>^. (J. V. Kniitz 
 oxhihits " In the Cell," a pi<'lureofa nnn witii her hejid h-anin^ 
 on her ro!<led hands tra/inu <tnt olthe window ol lier e«iL Tlie 
 
 tl 
 
 hi 
 
 •Ih 
 
 cxpressaKi on tue nuns lace is ntarvcjions 
 remar 
 
 'ii; 
 
 e piclnre is .also 
 kahh* (itr the reason thai Kunt.: nntd lonr years a«;o w.as 
 a dislin<<;uished seidptor, and hn<l done nothinu: witli his hnish. 
 Aloysins SeliOim sends a " Siesta (d'an Oriental VN'oman,"' a work 
 noted lor its waianlh oi" (o!nrin<:j. The (onntess of A'cnics- 
 I'ansoinu't, one of the in<vst ae(<)mpllshe<l hidy artists of .Vnstria, 
 sends her own p(»rtrait an<l a view of the " Interiorof St.Stepiieji's 
 
 .1 V 
 
 lenna. 
 
 w 
 
 hiel 
 
 t receive, as they deserve, j^resit prais<>, 
 
 M 
 
 U'.a 
 
 oa larmentier, anotlier 
 
 lad 
 
 V artist, exiidiils M'veral eharmniir 
 
 '\'\ rok^so seeiu^. Ol" these, tho best is the " .Mill in the Tyn>i. ' 
 \\ Knmpler's " Snnlin<j; (lirl " and " The Two l-'cmale rri<'n(ls " 
 are eharmlnp; works, and aie nntch admired, (.'harles Leopold 
 Miillcr, one of the iireatest of livini; An Irian artists, has oillv 
 
 1. 
 
. ! 
 
 5.32 
 
 Tin: ILLUSTUATKD IIISTOIIY 
 
 1^ 
 
 "I 
 
 .if 
 
 I* 
 
 it 
 
 two small works hero whldi «lo not fairly show his merits, htit 
 which are iimonij: the sjeins of the collection. These are " In the 
 Hni^lish (Jardeii, at I'aliTnio," ami " Monte Pellc^riiio, near 
 Palermo." Adolpluis ( )uerniiillner exhibits three fine paint- 
 iu<;s — ''Welcome Souiuls," " Tiie Luke of Constance at the 
 Ili'ijinnincf of a Storni,'' and " 'J'he ( Jrtiin-AI|), with the Palu- 
 ^iacii-r." The lirst of these represents the meetin*^ of two sledjjje 
 parties hi'loniiinsi; to the Aiistro-llun^arian Arctic Lxpedition 
 of 1872-74. F. K.iss exhibits ''A (Jirl with a Cat," and " Liib 
 in a Castle of the Middle Ages," both admirable. " San.-: Sonei," 
 a stndy of Italian Lazzaroni, by V. Fux, is a capital sc(>ne ; and 
 ("has. I*robst's '' Head of a, Vinmji; Lady" is a charniintr study. 
 Robert Jiuss exhil)its tai "Mill at Mais, in Si.iith Tyrol;" 
 Anii'ustus CJeorn-c Mayer, a '* Uathshcba ; " A. Seha-llcr, a deso- 
 late beach scene, called "At the Sea ; " L. Munsch, a view of the 
 '"Alp (ischlijs-; towards the (jross-\'eMedi<i;er ; " IJosa Schwenin- 
 
 \ 
 
 i;er a " ^Neapolitan 
 
 l- 
 
 iiiicne 
 
 Fcl 
 
 IX, 
 
 r 
 
 m and i)acc!iantes 
 
 Lewis flayer, " Tht> Judirment of" I'aris ; " Jialph I'ioarz, 
 
 an 
 
 Ox T 
 
 earn 
 
 icmi 
 
 an 
 
 llaanen, a " \'iew ot' a Dmch Towi 
 
 in MooMli;j,ht ; " and (iustavii> Wertheimer, " The Moor and his 
 Horse," all of which are excellent. A number of line water- 
 i'olors i\ro inchid",! in the C(»lIection. 
 
 hi the eollcctioii of statuary, the notable works are a bust of 
 the Fm[)eror of Austria, by ('. Zumbuseh, loaned by his Majesty; 
 and busts of Maximilian L antl Charles \'., by C. Costeimijlc, 
 all in marble. F. Fezzicar lias a colossal bronzi; statue^ of 
 '' The Freed Slave," about which crowds puher <laily in admira- 
 
 tion. 
 
 '1^1 
 
 le iiciiro exu 
 
 ItantI 
 
 V iiisplavs 
 
 Ab 
 
 )raham iiineoai s I ro 
 
 clamation of Fmanci[)atioii, and his chains lie l)roken at his feet. 
 
 /faly. 
 
 The entnuice or rec<>ption hall of the j)rincipal Art (lallery i-. 
 tiie only room in Memorial Hall occupied by Italy, with the 
 exceptiiMi of t\\o rooms in the northeast sivtion of the building:, 
 whii'h contain the ( 'a>l«llaiii ( ollections ol ( 'lassie and Mcdiseval 
 Anticpiities. These arc tiie property ot'Siijiior Alessandro Cas- 
 tellani, of Rome, and consist mainly of ancient marbles, bronze.-, 
 
OF THE CENTENKr.M, EXllIV.ITIOV. 
 
 
 s, Imt 
 III tlio 
 . near 
 jiaint- 
 at the 
 
 Palu- 
 
 slcil(i;e 
 edition 
 P'Lile 
 ^ma'l, 
 10 ; and 
 r study. 
 
 I' 1 . " 
 I yrol; 
 
 a dr^o- 
 \v of the 
 Iwvi'iiin- 
 lault'-' ; 
 MVT, an 
 
 h Town 
 uul his 
 
 e Nvator- 
 
 Im.-t of 
 Majesty; 
 stonoi)!*', 
 tatuo of 
 
 ad mi ra- 
 il's Tro- 
 
 his ftrl. 
 
 jallory i- 
 
 Ivith ihr 
 
 |)iiildiuL'. 
 
 [rdia'vai 
 
 llro ("a-^- 
 
 biou/.c>, 
 
 Italian majolica, gold work, and jiersonal oniamonl?!, Tlio ool- 
 lectioiis are uni(|ue in many respects, an<l are among the richest 
 and most vahiahle in the worhl. Our limits do not allow a 
 description or even complete list of the treasures here exhihited. 
 They oomjirise seventeen portrait busts and heads in marhlc 
 from the Greek mvthologv ; twelve of the exccedinglv rare 
 bronze dressing-cases of the Etruscan ladies, of which there arc 
 but one hundred now in existence; a large and valuable collec- 
 tion of old ])orcclain and majolica ware, tlio glory of which is a 
 case of superb Gubl)io ware; and many gold ornaments and 
 goms of Piiecnician, Ktrusean and Greek workmanship.. Some 
 of liie gems are unequalled by anything in modern art. 
 
 Ill the vestibule at the northern entrance to Memorial Hall, 
 are a number of superb j)i<'tures in mosaic i'rom Home, the 
 finest display of the kind in the entire lv\hibition. 
 
 Italy occupies six galleries in the annex to Memorial Hall, 
 and in these displays a large e<»llection of paintings and sculji- 
 turc. The busts and statues number three hundred, and among 
 tliem are some of the best works of some of the most famous 
 sculptors of Ifome, Florence, Milan, and ]5ol(\gna. It is 
 hoiieved that this is the largest collection of sculpture ever dis- 
 played at any Exhibition. We can only point out a few of tlu; 
 most prominent works. 
 
 First in order must bo mentioned the productions of the 
 renowned Florentine seu]ptt)r, E. Caroni, ])rofi'ssor at the Fine 
 Arts Academy at Florence, and one of the Italian rommission- 
 ers to the Exhibition. 1 1 is "Africaine" is a masterpiece, the 
 lineaments showing all the workimxs of the betraved woman's 
 innid. i)f a dillorent typo is jiis "Love's Telegram," rep- 
 resenting a young latly who, d-.iring the siege of Paris, being 
 uiiai)le to communicate with her lover bv ordinarv means, is in 
 the act of despatehing a carrier pigeon with tli? anuu'ous mis- 
 sive. Then comes " l4)ve bursting I'orlh from the Egtr," a 
 charming piece of fancy. Next, •'Christmas Dny," bearing a 
 capon in one hand and good wishes in the olher. 'i'hen an 
 exquisite allegory, " liutterfiy Youth," which, Hying from on« 
 of life's pleasures to another, at last remains entanjjlL'd in the 
 
 
 I 
 
I I 
 
 I H 
 
 531 
 
 TiiK n,i,r.sTiiATt:i> irisToiiv 
 
 net of <1is.'ip|>n!nhii(M)f. In r('|)rcst>ii(iii<^ rliiMrcii I'loflssop 
 Caroiii has hccii cnniu'iifly Hn('t'«'s.-.rul ; liis " llccrratioiis of a 
 School (Jirl" is as ij;ay as his "CoM" is paUu-lic— in the hUtcr 
 (Ii(> M'ipod <'oiilaiiiiM;^ thtM-hanoal has upM-t and ihc shivcrinjj^ 
 rhiUI, hidiiiii; her hiiiitls mulcr her fVofU, h)oUs thr xvvy cssimh-o 
 of chilly (lcsj)aii'. Ho also the " Jnn>R'ssioiis of Colt' Watd" 
 
 ITALIAN STVITAUY IM TlIK ANXKX TO TUT. AUT (i Al.I.F.UY. 
 
 por(ray the iitllo hatlin's mingled feclinjrs of eiiriosity and 
 timidity, while the " First Capture" show.s the intense del ifrlit 
 oi' the bi)y at havin<4 caiiglft the little sparrow in his hand. 
 Profesr^or Ivomanetli's " Franklin and his Whistle'' and " Wash- 
 ington and his Ilatehet" will attract general attention, as will 
 ilso Zocc'hi's " Infancy of Benjamin Franklin," where the youth- 
 
OP Tlin CKNTF.SNIAT. KXMiniTION. 
 
 536 
 
 IllY. 
 
 ksity ami 
 lo (U'lijllit 
 l\iH hand. 
 " Wa?li- 
 In, as will 
 l\o vouth- 
 
 fnl onmpnsitor is srttini^ up liis first types. Professor P. (iiiar- 
 ii<'ri(», ofMihiii, \vli«>s(' " Wasliiiiijjtoii " in the Nrcmorial II:ill in 
 (Urcady (liiniliar to thousands of visitors, lias in the Art (JalW'ry 
 a fine (l('siij;n (»f " Itapiiarl in liis Youth," and his "(Jirl Hath- 
 ini;" is (iill of power. Si<rn()r I). l»aroajj;li»>, (»f Mihui, who hjw 
 
 ah'eaclv won f<»r himself fame ainonu; vonn'. 
 
 >jr Ital 
 
 V s s<'U 
 
 Ipt 
 
 ors. 
 
 has a eol(»ssal piece, " I'MyiniL!; Time." Heedless of the attempts 
 uf Youth, who wonid <letain him, I'^ither Tinte hurries on ; tlio 
 parchment scn)ll of History iu his ri^ht, the sharp scythe in his 
 left hand, and (inces reluctant Youth on after him. Not less 
 successful has the sculptor heen in his *' IJIowini>; P)uUMes," 
 " liutterfly " and " Fir>t Call," all of which are full of exprcs- 
 siiin. Si<i;nor lu-nato Ped'.;;<zi. of Milan, has shown u;r(;ut 
 (irii:;inality in his ** IJcrenioc," the inscription on which statue 
 
 tells Its own 
 
 tal. 
 
 "^cnus, to thee aiK 
 
 1 oti 
 
 ler <x<H 
 
 Is 1 
 
 sacrifice 
 
 these tresses, shouldsl thou return to nw. from 
 
 war my spitusc 
 
 )f 
 
 Si<riK>v Peduz/i's worU will not reatlily bo for<;ottcii hy any who 
 have seen it. The distini^uished artist, Cavaliere Cantalamcssji 
 i'opatti, whose scul|)tur(! is almost as well knowii in America as 
 it is in Italy, and who is one of his <'()untry's commissioncrH, 
 has on this occasion two charmini; statuettes, "SunshiiK! " and 
 "Storm," as also"JiOvc's Morn," all of which are worthy of 
 the sculptor's reputation. Si;j;nor Torelli, of Florence, exhihifs 
 
 Fva St. Clair," from " Uncle Tom's Cahii 
 
 " « 
 
 Shv(. 
 
 am 
 
 a sweet " Tiittle Housekeeper," who, with her broom, is swee|>- 
 iu^ out of the house envy, hypocrisy, pride, vanity, and 
 calumny. l*rofessor Hopi, of Milan, has a fine bust of (iuri- 
 
 l)al(li 
 
 dl 
 
 I, and lias l)(;en e(iua 
 
 lly 
 
 liai) 
 
 i»y 
 
 in tiis 
 
 H 
 
 ope. 
 
 The Italian sculptors have naturally, on this occa 
 
 sion. 
 
 brought out the connectinjj; link between Italy and the dis- 
 covery of our continent, and such productions as D'.Vmonr's 
 " XitrhtofO.-tober 11, M0'2,"and Zoechi's "( "«.lumbus Scanning 
 the Chart," speak eIo(piently for themselves. I'\ I»arza<rlii. of 
 Milan, has a number of productions \\liieh striki!i<r|y denote 
 the artist's <i('iiius. "Phrvue before her Jud<fcs," "Sylvia 
 Lo()kin<;at Herself in the Fountain," "The Findin;^ of Moses, 
 and " l]lind Man's IJud'" will all engage the spectaij/s utten- 
 
 >» 
 
 "I 
 
 ■ I 
 
i, 
 ii All 
 
 
 II 
 
 If 
 
 536 
 
 TIIK IIJ^USTRATKO HISTOnY 
 
 tint), as will also the same sculptor's " First Friend," roprosoiit- 
 inj; SI Scotch terrier j>layiii<^ with ii lovely child. A little gem of" 
 the same character is K. IVreda's " Joy ;" the beaming coimte- 
 nanee of the child in this ease will l)e generally pronoiniced 
 |Hn-ieet. This Milanese artist's productions are all alike chaste 
 and graceful. In the " liete d'Amore" the girl willingly 
 nllows herself to he entangled in the network of love, and draws 
 the net around her heart. The same scul[)tor's " Motherless 
 Children," "ChiUlish (Jricf," and " l.ittie Smoker" arc all 
 iellii;g and true. K. Ihaga, of Milan, has a "Bacchus" and 
 "Child's IMaything," both noteworthy, and few will pass by 
 C. C'orti's " Lucifer," from " Paradise liosl,'' without admira- 
 tion. Zoeehi's " Michel A ngeio's Chisel in Hand " is a grandly- 
 conceived work, and not less so is Faz/i's " Episode from the 
 Divine Comedy." AVe have scarcely space even to mention 
 liomanelli's "Madonna of St. liuke's Hologna," liareajrlia's 
 "Love r>linds," Antonio r>ottiuelli's "Vanity," Argenti's 
 " Sleep of the Linoecnt," ^Fotelli's " Unwelcome Literrnptiou," 
 Jiergonzoli's " Aiigo^i of Love," and Sperlini's "Confidence." 
 C. Fandiani lias some (Inelv executed works; his "Moses 
 Trampling on the Crown " and " Love " will attract the observer, 
 ns will also C. Fagani's " Fsyche." Not entirely unnoticed 
 must we pass over the " David," a copy in miniature of Michel 
 Angelo's masterpiece; the "Angelica," from Tasso's "Freed 
 Jerusalem," or the admirably portrayed " Ruth the Gleaner." 
 A. Malfiitti's " Disappointment" and " Emancipation," the lat- 
 ter in plaster of Faris, will attract eonsitlerable attention. 
 Besides Frofessor fJuarnerio's great works above mentioned, 
 he has also a number of other productions, among them being 
 " The Forced Fray er," where the sulky little lellow is reprc- 
 Bcnted with life-like accuracy; " Vanity," " The Rebuke," an<l 
 the " I^ast Day o*' Fompeii." What especially characterizes t-liis 
 remarkable exhibition of sculpture is the dose attention that 
 has evidently been given to anatomical study ; every detail is 
 true to nature, and tliere is nothing out of Irarniony with its 
 surroundings. 
 
OF TlIK CKNTKNMAI, EXHI lUTIO.V. 
 
 537 
 
 Till! Nviiidows of tlio .south hall of the annex contain a 
 hantUoMie (lisphiy of stained t^hiss of American nianiiraettne. 
 
 Anionu; the paintins^s in llio Italian section are a nnrnher of 
 cjood copies of the i^nat works of the Italian masters. ('<, i- 
 spirnou-; amon;^ these is a copy of liallaeie'd " Cjalilco before (he 
 Jixinisition." 
 
 The 
 
 (! oritrinals arc hoik 
 
 1 as u rule. (Jilli, of Turin, has a Hik 
 
 re])! 
 
 esentation of the famous scene between "Arnold of lirescia 
 
 am 
 
 1 1' 
 
 one 
 
 Ad 
 
 nan 
 
 IV 
 
 ,," in which the pon 
 
 itiir 
 
 sentenced the ^reat 
 
 preacher to death. Fumiu;alli has a line picture of "C'olinubiis 
 in Chains," and Marehesi an admirable " Interior of the 
 
 lacristy 
 
 oi 
 
 M 
 
 Man. 
 
 A View of the IJay of Naples and 
 
 Mount Vesuvius," l)y Smar<;iassi, and the " Ileail of a Lady, 
 bv Roma'jcnoli, are admirable works. 
 
 iKunt; 
 leprc- 
 '' and 
 
 t4ns 
 
 that 
 
 ill is 
 
 Ih its 
 
 Spain. 
 
 The Spani>h collection occupies one side of the western j^al- 
 lery of Memorial Mall. It is small, but contains some p;ood 
 pictures. The best m()dern w»)rk in the collection is "Tlur 
 liurial of St. Lorenzo," |)ainted at JJome, by Ahjo \'era, i.i 
 LSG2. It is a no')!i! picture, and shows wt'll amoni; the older 
 masters. There is a tine "Christ on the Cro-s,"' by Nrurillo, 
 which of course attracts much attentIo:i. Two lari^e paintitit;s 
 of "The Landing; of Columbus," by A. Gisbert and D. Puibla, 
 and one of "Columbus J)cmonstratini;; his Theory to the 
 Monks of La Kabida," by 10. (iano, oi'cupy conspicuous places. 
 I*. Gonzalvo has a tine "Interior of th(? Cathedral of Sara2,o«>.a," 
 aud A, Domingo exhibits a spirited picture entitled "A Duil." 
 
 Sweden. 
 
 The Swedish collection occupies the eastern wall of the west 
 gallery of Memorial Hall, facing that of Sp.tin, and a gallery 
 ill the anne.x. It is the first opportunity the people of this 
 country have had to become familiar with Swedish art, and 
 the collection therefore attracts much attention. The mn.-«t 
 prominent painting is Hockcrt's " Burning of the Royal Palaee 
 at Stockholm." This catastrophe occurred when Charles Xll. 
 
 1 
 
I ' 
 
 n:)S 
 
 TIIK II.I,UKTUATi:i) IIISTOUY 
 
 \i 
 
 wMs a nuM'c yoiitli, and tlu> yoiiii^ licro ioriiis tlic |)i-in('i|ia1 
 HiXiirt' ill (lie s|iiiit('<| scene. 
 
 ISaron ()((m llcrineliii, (lie Swedish ( 'oiumissioiier in eliarjreof 
 liie All I)e|>arlmen(, lias s»'veral oC his pietiiros in (he eollee- 
 (i<tii. 'I'he.se are " Winter Day in (ii«' Nei^rhliorhood oC Stoek- 
 hohii;" "Poor l'eo|>Ie's Jiiiryin;; < Jiuinid, near S(oeIdiohn ; " 
 
 •' rhe riis( S 
 
 now 
 
 l''i>hiii<i: Ilarlioi', near S((t(IJiohi 
 
 *'()n Moiidnarlre, Talis," and "Andiinn Day a( Din;:orden." 
 Another ii;r'tK' ar(i>(, l;;iroii (J. ('e(h'iv(roein, e\hii»i(s a clever 
 jiaindnii; caTled ' Dark Moments." Miss A. LiiidrLrren's 
 *'(iirl with an Uiaiiiic" is iniich admired. "Si<rin(l Kini;, 
 Kin;; of Scandinavia and I'ln^il," Ity Soverin Nilsson. is a 
 s(irri<ii_«; scene rroiu (he h';;ends oC (he \'ikin;j;s. M. \']. \\'iM<ro 
 has two picdires th'awn iVom (lie same source, " fii^no IJiiniiiit:^ 
 herselC on Sei'iii;r h r Kovcr IIaii;;cd" and "The \'il<iii<j: 
 J'Mect.'' J». iXordcnhiiiL;' has (wo jjood pictures of t'very «lav 
 lill', "A Wi'ddiii;; in a Swedi>h Country ChuiJ-h" and tho 
 " Killed Sheep." Au;^iist .Fi'mhern's " Market Day in Diissel- 
 dttrf" is a carcCiil and excellent work. He has also another 
 iiiie picture, " Visitors in (hi« Museum of Amsterdam Ite<j[ard- 
 iuij: IJemhraiidt's Ni;;!it M'atch.'* 
 
 A'onaay. 
 
 Tho Xorwetxian collection is divided hetwocn a small room 
 in tho southwestern corner of the principal biiildin*;, the win- 
 dows of which are filled with American .stained glass, aiul a 
 <;allery in (he annox*. 
 
 I'rofes-or Hans (Jiid(> has here a fiiu' picturo called "A Fresh 
 Hree/c on (he \orwc^;ian Coast," and a "Calm in Cliri?i(iana- 
 liord." " Ilardcngeiliord, ' by P. Thurman, is also u notable 
 |>ie(uro, 
 
 'I'he collection in the annex is laroor and better than that in 
 Memorial Hall. I'he most notable picture is "A Scene in the 
 I{omsdal->/lo»d," by A. Xorman. 
 
 The Neiherlands, 
 
 Holland occupies three galleries in the nnncx, and niakc^ an 
 
OF TIIK fKNTFNNtAI, F.-(limiTIO\. 
 
 
 ntliiiiialilc (lisjday of tho works of Ik r arlisls. Tliry avp marked 
 l»v the .same care that cliarat'tcrizcs cvcrylliin'; attempted hy llie 
 |)i'(»|>I(r ol' tlie Low countries, and it may he safely asserted thai, 
 (his cojieetion is as lirli in excellent |t:iintin<;s as that of any 
 nation reprc-icnted in the Ivxhihition. 
 
 I'^irst \v(! noiic(! four larii,e copies, l»y S. Altmann, of An slrv- 
 dam. 'riiese are " TIh! l»an(pH't of the Civic (Jnard, after 
 \'an der lllest ; " "The Five Masters of the Drapers, after 
 i;emi)randt ; '' "The Ma>lers of the Kloveniir's (Jnild at 
 Harlem, after Krans Hals;" and "The Yonnj; Bnll, after 
 Paul I'otter." 
 
 Auionii; the ori^nnals the (Jdjouin'j; are admirable, thouj^h tho 
 
 li>(, d( 
 
 oes not, inchide all tlie '^ood pictures ot this collection: 
 "The Church of Tri.T,"' hy .1. IJoslxxmi ; "At Church," by C. 
 IJissehop; "The Cat lM'i<xns to Iv Ilan-cd," by B. II. {;empt: 
 "Four Weeks after S'. John's Dav," bv J. I). Iluvbers; 
 " LaiHlscape on the Mc(literranean Coast," J. Ililverdink ; "A 
 Moment of iOxpectation," by (Jerkc? Henks ; "Still Water 
 near Dordccht," ami " \'ie-.v on tin' Yo in Amsterdam," by I']. 
 Ko-ter; "A Confi'rencc," by L. Lin2;('nian ; " I']v(>nini^ on the 
 IJeach," by II. W. Mcsdauj ; "A View of Ani-terdam in tho 
 Sixteenth Centtn-y," by .1. A. Jiust ; "A Cheesn Market in ;\ 
 T«)\vn of North Holland," by C R.x'hu-son ; "The Deacons of 
 the Silversmiths' (Jnild Conferrinii; :i Freeman's Certificate," 
 by J. A. n. Stroeix'l; " (ileaninir," by P. Sadee ; "A IJarber 
 Shop in Cairo," by W. do Famars Tostas; and " Domest 
 Happiness," by H. V'alUonborg. 
 
 IG 
 
 Bclmm. 
 
 Tlu! IJcl![rian art exhibit in ^remorial Hall is cstabllsiud ui a 
 little room on the east of tho north entrance, and consists of 
 statuary, bron/.es ami (i;j;ures in earth and plaster. The nio.-,t 
 conspicuous of these is a life-si/,(! <rroup in marble of "A Mother 
 and luT First Child," by (.'harlcs Fraikin. There is ai-io a fine 
 display of Faience ware. 
 
 Tho I?eli;ian paintiufrs occupy three p;alleric.s in the annex. 
 The most prominent are "Autumn on the Mcu.se," by A. AjshcI- 
 
 J; 
 
 
 'I 
 
 Hi 
 
 11 
 
■WP 
 
 III 
 
 1 p ' 
 
 1 » 
 
 I » 
 
 I H 
 
 510 
 
 TiiK ii.i.rsrnATr.n iiisroiiv. 
 
 Iioi-j;; "AiiiH Moiilaniis \'i>i(iiiir tlio I'riiitiiiu; Olllrc of IMonlyii 
 !it Aiiluf rp," Ity .l<is('|»li licllrnijiiis ; " lvitm(\ IVoiu tlic TilKr 
 IKMT tlic <iii;i\ ()(' liipcttii," liy Knilici- llo--ii( I ; " ( iivvc, ( o.i-t 
 (if l>rit(:iny,'' l»y A. Ilmivicr; '" TIh' < Imrcli nt ^i. l-'cni.ti ;:t 
 \'i iMiKi," iiiid " Tlic (J:it(()l" WiTllicim ill till' (iraiul Diidiv 
 (»( U:i«lrii." l)y .I;ir(|n,«; ( 'ar;il)aiii ; '• D.iiHf ami llic ^'cmnir ( iii!^ 
 (>( l''!ttnii('f,'' by \. |).' Kcy-rr ; '• Tlic Sciitiiif ! lit flic (lat." it' 
 llic llaiMii," l»y (Jcoriff do St. Cyr, a ptijiil of I'ortacls ; " I he 
 O'd III riiiiiaLjc ol' St. lliihcrt at .Wiiinir," l»\- (iuirtrc ( n'nissdr. ; 
 "Suiulavat tlic ( oiivcnt," l)v Frni;/ M((rt> ; '• A NVoiiiaii of 
 (ho Il'jinan {'am|ia^iia," and "A V(iiin<; (liil oi' ilio Vioiiiiiv 
 ot Ivomc," Ijy Xavior Mollory; " N'icw df Snxcnliaii^on," aiai 
 tlic " D'jiiio ol' ilio Jiivalidis," l)y IJuhoi-t .MoU ; " Scoiif in 
 iJutlordain," l»y Fiaiionis Mii-ii); " l>iiniiiiu ol" Ilnlila, near 
 Kisc'iKuli, ill 'iMiurinj^ia/' by I'^ordinand P.unvols; " Tlio Do- 
 I'cption," l»y .Iian Porlaols. one of tlic most . iniiioiit nrti.-ts of 
 noluiiiiii ; "Interior of I liiidoloopon," l)y I'ctor Sobos ; "A 
 Clirisliaii Martyr uiidcr I)ioolctiaii," by ICnx'st Sliiiirniovor ; 
 "War" and " l*odotta," by Kii-oiio sinits; "Tlio T.ad S:. 
 ^rartin," by « ..irlos Soiibrc : "Tlio ("avo ot' Diomcdc, an 
 Kpisodo of tlio Dost ruction ol' Pomp'oii." by Jo.-cpb Slallaort ; 
 " \'io\v of r>ordrocli(, from the Moiiso," and " The Honso oi" 
 tlic (nnfratornily of Archers, " by l-'ranci-^ Stroobant ; " Th(> 
 Rhino, botwoon Pxmn and ( oblcn/. " and " I'osilipo, near 
 Naples," by !■'. 11. rntorboivcf ; " iKsdoir.ona," by .lulos Van 
 Ki(M-sbilcIv ; "After the Rain," ;>nd " Momiiiir," by Jr)sepli Van 
 Tiiippen ; " Tlu ('oiifcdorates bi!bre Marcant of Parma," and 
 "A Flemish W<Mnan of the Sixteenth Century,'' by Pr»)ios>or 
 Fran/, N'incU ; and "The llolel de Ville at Alost,'' by (Jiistave 
 Wak'kieis. 
 
 Denmark, 
 
 The Danish collection is small, and shares a gallery with 
 Norway in the annex. The principal works are " The Dis- 
 covery of Cireenland in A. i>. 10(^0/' and "Two Greenland 
 
 Xight 
 
 Pilots," bv J. K. C. 1 
 
 vasnui 
 
 ssen ; and "A Mid 
 
 sununor 
 
 under Iceland's Rough Weather/' by Wilhcliu Melby, 
 
• •r 
 
 II V 
 
 ir.d 
 
 111 
 cur 
 De- 
 
 er 
 
 rt ; 
 
 of 
 
 it'jir 
 
 :\n 
 
 an 
 
 UKl 
 
 ive 
 
 itit 
 
 knd 
 rht 
 
 i 
 
 ' I 
 
 t in 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 
 I 
 
 u 
 
 .5 
 
 111 
 
 F ' !' 
 
 I ( 
 
! ! 
 
 Mi 
 
 '1) IK 
 
 II 
 
 ^ 11? 
 
 If 
 
 1 III 
 
 1 111 
 
 642 
 
 THE 1LUJ8TUATKI) IIIKTOUY. 
 
 Brazil 
 
 The linuilian cxIiiUil i.s not large. It '\s lot-utod in one of 
 the eastern galloiieM of the annex. Its niocl important works 
 are the lari;(! painliii^s representing scenes in the late war willi 
 I'aragnay. The.^e are "The liatth; of lliimaita; " " The De- 
 fence of the Island of Cahrito hv the Jhiizilian Army an«l 
 Navy ; " and " The Naval IJattle of" Uiaehnelk)." 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 Mexico has a part of a galh'ry in the annex. Its most i 
 
 m- 
 
 portant paintings are "The Valley of Mexico," hy Jose Ma 
 Vales(|uez ; "Brother Bartholomew de las ("asas " and " (iali- 
 leo," hy Felix I'avia; and ** Donna Isabel of Portugal," by 
 Pelegrin Clave. 
 
 The Photographic Annex. 
 
 The space in Memorial Hall and the annex being taken np, 
 a third building was erected for the exhibition of photographs. 
 It is of wood, stuccoed, anil is situated ou the Avenue of th'« 
 Uepublic, east of Memorial Hall and north oi' the Main Exhi' 
 bitiou Huilding. It contains a large collectioji of fine ])hot()- 
 grai)hs from the United States, (treat Britain, (Jermany, 
 Austria, France, Italy, Russia, Canada, Denmark, Sweden and 
 Mexico. Many of these are views of the scenery of the 
 countries to which they belong. The collection may not iinrly 
 represent the progress made; by foreign nations in the )>hoto- 
 graphic art, but such as it is, it shows the Tnited States far in 
 advance of all the competing countries. A specialty of the 
 American display is the series of splendid views of the scenery 
 of the Pacific; coast. 
 
 A large exhibit is also n.ade of photogra|)hio apparatus and 
 material, and nuiiric lanterns of the better class. 
 
 N* 
 
 :i H, 
 
 ii 
 
 i. 
 
by 
 
 I'airly 
 
 i\v in 
 r tho 
 ^iK'i-y 
 
 and 
 
 CHAPTER XVIT. 
 
 TIIK I'MTKI) STATKS tJOVKUNMKNT lU'lLDIXC. 
 
 iKsciiption (if till' Iiiiildinj; — Thr fironnds— I'xiiiliits (if ilic V.irioiH [Vpnrt- 
 iiKiils ()iil>iilc of till' Hnildiir^— Tlu' Moiiilor 'I'lniHt 'I'lii' (iriiit ( iiiM-* nf 
 the Aiiny siiul Navy — Tin- I'oslal (ill's— Tlic I laii-it of Vtiiiis Kxlii'.iil — 
 Army Trains — Disixisiiioii of Spacr in llu- Hall — Kxliiliil (if the I'o-ii-OIIicc 
 iH'parliiu-iit— A Modi-i I'dsi-Oliici'— Tiu- Am'uiiltiiral hcparliiunl A I'lho 
 IHsplay— Tiic Iiiliiior IVpailiiuiit— llxliiliil of tiic I'aliiit < Uliii' -His- 
 torical Kidic's — A Kitli Display of Indian Curiosities— Tlie laliicalion il 
 Kxliiliit — Till' (Vnsns -I'liolo^iaplis of tlic (itolo-^ical Smviy of tin- Torii- 
 toiifs — A MaKnifuTnt I)isp!ay by llu- Smillisoniaii Insliliitioii — 'I'lif Animals 
 itiid I'islii's of the I'niti'd Stati-s— Tlio Miiural Collictioii — Tliu Triasiiry 
 Exliiliit — Till' Li;;lit-H()iiM' and ('oa>t Snivcy IJiam lu-s— Tin; Navy Dcpail- 
 iiii'iit — A Spk'iidid and ( oinplctL' I)i~play of the CoiisliiKiion and liipiip- 
 nicnt of an Anu'iican Maii-of-\Var— Tlu- T<iiim(Iu Siivici- — Tln' \\'ar l)i- 
 liaitiiii'iit — Spli'iidid Kxliiliit of llio Siu'iial Si-rvice — The Kn;,'iiii'i'r ('orpH 
 and its Work — Making Uilles and (!;irnidm's liy Maehineiy — The I'a-l 
 H(jspital — The Laboralory — The Liyhl-llousc. 
 
 
 < Tfl ''^^'^ '" ^'''•<' funl iin|>ortaiit'c to the five Exhiliitioii hiiild- 
 in^s alfcady <li'scrilK'(1 is the edilice ortctcd and coii- 
 tfollfd hy tlio }:;('iieral <:;()Vonimt'nt ut' the United States. 
 ^\^ Jt is h)eated on Jieliiioiit avenue, north of Maehineiy 
 Hall, IVoin whieh it is separated by tho lake. It is 
 constnieted in the Ibnn of a cross, with ofliees bnilt in the eon- 
 cavities of the anj^h's. Tiie main stem of the cross, or nave of 
 the bnildinjij, is ibnr hnnthvd and eiiihty liet loni^, and tho 
 arms, or transept, three huixh'od and forty feet h)n<;. This is 
 clear of the entranee, whieh will protrnde ten leet finther on 
 each end. The btiilding rises to a hei<fht of two stories in tho 
 main j)ortions of the cross, the upper story havini; for its sides 
 loni; rows of windows whieh act as sl<yliirhls flir the bnildiiiiL;;. 
 Spans run clear across tho edifice, supporting the roof with tho 
 
 013 
 
1 
 
 
 ;ii 
 
 iia' 
 
 i 
 
 544 
 
 TIIF ILLUSTRATED IIISTOKY 
 
 aid of rows of coluiiius built alonLj; tlio main aisle. The whole 
 •K'sijrii, while very .stroiiLr, has the iti)j;enranee of litilitiu-s, no 
 heavv work heiii^ visil)h' anv where. Jii the middle of tiic 
 Itiiildiiii;, ill the centre of (he aii>::les of the cross, is a dome sur- 
 nionnU'd l»y a small cnjioJa, and this atjiiin i)y a llau-stalf. The 
 donu* is octaijoiial in shape, and li<i;litcd all aioimd with win- 
 
 <iows. 
 
 Around it on the olliccs mentioned, as in tlii' aiiLrle; 
 
 are 
 
 f'onr smaller domes of similar dcsijun. The hiiilding is })laeed 
 <in a terrace ahove the snrronndinu; <;i'ounds. 
 
 The outside is handsomely painted, the prevailiiiif tints hei 
 hrowti and wood-color. The lower [jortion, or main body of 
 (lie structure, has a stripe of red at the top ; hencath this are the 
 
 ntr 
 
 WUKlOW 
 
 wlsieh are continuous all around. Then comes a 
 liroad hand of wood-color, with a neat yellow fiixnre placed at 
 intervals in it : next a band of dark red, and then the lower 
 
 band iilain. The dome is of 
 
 woo( 
 
 1-col 
 
 or, an( 
 
 I tl 
 
 lese. wi 
 
 th tl 
 
 10 
 
 black composition loof, ijive a subdued but |)lcasin<; ellcct at a 
 di'-lanci'. The prevailiuii; color inside is wood-cohir, all the 
 lower part bcini; so; biu it is relieved by small i>tl bands, iiiLcr- 
 s|)crM'd with neat geometrical liuurcs. 'I'he ceiliiiu,s dt' both the 
 ItiiiMinLr and dome are painted a tlark blue. The main ieature, 
 bowcvcr, consi>ts (cf the sides of the bnildiiiii;, which aie divided 
 into panels, and these a<:'ain are .sulxlivided into diamond shape. 
 V/M'U panel covers much space, and in the centre of each of its 
 iliamonds or ht/cnijes is painted the emblem of the (h^partment 
 of the uovcrnincnt there represented. The .Aurieultural IJureaii 
 with stalks of corn and wheat around it; the 
 
 las a plow 
 
 1 
 
 Iiit( 
 
 ited b 
 
 erior I'cpartnient lias a how and arrows, sunnoimted hy a 
 tomahawk ; the Smithsonian Institute, the .skull of an animal, 
 t'ueirclcd v.ith a wreath ; the Army, by the lictors' rods and axe; 
 the iNavy, an anchor an«l cable; the Treasury, a shield, with 
 scales, and beneath a key; and the Post-Oflice, the wings of 
 ]\[ercury, a telegraph |>ole and a letter. The fisheries are reeog- 
 iiizc(l l»y a writhing fish impaled with a tridi'iit. These designs 
 nil? i:niumer:ible aiul are very pretty. 
 
 The main entrance is (piitc handsome. It rises to a peak, 
 anil liiu an immense window and circular top. C'olimujs stand 
 
OI' TllK CKNTK.NMAl, KXIIIinri N, 
 
 .) |.) 
 
 y of 
 
 i the 
 
 I OS a 
 
 owcr 
 
 I the 
 t i\t a 
 
 II the 
 
 inliT- 
 
 li the 
 
 iturc, 
 
 idocl 
 
 hupe. 
 
 )f its 
 
 incnt 
 
 lUVilU 
 
 the 
 
 hy a 
 
 iinal, 
 
 axe ; 
 
 with 
 
 rS of 
 
 tooo<;- 
 
 moaU, 
 lstai»J 
 
 on tach side, restinji" ou hir'j^o jkhU'sIuIs. lt\ the cohiiuiis arc 
 panels, and on these, in relief, is a irrnnp of stanchtrds eiosseil 
 over a drnni, on each ^;de ul' w lii<'h are eannnn l)alls. The doors 
 of th(> main entiaiie(> !-t;uid ont iVoni the l)iiil(nn<:-, and are litleen 
 feet hi<rh. 'lliis ediliee is (h'.-iiiiu'il for the e\liilii:ioii of the 
 resonrees of the I'nited Slates as a war-power and ils internal 
 resources in time of pea«'e. 
 
 Tlie u'rounds aroniid the hnildiuix !""e handsomely laid oil". 
 The space immediately adjoiniii::; the edifice i■^ occupied with a 
 display ol' heavy ordnance and other ohjeets too lari:e ('<r c\Ii;iu- 
 tion within the i)iiildinir. 
 
 On th 
 
 e east side of the hnildin^ is a sample monitor tmrct, 
 su(>h as is used in the iron-clad monitors of the I'liitctl States 
 navy, il is conslrncted of wood, and is a elevi'r imitation of 
 iron. ]t contains two formidahle lifteen-inch <;iim<, and is pio- 
 vid(Ml with every detail necessary to tlx; showin;;' of its praitiial 
 workii)!:'*. The turret is exhihited l>y the Navy 1 )e|(arlnu iit, 
 which also displays a i'ormidahle l)alterv of ship and hoat ^inis 
 of all sizes and |)atteri\s, of hrass and iron. I'ach one is mounted 
 
 d with 
 
 and e(piippe»| as wlien m active service, and is accoiupaniei 
 a mnnherol specimens ol' the shot and shell ii-eil with i;. TIic^m 
 truus occupy the space to the south of the hiiildinij'. Here aUo 
 the Navy I)e|)artment e.xhihits the lioat " I'altli," which was 
 used hy the first (Irinnel Arctic Iv |a'ditioii under liicnleuant 
 1 )e llaveu,and the second (JrinucI M\pe<lilion under l)r. I!. K. 
 
 vane, 
 
 This was one of the thre( hoats in which K:uie in !S.")S. 
 
 uiion a 
 
 hand 
 
 onint:; the 
 
 Advi 
 
 ince 
 
 pn 
 
 .hed 
 
 with 
 
 II 
 
 le survivors 
 
 and -itorcs of the expedition eighty miles (tver ice to the open 
 >ea, and tlieuce nearly one thousuid miles to l)isc(>. It \\a> 
 lirouirht home i)y ('aptain Ifartsene, I'nitetl Stalo navy. 
 
 ilci'c also is the hoat maile out of the wreck i»f the " Polaris," 
 ill which apart of Iter I'l'ew escaped in .lune, ls7"J. and in which 
 they were picked up l)y the Scotch whahr " Uaveii-iraig," afit r 
 their lonji; and perilous voyap' in il. 
 
 Near tlie southeastern corner nf tlie huildiiej- the I'ost-OlVi 
 
 CO 
 
 iK'partment exhihits two postal-car>, one i-f the style u-ed hv 
 the New York ('<iitral, the other ihe ear u-< d hv the |Niiii-vl- 
 
 :« 
 
 I 
 
 til 
 
 i i 
 
 II 
 
 i 
 
I 
 
 II 
 
 If" 
 
TIIK < FMr.NNIAI, i;X IIIIllTlf>N. 
 
 17 
 
 vMiii.'i l»;iilroa<l. Tlu'sc show lln' style oCcar used liy llic m'cat 
 fniiik I'onds of (lio I iiioii llir ihc fasf mail service, and illii-trate 
 tlie entire inetliud of" assort injj;, reeeivinj^ and deliveriiii; the mails 
 
 The ears rest ii|ioii a section (A' 
 
 w line tlie t ram is in m(»tioii. 
 
 .1 t 
 
 railroad traek laiil in the r) 
 
 th 
 
 ea*' 'till manner and lieavilv hal 
 
 lasted with stone. This is :i >|i(!eial exhiliit made hy the I'eiin- 
 ^vlvania Kailroad, and is desisrued a- a s|teeimen of its own 
 track and t<) show what a wi-ll-hiiilt road sh(»iild he. 
 
 To the westward ol'the [)ostal-car> the .\av\ |)e|iarlmeiit ex- 
 hihils the iVame lniildin<;s and in>lrninints n>ed li\ tiir A nieriean 
 expedition in the ohscrvation ol'the transit ol' \'eiiii<, Dieemlter 
 «-!>, 1.S7I. 
 
 On the north side of the huildini; the eiejineer section ol' the 
 War |)e|tartment makes an interesiiiej; exhibit ol'.i lirid<;'e train, 
 with pontoons, wa!j;ons, etc., and a larn;c di-pjay olarmv wairons 
 is made hy the <piarterinaster's hraneh of I he service. ( )n tiie east 
 side of the bnildini:' (he War Department exhiliit- its lieavv ord- 
 nance. Here are a hii^e ten-inch Woodhridj^e rille ltwii, wliieji 
 uses a charge of seventy pounds ol' powder with a Iimii- hnii(ired 
 pound hall, and a twelve-inch Thompson rille, weiijliiiit: sl.L'SO 
 pounds, lirinu; !i six hundred pound shot, lor which oii<' Inindied 
 and twenty pounds o| powder are n-ed. 'I'lie lallcr i-> a Itreaeh- 
 
 .f tl 
 
 (»ader, and one of the most interesting iiuus in the i'-\liilnlioii 
 
 hill 
 
 CI 
 
 ose l)V IS a 
 
 thirti 
 
 een-inch sea-coast mortar, which ii-csaiwo 
 
 hun(h*ed pound shell. A StitcliU'c rille itreach-loadiiiL!: i;nn is 
 also shown. It ihos a two huiuh'ed and thirty p<»iiiid -hot and 
 fortv-five pounds ol powder. The mo-l liirmidahle ;^nn in the 
 eolleetion is I he twenty-inch Ikooman. which i- a mii/./lc-loadcr, 
 and fires a one thousand and ei;j:hty pound hall, with a charge 
 (if two hundred jK»unds of powder. 
 
 At the northeast corner of the hiiildinij; are two vertical eii- 
 jjiiies which snpj)ly (he motive! power Ibr the machinery within 
 the hall. 
 
 The cost of the huihlin^ and of the dis|)lay of the articles it 
 cnafaius was provided (or by an appropriation by Congress 
 iMi th" od of March, 1875. The amount appropriate*! nvjuj 
 ^.">or),(j()(l, an<l it was expressly provided (hat nut more than 
 
'fr»mitii*iJu^ 
 
 IS 
 
 I in; iM.isi w.v I'Ki* iiisiouv 
 
 
 m 
 
 t| 
 
 • ^1 
 
 I 
 
 11 
 
 ''•' 
 
 »• 
 
 $ir)0,ooo siioui.i i)(> ("xpciK 
 
 If'd in llio ronslnicfion of ll:( Imild- 
 
 int;. Thr actual (-(.sf of tlw cdirKv was Sll(),(H'<'- '''•>'■ "«'«'•' 
 <p!U'(> is (livitlcd ainoiit^ the various dcpartiiu'iits as follows: 
 
 To tlif W.ir I> lurtniriil ll.'JOd 
 
 To tlic Niivy I). |i:irtiiii 111. 
 'l"o tllr llilfliol- I),li:irlinilil.. 
 'I'd llu' 'l'rc:i<uiv |)i'i>;iitin(Hl. 
 
 To till' I'ost-OHicf l»i|iailiiuiil. . 
 'i'o tilt' Sitiitlisoiiiaii lii>litutiuii, ii.i 
 Til tlif .\nrinilliii:il l>i ii:irliiii lit. . . 
 
 Imliiiu till' |'"i-li ( ■..iiiiiii"i«iii 
 
 :io.i;ti«) 
 :'.,(U]() 
 :;,■-()() 
 
 jC.tlOl) 
 
 (i.noo 
 
 T<.|,il «l,'i»><> 
 
 '["he main Iim.Iv .>(' tin' hiiildiii^ and it- li':iii~i pi aio liavri-scd 
 iiti-allv l>v walks, wliirli cfoss in tlir ('ciidc niidcf tli<' idliinda. 
 
 or lanlcfii, (■fu-~iii 
 
 o- the intci-scrtioii. Tlir |iiiiiii|ial ai'in ol" tlif 
 ci-o— ('<)n>i>ts of llii-t'(> aisles, wliicli liav<' sidi'-li<:lils licinalli lli<' 
 cave-, tilt' iTiiti-al aisle fi-ino; nlitivc tlif side aisles and liaviiiLr 
 venliltUors at the eonih. Tlu' li-an-eiil litis lail a '-itiiilf ai-le. 
 
 Knterinu- tlif luiiltlin^ we liiitl it oiif of tlif lKlnd^onlf~t and 
 iiKwt atli-a-tivf of tlif !L,M'i'iit halls ol' the Kxhiliilioii. It is ta>lf- 
 litllv |»:»intftl, as litis hfcii said, and is piyly dfeor.attd with Hairs 
 and strfanifi's, dr;i|)fd tintl fe-tooiifd ovcrhfiid. 
 
 7//(' Po.^l-OJl-r Drpnrfmenl. 
 
 ( '(1111111' iK'ino- out' tour of t'\|iIoration at ihc Mnitli door, we 
 jxive oiii atlfiition 'it-l lo the rosl-Olli -f l>f|i!iftiiieiit, whieh 
 (M'eii|iit'- a portion hf soiitlifa>tfi-n j-eelioii of llif hiiiMiiii:. 
 
 It lies ea-t of the trad-fpt, hut <lofs not retieh tjuite to tlif iiavf 
 of the luiildinu;. 
 
 The prineiptd portion is lahen up with die rnsl-ajjlfi m tin 
 Cnliniiiiil F.xhihiUnti. It is eon-l fueled of iilai'k waliiul and 
 [date izl:i~-. :iiid i- fill 'd up in the hamUoine^t >lyle. All hller- 
 liM- the aniiv of fxhihilois tind cniployt'^ cniititifd within tin' 
 
 'n>unih .'irf I'fffivft 
 
 I and delivered fi'tiin thi> ollii 
 
 'II 
 
 ifi'f 1- 
 
 a system of li>»'U-l)oxfs, a <jfnfral dflivfiy aiitl ;i < .;rrif r's de- 
 partment, each of which is tlfsionetl a> a -pecinifii (H" tlii- 
 hi'iinch ol' the M-rvicf. Moii'V onleiv-. holh dtnncstic ;ind 
 li)i'eigi), arc is>ilfd ami |>aid here, tuid there is al^o a dcptiil- 
 
oi' riir, (KN ir.NM \i. i;xniitrrinN. 
 
 r>IO 
 
 iia- 
 
 (KlU 
 ,M|() 
 
 ,,oo<> 
 
 >,•.■»•>< ■•I 
 (.1' tllf 
 
 nil the 
 li:iviu<i 
 
 lis la>tt'- 
 tli lliiir^ 
 
 wliirli 
 iirildinvr. 
 ilu- ii:iv>' 
 
 ,,/■ tlh 
 Inut :nni 
 
 |lliii» tl'>' 
 iri\<'n' i~ 
 tier's •It- 
 (,r tlii> 
 Istic :ui«l 
 |i lU'iKirl 
 
 nu'nt (tf njfi-tcnd Idfcrs. Tlif nllicr is a lir:iiirli of lln' I'liila 
 (l«l|ilii;i I'n-^l-i )nii<', ami i< in chaitx*' <>f' I'Msliiiuslcr Kainiuin 
 ;ilii| l S|M'<'illl Hilri' III' I'li'l'lis. The ir(l\ l'||||||(|ll li:is |ir(»\ itlctl a 
 
 -jtrciiil slaiii|M(| tiivt|o|ic, wliidi may lie jiiiifliascd licrc, as a 
 -oilVi'liil' n\' till' {•Aliiltitinii, ami wliicli is ^;(mk| lur jxistafrc all 
 
 iivcr 
 
 III.' I 
 
 iiiiiii. 
 
 rill- railway mail service is >li(»\vn li\ llie iiu>lal ears witliniil 
 the Imililiii'j:, lu wliieli we liave alluded, and l»y small models 
 iii>ide tlic liiiiidiii^^r. 
 
 Tlie '/'iiii(ii/i<ijt/iifiif hirisidii exiiiliils a >ei ie^ ol' >-|tleildid 
 railway and ^iiiiial |M»stal route nia|>s, and map- -linwint^ tlii' 
 jiicatidn III' till' iiKiney urdei- ddieo. 
 
 riie IHrisiiiii of /iiiohs iiinl lihtiihx exililiils s|Heimr||s (if all 
 
 tlie liiMiks, lilanks, etc., letter scales, markinii and ratinn stamps 
 ilM'd liy the department. 
 
 The Mdi/ i'.ijuijiii\(iil l}'iri fill III e.\liil»it> leather punches I'ttr 
 litter mail>, caiiva- l>aL^> (i»r [irinlcd and iiii-eillaiieons matt«'r; 
 also reiii-lei'cd lett<'r mail lia^^s, mail luck> nl' the pailern mtw 
 in ii-e, and tlin>e which were li»rmerlv u-cd Inil have lieeii 
 thmwii aside l»v the departiiient. 
 
 I'rnm the Sliiiiiiis, Sliiiiijuil i'.unlniti' iiikI I'lisfal ( \inl l>i- 
 ri.^ioii we have a cdiiiplele e.\liil»it of all the stain|t<, stamped 
 envelopes and |K>stal cards ever u>i-d l>y the departiiniil, and 
 .s|M'eimeii< of I'eni-li red letter env<'|npes atld posl-oHicc (ijlieial 
 
 It i> a machine in (iperatiuu 
 
 envelopes now in ii-e. | ji re al^ 
 
 which cnts, liild-, -taiii|is, i;niii- and counts stamped eii\elopes, 
 taking: the paper in roll- and tnriiiiii^ it out in pack- o|' coin- 
 I pictid and stamped envelopes; and anothir eiina;Li' d in the 
 
 iiiaimliictiire of po-tal cards. 
 
 Around the wall- of the space occupied liv the I'o-iOllieo 
 |)e|tartm(,'nt ::\\' huiiif portraits of the |io-ima-ici -Hi .nval of 
 llie various pi-riods of .»ur history; iind in a <:la— ca-e i> e.\- 
 liil)ited the I d^c". u.-ed l»y Henjamin I'lanklin while po>L- 
 
 iiiiiiSter-iit'iK'rul it the North American coloi 
 
 lie. 
 
 The Agricidtural Drpaiinicnf. 
 
 The exliiliit <»f the Airrieiiltiiial I >i partinent i.-, jar^e and 
 
 ill 
 
f 
 
 , 
 
 
 5oO 
 
 THE ILLIJSTHATKI) IIISTOUV 
 
 oxiiaiistlvo, !ui(l is njiulc mnv v in li:in<lsom(» j^hiss .siiow-cjisc: 
 
 WW si/c, 
 
 Till,' Stfttisficdl /)ii-i.si()H C'xliil)it.s Itvrgo oiitlino ina|)s of tho 
 Unitod States, sliowiiij^ lorcst areas; the extent and value of 
 farming lands, and amount of prcjduction, by ('(unities ; eliarts 
 and diagrams showing the amount of spe(!ial |)ro(hicts, l)y sec- 
 tions, and statistics of (In-m animals, and other matters relating 
 
 These maps are 
 ors, which are 
 
 to the agrieuittn-al industries of the eountrv, 
 
 aiu 
 
 1 eol 
 
 divided into spaces of dilferent size; 
 
 arranged and numbered with rel'erenee t(» a earel'ully adjusted 
 
 schedule printed in one corner of each map. 
 
 The ('III iiiicd/ I>irls!i)n cxhihits specimens of soils arranged 
 in the order "of their geological ibrmation, ('omj)rising marls, 
 wdcareous earths, green sand and phosphatie marls. Then 
 come j)hosphatic rocks, animal and vegetable lertili/ers, and a 
 cond)ination of tiie three in a manuliictured state. The next 
 f(.'atui-e, th(- utilization of vegetable j)roducts, is illustrated by 
 means of specimens, beginning with the product in its natural 
 state and proci-edlng thrniigh the various stages of manulacture 
 to the linished article. It comprises the manufacture of Hour, 
 
 m(.>al and starch from cereals ; of suirar from c 
 
 uie 
 
 beet-root. 
 
 maj)le luid sorghum, and exhibits m(Mlels of the machinery used 
 in the manufacture of these. The fi'mientation is shown of 
 starchy substances iVom which beer, ale and poiter are made, 
 and also the distillation of whiskey. A model still and ])lans 
 of notable American distillei'ies are exhibited. Then are seen 
 the fermentation and distillation of sugar, molasses and fruits, 
 resulting in a comj)lete set of samples of American wines, these 
 in turn beint/; distilled and converted into brandv. Following 
 
 uj) the systematically arranged display, the visitor witiu>sses t!ie 
 jireservation of fruits and vegetables by hermetically s(!aling in 
 
 t'l 
 
 iss or tin, |)ackiiig in sugar and syru|), or desiccation ; th 
 
 manuliuturc, with the jussistance of leaves, barks, herbs and 
 ro(»ts, of concentrated extracts from hemlock or oak ; the manu- 
 facture of dye-stutfs ; the distillation of dry wood by lieating in 
 (']ose(l retorts, free from air ; the manuficture of |)yroligneon- 
 acids, acetate of lead and other iiretates used as mo|'(laiits in ihc 
 
root, 
 used 
 u of 
 lUiulo, 
 ])hins 
 ! si'on 
 Viiits, 
 
 tlu'sc 
 owinu; 
 SOS ihc 
 inp; in 
 
 ; llu" 
 )S aii*l 
 nmnii- 
 
 glU'OllS 
 
 ^ ill tin; 
 
 n 
 
 OI' TIIK ri,.\ THNMAl, KXIIIIUTION. 
 
 :>l 
 
 process of <iy('!n<ji; : tlic ni;niiil:i('tiin> oi Imon, cotton ati<l woollon 
 «r>»o(ls, ]>;i[)er, tolKicco tuid siitiiV; of vcj^ctaltlc oils, and iVom 
 ilicsc in turn of liincy -^oai), an<l also of the citrlitcrn dill'-rcnt 
 essential »)ils that ('oni|irise the whole nuinlwr maimfactiired in 
 
 LlllS CO 
 
 untry, 
 
 Then fliilow an illustration of the manuliieturi 
 
 ol butter and cheese; a sjK'cinien of phosphate roek from South 
 Carolina, weiifliinj^ llo(» pounds, tuid a display of iiiater'a 
 luijdica, separated either in the ei-ystalline firm, the oil o? tl»' 
 resin from the active proximate principle.'' 
 
 The lluUniifiil Division is perhaps the richest and m<»st coni 
 j)lete in the de|)artment. Tiie (lisj)lay of the wood o;rowin M 
 the coinitry is exhaustive. At the i'oot of the cases stan«l many 
 hundred sections of loj^s, ov.rhead in the ease l)ein<; specimens 
 of the f(>lia,u:i' of their respective trees. Next to Ilorticrdlnral 
 lltill and grounds this spot alllirds the botanist the greatest 
 delight which the Centennial can give liim. I'^roin the suh- 
 t -opical growth of the Culf and Southwestern States up to the 
 liardy conifene of Elaine and the Northwest there is not a tree 
 of importance which is n(»t here represented. The patience c\ 
 the curious is sorelv taxed in counting; the rinirs of old sta<re?"s 
 that had reached the hey-<lay of their growth two huuilred 
 years before Cohun bus first saw (Juanahani, and of some that 
 had doubtless sheltei'ed wearv alxiritfines while Icon's of I'^"an<t 
 
 w 
 
 as battlintr for the cross in Palestine. Most of tin 
 
 IMtflot- 
 
 ing specimens were obtained from the Sierra Nevaila mountain.-^ 
 in California. The ])rincipal of those of wlii(!]j accurate ^iaii>tic; 
 
 fbll 
 
 l)ilie, 1 To feet lii'ih 
 
 can l)e given are as lollows: one ot a sugar | 
 
 and 27 feet in circumference at the base, and oS.S yeai-s old thi' 
 
 section having been made at a diameter t>f 7 feet 2 inche> ; one 
 
 of 
 
 I soft, white j)ine. 
 
 l;{() feet hiiih, 2-") feet in eirctnn fere nee at 
 
 ■ ,-5 " ' 
 
 the base, and 510 years old, the section having been maile at a 
 diameter of G {'{.'ni f{ inches, and one of a red silver fir, 1<)2 fee' 
 high, 30 ft'et in diameter at the base, taj)ering for 1<)() ('('1 
 before the first branch was reached, and '"592 vears old. \\\ 
 
 these trrew on the Sierra Nevada 
 
 X. 
 
 Tl 
 
 icre IS also <ine 
 
 >i a 
 
 twisted j)ine fniin the U tcky mountains, 12."] feet hiixli, 22 I ft 
 
 in diameter at the baM', and 2!l7 vears oKI. 
 
 euriuus ex 111 oil 
 
 Mil 
 
1 li 
 
 I 
 
 It 
 
 111: 
 
 
 r>r)2 
 
 Tin: ri.i.isii! \TKi» itisinuY 
 
 for most folk in flic Midillc S(;it( < i-; tliiif of llic many varieties 
 of native oak and the reniarkaMe want of resenililance anionic 
 tlieni in reu^U'(l to foliaj^e, the Ian-hark (»ak of ( aliloniia, I'm- 
 instance, havinji; velvety, \viIlo\v-.->ha|n(l leave-:, while tho.-e A' 
 the i»la<k-iack oak of the Southern Atlantic States arc hcll- 
 .-liapcd. In the j;rain of the wood, aUn, the >aine wide di- 
 veri^cncy exists. While the eaflon livcddi ul" the Sonthwcnt 
 has a smooth hark and tine jxraiii, the |)(i>t <»ak of this renion is 
 iiiirLred holh in hark and i;rain. 
 
 The Mlcniscdiilca/ /tlrisinu cxhihils a series (if water-color 
 (h'awin<;s rcpiocntinj; the family ol' ( ryptoiiamia, with niai;- 
 nilied s|»orc.-, sJinwinLl 'I'*' several statics of tin- varions diseases 
 to which they are --nhject ; aUo |)rciianitions ilhistratinj^ the 
 charaeteristi' s of |)oiM)nons and cdihic nnislir(M)ins commun tj 
 the I ititid Stales; ilhisi ralion> displaying; the varied character 
 ot" the starch grannies ot" plants; drawiiitjs and illn>trations ex- 
 piaininLT the method of di>lini;iiishiiiLC ve;/etahle and animal 
 ti!)rcs, their kiml and (piality; drawings di>playinLC vejfclahlc 
 iuid animal cellnlose and starches, and illn>tratinif methods of 
 detcetin;^ them in oruani/ations. 
 
 The I'!iif()iiio/n«/!(ii/ hirlsloii contains collections of njodels of 
 the fniit.> and vcL:ctahle> ol'thc I'nilcil States; sfnlfed specimens 
 of hiril-, hcneficial and injui'ions to farmers an<l on-hardists ; 
 -tnlfcd |iccim< ns of the varioij types of poultry of this country ; 
 a collccliuii of the j^rains ami cereals of the I'nion; a cfdjeetion 
 of the tc\iilr liihrics of th(. I'nited Slates, with specimens of 
 their mamdiictnre ; sp-ciincus ol tohacco iVoin dilfcrcnt lol>acc<i- 
 
 irodncniLi' ^^''^ 
 
 lion- of the I'nited Stales; an<l a mounted collec- 
 
 tion (tf liencfnial and injin-ions insects. 
 
 The I f(ir/irii/tiir(i/ hirislnn cxhihils sp( cimcns of eronoinie an«l 
 ntili/ahlc | dan Is, showini; methods of n row I h, cid in re, etc., }.m ipc-, 
 
 cotton, tohacco, ilax, hroom c( lai, jnte, corij, sorghum, \ nc( i 
 (ihres, etc. 
 
 The Interior Department. 
 
 The exhihit of the [ntciior I)cpartinent occupies ihv soufh- 
 wesl section of iIm' hnildin;.'. and is large and inti rcsling. /'h<' 
 most of the articles are shown in glass cases. 
 
OF Tin; « T.NIKNMAF, KX II I 111 IK .\. 
 
 .o:).'. 
 
 Tlic PdUnt f)jliir. — 'llic (li»|»l!iy iicidf liy tliis, tlio f)l<l('Ht ami 
 l">t kimwii liiiiiicli (if (III' Intirinr I )('|i;irtim'iit, is l:ir;jt' ami 
 rxcccdiii^ly iiiliTc^iiii^'. V\v>l (A' nW arc >-lin\\ii the |Mil»lir!itioii- 
 mC the ollict', (•(ni*i>liii;f III' tlic annual nimiis, iilliiial ^jazcttc; 
 index to |iatiiils, I't'nciai ami yraily ; vnlnnio nl" |>ai(ii(y, 
 imttitlily ami wrckly ; (|rri>iiins uf tin' < ■|iniinl--liim r nl" I'ntcnts ; 
 iiici'liaiiii'al tlii'tiiinary ; ami olliiial rla^-iHiaiinii. 
 
 A .st'lcctcd s('rii'«. (ir(!(i,ii(i() dfawinjfs cd' nuidfl-i, and a scltrlcd 
 series of 5()()() niodil-, all canliilly clinsrii riuni llie va>t eullec- 
 tiunsuf tlu' I'atent ( )Hii(', are sliowii to serve in illustration of 
 the work of lli(> olliei'. 'liny einltrai'e the litllow iiiL; ejasse". : 
 a^rieulinre, liarve>ti'i'>, mills ami presM's, arehiteetiire, eivil 
 eii^^ineerin;;, railway^, navigation, inetalliirL'y, iiu'lal-worlvine, 
 WMiid-woikinLi', vteaiii, livdraiilies, |mi' iimatie-, ineclianieal inove- 
 Mient<, hoisting, hoi-ri'-jMiwcr-, Jonrnals and heariiijfs, vehicles, 
 lirc-an.i-;, textile, prinlimj; and stationci-y, ^tone, clay, 'ulass, 
 lealla r, li^lit, heat, electricity, household, chcnii>try, ^as, ice, and 
 line art<. l']\tciidini; over so wide a ranjic, tlie*e models alVnrd 
 a tiiir >lntu inn' of the in;j;cnuity and success of our counlry in the 
 inventive arts, and i"urni>h food (iir months ol" *imly. Ihe 
 exliiliii i-' adniirai>Iy classilied, and if a man uaiit^ lo liml a model 
 of a cciiaiii titove, he has only to look in the divi-ion ol' Inal ; 
 it' 111' wants to find a certain rca|»cr, he will find it in ihc divi- 
 ^i(•!l of aiiriculture ; and so on throuuhont the list. 
 
 The National .Mu-ciini in ikcs a deeply intcre-iiiiM .yliiliii ,,[' 
 a ca-c filled with relics of the illn>tiion- !\ath«r nt' hi- ( onmiy. 
 Tins (•oii-i-.t of the camp cijuipaiic and other ailirji- ii>ed liy 
 (ieiieial \\'a-hin;^ton dnriiiiX the Wcvolntioii. They are ju-l a- 
 lie lift ihirii at the clo-c of the war, and were t:iveii lu ihe 
 ^reiicral '^overnim Ml fur -afe-kecpin;^ after hi- death. Here are 
 tlie teiii- '.vliich coii-iiiiilcd Mic hiad-<|narleis in the fnld of the 
 j/ri'af Hfldier. 1% very cord, every l)Utton,and tent-pin is in it.s 
 place, for he was ( iirefnl of little fhinirs. Hi- lilankct-i, the hed- 
 c^rtaiii worked for him hy his wife, and liis window -curtain, arc 
 all in an excellent state of pn servalion. Tl"' 'hairs arc in |»er- 
 Icct order, not a round l»ciiij(( );;(/keii ; and Hie linle sipiare mirror 
 in his divssin<j;-ca>e i> not ove/; /'packed, fjtff wa>hstand und 
 
 '.t 
 
 Ui 
 
i 
 
 I 
 
 554 
 
 Till', 11,1.1 silt Mi:i» IIISTOUV 
 
 tuliK.' arc also well kept. His knili'-caM' is Hlli*! willi |t!alii, 
 liuni-liaiitllf knives ami forks, which were deem") 1 'Vood eii«iiii:li 
 
 li)i' hiiM 
 
 iiid hi» iiios ( last I- a curidsiiv 
 
 it 
 
 il 
 
 isu plain woollen 
 
 Inink covered with leather, with a coniinoii h<ck, the has|> of 
 which is hrokeii. It is divided hy thin partitions of wood into 
 the ncr("«>;irv coni|iartnients, which arc lilird with hottlcs still 
 Mtained with the li<|nids they once held, tin plates, common knives 
 and forks, aii<l other arlicli-s pertaining; to such an cstahli-hmeiit. 
 His cdokin;,' ntcn>ils, licllows, aiuliroiis, and money chest, all of 
 which went with him from l>o.'ton to Yorktow n. arc in this case, 
 II. 
 
 ere al.>o lianas tin; snit ol cloliics worn hy liini n|)on the iK-ca- 
 sittn of his ri'si;^nation of his connnis-ion at Amia|iolis, in ITS.'J, 
 and here is the commission which he j^ave hack tn ( 'iin;:ress, 
 hen he had coin|)Ictcd his ^reat work. A hrll lanl< rn and 
 ■veral articles frnm Mouii! N'ernon, a "travelh:iir secrctarv," 
 
 w 
 
 i*i 
 
 N\'ashiiiu,ton's sword and cane, and a snrvevor 
 
 s comoas- 
 
 ire 
 
 hcntcd l»y him to Captain Saimiel I)nvall, tin surveyor <>( 
 Frederick county, Maryland, arc in the same case. 
 
 'i his collectinn incltidc> al>o the coat worn hy Andiv'w .lackson 
 
 at the haltle (tf New Orleans, and the war-saddle ol the IJai 
 
 <le KmIIi; a havmiet u-'cd hv one of liraddock's soldiers, ano 
 found n|>on the fatal held of the Moiion;^ahela ; |)aneU of the 
 state! cuMi'h of President W ashiiititon , two splcnditllv mna- 
 n>ciitc»l nuiskets presented to President .IclVerson hy the Miiiperor 
 of Morocco; a copv ol" the medal awarded hy ( 'oniire>- lo thf 
 (•aptiiis of Major Andre; a nnmher of splendid sahrcs picseiiiMl 
 to ollicials of the I'nitcd States navy hy Ali l'a<'ha and other 
 eastern sovcreiiiiis ; and a inoilel ot' an invention liir liftini; 
 stcamhoats (»vcr tin sand-hars of western rivers, dcsii^ned hy 
 Ahraham Lincoln in IMID. Had Mr. liincoln, the!\ an oh<cnre 
 Western lawvcr, succeeded with this invention, it would have 
 
 made lum indcpent 
 
 Icnih 
 
 w 
 
 ealtliv. it liiiled, however, and 
 
 twelve years later he hecaine President of the I'niteil Stales. 
 l>nrin!Lj the interval, the motlcl lay for^(»tt«'n in the Pat.ni 
 ( XVk'c ; hilt after his inantj;nration. President Lincoln ^i>\ (»ncot' 
 the cinployi's of the olliec (o lind it liir him. .After his assassina- 
 tion it was placed in the case containing,' the NN'asliin^'ton relies. 
 
OF Till", CKNTKNMAI, KX M I III IK >\. 
 
 .").).') 
 
 77ir I'funif»i Oj)l<-r txliil)ii.s its aiimial Kports, and tlic stritis- 
 \\i< oC its operations, together with some roih-etions nl' historic:)! 
 iiiicii -t lehitiiij; to the war of the Kevohitioii. 
 
 Tin (i< mi'dl Liiml (fjllci' e\hil»its its annnal nporls, volinne;* 
 of the laws of ( 'onj^ros rehu,,ij^ to the pnMie himU, ihi^M-.^i- of 
 
 the (ieeisions (»f the ( 'oininis>'ioner, an<l other doennitnt- 
 
 It 
 
 displays also map-, eliarts, and atlas ot .-iirveys, tnivellaneons 
 eoMeetions, and instruments and proeesscii oinploye<l in thi* hmd 
 survey. 
 
 Thf Iii'liiiii (fjlic iuaki's the larjf* -I and most interesting 
 
 hniiiling. It emhraees the reports 
 
 i'\ 
 
 hiltii 
 
 ill this se'tion '»f tiie 
 
 and other pn'yiieatioii> i the oltiee, inapsoftiie lixlian ile^erva- 
 tion.^, |)hot'i<j;raplis and paintiii;:- ol the Indians, their nio<|e ot' 
 lil'e. liahits, ete., (u-i nines of inahs and ftuiah's, weapon- "|" war, 
 models of wigwams, tents, <'anoes, domesti< utensil-, an<l speci- 
 mens of the arts and niannliictiires (»!' the trihes. ( "aptain .lack, 
 Split OaU, I>nll Hatchet, ( Inmsy MiK'casiii and other famous or 
 nhscure Indian hravc- arc hen in all the glory of lill'-size papier- 
 maclh' and stnlliiii:', streaked on the face with red paint, ami 
 wearing the liea<l-drcss of I'eatiiers. 
 
 Some of them a|)pcar to take pains in <lisplaying their neck- 
 lace- of gri/./lv hears' claws, other- their Ix It- full nl .lani:ling 
 scalps, and still a third nnmher deerskin tunic.-, and l>recchc>, 
 and a lavish dccorati(»n ot" U-ad and shell work. Sheet Light- 
 ning pn le- in a rciiiarkablu .set of ear-drops which, if somewhat 
 dcereaxil in avoirdupois, would make first-rate ear-coiipling> or 
 thunder-holt-; and Irt»n Ureast ga/es grimly from hchiiid a 
 iM-atU'd si-h ot many colors that girds a puny trunk, a I'Mmpc- 
 reiM", from shoulder to waist on tlu' opposite side. The -(piaw- 
 (if the ( aliloi-nian hravcs stand patient-looking ami ready to hew 
 down trees or tinn up an acre or two of wild land with a rude 
 ai|taile-shaped piece of rock, while the lords and masters s(piat 
 away in the huts, cllt'cling a chemical <'hange in tobacco. 'Phesu 
 copper-hued matron.-, and also the unmai'ricd hcllcs, win the 
 admiration of the warriors with necklaces of dried grass, a|>roti« 
 ttf hraided gra— , and short gowns ot' milk-weed tlhre, some of tiie 
 nmtruns adding to their end)ellishment< the pappoo>e ha-ket. 
 
 
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 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
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 Hiotographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WESSTER.N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
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 '^iS 
 
 Mp, 
 
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556 
 
 TIIK ir.LUSTHATKD HISTORY 
 
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 Tlio little, piU'Ucrcd-moutiiod, pujjj-noscHl Ks(jiiiinaiix, witli 
 his slijTJit sprinkling of'a nioiistaclicainl "u'oat,"' is alsoexliihitcil. 
 Anii-in-ai'iu with him, and still more diminutivj than himself*, 
 is his will'. ]5()th are dressed in the white i)ear-skin garment, 
 which is hood and eoat cdmbined. With tin; excei)tion ot" their 
 laees there is hetweeii every portion of their l)odies and the ont- 
 side air a thiekne.>-j of'scveral inches of'non-coi.dncting >ul)stance, 
 and it will bo wonderful if they can stanil a Philadelphia Fourth 
 of July. Proceeding along the passages hounded on both sides 
 by glass show-eases the visitor sees in the latter vessels of plaited 
 willow, resemblii.g baskets, but having the interstices lilled with 
 cement, so as to hold water, arrow-heads varying in size from 
 the bulk of a three-cent silver piece to half that of a man's hand, 
 made of copper, sand-stone, flint, iron, or stones of pretty colors, 
 and bows and arrovs of sizes diili ring to suit all, from tin; little, 
 naked, j)rospective warrioi', who is made to practise against a 
 target, up to the veteran over the door of whose tent hang the 
 scalps of four-score pale faces. 
 
 Tliere is no lack of baskets and cradles of willow, in which 
 kicked and s(pialled many a hard-knocked papjtoosc. The 
 medicine man's rattle is also shown. With this magic apparatus 
 the red-skinned physician rattles the demon of sickness or that 
 raw head and blooily bones, known as the " blues" (a thing the 
 red man often gets), out of patient and out of oa)np. It some- 
 times happens, however, that the rattle proves ineilicacious, but 
 this signifies that the patient is loathsome in the eyes of the 
 Great Spirit, and not that the niediciiK,' n;an is a lioax. 
 
 Passing by the innumerable wooden mush-sticks, iron war- 
 knives, wooden war-clubs and stone spear-heads, the visitor 
 comes to a model of a ])ortion of an ancient cave ruin on the 
 Kio de C'helly, in Arizona ; also a model of an ancient cave town 
 on the same river, and near the same place as the former. These 
 models are in natin'al tints, and the crumbling walls seen within 
 tiie spacious cave are not yet so far gone as to prevent one fronj 
 observing the stamp of a prehistoric and high civilization. The 
 cliff ruin, on the Rio Mancos, Colorado, is also represented by 
 a model, and belongs to the same school as the preceding. 1 here 
 
OF TilK (.ENTENMAI. i:.\ IIIBITION. 
 
 557 
 
 war- 
 lisitor 
 lu tlie 
 town 
 iThcso 
 •itliin 
 t'roin 
 The 
 id by 
 iJhere 
 
 is, besides, a collection of broken potteiy, arrow and s|i('nr-liead.-:. 
 fancy articles of bone, inlaid with shell, and other specimens — 
 all taken from these rnins. Then oorncs a lonj; array of ariicies 
 of bone-snioothin<r tools, wedges, perforators, harpoon heads, 
 fifes and whistles. The objects oi stone are niuirneral)le, and 
 comprise pestles and mortars; a AFexican calendar, which is a 
 circular object, about a foot in liiameter, marked with <oncentric 
 circles enclosinjjj strange symbols, and used by the Aztecs jiretty 
 nuich as a Yankee uses his almanac; gr(K)ved axes, hajumer 
 stones, leaf-shaped implements, tligy;iiig tools, hatchet stones, 
 chisels, gouges, adzes, scraper-like and spade-like implements, 
 net-sinkers, grind-stones, etc. Articles made <>^' copper oi- slu'lls 
 are equally numerous. Tobacco pipes of stmie or clay, and in 
 the shape of dogs, cats, buffaloes, rattlesnakes, fairies or hob- 
 goblins, fill several cases. There are fiendish-looking little 
 household gods made of bone, inlaid with shell, maiH!i;ietnre<l 
 by Alaskan Indians, and knives, spoons, fiirks, etc., excellently 
 carved from bone by the Nushergak Indians of that territory 
 and by the Innuit E.squimaux. A curious feature is a reduced 
 copy of a colossal carving at Fort Simpson, ]>. ('., re])resenting 
 the body and outspread wings of a bird with the head of a dog. 
 The Indian traditii)n is that this was the sacred bird which 
 brought over their ancestors from Asia. Copies of the saiaed 
 bird are found in various forms allt'u'ough Alaska. HaviuL!,- 
 passed through all these and the g-eat luimber of dishes ami 
 trays of carved wood, those executed by the Indians of , Sitka 
 island being of especial merit, the visitor enters into an examma- 
 tion of the methods pursued in and the work accomi)lished i)y 
 the Indian schools, which is deeply interesting. 
 
 In the nave between the sections of the Interior De])art- 
 ment and the Smithsonian Institute is an immense canoe dug 
 out of a single log of wood l)y the Indians of Vancouver's 
 island. It is sixty feet in length, with a breadth of iK'am of 
 eight feet. 
 
 Here, also, arc two large "totem posts," from the Pr.i-ii'c 
 coast. These ])osts are common among the Indian tribes cf 
 that region. To the uninformed, these " totem posts" look like 
 
 ■ ' SI 
 
 jil: 
 
n5S 
 
 THE ITJ.USTRATKD HISTORY 
 
 I! \ i 
 
 I 
 
 I! 
 
 i. 
 
 i! } '■■ 
 
 m. 
 
 rude idols of wood, rrnivd in front of, and t(.\vorinp; liit^li above 
 the houses of tlie nativi's, hu!. in reality tiiey are Udthiuir hut a 
 sort of ilhistrated pcdijiree or faniily tree, or more siuiply, 
 " name posts." The Indian, when he taUes a name for himself 
 from some real or supposed feature in his charaeter, sueli as 
 " The Dove," " The IShark," is aeeustomed to tattoo the rude 
 figure of the anininl suggested by liis name upon his arm or 
 breast. The northwest coast Indian^ still further illustrate their 
 names and family history by erecting in front of their houses 
 tall )>osts of cedar, cut into combinations of human and animal 
 forms. Each of these representations illustrates a generation in 
 the pedigree of the owner. These posts are not worshipped, 
 though they are supposed by the Indians to exercise n protect- 
 ing influence over tluur houses. 
 
 The Kilucaiion Ojficc is in charge of its Coi 'Missioncr, Gen- 
 eral John Eaton. It makes an interesting exhibit of models of 
 country and town school-liouses of the past and present times, 
 and college buildings; specimens of school furniture and appa- 
 ratus; a collection of school text books, showing the progress 
 made in these works from those used at the o[)oning of the 
 century to those in use to-day; catalogues of colleges, schools, 
 and charitable and benevolent institutions ; statistiis of educa- 
 tion in the ITnited States ; the reports and publications of the 
 ofHce; and a number of other matters of interest connected with 
 the progress and present condition of the educational systems 
 of this and other coinitries. 
 
 The Censm Ojficc exhibits a complete set of the Decennial 
 censuses of the United States from 171)0 to 1870, with the 
 " Statistical Atlas of 1870." 
 
 The Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories is 
 shown by the reports and bulletins of the various expeditions, 
 topograjdiical and geographical atlases, wall maps and charts, 
 ])auoramic photographs, paintings, etc. The windows in this 
 section of the hall are filled with photograj)hs of the scenery 
 and geological formations of the vast region between the Koeky 
 and Sierra Nevada mountains. The geological formation of 
 noted peaks, plateaux, and valleys of this region is shown by 
 
OF TIIK ("KN TF.NMAI, FX FlIIUTIOV. 
 
 r,r,9 
 
 nioiins of topograpltical plaster work, variously colored, the 
 colors Leinfz; nunibored witli reference to an explanatory sched- 
 ule. 'J'here are also models of the present condition of tl.e 
 ancient clifV habitations of th(> aliori>i;inal inhahitants of Ari/ona 
 and New ATcxico and models of the same restored. 
 
 ^cnniivl 
 ItU the 
 
 mes is 
 IWtions, 
 I charts, 
 |in this 
 sci-nory 
 lllocky 
 tion of 
 Uvu by 
 
 The Smithsonian Institution ar,d Commission on American 
 
 Food Fishes. 
 
 The exhibit of the Smithsonian Institution is full of interest 
 to the ordinary sight-seer, as well as to the scholar. '^Fhe pid)- 
 licatioi.s of the institution, its contribution to general knowl- 
 edge, and its method of exchange witi) foreign institutions are 
 shown. 
 
 Then follows an exhibit of the Collection io Illnsfrdle tin; 
 Anlmtd licsourecs of the Cidtcd St((t('.'<. This is very complete, 
 and is in charg(! ot AFr. (J. lirowne (loodc. The exiiil»it is 
 dividi'd into l()ur sections. The first section iu<'ludes Xorth 
 American animals which are diredly beneficial or injurious to 
 man. The sp(!cles which supply food, clothing, shelter, imple- 
 ments, materials, or anuisement, are classed as usei'iil, while 
 those which endanger the life or jx'rsonal e<»mfort of man, or 
 <lestroy those animals or plants which are of direct beiielit to 
 him, an? considered injurious. The most prominent gi-onj) in 
 this section is a collection of peiuiepedia, such as fur-seals, sea- 
 lions, hair-seals, hood-seals, sea-e!epliants, and walrus. 
 
 There arc two s|)eciniens of stutl'ed walrus exhibited, om; from 
 the ^sorth Atlantic and the other from the Xorth Pacilic The 
 last mentioned is one of the most striking objects in the colleo 
 tion, a> it is fully fifteen feet in length and possessed of hard, 
 strong horns, almost two icet long. Its lur is of a soi't dark 
 brown, which contrasts strangely with its ferocious appearaiu'o. 
 A harp seal exhibited near is equally ugly, while the monster 
 sea-lion stands with lionine liead and bodv erect, looking' for all 
 the world like some king of the forest suddenly turned into a 
 lion-mermaid or merman. The fur-seals are all beautiful crea- 
 tines, gracefully [U'oportioncd and clothed with t) e soft, rich, 
 brown fur wiiieh gives them so great a commercial value. Near 
 
 si* 
 
 I I 
 
I 
 
 r 
 
 f 
 
 .1: 
 
 I 
 
 
 5G0 
 
 TIIK ILLrsTUATKD HISTOUY 
 
 this colloction is a ^rouj) of fissipcdia, sncli as Iicars, wolv 
 
 ofl. 
 
 f( 
 
 )X('S, etc 
 
 Tlicsi' animals arc classilicil as both iiscCiil and 
 
 injurious to man, sonie oi thcin heiiijf valuable as lood, otiicrs 
 for their fur, ivory, etc., wliilo thoy arc injurious as lu'im; ili" 
 cncmios cither of man or doincslic animals. In this grou|t a 
 maiiuificcnt specimen of tiie grizzly hoar is shown, and also 
 large poiai- hcMf-^. 
 
 A li'w stei)s liiitlier on is an entirely diffen^nt grou)>, com- 
 
 posc( 
 
 1 of 
 
 rcpi'i'sentative species of the ungulata 
 
 Tl 
 
 I ere are 
 
 among tiiese two musk oxen from Arctic Aineiit';i, hotii much 
 resembling the American bison in general a|>peai'ance, but 
 having the horns gi-aeefully curved downwards instead of U))- 
 wards. A pretty prong-liorn antelojic from the Yellowstone 
 river stands near these ferocious looking animals, and iinmedi- 
 
 atelv behind it 
 
 IS a rare spei 
 
 'imcr. of the Ameiican elk. This 
 
 animal stands over five feet ten inches high, while its head 
 towers almost two feet above its body. The antlers stretch far 
 above both, and in spite of their seeming weight and angular 
 lines give the animal an air of grace and lightness combined 
 
 \vi 
 
 th St 
 
 reniftli. 
 
 I 
 
 wo verv homelv Ko.'.vV mi)untani goats ar(> 
 
 sTcn near this noble animal, and the contrast is not comj)li- 
 mentai-y to the goats, whose blunted features, grizzly beards, 
 and awkward Ibrms are thus brought out in unpleasantly bold 
 
 re 
 
 lief. 
 
 The Rocky mountain shcoji exhibited is a much more comely 
 animal, its large, heavy horns having a sickle shajte, which 
 lessens the etfect of their length and weio-ht. A mule-deer 
 from Central Americn is not a particularly interesting animal, 
 
 but 
 
 near 
 
 it is a bio'itiful 
 
 -jiec; 
 
 imen o 
 
 f tl 
 
 le w'oo< 
 
 Hand 
 
 caril)ou, 
 
 captured in ?tlainr ; it is of a lovely fawn color, and has long 
 sinewy limbs, denoting both strength and fleetness. Another 
 caribou, from the northeastern part of the continent, attracts 
 much attention by its tremendous antlers, which seem entirely 
 out of proportion. Several Virginia deer and two large bison 
 are also cxiribited, and not far from them is a peccary, whidi. 
 except in size, much resembles the wild boar of England. 
 There is no exhibit of birds, reptiles, or insects, although tia 
 
niE CENTENNIAT- EXIIIP.ITION. 
 
 oGl 
 
 ir til'.' 
 
 •(>nj> :» 
 
 \ tllH' 
 
 I, (M>m- 
 rc are 
 I much 
 
 of u]>- 
 owstuni' 
 
 :. This 
 its lioiul 
 veicli f;vr 
 angular 
 onihiuod 
 r.r.vts are 
 compVi- 
 lii'ards, 
 ntlv V)()Ul 
 
 [•0 comely 
 l-M.^ which 
 nuh'-(h'cr 
 
 Ijt animal, 
 carihovi, 
 has h^uir 
 Another 
 It, attracts 
 In entirely 
 lu'ge bii^on 
 |ry, which. 
 Englai'i'l 
 hough the 
 
 uses of many of them are shown in another portion of the 
 department. 
 
 In addition to a ftiH display of water and lund animals ther" 
 arc also exhibited the various tneans employed in their )iur<iiit 
 and capture by hunters, trappers, and fishermen of Xcn-tii 
 America, aboriginal and civilized. This collection nmy he 
 regarded as a monograph of all matters relating to the chase 
 and the fisheries of the country. In ;ts arrangement the jirin- 
 ciplcs of zoological classification have been clascly followed, 
 each distinct lorm being considered as a species, and the 
 specific forms divided into genera, families, and orders, accord- 
 ing to tlic general balance of the affinities. Thus, barbed instru- 
 ments arc placed with hooked instruments, while plain spears 
 and lances arc grouped with Icm'vcs and clubs, in order to pre- 
 serve the idea of their manner of use. The weapons in the first 
 group consists of instruments used for striking, such as salmon 
 clubs, used by the Indians of the northwest coast, fishing clubs, 
 and hunting clubs of various kinds. Among these are the 
 stonc-hcaded and tooth and bone-pointed clubs, and clubs armed 
 with metal points, all of which have been used by the abo- 
 rigines. Then there is a large collection of hunting-dii'ks, 
 daggers, hunting-knives, scalp-knives, blubber-knives, board- 
 ing, bowie, flaying, splitting, breeding and sheath -knives. 
 Among the group of axes are tomahawks, hatchets, hoat- 
 hatchets, cleavers and whale spades. 
 
 There is a large display of fishing and whale lances, hunting 
 spears, and prodding awl» used in the jiiercing of the Ijraiii in 
 killing fish for the table. In the .'^econd division are the grasp- 
 ing instruments, or those by which the power of the fingers U 
 extended. Theso are classified with scoops, which iu<lu(le 
 elam-shovels, trowels used in taking burrowing shore animals, 
 hand-dredges used in collecting mollusks, pile-scrapers, etc. ; 
 hooked instruments, such as gaif-hooks, jigs, grappling iron>, 
 Ii])-hooks or grapnels (used by whalers and oyster-rakers). 
 .Vnioug the barbed instruments are har|,ooiis, spears of various 
 kinds, lily-irons, and dolphin-irons. There is also a large dis- 
 play of oyster and coral tong", jerk-snares, lariats, and lassos, 
 S6 
 
M-2 
 
 TiiK ii,i,isTi:.\rKi) iiisioiiY 
 
 li i I 
 
 It i 
 
 iiiitl l>ir(l-sHn<;s uschI In- (lie lv<(|iiiinnii\. TIkm'c rirc liUcwIso 
 (lr''(ln('-t!Ui<:,lt'> used l)y lMi!;lisli collcctnis. Id llic ;j,r()ii|i (if 
 ini'^>iU's arc cxliihilccl wi'inlil and dcad-lalls, llic (lirtiw-slicks 
 used hy the M(i(|ni Indians, of New Mexico, in Iiuntlni; i'al)I)ils; 
 Ixioiiu ranus, slinks, and spears, ilin»\vu 1)V s(ra})s; spears, with 
 liiMiu inL;-!-ticks, used In- the lOsqiiinianx ; bows and arrows, 
 ('i().-s-l)()\vs, air-uM;is, waler-jLi'nns, etc. All Iheso iinplenienis 
 ai'c verv cnrion^, and whil'.- inaiiv of them are liiniiliar lo all, 
 ni;iiiy more are now rarely seen, even on exhibition, and never 
 seen in use. 
 
 The I'oUeetion of firearms is e(|ually interestiuLj, as it includes 
 •inns and pist(t!s iVom the most primitive I'onn known to iu'n- 
 ters to the beautiful rilles ant' revolvers ol' the |)resent. The 
 display beirius with a numlur of muz/le-loailinsi; arms with 
 smooth bores, muskets, fowliuiT-j>ioecs, <'ane-}xuns, and so on 
 upward through various kinds of rifles and riiU^-carbines to 
 bnM'ch-loadini:; arms. In the latter group are revolving car- 
 bines, ])istols, revolvers, whaling-ginis and haipoon gnus. Tlu; 
 variiMis kinds ol" iimmunitiou used are shown in tlu; sain(> de- 
 partment, and includt) shot, ex])losive i)ullets, shells, wadding, 
 shot and jiowder measure, and cartridges. I'jVen the accessories 
 of loading, cleaning, rcjiairing, sighting, and testing firearms of 
 all kinds used in linnting are also shown in the same dei)artmont. 
 
 In another group are arranged angling tackle of all kinds, 
 set tackl(>, angling aj)paratus, and nets of "very conceivable 
 shape and size, from the rabbit nets used by the Indians of the 
 Southwest to the largest seines. Among the traps are poeket- 
 trai)S, pit-falls, turkey-traps, the old-fashioned figure four rabbit- 
 traps, snares, springers, automatic dead tails, sj)ring-guns, etc. 
 The various kinds of ajiparatus used for wholesale destruction, 
 such as poisons, asphyxiators, torpeiloes, etc., are all represented 
 in another group, and it is in fact diflieult toconeeive how such 
 an exhibition could bo made more complete. 
 
 This section also includes an exhibit of tlie means of 
 utilizing the various animals for food, and for the uses of eom- 
 niereo and manufacture, and of preserving them for scientific 
 
 U-e. 
 
OF TIIH CKNTKNNIAI, F.XII I IMTION. 
 
 50;} 
 
 OWISO 
 \y. dl' 
 sticks 
 l)l)its; 
 , wit 1 1 
 n'o\v^, 
 'mciits 
 to all, 
 1 iirvcr 
 
 iclmU^s 
 () iu'n- 
 
 . 'ri.o 
 
 »s Nvitli 
 1 so on 
 
 )ilK'S to 
 
 mp; caf- 
 
 tans of 
 )f com- 
 jicntilio 
 
 TJir (\>/frrllov to ///iintnifc tlir Fi.slitri/ licsnurrrs i>f lln' Vnilcd 
 Sfdfcs is cxliihildl in cuniii'clion wilii the display ol' llic Smith- 
 sonian Inslitnlion, ami is pari ly covered l)y the collection jnst 
 dcserihed. It is very JaVLje and valtialde, as it en\l)races j)hoto- 
 graphs or plaster casts of almost all the lishes f()nnd in the lakes, 
 rivers, streams, hays, and coasts ol' North America. The? ex- 
 hihit includes in iho pcdrculfili sea-l)ats or devil-lisj), rroose-lish 
 used ("or hait, moiise-lisli, etc. ; and, in the n< xt tjenera, sun, 
 rahhit, porcupine, swell, box, (nink, cow, file, and tiiuL!jer-fish. 
 I''rom the porcupine-fish helmels arc; made, while oils nsed in 
 medicine are obtained from thesmi-fish. The sea- horse, pipe-fish, 
 snipe, and tnimpet-fish and sticklebacks are next exhi[)ited, and 
 near them arc species of the teleocephali, such as soles, flounders, 
 flat-fish, (ni'bot, halibut, ( od, pollock, haddock, hake, liuix, cusk, 
 ttn'bot, rock ling, lance, etc. In the next e;i()(ip are casts of the 
 wolf-fish, blennv, toad-fish, sea-snail, ,<j;obv, sea-robin, "winard, 
 
 «l! 
 
 scuitun, sea-raven. 
 
 N 
 
 orwav 
 
 add 
 
 oc 
 
 or 
 
 ' ft" 
 hemduriruii, redflsh. 
 
 roek-cod, from the western coast ; black-fish or tautoLr, cunner ( r 
 chogset, parrot-fish, from the Pacific, 'i'liere is also in this col- 
 lection some fine sMm|)les of the stur<reon, ani;lo, sword, bayonet, 
 and .scabbard-fish ; sev(>ral casts of ehactodons mackerel, cero, 
 tunny, bonito, pomjiana, pilot-fish, and dolphin. 
 
 The more common inhabitants of om- waters, such as l)as.s, 
 poro;ies, perch, blue-fish, etc., are all icpresented by easts taken 
 from (>xcellont specimens. Several fine casts of the j^ar-fish and 
 flyin<^-fish attract much attention, and near them is a <^roup f)f 
 lKt])fomi, such as blind-fish, pike, pickerel, etc. Among the 
 more interesting specimens are casts of the clumalra or king of 
 the herrings, skates, devil-fish, and sharks. These; enemies of 
 man and fishes possess matiy interesting jieeuliarities which can 
 be studied at leisure and in safety at the (Government JJuilding, 
 and arc, of course, objects of no little cin-iosity. 
 
 All the apparatus used in the captm-e of these animals is ex- 
 hibited in another part of the building, and this disjilay includes 
 aufjliuir tackle of all kinds, from the delicate flv to the shark 
 gear, set tackle, such as surface, floating trowl, and bottom set 
 
 nics, 
 
 togethc 
 
 th 
 
 r witii an 
 
 tl 
 
 le 
 
 [)art.- 
 
 iUKl accessories ot aniclinu 
 
 ;{ 
 
 .nil 
 
f !^ 
 
 % I 
 
 50 1 
 
 T!IK ir-LUSTUAri:) HISTiniY 
 
 apparatus and of luirpooii and soino lines. Among tlicso are 
 trout, salmon, cod and lialiuut hooks, jigs, and tlic blne-fi.-ih 
 drails made of bone and melal of tlu; Newport, Noank, Provi- 
 donco, and Provincotown patterns. Adjoining this is a dis[)lay 
 of ^vhalcl•s' chains and linis, lluko chains and ropes, head-picks, 
 blocks, pendants, sinkers, seine-floats, reels, gunwale-winches, 
 dredge-line rollers, scinc-windkisscs, etc. 
 
 A most niterestlng subdivision of this department is a collec- 
 tion of boats used in fishing. These include birch canoes and 
 the whaling canoes used by the Indians of the northwest coast, 
 Kyaks, Umiaks, Indian raft-boats, launches, ancient "dug-outs," 
 scows, oyster-boo.ls, seine boats for lake and sea use, Potomac 
 seine-boats, dorys, sharpnis, dingles, the Italian fishing-boats 
 now used in California, Adirondack, and Alexandria bay boats, 
 and mackere' and oyster smacks. The herring, Mackinaw, 
 Huron, Norwegian, and other boats used in the great lake 
 fisheries are also exhibited by models. Near the western boun- 
 dary of the section are five cases filled witli models of fishing 
 craft used by Indians. These implements are of course rude 
 in construction, and yet they are evidently well ada[)ted for the 
 j)uri)()scs for which they were intended. On three of these cases 
 are placed specimens of the Atwood shark, a man-eater found 
 in the Atlantic ocean, and the sand-shark and horse-mackerel 
 which inhabit the waters off the eastern coast of America. 
 
