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 IIAILWAV nr.TWKEN THK ATLANTIC AND I'ACIKIU OC'KANS. 
 
 G8;} 
 
 V,V 
 
 - ■■V 
 
 
 PAPERS READ RKKOKF. TIIK liltlTI'iH AS- 
 SOCIATION KOlt THE ADVANCE.Mf .' OF 
 SCIE.NCi:.* 
 
 1. 
 
 " On tlie Proposed Raihviiy Coniimini- 
 Ciition between the Atlmitie niul I'lieilic 
 Oei'iiiis, tlironjrh the Hrilish 'I'erritoiieH 
 
 it ivorlli Aiiiei'ici, li y -Mr. Ho 
 idvert to .Mr. Asa Wliitiiev's 
 
 advert to .Mr. Asa wiiiiiiey h |ir(iject for 
 the eoiistnietioii of a railway from I-ake 
 iMiehif,'aii to the I'aeitie, throujrh the ter- 
 ritory of tlie United States, which has 
 deservedly attracted c'oii>iderahie atten- 
 tion in Kni^dand. It is ijiiite elear, tliat 
 in the paper read before the Royal Geo- 
 graphieal Society, on the Dili of Jnne, 
 IWiil, .Mr. Wliitney has injiireii his cause 
 in the estimation of the Uritinh pnbiie, by 
 takiiifi too widi' a raiijre, by elainiinjf for 
 his proposed line the whole of the tratlie 
 between Europe and (/'liina, and the 
 islands of the North and South I'aeitie 
 Oceans, diseardinj^ alike the existiiijr 
 routes by the Isthmus of Sue/, the ('ape 
 of (lood Hope, and ('ape Horn, and by 
 assertinjj' that, should the Isthnins of 
 I'anama be swept from its position, and a 
 coiii[)lete union of the two seas be ef- 
 fected, the commerce between Knro]ie 
 and the rest of the world would not How 
 to any ajipreciiiile extent thronsrh that 
 eiianiiel. lint would be attraeteil to his 
 proposed line of railway eoininnnication. 
 llad .Mr. Wliitney ba~e(l his project upon 
 its ow I intrinsic and IcLniiinate merits 
 and resiiiirces. characterized it as a mere 
 local line, or, at inowt. a IJniled States 
 line, and not desii,rnated it as the hii^'liway 
 and the only hiirhway of iiatioi.s. il would 
 have assnined more ot' a hinin Jiil' and 
 practical character ; and it is ipiile clear 
 that .Mr. Whidiey could atl'ord thus to nar- 
 row the operations of his projecl. as il is 
 evident that, il'.i belt of land tiiiriv miles 
 on eac' side of a line of railw.iy is colon- 
 i/.ed, aid bronirlit into prolitable cnl.iva- 
 tioii (wliicli supposition is the basis upon 
 which the sncce-s of this |iro eel rests), 
 ;ilniiidaiit tratlie would be created to 
 work the line, keep it in repair, and to 
 furnish a siukinir fund for reward. The 
 project, when divested of all extraneous 
 ami adveiiti.ioiis ciieiimstances. appears 
 to lie nolhiiif,'' move than this: ihere has 
 existed f(M' a consideialile time. Mid there 
 atill exists, a continuous lide of enii;L,'ra- 
 
 • I'"ii>m 111!' <;iii!<L,o>^ ['ra('li(';il .Mt'cliiiiiie. 
 
