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•'r^Kt^W^-^^^f^f 
 
 NOTICE 
 
 RESPKCTINQ 
 
 THE BOUNDARY 
 
 BiinVEEN 
 
 HIS MAJESTY'S POSSESSIONS IN NORTH AMERICA 
 
 AN1> 
 
 THE UNITED STATES ; 
 
 WITH 
 
 a iWap of iSmmca, 
 
 BETWEEN LATITUDES 40 AND 70° NORTH, AND LONGITUDES 
 80° AND 150° WEST; 
 
 - EXHtBITINO 
 
 THE PRINCIPAL TRADING STATIONS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 NORTH-WEST COMPANY; 
 
 INTENDED TO ACCOMPANY THE NARRATIVE OF OCCURRENCES IN TIIK 
 INDIAN Ct>UNTRU:S OF NORTH AMERICA, 
 
 CON rCTED WITH 
 
 THE EARL OF SELKIRK, THE HUDSON'S BAY AND THE NORTH-WF^T 
 
 COMPANIES. 
 
 LONDOy.' 
 
 PRINTED BY B. M'MILLAN, BOW-STREET, COVENT-GARDEN. 
 
 18!7. 
 
 i lt iB WMWIIIIIIi l lWW It lMMt i'^M n i ii i l l iil'IM i i i iii li i liliMiiiii i ii l ^» ,tMm 
 
NOTICE, 
 
 RtSPECTINC THE BOUNDARY BETWEEN HIS MA.HISTY'S POSSESSIONS 
 IN NOKTH AMERICA, ANU THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Keficrkino to the Extracts herewith ffivenof the Treaties 
 ol" 178'?, 171)1, and iNll, it is not iiiteiidcd to coimnont 
 upon the rnaiiiiest geogni}ihical i<:;noraiit'e of the British 
 Negociators in the (briner ofthe.se Treaties, nor (o enlarue 
 upon tlie important, and now irrecoverable, teriitorial ad- 
 vantag^es whicli they yielded to tlie Aniericuns, without ob- 
 tainint^ any acknowledgment or equivalent in return : this 
 Notice is meant merely to describe the boinidary line now 
 claimed by the United States, and to explain the grounds 
 upon whicii their claims appear to be founded. 
 
 The line exte!idin<j to the '' most iwrth-wcstprn point of 
 " the Lukfi of the Woods" being expressly ceded in the 
 Treaty of 1783, and recognized in all the subsequent Trea- 
 ties, it would now be an useless, though an easy task, to 
 demonstrate its absurdity, and to show, that thougli the 
 Negociators had iicard of " the Loiuj Lnho^' and Xha 
 " Lake of the J Foods;"' (through means of the Canadian 
 voyageurs, who alone had explored that part of the coun- 
 try, and who carried on the Fur Trade by that routo), yet 
 that they were totally ignorant of the relative position of 
 tiiese Lakes, and tiiat their meaning was, to follow the 
 head waters of the River St. Lawrence to its source, which 
 they conceived to be the Lake of the Woods, and from 
 thence to proceed due west to intersect the Mississippi, 
 which was supposed to rise far to the northward of the 
 River St. Lawrence, and whose .source is actually situateci 
 
<() ihe northward of the River St. Louis, which Is the next 
 tlistunt source of tiie waters of Lake Suijerior, and conse- 
 (jueiidy of the River St. Laurence. 
 
 The Lake of the VVnodn was, however, named as a 
 ti.xcd point, and the American Government were of courso 
 jiladlo avail ihefnseives of the unintended accession of ter- 
 ritory it jifave tiiem : the line between Lake Superior and 
 llie Lake of the Woods, is now to be determined by Com- 
 missioners, and tiioy Avill lind some dilllculty in agreeing 
 upon it, bccauso there \s wclxmWy nu uatvr communication 
 between tiiese Lakes, and there is no such Lake in exist- 
 ence as tiie " I.oufj fjiiko,' tlu-ough which the line is de- 
 scribed to run, though by that name it is supposed was 
 meant a succession of small Lakes, from which the River 
 of Lnc la Pluio issues, an«l which are situated a short dis- 
 tance beyond the heiffiith of land which separates that 
 River and the other tributary streams, flowing; through the 
 Lake of the Woods towards Lake Winnipic, from those 
 which fall into liake Superior. 
 