 In one hu'sre, handsome case is exhibited bv models the means 
 of pursuit and capture of the whale, and the manner in which it 
 is prej^ared fi)r market. In the centre of a green, wavy siu-faee, 
 representing the ocean is a beautiful model of a full-rigged whaler, 
 while a little farther off is a whale-boat and a crew in piu-suit 
 of their prey. The harpooning or striking the whale is shown 
 by another model, while, in still another, is a boat-crew watch- 
 ing the animal in its "death-flurry." Somo of the dangers oi' 
 whaling are represented by a boat in the jaws of the enrageti 
 monster of the deep, while the crew are struggling in the waves. 
 By the side of the ship is a whale just captured, and the man- 
 ner in which the pieces are drawn on board is shown by a com^ 
 plete reproduction of all the implements and apparatus neces- 
 
OF THE CENTKNNIAT- KXHiniTION. 
 
 505 
 
 ^ aro 
 
 rovi- 
 splay 
 picks, 
 lichen, 
 
 L'oUcc- 
 
 , coas^t, 
 -outs," 
 otoinac 
 
 ir-l)()atS 
 
 f boats, 
 jklnaw, 
 at laUo 
 n bonn- 
 ' fishing 
 pse rude 
 for the 
 cse cases 
 found 
 iiackerel 
 
 ■a. 
 
 e means 
 which it 
 surface, 
 whaler, 
 pursuit 
 i^howu 
 I- watch- 
 iigcrs ot 
 lenragcd 
 Ic waves, 
 lie man- 
 a CO ni- 
 ls neces- 
 
 sary for tlie work. The oil is taken ih)in the head in hnckots, 
 but the pieces of the buck are hauk'd one at a time on board, 
 and from this flesh oil of a second grade is obtained by boiling. 
 Not tiir from tliis is a case of models of fish-wa\s of all kinds, 
 and workmen are now engaged in arranging the exhibit of 
 hooks, which will complete the display. 
 
 The Collection to Ilhi,strate the I'Jthnuhrji/ of the rnited States 
 is exhibited conjointly with that of the Indian Jhircau of the 
 Interior Di'partmcnt, and is in charge of Dr. Charles liow. It 
 comprises objects of flaked and chipped, and pecked, ground and 
 polished stone, used by the primitive inhabitants of America, 
 such as arrow and spear-heads, perforators and scrapers, cut- 
 ting and sawing implements, chisels, gouges, axes, hammers, 
 adzes, ceremonial weapons, stone vessels, pipes, tubes, orna- 
 ments and sculptures; objects of copper, bone, shell, pottery 
 and terra cotta ware; carvings on wood; skulls; muimnies; 
 s unples of foo.l, and moJels, drawings and samples of articles 
 of common usc! to illustrate the habits, daily life, pastimes, re- 
 ligion and warfare of the ancient Indian tribes. 
 
 The (hllecfion to Illustrate the Mineral liesourcea of the 
 Ignited States is in charge of W. P. Blake. The principal 
 objects of this collection of the useful ores and minerals of tlio 
 countr\ have been to illustrate : 1st. The nature and variety of 
 the mineral resources of the United States; '2d, The geographi- 
 cal distribution and geological associations of the minerals; 3d. 
 The extent to which tiiey have been utilized ; 4th. The me- 
 chanical, metallurgical and chemical processes by which tiiey 
 are extracted or converted into useful products ; 5th. The in- 
 herent and comparative qualities of the extractive products. A 
 portion of the collection is arranged according to the nature of 
 the objects, irrespective of locality, but the bulk of the exiii- 
 bition is grouped geographically by States. There is also a 
 section devoted to models and drawings, and one to geological 
 maps and graphic charts. This collection occupies the north- 
 east portion of the Government Building, upon the right of the 
 main aisle. 
 
 ■ n 
 
 i!' ! 
 
1 I 
 
 666 
 
 TIIF, II.LUHTUATKD IIIHTOUV 
 
 F-' 
 
 The Treasury Department. 
 
 Tlio exhibit of lli(> 'I'rcasmy D(|»;irtiiu'iit is small, and is 
 located ill (lii> noitli ciul of tlic buikling. Jt is coiitiiicd cliicHy 
 to tlic Kivciiut' Di'|)artMU'iits. 
 
 SpoL'iiiuiis of all tlic tnasiiry noti's, fractional ciirrcncy and 
 otluT l)ills issiK'd by tlu' j;ovc'rniiit'iit, and notes of various dc- 
 roininatioiis is.-iitd by national banks, aix' displayed by tl;o 
 Biiioan of Kii^raving and Printing. 
 
 In a small but liandsoniely fittcd-up (oiirt the Supervising 
 Arcliiti'i't of tlu' Treasury exhibits a fiin' [)laster model <»f tlio 
 Custom House and Post-odiee at Xashville, Tennessee, and 
 drawings ol' the custom houses and post-<iflii'es of the prineij)al 
 ports ol' entry of the Union. Here is a ease of all the medals 
 struck at the United Slates Mint, at Philadelphia, and here are 
 samples of all the rovcuiio stamps used by the Treasury in its 
 various branches. Samples of llcpuirs in barrels, and tobacco in 
 packages arc exhibited, in order to show the mode of collecting 
 the rovenu(> upon these articles ; and here are .samples of the 
 testing apparatuses and .scales, and tlu; locks used by the 
 department. 
 
 The Codd Sunrij O/Jur exhibits maps and charts of the 
 coast and the various rivers, bays, harbors, etc., of the country, 
 with models of the appliances by which the work of this branch 
 of the public .service is carried on. 
 
 The Llf/hfhonse Board exliibits specimens of the various 
 lights used on our coast, and of the means employed to supply 
 the various light stations both ashore and afloat. Here is a 
 large rotary lantern, one of the most striking objects to be seen 
 within the building. This beautiful piece of workmanship 
 stands over fifteen feet from the floor, and is covered with prisms 
 which gleam like the fabled gems of the Orient. But these 
 pretty pieces of cry.stal are not placed in the lantern for orna- 
 ment; every prism has its individual duty to perform in so 
 refracting the rays of light that they will gleam out upon the 
 night, not in diverging and ever-weakening directions, but in 
 parallel lines which retain their brightness for miles. Reflect- 
 
OF TI!K f'ENTKNMAl, EXIIiniTinN. 
 
 607 
 
 ors r\ro uIsd usod, ivnd as (Ii('S(> iwr paralxtlical in sliapc tlm 
 I'iW'ci is tli(; satnc; every ray is cauj.lit ami r 'IIccIimI in n IkiikI 
 of lijxlit, wliicli ])n'S('rvf's i(»i lirilliaiicy liw :iii alimtst iiiliuitd 
 distance. Tlic-c lanterns tin rclin-i' utilize every ray of li<r|it 
 and send tlicin (ortli in pai'alle! lines in any direelion. 'IMie 
 details of these lanterns are so e(Hn|>li'le ll:al even tin- few i-ays 
 wliieh do not pass tliroiifrli the prism are re(1eeit'<| at sueh 
 anjiles as to make them parallel with those refraeteil; so it will 
 he seen that not a single rav or portion of a ray is hwt. The 
 efl'eet is, of course, to ^ive forth a fi;leani which no sailor near a 
 dan;;erons coast <'onld fail to see, and which, warnini; hinj in 
 time, must he often l)lessed as the halo aI)ove the n»rehead of a 
 {rnardian ane;(-l. These lamps are of six ehisscs, the fu'st for 
 j)rojectin<^ in-adlands, the second for less prominent points, and 
 th(! smaller lijxhts for narrow seas, or passaj!;('s, rivers, etc. The 
 lartfest lamp now on exhihition is what is known as a rcvolv- 
 ini!; or flash-liy;ht ; it is run liv eloek-work, which receives its 
 power from a weight suspended in the tower on whieh it is 
 placed, and only re(juires windinji; about once in every five 
 liMiii's. The object of the flash-lij^ht is, of course, to indicate 
 the locality on which it is stationed, so that no mariner can 
 possibly be misled by it. The flashes can be made at intervals 
 of from sixty to ten seconds, and as these intervals are under- 
 stood by pilots, they can at once recognize their bcarini^ and 
 act accordinjxly. In the three larffer lamps lard oil is u>eij, 
 while in the others petroleum has been found most eiFective, as 
 it gives a more Intense liiiht. The exi)eriment of using p(!tro- 
 leuiii in the larger lanterns has l)een carefully made, btit it was 
 found that the increased heat emanating from the argand 
 burners volatizes the mineral oil so rapidly that the lenses be- 
 come coated with carbon. With lard oil the illuminating 
 power of these lanterns is ecpial to that of from .'>/30 to 150 wax 
 candles. Jn the same department are two range-lights similar 
 in size to those whieh are being erected on the Delaware. 
 These Delaware towers are so located in relation to each other 
 that a pilot coming up the river at night will need only to so 
 steer his boat as to see but oin' light; that is, make one lijlit 
 
 
 i I 
 
 I I 
 
 ■i: 
 
 m' 
 
508 
 
 THE II-LUSTItATF.D IIISTOIIY 
 
 ft '■ '1 I 
 ! m i ; 
 
 liido the other, and he vill liave no difTiculty in koepinj^ the 
 channel. Those lights are provided with a parabolical reflector, 
 and are, of course, stationary. Among the other lighthouse 
 »>xhibits are several floating lamps, which can be anchored olF 
 of any shoal. 
 
 The Navy Depadment 
 
 The Navy Dejiartment occupies the southeast section of the 
 Gover; \ent Building, and makes a large and attractive display 
 of the workings of its various branehcj:. Its section is taste- 
 fully draped with biuiting, and from the roof hang the various 
 flags used by the navy from its origin down to the adoption of 
 the stars and stripes, cue pennants of the various grades of com- 
 modore, admirals' flags, and the various signals in use by the 
 service. The })ortraits of the secretaries of the navy, Irom the 
 establishment of the government to the present time, and of the 
 naval heroes of our wars, are hung around the section, and add 
 to the attractiveness and interest of the display. 
 
 At the western end of the section, fronting the transept, are 
 two powerful marine engines, one a com|)ound screw engine of 
 800 horse power; the other a back-actipg condensing engine of 
 fOO liorse power. Immediately in the retu" of tl.ese are two 
 lompound marine boilers, each eight feet in diameter; and close 
 by are s[)ecimens of the cutter engine with vertical boiler. 
 These are exhibited by the Steam Enyuiccring Branch of the 
 Ih'pai'fnicnf. 
 
 The Oi'dnanc Branch dis|)Iays its publications and reports, 
 wliici' hold a high rank among professional men. It exhibits 
 a number of torped(K^s, both automatic, stationary and movable. 
 The ilrst torpedo ever used in this country is shown, and the 
 various improvements are exhibited in a progressive manner 
 until perfection is reached iii the Ericsson and Lay torpeilocs. 
 The Lay is consitlered the most perfiK;t movable torpedo known. 
 One of these liere exhibited is made of wrought-iron plates, has 
 somewhat the shaj)e of two cones joined at their bases, and is 
 about eighteen \Wt long and two and a half feet in diameter. 
 Its interior is divided into four sections, separated by bulk- 
 heads. In the forward section is placed the charge of seventy- 
 
 jli'll'ilw. 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAT, EXHIRITION*. 
 
 5G0 
 
 orts, 
 libits 
 Uble. 
 
 the 
 Imu'r 
 lloi's. 
 Ijwii. 
 
 has 
 1(1 is 
 loter. 
 
 ulk- 
 
 iity- 
 
 five pounds of dynamite, or three hundred poiuids of powder, 
 on tlie outside of the shell beiny* the concussion fuses. In the 
 second seetion are vessels of carbonic acid gas, which furnishes 
 t!ie motive power to the engine, the latter operating the helm. 
 The engine is connected by eleetrie wire — a reel of which is in 
 the third section — with the operator on land or shipboard, tl;e 
 electric current opening or closing the throttle- valve, and thus 
 causing the streams of carbonic acid flowing through pipes to 
 have the same elfcct upon the engine as steam. The after sec- 
 tion contains the engine, which guides the infernal machine at 
 the will of the o])erator. From each end of the tor[)edo rises a 
 pole four or five feet long, bearing a signal flag, one being red 
 and the other white, so that the operator can the better distin- 
 guish a line in sighting. The signals appear just al)0ve water, 
 the torpedo floating underneath, and, sharU-like, awaiting its 
 prey. It is sometimes sent out :is far as three; miles from the 
 oi)era(or, and can be drawn back at will. The towing torpedo 
 is towed aloiiLiside from the foi'eyard of a vessel, while the spar 
 torpedo is fi.\e<l upon a little craft of its own, above water, and 
 upon sj)ars extending out over the bow. The craft is despatclicil 
 upon its errand after th(; maimer of the Lay. 
 
 This branch also exhibits sjiecimens and models of the vari- 
 ous guns used in the naval service, and of small arms. 
 
 Prominent in the formidable array of heavy guns are the 
 (latling battery gun, having a crank at the breech and a re- 
 ceiver on toj>, into which the cartridges are dropped, the gunner 
 turning the crank witii liis right hand and loading with his 
 left, firing from sixty to eighty shots a minute, and thus grind- 
 ing out death as though from a coffee-mill ; and the terrible, 
 raking Billinghurst batterv, consisting of a hori/oMtal laver of 
 twenty-five gun>, which are all fired simultaneously. Near 
 these is an immense area of wall covered with shelving, upon 
 which are specimens of all the varieties of guns usctl now or 
 e\'(>r used by the United States marines; scabbards :md swords, 
 modern and ancient, handsome and ludicrously odd ; also an 
 almost endless variety of murdeious looking shells, gra|)e-shot, 
 e;inister and solid round sliot — some ijew, others having been 
 
 il 
 
 111 
 
 - m 
 
|.; 
 
 5" ■ I: 
 
 570 
 
 TIIK ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 fired, but rotuining pcrfcrt shape, and still otliors craoked, 
 broken in pioccs, dented or battered, the lot havin'j; doiihtlcss 
 maimed many a goodly s'»ip, made daylight shine through 
 Ktone walls and carried off many a \kkw tar's head. Elsewhere 
 th(!re are large and handsome glass eases, containing thousands 
 nC models of forts, batteries, ordnance and weapons of all kinds 
 used in naval service, torpedoes and the rigging and machinery 
 of men-of-war. The two most curious features of the section 
 are rusty and half- decayed weapons obtained from sunken war 
 sh'j)s, and full uniformed figures representing Jack Ti'r in all 
 the transformations he has un<lergone during the last hundred 
 years. 
 
 Instruments for inspecting heavy guns and for gauging and 
 inspecting shot and shell are shown; also samples of gun- 
 powder, percussion [)owder, cartridges, rammers, scrapers, 
 sponges, grenades, war rockets and all the various articles 
 M-hich are used for the armament of a fighting ship, the old 
 and new styles being shown side by side in many cases. 
 
 The ordnance branch also exhibits papier-mache fi!';ures clad 
 in the dress of the sailors and marines of the navy at the vari.>us 
 periods of its history ; and a number of interesting and valuable 
 naval relics. In this collection are two small brass guns brought 
 from Spain by Hernando Cortcz, and used by him in the con- 
 quest of Mexico. 
 
 The N(iri;/<iti()n Branch exhibits navy bunting and navy 
 flaii's, illustrating the i)rescnt state of the bunting manufiicturo 
 in the United States, as shown in the bunting made for the 
 navy and known as " navy bunting," and also the mode of 
 making flags by dyeing in pattern. A machine for testing 
 btniting is also sjjown. 
 
 Here are sj)ecimens of logs to be used by hand or steam, with 
 an exhibit of the improvcsments in Sir William Thomson's 
 Soundiiig INIachine, and the various devices for detaching 
 sinkers and bringing up specimens of bottom, water, etc. An 
 ingenious apparatus for displaying signal-lights at night is also 
 shown, and close l)y arc cases of compasses for various uses, 
 instruments for testing them, adjustable binnacles, sextants, 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXMiniTION. 
 
 571 
 
 ikcfl, 
 
 khoro 
 ^ands 
 kincU 
 lincry 
 lection 
 n war 
 in all 
 iiulred 
 
 lor and 
 * gun- 
 rapors, 
 articles 
 the old 
 
 res clad 
 vari.>us 
 alnahlo 
 )r()".i;j;;1it 
 he con- 
 id navy 
 lufac'turo 
 
 for the 
 node of 
 
 testing 
 
 im, with 
 
 hoinson's 
 
 ictachini:; 
 
 >tc. An 
 
 |)t is also 
 
 lus nses, 
 
 sextants, 
 
 qnadrants and the various apparatus used for determining lati- 
 tude and longitude. 
 
 The Kaval Observatory exhibits its publications, photo- 
 graphs of astronomical and other objects, and a series of lino 
 chronometers. 
 
 Tiie observatory having (')r some time past been intimately 
 coniiected with Arctic expeditions, and Kear-Admiral Davis, 
 Hu|)erintendent of the Naval Observatorv, beinsr enuaircd in 
 preparing an official narration of the expedition of the " Po- 
 laris," a design was formed and carried out for a collection of 
 relics of the celebrated Arctic and Antarctic explorers. In a 
 high glass show-case, fourteen feet square, standing near a tine 
 bust of Kane, are sliown, on one side, the prismatic compass, 
 transit, sextant and other instruments used by that inticpid 
 navigator near tlie fiiirid wilds of Western (.J recn land ; draw- 
 ings and paintings of Arctic scenery and animal Hie, executed 
 by himself, and the flag of the '"Advance," the ship in whii-h he 
 made his second voyage; the three other sides of the case con- 
 tain relics of the expeditions of Hayes, Hall and linidford ; the 
 flag that Wilkes took on his Antarctic expedition in the ship 
 " Peacock," the same flag being taken by Kan(>, Hayes and 
 Hall also on their Arctic voyages ; relics of Sir Jolm Franklin's 
 expedition, including portii is of his vessel secured by < aptain 
 Hall in his second expedition and brought back by him then, 
 together with relics of Parry's voyage ; the journals kept by 
 Hall in his " I'olaris" expedition, and a fac-simile of the sledge 
 made for Captain Hull l)y " Esiiuimaux Joe." 
 
 The ni/(lrogr(tj>hic Office exhibits the charts, books and other 
 pul)lica!ions issued by it, which are of interest chiefly to pro- 
 fessional seamen. 
 
 The Nautical Almanac Office exhibits its publications, which 
 show the care and skill exercised in the control of this iinj)ortant 
 branch of the service. 
 
 The Yard and Ihckfi Branch exhibits handsome and care- 
 fully })reparcd plans of the navy-yards at Portsmoutii, New 
 Hamj>shiro, lioston, New York, Washington, Norfolk, Pcnsa- 
 cola and Mare Island, California. Here are also plans of tho 
 
 !':■- 
 
 m 
 
 r'iitil 
 
 
*! "■ 
 
 572 
 
 THE ir.LUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 inaeliinery in use at the principal navy-yards, pliotograplis of 
 the buildings, and perfect and ehihorately executed models of 
 the dry-docks at the Boston, New York, Norfolk and Mare 
 Island navy-yards. 
 
 The Equipment and Recruiting Ih-nnch exhibits a specimen 
 of Yoang's Ship Galley, with utensils for cooking for five hun- 
 dred men ; life-boats, lanterns, and the various articles needed 
 for the fitting up of a ship. In this section are coils of hide and 
 Russian hemp ropes and manilla lines of various lengths and 
 thicknesses, some of the hempen cables being nine inches thick; 
 and coils and reels of steel-wire rope, some of which contain as 
 much as one hundred and thirty-five fathoms, the thickness of 
 the rope ranging from three-eighths of an inch to two inches in 
 diameter. 
 
 The Consfruclion and Ttcpair Bvaneh exhibit against the 
 eastern wall models of the hulls of the "Constitution" and a 
 niuuber of the other famous vessels of the navy, and in the 
 nave fronting the War Department is a full-rigged model of the 
 United States sloop-of-war "Antietam." The model is forty- 
 one feet in length ; is perfect from water-line to rail ; is fully 
 rigged, with sails, and carries twenty-two broadside guns. 
 J'2very detail is perfect, and the vessel is one of the most beau- 
 tiful and attractive pieces of workmanship in the hall. To the 
 south of this model is a transverse sectinn of the same vessel, on 
 a smaller scale, showing the mode of construction of an Ameri- 
 can man-of-war. A full-rigged model of the old French line- 
 of-battle ship "Dante," of about the year 1600, is close by, and 
 the contrast between it and the model of the "Antietam " shows 
 almost at a glance the improvement that has been made in the 
 construction of vessels of war. 
 
 'I'lie 3fcdi('al aiid Surgical Jlranck makes a com|)lete exhibit 
 of the medicines and hospital stores used in the navy. Here 
 are cases of the surgical instruments supplied in the service; 
 cots and stretchers for the transportation of the wounded in 
 action ; beds with woven wire mattress ; arrangements for venti- 
 lating the holds of ships ; a model, one thirty-second part the 
 size of the original, of the "sick bay " of the famous ship " Ilart- 
 
 
OF THK CEN'TENNIAL EXIIiniTIOX. 
 
 573 
 
 Doau- 
 o the 
 
 sol, on 
 mori- 
 line- 
 
 ly, and 
 shows 
 in the 
 
 iexhibit 
 
 Here 
 
 or vice ; 
 
 led in 
 
 vcnti- 
 
 art the 
 
 Hart- 
 
 ford," which, it will bo remembered, was Farragut's fljig-^hip 
 during the late civil war. On the south wall of the section are 
 photographs of the naval hospitals of the United States, and of 
 the liomcs for disabled sailors and marines. A sectional model 
 of the hospital ship *' Idaho," showing all three decks, is in- 
 cluded in this collection. 
 
 The Pay, Provision and Clofhinr/ Branch exhibits clothing 
 and materials for making the same issued in the navy; a jvack- 
 age showing the manner of packing clothing for sea; and speci- 
 mens of rations and stores of all kinds issued to the men. Here 
 also are specimens of the blanks, books, iron sates and locks 
 used in the Paymaster's department. 
 
 The navy appears to excellent advantMgo here, and shows in 
 a striking manner the thoroughness and excellence which have 
 always distinguished this branch of the public service of our 
 country. 
 
 The War Department 
 
 The exhibit of the War Department occupies the northeast 
 section of the building. It is quite large and includes every 
 branch of the military service, the thoroughness and efficiency 
 of which were so well tested during the late civil war. 
 
 The Sifjnal Service claims our attention at first. The exhibit 
 is in charge of Lieutenant Grugan, and the principal part of it 
 is a signal or weathcv station fully equipped and in operation, 
 with recording instruments, telegraph wires, a printing press 
 and a full corps of obs(>rvers. One set of instruments will be 
 in actual service, and other instruments will record changes in 
 the weather, which are wholly artificial, exaggerating their 
 natural action so as to show the principle upon which they 
 work. 
 
 "This very important branch of the government service has 
 been, to a very great extent, the creation of General Albert J. 
 Myer, Chief Signal Officer, United States army, who is now 
 familiarly known as 'Old Probabilities,' who, though he does 
 not * regulate the weather,' does regulate the carrying of um- 
 brellas and overshoes. Ii.decd, he received the thanks of a 
 
 r m 
 
 m 
 
574 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 prominent brother officer in charge of the 0])ening ceremonies 
 on the lOtli instant for ordering np, under the most disconrag- 
 ing eirenmstanees, the few hours of sunshine which rendered 
 tiiosc services so enjoyable. 
 
 "(ieneral Myer was in command of the Signal Corps during 
 the war, a corps which rendered very important services in coin- 
 municatins: information across districts where it would have 
 been impracticable for the United States JNIiiitary Telegraph 
 Cori)s to have run its wires. At the close of the war, however, 
 there was little left for this corps to do, the Telegraph Corps 
 was abolished, having only a quasi military status, and General 
 Myer was called upon to organize a system of daily weather re- 
 ports in connection with his Signal Service Corps. This his 
 ptudies and tastes admirably fitted him for, and the work was 
 beu;ini. 
 
 " Records had long been kept at all the military stations, and 
 much of the ground-work of a correct system had been already 
 prepared. The Smithsonian Institution too had, with limited 
 means and volmiteer observers, developed the science of fore- 
 tellinii; the weather and tracing tfie course of storms to a greater 
 extent than any other organi.'xxl effort liad ever done. The 
 weakness of all methods, however, had been in the fact that 
 volunteer observers, though enthusiastic, could not be relied 
 uj)on ; for, to suit their own convenience, or through uninten- 
 tional neglect, the observations were not made at the proper 
 moment, or were made by unskilled persons. 
 
 "General Myer started out with the principle that tiie 
 observers should be not only qualified but should be under 
 strict military discipline. In this way only could reliable data 
 be obtained. He therefore accepted none but enlisted men tor 
 observers, and these were first instructed in their duties before 
 being put into service. 
 
 "O'oserving stations were established at all the important 
 cities in the Union, and at every sea and lake port which was 
 accessible by telegraph. Many other important seaports have 
 since been reached by a coast line of telegraph, built for tli" 
 purpose by this department. At these stations observations are 
 
M 
 
 •cater 
 The 
 t that 
 
 lintcn- 
 iropcr 
 
 ,at tiie 
 
 under 
 
 le data 
 
 ncn tor 
 
 bciore 
 
 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXIIIHITION. 
 
 575 
 
 niailo three times In the twentv-four hours, at intervals of olixht 
 hours, ail beiiij; made at the .same instant of time. TIh^ results 
 of'thi'se observations arc sent immediately by telegraph, by the 
 oj)erators eonneeted with the signal oHiee, to the ollict; of (Jen- 
 cral ]Myer, at Washington, and from these data skilled ofllecis 
 make up the 'probabilities' for each loeality, which are so 
 universally consulted by the readers of the morning pajiers 
 before they venture over their thresholds. The j)rcdictions and 
 the reports from all the stations are telegra])heil to eai'h station. 
 The observers note, first, the state of the barometer ; second, tin? 
 state of the therm<)meter ; third, the humidity of the atmosphere ; 
 fourth, the rainfall ; fifth, the direction and vciocity of the wind. 
 J'^»r this purpose each oflice is j)r()vided with a barometer, a 
 thermometer, a wet and dry bulb thermometer, a rain-gauge and 
 un anemometer. 
 
 ''The display at the Government Buihling is intended to 
 show a signal station with all these appliances, and with niany 
 otlu'rs which are now in use, or being tested at the office of the 
 Chief Signal Oflicier. The above-named instruments, as exhib- 
 ited, are all self-registering, and make a record fuller and more 
 accurate than any made by human observers. They are all 
 of American invention, and ai'c principally by gentlemen con- 
 nected with the service. 
 
 '' Ijit'Utenant GibloiTs barograph or self-registering barometer 
 is the usual syphon->l,aped mercurial barometer, in the short 
 log of which an iron float rests ujjou the column of mercury. 
 The slightest change in the level of the colutnn makes this float 
 rise or fall, and its motion is communicated by a cord running 
 over a jjulley to the circuit-breaker of an electro-magnet. The 
 armatiu'c of the magnet communicates its motion to a pen which 
 dots the surface of a cylinder moved slowly by clockwork, thus 
 registering the slightest change and the exact moment of its 
 occurrence. The paper with which the surfiice of the cylin- 
 der is covei'cd is rided to cover a space of fotu'teen days, 
 and as each jiapcr is removed it is filed away as a permanent 
 record of that period of time. Foreman's barograph is in its 
 leading characteristics like the one above described, and has 
 
 it' 
 
 Ir^ 
 
 V:- 
 
 II 
 
 ii ' 
 
 f 1 
 
 ■rl 
 It 
 
 
 t-'- ii 
 
 f.^ 
 
 
 PI 
 
 : ii'tlH 
 
 
 ■11 ! '• 
 
 '■-:. 
 
 ^W'-% 
 
 i ■ 
 
 m 
 
 
 ifci 
 
 t- 
 
 
^■TG 
 
 ■■) / 1 
 
 THE IT.LUSTnATKD mSTORY 
 
 also an attaolimont Avliich automatically prints in figures oaclx 
 (.'hange of one-thousandth of an inch. 
 
 " Hough \s thermograph is a self-registering thermometer. It 
 consists of a syphon tube, a short leg cf which is e.\])au(k(l 
 into a larger tube with a closed end. In this short log is placed 
 jilcohol, which is confined there by a coliiinn of mercury in 
 the longer leg, Mhich is open at the top. The thermometer 
 operates by the contraction and expansion of the sj)irits by cold 
 or heat, raising the column of mercniy as the spirits e.\j)and, 
 and letting it sink as it contracts. I'pon the surface of 
 the mercury is a float, Mhich rises and falls with the column, 
 and by a very delicate apparatus operates a ciicuit-breaker 
 of an electro-magnetic circuit. This again, as in the case of 
 the barograph, is jnade to record the changes on a revolving 
 cylinder. 
 
 " A marine barograi)h is constructed much like the one first 
 d(^scribed, except that the tube containing the mercury is made 
 of iron instead of glass. It has an attachment to hang it up by, 
 which keeps it always in a perpendicular pos'cion. 
 
 "Eccard's Kvapograph is an instrument for determining the 
 amount of moisture in the atmosphere, and registering the 
 result. This is determined by the rapidity with which water 
 exposed to the atmosphere will evaporate. The instrument is 
 an open cylindrical vessel filled with water, resting upon a 
 delicate scale; as the water evaporates the vessel is lightened 
 and rises, the slightest change being sufficient to operate the 
 circuit-breaker of an electro-magnet, which, as in other instru- 
 ments, records the changes on the cylinder moved by clock- 
 work. The motion, of course, is always upward, as evaporation 
 continually goes on with greater or less rapidity. 
 
 "Gibbon's electrical rain and snow gauge records, in like 
 manner, the depth of the rain or melted snow which falls in any 
 given time. A receiver is situated on the roof of the building, 
 the area of the upper section of which is a certain number of 
 times as great as the base of the cylinder of the instrument with 
 which it is connected by a tube. Upon the water in the lower 
 t'vlinder is a float, which, as it rises, communicates Us motion 
 
OP THE CESTENNIAL EXIIiniTlON. 
 
 57? 
 
 In liUe 
 I in any 
 
 liUlingj 
 
 ber of 
 
 [{ with 
 
 lower 
 
 [motion 
 
 by an clcctrn-magnct to the rcwrding apparatus as before 
 described. 
 
 " Eccard's rain-gauge disjwnses with the electro-magnet, the 
 float (wmmunicating its motion by a counterpoise to the clock- 
 work. This is a very simple and elfei tive instrument. 
 
 "Gibbon's Anemograph measurcs and records the velocity 
 and direction of the wind. Ufwu the roof of the observing 
 station four hemispherical cups, placed vertically on horizontal 
 arms, catch tlie slightest movement of the air and cause the 
 arnis to revolve. A "crtain number of revolutions, equalling in 
 the distance travelled one mile of distance travelled by the wind, 
 closes an electric circuit, and an electro-magnet records the same 
 on a revolving cylinder. This cylinder, moving by clock-work, 
 Bliould there bo no movonient of the magnet, will cause the 
 pencil to make a long, straight line ; with a high wind the record 
 is frequently made, and the line is broken up into longer or 
 shorter sections, corresponding with the velocity of the winu. 
 The direction is indicated on another cylinder. There are four 
 magnetic circuits connecting with the four points at the weather- 
 vane, corresponding with the four points of the compass. Once 
 in four minutes the clock-work makes a record, and that record 
 is made by the pen of whichever circuit the weather-vane has 
 at the time closed. Eccard's Anemograph dispenses with the 
 electric circuit, and makes its record on the cylinder by entirely 
 mechanical means. The weather-vane in turning revolves the 
 rod to which it is attached, which communicates its motion 
 directly, or by gearing, to the pen, without the intervention of 
 an electro-magnet. 
 
 " The above-described instriiments are thought to be the most 
 reliable of any invented, and are in every respect the most 
 simple in construction. The anemograph, or wind instrument, 
 is ])erfectly satisfactory ; and Eccard's barograph, or self- 
 registering barometer, is the most perfect and simple of any yet 
 invented. The limited appropriations made to the department 
 make it impossible to iiitroduce these wonderful and almost 
 intelligent instruments into all the offices. The only recording 
 instrument used in all offices is the simplest form of anemo- 
 37 
 
 fi 
 
.078 
 
 THE ri-LUSTRATEI) HISTORY 
 
 graph, which notes llie velocity of the wind. The barometers, 
 thormomctors, rain gauges and humidity thermometer are all 
 read l)y the eye of the observer at stated times, with the 
 possible liability to errors either of the eye or hand, and the 
 entire lack of a record of the time intervening between the 
 observations. 
 
 "The publication branch of the office is also equipped and in 
 0]>eration in this display. I'^ach morning a chart is printed 
 showing the results of the observations taUen at 7.35 a. m., with 
 the prophwios concerning the weather for the day. The 
 ol)servcrs send their reports by telegraph to the Chief Signal 
 OtHcer at AVashington in cipher, for the double jiurpose of 
 securing accuracy in the transmission and brevity in the 
 despatch. Tlicse reports are translated, and 'Old Probabil- 
 ities' forecasts the weather from these data. General Myer 
 liimself sometimes does this and his predictions are generally 
 verified ; Lieutenant CVaig, Lieutenant Dunwoody and Pro- 
 lessor Abbee usually perform this work.c.ich taking his turn for 
 one month, while the others are assigned to other duties, such 
 as tiie verification of the prophecies from the returns received 
 at a later date, and editing the publications made daily, weekly 
 and monthly of the phenomena observed. In the daily bulle- 
 tin is the synopsis of the reports, the probabilities, and the 
 verification or failure of the prophecies. The weekly bulletin 
 gives a resume of the observations of the week, noting the com- 
 mencement and progress of storms, their duration and other 
 circumstances connected with them. The monthly bulletin is 
 of a similar character, becoming more general in its nature. 
 Keports are also received by mail from similar organizations in 
 various parts of the world, and by means of these the whole 
 route of a storm can frequently be tracked from its inception in 
 the Rocky mountain range, where the greater number originate, 
 to where they leave our shore, and crossing the Atlantic, break 
 on the western coast of Europe, traversing that continent to a 
 greater or less extent. Alany reports are sent in by masters of 
 vessels, and thus an almost connected account of any remark- 
 able storm is obtained. In fact, it i» hoped that, with proper 
 
or THE I'KNTENNIAL KXHiniTION. 
 
 579 
 
 d in 
 nto(\ 
 with 
 The 
 itrnal 
 >e of 
 I the 
 l)abil- 
 Myer 
 ,en\lly 
 Pro- 
 irn for 
 such 
 ceivod 
 ,vcekly 
 buUc- 
 id the 
 ullctin 
 |c coin- 
 other 
 etin is 
 lature. 
 ons in 
 whole 
 ition in 
 ginate, 
 break 
 |nt to a 
 ters of 
 mark- 
 proper 
 
 support, the time is not far distant when vessels will ho specially 
 tKiiniuissioiu'd to take these observations in inid-uceiin. 
 
 '* The charts printed at the various stations each dav arc posted 
 in eons|)i('nons j)la('es for the benefit of seafarini; nun ar.ti others, 
 and their i)redi<'tions are the guide to outward-bound vessels. 
 In fiu'l, the skipper who should take out his oral'l from an 
 Atlantic port after the danger si^^nal had been raised and the 
 bulletin had informed him that a cyclone had started up the 
 coast, w<ndd be regarded as a most reckless man to have charge 
 of a V easel. 
 
 " It may be intercoting to know how the data received [)oint 
 out the course of a SLorni. l^ong experience has shown that 
 certain conditions of barometer and thermometer produce 
 certain or nearlv certain results. For instance, bv takinii a 
 weather chart and drawing a line through all of the stations 
 where the barometer is lowest, and drawing another line through 
 all the stations with highest barometer, it will be observx'd from 
 tlie arrows showing the direction of the wind that they all point 
 from the latter line to the former line, or area of low barometer. 
 These low or high barometer areas move usually a little to the 
 north of east, and, with two observations as a basis of calcula- 
 tion, their velocity can be readily determined. (J 'casionally 
 two or more low barometer areas or storm centres will unite in 
 one grand storm. Observations have! shown that the cyclones 
 vjach start from the West Indies take one of two routes, or 
 iiivide and pass over both. They come northward to the 
 southern coast of Florida, then follow the Gulf Stream north- 
 ward, or dash westward through the Gulf of Mexico, or divide 
 at that point and go both ways. 
 
 "These daily charts are not alme valuable to the navigator, 
 hut are distributed for the benefit of the farmers. At a post- 
 office distributing station, like Philadelphia, the 'iiidnight report 
 is printed and goes out in the early morning mails to every post- 
 office where it can be received early enough to be of service. 
 These charts are luing up in the post-offices, and are consulted 
 with much interest. The signs of the coming weather, which 
 are usually looked for in the horns of the moon, in the dew upon 
 
 t! 
 
 I MM i 
 
 l!^ 
 
 :V- !i 
 
r)SO 
 
 TiiK iiJ-rsTiJATrn rrisTopY 
 
 (lie piiis.^, ill tlip \u^s viinylwra; straws, in tlio wiinl * hackiiip; 
 r<)iiti<l,' and other mysterious and ainMjfiKtns inctliodsof jircttinir 
 U|> a wisi> proiiliccy, aro unw looked npon with deservtMl <'«»n- 
 tenipt in the rnrai ilistricts, and the prophet who uses them is 
 verily without honor in liis own ronntry. 
 
 " lii( iifenant (irn<ian has constriirted some appliances hy which 
 the apparatus on exhibition will he madi; to work rapidly eiion<;li 
 to satisly the most impatient si<;ht-seer. II(! will raise the wind 
 from any (piarter, and at any ratt) of speed, from ten to sixty 
 nnles an honr, which will set the apparatus, elevMte<l a few feet 
 ahovc the heads of the sjjectators, in motion. This is aciom- 
 plished hy mt'ans of a fan near the entjjine- house, which forces 
 a current of air through pipes to the re(piired spot. A shower- 
 bath arranifcment will produce an artificial rain-fall ; the other 
 instruments will work in tlu^ building without aid." 
 
 The lield work of the Signal Service is of little eonse(pienco 
 in time of {>eace, but «linMng a war it is of the iiighcst im|)i)rtauce, 
 as it is by means of it that distant portions of the army comnni- 
 nicatc with each other in the presence of an enemy. The <lis- 
 play of it is made partly in the building ant! partly in the 
 grounds to the westward of the building. The Hags, bociks, and 
 smaller instruments used by the Signal Corps are exhibited in 
 the building. In the grounds is a coniplete field telegraph 
 train, I'ully equipped and ready to ercrt fifty miles of portable 
 telegraph line. A portable signal tower, constructed of light 
 iron bars, rises to a height of seventy-two feet, and at its base is 
 the wagon designed for its transportation. Here are the sema- 
 phore apparatus, signal flags, torches, rockets, bombs, mortars, 
 colored lights, and other apparatus used for communicating 
 with troojis in the field and with vessels. One of these is 
 called a "heliograph," and is a large mirror which transmits 
 signals by sending flashes of the sun in different directions and 
 at regular intervals. 
 
 The QKctrtcrmastcr^s Department exhibits a number of fig- 
 ures clothed in the uniforms used at various times in the Amer- 
 ican army from the Revolution to the present day. In this 
 section arc shown the tents, cooking utensils and tools, musical 
 
or TIIK CKNTKNNIAL KXIIIHITIoy. 
 
 581 
 
 instnnnoutH, Maukcts ami ln»<ls, and miichinory for oiltinjjj <mt 
 c'lotliiti!; and iiKildii<; shoos used in tlic^ army, lien; als(» arc 
 till' |M)r(al»le rorti;!^";, and llw. Iiorso-sliocs, in ns(» at present, an<l 
 u «tMn|ik'tu cxliiliit «»(' tlio systc^ni ui' iiinicry practised in llio 
 wrvin*. Tin? \va^<Hi train is placid ont of <loors to the north 
 of the hnildin'j;, and has Imcn ah'cady rcfcrrc<l to. 
 
 The Kutjiuvvr (hrjttf make one oCthe most in(er«>stin;j; cxhihits 
 in th(! hnil(iin;i;. Maps and «lra\vinij;s of the threat works con- 
 strnctcd on tlie <'oast, the improvements of rivers, luk<'s, and 
 harlnn's, from 177<i to 1.S7G, an^ shown. 
 
 IIarh(M* iinprovements are ilhislrated hy models of (he dilfer- 
 ont kinds of cril»-\vork used in UuiKling piers on our jrrcat hdies, 
 by (h'awinjjs and models of improved driHJf^e-lmats, sna<:;-l)oat.s, 
 and {grapples, hy a fine nmdel of tin; pier bnilt on irou-s<'rc\v 
 |)ilcs at Lewes, Delaware, and by a model of the work at Hell 
 (iate, \ew York, showinj^ in miniature all the details of that 
 important und(. taking. This model is so arranged that the 
 bed of the river can he raised, disclosing all the galleries which 
 have U'en <lriven underneath it. Next to this model is a model 
 of a steam-drilling seow, used in drilling holes ior blasting rt»ek 
 under water where the current is very rapid. The peculiarity 
 of tii(! scow is a large iron dome, which can be lowered to the 
 be<l of the river, and inside of w liieh divers can carry on their 
 submarine work without being troubled by the <'nri'ent, no 
 matter how rapid it may be. 
 
 Military engineering is illustrated by models made by Ser- 
 geant IJenson, of the engineer battalion, on a scah; of one inch 
 to the foot, of a complete pontoon train. These models, com- 
 prising wagons, boats, trestle.^, forge, tool-wagon, and every- 
 thing pertaining to a pontoon bridge, are made of black walnut 
 and German silver, and are accurate to the smallest particular. 
 The way the bridge is built is shown on a glass river, con- 
 structed for the j)urpose. Hanging above the model bridge 
 train arc a wicker gabion, iron gabion, and sap fagot. Near 
 by are samples of intrenching tools. 
 
 A very interesting table is the one containing the various 
 kinds of torjtedoes and the electrical apparatus connected there- 
 
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 5.S2 
 
 THK II.M'STUATKI) IIISTOKV 
 
 Avitli, and in fi j^l-iss lank aro sliouii models oi" the same tilings 
 in the water, so that one lan .see exactly how these terrible 
 \v<aj)ons of defence are arranged in actnal warfare. In another 
 tank is a model of an iron crate, with what are called pres.siire- 
 j)liigs, nscd to determine the force of explosion of dynamite 
 tinder water. 
 
 These models were made by Sergeant 'Nolty, of the battalion 
 of eiiiiirineers. One larijje table is devoted to models of counter- 
 noise <rini-carria";es, which are devices bv means of which heavv 
 guns can be lowered below the parapet, loaded with safely fronj 
 the enemy's fire, and raised again to be fired, and all with the 
 greatest case. 
 
 The display of instruments pertaining to geodesy, meteor- 
 ology, and astronomy is very fine, and speaks vohnnes for the 
 knowledge and ability possessed by our engineer officers. 
 
 A model of a sounding machine will interest hydrographers. 
 rjy it twenty soundings can be taken in a minute and automati- 
 I'ally recordeil. Quite a striking disj)lay is that of specimens 
 \)f building stone, from over one hundred different <[uarries. 
 These specimens are four inch cubes, with one side polished, 
 and are arranged on a black velvet pyramid, which shows 
 them off to great advantage. 
 
 A comnlete disnlav is made of the various articles needed for 
 
 I AW 
 
 the equipment of the Engiiuer Corps of the army in active ser- 
 vice. The pontoon train is exhibited in the grounds north of 
 the building. In the hall are field photographic iiistiuments, 
 sii'ge and mining tools, and reeonnoissance instruments. 
 
 The Ordiuincc i^cn-icc exhibits its large guns outside of the 
 building, as has been stated. The dis{)lay within the hall is 
 large, and merits the most careful study. 
 
 The manuflicture of arms is shown in the most admirable 
 manner. Here is seen in practical operation all the ritle- 
 making machinery which the Government Armory at Spring- 
 field, Massachusetts, could crowd into the limited space. The 
 skilful men oi>eratives begin with the round bars of steel and 
 the long blocks of black walnut, turning out complete the 
 handsome weapons of death almost as rapidly as the latter 
 
li 
 
 tilings 
 erriblo 
 notl'.or 
 cssure- 
 namitc 
 
 ittalion 
 ounlcr- 
 i lioavv 
 ly froni 
 vith the 
 
 iiK'toor- 
 ibr the 
 
 r a pliers. 
 
 iitomati- 
 
 )0<'i incus 
 
 ^uavrics. 
 
 )0lislK'(l, 
 1 i«llO\VS 
 
 'cdod for 
 
 [tivo ser- 
 
 liiorlli of 
 
 umonts, 
 
 lie of the 
 hall is 
 
 hmirable 
 [he ritlo- 
 Sprinii- 
 tc Tiie 
 >tcel and 
 liletc the 
 he latter 
 
 OF THE CENTENNIAI. EXHIBITION. 
 
 583 
 
 could be made to end human lives. The plain strip of walnut 
 is applied to the lathe, and in three minutes and fifteen seconds 
 is perfectly gun-shaped ; then to the Ixirer, which prepares it 
 for the lock in one more minute. It is then a finished stock. 
 To enumerate all tlia other machines used before coining to the 
 guu-barrel, including the gang-driller for boring out the re- 
 ceiver, the miller for milling the same, the firing-pin ami tang- 
 serew machines, would be attempting too much in this space. 
 All of them are of gigantic strength, and yet their couEtruetion 
 is as fine as that of a watch. There must be no irreeularitv in 
 their operation, not even to the extent of the one-thousandth part 
 of an inch. The barrel is l)ored out bv three or lour ausjers of 
 different and regularly-increasing size. One of these guns, a 
 Springfield breech-loading rifle, is wrought uiwn by no less 
 than 550 different opcmtives before it is perfect. These man- 
 age 1200 machines, and the number of guns whieh they can 
 turn out in a dav of eight hours is about 400. The bavonet- 
 grinder attracts liundrcds about him. The bayonet having been 
 wrought into netirly perfect shape, he takes and applies it to a 
 fine-grained grindstone, making 1500 revolutions ]k»i* minute. 
 The sparks don't fly; they flow straight out like the tail of a 
 comet. It is known, of course, that all this machinery \n ojier- 
 ateu by steam, the engine-house being immediately outside the 
 main building. 
 
 In the adjoining section the manufacture of eartri<lges and 
 bullets is in progress. Nine women are employed in making 
 cartridges, there being as many different machines, and through 
 these must go the constituents that finally come out a cartridge. 
 There is the cutter and cupper, which cuts the copper plates into 
 circular pieces as large as a silver half-dollur, and tiien punches 
 thenj through a hole, shaping them like a cup. S<n'eral other 
 cui)ping machines, diflering only in the diameter of the hole, 
 each in turn takes the cup and lengthens it, until finally it is 
 headed in another machine, has the fulminated cap inserted in 
 another, the charge in another, and the bullet in the last. 
 
 Here are models of g<ni-plains and forges, illustrating the 
 wliole process of t.'aniu)n making. Gatling and other battery guns 
 
 
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 m : 1 ■ 
 f 
 
 
584 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 < 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 are shown, and small models of field artillery as well as tlic guns 
 themselves. Caissons and artillery forges, models of sea-coast 
 and siege guns, showing the manner of using thorn in harhettc 
 and casemate hatteries, and a series of Whitvorth, Sut<,'liffe, 
 Mann, Moffat, and HotehUiss breech-loading field riile-guns 
 are exhil)ited. Close by are several handsome brass guns, 
 bearing the name and arms of Louis XVI., King of France, 
 presented to the United States by Laf:yctte during the llevo- 
 lution. 
 
 Along the wall is arranged a collection of all the various styles 
 of guns and pistols ever used in the United States army, from the 
 old flint-lock of the Revolution up to the splendid breech-loading 
 rifle or to-day. Here are several Chinese and Japanese match- 
 locks, and a match-lock of the fourteenth century, one of the first 
 puns made after the adoption of fire-arms in European warfare. 
 Pyramids of shot and shell stand about the section, showing all 
 the various ])rojectiles usetl in warfare. Here arc mountain 
 howitzers, their carriages and also ammunition chests — all on 
 pack-saddles — -just as they are carried over mountains or bad 
 roads on the backs of mules; stufled uniformed figures of cavalry- 
 men on the backs of paj)ier-mach6 horses ; the mortal and stuffed 
 remains of the famous trotter George M. Patchen, In'tched to a 
 carriage containing a Gatling gun ; a Hotchkiss revolving cannon 
 (for field use, discharging eighty roiuids of shells or canister- 
 shot |KT nu'nute), and a section of oak which stood inside the 
 intrenchmcnts near Spottsylvania Court House, and was cut 
 down by nuisket balls in an attempt to recapture the works 
 previously carried by the Second Corps, Army of the Potomac, 
 May 12th, i864. 
 
 In contrast with the splendid cannon of to-day are a number 
 of old guns cast at Philadelphia and Gerniantowu during the 
 Rcv()lution. 
 
 Plans of the United States arsenals are exhibited, and at the 
 western end of the section is a handsome model of the arsenal 
 and grounds at Rock Island, Illinois. 
 
 The space occupietl by the War Department is handsomely 
 draped with flags, and is ornamented with fine portraits of the 
 
guns 
 
 iK.'liffe, 
 le-guiis 
 guns, 
 l<^ ranee, 
 ! Revo- 
 is styles 
 Vom the 
 -loadiJig 
 ! match- 
 tlie first 
 \Yariare. 
 wing all 
 nountain 
 — all on 
 s or bad 
 eavalry- 
 (1 stuffed 
 jhcd to a 
 T cannon 
 canister- 
 iside the 
 was cut 
 e \v(»rUs 
 *otonmc, 
 
 nu 
 
 mber 
 
 Iruig the 
 
 )d at the 
 I) arsenal 
 
 idsonK'ly 
 Is of the 
 
 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 585 
 
 secretaries of war, and the most distinguished generals of the 
 army. 
 
 The Post Hospital. 
 
 The Medical Section of the army nudves no exhibit in the 
 Government IJuiiding, but confines its disj)lay to the Post 
 Hospital, whieh stands in the goverimient grounds to the uovth 
 of the principal building. The hospital is a plain but neat 
 frame structure, two stories in height, with a wide piazza nm- 
 ning all around it. It is designed to sliow a complete j)()st- 
 hospital of twenty-four beds of full size. The principal room 
 on the lower floor shows the arrangement of the beds, an*! the 
 conveniences provided in the army hospitals for attending to the 
 wants of the sick and wounded. The treatment of woinids and 
 other hurts is illustrated by papier-mache figures placed in the 
 beds in the positions necessary to the proper treatment of such 
 injuries. Upon the walls of the room and the halls adjoining 
 it arc hung photographs of difficult and .successful amputations. 
 
 In this room is Mr. Thomas Eakins' fine picture of Dr. ( Jross 
 delivering a clinical lecture to a class of students. It is one of 
 the most powerful and life-liUe pictures to be seen in the 
 Exhibition, and should have a place in the Art (Jallery, where 
 it would be but for an incomprehensible decision of the Selecting 
 Committee. 
 
 In the adjoining rooms are models of the barrack "General 
 Hospitals" used during the civil war; models of hospital 
 steamei's, such as were used during that struggle on the tide- 
 water rivers of the East and on the V»'estern rivers; and models 
 of hospital railroad trains. Here also is a case of medical and 
 surgical curiosities from the Army Medical Museum at Wash- 
 ington. A third room is fitted up as a dispensary, and contains 
 samples of medical supplies. Opposite this is the office, w ith a 
 collection of surgical instruments, medical works, and the blanks 
 and record books used in the hospital service. A fifth room is 
 fitted up as a dining-room, and contains a display of table-ware 
 and mess furniture. Opening into this room is a kitchen with 
 a fidl equipment of cooking utensils and other articles needed 
 in this department. 
 
 
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 K 
 
 
 
 THE CENTKNNiAI. KXIIIBITION. 
 
 587 
 
 The rooms on the second floor contain :i disphiy of medicine 
 chests -and panniers, stretchers, litters, artiticial legs and arms, 
 and trusses for rupture and other apparatus. 
 
 En the trrounds in the rear of the l*ost HosMital are shown 
 several hospital tents of various sizes, antl a park of arubulanees, 
 medicine wagons and carts. 
 
 The Laboratory. 
 
 Between the Government Building and the Post Hospital is 
 a small iVame building intended for a laboratory for the manu- 
 faeture of ciirtridges and other dangerous compounds. It forms 
 a part of the exhibit of tlu' (Ordnance l)ei)artment. It is l)uilt 
 after designs bv Colonel T. T. S. r^aidlev, of the armv, and 
 consists of an iron frame with a wooden covering. This method 
 of construction is intended to lessen the loss of life in case of 
 accidental explosions. In such an event the wooilen covering 
 is blown out by the force of the explosion, but tiio iron frame 
 is left standing, and the building does not fall in upon its 
 inmates. The frame of the present building was used for one 
 which formerly stood in the grounds of the Bri<lesburg Arsenal, 
 at Philadel})hia. It was destroyed in August, 187"), by the 
 accidental explosion of from 000 to 800 pounds of gunpowder. 
 The wr/)den sides were blown outward, but th(! iron frame 
 stood firm. Of the twenty-one persons employed in the build- 
 ing at the time, but three boys died from injuries received. 
 
 The present structure contains several |)ortraits of the secre- 
 taries who have presided over the AVar I)i>partm('nt, including 
 a not very good one of Jefferson Davis, and instruments for 
 ascertaining the velocity of rifle balls. 
 
 The Lighthouse. 
 
 In addition to the display made in the Government Build- 
 ing, the Lighthouse Board of the Treasury Department has 
 erected opposite the north.'ast corner of that building an iron 
 lighthouse, such as is used on the dangerous shoals of our coast. 
 The base of this struetiu'e is of wood, but is })ainted to rc|)re- 
 scnt stone. To this the iron flanges of the superstructure are 
 
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 588 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. 
 
 bolted, and above this is a high iron cylinder, eighteon feet in 
 diameter, the whole being surmounted by an ornamental iron 
 tower. In the centre of this tower is i)Iaeed a revolving or 
 flash-light of the fourth grade, and over one of the dormer 
 windows is suspended a fog-bell weighing 4950 pounds. The 
 light is revolved and the bell is struck by clock-work, the 
 flashes of the light and strokes of the bell being regulated at 
 the will of the light-keeper. The bell is intended to be struck 
 first three times, then twice, and then once, this being the 
 signal adopted for one of the shoals of Long Island, to which 
 the lighthouse is to be removed after the close of the Ex- 
 hibition. 
 
 Near the lighthouse is "The Syren," or fog-horn, which is 
 simply an enormously long horn blown by steam. It emits a 
 most deafening sound, an<l has boon hoard for a distance of 
 thirty-five miles. A smaller horn is also shown. It is oper- 
 ated by a caloric engine, and is intended for a light-ship. Near 
 this is a large lantern and an iron lattice work signal for day 
 and night use on light-ships. The lights and signals are 
 fastened near the top of the mast, and are distinguished by a 
 difference of color. A number of buoys are scattered about the 
 base of the tower. 
 
 
 i! 
 
 i' '1 
 
 mm 
 
CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 THE WOMAN S BUII.DIXG. 
 
 Description of llic Building — Its Cost — A Lady Engineer — The Interior of 
 tlic IJnilding — Tlir Exliibil — Tiic Looms — Worivs of Feni:do Artists — In- 
 ventions of Women — Institutions Miumged by Women — Si)len lid Embroi- 
 derie.s — Display from Foreign Countries — The Printing Olhte. 
 
 »}- 0\ 
 
 />^HE "Woman's Building is one of the handsomest c(Mfices 
 connected with tlie Exhibition, and owes its existence 
 entirely to the eflbits of a number of ladies Unown as 
 the " Women's Centennial Executive Committee." It 
 is devoted exclusively to the exhibition of the results 
 of woman's labor, and thus constitutes an altogether unique 
 feature of the great fair. 
 
 Tiic building stands on Belmont avenue, at the western end 
 of the Horticultural grounds. It covers an area of 30,000 
 square feet, and is formed by two naves intersecting each other, 
 each 192 feet long and 64 feet wide. At the end of these there 
 is a |)orch 8 by 32 feet in size. The corners formed by the 
 intersection of the two naves are filled out by foiu' ])avilion3 
 which arc included in the hall. Each of these pavilions is 48 
 feet square. The whole structure is of wood, the architccttu'c 
 being of the modern style. The centre of the edifice is 25 feet 
 higher than the rest of the building, and is siu'monnted by a 
 lantern with a cupola on top of the same, giving to this part of 
 the building a total height of 90 feet. The I'lost striking 
 feature of the plan is that there are in the whole interior but 
 four supporting columns to the roof, all the rest being trussed 
 over from the outside walls. The exterior is painted a light 
 bluish gray color, and the interior is finished in the softest 
 shade of light blue. 
 
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 THE rENTENNIAL EXIMIUTIOX. 
 
 591 
 
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 lli 
 
 Work upon the l)uiltling was bogun about the middle; of 
 October, 187o, and it was turned over to the " Women's Com- 
 mittee," completed, early in January, 187G. The <leHii>;n wa.n 
 prepared by Mr. II. J. Sehwarzinann, the arehiteet of Memorial 
 Hall. The cost of the building and its internal arran^ementn 
 was $30,000, which sum was raised through the exertions of 
 the ladies having the enterprise in charge. 
 
 The appearance of the interior is very pretty and attractive. 
 A tastefid fountain, .situated immediately under the lantern, 
 sends a graceful jet of water into the air, and around the 
 basin in which it stands is a cool and niviting rim of 
 rock-work and ferns. A large chandelier hangs from the 
 central point of the roof, and banners and atreamers ornament 
 the hall. 
 
 At the north side of the building is the engine house, in 
 which a Baxter portable engine of six horse power snp|)lies the 
 motive power for the machinery in operation in the hall. Thv 
 engine is in charge of Miss Knnna Allison, of (Jrimsby, Iowa, 
 who, if she docs nothing else, offers an example worth follow- 
 ing to the engineers of the male sex in the neatness of 
 lier dress and the perfection of cleanliness exhibited in both 
 engine and engine-room. The young lady is highly educated, 
 and is thorouglily posted in theoretical as well as practical 
 mechanics. 
 
 The engine operates a number of spinning frames and j)ower 
 looms in the liall, wl ich are constantly at work, in c'.iarge of 
 female operatives. It runs also a small lloe cylinder press, on 
 which the journal issued from this b\iilding is printed. 
 
 The display within the hall is quite large, and includes 
 nearly everything of woman's work or invention that could be 
 collected. Paintings and statuary by female artists are shown 
 in the northern section of the hall, but the collection falls short 
 of illustrating the highest triumphs aohievcd by the sex iu 
 these departments of art. 
 
 A most interesting exhibit is made in tlie southeastern sec- 
 tion of the building, of the inventions of women in machinery 
 and other fields of labor. The majority of these arc designed to 
 
 I! > 
 
 II 
 
 ilj.Uiuj 
 
592 
 
 THE IIJ-USTRATEH HISTORY 
 
 ofonoinizc household hihor. Firet of nil, there is a machnie 
 lor washing blankets, which every hoiiseUeei)er knows to he 
 one of the most (lifliciilt operations of the laundry. The same 
 lady inventor exhibits two mangling nuu'hin<?s. A system of 
 solt'-Htting patterns, intended to enable ladies to dispense with 
 tiie services of a dressmaker, is also shown. Here is a barrel- 
 cover which can be locked, and which thus serves as a protec- 
 tion to sugar and flour barrels. Here are smoothing irons to 
 be heated by gas as they are used ; a frame for stretching and 
 drying lace curtainb; dusting racks and niany other household 
 appliances. Here are a machine for washing dishes, which not 
 only cleans but dries them ; a patent bedstead, fitted up with 
 drawers; a combined travelling-bag and chair; a life-saving 
 mattress, which floats like a cork and will not turn over; chest- 
 protectors ; surgical appliances and dental pro<lucts. Here are 
 some remarkably well-executed pictures worked in human 
 hair, and a luimber of flowers and toilet articles made entirely 
 of lish scales. A bouquet of wax flowers is shown made by the 
 great-granddaughters of the author of the Declaration of In- 
 dependence, who, ill the midst of the rejoicings of this Cen- 
 tennial year, are left to make an almost hopeless struggle with 
 poverty. Here also is a whistle made of the tail of a pig, 
 which completely upsets the old Scotch adage, that " Out of a 
 pig's tail you can't make a whistle." 
 
 In the southern section are photographs of the various insti- 
 tutions in the United States which were established or arc 
 conducted by women. Prominent among these are the Shelter 
 for Colored Orphans, at West Philadelphia; the Plouse of the 
 Holy Family, at New York; the Old Ladies' Home, Lowell, 
 ^lassachusetts ; the Home for Young Women and Children, 
 Lowell, Massachusetts; the New England Hospital for Women 
 and Children; the New York Lying-in Asylum; the New 
 Haven Orphan Asylum; Home for Friendless Women, Indian- 
 apolis; Reformatory Institute for Women and Girls and the 
 Home for Friendless Women, at Fort Wayne, Indiana; the 
 Old Ladies' Home, at New Albany, Indiana; and the Orphans' 
 Home, at Richmond, Indiana. 
 
;li'ine 
 :o 1x5 
 same 
 in of 
 I with 
 arrel- 
 
 (V'OtOC- 
 
 jns to 
 g and 
 sehoUl 
 ich not 
 p with 
 -saving 
 ; chcst- 
 Icre are 
 
 human 
 entirely 
 e V)y the 
 of In- 
 
 is Cen- 
 le with 
 
 if a pig, 
 
 )iit of a 
 
 OP TIIK CRNTKNNr.M, KX IIiniTlDV. 
 
 m\ 
 
 In the .sontlicfLstcrn .section isa largo eolleeti<in of (MMl)roi(l( rien 
 hy hand, the most of it in glass eases. Here are a number of 
 portraits worked in silk or einhroidercd in worsted. There are 
 portraits of Queen Victoria, Mr. (Jladstoiie, Prince Albert, the 
 Prince and Princess of Wales and others. An elal)orat(> picture 
 in worsted-work represents the " Death of (Jeorire DoULrhis at 
 the Battle of Iiangsi<le." IIer<> are splendidly einhroitlci'cd 
 garments of various kinds for ladies and children, carriage-robes, 
 afghans, and a picture in needle-work of Abraliaiii and Jlagar. 
 ]Mrs. Mary Cliampneys sends a pair of socks which she knit in 
 her one-hun<lrcdth year. 
 
 In the noii I' western section there arc some fine wood-carvings 
 by ladies, and sets of chambiT furniture designed by them. 
 ('los<> by are sets of porcelain ornamented by lady artists, some 
 of which are very iHUiutiful. 
 
 The sctuthwcstern section of the hall is taken uji almost 
 entirelv bv exhibits from foreign countries. The ladies ol" 
 (ireat Britain, Canada, Sweden, France, and the Netherlands, 
 and other countries have sent contributions to this dej)artm(iit, 
 which are among the handsomest articles displayeil in the hall. 
 The Koyal School of Art and Needlework, under the patronage 
 of her Majesty the Queen of England, the exhibit of whieii we 
 noticed in our account of the Main Exhibition Building, has 
 here several cases of superb embroideries and uecdic-work. 
 
 Egypt also sends several specimens of rich embroideries in 
 gold and silver thread. Here are a set of velvet covers foi- 
 doors richly embroidered in quaint designs with gold thread by 
 the wife of the Bey of Tiniis, They are among the most beau- 
 tiful specimens of needle work in the entire Exhibition. From 
 the Netherlands are some beautiful silk embroideries and .some 
 feather-work, and from France silk embroideries, and specimens 
 of the drawings of the j)upils of the female art schools of Paris. 
 
 In the C^anadian department are a number of finely executed 
 model' representing the church and chapel of Notre Dame, at 
 Montreal, the Mother House of the Sisters of Notre Dame, the 
 Orphanage at Joliette, the St. Alexis Orphan Asylum, the 
 Moua. .cry of the (>ood Shepherd, the Convent of the Good 
 88 
 
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 Slicphord, (inrhoc, (lie St. Jolin's Asylum, the Hold I>I('ii .-ind 
 flic (Jcncral Ilospitiil, fit (^ik-Iu'c. TlKMnniMtcs of llicsc cslnK- 
 lisliiiu'iils send licaiitiriil s|u'('irp('ns of tlicir njiiidiwork, iiiclud- 
 iiiij a picfiirc in worsted of tlic liord's Sii|)|)('i', and casrs of (-ilk 
 jlrcsscs, flowers, and a carve*! pidiu'e-franx'. Tlien' arc als(> in 
 this exhibit many handsome jiicecs of straw-work, silk flow(>r- 
 work, hiees, anti-macassar and cretonne work. 
 
 Xorway and Sweden each send cmhroiderics, flowers, and 
 arficlcH made from fish-seales, articles ornamented with moss, 
 elotliinjr, and articles of hons(>Iiold use. Their displays res(>nd)lo 
 each other very closely. Near the western wall of the |iortion 
 <»f the bnildiiiLC occupied by these two countries are four life-size 
 ni:!;in'e.s in wax, similar to those in the Main I>nildin^', represent- 
 ing not otjly the costumes but the facial characteristics of the 
 Swe(lish pc;isanfs The first tlinc represent two vounii; ladies 
 anxiously blowini;' to pieces one of those little flowers; which are 
 su|)|)osed to t(>ll a maiden whetlier her lover is true or not. 
 l)ehind tlnein stands a youni:; nian watchint!; the result with an 
 expression half anxious, half amused. The other figure rcpro- 
 •lents a, bride in the peasant dress. 
 
 Japan fully r^ustains her reputation by her disjilay here of 
 articles in the niauufacture of which the women of that country 
 have attained jrreat skill. Amonc; these articles of utilitv, as well 
 as beauty, are cij:jar-cases, cabinets, work-boxes, writing-desks, 
 satchels, vtr., all made <>f wood and most delicately ornamented 
 with lacquer and inlaying, many of them being adorned with 
 grotesque yet not wholly inartistic figures in ivory and ebony. 
 There are also displayed a large number of artificial flowers, 
 whie'i. in shape and color, are close coiniterparts of nature, 
 besides a number of raised pictures in wool. The last-mentioned 
 exhibits have a peculiar ( (!ect .somewhat akin to perspective, but 
 they are nevertheless mi natural. Several large screens orna- 
 mented with numberless fans, which in turn are ornamented 
 with figures of various kinds, are also in this collection. Some 
 of the figures are painted, while others are worked in wool, or 
 made of cloth raised high from the surface. One of tlie most 
 striking of these exhibits is a large six-panelled screen, with a 
 
or rilF, CKNTKNNIAI, KXIIIIUTION. 
 
 590 
 
 fri>nu'\v«»rk nC I'hony ornamciUcHl with y;\\i and siivor philcs. 
 Till' ItacU ol'dte scrcoii is (t»v(>iv(l with a (tlaiii ji'dd |>attc'ni ofu 
 |»n'tty <l('si}^ii, and the front has a ground of yellow silk, in 
 which are wdrl<(<l ii variety oC ladies' dins. On these are 
 (le|>ieled .hipaucMt mandarins, (ladcsnien, merchants, meeiianics, 
 (iirmers, jnji;glers, and all I'ngaj^ed in the plcasnrcis, prolissions, 
 or occupations to which they were horn. 'J'lie ligures thomselves 
 arc of paper, but the clothing, with all the variety of ornament 
 and minuteness of detail, is made of silk, and, like many other 
 of the .Japanese pictures, raised from th(! surface. A cahinet 
 containing screens and ottomans is a very line piece of work, 
 and is universally adnured. The specimens of [Aix'in and 
 end)roidered silk exhibited are jK'cidiarly interesting, not only 
 from the richness ol' the material, but frouj the (juaiiit yet nially 
 beautiful designs. 
 
 The ladies of Brazil make a handsome exhibit oftalih! covers, 
 embi'oideiT, and fancy work, many of the artick s being the 
 contributions of the inmates of th(; Brazilian Orphan Asyhuns. 
 Among these the most noticeable exhibit is a eabiiiet of gold 
 lace-work. A pretty little pincushion, made of shells and silk, 
 and a sam|)leof the needlework of the Viscountess de Itamaraty, 
 attract nnich attention. A very beautiful model in cork of a 
 noted Brazilian eastlc, a wreath of flowers made entirely of 
 leather, several cushions, delicately embroidered with silk and 
 wool, by the pupils of the Orphan College of St. Theresa and 
 the College of the Imperial Society, are all exceptional pieces of 
 work, and arc, of course, much adnured. Among the other 
 more noticeable exhibits arc some elegant specimens of lace-work, 
 scarfs, and artificial flowers made of l(!athcr and feathers. 
 
 Near the centre of the building is a small printing ofTice in 
 which female compositors are engaged in setting up the type of 
 The Xcw Caitufij for Women, a. journal conducted entirely by 
 women, and issued from this building. 
 
 Altogether the display in the Woman's Building is very 
 creditable, and reflects great credit u{)on the good taste and 
 administrative ability of the ladies having it in charge. 
 
 WA 
 
1 i i 
 
 It.i 
 
 il 
 
 B ,1, 
 
 I' 
 
 ;*•. 1 
 
 ■[ 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 THE MINOR STRUCTURES OF THE EXIHRrTION. 
 
 The State Buildings — St. George's House — The French Government Building 
 — The French Stained Glass Pavilion — The German Government Building 
 — The Spanish Buildings— The Por iigucsc Building — The Swcdisji School- 
 House — The Canadian Log-House — The Bitizilian Building— The Japanese 
 Dwelling and Bazaar — The Turkish and Tunisian Codec Houses and 
 Bazaars — The Syrian Baziiars— Th'e Moorish Villa — The Chilian Machinery 
 Hall — Builvlings of the Centennial Commission — The Judges' Hall — The 
 Restaurants — The Shoe and Leather Building — The Brewers' Hall — 
 The Butter and Cheese Factory — Department of Public Comfort— Singer 
 Sewing Machine Cotfijge — The Centennial Photographic Association — The 
 American Railroad Ticket Office — Empire Transportation Company's Build- 
 ing — Starr's Iron Works — The Glass Works — Camphcll Printing Press 
 Building— The American Newspaper Building — The World's Ticket Office 
 — The Palestine Camp -The Women's School-House — The American Kin- 
 dergarten — The New England Farmer's Home and Modern Kitchen — 
 Pacific Guano Company's Building — The Sheet-Metal Pavilion — The CafiS 
 de Brazil — The United States Life-Saving Station — The Elevated Railway 
 —The Windmills. 
 
 The State Buildings. 
 
 HE State buildings were erected by the Commi.ssioners 
 of the respect've States to which they belong, ihe cost 
 being defrayed by appropriations by the legislatures of 
 those States. The majority are located on State avenue, 
 in the northwestern portion of the Exhibition giontids, 
 but a few are in other parts of the enclosure. We shall take 
 them in their geographical order. 
 
 New Hampshire. — The Xew Hampshire Building stands on 
 
 State avenue, immediately west of the Michigan Building. It 
 
 is fifty feet square, and is a small aiid plain, but tasteful, frame 
 
 cottage, with a reception room on the fir.st floor, and a ladi(.s' 
 
 596 
 
; BniUVing 
 I Building 
 sh School- 
 e Japniiese 
 [ouses and 
 Maciiinery 
 llall-Tlie 
 
 rs' Hall — 
 brt— Singer 
 iatiou— The 
 uiy's Build- 
 nling Prep* 
 icUet Office 
 crican Kin- 
 Kitchen— 
 _Tlu> ('af6 
 ed Railway 
 
 ussioners 
 vhe cost 
 
 Matures of 
 
 |tc avcMUic, 
 ffvouiuls, 
 
 thall take 
 
 stands on 
 [ding. It 
 fill, frame 
 h a lad'us' 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE STATK HlJILDIXd. 
 
 il 
 
 .In 
 
 nm^ 
 
 ' 1 '-ill 
 : mm 
 
 ti 
 
 mn. J. 
 
 WEST VIRGINIA tSTATK BUILDING. 
 
 ti! 'Ih 
 
THE CENTENNIAI. EXHIBITION. 
 
 01) 1 
 
 parlor up-stiiirs. It is intended, like all the State buildings, as 
 an office for the Commissioners of- the Stiitc, and a rendezvous 
 for visitors from the State to whieh it belongs to the Exhibition. 
 It is ornamented with fine photographs of AVhite Mountain 
 seenery. 
 
 ]'^c'nnont. — The Vermont Building stands in a garden plot to 
 the north of Machinery Hall, and near the Turkish Coffee 
 House. It is a handsome cottage, thirty-five by forty feet in 
 size, and the interior is fitted up sim])ly but tastefully in stained 
 pine wood. It contains the offices of the Vermont State Com- 
 missioners, a reading-room and a ladies' parlor. In the latter 
 is a fine Estey organ. 
 
 Massachusetts. — On State avenue, inimediately west of the 
 Connecticut cottage, the commonwealth of Massachusetts has 
 erected one of the handsomest cottages in the grounds. It is of 
 wood, and consists of a central building with wings at each end, 
 around which are wide and cool piazzas. The building covers 
 an area of eighty-seven by seventy feet, and is painted in dark, 
 rich colors. It is two stories in height, and from the central 
 point of the roof rises a tower surmounted by a flag-i^taif. The 
 entrance Iiall is wide and spacious, and extends from the front 
 door to the rear of the building, at which is the office for the 
 transaction of the business of the house. On the left of the hall 
 are the reception room of the Board of State Commissioners and 
 the ladies' parlor, and on the opposite side the receittion room 
 of the Governor of Massachusetts and the reading-room. The 
 first three rooms and the hall are handsomely furnished, and the 
 whole building has an air of elegance and comfort which are 
 admirable. 
 
 liliodc hland. — The Rhode Island Building is a small but 
 tasteful frame cottage, situated on the slopes of George's Hill, 
 to the west of the Mississippi Building. It is fitted up with 
 the offices of the State Commission and recej)tion rooms. 
 
 Coniiedlcul. — The State of Connecticut has erected as its head- 
 quarters a tasteful two-story cottage, on State avenue, between 
 the Massai;husetts and New IIamj)shire buildings. It is in- 
 tcntlcd lu re]>r('sent a colonial jionicsliail of a century ago. The 
 
 ■f' 1' 
 
I ' 
 
 5'J8 
 
 THE irj.USTKATEI) HlfiTORV 
 
 l\ 
 
 building is jjlmiit forty feet square, and the front is of octap^onal 
 sliinglcs, tinil)cr and plaster. The low spcontl story projects 
 four feet over the first story. In the centre of the front is x 
 stout wooden porch over a strong old-fashioned hatch door 
 divided horizontally in the middle. Over the porch are the 
 coat-of-arms of the State and the motto, ** (J,in' Transtulit Sns- 
 tinet." On the roof is a dormer-window, rai.scd three feet above 
 the eaves and with a slanting roof reaehiiig nearly to the peak 
 of the main roof. The main roof starts in front from the eavc3 
 at a height of o'ghteen feet from the ground, and after running 
 up to a i>eak about the centre of the building slopes to the rear, 
 where the eaves are oidy ten feet from the ground. On the east 
 side of the house is a balcony at a window eight feet wide, and 
 at a window in the second story the State coat-of-arms h to be 
 disj>layc»l. On the west side is a ]>ictnresque verandah of heavy 
 timber. The windows are all glazed with lights six by eight 
 inches. In the centre of tlu- building is a substantial stono 
 diimney. 
 
 In the interior is a reception room twenty-two by twenty-nine 
 feet, seventeen and one-half feet high, with a gallery on front 
 and two sides three and one-half feet wide. The whole interior 
 is finished with wood, stained to give it the appearance of age. 
 An old-fashioned firephuie stands oj)posito the front door. It 
 has an ample hearth and stone front surrounded by |)ictured 
 til(>s. Shelves su]ij)orted by heavy brackets are over the fire- 
 place, and above them panelling reatlics to the ceiling. Back 
 of the reception room is the j)rincij)al office for the State Com- 
 mission, jaiiitoi-'s rooMi and parlors for ladies and gentlemen. 
 
 Ncir Vorl:. — The Xew York State Building is a highly orna- 
 mental two-story cottage, with wide verandahs running around 
 it and a tower rising from the centre of the front of the roof. 
 It covers an area of eighty by thii1y-five {"vrt, and is j>aiiitcd in 
 light colors. It stands immediately south of State avenue and 
 east of the British CovernjniMit Bnildin"^. It is simplv but 
 tastcfidly furnished, and contains the offices of the State Coui- 
 missif)n and recepticMi rooms for ladies and gentlemen. 
 
 Nrir Jcrsru. — The State of X(>w Jcrsev was the first after 
 
gonai 
 
 t is 'A 
 
 tloor 
 
 re the 
 
 it Siis- 
 
 abovc 
 
 c eaves 
 unning 
 lie rear, 
 the east 
 ide, and 
 'i^ to 1)0 
 )f heavy 
 l)y eight 
 al stone 
 
 nty-nine 
 i)n front 
 interior 
 of age. 
 oor. It 
 pictured 
 llhe firc- 
 Bac^v 
 Itc Com- 
 Miicn. 
 llv orna- 
 around 
 Itho roof. 
 Liiitcd in 
 Inuo and 
 Inply hut 
 Ite Coni' 
 
 r^t aftot 
 
 ILLINOIS STATE BUILDING. 
 
 \'i 
 
 ) :l 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 INKFAVA S'lATIO iUJI l.l>IN(i. 
 
 
r 
 
 I ii' 
 
 1 
 
 II 
 
 \ J 
 
 'CI I 
 
 H 
 
 n\ 
 
 1 
 
 ■1 1 
 
 i 
 
 'i i i 
 
 J 
 
 h^^\.h 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXiliniTIOX. 
 
 59:) 
 
 Pt'unsylvauia to take up the Cciitennial Exhibition sclicmc, and 
 since then her assistance 1ms been of the most liberal character. 
 It is not sur[)rirting therefore that the State is represented i)y 
 one of the most elaborate and attractive structures on t!ie 
 grounds. The building stands immediately north of the Wo- 
 man's building, on the east side of Belmont avenue. It is a 
 wooden structure of uniipie design ; is covered with tiles manu- 
 factured from Xew Jersey clay, and presents a novel as well as 
 interesting apj)carauce. Above the main entrance rises a lolt\ 
 tower from which an admirable view of the grounds may be 
 obtiiined. Thechimney is a conspicuous portion of the building, 
 and is made of brick manufactured in various portions of the 
 State. The building < overs an ana of eighty-two 1 / forty-two 
 feet. The interior is liuished in daik, rich colors, and consists 
 of a wide, cool reception room, with wide windows on the iirst 
 floor, with olliccs and parlors for ladies opening upon it. The 
 upper rooms are for the use of the IStat j Commissioners. The 
 furnishing is simple but tastefid. 
 
 Pcn)hsijlc(ini((. — The Pennsylvania State Building standi* 
 north of Machinery Hall, and near the lake. It is a handsome 
 (Jiotliic cottage, nincty-K^ven feet long and iifty-seven feet wiile, 
 and is painted a liglit-l)rown. Over the main entrance rises a 
 large tower flanked by two smaller ones. A wide piazza ex- 
 tends around the building. The main entrance leads to a large 
 Grothic hall, into which open the manager's ollice, the (governor's 
 room, parlors lor ladies and gentlemen and the reading-room. 
 The upper rooms are for the use of the State Connnissioners. 
 The rooms are richly furnished and the interior of the building 
 is elegant and handsome. 
 
 I\')insi/!r((iu(t J'Ahicdtional IIiiU. — In additiim to her State 
 building, Pennsylvania has erected a separate structure for the 
 displav of her schools and educational svstem. It is situated 
 immediately to the west of Memorial Hall, and is circular in 
 shai)e, with a dome rising in the centre ol' the roof. The in- 
 terior consists of a i-rnlral hall lying inunediately under tho 
 dome, and an oute." c(»iridor or hall rmming entirely around it. 
 This outci- li.dl is divideil into a nundK'r of sections or stalls, iu 
 
 : 
 
 i\ [■ 
 
^:k .MlUMIlMfi . ttM '•M > ^ > " ; . 
 
 ; !■ ■ )• 
 
 I 
 
 (]()0 
 
 TIIK II.LUSTRATED JIISTORV 
 
 whieli the exiiibits aio arrangrd according to a regular system. 
 The central hall is unbroken ajid opens into the outer hall by 
 several doors. 
 
 Entering by the south door, the attention of the visitor is 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA STATE BIMLDING, 
 
 drawn to the exhibit of the Kinderccarten svstoni wliieh stand- 
 on his ri<rht. This is one of the most complete showings of 
 FroobeTs system in the Exhibition, and is deeply interesting. 
 
 The next section nji the riirht shows llio jivimarv-school svstem 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL RXIIllUTION. 
 
 601 
 
 v^^tcln. 
 uill by 
 
 iitor is 
 
 ii3 
 
 rn???B?53^^M 
 
 
 \\\ ptnu(V 
 kvings of 
 Itcrosting. 
 
 Ll i^vstoiu 
 
 of Pennsylvania. Tlicn follow the soooiulary, grammar anil 
 high school, each in regular succession, after which the normal 
 s-hool and college systems are shown, the wholi' ending with 
 the exhibit of the University of Pennsylvania. The exhibit is 
 made by showing the text-books, furniture, scientific and philo- 
 sophical apparatus used in the schools, and by specimens of the 
 pupils' work, sucih as we have alludi'd to in our account of the 
 school ('.xhibits in the Main IJuilding. No l^tate makes such an 
 elaborate (lisi)lay as is to be seen here, this magnificent exhibit 
 being undisr the charge of Professor Wickersliam, v»ho is the 
 State Superintendent of Schools. Models, drawings and photo- 
 gra|)hs of the State schools of various grades and of several of 
 tiie colleges are shown, and the educational statistics of thi; State 
 are disi)layed by means ^)i charts. The technical schools show 
 drawings, exists and models, the various apparatus used by them 
 and sjH'ciniens of the work of the [Jupils. The display includes 
 the schools for the blind, the feeble-minded, the deaf and dumb, 
 and the orphans of the soldiers and sailors of Pennsylvania who 
 died in defence of tlu; Union during the late civil war. Si)eei- 
 luens of their work in the industrial departments are exhibited, 
 and a full showing is made of the course pursued in them. 
 There is also an exhibit of Sunday-school laterial, such as 
 majis, charts, forms and models. 
 
 Ddaxmrc. — The Delaware State Building is a handsome 
 frame cottage of two storie.-, in the Norman-Gothic style, with 
 a tower, and is situated on State avenue, to the west of tho 
 Massachusetts Building. It is simply furnished, and contains 
 the offices of the State Commissioners and parlors for ladies and 
 gentlemen. 
 
 Mani/dnd. — The Marvland Building is situated a little to 
 the north of State avenue, and west of the Delaware house. It 
 is eighty-five by seventy feet in size, and is built of wood. It 
 contains the offices of the State Commissioners, reception rooms, 
 and a large hall in which an exhibit is made of the ngrieultiiral 
 ])roducts of the State, its mineral ores, marbles and other build- 
 ing stones, timber, etc. The oyster fisheries of the Chesaj)eake 
 hav and its tribntaries are illustrated by >pt.'eimen.> ol' nN-teis iu 
 
 ^u 
 
 ■ll -. 
 
 ii 
 
 I ; 
 
 'A 1 ;i 
 
 i-l 
 
IP 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 ' fi 
 
 |i : ( 
 
 Ijlldr 
 
 
 (502 
 
 Till-: n,MrsTUATi:i> iiistoijy 
 
 the shell, and l>y ;i e()mj)U'<e (lisj)hiy of mochjls of all the liout.s 
 and oilier ainiaralns n.sed in the fisheries. In one of the rooms 
 on the west of the hall are ji iiiiinher ol* specinu'iis of the work 
 of (he pupils of the State schools of (U.'sign ; and in an adjoiniii"; 
 one portraits and other historical relics loaned hy thi; Maryland 
 Historical Society. One of these is the banner presented to 
 Pulaski hy the nuns of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, in I77.S. 
 
 In the grounds in front of the building the l>aItiniore it Ohio 
 Railroad Company exhibit an old "grasshopper engine," made 
 in 18.j5 — one of the first locomotives ever used in this country 
 
 MMIVLAND STATE BUILDINU. 
 
 — and one of their largest six-wheel engines, which is said to 
 be the largest passenger locomotive in the world. 
 
 Virf/!)ii(i. — A private gentlomau has erected a plain cottage 
 of two rooms, in the rear of the Woman's Ijiiilding, to st.'rve as 
 a rendezvous for visitors from the old State of Virginia, which 
 declined to make any appropriation to the Exhibition. 
 
 nV,s/ Virf/i))i((. — The State ol' West Virginia has a handsonu' 
 edifice on ^'^)llntain avenue, near tiio Total Al)stinence fountain. 
 Jt covers an area of fifty-nine by thirty feet, and is built eii- 
 tirelv of timber from the State to which it bi'loiiiis. It is a 
 
or THK rKNTENNIAI< KXIIIHITIO.V. 
 
 603 
 
 two-storv stnu'turc, with a towor in the rontro. Tlin UiiiMiiij; 
 consists of two j)()rti()ns, an ()ct;i«:;Oiial front, with a ('(Mitral hall 
 open f'ntm th(> fl<M)r to the root', with a (:;an('ry nnniinij around 
 
 tl 
 
 10 seconi 
 
 1 stoi 
 
 y, and a rear 
 
 hall, 
 
 rcctan^^iihir in sha|M 
 
 Tl 
 
 10 
 
 0(!ta!^on contains the oflic(\s of the conani'^sioncrs and nvcption 
 rooms for visitors. The hall in tlu; rear is tilled with a hand- 
 sonic display of the ai>;ricultin'al and mineral jirodncts of tlu' 
 State. The native woods are shown l>y larj^e sections of trees, 
 an(l hy pi}!;hty smaller hloeks in th(' shiipe of hooks. The hark 
 is left on tlu; hack of each, and the name of tlu; wood is printed 
 in gilt letters and pasted on the bark. The row of sam|)lcs 
 thus resembles a collect i<)n of handsomely bound volumes. 'I'he 
 rich coal and coal oil of the State ar(> shown by larj^e blocks 
 of the former and jars of the latter. A tine display is made of 
 iron ore. l^argi? blocks of bituminous coal stand in tlu^ grounds 
 adjoining tlu; building. A (joiisidcrable disj)lay is made of 
 tobacco, and of oils, wines, mineral waters, mineral paints, 
 glass sands and marls. Jiuilding stones of the l)e<t (juality aro 
 also shown. The public school system of tlu; State is shown, 
 with s|(t'cimcns of the text-books used. 
 
 Mi.s.si.siiij}j)l. — The Mississipj)i liuilding is a neat and tasteful 
 two-stoi-y log cabin. It is foity-llire(( by thirty feet in si/e, 
 and is built ol" wood covered with a frame work of logs with 
 the bark on, all the timber u-cd in its construction being 
 shipix'il direct iVoui Mississippi. There are sixty-eight diili r- 
 ciit kinds of wood used in the building, and the ornaments to th(! 
 
 o> 
 
 hal 
 
 conies, door-w 
 
 avs and wiiwhtws consist of knots, roots and 
 
 curious formations found in the INIississip])! (brcsts. The walls 
 of the interior are finished in highly pijlisln/d piiK? wood of 
 various kinds. Som(> of these specimens reseml)l(> bird's eve 
 nia])le, and others are as dark as mahogany. The exterior of 
 the structure is covered with Spanish moss, which gives to the 
 building a most picturesque appearMuce. The hiiildiiig con- 
 tains the ofllc'csof the Staf(> Commission and reception rooms for 
 ladies and irentlemen. The buildiii'j; stands on the sloncs of 
 
 iK'orgc sill 
 
 11, to tlie iiortn ot tne >vesr \ n-ginia 
 
 MUlKlmg. 
 
 Tonics t<tr 
 
 — Tennessee is represented only by 
 
 a canvas tent 
 
601 
 
 Tin: iM,i)sriiATi;n msroitv 
 
 ,f. J 
 
 S ii' 
 
 ' tr 
 
 hctwccn tlu' M:irvl;in(l and lowii biiihlings, creeled hy a private 
 individual. It eonlains u .sinuU exhibit of the iron ores of the 
 State. 
 
 Ai'hinsds. — The Iiuildinjjf of th(> State of Arkansas is situ- 
 ated on the south si(h» of State avenue, west of the IJritish 
 l»iiildhi<2;s. It is eonstruetcd of wood, is oetaj^onal in shape, 
 about <S() feet in diameter, and has a <h)uble (h)ine in the e(!ntre. 
 It is painted in bri<j;ht eoh)rs without and within, and the in- 
 terior is handsomely draped with flags and streamers. A 
 Iiandsome bron/e fountain stands in the centre, under the dome, 
 and around the hall is arranged a special dis|)lay of the mineral 
 and agricultural resources of the State. The woods, minerals 
 and coal are shown to excellent advantage, and a capital dis- 
 play is made of the excellent cotton grown in this State. The 
 building also contains the ollices of the State Commissioners. 
 
 }fls.soHri. — The Missouri JJuilding stands north of State 
 avenue, on the slope of (Jleorge's Hill, and adjoins the Iowa 
 I'uiiding on the west. It is ii two-story struciture, with a tower 
 at its eastern end, and covers an area forty by sixty feet in 
 size. It ci)!it:iii>s but a single rooi )n the first floor (thu 
 ladies' parlor being in the second \ which is neatly but 
 
 simply furnished. Here is a cabinet of s[)ceimcns ol' the min- 
 ends found in tlu; State, and of the native woods. 
 
 Ofiio. — The (^hio I>uild:iig is located at the east(>rn end of 
 State avenue, immediately west of Belmont avenue. It is the 
 most <'legant and substantial of all the State edifices, and is 
 constructed of dressed stone furnished by twenty-one (juarries 
 of the State. All tlu; mat(>rials used in its construction weru 
 furnished by citizens of the State of Ohio engaged in the manu- 
 facture of the res|)ective articles, and are intended as special 
 exhibits. The building is forty feet square inside, is two full 
 stories and an attic in height, and is fitted up with reception 
 and reading-rooms and the oflioes of the State Commission. In 
 (he rear is a large hall or annex, of wood, sixty ieet long, 
 intended for the exhibition of articles from Ohio and for public 
 mei'tiniis. 
 
 IniUami. — The Indiana Building stands on State avenue, 
 
private 
 s ui" tlic 
 
 in situ- 
 
 liritisli 
 
 » shiiix", 
 
 centre. 
 
 1 the in- 
 lors. A 
 lie <loim>, 
 ! in i IK' rill 
 
 minenil? 
 pital tlis- 
 itc. The 
 ^ioners. 
 
 of Slate 
 the Iowa 
 Lh a tower 
 iv tW;t hi 
 Dor (tho 
 neatly bvit 
 the mhi- 
 
 I'u end ol 
 It is the 
 .>s, ami in 
 e (iuarrie.-« 
 •tion weru 
 he inanu- 
 •is special 
 two lull 
 reception 
 -,-ion. In 
 licet lonii, 
 |lbr public 
 
 avenue, 
 
 MlSSOUItl STATK UUILDING. 
 
 
 IOWA STATE I5UII.DING. 
 
 \ It 
 
 If' 
 
 '. 
 
 r : I ■ ■ 
 
 ;f:i:l 
 
 ;.'t-' i '.( 
 
>». 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXIK:,: I 'ON. 
 
 005 
 
 iramediatelv west of tho Ohio Rnildlns;. Ii is a haiulsoine 
 wooden j)avilion, and covoi's an area sixty hy f< rty foot in size. 
 It eontains a prineipal lial!, into whi(!h open the reading-room 
 an<l ladies' parlor. Tho walls of the prineipal hall eonsist of 
 (lifT'crent eolored panels, on which are painted the population, 
 a<;rieultural and other statistics ot the various counties »tf the 
 State. The offices of the Indiana Commissioners are in this 
 buildinji. 
 
 /^//.'(o/x. — The Illinois State I'nildins; is a handsome frame 
 (H)ttage, and adjoins that ^\i' Indiana on the west. It is two 
 stories in height, and contains a large reception hall, in wiiich 
 is a fine organ, a handsomely fin-nished ladies' parlor, in wiiich 
 is an upright Chickering piano, a reading-room and the otliee-j 
 of the Sttite Commission. 
 
 H7.scf>//,s'//i. — Wisconsin has erected for her State head-quar- 
 ters a i)Iain but eomfortahle and neatly furnishe<l cottiigi'. im- 
 mediiitely west of the Illinois I>uilding. It contains tin- ii-nal 
 reception I'oonis, ladies' parlor and the oilices of the Stat(! 
 ( <)nimis>^ion. 
 
 Miclii(/an. — The Michigan Kuilding stands on State avenue, 
 immediately west of the Wisconsin cottage. It is an elahorate 
 strui'tiiie (tf frame, with a tower at the southwest corner. The 
 interior is very haiidsoiue, l)eiug fitted up in hard wood, and is 
 divid<'d into the usual reception rooms and parlors. The 
 building contains the oHl s of the State Commissioners. It is 
 handsomely furnished throughout. 
 
 Jnira. — The Icnva Building is a neat and tasteful frame «'ot- 
 tage, and st;mds on the slope of (Jeorge's Hill, on the <>ast of 
 the Missouri Building. It is simply i'urr.ished, and contains 
 a reception and reading-room, and the offices of the State 
 Commissioners. 
 
 Juinnds and Cohvado. — These States share between them a 
 large Gothic frame building, the ground-plan of which is in the 
 form of a Greek cross. It stands innne<liately back of the New 
 Jersey Building, on the slopes of Beltnortt valley. Each arm 
 of th(> cross is one hundred and fif\y feet in length. The interior 
 is handsomely fitted up, and is devoted to u special display of 
 
 , 1 B 
 
 ■I 
 
 (=■1 Hi 
 
 m 
 
606 
 
 THE 1IJ>USTIIATED IlISTOnV 
 
 : i 
 
 the agriiMiltural aiul mineral resources of the States of Ivausju" 
 and Colorado. The former State oecuj)ie.s the principal portion 
 cf the space. 
 
 The great seal of Kansas is painted in the north wing, and 
 below it is a large map of the State, twenty-four leet long by 
 thirteen feet wide. The agricultiual products of Kansas are 
 disj)layed in the nortli and east wings ; the minerals and birds 
 in the south wing ; the insects in aises around the centre ; the 
 timber and stone displays are arranged near the east wing. A 
 handsome bronze fountain, presented by the ladies of Topeka, 
 occui)ics the centre, under the dome. Above it is suspended a 
 /((c-shnilc of the Old Independence Bell, formed entirely of 
 Kansas products, and designed by Professor Henry Worrell, of 
 TopcUa. This bell is eight feet eight im-hes high, and its 
 • liameter at the lower or open end is eight feet nine inches. 
 Tlie outer rim of the bell is formed of wheat, millet, broom-corn, 
 and sorghum. The tongue is formed of a gourd six feet long; 
 the hammer is a bell-shaped gourd a foot and a half in diameter. 
 Around the top of the bell, the inscription, "Proclaim Liberty 
 to all," etc., is formed of millet and liax. The building is sur- 
 mounted by forty-two flag?*, representing all nations exhibiting 
 here, and presented by the ladies of Leavenworth. The entire 
 building is surrounded by a wide poitico, affording seats antl 
 shade. Li one of the triangles formed by (he intersection of th«i 
 wings of the building there is a neatly furnished reading-room, 
 where files of Kansas newspapers are kept. Opposite to this is 
 the office of the State Board. These afford a quiet resting-place 
 for visitors. 
 
 The display of agricultural products is labelled, giving the 
 name of the county where grown, and by whom grown. The 
 yield per acre is recorded in the books of the State Board, and 
 can be ascertained on application. By reference to the large 
 map in the north wing, visitors can ascertain the section in 
 which any product exhibited is grown. There is wheat on 
 exhibition the stalks of which are from five feet to six and a 
 half feet high, with heads from three to six inches long ; tlif 
 uurn is from thirteen to seventeen aud a half feet in height. 
 
lortlon 
 
 ,g, and 
 
 )ng by 
 
 sas are 
 
 \ birds 
 
 re; the 
 
 ng. A 
 
 lopcUa, 
 
 leiulcd a 
 
 ircly of 
 
 >rrell, of 
 and its 
 
 e inches. 
 
 )om-corn, 
 
 'eet long ; 
 
 diameter. 
 
 a Liberty 
 
 ing is snr- 
 xhibiting 
 ;he entire 
 seats and 
 ion of thtf 
 ing-room, 
 to this is 
 ting-pl»**^ 
 
 riving the 
 
 iwn. The 
 
 Joard, and 
 
 the hirge 
 Isection in 
 
 wlieat on 
 Isix and a 
 hong ; thf 
 lin height. 
 
 MlClIKiAN STAIK 151 IMilNfi. 
 
 CALIKOISMA AND NEVAUA SiTATK UlJll.DINU. 
 
 '.^i' 
 
OF TIIF, rEN'TENXIAT. XIIiniTION. 
 
 607 
 
 with cars from eight to t(>n feet from tlio ground; oats from fivo 
 to six and a half foot high ; ryo from fivo to sovon foot high ; 
 broom corii ovor oightoon foot high ; hhie gra.-s throo feet four 
 inches high; fonrtoon difforont varieties of wild gra.ss, commenc- 
 ing with the hulllilo grass, six indies high, and ending with 
 Shio-stem prairie grass, over ton feet high — too big for liay 
 aiid not quite hirgc enough for cord wood ; rlover from four to 
 fivo foot liigh ; cars of corn from twelve to (ift(>on inches long; 
 one stalk of corn with thirteen cars upon, and another with 
 seven ; and many other products showing an (qually remark- 
 able growth. A fine display is made of the native woods of 
 Kansas. 
 