 tioil setlilijj to the West, but with its 
 frontajje cxti'iidinjj; from the boundary 
 of the Hrilish provinces on the niu-lli to 
 llie(iiilfof .Mexico on the south. .Mr. 
 Whitney, eonceiviiiif il desirable to reach 
 the- I'acilic as soon as possible, pro|ioseH 
 to coiiverif the |ireseiit extended froiit- 
 aj.i'e of location to a belt id' land sixty 
 miles in extent, and thus to acceleriito 
 the Westward tendency in proportion to 
 the froiita;.'!' thus narrowed. In order to 
 chaiii,'e this direction by drawin;,' a suf- 
 ficient number of settlers into this pro- 
 posed sixty-mile lielt, he iiiiist Indd out 
 advantages superior to those which can 
 be obtained idsewhere. The project, so 
 far as it has been developed, ajipears to 
 be totally desiiinte of any systematic ar- 
 ranf,'enu'nt for the location of settlers, or 
 for their i,'overnnient, civil or municipal. 
 Nor has any thinj,' been saiil almut the 
 mode in which the nuinerods and hostile 
 tribes of Indians are to be dis|iosed of. 
 Mr, Whitney, not bcinjir an eii^riiieer, 
 does not ajipcir to apprehend miichdiHi- 
 culty in rnniiinj,' his railway across the 
 Rocky .Mountains; which he admits to 
 be about seven thousand feet liii,di, and 
 so Hat on the top as to preclude the (lossi- 
 bilily of a tunnel of any veas<uiable 
 lenj/lh. To rise "OOO feel by a jrradient 
 of I in 1(10, Would rei|uire tailin;,^ out for 
 a distance of 132 miles, or with a jrradi- 
 eiit of 1 in Tjii, ecjiial to a distance id' (ifi. 
 Hut siip|iose that the base of the Rocky 
 .Mountains is pl.ieed upon an elevalion of 
 1000 feet above the level of the sea, 
 leaving,' (iOOO feet to be oveicoliie by an 
 asceiuliiiLr y;radieiit, which would reipiire, 
 at 1 in loo, a distance of 111} miles, and 
 1 in !i(\. .5() J miles. It is scarcely possilih', 
 liivvever, to siipjiose tl • irradieiits of the 
 above chancier could la ulitained in jiass- 
 iii^.r this somewhat formidable mountain 
 raiiLTc, and il i-- liiy:hly |iroli,ible that the 
 asci'iit is much more abrupt than to ad- 
 mit of even the siecpest id' the above <,'ru- 
 dieiils to be eousli-iicted. Il is unneces- 
 sary lo do more than advert to the more 
 proiniiieiil le.ilnres of .Mr. Wliitiiev's 
 plan : and llial simply in order to show 
 tint there are ninili irriMler t'.cili ies for 
 the coir-irMction of a line of railway in 
 t!ie teiritiiiie- of Rrilisli \or.b .\merlcii, 
 and lo prevent ihe public mind of I'lnir- 
 laiid tVoin lieinij; led to suppose 'hat the 
 rou;e throu;,di llie I'liiled States is the 
 only praciicable oiu'. The superiority 
 
 4*^^00 
 
684 
 
 KAII.V.AV IIKIWKKN 'IIIK All. A NTH' AM) I'ACIKK,' OCKANS. 
 
 of till' Hl'ilisll lilU'. Illlt CHllv \\illl IC- 
 SpCCl to r^ll'ililicH <lt' CUIIHtl'IIClillll, l)llt 
 
 witli ri't'iTciicc III till' <,n'i';iti'r varii'Iy mikI 
 the iiiiiri' I'xtciisiM' lii'ifis (if iirddiulivo 
 lulidr wliicli °,\'ill lie (iiK'ilrd nut in the 
 vjirioiis rirli iiiiiu'r.il ilistrii'ts jiiissi'il 
 thriiiiirli, in so ]i;il|i.'ilili' Id all who lmvi\ 
 turned tlirir iittciitidn Id this iru|idrt:int 
 Hulijt'i'l, lis Id fori'i' itself iijion the iit- 
 li'Ulidd of the Aiui'riran pri'ss. The 
 Anr York Trihiiiir df Mairh 27, 1H51, 
 lifter iidverliiijj Id .Mr. VVhiliiuy's jiroject, 
 and e.\|ires>iiijjr fears that it winild fail of 
 nieeliiijj that support friiin the Couj,'reHs 
 of till' ('iiited States which its iiiipiirt- 
 nnee de>er\ed. ]iro('i'eds to stale that 
 "the route tlirdu;|h Kritish .'iMieriea is in 
 some res]ieets even |ireferable to that 
 thrdujjli our own lerritdry. iU the for- 
 nier, the distaiiee tVdui l''iUi'd])e to Asia is 
 Sduie thdusaiid miles shorter than by the 
 liitter. Passing,' elnse td the ndrtherii 
 shore of Lake Superior, traversiujir the 
 water-shed whieh divides the streams 
 fldwiiij,' towards the Aietic Sea from 
 those wliieh have their exit southward, 
 and erds-~iiiir the Roeky Mduntaius at an 
 elevation some 30(10 t'eet less than at 
 the soulii pass, the road eoiild here he 
 eoiistrueled with ediup;.rative elie.i]iiiess, 
 and would open njiou a region almunil- 
 injr in valuable tiniher and other natural 
 j)roducts. and admirably suited to the 
 f,'rowlli of irrain and 'o i,ria/i'ii;. Ilaviiijr 
 its Atlautie sea|iort at Halifax, and its 
 Paeifie depot near Vaucduver"> NIand, it 
 Would inevitably diaw to il the eom- 
 meree of Hurope, A>ia, and the United 
 States. Tlui-;, l$rilisli America, from a 
 mere colonial dejiendciicy, would as>nnie 
 a cdnlrollil!;,>- r.iiik in the \\<irld. Td her 
 other nations wduld be tributary, and in 
 vain would the I'liited States atteiiiiit to 
 be her rival, for we could never di-pute 
 with her the posses.sion of the Asiatic 
 commerce, or the pdwer w hicli that ciui- 
 fers." 'J'lie advaiitai;es of a coinmunica- 
 tion from the Atlantic to the I'acilic iii a 
 northeri laliiude, to coiniect the j^reat 
 commercial nations of the world, whieh 
 are |irinci]ially situated on the northern 
 hemisphere, was early felt by s,-vcral na- 
 tions, and iireat, thoujjh unavailing;, ef- 
 forts have been made to discover a north- 
 west jiassaite throui,di the Arctic Re- 
 gions. Halifax, in Nova Scoti.i, will 
 possess cdll^ide|•allle advanta;,res over 
 New York, in the [Inilcd Stales, as the 
 