 TheTreaty of 170 1, states it to be " uncertain, whether 
 *' the River Mississippi extends so far to the northward, as 
 " to be intersected by a line to be drawn due west from the 
 " Lake of the Woods," and provides for the appointment of 
 Commissioners to ascertain the jxnnt ; and in the event of 
 its being ascertained, that the line running due west would 
 not intersect the Mississippi, it is stipulated, that " the 
 '• two parties will thereupon proceed by amicable negocia- 
 "• iion, to regulate the boundary line in that quarter accord- 
 '• ing to justice and mutual convenience, and in conformity 
 " to the intent of the said Treaty" (of 1783). 
 
 No Commissioners have ever met under the Treaty of 
 1794, and consequently the line beyond the Lake of the 
 Woods has never been officially agreed upon. During the 
 ncgociatioiis which w ere carried on in XiOndon in 180G, be- 
 
" 
 
 iwecn Lord Holland and the late Lord Auckland on one 
 side, and Mr. Monroe (now ProsidcMitoftlie United States) 
 and Mr. I'inekncy on the oilier, this part of the boundary 
 line was the .subject of fre(iuent discussion ; and the Writer 
 of this Notice having at the time in his possession, an ori- 
 ginal Survey of the Country, between the Lake of the 
 Woods and the source of the Mississippi, made by Mr. 
 Thompson, Geographer to the North-West Company, was 
 called upon to produce the same, and had 0{)jK)rtunities of 
 hearing some of the discuitsions which took place. The 
 most north-western jioint of the Lake of the Woods is situ- 
 ated in the latitude of 40° 20' north, and longitude 94° 30 
 west, while TnrtJp Lakp, which is the source of the Mis- 
 sissippi, is .situated in latitude 47" 36' north, and longi- 
 tude 95° 10' west ; therefore a line from the Lake of the 
 Woods to the source of the Mi.ssi.ssippi, would run about 
 SSW, while a line running tine ircsf, would of course never 
 intersect the Mississippi. The British Ncgociators con- 
 tended, that the nearest line Irom the f/ake of the Woods to 
 the Mississippi, was the true intent of the Treaty of 1783; 
 but the Americans insisted that the line was to run due west, 
 and since it never could intersect the Mississippi, that it 
 must run due west across the whole Continent. The point 
 was not decided in these negociations, being one of those 
 reserved for ftirther discussion, when the Treaty was con- 
 cluded, which the American Government afterwards refused 
 to ratify. 
 
 The justice of the case appears to have been cleaily 
 against the American claims ; for as the course of the River 
 Mississippi then formed the ircstpyn boundary of their ter- 
 ritory, they could not rea.sonably maintain any claim to ter- 
 ritory situated to the westward of its source ; but their pur- 
 chase of Louisiana, which took place in the same year, gave 
 them an opportunity of extending their claims indefinitely to 
 
6 
 
 /he ircstH-aril, ninl ol' iii^isling upon (ho line ihio went from 
 ilu' Luke of (lie W'ootis, as llicir uorthrn boundary. An 
 Aimriciin |)ul)li(u(ii)n o( (Imt (inie, snppoM'dto be wriiten 
 by oni' of <l't'i»' •'••••'^t eminent stuU'snioti*, contains (he fol- 
 low inp^ oIkh-i Nations on (ho subjic( of " fhr British Trmh/," 
 iis i( wiis (jiMimI in (hat «oantry, which (ho Pn'si«lcn( refused 
 (o ratiiy, in conse(iuence, us (hat antlior su|»|i«>.ses, of (he 
 new (enilorial i-liiini, lianided n|Ma» the purchase of Loui- 
 siana. The passaue referred »o is ao follows, viz. 
 