 The State of Colorado exhibits its mineral resources in 
 the west wing of the building. Here are specimens of gold 
 quartz, silver ore, and at the north side is a rcju-esentation of 
 the Rocky mountains, in which are grouped stulfcd specimens 
 of the animals of that region. The State Commissioners have 
 an elegantly furnished reception room at one side. 
 
 Oiflfornia ami Ncvadct. — These States have erected a large 
 wooden pavilion on the south side of State avenue, opposite tlfe 
 Maryland Building. It contains a handsome hall, the pillars 
 of which are finished in imitation of the native woods of the 
 Pacific coast. A special exhibit is made of the agricultural and 
 mineral resources of these Spates. The building also contains 
 the offices of the California and Nevada State Commissioners. 
 
 All the State Buildings have largo registers in which visitors 
 from the respective States may record their names and addresses. 
 Xoarly all ar« provided with filej of the State newspapers, and 
 with baguage and coat rooms, where visitors mav leave their 
 valises, bags, and useless wraps, without diarge. A number 
 have spcci^il post offices, and at all visitors may find facilities 
 for writinif and dcspat* liing letters. Thev can also have their 
 letters sent to their State Buildings during their visits to the 
 Exhibition. 
 
 The Philadcljihia Cify Bu!/illngsti.\n(\s at the northern end of 
 the bridge over Lansdowue valley, and opposite the eastern end 
 of Horticultural Hall. It is u handsome wooden structure, is 
 
 
['I . 5 
 
 hK 
 
 I HI 
 
 l!l» 
 
 i I ill! 
 
 t 
 
 608 
 
 THE II,I>U.STRATED IIISTOIIY 
 
 elegantly furnished, and is fitted up witli reception rooms Tjf 
 the May(»r and Councils of the city of Philadelphia. 
 
 The Foreign Buildings. 
 
 The Brifiah Govcrnmod JiuihJhujH. — St. George's House, r.s 
 the principal structure is called, and its two out-l»iiildings, stand 
 on the slopes of George's Hill, south of the State ljuildings,anil 
 constitute the head-quarters of the Commissioners from Great 
 Britain and her colonies. They stand in their own grounds 
 which are enclosed will) a pretty rustic fence, and in the yard 
 
 
 THE BRITISH Bl'ILDINOS. 
 
 before the principal edifice is a tall flagstaff from which floats a 
 large English ensign. 
 
 St. George's House is of the Elizabethan style of architecture, 
 two stories high, and is surmounted bv a roof of red tiles 
 and a multitude of tall chinmeys. The building was erected 
 under the superintendence of the English Commission, and the 
 furniture, upholstery and fixtures are from leading houses in 
 England. The building covers a space ninety by twenty-five 
 feet, with projections in front and a verandah and balcony in 
 the rear. The interior decorations and arrangements of rooms, 
 iiallways, etc., are designed to reproduce the time of Qu^en 
 
 i; 
 
OF THE ("EXTENNIAI- EXlIiniTIOX. 
 
 60C 
 
 Ellzabolli as nearly as it can now bo done. The \vin<1()\v panes 
 arc small; the rooms liave tirc-placcs, lii<rli mantels and broad 
 window seats. On the lirst floor a suite of three apartments 
 finely tinished in oak and openinj^ into each other bv slitlin"- 
 doors are the "show rooms "of the house. Thcv aggregate 
 fifty-six feet in length by sixteen feet wide. There are about 
 twenty apartments on the two stories, openini^ into j)assanewa vs 
 running lengthwise through tlio centre of the hou.-e. A])art- 
 nients in this building are , rovided for the use of the various 
 JJritish Colonial Commissioners, from the Dominion of Canada, 
 A'icloria, New South Wales, (inoensland, South Australia. 
 Tasmania, New Zealand, Cape of tJood Hope, .bimaiea, ]>er- 
 niuda and the ]>ahamas. In the two adjoining houses there are 
 accommodations for thirty-eight persons who are attached to the 
 Connuission. The liritish JJuildings are among the handsomest 
 in the ]v\hibition eiu-losunv They are llie ])rivatc residence of 
 the Connnissioners, and are not open to ihf> ))ublic. 
 
 The French (iocvnniunt lUulditKj stands north of the Main 
 Jjuilding and east of Memorial Jlall, near the 'Mitranee gate 
 which liices the Reading Kailroad Depot. It !> sixty feet long 
 by forty feet wide, and is built entirely of brick and iron, the 
 facing being highly ornamental. The top is of glass and iron, 
 and the entrance is finished witii iron. 
 
 The building is intended for an exhibit of the public works 
 of the French Kepublic, and the articles displayed within it 
 consist of models, charts, and drawings of bridges, a(pieducts, 
 railways, docks, and improvements to navigation. There are 
 many large and elaborately executed charts and models which 
 illustrate the system of su])plying the towns and cities of France 
 with fresh water, and to these are aillxed descriptions in both 
 French and Engl.sh. ''One of the largest and most interesting 
 models shows not only the great aqueduct at ^Marseilles, l)ut the 
 same work in tiie process of construction, with steam derricks, 
 temporary railways on trestle-work, and all other appliances 
 necessary for such an undertaking. Among the more important 
 exhibits in the road section are models and charts of the viaduct 
 of Dinan ; the bridge of Arcole, on the Seine, Faris ; the grc;!t 
 39 
 
 % 
 
 »ift 
 
 I 
 
 JV 
 
 ^5 i.: 
 
 i|[;i-i 
 
 ii 
 
K I 
 
 
 i 
 
 .«•» 
 
 
 !!! 
 
 CIO 
 
 Tin; 11,1,1 STUATIII) IIISTOICV 
 
 suiii^' lnitlL:.!' ,'ll r»lr-.|. Tlic iniiilrl mI" (lie l:is( -mcill IhikmI woiI; 
 is n\( r ciij^lii li'cl Iuiih;, iiiul is .said Id Im- a |KT(('r( n'linMliirtioii 
 ol llii- «<iiu,iii;il, <'vt'ii fo (1m' inosf iniiintr tirtails. 'I'hr l»riil';,t' 
 ol'Sl. Saiivfiir. llic iroii viailiicl ul" Uiisscaii dWIiiiiii, (lie Itrid^;;*' 
 oC ( 'lialoiinrs. and tli*> via<liii'l nf tlir I'oiiil. dc .luiir, ar<< all 
 rcpiTMiiIrd ill (lie saiiir \vii\ , :md all adrat't iiiiirli alh'iilioii, 
 nol (Milv iVnm ciiLiiiKM IS, who can !i|»|in'<'ial(' llicir <'(»ii>lnii'liuii, 
 Itiit iVtim (lie mMicral |uil>li(', wlin an* <»iilv sii|>|Mis('d '«> Itr r,'i|ia- 
 Mc (>{' adiiiif.ilioii. TIic iirw I'.iris («>riiiiiiiis of tlic ()rl(aiis 
 Uailwav is slmuii liv :i iiiirlv liiiislicd iiiodrl nl* the slalion, 
 
 sidcimLTs, ^iiard limiscs, siixnal oliirrs, r(r., and near this is ;i 
 ('olicclimi dC litli(>m;i|)|is cxIiihiliiiL;- llic vai'iuiis ly|»cs ul" car- 
 
 riaLics. \v;ii;i>iis, |iass(Mi<;(>r and iVri^lil cars, and l< iiiulivcs 
 
 used l)v (lie I'^rcncli. Tlic plan ol" naviualinn ItchvctMi I'aris 
 and Aiixt'iiit' is illnslralcd l)v i^cnrral cliarls and iihmIcIs of 
 Inn ;:ilndiii;il -cciions. Tlic Itana^cs ol' (lie I 'ppcr Seine, \\ lii<'li 
 coii-i-l ol" Iwo |i:irls. a naviu;al»lc passairc and :i wicr, the inova- 
 Itjc liislic liana^c al Marl<»l, llic iiii|)rovcmcii( ol" the Seine 
 (Voin K'oean lo Havre, and (lie canal Itrid^c on (lie A ll>e, an- all 
 rc|trt'seii(ed 1)\ linelv-cai'ved models. ( )|ie inlei'csl ini;' .-eclioii 
 is devolcd lo iii.iriliiiie works ;ii>oii( llie various sea-ports, 
 iiieilidiiiLi (lie loeiv of (lie poll ol I )iliik ir(pie, poll of llavre, 
 and basin ol" (he citadel, wondcrlnl caisson of (he colHr-dain in 
 
 the hasin a( r>re''(. (lie port 
 
 ant 
 
 I lo<'k 
 
 ua(cs a 
 
 I, S(. N 
 
 i/aire. (he 
 
 hasin-porl a( l>oidean\, and (li<' ports of l>ayonnc and Mar- 
 seilles. The l"'reneli li<:;lit-Iions(> sys(<«ni is Tiilly illnslralcd, 
 Itodi l>v models and charts, there hciiiu; several licantilnl models 
 (^(ivc to (M«:li( leet in Iciiiidi) ol" |ln> New ( 'alcdonia liiihl-lioiisc, 
 and the liiilu -houses of I lcaux-d<'-l»rcliat, Li' Tour, L.i iianchc, 
 (he I'ortics, and Si, I'nnic-tlc-Koyan. In comicctioii with 
 these arc dis|tlav(Hl the various kinds ol" lii;li(ini:; apparatus in 
 use. showini!; lamps of the lour ;j:radcs, and also a (nil cxhihit 
 
 ot odu'r siiiiials ot vanoii.'' 
 
 kiuil 
 
 s, such as hiiovs, hcacons, etc 
 
 'I'he I'rench svst(Mn of lile-saviui; service is shown in another 
 section, and >iill in another is a ircolo<>;ieal map of France and 
 illustration o(" (he l»eds ot' phosphate of" liiih' known or worked, 
 with t'ull descriptions ot' mining and ujachinery. The process 
 
ni.' iiii; ri.M KNNiAi. r.xiimrrioN. 
 
 (ill 
 
 1 1 work 
 
 iliwlinll 
 
 • l»ri«l'.!,t> 
 
 • l>ri<li;'' 
 nn- all 
 
 Icntioii, 
 riiili«»i», 
 l)t' rapa- 
 
 OrlcaiH 
 
 slalioii, 
 lliis is a 
 ; of car- 
 oiMolivcs 
 vn Pari^* 
 
 lodfis <»r 
 
 lie, which 
 li(' inova- 
 \\\v Srinc 
 l.r.an- all 
 lin- .MTtion 
 ,c:i-|torls, 
 .1' Havre, 
 •i-»lain in 
 i/airc, llu' 
 mil Mar- 
 llhislraictl, 
 III nuxh'ls 
 rlit-housc, 
 :i UaiiflH', 
 (ion with 
 Kiratns in 
 nil exhibit 
 
 icttlis, «'t<'. 
 
 u another 
 iranee aiul 
 r worUetl, 
 ho proeess 
 
 <»f <']ev!i(iiiL^ Mini (lislrilni'iiit^ w.iler Im shown n<i( onlv liv llie 
 :i(|llr<hicl. of l{<M|lie|;i\i)iir, ;i(, ,M;ilN(i||('s, |)ii(, the liaiiM'^e ;iii<l 
 reservoir « if ihe 'riiiens, ;iii(| ill" ( Ic\ .iliii;^ niiieliiiics ;i(, < 'ond*' 
 J'oi" (he sii|»|»ly of ( lie ciinl IVftiii ilir .\i--iii' (o the .M.niie. ( )ii 
 (he north sitle ol" (lie iMiildiiii; i-- hiiii;^ a iai^^e, hainl-oiiie iii;i|i, 
 >howin)^ .'ill the e.ini.i^e :iiii| imJIim.kU of I'laiiie, ; ;.| tlie wiills 
 of (he liiiihliii;; ai'e ru\i ml with lilliu^r,'i|i|is of nil the more 
 iiii|ior(aii(. works o(" (he ^ov^riiineni." 
 
 'I'lir frnicli Slninrd (//o.s.w I'uvilloii is sitnaleil near (Ik- 
 liniMiiiLj jii^( (leserilied, and is desi;i;iied ('speeiallv lor (he exlii- 
 lii(ion of stained i^lass. Men- are (hree nia<,niirh'eiit windows 
 desdned lor the U.oitian ( 'a(lioli<t ( !athe(h'al in New ^'orli. 
 
 iiiii.iiiN(i (ii- iiiK (jKiiMAN i:mimi;i:. 
 Tlir French (h'Uhuc I'drldoii is sitnuted on (he nordie 
 
 rn 
 
 slo|)e of I /ans(h>wn(! vallev, west of the (iennan (lovermnent 
 Ihiihiiiif^. It is eonstrneted of iror, jrjass and (iles, and is 
 devoted to an exhihit of tiles, |»treelain, and pottery. 
 
 Tlir (iiriiKin dovcrikmcnl Hidfdliif/ stands on the northern 
 slope ol" liansdowne valley, at its hea<l, and east oC 15elinont 
 avenup. It is hnilt of hric-k, is st...('o('d in imitation of stone, 
 Mild is an attractive structnre in the renaissance style of arehi- 
 tectnro. It is eighty-two hy forty-two feet in size. A spaei')Us 
 portico lejids into the main hail, which is handsomely fniished 
 
 '!i: 
 
 \:\ 
 
 ! ! 
 
 m 
 
 M 
 
crj 
 
 Till', ii,i,i'srii\Ti:i> iiiHToiiv 
 
 > h 
 
 ill sliK'co witi'k, and tlic walls and rfiliniij arc lii<^ldy frcscoi'd. 
 Tliis hail serves as a n'<'c|)ti(»M and readinii-rooni. On one sid(^ 
 ol" it are (he (»lliees mC (lie (leriiian ( 'nirinis-ion, and on iln> 
 oilier (lie ladies' and jfeiitU-inen's |»arl(»rs. The luiildiii^ is (ho 
 head-(|iiMrters of (Ik> liii|)ei'ial (iennaii ( 'oiniiiissioii, and is 
 intended as a reiide/voiis lor visitors iVoin (he ( Jeriiiaii lOiiipire. 
 
 77/( Spiiiilnh (foririimctil lluihlhuj is a lar^^e i'raiiie strnetiire, 
 situated on the slopes of* (Jeorge's Hill, west ot" the Total 
 Ahsliiienee iMtiiiitaiii. It is a large wooden ediliee with a 
 l»aseinent lieiieath it, and is eiij;hty l>y one hundred I'eet in size. 
 It contains a handsome display ot' models and drawings ol' the 
 piihlic works, fortilli-ations, and historical Idiildiniis of Spain, 
 «'\hil)i(cd hy the S|»auish governiiK'iit. It is similar to the 
 Kreiieh cxiiiliit referred to ahovc. 
 
 The SpKitinli (iiiiinl Jlonsc adjoins this hall, and is con- 
 structed ol' wood. It is octagonal in shape, ahont lil'ty I'cct in 
 diameter, :iiid is occupied l»y a detachment of Spanish engineers, 
 
 w 
 
 ho have chariic of the various exhiltits of the kinu'd) 
 
 im. 
 
 Immediately in the rear of it is a long shed with Moorish 
 arches along the sides, which arc closed hy light i'lirtains. This 
 is occupic<l by the Spanish soldiers as a kitchen and mess-room. 
 Till' Porfiii/Kcsc (loirnniintf. Jlnihlinif is a plain wooden 
 cottage, and is situated on the sontliern sl()p(> ol' the Lansdowne 
 
 vailev, east of Auricultural av 
 
 onuc 
 
 rt 
 
 is furnis 
 
 hed 
 
 simnlv 
 
 and serves as the liead-<piarters of the Portuguese Commission, 
 and as a j)lace ol" resort I'or visitors from Portugal. 
 
 The Siinfinh Scliool- 1 fonm: is a pretty litth; building con- 
 structed ot native woods. It was Imilt in Sweden and hrouirht 
 over to this country in sections. It is one story in height, and 
 is situated west ol" the Carriage Building and north of the 
 
 huilding of the Department of l*ul)lic Comfort. Xo paint i- 
 nsed in the huilding, Imt the native wood shows everywhere, 
 fresh and brought to a high polish. The huilding is :i model 
 of the pnhlic or national schools of Sweden. It is fitted up 
 Mith the furniture used in such buildings, and with the philo- 
 sophical and other apparatus prescribed for the hi"-her schools. 
 Specimens of the text-books and books of reference used arc 
 
<)V Tin: < KNTKNMAI- KN II IIMIION. 
 
 Ul.) 
 
 cscncd. 
 me Aiht 
 on tlx' 
 ; is tin' 
 
 Kinpin*. 
 nutiirc, 
 ,. Total 
 I with !i 
 , ill size. 
 
 s of tilt' 
 
 )t' Spain, 
 
 iV to till-' 
 
 1 is con- 
 \y I'cet in 
 •n^iiU'iTS, 
 i<iii«;<l<>ni. 
 I Moorisli 
 
 us. This 
 u'ss-rooin. 
 ^vo(»(l('l» 
 
 uisdownc 
 simply, 
 
 uunission, 
 
 inn; cnn- 
 l hroiijilit 
 Mjrht, ami 
 th of tilt' 
 o ])aint i> 
 (M'vwln'n', 
 iS a inotlfl 
 
 littod up 
 Itho ])hilo- 
 It school*-- 
 
 used ar* 
 
 nhowM, an<l tli.Tc arr models rxhihitrd hen- of the Ltn-at schools 
 of tlic <'i(ics of Swrdi'ii. I'ldiicatioii in Sweden is euinpulsorv, 
 and (he childi-eii of (he |M)orei' ela.-ses are i'ni'ui.'-he<l ui(li a jiood 
 <ommoll s<'hool cdne.iliiin ;i( (he \|iense ol" (he s(;i(e. l''or 
 thoM' who <le.sii'e to avail (hem>elves of such privileir,..s hi^jlier 
 schools are provided, many of wliieh are desi<rned to lit (Ik; 
 |)ii|)il lor some particular trade «»r pi<tHssi<»u. 'IIk; nea(ncss 
 au<l order of this litdc Imildin^; arc pardciilarly noticeahlc, and 
 the [iraclical nature and thoroughness of (he course are well 
 
 SWKDISII SCUiMlL-JIOCSH 
 
 ^'llown l)y the exhihit made liorein. The work of the te<-hnicjil 
 schools is shown in the Main Kxhihition Building, and h:i.s 
 heen alluded to els<'wher('. 
 
 T/ii' ('(Illinium Lof/ JIoiiHr is exiiihited hy (he government of 
 the I)<»niinion of Canada. It is situated near the Briti.-li 
 Huildiiiu's, north of the Total .Ahstineiice rountaiu,and is forty 
 hy sixty-litui- fi'ct in size. It is construeied of logs and tiinlH-r 
 of every variety, and represents the portal of a classic temple. 
 It is nni(pie and attractive, and its summit, to which vi.-itors 
 iire admitted, commands one oi" the best views of the Kxliibitioa 
 grounds. 
 
 t' :\J 
 
 i'J 
 
oil 
 
 THE ir-r-rHTi:.\n:i) iiistouy 
 
 '■! I' 
 
 TItc /irif.i/lan (lorrniiiiiitl liid/ilin;/ stands on n uooii.mI 
 knoll on Auri^'iillnral avt-niic, fii>t of tlu? (icrnian ( Juvernnunl 
 liuildin^. It is Imill of wood, octaixonai in rorni, and has a 
 li^lit open ]tia/za aronnd il, llic roof (»f wliicli forms a i)alc«>ny. 
 A tni'i'cl-likc room is built over the niain slrnclnrc, and at 
 i'Si'vy |)oint arc slaves li>r llaj^s. The main t'ntranec laces iIm* 
 south, and opens into a lirt;(' hall which extends the whole 
 depth of the hiiijdin^'. Two I'ooms open Upon the hall on 
 each side. They are Uf<v(\ lor the olljco of the j»ra/ilian ( 'om- 
 mis>ion and n'ception rooms (or visitors. The hou>e is hand- 
 somely finnishcd, and is one ot' th<> pleasantcst and most 
 attractive conMcctcd with the Kxhihitioii. 
 
 The ./(ijxiiKsc hinl/iin/ is situated on the eastern slope of 
 (J(>oro;e's Jlill, north of the Sj)anish hiiildiui^s. It is Ixiilt ol 
 woctd, is a low structure, two stories in height, and is covered 
 with a roof of heavy tiles of an ornamental shape. Tiic sides 
 of the Knildini: are made of movaidc |)anels, over the entrances 
 are ciu'iously carved tind)ers, and the yrain and finish of' tlu» 
 wood arc very heautiful. The interior is richly furnisiied. 
 Carpets of an elcL!;ant desiun cover the floor, the rooms are fitted 
 up in a style of elegant simplicity in the Japanese manner, and 
 the walls ar(> Imng with finelv-woven curtains of vetjetahk' 
 fibre, which, while they screen the I'ooms and shut out the 
 sun's rays, do not exclude the air. The building is the private 
 residence of the Japanese Commissioners, and visitors are not 
 admitted ! > it. 
 
 The Jupitncxc Bazddr stands immediat(>ly north of the 
 building of the nepartment ui' J'ublic! Comfort. The gromids 
 aroinid it are enclosed, and are laid oil' as a garden in the 
 Ja|iano>rie style. The building is a low, i'and)ling structure 
 built around tlirec sides of a eoiu't, is constructcil entirely of 
 carved wood, and is covered with a roof of heavy j-orrugated 
 earthen tiles. The northern side is left almost entirely •)pen, 
 the oidv protection against the weather being the overhanging 
 eaves and paper curlains. The ceilings, walls and floors are 
 painted in imitation of tile work', and many of the counters on 
 M'hich the goods are dis[)layed are richly ornamented and gro- 
 
 
OF TllK ("KNTKNMAIi I.X II 1 lU TION. 
 
 G15 
 
 Icsquclv cjirvcd. Tlif luiildinij is intciHliMl for llu' sale of 
 .JapiUK'Sf articles, (M)iisistiii<r cliiclly ol' aiili(|ii(' ln'int/.cs, curious 
 
 ims. 
 
 <|H'ciinciis of porcelain aiwl potlcrv, woml and ivorv cai'vi 
 and la<'<|ncri'd ware. 'I'lie inaj<triiy of die attendants ol" the 
 bazaar wear their native cosimne. Die dnties luive all Incii 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 rni; japanisi; dwki.i.ino. 
 
 |>:iid on the articles for sale here, and visitor? may carry their 
 |>nrchases away with them. 
 
 Till- Tiirhish Coffee Ifoiiw (ind Butanr is located oij the 
 Avenne ol" the Rejuihli*', north of >rachiiiery Hall. It is a 
 
 H 
 
An 
 
 L' 
 
 ■ ► 
 
 If 
 
 1 1:' H 
 
 I. 
 
 »»■■ 
 
 
 616 
 
 THE IMJSTIJATED HISTORY 
 
 largo and richly ornamontcd pavilion, with a donie-likc roof 
 surniountcd by the ('rcsccnt and the star, and with a wide 
 portico deeply sot in the sides of the hnildinj; at the northern 
 and sonthern ends. The sides aro filled with long, p(»inted 
 windows. The bnilding is richly deeorate<l in crimson, hine, 
 and gold, and is excoetlingly gandy. Opening upon the porches 
 are four small ha/aars, in which a largo stock of l)i[H's, carpets, 
 rich dresses, swords, daggers, jewelry, and other articles I'roni 
 the Tnrkish empire aro soM. 
 
 The cate wcnpios a largo and woll-lighte«l room in the 
 centre of the building, like which it is oc^tagonal in shape. 
 Above is the ornamented dome-like coiling, painted in Turkish 
 colors and ornamented with Turkish designs, A luxurious 
 divan or lounge runs around the sides of the r<tom, ami tables 
 and chairs art scattered about. The high, breezy-looking win- 
 dows are hung with heavv curtains handsomelv end»roi«lered. 
 Pipes aro here in abiindanco, and you may enjoy the happiest 
 of smokes for a njoro pittance. Cotfee is ma«le and served hero 
 in the |M'culiar Tmkish st)ie, the cups being the most fragih? 
 shells of exquisite portrlain, placed in silver h(»lders. At oiw 
 corner of the r<.M)m is a brazier with a charcoal fire in it. When 
 a visitor orders coffee the attendant places a .sp(»onful of sweet- 
 ened ground cotlbo in a silver dipper about as large as ihe cui) 
 from which you are to drink, and then adds hot water. lie 
 places the dipper over t\\e fire in the brazier and allows the 
 mixture to come to a boii, and thou turns it out, thick and as 
 strong as brandy, into your cup. Turkish licpiors and preserves 
 aro also sold here. The attendants are all Turks and dress in 
 their native <'ostume. The building is under the control of the 
 Turkish Commission. 
 
 7V. T'lnisidu ('ojf'ce IFousr <(H(I Jittzaar stand on the north 
 side of Fountain avenue, north of Machinery Hall. The 
 coffee house is octagonal in shape, iscjippod by an eight-panelled 
 and nuich elongated dome, and is ornamented with odd designs 
 panelled in red, blue and black, and relieved with lunnerous 
 intei*socting bars of green and gold. The windows of the 
 building are set hiuh rn in the sidt-s and are vorv sn>all, but 
 
OF TiiK centf:xn'ial exhibition. 
 
 617 
 
 D roof 
 i \\iilo 
 
 [•;ir|t(tS, 
 
 OS iVuiu 
 in tlie 
 
 i sluiIH". 
 
 Turkish 
 ixurit>iis 
 n\ tiiblt'S 
 iuii win- 
 roiiU'red. 
 luippit'st 
 •vo»l luTc 
 st iVajiilc 
 \t one 
 
 :)f swc'i't- 
 s ilu" cun 
 tor. lie 
 lows tho 
 k aiul as 
 |j)r('st>rvos 
 (Iriss in 
 rol of the 
 
 ho north 
 In. Tho 
 -|)anollo«l 
 U <losigns 
 Lninorous 
 Is of tlio 
 iniall, hvit 
 
 the roof is <'ontrive<l so as to kooj) up a constant cironhition ()f 
 air. The cafe is an ohil)orately oniaiuontoil room, suj)pli('»l with 
 
 tai)h 
 
 OS, chairs am 
 
 1 d 
 
 ivans, an( 
 
 1 at t)no on«l is a raised and 
 
 i'ushionod platform, on which nnisical portbrmancos an' given. 
 C'(»n'ee is made and served here in a manner similar to that em- 
 |)h)yod in tho Turkish cati^-. Tiio attendants are Tuni>ians, and 
 wwir their native dross. 
 
 The liazaiw adjoins the cafl' on the west, and i>^ a smaller 
 structure — a more shed snpjiorted l»y slender pillar>. '^r a 
 hijih counter which runs arounii tho insi(h^ <»f the l-f .! im::^ a 
 Tunisian merchant displays a collection of Eastern ' .in^ ior 
 
 sale 
 
 In the rear of these huildinirs the Hov of Tunis exhihits two 
 
 blaek tents of camers hair cloth, 
 
 su«'h as are usoi 
 
 !>v 
 
 th 
 
 Bedowin Arabs. They are intended to show the mode of life 
 in tho <losert. 
 
 On tho opposite side of Fountain avemio, a little to the we^t 
 of the Tunisian buildings, are throe small wooden booths. 
 These arc P^astern ba/aars on a small scale. The most we:>ti-rly 
 is for tije sale of s|)onges from tho principal 'I'nrkish sponge 
 fishery; the next, going east, is the ".Icrnsalem lia/aar." and 
 the last the " liethlehem Bazaar." In the last two some enter- 
 prising Syrian mercjiants olli-r for sah' arti<'los of olive \v(.od 
 and mother-of-pearl from Jerusalem, nethlchi-m and other 
 parts of tho Iltdy Land. 
 
 To the east of Belmont ave 
 
 ntie, near 
 
 the ( 
 
 crman (Jovorn 
 
 ment Building, is the Mowlsh Villa, a (plaint little structure. 
 
 The build 
 
 mi; IS verv small aiul unattractivi' without, and ii:is 
 
 httie stainec 
 
 Igh 
 
 »ss windows set in the walls near the top. 
 
 Tl 
 
 U! 
 
 interior is richly ornament<'d with tile work of <litferent colors. 
 l*assin<r throiiuh the entrance hall tho visitor linds himself in a 
 
 stiuare room, 
 
 bordered at each corner with slender eolmnns, 
 decorated in keeping with tho walls and ceiling. Overhead is 
 a glass <lome, which atlmits enough light for the centre, but 
 leaves the remainder of the building in a c(M)I darknes.s. To 
 tile right is scon through the dim light a small counter coveretl 
 with jewelry and oriental trinkets of all kinds, behind which 
 
 n 
 
 i ' \ 
 
 M^'.\- 
 
018 
 
 Tin; 11,1,1'STUATI |) IIISI'OKY 
 
 ii -1 
 
 arc Hcaft'd two \vhil<'-ittr)t:in('<l iiiwl l)!i;jLrv-c<»sliiiin'(l Mfiurs, liotli 
 Itiu iiitnit on inalxiiii;' sales to notice the eniioiis ehmees of tlieir 
 visitors. Anion'4 the lari^er ai'lieles olllaed lorsnle are Araltiati 
 jjiMis, swonis, (la'^eefs, stilettos, an<l strant^elv carved Knives 
 with iewelled haiiilles. (hi the lel'l is a hed room ahoiil. ei^ht 
 tc(>t loni; ami ionr leet wide, and in lhi> is a nicely made n|) 
 couch with satin |)illows and handsomely emhroidered spread. 
 A small parlor, with a loiiLi. low divan and a liw elei^aiil otto- 
 mans, ailjoins this, while a step rarlhci- on is aiiolhei' and larijcr 
 parloi- I'iMiiishcd in the same wav, and two more hed rooms ol' 
 ahoni the same si/c. The wills and floors of all these inner 
 rooMi'- arc covered with hcavv, dark-colored tapeslrv, aixl the 
 ceilin;^< are panelled in iiuitation of mosaic work of the most, 
 tnt riialc devices. 
 
 rill ( 'hiliiiii (inn rniiutit /iiil/iliiiif stands west of Machiiicrv 
 rial!, and is occnpied l»y a ili-play ol' the ainale;amatini^ ma- 
 chinery Used in ili(' mines ol' ( 'hili. 
 
 ( )ii the north side of l"'onntain avenue, cast of the T'liiisian 
 (all-, js a reliel' plan oC I'aris, constructed l»y ( 'oloncl Lieiiard, 
 a (lis! ini:ni>lied cniiiuccr oiliccr ol' the l''rench army. The 
 liuildiiius consist ol' separate Mocks or models, and stand <»ul, 
 Irom each oihcr. The rormation of tlic land is shown and a 
 fair fjcMcral idea ol' the l-'rcnch inetro|)olis is allltrded hy this 
 |)ian. 
 
 Buildings of the Ccniciuuiil Commission. 
 
 Tlir I'liitiil XtiitiH ( 'niti)nii<i/ ( 'ninniisslini Ofliius are located 
 on the riiiht of the main enlrance to the lv\liil»ition i;roiiiids at 
 Mini anil Hclmont avenues, Thev are estal»li>hcd in a low one- 
 story t'rame huildiiii;- w iih a wide |tia//,a rnnnine; around it. 
 The hiiildiii!:.- is painted a li^ht hrown, and is ornamented with 
 elahorate latticework. The hiisiness ollices oC iIk- ( 'enlcnnial 
 Commission arc located lure. 
 
 '/'//(■ ( 'iiiti'iiiiiitl Hiuinl (;/' F'nuiucr Ihiililnnj is situated on the 
 Icll ol" the main entrance to the m-oimds. iminediatelv o|)positi 
 the ( entcnnial ( "ommi--ioii ImildiiiLi. and is an exact <iipv ol" 
 that structure. It contain- the l>n-iness ollices ol" the IJoaid 
 ot" Fiuance. 
 
or Till', CKNTKNNIAr. EXIIiniTION. 
 
 <;ii) 
 
 Thi' < 'rnlniimii \iifiitintf /iaiil: is a oiir-slury wuodcu stnicliin' 
 III tastrtnl (((-si^n, uimI is siliiiitiMl on i'.Itii avciiiii', iiniiicdiaii'lv (o 
 tlir rast of tlic ma ill I'liti-ancc to (lie m|-miiii<Is. ll is tin- iiu'didin 
 (liroip^li wliicli llir (iiiaiK-ial alliiirs til" (lie l-lxliiliii imi arc liaiis- 
 a<'t('<l, and olli-rs liankini; lii<ililir> to cxliihildrs and visiidis. 
 
 77ir Juih/iH llii//.—'l'\\\s i- a iar'^c an<l liand->ui 
 
 nc woollen 
 
 pavilion, on*' Inindnd and lil'ly-lwo liy one Innidnil and tliirtiin 
 Iccl in si/c, and is silnalrd on (lie Avcini' of ilic lt<'|)nl»lir, 
 north of (lie Main Isxliiliition l>nildin<r. ll i- la-h liillv onia- 
 
 IliC 
 
 nti-d widiont, and ronstitiitcs one of ll 
 
 If nio.-l allni<;liv(r 
 
 I 
 
 TMi: .Mixics n.\i.i.. 
 
 -liMK'tiin's foniK'ctcd with (he lv\hil»ition. The interior is 
 
 liandsoniely lilted n|>. 
 
 In tl 
 
 ic centre ir, a lar-re halj -i'dilv I 
 
 >v 
 
 sixty I' et in si/e, with a irallerv rnnnin-'- aretnnd it. Snironnd- 
 
 Mi<j; this central hall is a corrnlor upon wIikIi o|)en ten com mil tec 
 I'oiuns and I'onr private rooms lor the jndtic-. I in- laiijdin^ is 
 li>r the n-e ol" the international jnries chariiid with the deler- 
 ininatioii of ihc pri/.es to he awarded hy tin- ( 'eiit' miial 
 ( 'nmmissi<in. 
 
 Thr Mnl'n'dl I hiitirlninif is intended to provide immediati! 
 and j^ratnitoiis medical assistance to pcr-'ons injnred or taken ill 
 in the I'lxhihilion •jrotinds. It is provided with a plain ItnL 
 eond'ortahlc hiiildiiiLT situated on IIk; norlh slope of* Lansdownt: 
 
 *i.i» 
 
 m 
 
V. 
 
 II 
 
 ii 
 
 IS '.m 
 
 I i 
 
 'i 
 
 f^* 
 
 ii? 
 
 ii 
 
 020 
 
 TIIF, ILM'STRATEn inSTORY 
 
 valley, noar its western end, ahniit ccinidistaiit (Voiii tli. 'j^vvixi 
 lialls of the IO\liil>itioii. It eonlaiiis two wardsjOiie lor female, 
 the other (or male [tatieiits, with three beds in eaeh ward. An 
 experieneed resident |iliysieian is in <'har<;e, with (onjiK'tent at- 
 t'Midants, and an amlmlanee is |)rovi«led for the removal of 
 patients t(» their own homes or to th(> city hospitals. 
 
 T/ii S(nni:i//. — This is a snhstaiitial shed, and is hx'ated on 
 Konnlaiii avenue, west of Maehinery Hail, it is two hini<lred 
 and seventy-six l»y eii^hty feet in si/e, with a lioiler Imnse furly- 
 oisxht by thirty feet in size. It contains the exhihits of direet- 
 a-linLT steam saw machines and <i;anu; saws. 
 
 lUirrdckx. — There are live one-story and one larfjjo two-story 
 frame l>nil<lin<^s located at prominent points in the i^ronnds. 
 These are the barracks for the Centennial (Jnard, (tr s|»cciai 
 police force of the Kxhihition. These l)nil«lint;s are also police 
 stations and are |M'ovided with cells I'or prisoners, 'i'lu> tw(>- 
 storv harraciv, which is l(»cated at the sonthwestern cxl remit v of 
 the grounds, is [)rovided with a court-room and a maixistrate's 
 ollice. 
 
 F'nr-Kiufhie IIohkvs. — These are two in ntnnher, and are of 
 Mood and one story in height. They contain halls for tlie steam 
 liro-enjiine.s stiitioiunl in them, halls for the horses, and (piarters 
 for the men. One of these hnildinj^s is at the northeast corner 
 of the Main Exhibition Hnildint; ; the other at the intersection 
 of liansdownt' drive and Belmont avemie. They are snpplied 
 with steam lirc-enifines, hose carriaj^es, ladders, and Habcoek 
 e> .ingnishers on wheels and portable. 
 
 The Restaurants. 
 
 liesides the restanrants and lnnch-n»oms in the Kxhibition 
 bni!din>>s there are seven first-«'lass restaurants located within 
 the t;ronn<ls. These are amom; (he largest and mo>t conjpletely 
 appointed eating-h(»nses in (he I'nited States, and air retpiired 
 < bv the Centennial Commission to conilnct their alfairs in such 
 a manner that visitors to the Kxhibition may be able to obtain 
 the best (iu'e at moderate prices. 
 
 TluAimrivdH Itcstidirdtit is the largest and hand.-oniest of 
 
OV Tin: rKNTKNNIAT, rA'mniTiox. 
 
 621 
 
 Jill llicso <'s(iil)li>lmi('iits. It is sliiKitcd on tho iiortliorn side 
 (•I* rKliiiuiit valley, iimiicdiatcly south ftf Ajiriciiltnrivl ilall, 
 iiinl within a short distance of Ilortieiiltnral Hall. It is ihrco 
 hinidnid hy two hundred I'eet i:i size, and is huilt arf»und throo 
 siiles of a court which is open on the south, 'i'his court-yard is 
 one hundred and twenty-live hy one hundred and sixteen feet 
 in si/e, and is handsoi lely turfed and ornamented with foun- 
 tains and llowers. A wide piaz/.a extends around the huildin^j-, 
 opeuinj^ u|)on the court. There is a lari^e and handsome diniiiii- 
 hall at the east end n{' the l)nildin_!i;, which can seat six hundred 
 f:;ue ts, and on the opposite sid(! ol' tho hnilding is a pavilion for 
 the salo of ice creani, etc. I'ive thousand iruests can he sciitcd at 
 once under the roof of the restainant. Meals are served either 
 
 (illAXI) AMEIUCAX KISTAL'KANT. 
 
 d la cavtc or toltlc (Vltulv. There are private rooms for suppers, 
 diiniors, etc., and the estahlislnnent possesses every facility for 
 entertaining; a lari^o nundx'r of guests. It is conducted hy 
 Messrs. Tobias tV: Ileilhrunn. 
 
 The Sonllicrn lit.shiKnnit is situated on Ptclmont aveinie, 
 north of the Woman's liuihliug. It is one hundred and eighty- 
 five feet long and ninety-four feet deep, and has four largo 
 dining-rooms and sixteen private rooms for parties or others 
 who wish to dine away from the hustle of a largo, crowded 
 hall, several parlors, a reading-room, etc. It is intended as a 
 place of rcndez-vons for visitors from the Southern States, and 
 the waiters are all colored men. The proprietor is Kdward 
 Mercer, of Atlanta, Georgia, a gentleman well known through- 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 
 [H 
 
 (^ 
 
 |i^ 
 
 
 
I 
 
 ii 
 
 I ( 
 
 1 
 
 I.: 
 
 ff 
 
 
 fl 
 
 
 Il:' i 
 
 "P. 
 
 ilr 
 
 G22 
 
 TIIF, ILI.rsTriATEl) IIIST'HiV 
 
 out the Soiitli as "a man who mn keep a hold." The estah- 
 lishiiieut can :u'»(imino(hitc one thousand quests. 
 
 There are two I-'ronch restaunints within the grounds. 
 
 The Ixffildunnif of flic 7/o/.s Firrcs Pmrcvrau.v is situated on 
 the west side (»i' Jlchnont aveinie, on the north >h(>re of tlie 
 laUe, and south of the Tnited States Government Unihlinj^. 
 It is a slmpU' (tiie-story wooden huiUlinijf, one hun(h'('d and 
 seventy-seven hy one hundred and ten feet in size, and stands 
 in the midst of tastefully lai<l-olf grounds. It will at (oninio- 
 
 TlIE SOUTHERN RESTAURANT. 
 
 date about one thousand guests, and is a duplicate, with respect 
 to its management, of the famous restaurant at Paris, after 
 which it is nr.nied. Louis Goyard, of Paris, is the proprietor. 
 The Ilcdnurant LofoycUe is a handsome two-story frame 
 structure, located on the south slope of Lansdownc ravine, 
 north of the Carriage Building. The second story is arranged 
 ns an open-air pavilion, and the building contains a number of 
 public and private dining-rooms. It is one of the handsomest 
 
cst{il>- 
 
 itcil on 
 of the 
 liUling. 
 (l an<l 
 stands 
 ouiino- 
 
 
 Wj 
 
 \\ respect 
 lis, ai'tcr 
 
 Lprietor. 
 
 1-y frame 
 ravine, 
 [arranged 
 uuber of 
 lidsoniest 
 
 OF TIIK ('KNTKNXIAI. EXiriniTIOV. 
 
 (j-jn 
 
 oatin<f-l)(>ust's in the jjrnimds, and is (•oridiictctl on tlic French 
 plan. It will MccuiDinodiite alxxit one tlionsand gnests. I'aul 
 Sudrean, ol' l*liila<l('l|)hia, is the proprietor. 
 
 T/ic (irniKtn Ixixtunranf, or, as it is hettc-r Unowii, " I/mhcrV 
 liestain'ant," is siiuated on the south side (»f the Uelmont val- 
 ley, a few vards iinrtlieast (»!' IloitienUnral Hall. It consists 
 of a large diiiiiv^- hall with a lofty doiiic, elaltoiatdy frescoed 
 and fitted up in dcLiant stvle, and three wintis euclosinj' a larm' 
 
 BESTAURaNT of the TR0« FRfeUES PROVEN<,EAUX. 
 
 space which is floored over and oovered with canvas. In this 
 court tables are set, and beer and (Jerman wines are served. 
 The building is two hundred by one liundred and fitly feet in 
 si/e, and is handsome in design and eonveiiieiit in arrangenient. 
 It will accommodate about twelve hundred guests. The pro- 
 prietor is Philip J. Lauber, one of the most popular and ejiter- 
 |)rising citi/.ens of Philadelphia. It may l>e addecl here that 
 
 <lil^ 
 
 » 
 
 if 
 
 li 
 
 ti 
 
 l;i| 
 
 1 
 
 I '■ I 
 
 r! ~i 
 

 L.i 
 
 
 j 
 
 !»; 
 
 !!i; 
 
 i ■ 
 
 , ? 
 
 
 624 
 
 TIIK n.M'.sTRATEI) IIISTOKV 
 
 this lias IxM'ii flio most successful and best patrouizcd cstal)li>li- 
 tnciit witliiii tJic jj^rouiids. 
 
 The MoiiKi JliiLrri/ hikI CoJ't', I'^lcisclimann, is a tasteful 
 structure (tf wood, mie hundred and tbrtv-six liv (»ne hundred 
 and live li'ct in si/e, situated irntnediately east <»f the French 
 (jloverunicnt IJuiidinii, near the entrance jrates ()|)|K)sito the 
 Heading IJaih'oad Depot. It is the property of (Jatf, Fleisch- 
 n... in ^V: Co., of JJlissvdle, Long Ishiud, New York, and is de- 
 signed ii. •'xhil;!t (ho advantages of «'ouip()und yeast in haUing. 
 Jt is fitted up with a hakerv in which fresh hread is heinu 
 constantiv baked, and served to customers in the colfee-housc 
 which adjoins the bakery. 
 
 T/ic (ieorijvH Hill Iits/tiur(i)il is a frame buihllng one hun- 
 <lrcd and t\velv<' l)v seventv-two feet in size, situated in the 
 
 western |)ortion of the grounds, near 
 
 the State buihbngs. It 
 
 is also called the Ilthrew Jicxtdiiiuoif, as it is «h'sigued with 
 osjM'cial reference to the wants of the Ilebi-ew visitors to the 
 K.\hibiti(ui. Tahnau t\L' Kohn are the |)roprietors. 
 
 To the southwest of the (Jeorg(.-'s Hill Ixestauraut is a small 
 pavilion erected by Jacob Kohn, of \ew York. Here are sold 
 the delicious wines and iicpiors of Hungary, which are served 
 by attendants in the national dress of that country. 
 
 The J)(iiri/.—'V\\U is a tasteful structure, l)>iilt of logs, and 
 is open in the main story, having only the roof above it. A 
 frame pavilion has been erected to the west of it, and is used 
 for the same purpose. The buildings stand on the uortli sh)pe 
 of the Lansdowne ravine, soutliwest of the Hortieidtural Hall, 
 in the midst of grounds Jiandsomely laid out as a gard 
 
 en. 
 
 Tl 
 
 lev are ownec 
 
 1 bv 
 
 an association o 
 
 f daii 
 
 ynieii resiihug iii 
 
 Phihidelphia antl the adjoining counties, and in them fresh 
 milk, cream, buttermilk, ice cream and refreshments of the 
 lighter kind are served out to visitors. 
 
 The Trti (tnd CoJW Pirss IlnlldiiKj is a handsome ediliee. 
 with a tower at each end, situated on the north side of lielnidiit 
 valley, south of the Agricultural Hall. It is the property (»|' 
 >rr. Jonathan Miller, and is designed to show a \v:\\ method, 
 invented bv him, of making tea, coffee and other extracts, by 
 
OP TlIK rENTKXXlAI. KX IiniTIOX. 
 
 G2.J 
 
 iistd'iil 
 
 uiulrctl 
 
 Krcncli 
 
 iito tlu' 
 
 h'loiscli- 
 
 d is <1*'- 
 
 ]):iUin^. 
 
 s lu-'mi- 
 be-liousc 
 
 mo Imn- 
 ;1 in the 
 iij^s. It 
 iicil Nvitl» 
 rs to tlu' 
 
 is a small 
 
 V are s»)l«l 
 
 vv serveii 
 
 lojiS, ilU'l 
 
 •(' it. A 
 lid is iisi'<l 
 i»rlh sl(»|><' 
 unvl Hall. 
 |;i iianlcii. 
 •nVwv^ ii> 
 lu'Ui iVcsli 
 its of thf 
 
 kie oditicc. 
 If Belmont 
 I'operty ul 
 Iv nu'tliotl. 
 c tracts, by 
 
 moans of prrs^uru rauscd hy tlic expansion of tlio niateriala 
 ust'd. This invention is one of the most important discoveries 
 of the day, and is ernisideix'd by chemists and other scientifio 
 nu'n to be a national benefit. The process of makinj; tea and 
 cod'cc' is shown Ut visitors by the inventor and his assistants 
 and attracts many spc<'tators, especially honsckcepers, to \vl: Jui 
 it is of irreat vahic, as it not only gives them a fine article of 
 codec and tea and a cpiicU mode of preparing them, bnt ceono- 
 nii/.cs the mat(?rials iiscd. The valnc and |«)\vcr of the process 
 of mal;iii<5 extracts is showpi by the fact that the entire proper- 
 tits to be extracted arc taken ont in a short time by cold water, 
 and when hot or boilini; water is thrown into the )>ress, tho 
 expansion of the material is so great as to ))revcnt the genera- 
 tion of steam. Tea and colTec made l)y this process, and dc- 
 licionsly cooled with ice, arc served w\t to visitors at a small 
 t!ost, and ihe ** presses " are sold at moderate j)rices. 
 
 Individual Enterprises. 
 
 Tlir Slinc. and Lcdl/icr lluihUiKj. — This bnilding was erected 
 bv the Shoo anil Leather Trade of the United States. It is 
 built of wood, is very jilain in design, is one story in height, 
 and is three lunnb-ed by one Innnbed and sixty feet in size. It 
 is situated south of Machinery Hal'., and tho main ontranco 
 laces tho grand jilaza between Machinery Hall and tho Main 
 ])uil(ling. At this cud of the building are tho oflices and com- 
 mittee rooms. 
 
 The i)uilding contains a largo ball, at each end of which is a 
 galliry, and smaller rooms at each extremity of tho edifice. 
 The hall is handsomely dccoraud. with flags and bunting, each 
 truss which supports the roof being draped with red, white and 
 blue bands. As these arc very nnnu«rous, the eireet of the dis- 
 ])lav is very fine. At <'ach end of the hall are elaborate deco- 
 rations appropriate to the place. 
 
 The hall contains a complete exhibit of all the materials 
 
 which enter into this large American industry, from the heavy 
 
 and intricate machinery for cutting and finishing the leather 
 
 down to the blacking for polishing it. Nearly si.v hiMubcd 
 
 40 
 
 Ml 
 
 f i I 
 
 
If 
 
 \n 
 
 ^pm 
 
 '\ il 
 
 \m 
 
 = 'It 
 
 MH 
 
 
 jiiilM 
 
 C20 
 
TIIK CKNTHNNIAT KXIfinniOV. 
 
 027 
 
 Aincricnn lioiiscs tako part in this cxliiljit, and a fow njaiiullu*- 
 turi'r.s (Vniu Knjfland, Ilus.-ia and (JciMnany. 
 
 The hnj5<'.st display is njadc l»y Mas.safhn>»'(ts. Tho oxhihils 
 from this State cxccfd those I'nun all the other States tuocther. 
 Newark, \e\v Jersey, is well represented and oe^-npies a, lari^o 
 sptiee, and l»nth Xew York and Philadelphia make an excel- 
 lent a|>|i<'Mr:»nee. 
 
 The eeiitral aisle is taken up on lK)lh sides witli a di-jplay of 
 hoots and shoes lor nxii, women ai;»l children. 'J'he «^ood> are 
 eontaine<l in hai\ds(nne ;j;lass show-rases, and rnnge in character 
 from the heaviest to the li<fhtest and linest work. The variety 
 of shoes is very f^reat. Om; manuliu'turer exhihits over live 
 hundred distinct patterns. Another exhihitor has arraniied hi-* 
 collection with reference to the historical interest which f;i-hion 
 has txiven to the shapes and liuish of e(iverin<fs for the feet, 
 showiui^ as he does the shoe from 177(j (h*wn to the present 
 ("ditennial vear in its dill'erintr lornis. 
 
 At tl 
 
 le western en» 
 
 lot tl 
 
 le mam aisle the 
 
 Indi 
 
 la ruKher maini- 
 
 fact'irers exhihit their jjoods, and make a handsome display of 
 the various articles of this material used in commerce. 
 
 At tl 
 
 le \\(.'s 
 
 t end of the l)iiildin<x i-> a .small room, or hall, r 
 
 on- 
 
 tainiuLi" a fine exhihit of trunks, .satchels, and the dilUrciit leather 
 ufMids u^vil l)v trave!Iei"s. Adioinini.!; this, on the north side of 
 the huildinjr, is a (ii•^play ol' hardware for trunk-iuakcr<, etc. 
 
 The south side of the main hall is occupied with a lari'^e 
 exhihit of leather. Itockwell ct Co., of New York, make a 
 special c\hil>it of .shecj> leather, their imitations ol" Kussia 
 leather beini; so perfect that it is hard for any one but a skilled 
 ex|)ert to detect the dilll'rence. 
 
 On tli(^ noith side of the hall is a large <li>[>lay of Ixtot an<l 
 
 '•lioe makintr maehinerv, 
 
 ( 
 
 'onspieuoiis amoULT the machir.es 
 
 (xliii)itcd here is the McKav scwiuii-machine ii>r Ixxjts and 
 
 noes, 
 
 from 
 
 JJost 
 
 on. 
 
 r 
 
 u.s maelnnc is r^ ''an 
 
 led 
 
 as onc! of the 
 
 •st in u>e — if not the very be.st — and ith cajtabilitii's for d 
 
 OlUiT 
 
 I lie woi 
 
 k for which it is designed mav be seen in the laet that 
 
 tl 
 
 le compai\v s 
 
 book 
 
 ill 
 
 .s show hall a mdlinn ot dollars of royalties 
 
 ml 
 
 the work done la.st year. The Tapley Ikel-lJurnishing 
 
 U 
 
 ; F 
 
 ?fj 
 
 1 
 
 ; 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 i, 
 r 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 ? 
 
 > 1 L 
 
 * 
 
 ^' 
 
 
 i 
 
028 
 
 Trir; ir,r.tsTrtA'n:i) fftsnujY 
 
 [;ri 
 
 M f 
 
 MiU'liiiiP Aps(>«'i;ifi(iii, of r>i>st(ni, ('xliil)it (»no oi' tlicir ii<Iriiir;il)I(' 
 inacliiius, of wliicli I'oiir ImiMlrcd arc now in use. 'I'hc Tnidu 
 
 (•i|<j;c-s('(tin}5 ni;i('liin<' is an intcrcstiiijL? olijcct. 
 
 It 
 
 IS sail 
 
 I tod 
 
 (> 
 
 h^ work in on<'-liMlf' the time it oan be done l>y )iand ; and tlio 
 IMinnnicr's ITiiion uliitcnirii^ and iMillinir niadiinc |)('rlornis tlic 
 lalmr (»r six men. 'I'lic AiiKTican S|ior-'i'i|> ('«Mn|)any, of 
 n(.stoii, ('\|iil)it an int< i >tiM<r niadiinc lor «|iiiltint; boots and 
 shoes with \vir(>. Many of the machines arc in o[)eration, and 
 their worlxinj^s may lie seen l)y visitors. 
 
 The Shoe and Leather exhibit is hii^hly mnlitabh', and <;i\rs 
 an aibnirabic idea of the inai^nitndc and in)|torfanc'! of this ^j-eat 
 American industry and of tiie skill and intrennity exercised in it. 
 
 T/ic Iti'cnrr.s huhistrinl il.vhihition Ihiildinij is sitnated near tin; 
 iHMthea^tern corner of the Kxhibition p;roiMuls,and immediately 
 cast of the Aiiricnltnral I>nildini;. It is two hnndred and seventy- 
 two feet in Iciiirlh and niiietv-six feet in width, and was ereel(>(| 
 
 at a cost of !?;;().()(!(). 
 
 It 
 
 lar;,r, 
 
 ;(> and <'ons|)icnoMs woihk 
 
 bnildinir. II<>|> vines aiv trained alon<^ the sonth front, and the 
 gronnds on this side arc tastefnlly laid cjlf as a hop vineyard. 
 
 The bnilding contains o!jo larj^c liall <'i}ility-liv<^ I'ci'l in heisxht, 
 and fonr smaller halls i'orty-fivo feet hiL;h. Over the main 
 cntraiK-eon the south side is a statneof Kinij; (land)rinns. At the 
 rise of the second roof is u beer-barrel ornamented with the llau;s 
 of all nations, and over each entrance is a handsome desii:;n nuuh; 
 up of the imj)l(Mnents and materials \\<.('^\ in the business. 
 
 The interior is«leeorated handsomely with bnntini; of various 
 colors, and over th(> eastern <'ntran<'e is a large trophy surround- 
 iii<; a medallion on which is inscribed the followins^ sentence: 
 "In the year lS(j;], l,r)r)8,08.'} barrels of beer were breweil in 
 the United States; in 1875, 8,7 1'), 711 barrels were produced 
 from malt li(piors, on which a tax was paid of ^!>, 144,004.' 
 Inscriptions ii; English and (Jerman relative to the brewi 
 
 nir 
 
 business are placed on the wall at various points. Near the 
 centre of the hall is an elevator which conveys visitors to the 
 •jallcry outsi Ic of the buihling, from which a fine view of the 
 Kxhibition grounds, the river, and the surrounding country 
 is obtained. 
 
OF Tin: < KNTKNNIAL KXIIimTIOX. 
 
 C29 
 
 111 ti) «l<> 
 in«l tin? 
 nn^ tlu^ 
 any, <»* 
 [M»tS iitnl 
 ion, mul 
 
 hi- <^n-.it 
 
 is('«l in it. 
 
 ,1 ncMV tl»« 
 
 mediately 
 
 il scvcnty- 
 
 •as erect (m\ 
 
 \s wnodeu 
 
 ,t, an»\ lli<; 
 
 [ineyard. 
 
 ill heiijUt. 
 
 the main 
 
 IS. Attlie 
 
 » the tV.i'j;s 
 
 ■<'\if\\ nuuU^ 
 
 ■ n 
 
 lie--*. 
 ol' variolic 
 sun'ounil- 
 sentenee : 
 lirewevl in 
 prtuUieeii 
 •M44,004.' 
 lie l)ve\vin;j; 
 Near the 
 si tors to the 
 view of tli*' 
 liur covmtry 
 
 The huil<lin<j; is devofetl to a (lis|»lay of the pnMvsses of inal;- 
 JH'.: niuM, ami hrewiiijj; heer, ale, ami porter. ,Mr. (-liarles 8(011, 
 of New York, has circtetl at j^reat expense a workinj; hrowery 
 of the most approvcil plan, eontainini; all the latest improve- 
 ments. It is called the " (Vntennial Mrewery," ami has a 
 capacity of IhO harrcis at one time. Opposite to this display 
 tlu're are tw<» malt kilns of full size, one of which was erected 
 l)V William Ilujrhes and Theodore lifr<;ner, of Philadelphia. 
 The latter is a patent arram»cmeiil, and is complete in every 
 particular. In various parts of the hnildini; the manner of 
 steeping:, <rerminatin<;, and dryini; the malt, is shown, tojj;ether 
 witii i\n' cleanin<; and separatin;^ machines. .Malt-<;rin<ling 
 
 mHls, h 
 
 lop-i^rnuhn.ij mash njachnies, vats, tiihs, and l»e«'r-coo|iiig 
 apparatus, from Austria, are also shown. Models of malt- 
 houses and hreweries are cxhihited, and amoii;.; these is a model 
 of the hnwery of one Imndred yeai's aijjo, when all the lahor was 
 done hy hand. The hrewery then was simjdy a ron<,di shed 
 with a rudely thatched roof of straw. C'lo-e hy is a model <»f a 
 modern hrewery of to-day, with all its machineiy and improve- 
 ments. Samples of hops, harley, and other <'oreals frcnn whieh 
 malt li((U(n-s are made, are sh(>wn, one firm displayiii!^ five 
 varieties. Samples of malt licjuors of all kinds, in glass and 
 wood, arc also exhihited. 
 
 On th(! north(.'rn side of the llrewer's l>nil<lin<r is an annex 
 known as the " lee IIoux'." It is seventy f«'et in len;j;th and 
 oi|.^lity feet in width, ami the walls are douhle and are lined with 
 sliavini;s to assist in maintainini:; a low dcu'ree of temperature. 
 It is fitte«I up with three con\partments ; one <(»r ale, which does 
 not recpiire so low a temperature; a second (or heer, which 
 rcipiires irreat cidd ; an<l tin; third for use as a sample rooni. 
 All the malt li(piors intended for competitive cxhihition arc 
 kept in this luiihlin<r. 
 
 Tlic JiiUtcr and ('/urKc lun-Utrij is a larije W(»o(len l)uildin<^ 
 -.j'tuated near the northeastern end of the ICxhiltitictn {^rounds 
 and cast of the Brewer's Huildim;. It is one hundred and six- 
 tee:! hy one hundred feet in size, and is two stories in hei«^ht. 
 It contains a special exhihit of the dairy producLs of the Uiu'tcd 
 
 I.I 
 
iii 
 
 . , , ( 
 
 HI' 
 
 ill 
 
 •» ♦ 
 
 630 
 
THE CENTEXNIAI, EXIIiniTION. 
 
 631 
 
 States, and illustrations oC the processes of nuiUing butter and 
 cheese. 
 
 The Dcpat'fmnU of Puh/if ('(tm/(}rf is a peculiar aiwl very 
 iin|)or(aut !iran<'li of the i^rcat Kxhiliition. As its name indicates 
 it is desitriied to supply additional comforts and conveniences to 
 visitoi-s to the Kxhihition. It is controlled by a companv of 
 which Mr. W. Maish Kasson is the President. The sum of 
 $2(),(K)(> was paid totho ( cntennial Commission for the privilege 
 of estaldisliinj;' this <lepartmcnt, and it \va> made a c(»nditi(»n of 
 the concession that all th«; acrommodations provide<l Ity the 
 department shouM Ik? of the Inst (piality, and that the <har<fe« 
 lor them shoidd he nuwlcratc. 
 
 The principal huihlini; of the Depirtmont of Public Cotufort 
 stands on the corner of the Avenue of the Republic and A<j;ri- 
 cultural avenue. It is :» jiandsome edifice of wcmhI, (wo st<tries 
 in hcijxht, two hundrc<l and sixty-lunr by one hundred and 
 twelve iW't in si/e, and c<ti\sists ot' a central l»uildin^ with two 
 winji^s. 'J'he c<'n(ral buildinjjj is used by (he de|)artment, and 
 «.x)ntains a larj^e recepti'^o-nMun fiir visitors, which is abviiulantly 
 suppliinl with chairs mhI solits, au4l is fre<' tit all v.-ho <-hoose to 
 nvail themselves olits faciliti<s. A re<;istcr is Uept here, free of 
 char;j;e, in which visitors «n:iy en<cr their names, address in the city, 
 and dateof inten<le<l dcptu'turc, s<t that friends may readily learn 
 of (heir whercaltouts. Special anan^.i ments may Im> made tor the 
 reception of visitors' letters addrc>-i<'d to the <are of (he |)epart- 
 mentof Publii' Condbrt. These will be Uept until <'alicd tor, or 
 forwarded toany tUsired p<tint. Riserved seats at the theatres and 
 principal places of amusement in the city may Ik> ob(aine<l here. 
 
 At the north emi (»f the riception-hall is a luuch-ioiuiter, at 
 which refreshments are sold at incMler.ite priets. Stands tor the 
 sale «»f fancy articles, newspapers, |K'ri«Klicals, etc., are to be fiauid 
 in the recepti<m room, and attached to it are barber-shops (or 
 }jj<MUlemen, drissin<r-ro(»ms for ladies, water-closets, lavatories, 
 l)oot-blacUin;^ r(K>ms, auil ("oat and ba<xira«:e rooms, where l)ag- 
 L'^sre and other small articles mav be left at a snudl cost, ihf 
 owner n'ceivinj<; a check tor his property. 
 
 la c4>nnection with the c(»at ant) ba«;ga<^c ruoni are ti'U sta- 
 
 n 
 
 
 oil 
 
 u 
 
U' 
 
 Hi 
 
 If 
 
 llf# 
 
 U! 
 
 i| 
 
 632 
 
 THK II.I.U.STUATED IIISTOUV 
 
 tioii-*, ill aiul alxMit tlio Kxliiltitioii I)iiiKliui;s, wlioro nrtiiMOS nf 
 wcariii;^ :i|»|>arcl, small Uajj^tjai^c, hiiiHllcs, haskcts and iiinhn'llaH 
 may l»o (U'|)(»>i(c(l and can-d for, or rliccktMl i'or delivery to olliei' 
 stations. Slaiuls lor sii|i|ilyiiii!; iiewspapi is, periodicals, aixl all 
 till! (•lureiil littiadirc of llie day, air |irovided in tin; receplion 
 room and in and aliont tlie dillerenl pnMie l<uildin<;.s ; stationery, 
 po^taj^e stamps, and all eonvenienees (or writini;, are also sup- 
 plied. In tile Art (lallery stands llirtlie sale and liiri; ol' ohjeet 
 and opera Lda->-es are estaldislii-d, Tive |)avilions lor lioot- 
 lilackini; are ai>o liM-ate*! at desiraUle points al)oiit tin; jfroimds. 
 At all the coat and l)a;x«;a;i<' stations mnlirellas are kept lor salu 
 and hire. rele^i'a|>liie stations fur orderiiiLi; rollin;^-eliairs and 
 callini; ines-.en;:('rs ol the American I)i>tri»t Telej^^raph (\)in- 
 pany may also Ih> I'oiind there. 
 
 ( )ver the central |M»rtion ol the huildiii!^ is an ojien air gallery, 
 vhich is eoveri'd with a canvas awniiivi; and is free to all 
 visitors. It is intended, like the ri'ci'ption room, as a place of 
 general re>-ort lor vi.-itors. 
 
 The eastern win;.; is tM-ciipied l»y the (leiieral Telcifraph 
 ()lli<'e ol" (he Kxhiliif.ion, aUo nn<ler the control of th«' |)epart- 
 nieiit oC l'iil>li(' ( 'omloit. M»">s;jM(s m;iy Ik- sent I'rom here to 
 all |)art> ol the world. The room contains an e.xhihil ol the 
 vaiion- in>triimeiits used in telc<;raphinj;, the j^realer immher 
 of w Inch may he seen in operation. 
 
 The wi-tein winix i"* lilted lip for (he a»'commodatioij of the 
 I'niti'd Stales (enteimial ('ommi><^ion and tli(> ineinhers of \\ic 
 pros of the country. It contains >oine of the oHices of th(> 
 Commis>ion ain! a \i\y>^v. and airy hall, which look-out upon the 
 wiHided slopes ol the I^jiii-downe valley, and is titled up with 
 t»l»le> and chairs for tlw iim- of the army of eoi're«pondeiils and 
 l<'p. titers who are daily eni;a<»-ed in making the attraetions t»f iht; 
 K\liil)ition known lo the pnhlic 
 
 Till- Siii(/ii' Sarin;/ MiicIi'du' lli>ii<liiif/ is a prelly frame eot- 
 la>;e erecti-d on the south slope u| the Laiixlow ne valley, "orlh 
 of Memorial Hall, hy the Sin<.;<r Manulactiiiiinf Com,., .y at a 
 cost of S'i(>,«M>(>. It is handsomely fresc«H'd within, and is fitted 
 U]> in elegant style. It is «levoti;d to a spivial exliihit ol the 
 
OF Tin: CENTENNIAL EXUIIUTIO.V. 
 
 C.*]3 
 
 .liil)iti 
 
 oti 
 
 Muf^or M'wiiij; niiuhint's. Ainunjr tlic novcIticM on c\ 
 luM-oaiTU wiix-tlnoad l(»(l<->titrli m:icl»iii<', and luKton-liolcainl 
 eyelet niaeliine, a book-ljimlinir niacliine, ami xviial oiIk r> lliat 
 are new to tlic |»nl)lic, one of wliicli is eapaMc of making 
 
 mn(.i:k MwiM. m\(1iim: iiiii.dinc; 
 
 ,^0,0()f) (liHrrent styles oCstitelies. Nnnieroits san)|iles are shown 
 i)f" llie worl< |)erloi-nie(l with the Sinj^rrr niaehine, and thisc aro 
 anion^ the in<»st Iteanfil'nl and skJUnl s|»eeiin<'n- of necdhwork 
 to he seen in the Kxhibilion. A rei.ri>t(r i> k<|>t in t\v riicn- 
 tion pnrlor for the names of vi-ilor-. At the clo*/- of th«» 
 Kxliihitioii the«'(tmpany will present to one of the ladv visitt)i-3 
 
 h I 
 
 m 
 
 m\ 
 
 ( I 
 
 m 
 
 M 
 
 i'^ 
 
CVl 
 
 THE riJiTSTnATED history 
 
 
 whose name shall ho foimd in the register, the two niiIIio?ith 
 machino of their mainifactiire, the choice; to ho (leterinlucd l)y 
 lot. Sixty-one niachiiics, each ofn dillerent style, are in opera- 
 ti<m here. 
 
 Till' I\vvsj//r(i}il(( lliUe S'oi-liii/ Pavilion is located on the 
 north side of the Lan^lownc valley and south of the H()rticul- 
 tural Hall. It is a plain structure of wood, oval in shape, and 
 Kurntounted hyacarved root'witha projecting cornice. Ithears 
 the inscription, " The iJihle without note or comment." 'J'he 
 front i> ornamented with an open Hihlc, above which is the text 
 from Jeremiah xxii. 2!': "() earth, earth, earth, hear the word 
 of the Lord." iJihles and Testaments, in all the written lan- 
 guages of" the world, arc sold here at cost. 
 
 7V*c " 7V//»(N " l'(iri/ioii is a .-mall iVamc >lruc(ure erected hy 
 the pro|)rictors of the IMiiladelpiiia " Times," as a Centennial 
 l)U^iness oilice. It stands on lUlmont avenue, oppo.iite and 
 east of tlic lake. 
 
 T/tc (i/ass M(i</(i:!n(' stands on liclmont avenue oppo.-«ite the 
 lake, and north of the I*h(KO{jra|)hie A-^sociation nuildini;. It 
 is I'orty feet srpiare and two stories in hcij;ht. 1( is constructed 
 mainly of plate glass from the works of Mosrs. Ivlautshcck, 
 Thomas iV Stuart, of Philadelphia, an<l is devoted to a s|iccial 
 exhihit of plate and window-glass, glass shades, hand mirrors, 
 etc., made hy the uhovc iirni. All the articles in the building 
 are I'or sale. 
 
 T/w AiiK'rlodii . .'c ('(tinj)(i)iii\-t Ptiii/dhif/ is a small plain 
 structure, situated on Lansdowne drive, north of the .ludges' 
 IJuilding. It contains an exhihit of the safety match of this 
 company, the head-cpiarters of which are in New York. 
 
 VV/c ( '(iitcitnidi J*/i()t(t(/r(tjthl(' .|.s.s7*c/Vr//o/i liiiild'nifj is the 
 property of the company the name of which it hears. It is a 
 one-story frame building with a wide balcony around it, and is 
 hituated on the east side of Ilclmont avenue, north of the gram/ 
 pla/a. It is one hundred and fifty by thirty feet in size, auA 
 contains one room ihr the e.xhibition of photographs, and three 
 rooms for pholographit; tnanufacfure. The company jiuve the 
 exclusive right of making photographs of the buildings luid 
 
 fi'^ 
 
 Wft 
 
OF TIIR CENTKNNIAI, KXIiriUTION'. 
 
 G35 
 
 ('xliil)its, Avii'ch arc on sale horo and at various points in llic 
 liniidiniis an<l uilliiii tlic grounds. This is tliconlv |iliico wlicrc 
 \isitors can \m\■^) tlicir plcliiics taken at tlic Kxliiliition. 
 
 I'lir Aiiiiriiuoi Jidilniitd Tii-ki ( ( ijlicr is a liantlsonic Imildinir, 
 ofta_i;onal In sliapc, and constrnctcd of wood. It is Mvcntv-five 
 Icot in dianu'tcr and two stories in liciirlit, and is situated on the 
 northeast corner of" Tx-hnont avenne and the Avenin' <tf' the 
 lvepid»lic, iniincdialcly west of the .Ind;i<s' Ilail. It is used a-> 
 a general ticket ollicc for the funr trrcat trnidv lines nl' tlie 
 (•(tnntry the IVinisylvania, Iiahiniore tV: ( )hi(), Mile, aiid New 
 York (Vntral railroads, 'i'ickets are sold t(» all pnint^ in the 
 I'nitcd States, ant! inf!)rniation fnrni>he(l res|)('ctin<; roiilcs of 
 travel, rates of fare, etc. A portion of the laiildinL;- is ii-cd as 
 the<>nic(> (.f the Ailains Iv\pri'>s ( 'onipany fitrthe tian^aetinn of 
 their ( "entennial liu>inc^s. 
 
 77((' IUdiLi c.s' /iiilhliiif/ is a handsome c(it(ai;o, painted in dark 
 rich colors, and sitnated (>ast of the Art (lallcry, hrtwn n the 
 IMioto^raphie Annex and the Vienna Hakery. It wn> hnilt l>y 
 the contrihntions of the hankers of the principal cities (>{' tin; 
 I iiionand their clerks, and is doiniicd lor the exhihition of 
 coins and enrrency, an*l as a |ila<'e nf rcnde/Aons fiir hankers 
 and their liiniilies while visitinj; the Ivvhihition. 
 
 yV/c h'iiij»lt\' 'rnnisjioihilidit toiujKinif.s liidliliii;/ ]< a plain 
 \t()oden sirnetnrc, seventy hy sixty feet in si/e, sitnated nn the 
 Avenne of the lve|)nltlie, north of" the »a>t end of the Main 
 Kxhiliition ^nildiu;^^ It is hnilt in the style of a railroad 
 freight station-honse, and is devoted to an exhihit of tli<' niethcMl 
 of transporting; "fast frei<;ht," as practised hy the Mnipire 
 Transportation Company and its connections. A nnniher of 
 jiandsoine working; mo(lels of lake steann-rs, jfrain elevators, 
 oil taidv-<, railroad cars and loconn)tivcs jire arranged jimnnd the 
 room, and arc in c<.,isiant o|H'iation. Tluy show the system of 
 hrini;in<; jji tin In steamers from tin; jxreat lakes to prominenl 
 points on the threat trnnk lines, and of Iran-fei rin^' it hy eleva- 
 t(»rs to the ' ars which are to convey it to the ca--tern markets; 
 luxl also fi .>m the cars to the lar<;e clcviitors of the lerniinal 
 points in the east, from which it i» ilincharged into vessels bonnd 
 
 >■■ 
 
 ' I 
 
 m 
 
 & 
 
636 
 
 THE ILLUSTUATED HISTOUY 
 
 for foreign ports. A series of working inoilcls also exhibits tlio 
 nietliod of operating petroiei i wells, and of sliippinj; tlic ernde 
 oil in tank ears and (!onve\.jij^ it to distant markets. Tho 
 models to he seen here are among the m(tst perieet in the Ex- 
 hibition, and the display made in this bnilding is as interesting 
 
 as It IS snggestive. 
 
 The Bur'nd Casket BnHdiiif/ is a one-story frame .strneture, 
 with turrets, situated on the south slopes ot the Lansdowno 
 valley, north of the Annex to the Art (iallery. Jt is devoted 
 to an exhibition of the various styles of burial easkets. 
 
 T/ic Has Mdc/iine is an oetagonal one-story frame strueturo, 
 
 -•xy>^--— — 
 
 ffSff^ !!-,-,:-- 
 
 :^;--vf ■.■..-■ ::".■' 
 
 
 '/.tA > ^m'S*;*.:^-^^;^, 
 
 Tin; KMrillK tIIANSI'OKTVTION COMrAXY's IIUILDIXO. 
 
 wl 
 
 fifteen feet in diameter, situated south of Maeliinery Hall, ainl 
 is devoted to an exhibit of a new proeess of generating a fixed 
 illuminating gas. The exhibitor is J. ('. 'I'illimy, of Jioston. 
 
 iStarrn Iron Workn are located southwest of Machinery Hall, 
 near the fence which separates the; Exhibition grounds from \\\\\\ 
 avenue, 'f hey ar(! the property of Messrs. Jesse W. Stair t^' 
 Son, of Camden, New .Jersey, 'fhe display consists of iron 
 piju's for water and gas, fire hydrants, stop valves, lamp post|i, 
 etc. The chief feature is a (complete set of gas apparatus fi)r the 
 mamifactnre and distribution of gas, frotn the l)en(;hes and retort 
 house to the gas-h(»ldcr. Included in the a|)p;uatus n)ay bi; 
 found a set of cast-iron purifiers, with wet and dry centro 
 
OF Tlir-: rKNTKNXIAI. F.XIIIIUTIOV. 
 
 G;'.7 
 
 valves, and an improved carriage (first introduced i)y this firm) 
 for removing the lids of the juuifiers. Another f'e;ifine is an 
 automatics compensating governor, eireidar, ninltitnhnhir and 
 ])ipe condensers, jet, spray and cataract washers, with wooih'n 
 and wronght-iron lime sic'ves. The exhii)it is the hirgest and 
 most eomph'te made hy any of the iron workers of tlie I'nion, 
 and refh'cts the highest credit npon the Messrs. Starr. The 
 extent of the hiisiness of this firm may he imagineil hy th(! 
 rea(h'r wh(<n it is stated tiuit their paUerns ah)ne are vahicd at 
 ^2r)( ),(»()(). 
 
 The (innpnmhr Pile Th'ivcr is exhibited by the (iinipf)W(h'r 
 Pih' Driving ('ompany, of IMiihuh'ljihia. It is hnih in the 
 open air, and is situated southwest of Machinery Hail, and 
 affords a |iractical demonstration of the advantages <»f driving 
 piles hy this ])rocess. 
 
 77/r Aiifninalic Ji<iilroa<f is situated west of Machinery Hall, 
 and is »'xhil)ited hy Charles W. Hunt, ^A' New York. It is an 
 exceedingly ingenious invention, and illustrates tin; mode of 
 unloadint; vessels bv means of a railroad worked bv a sell- 
 acting a|)paratus. 
 
 The (tf(t,ss-]\'orkt arc situated west of Arachinery Hall, near 
 the l"'il"tv-sccond street entrance? to the irronnds. 'J'he buildini: 
 is one story in height, and contains a large brick fnrnac(> and 
 chimnev in the centre, it is jravlv (h'coratcd with tilobcs and 
 oth(!r objects of colored glass. All the various processes of 
 ])res-;ing, blowing and cutting glass are carried on here by a 
 corps of experienced workmen. Tumblers, goblets, mugs and 
 other articles are manufactured and sold to visitor^. The build- 
 ing is the i)roperty of t!»e well-known firm of"(Jillendcr tV: ,S)ns, 
 of l*hila(lclphia, who are among the most prominent glass- 
 makers of the Tnited States. The woik-room is throngcil 
 all through the day with visitors watching the procos of 
 mamilacture. 
 
 'J'/ic. S((ir-Mil/ is a one-story franu; building, with a boiler- 
 house attached, and is situiitcd southwest of Machinery Hall, 
 near l'\)untain avenue. Jt is the prt)pcrly of K. W. Uoss A: 
 
 ■M', 
 
 I't 
 
«' 
 
 xr 
 
 <il 
 
Till'. ci;nti:nxi.\i. r.ximinio.v. 
 
 Olid 
 
 Co., of Fnltoii, New York, who cxliiMt hero a fwv (linM-t-ai'tinj; 
 ••irciilar saw of imprnvcd (•nn>triii-ii(Mi, 
 
 Thr ( 'iDiijihi/l I'l infill;/ I'nss l!iii/iliiii/\>i situated iminrdialclv 
 west of Macliiiici V Hall. It i> hiiill of w(kmI; is two Murics in 
 licij^lil ; is our liiintlicti ami fnrfy-lniir liy ('ij;lity-(i<;|if fret in 
 Bizc, aixl i.H liaiulsoint'ly dccoratrd. An daixirat*' fa(;ad(' standi 
 nt tlu' fasti III end, and is sunnoinitcd l>y a statue of ihc inventor 
 of tlu" ai» of prinlin)^. A iialrony crosses this iVont on a level 
 with the HM'oiid stoiy. The hnildinix i-^ in all re-^iiceti^ mie of 
 the hand-oniest and l»est aiinnncd eieeted l»y privaie entei|irisc 
 within the Ivshihition L'l'Mnids. It is the ja-opeitv of the 
 ("ani|tl)ell Printinu; Pic-s and .M:innlaeinrini: ( 'niii|»:iiiy, of 
 Jh'ooklyn, New York, who lit re exliihil all their s|ieeialli('* in 
 printinj; presses, iVoin the iniiiiense and splendid '* Uoiaiv " to 
 th 
 
 ' smallest card printint; presses. 
 
 Till' coinpany have the »'\t ln>ive riyht to do piintin<; for the 
 
 ex 
 
 (hihit 
 
 )H;t ti 
 
 ors and other jiersons connected wi 
 
 th th 
 
 ^rcat lair, :iin 
 
 icin peculiar liieilities in this respe( 
 
 t. I- 
 
 ur till- piirpo«<c 
 
 the company have otahlislicd a lai'LTc and cdinplctc prlntiip,^ 
 oflice in this hnildin^^, in which all the liiaiiche^ of the art :uu 
 
 carried on. I ype-settin;;-, stcreotypiii'i, eiecirotypin«;, print in;^ 
 I hook hiiahn^ are in operation here, and those inlcre»tc(| in 
 
 aiK 
 
 ti 
 
 lese matters iiiav here stnd\ all their details. 
 
 A 
 
 tiairv news- 
 
 paper is to he edited, set up. printed :<nd ( irciilated tVuin tliiii 
 hiiildiiiix. The Caniphell Ihiildin^ ihii-* constitutes one of the 
 fattidi.s of the Ivxhihitioii, and d( -erves a j:;enerou.> ieco;;uitioii 
 at the hands of visitors to the j/rcat fair. 
 
 /■'(///(•/•, Warren A* f'o.'.s S/nrc liiii/illiif/ '\^ a handsome oii"- 
 gtory frame pavilion, situated at the east <'nd of .Machinery Hall 
 and opposite the Total Ahstinenee I'^ountain. Il is devoted to 
 nn exhihition of stoves, healers and ranj^es in operation from 
 
 the 
 
 fa 
 
 moiis works o 
 
 f I' 
 
 ullcr, 
 
 W 
 
 arren C 
 
 V- ( 
 
 (».. o 
 
 f New Y(.rk 
 
 11 
 
 iicajj;o, 
 
 ("ieveland and Tiov. These are richlv worth 
 
 an 
 
 'Xninination, and are among the hand-jiiinesl as well as the hest 
 
 ti 
 
 Ml the wor 
 
 hi. 
 
 The fJhn/,/ .^/oir IVor 
 
 /•* |m th 
 
 c nnmc 
 
 i^f 
 
 nil ornameii 
 
 tal 
 
 wooden .stnietiirc west of Maehii.cry JIall and south of tho 
 
 [| 
 
 '.rn 
 
GIO 
 
 Tin: IM.l'KTIlATKI) III>T()I{Y 
 
 
 I t1 
 
 i? 
 
 Tdlal Altstiiii'tu'c Foimtaiii. It Ih (((•(■ii|»ii(l Nvitli a display of 
 htovcs, heaters and raiij;es, iiiaiiiii'aetiired l»y ( 'liarles Nulde ife 
 ('<»., (if the Lilierty Slove \V"il<s, of IMMladel|)hia. Tlie-e oM'er 
 a .-liai'p e(>in|ietiti<)ii Ut tliohe td' the eMtaWlishiiieiit just nieutioncd, 
 hnth ill lieanty ()f'(h-si.rii and •'(kkI \V()rkinaiishi|>. 
 
 Tlir /'((vi/ini, of tlic linsdni '' UrrahV (iml />VWon '' Ihn'li/ 
 Ailrniiscr " is a small (iii('-sl(»iy iVame Ixiildiii^, situated on 
 JAtunfain av(>nue, north of the western end of Maehinery llall. 
 It i- the head-<|uarters nj" the eorres|inndents and attaehes of 
 the jounials t(» which it helonjrs, niid a eentre of New JOn;;land 
 news. 
 
 I'oji-f^orn liiiiffliiiifH, — There are two of these l)iiildin|j;s 
 located ill IJH' ;xi''»iiiids, (»ne on Koiiiitain avenue, opposite the 
 north eml of the lake, the other on A«j;rieuhiiral aveiiiif, east of' 
 (he New I'!ii;j;laiid iMiniier's I loiiie and Modern Kitchen. 'riu'V 
 are one-st(»rv Irainc structures, and are devoted exelnsivelv to 
 the sale .»f pi<p-c(»rn. 'J'liey are tin; property <»f J. A. iJaker, of 
 I)ayt<iii, < >hio, (o whom the concession lt»r the sale of this article 
 hclon^s. 
 
 The Aviirlcan Xcirnjxijx'r Jhiildliif/ is a handsome two-.storv 
 frame structure, scv(Mity by forty-si.\ feet in size, and is situat*^! 
 on JMiiiiitain av(>nne, north of the lak<> and .south of the I'liited 
 States (lovernment Ihiildinj;. 'VUo. edifice is thirty-three feet 
 in heiiiht, and the style! of ;irchitecture is li'jjht aii<l p:racefnl, 
 allordinj^ a pleasing contrast to the |.;reat l>uildin<js of the Ivxhi- 
 hition. it is painted in co!)| and pleasant neutral tints, and lia.s 
 
 a most attractive and invitiiii^ ;;ppearance. r rom thi' exterior 
 it appears to he two .stories in hcijxht, hut the central hall rises 
 clear t > the roof. A loiiii; table extends down the iniilillc of 
 tlii-< hall, and on i: are arraiiiicd copies of all the new-papers 
 jmlili^hi'd in the I'nited States. Chairs and sofas are scattered 
 about the hall for the convenience of visitors, who are cordially 
 wcIcoiiumI and made to feel at home bv the courtcou- manaj'er 
 and his assi>tan(s. 
 
 All 
 
 visitors are invi 
 
 ted t 
 
 o come and rea( 
 
 d 
 
 (he local jiapers from (heir distant homes, an<l the buildiiii; is 
 thus one of the most eonveniejit of all the features of the Kx- 
 hibition. 
 
OF TIIK CKNTKNNIAI, KXIIIIIITloN. 
 
 on 
 
 iiy of 
 
 .ic Si 
 
 ; olVrr 
 ioiH'tl, 
 
 lUiihj 
 
 (tl oil 
 
 Hall. 
 
 Ill's of 
 
 ll};ljUl»l 
 
 ildin'TS 
 itf till! 
 (•;i<t ot" 
 
 . Tlicy 
 ivi'ly to 
 iU« r, of 
 s tu'ticlc 
 
 ^•o-^^to^•v 
 .ituat' 'I 
 
 i\ilt< 
 
 irt'c 
 
 feet 
 
 rnn'ffiil, 
 
 ■ Kxl.i- 
 
 iiitl lias 
 
 Irxtcri'ir 
 
 all rises 
 
 1.11.' of 
 
 -oaptTS 
 
 -|.ai 
 li-aUcrcc 
 
 I 
 
 lordially 
 Inanam'i* 
 
 ■IK 
 
 1 rtiul 
 lldiii'^ is 
 lie 1^\- 
 
 On oacli side of tlic n'cejjtioii Iiall an- )on^, narrow, Imt \vi !1 
 li;;li(c<l alfovrs, in tlic iniiiiincralili' pij^t on-iiolcs of wliiili an* 
 files of all tliu daily and weekly ]):i|>ers |)iil)li.«lie«l in tlx- I'liited 
 States. riie adiiiir.dile .sy.-teni ii|mh» wliieh the estalilislmient is 
 eondiieted rendiTS it easy fop ti.. attendants to fiiitl at one*; any 
 paper of uny duto tliat tin; visitor may desire to s«e. Koreij-n 
 visitors are tliiis onaMed to make a study of .\meriean joiii- 
 imlism. Tlie hciglit of the side eliumlxrs, wlierc these alcovcg 
 
 THE AMERICAN NEWSrArKU mil.DINd. 
 
 are plaeed, is aliont ton feet, and over thoin are lont; jijalleries or 
 sheltered halronies which ext(>nd all around the interior of the 
 linildiii|L;. These arc \\w>\ tastefully fitted np with coinllirlahle 
 chairs and neat walnut writin;;-ilesks, while from the larj^e npcn 
 windows can lie ohtained a ehaniiinuj vi<'W ot the lake, or 
 (jliiiipscs of almost any other portion of the j^ionnds. The 
 representatives of all the newspapers in the eoiiiitry are welcome 
 to the free use of these writin^-roonis, and pcn<, ink, paper and 
 envelopes are furnished editors and reporters ihv of charge. 
 41 
 
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 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
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 Sciences 
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 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 W£BSTER,N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 873-4503 
 
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642 
 
 TIIK rr.LU.STRATET) HISTORY 
 
 When it is remombered that the buiUliiiGr is located on one of 
 the loveliest spots in the cnclosiu'o, and when it is stated that 
 no noise of any kind, except the suhdned voices of visitors, 
 breaks the stillness so necessaiy to all higher classes of compo- 
 sition, it will be seen at a glance that no more desirable place 
 in which to prepare descriptive report: of the Exhibition could 
 be found, and no doubt the liberal accon modations will be taken 
 advantage of by large numbers of visitii.g journalists, as well as 
 by those resident in this city. 
 
 The building and its contents are the property of Messrs. 
 George P. Ro'voll & Co., of New York, well known to the 
 American people as the leading advertising agents of the United 
 States. The energy and generosity with which they have carried 
 out this unique and important branch of the Exhibition should 
 render them even more popular with the business men of the 
 country than their past extraordinary career has shown them 
 to be. 
 
 The New York " Tribune " Pavilion is a tasteful one-story 
 Ftructure, octagonal in shape, with verandahs and a high peaked 
 roof. It stands on the west side of Belmont avenue, near the 
 north end of the lake, and is used as the head-quarters of the 
 Tribune correspondents and as the Centennial business office of 
 that journal. 
 
 llie Pressed Fuel Company's BniUJ ?</ is a small but hand- 
 some iron pavilion, situated on the Vvenue of ihe Repul)lic, west 
 of ihe lake and o])posite MacluMcry Hall. It is devoted to an 
 cxliibit of the ])ressed fuel prepared and sold by E. F. Loiseau, 
 of Philadelj)hia. 
 
 The Mw'UVs Tielrt Office.— The well-known firm of Cook, 
 Son & Jenkins, whose main house is in London, but whose 
 branches are now established in New York, Philadelphia, Bos- 
 ton, AVashington, New Orleans, San Francisco and Pittsburgh, 
 have already gained a world-wide reputation by their system of 
 cheap and attractive tours in all parts of the world. They have 
 erected a handsome buihling of wood, hexagonal in form, and 
 sixty feet square, and situated on Belmont avenue, imnie<liately 
 north of rthe. eastern end of Machinery Hall. The interior con- 
 
OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITIOX. 
 
 sists of a main hall extoiKliiig to the roof and four private 
 offices. The hall in lighted by six tasteful dormer windows 
 placed in the roof, which rises from the s"des to the central por- 
 tion. Counters are arranged around the hall, at which tickets 
 to all parts of the civilized world are sold. Guide-books to 
 foreign countries, base<l upon the system of tours adopted by 
 Messrs. Cook, Son & Jenkins, are fb' sale. 
 
 A number of artichis of olive wood made in Palestine are 
 offered for sale in the hall, and in the vestibule leading from 
 the western entrance a number of Eastern curiosities are on ex- 
 hibition. Among these is the nuimmy of an Egyptian priestess 
 or princess of the age of the Pharaohs. In addition to the 
 mummy, which, though three thousand years old, is in an 
 excellent state of preservation, the mummy-case is rich in 
 Egyptian figures and inscriptions, which describe her ladyship 
 as a priestess or princess of noble rank ; and the inscriptions, 
 while, as usual, giving some biographical details, contain ex- 
 tracts from the " Book of the Dead," or " Ritual of the Dead." 
 The mummy and case are the property of the Rev. Dr. J. L. 
 M. Curry, President of the Richmond (Virginia) College, v;ho 
 obtained them at Luxor while making a trip up the Nile under 
 the escort of a member of this firm. Weapons and other curiosi- 
 ties from Upper Egyi)t are also shown. 
 
 In the grounds in the rear of the building Messrs. Cook, 
 Son & Jenkins show a model of the camp which they provide 
 for persons journeying through Pahstine under their charge. 
 It consists of a dining-room tent 'arge and square in shape, 
 fitted up with a long table, chairs, etc.; and a sleeping-tent 
 containing two single iron bedsteads, a wash-stand, dressing- 
 case, etc. Attached to these is a kitchen. The camp is in 
 charge of a Syrian dragoman and cook. Those who contem- 
 plate making a visit to the Holy Land should not fail to see 
 this establishment, and should by all means consult Mr. Cook 
 or one of his partners, who offer facilities and comforts in this 
 difficult journey which cannot be otherwise obtained by travel- 
 lers except at great expense. 
 
 Frank Leslie's Building is a pretty one-story frame pavilion 
 
G44 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED TIISTOnV 
 
 on the cast shore of the lake, just nortli of the WoraVs Tiolcet 
 Office. It is used as a hcad-qnnrtcrs for the artists and cor- 
 respondents of Frank Ijcslie's ilhistrated imhlications. 
 
 The Womcn^s School- Hour:, or Klnderfjaricn, is situated 
 northeast of the Woman's Building and a few yards distant 
 from it. It is a one-story Gothic cottage, one of the most 
 cliarming and attractive structures on the grounds. It is 
 thirty-five by eighteen feet in size, and is built of pine wood, 
 which is brought to a beautiful hue by varnishing and polish- 
 ing. Xot a particle of paint is to oe seen about the building, 
 but the native wood shows everywhere bright and rich in 
 color. The interior consists of a large hall with an alcove at 
 the side for s[)octntors. The system used is that of Frederick 
 Froebel, tin; inventor of the Kindergarten. A low table stands 
 in the centre of the room, and around it are a number of little 
 rocking-chairs for tlv:; little pupils. Every Monday, Tuesday, 
 and Wednesday the o])crations of the Froehcl sy 'm are shown 
 from ten until half-j^ast twelve o'clock. The Icncher is a lady 
 from Boston, and the class is com])osed or' sixteen bright little 
 ones from the Northern Home for Friendless Children, in 
 P])iladelphia. A more delightful sight than these happy 
 children at their studious }>]ay can scarcely be imagined. The 
 advantages of the Kindergarten are so well known that it 
 would be useless to dwell upon them here. 
 
 The American Kindcr<mrten is a small frame buildinrc lyinj; 
 immediately north of the Carriage Annex to the Main Building. 
 It is in charge of Miss E. M. Coe, of New York, an experi- 
 enced teacher, whose system is said to be an improvement upon 
 Froebel's, or rather an adaptation of his system to Americon 
 wants. A school for the training of Kindergtirten teachers 
 constitutes a distinctive feature of this establishment. It is 
 open daily. 
 
 dark & Company's Building is situated between Belmont 
 avenue and Ijausdowne drive. It is forty feet square, one story 
 in height, and is surmounted by a tower. It is devoted to a 
 special exhibit of self-coiling shutters. 
 
 The Warren Foundry and Machine Shop represents cast-irou 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 645 
 
 gas and water pipes unprotected from the weather. It is 
 located southwest of Machinery Hall, near the southern edge 
 of the Exhibition gi-ounda. 
 
 Tlie New Euylatul Farmcr^s Home an<f l\[o<lern Kitclwn con- 
 stitute one of the most intercstinji features of the Exhibition. 
 They are situated on State avenue, west of Agricultural avemie, 
 and not far from the Woman's Building. The Now England 
 Farmer's Home is a plain one-story log house, and is built an(? 
 arranged in the style of the New England farm-houses of a 
 century ago. It contains \ parlor, or " settin-room," a kitchen, 
 and bed-i*ooms, all of which are furnished with veritable heir- 
 looms contributed by the peoj)le of New England. Many of 
 the articles are exceedingly valuable for their historical interest. 
 In the " settin-room " is a chair made for Governor Endia»tt, 
 who led the first colonization of Massachusetts two centuries 
 and a half ago. In one of the chambers is the Fuller cradle in 
 which was rocked little Peregrine White, the child who was 
 born on board the " Mayflower " on the voyage of the Pilgrims 
 to Plymouth. The rockers have been worn away in the long 
 years that have eh4>setl since then, bit the cradle still remains 
 a mute witness of the wonderful story of American progress 
 with which all tongues are busy i )V/. What a contrast between 
 the scene when it held its little charge in the hamlet of Ply- 
 mouth, amid the fierce storms that howled along I'lo bleak and 
 barren coast of Nev/ England, and the grand assembhige of the 
 nations and wealth of the workl in which it now takes its part ! 
 Here is John Alden's writing-desk, ou which In; j)enned those 
 tender epistles in which 
 
 " Every sentence began or closed with the name of Pris^cilla, 
 Till the treacherous {»en to which he cotifuled the secret 
 Strove to betray it by singing and shouting llie name of Priscilla." 
 
 Here also is an ancient spinning-wheel which is known to 
 have belonged to Plymouth for more than two hundred years, 
 and which may be the very one which Priscilla, the Puritan 
 maiden, whirled so deftly that poor John Alden could find no 
 way out of tht web she wove about him. Here is the dressing- 
 
 •|-;r 
 
 f» 
 
Pi 
 
 III :']l 
 
 I 
 
 
 iiili-' 
 
 ^1 
 
 it 
 
 if 
 
 646 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOUY 
 
 ca.se of the Rev. Sunuiel Hopkins, the first minister in Rhode 
 Island, one luindrod and twenty-eight years old ; and against 
 the wall hangs the first clock brought to Andover, Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 Everything in the house has the ripe flavor of autiqtiity, and 
 the visitor may see in the place an exact reproduction of the 
 homes that his ancestors, the Minute Men of the Revolution, 
 left so proiiiptly and bravely when the news of the battle of 
 Lexington called them to arms. The farm-house is occupied 
 only by ladies, who are dressed in the quaint costumes of their 
 great-grandmothers, and who conduct visitors through the 
 house and explain to them the story and uses of its contents. 
 
 Adjoining the farm-house is a frame building fitted uj) as a 
 Modern New England Kitchen. It contains all the improve- 
 ments of the present age, and shows the progress of the century 
 in this department of domestic industry. 
 
 The Pacific Guano Compani/s Building^} are situated at the 
 western end of the Horticultural grounds. The principal 
 structure is a handsomely ornamented Moorish pavilion, two 
 stories in height containing specimens of the guano; and north 
 of this is a shed containing models of the company's warehouses 
 at Wood's Hole, Massachusetts, and Charleston, South Carolina. 
 The grounds around the pavilion are plentifully fertilized with 
 the guano, and are planted with cotton, tobacco, and sugar cane, 
 Avhich are growing finely under the warm sun and the generous 
 stimulus of the fertilizer. 
 
 The Averill Chemical Paint Company^ s Buikling is situated 
 on Fountain avenue, east of the saw-mill. It is a handsome 
 pavilior. of wood, and is ornamented with colored panels 
 showing the various colors and qualities of the paints nianufac- 
 tural by this cotnpany. Sjiecimens of the paints are on exhibi-* 
 tion within the building. 
 