 Atlantic teiiuinns of a railway counnuni- 
 eaiidii across the eduiiiieiit iif .Xuu'rica, 
 inasmuch as a line drawn from Cajie 
 Clear, in Irelaiiil, to New York woulil 
 pa>s very close to llalifix, and thus the 
 whole of the eoastinjr distance of the 
 Hea-passaj(e from Halifax to New \'drk 
 Wduld be saved. 'J'he suppcirl df the 
 (idverninent to the Halifax and (iuebee 
 Railway was not rendered with that 
 jirduiptitiide which was anticipated, cdu- 
 Kideriiiy the favorable report of its own 
 ollicers, eduse(|uently the <iperations of 
 'he assdcialidU have been delayed. Rut 
 the Im|ierial (jdvernment has now come 
 forward with the oiler of every lU'ces- 
 sary assistance fdr the eoiisl ruction of a 
 railway from Halifax to Quebec or .Mon- 
 treal, and which the colonies will be 
 happy Id acee|)t. So far, Iherefdre, as 
 the present [laper is concerned, the con- 
 Htruction of tins initial ])orlioii — about 
 seven hundred miles — of the f,'reat At- 
 lantic and I'acilie Railway may be con- 
 sidered as amply provided for. The 
 jiassajre iif the Rocky iMountaius is 
 doubtless a point of considerable iin- 
 |iortanee, and one iijion which it must 
 be admitted there is no data lor the I'or- 
 matioii of any deliuitc plan. All au- 
 thorities, however, concur in \icuiii;,' 
 this li.irrier as mileli less formidable mi 
 the Rritish than on the I'niied Slates 
 terrliory. H.-ivinj; eros.sed the Rocky 
 Mountains, either by ascendin;,' to the 
 summit upon Literal s|iurs, or passiu<r 
 through by a tunnel, as ciicuuistaiiccs 
 miolii di termini', llii' line would uikc the 
 direction of Fraser's River, to ilu' I'acilie 
 Ocean. Nuiin rous and spacious harbors, 
 Willi secure aiichorafre, and a rare coiii- 
 biiiaiion of mariliiiii' iidvantages, in the vi- 
 ciiiiiy of Vaiuou ver's Island, wiili an abun- 
 dant sujiply olcoal, point to this locality as 
 the site ol the fiiinn' cajiital of ihi! West. 
 i\Ir. Asa VVhiiiiey explained at jlT' at 
 leneih the steps already taken by him for 
 inducinif the Slates to sup()orl his plans 
 for forminj; his line on the United Slates 
 territory, from New York to Columbia 
 River, and showed tiiat, to a certain ex- 
 tent, he accorded with the views of Mr. 
 Ddull ; as, in case of his own plan not 
 bcinir adopted by Conjiress, he was pre- 
 pared to make a similar i)ro[)osition for 
 runninir his line on the British lerrilory. 
 Captain Filz Roy, R. N., ably siipjioited 
 Mr. Wliiiney's views, deinonstraling that 
 
thorp wari not nny sprioiis pnijinrprini' 
 (litliciiliii's lo bp ovcrrdtiii- — thai ihc rpa" 
 Hoii why iho plan had not been lak'-n up 
 warmly hy I he Slates, was (>niiiely po- 
 litical, and that the slavery (|iiPsti(iii ina- 
 iprially intert'prpd with it. .Mr. liayloy 
 riiispd the (jiipstion of ihp imppdiniPiits 
 »ri-<iM<r trotii sii;)w and Irost on any lino 
 of railway diirin^r thn wintpr. .Mr. Wliit- 
 iipy's liiip |)assed Iroin -lii^ to 4(iJ of 
 laiiiiidp, whrrpus the Canadian line wonld 
 I>ass nparly at 6lH. The fiirtlipr tlic line 
 |)rn(cpd,.(| north the less ohstrnciion there 
 wonld h • from snow. If there was little 
 nioistnre there must be little .snow, atid 
 that very liirlu— there was more snow in 
 H .soiiihern latitude. Single line, w'itli 
 'Mil), rail. 15,000 dollars per mile. .Mr. 
 l><)iill. ill reply, remarked that I'inigrants 
 ift'nni: 10 Canada could hnd iiothiiiir to do, 
 and some left for the States, where they 
 toiiiid ciiiployiiiciit. and were .soon iiide- 
 pendi'iii. The |irincipal intention of tlic 
 papT is to draw atieiiiion to tlii.s very 
 aii'"naloiis .state of tliinjf.s, and to open 
 mil Jiiihlic wnks for the encoiirujrement 
 "t eini^rrants from Great Britain to settle 
 in the Hriiish territories instead of the 
 United States.