 " The Con\entIon, however, made coniplete provision 
 " for the siibjeet niattcr of (he Fourth and Fifth Articles of 
 '• (he old Trea(y. It (ixed our eastern botmdarv, settled 
 " (he course of a line from (he Mississippi to the Lake 
 " ol (lie Woods, and connnned our (i tie to Moose Island. 
 '• It was duly sent over (o America; was re<;eived, and was 
 •' mentioned by (he President (o (he Congrtss, as a satis- 
 '• fiuJorv air:ni'i:emen(. So far all went on smoothly. But 
 " previous (o a Katilication, (he Louisiana Treaty came 
 " tiu'ward, and s«ems at once to have fascinated our Ad- 
 " niiui.s(n«tion. Instead of eonsiderinji' (ho conditions of 
 " (hi.s co.stlv barjiain, (hev considered ojdv how (hey should 
 '• secure the merit of makinir it, (o themselves. And in- 
 • stead ol' adopdng prudent measures to ))o.ssess the valu- 
 " able (ract, east of the Mississippi, which was clearly 
 '' w ilhin (he Gru.it, they set (heir fanciest© work in strctch- 
 " the boundary north and west, so as to reach the Polar 
 " (Circle and Pacific Ocean. Careless of the centuries 
 "■ Aviiich nuist roll away before we can populate our old do- 
 " main, the President, in his anxiety not to lose one acre 
 " of those protligious deserts which extend from Lake Su- 
 " jxirior (o Nootka Sound, refused to ratify the Conven- 
 *' tion, lest it should be supposed that something was 
 
 Gouvcrncur Morris, formerly American Ambassador at Paris, and in London. 
 
" thi'ivbv survemlercd of wimt wv luul |Hirrhii!so(l urnler fhc 
 
 " niinut ol" Lniiisiiiiia. This may nooiii incivdiWIc, and wv 
 
 " will iiol NuiU'li for flio truth. Tho •me ciiiiso of his ri'- 
 
 " fiissd iiiiiv Ih- one of (hose iiivsltM'its, which il is roiivc- 
 
 ■' nicjit to hide from I he people. Hut it is a fact, I hat the 
 
 ^' Oouveuliou was not ratified, uud that the Presideut as- 
 
 '' ni^ued, t4)r (lie omission, the reiii<ou just lueiifioncd.' 
 
 The houiidary liue to (he nestwavd of (lie Lalveof(he 
 Woods M(ill reuiaius un.setded, ibr (lie Trctily of Chrnt 
 contains no stipulation wha(ev(>r upon (he suhjetM. In the 
 mean (ime, it appears l>\ a jVliip puhlished in Philadelphiii. 
 in iHlt), an<l understood to hu sanctioned Uy the American 
 (jovcrnment, that they claim even more than the line duo 
 ircst as their houndary, and extend their territorial cliiim 
 iuro»is the llockv Mountains to the Pacific Ocean. — Starting: 
 IVoMi the north-western point of (lie ake of (he Woods, 
 which they lay down in hUitude 19° Ai)' lorth, their line ex- 
 tends in that parallel to the (^outh branch of (he Red River; 
 (hen down that branch about 15 miles, to itti junction with 
 the Assiniboin River, and along the course of (he latter 
 River to its source, which carries them to the latitude of 
 al)Out 52° north. From thence they crosw the intervcnius: 
 hcighth of land (o the south branch of the Saskatchewan 
 River, and follow the course of that River, and of the Bow 
 River, which is one of its branches, (o the source of the 
 latter in the Rocky Mountains. Then returning to the pa- 
 rallel of latitude in which they started from the Lake of 
 the Woods, their assumed boundary extends upon that pa- 
 rallel 49* 40' north to Queen Charlotte's Sound, and includ- 
 ing both shores of the Columbia River, they claim the 
 Avhole coast of the Pacific, as far as the Bay of St. Fran- 
 cisco, in latitude 37° 55' north. 
 Whoever may ultimately remain possessors of the shores 
 
 I 
 
 ■m»immmmmm 
 

 of the Pncifii*. nnd the rountry mljoinlnfj; tlic Coluinbia 
 River, which (let it be reiuembenMl) wiis first, explored, 
 nnd the Trude of which is now |)os.seHsed by the N(»rtli- 
 Wcst. Company, yef there is little probability th»»t. t!ie boun- 
 dary claimed by the AniericanM, from the I^ake of the Woods 
 to the Rocky Mountains, will ever !)e seriously disputed 
 with them ; and the line dup urat, they appear at all events, 
 fully resolved to claim. 
 