 The New York Slate Eoofinff Companifs Building is a small 
 wooden structure with a pointed roof. It is situated on thq 
 glope of I^ansdowne valley, north of the Carriage Annex to tho 
 Main Building. It is devoted to an exhibit of the rubber 
 
Of TIIK CENTENNIAL EXHIDITIOX. 
 
 6!7 
 
 roofing and the patent slate roofing paint nmnufuotured by this 
 
 conii)! 
 
 my, 
 
 George Hayes, of New York, has a wooden huilding painted 
 in imitation of brick, north of the Carriage Annex and imme- 
 diately west of the edifice just dcsci-ibod. It is devoted to a 
 special exhibit of patent window blinds, constructed so as to 
 admit the air and at the same time exclude the dust and insects. 
 
 The Sh'et Metal Pavilion stands on the north slope of the 
 Lansdowne valley, south of and opposite the German Govern- 
 ment Building. It is a handsome and elaborate edifice con- 
 structed entirely of sheet metal. A massive balustrade, orna- 
 mented with eagles and vases with flowers, all of metal, extends 
 around the roof. The building is the property of Marshall 
 Brothers & Co., of Philadelphia, manufacturers of metal roofing 
 sheets, and the Kittredge Cornice and Ornament Company, of 
 Salem, Ohio, manufacturers of architectural sheet metal and 
 ornaments. The building, which is itself a beautiful specimen 
 of the work of these firms, contains a large exhibit of the 
 wares manufactured by them. 
 
 The Coffe do Brazil is situated on Fountain avenue, north of 
 tho lake. It is a small one-story pavilion of wood, and is 
 conducted as a coffee house by a firm of Brazilian merchants. 
 
 The United States Life-Saving Station is a handsome two- 
 gtory building, situated on the north shore of the lake, imme- 
 diately west of the Trois Freres Provcnceaiix Restaurant. It 
 is intended to show the system in use at the life-saving stations 
 established by the general government at the dangerous points 
 along our coast, and is provided with a full c<piipment of the 
 articles necessary to this purpose. 
 
 The Elevated liailivay spans the Belmont valley, and con- 
 nects the Agricultural and Horticultural Halls. It rests upon 
 a series of pillars which have foundations of masonry placed in 
 the bed and on the sides of the valley. It consists of one upper 
 rail and two lower ones placed in a triangular position, tlio 
 lower rails being about four feet and a half below the central 
 or upper rail. The car rests on the central rail, on whi(;h the 
 principal wheels work, and it extends down to the level of the 
 
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 I 
 
 I': 
 
 II 
 
 i Sii; 
 
 \f: 
 
 ri 
 
 i 
 
648 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. 
 
 lower rails, thus making it a two-story structn.c Horizontal 
 wiioels revolve on the lower rails, and thus keej) the car steady 
 and prevent it from jumping the traeU or being thrown oil'. 
 The adhesion of these wheels to the rails can he increased at 
 ])leasure. The car is dividwl into three i onipanmonts, one 
 upper and two lower ones. The locomotive is provided with 
 Ija France rotary engines, and has an ordinary horizontal 
 boiler. It carries its fuel and water in the com[)artments 
 below the centre rail. It is claimed for this road that it is 
 cheaper to build, more ect)nomical to operate, and saf.T than 
 any other elevated road in use. It conveys passengers across 
 the lielmont valley for the moderate sum of three cents. 
 
 The WiiulialUfi. — A number of patent windmills of various 
 kinds are located in the extreme northeastern (»rner of the 
 grounds, on the hill overlooking the Schuylkill. They are iu 
 constant operation. 
 
 ■'' '••«f*:; 
 
CHAPTER XX. 
 
 BIOGKArillCAL. 
 
 GENERAL JOSEPH R. HAWLEY. 
 President of the U. S. Centennial Commission. 
 
 fOSEPH RUSSELL HAAVLEY was born in Richmond 
 county, North Carolina, on the 31st of October, 182G. 
 His father, a Congregational ist minister, and a native 
 '//^ of New York, was at that time engaged in some mis- 
 sionary work in North. Carolina, but in a few years 
 removed to central New York, and settled at Peterboro. Here 
 young Hawley grew up, gaining his education at the free 
 schools of the district, and closing it at Hamilton College, from 
 which he graduated in 1847. Having resolved to become a 
 lawyer he began the study of his profession at Cazenovia, New 
 York, and continued it at larmington, Connecticut. In 1850 
 he removed to Hartford, Connecticut, at the suggestion of his 
 uncle, David Hawley, a well-known city missionary, and began 
 the practice of law there. He had a hard struggle at first, in 
 bis efforts to establish himself in his profession, but went to 
 work with an energy and determination that finally brought 
 him success. He continued to prosper, and five years after his 
 settlement in Hartford he was able to marry, and on Christma.s 
 day, 1855, was united to Harriet, daughter of General A. Foote, 
 of Guilford, Connecticut. 
 
 Mr. Hawley early distinguished himself in Hartford as one 
 of the leaders of the Free Soil i)arty. He was conspicuously 
 active in State conventions, and was regarded as one of the 
 most eloquent and forcible speakers in his j)arty. Although 
 enjoying a successful law practice his preference for politics led 
 
 649 
 
 ■;ti 
 
 ''! 
 
 i 
 
if 
 
 (;;■)() 
 
 THE ILLUSTUATKI) IIISTOIIY 
 
 iiik 
 
 
 liinia fow years later to abandon Iiis profession ami dcvole liii;i- 
 st'll' to journalism. Associatiui; liini.scif with Mr. l-'axon, Ik; 
 bought out llic Ifdrfj'ord Ji\'j)iiUic(ni, and chanj^'Ml it into the 
 lltu'tjonl Jurnittf/ i*/v.s',s, of wliii-li lie assnnjcd the edilorshi|). 
 The new journal was a sueeess from the llrst, and Mr. Ilawley 
 soon l()un(l himself ranked amoiij; the leadiii<r journalist.s of 
 New England, a jiosition which he maintained with ability and 
 profit until the breaking out of the civil war. 
 
 Uj)on th(» receipt 
 of Governor ]5uckinjjj- 
 hani's proclamation, 
 after the fall of Fort 
 Sumter, Ilawlcy and 
 two friends met at 
 the oflice of the Press 
 and signed tlieir 
 names to an cidist- 
 ment paper as volun- 
 teers in the 1st regi- 
 ment. A public meet- 
 ing was held at Hart- 
 ford the same evening 
 and was presided over 
 by the Lieutenant- 
 Governor of the State. 
 The list was presented 
 to the meeting and 
 was at once filled up, 
 and Company A of 
 the 1st regiment was 
 formed. Hawley was made first-lieutenant of this company, 
 which was mustered into the service for three months, on the 
 22d of April, 1861. The colonel of the regiment being pro- 
 n)oted soon after, Hawley became captain of his company. He 
 exerted himself with ardor to organize and equip his men, and 
 armed them with Sharpe rifles at his own expense. His regi- 
 ment was promptly sent forward to Washington, and in tht; 
 
 GENERAL J. R. IIAWLKV, PRESIDENT OF THE 
 U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 
 
OF THE CKNTEXNIAL EXIIiniTIOV. 
 
 651 
 
 battle of I! .11 Kmi, wlilcli soon followed, Captain Ilawley'.s 
 (!om|)any was one of the few that <lul not take part in the shanie- 
 fnl panic; and Hight. 
 
 The eonipany was ninstered out of the service on the .'Mst of 
 July, 18G1, their terni of enlistment hein^ eiuh^d. In the fol- 
 lowing; month tln! (Jth (.'onneetieut Itej^iment was organized for 
 three years' serviee, an<l of this body Ilawley was made lieu- 
 tenant-colonel. Upon rca(!hin;j; Washin«^ton tlu; reginu'nt was 
 nssijjjned to the DejKirtincMit of the South. It took part in the 
 attack on Fort Wallace, under C'olonel Terry, on tin; 7th of 
 November; in the reduction of Fort Pulaski, on the Savainiah, 
 in April and May, 18(12; in the battle of James Island, on the 
 14th of June; and in the tij^ht at Pocataligo, on the 22d of 
 October, 1802, in all of which engaj^emcnts it was espe<;ially 
 distinguished for gallantry. During this period T<;rry had 
 been made a brigadier-general and Ilawley had been promoted 
 to the rank of colonel, and commanded his regiment in nearly 
 all these allliirs. 
 
 Colonel Ilawley commanded his regiment <luring the opera- 
 tions of (jeneral Gilmore, at Morris' island and Fort Wagner, 
 in the campaign against Charleston in the spring and summer 
 of 1803. He was subsequently })laced in command at Fcr- 
 nandina, Florida, and had the good fortune while there to 
 secure lor his regiment the breech-loading Spencer rifle, which 
 was ignored by the War Department during the war, but which 
 he regarded as a most valuable weapon. On the 19th of 
 February, 1864, he took part in the hard-fought battle of 
 Olustee, Florida. 
 
 On the 4th of May, 1864, the 6th Connecticut was trans-, 
 ferred to the Army of the James, where Colonel Ilawley was 
 given the command of a brigade in Terry's division. He par- 
 ticipated in this capacity in Butler's attacik on Bermuda Hun- 
 dreds, and in the fights at Chester Station, Deep Bottom, Deep 
 Run, Chapin's Farm, New Market Road, Darbytown Road, 
 Charles City Road, and in nearly all the engagements whieli 
 occurred north of the James river during the year. 
 
 In September, 1864, he was commissioned a brigadier-gen- 
 
 '■ ' i 
 
 n 
 
 ii 
 
 lij 
 
 ?' 
 
 ilt. : 
 
 \' 
 
 
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 II 
 
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 li 
 
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 pi 
 
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 »)li 
 
 Iji-ilfi 
 
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 ifl|[ 
 
 
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 ^'i 
 
 
 \ji 
 
 lill 1 
 
 ; 
 
 G52 
 
 THE rr.LUSTUATKD III8TOUY 
 
 cral of volunteers, uiul in Novcinhcr was placinl in conunand 
 of JiOOO Connecticut troops, uiul sent with (iomnil JJutlor to 
 New York to maintain order in that city during the Presiden- 
 tial election of that year. Jle returned to the army when the 
 elections were over, and in January, IHGo, took part in the 
 storming and capture of Fo«t Fisher, near Wilmington, North 
 Carolina, one of the most brilliant operations of the war. 
 
 In the spring of 18G5 General Terry was placed in command 
 of the city of llichmond, and General Ilawley was at his 
 request made his chief of stalK lie held this position until 
 Septend)er 2<Sth, 1865, when he was pronjoted to the rank of 
 major-general of vt)lunteers ; and on the loth of January, IHOG, 
 was honorably mustered out of the service. In (piitting the 
 army he left behind him the reputation of a brave and able 
 officer, who had rendered good service to his country and 
 whose every promotion had been won by the faithful and 
 efficient discharge of duty in the field, and often under the 
 most trying circumstances. 
 
 Returning home he was nominated by the Republican party 
 as its candidate for Governor of Connecticut, and in April was 
 elected over Governor English in one of the most exciting con- 
 tests ever held in the State. He held the office for one term, 
 and then, declining a renomination, returnetl to his editorial 
 duties, having during his service in the army and his guberna- 
 torial term retained his connection with the Press, which had 
 been consolidated with the Hartford Courant under the latter 
 title. Of this paper General Hawley was the chief proprietor 
 and editor. In 1868 he was sent as a delegate to the National 
 Republican Convention, at Chicago, and was chosen President 
 of that body, which nominated Grant and Colfax for the Presi- 
 dency and Vice-Presidency of the United States. On the 5th 
 of November, 1872, he was elected to the Forty-second Con- 
 gress, and was re-elected in 1874. 
 
 General Hawley was one of the first to espouse and work for 
 the project of an International Centennial Exhibition, and both 
 in Congress and in his journal gave himself heart and soul to 
 the effort. Upon the passage of the act of Congress organizing 
 
OF THE CKNTFNMAI- KXIIHUTION'. 
 
 6r,n 
 
 itnaiul 
 ler to 
 s'ulon- 
 en the 
 in the 
 North 
 
 9 
 
 iinmncl 
 at his 
 II until 
 ank of 
 ',1800, 
 ing the 
 lul al)le 
 try and 
 ful and 
 ider the 
 
 ui party 
 pril was 
 ng con- 
 ne term, 
 litorial 
 uberna- 
 ich had 
 latter 
 oprietor 
 National 
 resident 
 le Presi- 
 the 5th 
 lid Con- 
 work for 
 ind both 
 soul to 
 ranizing 
 
 the Fnitod States CVntennial Conunission, he was appDintcd hy 
 President (Irant a Coniniissioncr from Conmcticut. lipon the 
 first meeting of that body, in March, 1H72, (u'licral Ilawhy 
 was cl'osen PrcsichMit of the Commission, to which jjosition ho 
 has since been regnUirly re-elected. The al)iiity and energy 
 with which he has discharged the dillicnlt, burdensome and 
 often delicate duties of his position are shown in the magniii- 
 eent success with which his labors have been crowncMl. 
 
 In person General Hawley is about live feet eight or nine 
 inches in height, with a stont, well-built fig\U'e. His face in- 
 dicates ftrmness and decision of character, ai<d the expression 
 of iiis clear gray eyes is straightforward and earnest. You 
 would single him out in a crowd as a man of unusual ability, 
 and as a man utterly incapable of an ecpiivocal action. 
 
 JOHIV WELSH. 
 
 Chairman of the Centennial Board of Finance. 
 
 John Welsh was born in the city of rhiladel[>hia, in iSOf), 
 and was bred to mercantile pursuits. He is seventy-one years 
 old, and was for many years a member of the well-known 
 firm of J. & W. Welsh, general shipping and commission mer- 
 chants, on Delaware avenue, near Walmit street. He is one 
 of the most, successful merchants of Philadelphia, and for half 
 a century has been closely and honorably identified with the 
 business interests of that city. 
 
 Mr. Welsh was one of the earliest advocates of the plan for 
 the International Centennial Exhibition, and when the Board 
 of Finance was organized, at the instance of the Centennial 
 Commission, in June, 1872, he was appointed a member of it, 
 and was unanimously chosen Chairman of the Board. In this 
 capacity he has served for four years, and has discharged his 
 duties with signal ability and fidelity. The general financial 
 business of the Exhibition has been managed by the Board 
 of Finance. Upon this body devolved the task of making the 
 contracts for the erection of the Exhibition buildings, the 
 proper completion of the same, the provision of the thousand 
 
 h'. 
 
 Ill'' 
 
 ! I . 
 i 
 
 * 11 
 
i -n 
 
 654 
 
 THE ILLUSriJATED HISTORY 
 
 « 
 
 and one things necessary to tlic complete success of the Exhi- 
 bition, and the raising and disbursing of the revenue necessary 
 for carrying out tiie gr« at scheme. 
 
 The reader will thus see that the duties of Mr. Welsh have 
 been of the most difficult and arduous nature. For the past 
 two years he has devoted his whole time to t!ie affairs of the 
 Exhibition, and under his vigorous and able management they 
 have been conducted with a vigor, pron)ptnoss and success 
 
 which are character 
 isticof the man. The 
 best evidence of the 
 high esteem in which 
 Mr. Welsh is held l-y 
 the solid business men 
 of the city is shown 
 in the eagerness with 
 which the leading 
 capitalists of Phila- 
 delnliia affixed their 
 
 1. 
 
 names as sureties to 
 the bonds for $500,- 
 000,which Mr. Welsh, 
 in connection with Mr. 
 Fraley, the Treasurer 
 of the Board of Fi- 
 nance, was required 
 to give for the faith- 
 ful disbursement of 
 the sum of $1,500,- 
 000, appropriated by the Congress of the United States in aid of 
 the Exhibition. His popularity with his fellow-citizens generally 
 was shown in the enthusiasm with v/hich he was greeted by the 
 vast throng which witnessed the inaugural ceremonies on th 
 iOth of May. 
 
 ALFRED T. G08H0RN. 
 
 Direcior-General of the Exhibition. 
 
 Alfred T. Goshorn was born at Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1834. 
 
 JOHN WELSH, CHAIRMAN OF THE CENTENNIAL 
 BOARD OF FINANCE. 
 
OF THE CEXTEXNIAL EXHIBITIOX. 
 
 G55 
 
 He received his early education at the common schools of that 
 city, and completed his sfudics at Hamilton College, from 
 which he graduated with distincjtioii. ITc studied law, and in 
 due time entered upon the practice of his profession, l)ut so«)n 
 left the bar and engaged in manufacturing, becoming subse- 
 quently the proprietor of extensive white lead works near 
 Cincinnati. 
 
 He entered heartily into the Exhibition scheme, and, upon 
 the organization of the United States Centennial Conunission, 
 was appointed by 
 President Grant a 
 Commissioner from 
 Ohio. At the first 
 meeting of the Com- 
 mission he was elect- 
 ed one of the Vice- 
 Presidents of that 
 body and Director- 
 General of the Ex- 
 hibition. 
 
 The Director-Gen- 
 eral is the chief ex- 
 ecutive officer of the 
 Exhibition. Upon 
 him devolved the 
 tryini^ charge of su- 
 pervising the ^vork 
 generally, conducting 
 negotiations, corre- 
 spondence, and leading as one harmonious body to the objective 
 point of success an army of artists, contractors, superintendents, 
 clerks, exhibitors, railroad companies and State and national 
 commissioners, previous to the opening of the Exhibition, and 
 of managing all the daily details of the great enterprise after 
 its public inauguration and during the Exhibition period. 
 
 Such a position requires executive ability of the highest 
 order, and the brilliant success with which General Goshorn's 
 
 A. T. GOSHORN, DIUECTOR-OENERAL OF THE 
 EXHIBITION. 
 
 
 I V,|l 
 
 i- i 
 
 \ ■■.! 
 
656 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 1 H 
 
 labors have been crowned has demonstrated the fact that he 
 possesses this quality in an eminent degree. 
 
 PROFESSOR JOHN L CAMPBELL, 
 Secretary of the United States Centennial Commission, 
 
 John L. Campbell was born at Salem, Indiana, on the 13th 
 of October, 1827. His father was a prominent merchant and 
 manufacturer of southern Indiana, and was able to give his son 
 
 an excellent education. 
 The vounj; man entered 
 Wabash College in 
 1844, and graduated 
 from it with di tinction 
 in 1848. In 1851 ho 
 was appointed principal 
 of the J*reparatory De- 
 partment of Wabash 
 College, and held this 
 position for two years, 
 devoting his leisure t* me 
 to the study of the law, 
 receiving his license to 
 practise in 1853. 
 
 He did not enter 
 upon a legal career, 
 however, for, in 1853, 
 
 PROFESSOK J. L. CAMPBELL, SECRETARY OP THE ^^'^^ appOlUtcd FrO- 
 
 UNITED STATES CENTENNfAL COMMISSION. fcSSOr of MathcmatlcS, 
 
 Natural Philosophy 
 and Astronomy in Wabash College, and accepted tho position 
 which he has since held with great distinction to himself and 
 benefit to the college. 
 
 In February, 1864, Professor Campbell, at the especial request 
 of Professor Henry, delivered at the Smithsonian Institution at 
 Washington, the address on the life and teachings of Galileo, in 
 commemoration of the three hundredth anniversary of the birth 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXllIBiTlUN. 
 
 GO'7 
 
 lat lie 
 
 'ion. 
 
 le 13th 
 nt and 
 his son 
 neat ion. 
 entered 
 liege in 
 •aduated 
 tinction 
 1851 lie 
 [principal 
 lory De- 
 Wabash 
 held this 
 vo years, 
 sure tunc 
 ' the law, 
 iccnse to 
 
 i3. 
 
 lot enter 
 career, 
 in 1853, 
 ited Pro- 
 [hcmatics, 
 lilosophy 
 position 
 iiself and 
 
 l\l request 
 litution at 
 halilco, in 
 Ithe birth 
 
 ♦>f the great pliilo.so[)lier. The occasion of this address suggested 
 to Prut'essor Caniphell the idea of t'onnneiuorating the approach- 
 ing Centennial of American ludeiKMideuoe with an International 
 Exhibition to be held at Philadelphia, and from this time he 
 brooded over the selienie. 
 
 In 18GG Professor Campbell was appointed by the Presitlent 
 of the United States a member of the Board of Visitors to West 
 i*oint, and during this year he took the first public step in behalf 
 of the Exhibition "scheme — a plan which ap|)cars about this 
 time to have suggested itself to the other gentlemen mentioned 
 in an earlier part of this work. Jle addressed letters t() the 
 Hon. Morton MeAIichaol, Mayor of Philadelphia, antl the Hon. 
 Henry S. Lane, United States Senator from Indiana, suggesting 
 and giving an outline of a j)lan for the Centennial Exhibition 
 of 1870, at Philadelphia. Tiiese gentlemen cordially responded, 
 promising coo;K'ration. Professor Cam[)l)ell, thus encouraged, 
 continued to urge his scheme, and at length had the satisl'action 
 of seeing it an accomplished fact. 
 
 \J\Xin the orgtmization of the United States Centennial Com- 
 mission, jSIr. Campbell was appointed a commissioner from 
 Indiana. At the first meeting of the Commission, on the 4th 
 of March, 1872, he was appointed Chairman of thu Committee 
 on the permanent organization, and was subsequently placed at 
 the head of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, a position of 
 great responsibility. At the session of the Commission in INfay, 
 1873, he was eiiosen Permanent Secretary of the Centennial 
 Commission, and has since then discharged the burdensome 
 duties of that important oHice. 
 
 It being now impossible for him to attend to his professor- 
 ships he offered his resignation to the Trustees of Wabash 
 College, but that bodv, rather than lose his services for tlie 
 institution, granted him leave of absence until the close of the 
 Exhibition. 
 42 
 
658 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 GENERAL CHARLES B. NORION, 
 
 Secretary of the Bureau of Revenue. 
 
 Charles li. Norton was horn at Ilarti'ord, Connecticut, and 
 received'.! thorough education in his hoyhood and youth. Upon 
 reaching man's estate he adopted journalism as his profession, 
 and won considerable re|)utation as publisher, editor and author. 
 Fur many years his special business was coiuiected with the 
 
 supplying of the })rin- 
 cipal libraries of the 
 United States with 
 rare and valuable 
 works from foreign 
 countries. In this 
 business he made 
 many trips to Europe, 
 visiting and inspect- 
 ing all the important 
 libraries of the old 
 world, and securing 
 many expensive works 
 of an official character 
 as exchanges with 
 those issued in this 
 country. He gained 
 a practical knowledge 
 of the modern lan- 
 
 ffuaires of the old 
 (;i;Ni:nAii citarles b. noiiton, skckktativ of f^ '^ 
 
 THK CKXTENNIAL BUREAU OF REVENUE. W'Orui, aud UiadO the 
 
 acquainj;ance of most 
 of the prominent literary men of Europe. 
 
 At the breaking out of the civil war, Mr. Xorton gave up his 
 business, and organized a regiment of twelve hundred men. He 
 was elected a second lieutenant, and took ])art with his command 
 in the first battle of IJidl Hun. He was subsequently present in 
 nearly every battle of the army of the Potomac, and discharged 
 
OF THE CKNTEXXIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 O.-)!) 
 
 cut, anii 
 
 I. Upon 
 
 rofossiou, 
 
 I author. 
 
 with the 
 
 the ]>rin- 
 
 es of the 
 
 itcs with 
 vahiable 
 
 n foreign 
 In this 
 
 he made 
 
 to Europe, 
 
 jt\ inspect- 
 
 fe important 
 the oUl 
 seeuring 
 
 iisiveworUs 
 vl character 
 tigcs with 
 n\ in this 
 He gained 
 knowledge 
 odern hm- 
 the old 
 \ made the 
 ,ce of most 
 
 [gave up his 
 men. I^^' 
 iis command 
 ly present ni 
 h discharged 
 
 tlio duties of the various positions filled hy him with credit to 
 liiinseH'and to the satisfaction of his superior officers. He was 
 soon taken from the line, and placed on the staff of (Jeneral 
 Buttorfield, after which he served on the staffs of (jrcncrals Mc- 
 Clclian, Porter and JJarrv. lie was brevctted a brliiadic"- 
 general of volunteers for his gallant meritorious services, and 
 remained in the army until the close of the war. 
 
 In 1807 General Norton was appointed by President Johnson 
 a commissioner from the United States to the Paris Exposition, 
 and at the same time received a special military ajjpointment 
 to that Exposition from the State of New York. In this double 
 capacity he repaired to Paris, where he fully sustained his 
 previous reputation. He devoted himself Mith especial care to 
 the interests of the American exhibitors, and won their grateful 
 esteem by his services in their behalf. He made two reports on 
 the Exposition : one to the President of the United States on 
 " Munitions of War ; " the other to the Governor of New York 
 on the "State Exliibit and on the fortifications of the city of 
 New York." Of these reports sixty thousand cojiics were i)rinted 
 and circulated by the general government and the State of New 
 York, and the author received manv flattcrino; letters from 
 lin'eign governments conij)limenting him upon their accuracy. 
 
 General Norton, as has been stated in an earlier portion of 
 this work, was one of the first to conceive and advocate the 
 plan of an International Exhibition. As soon as the scheme 
 l)(';i;an lo take a definite shape, and more especially after its 
 incorporation by act of Congress, he become personally identified 
 with the great undertaking. His services and experience have 
 hoon of the greatest value, and though he has not at any time 
 held any very high official position, he has proved his efficiency in 
 every department, and his experience has been made use of with- 
 out stint to the permanent advantage of the Exhibition. He 
 lias had especial charge of the press and all matters connected 
 with the publicity of this great enterprise, and by his universal 
 courlcsy and his readiness to give, and pecidiar capacity for 
 giving, information he has made many friends, and has rendered 
 invaluable service to the Exhibition. He has been one of the 
 
 I M 
 
6G0 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORV. 
 
 luirdost workers in the undertakiiif;^, and has boon content to 
 labor in private, leaving to others the credit of his work, and 
 satisfied to do anything that could in the least contribute to the 
 success of the great scJjenie. Such a man deserves an especial 
 recognition at the hands of his fellow-citizens, and should 
 receive it. Though his labors have not always been ap])arent 
 to the world, they have been of the liighest importance, and in 
 nothing have the Centennial Commission shown theii' good sense 
 more strikingly than in securing foi the great work before them 
 the experience and services of this able and accomplished 
 gentleman. 
 
 ABBE BOLT FOR'JINO MACHINE, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERY HALL. 
 
(lltoilt to 
 
 ork, and 
 ite to the 
 1 especial 
 1 siiould 
 apparent 
 3e, and in 
 rood sense 
 fore thorn 
 omplished 
 
 55^^ 
 
 MM 
 
 forr 
 
 lY hAll. 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 THE CELEBRATION OF THE FOURTH OF JULY, 1876, AT 
 
 PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 ArraiiKonicnts for the Great Celebration — Action of the Centennial Coniniis- 
 sioii — Indeiiendence Hall Decorated — The Centennial Legion — The Blue 
 and the (Jray — Brilliant Scenes in Philadelphia — Ceremonies of July 1st — 
 Congress of Authors — Tlie Great Civic Parade of July 3d — Ushering in the 
 " Fourtii " — The Midnight Celebration — Stirring Scenes — Dawn of the 
 Fourth — The Military Parade — A Grand Demonstration — The Exercises in 
 Independence Square — Other Celebrations — Illumination and Fireworks. 
 
 HE arrangements for tlie proper celebration of tlie 4th 
 of July, 1876 — the one hundredth anniversary of 
 American independence — were at an early day confided 
 ^f^ to the United States Centennial Commission, and ex- 
 tensive preparations were made to conduct them on a 
 scale of splendor worthy of the glorious occasion. The c'ty of 
 Philadelphia and the State of Pennsylvania lent their cordial 
 (■oo[)eration to the effort to have all things in readiness for the 
 Fourth, and the work went forward with a heartiness and vigor 
 that could not fail of success. 
 
 It was wisely resolved by the Commission that as the Decla- 
 ration of Independence was signed in Independence Hall and 
 proclaimed to the people in Independence Stjuare, the com- 
 memorative ceremonies should be so conducted as to make the 
 venerable building the grand central figure of all the demonstra- 
 tions. The city authorities caused the building to be hand- 
 somely draped in the national colors, and enormous stands, 
 covered with canvas awnings and ornamented with flags and 
 streamers, were erected in Independence Square for tb.e accom- 
 modation of the singers and invited guests who were to take 
 
 661 
 
 ! ' 
 
 t; i 
 
G62 
 
THK ( KNTENXIAL EXIIiniTIOX. 
 
 663 
 
 ill 
 
 
 *iW'' 
 
 ri«lit 
 
 part in tnc rejoicings. A new bell of vast proportions — the 
 gift of a patriotic and public-spirited citizen — was hung in 
 the State House tower, ready to join its deep tones to tlu! 
 shouts of the multitude when the moment of njoicing should 
 arrive. 
 
 ]Jeing anxious that the Centennial celebration should do its 
 share in cementing the reiudon of the Xorthern and South(>rn 
 States, the Commission began, at least a year before the occasion, 
 the formation of a "Centennial I^egion," consisting of a detach- 
 ment of ti'ooj)s from each of the thirteen original States. The 
 command of this sjtlcndid body of picked trooj)s was conferred 
 ujuHi (jeneral Ambro'x' E. JJurnside, of Uhode Ishnid, and 
 (Jeneral Henry Heih, of Virginia, was chosen Jvieiitenant- 
 Colonel. Both were veterans of the late civil war. 1'lie Le- 
 gion was readily made up, the best volunteer commands of the 
 original States being eager to serve in it. 
 
 For a week previous to the 4th of July crowds of jieoplc be- 
 gan to pour steadily into Philadel[)hia. Volunteer organi/a- 
 tions from the various States were constantly arriving, and wer>; 
 either encamped at various points in and around tlu; lv\hibition 
 grounds or were quartered at the various hotels. The city was 
 iiavlv decorated with flags and streamers, and the view d()Wi\ 
 any of the principal streets was brilliant by reason of the clouds 
 of bunting with which it was <lecoratcd. The principal build- 
 ings were almost hidden by the (lags which adorned them, or 
 were ornamented with ])atriotic inscriptions, and at various 
 points on Chestnut street triumphal arches were ( rcctcd. liy 
 the night of the 3d of July it was estimated that at least 250,000 
 strangers were assembled in Philadelphia. 
 
 The Centennial ceremonies were begun on tlio morning of 
 Saturday, the 1st of July. The leading writers ol" the I'nion 
 had been invited to prepare memoirs of the great men of our 
 revolutionary period, which were to be deposited among the 
 archives of the State House, and all who were able to accept the 
 invitation assembled in Inde})endence Hall at eleven o'clocU on 
 the morninc: of Julv 1st, 1870, where thev were joined bv a 
 number of invited guests. The ceremonies were opened by an 
 
6C4 
 
 TIFK riJ.USTRATKI) IHSTORV. 
 
 
 address from Colonel Frauk M. Ettiiit?, the Clwiirinan of Hio 
 Cominittee on the llestorution of Independence ll;ill, ai:d i\ 
 prayer by the llev. William White lironson. Whittier'.s (.'en- 
 tenniiil Ilvnin was then sniiij; hy a chorus of fil'tv voi(;es. The 
 names of the authors were then ealled, to which each responded 
 in person or by proxy, and laid his memoir on the tabh; in the 
 hall. The exercises were then brought to a close, and the com- 
 pany repaired to the stand in Independence Sfjuare, Avhere a 
 large crowd had assembled. 
 
 The ceremonies in the sipiaro were begun at half-past twelve 
 o'clock with I lehVich's Centennial Triumphal March, i)erformed 
 by the Centennial Musi(ud Association. Mr. John William 
 Wallace, the president of the day, then delivered a short address, 
 after which Wiiittier's Centennial Hymn was sung by a chorus 
 of one hundred and fifty voices, and Mr. William V. ^FeKeau 
 reviewed at some length the gnat historical event in commemo- 
 ration of which the ccnjiiionics were held. .After the band had 
 |)layed "God Save America," the Hon. Ijcvcrett Saltonstall, of 
 Massachusetts, delivered an address, which elicited warm ap- 
 plause. "The Voice of the Old Bell," a Centennial ode, was 
 then sung, and (jovernor Henry Jjippitt, of Rhode Island, made 
 a short speech. The band followed with a number of patriotic 
 airs, and Mr. Wallace announced the unavoidable absence of 
 (1 Mieral John A. Dix, and introduced in his place Frederick 
 J >o Peyster, President of the New York Historical Society, who 
 made a few remarks. After a Centennial Ode, by S. C. Up- 
 ham, had been sung by the chorus, the Hon. Benjamin Harris 
 Ihevster delivered an eloquent address^ at the dose of which 
 another Centennial Hymn, by William Fennimore, was sung. 
 Senator Frank P. Stevens, of Maryland, then said a few words, 
 after which the "Star Spangled Banner" was sung, and the 
 exercises were brought to a close by a prayer from Bishoj) 
 Stevens. 
 
 All through Sunday, the 2d, the crowds continued to pour 
 into the city, and on Monday, 3d, the streets were almost im- 
 passable. Business was generally suspended from the 1st to the 
 oth of July. 
 
THE WistUNsl^ oTAiJi liLlLUl.NU. 
 
 6G.J 
 
 
 I- 
 
 I 
 
 Ifcl 
 

 
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 I 
 
 ii i 
 
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 n;-' 
 
 'I. 
 
 GV)(i 
 
 Tin; n.i-rsTUATKn iiihtoiiv 
 
 Tlio ceii bi'ali )n iishrrinj^ in tlio Itli ofjjily was l)(';,iin on tlio 
 iii<::lit of tlu; .'>(!. A grtind civic aiitl torclili^lit procession pa- 
 raded tli(3 streets, wliicli wero brilliantly illiiniinated aionjif tlic 
 whole line of march. The pnjcession l)e<i,an to move about 
 half-past ei«j;ht o'clock at night, and consisteil (jf deputations 
 representative of the various trades of the city, the Centennial 
 Commissioners from the various forcij^n countries taUinji; part 
 in the Kxhibition, the governors of a number of the States of 
 the Union, officers of the army and navy of the llnitetl States, 
 civic and ])olitleal associations, and olfieers of foreign men-of- 
 war visiting the city. Some; of the «leputations bore torches, 
 and these added to the; brilliancy of the scene. All along the 
 line fireworks were ascending into the air, and cheer after cheer 
 went up iVom the dense masses of enthusiastic spectators which 
 filled the sidewalks. 
 
 The illumination of the streets along the route of the proces- 
 sion was superb. Chestnut and Broad streets flashed resplen- 
 dently in lines of fire and colored lanterns. The dense masses 
 which thronged these streets stood out boldly in the clear light 
 of the illumination, and the long, slow-moving line of the i)ro- 
 cession flowed through them like a vast river. 
 
 Crowds had collected around Independence Hall, filling the 
 street before it an<l the s(]iiare in the rear of it. An orchestra 
 and chorus were stationed on the stiiiids in the square to hail 
 the opening of the Fourth with music. The movements of the 
 procession were so timed that the head of the column arrived in 
 front of Independence Hall precisely at midnight. The crowd, 
 which had been noisy but good-natured, was Lushed into 
 silence as the hands of the clock in the tower approached the 
 midnight hour, and one hundred thousand people waited in 
 breathless eagerness tlu; strokes which were to nshcr in the 
 glorious day. As tlu; minute hand swept slowly ]>ast tlic hour 
 there was a profound silence, and then came rolling out of the 
 lofty stee})le the deej), liquid tones of the new liberty bell, 
 sounding wonderfully solemn and sweet as they floated down to 
 the crowd below. Thirteen locals were struck, and the first 
 tone had hardly died away when there went up from tlrj crowd 
 
Ofi7 
 
 or TIIK CKNTKNMAI- EXIIIBITIOX. 
 
 such II shout .'H had never Iwen liranl in Phihiddpliiu W'i 
 It was oiiii;;ht up and re-echoed all over the city, and at tlx 
 saiuo time the niusieiaus and sin^ters in the scuuue broke int( 
 the grand strains of the "Star Sj.an;;lcd IJauner." All tl 
 hells and steam whistles in the; eif 
 
 ore 
 
 le 
 
 y joined in the soiuids o( 
 
 njoiciug, aiul lireworks and lirearms made the noise tenfold 
 louder. When the "Star Spangled |5anuer" was ended th( 
 chorus in Independence! Scpiare sang the " Doxology," in which 
 the crowd joined heartily, and the hand then phiyed national 
 
 airs. 
 
 The festivitioH were kept up until after two o'clock, and it 
 
 )f tl 
 
 caks ot the dawn hegaii to tmtre tlu 
 
 was not until the first stn 
 
 sky that the streets of the city resumed their wontetl 
 
 p(>a ranee. 
 
 ai) 
 
 I'he lull in the festivities was not of luntr dui'at 
 
 ion. 
 
 Tl 
 
 le 
 
 day was at hand, and it threatened to he mercilessly hot, as 
 indeed it was. As tin; sun arose in his full-orhed s|)len(lor the 
 
 ivy Yard, from the heights of 
 
 thund 
 
 or of cannon from 
 
 the X 
 
 Fairmount Park, and from the Swedish, Jlrazilian, and Ameri- 
 can war vessels in the Delaware, and the clanging of hells from 
 every steeple in the city, roused the few who had managed to 
 snatch an hour or two of sleep after the fatigues of the night, 
 and hy six o'clock the streets were again thioiiged. 
 
 In view of the extreme heat of the weather the miliiarv 
 |)aradc had been ordered for an early hour of the day. At a 
 little after seven o'clock the line was formed, the right resting 
 on Chestnut street, facing west, in ih" fijilowing order : 
 
 Govornor TTnrtranft, of Pi'iinsylvanla, Commandcr-iii-f 'liicf, and Aidos. 
 
 General IJankson, fomiiiaiidiiiii First Division N. G. P.. and Aides, 
 
 riiiladeli'liia City Troop. 
 
 Blaci< Hussars. 
 
 Keystone Battery. 
 
 Brigadier-General Tliaycr, Seeoiid Drijifade, Fir^t Division, N. G. P., and Aides. 
 
 Cadets United States Military Aeadeniy. 
 
 T'nited States Marines. 
 
 Second Brijjfade, First Division, N. (J. P. 
 
 Third Pennsylvania Ket;inient, Colonel Ballicr. 
 
 Sixth Pennsylvania Keginient, Colonel Maxwell. 
 
 ii ! 
 
 ii 
 
 fi 
 
6G8 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 It ; h 
 
 Gray Invincibles (Pa.), Captain Jones. 
 
 First Brigade, First Division, N. G. P. 
 
 Brigadier-Cicneral Brinton and StafT. 
 
 Second Pennsylvania Regiment, Colonel Lyle. 
 
 United Train Artillery, Providence, K. I. 
 
 Detroit National Guards, Captain O'Keefe. 
 
 First Regiment Pennsylvania Infantry, Colonel Benson. 
 
 Twenty-second Regiment New York N. G., Lieutenant-Colonel Camp. 
 
 Albany Zouave Cadets, Captain Reynolds. 
 
 Wcccacoe Legion, Captain Denny. 
 
 15 ('iimi)any First Regiment N. G., District of Columbia. 
 
 D Company Eiglitb Regiment N. G. P., of Ilarrisburg. 
 
 Wasbington, D. C, (Jrays. 
 
 Pierce Liglit Guards of Boston. 
 
 Centennial Legion. 
 
 Tlirco companies Virginia Nati(jiial (iuards, Colonel Ordway. 
 
 Seventh National Guards, New York, Colonel Clark. 
 
 Twenty-third National Guards, New Y'ork, Colonel Ward. 
 
 Two companies First Regiment N. G. of Vermont. 
 
 Two companies Detroit Independent Cadets. 
 
 Visiting troops from Texas. 
 
 Cadets of Northern Home. 
 
 Girard College Cadets. 
 
 Visiting Governors and their Staffs. 
 
 Till' Ccntenvial Legion, composed of dotaclimcnts from the 
 thirteen origiiuil States, oociipicd a prominent phice in the line. 
 It was commanded by General Henry Ileth, of Virginia, and 
 was composed as follows : 
 
 Rliode rslaiid— Liirlit Infantry Regiments. 
 
 (Jeorgia — Clinch RiHes. 
 
 New Jersey— Phil Kearney Guards. 
 
 Delaware— A merican Rifles. 
 
 Maryland— Detachment Fiftli Regiment. 
 
 Massachusetts— Boston Light Tnfantrv. 
 
 South Carolina— Washington Light Infantrv. 
 
 New Y'ork— Old Giinrd. 
 
 North Carolina— Fayetteville Light Infiintry. 
 
 New Ilampshir':'— First New Hampshire Battery. 
 
 Connecticut— Ne\v' Haven Grays. 
 
 Pennsylvania— State Fenciblos. 
 
 Virginia— First Liglit Artillery Blues. 
 
 The troops numbered about tm thousand men, rank and file, 
 and the whole column was under the chief command of General 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 (i^d 
 
 Hartranft, Governor of Pennsylvania, and a gallant veteran of 
 the civil war. The command was made up of troops who 
 during that bloody struggle had fought each other gallaTitly, 
 and who had now come to testifv their devotion to thoir com- 
 mon country, and to show to the workl that in trusting its 
 defence to its well-rei5ulated militia the American republic is 
 stronger than the most powerful monarchies of the old world. 
 
 At half-past eight the column began to move down Chestnut 
 street towards Independence Hall, in front of whicii the troops 
 were reviewed by General W. T. Siierman, the Comnuinding 
 General of the armies of the United States ; the Secretarv of 
 War; Prince Oscar, of Sweden ; Licutenant-General Saigo, of 
 the Imperial army of Japan ; the officers of the Swedish men- 
 of-war in the harbor ; the governors of several of the States ; 
 and General Hawlcy, the President of the Centennial Com- 
 mission. 
 
 As the troops passed along they were greeted with enthu- 
 siastic ciiecrs by the crowds on the street. The Centennial 
 Legion and the troops from the Southern States were the 
 objects of an especially hearty demonstration. The route 
 chosen was a short one, the extreme heat forbidding an ex- 
 tended parade, and by ten o'clock the military ceremonies 
 were over. 
 
 Ai-, soon as the parade was ended the crowd turned into 
 Independence Square, which was soon filled. The approaches 
 to the building by way of Chestnut and Sansom streets were 
 kept clear by tlie police, in order that those wiio were entitled 
 to seats on the stand might reach their places. Four thousand 
 persons were given seats on the stand, and a vast crowd filled 
 the square. As the invited guests appeared and took their 
 seats on the platform the prominent i)ersonages were cheered 
 by the crowd. The Emperor of Brazil received a welcome 
 that was especially noticeable for its heartiness. 
 
 It was hoped that the President of the United Staces would 
 be present and ])reside over the ceremonies ; but General Grant 
 declined the invitation to do so, which it was at once his privi- 
 lege and his duty to accept, and remained in Washington, 
 
 ' 'M 
 
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II 
 
 "ill! 
 
"Will I |l|lll"l(| 
 
 TMK (KNTKNMAL KXIIilUTION. 
 
 G71 
 
 prcfcrrinj^ his scKisli case to iv littlo patriotic; exertion and 
 cxposiiro to tlic lu-at on this }^nin(K.'st of his eonntrvs I'l'stivals. 
 1 1 is !il)scn('(' was jj^cncrally reinarUcd and severely condemned 
 l)V his eonntrvnien. 
 
 At a few niinnles afler ton o'chiek fJcMieral Ilawley, the 
 President of the United States CenteiMjial ('oniniission, ap- 
 jx'ared at iht; spcaicer's stand and si<^nalled to the orchestra to 
 iK'^in. Tiie openinii; pieee, which was an overture entitl<'(l 
 *''lMi(! (Jreat Re|)ul)lic," hased on tiu! national air, "Hail 
 ('(»Innd)ia," and arranged for the occasion by Professor (ieori;e 
 F. P>rist()w, of New York, was rendered in fnie style by the 
 orchestra under the leadership of Mr. P. (lilniore. An the 
 ninsic ceased (Jeneral Ilawley aj;ain came li>rward and intro- 
 duced as (he presidinijj ollicer of tiu; day the Hon. Thomas W. 
 Ferry, Vice-President <»(" the United States, who was received 
 with loud cheers. After a few remarks appropriate to the 
 occasion Vice-President Ferry |)resented to the audience the 
 Uijjht I\ever(>nd William Bacon Stevens, I). D., the Protestant 
 Episcopal P>ish()p of Pennsylvania, wliom he introduced as the 
 ec(;lesiastical successor of the iirst chaplain of tiie Contiiuintal 
 ('oni:;ress. The bishop was in Ins canonical robes, with prayer 
 book in hand. lie dclivenHl a solemn and im|)resslve prayer, 
 (luring the utterance of which the whole audicmee stood with 
 uncovered heads, silent and attentive, unmindful of the bla/ing 
 sun which poured down upon them. 
 
 When the prayer was ended the "Hymn, 'AVeleomc to All 
 Nations,' words by Oliver Wendell Holmes, music, ' Keller's 
 
 H 
 
 vmn. 
 
 was sung. 
 
 The Vice-President then announced that 
 
 Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, a grandson of the patriot of 
 the Revolution, who offered the resolution in Congress that 
 "these United Colonies are and of right ought to be free and 
 indt'pendent States," would read the Declaration of In(lepen<l- 
 ence from the original manuscript, which the President had 
 intrusted to the mayor of Philadel|)hia. The faded and 
 erumi)ling manuscript, held together by a simple frame, was 
 then exhibited to the crowd and was greeted with t^iieer after 
 cheer. Richard Henry Lee, u soldierly-looking Virginian, 
 
 L J 
 
 }} 
 
 Bs'-P 
 
(J72 
 
 "iiK ii.M'srnA'iKi) iiisioiiv. 
 
 llicn caino lorwanl ami mul tlic I>('claralinn ; hiif the vw- 
 llnisiasm of (lie crowd was (oo ^[rcal to pciiiiit ihcm to li.sk'ii 
 to it (|iii('tly. 
 
 A( the close of (lie rcadiiij:; the orcliesira |»eironne<l a nnisical 
 coiunosilion ciilillcd "A (ireeliniz; from IJrazil," a liymii for tli(> 
 lirst (ViiU'iinial of American Iiid(>|)endciice, composed l)V A. 
 Carlos ( Jome/, of l>ra/.il, at (Ik rc«|iics( of His Maies(v 1)oim 
 Pedro II., I'lm|>en)r of l»ra/il, l( was received wi(li «'liccr,s hy 
 (lie crowd, which were re|)ea(cd for the l>ra/ili;!ii i*]m|)cror, 
 whose hearly in(erest in (he ('cn(cniiial celcl»ra(ions and (ho 
 l<Ahihi(ion had mad(> him a favorite in IMiiladel|)liia. 
 
 Mr. .loliM \>'clsji, Chairman of (he (Vn(ennial l»oard of 
 Financ(\ (hen, at (he sn_<i|!;es(ion of \' ice- 1 'resident I^'crrv, in- 
 trodnccd Hayanl Taylor, (he poet of (he dav, who rcci(ed a 
 nohic ode, which was lis(<'ncil (o with deep a((en(ion, (he 
 
 dlv 1 
 
 indience occasionally breaking; oii( in(o a|tplanse, 
 
 W 
 
 lien (he 
 
 poem was ended (he chords sanij:; "Oiir Nati(Mial Hanner," t!ie 
 
 \\ 
 
 ords l)v l)(>.\ter Smith, of Massacliiise((s, (I 
 
 , (he miisK,' l)y .>ir 
 Jidins nencdict, of Mn;;laiid. 
 
 As tli(» music died away the \'icc-President introduced (lu; 
 Hon. William ^^, I'^varts, ol' New York, the orator of (he day. 
 ^Tr. Kvarts was greeted with hearty cheers, after which he 
 proceeded to deliver an clo<pieiit and able address, roviowiiii:; 
 the lessons of the past century and dwelling upon the great 
 work .Vii'.crica has |)erlorm('d for the world. 
 
 When Mr. lOvarts retired from (he s|)eaker's stand (Jcneral 
 Hawlcy gave (he signal (o (he leader ol' (he orchestra, and (ho 
 *' Ilallclnjah Chorus," from " 'I'lie Messiah," was sung; alter 
 which the vast audience, at (he re<iuest of the \'i<'e-l*r(!sidont, 
 joined in the One iruudredth I'salm, with which the mem- 
 orable eeremonies came to an end. 
 
 I'^uring the day (he Huinboldt Stntue and the Catholic Total 
 Abstineuee Fountain, in the Kxhibition grounds, were dedi- 
 cated with ap{)ropriate ceremonies. 
 
 At night the i-ity was brilliantly illuminated, and a magnifi- 
 cent dis])lay of fireworks was given by the municipal authorities 
 at old Fairmouut. 
 
C; II APT Ell XXIT. 
 
 Tin: INTKUNATIONAI. REGATTA. 
 
 •('(1 lll(^ 
 
 (' {\\\y. 
 icli 1k' 
 
 J('ni>\al 
 m<l 1Ih> 
 allor 
 
 'sidoni, 
 nicm- 
 
 ic l\ltill 
 
 1-0 dedi- 
 
 AmiiKcmriits for tlic Ui'f,'!itt;i — The I'li/.cM Sketch of tlip Srlinylkill Navy — 
 I'iii;,'i;niiiiir III' ilic Itarcs - Itidi^nipliicMl Skctcli of ('(jmniodon; Juine.H M. 
 I'\'iH!i.s(iii I)(scrijiti()» of the Uiiccs— Tho Winners. 
 
 ]\I0 of tlio most proiiiiiKMit features of tin; ('cntcniiial 
 lOxliihitioii was tlir; (Jraiid Iiitcniatioiial Jtc<j;a(t!i of 
 
 j^r*'- <li(; I'owiufi^ rliihs of tli(! world, wlii<;li was Ix'^tin on 
 
 -(p) (lie iSflmylkill diiriiiji; the hitter part of ,Aiigti>(. As 
 \v!is expected, it was tlie most imj)osiii^ demonstration 
 of its kind that has ever ttdvcn phiee, thanks to the energy and 
 liberality which those who had it in charge displayed in arrang- 
 ing for it, and it is safe to predict that their expe(!tations were 
 fully realized. 
 
 The course over which the races were rowed is one of the 
 best in *he world. 'J'he river is broad, deep, and still, and 
 without an obstacle to interrupt the contestants in their efforts. 
 
 The leading boat clubs of the United States and ])ritish 
 provinces were present, and the English universities, and the 
 city of I^ondon, the (ihief boating centre of the world, wer« 
 fairly and handsomely represented by picked crews which 
 offered a generous but active competition to the American 
 oarsmen. 
 
 The races were h(>ld under the auspices of the United States 
 Centennial Commission, which awarded the prizes to the suc- 
 cessful contestants. These consisted of medals of gold, silver 
 and bronze, vases, punch-bowls, etc., and are as handsome in 
 both design and execution as the silversmith's art can make 
 them. The gold medal was for the winning crew, silver for the 
 43 673 
 
 1:1 
 
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 I' 
 
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 Ci 
 
 
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 m 
 
 w 
 
 w 
 
TIIK ("KNTKNNIAL KXIIIIMTION. 
 
 075 
 
 h(T(>!mI in the rare, jiiid IIk; hvow/.o for sill Mic participanls. 'Vho. 
 medals arc riiciilar in form, and in iUo. ((.'ntrc, in has n lief, 
 will \h' a Hin;i;l(!-scnll oai-snian |>nllin^; over liini is a scroll, and 
 tlic onlcr cAiry. contains tliirlccn slais, 'i'lic reverse lias Hie 
 words " InterniUional liecrjilln, I'liihideipliia, IH7(»," snr- 
 ronndcd hy a wrealli, in which is left a space li»r enjjjravinji; the 
 iianu* of the eonlcstanl. Adachcd lo (he medals is a pen- 
 dant loop (»1" (piile a prclly <lcsi^n. TIk' (li.iniond hadj^c, lltr 
 the winner of the sin<i;lc-shell race, lias upon it tin; lla<;s ol" 
 the (i»rei}:;ii nations which arc repres(!iiled, carved and siir- 
 luonnted l>y a scroll, lielow, in the <'eiifrc, is lii(! inono^^rani 
 of the navy in dianioiids, in a > hicid, siirnioiMitcd hy hent sculls 
 entwined with laurel Icnvcs. A pedestal has raised devices (»!' 
 a riiddcw' and (o(»t-l»oanl, and iielow (his, in has iilleC, is a 
 rower in a siiie;lc-slicll. The hottoin of (Ik; had^jjc; is couiposed 
 ol'crosscd oars, with a lant<rn andascntll depending!; tiiercfroni. 
 I''or th(' pair-oared race the pri/o will lie a iiiau;iiifieent |»niicli- 
 Ik»wI ; (he top is cinlMtllishecl with (he liiriires ol" two oa/smen 
 stripped, and each lioldin;:; aloft, an oar; on (he sides an; (he 
 heads of eaji;les thrust through laurel wreaths, and on the si<leH 
 are wreaths, with lioal-hooks and palm leaves. The l)as<> i.s af 
 eliony, and decorated with festoons, rosettes, and laurel leaves. 
 On (Ik; r(!vers(! sid(! is a space, fo." <\ii;^raviii<:; the nauK! of the 
 winner. For (Ik; }j;radiiates' race the |>riz«; is a larj^e vase; on 
 the sid(!S at tin; liulh an; the liifures (tf lienins ahout devonrini; 
 froths; on tin; sides are the: letters"!. It. It."- International 
 Rowin<r Hciratta. Then; an; within a shield flanked hv oars, 
 ov(!r which is a scroll coiitainiiijji; tin; (is^ures " 1770 — 1<S7()." 
 The shank rests ii|)on the arcli (d' a hridj^e, throui^h which is 
 jiassing a four-oared shell, vi<forously jmlk^rl hy tli(! cr(!W. All 
 rests upon a base wliieh rej)resents tli<; water of a river. For 
 the douhle-scull rac(; a sinipU; hut |)r(!tty pri/e was adf)|)ted. It 
 represents two oarsmen ready for work, and carryinj^ their hoat 
 down to the water and their oars on their shou'ders. On the 
 hase is a hlauk for an appropriate inscription. For the; (college 
 regatta the j>rize is contrihut(!d hy Cjeorge W. Childs, Escp, of 
 the Public Ledger, and comprises a tureen of magnificent 
 
 :>:^ 
 
678 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 design, tho upper part being cinhellislied with the heads of 
 easrles. The tureen rests on a shank consisting of a silver 
 globe, flanked by four oars. Tho globe rests on two columns 
 for side supjiorts, and a representation of old Independence 
 beil for the centre support. Tho bell has on it the United 
 States coat of arms, and tho columns the coats of arms of Eng- 
 land and Ireland. On the lid of the tureen is a figure of 
 Victory. For the international four-oared shell race is also a 
 handsome tureen, havinfj on its sides views of the Schuylkill. 
 The top is a representation of the dome of the Capitol at Wash- 
 ington, surmounted by the statue of America. The shank has 
 the flags of all nations, in colors, entwined around it, and the 
 base la of marble of different colors. 
 
 The regatta brought together the boating men of the world; 
 and as these are amateurs and men of the better walks of life — 
 many of them gentlemtn of wealth and culture — it was one 
 of the plcasantost and most beneficial features of the Exhibi- 
 tion. 
 
 As the races, while under the control of the Centennial Com- 
 mission, were under the local management of the Schuylkill 
 Navy, it is proper to call attention more fully to this organiza- 
 tion. 
 
 The Schuylkill Nav.y was organized in 1858, and is com- 
 posed of nine boating clubs, as follows : 
 
 The University Burge Club, of Philadelphia 12 boats. 
 
 The Undine ' " " " " 15 " 
 
 Tiio (Quaker City " " " " 12 " 
 
 Tiio Pennsylvania P.oat " " " 15 " 
 
 The Philadelphia Barge " " " 11 " 
 
 The Malta Boat " " " 11 " 
 
 The Crescent Boat " " " 13 " 
 
 The West Phila. Boat " " " 11 " 
 
 The College " " " " 9 «♦ 
 
 There are thus one hundred and nine boats in the navy, and 
 the mcmber-jhip is at present about six hundred and fifty. The 
 members are strictly amateurs, a term which is thus defined by 
 the constitution of the navy : " We define an amateur oarsman 
 
jjwls of 
 I silver 
 lolunins 
 ciulence 
 
 United 
 of Eng- 
 y-ure of 
 is also a 
 luylkill. 
 ,t Vash- 
 ank has 
 
 and the 
 
 e world ; 
 of life- 
 was one 
 Exhibi- 
 
 ial Com- 
 clniylkill 
 organiza- 
 
 rl is com- 
 
 joata. 
 « 
 
 « 
 
 (I 
 
 <> 
 
 « 
 
 M 
 
 lavy, and 
 Iv. The 
 efined by 
 oarsman 
 
 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXlIiniTIDN. 
 
 G77 
 
 to bo one who does not enter in open competition, for either a 
 stake, pnbli(! or admission money, or entranee fee, or compete 
 with or agjiinst a professional for any [)rizo, or who lias never 
 tanglit, pnrsucd, or assisted in the pinsnit of athletic exercises 
 as a means of livelihood, or has not been empl<)ye(l in or about 
 boats or in manual labor on the water." Eadi club has its own 
 boat-house. These arc located on the east shore of the .Schuyl- 
 kill at Old Fairmouut, and are eU'gant stone structures, two 
 stories in iieight. They are provided with every laeility for 
 boating, and with rooms for meetings and entertainments. The 
 total amount invested by the navy in boats, unilbrms, houses, 
 etc., is alx)ut $70,000. 
 
 The members of the Schuylkill Navy entered with enthusi- 
 asm into the arrangements i'ov the regatta, and contributed 
 more than liberally to the expenses of the Ictc, which, unlike 
 the Exhibitioiv itself, brought no pecuniary return to its pio- 
 jectors. Besides furnishing quarters in their own boat-houses 
 to the boats of visiting crews, they erected temporary boat- 
 hoiises in the park, which furnished ample accommodations to 
 all who came to take part in the races. 
 
 From the circular issued by the navy we make the following 
 qtiotation: • 
 
 "Arrangements have been made to hold the following races : 
 
 "First — An International Race will be held, open to all regu- 
 larly organized boat-dubs throughout the workl, to be rowed in 
 accordance with the rules of the National Amateur Rowing As- 
 sociation of the United States ; the prizes to be a piece of plate 
 each for foiu's, for pairs, for doubles and for single-sculls, and in 
 additi(Mi, medals to be presented to each man rowing in the race, 
 to be of gold for the winning crew, for the second crew of silver, 
 and the remainder of bronze. 
 
 ^'Secomf — An International College Race for four-oared 
 shells will be held, the prize to be a piece of plate, with a gold 
 medal to each member of the winning crew' ; o[)en only to 
 undcr-grad nates. 
 
 "Third — An International Graduates' Race will be held for 
 four-oared shells, open only to graduates of colleges or univer- 
 
 I' 
 
 •I 
 
 
 'I 
 
 ; i 
 
 V^ 
 
 ( 
 
 ! I 
 
 • ti'' ' 
 
 i'ii 
 
 US' 
 

 II 
 
 078 
 
 Tirr; irj.irsTRATKn history 
 
 sities ; the prize hciiijija pice*' of plato, ami a j^oM mcilal tocacli 
 menilKTof tlio wliitiin^ <-r('\v, 
 
 " Xo person will he allowisl (o row in l)oMi (lie International 
 CollcLi^e ({ace and International ( J rad nates' lvae«'. 
 
 " lutfir/h — Professional liaces will l)e held, o|)en to all <Tews 
 tlu'on^liout the world, for fJ)in'-oared, |)air-oare<l and sinjijle-senll 
 shells tor pni-ses, the aiuonnts of whieli will be annonnee<l by 
 the 1st of May, 187(5. 
 
 "The r.ices will In* In'ld between the 20th of Ant^iist and the 
 16th of September, and theentries shall be (-losed on Jnly l")th. 
 
 "An entran<v fee of $25.00 will be ehar-rcd for fonrs ; ^\').{M) 
 for pail's and doiibh-s, and $10.00 for sin<;les. This fee,' will be 
 returned to all boats startin;jj in the races, and is demanded as a 
 {jjuarantet; of good faith in niakinj^ the entry, and to jnstifv the 
 conimittiv in iMaking the ne<'essary arranjrements for pntperly 
 honsintjf the Ixiats of the enterinjj^ crews, 
 
 "The Amateur Ivaees will be rowed in heats one and a half 
 miles strai<]jht-a-way. The Professional Ivaees will be rowed in 
 heats of three miles, one and a half miles and return. 
 
 " IJesides the above prizes the * finry on liowin<ij' of the 
 UnitiHl States ('enteinual Commission, who will have an over- 
 sijjht of all the races, will award the diploma and me«lal of the 
 (\»mmission to the victoi-s. 
 
 "The National Amateur Rowiu*; Association will hold their 
 animal reu^atta over the same course (the National), beginnin<^ 
 on Aujxust 22(1." 
 
 Great I'redit is due to the navv as a whole for its wnerous 
 support of" the reijjatta, but the man who is entitled to the chief 
 j)raiso is diTmes M. Fer<i;nson, the able and efficient Coimnodore 
 of the Schuylkill Navy, wiio was the first to conceive th(! plan 
 of an international re<>;;itta as one of the features of the Kxhibi- 
 tion, and to whose enerij^y, pluck and determination the success 
 of the scheme is mainly <lue. 
 
 James M. Ferguson was born at Cookstown, in the county of 
 Tyrone, Ireland, on the 1st of August, 1834, and comes of that 
 North of Ireland Presbyterian stcxjk which built uj) western 
 Pennsylvania and Amerieanixed itself by its gallant services 
 
or TIIK CENTENNIAL EXIIIDITION, 
 
 tluring the l^pvolution. His father was a linen merdmnt, but 
 hocoming niifurhinatn in business, emigrated to the UniU'd 
 States in IS 17. One week after the arrival of the fiiniily in 
 Philadelphia, (he father was laid to his eternal rest, ami the 
 subject of this njeinoir, a lad of thirt<H.Mi, was set to work to 
 earn his (»wn living. Ho was plaeed in a wholesa](! notion 
 house in rhihidolphia, but did not remain there long. Jle was 
 
 COMMODOKK JAMKS M. FEUGUSON. 
 
 anxious to become a printer, and soon entered the office of 
 AViliiam S. Young its an apprentice. 
 
 It was a characteristic of the boy, as it is of the man, not to 
 do things by halves, and he set to work with a will to master 
 ti»e "art preservative of arts." In this office he was a fellow- 
 ai)prentice with many young men who have since become dis- 
 tinguished in journalism. Among these may be mentioned 
 John Russell Young, managing editor of the New York Herald; 
 
680 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 IF. J. Mnnlocli, of tho United Prexhi/feri<m, of rittsl>nr<^li ; 
 JVfajor .loliii M. Oarson, of the Wash In (/ton Jicjtuhlican ; 
 Jo.s(3j)h McFui'IuikI, of tho ( V/u'/M/Hf// Cnmuvt'cAdl ; (u-orgo S. 
 Ferguson, of tlie VhridUin Inntriwtor of Pfiihulclphiu ; and 
 John lilakely, of tlie I'liihidt'lphiji J'JiriiInf/ Star. lit; succoodcd 
 so well in his cllorts to learn that, befori; his apprcnticcshii) ex- 
 pired, his employer released him to allow him to lake charge 
 of the oiliee of the Westminster Herald, of Xcw Wilmington, 
 Pennsylvania. He had a double object in securing tluH jjosition. 
 It not only gave iiim an independent position, but enabled him 
 to enjoy the benefits of a two years' course of study at West- 
 minster College. During this time he attended regularly to his 
 duties in the j)rinting oflice, and maintained an enviuble ])osi- 
 tion in his classes at college. At the close of his collegiate term 
 lie removed to Pittsburgh, and becanie the publisher of the 
 United l're.st>i/tcrinn, one of the most infhiential journals of that 
 denomination in the United States. Soon after settling in 
 Pittsburgh, he married Miss Lizzie Moffatt, of New Castle, 
 Pennsylvania, who died in 18(50, leavin;,'; one son as the issue 
 of this union. 
 
 Mr. Ferguson was anxious to return to the city of his boy- 
 hood, and an opportunity was soon offered. He purchased an 
 interest in the Christitoi In,structo);(i weekly paper published l)y 
 his old employer, and at the same time established the Youtli's 
 Evavf/elid, a semi-monthly for Sabbath school children. Under 
 his able and energetic managenient these papers were soon 
 placed upon an assured footing of success. In October, 18(J8, he 
 contracted a second marriage, the lady in this instance being 
 Miss Ilebecca J. INIcBride, of Philadelphia. In January, 1870, 
 he entered into partnership with S. A. (Jeorge in the business 
 of prir.ling, eloetrotyping, and stereotyping, the firm-title being 
 S. A. George & Co. He is still a partner in this house, which 
 possesses one of the largest and most perfectly appointed print- 
 ing establishments in the United States. 
 
 Soon after his return to Philadelphia, Mr. Ferguson became 
 a member of the Quaker City Barge Club, one of the rowing 
 organizations of the Schuylkill Navy. The war put an effectual 
 
OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHiniTfON. 
 
 681 
 
 being 
 ', 18"0, 
 husincss 
 |o being 
 wliich 
 print- 
 
 1 became 
 
 rowing 
 
 tffeetual 
 
 damper upon all enterprises of this kind, but upon ihv return 
 of peace the public interest in boating matters bci:aii to revive. 
 Mr. Ferguson vas (juicU to j)ereeive this, and e.xtitcd liimself 
 with characteristic energy to promote the interests of the Schuy!- 
 Uill Navy. Ih; was especially active in organi/ing and carrying 
 out the regattas of the navy, and his services were so highly 
 appreciatc(l by his conu'adcs that early in ISIJS he was (fleeted 
 to the post of \'ice-Comniodorc ol'thc navy. His administra- 
 tion of this ollico gave such marked satisliiction that in ISOI) ho 
 was elected Commodore. At the close of 1<S(){) business engiige- 
 inents compelled him to decline a re-election as Commodore, but 
 he was still the representative of his club in the naval boai'd. 
 At the urgent solicitation of the UKMubers of the iiiivy, ho 
 accepted th(f i)osition of \' ice-Commodore a second time in 1(S72; 
 and in August, 187."i, upon the resignation of (.'ommoilorc Co\e, 
 was unanimously elected Commodore once more, and hus held 
 that position ever since. 
 
 As early as the fall of 1873 Commodore Ferguson conc(Mved 
 the plan of a grand Interuiitional llowing Regatta on the 
 Schuylkill in 1876, and at once set to work to bring the navy 
 to the support of his scheme. In this ho was successfid, and at 
 the meeting of the naval board in ^Nlarch, 1874, he was atUhor- 
 izcd to visit Euro|)e and invite; the ]»rincipal rowing clubs of 
 the old world to take j)art in the ])ro{)osed regatta. He s;iilcd 
 in July, and, on the night preceding his departure, was the 
 recipient of an unexpected ovation from the members of the 
 navy, who j)resented him with a superb gold badge emblazoned 
 with the monogram and fltigs of the navy and other appro|)riate 
 devices. The cost of this beautiful insignia of his oHicc was ^'AOO, 
 Upon reaching Europe, Commodore Ferguson visited the lead- 
 ing rowing associations and extended to then) the invitation of 
 which he was the bearer, lie was everywhere received with 
 marked cordialitv, antl brought back home the <;r;»tifvinu; assur- 
 anees of the hearty cooperation of these associations in the 
 
 regatta. 
 
 ■ *■ ''I I K'C ! 
 
 Upon his return home he gave himself with renewed energy 
 to the effort to bring the scheme to success. It win his personal 
 
r>82 
 
 TIIK IM.rSTItATKl) IlIHTOUY 
 
 ? i J 
 
 ">; 
 
 I'll 
 
 cH'ort dial induced Hie ITiiitcd States (VMileiinial Cominissioii to 
 adopt i(, and inaki- it a part of (lie proj^ranune of the Kxliihi- 
 lioii, and, as Mr. Lynch, ol" tlie (Vnlcnii'al Connnission, 
 deelaml in a mrnt |)wl)lic speech, " 1 1" the rejratla is th(! ^rand 
 snecess it promises to he, it will chielly he due to the indoniit- 
 al)l(> ener<>;v, pluck and determination of Conunodon! Ferguson, 
 who conceiveil it and eanic<l it to triumph in the face of every 
 
 obstacle." 
 
 In person, Tom modtM-e Fcru;uson is a liitle ahove the niediui.i 
 height, with a com|)aclly knit, active fi«;ure, li<;ht sandy hair 
 and whiskers, and clear unlldterint,^ eves, which ^low with the 
 j^enial liu;h( of the warm and nenerons nature which hius 
 endean>«l him to his host of friends on both sides of the 
 Atlantic. 
 
 Tin: r.Ai.DwiN N.\i;i!i)\v-{; \r(;r. i.ocomotivk, rsKD iiv tiiI': wkst-knd iiAiTr 
 
 WAV IN TUK KXHlltlTKlN (iHOlNDS. 
 
 The nu>st active p ""parations w(>ro made for tlio Tntornational 
 Keijatta hv the L!:entlen\(>n havinix it in ehart^c*, and no ellbrts 
 were spared to mak(^ the occasion the most memorahh; atpiatie 
 carnival over lu'ld. The course* was car(>fully marked oil' with 
 flasiis and buoys, and tlu' distances measured with exactness. A 
 ijrand stand was erected at lloekland, the (inishint; ])oint, and 
 another on t'lo oj)])osite side of the Selmylkill. The startinjj; 
 point was immediately below the bridjxc of the Readin<^ Hail- 
 
ision to 
 KxliilM- 
 iiission, 
 «; jTriuul 
 luloinit- 
 
 )l" every 
 
 modiui 1 
 jdy liiiir 
 with the 
 liieli Ikus 
 s of the 
 
 
 ;T-KNP UAllr 
 
 oriv.vtional 
 no ollorts 
 )le jKiiintie 
 cd oiV with 
 let n OSS. A 
 ])oint, aw\ 
 'he startiiif; 
 uling llail- 
 
 or TIIK ('KNTFONNfAr, KX JinUTION. 
 
 (>HP, 
 
 road, at the Falls of (he Schnyikilj, and the " finish " at Rock- 
 land, just ahovo ihe ('(.hMnl)ia hnil^c. 'JMic stands and th(> 
 hanks of the river were IJinmjred with s|)(ctafors daily, th<! 
 crowds fre(|nently nnnd)erin,u: as many as (ine hinidrcd thousand 
 |)crs(»ns, and the ntniost «;<M»d natnre and enllnisiasni prevailed. 
 The winnin-r crews were orirtcd with deafenin^r cluMrs as they 
 <'anie in, and were made to fed that the sympathies of the vast 
 lhron<,^ were heartily with them. The {{(-^alta was in all re- 
 spects a brilliant sneeess, and the residt more than rewarded 
 the ^iceneroi IS efforts of those who had projected il and earriod 
 it thron^h to its trininph. 
 
 TIIK ICK YACHT, K.XIII lUTKI) IN MACIMNKKY IIAI.L. 
 
 As it will he impossihle t<» <;ive ;i detailed description of each 
 day's proceed in jjjs, \\v, must eoe.ient onrselves with |iresentin<^ 
 here a statement of the resnit of each day's work, from which 
 th(! reader will learn the names of the contestants, the winiK-rs, 
 and the time made hy each. 
 
 The Regatta was opened on Tuesday, August 22d, and 
 
 ii 
 
 I'l 
 
 ■I' 
 
 i « 
 
684 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 3 ■ 
 
 closed on Wediu'sday, Se])tember 6th, 1876. The first three 
 davs were devoted to the Fourth Auiiiud Re<i;att:i of the 
 National Association of Amateur Oarsmen, with the following 
 result : 
 
 Foiirtli Annual Kogatta of the National Association of Amateur Oarsmen, 
 held at Philadelphia, August '_"_', •_':>, and 21, 1S7G. Kace— Straightway. 
 Distance — 1] miles. Course — Tlie National Course, Hcluiylkill river, 
 I'mpire — Mr. K. D. Briekwood, England. Judge at Finish — Mr. Walter 
 C. Madeira, riiihtdelpliia. 
 
 FIHST I>AY. 
 
 Til lA L II i:.l TS—ro lli- (t.l It EI) SHELLS. 
 
 KiiisT iii:at. 
 
 Tiiiip. 
 ].— Ataliiiita, Now York city— li.iw. \V. H. Downs; -J, H. W. Hoilgpr; 3, 0. A. Lynn; 
 
 stiok.', .J. li. Kiislis '.).V.\\4 
 
 2.— Beavciwyck, Albany, New Yoik— How, J. T. McCoiniick ; ■^, J. II. McKiitee; ;}, li. T. 
 
 Ooinian ; stroke, T. J. (iorniiiii 0.'.i'>'.i 
 
 3. — Vale College, New Haven, I'onneitliiit — Itow, F. Wood ; J, W. W. Collin; 3, D. H. 
 
 Kellogg; stroke, J. Kennedy 9.39). 
 
 si'.coNi) iii:at. 
 
 1.— Columbia College, New York eily— l!ow, K. K. .<age-, 2,0. <.'r-\voI(l ; 3, C. S. Doyd ; 
 
 s-tr ke, J. T. (ioodwjn. 
 
 9.13':; 
 
 !. — V(s|MT, I'liiladeljiliiii — Bow, II. McMillan ; 2, F. Henderson ; ;>, \V. T. Corson ; stroke, 
 
 J. 1!. Miiigng 9.14 
 
 SIXCI.K SCfl.I.S— riKST IIKAT. 
 
 lan, .\talanta. New Y 
 ion, fidon Springs, > 
 Crescent, I'liila leliili 
 
 oy, I'nioii Sjiring^, N 
 M, Qnakcr ( ity, I'hila 
 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 3. 
 
 —P. 
 — K 
 
 -C. 
 
 C. Ackern 
 II. Kobin 
 I'. Tiusker 
 
 1. 
 
 -c. 
 
 -F. 
 
 E. Courtn 
 
 IMeasoMto 
 
 1. — F. K. Yati's. I'nion Springs, New 
 2.— H. McMillan, V.sper, I'liiUidelplii 
 
 orii 
 
 \"ew V.irk 
 
 10.28 
 
 1(1 .').') 
 
 lia 
 
 11.12' 
 
 SKCdNI) IIKAT. 
 
 
 ew Y-rk 
 
 10 3'*', 
 
 ilelpllia 
 
 11.4.) 
 
 Tlllltl) IIKAT. 
 
 
 York 
 
 . iiiifi 
 
 a 10.47 
 
 Si:CONI) DAY. 
 
 liOVItLi: SCVLI.S. 
 
 Time 
 1.— I'nion Springs, New York— liow, I!. II. Itobinsin ; stroke, <\ V.. Courtney, it.i;i 
 
 2.— Atalanta, New York— l!ow, 1'. C. AikcTnian; stroke. II. \\ Ito'lger.... 
 
 3._V,.sp,.r, I'liiladelphia— Itow, 11. JliMlllan: stroke,,!. 11. .Mingns 
 
 10.10'. 
 
 I'Allt ii.tltS. 
 
 1.— Atiilaiita. New Y'ork- How. \V. H. Howns: stroke. ,1. K. Fnstis. 
 2.— Nantilus, New York— I!o«, I'avid Koaelie; stroke, \Vi!li:ini \Va 
 3. — Argoiiautii, Now Jersey — Bow, \V. T. Taylor; stroke, ,Iolin liniiste 
 
 10.1o:< 
 
 -Nantilus, New York— I!o«, I'avid Koaelie; stroke, Willie ni Wal-lie lii.Jit 
 
 TH11{1> 1).\Y. 
 
 TtXAL IIKATS-SIMILI: SCILI.S. 
 
 .10..-.0' . 
 
 Time 
 
 ].— F. K. Y'ates, I'nion Springs. New York lo.iW' 
 
 2.— P. C. Ackeriiiai), Atalanta, New York 18.41) 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIIUTION. 
 
 roVn-OAIt SIHCLLS. 
 
 1.— Ataianta, New York— Bow, W. II. lUiwris; J, H. W. Uodgor; 3, C. A.Lyon; stml;,", 
 .1. K. Kiisti:< " 
 
 2.— ColiimMu C.illcgo, New Y,.ik-Iio\v, E. E. Jiiigc ; 'J, G. Griswold ; 3, C. S. lU.y.l ; stroke, 
 
 J. T. tiooihviu Nut taken 
 
 Tliesip racen Iieiiig over, the /iilrrmti'mal Krf/nlln proper began on tlie L'Stli of Augnst, and 
 lasted five da.vs, the public interest in it inerea^ing every day. The following u Jie olliiiul 
 stiitenient of the result : 
 
 INTERNATIONAL REGATTA. 
 
 AMATEUR RACES. 
 
 Held at Phihulelpliia, August 28, 29, 30, 31, and September 1, 1876, Race— 
 Straiglitway. Distance—!.] miles. Course— National Course, vSchnylkill 
 river. Umpire— Mr. Frank lirown. New York. Judge at Finish— Mr. 
 Walter C. Madeira, Philadelphia. 
 
 THE SELLERS SLOTTING MACHINK, IN MACHINERY HALL. 
 
 FIRST DAY. 
 
 TRIAL HEATS— FOUn-OARED SUELLS. 
 
 FIRST HEAT. 
 
 1.— Kurcka, Newnrk, New Jcreey— Bow, J. Young; 2, W. Ryno; 3, P. Young; stroke, 
 
 .1. Anglemftn a.-'O'^ 
 
 2.— Publin University Rowing Club, Ireland— Row, N. Ferguson; 2, C. Barnngton ; 3, C. 
 
 n. Harrington ; stroke, 0. 11. HIcUson 0.30'^ 
 
 3.— Argonaufn, B4'rgpn Point, New Jersey— Row, E. Smith ; 2, B. Stephenson ; 3, C. E. 
 
 Dunbur; titroke, F. C. Eldred S.4S 
 

 Ill 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 if! 
 
 if 
 
 n 
 
 ii i.ii 
 
 
 G86 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 SKCOND HEAT. 
 
 Time. 
 1.— Yule CdlloKP, Now Haven, Cdiiiu-ctiiMit— How, K. J. Cook ; '2, AV. W. Collin ; 3, D. 11. 
 
 Kfllogn; .stmlic, J. Kenmily 9.0'^% 
 
 i. — Vcs|ifr, l'liilii(lcl|iliiu — How, II. McMilliui; 2, F. HeMilcrson ; 3, W. T. Corson ; stroke, 
 
 J. I(. MiMf^ds 9.13% 
 
 ;{.— Crescent, I'liilaileliiliiii— How, C. K. t^teel ; •_', II. K. Ilincliniiin; 3, 11. W. Terry; 
 
 stroke, 0. Milliken 9.40^ 
 
 TIIIKU IIKAT. 
 
 1.— Columbia College, New York eity— How, E. K. Sago; 2, G. OriswoUl; 3, C. S. Hoyd; 
 
 stroke, J. T. (ioodwin 9.08 
 
 2.— Eli/.alietli, Porlsinonth, Virginia— How, J. Mnrray ; 2, 1'. McGratli; 3, T. Gallagher; 
 
 stroke, 1). Callahan 9.11 
 
 3.— Qniiker City, IMiilailelphia— How, J. McUeath; 2, C. H. Adains; 3, S. B. Stinson; 
 
 stroke, S. M. Gormley Withdrawn 
 
 FOUIITII HEAT. 
 
 1.— Beavcrwyck, Albany, Now York— Bow, J. T. McCormick ; 2, J. II. McEntee; 3, R. T. 
 
 Gorman ; stroke, T. J. Gorman 9.14 
 
 2.— Duqiiesne, Alleghany City, Pennsylvania — Bow, D. Frit/.; 2, O. Moody; 3, S. Moody; 
 
 stroke, F. Hrennan Not taken 
 
 3. — Falcon, Burlington, New Jersey — How, A. Horn ; 2, II. McKim ; 3, T. Meyers; stroke, 
 
 J. W. Horn Not tukrn 
 
 FIFTH HEAT. 
 
 l.—Watkins, New York— Bow, A. McLafferty; 2, F. Stoll; 3, A. Tyrell ; stroke, F. 
 
 Wakeman 9.0CI4 
 
 •; _p,.nnsylvania, riiiiadelphia— Bow, J. W. Barr; 2, W. II. Rennert; 3, A. I,. Kappes; 
 
 stroke, II. Con rail Not taken 
 
 3.— Malta, I'hiladeliihia — Bow, J. Rabe ; 2, C. Giller; 3, J. Unn.-^ton ; stroke, W. 
 
 Harper Withdrawn 
 
 SIXTH HEAT, 
 1.— London Rowing Club, England— Bow, R. Labat; 2, F. Gulston ; 3, A. Trower; stroke, 
 
 J. Howell 8.55 
 
 .^.—Northwestern, liiverdalc, Illinois— Bow, W. B. Curtis; 2, II. Smith; 3, J. Klllorin; 
 
 stroke, C. Corning S.59;<i 
 
 3— Atalanta, New York city— Bow, W. II. Downs; 2, II. W. Rodger; 3, C. A. I.yon; 
 
 stroke, J. E. Eustis Withdrawn 
 
 ^^ SEVENTH HEAT. 
 
 1.— Trinity College, Cambridge University, England— Bow, .T. A. .Tamioson; 2, O. S. N. 
 
 Man ; 3, W. B. Close ; stroke, J. T. Penrose OMJ^ 
 
 2.— Onei<la, Bnrlingtim, New Jersey— Bow, R. N. Weston; 2, G, A, Hunt; 3, F. G, Wood- 
 
 ington ; stroke, F. II. Deacon Not taken 
 
 SFXOXD I>AY. 
 
 SINGLE SVVLLS—TltJAL HEATS. 
 
 FIRST HEAT. 
 
 1,— J. McCartney, Friendship, New York 11 01 ?.^ 
 
 2.— G. E. Man, Argonauta, New Jersey 11.13 
 
 3._G. W. Young, Crescent, Philadelphia 11.20 
 
 4.— F. Henderson, Vesper, Philadelphia 11-33 
 
 SECOND HEAT. 
 
 1.— E. D. Mills, Jr., Atalanta, New York 10.59'/.^ 
 
 2.— J. M. Hidsman, I'niveraity, Philadelphia 1 1 .40;?,^ 
 
 3.—,!. B. Leibert, Vesper, Philadelphia Not talven 
 
 4.— W. B. Curtis, Northwestern, Rlverdale, Illinois Mithdrawn 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXlilBITION. 687 
 
 Tirilin HKAT. 
 
 TiniB. 
 1.— S. J. Gorinloy, Qnakor City, Pliil;i(lil|,liiii 10.r>j:>i 
 
 'J. — K. A. Hoi pi II* in, Union S|)iiiij;s, New YoiU lO.jO 
 
 a.— C. I'. Tiiskfi-, Crescent, I'hiliulelpliia U.ir.^cJ 
 
 FOUR-OAREIi SCVLLS-SKVOXI) TKIAL tllC.lTS. 
 
 FIHST HKAT. 
 
 1.— Bcavorwyck, Allmny, New York— l!ow, J. T. McCormick ; 2, J.II. MtEiitco; ;'., R. T. 
 
 Gorman; stroke, T. J. Gorman 9.07 
 
 2. — Eureka, Newark, Now Jersey — Bow. J. Young; '.', W. Uyno ; 3, V. Young; stroke, J. 
 
 Anglcmaii 9.13 
 
 '"'"<fc>":"'<?"''M 
 
 JOHNSON'S TYPE CASTING M.VCHINE, IN MACHINERY HALL. 
 .SECOND HEAT. 
 
 l_Watkins, New York— How, A. McLafferty ; 2, F. St"ll ; .3, A. T'-rell ; stroke, F.Wake- 
 
 man 9.011^ 
 
 2.— Trinity Collepe, Caniliriilge, Kngland— Row, J. A. Jamicsnn ; 2, G ". N. Man ; 3, W. 
 
 U. Close; stroke, .1. T. Penrose Not taken 
 
 3.— Coluniliia College, New York city— Bow, E. E. Sage ; 2, G. GriswoUl ; 3, C. S. Boyd ; 
 
 stroke, J. T. Goodwin Withdrawn 
 
 THIRD in: AT. 
 
 1.— London Rowing Club, England— Bow, R. Labat ; 2, K. Gnkton ; 3, A. Trower; 
 
 stroke, .1. Howell S.,')!'^ 
 
 a.— Yale College, New Havi'U, Connecticut— Bow, K. .1. Cook ; 2, W. W. Collin; 3, D. H. 
 
 Kellogg ; stroke, J. Kennedy 8.5214 
 
 THIRD DAY. 
 
 SISGLE SCVLLS-TRIAL HEATS. 
 
 FOURTH HEAT. 
 
 I.— C. E. Courtney Union Springs, New York \\.29^ 
 
 •i.—V. C. Ackernian, Atalanta, New York '. Not taken 
 
 3.— .1. Mactin, Waverly, New York Withdrawn 
 
 4.— J. Kennedy, Yale College, Connecticut Withdrawn 
 
 ■il 
 
 :H 
 
 .K 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 I 
 
 .: ■ <! 
 
 Ii'». ■ 
 
 \ f 
 
I 
 
 , 
 
 
 G.S8 THE ILLUSTRATED illSTORY 
 
 KllTII IIICAT. 
 
 Time. 
 1— V. V,. Yiiti"", riiiiiii Spiinirs, New York IJ.o.i'/iJ 
 
 •J.-. I. It. :M<ll,'iilli, (jiiakiTCilj, I'hilaili Ijiliia I'J.UTJ^ 
 
 H.-( •• Mc^a rp'i'. • nl li'H''. riiilmlclpliia Vi.W^ 
 
 •I.— II. Vniiii;,', Mulla, I'liiliulcliiliia lli.lO 
 
 j-is.iL iii'.AT I'ovit-oAitr.n sinci.i.s 
 
 1.— llravcnv.vrU, All.anv, N.'W YmU-HcH, .1. T. Mi'.\.iiiiiik ; J.J. II. M.Kiitcc; 3, H. T. 
 
 (Ji'iniaM ; sliuKc, T. J. (Jdiiiiaii 9.06 
 
 2.— I,iiiiil..n li.uiiit; Cliili, Kiiglaiid— l!ow, It. II l.ahal ; 'J, !■'. S. (iiilslon ; :!, A. Tr«)Wor; 
 
 slink.', .). Howell n.os;-^ 
 
 3.— Wiilkins, New York— It.iw, A. M.ljinVil.v ; •_'. K.-^t .11 ; ;i, A. Tvnll ; Nimko, F. Wiikc- 
 
 liiai) 9.IC 
 
 SIXTH IIICAT— SI.NCil.K StTI.I,. 
 
 ]._\V. O. Thomas, I'liila.li'liilila IL.W/^ 
 
 2.— Ci. \V. I'aikcr, (iiiakcr City, I'liiladclpliia l'.'.4(i>^ 
 
 si;vi;ntii iikat. 
 
 1.--I1. McMillan. Vesper. Pliilailelpliia Not taken 
 
 ■_'.~T. M. >Ioiili;.imery, NorfliHi'sleiii, Illinois \Villiilm\vn 
 
 ;i. — ,1. It. MinKiis, Vospor, I'hiladeliiliia Witlnlrawn 
 
 KKillTlI UK AT. 
 
 1 .- 1". rieasaiiton, Quaker f'il.v, T'hiladrlpliia 12.00 
 
 '.'.— K. (J. Woolniaii. dneida. New .Jersi-v Withdrawn 
 
 3.— H, II. Laliat, Londim Rowing I'luh, Knglaiid ^Vitlldra^^n 
 
 FOI IJTH DAY. 
 
 siyazE scuLLs-si:ro\n tuial heats. 
 
 FIHST UK AT. 
 
 Timn. 
 1.— 0. K. Cointne.v. I'nion Sprinpf, New York UMil 
 
 2.—V. K. Yates, rnion Sprinps, Xew York ^Vitlldrawn 
 
 ."?.— S. .r. riovnilev. Quaker Cit.v. I'liiladelphin Withdrawn 
 
 4.— F. rieasanton, Quaker City, Pliihidelplila Withdrawn 
 
 SECOND HEAT. 
 
 1 .—.I. Met^artney. Frienilship CIiil) mniV^ 
 
 2.— i:. MilN dr., .\ talanta 10. U 
 
 3.— .1, 11. M ingus, Vesper lO.M 
 
 rATU-OARS— FIRST HEAT. 
 
 1.— Atalanta. New York— Row. V". II. Downs ; stroke, .1. E. Enstis 9.45 
 
 2.— Xautihis. New York— Row. Roaehe ; stroke, Walshe 9.r.8 
 
 3.— London Rowing Club, Enirland- Row, K. A. Tnnver; stroke, 0. 0. llowell Withdrawn 
 
 4.— Argonauto, Now Jersey— Bow, E. Smith ; stroke, F. C. Eldrcd Withdrawn 
 
 SECOND HEAT. 
 
 ].— Northwestern, Illinois— Bow. .lohn Killorin ; 2, stroke, Henry Smith ^0m^ 
 
 2.— Northwestern, Illinois- Row, W. R. Curtis ; stroke, C. T. Corninp lO.ORi ,- 
 
 3.— London Rowing Club, England— Row, F. S. Gnlston; stroke, B. U. Lubiit Withdrawn 
 
 COl.LECE GRADUATES. 
 1.— Dnblin University UowinR Club, Ireland— Bow, G. F. Ferguson ; 2, C. Barrlngton ; 
 
 3, C. B. Barringtonj stroke, 0. H. Hickson, .'..ICSOJ^ 
 
 Ko competitor. 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXIIIHITIOX. C89 
 
 SINfJLK SdU.S— FINAL IIKAT. 
 
 1.— C. E. Conrtnpy, Union SprinKfi, New York l(l,4«i^ 
 
 2.— J. McC'iirtjioy, Krioiiibtiip, Nuw York 11.1'^V4 
 
 FIFTH 1>AY. 
 
 ItOUItLE SCULLS-TltlAL HEATS. 
 
 KIIWT UKAT. 
 
 1.— AtalanU, New York— Itow, l». C. Arkornmn ; stroko, II. W. UiHlgcr 10.'r.rt ' 
 
 :i.— V™|ifr, riiiladclphlii— How, II. McMillim ; Htroko, J. I!. Mingnii 10.43 
 
 a.— Northwi'gtorn, Illinois-How, W. 1(. Cnrtig; stroke, C. T. Corning 10,50 
 
 3.— Oneida, New Joreey Not Ukun 
 
 THE SELLERS HYDKO.STATIC WHIOEL-PKESS, IN MACIIINEKY HALL. 
 
 i't 
 
 SECOND IIKAT. 
 
 TImp. 
 
 1.— Union Spring, New York— How, L. E. Yates; stroke, (". E. Cmirtncy lu.17 
 
 2.— <'rcsrcnf, Pliil.iili'lpliiii— «o\v,(i. YoiniK; stMkc, (\ IV TiLxkcr )ii.:!4 
 
 3.— VcspiT, riiiladelpliia— IJow, .1. H. Lvilicrt; HtmUo, K. Ilendcrrion lOM]/j 
 
 PAIK-OARS— FINAL IIKAT. 
 
 1.— NortliwoBtom, Illinois— How, .T. Killorin; Htrokr, ll.Sinitli lO.OJ 
 
 2.— Atuliintii, New York— Bow, W. II. Down.s; R'.roko, J. K. Eiislis 10.16 
 
 INTKKCOLLKUTATE. 
 
 1.— Yale College, Now Ilnven, ronnerticut— Ilow, R. J. C^iok ; 2, W. W. Collin ; 3, D. 11. 
 
 Ki'llogK; titnikc, J. Kennedy O.ldJ^ 
 
 2.— Ctdiiniliia College, New York City— Bow, E. E, .Sage; 2, 0. Griswold ; IS, C. S. Doyd ; 
 
 stroke, .1. T. (lo(KlwIn 9.20 
 
 3.— Trinity College, Cnnil.ridge, Knglnnd— Bow, .1. A. .luniieson ; 2, G. S. N. Man ; 3, W. 
 
 B. Close; stroke, J.T. Penrose Not taken 
 
 DOUBLE SCULLS— FINAL IIKAT. 
 
 1. — Union Pnrinpn, New York— Bow, F. E. Yates; stroke, C, K. Courtney > 9.52|/^ 
 
 2. — Atalanta, New Y'ork— Bow, P. C. Ackvrman ; stroke, U. W. Rodger. 9.54 . 
 
 This closed the Amateur Bacei 
 
 The Professional Rnces began on Monday, September 4tli, and closed on Wednesday , Septcoj; ;r 
 Vth. The following is an a'lamnt of tho work of the three days : 
 
 44 
 
 II 
 
 fk 
 
 I' 
 
690 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 \'< V^ii 
 
 JFOUn-OARED SHELLS. 
 
 FIRST HEAT. 
 Lying BO far ftbovc tho gtart, it van nn utter imitossibility for nny one to Judge exactly who h»d 
 the advantjigo <if the dttirt, hut frum the Blfunu-r it KM.keJ ax if the New York crew ha'l a slight 
 l>it tlie lipst of it. As llii'y neiirt'd tlie end of tlie Isliiml it wns ween Hint the Anicriiiiiis liail tlie 
 lead, and tliey |>a8»od tlio [wint tliree-<iuurtiT8 to the fore. Ucfore tlie willows, and at the end of 
 the clump of trees, London steered into the west shore, and made n bnive spurt, which put tlie 
 hows on even terms, and this [wsition was held light up to the hnoys. This half of the race wiw 
 clearly in favor of the New York crew, Mho had rowed the hest stroke hy fir, Kiigland rather 
 nigged, aiul splaiihing to such an e.\tent as to siirpri.so the jieople, who rather e.\pected to see the 
 perfection of oarBmanship from these four men, an they have been winning at all of the pnmii- 
 iient regattas in England prior to their departure for this country. In making the turn at the 
 Kails Dridge the Londoners straightened out first, and before the New York men could [loint 
 their lioat down the river were leading by a good three lengths. The Americans pulled over to 
 the west shore, and spurted for the lead, but the Thames men, without any apparent ditHculty, 
 maintained their conimaiidiiig position, and could have increased it if they liad so desired, aiul 
 they crossed the line the easiest kind of wii.ners in U.ilH minut"8. The half distance wiw made 
 in S.lo ; the Americans lij^ seconds later. The victora were heartily cheered at the finish by the 
 Imata and tlio spectators. 
 
 Time 
 1.— Thames Crew, London, Kngland— Bow, W. Spencer; 2, Henry Thomas; 3, J. lliggins; 
 
 stroke, Thomas Green 1 S.'.'l ) J 
 
 2.— New York Crow, New York— Bow, K. Plaisted ; 2, J. Flauris ; 3, J. Mahony ; stroke, J. 
 
 W. Maxwell 1«.37 
 
 SECOND HEAT. 
 
 The start for this heat between the famous Ptris crew from 9t. John's, New Brunswick, iind the 
 
 rompamtively unknown Fishermen, from Halifax, was effected with the latter crew slightly in 
 
 advance, and at every stroke they rapidly drtw away from their more experienced opiwnents. 
 
 V(jiitli ami vigor were telling. The great f ;ur who had been jiitled against the fiistest crew 
 
 Kngland iKissessed, and won, it was plainly to bo seen had lost not only their stroke, but also 
 
 the strength for which they were formerly so noted. They have been rowing together for seven 
 
 •r eight years, and now liave gone stale. No. 3 especially pulleil in a style that has not been 
 
 shown by any nnm since the start of the regatta. It scenu^d as if he would dislocate his neck at 
 
 every tu.' at his oar; it was almost painful to look ot. The Fishermen, without outriggers to 
 
 their boat, were making her plough through the water in splendid style. The buoys were 
 
 reached in8.,51,and the winners did not exert themselves coming home. The Paris labored 
 
 earnestly, but the steering, if nothing else, would have defeated them badly. On the return 
 
 half they got clear east of the buoys, and then pulled thivugh the heavy grass to regain their 
 
 IHisition. After this they steered so far to the west that it was supposed that they were going 
 
 down on the west side of the island. Noticing their mistake they pulled through boats, hitting 
 
 stakes, and just straightened out in time to see the red flag dropped. The time, as announced. 
 
 was 17.58 minutes, and will have to go on record as correct, but it does not at all tilly with that 
 
 made by several competent gentlemen on boat J of the Belmont. The time of the loeers was not 
 
 taken. 
 
 Time 
 1.— Fisherman's Crew, Halifax, Nova Scotia— Bow, O. Smith ; 2, C. Nickerson ; 3, W. 
 
 Smith; stroke, J. Nickerson 17.68 
 
 2.— Paris Crew, St. John, New Brunswick— Bow, G. Price; 2, G. Price; 3, S. Button; 
 
 ■troke, R. Fulton Not taken 
 
 THE WHALKBOATS. 
 
