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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. rata lelure, I A 3 32X 1 2 3 12 3 4 5 6 L!^; *' 1 i % « I LEGISLATIVE AE3LL NOV^>^ 1900 VICTORIA, V . C. [Reprinted from Scisnat, N. 8., Vol. IX., No. SS4, Paget 6S6-6S9, April 14, 1899.} ABOH^OLOGIOAL INVESTIGATIONS ON THE NORTH PACIFIC COAST OP AMERICA. The archaeological work conducted on the northwest coast of America, prior to the organization of the Jesup North Pacific Ex- pedition, was not extensive. The available knowledge concerning it is largely confined to three publications — two by Dr. William H. Dall, on cave and shell -heap remains of the Aleutian Islands ; and one by Mr. Charles Hill-Tout, a rhume of the archse- ology of the southwestern portion of Brit- ish Columbia. The archaeological investigations which I carried on in connection with the Jesup Expedition during the past two years dealt chiefly with two problems: (1) ex- amining the archaeology of the southern interior of British Columbia ; and (2) in- vestigating the shell-heaps of the coast of Vancouver Island, together with those of the adjacent mainland. In the southern interior of British Colum- bia, more particularly in the valleys of the Thompson and Eraser Rivers, now live tribes of the Salish Indians. This region is one of almost desert dryness. The houses of the Indians are covered with a roof of timbers and earth, and are partly under- ground. Unlike the tribes of the coast, who have such an abundance of the few staples — cedar, seal, salmon, and shell-fish — that they depend almost exclusively upon them, these people have to resort to a great vari- ety of natural resources. Primarily among Slim them may be mentioned the deer, which famish them with skins for clothing, flesh for food, and bone and antler for imple- ments. The sagebrnsh-bark is used for textile fabrics. Salmon are taken for food in the rivers, and berries and roots are ob- tained in the mountain valleys. Many ob- jects are made of stone. They bury their dead in little cemeteries along the river, although an isolated grave is sometimes seen. Their method of burial in the ground, instead of in boxes deposited in trees, in oaves, or on the ground, the conical form of their lodges, and their extensive use of chipped points of stone rather than of those ground out of stone, bone, and antler, ally their culture with that of the tribes of the East, and differentiate it from that of the coast people. None of the native peoples of British Columbia make pottery, and no pottery has been found by archseological work. Food was boiled by dropping hot stones into baskets or boxes containing it. The archseological remains are found in the light sand of the valleys and hillsides. The wind is continually shifting this dry sand from place to place. For this reason no definite age can be assigned to the speci- mens secured. It is certain, judging from the complete absence of European objects at many of the localities explored, that the remains found at these places antedate con- tact with the whites. A. number of them must carry us back several hundred years. The modem Indians make small arrow-points, and disclaim the large kind found in exca- vations. The work undoubtedly proves that these ancient people and those now inhabiting this region were practically the same. 8 Numerous circular depressions were found, indicating the sites of ancient un- derground houses. The dry climate, and the action of copper salts, preserved bits of skin garments. Portions of the clothing, and bags that were made of the bark of the sagebrush, remain in the dryest places. Beaver-teeth dice, exactly like those used by the present Indians ; digging-stick han- dles made of antler, similar to those in use to-day ; charred berries ; fish-bones ; and skin scrapers made of stone— were un- earthed. The graves were found in groups and also singly, as is the case with the modern ones. The bodies were buried upon the side, with the knees drawn up to the chest. They were wrapped in a fabric made of sagebrush -bark, and were covered with mats of woven rushes. Over the forehead and around the neck were strings of beads, some of copper, others of dentalium-shell. At the side, in a pouch also made of woven sagebrush-bark, were usually found such objects as pieces of glassy basalt, points chipped out of the same material for arrows and knives, a pair of grooved stones which were used for smoothing and straightening arrow-shafts, a set of beaver-teeth dice, bone awls and needles, quantities of red ochre, copper-stained clay and yellow earth used for paint. The beads of dentalium-shell from the Pacific coast probably indicate intertribal trade. A number of war-clubs and several small animal figures carved in bone were found. The handles of the clubs were artistically sculptured to represent human heads with plumed head-dresses. Such specimens show that the ancient people were capable of a high order of artistio carving, which, perhaps, more than any of their other work, reserablee the products of the coast culture. Stones burned and crackled, evidently by basket or box boil- ing, are found at all the village-sites and shell-heaps explored in British Columbia. Several specimens, such as the stone mortar and the tubular pipe, remind us of the types found in Oregon and California. Ethnological investigations have shown the affiliation of the recent culture of this region to that of the Rocky Mountain re- giion. These archseological evidences sug- gest that this similarity was even greater in the past. Turning to the problem of the shell heaps of the coast, it is necessary to note that the present tribes of the coaf>t of British Co- lumbia build immense houses of cedar planks. They depend largely upon the cedar and other wood for their implements and utensils. The bark of the cedar is made into garments, bags, mat>s, and the like ; in fact, the cedar is to these