 It is worthy of observation, that either of these lines will 
 include the greater part of the 'IV-rritory granted to Lord 
 Selkirk by the Hudson's Bay Company, and that the Set- 
 tlement at the Forks of the Red River was situated within, 
 or on the immediate confines of the American Territory. 
 
 In the Map accompanying this Notice, the American sid!> 
 of the boundary line thus claimed by the United States, in 
 coloured yellow ; the British si4^ red; and the Coast of the 
 Pacific Ocean, being still considered to belong to Great 
 Britain, notwithstanding the American claim, is also co- 
 loured red , the Depots and Trading Stations of the North- 
 West Company are marked NW, with a deep red dot; and 
 the Territory specified in the Hudson's Bay Company's 
 Grant to the Earl of Selkirk, is coloured green. 
 
\ 
 
 TREATY OF PARIS, 1783, 
 
 ART. II. 
 
 /I.\D that all disputes nhkh might arise inJUtureon the subject of'llie 
 toHHilnries uf the xaid I'liitiil States vuiij be preveufedy it is hereby 
 OKreidund deiliurd, that Ihefullowiiii; are, and shall be their boiutdurieSt 
 viz. From thv north-west angle of Nova Scotic, viz. that angle tehieh ii 
 furmrd Ai/ a line drawn due north fiom the source nf'St. Croix River to 
 the iHghlunda, along thtf said Highlands, whieh divide those rivers 
 that emptif tht)nsehis into the River St. Lawrence, J'roni those which full 
 into the .Itlantic Oeean, to the north-teesternmost head qf Connecticut 
 River, thence down along the middle of that river to the forty-fjlh de- 
 gree oj north latitude; from thence, by a line due west, on said latitude^ 
 until it strikes the River luxinois or Caturuquy; thence along the middle 
 of said River into Luke (hitario, through the middle qf said Lake until 
 it strikes the eommunicatilin by water betweeti tltat Ijake and Lake Erie; 
 thence ulong the. middle of tlie said communication into Lake Erie, 
 through the middle of said Lak", until it arrives at the water eommuni- 
 cation between that Luke and Lake Huron ; thence through the middle 
 of said Lake to the water communication between that Lake and Lake 
 Superior ; tlioncc through Lake Superior northward of the Isles Royal 
 and Philapcaux, to tlie I^iung Lake ; thctice through the middle of said 
 Long Lake, and the water eommunication between it and the Lake of 
 the Woods, to the said Lake of the Woods ; thence through the said 
 I/ike to the most north-wcstcrnnrjost point thereof, and from thence 
 km udur west course to the River Mississippi, &c. &c. 
 
 i 
 
 TREATY OF LONDON, 1791, 
 
 ART. IV. 
 
 WHEnEAf it is uncertain, whether the River Mississippi extends so 
 
 far to the northward, as to be intersected by a line to be drawn due west 
 
 from the iMke of the Woods, in the manner mentioned in the Treaty of 
 
 Peace between His Majesty and the C/njted States; it is agreed, that 
 
r 
 
 mmm 
 
 10 
 
 measures shall be taken, in concert by His Majesty's (lovernment and 
 the United States, for making a joint Survey qf'the said River, J'rotn one 
 degree of latitude below the fall of St. Anthony, to tlie principal source 
 or sources of the said River, and also of the parts adjacent thereto; and 
 tliat if, ot' the result ofsnch Survey, it sliould appear that the said River 
 tvould not be intersected by such a line as is above mentioned, the two 
 Parties will tliereupon proceed, by amicable negociation, to regulate the 
 boundary line in that quarter, as ivell as all other points to be adjusted 
 between tlie said Parties, according to justice and mutual conveniencef 
 {tnd in cor\formity to the intent of the said Treaty. 
 
 TREATY OF GHENT, 1814, 
 
 ART. VI. AND VII. 
 
 ARTICLE VI. 
 