 Now followed what proved to be the only really interesting or closely-contested event of the 
 day. There were three entries, all from New BcdfonI, Massachusetts. The "Sixth Ward" had 
 the west poeition, the Vesta the centre, and the Centennial the east. The flrst-named took the 
 lend at the word and held it past the island, amid the cries of encouragement and loud applause 
 from cither shore. The movemeuts of the coxswaius of the differeut boats were thorouglily in 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 691 
 
 jr who had 
 
 )<\ a slight 
 IS liiiil the 
 till' end of 
 :h l)»t the 
 10 rnco wiis 
 and mthnr 
 I to SCO the 
 the proml- 
 tnrii ul tUv 
 
 L'OUUl lH)illl 
 
 li'J over to 
 it dilBculty, 
 ilesiicd, mid 
 ■0 wiw made 
 iiiish by the 
 
 Time 
 
 gins; 
 
 AS:iV/2 
 
 kc,J. 
 
 .18.37 
 
 vick, and the 
 w slightly ill 
 ■d opiMjiients. 
 fittest crew 
 |okc, but also 
 |hor fi)r seven 
 [has not been 
 ;e his neck at 
 putriggcra to 
 buoys were 
 'aris lalxircd 
 |n the return 
 regain their 
 were going 
 fboaU, hitting 
 announced. 
 |illy with that 
 iosers was not 
 
 Time 
 |8, W. 
 
 ....17.68 
 lutton ; 
 1 . . .Not taken 
 
 . erent of th» 
 iWard" had 
 
 Lmed took the 
 
 lloud aptilauso 
 
 horoughly in 
 
 mmest In roarhlng their crews, and their movements an they assisted the stroke-oar and en- 
 coumgpcl the men were very odd and peculiar, and entirely new to these waters ; but as the thre* 
 weresimil' r in tlieir exertions, it must have Ijcen all right and proj^r. The Sixth Warders were 
 tlill leading at the niile-|Kmt, when both the Vesta and Centennial spurted and took the lejid.and 
 a hot race followed, all of the crews plucky and stuuiich, up to the buoys. The stake-lx«iU wer« 
 turned very nearly ut tli« same time., and this wjis the position op|K»lto l.aurel Hill landing, 
 «hen the Vesta coxswain called on his brave and gallant crew, and they responded with a will, 
 and within a hundre<l yards had a lead of a length. From this timu out the .uco belonged to the 
 Vesta, and the excitement was to sec who were to be second. It was close work all the way 
 down to the fluish, the three crews struggling manfully and pulling for dear life. The Centm- 
 nial managed to get just a little to the front of Nu. C, and was but two seconds ahead when Mr. 
 Madeira i^iiijed the flag. 
 
 t, Time. 
 1.— Whalelxmt Vesta •Jo.,')! 
 
 2.— Whalelmat Centennial 26.(»1 
 
 a,— Whalclioat Sixth Ward 29.1»3 
 
 "the death op the elk"— SWEDISH GROUP IN THE MAIN BUILDlNO. 
 SINGLE SCULLS— TRIAL HEATS. 
 
 FIRST HEAT. 
 England was represented in this heat by Thomas, Canada by Hanlon, and America by Conl- 
 ter. The start was fair and even. Hanlon, however, at once pulled away, Coulter second, and 
 the Londoner well to the rear, and he drew out before the island was passed. The Canadian was 
 far ahead tiefore the mile-post was reached, liis lead being at least three lengths. Coulter ap- 
 peared to have no vim, and was apparently maldng no extra exertion to win the race. At any 
 
 rate he was beaten in the following time: 
 
 Time. 
 
 1.— Hanlon, Toronto .iil.34 
 
 2,— Coulter, Pittsburgh 22.24 
 
 (.—Thomas, London Mot taken 
 
 SECOND HEAT. 
 
 Out of the three entries for this heat, 0. Smith, of the Halifax crew, withdrew, leaving Brayley, 
 from St. John, and Green, of London, to contest. Soon after the start Orcen pulled off the course, 
 and Brayley rowed over alone. 
 

 n 
 
 i||H, 
 
 Hit 
 
 ' wu^ 
 
 n 
 
 WK 
 
 n 
 
 |»! 
 
 m 
 
 W! 
 
 1 
 
 B 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 ^>l 
 
 V. i 
 
 m 
 
 692 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 Tlm«t, 
 
 1.— Bmyloy, St. John 2a.iO}4 
 
 I. — GrciMi, 1.(111(1(111 Prpw uut 
 
 3.— O. Siiiltli, llullfux Withdrawn 
 
 TlllItU IIKAT. 
 
 EllU WbhI, of Newhiir(jh, N«w York, whh pliuri-d on the right, Ppenrer, of London, in th(» 
 centre, nnd (Vol, of Pliilii(l('l|iliiii, on tliu uulHido. It wan thuuglit that tliiithont would hii n cIoko 
 one bctwcon Ward and i*ppnciT, M it wiia und(>r!*t(HMl that tlio liondun men wrro of the ojiiniun 
 that tlio latter was g(xMl i-nongh to take Rfcond money in tho regatta, lliggins to tako flnit. Hut 
 likn tho preceding ones, it wiia nil one-fiidi-d, without a Hingln intercHting feature, Hnvo a Hllght 
 «lrnggle lietwoun S|H-ncer and Peel. Ward t(Mk tho lead from the Htiki t, and was never headed at 
 any time during the race, tie WU8 three leiigtIiH to the front of Siieiicer nt tho Makc-tHUitH, and 
 after the turn was niude, inillcd rapidly away for tho niile-|W8t, where he iito|>pcd for a few sec- 
 onds to rest himself. When he reHumed rowing it was jmlpalile that neither of his opponents 
 wore his e(|UaI, and he won oh ho liked. I'eel and Spencer had a t«pnit together for a short dis- 
 tance, hut tho latter was alKiut pumped out, and slackened up, when the Pliiladclphian passed him. 
 
 Time. 
 
 1.— K. AVard, New York 'iJ.ai!^ 
 
 8.— Peel, Philadelphltt '23.47 
 
 3.— Spwiccr, Loudul] '21.J0 
 
 BRAYTON'S IIYDRO-CAUDON engine, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERY HAM,. 
 
 FOURTH HEAT. 
 
 The two scullers, Ix)uther and Morris, from the Iron City, who were to contest this hcnt for the 
 honor of their native city and country, with Higgins, of London, the best in England, as they 
 pulled up to the starting point were greeted with repented cheers. When tho word was given, 
 Higgins jtiniped off with tho lead, being, at tho first hundred yards, a half length in ndvnnce of 
 Louther, and as much more nliend of Molris. Opposite tho centre of the island Louthor spuitiil 
 and drew up even with tho liondon man, Morris dropping still farther behind. The two fine- 
 most men still stood on equal terms nt Sedgeley, liouthor sheering towards the centre posilion 
 of Higgins, being repeatedly warned by the umpire, and at each call trying to keep out of the 
 way. Nearing the willows the Pitt»b«irgh oarsman gained, and had tho best of tho race by about 
 three-quarters of a length, and hero both men pulled out of their course and a foul ensued, tliu 
 oars touching several times. When the boats wore extricated I^outlicr took the lend, turning 
 
OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 693 
 
 .'2-i.'i(l).5j 
 
 his heat for tlia 
 liigland, as they 
 lord was given, 
 li in advance nt 
 
 [joutlier gpnrtcil 
 Tlio two fi'i'i'- 
 J centre poBiti'Hi 
 Ikcep out of till' 
 le race by about 
 
 koul ensned, tlie 
 
 Le lead, turning 
 
 the Htake-boAls first, and rrarhlng home some dixtAiirn alipiul. IIlKKixXi nfti'r the foul, did not 
 niukn any ntt('tn|)t to win, and muod Just iiard oiKinKli tu l<<'i'|i ulii-iul uf Murriii. Wlirn the 
 three boiiU had croB8r<l tlie lino IlittKins ontrrol a claiin of fml, and tlic niii|>ir« dccitii'd that 
 ho did notoonaidcr the fuiii intentlimul on the part of citln'r man. and unlcrcd the heat to I* 
 rowe<i over again this morning at (vu u'cIocIl by Louther and lliggins: 
 
 Tim«. 
 1.— IxMilher, Pittsburgh (fuul) 21.34 
 
 2.— Hlggio!*, London (foni) 'J1.58 
 
 a.— Morris, I'itlsburgh 22,34 
 
 FIFTH HEAT. 
 
 McKiel and PlniHted were tlie only Htiirtcrs in tliin, tlic lii.st beat (if the day. Roth mrn kept 
 weii together np to tlie willdWH, when McKirl, in trying tu padH in I'luiit uf I'luiatud, run into 
 him, and the umpire gave the heat to the latter. 
 
 Time. 
 1.— Plaisted, New York Nut taken 
 
 2.— McKiel, Now York Koul 
 
 3.— Smith Withdniwn 
 
 SECOND DAY. 
 
 SiyGLE SCVLLS— SECOND TItlAL HEATS. 
 
 FlltST HEAT. 
 
 In the drawing the night before it had fallen to the lot of Ellis Ward, of New York, to be 
 pitted against Bruyley, of St. JoIiu'h, New IlniiiHuick, who hud a walk over for bis beat the day 
 previous. From the reputation uf the firHt-nanii'd oursman, wliu is well known from Maine tu 
 California, it was thouicbt that the Ameriiyin coloris would be to the foro in this beat. Mr. Cur- 
 tis started tliem fairly, and there was no advantage. Ward was pulling two Ktrokcs slower than 
 the St. John's man, who was making tiiirty-fonr to the minute, and he had guini'<l the advan- 
 tage of a half length by the time the end of the inland wiis reaclivd, and pulling ngnlarly and 
 with considerable [lower, the length was a lengtli and a little over at Sedgelcy. Opposite the 
 willows and a little above, Ward spuited, and, hugging the west sliore, drew away frnni liis op- 
 ponent two lengths. Both of tlie conleiftantg were now in rough, lunicy watur, ami the advan- 
 tiges of position and water were much more equal, heretofore Ward having mnrb smnnther 
 watertorow in. Brayley was still keeping up his stroke at thirty-four, wliilo W 'd had dropped 
 down to thirty. The Canailian man gained as they drew towarils the Btjike-lHiats, the American 
 turning about a length and a half in advance. After getting pointed down towards home Bray- 
 ley made a vigorous spurt, and, rowing in admirable form and with goo<l judgment, gained on 
 Ward at every lug of the oars. Before Laurel Hill landing was imssed the two had joined Ishuc, 
 and for a half dozen strokes it was a fine contest, but as Brayley got the Ixiw of bin nhell in front 
 about two feet tlie American lost all power and strength, and it was plain to be seen that he had 
 done all he could do that day. He pulled pliiekily thponshout the rest of the race, and 
 pinckily made several efftnts at a spurt. They wore feeble, and it was nlinowt rninful lo see the 
 exertions of tlie gallant felhiw, as ho bent to his work and endeavored to regain the lead. H 
 was of no avail, however; Brayley was much the stronger man and best oarsman of the two, 
 and crossed the line seventeen seconds ahead of the once-fanidus oarsman of Curnwull-on-the- 
 Iludson. 
 
 Time. 
 1.— A. Brayley, St. John's, New Bnmswick 22.(ifi^ 
 
 2.— E. Ward, New York 22.23}.^ 
 
 SECOND HEAT. 
 
 After the fiasco of the morning row-olT between lliggins and Louther, the second heat of th« 
 seond trial-h-ats of singles was looked forwanl to with cotisidonilile interest. as it was hoiwd and 
 tlionght by the majority tli.it" Pat" would row over the course in such excellent form and make 
 • record of time that would give some eidor to the c1aim!< of bis fiieiidii that he wivs as good a 
 Ui«n as any in the world. A few who were better up In rowing matters, and had watched the 
 y^ing Toronto man, were coiifSdeiit that he would have an easy virtory over either of his com- 
 petitors. He had health, age, anU an honest ambitiun to help him, three very requisite qualitie«^ 
 
 3 
 
 '>n 
 
 >n: 
 
 r 
 
 Bi i> 
 

 694 
 
 THE ILLrSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 iy tlio onrninnti of llio prmtcnl ilny, Anil In niMition to tlit-xn liiit iityl<* I* fully th» (^inal of nny 
 Btitii un till' rivor. Iliuilon wiu fuitiiniilo oiumikIi tu dntw tliu fitvornl imHilimi on the wvKt hIiIk 
 PhtiHted, tlin Ni>w Yorki-r, In tliornnlri'.ikiiil tin- I'lttalmrHlii-r, wlioiioitiiilili^nly Hlmt up tu glory, mi 
 Uin htiiK or <-iutt Hiili' III' till) coiiiiMV Wlirii Mr. ('urliit. In IiIh Klmr)>i iIci'IhIvii wiiy, gnvn tlio luin- 
 ninnil of nturt, it lulliri' liNiki'tl lu it IlitiiUm timl illpiM-il IiIh Mint wiiuowlml in lulvunco of tlio woiU 
 "Uo." At nil ovi>iit4 lilt iinnu'iliiiti'ly iiiwiinii'il tlio li'uil, wllli llio Ni>\v Ymki'i' Hccunil, iinil tin- 
 runowni'il LoiitliiT tliinl. UiiIiik to (lii> IiomiI of tlio iHliinil tlio Cikniulliui wiim Ii'iiiUiik I'liiiMtcil n 
 giMil two liMiijtliH, nnd tlio I'ittHliurKli niiin ono mom. Tln-y went iilonK HtiiiiiK out iit iilxiut tln' 
 ■•nip ilJHtiuicii to h*i'il|{oloy, wlirri' th ■ Now Yorki<r liiiil k"!"*-'!! » liltio, anil tlio cnil of the Nti'lii;^ 
 hsiil IiIh own, IMrtH'tly o|>|NiMit» tlio oiio-iuilo |ioHt llmilon Htooreil out into the contio of tlm 
 ilTvr, iinil I'likiHti'il lUMiiiuoit tliu limt iKMillon wliirli ho linil vucutt'il ; i^iutlii'r in tliu nii'iuitiiuo 
 h»viii|{ ilrii|i|ii'il to itix lrii);tl»i ill tlio roar. .\ii tlio IIihI tuo lu-uroil llio Hlako-boiitM, I'liiintril niii(li> 
 • do^pvrutL' apiii't uiiU I'lowil up cuiibittoi'ubly, unU umkiiiK itn uxculleiil turn, much buttur tliau 
 
 OnOlTP OF PALM TKEFS IN IIOnTICIII.TURAT, HALL. 
 
 Ilnnlon, IiP strnlKhfonpil ont hut n little Ipiw thnn n Tenpth lioliind, nnd riRlit li<>rt> vrng dpcn flin 
 
 diffiTonco N'twpen tho two men, an Hanlon for tlio flrst llmo in tlio moi> net liirnnolf to work.nml 
 
 with tho most ronsninmate enso drew nwsy from Pliii.'ttod ntt if ho had hoon (i plnytliintj, and at 
 
 Iho Ijinn'l Hill Inndinj; was Ipading hy throo lonpths, and i-onacioiis of hin ahility to win tli» 
 
 iHCp, ho rpstod on his oars opposite Sotlgoly Inndine. and wiped hi* hamU on his shirt. Th» 
 
 delay RftTe Plaisted an opportunity of drawins rloser, but that was all. Tho n»ce had never btu-ii 
 
 In doubt from the start, nnd they finished in tho following cider : 
 
 Tinio. 
 
 1.— T. Hanlon, Toronto. Canada 21.')4'^ 
 
 2.— F. Plaisted, New York, N. T '-'2.-.'7'4 
 
 3.— P. Lonther, Pittaburgh, Pa 23-1* 
 
 PAIB-OAKS-TItTAZ HEATS. 
 FIRST HKAT. 
 The fonr I^ndon professionals were drawn for this heat, and as it was well known that Green 
 Mid Thomas, who are the champion puir-oars of Knglund, would win, there was but Utile intAiest 
 
OF THE CKNTKNNIAI. KXIliniTION. 
 
 695 
 
 tnUfn In tl.o r.,„fHt. T».p two crow, imll.-.l ,,t « (?o„,l ,«ce ov-r th« coune, but dhortly after tli.- 
 murt till- < lmiii|iiiiiii* went to thu front, and wtro luvir liiiuJvil. 
 
 Tlm^. 
 21. 44"; 
 
 21.i4;^ 
 
 I.— T. <JrciMi anil II. TIidmiim, i^pnilnti.. . 
 2.- J. lliKtiion uiiJ W. .SjMincur, London 
 
 8KCON1) IIKAT. 
 •n.fl litNl lioat of tlin (lay l.roiiKht to tli.i start lwo<,f ih.- ^roiit Wi.rd l^rotlicni, .I,«l, and Oil, nnil 
 tlic Kanlkn.T-UrKiin .row f.on. HoHton. I'laist.Ml un.l M(ixH<dl,or >>•« Voik, iifirr tlin i„'v..ro 
 ru... ol 11... lornirr Willi llunlon, ion«id.rrd U luMwildo to willidmw. A iM'ai.lifnl Blurt «iw 
 
 fllccU'd when tlio word w,w Riven. Tin, Uiirdn l,y tli<- linic tl.r inland «.u. puK , l,y .lint of 
 
 •ixlri'MiHy toiiKli work und k.mhI ht.'crinK, li»<l ^„t ulirud i.lioiit a Imlf, nIIII roMlinninK Hi" »ain» 
 loud lit HodK.,lry,unJ ut tliu wIIIown Inul Hn.x.'.Mlcl in KivinK tli., lJ.«loMian« tin ir Ha^ll. Tlio 
 latter, however, did not «|.|irovo </f tliix hlate of adair-i, and |inlled to Hi., cahl to avoid it. In 
 doing tlilH Hk'V loHt Kroun.!, and at Hi., niil.'-p.*t had fall.'n Imek to a l-nnHi ami a half. It,.|».!eii 
 thiN |<oiiit an.l tho Ijuirel Hill lan.liiiK 111.' lloHion pair Himrl.d an.l . L.s.mI Ih.' nap t., vulhin » 
 half. Th.' Uar.lH finally r.'a.li.'.l ih., Midi.-lKialw in a.lvan.-.', I.nt made an exeoruld.- turn, aii'l 
 when th., onh'ManU wer« holh around Kaiilknirand It.'nan were in front, lake Klli- in lii.H 
 heat, an mxm uh lliey wert, |iasK.'<l Iho hrolherK h't d.,wn, aii.l were h.'at.'n a mil.' tii.in Ih.' hnin.i 
 iMialH. Th.' ».mt«n men jiiat li.ld their own the reniaininj; portion of the cuurv, an. I w.'r.- very 
 eiwy winnerH. 
 
 1.— (1. Kiiulkn.'r an.l P. Ilegan, It. Ml. in 'Jir'N 
 
 i.-J. and (J. \Vur.l, New York 
 
 THIRD AND LAST DAY. 
 
 .■M.U14 
 
 Tlie liiHt day of th« criin.l international regatta, in Hjiite of th.' inipnrlancn of the final Iioat.* 
 hotween the fonr-oare.l HhellH,Hin(j;leH, an.l paiin, wiw lait sparH.'ly att.'n.l.d. To hcHnre, lli.'re w.'r.i 
 till. nHimilH of Hp.'c-latorrt present, hut the onthuKiaKin and geiLial iiianifi'KtationH .if uppnilmtioii 
 an.l d.'liKht w.'re uliuhl r.)Mi| »nd to the scene witneiiKed at the .lone of thu l,.Hid.>n-Vali', and 
 lioaverwyek-lamdon lieatd. I lie iws.'iiihlaKi' seem.'d to have the correet i.leu that wlieii th.' .nn- 
 tPstanlH Hturte.l on tlio courito theru was no prohahilily of an Imniirahle, manly strugKle fur 
 superiority, and, vvhilii th.-y wcro p.'rfectly willing to cheer and applaud the vi.lorM, tliere wiu 
 always a rea.sonahle .lonlit in th<,ir minds that the hinilnioKt hoat may have won, an.l nothing 
 ronid ho settli'd until the nmpiro gave his deeision. The wor.l " Ijuidon " seems to have Ihmui 
 in\preHs.'d upon the niin.ls uf tlin Amerimn pul.lic in a'|ualio matt.'rs as th., Kynonym of "foul," 
 and whenever any of tlieso gentlemen, either amateur or pr.'f.'ssioiial, were entered, ilie nm- 
 jorily of tliiiHe who foll.iwed the oarsmen on the course rath.r expe.ti'il tliat tli.'ru w.iulil he 
 some dillieulty that w.>nl.l end the raco unsatisfactorily. The proof of thin ^^as easy to Ik- oe.'n 
 in the cries an.l shouts that greeted tho Fuulkner-Kegan crew as they passed the line a ipmrter 
 of a mile to thn fnint .if the rhani|ii»n jiair-oars of Kngland. " Tliir.' is no foul this time!" 
 " Konl ! foul ! " from th..- entire assemlilage. The Euglish oarsmen must iiTtainly now he satia- 
 fled that they can havn all the justice that can he looked upon in any .piarter of the glul)e in 
 this country, and though the jmlj/mfnt of Mr. ("urtis has heen .pwstiun.'.l, ther.' is not the 
 slightest hint fr.im genllemen hut that he has deci.led all cases exaitly as he has view.'.l them, 
 acting as an umiiire, not as an oarsman or an American. Now that the regatta is over ihe retn>- 
 gpect simply shows that professional oarsmen should never he invited to attend or pai'tii:ipate in 
 regattas which depend on the suhscripti.ins .if citizens who love the sjsirt to form purses to 
 gather tliesA men together. If the regatta had closed with the contests helw ecu amateurs, tliB 
 people would have heen much better satisfied than they are at present. The final heats to-day 
 were not interesting after the start, and were nut a fitting finale tu the grandest aquatic evtint 
 of the decade. 
 
 FIN A J. IIEAT—rOUn-OAKEn SnELKS. 
 
 The committee having decided that the four-oared shells >-ho>ilil he the first rnco of the day, 
 the two crews, the Thames and the Halifax, drew up towiirds th.' starting [Kiint, the former har- 
 ing Ihe heal iiosition— the west— and the latter placed some distance towards the east. Mr. 
 Umpire Curtis waa a little quick in giving the word, and the London men caught his voice thp 
 
 ',; 
 
 ffl 
 
 
 1 1. 
 
 ( . 
 
696 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 flnit, and liiul made tlireo strukcs boforo tlie IIiiliguniaoB undoretood the ftitiiation. Botli r.r'Vt 
 mado u rvmurkubly fust Htruke, tlio EiigliHiimcn furtycight to the Diiiiiit«-, mid tlieir o|i|KintMitii 
 forty-»ix. Tho nice was Hevcro and sliarp fmni tlio start, Imt tliu CDloiiistn, I'y the middle nf tliu 
 inland, had a lead of a lialf a liMigth. Thoy then dri)p|«'d to forly-two and the London to forty- 
 four. Uppusite Sedgeley the cocknoyg sheered into tlie wont Bliore, and Halifax increiisrd tlie 
 
 lead to a length and a half. At the willowt 
 a half more had heen gained, London still keep- 
 in;; U|> tu forty-four and Halifax dropping to 
 thIrty-Hix. livfiuu the niile-puHt the former pulled 
 directly into the hitter's waiih, and spurted, 
 making a great effort to readi their leader*. 
 They gained half a length and wero pulling 
 up gradually, and there was every appearance 
 of a foul, llefore they could come close enough 
 for this piiriiose the Halifax people pulled over 
 to the east shore to make the turn. London, 
 who were a length heliiiid when the stake-boats 
 wero reached, straightened up at least a length 
 and a half ahead, and now the struggle com- 
 menced, lloth c-ews drew away towards the west 
 shore, and putting forth every bit of strength 
 thcro was in thiin, pulled for home. Halifax 
 gained so rapidiv that it was hardly conceivable 
 that tliey had ti.e best four 'n Kiiglaml ahead of 
 tlu'iii, and Jiisl here it was where the mistake was 
 made by their bow car; he <li<l not sti-.ii^liten up 
 quite soon enough, and got into London's water, 
 and a-< they neared them the latter refused to give 
 an inch, and a foul necessarily followed. An 
 appeal was :ui%de by Initli crews, and they must 
 have understood the umpire to say "Uo on," as 
 alter dniwing nymri Iiomlon started, and had 
 covered two lengths before the Halifax men 
 seemed to understand the situation. Then, buck- 
 DEAD-STUOKK POWEIl HAMMEIl, IX litig to their work, they followed their oppo- 
 MAClIINKitY KALL. nents and at each stroke neared them, 
 
 Uhen the tug came the Londoners wero not 
 thC'.e, and as s<Kin as the flshermr'n put the nose of their Inrnt in front they ce.ised row- 
 ing and paiblled over the remainder of the course, llelow (.'oliimbia bridge both crews were 
 liatcucd to by the umpire, and ho then gave the race to the Thames cruw on u foul. 
 
 FIXAL llKAT—Sr.SaLE SVV rhS. 
 
 There Is but little to say aliout this nice, except that Hanlon. of Toronto, who has proTcd him- 
 (rif to bo one of the best single scullers in America, won from the start from Hrayley, uf St. 
 John's. The latter pulled » most plucky stern cliise, but ho is eviilcntly not the e<)ual of his 
 younger and more scienced opponent. The time for tho winner was 21.09 minutes; Urayley, 
 
 PAIR OAK— FIX AT, 11 EAT. 
 
 It wa3 hardly looked forwanl to as a good race between fireen and Thnmas and the Faulkner- 
 Regan |iair, after tho hot work the former had had in the flrst race. 8till the Englishmen for 
 Ihrce-quartcni of a mile put f 'rth all the |>o-,ver thtit was in them, and pulled away up to fifty, 
 the llostonians only making forty-four, and at this rate they led from the start, and by Hi:- time 
 the willows were pit-ised, the Loniloners slackened up, and never ..;ado an attempt to win the 
 nice, contenting themscdves with second money. Fauiknor-Ueguii covered tho three miles in 
 -.21.20 minutea. 
 
U|>|H>IlUllt8 
 
 Ullr iif the 
 
 )n to forty- 
 
 cri'iuiotl the 
 
 • 
 
 lu willow! 
 
 1 8till kei'lt- 
 
 n>i))iiiit; t<> 
 
 I HUT imlli'il 
 
 III Bpiirtod, 
 
 eir loHiW'ni. 
 
 i>ro iiulling 
 
 appiMirHiice 
 lose onoiigli 
 
 imlleil oviT 
 n. lionilon, 
 ,' stiiko-lxmlB 
 iiHt a leiiRtli 
 riigglo com- 
 (Ills till- w»f t 
 
 of strpiigtli 
 iiu". llttlifiix 
 y coiirfiMil)l<! 
 anil iilionit of 
 • luistiiko wiw 
 itniijiliton up 
 luUm's wntor, 
 ffusi'il togivu 
 rollowoU. An 
 ml tlioy niimt 
 y "(Jo on," as 
 tcil, and liail 
 
 lliilifux men 
 Tluii, lAick- 
 tlii'ii- opix)- 
 
 'in. 
 
 iiTS wpro not 
 
 [y ci-asoil row- 
 li crows were 
 
 1 proved liim- 
 
 hrayley, of St. 
 
 |i! oijiial of Ills 
 
 ito«; Urayley, 
 
 lllie Fnnlkner- 
 nglislinien for 
 ky up to filly, 
 
 Id liy llu- li""" 
 
 lipt to will till! 
 
 llliree uiiK'4 in 
 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 THE LIVE-STOCK DISPLAYS. 
 
 Arrangements for tlic Display of Livestock — Regulations of the Bureau of 
 Agriculture, governing these Exhibits — Description of tiie Grounds — The 
 Horse SItow — Tlic Noted Animals — The Dog Sliow — A Fine Collection of 
 Canines — The Cattle Show — A Superb Exiiibit — Display of Siiecp, Swine 
 and Goats — Description of the Animals — Tiie Poultry Show — The Scene in 
 the Pomological Annex. 
 
 HE arrangements for the display of live-stock, in con- 
 nection with the Centennial Exhibition, were intrusted 
 Ccpi;''^ by the Excjutive Committee to the Bureau of Agri- 
 C^5/ culture. The following regulations for these displays 
 were thereupon issued by the Chief of the Agricailtnral 
 De|)artment, with the approval of the Director-General of the 
 Exhibition : 
 
 UNITED STATES CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 
 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 
 
 187G, 
 PHILADELPHIA. 
 BUREAU OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 Live-Stock. 
 
 1. — The live-stock display at the International Exhibition will 
 be held within the months of September, October, and Novem- 
 ber, 1876; the periods devoted to each flimily being as folUws: 
 
 Horses, mules, and asses, from September 1st to 1 1th. 
 
 Dogs, from Septcmlwr 4th to 8th. 
 
 Horned cattle, from September 21st to October 1th. 
 
 Sheep, swine, and goats, from October 10tl» to 18th. 
 
 697 
 
698 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF 
 
 Poultry will be exhibited from October 27th to Novem- 
 ber 6th. 
 
 2. — Animals to be eligible for admission to the International 
 Exhibition must be, with the exception of trotting stock, walk- 
 ing horses, matched teams, fat and draught cattle, of such 
 pedigree that the exhibitor can furnish satisfactory evidence to 
 the Chief of Bureau, that — 
 
 As applied to thoroughbred horses, as far back as the fifth 
 generation of ancestors on both sides, they are of pure blood, 
 and of the same identical breed. 
 
 As to short-horned cattle, they are registered in either Allen's, 
 Alexander's, or the English herd-books. • 
 
 As to Holsteins, Ilerefords, Ayi-shires, Devons, Guernseys', 
 Britannys, Kerrys, and other pure breeds, they are either 
 imported or descended from imported animals on both sides. 
 
 As to Jerseys, that they are entered in the Herd Register of 
 the American Jersey Cattle Club, or in that of the Royal Agri- 
 cultural Society of Jersey. 
 
 As to sheep and swine, they are imported or descended from 
 imported animals, and that the homebred shall be of pure blood 
 as far back as the fifth generation. 
 
 3. — The term breed, as usctl, is intended to comprehend all 
 family divisions where the distinction in form and character 
 dates back through years of separation ; foi instance, it is held 
 that the progeny of a pure-blood Jersey and a pure-bred Guernsey 
 is not a thoroughbred but a crossbred animal, and as such is 
 necessarily excluded. 
 
 4. — In awarding prizes to animals of pure blood, the judges 
 will take into consideration chiefly the relative merits as to the 
 |>ower of the transmission of their valuable qualities; a cardinal 
 object of the Exhibition being to promote im])rovement in 
 breeding stock. 
 
 5. — In case of doubt relative to the age of an animal, satisfac- 
 tory proof must be furnished, or the animal will be subject to 
 examination by a veterinary surgeon ; and should the state of 
 dentition indicate that the age has not been correctly stated, 
 the person so entering as an exhibitor will be prohibited from 
 exhibiting in any class. 
 
THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 699 
 
 6. — The forms of classification for awards, as given under 
 each liead, are intended (excepting in the case of trotting stock, 
 walking horses, matched teams, fat and draught cattle) to 
 apply to the animals of any pure breed that are entered for 
 competition. 
 
 7.— The Exhibition being open to the world, it is of the first 
 importance that the best of tiieir kind only be brought forward, 
 as the character of the stock will be judged by the general 
 average of those exhibited. 
 
 8. — Exhibitors will be expected 
 to furnish their own attendants, 
 on whom all responsibility ol" 
 the care of feeding, watering, and 
 cleaning the animals, and also of 
 cleaning the stalls will rest. 
 
 9. — Forage and grain will be 
 furnished at cost prices, at de|)ots 
 conveniently located within the 
 grounds. Water can be had at all 
 hours, ample facilities being pro- 
 vided for its conveyance and dis- 
 tribution throughout the stock- 
 yards. 
 
 10. — Exhibitors must supply all 
 harness, saddlery, vehicles, and 
 other appointments, and all such 
 must be kept in their appointed 
 places. 
 
 11. — The Commission will erect 
 ample accommodation for the exhibition and protection of live- 
 stock, yet contributors who may desire to make special arrange- 
 ments for the display of their stock, will be afforded facilities 
 at their own cost. Fractious animals, whether stallions, mares 
 with foals, or bulls, will be provided with stalls of suitable 
 character. 
 
 12. — All stalls will be regularly and distinctly numbered ; 
 corresponding numbers on labels, of uniform character, will be 
 
 SEVKia VASE — IN MEMOIUAI. 
 HALL. 
 
 la 
 
 a ti 
 
700 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 i 
 
 given to each exhibitor ; and no animal will be allowed to pass 
 from its stall without its proper number attached. 
 
 13. — Numbers alone will distinguish stock in the show-yards, 
 preceding the awards of prizes. 
 
 14. — The judges of live-stock will make examination of all 
 animals on the o[)cning day of each serial show, and will for 
 that day have exclusive entrance to the show-yard. 
 
 15. — No premium will be awarded an inferior animal, 
 though there be no competition. 
 
 16. — All animals will be under the supervision of a veter- 
 inary surgeon, who will examine them before admission, to guard 
 against infection, and who will also make a daily inspection 
 and re[)ort. In case of sickness, the animal will be removed to 
 a suitable enclosure especially prepared for its comfort and 
 medical treatment. 
 
 17. — When animals are taken sick, the exhibitors may either 
 direct the treatment themselves, or allow the veterinary surgeon 
 appointed by the Commission to treat the case. In this latter 
 event, the exhibitor will be charged for all expenses incurred. 
 All possible care will be taken of animals exhibited, but the 
 Commission cannot be held responsible ^or any injury or 
 accident. 
 
 18. — A ring will be provided for the display and exercise of 
 horses and cattle. 
 
 19. — On the last day of each serial show, a public auction 
 may be held of such animals as the exhibitors may desire to 
 sell. Aninials may be sold at private sale at any time daring 
 their exhibition. During the period of a serial show, no animal, 
 even in the event of being sold, will be allowed to be definitely 
 removed. 
 
 20. — An official catalogue of the animals exhibited will be 
 published. 
 
 21. — Exhibitors of thoroughbred animals must, at the time 
 of making their entries, file with the Chief of the Bureau a 
 statement as to their pedigree, affirmed or sworn to before an 
 officer authorized to take affidavits, and the papers so filed shall 
 be furnished to the jury of experts. 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 701 
 
 ) pass 
 
 yards, 
 
 of all 
 ill for 
 
 inimal, 
 
 I vcter- 
 3 guard 
 pection 
 oved to 
 )rt and 
 
 y either 
 surgeon 
 is latter 
 ncurred. 
 but the 
 ijury or 
 
 }rcise of 
 
 auction 
 lesire to 
 daring 
 animal, 
 lefinitely 
 
 ill be 
 
 wi 
 
 the time 
 
 bureau a 
 
 jfore an 
 
 led shall 
 
 22. — The ages of live-stock must be calculated up to the 
 opening day of the exhibition of the class to which they belong. 
 
 23. — Sheep breeders, desiring to exhibit wool, the products 
 of the flocks, will display not less than five fleeces. 
 
 24. — All animals must be entered according to the prescribed 
 rules as given in forms of entry, which forms will be furnished 
 on application to the Chief of the Bureau of Agriculture. 
 
 Breeding Horses. 
 
 Mares entered as br^-iding animals must have had foals within 
 one year of the show ; or, if in foal, certificates must be furnished 
 to that effect. 
 
 All foals exhibited must be the offspring of the mare with 
 which they are at foot. 
 
 Awards will be made to respective broods for : 
 
 Pure bred turf stallions, six years and over. 
 
 Pure bred turf stallions, over four years and under six years. 
 
 Pure bred turf stallions, over two years and under four years. 
 
 Pure bred turf marcs, six years and over. 
 
 Pure bred turf marcs, over two and under six years. 
 
 Awards will be made for: 
 
 Trotting stallions, six years and over. 
 
 Trotting stallions, over four years and under six. 
 
 Trotting stallions, over two years and under four. 
 
 Pure bred draught stallions, six years and over. : 
 
 Pure bred draught stallions, over four years and under six. 
 
 Pure bred draught stallions, over two years and under four. 
 
 Pure bred drauglit mares, six years and over. 
 
 Piu'c bred draught marcs, over two and under six years. 
 
 Trotting brood mares, six years and over. 
 
 Trotting fillies, over four years and under six. 
 
 Trotting fillies, over two years and under four. 
 
 Running and Trotting Horses 
 
 Shall be judged according to their record up to August 15th, 
 1876, due regard being had to present condition. 
 
 ." i 
 
 \m 
 
 I 
 
702 
 
 THE IIXUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 Awards will be made for : 
 Running horses having made fastest record. 
 Trotting stallions having trotted a mile within two-thirty. 
 Mares and geldings having trotted a mile within two- 
 twenty-five. 
 
 Walking Horses. 
 
 Fast-walking horses, whether bred for agricultural purposes 
 or the saddle, will compete in the ring Ibr awards. 
 
 THE VINTAGE FESTIVAL, BY ALMA TADEMA, IN MEMORIAL ViALL. 
 
 Matched Teams. 
 
 Awards will be made for: 
 
 Matched teams having trotted a mile in two-thirty-five. 
 
 Matched stallions for heavy draught, over sixteen hands high, 
 and over 1500 pounds weight each. 
 
 Matched geldings for heavy draught, over sixteen hands 
 high, and over 1500 pounds weight each. 
 
 Matched mares for heavy draught, over fifteen hands high, 
 and over 1400 pounds weight each. 
 
 Matched mules for heavy draught, over fifteen and a half 
 hands high, and over 1300 pounds weight each. 
 
 Breeding Asses. 
 
 Awards will be made to respective breeds of: 
 
 Pure bred jacks, over six years. 
 
 Pure bred jacks, over three years and under six. 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 703 
 
 •ty. 
 two- 
 
 rposes 
 
 r 
 
 VQ. 
 
 ds high, 
 1 hands 
 ds high, 
 d a half 
 
 Pure bred shc-asses, over six years. 
 
 Pure bred she-asses, over three years and under six. 
 
 Neat Cattle. 
 
 No cow will be eligible for entry unless accompanied with a 
 certificate that, within fifteen months preceding the show, she 
 had a living calf, or that the calf, if born dead, was born at its 
 proper time. 
 
 No heifer entered as in calf will be eligible for a prize unless 
 accompanied with a certificate Tiat she has been bulled before 
 the first of April, or })rcsents unmistakable proof of the fact to 
 the judges. 
 
 No bull above one year old can be entered unless he have a 
 ring in nose, and the attendant be provided with a leading stick, 
 which must be used whenever the animal is taken out of stall. 
 
 Awards will be made for the best herd of each respective 
 breed, consisting as follows : 
 
 One bull. 
 
 Four cows, none under fifteen months. 
 
 Neat cattle, of each respective breed, will compete individually 
 for awards. 
 
 Bulls, three years and over. 
 
 Bulls, over two years and under three years. 
 
 Bulls, over one year and under two years. 
 
 Cows, four years and over. 
 
 Cows, over three years and under four years. 
 
 Cows or heifers in calf, over two years and under three years. 
 
 Yearling heifers. 
 
 A sweepstake award will be made for the best bull of any 
 breed. 
 
 A sweepstake awrd will be made for the best cow of any 
 breed. 
 
 Fat and Draught Cattle. 
 
 Animals entered as fat and draught cattle need not be of pure 
 blood, but will compete on individual merits. 
 
 Fat cattle must be weighed ; and, in general, those will ha 
 judged best which have the greatest weight, with the least 
 surface and offal. 
 
 ( i! 
 
 ■- mn 
 
 
 ■ 
 
I 
 
 704 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 t 
 
 Awards will be made for: 
 Best fatted steer of any age or breed. 
 Best fatted cow of any age or breed. 
 Most powerful yoke of oxen. 
 
 Most rapidly-walk- 
 ing yoke of oxen. 
 
 Most thoroughly- 
 trained yoke of oxen. 
 Most thovoughly- 
 trained team of three 
 or more yokcsof oxen. 
 
 Breeding Sheep. 
 
 All sheep offered 
 for exhibition must be 
 accompanied with a 
 certificate to the oHect 
 that they have been 
 shorn since the first 
 of April, and the date 
 given. 
 
 If not fairly shorn, 
 or if clip|)(d so as to 
 conceal delects, or 
 with a view to im- 
 })rovc the form or 
 appearance, they will 
 be excluded from 
 competition. 
 
 Awards will be 
 to respective 
 breeds for : 
 
 The best pen of five animals of same flock, and including one 
 ram ; the ewes all having had living lambs the past spring. 
 Awards will be made to respective breeds for : 
 Rams, two years and over. 
 Shearling rams. 
 
 LAVOEN OTTO GAS MOTOR, EXHIBITED IN THE madc 
 GERMAN SECTION OF MACHINERY HALL. 
 
ly-walk- 
 ixcn. 
 
 of OXCMl. 
 
 ivougbly- 
 
 of three 
 
 «5ofoxcii. 
 
 Sheep. 
 
 >p offered 
 ;)n nuist be 
 .{\ with a 
 o the effect 
 have been 
 |e the first 
 id the date 
 
 h'ly shorn, 
 t d so as to 
 Iciects, or 
 !W to im- 
 form or 
 I, they will 
 led from 
 
 will be 
 respective 
 
 [luding one 
 spring. 
 
 OF THE CEXTENNIAI. EXHiniTIOX. 
 
 705 
 
 A sweepstake award will be made for the best ram, respect- 
 ively, of h)n<^, middle, and fine-woolcd breeds. 
 
 Awarils will be made to ra^pecthc breeds for: 
 
 Ewes, in pens of three, all having had living lambs. 
 
 Shearlings, in pens of throe. 
 
 A sweepstake award will bo made for the best pen of throe 
 breeding ewes, respectively, of long, middle, and linc-wooled 
 breeds. 
 
 Fat Sheep. 
 
 Fat sheep entered ffU' com petition must be weighed ; and, in 
 general, tiiosc will be judged best which have the greatest 
 wci'dit, with the least surface and olfal. 
 
 Awards will be made for: 
 
 Pen of three best fatted sheep of each breed. 
 
 Pen of three best fatted sheep of any breed. 
 
 Breeding Swine. 
 
 Every competing sow abovi' one year old must have had a litter 
 or be in pig, and the owner must bring proof of those facts, if 
 roipiired. 
 
 If a litter of ))igs be sent with a sow, the young ]iigs nmst bo 
 sucklings — the olVsiu'ing of the sow, and must not exceed the 
 age of three mouths. 
 
 Awards will be made to rc^prcCnr breeds for: 
 
 The best pen of one boar and two breeding sows. 
 
 For pen of sow an. I litter. 
 
 Awards will be mad(^ to respective breeds for : 
 
 Roars, two years old and over. 
 
 Boars, one vear old and under two vea)*s. 
 
 lk)ars, between nine months and one year. 
 
 Breeding sows, two years old and over. 
 
 Ih'oeding sows, one year old and under two years. 
 
 IV'U of three sow pigs between nine months and one year. 
 
 A sweepstake award will be made for the best boar of any 
 hroed. 
 
 A sweepstake award will be made for the best sow of any 
 
 hroed. 
 45 
 
 h 
 
 1^1 
 
706 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 Fat Swine. 
 
 Fat swine entered for competition must be weighed ; and, in 
 general, those will be judged best which have whe greatest weight, 
 with the least surliice and oll'al. 
 
 Awards will be made for: 
 
 Pairs of best fatted hogs of each breed. 
 
 Pairs of best fatted hogs of any breed. 
 
 Dogs. 
 
 Benches M'ill be furnished free of charge. Kxhibitors may 
 themselves assume the costs of attendance ujion their animals; 
 but, to provide for them who cannot conveniently attend the 
 Exhibition, the Commission will assume the expenses of feeding 
 and daily earc free of charge. 
 
 Awards will be made to respective breeds for : 
 
 Dogs of two years and over. 
 
 Dogs of one year and under two. 
 
 Pups. 
 
 A sweepstake award will be made for the best dog of any 
 breed displayed by a foreign exhibitor. 
 
 A sweepstake award will be made for the best homebred dog 
 of any breed. 
 
 Awards will be made to respective breeds for: 
 
 Bitches of two years and over. 
 
 Bitches of one year and under two. 
 
 Bitch pups. 
 
 A sweepstake award will be made for the l)est bitch of any 
 breed displayed by a foreign exhibitor. 
 
 A sweepstake award will be made for the best homebred 
 bitch of any breed. 
 
 Poultry. 
 
 Poultry can only be exliibited in coops made after specifica- 
 tions furnished by the Bureau of Agriculture. 
 
 The Commission will furnish coops and attendance free of 
 charge. 
 
and, in 
 , weight, 
 
 litors may 
 animals ; 
 ittend tho 
 of feeding 
 
 log of any 
 cbred dog 
 
 IK"!! of any 
 homebred 
 
 pr specifica- 
 ice fiee of 
 
 OP TIIK CKNTKXNIAI. KXlIimTION. 
 
 707 
 
 Awards will he made to reupcotlce breeds for: 
 Pairs of (»ne year and over of elilekens, turkeys, ducks, gocso, 
 Hwans, pigeons, guineas, and ornamental birds. 
 For pairs under one year. 
 
 Fish. 
 
 Living fishes will be displayed in both fresh and salt-water 
 n(piaria. 
 
 Awards will be made for : 
 
 fiargest display of fish of each species. 
 
 I/irgest display of fish of all species. 
 
 A. T. GOSHORN, 
 
 nURNET LANDRiyPFl, Dhrdor-Ornrml. 
 
 Chief of Bureau of Af/iucnlture. 
 Philadelphia, March 22(1, 1.S7G. 
 
 The grounds assi;^ned to the live-stock disj)lays were situated 
 about five hundred yards south of the main Exhibition enclos- 
 ure. They comprised twenty acres in the form of a trapezium 
 with the wider end in front, bounded on the north by the 
 Pennsylvania Railroad, on the south by Westminster avenue, 
 on the east by Forty-first street, and on the west by Belmont 
 avenue. They were surrounded by a high wooden fence, con- 
 taining three groups of entrances similar to those at the main 
 Exhibition enclosure. Two of these groups were on Belmont 
 avenue, and the other at the corner of Westminster avenue and 
 Forty-first street. The buildings and improvements cost over 
 $25,000. There were 82G stalls for cattle and 540 stalls for 
 dogs. All these were comprised in twenty-nine frame build- 
 ings, each 170 by 14 feet in size, and having a roof projecting 
 four feet on each side and end. Eighteen of these sheds were 
 on the northern border of the grounds, perpendicular to the 
 fence, and the eleven others on the southern border, in the same 
 position with respect to the fence. The offices of the superin- 
 tendent and the judges were in a frame building fronting on 
 Belmont avenue, and two stands for the judges were erected in 
 the centre of the large area between the sheds. This area was 
 
 1 
 t 
 
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 708 
 
 THE ILM'STRATED IIISTOnY 
 
 left opoii for tlic purpose of exercising tlic nniiuals and of ex- 
 hibiting tlicir perl()rinanc'cs to the judges and the speetators. 
 
 flowers' centennial oil-cup, EXIIIHITEI) IN MACHINERY HALL. 
 
 The Horse Show. The exhibition of liorses, nudes, and assos 
 was oj)encd in aceordanee with the official programme on the 
 
tRY 11 AM" 
 
 and assos 
 lime on the 
 
 OF TIIK fKNTKNMAl- KXIIIIUTION. 
 
 70'J 
 
 1ft of Soptciulu'r, l)ut was not lliirly in oiMnition nntil sovoral 
 (lays later. It was in many nspccts a surprise to tlio visitors, 
 bc'in<jj on the wliolc iiuicli Ix'ttcr than was anticipated. 
 
 The pahn was worthily hornc oU" hy the ( anailian cxhihitors, 
 whoso stalls were locatinl iinimiliafcly <tn the left »»l'the entrance, 
 tlicir display l)ein<>; the best arranucd and to the larnier tho 
 most valnahle and instructive on the ^ruinids. The animals 
 here exhibited consisted mainlv ol' C'lvdeadale and Kn^lish 
 
 CAUVEU EAST INDIAN FURNITURE, IN THE MAIN IIUILDINQ. 
 
 draufflit liorsos, which are a specialty of Canadian stock-raisin<». 
 There are two branches, if we may so ex|)ress it, ol'the Clydes- 
 dale breed. One of these is known as the Knjxiish Clyde, tho 
 other as the Scotch. ]ioth branches are orijxinally from Scot- 
 land, but the English breeders have made certain modifications 
 in the horse, lioth branches were well represented at the Exhi- 
 bition. AH the animals exhibited there in the imported class 
 \>ere of the very best specimens of the breed, and it is rather p. 
 difficult matter to select particular horses ft)r special mention. 
 
 r- 
 
 i 
 Ll,! 
 
 - '^ 
 
 I 1 
 
 I f 
 
 Ml 
 
710 
 
 THE ILLUSTPw.TED HISTORY 
 
 The chief praise, among the C'Iy<le.s(li:lcs, however, was given 
 to Royal Tom, an Eiiglisli-hred horse, four years old, and 
 weighing 21 ;5.'] j)onnds. He was a rich mahogany bay, and so 
 cvenlv and svmmetricallv bnilt that while standing in his stall 
 his immense size was seareely notieeable. When bronght ont 
 with other horses in the ring, however, the young giant at oneo 
 showed his magnificent proportions in their triu' light, lie was 
 u very tompaet, eloscly cojpled and ril>l)ed horse, with broad, 
 flat legs, exeeptionally clean for a horse of his great si/e. He 
 wore upon his collar twelve me<lals, won by him at lairs in 
 England, and has never yet been beaten at such an exhibition. 
 
 A very fine specimen of t!ie Seotch-bred Clyde was seen in 
 "Scotsman," a light bay four years old, and weighing 2()0(> 
 ponnils. He was not so compactly bnilt as Royal Tom, and 
 was not so line mi the characteristic points of the breed, but was 
 still a njauiiilicent vonnj' dranyht stallion. In the'«une row of 
 stables were two viry line specimens of the Lincolnshire, or 
 Knglish «lranght horse. One of these was "Simon Pure," a 
 beautil'ul bl(Kid bay, of excellent style, but somewhat more 
 leggy and lighter lindx'd than the ('ly<lesdale, but rangy and 
 pos>ibly more active. The other was "Lord Hnfferin," a re- 
 markably smooth two-year old. He is of a rich brown color, 
 very com|>actly bnilt, and entirely free from blemish; an ex- 
 ceedingly promising young horse, a little smaller than some 
 s|)ccimens of the breed, but making up in ([uality what he 
 lacks in si/e. 
 
 In the next range of sheds were shown the practical results 
 of the infusion of this draught blood in the exhibit of cross-bred 
 stallions and mares — an exhibit of the greatest value to brecnlers 
 and liirmers. Here were .o be seen horses of great size, but of 
 more icti'.'e and gra<'cful build than their somewhat clumsy 
 sires. ( )ue of the liandsomest draught stallions on the groinul 
 was Lord Logan, one of tho.-e ••r!)>s-bred or grade stallions, 
 three yi-ars old, of a rich blood bay, smooth limbs, devoid of 
 the exaggerated hairy ll'tloek which marks the |)ure Clydesdale, 
 and more rangy and free in acti<»n, with a weight of 2()()(> 
 pounds. Especially noteworthy among these grades were threo 
 
OF THE CENTKNNIAL EXIimiTION. 
 
 "11 
 
 marcs oxhibitctl by (Jeori^e Doidj^o, of C'olmiihiis, Ontario. 
 Tlicy were fillies ot" extraordinary size and attracted espceial 
 attention from tiio.se interested in the breeding of liorses. 
 
 In tlio next row of sheds were displayed stallions of the 
 breed especially raised for cctach pnrposes, called by various 
 names, and protluced by no very exact course of breeding. 'J'ho 
 nio.st noted of the.>;e were j-xliibited by Mr. Long, of Lansing, 
 Ontario, and were stvletl bv him Cleveland JJovs. One of these 
 \v;us " Lord Zetland," bred by the nobleman of that name, of 
 the eelebrate*! thoroughbred N'oltigeur by a grade mare; the 
 other was " Lmperor," bred by the late Kmjjeror Napoleo' 111. 
 
 MACniNKIlY SECTION, AORirrXTmAT. HALL. 
 
 out of the thoroughbred " Ksciilape." These horses are of large 
 si/e, with blood«'d heads, clean and sinewy limbs, and well 
 adapted for carriage service, being stylish and of ex<cllent 
 a'ti<»n, but not very fast. They wil! scarci'ly sn|)ersede the 
 trotting stalli»/u with Americans as breeders of carriage horse.s. 
 The Canadians exhibited very few thontughbrcds or trott(M*s, 
 and only \\\o Pcrchcron stallions, which, though fair animals, 
 were not as handsome specimens as could be Ibund in the 
 Knited States exhibit. 
 
 I'assing the Canadian exhibit, we come next to the exhibit 
 
 i 
 
 5 I 
 
 :r 
 
 • 'P 
 
712 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 of horses from the United States. First of all we noticed a 
 row of sheds devoted mainly to the display of the Chestnut 
 Grove Stoek Farm, of Fa.>t(>n, Pennsylvania, which exhibited 
 horses of all Uinds. We noted tlie very handsome imported 
 four-year-old drau;j[;ht stiillion Oxford, a Clydesdale of pure type ; 
 Highland Golddust, a beautiful chestnut sorrel stallion, a 
 splendid specimen of the well-known (Jolddust trotting stock, 
 and several other stallions and geldings ol" approved trotting 
 and draught strains. Crossing to the other side of the grounds 
 
 FOUll-CVUNUlCIl M)Al'-MAKIX(t MAlllINi: KXIIIUITED IN THE FRENCH 
 SECTION, MACHINERY HALL. 
 
 werame to the stables devotcnl to the thoroughbred and trotting 
 stock exhibited by our own breeders. In the first stall we find, 
 in strong contrast with the draiiglit stallions described on the 
 Canadian side, the beaiitiful but small denifer Arai)ian, a very 
 light grjiy, alnKtst v, idtc, and a strong exponent of the points 
 of that poetic breed, delicate in all lii< proportimis, l)ut perfec- 
 tion in form. We noticec], in passing, the very handsome 
 stallion Andes, out of Bonnie Scotland, and the beautiful 
 
p-KKSOII 
 
 trottin|» 
 
 |\v«' fuul, 
 
 on tho 
 
 I, a vrrv 
 
 points 
 
 prrf'tr- 
 
 mdsoiiK' 
 
 icautit'til 
 
 OF TIIK CKNTENMAL EXHIBITrON. 
 
 715 
 
 blood-brown stallion Binganian, out of Asteroid, active as u 
 tlocr and iilayful as a kitten, with boautit'ul limits, an<l grand 
 nmsc'los playinj^ with easy ti;ra('C' nnder his sIcoU and supple skin, 
 (iovernor Ilartranft, ot" Pennsylvania, exhibited lour tine stal- 
 lions, which were ainon*; the most notable on the j^rounds. 'i\vo 
 of them were ai^ed horses — one, Tom Allen, out of the celebrated 
 Ethan Allen, a stronir-limbed, serviceable trotter, well up in 
 the points of the Allen stock; the other, Montgomery, out of 
 Alexander's AbdaUah, the very aristoiT.iey of trotting pedi- 
 grees, and a very good example of the sli-iiin. The others wen; 
 promising colts. Aniong the trotting stallions particular curi- 
 osity was excited by ( Jraphic No. ,'><i, a two-year ohl colt, out of 
 the stallion Smuggler, whose wonderful |)erfornjances, diu'ing 
 the past summer, have made him the sensation of the hour. 
 (Jraphic is a rangy, heavy-limbed colt, and hntks as if he woidd 
 be a goer. The best-known trotting stallion on exhibition was 
 'I'homas Jelfersou, a noble black horse of wonderlul beauty, 
 whose long tall actually trails upon the gntund, and whose jier- 
 Ibrmances, under the skilful reins of lUidd Doble, are Uiatters 
 of turf history. The next most notable horse was Mr. F. (J. 
 Wolbert's stallion, liismarck, out of llambletonian. JVismarek 
 is sixteen and a <(uartcr hands high, of a rii-h bay color, closely 
 coupled with broad, tlat legs of enormous range, and muscles 
 of exceptional size. lie has no record, but could doubtless 
 establish «)ne low tlown in the twenties. There were a uuniber 
 of other exceedingly fme horses, but none of national reputation. 
 After till' trotters and runners came the I'nite 1 States dis- 
 play of draught horses. I'romincnt among these was the exhibit 
 of Janus A. Perry, of \Vilniingt(U), I Hindis, which eonsi>ti'd of 
 imported Percheron horses. At the head of his stud was th(» 
 Duke de Chartres, probal)Iy the fniest Percheron stallion (>ver 
 imported, light dap|>le-gi'av in color, sixteen and a half hands 
 high, weight 'iOAO pounds, liiidis and nniscles of <'n<»rmous si/e, 
 but perfect symmetry, and, despite his innnense size, active as 
 a mustang. Mr. Perry also showed ItoUand, a ho^xe «)f great 
 size and power, and especially noteworthy as to color, being a 
 rich dapple-bruwn, which is somewhat rare in tliis breed, which 
 
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714 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 runs mostly to grays. J. J. Parker, of ^^'cst Chester, Pennsyl- 
 vania, HKule an excellent display of Pereherons of the smaller, 
 and, as some hold, the purer type, horses ranjjjing from 1200 
 to 1500 pounds, lie exhibited two colts which were very in- 
 teresting to breeders. They were the oU'spring of the delicate 
 thoroughbred .Jenifer Arabian and the somewhat coarse but 
 pure-bred Pereheron mares. These colts were too young to 
 
 IXTKIMOU t)K lunr.NDA OF MKMOUIAI- HAI.I,. 
 
 judge of the result as yet, but Mr. I'arker deserves the thaidis 
 of brccdcis ibr making the e.\|)<'rinu'nt. Mr. ( Jcorge Murray, 
 of Racine, Wisconsin, exhibited the largest Clydesdale on th(; 
 gr(»unds — Donald Diunie, a horse of enormous si/e, but of fnie 
 <|U:ditv as well. Our local breeders were well represented. 
 William Meikle, of Indiana, Pennsylvania, exhibited three 
 Clydesdales of recent importation ; Charles S. Taylor, of I>ur- 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHiniTION. 
 
 ^ 1 " 
 
 Ithanka 
 [urray, 
 Ion tli«-' 
 lot* line 
 ■ioiitcd. 
 throo 
 If liur- 
 
 lington, New Jersey, exhibited the Clydes(hile stallion, Suinson, 
 a very handsome brown ibnr-year-old ; and also an exceedingly 
 fine Clvdesdale mare, Muvtield. The smallest animal on the 
 gronnds was the Arabian Jaek, exhibited by Louis Liinau, a 
 little creature not nuich larger than a Newfoundland dotr, but 
 exceedingly attractive in its (juaint ugliness 
 
 At ten o'clock in the 
 morning and again at 
 four o'clock in the after- 
 
 s' 
 
 noon, (luruij; ea( 
 
 h di 
 
 IV 
 
 )f the horse show, the 
 
 animals were 
 
 led 
 
 tl 
 
 le rniiT, iind were tliere 
 
 it! 
 
 ■e>> 
 
 out in 
 th 
 
 eitiier in narness, or 
 under the charge of at- 
 tendants, put through 
 the performances best 
 calculated to show their 
 speed and display their 
 most attractive and 
 valuable (pialities. The 
 sight at such times was 
 beautil'ul and inspirit- 
 ing, and drew large 
 numbers of persons to 
 witness it. I'rf)minent 
 omonj; the animals ex- 
 hibited in the ring was 
 a team of beaut iliil 
 dapple-gray horses, the ,^ 
 property of ^Fr. A. R 
 Murdoch. Their aggre 
 gate weight was IVAH) j>ounds 
 
 aquometkk" rrMP, KXiiinni:i) in ma( iiis- 
 
 i;UY MAI. I.. 
 
 ]•: 
 
 l>ecia 
 
 1 ad 
 
 miration was ex- 
 
 cite<l by two milk-white mares, twin-sisters, grandtlauglitei-s 
 of I)an Iviee's old horse Excelsior. 
 
 The number of entries at the horse show was 'J 10, of whidi 
 170 were American. The remainder belonged to Canada. 
 
 '.i 
 
 
71G 
 
 TIIFO ILM'STIJATED IIISTORY 
 
 bit 
 
 The following gentlemen were the judges of the horse exhi 
 
 ion 
 
 John K. Vilev, Lexington, Kentucky ; Dr. J. W. AVehh 
 
 )n. 
 
 New York ; liasil J)ukc, St. Louis, Missouri; Colonel K. T. 
 Stowell, Cornwall, N'eniioiit ; (Jeorge Murray, Racine, Wiscon- 
 .sin ; TIkkMcus Holt, Macon, (Ji'orgia; Thomas I). Dewey, 
 Owossa, Michigan ; Milo Smith, Clinton, Iowa; (Jcneral T. (J. 
 \\'illiam>, Austin, 'I'cxas ; S. I*. JJrown, Washington, District 
 of Columhia ; A. McAllister, Springfiehl Furnace, Pennsylva- 
 nia; S. il. Tewk>bury, Portland, Maine; .John Miller, Colum- 
 bus, Ohio; ['\ Parringtoii, England, and Dr. Tetu, (Quebec. 
 
 The horse show wits well patronized, the attendance and the 
 interest in it increasing each day. It was formally closed on 
 the 11th of September. 
 
 T/n- Jhuj S/iinr. — The dog show was opened, according to 
 arrangement, on tiic morning of the 4th of Si'ptember, and was 
 closed on the evening of the 8th. It was a perfect success, and 
 was pronounced, by competent Judges, the most eompIet(! and 
 8atisfii<t(»ry exhibition of its kind ever held. The entries inim- 
 bered 722, of which G(S1 were American, twenty-six English 
 and Irish, and fifteen Canadian dogs. The collection embraced 
 sporting and fancy dogs, iniported an<l domestic English and 
 Irish Jordan setters, and |)(wnters of fifty pounds weight over 
 and under. Ilariiers, beagles, Chesapeake Bay dogs, Irish 
 Mater spaniels, and a large variety of hounds and terriers of all 
 sizes and colors made up the list, with a liberal display of \ew- 
 fJtundlands, St. Bernard's, mastitfs, bnll-dogs, poodles, et<\ The 
 different breeds were classified according to s(H'tions, and by 
 reference to the catalogue the visitor was enable(l to familiarize 
 himself with the distinguishing characteristics of the breeds. 
 AN'ith the list of entries was incorporated a description of ty|)ical 
 characteristics, and a scale of points such as is made use of in 
 judging dugs ill England. 
 
 ** Long before the visitor reaches the show," wrote the cor- 
 respondent of the New York Tri/iKiir, " he is greeted with sncli 
 a medley of dog voices as he has a>snredly never heard Ix'fore. 
 From the deep bay of the fox hound to the sharp yelp of the 
 
OK Tin: CEN'iKN.MAr, JIXIIIIIITIO.V. 
 
 17 
 
 terrier, IVoni the full tone of the Kiiglii^ii mastiir to the iiiieer- 
 taiu s(|iieivk of the poodle, tl.ere are niimherles.s gradations, with 
 variations for eaeh mood of the «log mind. Setters are more 
 larojely represented than any other variety of the dt»<; raee, and 
 there arc many tine, hij^hly-hred animals here. There an; 
 some cxeellent red Irish setters here, inelndinj^ a lew that are 
 valued at two himdred i^uineas apieee, and some hlaeU-and-tan 
 Gordon setters so finely marked that they would form fine sub- 
 jects for tiie animal painter. Many English setters are exhihited, 
 
 DKr.VKTMKNi OF IMUXTINC} MACUINKRV IN MACMIXIMIV II.\I,1-. 
 
 and s'nne of them not only show the |)oints of good dogs, htit 
 have pedigrees of remarkable extent. Most noticeable among 
 the latter arc two dogs reeently imj)orted from Kngland, late 
 the property of Edward I/iveraek, of Shropshire. They are 
 deseended from stock which Mr. Fjuverack obtainetl in lH2o, 
 •,\m\ which, it was supposed, had been pure fi)r thirty-five years. 
 He has kept a continuous strain of pure blood since that time. 
 The pedigree of the two dogs for nine generations is shown, 
 and the number of names in it is a lapted to give a person un 
 
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 It^i.f 
 
 vi.i m> ii 
 
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718 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 enlarged idea of the dimensions of the graveyard wliieli might 
 eontain the hones of his ancestors. There are comparatively 
 few pointers, hnt some are good animals. Some Irish t(?rriers 
 are shown of a very high strain of Mood, as may he jndged 
 from the price, two lnin(h'ed guineas in gold, asked for one or 
 two of the best. Very cnrions in appearance are the Irish water 
 spaniels, with long cnrly top knots and shaggy ears. There are 
 qnite a nnmber of I)nchshnn<ls, a mcdinm-sized dog, with sing- 
 nlar crooKod forelegs. Among the other canines are English 
 fox-terriers, used tc> unearth the fox when the hounds have run 
 him into his burrow; many Skye terriers, Scotch terriers, 
 black-and-tan terriers, poodles, and lap dogs. Spitz dogs, Sil)er- 
 ian bloodhounds, a fine English mastiff, English and Italian 
 greyhounds, Chesaj)eake I>ay duck dogs, vicious-looking bidl 
 terriers, English pug dogs, sheep dogs, and two (pieer hairless 
 Mexican hounds." 
 
 The attendance upon the dog show was large, many of the 
 visitors being ladies. The judges and their specialties were as 
 follows: John E. Long, Detroit, Michigan, pointers and span- 
 iels; (.'ol. T. G. Skiiuier, New York, hounds; Dr. L. II. 
 Twaddell, Philadelphia, non-sporting dogs ; John Swain, Bal- 
 timore, Maryland, English setters; George Drolet, Montreal, 
 Canada, Irish and (lordon setters. Among the more prominent 
 awards were the following: 
 
 The Forest and Stream prize to Ailleen, owned by Frank 
 Roan ; prize for Duehshunds to Dr. L. II. Twaddell's Unser 
 Fritz; Turf, Field, and Farm prize for fox hounds to J. 
 &haner's Dandy and Chip ; C. L. Westcott's prize to J. E. 
 Long's Juno; John Krider's prize to J. Ay re's Glen ; Captain A. 
 H. Clay's prize to Bess ; the Chicago FieUVs prize to Rufus 2d. 
 The Philadelphia cup for the best setter in the show was awarded 
 to Paris, owned by L. H. Smith, of Strathroy, Ontario, Canada. 
 The cup for the best imported English setter, over one and 
 under two years, was awarded to L. H. Smith's Llewellin. 
 The Detroit Gun Club cup was awarded to Juno, owned by 
 J. E. Long, of Detroit. The Philadelphia sportsman's cup for 
 pointers was awarded to G. A. Strong's Pete. 
 
OF Tin: CKNTKXNIAI, KXHiniTlOX. 
 
 IJ) 
 
 tivi'ly 
 M'ricrs 
 
 one or 
 
 wiitcr 
 
 crc ar(i 
 
 1 sin<j;- 
 
 vo run 
 erricrs, 
 , Sibcr- 
 Itulian 
 i<r hull 
 liairlc'i-s 
 
 ,' of the 
 were as 
 fl span- 
 
 L. H. 
 
 n, Bal- 
 oiitrcal, 
 jminent 
 
 Frank 
 Unscr 
 to J. 
 3 J. E. 
 )tain A. 
 ifus 2(1. 
 warded 
 Canada, 
 ne and 
 wellin. 
 ned by 
 cup for 
 
 The Cattle Show. 
 
 The display of horned cattk' began on the 21st of September, 
 and lasted until the kh of October. 'riiou<:;li the entries were 
 lij^ht at first they increased daily, until they linally numbered 
 ool) head of cattle, so that the exhibition ujav be fuirlv eonsidere<) 
 
 success. It attracted 
 
 ly visitors, especia 
 
 lly 
 
 niai 
 
 those interested in the rais- 
 
 in<? of cattle. 
 
 Amon<i; the animals on 
 exhibition were foiu* )ar<^e 
 bulfaloes from (olorado, 
 which were especially no- 
 ticed by reason of their 
 ininiense si/e. The larg- 
 est animal <lisplayed was 
 the (icneral (jlrant, whose 
 weight was almost five 
 thousand pounds. There 
 were also shown two steers, 
 one from KentucUy, the 
 other from Canada, whoso 
 weight was almost ecpial to 
 that of the General. Two 
 rows of sheds weri! set 
 apart for draught cattle, 
 of which a hue display 
 
 Becker's " rizpah protectino the rodies 
 
 or MF.U SONS," IS MKMOUIAL HALL. 
 
 was made. All the oxen 
 on exhibition were thor- 
 oughly trained to the voice of tlie driver, and the greater part of 
 them belonged to the finest breeds of this country. Among the 
 entries were IhO Jersey milch cows from various parts of the 
 United States, and 12 from England; about 70 Shorthorns from 
 Canada and Pennsylvania, princi|)ally for beef ; 50 Ayrsh ires, for 
 dairy purposes ; a large number of Devons, intended for both 
 the dairy and the meat market; and a number of tine spceimens 
 
 
 
 U I 
 
720 
 
 TIIK ii,Li:8Ti:.\Ti:i) iiistoky 
 
 of IlcrcCnrd, (Jalloway, Kerry, Ilolstt'iii, ami Diihli hrccds, 
 most of" wliicli woru bred lor the market. Tlic illsplay nf I'at 
 rattie l!»r Itcef was also fine, altlion^jjli the entries from eacU 
 Statu wore small. A iuiml)er (»f" tlio more valualile Sliortliorns 
 were imj)orti'(l from Knfrland hy a well-kn(»wii Ki uitieky ealtle- 
 raiser. Tliey were valued at from !?I,<>(K) to .^!>,()0() apieee* 
 and one of tliem, a gi^antie hull, wa.s valued at SlO,<K)U. 
 
 COMIUNATION WOOD WOllKKIl, KXHlIUTF.n IN MACHINKUY HAM.. 
 
 On tlio 4th of October a immbcr of the Sliortliorn or Jersey 
 cattle were sold at auction, the cattle show beinfj over. The 
 ])ric( s were fair, the sale (»|)enin«:; with the disposal of the heifer 
 Cassandra for $180, and the roan bull Lord Craidiam for §100. 
 
 The Display of Sheep. Swine, and Goats 
 
 Refian on tlie 10th of October, and lasted until the IHth. The 
 entries were as follows: sheep, 400; swine, 375. The Ameri- 
 
OF Tin: iKNTKNMAi, i:x iiiniT:. >N. 
 
 721 
 
 ,• of lilt 
 II) cilt'ii 
 
 )rlliorns 
 ytattic- 
 I ;H>il'tT» 
 
 L). 
 
 ;-'.*» 
 ^s^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 11 AM" 
 
 or .Tcrsoy 
 :rr. Tlio 
 ithc licifVr 
 for SIOO. 
 
 \K\x. Tlu^ 
 lie Ainori- 
 
 ran animals wcir rxIiiMtcd l»y pntniiiu'iit Itncilcrs iii \( 
 
 w 
 
 orl 
 
 1' 
 
 cnnsvlvaiiia, 
 
 OlllK'Cf K lit, 
 
 M 
 
 irvlam 
 
 1. \ 
 
 cw 
 
 .'••rsi' 
 
 WiscHdisiii. Iowa, Illiiic>i<, M;i--;i. Inisctls, ami \'irt:inia. f 
 
 ati- 
 
 WKVA .S< 
 
 lit 
 
 a n)nsi(l('ran!(' iukmIk;- o 
 
 f si 
 
 icci* ()! 
 
 \\\v 
 
 hrcci 
 
 Is nf 
 
 (\>t,>\vol(l<, L<Mcc>t('r, Siiiiili(l.i\Mis, and ( )\|i>nl-(I(iuii- 
 
 -nm 
 
 (« (liio swine "I" i1k' SiiilMU, Y(H'l<>liiiv, n('fk>|iir(' K- 
 
 aiKl 
 
 and Clii-lci' white hiccd-, Ai.iuiii;- ihc Sfiiulidnwns were s<miic 
 of t!i(' must valiialile ^|((■(•inl('ns of f.|i('e|i in ( \i>l('ii<'(', situsc of 
 wliich wefc valued as liij;li as !?<!()(»(» a|)i<'r('. ( )iic(i|'tlie lat"!.'''.~t 
 
 was a 
 
 hreed 
 
 in<!; ram weiuimiL!; liMir Iiiiim 
 
 l.'d 
 
 )»"M';d«-, W lidse lure 
 
 (or a r-ini;:le season is about 8-"'" <.rold. Mr. liussell Swan- 
 wielc, of l''iiLiland, cxliiMted S'nue iiitiri aKJc ( 'otswold sli(>ej), 
 till' avoraLic wei;;,Iil of ^vllil•]^ readied tlie rare timiiv of three 
 Imndred poiimls, a \'.('iijl;t not often attained hy ijiis lured. 
 
 Ainon^ the swine herds Mr. T. S. ('oo|t( r, (»f I*eniisvlvania, 
 exhihited the llnest animals. These were impoi-ted IJerkshires, 
 all of which are said to have; carried off iifeininmH at various 
 Kiiropean exhihilions. The heaviest hoji' in lhedis|day was ex- 
 hihitedliy Messrs. Shaiier,Aslil)ridj;(HV: Walter, ol'( hestcrcounty, 
 I'ennsylvania, who exhihiled ^olnc splendid Chester whites. 
 
 The l\iu((fji Show. — Tin; cxhiliition of jioiijtry was held in 
 the Pomoloi^ical Annex to the Ajfricnltiiral I'liildintr, and was 
 opened on the 27th of October and <'los('d on the <lth of Novem- 
 ber. The large hall was specially fitted up ibr the occasion 
 with loiifT rows of coops, .\bo\-e these were placed a muiiber 
 of ca<i;es containing; Canaries. The entries of chickens and birds 
 amonnted to more than six thousand, but the (!i»v!«i |>rcsent fell 
 short of this Mnnil)er. The finest displays weiT from Pennsyl- 
 vania, Xew York, Xt'W Jersey, Massachusetts, Connecticut, 
 Kho<le Island and Michitiaii. A coiisideralile number of fine 
 fowls from Canada and Faitrland wc^re also on exhib'tion. The 
 majority of the States of the I'nion were mcII repnsented, and 
 the visitor was atfonled a fair id(\a of the ex Hence and variety 
 i»f the fowls raised in this country. 
 
 The exhibition was under the change of .1. E. Diehl, l'>q., 
 tiie Vice-I'residcnt of the Pennsylvania I'oultry As;5<tciation, 
 who acted ns Superintendent. 
 4G 
 
 : i 
 
 » -SJ 
 
 'it ' 
 
 H 
 
 i 
 
 L 
 
 '.Si 
 
m 
 
 h 
 
 722 
 
 Tin: iii.isruMKi) nisTdUv 
 
 Of (lie fowls atid itinls on cxIiiMtioii our limits will .illow us 
 to .speak litit l)i'i('lly. 'I'lic Linjit nraliiiias :ittr:i<-(('<l |>ai'ticular 
 nttciilioii. Tluy wiTi' lar;;v, licaiiiiriil cliicUciis, with all tin* 
 ju'i'li't't marks of that Itrccd. Iiiiiiifdialily to the south of the 
 
 roops containing; thcni wn-r a nninlur (»r i j«s of line liantaius. 
 
 ( >f th(! laruc ( ochin ('hina> I liciv were several vaiieties. Some 
 t»f tlii'Ui \\v\T \mn' white, others pure Mack, and others a)^aiu 
 of the Itull' varieties. I )r. II. II. Lowrie, of IMainliehl, Xew 
 .Iers( y, exhihited three handsome whiti' liCjiliorns. Mr. Mc- 
 Lar.ii, of .Mcadvillc, I'enusylvaiiia, sent some silver duok- 
 \viuj;ed Ciame chickens; whilst Jieiison tV: l>iir|iee tlisplaycd 
 
 
 
 TASTMAN .lOIINsoNS " OI,n KKNTfiKV IIOMK," IN MF.MOIMAI, HALL. 
 
 s!\ty cases of lino fowls, anion«j which were pure white niul 
 Mack Le<;honis, hlack Spanish chickens, and hiack IlamhurL's 
 with red combs and white wattles. There were also .some heau- 
 tiftd silver and fjold s|)!M)^:led Ilamhursrs, an<l ji;oldon-])eiu'illed 
 Mud silver-pencilled Ilamhurfj;s. (1. II. Warren, of X(!W York 
 Mills, and (J. V. Scavey, of Mas.sachnsetts, e.\hil>itcd some hoau- 
 tiful golden and silver tSebri^ht fowls — very beautiful bantams, 
 spotted all over the body, wings, tail and neck. Probably the 
 most attractive cxhil)it to the ordinary visitor, as well a.s to the 
 poultry faneier, consisted of a mimber of pairs of silver Pheas- 
 'ants from Peiuisvlvania and (Connecticut. The.se were of a very 
 rare breed, and were, with.out doubt, the most beautiful fowls 
 in the Exhibition. 
 
OF TIIK CF.Nrr.NNlAI, KXHIIUTIO.V. 
 
 'L'.-J 
 
 'ruil«'ys were well ropn'scuttul, a immlicr of varii'ties of <lo- 
 incf^tii; and wiUI fowls iHiii;: shown. The Idadv, li«r|it and dark 
 hron/c and white, and the wild turkov had each its well-selected 
 representative. 
 
 Anion<; the ducks we may notice the Raven duck, lar«;e, dark- 
 colorc<l and heaiilifidly marked ; the Caynj^a diK'k, pure Mack, 
 even to the hills, le^r-; and feet ; and the Aylshnry or the Cenli- 
 ary, pure white, and e<pial in size to the ('ayn<fa. \V. A. liin-pee 
 e.vhihiicd a curions duck, hatched in the spring of 187(1, and 
 
 OAUI.ANDAI. S AlR-COOI,r.l! ANT> IMniFVINrj APrAUATrS, KXHiniTED IN 
 
 M \<iiiNi:i;v MAii.. 
 
 perfect in every way except that its feet instead of hcinp; wchhed 
 were perfect chicken's feet. This dnck eoidd swim as well as 
 any other, notwithstandint; this defect. 
 
 There were two Eijyptian p;cese on exhihition. They were 
 very handsome and attracted mnch attention. The hreast is of 
 black, white and gray, spotted like canvas; the hack of a red- 
 dish-brown, black and gray mixed ; and there is a reddish- 
 brown ring around the throat, with the same tinge in diflcrent 
 shades on the neck and head. There were also several varieties 
 of the Toulouse, China, IJremen, II(»ng-Kong and Wild goose. 
 
 t 
 
 • '1 
 
 
 ■: f 
 
 ■ ) 
 i 
 
 ! I 
 
 I f 
 
 itt 
 
 ^;-a 
 
 I 
 
724 
 
 Ti[i: ii.i.r.sTUATi;i) iiistouy 
 
 Tlic (li>j>Iav of |)ii:;o()iis wa.s very extrusive and very fine, 
 eoinprisiiijr some ul'tlie best and rarest breeds, besides sueli iav- 
 orites as Tniid)lers, dae(>l)iiis, Fan-tailed and Crestetl binls, 
 Cameras, 'I'urlxfs, Ant \\■er|l^ and ntnnerons others. One dis- 
 j)Iay of a breed wbicb lias been inereased in si/e, luitil the birds 
 
 TIIK STf.VKNS I'AKAI.r.Kt, VISi:, KX itlIUTi:() IN M\i tllNi;r.Y UXhh. 
 
 are ahnost as hirj^e as eonimon ehieiieiis, attracted exceptional 
 attention. 
 
 There were also exhibited a nnnd)er of swallows, African, 
 Chinese and English owls, Magpies, Starlings aiul Canary 
 bii'ds. 
 
 A fnie display was made of patent inc'diators, and otlier ap- 
 paratns (()r the belter care iiiid raising of chickens. 
 
^1 
 
 ■cry (Inc. 
 micli I'av- 
 hI binls, 
 Olio «lis- 
 tlie binls 
 
 IIAM-, 
 
 xco 
 
 ptiuiml 
 
 AlViciin, 
 [l Canary 
 
 )ther ap- 
 
 rilA PTER XXIV. 
 
 Tin: STATK DAYS. 
 
 Arr.iiiijvriK Ills lor tlii' Slate ( \'lcliraliuns — N\\v .Jfi'-i'v Day An Iii-|iii'iliii^ 
 S|ii'tla(lf -('i)niK'(ticiil l>ay — .\la.-<aclnisttts l)ay — Niw Vdik I>ay — A 
 ( ii'aml ( )valinii in tlic < loviTiior >>( llif I'jn|iiiv Slate— Set lus and lini<li'iils 
 ill the ( Jruiiiitls- -I'ciiii-ylvaiiia l)ay- Tlif (iraiidist ( 'I'lcliratiijii ot' All — A 
 (Jala hay at tin- Mxliiliiliun -'1 In- ( idvcriiui's laci'iitimi— Tin- I'irc Workn 
 — KIkkIi' I>laii.l Day -'I'Ik- Italian Day — liiaii^M,iati<ii) (»!' tli<' < 'iiliiiiilnis 
 Mniiiiim'iit-Ncw IIaiii|i-liiri' Day- !»•. iawaic, Maryland, ami \'iri,'iiiia Day 
 — Tlic File Works- rile Delaware (Vieliralioii — Keeeiilioii liy the ( ioveiiiur 
 of Maryland — The Virjjinia ( eleltratloii— The Tournament -The Hall - 
 Crowniiif; the tineeii of I-ove aii<l lieaiity — ( )liii) Day — Maniiiliceiit Tribute 
 to ti.> (iiiveiiior of ( >liio Till- Merehanls' Ixttinioii — N'eriiioiit Dav. 
 
 X (>i-(!(>r to add to llu; attnictivciuss of (ho Kxliihition, 
 and luoro especially to carry out tlie dcsi<rii of luakiii;^ 
 it a moans ot" celrhratino- tli(? Ceiitemiial period of otir 
 (i)^ National history, the Ivveenlive ( 'oiiiiniltee at an early 
 dav dclerniiiitd to inaniiiirate a s lies of "St.atr l)avs,'' 
 en each of which a special ei'leliration >honld lie held in tho 
 {■Ahil)iii<tn grounds in honor ol' the State of the I'liion to 
 wliieh llie day should he as>in;iied. It wa- decidid that tho 
 cerenionics on these occasions should consist ol' an addros de- 
 voted to a review of the history and |)roirress of the Stale hold- 
 iiiir the eelel>ration, a reception liy the ( lovernor of sncli State 
 at the State hnildinir in the I'Aliiliition ^rotind.-, and such other 
 festivities as should l»e decided upon hy the eoinniitlee. It was 
 understood that these ct'lel»ratioii< would of necessity he con- 
 fined to tli<' States nearest lMiil;i<lelphia, as it wcndil he eoiii- 
 panitively oasv ft)r their people to !»> present in force on sneh 
 
 ( asions. The more remote States hy rea-on of their distance 
 
 would find it impo-.-ihIe to lal<e part in these festivals. Ar- 
 
 ( r 
 
 . i V 
 
 I V 
 
 ;,; 
 
 M 
 
 d 
 
 *,, i 
 
:t 
 
 t 2u 
 
 'I in; II, 1. 1 siu \ii;i) iiisrouv 
 
 raMLii'imiit-. wire proinplly riil»>r»'«l into IuIwchmi iIic ( 'fii(ciiiii;il 
 ( 'Mmmi->i<>ii mihI llir niillniitics ol" the S(;i(rs dryiiiii;^ In ciij^ai^c! 
 ill lliCM' t't'l('lii':il lull-, ami lin' iiliiio-l t'iilliii>i:i--tM \v:i.s (lis|)l:iV(Ml 
 liy all |):iitii> in tarrvin;; out llir |»ro;;r;iii\uu'.s »lt'ci»li'(l ii[)i)ii. 
 
 l\/c7V Jersey Day. 
 
 rill' lirst S(;it(' to chi^am' in lln -r ^jxciai cclrl nations was 
 Nt'W JirMV. 'I'Iniisday. tin- 'JItli (»(' Au;^ii->l, was llic day 
 8oK'«"Uh1 l>y tlio Sliito authorilit'S, \\\y\ l"or scvt'iul wrck.s juTvious 
 
 llir MAiivN i>i r \i! iMiN r. acuu i i.irii \i. ii \i.i . 
 
 to (liat tlati' i'iiri'u;i"tii' I'lVorl-^ were niailc to imlnrc miiIi a iiiirn- 
 1)11' of the people of New .Ii T^cy to he present a! til" l",\liil>ilioii 
 fliat tlie (teeasion sliouM lie an event ineinorahle in llie liistory 
 
 .r til 
 
 Slatt 
 
 N.w .1 
 
 ri-(\ had (lone so 
 
 inneji to make tl 
 
 l''xliiliiti<»n a sneeess. ami IkkI ^iven it siieli \\..riii ami "liieiciil 
 support at its most eritieal peiiods, that it wa- peculiarly npr< <- 
 priale that tins fxenerous eominoiiwcalth ithoi:l'l ep(>n tli(> eri(s 
 ol" Slate Te-livals. 
 
 Tlinrs<la\ , Aui:ii-t 'Jltli, was l)i'iL:;lil ai..1 liilr, All tlirongh ilic 
 
1 
 
 or rm: <i-nti:nmai. KMiii'.niMN. 
 
 '•27 
 
 Ih'Ii :i iimii- 
 
 innniiiiLj (i:iiii> wire ;irii\iiij; IVuiii |>uiiil> in N. w Jcrsrv, 
 I Mill;; in;; lliuiisin.ls ..I" vi-il.»r>, ;iii<l <.tli(r lliuiiMinils cann! I)v 
 way dl" Cannlcn, llw 1 )ila\\;iic river ll i rir-, aiwl tlic riiv car 
 lino. I'.y clcxi II u'rlniK till' L;i'»iin(ls wi re llin.ii;:! d ami llir 
 v:iri<»us liiiililin«4s ..j' tin- l',\||l' iti ,i; wen. Iil|n| with a iikiiv, 
 ra^icr (Tnwtl (.r ",lri-.v |l.lk>, I), lit III) scfinir tlir JMiiiilics and 
 wniHJcrs ol" the "( 'ciitciiiiial." 
 
 4: 
 
 r » * * t * t i 1 
 
 
 >.i-^,*k 
 
 SI,iilllN<i M\MilM I \ llll'.l I 1 H llV ri:itl!l> A M!M- P. MMlllM.UV IIM.I.. 
 
 A< f<'n (M'Inck tiif Ni \v .I<rvi\ I;. rc|)li.ui < '<iiiiiiiit(cc, r«»n>i«t- 
 intr ol" iiMtivt' .li'iM-vnii'ii n'>i(liii'j; in l'liilailil|iliia, as>cnil)ic<l at 
 tlic ( 'fntcniiial <lr|»«it urilic I'lim-s ivanla lJ;iilroa<l l<> art as 
 an escort (<» (Juvrrinir Iiidji' aii<l piity, \vli'> \\«ii' to ronio iVoiii 
 I'rcijton. Tlu- ( "winiuiltcf was n»ii,-,iitut(i(l as lolluws: 
 
 i 
 
 • M 
 
 ( 
 
7iiS 
 
 Tin: lilt MUATKi) iirsntuv 
 
 K. ( '. Kii:l;IiI, ( 'liainiian ; Ion. Mcituii McMiiliacI, Dr. 
 il<).st'|>li I'aiuua;, Hon. \\. II. llrt'W^ti.'r, Samuel liispliaiu, 
 Saiiiiicl K. Siti!.i -, ,1. 15. I ,i|t|iiii(nii, IliclianI ,1. I )nlil)iti>, Fiii- 
 iiiun Sli('|ijiaril, l'".tluar«l liiownin;,;, -lames 1 1. Sttvciisoii, .lulm 
 \V. SioUo, Lnui> A.ddiK'v, Itf. M. C. .laviic, and .Ii>m'j»1i II. 
 Campion. 
 
 'I'lic unusual tlcinand upon tlic transportation facilities oC the 
 road threw all tlu' inornin<;° trains liehind time, ami it was not 
 until alter eleven that the arrival ol' the train eonlaininj; the 
 j;nl>ernatorial party was annonneed l»y the elie» is of the crowd 
 aiound the lis poi. As (Joveinor r»ill<' and hi- party aliiihhd 
 (loia till- train, iln'v were met Its llir Kcccption ('onnnittee, the 
 
 ( liairnian of ,, l)i( 
 
 ■h tirrcted tl 
 
 II III w iih a l.riel' addros ol' \\< 
 
 eouir. !.» uhicli ilii' (luvcrnMr made an appropriate resjiun-e. 
 
 The eompan\ with their e-^cort \\>\\ lornicd in line, and pro- 
 ciedin^ across tlie s( net, entered I lie ^roinids ihroniili the ^ale 
 adjoinin;;' thi' I)-, ird ol' l-'inance hi ail-(piaiii r-. I lire were drawn 
 np in two lines on either si«K- the chirl> ol' tin dipartnienls of 
 I lie ( 't'ntennial nianaLlcment, wiiji l*ri-!(li!ii .lohu \\'el>h. ol' ihe 
 ( cntennial I'Miai'd, d honias ( 'ochraii, ( liim nl 1.. Iiiddle, Aiims 
 li. Liltlr. and other nienihers. Headed hy the preat l''ir.-t 
 Ilriirade l>and ol' litrly-liv e |)ieei •-, ih'ii playing at thet'enten- 
 i:ia!. the pioci s>ion filed aromid the I'Miiholdi liiinilain and up 
 |.t till .ImlLlis' Hall. The li.llow i;i.;- is a li-t ol" the more 
 proiiiim nl amoni; the vi-itor- in line, and snitsecpiently in 
 aitendance at tln' -Jersey S' Me I'nildin'j,- ; 
 
 (io\crnor jiedle and lai I Ion. Ahrain Ihnwnini;', the orator 
 of the d ly ; cx-( iovernors I'arker and Newell ; e\-l 'nited Slates 
 Senator Stockton; Hon. A. L. L'nnNon, .'^late ( omptioljei ; 
 .Maj'-r-t ieiuial Molt, hi ip.i- df (hi State TriMin; \'l'e-( 'iianeel- 
 lor I )oild ; .'''npi'enie ( 'i.in t .IndLic- \'an Sick I e, Ive.d a, id I )i\on ; 
 Spi'aker of ihe Siali' SeiMi.', ( lencral Sewell, and Siale Senalor> 
 licon Ahliett and hily, -Inlni Hill, Havton, 'riiorne, i*otls, 
 Sehnltze, .larrard, Kirk and Hopper; S|>eaker ol' the; New 
 .ler-ey As<enil)Iy ( "arseallcr. and A— ei:il»l\ man Sidm \- !>. 
 I?erans; Hon.-. ( )re-te> Cleveland and .!. (i. ^Me\(•ns, .New 
 Jersey Ceiiten'i'al Coininls-sioiieis-atdar^e ; aides-le-eiiiujis lo 
 
OF Tin: <i;NTi;\Ni.\r, iixiiiimtion. 
 
 7'2U 
 
 llu' (Jov.rnor, Culun..!. (;am.(.nn, II..|,.lnrkM„.. S|hmi.'.i-, liny 
 II(.lc.Mnl.<-:„i.l Vn.,|,.nl,„r^r; A.ljtitan(-( i,.n,.,al StrvUcr ;'(ii.ar- 
 tm..M.st...r-(|..|„.ml iViTii,..; ,|„,|u,. ,|„|„, T. Ni.-|«Ts,Mi, Iniicl 
 
 Sums Uhllirl ( ',„„.( , HIMIC Tiv;,>„,vr WliJ.t ; A>lll...| \V,.|,.|, 
 
 JliMj.,rx-lV,>i.|...,t ..rr,n,,.,| (■„„,, ,:M,i...o|'. \Vu .Ics-v • SiUMr- 
 '"fn.l.nt .1. A. An.|...H,M. ..rii,.|viJ.,v.li\iHu„;(;,,„:,.al \. N. 
 1Im1m..;u1. lion. AK-xaml.T W urt/, rx-StaC. N-nalnr, ami Moh* 
 .ii""iii 1'. L.v. (hi!. oC NVn- J.iM-ySu|.ivin.. (nurt. The pro- 
 vrssmn :il>n i„.lu,|,.,| tlir l{<r..],tiun ('....mnli,... inrinlMr, ..f (h,. 
 teiiU'umal .naiiau.,Mr„i, aii.l n.ai.y .JiTsiyimn wl.n luul n.wi- 
 
 
 
 
 •MdThliaiiiAl*-"" 
 Tin; si:\viN(i M\rii!Ni; -i:. tion-, ma( iiinkkv hai.i,. 
 
 oii-ly aiiivcd (Hillic .izTnimd-, ( i, ncral I iaw Icy ;,ii.| I'r.-M. i,( 
 W (Ml ari'niii|iaiiyiii'.:,- ( iMVciimr llcdic and \|i. I'.idu lli||^■ 
 r< s|»(ciivc'y, 
 
 \y\i'U iIk' aiidii:..v liad a-riiil.l<i| in t!,,. dudtrcs' Hall, 
 nliicli, ll.r the lir-i liim m \i- lii>i(»ry, ua> ciitirclv lil!(<l. < ii.v - 
 triior iJcdl" intnt.liic d ilic oratur (.1* tlic day, tlic lion. Altrani 
 I'.i-nuiMiii:;. Mr. nniwiiiiii; tlicii .Idivcrcd an cldtjiiciit and 
 i:i>triic',ivo adirf-s, in whidi lie reviewed the lii^torv and |»r(i- 
 .ufc.-s of the .State (if New der (V, and e\|ilaine(| its Mjrfi<'nlliiial, 
 
 i 
 
 1'i 
 
 I lip 
 
7;}0 
 
 THE ILLUSTUATIilJ IIISTOUV 
 
 industrial and comnicrcial rcsonrcos. ITo was listened to with 
 marked attcniinii, and was IVf<|r itly applauded. 
 
 At tlie cDnrJii.-^i,)!! ol'tlie addr- , iIk; conipany Ibrined in line 
 and nian-lifd iVoni .Indi;t>' Hall lu the splendid New .lersev 
 State r>iii!ilini;, on l{elin()nl avenue. This huildinu; and the 
 grounds around it were thronj^ed with jx-ople awaiting the 
 arrival of tin' (Jovernor. l-'roui every spire of the l)uildiii;j; 
 above t\\o. red tiled roof floated the national colors. The sur- 
 roinidin<:; siruetures gayly llauntetl their l)untinj,', hands of 
 musi(! at the adjoiniui^ restaurants gave liwih their sweete.-l 
 strains, and .Maehinery Hall ehiine.s ran<; out their peals ol' 
 
 1^ 
 
 ---asss"^ 
 
 •■w-^- 
 
 "^M 
 
 
 = ■-f^!^-tw<»(f*-* 
 
 n 
 
 ui \Miii:i!«, 111! 1. .V. t u s Aitc mi"Ii:i'i;an iiiMi k m\(Iiim:, i.xMiiiiria) in 
 
 M \( MINT.ItY II Ml.. 
 
 U'lodv in honor of " Jersevnien's dav." I'A'ei'v cniinfv in tin 
 
 I'll, 
 
 w 
 
 5(ale, from .Sii««.e\ to ('ape May, and I'rom Hnd^nn to Cannl 
 as represented in the throUii'iu'j; multitude wliirli tVom nine A. M. 
 till evriiiiii^- te«ted the .streu«:;th and eapaeily n|" the s|>aeioii> 
 strueliire, and -ui'^ed restlesslv thronuh and arcund it. Tlie 
 procession fiMin .Iiid'^es' Hall, liiad<d Ity tlie I'^iist Uri'i'Milc 
 It ind, arrived at llif liiiildjnn' nt fificrii miinites after one o'eloik, 
 when many ol" thi' Stale ollicials were escorted into ilie priv.ite 
 rooms of the .S(;i(,. ( 'umriii-siouers. Soon after, (loNcriinr 
 Bedle a|)peai'ed in the main hall of llir laiildiiii, and inuiniliML; 
 
O Wl 
 
 Ih 
 
 ill line 
 
 iu»l the 
 .11^ till- 
 luiUrmt; 
 \\v. sur- 
 
 )i'aU of 
 
 I ' ''I i ; 
 
 B^- 
 
 .iir.i) IN 
 
 Iv in till! 
 ( "nimliii, 
 line A.M. 
 
 IlIK'iiiU^ 
 it. Thr 
 
 r»ri'i;i>l»' 
 
 • d'clofk, 
 
 • privaU' 
 iovt-rii"!' 
 
 liiimMjii'l^ 
 
 or TIIK ( HNTKNM.M. DXIl IIUTION. 
 
 J'M 
 
 a fliair addro.s.^cd tlio crowd. A lonnal reception was InM Uy 
 tlie ( Jovei'iior at the close of liis s|H'ecli, and lasted until throe 
 o'clock, the citizens of ihe State present and ni:niy strangers 
 l)ein<; severally presented to hi> l^xcelleney. This reception 
 brouifht the ceremonies t(> a clo-e. 
 
 The attendaiK'c! dnrini; the day was as follows: pay in<j; vis- 
 itors, r)(»,;{L>() ; free, 10,727; toiaj, (i7,0"j:i. The nreipts wcn'o 
 
 ??-Js,0(;;}.7r,. 
 
 iMWi.it I'l NiiiiN(i ma(!iim:, i.xMuiiiin i!v ri:uitisA mii.i;s in m \i iiiNT.nY 
 
 It \i.i 
 
 Coniuxfiriif Ddv. 
 