people what the bamboo is to the Japanese. They rely greatly upon salmon and shell-fish for food. The seal also furnishes them with food and material for manufactures. They have developed an exceedingly high art in carving and painting, which is quite char- acteristivT for the North Pacific coast. The most extensive remains of the early inhabitants of the coast are shell-htrnpe. Their general distribution may be judged by the fact that in the region, less than a hundred miles squs^re, on the shore of the north end of Vancouver Island, and the mainland opposite, o^er a hundred and mfty were noted. In g-enet^J they are located at the monthg of fresh-water streams, and are several hundred yards in length by five or six feet in depth, while a few are miles in length, and some reach a maximum depth of over nine feet. The presence of stumps over five feet in diameter standing on nine feet of these layers, of which but few are more than an inch or two in thick- ness, indicates a considerable antiquity for the lower layers. These are composed almost exclusively of the well preserved shells of clams and mussels, scattered among which are found a very few points and barbs rubbed out of bone, suheap numoered over four hundred. The circumference of another stump exceeded twenty-eight feet. The shell-heap at Port Hammond, in the upper part of the Fraser delta, is over twenty miles by water from the present seashore, where the shell-fish are found. By land, the nearest point of seashore is over ten miles. Judging from the customs of the present natives, the water route would be used. But they prefer to live near the shell-beds. It is hard to believe that any of them would carry shell-fish from the present seashore to the shell-heaps at Port Hammond. The distance that the delta is built out into the sea, and the time required for this deposi- tion, may furnish us some information as to the age of the Port Hammond shell-heaps. There is no apparent difference in the character of the specimens found in the re- cent and in the older layers. The general style of the objects is similar to those made by the present tribes of the coast. Several exquisite specimens of stone and bone carv- ings were discovered, which rival in artistic merit the best sculpture of the existing natives. Two types of skeletons were found which belonged apparently to coexistent people, aiS they were excavated from the same layers. If one of these types consisted of captives or slaves, there WP3 nothing in the manner of burial to indicate it. Probably one type succeeded the other in occupation of the area. The fact that bodies were found in shell-heaps indicates that the cus- toms of this people must have differed from those of the people who formed the shell- hoaps on northern Vancouver Inland, or that the former people was sabjeoted to other influenoe. The Hktiletons found were deposited at the time of the layers, and were not intru* sive bu rials, as was clearly shown by the numerouH unbroken strata extending over them. The bodies were usually 'ying upon the side, with the knees close to the chest. Unlike the skeletons in the interior, these have but few, if any, objects accompanying them, except, in rare instances, a few shell beads, copper objects, and chipped and ground stone points for arrows, spears, etc. Such specimens, and even more interesting objects, were frequently found in the layert. There has been nn apparent movement in prehistoric times of the Salish of the upper Fraser toward the coast. The skulls found in the old shell-heaps of the delta differ irom those of the present coast Salish. The modern coast Salish has a skull apparently modified from this by admixture since com- ing to the coast. This is only additional evidence to what has already been suggested by unguistio research. A movement of such importance, and its attendant influ- ences, may account for certain changes in ethnological customs, such as the rapid modification of the method of burial on the southeantem part of Vancouver Island. The earliest known kind of burial, and the one that is known to have antedated contact with the whites by a considerable period, was in stone cairns. Later, and even since contact with the whites, the bodies were placed in wooden chests, which wor 'v posited on platforms in the bran; ' .'> of trees. This method was changed to ao* positing the boxes in caves or oh U%dQ € of ifllandfl. In rmoh oannA a canoe watt aome- ttmoH I *ed instead of a box. Now, under miRMionary influence and legal restraint, theHu people bnry as do the whiter of the region. The cairns come within the field of ar- chsDological investigation. They oouniat of irregular piles of bowlders, fror welvo to twenty feet in diameter, thmwn over the body, which was placed in the usual fltxed position. In most oases it was surronnded by a rectangular vault formed by placing the straight sides of four or five bowlders toward the body, and covering the cyst thus made with oui or two slab-shaped rocks. Over this the rough pile of the c^irn would be reared. A few copper ornaments have been found buried in cairns. The skeletons are usually much decayed, and complete skulls from the cairns are rarely obtained. In excavating twenty-one cairus in 1897 no entire bones were secured. In 1898, however, we mot with better success, obtaining a number of complete skeletons. Several burial-mounds were formerly located along the lower Fraser River, be- tween Hatzic and Port Hammond. The remains in them are usually much de- cayed, and but little is known about them. The one which we found intact was ex- plored by us, and its contents were seen to be much decayed. It remains to find material upou which to reconstruct a knowledge of the builders of the burial-mounds of the lower Fraser River. The map showing the distribution of cairns should be completed. The marked difference between the shell-heaps explored along the salt water, and those investigat