 Whereas by the former Treaty of Peace, thai portion of the hounr 
 dary qf the United States, from, tlie point wJiere the 45th degree of 
 north latitude strikes tlie River Iroquois or Cataraquy, to the Lake 
 Superior, was declared to be " along the middle of said River into 
 " Lake Ontario, through the middle of said Lake, until it strikes the 
 " com»nunication by water betwe^.n that Ijike and Lake Erie, tlience 
 " along tlie middle of said communication into Lake Erie, through the 
 " middle q/'sitd Lal(c, until it arrives at the water communication into 
 " Lake Huron, thence th'-ough the middle of said Lake to tlie water 
 " communication between that Lake and Lake Superior ;" and wlwreas 
 dotibts have arisen wliat was tlie middle of the said River, Lakes, and 
 water communications, and wliether certain Islands lying in the same, 
 were within the Dominions of His Britannic Majesty or of the United 
 States : In order, therefore, finally to decide these doubts, they shall be 
 referred to two Commissioners, to be t^ointed, sworn, and authorized 
 to act exactly m the manner directed with respect to those mentioned in 
 the next preceding Article, unlets otherwise specified in (his pretent 
 Article. The smd Commistimers $haU meet, in tlie first inst4mce, id 
 
mmm 
 
 V 
 
 
 11 
 
 Albany, in the State of New Vorkf and shall have power to adjourn to 
 such other place 01 places as they sJiall think Jit. The said Commission- 
 ers sliall, by a report or declaration, under their hands and seals, de- 
 signate the boundary through the said River, Lakes, and water com- 
 munications, and decide to which of the two Contracting Parties the se- 
 veral Islands lying within tlie said Rivers, Lakes, and water commu- 
 nications, do respectively belong, in conformity tcith tlte true intent of 
 tlie said TVeaty of 17S3. And both Parties agree to consider such de- 
 signation and decision ns final and conclusive. And in the event of the 
 said two Commissiowrs dijffering, or both or either of them refusing, 
 declining, or wUfnlUy omitting to act, such reports, declarations, or 
 statements, shall be made by than, or either of Ihent, and such refer- 
 ence to a friendly Sovereign or State shall be made, in all respects, as 
 in the latter part of the Fourth Article is containtdf and in as full a 
 manner as if the same was hei-ein repeated. 
 
 ARTICLE VII. 
 
 It is further agreed, that the said two last-mentioned Commissioners, 
 after they shall hai^e executed the duties assigned to them in the preced- 
 ing Article, shall be, and they are hereby authorized, upon their oatiis, 
 impartially to fix and determine, according to the true intent of the said 
 Treaty of Peace of 1783, tltat part of the boundary between the do- 
 mimo}is of the two Powers, which extends from the water communica- 
 tion between Luke Huron and Lake Superior, to the most north-western 
 jioint of the Lake af the Woods; to decide to which of the two Parties 
 the several Islands lying in the Lakes, water communications and rivers 
 forming the said boundary, do respectively belong, in conformity mth 
 the true intent oftlu- said Treaty of Peace of 1783 ; and to cause such 
 parts of the said boundaiy as re<piire it, to be surveyed and marked. 
 The said Commissiotiers sJiall, by a report or declaration, under their 
 Imnds and seals, designate the boundary aforesaid, state their decision 
 on the points thus referred to them, and particularize the latitude and 
 longitude of the most north-western point of the Lake of the Woods, 
 and of such other parts f the said boundary as they may deem proper. 
 And both Parties agree to consider such designation and dedsiotk as final 
 and cowlusive. And in the event of the eaid two Commmioners differ- 
 
w 
 
 mm 
 
 ^ ^m 
 
 12 
 
 ing, or both, or either of tliem, refusing, declining, or wHfully omit- 
 ting to act, such reports, declarations, or statements shall be made by 
 them, or either of them, md such reference to a friendly Sovereign or 
 State shall be made in nil respects, as in the latter part of the Fourth 
 Article is contained, and in as ftdl a manner as ij'the same i«o« lierein 
 repeated. 
 
 LsDdoD: Printed bj B. M'MiUan, 
 VttW.Stiitt, CovMI-Gardin. 
 
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