 The day selected hv the ;iiilh<iril ie- of ( 'iiniiceticiil for their 
 Stale c<'lel)iMtion at the Ivxhihilion was Thursday, Se])tenil)er 
 7tli. Sever.il davs previoii-^ lo tiii< (he Third and Fonrth rciri- 
 ments ot' ( 'onnecticiit voliinleers airi\e(| al IMiil.idelphi i. ami 
 W(Mil into c.'imp ill Fairnioiint I*ail< near the K.\hil)ition 
 
 i\ 
 
 ii 
 
 <i 
 
 i' 
 
 
 i) 
 
 it 
 
 N 
 
 I « 
 
•J2 
 
 THE ILLCSTHATi;]) IIISTOKY 
 
 groiuids. On tlic Gtli, (Jovcnior IiijxcrsoU arrivecl from Ilart- 
 Ibid. 
 
 The Till (if Scptciiiltcr sva.s an (.'Xcccdin^jjly (li^aJfl•(•(•al)l(' <lay. 
 A (lull and I'liccrli'ss rain li-ll all tlintugli the day, an<l coni- 
 pcllcd tli«> ahandomnont oCa portion of (he ('crtMnonics (hat had 
 Ix'cn determined upon. In spite of this, howevei', the crowd of 
 visitors jionred steadily thronuh tla; j^ates, and long liel()re 
 twelve o'eloeU the principal hnildinns and all the main avenues 
 wore throniu'ed. 
 
 At one o'eioek ( idvcrnor InL^crsoll held an iid'ormal leeeptinn 
 at tlie ( 'unneelient State Ihiilding on Slate avenue, whieh was 
 haru'elv al(eiid<il. It was estimated that fullv ten th<>n>and 
 citi/eus ol' ( '(tuneeticut were present at the l!.\hil»ition duriu;^ 
 the day. 
 
 'flie total attendance was as fi>llows : paying vi.-it<a-s, ni.''"i!l; 
 free, 1(),!IS:»; receipts, S'.-iO.So.l.To. 
 
 ^fnssllcJlus^'l/s Day. 
 
 'rii!ii>il.iy, Seplendier I lili, was Mass»ejni> lis day. 'I'he 
 chief iiitere-t of th(^ (leea.-iou centred about the Ma>sachn<elt.> 
 Huildiii^, on State avenue. All the siirr<iiinding Ituildings, 
 Aiiieriraii and (iu'cign, di>played llieir laintiiig, while from the 
 cupola of the Ma-saehiMclls house (loaled the old Pine Tree 
 flau,', ail ciiihleiii of colonial days, with the national colors 
 from the lliii-talf in front, and ;• pretty collection of many 
 eolond i'li-iuns ta-tefullv arraiiiivd al)ovc the main entrance. 
 
 Tl 
 
 le (io(»rwavsi o 
 
 f the interior were decorated with Ihi' 
 
 I)uriiig the afii'iiioou an orejicstra, slaliom d in the hall, fiii- 
 nislied the iiiu^ii' for tic oera^ion. w hile from the towers of 
 Ma liinerv ll.ill lh<' ehiiin- i-nvj: out the national airs, and 
 "■av(^ a ^alllle on the \)c]\- ihirle.n time-, in honor of the d;iy. 
 
 At one o'clock (iovcrnor llice. aitinded hy h- sfalf, took his 
 .-tand in the ( lovei'iioi'- room of the Imildlni;', and held a formal 
 rec( plioii, which wa^ largely jittcnded. The pc(»plc were juc 
 seiitcd to his MxielJencv liy Commissioner \. F-. ("oolidge. 
 'I'lie vi>itors <'ntered hy the main door and, parsing through the 
 liall, rep.dred to tin- (iuvfrnor's' nmin. Af<f r paying /);<',ir re- 
 
f)F 
 
 UK ri;NTi:NMAl, kximiutkin. 
 
 
 'I'l.r 
 
 ll>(lt> 
 
 lU til'' 
 
 . Tnv 
 colors 
 iiKiiiy 
 
 ll-UK'C. 
 
 il;i--. 
 I, I'lir- 
 
 i- oi- 
 l's. :iiiil 
 
 ;iv 
 
 low 
 
 iiriii; 
 
 I"'' 
 
 li.l'iC 
 
 h III.' 
 ■\r ro- 
 
 spccts to III- I'iXccllclicy tlicv passed lliioiiiiJi tlic press ;i!i(| reiul- 
 iii^-room, and made tlieir exit iVoin tlie luiildiiiir hy \\;iv of the 
 rear door of th(! Iiall, tlic passageways lu'injr |;,.pt upiu hv a 
 detail of the Ceiitemiial (iiiard. 
 
 I)nriii,<; the reeeption, the Sons of Mas.xuehiisetts, an organi- 
 zation ot' Massai'hiiscit.^ men re- 
 sidint; in New York eity, and 
 led hy ( 'olonel l"'ranU I'], Howe, 
 presented a handsome lla;; lo 
 the State throiiu,!! the ( iovernor. 
 'I'lie presentation was made in 
 an a|ipro|Miate adilre.-s liy Mr. p 
 Nathan Appleton, of Boston, 
 and was aeUnowledjicd in lilting' '^ 
 terms liy ( Jovernor Iviei'. 
 
 After the reception was over, 
 the (Jovernor, his stall", and the 
 inemhers of the executive coim- ..ukamin-.i iui.xntiii:, in m ttku, in 
 cil dined in the State laiild- riii: womkn's pavilion. 
 
 in;,'. 
 
 At niti'lit the (lOvernor was serciKMh'd at the Trans-Continen- 
 tal hotel, where he was lod)j;iiiii'. 
 
 It was estimated that fully ten thousand visitors from .Mas<a- 
 (ihnsetts were present in the grounds dnriipj; the dns . 
 
 The cash admissions to the ^.n'oimds were So, 7!).") ; the free 
 admi-sions, 12,(»7;}; totd, !»7,S()8. Iteceipts, >: 1 1,1'.:.;. 
 
 /\/cw York Day. 
 
 Th(! 21st of Sejdeinher was set for New York day, ilie fourth 
 of the series of State Centennial eelehiations. The day was 
 hri^fht and eje.ir, and at an early hour thron)i;s of visitors began 
 lo pour through the gates into the l'',\hil»ition grounds. By 
 noon i< was evident that the occasion wciiild he metnorahle as 
 drawing tlie largest attendaiiee since the opening of the Exhihi- 
 lion,and l>v one o'clock the crush was tremendnns. Thfuis.'inds 
 'ame in fVom New York city and ofh( r points in t}\(' Empire 
 State (hiring the morning, and each arriving train if^H'f f-lu: New 
 
 ' d 
 
 'm 
 
7.11 
 
 Tin: iiJ.isriiATKD iiistouy 
 
 York (livisioii of the Pennsylvania KiiilnKid \\a- ( ruwdeil lo it., 
 utmost cjipacily. 
 
 At one it'cloiL (iov('i'!ior Tildcn rcaclied the main entrance to 
 the K.\hil»ition j^m*(»uii(1s in a tairia^fo, and Wiis reeeiveil by tiu! 
 Centennial anlhorities and escoiiiil to the New York Si:ite 
 hnildinf;:. I''"^ arrival was greeted with deafen in;^ cheers, and 
 he was lollowed hy a va-t niiiltitnde eajrer to do li(»nor to the 
 ehiel' i:i!i<xi>triifc oC the I'inijtii'c State. The ( Jovcrnor was ae- 
 «'on)|»ani» tl hy e.\-(iovernor iiiiiler, (»(' tin; Centennial Hoard of 
 ]''inanc<', and was (ollowed l»y about forty niendter.s of the 
 United .Slates Centennial Conunission, headed Ia- (ieneral Ilaw- 
 ley, and Coninn'-^^ioner I'eckwith, of New York. Governor 
 Tilden acknowledged the heartv ;freclin<' of the crowd bv re- 
 jKatedly howiuj^ from his earria<j;e. 
 
 't 
 
 
 "in<.-()tT" i-itoM iiitrri-;ii nn.i muia, in tiii: isTrion states oovkiin- 
 
 Mi:sT iirii.KiNd. 
 
 V\nm rcacliin!^ the Xew York liuildin<;, (Jf)veninr Tilden at 
 oiicM'ntered it and took his stand in (he principal |>arlor. The 
 firmal reception inuncdiately bc^xan. 'I'iie visitors were pie- 
 si'Uted to th»; (Jovcrnor l>y M--. I'rank l/cslic, President of the 
 Xew York Centennial C(»nmiis^ioii. As the peopU; received 
 the (rovernor's reco'^rnition, they passetl out by a door and stair- 
 way in the rear of tiic buildinir. After the lapse of a consider- 
 able time it was found that to receive! the inereasinjif mass of 
 peoj)le on the outside, who were then beinf; admitted throuffh 
 the front entrance at the rate of twenty per minute, would re- 
 quire the titne allotted to the ceremony to be extended several 
 
or TIIK (T.NTKNXr.M. KXFmWTlOX. 
 
 7;).") 
 
 hours. All iiitiiimtioti was also ^rivcn |)rivattly that the Hoor 
 of the l»iiil(lin;i \vii«» not of siinicicni stnntrth t.. >t!iiMl tho un- 
 UHual \v<r'lit hciii;; put u|ioti it. Ii was accordiu^rly sji}r;r,...tr.l 
 to (Jovcni.r TiMfii to icpaii' to the portico and addiTss thf 
 DiiiUitiidf ^;itlicr('i| around the ctliiicc. This suitmcsi ion hciii^' 
 ac<|ui('H'('d in hy the < i«.V(riior,thc t'ornial feci pt ion was hrou^dii 
 to a close, and ihc ( iov( iiKtr, (h'sccndiiii; to the portico, was in- 
 troduced l.y (icncial Ilawi.y, who said : " I'VWow-citi/ens, vou 
 anticipate what I have to sav. I have the f^-eat honor of pre- 
 .spntiii<r t.» you (..-day his ivvei-Ueney. (i..\,.nior Tihhn, of New 
 York." When the el.eors ' Ifh which he was jri't-eteil had suh- 
 pided, (lovernor Tliden said ; 
 
 « ' 1 
 
 ♦* TiADiKS AND Ci Ari.i'.MKN: Mv rij,dit arm is not woaried 
 with the hearty ;iia-p of the thousands who havv -ei/ed if with 
 the force of a sin;:;h! shake (A voice: Tlh c are |(),()(>0 here 
 who can't j;«'t in], luit your <'()niniillce have warned ine that 
 the ceremony eoidd not possihiy he hrou^hi wiihin the time 
 aUnttt'd to them, and havi' therefore instructed me to make my 
 aeknowled<;men(- to you < /* //K^sw. Ladies and ^enth'inen, I 
 teiuh'r to you my cnrdial sahitation, one and all. I have couk! 
 here to-day to pertorm an oHicial duty, tn put (he moral power 
 and tho ofTicial authority of the liicat S(a(e of N'ew Yoik hv 
 tho side of Pennsylvania, to tc-.ii|y our appreciatiun and our 
 syinpathv. 1 i h-lialf nf fivo luillions of people I thank yon 
 for von r kind attendance, and I thank \'<n for vour expressions 
 
 • • • I 
 
 of respect, and, tenderiui; to yon my cordial and complete salu- 
 tation, ono and all, I bid you adieu." 
 
 Tho ooromonies of tho day now rami' to a close, and Gov- 
 ernor Tilden, aeeompanied hy ( 'olonel I-'rederieU A. Conklin^; 
 and Henry Ilaveineyer, Ksq., of the State Hoard of Contennial 
 ( ommissioners, left tho Xew York hnildiiej: for a tour throujjh 
 tho {jroundH. Tlu'v woro f(»llowed hy a larj^o orowd ot" peopio 
 who repeatedly ^avo loud cheers for (iovernor Tildon. The 
 partv entered Machinery Hall, ihrou<;h which they j)as.sed, and 
 thou procoodctl to the Main Building and Memorial Hall, and 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 fef 
 
 
 i. 4i9 
 
 
 4.6 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 2.0 
 
 u. Hbi 
 
 1.8 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.4 11.6 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 

 1 
 
 .#^ 
 
 # 
 
 ^ 
 
 o 
 
 V 
 

 TlIK llJ.LSTKATEl) IIIHTOIIY 
 
 rotui'iiod to the New York house by wav of the Government 
 Biiil(lin<>;. 
 
 A biUtalion of the Now York City l\)lk'e wiia drawn up in 
 front of the State huiklintj; awaitin<;- the (Jovernor's return. As 
 lie approached the men eaM\e to a present arms. The Governor 
 
 STEAM HAMMEU, EXHIBITED T.Y FERHIS & MILEP, IN MACHINERY HALL. 
 
 passed through the ranks, inspecting tlie force, and then as- 
 cended to the portico. Superintendent Walling, in charge of 
 the force, introduced the Governor to the men, who received 
 him witli three cheers. The Governor thereupon addressed 
 them briefly, congratulating them upon their proficiency in drill 
 
ip in 
 
 . As 
 
 HAI.L. 
 
 lien as- 
 vrtio of 
 jcelved 
 Iclrosscd 
 in drill 
 
 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXIIIRITION. 
 
 
 and discipline, after wlileh the patrolmen passeil in review be- 
 fore him. Shortly after this the Governor entered iiis carriage 
 and left the jjjrouiuls. 
 
 It was estimated that forty thousand persons from the Stale 
 of New York were present during the day. 
 
 The total attendance was as follows: Cash admissions, 122,- 
 00t>; free admissions, 12,.j8o; total, 1^34,588. Tiie receipts 
 were $50,1)80. 
 
 Pennsylvania Day. 
 
 Thursday, the 28th of September, was set apart by the Cen- 
 tennial authorities for the eele'oration of the State of Pennsyl- 
 vania. Tlie day was particularly well chosen, inasmuch as it 
 was the one hundredth anniversary of the adoption of the ilrst 
 Constitution of Pennsylvania. It was declared by special procla- 
 mation of the Governor of the State to be a legal jioiiday, and 
 in all i)arts of the State preparations were set on foot and en- 
 thnsiastically carried out to make it the most memorable occa- 
 sion in the history of the Exhibition. It was not doubted 'hat 
 the State which had been the mainstay oi' the I">.\hil)ition in all 
 its trials, and wliicli, more than any other, had carried it through 
 to success, would eagerly avail itself of this opjxtrtunity of testi- 
 fying emphatically :nid unitedly its approval of the manner in 
 which the great enterprise had been carried out. 
 
 AVith the rising of the sun on the morning of September the 
 28th the city of Philadelphia was astir. J>usiiicss was gener- 
 ally suspended, and thousands of citizens and visitors sojourn- 
 ing in tlie city took the early trains i'or the Exhibition. All 
 through the day the steam and horse railroads, and the various 
 veliieles engaged in the work of transporting passengers, were 
 crowded to their utmost eai>acity. Trains were arriving all the 
 forenoon from distant jioints in the State,, each bringing hun- 
 dreds of visitors to swell the great throng. 
 
 The entrances to the Exhibition ground swere opened at half- 
 past eight o'clock, and immediately there was a rush for the 
 tnrn-stilcs. This continued without intermission for several 
 hours. By ten o'clock the crowd had settled down intoasteaily 
 stream, and the turn-stiles revolved with the regularity of water- 
 47 
 
 m 
 
 I > 
 
 S- .1 
 
I 
 
 738 
 
 THE ILLUSTHATED HISTORY 
 
 wliccls, receiving and discharging an unbroken stream of Iiii- 
 manity, and the constant shower of half dollars falling into the 
 cash-boxes soon showed that tin day was to be a success finan- 
 cially as well as in other respects. At one o'clock the reports 
 from the turn-stiles showed that one hundred and seventy-fivo 
 thousand paying visitors had passed the gates, and still the 
 crowd kept jjouring in. 
 
 FERRIS & milks' SHAPING .MAC'IIINF., KXlIllUTKn iX MACIIlXEnY HALL. 
 
 "Xo pen, however inspired," says the P/(//r«^f7/>/(/a Press, \r, 
 its account of the celclmition, " could adequately describe the 
 scene })reseiited inside the Centennial grounds an hour after the 
 gates were opened. If the Avholo world was not centred there, 
 it w'as very evident that a considerable ])ortion of a State had 
 converged to a focus, and thou<j;h everv broad avenue was alive 
 with humanity, the multitudes seemed to double every liour. 
 The jNIain Building, being the nearest and chief point of attrac- 
 tion to the main entrance, soon became uncomfortably crowded, and 
 the tens of thousands of delighted guests surged on and on, until 
 

 
 OP THE CENTEXXIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 739 
 
 llAl.T^ 
 
 ^n'f^s, n- 
 
 be the 
 Iftcr the 
 there, 
 lite had 
 alive 
 y' hour, 
 attrac- 
 |lctl,an(l 
 n, until 
 
 las 
 
 cvT?ry open structure on the grounds was filled, and every wide 
 avenue turned into a gay boulevard. Among these thronging 
 thousands all classes of society possible to find in a single State 
 were represented, from the most highly cultured to the most 
 ignorant, from the wealthiest to the poorest; 
 but though high and low were mingled to- 
 gether in a seemingly inseparable nia^s, the 
 best of good nature prevailed, and all so- 
 cial distinctions were Ibrgotten in the com- 
 mon feeling of love for the old Keystone 
 State. Usually nearly the whole number of 
 daily visitors are it: the grounds at ojie o'clock, 
 but yesterday they continued to arrive until 
 very much later, and at three o'clock in the 
 afternoon the scene was indescribably bril- 
 liant. In addition to the inuiiense numbei-s 
 of visitors who came as individuals, there 
 were many thousands belonging to pcrnia- 
 nent or temj)orary organizations who came in 
 a body. ]Many of these were the cniployA- 
 of larue firms, and in most ca^^es, where their 
 admission fee was paid by their emplityers, 
 they proceeded to the grounds in a bo<ly, and 
 remained together for some hours afterwards. 
 The men from the IJaldwin Locomotive 
 Works were there in full force, and i>re- 
 sented a very creditable appearance. The 
 A'eteran Corps of the First Infantrv, N. G.,TOTrM-rivT. imM inTnAns, 
 
 ' o o • I ' 1 r< cjn: N 1 MAiiini 11. isi.vxns, 
 
 under Colonel charles S. hmitn, and Lorn- in nn imthi stmlsohv- 
 
 t, • 1 i:i:NMi;Nr ir.ii.iJiNfi. 
 
 pany D, of the I u'st Kegnuont, acted as an es- 
 cort to the Governor during the day, and their iiandsome uni- 
 forms added greatly to the beauty of the grand spectacle. They 
 were accompanied by the First Ivegiment Band. The Battalion 
 of Patriarch, I. O. O. F., was headed by the Weccacoe Band. 
 The Junior Order of United American M(rhanics, the students 
 of Girard College, with their excellent band, the children of the 
 Soldiers' Orphans' Institute, and ihe Lincoln Institution, and the 
 members of the Constitutional Convention, all marched through 
 
 f'l 
 
 Ml 
 
 1 h ; t 
 
 h , . 
 
 ^ 
 
 i i ' i¥t' 
 
 \ ■ -.lif 
 
 • ! v.. 
 
 /'i 
 
 \^' 
 
 j' i 
 
 ^if. 
 
 5 ■ 
 
 La/' 
 
 ■ 6 ! • 
 
 &'■ i^ 
 
 M' 
 
 ■&■*!' 
 
 
 
 ii 
 
 R:;;'^ 
 
740 
 
 THE IT.LUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 the grounds in a body at difrercnt times, and thus one excitement 
 followed another until tlic two hundred thousand visitors wearied 
 from mere excess of enjoyment. What lent a peculiar eharni 
 to the scene was the presence of a large nund)cr of school chil- 
 dren, and although the little ones must have endured much in- 
 convenience maliing their way through the crowd, it was evi- 
 dent, from their heaniing faces, th.it the day was one of intense 
 delight. The fiftieth graduiuing class ol' the Central High 
 School arrived at the grounds about one o'clock, and jiroceeding 
 to l^elmont, renewed old friendships in the enjoyment of a 
 grand ban(iuet. As the shadows grew longer there was a gen- 
 eral movement toward the gates; but it at once became so evi- 
 dent that only a small portion of the outpouring throng could 
 be transjxirtcd away at one time that thousnnds returned, in 
 order, an they fondly ho])ed, to avoid the rush, and also gain ai, 
 least another hour of enjoyment amid the splendors of the 
 occasion." 
 
 Various cntertaiimicnts were Oifercd to the visitors during 
 the <lay. There were concerts and nuisical recitals at the music 
 stand in the j\Liin Building, and performances upon the great 
 organs. The various exhibitors of musical instruments gave 
 perfoiMuances at their resj)ective stands. The chimes of Machin- 
 ery Hall v.'cre rung at frequent intervals, patriotic and other 
 airs being executed ui)on the bells by Professor Widdowes. The 
 little ibIUs were amused by the frequent ascent of paper balloons 
 from the o])cn space in the rear of Agriculttn-al Hall. The dity 
 was gloriouSj the bcautifid autunui weather being a'l that could 
 be desireil. 
 
 At ten o'clock in the morning Governor TTartranft left his 
 quarters at the Globe Hotel, accompanied by a number of dis- 
 tinguished citizens of the State, and proceeded to the Exhibition 
 grounds, under the escort of the First Regiment of Pennsylvania 
 Infantry. The Governor's party and his escort entered the 
 Exhibition grounds by the jn-incipal gates on lielmont avenue, 
 and proceeded at once to the Pennsylvania State Building. 
 There they were formally received by General Hawley, Direc- 
 tor-General Goshorn, and Mr. John Welsh, on behalf of the 
 
itcmcnt 
 kvearied 
 
 (jliann 
 ,)1 d)U- 
 mch in- 
 ,vas cvi- 
 
 intcnsc 
 
 jcecding 
 lit of a 
 IS a gcn- 
 c so cvi- 
 io> coiiKl 
 iriied, in 
 o caiii at, 
 ■3 of the 
 
 's (luring' 
 the nivisic 
 the great 
 Mits gave 
 Maehln- 
 ml otlicv 
 CP. The 
 balloons 
 The (hiy 
 lat could 
 
 left his 
 'r of (lis- 
 xhihitioM 
 isylvania 
 ercd the 
 
 aveuuo, 
 
 Buildin;j;. 
 
 jy, jywcv- 
 
 !f of the 
 
 OF THE CEVTEXNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 741 
 
 ContomiiaJ authorities, and were at onceoonductcd to thcJudircs' 
 liall, where the cereiuoiiies of the day were to take place. The 
 huiUliujj;; was beautifully d<.'eoratcd inside with the flags of all 
 iiatioii.s, the colors of the 8tate of Pennsylvania being tastefully 
 cira[»ed over the doorway. A raised platform, with a oanojty of 
 tile national oolor.-:, covering a beautiful and niannnoth cactus, 
 was rc-x'rved fl>r tho Govej-nor and tlie distinguished gentlemen 
 who aewMiipanied him. Tlie hall was densely crowded in all 
 j)ar[s, and tlie auiHence listened patiently ar.U iittcutively to the 
 imnivrous addresses that were made. 
 
 'J'lie ^•ereiiioijits were opened by the Hon. jNIorton INIoMichaol, 
 \vh(« iiaro(Uieed,as the pi-esiding ofiieer of the dav, Governor 
 Jehu V. Ilartrauft, who was rwoivcd with loud cheers. Gov- 
 yrn<u- llartranft a('knowled<x<'d tliis tv-reotinir \n a brief but 
 eloquent address, and introduced to the audience General Joseph 
 .11. llawley, the President of iho United States Centennial Omi- 
 snissjv)!). General Ilawley in fitting terms expressed the obli<'tx- 
 tit^n (vf the Gentennial Commission and of the v.holc country to 
 the pc(>])5e of Pennsylvania for the i)art they had taken ia the 
 Exhibltinn. lie was followed by INIr. John Welsh, President 
 of tlie C('nt('uni:il n;)ar(l of l^'inanee, whose address was brief 
 an<l to the same tdei t. Governor Ilartranft then introduced to 
 the audience the Hon. IVnjamin Harris Brewster, the orator 
 of llie 'day, who delivered a lengthy and able oration, reviewing 
 the fjrst cenlury of the history of Pemusylvania. He was fre- 
 quently ap]*laud('d. Avldresscs were then made by ex-Governor 
 Pjigler, 'CX-Croveri^or l^ollock', iSenalor Cameron, Justice Strong, 
 of tlie tlnited States Supreme Court, and ex-United States Sena- 
 tor Sn'^tt. At the close of Senator Scott's remarks Governor 
 Ilartranft declared the e<n'cmonics at an end, and the audience 
 di.s|)er,sie(J, 
 
 In the afternoon IMrs. Gillespie and the other ladies of the 
 AV<uiieii's Centennial Executive Committee held a reception in 
 Judges' Hall, whieh was largely attended, many of the most 
 di>linguished men of the country being present. 
 
 In the afternoon Governor Ilartranft held a reception at the 
 State building. The building liad beeu elaborately decorated 
 
 ■ { ' 
 
 i - V i !- 
 
 
 -'■jr 
 
 i; , 
 
 .' r fi 
 
 'm 
 
 i; ^ 
 
 Pi 
 
 
 ■15 
 
 1 
 
 m 
 
 ;I 
 
742 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 both inside and out. The walls were festooned witii United 
 States flags, and similar flags waved from every turret, window, 
 
 and other possible point 
 
 f^^^<^ 
 
 ' DIANA. 
 
 on the roof. The entranec 
 was hung with bunting, 
 and in the west room was 
 plaeed over the large por- 
 trait of the Governor the 
 Avord " Welconu." A 
 number of distinguished 
 ])ersons gathered in the 
 building early in the after- 
 noon, and the grounds 
 without were thronged 
 with a dense crowd. 
 
 Shortly after two 
 o'clock the Veteran Corjis 
 of the First Pennsylvania 
 Regiment, which had act- 
 ed as the Governor's es- 
 cort during the day, 
 marched up the Avenue 
 of the Republic, preceded 
 by Company D, of the 
 First Regiment, and 
 headed bv Beck's Band. 
 At the southwest corner 
 of the building the trooj>s 
 turned and marched along 
 the south side, to the west, 
 3 where they entered the 
 building, and cleared a 
 passage-way for the Gov- 
 
 FIGURE IN TERBA-COTTA,EXniB-^^„ ^^,^ aCCOmpauiod 
 
 ITED BY GALLOWAY &. GRAFF, IN THE MAIN . 
 BUILDING. 
 
 by his staff, came in at the 
 eastern or main entrance. 
 Proceeding to the Governor's room, Governor Hartranft 
 
 1 
 
OF THE CENTKNKIAI. EXlIiniTION. 
 
 743 
 
 received the Centemiial uiitlioritios and u number of other dis- 
 tiiifrulshed gentleinen. 
 
 T!ie public reception was now be-^un. The first to hn invsented 
 to the Governor were the tSoldiers' Orphans, from the State 
 Schiiols, wlio }>as.s('d in review before his Exeellency, and were 
 cordially received by him, each bein;^ greeted with a hearty 
 handshake and a pleasant smile. 'I'licolHcei-sand men <»f the Key- 
 stone Battery next filed in and j)aid (heir res])eet.s to the < jovenior. 
 Then rame the Mayor and tiie Select and Common Councils of 
 the City of Philadelphia; and finally the ej?cort of troops, which 
 liad accompanied the Governor, filed by and shook hands with 
 him. The doors were now thrown oj)en to the people, and 
 until five o'clock they passed by in rapid succession, nearly all 
 manascinjj to take his Kxcellencv bv the hand. It was csti- 
 mated that at least 10,(MJ0 ihtsous were received by the Gov- 
 ernor. During the reception the C(»riiitliiaii Quartette, of the 
 American Vocal Union, rendered several songs. Promptly at 
 five o'clock the doors of the State building were closed, and the 
 Governor, retiring to his own roon\, held an inibrmal recoption 
 of his staff officers, and a number of lady visitors. His Excel- 
 lency then repaired with his escort to the Philadelphia City 
 building, at the eastern side of the grounds, and paid his 
 rcsj)octs to the Mayor of the city. 
 
 At three o'clock Mayor Stokley held a formal and largely 
 attended reception at the Philadelphia building, near Horticul- 
 tural Hall. 
 
 There was now a lull in the festivities, and the ennvds flocked 
 to the various restaurants to obtain their evening meal, or scat- 
 tered themselves about the grounds. The eating houses were 
 filled to such an extent that it was almost impossible for the 
 guests to receive attention at the hands of the waiters. The 
 utnmst good humor prevailed, however, and all through the day 
 there was no rowdyism, no violence or misbehavior on the part 
 of the vast crowd within the grounds. 
 
 Towards nightijdl the people began to drift steadily towards 
 George's Hill, and by six o'clock the slopes of the hill and the 
 tops of the surrounding buildings W'cre densely crowded. The 
 
 f , ■• 
 
 I' 
 
 
 
 
714 
 
 Tr?i: iM,rsT.':ATi;i) iiisrouY 
 
 (fowd continued to {^vdw l.iri^cr until lmlf-i>ast sevoi), tI>o I.our 
 
 11)1' Ijoj^inning the displny of lirc- 
 woi-ks, which was to conch .Ic the 
 (•c'h'hration of the day. At least 
 17'"),00() people wcr(»grtiicvcd within 
 the I'^xhihition grounds at this hour, 
 and !is> many more wore as.sen)hh'(l 
 ill the streets and tiie Park outside 
 of the enclosure. The tlisplay was 
 in char'm of Messrs. Brock & Co., 
 of London, and was one of the hnest 
 ever witncsscti in this"country. 
 
 The display began promptly at 
 half-i)ast seven o'clock. I'roni the 
 first salute of 'lerial Uiaroons to the 
 hnal display of variously-colored 
 rwkets, the interest of the crowd 
 never flagged. The sininltaneons 
 illumination of the entire grounds 
 1)V niagnifu^ent colored liulits v.a.s 
 the lirst featiu'c of the entertain- 
 ment, and was j)ecidiarly eilectivo. 
 There were several set j>ieecs, eni- 
 hodying devices enihlenvatie of he- 
 roic deeds and suggestive of patri- 
 otic purposes, (^ne was a portrait 
 of Washington, anotlicr a d(!vieo 
 in re<l, white, and blue, containing 
 the words, " Welcome to All Na- 
 tions." Large balloons, having daz- 
 
 zling artificial lights, were sent 
 
 lieavcnward. As they drifted oil' 
 
 i-svcME." FIGURE IN TERRA- toward tho northcast, co'ored fiie- 
 
 COTTA, EXIliniTED BY OAM.O- , Til M i' 
 
 works were disciiargini >vUli iuio 
 
 WAV & GRAFF, IN TIIE MAIN .. „,. . . „ . , 
 
 BUILDING. 
 
 effect. The bursting of tho large 
 shells in mid-air, setting fire inn))- 
 mcrablo stars of cverv color and tint, so lit up the grounds that 
 
flic cffbef w-.u c . t'l5 
 
 l"-.«.-,„u,„e ,„Kl at ils ,.\U I . '""•"■'' "'« last of tl,o 
 
 ' "' .Mad„i,mllall,a,„las 
 
 I iV 
 
 VIEW OP TilE INTKHIOU or TM.' r^ / ' ^^^ ^"^^^-^ 
 
 tromo. TI,o <la..li„„ ..rti,,,,.,,, ,; ; ' ""^ ""V»»g in ,l,o ox- 
 '-. -Kl .1.0 ,vav,-,„ .,.00, a, T ' ; '™':- "'">" "'^ l^-'-, f-n,,. 
 
 ,T;ui(Ipiir. TJie 
 'iniislicci silver; 
 wmtiful tints of 
 
 'pniy of the f,,,,,^. 
 
 'Jt \v;is one of 
 
 the t 
 
 '•ocs, alread 
 
 I'll seoniod Ji|, 
 
 Jiuo and 
 
 ^foiid of a boautifid real 
 liad been fired from G 
 
 iiitnmn, seemed lik 
 
 y assuniintr tl 
 
 !<o spray of 
 
 <o. a neird fim 
 
 'G varied and 
 
 '^v. Wlien tlio final I 
 
 ov 
 
 pwtiu 
 
 e in- 
 
 eoriTi 
 
 « Hill and tJie enti 
 
 x'liqnnt of rocj<ets 
 
 >'«-i.stic PennsyJ. 
 
 I'i iill 1 1 
 
 ;i"l: 
 
746 
 
 TlIK 11,1,1 STI{\Ti:i) III.STOIIY 
 
 vaiilaiis tiiriiod toward the points of exit at the ond of 
 MacliitUTy Hall, tlit'ir uptiiriicd laces, sii<i<;'c.stiii;>; liopf, cncrjjy, 
 and unf'ailiiij^ coiirat^o, were typical ol" tJu; towering strength and 
 re.sonrcrs of the Keystone State. 
 
 The eclebration was now at an end, and the crowd made a 
 rnsh for the gates, which were iinng open wide, in order to allow 
 the peoi)Ie to pass out. The street and steam ears and all the 
 other availahle vehicles were soon filled, hnt it was long al'ter 
 
 \i 
 
 ClIlNKSl': I'AGODA, IN TIIK MAIN BlILDINO. 
 
 midnight before the depots and the streets around the Exhibition 
 ■were cleared. 
 
 The total attendance was as follows : Cash admissions, 257,- 
 168; free, 17,751. Total, 274,919. The receipts were 
 $118,673.75. 
 
 Rhode Island Day. 
 
 Thursday, October 5th, the day appointed for the Rhode 
 Island celebration, was cold and raw, but in spite of ihis the 
 
OI 
 
 diibition 
 
 lis, 257,- 
 Its Nvorc 
 
 ([\\6 the 
 
 or THE CEXTIiNNIAL IlXllimTIOX. 
 
 747 
 
 Kxliihition groniulH wore crowded at an curly hour. TIio State 
 hiiild'mj^, (»M tlie slopes of (ieor<,fe's llill, was handsomely 
 de(!orated wilh (la<;s and l)untin<r^ and was visited l»y thousands 
 of iU!oj)le duriiijr the day. 
 
 At hall-past eleven o'eloek fJeueral Ilawley, aeeoinpanied hy 
 (ienerals IJradley and Lewis .Merrill and ('(MnnKnlon; Callioun, 
 of his stair, and Mr. John Welsh, President of the Centennial 
 IJoard of Finanee, rej)aired to the I'niteil States Hotel, where 
 (iovernor Iii|)pett was l<»d^•inJI;, and escorted the (lovernor and 
 his stalf to (lato A, where a nuinher of the niend)ers of the 
 Centennial Connnission and the lioard of I''inane(; were waitin«<- 
 to receive them. A i»roeessi(in was then li)rmed, and headed 
 by u detachment of the Centennial (iuard and the hand of the; 
 First J?rij>;ade of the First Division, the visitors proceeded 
 alonj; IJehnont avenue to State avenue, where they turncnl olf 
 towards George's Hill and the Jlhode Island State J>niiding. 
 
 As the State building was too small to accommodate much 
 of an audience, and moreover had but one entrance, it was 
 decided that Governor Ijppctt should hold his reee[)tion on 
 tlie porch. The guards at the head of the procession soon 
 cleared a passageway througii the crowd, and the (iovernor 
 and his companions advanced to the porch of the building. 
 Here General Ilawley welcomed his Fxcellcncy and his attend- 
 ants in the heartiest manner, and was answered by Governor 
 Lippett with happy effect. 
 
 At the close of Ids Excellency's speech, the reception of 
 visitors began. The Governor standing on the steps of the 
 building received the people one by one as they came up in 
 line, and as each one paid his respects to the Governor lie 
 passed over to tlie west side of the building. The recseption 
 ended at three o'eloek. Governor Lippett and party then re- 
 paired to INIaehinery Hall, where they were revived by Mr. 
 George H. Corliss, Centennial Commissioner from Rhode 
 Island, who explained to them the construction and working 
 of the great engine. 
 
 The attendance during the day was as follows : Cash ad- 
 missions, 80,060; free, 11,88G. Total, 100,940. The receipts 
 were §44,49G. 
 
 i] 
 
 fm^ 
 
 .\-n 
 
 
; 
 
 W" 
 
 KIO.K OF STUFFED BIRDS EXJIIBITFD IN THE MAIN BUILDING. 
 
 748 
 
m 
 
 «'«ii;ii!i 
 
 pJi 
 
 TUE CE>Ti:XNIAT. EXHIBITION. 749 
 
 The Italian Day. 
 
 One of tlic most meinorable celebrations connected with tlio 
 Exhibition took })lace on Thnr.sihiy. Oetol>er 12th, on wliicl) 
 (lay the Italian j-osidents of the United States presented to tl e 
 city of rhiladelphiu the magnificent marble statue of Christo- 
 pher Columbus, which now ornaments the West Park. The 
 day was the 38Gth anniversary of the discoveiy of the New 
 AVorld by Columl)us. 
 
 Tiic various Italian civic and militarv or[>-anizations of 
 Philadelphia and other cities which decided to take part in tho 
 ceremonies assembled in South Eighth street on the morning 
 of the 12th of October, and proceeded up Kiglith street to 
 Chestnut, and thence to Filth, where they were reviewed by his 
 Honor the INIayor, after which the Mayor and members of both 
 branches of City Councils entered carriages and took the place 
 in line assigned to theni in accordance with tlic programme. 
 Cliief Marshal J. Ratto, Esq., headed the line and was followed 
 by a platoon of twenty-four reserve oificers, commanded l)y 
 Lieutenant Crout. The visiti'ig Columbus (Juard ( Bersaglieri), 
 of Xcw^ York, came next, headed by the IJlack Hussar Band 
 dismounted. The riflemen numbered about seventy men, and 
 made a handsome appearance, the officers having an abundance 
 of green ostrich feathers in their low-crowned hats, while those 
 of the privates and non-commissioned officers were black. The 
 red, white, and green of Italy, together with the stars and 
 stripes, were born by the color-bearers. Following these came 
 the Columbus ^Monument Association in barouches, and then 
 the Mayor and members of Councils. Attired in their hand- 
 some winter uniform, the State Fcncible Band preceded the 
 Italian Beneficial Society, of Phil',ule1i)hia, who carrird a hand- 
 Bome blue banner, with the pro|K'r inscription. Delegations 
 from New York, Washington, Boston, B:iltimore, and other 
 cities were in one body, and bore at the front the banner of tho 
 Boston Mutual Relief and Beneficial Society, on which was 
 an elegant painting in oil representing the landing of Columbus. 
 The Italian Colony, of Philadelphia, and G. Garibaldi Society, 
 
 nii' 
 

 •50 
 
 THE ILLUSTHATED HISTORY 
 
 of New York, brought up tlie rear of tlie line. The line of 
 march was up Fifth to Arch, tiience to Broad, to Fairmount 
 avenue, through the Park to Girard avenue, to Belmont avenue, 
 and to the Globe Hotel, where Governor Hartranft and staff 
 were in waiting to accompany tiiem to the site of the monu- 
 ment. 
 
 The movement to erect a monument to Christopher Colura- 
 
 PATKNT FOLDIXCf liKD, FA'lIimTED IX TI'K MAIN HriT,UIXG, 
 
 bus originated in Pluladelphia about two years ago, when the 
 Columbus ^lonumcMit Association was organized, the call lor 
 aid in the enterprise being heartily responded to, not only by the 
 various Italian societies in the country, but by individuals who 
 made personal contributions. Professor Salla, of Florence, Italy, 
 being applied to, sent over a design for a monument, whicli 
 was adopted, and the artist began his work at once. It arrived 
 
f 
 
 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 roi 
 
 in this country in July, 1876, but, as the officers of tiic associa- 
 tion (lesired to have it phicetl in position not more tlian a few 
 clays before the time fixed for its dedication, it was not con^ 
 veyed to the grounds until needed, when it was erected on 
 tlie site originally selected for it. The entire monument cost 
 $18,000, and stands twenty-two feet from the ground, the 
 statue of Columbus being ten feet in height, and the pedestal 
 twelve {Qot. The base is seven feet long by six feet in width. 
 The figure represents Columbus, in the costume of his age and 
 clime, standing on a ship's deck ; near his feet being an anciior, 
 coils of rope, and a sailor's dunnage-bag; his right hand rest- 
 ing on a globe fifteen inches in diameter, with the New World 
 outlined on the front face, and supported by a hexagonal 
 column. His left is gracefully extended, and holds a chart of 
 what was once an unknown sea. The head of the statue is 
 bare, and the physiognomy about as represented in the bust of 
 the great navigator at Ccnoa. The statue faces cast, and on 
 the front cap of the pedestal arc the words: "Presented to the 
 City of Philadelphia by the Italian Societies." Beneath this is 
 a medallion representing the landing of Columbus. On the 
 o|)])osite side of the cap is inscribed : " Dedicated October 12th, 
 1870, by the Christopher Columbus ^lonument Association, on 
 the Ainiivcrsary of the Landing of Columbus, 0( ,< bcr 12th, 
 1492." Underneath is the Cenocse coat-of-arms and l!ir words : 
 "In Commemoration of the First Century of Aiucrican Jn- 
 dependen(!e." On the remaining two sides of the pedestal are 
 the coats-of-arms of Italy and the Ignited States. 
 
 The military escort to Governor Ilartranft formed on Olrard 
 avenue east of Belmont avenue at about two o'clock. It con- 
 sisted of the following rciiimcuts and organizatif)ns of the First 
 Brigade, headed by ( Jcncral Brinton and stalf : First Ivcgiment, 
 Colonel Benson; Second Regiment, Colonel Lyle; Weccacoe 
 Legion, Captain Denny; Washington Grays, Ca[)tain Zai?e; 
 First City Troop, Captain Fairman Rogers, acting as personal 
 escort to the Governor. The military marched uj) Belmont 
 avenue, and halted opposite the Globe Hotel, at which jioint 
 Governor Ilartranft took his place in the line. At about three 
 
 I'M 
 
 > ■ 
 
™^ ™.«o„. ^„..„,, _„.,,„„^ -..,„„.„;» „.„,;:;:;:::,, 
 
THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 ■53 
 
 k;RY HAM.. 
 
 o'clock, the procession from the city having meanwhile arrived, 
 marching through the Exhil)iti(>n gates at the Belmont avenue 
 entrance, the line i)ro<'ee(le(l along the avenue to its junction 
 with Fountain avenue, the site of the monument. 
 
 The monument was veiled with two large American and 
 Italian colors, and around its base had been erected a platform 
 capable of accommodating about <»ne liundred persons, the sjiace 
 ill front being enclosed and supplied with seats for invited 
 guests. The rear of the stage was festooned with American 
 and Italian colors, studded with thecoats-of-armsof all nations, 
 and from all sides waved green, red, and white Italian ban- 
 nerets and red, white, and blue streamers. A force of guards, 
 under Captain Snyder, were in attendance to ])revent the 
 anxious multitude from pressing too closely upon the speakers' 
 stand. At half-past three o'clock the military had taken 
 position in a semi-circle skirting the crowd, with the First City 
 Troop in the centre. Governor Hartranft, Mayor Stokley, and 
 Baron Blanc, the Italian minister, advanced to the staire. fol- 
 lowed at intervals by the otBcers of the Italian societies, the 
 orators appointed for the occasion, and the Fairmount Park 
 Commission. Governor Cheney, of New Hampshire, with his 
 stalf, in full uniform, also appeared on the platform, and the 
 Black Hussars' Ban<l, of Philadelphia, were assigned a position 
 in front. 
 
 After an overture by the band, the exercises were opened by 
 Mr. Charles S. Keyser, of Philadelphia, with whom the sug- 
 gestion of the meiiKn'ial statues in the Park originated several 
 years since, and who has long been identified with the work. 
 Mr. Kevscr officiated in the conduct of the ceremonies, and 
 introduced Mr. Alonzo M. Yiti, Honorary Consul of Italy, 
 and Menjber of the Royal Commissi<>n to the International 
 Exhibition. Mr. Vlti briefly stated the motives which had led 
 to the presentation of the statue, and at the close of his remarks 
 the statue was formally unveiled by Governor Hartranft and 
 Baron Blanc, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipoten- 
 tiary, from his Majesty the King of Italy to the United States, 
 and Royal Commissioner to the International Exhibition. As 
 48 
 
 I 'til 
 
 1; !■ 
 
rEUFOr.ATKI) VENKEU SEATS. 
 
 751 
 
'1 
 
 '.'' 
 
 \' 
 
 1 
 
 THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 /OO 
 
 tliR two gentlemen, standing on eitlicr side of the jilatiorni, 
 pulled vigorously at the halyards, the colors eiitwiiiod around 
 the statue slowly rose from the marble and floated on the ijrccze 
 from the top of the flagstatls to which they had lurn drawn, 
 and diselosed to the ehoerin;; multitnik' the beautiful <'<li<>-v of 
 the great discoverer. Tlic Italian hynni was given hv th(! 
 band, followed by the Star-Spangled JJannor, and a salute of 
 artillery was tired from a battery stationed on (George's J I ill. 
 An address was then delivered by (Governor liartranft, alter 
 which Mr. Xunzio Finclli, tiic President of the Cohind)US 
 INIonument Assitciation, formally [)rt'sented the statue to the 
 Commissioners of Fairmount I'arh. The address of acceptance 
 was delivered by the Hon. ^Morton .McMichael, IVesideiit of the 
 Park Commission, lirief addro.-ses from a number nt' distin- 
 guished gentlemen present closed the eei'emonies. 
 
 /\/ew Hampshire Day. 
 
 Thursday, October r2th, the day of the Italian celebration, 
 was also celebrated as "New Hampshire Day." The pro- 
 gramme of each festival was so arranged that the Xew Ilanip- 
 
 ian societies 
 
 ^hire ceremonies were over befure those of the Ital 
 
 )e<ran. 
 
 At a quarter to eleven, in the morning, Governor Chenev and 
 
 staff, the latter being in full uniform, with the Amoskea<i: \' 
 
 et- 
 
 eran Corps, numbermg lunety-six men, in Continental uniform, 
 commanded by Colonel Wallace as the Governor's bodv-g>iard, 
 the entire party being escortcid by the cadets of the Virginia 
 Military Institute, numbering one luindred and eighty-live 
 youthsj under the command of Colonel S;'ott Ship, lel't the 
 United States Hotel, where the gubernatorial j)arty were 
 quartereil, marched up Elm avenue, entered the Exhibition 
 fjjrounds by the main entrance, and were there received by a 
 detachment of the Centennial Guard under AFajor E. H. Butler, 
 who escorted the body to the New nam|)shire building. 
 
 Presidents Hawley and Welsh acted as the escort of Gov- 
 ernor Cheney, the three proceeding on foot, followed by the 
 Governor's staff, members of the Centeiniial Commission and 
 
 M\ 
 
 :i 
 
 m 
 
 J If 
 
 it 
 
 ( 
 
 i. V 
 
 
756 
 
 THE ILLUSTUATED HISTORY 
 
 Board of Finance, and several thousand citizens of New Hamp- 
 shire, the escort of military and police taking the lead. Tlio 
 inarch was enlivened by the niasic of Brown's Cornet Band, of 
 the Veteran Corps. In the vast throng that soon surrounuwl 
 the State building it is estimated that there were betw^on 
 G,000 and 7,000 people from New Hampshire. Tlic rest of tlic 
 crowd were mainly New Englandcrs also, of whom it is estimated 
 that there were upward of 13,000 in the city. The A'etcniiis 
 liaving drawn up to guard the front of the building, Presidents 
 Hawley and Welsh, accompanying Governor Cheney, appeared 
 on the porch of the latter, and were received with great ap})lai]so. 
 General Hawley now came forward, and in a few character- 
 
 VrEW OF SKCnOX of fish EXTTiniT, UNITFD STATES GOVE iNMEXT Bl-II.PINO. 
 
 istic remarks welcomed the Governor and people of New Hamp- 
 shire to the Exhibition, and introduced to tlie throng gatliered 
 about the building his Excellency, Governor Cheney, of Now 
 Hampshire, who was received with hearty cheers. The Gover- 
 nor in a brief address expressed his appreciation of tlie conlial 
 welcome given to himself and the people of his State. A 
 prayer was then offered by the Rev. Mr. Powers, of ^laiiclics- 
 tor,' after which the Governor introduced the Hutchinson 
 Family, who sang the well-known song called "The Old 
 Granite State." Governor Cheney then intrwlnced to tlie 
 audience Professor E. D. Sanborn, of Dartmouth College, who 
 
f ^'1 
 
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 mkmai- 
 
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 '^i^M^J^ 
 
 -r7'' 
 
 
 kg 
 
 
 
 ^ 
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 [Irtiiip- 
 lathcrcd 
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 ICovcr- 
 
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 lillU'llt'S- 
 
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 i,o 01(1 
 
 to the 
 
 re, who 
 
 OF THE CENTENNIAh EXIIIIJITIOX. 
 
 r.j? 
 
 <lcliverc<l a lengthy oration on the history of New Hampshire. 
 ]irief addresses followed from ex-Governor Straw and others, 
 after which the Governor took his stand in the ix^ception-rooin 
 and the formal reception of visitors l>egan. It lasted a little 
 more than an hour, and at its close Governor Cheney and fctaff, 
 with most of the distinguished gentlemen pxcsent, pr(x;eeded 
 
 iiiS^ 
 
 "the century vase," EXHimTKD BY THE OORUAM COMPANY IN THE 
 
 MAIN BUILmXC!. 
 
 to the Columbus Monument, and assisted in the ceremonies 
 
 there. 
 
 The attendance on the 12th of October was as follows : Cash 
 admissions, 101,541 ; fra>, 11,881; total, 113,422. 
 were $50,536. 
 
 i'^'itfl^^ 
 
 
 !ira|fffi 
 
 t 
 
 fm 
 
 s 
 
 
 Wm 
 
 I -k 
 
 Hi 
 
758 
 
 TirK ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 Delaware. Maryland and Virginia Day. 
 
 The lOtli of October, the anniversary of the surreiuler of the 
 army of Lord C'ornwallis to (Jeiierul Wasliington at Yorktuwii, 
 was .set ai)art for tlie joint celebration of the States of Dehnvaic, 
 Maryland and Virginia. The State government of Virginia 
 declined to take j)art in the celebration, so that the participation 
 of the "Old Dominion" in it was purely informal. It was re- 
 solved by the authorities having the affair in charge that tiic 
 occasion should be one of the most memorable in the history of 
 the Exhibition, and extensive preparations were n)a(le for it, 
 A disnlav of fireworlcs was announced for the niuht of the LSth 
 of October, while the 19th was to be taken up with the State 
 celebrations and a grand tournament and ball. 
 
 The Flrcirorhs. — The second grand display of fireworks wa.'- 
 given on the night of the 18th of October, on George's Hill, 
 bv ]\Icssrs. Bro(rk & Co., of London. It was witnessed bv 
 about G(),000 persons within the grounds and a nuieh larger 
 number outside. Precisely at seven o'clock the grounds, upon 
 which both the mist and darkness liad settled, were suddenly 
 made brilliant by the simultaneous appearance of several liini- 
 dred lights of many colors fixed to short poles. This lasted 
 over five minutes, during which one hundred large rockets, the 
 contents of fiily five-inch shells, and six large magnesium bal- 
 loons shot high into the air. Then followed the simultaneous 
 flight of fifty five-inch shells, that showered thousands of tur- 
 quoise and ruby stars over the heads of the spectators and 
 veiled the fireworks of nature in the heavens. Then ascended 
 one hundred brilliant tonrbillions, thirty large rockets, with 
 twinkling stars; a fountain of fire that rose as if from Vesu- 
 vius to the height of one hundred feet ; a battery of fifty mines 
 of saucissons ; seven pigeons flying along wires to and from 
 their cote ; two figures seventy feet in width and sixtv feet in 
 height ; portraits of President Welsh and Director-General 
 Goshorn, in a burning condition, and one about half the size of 
 one of the others ; a portrait of General Hawley ; a volley of one 
 hundred eight-inch shells, sending innumerable and dazzling 
 fire-balls of every variety of color up against the sky. 
 
OF TIIK CENTKNNIAL EX IIIIUTlOX. 
 
 70'J 
 
 if 
 
 A roprosontytion of Indc- 
 jK'ndcncc hall, one hundred 
 and fifty feet lon<^ and one 
 hundred feet high, the 
 greater part of it heing 
 liiddeu from most of the 
 si)o('tators by its own smoke ; 
 a volley of one hundred 
 mines of saucissons ; the 
 simultaneous diseharge of 
 iiftv ten-ineh shells, and 
 tile Hight of fifty large rock- 
 ets, eaeli of which liber- 
 ated twin parachutes carry- 
 ing several thousand feet 
 high and over two miles 
 from the starting pctint ; 
 fiery representations of bal- 
 loon baskets, which then 
 burst and showered down 
 countless stars of red, green, 
 blue, white, purple and 
 other colors. These were 
 doubtless seen for forty 
 miles or more on all sides. 
 Then followed a grand 
 salvo of shells fired in 
 rapid succession, and caus- 
 ing a many-colored shower 
 of such vastness and daz- 
 zling bewilderment as to 
 cause in the case of many 
 ])crson8 no small degree of 
 fright. It seemed as if all 
 the stars of a Imndred 
 heavens were concentrated 
 in that shower. 
 
 BUITISH MUSEl'M VASE, KXHIBITED BY 
 GALLOWAY & GRAFF. 
 
 riih 
 
 
roo 
 
 TlIK ILLU.SrUATKD lILSTOItY 
 
 Next (nine tlio j^raiulest and most sticct'ssnil of the fixed 
 ])it'C('s — ii f^rt'ut cascad;' if fire two liimdrt'd and ten fiet l(»n;>; 
 and one iiiindre<l feet lii«?li. To describe it is to say that a real 
 cascade, it' Hanus-colored, could not have been more natmal- 
 hioUini^. Hardly less in)|K).sing, and llir more startlinj,' and 
 da/zlinf^, was the Ihiale — a bon(|net of two thousand lar^c 
 rock(!ts. When the last spark liad dietl away a powerful cal- 
 cium lifjjht was thrown over the grounds from the north cciidal 
 
 tower of Machinery Hall, and the chimes rang out "II •, 
 
 Sweet flonv.'," the gates were thrown open, and the crowd 
 dispersed. 
 
 The Difiiirarc (Mehridion. — Thursday, October 10th, was a 
 beautiful day, and as bright and balmy as the loveliest Indian 
 summer weather could make it. About 11 o'clock the State 
 authorities of Delaware, and the city oflicials of Wilmington, 
 arrived at the main entrance to the Exhibition grounds, where 
 they were received by the officials of the Centemiial Exhil)itioii, 
 and escorted by tliem to the Delaware State building, adjoining 
 the Maryland building on the east, and whi(;h, like the latter, 
 was profusely and tastefully decorated with State and national 
 colors. Above each building floated the flag of its State, and 
 the Delaware structure displayed the coats-of-arms of the Old 
 Thirteen. The procession entered the grounds and marched to 
 the building in the following order : detachment of the Cen- 
 tennial Guards, Major E. II. Butler commanding; First 
 Brigade Band, Carl ileinemann, leader ; Governor Cochran, 
 accompanied by Presidents Ilawlev and Welsh of the Coniniis- 
 sion and Board of Finance, and escorted by the American 
 Rifles of Wilmington, numbering seventy-five men; the State 
 and national officials of De>lawarc and the city authorities of 
 Wilmington ; Governor Cochran's staff"; Colonel George Trnitt 
 Maxwell, Chief Marshal ; Firemen's Centennial Association of 
 Wilmington ; State Centennial Commissioners, members of the 
 United States Centennial Commission and Board of Finance, 
 and the people of Delaware, who dropped in the line along the 
 wav until their number exceeded five thousand. 
 
 The line having drawn up along State avenue, in front of the 
 
OF TIIK CENTKNXIAL KXIIIIUTION. 
 
 761 
 
 Delaware luiildiii;.^ wlicre sonio ten tlioiisiiml people had as- 
 sembled, tlie jfid)eniati»rial party arrived upon the jjoreli, and 
 were p;reeted with eiieeriii;;, 
 alter wliieh (leneral Ilawlev, 
 on behalf of the Centennial 
 management, wel('on)ed (Jov- 
 crnor Coehran and all the 
 people of Delaware. He re- 
 Krred to the part which that 
 State bore in the work of 
 founding the government, 
 and to the i)roj»riety of its 
 holding KUeh a celebration as 
 the present. ( Jovernor Coeh- 
 ran then addrcriseil the assem- 
 blage; 
 
 When Governor Cochran 
 ended his speech, the Hon. 
 William G. Whitely was 
 introduced by Chief-Justice 
 Coincirvs. Mr. Whitelv de- 
 livereil an address, giving a 
 history of Dela- 
 ware from its first 
 settlement to the 
 present day. 
 
 Mr. Whitclv's 
 address being end- 
 ed, (Jovernor Coeh- 
 ran began his re- 
 ception of visitors, 
 first receiving the 
 respects of the Cen- 
 tennial Conimis- xi'Miu.ER draiker, and water-jet, exhibited by 
 jlon, Board of Fi- cjiarles lippinxott &co., in maciuneky hall. 
 naneo, and other 
 prominent officials of the Exhibition. The guests were introduced 
 
702 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 by Colonel Mtuwvell, chief of stafK As many as could shake liunds 
 with his Kxcollency in an hour and a quarter, at the rate of 
 al)out forty-live a minute, did so. ]Jy tlii>3 time their neiidihors 
 of Miiryland had assemhled in sueii numbers, and boeonic so 
 enthusiastic that the Delaware building began to grow descried 
 all attention l)eing drawn to the I'ormer quarter. 
 
 Tlic Munjhuid Celebration. — At a quarter past twelve o'elock 
 the participants in the Maryland celebration entered the Kxlii- 
 bition grounds by the main entrance, and proceeded to tlic 
 Maryland State building in the following order: Detaclimcut 
 of the Centennial Guanl, under Major E. II. IJutler • I-'iist 
 Brigade IJand, Governor Carroll and staff, on horsebaelv, tlic 
 staif being in full uniform and the Governor in citizen's dress- 
 Second lirigade, Ma^-yland National Guard, under Ceiicml 
 James 11. Herbert, and composed of the Fifth and Sixth Kvn- 
 ments, commanded, respectively, by Colonel II. T. Loiuv and 
 Colonel Clarence Peters. As the {U'ocession entered the grounds 
 it was reviewed by Presidents llawley and Welsii, with other 
 representatives of the Centennial Connuission and lioard ot' 
 Finance, who afterwards fell in lino at the head of the people 
 of Maryland, who brought up the rear of the line. Governor 
 Carroll and staff halted in front of the Maryland buildinii; and 
 reviewed the military, which marched past and up George's Hill, 
 the First Brigade Band performing martial and patriotic airs. 
 The marching of the Fifth was noticeably fine, and elicited 
 great applause. 
 
 The Governor and staff then dismounted, and were received 
 by President Wel,-h and other members of the Board of Finance, 
 who eseortctl the gubernatorial party to the porch of the Mary- 
 land building, amid the strains of " Maryland, My Maryland," 
 by the First Brigade Band, their favorite air; and die noble 
 form of their Governor, who now confronted them from the 
 porch, aroused the enthusiasm of the people to it3 highest pitch, 
 and their cheers drowned the music. Then followed a medley 
 of "Away Down South in Dixie," "Yankee Doodle," and 
 kindred airs by the band, after which Governor Cochrvi, who 
 iiad stolen a few moments from his own celebration, arrived, 
 
OF THE CENTENNTAr, EXIIIBITIOX. 
 
 763 
 
 uiidor the escort of General IIuN\ley, to pay his re.^peets to Gov- 
 ernor Carroll. Govcriwr llartranft, who, all the morninjr, had 
 
 FALMFR POWEIl SPniNG-HAMMEB, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERY HALL. 
 
 been everywhere that he should be, and done everythinf; that 
 he could do for the hojior of the visitors, fell in at this j)oint, 
 
 I'll 
 
764 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 and made it a gubernatorial trio. Presently the menilx-rs of 
 tlie Centennial Coniniission and Board of Finance, most of them 
 aecompanied by ladies, and several foreign gentlemen, liieludin.r 
 Mr. \Vu Ying Ding, the Chinese mandarin (in full native (o>- 
 tume), arrived and entered the building, after which ihe oratoiv 
 began. 
 
 General Hawley, addressing Governor Carroll, said that the 
 United States Centennial Commission and Beard of Finance 
 likewise all connected with the management of the Centennial 
 bade him and his people a most hearty welcome. Marvland 
 said he, had a glorious share in the events celebrated durinir 
 this Centennial year, and her sister States do not ibrget what 
 she has done for the honor of the star-spangled banner. " I am 
 here," he concluded, "to bid you a heartier welcome than lan- 
 guage can express. I need not say that the Governor of Mary- 
 land deserves all the esteem that Americans can give a fairhtul 
 citizen and an able executive officer ; nor can Americans soon iui- 
 get his illustrious great-grandsire, Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, 
 tlie man who sign(!(l his post-office address to the Declaration of 
 Independence." [Great ai)i)lause.] Governor Carroll then iwo^q 
 and, when the loud and long-continued applause which greeted 
 him had subsided, made a brief but eloquent reply to General 
 Hawley, thanking him and the Centennial authorities for the 
 welcome he and the people of ^Maryland had received at their 
 hands. 
 
 Governor Dcnison, Commissioner of the District of Columbia 
 was then introduced by General Hawley. He was glad to be 
 there to represent the District of CoIund)ia,and he believed that 
 if it were possible for Americans to feel a greater love for their 
 country than they possess, the vast midtitude of citizens ])resont 
 would go home so impressed by what they had seen and licani 
 this day that tliey would be better patriots than ever beforo, 
 iSfr. J. G. L. Findlay, the orator of the day, was then intro- 
 duf'cd, and spoke at great length on the history and resources of 
 Maryland. 
 
 The Hon. Thomas Wilson, Commissioner of the District of 
 Columbia, who was then introduced, said that it was proper 
 
mm 
 
 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 7G5 
 
 tliat the Centennial celebration of Maryland and the District 
 of Colninhia should be held jointly. The latter is bone of 
 
 Maryland's b 
 
 md flesh of her flesh. Marvla'ul 
 
 •art 
 
 bone, 
 
 of herself that she might live. "All hail, then, to our mother 
 State of Maryland." The speaker then delivered an eloquent 
 and thoroui^h history of the District of Columbia, and of the 
 foundation and progress of the city of Washington. 
 
 After the close of Mr. Wilson's address, Governor Carroll 
 took his stand in the reception-room, where over five thousand 
 persons desirous of giving his hand a friendly shake availed 
 themselves of the oi)portnnity to do so, they being introduced- 
 to him by Adjutant-General Frank A. Bond, chief of the 
 gubernatorial staff. About three o'clock Governor Carroll was 
 obliged to welcome, en masse, tlie thousands awaiting outside to 
 grasp his hand. Then he and his staff proceeded on horseback 
 to witness the great tournament, which had begun some time 
 previously on the eastern slo})e of George's Hill. 
 
 The Virginia Celebration.. — The Virginia celebration was en- 
 tirely informal, there being no official representation of the 
 State at the Exhibition. At the Virginia building there was 
 open house and lunch for all visitors from the Old Dominion 
 who wished to partake of it. The number of Virginians |)res- 
 ent on the grounds was about 5,000. In addition to these 
 there were about 800 visitors from West Virginia, who rendez- 
 voused at their State building, but took no part in the ceremo- 
 nies of the day. 
 
 The Tournament — The great feature of the day was the 
 Tournament, a novel sight in Philadelphia. The following is 
 the Philadelphia Times' graphic description of it: 
 
 Sixty thousand persons stood on the slope of George's Hill 
 yesterday afternoon to look at the Centennial Tournament. 
 And a pretty sight they made. Full half of them were ladies, 
 in britrht dresses and rrav ribbons : here a knot of uniformed 
 police ; there a party of eager sight-seers, be-badged all over 
 with blue ribbons and gilt letters. Everywhere a ])atient, quiet 
 crowd, waiting in the hot sun for the show to begin. Further 
 down the hill, toward the west end of Machinery Hull, were 
 
766 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED IILSTORV 
 
 ton thousaiitl more, perched on ev^ery available elevation, cover- 
 ing the pedestals of the Catholic fonntain, crowding the towers 
 of the large l)iiilding.s, and criniching along over the grave! 
 roofs of the neighboring structures. The high elevator, at tlic 
 top of the hill, was alive with people, and the Exhibition fence, 
 in a semi-circle of half a mile or more, was ornamentt J with a 
 fringe of luunan faces. 
 
 This great crowd had gathered to see a genuine Soutlicni 
 tournament. The like of it never was seen in riii'adelpliia 
 before. It was arranged by men who first saw the liglit below 
 Mason and Dixon's line; it was carried through by them, and 
 to them was to belong the credit or discredit of the day, as 
 events might determine. .V tournament down South is everv- 
 body's holiday. Not so very far down South either, for it is 
 : in Marvland and Vi'*<«inia that the tournev grows to its 
 
 oniv 
 
 full height: in the far South it is not nuich better known than 
 in the North ; and, very appropriately, nearly everylnxly who 
 was interested in the management of yesterday's pageant was 
 from either Maryland or \'irgiiiia. 
 
 There were Jlfteen knights, representing the thirteen original 
 States, i!u' I'nion, and the ( eiitennial, and the day's work 
 before them was to ride over a given course, thrust their spears 
 through diminutive rings and enjoy the plaudits (.tf the muhi- 
 tude. The course proper, at the foot of (Jeorge's Hill, was 
 about three hundred yards long; at intervals of lifiy vards 
 were three arches, fifteen feet high by ten or twelve feet wide. 
 From the horizontal bar forming the top of each frame hung a 
 wooden rod, ending in a piece of iron a foot or more in length, 
 and from each of these three iron endings was suspended a 
 small red ring, an inch and a half or thereabouts in diameter. 
 The rules of the tournament required that each knight should 
 ride at a full run, and that each knight's spear shoidd be at 
 least six feet long. Every rider, then, must start a hiuidrod 
 yards or more from the first ring, control his horse, poist; his 
 spear, and be in perfect condition when the first arch was 
 reached. To knock a ring from its frail fastening availed the 
 knight nothing; a breath of wind or a touch with the lance 
 
 wc 
 
 th( 
 std 
 Th 
 Th 
 
 us 11 
 
 '■"It to 
 
 ''lan au' 
 
 liiiat tJie 
 
 [tlio seve 
 
 |'\troine 
 
 II spce( 
 
 At tw 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 7G7 
 
 would <lo that ; but each rider must thrust his spear through 
 tlie ring, or through all three of them, it' he could, and bring it 
 still impaled ui)on his spear, to be laid at the feet of the judges. 
 The rings used yesterday were much smaller than is eustumary. 
 Three inches in diameter, and even four inches, is not an un- 
 usual size, and a two-inch ring is copsidered uncommonly ditli- 
 
 EXHIHIT OF SKF.DS IX AGUKTLTrRAL HAI.L. 
 
 iiilt to caj)tnre. l>ut the rings used yostonlay were smallci 
 ilian any of tiiese; bringing into ))lay all the nerve and skill 
 iliut the riders possessed, and this fact was not a|)|)reciated by 
 ilie seventy thousand spectators, who could not know the 
 ixtrome difficulty of impaling so small a ring when going at 
 liill speed. 
 At two o'clock the judges were in their stand, and thv* 
 
 d 
 
7G8 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 knights stood waitinj^ for the word. Colonel SUinner, Ddcdu- 
 Morgan, C. M. Barton, General Torbert, and H. J. Smith liad 
 been appointed judges, and the knights were H. Crozicr, ronic- 
 senting New Hampshire; E. H. MeFarland, Jr., represent inn; 
 Massaehusetts ; Wni. P. Bryan, representing Conneeticut* (Jco. 
 V. Baeon, representing New York ; C. 1). Chapman, represent- 
 ing New Jersey ; H. M. Perry, rei)resenting Pennsylvania ; K. 
 L. Kane, repi-esenting Delaware ; II. W. Hereford, represtMiiin"- 
 Maryland; P. A. Seaggs, representing Virginia; J. M. Ilaidv, 
 rei)resenting North Carolina; F. Nelson Jarboe, represent iiiu; 
 Sonth Carolina; J. A. Fox, representing li^orgia ; ("liarlcs 
 White, Jr., representing the Centenaiai; and A. B. Suit, repre- 
 senting the Union. The knights, however, were not genuiiio 
 representatives of the States that they were supposed to repre- 
 sent, and thus the tournament lost the clenient of rivalry between 
 the thirteen States that might otherwise have added to its intenst. 
 Nearly every one of tlu contestants was from cither ^larvland 
 or Virginia. Hardy, representing North Carolina, is a North 
 Carolinian, and nt)body would accuse Chapman of being anv- 
 thintr but a Jcrsevman, but these were about the only excen- 
 tions. Chief Marshal Suit liad garnered in the amateur knights 
 from Maryland and Virginia, and to them the spectators are 
 chiefly indebted for their day's amusement. William P. Bryan, 
 for example, who represented Connecticut, is from Piineo 
 George's county, Maryland; O. A. Fox, the knight of Georgia, 
 is a A"^irginian; Charles White, Jr., the Centennial knight, is a 
 Marylander; and A. B. Suit, knight of the Union, and the 
 chief marshal's youthful son, is a Virginian. 
 
 The chief marshal, after brnsliing the Centennial dust fVohi 
 the shoulders of his velvet coat, and readjusting his broad, red 
 sash, mounted his charger and amiounced tliat he was ready ior 
 the fray. The knights, at the bidding of the four mounted 
 heralds in gorgeous uniforms of crimson, green, and gold, with 
 hoarse voices and shining trumpets, then drew up in line in 
 front of the judges' stand, with hats in hand, to listen to an 
 introductory speech by Colonel J. J. Stewart, of I'aitiniore. 
 The colonel told them of the honor and glory of knightliwd 
 
3octnv 
 
 h ha.l 
 
 ; Geo. 
 iresent- 
 \ia ; U. 
 
 1 lardy, 
 
 Cliarlos 
 
 t, vi'pro 
 
 gonuino 
 
 o vcpri'- 
 
 botwocn 
 
 i intovst. 
 
 lurvlund 
 
 ; a North 
 
 in;^ any- 
 
 ly ex»vp- 
 kniii'lits 
 
 lators are 
 
 A IJryau, 
 PriiU'O 
 (loor;^;"^, 
 ii>j;lit, is a 
 and tin: 
 
 llust tV(Mil 
 
 Iroad, rt'il 
 I ready i'oi' 
 
 numntcd 
 [old, with 
 In lino ill 
 icn to an 
 ialtinioro. 
 
 isilitlnud 
 
 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 769 
 
 nnd chivalry, but he took longer to tell it than the crowd 
 thought necessary or expedient, and at the end of five niinutea 
 or so the whole hill-side broke out into a roar, and when the 
 colonel kept on, in spite of the wai'ning, he was interrupted 
 with cries of " sit down," and " cut her short, old man," but 
 lie finished his speech, and the fifteen knights cantered down to 
 the west end of the course, and waited each for his turn to 
 exhibit his skill for his State, his true love, and his honor. 
 
 Colonel Suit sat with dignity upon the back of a fine steed 
 that insisted upon elevating a pair of shining shoes every time 
 the band struck up a lively note. The colonel took his place 
 beside the centre arch and shouted " Knight of New Hamp- 
 shire, prepare to charge!" The assistant marshal next below 
 him in the line repeated the words, and "Knight of New 
 Hampshire, prepare to charge," rang down the course from 
 mouth to mouth. Another assistant marshal, in another huge 
 crimson sash and a cocked hat, raised his gloved hand and the 
 heralds, at the signal, struck a note on their bugles. The 
 Knight of New Hampshire prepared to charge. He started out 
 on a trot, struck a gallop and then spurred his horse into a run. 
 Not such a fast run, however, as he might have struck if he 
 had entered as fully as his rider into the spirit of the occasion. 
 Still he was on a run, and that was all that the rules required. 
 The spear was poised, the rider's eye was on the goal, and the 
 first ring rolled in the dust. The second ring followed it; but 
 the third was nicely impaled upon the lance, and "Knight of 
 Xew Hampshire, one ring," the judges announced. IMassachu- 
 setts did not do so well. jMnssachusetts, unfortunately, had a 
 very frisky gray horse, that had an unpleasant habit of shying 
 off at the slightest provocation, and the result was that the Bay 
 State's gallant knight went back to his post without having to 
 !*top to tell the judges how many rings he had taken. Rhode 
 Island did better — a little better — taking one ring. Connecti- 
 cut took one ring, and New York the same. Then came the 
 representative of the Keystone State. He was arrayed in gor- 
 geous shining armor. But the Keystone and the armor came 
 to grief, for never a ring crowned his efforts. New Jersey's 
 49 
 
 
 '.f 
 
 1 ■■ 
 
 
 , :p| 
 
 1 
 
 1 ^^ 
 
 1 
 
 III 
 
 1 
 
 II 
 
770 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 little representative, on the smallest aiitl friskiest of niustaiiff 
 ponies, took two rings, and earnetl tlieni well, for he was u 
 skilful and daring rider, and poised his spear with the practised 
 eye of a genuine knight. Delaware's representative, who wa;- a 
 
 TICKET-OFFICE OF THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD, IN THE EXHIBITION 
 
 GROUNDS. 
 
 Baltimorean, rode slowly up to the first arch, slowly up to tlie 
 second, slowly up to the third and took all three rings. Mary- 
 land's knight, also riding slowly, took one ring. Virginia 
 took one. North Carolina's representatif e, handsomely equipped 
 
°' ""= "-NTE.VKU, EX,„„,„OK. 
 
 m 
 
 ■ 
 
 m 
 
 ■ 
 
 h 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ ^ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 1 
 
 ■A 
 
 JT 
 
 t 
 
 1 
 
 "f ">o Stote that hi 4 Lo^ ;""' r'V"-^'- ""■"■-'' ■»»■•- 
 -". suel, speed that he'oa" It ^i" "",'"""' «'^' »■■•'■ 
 ""g was suspended. But .!!, J ^ " ™' '^"'' "■''Wi tl.o 
 >f «P-d and' laid Lefi. triud""T' '^ •'"'«' ''» '''1« "i 
 '« -kcl, with apparent j-rC " '''" r""'"''"^' ""^■ 
 t"al at one more ring t„ i„ 1 / , ' ""«'" •« ""owed a 
 -.' t>.e judges replied hat 1,1", '""^''^ "^ "--l" 
 "■'-' tl- ring oa/ne down ' r '''', 'T? "''-"''I'"" '■- Ian™ 
 *!«'•," the knight replied and 1 '""»''">■ '<"1'-"!' your 
 ^■l-o.-ed him. Thejudg,^,,:™',,,^'"""";' '"^"' '"■'" and 
 '- '"0 rings and try 't a 11 hrl ' '"' *" '"' ''"" s'™ "P 
 "«'■', very wisel. ,feeli„« .' "^,;";^ f ",". ''"* .Lis the 
 "■.V fast and very gra<.efulK- ,' *""'""* '"a", ri,li„g 
 ««>rgia took none T|„ I ' ■• ,' '' "" ""« "»' Hie r;„,., 
 
 '■■•"•^ ''".V, ■"-."M <.n :t:,tt '"" '""■""' " ^"""■"•'-"^•-•■^ 
 
 10 tlie first arch, stop„e,I d, 1, **''"-' '"""'"*' S»""I'<"I "L 
 
 ^";"p<-> "P eo the third ;,;':",:: ;"" ^"■^'-""-' ■". 
 
 ""tored l„„.k to the start nn,i,r ,1 '-'"P. ""s-sed it, a„d 
 
 '^';;; Knight of the Cente,!„ t i;;,;'";^ • "'■ l'" """"^"'''■- 
 'Ins eji.led what i„ ., i,, „ '' *"'^"'g t»o rings. 
 
 '-■ ''■'■-« were tin :,:,,r.";""''' ''^ ""'"' ""' --.«.. 
 ™^ <" l» winner of the" n^ /"T'^'''' ''?'"« "-■ "«-' -ings 
 
 ™.l M,e Massaehusetts st IZ T .'"'"' """"■^''- ^''^''^ 
 l""Wor another ehanee for th Llf "'"'"' "'^ >''=- s'ving 
 
 " hilc the seeond trial was in . 
 o-me„ filed aeross ti.e b ^ofTrr"'? "^ ''"''■°^"'«' 
 l«f>- a uniformed eourier gaMooL 1' '""'■•""' '"■«'"»i""tes 
 
 nounoed "Governor Carroll ^f If ?.',"= '^""•^'' "»<' •■"- 
 Portly by the Governor Z , st^^^'ll "° ""^ '''"'"«"' 
 
 J"4'es stand, where Governor Cn ft s """■ """""'"^ "'« 
 l»"'l played " My Maryland " and < ij '""" "'*'"""■«'• ^he 
 "altitude cheered. '' ■"'"' C-olambia," and the 
 
 if 
 
 IWN 
 
 • i 
 
772 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 Delaware at length carried off the honors, tlirouj^h th(> 
 prowess and skill of her Baltiinorean champion, and when the 
 knights were drawn up iit line before the judges' stand, to hear 
 the decisions, there was such a glimmering, and glittering, ami 
 shining of fancy costumes as would make a fortune for any sliop 
 that sold cotton velvets and gilt facings. Then the knights 
 went over to the Transcontinental to supper. The following 
 is the record : 
 
 KNIGHTS. !«' trial. 
 
 New [lampsliire 1 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 Rliode Island 1 
 
 Connecticut 1 
 
 New York 1 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 New Jersey 2 
 
 Delaware 3 
 
 Maryland 1 
 
 Virginia 1 
 
 North Carolina 2 
 
 South Carolina 3 
 
 Georgia 
 
 The Union 
 
 Centennial 2 
 
 BIN08. 
 
 
 2<2 trial. 
 
 3d trial. 
 
 ma 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 r> 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 G 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 .-> 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 Tj 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 n 
 O 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 G 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 G 
 
 The Knight of Pennsylvania was then allowed another 
 chance at one ring, the centre ring, in his first trial, liaving 
 been misplaced. He won the ring, raising Pennsylvania's 
 score to three. 
 
 The Knights of Connecticut, South Carolina, and the Cen- 
 tennial, having each six rings, then competed for the second 
 prize, with the following result : Connecticut, one ; South Caro- 
 lina, one ; Centennial, two. In a further trial between Con- 
 necticut and South Carolina, the former made two rings and 
 the latter one. 
 
 New Hampshire, New Jersey, and Maryland, having five 
 rings each, then rode for the third prize, New Hampshire tak- 
 ing one ring additional, New Jersey two, and Maryland three. 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL iSXHIBITION. 773 
 
 Tlie prizes were, therefore, wou in the following order : 
 
 UlNIM. 
 
 First prize, Duluwure 8 
 
 Second prize, Centennial 6 
 
 Tiiird prize, Connecticut 6 
 
 Fuurth prize, tSoutli Carolina 6 
 
 Fifth prize, Maryland 5 
 
 The standing of the other Knigiits was announced as follows: 
 New Jersey, five; New Hamjjshire, five; Rhode Island, Ibiir; 
 Pennsylvania, three ; Virginia, three ; North Carolina, three ; 
 New York, three; Georgia, two; Union, two, and Massaehu- 
 isOXta, one. 
 
 The prizes contested for by the knights consisted of gold and 
 silver tea-sets, elegant bronzes, richly carved pitchers, breech- 
 loading rifles, etc. 
 
 The crowning of the Queen of Love and Beauty, by the suc- 
 cessful knight, took place in the evening, at the Judges' Hall, 
 and was witnessed by a large audience. The tickets to this 
 ceremony were sold at five dollars a i)iece, the money being 
 used to defray the expenses of the tournament. The hall was 
 handsomely decorated, a throne having been erected on the 
 south side, the platform brilliantly illuminated with candelabra, 
 upheld by bronze figures of knights and pages, and bordered 
 by pyramids of rare exotics. The balconies were early filled 
 with ladies and gentlemen, and by eight o'clock the throng of 
 visitors increased so rapidly that it was found necessary to 
 bring the first floor into requisition. At half-past eight o'clock 
 the Reception Committee entered, with General A. T. A. Tor- 
 bert, master of ceremonies, and Hon. J. F. Stewart, the orator, 
 and were soon afterwards followed by the knights, marshals, 
 and heralds. These, with the exception of the five successful 
 knights, who were escorted to the platform, took positions at 
 the back of the throne, and then the arrival of the Queen of 
 Love and Beauty, Miss Perkins, of Buckingham county, Vir- 
 jrinia, and her Maids of Honor, Miss Griffith, of Maryland ; 
 Miss Holland, of Florida ; Miss Taylor, of Delaware, and Miss 
 Bladen, of Philadelphia, was announced. All eyes were turned 
 toward the ent»'ace, and in a moment afterwards the Queen and 
 
 ii I 
 
 III 
 
 
L ftavuj - 
 
 SODA FOUNTAIN, EXIIIBITKI) IIY CIIAS. UriMNCOTT A CO., IN MACHINERY HALL. 
 4f* 
 
THE CENTENNIAL EXlIiniTION. 
 
 i to 
 
 licr atti'niltmts, sill attirwl in wliitc satin, appeared, aiul with 
 tlit'ir yuiiiig Imrs ilhiininated by the rays of a caKiuni lij^lit, 
 and luainin^ with joyou.s anticipation, advaiu'tul to tb.j tln-ono, 
 wliieli now, surronndcnl with iliir htdies, gallant knights, 
 herald.s, Jtagts, and marshals, presented a pietnre of rare niajr- 
 nitieenec. The lion. J. F. Stewart wa.s again introdueed, mikI 
 delivered a brief address appropriate to the oeeasion, alter 
 whieh the victor of the tournament placed upon the head of the 
 C^neen a silver crown. The Maids of Honor were next crowned 
 by the four remaining knights, and then began the reception, 
 the participants in the tournament being first presented. The 
 names of the successful conte^itants were afterwanls read by 
 Horace J. Smith, Ksq., and the priz(>s awarded. The novel 
 ceremonial concluded with the coronation ball, which was 
 heartily enjoyed by all who were so fortunate as to he present. 
 
 The attendance on the 19th of October was as follows: Ca>h 
 admissions, 161,.'35o; frcx', 15,052; total, 170,407. The re- 
 ceipts were $80,807.50. The day thus ranks next to the Penn- 
 sylvania celebration in the number of persons present. 
 
 Ohio Day. 
 
 Thui'sday, October 20tli, was assigned to the State of Ohio 
 for her special celebration. Governor Rutherford B. Hayes 
 arrived in Philadelphia on the afternoon of the 25th, and took 
 up his quarters at the Transcontinental Hotel, opj^site the Ex- 
 hibition. 
 
 On the morning of the 2Gth large crowds poured into the 
 Exhibition grotinds, and by ten o'clock a dense mass of peo|)lc 
 had assembled around the Ohio State building lor the purpose 
 of doing honor to the Governor of the liuckeye State. It was 
 optimate<l that at least 30,000 ])eople of Ohio were present on 
 the occasion. The Ohio building was gayly decorated with 
 flags and bunting, and presented a handsome and attractive ap- 
 pearance. 
 
 At eleven o'clock, Governor Hayes, accompanied by his staff, 
 left the Transcontinental hotel, and repaired to the main en- 
 trance to the Exhibition groinuls on Belmont avenue. He was 
 
 !t 
 
 m 
 
 . 
 
 m 
 
 lii 
 
 ii 
 
 ID' 
 
 III 
 
 .l,, 
 
 l4iA: 
 
776 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 met there hy General Hawk'y,Diroetor-Goiieral Goshorn, Presw 
 dent John Welsh, and menihers of the Centennial Commission. 
 A procession was formed headed by the First Regi- 
 ment band and a platoon 
 of Centennial Guards. As 
 it passed down along Bel- 
 mont avenue the ciiimos 
 rang out a welcome, the 
 crowds along the line 
 cheered lustily, and the 
 scene W.1S an inspiring one. 
 When Governor Hayes ap- 
 peared on the east portico 
 of the Ohio buildinrr. 
 among the distinguished 
 people surrounding him 
 were Hon. Benjamin F. 
 Wade, Hon. Amos Town- 
 send, Hon. R. C. Parsons, 
 General George MeCook, 
 ex-Governor Edward F. 
 Noyes, General Bueklin, 
 Hon. Edv/in D. Morgan, 
 Governor Hartranft, and 
 others. The aj)pearance 
 of the Governor was the 
 signal for prolonged (cheers, 
 and when the applause had 
 in a measure subsided, 
 General Hawley came for- 
 ward and introduced Governor Hayes to the multitude. The 
 Governor was received with enthusiastic cheers, and when those 
 had died away (!e!ivere<l an eloquent address, which was fre- 
 quently applaudal. The Governor then took his stand in the 
 reception-room, and the people filed in rapidly, took him by the 
 hand, and passed out. The reception continued for two hours, 
 and was marked by the greatest e.ilhusiasra. 
 
 JAPANESE BHONZE VASE, IN THE MAIN 
 BUILDING. 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 777 
 
 Shortly after two o'clock it became apparent that it would be 
 impossible to admit all who wished to pay their respects to the 
 Governor of Ohio, even should the reception be prolonged until 
 nightfall. Governor Hayes therefore yielded to the suggestions 
 of the State managers and brought the ceremony to a close. He 
 then ascended to the balcony, and addressed the throng witliout, 
 thaidving them for their attentions to him, and expressing his 
 regret that he was not able to greet each one personally. The 
 announcement of their disappointment was received by the 
 thousands below in the best of humor, the Governor was again 
 heartily cheered, and as he retired the crowd began slowly to 
 disperse. At fifteen minutes before three o'clock the Governor, 
 accompanied by Director-General Goshorn, left the building and 
 took the cars on the steam railway for the Memorial Hall station, 
 where he alighted and passed through the Main Building. At 
 about four o'clock, while making a tour of the buildings and 
 grounds, under the escort of Mr. Goshorn and several members 
 of the gubernatorial staff, Governor Hayes arrived in the 
 vicinity of the Municipal building, at which the commercial 
 exchanges of other cities were being entertained at lunch by 
 their Philadelphia brethren. At the door of the building the 
 Governor and his comj)anions hesitated, and were on the point 
 of withdrawing, when, upon the solicitation of Mayor Stokley, 
 the party were induced to outer. Governor Hayes was pre- 
 sented to the comi)any by Mr. E. Harper Jeffries, of Philadel- 
 phia, and received with hearty applause. The Governor re- 
 sponded in acknowledgment of the cordiality of his reception, 
 which, he said, he construed to have been tendered not as a com- 
 pliment to himself as an individual, but to the office of the chief 
 executive of the great State of Ohio. Addressing Mayor Stok- 
 ley, he added, that the pleasure of meeting so ma'.y of the rep- 
 resentative men of the business interests of tho country was an 
 unexpected one, and that as he had been lionored with an intro- 
 duction, his only purpose was to pay his respects to the gentle- 
 men present. Ho thanked the people of Piiiladelphia, through 
 their Mayor, for the generous manner in which they had greeted 
 the name of Ohio, and the >volcome they had extended to her 
 
 i I 
 
 I :r I' 
 
778 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 executive, and closed by saying that whatever may be the result 
 of the present ephemeral political strife, we would all remeinbcr 
 that we are Americans. The Governor's brief remarks wort; 
 interspersed with rounds of cheers, which were renewed upon 
 their conclusion. Mayor Stokley followed in some pertiiicnt 
 remarks, and the visitors in a short time withdrew to eontinuo 
 their trip through the enclosure. 
 
 The 2Gth of October was also the occasion of a reunion of 
 the merchants of the principal cities of the Union. The cere- 
 monies were held in the Exiiibition grounds. The Conmicrcial ' 
 Exchange, of Philadelphia, met at its own building, and at the 
 roll-call there were 600 names answered to. The Drn"- Ex- 
 change also met at the Commercial Exchange building, and the 
 entire body, and 200 members were present. Both bodies took 
 the cars of the Pennsylvania railroad for the Exhibition, where 
 they were joined by the Philadelphia Stock Brokers, .'}00 in 
 number, and the Grocers' Association, with 75 r.embers. 
 
 As a grand national reunion of the great capitalists of the 
 great cities of the Union, the day was a remarkable occasion. 
 There were thousands of those whose successful mercantile ven- 
 tures have given them high standing in moneyed circles — of men 
 who are known to be leaders in matters of finance and com- 
 merce. 
 
 At the Centennial depot they waited until several delegations 
 from other cities swelled the gathering. First came the IJulti- 
 niore Corn and Flour Exchange, 500 in number ; then followal 
 the Commercial Exchange, of Wilmington, Delaware, 100; 
 Trenton Board of Trade, 200. The great excursion from New 
 York came in two sections, numbering 1,200, and oijjvisod of 
 the following bodies: 
 
 The Produce Exchange, the Cheap Transportation Exi ! nge, 
 the Cotton Exchange, the Board of Trade, and the Stock Ex- 
 change. The entire body then formc(i in line, and headed bv 
 Grafulla's band, and escorted by President Welsh and the Board 
 of Finance, proceeded to the Pennsylvania State building. 
 
 It was about quarter after twelve o'clock when the visitors, 
 accompanied by the Philadelphia delegation, arrived at the 
 
Si! 
 
 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 779 
 
 Pennsvlvaiiia State building, but long before they even putinuu 
 iippearanco upon the grounds, a erowd had collected on the lawn 
 before the structure, and filled tiie sj)acious apartments of the 
 pavilion. It was some little time before the visitors had been 
 comfortably positioned in front of the main entrance ; but when 
 all were comfortiibly located, Governor Hartranft, Hon. John 
 Welsh, and several members of the Centennial Board of Finance 
 emerged from the Governor's private apartment and took up a. 
 position on the portico. The very presence of this distinguished 
 
 bauoh's sectional mill for hard substances, exhibiti:© in 
 machinery hall. 
 
 party threw the vast assemblage into a spuism of vociferous 
 applause, which reverberated to the very confines of the Inter- 
 national city. 
 
 When quiet was restored, the Hon. John Welsh stepped to 
 the front of the portico and introduced Mr. George W. Mears, 
 the President of the Philadelpliia Commercial Exchange, who, 
 oij behalf of the mercantile bodies of Philadelphia, welcome<l 
 
 ll. 
 
 t f'i 
 
 ar 
 
780 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 tlie visitors to the city and the Exhibition. Mr. J. L. N. Stark 
 President of the New York Produce Exclmnge, then responded 
 and Governor Hartranft was called upon, and replied ia a i'uw 
 words. 
 
 At the conclusion of Governor Hartranft's address the pro- 
 cession was reformed, with the Philadelphia delegation in ad- 
 vance, and headed by McClurg's band, moved down Fountain 
 avenue and across the Horticultural plateau to the Municipal 
 building, where a collation had been prepared for the entertain- 
 ment of both hosts and guests. Arriving at the drab-colored 
 pavilion, the Philadelphia boards halted and allowed the visit- 
 ing associations to pass through and enter the building in 
 advance. On account of the rather contracted quarters of the 
 structure erected to represent the city, it was necessary to admit 
 the delegations in tantalizingly sfuall sections, but the bands in 
 attendance enlivened the waiting moments with musical selec- 
 tions, and in a little less than two hours all were bountifully 
 served. The reception here was entirely informal, the members 
 of the various organizations gradually dividing into groups, and 
 sauntering off' to view the manifold attractions of the Exhibi- 
 tion. At a little after three o'clock, Governor Hartranft arrived 
 at the Municipal building, but after bowuig his acknowledg- 
 ments to the hearty applause with which he was greeted, retired 
 to an ante-roora to rest from the fatigues of the day. An hour 
 later the Governor left the building and took a carriage for the 
 city, and by six o'clock the visiting delegations were all on their 
 way to their homes. 
 
 The attendance on the 26th of October was as follows : Cash 
 admissions, 122,300 ; free, 13,361 ; total, 135,661. The re- 
 ceipts were $61,029.50. 
 
 Vermont Day. 
 
 The 27th of October was observed as Vermont's day. Gov- 
 ernor Fairbanks, the chief Magistrate of the State, being unable 
 to attend through illness, deputed ex-Governor John B. Page 
 to represent him. The Vermont State building, which was 
 located on the Avenue of the Republic, just west of the Ponn- 
 
1! 
 
 ■| iV 
 
 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 781 
 
 svlvaiiia building, was handsomely decorated. At ten o'clock 
 (■\-G()vernor Pago lieM a reception at the State building, which 
 was attended by about two thousand citizens of Vermont. From 
 the State building the guests marched to Judges' Hall, whereat 
 eleven o'clock, Hon. Henry Clarke, by appointment of the 
 Governor of Vermont, delivered the formal address. The 
 orator stated that the State was the first to bo admitted into the 
 Union formed by the original thirteen, and proceeded to review 
 her history from Colonial days down through tlie Revolution to 
 the present time. 
 
 The attendance during the day was as follows: Cash admis- 
 sions, 95,553 ; free, 12,517 ; total, 108,080. The receipts were 
 S47,485. 
 
 imi 
 
 |i 
 
 LIBERIAN IVORY DISPLAY, EXHIBITED IN AGRICULTURAL HALL. 
 
CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 THE RECORD OF THE EXHIBITION. 
 
 Statement of Leading Eventa Connected With and Growing Out of dm 
 
 Exhibition. 
 
 Y^yf^OR the convenience of the reader we give here a brief 
 
 ^SA'^i summary of tlic principal events connected witli the.six 
 
 '^J^\ months' career of the great Exhibition. 
 
 ^' f.i' 3raij lOt/i, 187G.— The Formal Opening of the Ex- 
 
 hii)ition. Tlie admii^.sions were: Cash, 7(3,172; free, 
 
 110,500. 
 
 JLii/ \i}lh. — Opening of tlic International Billiard Tourna- 
 ment, at IToiLicnitural Hall. This was the most succc.s.>^riil 
 affair of its kind ever given, the highest run ever made in one 
 inning (251) being accomplished by William Sexton. 
 
 May lC)th. — The (icneral Assembly of the United Prciibytc- 
 rian Ciiurch met in Philadelphia. 
 
 O" the same day the Yolnntecr Firemen's National Conven- 
 tion assembled in the same city. 
 
 3Iai/ 23(/. — Tlie Grand Temple of the Order of True Temp- 
 lars of Pennsylvania convened at Philadelphia. 
 
 3/(1}/ '2Wi. — The Judges of Award of the International 
 Centennial Exhibition entered upon their duties. 
 
 3fay SOth. — Formal opening of the Bankers' Centennial 
 Pavilion, in the Exhibition grounds. The ceremonies were 
 elaborate, and were attended by numbers of bankers from all 
 parts of the Union. 
 
 3fay SOth. — Anniversary of the American Sunday-School 
 Union celebrated in Philadelphia. 
 
 Reunion of the Grand Encampment of Knights Templar 
 782 
 
THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 783 
 
 of the United States. Largely attended by knights from all 
 parts of tlie Union. 
 
 Meeting of the American Social Science Association at Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 The National Convention of the Baptist Social Unions met at 
 rhiladelphia. 
 
 May 3l4i<. — Grand Celebration in Philadelphia by the Grand 
 
 ''^liiifi!iia'!ia«i aiii iiiiiiii 
 
 MALACHITE MAXTEL ANT) ORNAMENT?, EXIIiniTED IN THE 
 KUSSIAN SECTION, MAIN Bl'ILUINO. 
 
 Commandery of Knights Templar of the State of Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 Meeting of the Pennsylvania State Medical Society at 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 June 'ist. — Grand Parade of the Knights Templar of the 
 United States. Over 6,000 knights in line. 
 
 I'ifsfl 
 
 m\ 
 
 
 'ii' ' ! 
 
 1 
 
 ■|-'l 
 
 t| 
 
 1^ 
 
 m 
 
78-1 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED IlISTOnV 
 
 June 2d. — Visit of the Massachusetts Press Association to llie 
 Exhibition. 
 
 June Gth. — American Medical Association met at Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 June 1th. — Reunion of the Army of the James, held at the 
 Phihulolphia Academy of Music. 
 
 Ol)enin<^ of the American Brewers' Sixteenth Annual Con- 
 gress at Maennerchor Hall. 
 
 June 8fli. — Reunion of the Society of the Army of tiie Tuto- 
 mac at the Academy of Music at Philadelphia. 
 
 June 10th. — National Convention of Civil Engineers met at 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 June 12th. — Meeting of the Association of Superintendonts 
 of Asylums and Hospitals for the Insane, at Philadelphia. 
 
 Women's National Temperance Union met at Philadelphia. 
 
 June 13th. — International Temperance Conference opened af 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Meeting of Good Templars Sti'ie Lodges at Philadelphia. 
 
 June 14th. — National Association of Stove Manufacturers mot 
 at Philadelphia. 
 
 The National Division of Sons of Temperance of North 
 America began its sessions at Philadelphia. 
 
 Ministerial Temperance Conference held at Philadelphia. 
 
 June 15th. — Dedication of the Ice Water Temperance Foun- 
 tain in the Exhibition grounds, by the National Division of 
 Sons of Temperance. 
 
 Meeting of the Grand Lodge of Good Templars of tlie 
 United States, at Philadelphia. 
 
 June 20th. — National Convention of Alining Engineers met 
 at Philadelphia. 
 
 June 22(1. — Meeting of the Manufacturing Chemists' National 
 Association, at Philadelphia. 
 
 June 2Uh. — Meeting of the Grand Encampment of the 
 Knights of Malta, at Philadelphia. 
 
 June 26th. — Meeting of the National Religious Amendment 
 Association, at Philadelphia. 
 
 World's Homoeopathic Convention opened at Philadelphia. 
 
?! 
 
 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.- 785 
 
 Convention of the German Frcc-Thinkers hold at PhilaJol- 
 
 ;)liia. 
 
 June 27(11. — Meeting of the National ami State Encampments 
 the Grand Army of the Jicpuhlie. 
 
 WI;imi;RS SUSrEXDET) lIOT-nLAST STOYK, exhibited IN" MACHINERY HALL. 
 
 Jiinr 2Sfh. — Meeting of the National I/iw Congress, at Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 Rcnnion of the 28th and 147th Rcirinients of Pennsylvania 
 Volunteers and Knapps' Battery, at Philadelphia. 
 50 
 
 fill** 
 
 
 
 i!- 
 
 i 
 
 H\ 
 
 II i 
 
 ) at 
 
 1 "■ ' 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 1 . 
 
 
 ' 
 
 [ 
 
 ti u\ 
 
 '1 ■' ' 
 
 ^f 
 
 ?¥ 
 
 fii 
 
 h! 
 
 
 U 
 
786 
 
 THE ILLUHTRATKI) HISTonV 
 
 June no^/j.— The Ton Days' Encainpnifnt of tlie West Point 
 Cadets in the Exhibition grounds opened. 
 
 Jail/ ]xf. — Congress of Authors held at Independence Ilall, 
 
 Jii/y 2(1. — National Convention of Catholic Young MenV 
 Associations held at Philadelphia. 
 
 Ju/if l](i — International Typographieal Union met at Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 Coniniereial Travellers' Assm-iation began its sessions at 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 ,/»/// \(li. — (irand celebration at Philadelphia of the one hun- 
 <lredth anniversary of the Independence of the United States 
 of America. For description of this eelel)ration see Chapter 
 XXI of this work. 
 
 Reunion of the Society of the Cincinnati at Piiiladelphia. 
 
 Reunion of the Veterans ol' the War of 1812-15 at Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 The Catholic Total Abstinence Fountain and the IIinnlxiMt 
 Monument in the Ivxhibition gromids foi-mally dedicated. 
 
 Jh/ij {)tli. — ^Meeting of the International Conference ol" Dele- 
 gates of the Societies of St. A'^incent de Paul, at Philadelphia. 
 
 Julij l\th. — The International Arbitration Convention met at 
 Philadel|)hia. 
 
 Julij lath. — Encanijmient of the Colnnd)us (Ohio) Cadets on 
 the Exhibition grounds. 
 
 Juli/ "loth. — Pennsylvania State Dental Society met at Piiila- 
 delphia. 
 
 Jidy 2Sth. — Encampment of Knights Templar at Ridley 
 Park, under the auspices of the Maryland Coinnuindery. 
 
 Aiirjii^t 1st. — Convention of Antiquarian and Historical So- 
 cieties met at Philadelphia. 
 
 August 7th. — Pennsylvania Militia encamp at Camp Anthony 
 Wayne, in Fairmount Park. 
 
 August 11th. — Grand parade and review of the Pennsylvania 
 Militia. 
 
 August Ibth. — International Chess Tournament held at 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Meeting of the Photographers' Xational Association, at Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
OP THE CENTENNIAL EXlIiniTION. 
 
 •87 
 
 American Association of Instructors of the Blind met at 
 Pliihuk'lphia. 
 
 (Jrand Lodge of Knights of Pythias of Pennsylvania met 
 at Phihuk'Iphia. 
 
 Au(/m( null. — Convention of the Caledonian Club of North 
 America hekl at Phihidelphia. 
 
 August 2.2d. — Opening of the International Rowing Regatta 
 on the Sciuiylkill. For an account of the Regatta see Cliapter 
 XXII. 
 
 f ii 
 
 rAiic/>-smi-/i./'nu.t. 
 
 THE "WARWICK VASE," EXIIIIUTKD HY QALLOWAY & GRAFF, IN THK 
 
 MAIN BUILDING. 
 
 Supreme Lodge of the Knights of Pythias assembles at 
 Philadelphia. Grand parade of the (^rder. 
 
 August 24th. — New Jersey Day. Paid admissions, 56,325 ; 
 total, 67,052. Receipts, $28,063.75. 
 
 August 2Sth. — Reunion and parade of Swiss Citizens of the 
 United States at the Exhibition grounds. 
 
 September 1st. — Opening of the Live-Stock Displays of the 
 Centennial Exhibition. The Horse Show begun. 
 
 September 2(1. — Encampment of the Connecticut Militia near 
 tiie Exhibition grounds. 
 
 mm 
 
 !ii 
 
 ;l J 
 
788 
 
 Tiii: ii,i,isTK.\Ti:i) irisiouv 
 
 Scjitnnhn' V/i. — Mcotiiif]? of the riitcrnatioiinl .Medical Con- 
 gress at l*liila(l('l|>liia. 
 
 Intcniutiuiml Coiivontioii of Aivliit'ologists met at I'hiladel- 
 pliia. 
 
 Sfj)fcmftcr (U/i. — I*ara<lo of tlic Voliintoer Firemen of Phila- 
 (l(>l])liia. 
 
 Scj/tcmber If/i. — Comiocticiit Day. Cash admissions, 01,050; 
 (Ota), 70,044. Ifcccipts, .S30,85.'].75. 
 
 WEIMEI! A inilKKNlilXKS la'ENACK CHARGER, EXHIBITED IN MACIIIXKKY 
 
 IIAI.I.. 
 
 Scpfcmlxr \Uli. — Meeting of the California Pioneer Society at 
 Pliihidelphia. 
 
 Hcptemher Wth. — Meeting of the National Poniologi(al So- 
 ciety at Philacleli)hia. 
 
 September 12fh. — Grand Council of the Improved Order of 
 Red Men held at Philadelphia. 
 
 September VMh. — National Convention of American For- 
 esters held at I'hiladelphia. 
 
I|T» 
 
 OF THE CENTKNNIAL KXIIIHITION. 
 
 78!> 
 
 [y at 
 S(i- 
 fr of 
 
 1 
 
 '■--^ 
 
 September 11///. — Mussticlmst'tts Day. (.'ash iuliniHsions, 85,- 
 79."); total, i»7,.St;.S. l{t"(rii)ts, 
 
 Sejtieiiiher \\)l/i. — (Jraiid Loii 
 Olid Fellows iiici at I'hiladcli 
 
 Sepfemher "JO///.— I'a- 
 rade oi" the (I sand LodjiO 
 of Odd FuUows at IMiila- 
 dclphia. 
 
 SejiteialMr 2 1 xf. — New 
 York Day. Cash admis- 
 sions, I'Jl'.OO;); total, l.'M,- 
 588. licrcipts, ,^5!l,<).S(j. 
 
 Sepleiiiher 'llld. — Con- 
 vt'iition of Apeviaiis (hoii- 
 ('y-i'ai>'ers) held at Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 Welsh National I^sted- 
 todd ill session at I'hila- 
 delphia. 
 
 National Car riauM; 
 IJnildcrs' Association in 
 session al Philadelphia. 
 
 Hepteiiihe)' '11 fh. — I'^or- 
 nial an noiineenient of 
 Awards by theCVntennial ~ 
 Commission at Judjjjos' J 
 Hall. " W 
 
 Sepf ember 2Sth.—Vv\\n- ~ 
 svlvania Dav. Cash ad- 
 
 •. , ' TIIK TWISS VKItTICAI. KXOINE, EXIIiniTED IN 
 
 missions, 2r)7,l()8 ; total, maciuneiiy hall. 
 
 274,1)19. lleccipts,!B118,- 
 
 ()7'i.75. Grand display of fireworks at niglit in the Exhibition 
 
 i^rou 
 
 nds. 
 
 October 4fh. — Dodieatlon of the Hall of the Patriotic Sons 
 of America at Philadel|)hia. 
 
 Conference of Librarians of the United States in session at 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 I ;! li 
 
 > i. 
 
790 
 
 TH£ ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. 
 
 October 5</i.— Rhode Island Day. Cash admissions, 89,OGO • 
 total, 100,946. Receipts, $44,496. 
 
 October Vlth. — New Hampshire Day. Cash admissiui)>, 
 101,541; total, 118,422. Receipts, §50,536. 
 
 The Columbus IStatue in the Exhibition grounds dedicated 
 by the Italian Societies of the United States, 
 
 October V^h. — Cadets of the Virginia Military Institute 
 encamp on the Exhibition grounds. 
 
 October lltli. — State Council of the Order of United Ameri- 
 can Mechaiiics met at Philadelphia. 
 
 American Dairymen's Association met at r'hiladelj)hia. 
 
 October IStli. — Grand ilisplay of fireworks in the Exhibition 
 grounds at night. 
 
 Oclobcr 19/A. — Delaware, Maryland and West Virginia Dav. 
 Cash adniissioiis, 161,355; total, 176,407 Receipts, §.s(),- 
 367.50, 
 
 October 26^/t.— Ohio Day. Cash admissions, 122,300; total, 
 I ;]5,66 1 . Receipts, §6 1 ,029.50. 
 
 Reunion of the Merchants at Judges' Hall, in the K.\hii)iti()ii 
 irronnds. 
 
 Xovember 2d. — Bishop Allen's monument in tlie Exhibitiou 
 grounds (ledicated. 
 
 November dfh. — Farewell reception and banfjuet by the Cen- 
 tennial Comniission and Board of Finance. Grand Interna 
 tional display of fireworks at night. 
 
 Xovf7nber lOtli. — Formal close of the International Centen- 
 nial ExiiibitioD. 
 
^ 
 
 CHAPTER XXVI. 
 
 THE ANNOl XCEMEXT OF THE AWARDS. 
 
 Ceremonies at Judges' Hall — Announcement of the Awards granted by llio 
 Conimis/iion — Character of the Awards — Description of the Medals — List ol 
 the Principal Awards in Kacli Class. 
 
 ^%0 
 
 ^v7f HE awards of medals and dijiloinas to successful com- 
 o\\ petitors in the CVntciinial Exhibition wore announced 
 jfrrr' in Judges' Il;ill with appropriate cen'inonies on the 
 c'C^ evening of the 27th of Septendter. No event (hiring 
 the course of the P^xhihition was looked forward to 
 with as ninch interest by the exhibitors as this one. At times 
 many of them were impatient at the unavoidable deliiys and 
 disjKvsed to murmur at the manngemcnt of this important 
 branch of the work ; but the manner in which the judges per- 
 formed their duties, the discrimination with which their 
 reports were prepared, and the cnhanciHl value of their awanls 
 over tiiose made at any i()rmer International Exhibition, linally 
 caused all dissatisfaction to disappear. (1 •sttidcation at the 
 success of the now American syst n of awards was universal. 
 Judges' Hall was beautifully decorated for the occasion. Par- 
 titions had been removed, greatly enlarging the seating capacity 
 of the room and adding greatly to its beauty. The flags o{' the 
 leading nations of the world were arranged in festoons around 
 the galleries, anil curious lanterns from the Chinese depMrtment 
 were suspended between the columns. The rostrum in the rear 
 of the platform was cov\'!red with flowers and rare j)lants, over 
 which there was a «;annpy of American flags. Marble statues 
 were placed in the corners of the room, vases from the Main 
 IJuilding in the corridor, atid one of llu^ century vases in silver 
 
 in the open sjiace in front of the platform. 
 
 791 
 
 Ifl. -i, 
 
792 
 
 Tin: ILLUSTRATKD HISTORY 
 
 General Lewis E. Merrill, U. S. A., acted as master of 
 ceremonies, aiul announced as they entered tlie lollowiiiLi- 
 named bodies of gentlemen : Tlie Centennial (.'oinmission, tin 
 Bo-.rd of Finance, and the United States Government lioanl ; 
 (J.iieral \\'alUei", ('Iiet' of the liureau of Awards and tlir 
 ii.Kird of .indues; I'la- I )!;'ector-(ieneral of the Exhibition and 
 tlie Foreij^'ii Commissioners; the olficers of the ( Vntennial (Jnard, 
 
 the Prt'sideiUs of the Cni- 
 
 TERRA-rOTTA VA'^T. DXIltBITEn BY 
 tJAI.I.OWVY & GItAII", IX THK MAIN 
 BUlLUr.;G. 
 
 tcnni 
 
 ivl ( 
 
 o:nnussion and 
 
 the IJoard of Finai 
 
 ICC 
 
 aiK 
 
 1 tl 
 
 le (n)vernors of 
 
 States antl the Diplonintic 
 Corjjs. After these h;id 
 
 dl 
 
 )asse( I 
 
 to tl 
 
 le 
 
 |)l;tccs 
 
 d th 
 
 assi<;iie(l tnem, |)raycr w.i> 
 ollered by the Rev. Dr. 
 IleiU'V A. Ueanhnan, of 
 Philadelphia, in rcs|Miiisc 
 to which the Temple (Quar- 
 tette of Hostoii sanLi' a 
 selection from Schubert's 
 Ma"S for male voices. 
 
 United States Coinnus- 
 sioner Daniel J. Morreil, 
 who [n'esided, then made a 
 short address. 
 
 The nuisi(! which fol- 
 lowed consisted of selec- 
 tions from the national airs 
 of many countries, ))(t- 
 formed bv the Centemiinl 
 
 or 
 
 'chestra. As the nu 
 
 ISIC 
 
 of each nation was recoir- 
 nizeil the audience r(»se to 
 
 its feet in honor of the country thus represented, and the aii> 
 of Franco, England, and CJermany were loudly ai)plauded. 
 Director-General A. T. Goshorn then delivered a -lutrt ad- 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIHITION. 
 
 793 
 
 dress. His allusions to the Foreign Commissioners ami the 
 iioiird of Judges were received with warm applause. He sai<l 
 in substance as follows: 
 
 This Exhibition is not ;i mw competition of rival nijinnhutnrcrs and trades- 
 nu'n. It hrings toi;othiT nntinnalitiis and ii-ads to cxti tided relations; pro- 
 motes tile ac(|nisition and difliision of a l)etter itnowledtre of national resonrees 
 and products, and of national methods and indnstrie-^. It creates and enlarps 
 nuitnal respect and esteem, softens |irejndices, and eoniiiljutes to the preserva- 
 
 TIIEO'lELLS PUINTIXO MKTEOROORAI'M, KXHIHITED IX THE SWEDISH 
 
 SCHOOL-HUUsiE. 
 
 lion of harmony and i)eaco — the nohlest aim of civilization. The benefits of 
 tills assemlilin;,' of the representatives of every civilized comitry witli their 
 |irodiicts will he better imderstood and more fnlly appreciated after the Kxhi- 
 h\iUm itself has passed away. We ari' in the presence of the prodnctions of 
 Hciencc, art, invention, skill, and labor, fitted to improve the material and 
 moral condition of man. We are at tlie same time in the presence of lii<;hei 
 iiiihienceH. The united attentii>;i and thoiiglil of many leading minds of the 
 
 \M 
 
 ' |!' •':■ 
 
 J : 
 
794 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 civilized world, for tiie time being, centre here, and, by tlicir representatives, 
 preside over tiilH institution ; .ipinions of many and diverse minds tlms iii 
 fontiiet become ijy attrition and discussion more developed cud perfected in 
 themselves, and in turn How back through the various eiiaimels to nanlmatc 
 and (luieken the sources of tiieir origin. We learn here what Kciciiee and 
 art have done for the comfort and elevation of man, and are reminded th:;t 
 the discoveries and inventions during the era which tiiis Exhibition eununtm- 
 orates are tlie most remarkable and useful recorded in hi lorv. 
 
 No feature in this enterprise has produced a more profuund impression than 
 the individual character and (pialilieations of the gentlemen selected for these 
 commissions, and who are intrusted with most delicate and didicnlt duties. 
 Jn addition to the reipiireil knowledge and experience, tluy havedisi lined calm 
 consideration and forbearance, vigilant attention, and the most friendlv and 
 lively zeal for the success of the work. It is, tlierefori', gentlemen of the 
 foreign commissions, that I seize this oiiporlunily for my associates and mv- 
 self, and on behalf of the exhibitors <Voin the I'niled Slates, "to expn'ss to vu;i 
 with the warmest feehngs the high sense we tntirtain of your important .ser- 
 vices and the large degree in which we are iiidiiiled to you for the measure of 
 Kuccess whieii has crowned our edorts. 
 
 With eipial earnestness and sincerity and jdiasure I refer to the emineni 
 body of men, both foreign and .American, condiining among them superior 
 attainments in every deimrtment of human knowledge, selirted U) examine 
 and express their opiinons upon the (pialilies and merits of the j)roducts and 
 Bid)jects fornung this lv\bibilion. The task imposed on them was in some of 
 its featiues new and nntrii'd. They were desired to exirtss opinions indi- 
 vidually and in writing upon the cpialities and merits of .ndividiial products, 
 and to aflirm their opinions by their respective .signatures. Mo,-i obviouslv 
 this was asking the jterformance of a task at once diilieult and delicate, and 
 the assumption of great responsibility. The good will, earne.-tntss, ami z< al 
 with which they accepted this onerous charge and entered upon the work 
 gave assurances to the Centemual Commission that have been to them a >oiii\e 
 of gratilication and of contiden-e. Their work is now com|)leted and will. -,.,;;; 
 i)e given to the public, which is in the end the linal arbiter and ultimiilu 
 judge. It is not competent for me to anticipate that verdict, but I may alhule 
 to some of the elements on which it nnist of necessity be founded. 
 
 It has been the duty of the Centennial Comnussion to exMnune, api>reeiale, 
 and confirm in legal form 12,000 or more of the recommendations of tlie 
 judges for awarils. In the progress of this labor, the commission have lieeri 
 impressed with the spirit of impartiality, fidrness, and earnestni'ss which p(i- 
 vades the work. They have been e(inally impri'ssed with the eviiieiiccs of 
 trained skill and acute discrinnnation and with the manifestations of speci.il 
 and general knowledge throughout. Surely it cannot fail that tlu' peojile :inil 
 nations represented here will in due time ac(iuire, from the useful nnd reii.ililc 
 information convi'ved by the re|iorts of the judges, a better and ftdlerknowl- 
 edge of their own products and of the pnKlucts of each other. In the lull 
 confidence that the wishes and aimsof the Centennial Commission in aiioiiling 
 
t 1'' 
 
 OF THE CENTENNIAL EXIIIIJITION. 
 
 70-5 
 
 iniH- 
 (idiicts, 
 .•i(Ui;-ly 
 lie, ami 
 
 11(1 Will 
 
 ^(lll^l^' 
 
 lltillKili: 
 illilltK' 
 
 this nicthofl of awards will be thus liappily icalizcil and appreclutetl both by 
 Lxliibitors and the liiiblic, I liave now the lionor to express to you, gen- 
 tlemen of the I'ourd of Judges, on behalf of the Centennial Commission, 
 our thanks for the signal aid and great benefits in this department, whieh 
 you have conferred on the exhibitors. 
 
 And now, gentlemen, in a Anv weeks the object for whieh we came here 
 will be accomplished. Tlie ]'.\hibition, whieli has been tin? source of so much 
 pleasure and instruction, and which lias excited the admiration of niilllons of 
 visitoi-s, will soon pass into the records of jiistory. The < in imistai'.^es that 
 suggested it were of a peculiar and interesting character. Connected witli the 
 centenary comuiemoratioii of one'of the most important political events in tiie 
 history of the world, and from its inc. ,ition having been free from merely 
 commerciiil or mercenary motives, it was organized and has been conducteJ 
 with the single view of erecting a monument dedicated to the fruits of peace. 
 that will be remembered for all time with pride and pleasure. Inaugurated 
 in a spirit of fraternity and good-will, it was intended to afford to the people 
 of this country and all other countries an opportunity to .see and study the 
 elements that have conduced to the national welfare. We acknowledge our 
 indebtedness to the exhibitors from foreign countries, and to the exhibitors 
 from the United States who have co-operated with zeal and most faithfully to 
 render the Exhibition successful in all of its departments. The work has been 
 great — the diliicultica many — but wo trust the future will bring returns of a 
 fruitful harvest. 
 
 After tlic singing of a quartet from "Les Eiifunts do Paris" 
 l)y Adolplie Adiiin.'^, CJeneral Ilawlcy hrieily explained the work 
 of the Jiidge.s and of the Centennial Conuniission in preparing 
 the awards, as follows: 
 
 (ii:N ri.KMiON : We have rciiched anotlur interenting step in the progress of 
 the Inurnalitmal Mxhibilion of iJ^Tti. The iniporlance of the work which 
 cidniinates this evening has been felt by the Commission from the lieginning. 
 It has never been thought possible to devise or carry out a system of award 
 that would render absdliile justice, or obviate criticism ; but it was believed that 
 we could, by the plan with which you are familiar, get :;-:iver that result than 
 did our predecessors in other exhibitions. 
 
 ^^'e departed from the usual systini of international juries and called tc our 
 a.ssistani'e J 'J'") jutlges from the United States, and an eipial number from 
 foreign nations, all selected for their known character and (pialiiieations. Our 
 method also dispensed with graduated medals. It rc(piired written rcport.s 
 iccommcnding awards iiased upon merit, the elements of merits, in the lan- 
 i;uage of the Commission. inclKding "considerations relating to originality, in- 
 vention, discovery, utility, quality, skill, workmanship, fitness for the purpose 
 intended, adaptiUion to public wants, economy and cost." Tin- articles exliibited 
 were classified in tweiity-eigiit groups, and to each of these groups a competent 
 number of judges, foreign and A merican, was assigned. They entered upon their 
 
79G 
 
 TIIK ILLrSTRATKD IIFSTOllY 
 
 (Iiilit's May 2-1. Kadi <,'ron{) cluisi' a prisidnit and swrctary, and called to ii> 
 aid siicli ivportcis and oxju its as weiv lU'cdid. 
 
 The luKs ivquiri'd that tlit- report upon each article or siihject should !„ 
 s'-ned hy soaie one jiid;;f and eonntersigned hy at Kast a inajoriiv of hi,- ;,-,,. 
 I'iates in tiial group. No limitation has been iiniiosed upon the nunilHi ol W... 
 awanls. It is ajiparent that of twenty articles submitted, eat li might he\M,iii,v 
 of honor for the peculiar merit, or, on the other hand, it might happt n ihai 
 none would deserve special mention. 
 
 The Chief of the JJureau of Awards, (Jeneral F. A. Walker, reiircsciiiid d,,. 
 Commission in its relations with the judges, interpreting and apjlvirg t|,,. 
 
 rules and conveying the decisions of the Commission upon (pHsiidiis thai a 
 
 from time U) time, lie classified the reports and prepared them lor coiisidcr.i- 
 
 liMMM'Jir.'i!' 
 
 MAMMOTH CAl.iroliM A KltAfl') VINi:. 1\ A(iUI( ll.Tfl! A I, llAl.l,. 
 
 tion hy the Coniinission. That hody has read every one of the reports citlui- 
 in committee of the whole or in largi' suh-divisioiis thereof. The task is not 
 i|uite comph'te, a fi'W reports are not ready for our examination. Final action 
 njion others is delayed hy reason of such oversights, alh'gcd violations of ihr 
 rules, duplications, overlappings, or technical error as may he expected in sn 
 large a mass of work hy 'J-")() gentlemen working in twenty-eight groups, Tlic 
 Commission has formally appnived reports and awarded thereon its unilniiu 
 medal and diploma. The lists of awanls that we ])resent this evening ;iif 
 cla.Svsi(ied hy nationalities. The lists given to the press arc arranged uiiclii 
 their several groups. The preparation of diplomas, medals, and cirtillnl 
 copies of the full reports in each c;i«c must necessarily be a work of more time. 
 It was deemed ju-t to the exhibitors to announce the principal fact as speedily 
 as possible. 
 
l'< 
 
 I'itlni- 
 i-< nut 
 iirllim 
 
 S (if ill" 
 
 1 in SI' 
 
 iinildiiH 
 iiiil :iii' 
 1 \iii<lti' 
 (vrtil'K'l 
 iri' time. 
 speedily 
 
 OF THK CENTENNIAT. EXirilUTION. 
 
 
 Among the many to wliom we feci |)crsonalIy grateful stand prominently the 
 It'iis of tlioiisaiids (if i'xliihitor.<. Wliilo corntnercial and imrely mutfiial nio- 
 livert and considerations are ajipealed to in order to induce tlieir participation, 
 ii iscpiite evident liiat a large nmnlierare liereon the occasion somewhat pecu- 
 liar, not alone from tlie I'tuted States, hut from many nations, chielly tiiattiiey 
 may testify tiieir good-will in unr festival year in tiie country [loud applause]; 
 Mild there are many purely govermnental exhibits to competitive exanunation 
 iliat will nevertheless receive the highest of awards, the continuing gratitude 
 (if the whole Amt'rican people. The special manifestations of friendly inter- 
 est and cordial gooil-will presented hy many sovere ^ns v.vi never he forgotten, 
 and they will do much to perpetuate international frh^ndships. [Applause.] 
 
 As the iiiiiius of the sevei'iil countries were eulled tiiid their 
 representative.^ came forward to receive tlieir li.sts they were 
 irreeted witli h)ud apphiiise. K>|>ecially was this true in the 
 eases of Bra/il, Egypt, France, (Icruiaiiy, Japan, Russia, Tur- 
 key, (Jreat !>ritain and Victoria, and tlie I'nited States. In 
 some instances the whole rudience rose to its feet, and tlie slap- 
 piiio; of hands and shouts of " JJravo " continued for several 
 seconds. The (>.\crcises of the eveiiiiio; wert' closed l)V the sin<i- 
 ino' of Dudley Uuck's Screnatle by the Temple (inartelle C'liil) 
 and MiL-ic hy the I'irst IJrioade Uand. 
 
 The metlio 1 oi' awards adnptcd hy the American Centennial 
 Commission dilllrs tVoni the jirecediiiLr svstems. It dispenses 
 with tlie international jury, and siihstitutes a hodv of judo;es, 
 one-half foreign, chosen individually for tlieir high <pialilica- 
 tions. It dispenses also with the system of awards hy gradu- 
 ated mediils, and re(iuires of the judges written reports on the 
 inherent and com|)arative merits of etit h ]>ro(luct thought 
 worthy of an award, setting forth the propertic- tind (|ualilies, 
 pi'esenting the consider.'itions forming the groiuids of the award, 
 and avouching each rei)ort 1 y the signature of their authors. 
 Thus the volumes of reports will form a com))lcle encyclopicditi 
 of the Exhibition, which can be consulted on all disputed ques- 
 tions as to the relative merits of objfx'ts of lijo^ character, an(I 
 will be an authority to settle the quarrels of rival manulaeturers 
 imd inventors about the value of their j)remiu:iis. 
 
 Tl 
 
 ic me 
 
 dais 
 
 awarded by tite Commission were of bronze, 
 nd in shape, four iiiehes in diameter, very chaste in appear- 
 ance, and the largest of the kind ever struck in the Uuiteil 
 
 roil 
 
 ir 
 
 1 
 
 M 
 
 "III ' 
 
 '! ■ 
 
 Ml 
 
 l\ ■■■'[!! 
 
 ,IM 
 
 ! ., iM 
 
798 
 
 THE ILIX'STRATED HISTOKY 
 
 Stat( ^. Tlio stamps were cngnived by Henry ^fitclu'll, of 
 Boston, iiiul the nieduls were struek at the Unite<l States Mint 
 at l*lii!a(leli)hia. In the eentre of the faee is a feinah' figure 
 representing America, seated on an elevation, and holdinif a 
 crown of hmrels over the enihleins of iiuhistry that lie at In r 
 ieet. At ecinal distances apart on the outside zone of the luce 
 
 CENTENNIAT. AWARD MKDAI. — fonVEnSE). 
 
 are four other female figures in bas-relief, which with appro- 
 priate symbols represent America, Europe, Asia, and AtVicn, 
 respectively. The reverse aide has in the eentre the words: 
 " Awarded i)y the United States Centennial Commission," 
 and, on the outside /one: **Internation;U Exhibition at Phila- 
 delphia. MDCCCLXXVI"— all in raised letters. The zone 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXIiriilTION. 
 
 790 
 
 on eiu;li face in separated from the inner area by a wreath 
 of huircls. 
 
 All the medals of award were of tlic same size, weight, 
 material, and design. About twelve tht)ii>;ind were presented 
 to deserving exhil)itors. 
 
 The list given below embraces but a small j)ortion of il.e 
 
 CENTENNIAL AWARD MEDAL— (KEVERSE). 
 
 awards granted by the Centennial Commission A complete 
 list would more than fill a volume of the size of this 
 one, and the list would be made up largely of the names of 
 exhibitors from foreign countries, in which American readers 
 would have no special interest. It is to be understood that 
 these awards of medals are evidences merely of merit, not 
 
 m^ 
 
 III 
 
 \i i' 
 
 1^ a 
 
800 
 
 Tin; ILIJ'STIIATKI) IIISTOUY 
 
 superiority; tlic reports made snbsiMjUoiitly indicato wlioso 
 ('xliil)it in eacli uroiip is held in highest e>a'(Mu l)y the 
 jiulgcs. 
 
 (iroiijt I. — Tiie First (Iroiip enihraced every character (•!' 
 mineral ores and conil)nstil)les, metals and metalliir<ri(;d pmd- 
 iicts, and the various tools and ap|>aratus for mining. Nu 1( -. 
 than (>1(J awards were made. Among the American exhibitor- 
 were the following : 
 
 t'olliii, Kt'diiif^tdii A- Co., Niw York. Fine Silii-a for Polisliing. 
 
 J'l. I). DdUglKTly, 'l"ciiiii--i'i', ('i)liiii J M:irlili'. 
 
 <iilr-uii. Cli'incnl iV \\'ni)(l|iiii, IiiiiIhimI, X'trimmt. Sliitinirv ]M;irlilc. 
 
 Aiillirai'ili' l''iul Cimiii.iiiy, Itoinldiil. New YiU'k, ( uiniPii -sed ( oal. 
 
 All);iny ami Ilriis-i'liu r lioii ami Suil < (Uiiipanv, Troy, N\\v Vciil;, II -- ■ - 
 iiur Siitl anil Wi-oiigiil Iron Kail-, I'.ars, l''()rgin,ii-, Axir-, Splhrs, N'nil , ;;. | 
 i Iiir^i'-ho(.'s. 
 
 Lackawanna I run ami Cnal Conipany, Scianton, iVnn-ylvania, lii'sst na r 
 I'iy; Iron ami \\'runL:lii Iron l!;irs. 
 
 IMK" 
 
 ('. .1 
 
 lrl<-on, 
 
 New Yorl^. I",.Nliiliii of ( alinir- maiK lis novel n 
 
 Ullliiii-.. 
 
 Tatliani A- llrotlirr, I'iiiiaikliiliia, IVnu.-ylvania, Siit'Ll J^ad ami Tin-limd 
 
 Liad r.nd Iron I' 
 
 I!d\vin I'. Hall, ( hicojua', Ma--ai'lni-i'l(s. Suani Stamiiing Macid 
 (.'rnfiluii',;' I >w^ and Itocks. 
 
 J. !■]. MucIkII, I'liilailrliilii.i, IVnn-ylvaina. < oiin! lom- and I'ixtnro. 
 
 nc ; r 
 
 Slu'ldon iV Slu.--on, XVi -i lliulaml, \'t rnioni. Ido.'.. ol'Siatnarv 
 
 -Marli 
 
 .M. M. ^[anly i^ Son, 1'. nii-\ Ivania Itolird Imn Hand Kail. 
 
 Madi^oa f'ounlv I'oltiiy (oniiiany, liiclnuoml, Kintmky, I'oiii ry. 
 
 <iL(ir-rM, Mowbray, Ni'rili Adams, Massaclinsitt-, Apjiaraln- lur Illaviir,' 
 Mines, l-Kcli'if i'atlcry, I'liscs, etc. 
 
 (icor.uo K. Ty.son, I'liiladiliiliia, Pennsylvania, IMiosiilior-Ilron/.i'. 
 
 Hastings iS: Co., IMiiladelidiia, IVnnsylvania, ( iold Leal' and iKnial \\<\\. 
 
 Yale I-oek Manufaetnrini,' Company, Siandoid, Conneclieiit, Niekel Aimil,.. 
 
 I'ldladidiihia and Keading Kailruad Company, Heading, IVmi-ylvania, Ikih 
 Kails and Kail files. 
 
 (Iroiij) II. — Medals were bestowed upon 2S.") ('xhibilt)rs in 
 the Second (Jrou[), which embraced all articles of i>ottery, glas- 
 
 ware, artiticial stone, brick, terra-cotta Avork, tiles ii>r i linu 
 
 or pavement, majolica, and ])allissey ware, porcelain ilir tlic 
 table, window, mirror, and taltle glass, and machinery for niak- 
 i.ij; all such articles. Among the exhibitors on the I'st of 
 awards are the followinsr: 
 
 Galloway & Graff, Pliiladelpliia, Pennsylvania, Artistic Terra-Cotta. 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXIIiniTION. 
 
 801 
 
 [. i I 
 
 Joseph 11. ^^oorc, Trenton, New Jenscy, White Granite Table Wares, Bis- 
 (juit and Parian. 
 
 iJoston and Sandwich Glass Company, Boston, Flint Glass Table Wares, eto. 
 
 II. C. Fox & Sons, Philadelphia, Druggists' and Perfum .V Glaa.s Wares. 
 
 Ilointr Brooke, New York, Presses (or Glass. 
 
 Tiic Brick Enamelling Company, Philadelphia, Enamelled Brick, in a variety 
 of colors. 
 
 Wm. rhambcrs, Philadelphia, Brick-making Machine — operates by e.tpres- 
 »ing the Clay. 
 
 The Fire Proof Building Company, Now York City, Fire Proof Hollow 
 Block of Teil Lime Composition for Buihling Purposes. 
 
 .T. Gni'bel A Co., Now Y'ork City, Crude and Burned German Clay, and 
 Olnss-inoltlng Pots made from same. 
 
 Koland ik Sprogle, New Y'ork City, Artificial Carbnrelted Stone. 
 
 J. B. Doblcman, Greenpoint Flint Work.i, nroolijB, K"<» Ytlll nfrt 
 Glass Tabic Wares, etc. 
 
 Whitall, Tatum S: Co., Philadelphia, Chemiata', Dniggista' and Perfumers' 
 Wares of Lime and Green Glass. * 
 
 Group III. — The Third Group embraced chemicals and 
 |>harmaoeutical preparation?, and the apparatus for manufactur- 
 ing them, and 748 exhibitors received medals. Of these the 
 most noticeable houses in the list arc given below : 
 
 E. B. Benjamin, New Yurk, Chemicals and Chemical Apparatus. 
 
 Avcrill Chemical Paint Company, New York, Ee.ady Prepared Painta, 
 
 Brooklyn White Lead Company, New York, Lead Colors. 
 
 Joseph Burnett & Co., Boston, Cologne, Flavor Extracts, etc. 
 
 Colgate I'c ( o., New Y'ork, 1 aucy Soap.'j and Perfumery, 
 
 Francis tt Eoutrel, New Y'ork, Copyablc Printing Ink. 
 
 Lockwood, Brooks & Co., Boston, Inks and Mucilage. 
 
 Henry Maillard, New Y'ork, Confectionery. 
 
 George Mather & Sons, New Y'ork, Printing Inks. 
 
 Maynard & Noyes, Boston, Inks. 
 
 McKeone, Van Haagen & Co., Philadelphia, Soaps. 
 
 Enoch Morgan & Son, New Y'ork, Sapolio Soap. 
 
 Charles Pfizer & Co., New Y'ork, Chemicals. 
 
 RestdorfT, Bettman & Co., New Y'ork, Dressings for Ladies' Shoes. 
 
 Robinson & Pratt, Pbiladclphia, Printing Inks, etc. 
 
 Crosse & Blaekwcll, London, Vinegar. 
 
 T. W. Maaury & Son, New York, Colors. 
 
 T. & E. Atkinson, London, Perfumery and Toilet So.ip«. 
 
 Group IV. — Group IV. included animal and vegetable prod- 
 ucts, such as milk, cream, butter, cheese, honey, flour, starch, 
 wines, malt liquors, etc., and the maehinety for their proparu- 
 51 
 
802 
 
 TMK IMXSTUATEU III.STOUY 
 
 tion. The awards lunnlicr 1,120, two-diiids of them hcin.- (,, 
 foreign exhibitors. 01' the American cxhibitor.s the Iblluwin.. 
 received medals : 
 
 Aiinrican ('oinltiiscd Milk ('ompaiiy, New York, Condensed Milk. 
 T. Kingslord tS: Son, C)s\ve>;o, Now York, Starch. 
 William iSanatt, I'liiladclpliia, Starch. 
 (iUn Covo Starch ('()ni|iany, Long Island, Slarc}). 
 J. J. Wood »V: Co., I lilted Stale.-, ('ohiinhiis, Ohio, Starcli. 
 K. T. Cowdcry &, Co., Itoston, Mixctl I'icklc.-', <krkinf<, ('at.-ii|w. 
 P. Lorillaniit Co., New York, Toliacco in all its forms (cxccjit cigars^. 
 L. Sclicpp, New York, I)e^iecatt<l Cocoannt, Preserved Fruit. 
 K. (". Hazard & Co., New York, Preserved Vegetaliles. 
 (jcorgo V. Ilcckcr A- Co., New York, I'lonr from Winter Wheat, 
 linmford Chemi<,il Work.-*, Providinee, Rhode Island, Haking Powder. 
 John C. P.orden, lJrew>ter's, New York, Preserved K.xtract«. 
 E. C. Ilazartl A Co., New York, Preserved Hxtracls. 
 (iordon i*c (iihvorlh, New York, Preserviil Mxiract.'j. 
 
 Cro.s.se & P.lackwell, London, England, Pickles, Sauces, and Prestrv.d 
 Fruit. 
 
 Group T. — Crroup V. was dcvottMl to the (li.^|)hiy of fish mid 
 fish ])rodn('ts, and ai)paratns fttr fishin<r, fish cnhnre, etc. TIm- 
 awards are incom|>lete, but innnl)er 22U, very lew of which :iiv 
 to American exhibitors. Among those named arc the liil- 
 lowing: 
 
 Mrs. .1. IF. Slack, liidomshnry. New .Jersey, Comhination Ilatching-I'.oxes. 
 
 C. V. Orvis i*i Co., Manchester, Vermont, the Orvis Keel. 
 
 A. 15. Shipley S' Sons Pliiladeli)hia, Artificial Elics Itods, Reels, etc. 
 
 Coiiroy, Rasse'i & Mallc.son, New York, Artilicial Elies, P>a.-<s Lines, I"ii t 
 Rods, etc. 
 
 American Net and Twine Company, P.oston and New York, Triiiin:.. I 
 NcUi, (Jill Nets, Purse Xcl.s, and Lines. 
 
 W. R. Lewis it Hro.s., RoHton, Canned Salmon, Mackerel, Lohster, ;u i: 
 Clams. 
 
 Max Anis, New York. Pickled Eels, Caviar, Pickled Salmon, Anchovies, lK. 
 
 J. W. Carley, New York, Preserved Oysters, Kpeeiiiu;ns of Oysters iiinl 
 Clams. 
 
 Eusjfcne Ct. Blackford, New York, Live Fi.sh in Aquaria, with Fish in K(- 
 frigeratoiN. 
 
 Kemp, Day & Co., New Yf>rk, (aimed Lohstcrs, M.ickerel, etc, 
 
 John Winslow Jones, Portland, Mc„ I'resh Mackerel and Canned Lohster. 
 
 Joseph F. Tobin, New York, Whalelione. 
 
 IIai)good & Co., S.in Franci.sco, Ca;.n;'d Salmon. 
 

 |itllj!lfiiii'!:'!|j:'!]i!f|iii|'|iiiy!li!i^ 
 
 *; ■ '11') 
 
 ^^mi^smm, 
 
 TERRA-COTTA VASE, EXniniTKP BY OALLOWAY & GRAFF, IN THE 
 
 MAIN BUILDIXa. 
 
 803 
 
 ki'. 
 
 !-■ . 
 
804 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 Educatioiuil Department, Ontario, Canada, Prepared Fish. 
 
 General CoUeetion of Bermuda, Bermuda Fish, alive, including Parrot 
 Fish. 
 
 CJeneral Exhibit of Bermuda, Shells, Corals, Sponges, Sea Fans, Ecluniv 
 doems, etc. 
 
 Brazilian Commission, Turtle Oil and Turtle Butter. 
 
 Museum of Bergen, Norway, Collection of Mammals, Fishes, Crustaceans, ptc. 
 
 Board of Commerce, Bergen, Norway, Salted Herring and Coil, Cod Koes 
 Ling Cask. 
 
 Fabrica Progressa, Povora de Varim, Portugal, Conger Eel in Oil, Oyster* 
 in Oil, Shad in Oil. 
 
 Board of Commerce, Alesund, Norway, Fishing Tackle, Lines, Nets, etc. 
 
 President Vienna Commission, Yianna del Castcllo, Portugal, Laniprev in 
 Oil. 
 
 Royal Swedish Commission, Blekinger, Salted Gotland Herring, Eels, do. 
 Cod, etc. 
 
 CDinniissioners from Tasmania, Brown Trout. 
 
 Gloucester Fishing Exhibit, Gloucester, Ma-ssachusetts, General Collection 
 of Fishing Lnplements, Models of Boats. 
 
 Massachusetts Marine Exhibition, Boats for Fishermen and Fishing Vessels 
 
 Maryland Centennial Commission, Marylatid, Model of Fish-Hateliing 
 House, Models of Boats, etc., etc. 
 
 C. C. Brand, Norwich, Connecticut, Vriialing Gun with Bomb Projectile. 
 
 E. B. and T. Macy, New Bedford, Massachusetts, Whaling Gear. 
 
 Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middletown, Connecticut, Fishing Boat, Fit- 
 tings, etc. 
 
 Bradford it .Vnthony, Jioston, Massachusetts, Angh.rs' Liiplements, Hooks, etc 
 
 A. V(KSS, (iloucestcr, Massachusetts, Bait Mill. 
 
 Kolsey t% Hosnicr, Sandusky, Ohio, Fishinj? Dressing Machine. 
 
 White .Manufactiuing Company, Bridgeport, Connecticut, Fisiiing LanipB, 
 
 Jonathan Buck, Gloucester, MaflPichnsetts, Fisherman's Clothing. 
 
 J. F. Tarter, Gloucester, Massachiisctts, Fisherman's Oil Clothing. 
 
 Thaddeiis Norris, Phil.idelphin, Fishing Rods. 
 
 Alden Sea Food Company, New York, Dried Turtle, Dried C(k1, Dried 
 Clams. 
 
 (h-ouj) VT. — fiidor this In ad wore oxiiibits of timber, workod 
 timlxM', jiaris of btiildinjis, forostrv, ship timber, seeds, ntits, etc. 
 The awards numbered 150, of vliieb the following are the most 
 notieeable : 
 
 Pitor Ifendcrson & Co., New York, FicM and Garden f'oods. 
 .liiMies M. Thorhurn & Co., Ni w York, (iardcn Seeds and Tree Seeds. 
 A. L. Fanchcxe t^ Co., Now York, Mnrbh- Mantels, 
 Fisher & Bird, New York, Marole Mantels. 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 805 
 
 Group VII. — Furniture, upliolstoiy, woodeu-ware, baskeiis, 
 niirroiY,, Vvyshing-iuaeliines, and like articles were embraced in 
 the seventh group. The awards numbered 307. The ibllowing 
 American houses among many others received medals : 
 
 Charles Zinn & Co., New York, Itiuskt-t aiJ'J Willow-Ware, 
 
 Plater C. Doreiuim, Now York, Sofa Spring-lkHl iuid Lounge. 
 
 Di'inorest, Joyce & Co., Urooklyn, New York, OiK-ra I'liuin. 
 
 Adolpii Tliiery, Pliilailel))liiii, Mantel and I'ier Mirrors, Chairs, etc. 
 
 Hertz & Co., New York, a completely fnrniwhed iied-rooin, couipri.sing ricli 
 Maple, Maliogany, and Amaranth Bedstead, etc. 
 
 The Hartford Woven Wire Mattre*« Comjjany, Hartford, Connecticut, 
 Woven Wire MattrcKscx, etc. 
 
 l{eed & Barton, Tainiton, MaspaehuBctts, Casket Trimmings, 
 
 >VakfrK'ld Kattai) Coii:;>any, ]{oston, Mas.sachuHctts, ]{attan Furniture. 
 
 PATENT CAR COrPI.l^U, KXllIlUTKn IN MACIIINERT HALL. 
 
 Croup VIII. — In (Ironp VIII, wore ombraeod cotton, linen 
 and other labvics, incliiding the materials and the maehimiv, 
 and of the.sc there were si.xteen dilTerent classes. The awards 
 number 384, inchiding the following: 
 
 H. W. Johns, New York, Asbestos Filire and Fahric. 
 Woven Wire Mattress (\)nipany, Hartf<)rd. Connecticut, Wire Mattresses. 
 Wakefield Rattan Company. Wakefield. Massachnsett.s, TJiitlan Ooods. 
 American Linoleum Maniifacturin^; Company, New York, Linoleum Flo )r 
 
 ClutllR. 
 
 (Ironp IX. — In this grotip were exhibits of wool and silk 
 f:;''"i(s, including the materials and the mtichinery, woven and 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
806 
 
 Tin: ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 felted goods of wool, and mixtures of wool. The awards riuiu- 
 hered 595, from which list the following American c.\liil»it(,i> 
 have been selected : 
 
 M. A. Furbnwh it Sons, PliMadclpliin, (arding Machine. 
 
 Ji'sse Eddy's Sini.-i, Fall Kivcr, Mas?iachu.sutts, Faiuy Cassiinerta. 
 
 J.)lin and Jaiiurt Dubson, I'liiladeli»liia, Carpi-is, iJlanketn, Ovorooatiiij,'-. 
 
 (korge II. (iilbort Maiiuraitiiring Coiinmiiy, Ware, MassachusttlM, 11, ,11- 
 nuls, IJlankels. 
 
 American Silk Label Company, New York, Silk Jjiibcls. 
 
 (It'orge ('ronii)t()n, Worcester, Massacliiiselts, Looms. 
 
 Danfortli IxK-oniotive and Machine Works, i'aurstjn, New Jeit>ey, Silk 
 Machine. 
 
 James Koy & Co., West Tnty, New York, Shawls. 
 
 John Hrondey it Sons, riiiladelphia IVnnsylvan'a, Carpets. 
 
 United States Bunting Con\i>any, Lowell, Ma.ss;iehusett.s, Woollen Hiniiing 
 I>am!i.sks. 
 
 W. n. Ilorstmann it Sons, Piiilaileipiiia, Pennsylvania, Dress, Carriage and 
 I'pholstery Trimmings. 
 
 B. P.. Tilt it Son, Paterson, New Jersey, Fignred Silk and Silk Looms. 
 
 John N.Stearns it Co., New York, Fignred aiul Twilled Silks. 
 
 Di'xter, Lamlnri it Co., New York, Silk (IikkIs. 
 
 ( heney Bros., llartt'ord, Connecticnt, Silks and Silk liibbon.s. 
 
 (irmtp X. — (Jroiij) X. emhriiced all articles of clothin^r^ jiirs, 
 i;idia-nd)l)er goods, ornaments and fancy articles, and ihc 
 awards made number 5.>7, the larger part of which went t(» i'm- 
 eign exhibitors. Of the .Vmerican exhibitors the most notable 
 were as follows: 
 
 W. A. Drown it Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Umbrelliis and Parasols. 
 
 Collnloid Manufacturing Co npiny, N\\vark, New Jersev, Hruslus, .1, w- 
 elry, etc. 
 
 .Vlthof, Bergmann it Co., New York, .Mechanical Toys. 
 
 Fred. Julius Kaldenburg, New York, Pipes. 
 
 F. (irote it Co., New York, Turned Ivory, etc. 
 
 Schuyler, Hartley it iiraham. New York, Military Ilats and Caps. 
 
 Schuyler, Hartley it (Jraham, New York City, Society (UkmU. 
 
 .New York Belting and Packing Company, New York City, Junery NUl- 
 canite. 
 
 John Wanainakcr & Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Civil and .Military 
 ('lothing. 
 
 Devlin it '^'o.. New York City, Civil ritid Military Clothing. 
 
 .Madam Demarest, New York City, Fashions, PajKr Patterns, Drc^s-Cuttiiif,' 
 System, and Shirt and Sticking Suspenders. 
 
 (loodyear Rubber Company, New York, Rubber (ioods. 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIHITION. 
 
 80( 
 
 •'i f 
 
 frroup XL — IiK'ludod in (Jroup XI. won? all articl(>s ol'jew- 
 <*lrv, watflios, silverware, hroiizis. The exiiihitors lumilM'n'd 
 only 100, of whom only tweiity-.six were Amerieuns. Ot'tliebe 
 
 BLANK Hl>l)KS, KXHiaiTKn »Y W. V. MIKIMIYS HOXS, lMlil.AI>KI.I>lII A. IN 
 
 TlIK MAIN IMII.UINd. 
 
 the I •incij>al ones nHviving llie r('('n<rnition of a medal were as 
 fiillow'i: 
 
 Mitflu'll, Vance <S: Co., New York, I'liun/.o, M;ul)lo, Zinc, .ind Imitation nf 
 Hntn/.c. 
 
 (iorhani Maniifacliirinj; ('onii>any, IVovi<lt'ncc, Ulioilc Islanil, Silverware. 
 
 (lorliani Mannfacturini; (Joini>aiiv, I'roviilcncc, llliuile Inliind, Tlio (Viiliiry 
 Va*M*, in Solid Silver. 
 
 k 
 
 M 
 
808 
 
 THE ILIX'STRATED HISTOUY 
 
 TifTiny A Co., New York, Jewelry and Jewelled Wntclie!', Silver Work. 
 Kol)l)iiin «& Appletim, New York, Gold and Silver Wateh Cases. 
 Keetl iV IJarton, Taunton, MassaclmsetLs, Silver-lMated (i(HKls. 
 Heed iV Barton, Taunton, MasiWieiiusetts, ii large Niekel-l'lated Vase. 
 
 Group XII. — " Leather iiiul manufactures of leather, iiiehid- 
 ing bo(»ts and shoes, trunks," etc., were the class of article:, ( x- 
 hibited as Group XII. The awards announced to-day nunil. i 
 215, almost wholly to American exhibitors, the j)rir,cij)al of 
 whom are given below: 
 
 Dana, Model «& Co., New York, TIarncss and Eiisflet Leather in Va-idv. 
 
 S. Ilalsey A: Son, Newark, New Jersey, Patent and Carriage Leather, aiul 
 one Hide of Oil-Top Leatiier. 
 
 Henry (J. Kly «& Co., New York, liuflT, Pebble<l, CMazed, and Split Leatlur. 
 
 Iluhner »S: Keller, New York, Oak-Tanned Calf Skins. 
 
 Kees tSi Thorne, New York, Hendmik Sole Leather. 
 
 Chatfield, I'nderwocKl & Co., New York, Belt Leather. 
 
 AV. r. Breed, Dole «& Co., Lynn, Masjiaehiisetts, Shoes, Sliji[)crH and Caiiirs. 
 
 Barrousi^- I5oyd, New York, Shoes and S!ij)pers. 
 
 J. (i. Bruzzell i^- Co., Lvnn, Massaehnsetts, Shoe Mai)\inerv. 
 
 Ldwin C. Burt, New York, Ladies' Fine Made '^hoes. 
 
 Schnlt/, Southwick it Co., New York, I'nion Crop Sole Leather. 
 
 lloyi Brothers, New York, Ileniloek Sole Leather. 
 
 American Cable i^erew Wire Company, New York, Standard Screw Wire 
 Machine, for Uniting the Soles to the Uppers of Boots and Shoes. 
 
 Biiy Slate Shoe and Leather Company, New York, Men's, etc., W unieii's, etc., 
 B(»ots and Shoes, Sewed, Begged, ete. ^ 
 
 Dawley it I>erl)y, New York, Lasts, Boot Trees, etc. 
 
 Kenny it MeParlland, New York, Shoes. 
 
 v.. ]>. Stimpson, New York, Shoe Machinery. 
 
 (iroujt XIII. — The paper indu.stry was exhibited as CJrotip 
 XII r., ai 1 embraced such manufactures as stationery, printiiii; 
 |)aper, blank books, playing cards, wall j)ai)er, etc., besides the 
 machinery and ap|>aratus for printing, such as printing j)resscs, 
 type-casting machines, stereotyping aj)paratus, book-biu(liii<,f 
 and envelope machines, etc. The awards nimibered 'I'.W). The 
 chief exhibitors to whom awards were announced to-day are lh« 
 following: 
 
 Tifliuiv & Co., New York city. Wedding Stationery. 
 
 Ksleri)ro<ik Steel IVn Company, Camden, New .Jersey, Steel Pens. 
 
 Porter & Baiid)ri<lge, New York city, Visiting and Wedding Cards an.l 
 Pa|KterieH. 
 
 Iloe it Co., New York, (icneril Kxhlbil of Prinlei-s' Presses, and Materials 
 for Printers' Use. 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 809 
 
 J. B. Lippincott & Co., Pliiladelpliia, Bookbiiuling and Printing. 
 II. (\ Hougliton 6i Co., Riverside Pre.s8, Cambridge, Matwuchuflett**, Book- 
 binding. 
 
 I>. .\p[)let()n & Co., New York, Bookbinding, 
 
 B. O. Woods & Co., Boston, Masrtaeiuisetu*, Amateur Printing Presses. 
 
 Porter & Coates, Philadelpiiiu, Pennsylvania, Books. 
 
 J. K. Osgo<Ml & Co., Boston, Massac Inisitis, Books. 
 
 ociibner, Armstrong & Co., New York, Books, 
 
 (i. P. Putnam & Sons, New York, Books. 
 
 Harper Brothers, New York, liooks. 
 
 Francis & Lontrel, New York, Blank Books. 
 
 R, Iloe & Co,, New York, NewspajHir Press. 
 
 [i:||pi^S;;||,;^^ 
 
 TIIK AQfARIA, AORICl'LTfUAL HALL. 
 
 Group XTV. — (Iroiij) XIV, incliKlt'd all apparatus for heat- 
 iiij^, lightin;jc, ventilation, water .supply and <lraiiiao;e, .'^ncli as 
 fttovos, firo-place.s, kitehen ware, jjas fi.xtures, water-pipes, etc 
 The niiniher of exhibitors was small, there \nA\\\f only 4!) 
 awards, of which nearly all were to Anierieuns. Among these 
 were the following : 
 
 W. II. .lacksoh & Co., New York, Grates and Fenders for Oiwn Fires and 
 Fire Places. 
 
 Wakefield Earth Closet Company, New York, Earth Closets, Cabinet 
 Closets, 
 
 Tuttle iS: Bailey, New York, Vertical Wheel Registers for Heating and 
 Ventilation. 
 
 .IaeoI> II. Polliamus, New York, Refrigeratinii Cupboard an 1 ^.ife. 
 
 Smith Refrigerator (Vtmpany, .MItany, New York, Dry .\ir Refrigerator. 
 
 W. S. Carr A Co.. New York, Bath-Room Furniture. 
 
 I.t .VIS W. lA'eds, New York, Improved Methods of Yentilatiou and lleat- 
 iiii,- fdiagramsl. 
 
 William (1. Creamer, New York, Car Lamps. 
 
 tilt I 
 
 J I 
 
 V ■ 
 
 I 
 
fl) 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOHY 
 
 Groiqj XV. — This group was devoted to builders' liardwaro, 
 edge tools, cutlery, etc., and awards to the numberof 214 were 
 made. Among them I observed the following large Amerieaii 
 houses named iis receivers of medals : 
 
 .J J^. Mutt Iron Works, New York, Fomitains, Vases, and Statuary. 
 
 The M(.rickii (.'iitlL-rv Coiniiany, Mcridon, roiineuticut, Table Ciitlorv. 
 
 Yale Loik Mamifactiuiiig Company, Stamford, Connecticut, Time, Safe, 
 Door, and other Locks. 
 
 Hall's Safe and Lock Comf ..my, Cincinnati, Ohio, Safes. 
 
 llerrinj,' i<: Co., I'nited States, New York, Fire and IJiirglar-proof Safis. 
 
 Marvin Safe and Scale Company, New York, Fire and Burglar-proof Safe* 
 and Combination Locks. 
 
 Group A'lV. — "Military and sporting arms, weapons, apj)a- 
 ratus oi' hunting cxplosive-s, etc.," was the title of Group X\'l., 
 and in this de[)artment only 70 exhibitors a|)pt'ared. The prin- 
 cipal awards to American exhibitors were made to the follo\vin<r : 
 
 F. liemington & Sons, Ilion, New York, Firearms and Ammimition. 
 
 Merwin, Cnlbert it Co., New York, I'oeket Uevolvers. 
 
 Clark Si Siieider, Baltimore, Maryland, IJreech-loading Guns. 
 
 Sharpe's Uillo ('(mipany, liridgeporl, Connecticut, Breech-loading Ilnnting 
 liinc. 
 
 E. liemington, Ilion, New York, Hreeeli-loading (Jnns and Tan,'et Iiille, 
 
 Colt's Patent Firearms Maimfacturing Company, Hartford, Coiiiui ticin, 
 Colt's Iicvolver. 
 
 llicliaril .J. (Jailing, Hartford, Connecticut, The fiatling (Jun. 
 
 South Huston Iron Company, Boston, Massachusetts, Condensed linmzn 
 Ciiinon and Howitzer. 
 
 I i roup XVII. — Pleasure and travelling carriag(\<, (vuts. 
 wagons, sleighs, and all other manner of V(!hieles and tlnir 
 accessories, such as fittings, robes, rugs, etc., were named imdi r 
 (Jroup XVir., and loO exhibitors were given awtnds. Tli« 
 principal Amerietm exhibitors thus distinguished were as fol- 
 lows : 
 
 L. I'. Tibbals, New Y'lrl, Children's Carriages. 
 
 .T. A. Cunover, New York, Chililreu's Carriages and Wooden Horses 
 
 I'eters it Calhoiuj Company, Newark, New Jersey, Harness, Saddles, etc. 
 
 C. M. Moseman it Co., New York, Fire Fngine Hurncs.s. 
 
 ,1. U. Brewster it Co., New York, Carriages. 
 
 Wood Brothers, New York, Carriages. 
 
 C. T. Uaynolds & Co., New York, Carringc Varnislics. 
 
I ' i:. 
 
 OF TiriO CEXTEXNIAIi KX HIIUTIOX. 
 
 811 
 
 Group A'17//.—" Railway plant, rollin^r stock and ai)|)u- 
 ratus, and road engines" was the title of this group. The ex- 
 
 alcott's turbint; wiikki,, ExirmiTKo in machinery hall. 
 
 hibitors were only GO in number, and of these 42 were Amer- 
 icans. The awards to the latter most worthy of notice were as 
 ibllows : 
 
 fi 
 
 il li > 
 
812 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 Philadulphia & Reading Railroad Company, Reading, Pennsylvania, Looo- 
 niotivoH. 
 
 New Yorit Central Railroad Company, New York, Postal Cur. 
 
 Pennsylvania Ruilroud Company, Altoona, Pennsylvania, United States 
 Postal Car. 
 
 Pullman Palace Car Company, Chicago, Illinois, Hotel, Parlor, and Sleep 
 jng Car. 
 
 Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Altoona, Pennsylvania, Railroad Track. 
 
 John Stephenfion Comftany, New York, Street Tramway Cars. 
 
 Group XIX. — Tliis group was tlovotcd to the exhibition of 
 models of vessels and apparatus of transportation, inehiding 
 life-boats and salvage apparatus, propeller wheels, ropes, steer- 
 ing apparatus, and even balloons and their apparatus. The ex- 
 hibitors were few, and only 30 awards were made. Among 
 them were the following to leading Ameriean exhibitors: 
 
 Irving (irinnell. New Hamburg, New York, lee Yacht. 
 
 C. A R. Puillon, New York, Model of Schooner Y'acht Sappho. 
 
 A. II. Hark &Co., New York, Flax Twines. 
 
 Lawrence Waterbiiry & Co., New York, Manilla Rope. 
 
 John A. Roebling's Sons & Co., Trenton, New Jersey, Wire Ropes. 
 
 E. Waters & Sons, Troy, New York, Paper Hoats. 
 
 New York Safety Steam Power Company, New York, Steam Yacht. 
 
 Group XX. — Under this head were grouped motors, hydrau- 
 lic and pneumatic api)aratus, such as boilers, water-wheels, 
 shafting, belting, })unips, pneumatic railways and tubes, hydrau- 
 lic jacks, pres,ses, fire-engines, and the like. Contrary to gen- 
 eral expectation the exhibitors in this group were numerous, 
 and .301 awards were made. Included among those to Amcr- 
 ictin '.xhibitors are the following : 
 
 Hartford Pnmp Company, Hartford, Connecticut, Compressed Air Pump, 
 liahson & Dwight, New York, Self-Regulating Fire PWape. 
 Chard iS: Howe, New York, Lubricating Cup and Compound. 
 John A. Roebling's Sons & Co., Trenton, New Jersey, Wire 1\o\^q, Rig- 
 ging, etc. 
 
 Rumsey & Co., Seneca Falls, New York, Pumps, Hydraulic Rams. 
 
 Hul)bard & Aller, Brooklyn, New York, Steam Pumps. 
 
 Otis Brothers & Co., New York, Passenger Elevator, etc 
 
 John T. Noye & Son, Buffalo, New York, Turbine. 
 
 Blake Hose Company, Boston, Massachusetts, Fire Hose. 
 
 Wells Balance Engine Company, New York, Double Piston Engine 
 
 Richard Dudgeon, New Y'ork, Ilydraidic Jacks and Punches. 
 
 Vidcanized Fibre Company, Wilmington, Delaware, Pi|)ea. 
 
OF THE CEXTEN'XIAL EXIIiniTION. 
 
 ftl3 
 
 Clianipioii Fire Extinguislicr Company, Louisville, Kentucky, Chemical Kn« 
 ginen, Ilook and Ladder Trucks. 
 
 Babcock Manufacturing Company, New York, Chemical Engines and At- 
 taciinienlH. 
 
 Williau> K. Plait & Co., Philadelpliia, Pennsylvania, Fire Extinguishers. , 
 
 RuiiiHey & Co., Seneca Falls, New York, Hand Firc-Enginc. 
 
 Yale Lock Manufacturing Company, Stamford, Connecticut, Safety Hoisting 
 Machines, etc. 
 
 Morris, Tasker & Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Wrought Irou Tubes, 
 Tools, and I5rass Work. 
 
 GrifTith & Wedge, Zanesville, Ohio, Vertical Portable Engine. 
 
 Group XXL — Machine tools, whether of wood, metal, or 
 stone, were embraced in this group. The awards numbered l(iO, 
 and of these 100 went to American exhibitors, including the 
 following : 
 
 Stephen's Patent Vise Company, New York, Parallel Visefl. 
 
 Knickerbocker Ice Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Ice Tool."". 
 
 Henry Disston & Sons, Piiiliulelphia, Pennsylvania, Circular and other Saws. 
 
 John W. Grifliths, New York, Wood-bending Macliine. 
 
 Sinionds Manufacturing Company, Filclil)urg, Massachusetts, Circular Saws. 
 
 S. A. Wood's Machine Company, Boston, Massachusetts, Wood-working 
 Machinery. 
 
 Clou;^ii & Williams, New York, Machine for making Cork Handles of Wire. 
 
 Old Colony Rivet Works, New York, Planing and Shaping Machine. 
 
 American Saw Company, Trenton, New Jersey, Punching, Shearing, and 
 Pressing Machines. 
 
 John Roach & Son, New York, Wrought Iron Forgings. 
 
 Group XXII. — Thi.s embraced machines, apparatus, and im- 
 plements used in ."^cwinji and making clothing, lace, ornamental 
 objects, pins, etc. There were only 48 exhibitors. Of the 
 American exhibitors the following received awards: 
 
 American Watch Company, Wnltham, Massachusetts, Watchmaking Ma- 
 chinery, and a System of Watchmaking. 
 
 T. C. Page, Chicopee Falls, Massaciiusetts, Lamb Knitting Machino. 
 
 Remington Sewing Machine Company, Ilion, New York, Button-linlo Sew- 
 ing Machine. 
 
 The Singer Manufacturing Company, Elizabeth, New Jersey, Sewing Ma- 
 chines for Stitching Bnttonholcs. 
 
 Wilcox and Gibbs Sew'ng Machine Company, New York, Sewing Macliincs. 
 
 The Howe Machine Cciipany, Bridgeport, Connecticut, Shuttle Sewing 
 MachiiU's. 
 
 Wilson Sewing Machine Cotnpany, Chicago, Illinois, Wilson's Family Sew- 
 ing Machine. 
 
 |! li 
 
 II 
 
 (H 
 
814 
 
 THE ILU'HTRATED HISTORY 
 
 The Weed Sewing Machine Company, Ilartfonl, (xinnerticnt, Shuttle Hew- 
 inp Maciiitu'. 
 
 Wht'ciiT and Wilson Sowing Machine Company, Bridgopoit, Connecticut, 
 Sewing M'lchineH for Leathtr. 
 
 Wheeler and Wilnon Manufacturing Company, Bridgeport, < onnecticut, 
 Sowing MaciiineH. 
 
 The Singer Muinfjic 
 luring Company, Kli/;i. 
 beth. New .Jersey, l-'mu. 
 ily Sewing .M;i( hincK, 
 
 In this <U'|tutrn('iit 
 wort' p:r<)n|K'(l a 1 1 
 *'agiM('iiltur{il DIM- 
 chines, im|)l(<in(Mi(s 
 of agriciiltuir, hor- 
 ticnlture, and gar- 
 dening." or the 
 2f)0 awards made 
 threc-fonrths were 
 to Anierioanexhihi- 
 tors, jtrincipal 
 among whom I no- 
 tice the names of 
 tlio lollowin"': 
 
 W^ieeKr, Miljiciv A. 
 Co., Albany, New York, 
 Horse Hay Kakc. 
 
 K. H. Allen & Co.. 
 New York, Sagar Land 
 Plows, Cultivators, etc. 
 IJIynier Mannfiielnr- 
 ing Company, Ciiuin- 
 nati. Ohio, Sugar Ma- 
 chinery. 
 
 A.. I. Nellisi^-Co., l'iltsl)urgli, Pennsylvania, Patent Processof Chilling Steel. 
 
 A. J. Nelli.s, Pittsliiirsh, Pennsylvania, Hay Fork, (Jripping Claw, etc. 
 
 .T. Tingley, Philailelphia, Pennsylvania, Hand Power Churn. 
 
 A. R Farquhar, York, Pennsylvania, Cotton Cultivator. 
 
 (leorge Barnes i% Co., Syracuse, New York, Knives and Sickles. 
 
 I. C. Hoadley & Co., Lawrence, Mas.saehusett.s, Portable Farm Engines. 
 
 STEAM HAMMKR, KXMIimTEn BY PRnUtS A MILE-S 
 IN MArillNKllY UAI,!.. 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXIl Hill ION. 
 
 815 
 
 WalttT A, WochI, II(k)siu' Fiul-«, New York, IlarvostiT. 
 Wiilur A, \V(M)(I, llocisic Fiilln, New York, >tltl>iii(ling Kfapcrs. 
 I'eiuiock >fiinufiuturing Company, IvLnneU Si|iiare, IViuiHylvaiiia, DoiiMc 
 Arm Hay I-'orks. 
 A. .1. Ntllis iSi Co., PittHliiirnli, IVimMylvaiiia, Iron Tit- for Hinding Cotton. 
 Jv. H. WW'U it Co., New York, Horticultural ImpKini'Mt.-*. 
 Walter A. Wood, Hoosac Vu\U, New York, Swwp Iviku KeaporM. 
 
 (/roup XXIV. — ICml»i'a('(!(l in this gi'()ii|> wore tlie ii\sti'ti- 
 
 iiu'iits iiii'l apiKiratiis of liyfrioiie, rmMljciiic, siii'gi'iv, jji-ostlicsis, 
 
 etc. Of l.'J2 t xhil)it()i's to wlioin awards wore inado, 1 find the 
 
 followini^ to 1)0 tiio most jironiinont Ainorioaii inaiiiifactiiroi*s : 
 
 MiKisxoii & ll(il)l)ins, New York, rharmacfiilk-al I'reparatioUH. 
 Craiidall «& Son, Now York, Crntclu's. 
 
 KoIrtI Shoemaker «& Co., I'liiiadelpliia, Pennsylvania, Dnigs and riiiid 
 K.x tracts. 
 J. H. Seeley, Philadelphia, Pennnylvania, TrusscH. 
 Kiastie Truss Company, New York, Tru.sHefl. 
 
 (/roup XXV. — ICnibracod in this depai'tment woro c.\liil)its 
 
 of " iMstriinienls of precision, rosoanh, exporinicnt, and ilhistra- 
 
 tion, inchiding toh'<j;raphy and nnisic." Thoro were 3:21 awards, 
 
 the principal Anua-ican exhibitors roeeiving medals being the 
 
 lol lowing : 
 
 (!e(Mi,a' Stock & Co., Now York, (Irand, S<piari , and Upriglit Piano.-*. 
 
 l>eiker Urotlior-i, New York, (trand, Scinaro. and Upright Piano.i. 
 
 l{;i'-on it Karr, New York, S(piaru and I'liri^lil Pianos, 
 
 Iturdett Organ Conip.'iny, iJie, Penu-ylvaiiia, Heed Organs. 
 
 •Mnon and Hamlin < >rgan Company, IJoston, Massachu.setls, Ilced Organs 
 and Harmoniums. 
 
 \Vm. Knalie it Co., Iialtiniore, Conci rt, Cirand, Scpiare. and Tpriglit Pianos. 
 
 •lamis \V. (^Moen it Co., Pliiladeiphia, Peinisylvania, Malhematieal and 
 Dr.iwing Instruments, Mierosoopes. 
 
 .\lliert Wi'her, New York, (!nmd, S(|uarc, and T'luight Pianos. 
 
 Holmes iJurghir Alarm Telegraph (.'oinpany, Nivv York, liurglar Alarm 
 Telegraph. 
 
 Pelouhet, Polton it Co., New York, Rood Organ.s. 
 
 .\tlantie and Paeilie Telegraph (.'ompany, Kdison's American Automatic 
 Teleyr.iph. 
 
 W'l'lern Union Telegra|ih Company, New York, Quadruples Electric Teh- 
 ),'r.ipli. an<l for (he Phelps Printing Telegraph. 
 
 American Disuict Telegraph Company, Improved Oravity IJultery, l)i«triet 
 Telegraph Apparatus. 
 
 Chickeriiig and Sons, Baston, Mas.sachusett.s, Concert, Grand, Upright, ai.d 
 Sijii;u-e Piano-Fortes. 
 
 Sivinway & Sons, New York, Grand, Square, and Upright Pianos. 
 
sin 
 
 THE ILLr.STRATKD lIISTOnV 
 
 Group A'A'IT. — Only 103 oxliil>itorM, of whom only 18 worp 
 Americans, I'urnislitHl diMpluvrt for (Jroup XXVI., which was di- 
 votinl to the illnstration of architecture und engineerinj^. The 
 American exhibitors who received awards were as follows ; 
 
 Thoiiiaw II. .SiKiikiHun, I'liilatltliiluu, C'uinbiiicd Wiiv und Wood TVncc fur 
 ranii l'«c. 
 
 J. Ilirbi'it Slicdtl, rrovidincT, llliodc iHliuul, u Ilvdruiit with all liic ncccv 
 siiry A|iiimlt.'ManooH. 
 
 Stutc of Miir<Hiicliimt'tts, New Kiiglaiid, IIoKidml for Wuinuii uiid Cliililivii. 
 
 State of Oliii), St.ilo nnildiiig. 
 
 State \i{ MuKxui.'liU)*ctts, ^.^taio Ilo»<i)t(:d foi' liii4unc. 
 
 ponrrorEiK oovfunment duimiino. 
 
 Miclilgnn Survey roninii<«i(iti. Midiiiian. rirnld^jical Chnrts. 
 
 KoiitiiclxV Survey ('i)mmi-<si()n, (Jcolosiicnl Clinrt^ iind Profik's. 
 
 Q. M. (ill). M. C, Mi'ii;^, Wniliiiiglon, Di^lrict of Coluiiibiii, Plann of twc 
 hargi- Hri<lct'«. 
 
 I'rnf. Si'inpir. Pl.nns of Town Hull. 
 
 Htate of M.issachiisitts, li^xhiliit of Normal Schools, etc. 
 
 L'liitud Siati'H, Kxhiliitf« of KiiKiiiceriii>{. 
 
 Knginccr C'or|T!«, United StateH Army, Pontoon Bridge for Advanced <iiiniil 
 and Army. 
 
 Tniiod HtateH Clovcrnraent, Collective Ivxhihit CliflT and Cave OweHiiij,"*, 
 
 Group XXVII. — Ajj tin," department cmhracod the cxl);!.'?- 
 i:i Memorial Hall and its Annt x, and the Photographic Hall, 
 
OF T!IK CENTENNIAL EXIIIIHTION. 
 
 817 
 
 the list of 
 
 (1> 
 
 li 
 
 lie list 01 awiinls is simply a list ot the |)aintoi*s, sculitturs, 
 
 pliotdgiaplicrs, and <)tln!r.s whose worUs have been siihinittetj. 
 
 or these exhiWitoi-s receiviiij; award.s for other than pnrelyait 
 
 repiochutunis, the foMowinj; list will l»e interesting : 
 
 AtiK'ru-au I'liolo Litho^raiiliir ('oiiipnny, IKIiugraphs. 
 
 W. Kurtz, Ni w York rity, I'lidlnnriiiilis. 
 
 Tillimy & Co., Ni-w York, Silvtr iiiLiid witli Niello and C'opiicr. 
 
 J. L. Motl iS: Co., Nt'W York City, <'u.stiii>;H in Iron. 
 
 Kiioftlit-r iV Co., New York, Kngraviiigs, lOifliiiigs, etc. 
 
 \V. K. Marsliiill, New Y'ork City, KiigraviiiK. 
 
 Continental IJank Note Coni|iany, Kngravin^fi, 
 
 National Hank Note Company, I'Jigravinj^s. 
 
 I'rang & Co., I'^jston, Mafwacliusettn, Cliromo-Lilhograpliy. 
 
 John Rogers, New Y'ork City, Sculpture. 
 
 (iorliain tS; Co., I'rovidencc, Uliode isl.inil, Ilep(>ns-(< Work in Silver. 
 
 Tiditny i^ Co., Niw York, liepoii-c Work in Silver and Iron. 
 
 Casseil, I'ltler «& (lalpin, London, Litliograplis. 
 
 London (irapliie Company, Drawings and Wood Engravings. 
 
 (Si'oup XXVIII. — " Kdiieation and Science" was iht; title 
 of this (K']tailin('iit, iind it enihraced ;i laru'e iuiimIiit oi' siih- 
 divisions. Tiicre were (>7l2 cxhilfitors, of whom the I'ollowiiiijf 
 are parti(,'iil;irly worthy of mention as havinj; received awards : 
 
 I>. .Appiiton t^ Co., New York, Various I'dlilicatifms. 
 
 A. S. liarncs iV: Co., New York, Sriiool ISooks, .Mi ps, Cliarta. 
 
 A. T. Uieknejl iS; Co., New York, l5ooks for I'nilders. 
 
 Claxton. Ilemsiii i^ I la(lil finger, Pliiiadilpliia, I.ooks. 
 
 S. C. (irii.'gs jS: Co., Cliieago, Illinois, I'liblications. 
 
 Harper & I'rothers, New York, T.ooks. 
 
 Henry Holt tS: Co., New Y'ork, Hooks. 
 
 H. (). Honghton & Co., Cambridge, ALn.s.saehiisetts, Plain and Colored Lillio- 
 grnpliic Printing. 
 
 IviHon, Illnkeman, Taylor & Co., New Y'ork, School and College Te.Tt 
 Bookn. 
 
 F. TiCypoldt, Now York, Pnblishcrfl' Weekly, etc 
 
 Orange .Ind<l & Co., New York, Books, etc. 
 
 JamcH U. Osgood Si Co., Boston, Books. 
 
 Tlip Sons of Ceo. P. Putnam, New Y'ork, Books, Literature, and History. 
 
 Poj-ter &, Coates, Pliiladel|>liin, B.)oks. 
 
 J. Sihin & Sons, New Y'ork, Bihliograpliieal Publication. 
 
 Scrilmer, Armstrong & Co., New York, Books and ^Lajw. 
 
 L. Prang & Co., Ma.«sachn.^ettf, System of Drawing designed by W. Sniitli, 
 iind other Publications on .\rt Teaching. 
 
 Kay & Brothers, PJ-.iladelphia, Law Books. 
 52 
 
 II 
 
 I 
 
818 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 Lfo tt SIii'piKinl, Boston, Mussnchiisotts, Works of Cljarlcs Siimnor, etc 
 
 Mi-i-t K. M. Coo, Ni'W York, Kiii(lfr>;;irU'n Work aiiil Miitfrials. 
 
 J. \V. S<'licinii>t'rl»orri & (k)., Nc. York, (Scliool A|>|mrutU!*, l-'iirniliire, mid 
 Health Lift. 
 
 Iliii-ilratid Ix)n(lon Ni'ws, I^mdun, S|K'rimviis illustrating the Art iVjiart- 
 nu-nt of The lllunti'ilid Sms. 
 
 (^isseil, IVltrr «& <i:il|>in, F/mtion, Illiistratcil lUioks, I'liliruiiiion-i, Sirials, 
 
 etc., vU.\ 
 
 The (Iriiplii- NcwspaiK-r, London, Illnstralod NowspajxT. 
 
 tV'iitral Pacific Uaiiroa<l Company, Natural ( Hijt its and Illustrations of Ob- 
 jwls, ri'|>rfS('nlinK the Mora and Fauna of California and other portions of the 
 country traver-<iil hy the Cenlnil I'aiilic Railroad. 
 
 llnivtrsity of IVnnsylvania, l'hiladeli>hia, Hooks and Apparatus of Instrui- 
 lion. 
 
 Institute of Technology, Ma.wn'huKottR, Student.s' WorK. 
 
 Catholic Publication S«Ki.ty, Ivclesiastical History. 
 
 VIEW OF THK LOOMH, MACHINERY HALU 
 
CIIAPTEU XXVII. 
 
 THE CLOSE OF THE EXHIBITION. 
 
 riic FircworkB on tlic 0th of November — The ('loHing Day — I'lifavorable 
 Weather — Tlie Alten«hnice at the Kxliihition — The Chatige of I'rograniine 
 — ('ereiuonien in .Jiulfjew' Hall — Tiie Music — Prayer of Kev. Dr. .SeisB — 
 Ad«lre8»< of Hon. D. .1. Morrell — The Te Deuin— IleinarkB of President 
 John Welsli — Address of Direelor-Cieneral (ioHhorn — Sja-eeli of 'Jeneral 
 Ha'Aley — President (Irant DeelareH the Kxiiibition Closed — .Slopping the 
 Maehincry — Scene in Madiinery Hall. 
 
 HE CVntcmiial Commission resolved at an early day to 
 (•lo.st' .'ho KxliilHtion with as ('lalK)rato and appropriate 
 r JV* ccromonies as tho.-;e which had marked i*.'j ooiumonce- 
 C(J^' ment. 
 
 On the night of tin- Uth of Novornltcr, a grand dis- 
 play of fireworks was given on (ioorge's 1 1 ill hy Mes-srs. lirock 
 tt Co., of London, and Profl'.-sor .lacksiin, of Philadelphin. 
 This was the most imposing and sneix^ssfnl pyrot< hnic display 
 oi" the Ivvhiliilioii, and was witnossetl by a vast miihitndc within 
 the groinids and a still larger throng without tlic onrlosiirc. 
 
 When the morning of I'riday, Novemher lOth, the day ap- 
 I>ointcd for the formtil elosing of the Centenniul E.xhihition 
 arrived, there was manifested on all sides a fwling of mingle<l 
 regret and pU^snre — regret that the grand E.xhihitioji, with all 
 its glories, with its wealth of attractions, its nuvhanieal tri- 
 umphs, and its treiisnres of art, wonld lie, in a few hri<'f hours, 
 Imt a bright page in a glorions history; pleasnre that now, on 
 its elosing day, the eonntry could jwint with pride to the six 
 months' career of the great enterpri.so — a half year without a 
 blot on itf^ rcf-ord. 
 
 The morning of Novendier 10th opened with clouds and rain, 
 and during the day a cold, disagreeable storm prevailed, in 
 
 819 
 
 f' 1 
 
 
 f ij 
 
820 
 
 TIIK ILLUSTKATKD IIISTOHY 
 
 spite of this, however, tlic early trains ami street ears wvro 
 erowdcd with visitors, ainl every available vehicle was pressed 
 into serviee by the mnltitiide. As soon as the entranee Kates 
 were opened there was a rush lor thetn hy the crowd that hud 
 gathered about them. The entire tbree ut" the C\'utemii:il 
 National Bank was actively enj^ajrinl in lurnishing the reijuind 
 change, and the turn-stile keepers were eompelled by sheer ior(<- 
 of necessity to accept, without close scrutiny, the admission fees 
 from tlie good-natured, pushing throng. This stream of peopli- 
 continueil to |)ass through the turn-stilcs until late in the after- 
 noon without intermission. 
 
 IlItonK ISLAN'I) STATE m'lI.DIXO. 
 
 It had been intended to hold the closing ceremonies in the 
 open air at the western end of the Main Jiuilding, but tii:- 
 steady rain which fell during the day rendere<l a change in this 
 part of the programme imperative. .Judges' Hall was then fore 
 chosen as the m(»st suitai)le place for these exercises. A vasi 
 crowd collected around the hall, and the disappointment at in I 
 being able to witness the closing ceremonies v»:is general. A 
 broad passage way was kept oi)en in front (»f the building Itv 
 two long lines of the Centennial CJuard, which ell'«Hti!.'.il 
 barred the entrance of any one unless jirovidetl witii the 
 proper card of admission. 
 
OF Tin: CKNTKNN'IAI- KXIIiniTION. 
 
 821 
 
 Twelve o'clock struck, hut the rain contimioil to fall steadily, 
 mid there were no signs of a change ol' weather, no hope tliat 
 th 
 the open 
 
 t th 
 
 le ram would cea.se antl |)ern»it the ceremonies to (awe place i 
 
 le o| 
 
 air. Word was aa-ordinirlv sent to th(! distinuuished 
 
 personages to repair to the Judges' i • , tl.ore to paiJicipate in 
 (he cerenutnies which were formally to dose the grand K.\liil»i- 
 
 tion. 
 
 Tl 
 
 ic arran<rements. evervthintr consic 
 
 hrcd. 
 
 were admira- 
 
 hlc. The First City Troop, under Captain l''airman lingers, 
 and suppcu'ted hy a strong detachment ol' Centennial (Jnards, 
 kept hack the ever-increasing crowds, and I'ormcd an avemie 
 hetween the thousmds of visitors who were at least determined 
 to see if they coiild not hear; and carriag<' alter carriage rolled 
 up to the entrance, and their occupants, |»r<ivided with the open 
 sesame in the shape of a tli^het msirke<l "Admit to the .Judges' 
 Pavilion," <juiekly passed into the interior. l»y two o'clock all 
 the visitors IkmI arrived, and were in the places a-signed them. 
 On the platform sat President (Jrant. To his right were 
 (leneral Ilawley, l)ireelor-( leneral ( J oshnrn. Secretary of War 
 .1. iVniald (.'ameron, and (Jeorge \V. ChiMs, l-'xp 'J'o the left 
 were Conunissioner Daniel J. Mtirrcll, Secretary of State Ham- 
 ilton Fish, liev. .1. II. Seiss, .lulm Welsh, Mscp, and (Jeneral 
 Rohi'rt Patterson. Innnediati'ly Imek wercCiovernor Ilartranft; 
 (lovernor IJiee, of Massachnselts ; (lovernor Hedlc, of New 
 Jersey ; (Jovernor Coehram ,of Delawan^ ; Chief Justiee Waite, 
 Associate Justices Davis and l>radley, and Mayor Stokley. Sir 
 Kdward Thornton, the Hriii«ih Minister, had donnetl his court 
 dress to do honor to the (u-casidn. (ieneral X. P. Pan Us, dis- 
 playing unalfected interest, stood near her Majesty's »>nvoy. 
 Thomas .V.Scott chatted to Ui>hop Simpson, whose fine features 
 were lit up with a feeling of interest at the scene. .\sa Packer, 
 millionnairc and philanthropist ; Frederick Fralev, who has 
 handled the Centennial receipts with the ability of an ac^eouj- 
 |»lishe(l financier; W S. (Jrant, Jr., tlr President's private Sec- 
 retary ; Aristarehi Pey, saturnine and evnieal in appearance; 
 Payard Taylor, the Centennial poet; ex-( Jovernor Straw, of 
 New ITantpshire; Professor Plake, of the Smithsonian Insti- 
 tute; S. M. Felton, President of tiie Philadelphia, Wilmington 
 
 <ii itii 
 
 m^ 
 
 I 
 
ORKfiO S IMJ'ACT BIlItK MACHINE, EXlIinfl ...l I^ MA VUINUllY If \I.t„ 
 
 8l!2 
 
Tin: CKNTKNNIAL EXlUpVnON. 823 
 
 ; 1 
 
 and IJiiltiinorc Iliiiliojul, und otiicis, foriueu a hacKL'rnuiHl wliidi 
 w;w tliorouglily r('|Mc'H<iiilalivo in iti> cliuiiithT. 'l'<> the rijilit 
 sat t\w lueiulx'iH nl' tli(! Hjallk of thv (lovtiiiors, and a niiinhcr 
 of (listiiif^iiisluMl army at)d naval oH'kvi-s, and <in (lie Itl't were 
 atcoiumodated tho C.'tntcnnial Coinnii.«vionc'r.s, tliu nicinbers o/' 
 
 Mur.itiAN (.oi-Kia: ivjuuzn, ExiiiiirrKD in auiih ri/ri hai. hai.i,. 
 
 tlic I'oard of Kinaiico, and a inunhor of the ni|)I()n)atic Corps. 
 In front, and fdlinu; every vaeant seat, were the privilenr-d por- 
 honages a(linitle<l to witness the elosing scenes. 
 
824 
 
 TirK ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. 
 
 At two o'clock tho Ceiitciinial I uij^mation ^^ar(•ll, writt(>n 
 by the jfH'ut (Jcriiian composer, Pro -sor Wagner, for the ojuii- 
 iiijjj eei'eiMoiiies of the lv\hil)itioii, preUiiled the formal exercises, 
 and its now familiar notes were ji;reete(l with enthusiastic a|i- 
 plaiise. When, on the opeiiinj; day, this composition was for 
 the first time pnhliely performed, the elfei-t was rather disap- 
 pointinjj;, as in the open air oidy the wind instrinnents could he 
 clearly heard. So far a> the nuisiv- was coiKrcrned the chanj^e 
 of prof^ramme to the .indues' Hall proved a decided advania^e, 
 for the ma->ivc chortis of the " Centennial March " rolled oiu 
 
 n|ton the air in waves ol richest harmony, whdo every note of 
 the; mo.-t intricati! <>volutions was distinctly marked. (Jeiieral 
 llawley, President ot the Centennial Commission, who acted as 
 the |>re->idiuu; ollicer, then introduced liev. Joseph A. Seiss, who 
 olllred the following fervent prayer: 
 
 .\lriii!,'lity ( iimI ! who Iiiist made of one hlond nil nations of men for to ilwi 11 
 oil ail till' r.ici' of till- ' arili, Wf, 'I'liirif iitiworlliy sirvants, iooli ii|i to 'I'iiic 
 lliidimli llif oiiiy nii'diaior, .Ii'siis ( liii<l, Tliy Son. \Vi" \vorslii|) Tiuf a> liir 
 Cri'alnr, llii' Sii-lainir, ami tla- ( ioviiiior oC all things, vi>il)ic and invi-IMc, to 
 wiioin all hoinaui' is dnt' I'loiii all crcatiin's in all iiiaccs of Thy hoiindlt'ss do- 
 rniidon. We o(Ut nolo Tlni; oiiv thanks fur 'I'hint' nnseari'liuhle gcxxlni'ss, and 
 hundily pray i'hei' to loncli ns with a rit,'ht sinsc of the inajisty of Thy glory 
 and of the wealth of Thy loving kindne>s, that our hearts may ever glow with 
 reveienee and alKetion toward Thee whensoever wo conteni|)late Thy wonderful 
 work-^ Inward (he children of men. 
 
 |'"or llu' earth, wiiich Thy hamls have fastened ; for its rontinents and seas. 
 its inlands, lakis, rivirs, mountains, plain-^, valleys, and walersprings ; for what 
 groweth out of its surface, ami lor what lieth in and lu'iieath its soil ; for its 
 climalcs, its seasons, its zones, and the steady eonlinuily of all that pertains to 
 it. wr I hank Thee. l''or the human race, which Thoii hast created ; lor the en- 
 dowments with which T!iou hast clothed maid<ind; for their preservation, their 
 progress, their spread, and their redemption ; for their happiness in thirf life, 
 and for their hopes lor eterrdty, we thank Thee. 
 
 I"or this great country, for tlu' richness of i(s productions, for th.e variety of 
 its .'idaptalions, for the ampleness of its e.xteni, and for the splendor of its adorn- 
 nunls, we thank Thee. For tho mingled luoplcs to whom Thon ha^t given 
 this land, ftir their virtues, their intelligence, their adverituii', ami their pros- 
 perity, and especially for tho century of growth, triumph, and amelior.iiiiii; 
 power in llnir experiment of popular gnv( rnnuril, < ) King of the world ! we 
 thank Thee. l'"or the peaceful cnining tcgeihcr hereof the rept' seiitalives mI 
 tho nation, for this exiiiliil of the industries, art, genius, and accoMi|ilislirn( nis 
 of Ml many civilizutiuim anil sortK of men ; for the display of the |ir<;ducts of mj 
 
u ^ 
 
 1 
 
 ■lift 
 
 kk 
 
 if 
 
 f 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 r 
 
 1 
 
 
 iHrt^ 
 
 liEYHTONE sObA WATIIK A IM'AUATl'S," KXIIIHITKD DV filAULI.s t.IITMN- 
 CO'IT A C(l. IN MACIIINKUY IIAl.I.. 
 
826 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED IIISTOUY 
 
 rjiy^FKtpw/fj^ytyfKrjjij /» 
 
 many landK und Bean; fur the comfort and KatiHfuction with wliirh niiihiplii i{ 
 thoiiHuiidM havi! come and ^onu during thcw iiionthfl; lor the educntiim lone 
 tlie k'SHoiisof vvisrlom, ami tiic incrcuMc of Ivnowifdge tinis fnrnisiu-d to tnillioim 
 of obscrvcrM, and for tlie Biiccesa witli wliicli Tliou liast lavored tliis undiriak 
 ing of Thy HcrvantM, good Lorii, wu tliaiilv Tliuc. 
 
 And now, as tiiis Hpirtade of friiUrnal converse and mutual tcacliin^' coniis 
 to ita tcnuination, voucliwife, O (iod 1 to crown it wiili Tliy iiic>sinj,'. WIuiIm.. 
 
 ever has liecn dis|)iia.in^' in Tliv 
 sight, pardon and forgive Wlial- 
 poovcr han Ik-cii in iiarniony wiili 
 Tliyscif, follow wiih Tliy con 
 tinned favor. And graciously 
 overrule all to the good of ,,nr 
 coinilry and of ilic whole world. 
 
 These coniinissioncrs and n p. 
 rcHeiitalives of the nations hring 
 back in nafety to thiir honus. 
 laden with fruits lure gal land, 
 to profit and enrich the kouIs and 
 estates of their jieoplcs. 
 
 '1 hese oflicers and ixecutivcs, 
 who have lahored ho long and 
 courageously in the procurenieni, 
 organization, anil guardian.-liip 
 of the public hent lit so happily 
 enjoyed, reward and hktwfor their 
 faithful toil and great achieve- 
 niml. 
 
 These articles, exhibits, and 
 teachings, as tluy go luncr into 
 nil coinitries, make heralds and 
 instruments of augmented torn- 
 fort, convenience, elcvatii.n, and 
 prosperity to the couimiinitiesin.o 
 which they come. 
 
 Thi.s new and friendly inter- 
 course between llie uids of the 
 earth make potent for the lurther- 
 
 TEBUAHnrTA VASK. F.xiiimTi:!) IN riiK ""'''^' "'"'^''"">' '"■"''"■'■''•^"' ""'""« 
 MAIN 11LIM)INU. mankind, the progress of tjiu 
 
 truth, the triumph of {uace and 
 salvaliori, anri (he upbuilding of whosoever is ugieeable to Thy own sovereign 
 will ar<l purpos^fl. 
 
 Aii'i as our own dear nation now starts out upon the nn!{no#rt soft of ft iiew 
 lentury, r iir united prayers are lifted to Thee, () (iod ! hrneeching Thy |)iviiic' 
 Majesty to bo gracious to this youngest cliild in the fufiiily of rmtionaliti's; 
 
 r?/'*rfft:'K'EIS'Mi»\H^ 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 827 
 
 that Tlioii woulilHt Rpread Thy protecting hnnd ovor it in its (Inm^erx; tlint 
 Thdii wuiiltUt forgive ibt HinH ami indim.*rftiui)H, and tliiit Tiioii wouIiIhI guide it 
 
 evcrinoru in ho 
 
 fetv. 
 
 Its I'lvsiih-nt, itrt (lovernon*, its Logishitiiri's, its judges and niag'...*.rati;s, and 
 the coniniandorM in its army and navy, endow iilenliDUsly witli thi- spirit of 
 wisihim, justice, faitiifulm'ss, and devotion. I'phold them in their duties, and 
 prosper tiiem always in whatsoever is right, and true, and good. Kill all pui>- 
 lie servants with prudent eounsels, tru>ty speech, sound integrity, and honest 
 fear of the Lord. Scud ilown upon our ehin-ehes, our religious teachers, our 
 schools, and all our means of ctlueatiun. Thy Holy ."Spirit, that intelligence, 
 virtue, truth and piety may he our inheritance fun vei. 
 
 (live grace to our people to acknowledge 'lin'c, the only true (iod, hy whose 
 spirit all things are governed, and dispose them tuwanl Thine ordinances uud 
 cuiumands, that they may dwell together in unily and concord, and it -til god- 
 liness an<l houoly. .And although we have olun |(rovoktd Thy displeasure 
 an<l deservi'd Tliy |>miishments, yet we heseech Thee, of Thy gnat goodness, 
 not to deal with us after our sins, hut to defend and pr>^erve imto us our free 
 institiilions anil national happiness. Scatter, hy Tli> mighty power, every 
 iloud that rises to threaten our nation's j)ermanince or peace. ^Vard oil' cal- 
 amities of war and lilood.^hed, and all moral deterioration and decay, ami gra- 
 ciously protect us against discord and sedition within, and against invasion and 
 spolialion from without, that our precious liheriies may not he taken from us, 
 hut d« cend from generation to generation. 
 
 And now, () tJod of Nations, King of (ilory, Lord of Heaven and Karth, ho 
 pleaded ici a •<•( i>t the thanks and pv litiuns which we thus present btfore Thy 
 Maji ~ty, and graciously In'ar our prayers. 
 
 Mercifully, idso, hestow Thy heavenly lH-nedicti(m upon the ceremonies of this 
 hoiM-, .•md upon Thy servants forever, that all our works liegun, contimud, and 
 ended in Tine may always redound to the honor of Thy holy n:imc, throuuli 
 Jesus Ohrist, Thy Son, our F-ord and Saviour, to whom, with 'I'litf and the Holy 
 ( Jho-<t, ever one (iod, he glory and dominion, world without end. Amen. 
 
 A clioialo and Wh^m^ from Bach wore llicii pt iTi>rnu'(l hy th(> 
 ofchcsti-a, aft'i' which the IIi;u. I). J. MoitcH, Chairman oflhc 
 Kxcciitivc < 'oiiimitt<'c of the Uiiitctl .States (.'eiitciinial Commis- 
 .sioii, was iiitfo(hicc(l to the aiKHcncc. When the tipplau.se which 
 gfeeted him had siil)sidc(| he ,siid • 
 
 Oil the i)lh day of March, 187'), it wii.s my priviloj;o to intrnchico 
 ill ('uiijj;r(s.s II l)i|| to piiivide for lioldiiij; in tlie city of IMiihuUdphia 
 the l^xhihitioii wlii.h thi^ day l)riiij;s to a e|(«c. On the od of 
 March, 1871, that hill hecamc a Jaw, hat not without opposition 
 and iiineiidment.'^, which took from it all provi."*ions for carrying 
 ont tho purpose contontplated hy the oct itself. /)n tin 4tli of 
 March, 1872, the Centennial Conuuissiou nut and organi/.td, and 
 
 I 
 
 'i ! 
 
828 
 
 Tin: IM.ITSTUATKI) HISTOUV 
 
 the labor of prcpuriii}; for the Kxhihilion was conimcncod, in tl, 
 fttcc of ol)st;u'l(» sutli as were never encountered in a similar 
 
 un- 
 
 dt'rtakin<:^. 
 
 The {^oveniinciit had refused aid ; local joalousicH were powerful ; 
 the newspapers of the country, wilh few exceptions, were lukewarm 
 or openly hostile, and tiie mass ol' the people could not he interesti d 
 
 in an event wliicli 
 seemed faraway in the 
 fiiture. I)urin<,'lhefirsl 
 year of the life ot tlie 
 Commission d o ii I) t 
 everywhere prevailed, 
 and I am ashamed t(> 
 snv, I sluill strive lolnr- 
 
 Ret.and I hope that lii- 
 tory will not record, 
 how few had failh in 
 the success of onr en- 
 terprise, and how munv 
 wise and einineut citi- 
 zens rendered a hesitut- 
 '"n f<upport, or re- 
 fused to commit them- 
 selves to what, to tiietn, 
 seemed a hopeless 
 cause. In this time of 
 {?looni the city of IMiil- 
 adelpiiia Wiisnol afraid 
 to char<j:e itsell' with 
 the expenses incident 
 1. to the or^raidzatioii and 
 labors of the Coinmis- 
 e'u)U, and in this, and 
 all otiier official acts, her municipal authorities have shown conra- 
 
 sii,vi:rj HAss-nKi.n:i' ri,\i(i ui rmssi:, i;xniii 
 
 ITi;i> HV TMK (iOIUIAM COMTAXV. 
 
 go 
 
 )Us lil 
 
 jcraiitv 
 
 The creation of the Board of I-'imince was the turninjr-point in 
 the fortunes of tlie (!enteinual Kxhihition; from that nionuMit its 
 prospects l)rii:htened, and, thouj^h ihat Board was confronted wilh 
 a financial panic and other discouraging events, its executive oOi- 
 
OF TIIK (EXTKNMAr, KXIIiniTION, 
 
 829 
 
 cors niovcfl fin'ward in the coiifi(lLMu;c that "knowM iw) such word uh 
 fail." IJy slow and hihuriuiis Hta}»tM puhlii! iiitiTi'rtt was uroiisud ; 
 thf WoiiH'irs ( . Mtctiiiial ('ominisilou lahorud willi z -al and cffl- 
 cit'iicy ; tiioncy I'loiii private sjub.scriplioi to llu! ."lock of the Hoard 
 of Finance flow»>d into the treasury ; tlie State of Penusylvania and 
 the city of Phihidelphia made liberal appropriati<)ii-< for tho uses 
 of the Kxhibition, of wliieii a nicniorial will remain to future I'en- 
 tenniaU; juul, when success wa> nssivced, the National Congrcsa 
 recognized itt) duty and gave us muierial aid. 
 
 ORNAMKNTAI. PAOODA, IN THK CHINESE SECTION, MAIN BUILDINO. 
 
 " As a woman who is in travail hath sorrow," but afterwanla 
 "she remembereth no more her an}»uish for the joy that a man is 
 born into the world," so the panjjs of this groat labor arc far away 
 and lost in this hour of its triumph. 
 
 It is but just, however, in speaking for the executive t)(riccr8 of 
 the Centennial Commission, that I should point the future historiaua 
 of the Exhibition to the great difficulties which have been encoun- 
 tered and overcome, and claim from them a charitable criticism, 
 la comparing this work with that which haa been done elsewhere, 
 
w 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
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 (716) 872-4503 
 
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830 
 
 THE ILT>USTrwVTED HISTORY 
 
 I beg them to note that this has been accomplished by the volun- 
 tary agents of a free people, clothed with no official or titular pres- 
 tige or distinction, and without Governmental support. 
 
 The members of the Commission and the Board of Finaiice have 
 recognized that they were on exhibition as fully as any material 
 object enclosed within these grounds; that thousands of eyes would 
 scan their every act, after the fashion of these times, which is to 
 attribute mercenary or corrupt motives to all engaged in the exe- 
 cution of public trusts; and I shall esteem abo^'e the prizes the 
 nation has won in the Exhibition, an award from that higher group 
 of judges which represents the conscience of the world that this 
 work which W3 to-day commit to history is free from taint, that 
 good men shall say it was honest. The managers of future Centen- 
 nial celebrations to be held on these grounds will see and do things 
 more wonderful than our wildest dreams, and the remnants of our 
 finest things may be exhibited by them as proofs of the rudeness of 
 early days; but in the records we have made the full measure of 
 our manhood will go down to them untouched by the gnawing tooth 
 of Time. 
 
 Of the Exhibition, now to be numbered vvith the things of ihe 
 past, it is difficult to speak. The nations are here; they have made 
 this great spectacle what it is, and they deserve the gratitude of 
 the American people. While they have taught much, they have 
 also learned something, and they have seen in the crowds of American 
 citizens, of all occupations and conditions of life, who have thronged 
 these grounds, a polite, orderly, .^If-respecting and self-governing 
 people. So far as their representatives have entered into our social 
 life we will hope that they have found that what may be lacking 
 in form is made up in substance ; that the simplicity of republican 
 manners is dignified by the sentiment of good-will to men. 
 
 The Exhibition was opened by starring in motion the Corliss 
 engine, that giant of wonder to all, which for six months, with 
 equal pulse, without haste, without rest, has propelled an endless 
 system of belts and wheels. Silent and irresistible, it affects the 
 imagination as realizing the fabied powers of genii and afrit in 
 Arabian tales, and, like them, it is subject to subtle control. When 
 these our ceremonies here are ended, the President of the United 
 States, by the motion of his hand, will make the lightliing his mes- 
 senger to stop the revolution of its wheels, and at the same instant 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 831 
 
 to tell the world that the International Exhibition, which marked 
 the Centennial of American national life, is closed. 
 
 When Mr. Morrell ceased, Theodore Thomas gave a signal 
 to the Centennial Chorus in the western balcony, and the or- 
 chestra and chorus rendered, with fine effect, Dettingen's Te 
 Deum. 
 
 The next speaker was Mr. John Welsh, the President of the 
 Centennial Board of Finance, whose appearance wps the signal 
 for the most enthusiastic applause. Several moments elapsed 
 
 r 
 
 r 
 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 ! 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 I: 
 
 \l 
 
 MISSISSIPPI STATE BUILDING. 
 
 before quiet could be restored, and then Mr. Welsh delivered 
 the following address: 
 
 Felt.ow -Citizens: — In this closing scene of the International 
 Exhibition, I may well give expression to the grateful emotions 
 which swell my heart, that all who have shared in the labor of its 
 preparation and conduct, in your approval of it meet their coveted 
 reward. 
 
832 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTOKY 
 
 The predictious of evil which were made of it — and by many 
 in high i)ljicc'.'5 — have not been realized. The nation has not 
 been dishonored. The good name of its people has not been im- 
 perilled. This day witnesses that the noble purpose of its projectors 
 has been aeconiplished. 
 
 It has hallowed the Centennial year by an inspiration of tlii 
 past. The circumstances attendant on the nation's birth havu been 
 recalled. The patriotic impulses of the people have been quick- 
 ened. Their love for their country has been strengthened. 
 
 The Exhibition has concentrated here specimens of iho varied 
 products of the United States, and made better known to us our 
 vast resources. 
 
 It has brought to us the representatives of many nations — mm 
 skilled, accomplished and experienced — and they have brcu<rht 
 with them stores of treasures in all the forms given them by lomr. 
 practised industry and art. And others are here from now lands, 
 even younger than our own, giving full promise of a briglit and 
 glorious future. 
 
 It has placed side by side, for comparison, the industries of tlie 
 world. In viewing them the utilitarian revels in the rcaliziition 
 that man is striving earnestly to make all things contribute to lii.s 
 convenience and comfort; the philosopher stands in awe at their 
 contemplation as he dwells upon the cherished thought of the 
 possible unity of nations; and ho who looks on the grandeur of 
 the scene from a spiritual standpoint is filled with the hope that 
 the day is near " when the glory of the Lord shall cover the eartli 
 as the waters cover the sea." 
 
 It has taught us in what others excel, and excited our ambition 
 to strive to equal them. 
 
 It has taught others that our first century has not been passed in 
 idleness, and that, at least in a few things, we are already in the 
 advance. 
 
 It has proved to them and to us that national prejudices are as 
 unprofitable as they are unreasonable; that they are hindrances to 
 progress and to welfare, and that the arts of peace are most favorable 
 for advancing the condition, the power and the true greatness of 
 a nation. 
 
 It has been the occasion of a delightful union among the repre- 
 sentatives of many nations, marked by an intelligent appreciation 
 of each other, rich in instruction and fruitful in friendships. 
 
OP' THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 8')'V 
 
 It Ims placed before our own people, as a school for their instruc- 
 tion, a display — vast and varied heyoiid precedent — comprising the 
 industries of the world, including almost every product known to 
 science and to art. 
 
 It has made the country and its institutions known to intelligent 
 representatives of all nations. They have had access to our homes, 
 have become familiar with our habits, have studied our systems of 
 
 I 
 
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 ■ 
 
 i: 1 
 
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 ^-Trr~T~-t~-"^ ^■■-^- 
 
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 %«M!«ft.v.<; >▼:■:,'/, 
 
 
 COMMUNION SERVICE, "OORI'.AM PLATE," EXHIBITED BY TTIE GOBHAM 
 MANUFACTURING COMPANY, IN THE MAIN BUILDING. 
 
 education, observed the administration of our laws, and will here- 
 after understand why the United States of America exerts so large 
 an influence on other nations, and, consequently, the great truth 
 that in proportion to the intelligence and freedom of a people is 
 their loyalty to their government. 
 
 It has concentrated on this spot, in the short term of six months, 
 eight millions of visitors, who have enj«)yed all its rare privilege.s 
 63 
 
 
 it ; h 
 
 m 
 
 
 
834 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 willjout u disturbuuce or auy personal hindruuco from violence or 
 even rudeness. 
 
 It has exhibited the American people in their true character, n-- 
 spectfiil of each other's rights, considerate of each other's con- 
 venience, and desirous of allowiujj to others a full participation in 
 their enjoyment. 
 
 It htxs afforded au opportunity to show that the administration 
 of an exhibition on a grand scale may be lib'ral in its exi)enditure 
 witljout uselose extravagance; that its laws nuiy be strictly eutbreod 
 with impartoality and witl»out harshness; that its regulations may 
 secure the efficiency of ita (Icpartmeiits and uniformity in their 
 action; that its whole course has been free from financial enibar- 
 rassment or even a payment deferred; and that, notwitlistandiiig 
 every part of its machinery was in constant motion, no one of the 
 imniense throng within the limits of the Exhibition was sensible of 
 its restraint. 
 
 It has shown that the authorities of the great city in which the 
 Exhibition has been l.J.A have been actuated by a single eye to the 
 promotion of the public convenience. That, under their sujK'rvi- 
 siou, facilities of every kind have been provided, [)r()perty has been 
 protected, good order has been prt>scrved, unusual health has prc- 
 vailiil, tiiid extortion in its voried fcH-ms has Ixhmi abnost unknown; 
 these, con)bined witli the unlimited accomn)odati(>ns for visitoi-s 
 and the hospitality i>f its citizens, are in l)cantiful harmony witli 
 the purposes of the Exhibition. Nor has the StMte of Pennsylvania 
 been less in sympathy. The traditions connected with its soil aro 
 its ])viceless heritage. 
 
 The International Exhibition is to be regarded ns a reverential 
 tribute to the centrry which has just expired. That century Iuh 
 been recalled. Its events have been reviewed. Its fruits an^ 
 gathered. Its nieinories are hallowed. Let ns enter on the new 
 century with a renewed devotion to our country, with the highest 
 aims for its honor and for the purity, integrity and welfare of its 
 people. On the Exhibition the curtain is now about to fdl. When it 
 has fallen, the wonderful creation, in the beauties of which we have 
 so long been revelling, will have passed away. Looking round upon 
 it now, whi1»the scene still glows with its grandeur, and our senses 
 are rejoicinc: in its delights, I desire to assure all who have contrib- 
 uted towards its production that there is at least one who bears in 
 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 835 
 
 grateful remembrauce whatever they have dune. It may have 
 been aa humble prayer," the earuings of hard toil, out of their 
 abuudauce, or the devotiou of years of iutelligeut laoor — it niattera 
 uot- The little brooks and the rivers alike make up the mighty 
 ocean. To all — at home and abroad — who have helped us for- 
 ward ; to the Sovereigns and Governments of other countries who 
 have countenanced and encouraged us; to their represeutatives who 
 have worked so nobly in our cause; to the exhibitors of our own 
 and other lands, tvho have done more than can be expressed; to the 
 Congress of the United States of America, for its generous and 
 
 je«f.S££'l!>' 
 
 DRUM ROLLER PRIKTIKG PRESS, EXHIBrTED BY COTTRELL & BAllCOOK. 
 
 timely aid ; and especially to the President of the United States of 
 America, for his unwavering support and encouragement, are due 
 the grateful acknowledgments of the nation. Would that I were 
 authorized to make such acknowledgments heie, or that my own 
 had the value in them to make them acceptable to them all, from 
 the humblest to the highest. 
 
 And now, to my fellow-laborers of the United States Centennial 
 Commission, an<l of my more immediate associates in the Centen- 
 nial Board of Finance, I need only say that our work has its plao« 
 
 it' I' 
 
 '■§ 
 
836 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HIHTORY 
 
 in tlie annals of the nation. If the memories of it be pleasant to 
 our couutryme'J, we have done well. 
 
 During tljis address Mr. Welsii was frequently interrupted 
 with applause, and this was continued after he took ins seat. 
 The orchestra then rendered IJeethovcn's beautiful "Sixth Sym- 
 phony." The Hon. A. T. Gosliorn, Director-General of the 
 Centennial Exhibition, was next introduced, and spoke as fol- 
 lows : 
 
 THE RUNQUIST OSCILLATING GOVKRNOR, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERY HALL. 
 
 Mr. President: — The bright sunlight that came last May to 
 greet the opening hour of the International Exhibition of 1876 was 
 a propitious omen. Those who had labored from its inception to 
 place before the world in a proper manner an enterprise in which 
 great expectations and interests were concentrated were encouraj?(>(l 
 and strengthened in this work. It has since prospered, and won 
 the favor of jieneral commendation. 
 
 Millions of people have come hither to enjoy the teachings of a 
 schoo' that h^s laid the foundations for more liberal thought and 
 for Tiore extended knowledge of the social, industrial, and political 
 
OP THE rKNTENNlAL EXIIiniTION. 
 
 837 
 
 elements that contribute to tl>e welfare of man. The beneficial re- 
 sults tliiit will ensiit; from tlie.--e teachings cannot be over-e«tiinuted. 
 
 The Exhibition Una been a great educator. It has given the 
 people of other nations new and correct ideas of the rer.ources and 
 industries of America. It has given the people of America enlarged 
 information of the arts," products, and wealth of the participating 
 nations. It has also augmented and strengthened social and com- 
 mercial relations between nations which are results of high im- 
 portance, and may be con- 
 sidered a happy consumma- 
 tion of the objects of this in- 
 ternational work. 
 
 Had it accomplished less 
 tlian this, it would have 
 failed of the hopes of its 
 projectors. 
 
 But the hour has arrived 
 when we must dismantle 
 these buildings and take our 
 departure. 
 
 Having been for almost 
 four years intimately con- 
 nected with the internal and 
 external administration of 
 this work, I feel that we 
 have abundant cause for con- 
 gratulation that tlie close of 
 our labors terminate in the 
 midst of a success that is ij!iT77 
 nmnifcstly satisfactory to our ''• iS ',:-;«,; ir W- 
 
 country and approved by the silver flowkr vask, uKPorssE work, 
 patriotism of our people" In i-xanurKD by thk gouham co. 
 
 this great undertaking we have had from the beginning the zealous 
 co-operation and faitliful services of both the officials and the ex- 
 hibitors in the various departments, to whom we are pleased in 
 this manner and on this important occasion to acknowledge our 
 indebtedness. 
 
 To our friends, the foreign commissioners and foreign exhibitors, 
 I am glad of another opportunity to express and repeat our most 
 cordial greetings and thanks for the valuable part they have taken 
 
838 
 
 TFIE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 in this KxIiil)ition, Without anch co-opcnition it would not linvo 
 obtained the <li;,Miity and interest whieh lias so profoundly aff'e(rtod 
 the people of the United States. Your pre.-ienee, gentlemen, \u\^ 
 been aeeepted by the people of this country as a niijtsion of interna- 
 tional good-will and fraternal intercourse. I pray you, tlierelore 
 to carry with you a conviction of the appreciation and friendly 
 feelings of the government and the people towards you for your 
 honorable ami succl';<s1'u1 co-operation. 
 
 I also have the pleasure to congratulate my fellow-citizens, the 
 exhibitors from the Unitod States. You have contributed abun- 
 dantly of the rich proiluets of the soil and mines, and of your own 
 ingenious and skilfid workmanshij). You have won fresh honors in 
 every department, and have revealid and made better known to 
 
 WAOXKu's ClIAniOT RATK, iS MEMORIAL HALL. 
 
 our own people and to the world your strength and progress, jind 
 the vast resources at your command. Your contributions and in- 
 telligent co-operation entitle yon to claim a large share both of the 
 credit and benefits of this Exhibition. 
 
 If the influences of this Exiiibition should discourage all incli- 
 nations to the showy and superficial, and elevate the standard of 
 quality and workmanship, and thereby add to the intrinsic merits 
 and values of our products, it will produce its legitimate results and 
 justify the expenditures of thouglit and treasure that have been 
 lavished upon it. 
 
 But I cannot conclude without alluding to the efficient and 
 faithful work of my co-officials, and of my personal staff, which 
 commands my highest acknowledgments of respect and esteem. 
 
 The amount of labor and thought which haa devolved on voii, 
 

 OF THE CKXTENNIAL EXIIinmoV. 
 
 H:yj 
 
 gentlemen, can never be known, nor need it be. We liavc our 
 record in tlie consci'insness of tlie confidence pliiced in nn, and in 
 tl'.ij support we luive always received from the United iStutos C\mi- 
 tennial Commission and Centennial Board of Finance, and from 
 the numerous contrilmtors, here and elsewhere, who laid the foun- 
 dation of this Exiiihilion, and from the public. 
 
 And now, Mr. Pie.<ident, wiih the close of thid day another In- 
 ternational 10xhil)iti()n will lie concluded and addt-d to the records 
 of the past, lint it will not be ended ; it will rather have only be- 
 gun. The real Exhibitictn we have striven I'or is not limiteil to the 
 display of material products, which, however pleasinir, must be 
 brief. The tcachiiii^s, the social and moral influences, the improve- 
 ment in the prndiutive powers of genius and inventive knowlediro. 
 constitute in part the object and aim. May these be fully realizi'd 
 as the legitimate results of this Exhibition. 
 
 As the Director-General oonclndcd, clunnis and orcbestrti 
 burst forth in tlic glorious "Ilallelnjjib," from Ilandcl'-s "Mes- 
 siah." At tlic conclusion of the chorus General Ilawlcy arose, 
 and after the enthusiastic apjilause with which ho was greeted 
 liad subsided, spoke as follows: 
 
 The final day of the Exhibition has nrrivod. Four years and 
 a half ago tlio Centonnia' C nnmission was orcaniz 'd untler the 
 legislation of the national government to celebrate the Centeunijil 
 Anniversarv of our national independence bv holdincr an ii\torna- 
 tinnal exhiliition of arts, manufactures, ami products of liie soil 
 anil mine. The National Congress deemed it fitting tliat the com- 
 pletion of the first century of our national existence should be 
 commemorated by a })resentation of the national resources of thci 
 country and their development, and of the progress in those arts 
 which benefit mankind, in comparison with those of older nations. 
 
 Happily the United States was and is at peace with the whole 
 world. International Exhibitions have become an established fea- 
 U\V3 in modern civilization, but connected with this were features 
 of peculiar and local interest. They have not interfered with its 
 progress — indeed, the acceptances of other nations, and the verv 
 friendly congratubitory letters addressed to the President of the 
 United States on the occasion of the celebration of the Fourth of 
 July, show that they have rather given an opportunity for expres- 
 sions of cordial good-\nll that have given very great pleasure to 
 
 m 
 
810 
 
 Tin: IMX'.STUATKD IIISTOUY 
 
 tlie whole Ainorifiin pooplc. Tlicre were many niul great diffi- 
 C'ultie.s ill tlio path of tl»c ('nt('r|)rist', tlie usual rnirtappn-heiisioiis 
 tlie(li.stuil)c<lcoii(liti()ii ottliu Wusiiu'ss iuitl fiimiicc at lioiufaiKJabiDatl 
 uiid the slow conversion of a pi;l)lic senliniont wliich, in llie earlier 
 iiays, feared tliat justice might not be done to Amcjriean resomcjs 
 and capabi lilies. Wc; recall the hours of uncertainty and dis- 
 couragement s(th-ly that we may felicitate ourselves upon the result 
 that have answi'red the hopes and i)redictions of the most sanguine. 
 
 The Exhibition has given us a better coniprehension of our own 
 position and progress. Wt; expected and hoped to be taught our 
 shortcomings in some respects, and wo sliall profit l)y the lessons. 
 And yet I gather from my countrymen that they are not a 
 little j)leased to see how well our productions in every depart- 
 ment have borne the comparison to which they have been sub- 
 jected, 
 
 Uufiucstionably international trade and commerce will bo pro- 
 moted. Our manufacturers, niechanics and artists will show by 
 their work that th(>y have been close students of the admirable 
 exhibits from abroad, and have taken advantage thereby. 
 The ingenuity and exeelleiu^e of our mechanics and inventors 
 will be made better known. A liigber benefit has been wrought. 
 The bonds of peace have been strengthcne<l. Interminable ties 
 have been created that will be strongly felt whenever national 
 derangements are threatened. Our people are so widely scat- 
 tered, and their relations have been so seriously disturbed, that 
 every patriot anxiously jlesired tliem to seize the great occasion 
 to know each other better that they niay love each other more. 
 What has been done toward this is one )f your most valua- 
 ble labors. The concurrent and almost wholly harmonious testi- 
 mony of our critics at home and abroad permits us to feci that wo 
 have been on the whole lar<relv successful in all our work. This 
 commendatory judgment i?^ very grateful to us. 
 
 My associates have given expression to our gratitude. I would 
 gladly add to what they have said if I could. The Commission 
 thanks the city of Philadelphia, the Rtato of Pennsylvania, the Xa- 
 tional Government, and especially yon, sir, our honored President. 
 It thanks the foreign commissioners, one and all, most hea'-tily. It 
 thanks the exhibitors of all nations. It thanks the American 
 people, whose conduct here has commanded unbroken respect. 
 
 It thanks its associate corporation, the Board of Finance ; above 
 
OF THE CKNTKNNIAL KXIIIIUTIOX. 
 
 811 
 
 all, it reverently uckiiowlcdi^i-s the kind favor of Ileiiven whicli 1ms 
 80 ainilod upon us tluit while we turn soniewluit sadly from tluso 
 scenes of great labor and greater pleasinv, all wiio have been 
 accredited here nuiy feel they have done something towards ad- 
 vancing the world to the better day con. ng. Gv)d be praised fo; 
 the past; God send U3 all, individuals and nations, a happy future. 
 Mr. Presiilcnt, we await your pleasure. 
 
 At tli<! conclusion of (icncrul I lawlcy's address the aiulicnco 
 and chorus united in singin;^ the national antlu'in, " My conn- 
 try, 'tis of tlicc," the full orchestnv accompanying the voices. 
 Never was the sweet hymn sung with more patriotic fervor 
 than then given, lor as the sim|)lc yet niajcstic melody filled the 
 air the original Hag of the American Union, lir^i, dis[)laycd by 
 
 i H' 
 
 
 MAKART's "VENICK DOIXCi HoMA(iK To CATUAIUNE COUNAUO," IN 
 
 MKMOUIAI, HALT,. 
 
 Commodore Paul Jones the " Bon Homme Uidiard," was 
 unfurled from a window above the stage, and as its hallowed 
 folds floated in the air all eyes gazed uiwn the relic with rever- 
 ence, and while a thousand throats sang "America^' with still 
 deeper feeling, all present united in applauding by a brisk 
 clapping of hands this most happy addition to the i)rogrammc. 
 At twentv-three minutes of four o'clock (Jeneral llawley an- 
 nounced that General Ulysses S.Grant, President of the United 
 States, would now formally close the Exhibition. The Presi- 
 lent here arose and said : 
 
 "Ladies ANr> Gentlemen: — I have now the honor to declare 
 the Exhibition closed." 
 
812 
 
 Tlir: II.H'STIJATKD HISTOUY 
 
 Tlic Prosidi'nt tlioii tiiriu-d to tlio li'I't, and wiivcd his liuiid 
 :is (li(> sitiii;;! lo the (>|UM-!it(>r at the tclcj^ra])!! iiistniiiu'iit. imiiu- 
 diatcly lu'liiiid liim, to give tlii' sit;'iial tin* Mtoj)|)inM; the Corliss 
 (Mi«;iiu' and tlio inachimTv in tlio hall. Mr. Ivohcrt 15. M;ui- 
 I'.'V, the Mciicral diri'ct(»r, toiu-hi'd the kcv, and the charact 
 
 <t ra '' 
 
 7-G'' wciv siijiiallcd to the main t('h'<;ra|>h oilier. Th 
 
 CfS 
 
 aiiic 
 
 ciinvnt canscd the haninu-r to strike the special j;(»n<i; stationed 
 alon<;si(K? the Corliss engine, whieh was the si«;ii;d to stop, and 
 at the same time all the u'on!.i>i in the Maehinerv Hall Celt the 
 eiVeet of the electrical enrrent, and ij.'.ve notice to the exhihiiois 
 that the ollicial Hat of the President, that th(> JOxhiUition had 
 heen declared closed, was promnlnatcd. At the instant the in- 
 strument ticked in the main teleiiraph ofliee, the l()llowinu- des- 
 patch was placi'd on the wires and sent to liOnd(»n, Liverpool, 
 Paris, and the j>rincipal cities of l-liirope, the United States, 
 and Canailas : 
 
 iNTKItNATlOXAI, Cl'ATKN M \ I, KxiIlIuriOX (Ji;olNI>S. 
 
 PllII,AIn;i,I>lllA, Xorriiilxr 10, IsrC. 
 
 The President has this monu'iit closed the International Kx- 
 liii)i(ion — n.'u v. M, 
 
 W. .1. Piiirj.ifs, TcK'siraph nin-ctor, 
 
 II. S. International Jvxhihilion. 
 
 All present then nnited in sinLLin^• the lon<i metre doxolo -a 
 fo the \\ords, 
 
 " l'.,''nion. () C.nd! exalted l-ioh, 
 Anil as Tliv ulorv fills the skv, 
 
 "() Ic 
 
 t it he on earth displayed. 
 
 Till Tlimi art here as there ohi-ved." 
 
 And soon afterwtirds the asscMMhlas.-; e (lisj)erscd. A lai^v' 
 crowd pitheri'd about the |)aviIion to witness the departure ol' 
 the President, who stepped iiito his carriaije at about foin- 
 o'clock, and drove hack to the residence of his host, Mr. 
 (}eorij;e W. Chi Ids. Thouj^h the KxhiMiioii was thus forma ll\ 
 closed, oidy a small proportion of the (>xhil)its wore covered \\\k 
 and the jirounds remained throuiicd with visitors until evening. 
 
 Machinery Hall was the ohjeetive point of not less than 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL E\'II!1UTI(>N. 
 
 813 
 
 1 5,000 persons at about two o'cltx'k, at wliii-lt hour it was lu-liovnl 
 tlio I'lTsidtMit would jniiu'tually appear in front of that n)iii;lity 
 giant of nieehanieal skill, the Corliss en<j;ine, and seizinjjj the 
 lever, stop the motion of tlu eolossns. In this speculation jnsi 
 so niiuiy individuals were disappointed, notwithstandintr whi< h 
 they held their pla<'es, or passed thron«:;h the ina/es of the in- 
 tricate worivshop. Machinery Hall at three o'clock was packed 
 with injpatient humanity. A sea of upturned faces looked in 
 th'' (lirection of the iron and steel giant which controlled the 
 
 
 (ill.MNnF.lt A sons' (il.ASS WOUKS IN Till'. IIXIIIIIITION (iUoCNDS. 
 
 ceaseless revolving wheels, the whirrini!,' hclts, and the noisy 
 operation of the pcrt'ect labyrinth of mechanism. Never Iwibro 
 in the history of the (Vntennial Kxposition had there beer, r-uch 
 a jam of nervous, anxious, and intcresled observers. It was (n 
 be the fidminating and at once the finishing point in America's 
 great exhibit. The great engine seemed nntrc energclic than 
 ever. Its walking beams seemed to move with more rapidity. 
 
 i 1 
 
 . 
 
 , i 
 
844 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY. 
 
 and the monster wheel appeared to revolve the more quickly 
 as if eonsciou.^ of the fact that it would soon rest from its labors. 
 Yet, though fancy or imagination pictured the grim colossus 
 as working harder than ever, its movement was almost n(>ise- 
 less. The sewing-machines with their busy hum drowned the 
 laborious efforts of the giant. Thus the work contimied, and 
 still the crowd begaiv to thicken. All awaited the President's 
 coming, but they wei'e doomed to disappointment. The hand 
 of the clock pointed to four o'clock. It lacked but a few hiin- 
 utes of the hour. At this moment two engineers took their 
 position near the lever of the engine, and their eye rested on 
 the gong which was to notify them when to apply the subtle 
 touch which should end the work of the machinery, and signal 
 the closing of the Centennial. A moment later the silvery peal 
 of the gong, touched by an invisible wire, gave the word, and 
 in a second the Corliss engine had ceased its operations and 
 rested. This was the occasion for rapturous applause, oft re- 
 peated. A change had passed over Machinery Hall. The 
 throbbings of the great leviathan had ceased, and with them 
 ihe pulsations of all other machinery, and the twenty-three 
 miles of shafting and forty odd miles of belting. 
 
 The total number of paying visitors on the closing day was 
 106,474. 
 
CPTAPTER XXVIII. 
 
 STATISTICS OF ATTENDANCE. 
 
 Causes of the Early Indifference of the People Towards the Exiubifioii — 
 Gnuliial Increase in the Attendance — Statement of Admissions — The Re- 
 ceipts — The State Days — Other Noted Days — Comparison of the "Cen- 
 tennial" wilii Other ExhibitioHi — Statement of Exhibitors. 
 
 fiOOKIXG back over the six months' career of the Great 
 If Exhibition one striking fact ])resents itself — that the 
 
 Exliibition liad to make its way sh)\vly into public 
 'p comprehension and favor. The American people had 
 
 little knowledge of what a World's Fair really was, 
 and asked themselves the question, " Will it pay to go to the 
 Centennial?" many times before they decided to go. There 
 was an igm. ranee and an indifference throughout the country; 
 concerning tlie grand undertaking that threatened to mar its 
 success. With a few notable exceptions, the leading newspapers 
 outside of Pennsylvania threw cold water upon the Exhibition, 
 and the public had to get its impressions from the papers. 
 Certain influential journals in the West did not wake up to 
 their mistake until the fair had been three months in progress, 
 and only at that late date sent their correspondents to the 
 Exhibition and began to publish descriptive letters. On the 
 opening day Philadelphia furnished nine-tenths of the visitors. 
 There were 76,172 jiaying admissions — a very fair beginning 
 — but the attendance fell next day to 14,722, and the day after 
 to 10,252. On the 16th of May it was only 7,056. The 
 highest figure reached in that month was 41,111, on the 30th, 
 and the average for the month was 19,046. Thus far the 
 visitors were nearly all from Philadelphia and the neighlwring 
 
 845 
 
846 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 towns. The pleasant days of June went by without the at- 
 tendance showing any adequate appreciation by the public of 
 flie manifold attractions of the fair. The higliefct attendance 
 
 was 39,38G, tlie lowest 
 20,343, and the average 
 26,756. By the end of 
 the month the glowing 
 accounts of roturnintr 
 visitors, few in number 
 though they were, had 
 leavened the whole lump 
 of public indifference and 
 created a general desire 
 among all classes to make 
 a pilgrimage to Philadel- 
 phia. The ceremonies on 
 the ^^^urth of July 
 brougiit a numerous mul- 
 titude in spite of the 
 severe heat that pre- 
 vailed. On the 3d the 
 paying visitors numbered 
 47,786, on the 4th 4G,2f)0, 
 on the 5th 51,825, and 
 on the 6th 46,088. Then 
 the attendance ran down 
 rapidly, so that on the 
 31st it was only 15,207. 
 The average for the 
 month was 24,481. The 
 lieated term was of un- 
 precedented length and 
 severity. It began in 
 June and lasted until late in August. The Exhibition build- 
 ings were like ovens, and the concrete paths through the grounds 
 burned the feet like lava. Every day many visitors were pros- 
 trated and carried to the hospital. Thousands came in spite of 
 
 UPRIGHT DRILLING MACHINE, EXHIBITED 
 IN MACHINERY HALL. 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 847 
 
 tlie heat, however, because tlieir midsummer holiday was their 
 only opportunity. In August tiie Uirgest attenjUmce wi^n on 
 Jersey Day — 55,930; Jie smallest was 22,141, and the average 
 33,(j55. September brought the hoped-for throng. On the 1st, 
 34,182 visitors entered the gates; on the 5th, 50,209, and ex- 
 cept on one rainy day the total never dropped below 50,000 
 thenceforth. Connecticut Day, the 7th, scored 64,059; Massa- 
 chusetts Day, the Mth, 78,977; New York Day, the 21st, 
 
 BRAZILIAN GOVEKNMENT BUILDINU. 
 
 117,941; and Pennsylvania Day, the 28th, brought the 
 enormous number of 257,169 people within the grounds. The 
 average for the month was 81,961. In October the average ran 
 up still higher, being 89,789; the lowest figui-e was 65,865, 
 and the highest, reached on Delaware and INIarvland Dav. the 
 19th, was 161,355. Rhode Island Day, the 5th, registered 
 89,060; New Hampshire Day, the 12th, 101,541, and Ohio 
 Day, the 26th, 122,300. During Novend)or the attondance 
 was close upon 100,000 every day. 
 
 :];!i!ri 
 
848 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 Tlie record of adnjissions by months is as follows : 
 
 Months. Duj'B. 
 
 May 19 
 
 June 26 
 
 July 26 
 
 August 27 
 
 September.... 26 
 
 October 26 
 
 November.... 9 
 
 Puid. 
 
 378,980 
 695,666 
 636,518 
 908,684 
 2,130,991 
 2,334,530 
 918,956 
 
 TotiU. 
 
 *6 13,495 
 952,177 
 906,447 
 1,175,314 
 2,439,689 
 2,663,879 
 1,038,391 
 
 Kocolptg. 
 
 $189,490.35 
 347,833.40 
 318,199.25 
 415,6o9.25 
 928,056.00 
 
 1,160,811.50 
 453,700.00 
 
 169 8,004,325 9,789,392 $3,813,749.75 
 
 "old VIRGINIA" BUILDING. 
 
 A recapitulation of tlie above shows the following : 
 
 Number of days open 159 
 
 Paid admissions 8,004,325 
 
 Free admissions 1,785,067 
 
 Total admissions 9,780,392 
 
 Grand total of receipts $3,813,749.75 
 
 77?^ State Days. 
 
 The State day celebrations at the Exhibition are conspicuons 
 in the records of the admissions as the best paying days. The 
 
 * Including 110,500 officially estimated free admissions on Opening Day. 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. < 849 
 
 following is a complete list of these days, with the cash and total 
 admissions and receipts : 
 
 Paid. Total. Reoeipta. 
 
 New Jersoy, August 24 56,325 67,052 $28,063.75 
 
 Connecticut, September 7 64,059 75,044 30,853.75 
 
 Massachusetts, September 14 85,795 97,8G8 41,193.00 
 
 New York, September 21 122,003 134,588 59,986.00 
 
 Pennsylvania, September 28 257,169 274,919 118,673.75 
 
 Rhode Island, October 5 89,060 100,946 44,496.00 
 
 New Hampsbire, October 12.... 101,541 118,422 50,536.00 
 
 Delaware and Maryland, Oct. 19.161,355 176,407 80,367.50 
 
 Ohio, October 26 122,300 135,661 61,029.50 
 
 Other Noted Days. 
 
 The following are some of the other large days during the 
 Exhibition period: 
 
 Faying Visitori. 
 
 Opening Day 76,172 
 
 September 9 99,984 
 
 September 20 101,498 
 
 September 30 103,385 
 
 October 18 124,777 
 
 October 25 106.98^5 
 
 Paying A'lsitori. 
 
 October 27 95,563 
 
 November 1 107,715 
 
 November 2 115,298 
 
 November 8 90,588 
 
 November 9 176,755 
 
 November 10 106,474 
 
 Attendance at other Exhibitions. 
 
 The attendance at the various International Exhibitions pre- 
 ceding our own, show the following comparison : 
 
 Year. Place. Days Oix-n. Visitors. Receipts. 
 
 1851— London 141 6,039,195 $2,120,0r.0.00 
 
 1855— Paris 200 5,162,330 640,497.00 
 
 1862— London 171 6,211,103 2,044,650.00 
 
 1867— Paris 210 8,806,969 2,103,675.00 
 
 1873— Vienna 186 7,254,687 1,032,090.00 
 
 1876— Philadelphia 159 9,789,392 3,813,749.75 
 
 In the case of all the European Exhibitions, the greatest 
 day was either the closing one, or near it, and at Paris and 
 Vienna the greatest number of visitors was on Sunday. The 
 54 
 
860 
 
 THB ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 greatest attendance on any one day at previous Exhibitions as 
 compared with " Pennsylvania " Day here, is thus given : 
 
 Philadelphia 257,286, on Thursday, September 28, 1876. 
 
 Paris 173,923, on Sunday, October 27, 1867. 
 
 Vienna 135,674, on Sunday, November 2, 1873, 
 
 Paris 123,017, on Sunday, September 9, 1855. 
 
 London 109,915, on Tuesday, October 7, 1851. 
 
 London 67,891, on Thursday, October 30, 1862. 
 
 The total number of exhibitors in the Centennial Exhibition 
 reached 30,86 ' and were distributed among fifty countries of 
 
 PHILADELPHIA CITY BUILDING. 
 
 the world. The United States headed the list with 8,175 ex- 
 hibitors ; Spain and her colonies came next with 3,822 ; Great 
 Britain and her dependencies sent 3,584 exhibitors; and 
 Portugal stands fourth with 2,462. 
 
 The classification embraces seven diflferent departments, 
 among which the exhibitors are distributed as follows, the first 
 column giving the number of exhibitors in each department 
 from the United States, and the second column the number in 
 each department for the entire Exhibition : 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 851 
 
 DeputBiMitii. American Bxhib'i, Total Kxbib'n 
 
 1— Mining and Metallurgy 644 2,129 
 
 2— Manufactures 2,246 8,760 
 
 8 — Education and Science 381 2,490 
 
 4— Art 1,784 4,900 
 
 6— Machinery 1,606 2,260 
 
 6— Agriculture 1,474 10,217 
 
 7— Horticulture 40 108 
 
 Total 8,175 30,864 
 
 Previous to 1851 there had been numerous national exhibi- 
 tions in different European cities, some of which brought to- 
 gether a very considerable number of exhibitors. In all of 
 these national affairs France kept the lead in the number of ex- 
 hibitors, there being 2,447 exhibitors in that held in 1834; 
 3,381 in 1859; 3,960 in 1844; and 4,494 in 1849. The only 
 national exhibition held outside of France which approached 
 these figures in the number of exhibitors was that held in 
 Berlin in 1844, in which all the different countries of Germany 
 were represented, the number on that occasion reaching 3,040. 
 
 The following statement gives the total number of exhibitors, 
 and the number of American exhibitors at each of the Inter- 
 national Expositions which have been held since the system 
 was inaugurated in 1861 at Loudon: 
 
 American Exhlb's. Total Kxhib's. 
 
 1851— London 499 13,937 
 
 1853— New York 2,083 4,685 
 
 1855— Paris 144 20,839 
 
 1862— London 228 28,653 
 
 1867— Paris 705 42,217 
 
 1873— Vienna 922 
 
 1876— Philadelphia 8,175 30,864 
 
 We have not at hand the total number of exhibitors at 
 Vienna, but leaving that out, it will be seen that the number 
 at Paris largely exceeded that at our own Exhibition, while it 
 in turn surpasses the two London Expositions and the Paris 
 Exposition of 1855. 
 
 i h 
 
 ' 
 
 m 
 
 r t 
 
 ^.1 
 
CHAPTER XXIX. 
 
 WHAT WAS ACCOMPLISHED. 
 
 Benefita conferred upon the American People by tlie Exliibltion — Efneta upon 
 Foreign Nation* — Views of General Ilawley — Wliat Dircctor-( Jeiieral Goh- 
 horn Thinks tlie Exiiibition lias Accomplished — Views of President John 
 Wi'IhIi— Statements of Mr. John Sartain, Captain Albert, Mr. Burnett 
 Landreth, Mr. Miller, and General Francis A. VVaiiter Concenung their 
 Respective Departments. 
 
 HEN we come to estimate the re.sults of the great Exhibi- 
 tion we are at a loss to say how far-reacliiag they may 
 be. It is certain that as a nation we have gathered a 
 rich harvest of culture and of material benefits, and 
 that through the influence of the Exhilntion abroad 
 we have acquired a recognition, never before accorded us, as n 
 country of the most diversified and active industries, and the 
 highest civilization. The culture obtained by the millions ol' 
 our j>eoi)le who have found in the fair a mine of informutioii 
 and suggestion, must have a beneficial ctfect upon the national 
 character. A tour through the halls and grounds was like a 
 journey around the world, giving an insight into the life and 
 thought of all manner of men, and lifting the visitor above the 
 narrow limits of his surroundings, so that his horizon stretched 
 out to embrace the whole human race. Bigotry, conceit, and 
 loctvl pride vanished as the great panorama of the achievements 
 of mankind, of all races and in all climes, ])assed before his 
 eyes. Apart from this general and cosmopolitan culture in 
 which all participated, each found valuable fruits of knowledge 
 adapted to his own need. The farmer saw new machines, 
 seeds, and processes ; the mechanic, ingenious inventions and 
 tools, and products of the finest workmanship ; the teacher, the 
 852 
 
n 
 
 I I, 
 
 THK CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 853 
 
 educational aids and systems of the world ; the man of science, 
 the wonders of nature and the results of the investigations of 
 the best brains of all lands. Thus each returned to his home 
 with a store of information available in bin own special trade 
 or profession. 
 
 The material benefits accruing from the Exhibition are mani- 
 fold, and will be realized for years to come as well as iu the 
 
 FRKNCH milH MILL, IN MACIIINKRY HALL. 
 
 near future. An immediate gain is the modification of the 
 rigors of the prevalent hard times. Undoubtedly the setting 
 in motion of millions of people, each with money to spend, 
 has had an effect in breaking the lethargy that has stifled enter- 
 prise in the business world and in causing the hopeful begin- 
 
 I 
 
 I ■ 
 
864 
 
 THE IIXU8TUATED HISTORY 
 
 nings <rfo revival of trade which we have been witneming thi« 
 fall. Many iniprovcmenta in inunui'actures and tlio introdno- 
 tion of ne\y branches of industry will soon follow an the result 
 of the study by inventors, skilled mechanics, and men of enter- 
 prise of the products of the globe. They have discovered that 
 nuuiy articles which we have been buying from other countries 
 can be profitably made here, and that many which we already 
 make can be improved in quality or in the element of taste, 
 or produced at lower coat, so as to command new markets, 
 
 STEAM-PUMP, EXillEirED IN MACHINERY HALI.. 
 
 and the result will be a still wider development of our national 
 industries. 
 
 In the eyes of the nations of the world we have attained a 
 rank never accorded to us before, and this will prove of great 
 material as well as moral benefit. The good opinion of neigh- 
 bors is as valuable to a country as to an individual. We were 
 regarded as a smart half-cultured people, of immense energy 
 and remarkable ingenuity, but deficient in the higher graces 
 and achievements of civilization, and depending upon the Old 
 World for all finer grades of manufactures. The reports of 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 856 
 
 fureign commissioners, jurors, journalistH, and travellers, all 
 concurring in expruKsiuns of surprise and admiration at the 
 excellence of our manulUcturoH, our schools, our railroads, our 
 newspapers, and the soundness of our social life, have greatly 
 modified {)ul)lic opinion abroad, and j^one far towards iiitro no- 
 ini; more just views of us. Thotte who mingled much in foi iga 
 circles at the Exhibition know 
 that the astonishment and won- 
 der of our visitors from abroad 
 at our resources and accom- 
 plishments was great und uni- 
 versal. 
 
 The close of the great Ex- 
 hibition was naturally a period 
 of congratulation by those who 
 had projected it and carried it 
 through to success. Prominent 
 amonij those deservinn: honor 
 was General Joseph R. Haw- 
 ley, President of the United 
 States Centennial Commission, 
 who from its organization was 
 the head of the legislative body 
 that governed the Exhibition, 
 establishing the system upon 
 which it was conducted, and 
 supervising in a general way 
 its execution. His force of 
 character and enthusiastic de- 
 votion to the enterprise en- 
 abled him to fuse a rather in- 
 congruous body into a homo- 
 
 g»-.."nus whole, to keep the designfi of a few self-seeking and 
 unfit men subordinate to the general unselfish and patriotic 
 purpose of the majority, and to secure on nearly all questions 
 that have arisen a wise decision. As the official head of the 
 Centennial organization on occasions of celebration and cere- 
 
 ' .'111. % ..t.\ 'i' •'/ \ . .1 
 
 Wm 
 
 '/■ n$"lf 
 
 CONEI-1.V S STATUE OP THETIS, IK 
 uIEMORiAL HALL. 
 
 t 
 
 
 I'll 
 
 « 
 
856 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 EMBROIDLJIED SCREEN, EXHIBITED IN THE CHINESE SECTION, MAIN BUILDING. 
 
 monies, and in its dealings with Congress and public bodies 
 and dignitaries, his eloquence and zeal were invaluable in 
 exciting interest in the great undertaking and enforcing con- 
 viction as to the grandeur and national importance of its aims 
 and results. 
 
 On the closing day General Hawley thus summed up some 
 of the results of the Exhibition : 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 857 
 
 People ask me if the Exhibition has equalled our expectations. 
 I ?\n8wer by saying that it did not go beyond or even up to our 
 dreams, grand as it is, but that it was better than we had reason to 
 expect a year before it opened. The estimates of the commission- 
 ers as to the attendance ran from 5,000,000 to 10,000,000. Tlie 
 paid admissions have been about 8,000,000. So far as the financial 
 .side is concerned we have reason for gratification. If the apparent 
 prosperity whicli prevailed when the enterprise was begun had con- 
 tinued, it is impossible to say how great tlie attendance would have 
 been. We are well aware that nurc extent and multitudes of visi- 
 tors do not make a great Exhibition, and we but accept the judg- 
 ment of foreigners and Americans (pialifieil by knowledge of other 
 Exhibitions, when we say that it is the largest, best situated, best 
 arranged, best managed, and most successful Exhibition ever held. 
 We were early met by the objection urged by Charles Sumner and 
 others, that monarchical countries would not take part in an afliiir 
 which had somewhat of a character of a family celebration of the 
 success of republican ideas, but our invitations were accepted by 
 foreign nations in tlie kindest spirit, and they evidently exerted 
 themselves to make fine displays. Of course, commercial motives 
 influenced their action, more or less ; but it is delightful to believe 
 that something was due to genuine good-will. Uncle Sam appears 
 to be one of the most popular members of the brotherhood of 
 nations. 
 
 It must be that such a gatliering as we have had here will have 
 large influence upon international commerce and friendship. Re- 
 flect that commissioners from 'liirty governments are making reports 
 of their examinations, and especially on the American features, and 
 that these reports will be published as official documents. In addi- 
 tion, 125 foreign judges, specially qmilified by their examinations, 
 are reporting their observations to their countrymen. Furthermore, 
 every newspaper in the world has published descriptions and ac- 
 counts of the P]xhibition, so that, to use a commercial phrase, the 
 United States have been advertised to an immeuse extent. The world 
 knows a gre*it deal more about us than it ever did before. With 
 scarcely a single exception our foreign guests have manifested sat- 
 isfaction and pleasure at their stay in the country. Many have had 
 false impressions removed as to the character of our people and 
 their moral elevation. The perfect good behavior of the 8,000,000 
 visitors is beyond praise. The American people never in the liiui- 
 
 
 II 
 
858 
 
 THE ILLUSTKATED HISTORY 
 
 dred jeara of their history appeared to so great an advantage as 
 this summer. 
 
 In one respect only the Exhibition did not quite come up to our 
 anticipations. We were anxious to sea Virginia, Georgia, Louisiana, 
 Texas, and other Southern States with unbounded natural resources 
 present themselves hore as Kansas, Colorado, Arkansas, and others 
 have done, and we hoped to see them in general joining more 
 heartily in the social and semi-political features of the year. Mary- 
 land, Delaware, Mississippi, Arkansas, Tennessee, and Kentucky, 
 among the Southern States, expended money in assisting to make the 
 Fair, and found their advantage in it. It would have delighted us 
 
 VERMONT STATE BUILDING. 
 
 if all had done the same. Had the Governor of Virginia appointed 
 a day for his people to meet here he would have received the wann- 
 est greeting he ever saw in his life. The masses of the American 
 people desired to make long strides in the Centennial year toward 
 perfect reconciliation. Divine Providence gave us a splendid op- 
 portunity to shake hands. There has been a great deal done, but 
 I wish there had been more. It has been four and a half years 
 since the Commission organized. It has had many dark days. It 
 began with no funds, and with no machinery for raising any. The 
 jealou,«y of States and localities was very discouraging. The 
 American people two and three years ago were in a fault-finding 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 859 
 
 mood. It was a time of investigation, criticism, and general dis- 
 eatisfactioD. Tlie press was indifferent or unjustly critical toward 
 the Exhibition project. This was, I atu bound to say, because the 
 project proposed to put us before the world in an attitude where we 
 should be closely examined, and there was great skepticism as to 
 whether the Exhibition could be well managed. In the end we 
 gained public confidence, and the press became our warm and 
 indispensable supporter. 
 
 I feel great satisfaction in reflecting that we have demonstrated 
 two things — that an almost voluntary association can conduct all 
 the material concerns of such an exhibition with ease and accuracy, 
 
 THE NEW ENGLAWl) LOG CABIN AND MODERN KITCHEN. 
 
 and that the enterprise has come to the last day without a single 
 occurrence above microscopic size that could make a scandal if 
 exposed to public view. It is my testimony, after four and a hah' 
 years' presiding over the Commission, that its members, allliough 
 selected with no just idea of what their work was to be, have proved 
 to be a very capable and entirely honest body of men. Many of 
 them are gentlemen of rare qualifications and experience. We hav^ 
 labored with a sincere desire to make tlie Exliihition one that our 
 fellow-citizens would have no reason to feel ashamed of. We are 
 ready to say that we are very proud of our success in the material 
 and moral aspects of the whole enterprise. 
 
 Director-General Goslioni was conspicuous amonar tliosc do- 
 
 1)! 
 
860 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED IIIST'>RY 
 
 serving the highest praise of their countrymen for the vigor and 
 ability with which the Exhibition was conducted. He was the 
 Exefsutive Officer of tlie Commission, and for the excellent or- 
 ganization of the gigantic undertaking and its orderly, methotli- 
 cal and intelligent prosecution, no man deserves more honor 
 than he. Events have shown how adequate were his plans, 
 how admirable his foresight, and how competent his executive 
 
 PLANING MACHINE, EXnillTTKD IN MACIIINERY HALL. 
 
 talent to grasp and hold tlic whole work and make it more than 
 fill the measure of public expectation. 
 
 (Jeneral Goshorn's judgment of the results of the Exhibition 
 is thus stated by himself: 
 
 "There has been much less difficulty in the administration of the 
 Exhibition since the opening than I anticipated. A disposition has 
 been shown on the part of exhibitors and vi^*itor8 to comply with 
 the rules and regulations that has made my work comparatively 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 861 
 
 light. I feel sure that the Exhibition has run more smoothly than 
 any of the great European fairs. The general rules and regulations 
 were prescribed two years before the opening, and to our credit they 
 remained unchanged to the end. I was engaged for six months in 
 preparing them, and made them liberal with the hope that they 
 
 
 BADIAL DRILL, EXHIBITED IN MACHINERY HALL. 
 
 
 would stand without alteration and meet all emergencies. The 
 attendance has been somewhat larger than 1 predicted. My esti- 
 mate was 40,000 a day, and it will run over 50,000. The grand 
 total will exceed that of the Paris Exhibition, which was open a 
 month longer than this and had the advantage besides of nearly a 
 
 ::i fi 
 
 ii 
 
862 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 month of Sundays, on which days the attendance was always the 
 largest. A comparison with the Vienna Exhibition will be found 
 to be much more in our favor. 
 
 " All the foreign commissioners were accredited to me, and I gaye 
 personal attention to tlieir departments, so that I have had excel- 
 lent opportunities to know the views of this class. I have heard 
 but one expression, and that a highly favorable one. The commis- 
 sioners were especially pleased with the regulation which permitted 
 them to arrange the spaces assigned them according to their own 
 ideas. My aim was to give them as much liberty as possible, and 
 I found them at all times entirely willing to cooperate with the 
 general direction. The administration of the customs laws pave 
 them a good deal of annoyance which I could not obviate. The 
 customs officials never comprehended the Exhibition. Instead of 
 regarding it as exceptional and peculiar, they treated it like a retail 
 shop, and tied it up with all the red tape they could apj,ly. Besides 
 there was a want of harmony between different branches of the cus- 
 toms service which added to the troubles of exhibitors. Foreigners 
 have expressed themselves to me as greatly impressed with the char- 
 acter of visitors, their good order, and their inquiring disposition. 
 " I think that about sixty per cent, of the goods displayed have 
 been sold, and more will be disposed of during the next few days, 
 so that the commercial side of the enterprise has, so far as exhib- 
 itors are concerned, been fairly successful. A good many collections 
 and single articles of value have been generously presented by 
 foreign governments to public institutions like the Smithsonian and 
 the Pennsylvania Museum. I expect to see the exhi"bition rapidly 
 dismantled. Exhibitors must all be out by the 31st of December, 
 but they will not take advantage of the seven weeks accorded them 
 for removing their goods except in a few cases. The disposition 
 among them is to stop expenses, pack up and be off as soon as pos- 
 sible. The foreigners are in even more haste to get home, and have 
 made arrangements for early transportation of their articles. 
 
 " As to the awards, my opinion is that our system has proved to 
 be a good one, but for its entire success it requires, for judges, experts 
 peculiarly fitted to make examinations and write reports. Wher- 
 ever we had such in any group the result was satisfactory. One 
 .serious error was committed. As the reports came in they should 
 have been looked over by the Executive Committee, and such as 
 
OP THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 863 
 
 did not correspond with the system should have been returned to 
 the judges for correction. This was not done, and the whole mass 
 of 12,000 reports was laid before the Commission aft^r the judges 
 had scattered to the four quarters of the globe. However, I can 
 say this about the awards — there never was an exhibition where 
 there was so little complaint about them. This is because like 
 articles were not examined in competition with each other to deter- 
 mine their comparative e? sellence, but the awards are made for 
 merit. 
 
 " I should have added that my system of dividing the labor and 
 responsibility among the chiefs of bureaus, giving them full control 
 over the details, and holding them responsible for the general re> 
 suits in their several departments, has had very gratifying results. 
 This plan, adopted before the opening of the Exhibition, has re- 
 mained without change." 
 
 A large share of the credit for the successful issue of the 
 Exhibition belongs to Mr. John Welsh, the President of the 
 Centennial Board of Finance, who, in connection with his col- 
 leagues in the board, managed its finances with extraordinary 
 sagacity and energy, and with an economy nicely balanced by 
 the liberality required for the full realization of the project. In 
 a word, Mr. Welsh applied to the Exhibition the principles 
 upon which he would have conducted an important business 
 enterprise confided to his care. He and his associates regarded 
 it as a trust and not as a speculation, and they felt bound by 
 sentiments of honor and patriotism to administer it with discre- 
 tion, earnestness and fidelity. 
 
 Mr. Welsh expressed himself as follows, with respect to the 
 financial aspect of the Exhibition : 
 
 The expectations I held out to the public have in every respect 
 been realized except one — I thought we should have 10,000,000 visi- 
 tors, and we have had only 8,000,000. The difference is attributable 
 to three causes : first, the indisposition of people throughout the 
 country to believe we would open the fair on the 10th of May; 
 second, to the tardiness of the railroads in realizing the necessity of 
 bringing their rates within the demands of the public ; and third, 
 to the extraordinary spdl of hot weather which began in June and 
 lasted the whole summer through. The reports in the newspapers 
 
864 
 
 THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 
 
 that the Exhibition could not possibly be got ready on the day ad- 
 vertised for opening deprived us of the attendance we expected our- 
 ing the first mouth, and then the hot spell and the high railroad 
 fares kept people away until September. 
 
 My calculations of the outlay required up to the opening, sub- 
 
 LIBERIAN COFFEE DISPLAY, EXHIBITED IN AORIOUIiTUEAL 
 
 HALL. 
 
 mitted to Congress last winter, proved accurate almost to a dollar, 
 and my estimates of the running expenses have been closely real- 
 ized. We have a surplus of about $2,000,000. The total stock 
 subscriptions amounted to $2,400,000. So we shall be able to pay 
 80 cents on the dollar to the stockholders, if we are not required 
 
or TlIK C'KNTENNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 8G.J 
 
 to pay back the million and a half appropriated liy Congrer>H. 
 Thi-s is a questiou which the courts must settle. Tlio Eiiglij^ii of 
 the act of Congress gives the stockholders the whole of their money 
 back before the government can claim anything, and the Senate 
 understood it so; but Mr. Springer, the mover of the amendment 
 to the bill in the House, did not. I learn that a resolution ^w ill I'" 
 introduced by a member next winter, directing the Attorney-Ocr,- 
 eral to take steps to jjrevent us I'rom paying anything to the stiick- 
 holdcrs until the United States is reind)ursed. ''tius'ress ouiiht, 
 instead oi adopting such a resolution, to pass one thanking tli: 
 managers of the Exhibition, and exempting us from all demands 
 on the part of the government. We have been celebrating the 
 birthday of the nation. The government refused to appropriate 
 anything for the pur|)()se until the success of the movement was 
 assured. I cannot believe that it will now ste|) in and grab all the 
 assets, and t)\.,^ throw the whole expense upon its citizens who 
 were patriotic enough to subscribe to the great enterprise. 
 
 We shall be able to close up our aftaiis by the 1st of January if 
 this feature of the disjwsition of the surplus is settled before that 
 time. All the buildings will beotf our hands on the 1st of Decem- 
 ber. Memorial Hall remains as a monument of the Centennial 
 year. ^lachinery Hall and Horticultural Hall are the property 
 of the city of Philadelphia, and will be retained, the latter as an 
 embellishment of the Park, and the former for festivals, celebra- 
 tions, and the fairs of the Franklin Institute. The Main Building 
 will i)robably be bought by the Permanent Exhil)ition Company, 
 recently organized here, and if so will be preserved. The Art 
 Annex, Shoe and Leather Building, Carriage Annex, Ju<lges' Hall, 
 Agricultural Hall, Commission offices, etc., will be sold at auction 
 and removed by the purcha^^ers. The State Buildings will also be 
 sold, and all the foreign structures, so far as I know, except the 
 British house, which has been presented to the city. The restau- 
 rants and other business structures will be speedily pulled down. 
 The amount received for concessions has not varied from my origi- 
 nal estinnite of §500,000. We are likely to close all the business 
 growingout of concessions and contracts without disputes and with- 
 out a single lawsuit. 
 
 Mr. John Sartaiii, Chief of the Bureau of Art, said : 
 
 I consider the Art Exhibit, as a whole, a remarkable success, 
 55 
 
 I 
 
 
8G6 
 
 TllK ILLU8T1JATED II I.STORY 
 
 and believe it compared favonibly with the (^.isj)lay.s at providtis 
 World's Fains. France and Gerniany did not send their best 
 works, but England made a most remarkable contribution, twice 
 as large as she sent to Paris in 1867, and three times as large as 
 her collection at Vienna in 1873. The great merit of the English 
 pictures was owing to the fact that they came from the private 
 galleries of gentlemen owning fine works, '^^he Netherlands ex- 
 hibit was good, and so were those of IJelgium, Sweden, and Hpain. 
 It was altogether an aggregation of extraordinary tfilent. The 
 Italians sent too many copies of old masters, but among their pic- 
 tures were some of first-rate landscapes. Nothing in the wiiole 
 Exhibition attracted so much attention as the Italian statuary. 
 The Art Galleries were at all times the most crowded part of the 
 fair, and the rooms containing these statues were the most crowded 
 portions of the galleries. The Italians, Mr. Sartain says, have 
 struck out a new field in sculpture, and have successfully treated 
 in marble subjects heretofore confined to caiivns — scenes from 
 domestic life. Thiir execuiion is wonderful, and whalever the 
 critics may say, tho [)()[)u]ar instinct recognizes and approves the 
 truthfulness to nature manifested in these works. 
 
 Captain Albert, Chief of tlie Bureau of Machinery, said : 
 
 It is scarcely necessary for me to speak of the general success of 
 the Exhibition in my department, as everybody knows that it has 
 been very successful. The machinery employed in our various 
 industries was thoroughly represented in almost every respect 
 except that of marine engineering and shipbuilding, which impor- 
 tant interest, owing to the decline of American commerce, is not in 
 as prosperous a condition as it should be. The number of ex- 
 hibitors of machuiery was more than double the number at the 
 Vienna Exhibition, the oidy previous one which bad a separate 
 hall devoted to this department. The exhibitors, as a rule, were 
 very much pleased. The majority of them have been reimbursed. 
 Large sales of machinery have been made, both to foreign and 
 native customers. A number of foreign machines have been sold 
 and will remain in this country. Machinery Hall cost less than 
 the sura appropriated for its erection. It was the settled policy of 
 the Commission to encourage the exhibition of processes of manu- 
 facture, and this led to the granting of permission to exhibitors to 
 sell the products of such work, a percentage of the proceeds being 
 
OF THE CENTENNIAL EXIIIIUTIOX. 
 
 867 
 
 piiiil to tlic Board ot' Fiiiiiiico. Diirinj,' the lust tlirce luoiitlis a 
 sum was realized iu this way ufficieiit to pay all the expcuses of 
 the Machiiiory Departiiu'iit for that time. 
 
 The Corliss i'iigiiK> and shafting worked during the whole time of 
 the Exhibition without any mishap whatever, never stopping from 
 any disarrangement, and no accident has hapi)ened to any person 
 from machinery under the control of the Bureau. To drive all the 
 machinery in the Exhibition 4,400 horse-power was required, am' 
 this was supplied from the boilers through three-fourths of a mile 
 of steam pipe, varying in diameter from two to fifteen inchis. This 
 
 SCREW-CUTTINQ I.VTIIE, EXHIBITED IN MACIIIXETIY HALL. 
 
 power was communicated by one mile of shafting. The amount <.i' 
 coal used daily was from twenty-five to thirty tons. The Bureau 
 has conducted the largest and most comprehensive tests of steam- 
 engines, water-wheels, and steam-boilers that have ever been known, 
 as well as trials of various smaller machines and apparatus. To 
 show the extent of this work it may be stated that twenty-three 
 water-wheels, belonging to eighteen different manufacturers, have 
 been tested, the whole apparatus for the purpose being supplied by 
 the Commission. Trials have also been made of fifteen diflferent 
 boilers and about a dozen fire-engines. 
 
 I 
 
8G8 
 
 TIIK ILMTSTUATKl) IIISTOIJY 
 
 Atnonj^ tlic imporlnnt Amoriran mncliiiips of recent invention 
 shown wore tlioso for clotli-cuttinjr, Imt niukinjr, envcloiw ninkiiiir, 
 Htone-cutting, and for ornaincnlin^' in stone. .Mneii luiroptun 
 machinery of special interest and merit was exhil)ite(l. Among 
 thi.s may be mentioned machines for Jnte-nnikinf^ and fiir tobacco- 
 twir^ting, and a sugar mill from (Jreat IJritain ; Kriipp's exhibit of 
 ordnance and heavy marine for^jing, and Schlickevsen's brick- 
 making machinery from (Jermany; wood-working mnchinorv and 
 a lithograj)hic press from France, and mining machinery from 
 lielginm. Russia iiad a fine exhibit from beginning to end, and 
 tiiat of Sweden was also excellent tiiroiighout. The most interestin" 
 part of Brazil's display in this department was illustrative of »i'k 
 production. The Canadian machinery was various aiul "ood 
 
 Mr. Burnett Landreth, Chief of the T)oj)artmcnt of Ajrrjcnl- 
 turo, expressed jijrcat satisfaction with the general results of his 
 branch of the Exhibition. IIo said: 
 
 No previous international exhibition ever had a separate depart- 
 ment for the products and implements of farming, and the marked 
 success of the experiment here woidd, he thought, cause it to be 
 copied in future fairs. There was an exceedingly good show of 
 American agricultural machinery. A good deal of progress in 
 sim[Mifying and improving the construction of mowers and rca|)crs 
 was displayed. The |)residing judge of this group, an Englishman, 
 considered a hay-loading machine as the most important of the now 
 inventions shown. None of the foreign countries exhibited much 
 worth c(nisi(l<"ring in the way of machinery and implements except 
 Canada. England might have done so, but was deterred by the 
 want of a market in this country. Tiie show of grains and seeds in 
 tlu! American section was very goo'l, and several foreign countries 
 were well represented in this line. Oregon excelled all competitors 
 iti the quality of her grains. Iowa, Nebraska and Michigan sent 
 the best fruits. There was a fine display of tobacco, and a re- 
 markably extensive one of wines, in which Portugal, Spain, France, 
 and our own country were prominent. The exhibit of wool and 
 cotton was unfortunately scanty and defective. The live-stock 
 show did not meet expectation as far as the quantity of stock dis- 
 played was concerned, but the quality was superior to anything 
 .>',Tr seen in the United States. The poultry show was exception- 
 
OF TIIM CKNTKNNIAI, KXIIIUHION. 
 
 H(jy 
 
 nlly good :iii<l was the larj^ost ever held in this country, while tho 
 di.sphiy of |)ij.M^i>iis was never ci|iialk'il in the worhl. 
 
 Among I lie foi'ciLMi 
 oonntries, all thiii<j:s 
 considered, C a n ad a 
 made tiie iiest show, 
 l)epanse she iiad both 
 iiiiplonients and pro- 
 <lii('t». Of products 
 ahtne l>i-a//il iiad tiio 
 most ctwnplele and 
 host arranffed exhibit. 
 The special exhibit of 
 the !)rcwin<i; industry 
 was a notably credita- 
 ble feature of the Agri- 
 <'nlttu!il Department, 
 and the butter and 
 cheese .show was also 
 praiseworthy. T h (.'. 
 exhibitors of as^ricul- 
 tural nuichinery were 
 very successful in 
 inakiu"- sale to foreiurn 
 countries — Brazil, the 
 Argentine Republic, 
 Japan, Australia and 
 theCa[»eofGood Hope 
 being large purchas- 
 ers. 
 
 Mr. Charles II. 
 Miller, Chief of the 
 Department of Hor- 
 ticulture, states: 
 
 lam convinced that 
 the exhibition in that 
 department has led 
 to very important 
 
 I 
 
870 
 
 TlIK IM.rsTUATKr) HISTORY 
 
 losults. At no ])rovi()iis World's Fair \vii3 there a soparato 
 <K'i)artmcnt dovotod to Ilortii-ultiuv, hut the iniiovatioii liit-^ 
 heeii very tiutisfaitorv in its eHocts. The horticulturists of 
 the delegation ol" French artisans who visitetl the Centennial Ex- 
 hibition wrote a letter on their retvirn highly praising the exhibit 
 here, and it has been determined to have a horticultural depart- 
 ment in the exhibition at Paris in 161^. Besides the numerous 
 ilisplays of specialties by Americans, many foreign colleetions of 
 importance were sent to the Exhibition, and .the space reserved by 
 the Commission was so used as to give the whole great attraction as 
 a display of decorative gardening. Multitudes of visitors have 
 been delighted with its beauty, and many of them have learned to 
 appreciate for the first time the results «)f the labors oi' florists and 
 horticulturists. This awakening of popular interest and training 
 of taste in horticultural matters cannot fail to be of incalculable 
 benefit. Exhibitors are well satisfied, and inany horticulturists 
 who made no display now regret that they did not do so. A great 
 numy foreigners have expressed 'heir admiration of the Exhibition 
 in this department, and many of the foreign exhibitors have con- 
 tributed valuable collections to the I'ark Connnissii mers, to form 
 part of the exhibition which will be maintained in Horticultural 
 Hall, Measures are now being taken to organize a botanic garden 
 and arboretum in Fairmount Park, and an excelleni nucleus t>xists 
 in the foreign and American collections that would be given to aid 
 the undertaking. 
 
 General Francis A. Walker, Chief of the liiiroan of Awards, 
 said : 
 
 The so-called American system of awards hassuflered more or less 
 disadvantage in its first trial at the International Exhibition of bS7H, 
 first, by reason of its novelty, and secondly, from the want of early 
 and aiI(N]iiafe prepaiation fi)r the work of adjudication. The trial 
 nnidi' at this Exliil)ition has iiot disclosed any inherent defects in 
 the system, hut it has sIkmvd the necessitv of providing certain cnii- 
 ditions and imposing certain liniitatlons which seem not to have 
 been anticipated. Among thi>st> I may indicate a restriction upon 
 the awards to be given, having reference to [hv. importance^ of the 
 exiiiliils. Petty exhibits, especially those which are not of a com- 
 nienial character, eannol be advantagiously dealt with uiulcr the 
 
OF Tin: ci:nti:nmai< Kxiiiiuriox. 
 
 S71 
 
 Atnorioan system. If an exhibitor who prcsoiits a can of niaplo 
 >iiigar or two or tliroo bottles of wine, or u pieci.' of haiKl-workod 
 embroidery made for the purposes of the Kxlilbitioii, is to receive 
 an award purely iijiou the merit of the individual articles shown, 
 without reference either to the extent of the exhibition made or to 
 the extent and importance of his production, the reports of the 
 judges will be so multiplied and their subjects will become so trivial 
 us to impair, njore or less, the tlignity and autlioiity of the reports 
 made upon exhibits of 
 greater importance. 
 
 The want of this limita- 
 tion has been felt at the 
 present l']xhibition, and as 
 the result we Hnd the num- 
 ber of awards swollen by 
 the recognition of a gri'at 
 number of artii'lcs of un- 
 (p!"stioned merit, but of 
 merit in a very snnill way. 
 
 This excess inevitably 
 tends to diminish the 
 j)roper effect of those 
 awards whii'h are given 
 to exhibits of great com- 
 mercial valu". 
 
 Tiie want of early and 
 adecpnite preparation for 
 the work of adjudication 
 has been severely felt 
 through the whole pro- 
 gress of the I'^xIiiltitioM. 
 The classification of arti- 
 cles as arranged for the china vasks. 
 judges' work omitted some of tht> most important groups of products 
 in the Exhibition, including tea, cofrc'', tobacco, .sjiiccs, and the 
 whole line of cereals, rendering it necessary to assign, as the 
 I'xigcncies of (lu- siluatioii reipiiiiMl, llie omitted products to gimip- 
 which were perhaps already overburdened with the numbei' and 
 variety of objects .-nbuiilled to (he judges' attention. The ob- 
 scurity of some of the lines of classification adoptdl, moreover, in- 
 
872 
 
 THK II.LUSTRATKI) lILSTOrtY 
 
 creased greatly the liability, always in a degree existing, of artieleji 
 falling through betwe.Mi contiguous but not absolutely coterminous 
 groups; of even more serious consequence was the delay in sending 
 out blank forms to bo filled up by exhibitors with the necessary 
 information for the judges. These forms were not ifcpared and 
 issued in season to reach more than a very small fraction of the 
 foreign exhibitors, and in the result it was found that a very large 
 proportion even of the native exhibitors had been suj)plie<l either 
 
 not at all, or so late as to 
 iirider their replies una- 
 vailable for the purposes 
 of the judges, who were 
 thereloro left, in the in- 
 completeness of the offi- 
 cial catalogue, to find out 
 for themselves both the 
 location of the exhibits 
 and the special advan- 
 tages claimed by their pro- 
 ucci's. 
 
 In spite of the defects 
 
 noted, the American sys- 
 
 m of awards is, I think, 
 
 fully acknowledged to be 
 
 success by all who have 
 
 ■en enough of its work- 
 
 gs to be able to judge 
 
 the results; and I 
 
 link it will be generally 
 
 )|)roved both at home 
 
 "— ^^=^^=~-~-^"~i-^J}"~ and abroad, when the re- 
 
 cniNA vasks. ports of the judges in the 
 
 several groups shall be 
 pulill-hed. Tlio central idea, as you are aware, is to give intornialion 
 to the body of would-be purchasers and to the general publi(( thronuh 
 a series of discriminating and descriptive reports, instea'! of making 
 use of tokens like graded medals which convey practically no in- 
 formation. 
 
 Under the present system, the. modal, uniform in all cases as to 
 t-izo, design and material, becomes only a token that the exlubitor 
 
OF THE CFNTEXNIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 873 
 
 lias received nn tiward. Tlie question what the award is is only 
 answered hy the report of the examining judge, which is expected 
 to sot I'ortii the elements of merit, and, as iur as practicable, the 
 degree of merit. In other words, the report of the judge answers 
 the question which l^ocrates used to ask of hi:s antagonists in debate 
 when they declared a thing to be good — good for what? Its adapta- 
 tion to the uses designed, its economy, its efii(;iciicy, and every other 
 recognized advantage of a product, come thus within the si.'ope of 
 the report. The medal sin>ply declares that an article is good ; the 
 report tells what it is good for, and how good. 
 
 This system also enables us to avoid Ibrcing comparison between 
 objects having more or less ditioreut uses, though falling under the 
 
 CKXTrXNIAI, AWARD MEDAL. 
 
 lamc class. In general it is true, I think, that a judge sliotdd be 
 able to say something bctit r of an article or product than that it is 
 the best. An article may be the best of its kind and yet very poor ; 
 and of many very good things it may be impossible to say whidi is 
 the best. Hence, the IJurcaii of Awards has steadilv discouraged 
 the use of superlalives in the judges' rcjiorts. 
 
 Tlu^ re|)orts ukuIc luidcr this system are nearlv all in jircss, and 
 will ho issucil in ))am|)lil('ts by groups as soon as praeticabh-, all 
 probably within the eoursi; of two or tlircc^ weeks. lu general the 
 judges have very clearly apprehende(i and strongly held to this 
 plan of awards, and the reports as rendered will do great credit to 
 the Exhibition, as constituting a part of its penuamiit riterature,a3 
 
874 
 
 THE ILLUSTHATED HISTOUY. 
 
 well as convey much pmetical information of commercial value. 
 Of course, when a judge is to report upon an exhibit of canned 
 peas, not a great deal can be said except that the peas were well- 
 selected and the work of canning well done ; but in regard to the 
 many exhibits of an important character, highly discriminating and 
 often fully descriptive re^jorts have been presented. Whether in 
 a few lines or in two or three pages, the characteristic features of 
 each exhibit are stated. 
 
 Of the judges selected for this_ difficult and delicate duty it cer- 
 tainly cannot be necessary for me to speak in terms of praise. Many 
 of them are among the first savants of this country and Europe, 
 while others, not so widely known, are experts of large experience 
 and high authority in their own departments. They have labored 
 with astonishing zeal and energy. They have, speaking generally, 
 overcome not only the intrinsic difficulties of the work of adjudica- 
 tion, but the disadvantages which have attended its first adoption 
 here in Philadelphia, with rare patience and pains. I believe that 
 substantial justice has been done as fully as can be expected in 
 human affairs, and that the results as they appear will justify the 
 system and do credit to its author, Mr. Beckwitli, and to the judges 
 who have been appointed to carry it out. 
 
 TPIE END. 
 
. , — -,.^^.^ , 
 
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 OR 
 
 Palestine and Syria. 
 
 FULL DESCRIPTION OF THOSE COUNTRIES, THEIR HISTORY, 
 ANTIQUITIES, INHABITANTS AND CUSTOMS, 
 
 ACCOUDIXO TO THE 
 
 GREAT DISCOVERIES RECENTLY MADE BY THE 
 PALESTINE EXPLORING EXPEDITIONS. 
 
 Illustrated with 24ii Mne Engraviiifjs ami Maps, 
 
 ^ INCE the establishment of Christianity throughout the civihzed world 
 ^i^ the country known us PalesMne, or the Holy L.and, has been the most 
 interesting portion of the globe ii. the eyes of every race professing faith 
 in Jesus Christ. Not only is it the scene of the events recorded in tiie Old 
 Testament, bat it witnessed tiie birth, the labors, the great sacrilice, and 
 the triumphant resurrection of the Redeemer of the world. 
 
 For tlie past ten years tiiere has been a constant and successful effort 
 to exi)]ore every part of the Holy Land. These explorations have revolu- 
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 Tiie book opens witli the Exodus of the Israelites from Egypt ; and 
 traces tlieir wonderful march from the Land of Goslien to Mount Sinai, 
 their wanderings in the Desert, and their iinal march to the Proniised 
 I^and. Tlien follows a clear and concise history of Palestine from the 
 earliest times to tiie present day. 
 
 From tliis brief outline of tlie character of the work it will be seen that 
 it is very comprehensive. The liible gatiiers new interest read in connection 
 witii it, and many difficulties wliich are constantly presenting themselves to 
 the mind of the unassisted reader will vanish in the light of the cleai' 
 expUmations of this work. 
 
 ooisriDiTioisrs r 
 
 It is printed from large, clear type, on fine calendered paper, comprised in one lars:;* 
 Royal Octavo volume of 10!>t pa^es, splendidly einbellislied and illustrated wiili 'ii'i 
 beautiful engravinj^s and maps, Ijy the best artists of England and America, and 
 fiirnislied to subscribers, roi'Y 
 
 In Extra Fine Enifllsh Cloth, at $:i. ; o 
 
 Jti Uttrai'i/ Stfjle {Morocco Back and Corners), at 4.^0 
 
 In Full Tarhey Morocco, Panelled Sides, Fall Gilt,... at 0.00 
 
 AGENTS WANTED. Address, NATIONAL PUBLISHING CO. 
 Fhiladelphip, Fa. ; Chicago, HI. ; and St. Louis, Mo. 
 
THE OFFICIAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION 
 
 J 
 
 WITH A FULL DESCRIPTION OF THE 
 
 aHEAT BUILDm&S AND ALL THE OBJECTS 
 OF INTEREST IN THEM, 
 
 EMBELLISHED WITH OVER 300 FINE ENGRAVINGS. 
 
 This work givos n cntnplcte nnrl vivid description of the grcnt Exhibition. Thn Author 
 hi\s written from his own personal knowicdj^p, having gunc throuj;!! every l>:irt of tlic u'lcut 
 Fiiir, note book in iiand, recording the vnst and varied information continued in lliis liook. 
 IIo lins received in liis liil)ors the coiistiint and synipaliietic nssistiinc" of tlie Centennial 
 MUthorities, nnd liiis enjoyed peculiar advantages in the prepanition of this work. It is the 
 only OHiciiil History of the Centennial K.xhibition offered to the public, and is invaluable to 
 those who oonteuiplato visiting the Exhibition. There is not a guide book in i)rint which 
 gives one tenth of the information contained in this work. To those who have vi.«ited the 
 Kxhibition, it will be a pleasing souvenir of their visit, nnd will enal)lo them to recall the 
 magnificent scenes they have witnessed. To those who cannot make the journey, the book 
 is a necessity, for it will enable thciii to enjoy the delights of a thorough ucfiuaintance wiih 
 the great World's Fair in the quietude of their own homes. 
 
 THE WORK TREATS 
 
 OF THE EXIITHITION UKOUNDS; giving an account of them, the manner in which 
 they are laid oflT, and the locati /» of evcrv nbjeet of interest in ihem. 
 
 OF THE tniEAT I!UILDI.\(J.S OF THE EXIIIIHTIO.N ; giving their history, their 
 «i7.e, the (h'tails of their construction, and an aceuratc description of each. 
 
 OF THE MAIN EXIIIHITIOX UriLDlXd. that supirl. palace of glass and iron; of 
 the rare and beautiful nrlicles dispbiyiMl within it ; the rich .Tewcis, Laces, ,'*ilks, and inanu- 
 I'actures of all kinds, which are here spread out in n manner that surpasses the wildest (lights 
 of romance ; and the thousands of beautiful and curious objects which (ill tin? vast hall. 
 
 OF MACHINERY HAIJj, the grand teiuplo of the Mechanic Arts; of the great Coiliss 
 Engine, and the tiioiisands )f machines which exhibit the uuchiinical industrits of the world. 
 
 OF ME.MOllIAL HALL, the beautiful Art Gallery, with its thousands of I'aiiitinirs, 
 Statues, Bronz<'S, etc. ; the most superb Art Collection ever seen in any Exhibition. 
 
 OF AtJUICULTURAL HALL, in which is nnnie the most complete display of the agri- 
 eultur.'il systems of the various nations of the wurld. This is the griind original featnii- of 
 iMir Exhibition, and is a source of the deepest interest to all who visit it. To the fiiiiner, 
 the account of the superb displav in this building is worth the )irice of the whole book. 
 
 OF HOKTICULl'URAL HALL, the fairy-like palace in which the flowers of the world 
 are to be fi'vn ; ani nf the beautiful landscape garden which surrounds it. 
 
 OF THK UNITED STATES (lOVERNMENT BUILDI\(3 ; in which are displayed the 
 great National Museum and the ])ractieal workings of the Treasury, War, Navy, Interior and 
 Piist-Ollicc Departments. The account of the collections contained within this building is 
 brillianllv written, and is of th.- ueepest interest to every citizen of the Union. 
 
 OF THE WOMAN'S PAVILIOX, with its beautifureolleetions of the work of woman in 
 the various occupations in which her skill and patience have won her success. This depart- 
 luent of tlio Exbibition cannot fail to interest tlie women of America. 
 
 OF THE RUILDINlJS OF THE VAUIOIS .STATE.S OF THE UNION, the arraime- 
 ments made for S[ eoial displays, and fur the comfort and convenience of the visitors IVoin the 
 various States ; w\ i a description of the buildings and their internal arrangements. 
 
 OF THE BUILUINliS OP FOREIGN COUNTRIES; giving interesting deseripti.ms 
 111' the :!tately mansions «i (ireat IJritain, the liandsoiiie pavilions of Spain and (Jertnany, tiin 
 iiiiious residence and bazaars of the .Japanese, the Calca of the Turks and Tunisians; iho 
 liMzaar- of the Syrians, and tents of Bedouin Arabs. 
 
 COI^TDTOriOITS : 
 
 It is printeil from clear, new type, eomprised in one large Oi tiivo volume of 874 jinffrit, emliclllslied 
 wlili over ;tfMt fine engraviiigs. of liiillilliigs and -ceiies in the Ureut Exhibition, ami will be furiiinlieil to 
 Mibacribers at tliu following prices, payable on ilellvery : 
 
 In Extra Fine Hnttu Cloth, at $3,S0 prr ro/iii. 
 
 In Lihrary Uti/lff (JUoroeeo Back nnd Corners,) <U 4.00 " •• 
 
 A ^ PIWITO \A# A IWITCI^— S""'! f'"" eirculnrs containing terms to Agents, nnd a I'a'ler 
 ^OlLNId VVMIMICU description of the work. 
 
 Address, NATIONAL PUBLISHING CO., 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, PA.; CHICAGO, ILL. 5 or, ST. LOUIS, MO, 
 
the: 
 
 Centennial History 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNITED STATES, 
 
 THE DISCOVERY OF THE AMERIGAN CONTINENT 
 
 TO 
 
 The Close of the First Centofy of kericaii Independenie, 
 
 #Sf-^fc«f ITII th«i close of the First Hundred Yeaiis of oir National PRO(iRr:ss, 
 f^«lfi| and its oelebratioii by a Grand International Centennial ExumnioNl 
 1.'?^^^^ a renewed and wide-sjiread interest is being diffused amoiig the people in tin; 
 History ok the Grkat Events which have culminated in such power ana wealth 
 as that tu which uur country has attained. 
 
 The ail hor gives a dear, vivid, and brilliant narrative of the events of our history, 
 from tiie discovery of the American Continent to tlie present day. The voyiij^es ot' 
 Cohiml)us, tiie exjilorations of the different nations of Eurojic, am"] !l;t' wanderings of 
 tlie Spiuiiiirds in quest of goIJ and immortal youth are told with ^nij^iiie power. 
 
 Every stej) of our eoion<al history is traced witli patient litlclity, iiiid the sources of 
 those no'ilc, iiiul we trus*, enduring institutions ■which have nuide our country free and 
 great, .vre shown witii remarkable clearness. The ciiuses of our greiit sliii).'g]'e for iiu'c- 
 jieiulcnoe arc told witli a logical force ami ability un.~ui'i);i.'<scd in iiiiy wdil, of tlic ili.v ; 
 and tlie story of that great strii','Ltlo for liberty, with its triiinipluuit issi'ic, is in itself wonli 
 the price of tlic b )ok. riien f 'lows a clear and succii'.ct account of tl:c fdinifition ot ilii 
 Federal (.'on^litution ; the estahlishniciit of the I iiidii ; the coiUf-c of iiliiiiis uiiiil il,c 
 breaking ou., of the Scv'oikI War with ICnghuid ; and a full and coniiircheiisive acciuni 
 of tiiat War an ! its results. The history of the country from the jjciice of 1615 to il,i 
 outbreak of lIic Mexican war is then given, and the thrilling story of the Mexican ^\ar 
 is toil with all the interest of a romance. The history of the Civil War is related with 
 intense v.g">r, and with strict fidelity to truth. The author writes throughout with the 
 calmness and impartiality of a historian, and plciids the cause of no party or section. 
 He states facts, points out the lessons which they teach, and ajipealing to neither passion 
 nor political feeling, trusts to the good sense of bis countrvnien to sustain liis views. 
 
 It is a fitting time to consider the storv of he past, to lc';>rn the lessons which it 
 teaches, and to ponder the warnings which it coi, cvs for the future. On the fourth of 
 July, 1876, the United States of America completed the firrt century of 'heir national 
 existence. The jjeople of this country can look back upon this period with pride, for ii 
 is a grand history— a record of the highest achievements of humonity — the noblest, rro.st 
 thriUiug, and glorious history ever penned on earth, and yi t ih'^ fact remains that ti.e 
 great mass of the American people are but imperfectly acquainted with it. There is a 
 real need that we should know better than we do what we have done. It is only by u 
 thoughtful studv of our past that we can safely provide for the jierilsof the future. We 
 have triumphecf over adversity, and we are now called upon to bcur (he test of success, 
 The author has devoted a life of study and research to his task, and has produced a work 
 that will take rank as the Standard Hintory of the United States, 
 
 coiTiDimoiNrs: 
 
 It Is compriaed in ime largfi Octavo volume of /06;9j»«f/c«, emiiellished with S18 fine Tilstciicul 
 S^1g^avings, and will be furnished to s'lltscvibers, in neat and eubetantiul binding, at tlie follow!i;g prices : 
 
 In Extra Fine Eiifflish Cloth, at $3. 75 per co2yy. 
 
 In Library Sfi/fe, ( Morocco Back and Corners,) at 4.50 ** " 
 
 k PCMTQ lAI A KITCn ~'^^^ great desire everywhere manifested to obtain tliis work, and the low 
 nuLll I Wnll I kUi price At which it is sold, combined with the very liberal coninii^fioii!i 
 make it the best opportunity for Agents to make money ever offered. Tliey are mveting with unpre- 
 cedented success, selling from Fifteen to Twenty, and some even as high aa Ttitrty copies per clay. 
 
 SEND FOR ODR EXTR.\ TERMS TO AGENTS, AND A FDLL DESCRIPTION OF THE VOEE. 
 
 Aaare«,, NATIONAL PUBLISHING CO., 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa.; Chicago, 111.; or, St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 pi ||T|n|k|— Old, Incomplete and Unreliable Histories of tht United Statet are being circulated; see 
 UnU I •Ull that the t>o<nc vod 'j'X' :oDtiilD3 St8 Fine Elstorieal Sngratfingahni 106!ip<>yva. 
 
NATIONAL PUBLISHING GO'S SUPERFINE EDITION. 
 
 NEW DEVOTIONAL AND PRACTICAL 
 
 PKI OBIAIi f AlIIiY 
 
 With over looo Fine Scripture Illustrations. 
 
 iiUR DEVOTIONAL AND PRACTICAL PICTORIAL FAMILY BIBLE is tht 
 
 most perfect and comprehensive edition ever published iu this country. 
 
 In addition to the Old and New T'-rjiaments, Apocrypha, ("oiiconhmee and Psalinc 
 in Metre, it contains a lar!,'e amount of exphmatory nuitter, compiled witli great care, and 
 'urnishing a complete encyclopedia of Biblical knowledge. 
 
 The following are among its leading features: 
 
 1. A comprehensive and criiicul History of all the Books of the Bible. 
 
 2. A very ele,'ant and (lalii.rate Marriage Certificate, with designs, etc., in seven colors. 
 
 3. A History i)f all the existing Religious Denooiinations in the world, and the various 
 Sects, both ancient and m idern. 
 
 4. Beautifully illuminated pagcM of the Lord's Prayer and Ten Comniandraents. 
 
 5. A very unique Family Uecord for Marriages, Bii'lhs and Deaths, printed in colors. 
 
 6. The History of the Translation of the English Bible. 
 
 7. A handsome Pliotngraiih Albmn for sixteen Portraits, printed in colors. 
 
 8. A complete and i)raetiail housulidld Dictionary of the Bible, comprising its Antiqui- 
 ties, Biography, Cieography and Natural History, by the great Biblical scholar, William 
 Smith, LL. D. Expounding every subject mentioned in the Bible. 
 
 Itu' Special attcritiuii ia calkil to tlie K''"iit value nf tliis fcaturi'. Dr. Smith's \s everywhere conceiU'<l 
 til be the most coiii\ir«h(Misivo ami valiialilo liiMc Dictionary ever imlilislieil. 
 
 i>. Over l()()l> line Scripture Hlustrations, iH'curatcly showing the Manners and (ustonis 
 of the Period, Bibliuai Anticiuities and Seomu'v, Xatiiral History, etc., etc. 
 
 10. To))ograi)lui'al Sketch of the Holy Land, willi Ma])s and Panoramic views of the 
 country as occupied bv the ditferent tribes. 
 
 U. Illustrations ot* .Jerusalem and its environs, showing the IIolv City as it appeared in 
 the time of David and again in the time of Christ. The Mount of Olives, Mount Zion, etc. 
 
 12. The Wanderings in the Wilderness, with Map and Illustrations showing the Wilder- 
 ness of Sinai, tlie Camp of the Israelites, Standards of the Twelve Tribes, etc. 
 
 13. Illustrations of the Tabernacle and Solomon's Temple, with |)lans, altars, ark, golden 
 candlestick, brazen laver, breastplate, molten sea, and the high priest in his various offices. 
 
 14. Illustrations of scenes and incidents in the Life of Christ. 
 
 15. The Cities and Towns of the Bible, showing all the important places in Palestine. 
 
 16. Scenes in the Lives of the Patriarchs, Prophets and Kings of tlie Old Testament. 
 
 17. Illustrations of tlie Animals, Birds, Insects, Reptiles, etc., 'nentioned in the Bible. 
 
 18. Illustrations of the prominent events in the Life of St. Paul. 
 
 19. Illustrations of tlie trees, plants and flowers o*" the Bible. 
 
 20. Fac-similes of .Vncient Coins, Mith a description of each, including the Hebrew, 
 Greek and Roman coins, with their value in gold. 
 
 21. A Harmony of the Four Gospels, and Analysis of the Bible. 
 
 22. A Table of contents of the Old and New Testaments, so arranged that any subject 
 or occurrence mentioned in the Bible can be readily referred to. 
 
 23. A Plan showing how the Bible may be read through in a year. 
 
 24. A Table showing how the earth was repeopled by the descendants of Noah. 
 
 25. Nearly One Hundred Thousand Marginal References and Readings. 
 
 26. A Chronological Table, showing the nrincipal events of Jewish and contemporaneous 
 History, from the creation of the world to tlie present time. 
 
 27. A Table of the Kings and Prophets of .Judah and Israel, arranged in |)arallels, 
 
 The following are specimens of letters that we have received fl'om 
 Clergymen and from Agents who are selling our Bible: 
 
 Rev. W. S. Black, of Monroe, Union Co., N. C, writes :— " Every person Is delighted with yonr Bible. 
 It is the must complote, and ^ives more entire BatiafHction tliaii liny other Bible I over saw. I sold U oopiei 
 In one day, 13 in another, and 17 in another, mo*-:'- in tlio finest stylo of binding." 
 
 Rev. J. O. MoNFORi. D. D., of Cincinnati, 0., writes:— "This Family Bible Is tf inestimable value. Tts 
 piciures Impress sacred characters and scenes iii>on the imagination, and its map^, t«l<es and marginal refer, 
 ences maico it the best of all Commentaries Let no family that can afford It be without thLi large, well- 
 prliit/^, Iiandisomely-lMund and illustrated copy of the Word of Ood." 
 
This very interesting and valuable Work wilt be sent to 
 any address, jtostage paid, on receipt of Price. 
 
 SEXUAL SCIENCE; 
 
 INCLUDING ' 
 
 MANHOOD, WOMANHOOD, 
 
 AND 
 
 THIilK MUTUAL INTER-RELATIONS; 
 
 LOVi:, ITS LAV/S, POWER, ETC. 
 
 By Prof. O. S. Fowler. 
 
 " Sexuu! Science" is simply timt great code of naturiil law? by which the Alinighly rt> 
 ^jiiirus ilio sexfs to bo governed in their mutual relntions. A knowledge of theco luws is of 
 the liightfBt iinportiiiiue, iind it is the general ignorance of them which swells the list of disease 
 »nd iiiiserv i" the world, imd wrecks go many lives which wou'd olhcrwise be haiipv. 
 
 THE WORK THKATS OF LOVE-MAKING AND SELECTION, showing'how love 
 riftairs sliould be conducted, and revealing the lows which govern male and female altriiction 
 and repulsion; what qualities mnke a good, ond a poor, husband or wife, nnd what giver 
 persons chould select and reject; what forms, sizes, etc., muy, and must not, inlcrmnrr.v. 
 
 OF MAIUlIAtiE, its sacredncss and necessilj', its laws and rights; of perfect and misoiabU 
 unions; and ol all that it is necessary to know concerning this most important relation in life. 
 
 OF BEAHINtJ AND NUIISING. — This portion being a complete encyclopedia for pro- 
 niieeiive mothers, showing how to render confinement easy, and manage infants; every youn/) 
 wife requires its instructions as iiftVcting her f mbryo. 
 
 OF SEXUAL llESTOUATinX. — This is a very importnnt part of the work; bceaus* 
 almost all men and women, if not diseased, are run down. The laws of sexual recufierntior 
 arc here, fur the first time, unfolded, and the wbi'le subject thoroughly and scieiitifie;illy 
 uuiited ; giving the cause and euro of foniiilc ailuieiitii, seminal losses, sexual impotence, etc. 
 
 And Tells how to promote sexual vigor, the prime duty of every man and 
 
 woman. 
 How to make a right choice of husband or wife ; what persons are suited tc 
 
 each other. 
 How to judge a man or woman's sexual condition by visible signs. 
 How young husbands should treat their brides ; how to increase their lova 
 
 and avoid shocking them. ' 
 How to avoid an improper marriage, and how to avoid female ailments. 
 How to increase the joys of wedded life, and how to increase female passion. 
 How to regulate intercourse between man and wile, and how to rrnl e it 
 
 healthful to both ; iiriHiiance cf linn Inw ih tlio eiiUBe of nearly nil tlio woes of nianiiine. 
 How to have fine and healthy children, and how to transmit niontul and 
 
 physical qualities to offspring. 
 How to avoid the evils attending pregnancy, and how to make child-bearing 
 
 healthful and desirable. 
 How to prevent self-abuse among the young, and how to recognize tlie signs 
 
 of self-abuse and cure it. 
 How intercourse o'lt of wedlock is injurious ; a warning to younR men. 
 How to restore and perpetuate female beauty, and how to promote the growtn 
 
 of the female bust. 
 How to be virtuous, happy, healthful and useful, by a rigid compliance with 
 the laws of sexual science. 
 There is sctvccly a question concerning the most serious duties of life which is nt.t fully 
 ind satisfactorl'iy answered in this book. Such a work has long been needed, ami will be 
 f'lund invaluabK to every man and womiin who has arrived at years of discretion. It flioubi 
 be read especinlly by the married, and by those who have the care of cliildren, and it will 
 sarry happiness with it wherever it goes, by diffusing knowledge on those subjects coiieern- 
 ins; which it has, until now, been almost impossible to obtain reliabln inform.Ttion. Tlio 
 fcook is pure and eKvated in tone; eloquent in its denunciations of vice; and forcible in its 
 •varnings against th, secret sins which are practiced with impunity even in the fninily eirilc 
 In one large royal octavo volume of 9.30 pages, enabellished and illustrated with numerous 
 Engravings, and furnished to Subscribers, 
 
 Bound in Extra Fine Cloth at tS.TS per Cop?, 
 
 Bound in Fine Leather, {Library Style,) at $4.60 " " 
 
 AGENTS WANTED. Address, NATIONAL PUBLISHING CO., 
 Plilladelphii, Pa.; Chicago, 111.; or, St. Louis, Mo. 
 
' '