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(716) 2M- 5909 - Fa« ?*«(:«':■ -Viv M tl^ < / c .''■ •/ *a»'*s, I ? ,. .y ■ t t 4^ -J', JIT" «* -^^ DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR IRRIGATION BRANCH ^ OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS -OF THE TWENTY-FIRST \f --^z :V, CONGRESS CAtGARY. ALBERTA, CANADA Octobmr 5-<», 1914 PuMiimiin BT ADTBOBirr or Hon. W. J. ROCHE, Mmma or tbc bmBios OTTAWA: /vnnnanrr Pauotan BtnoiD M18 <»*•- -n ^2-IC> '^sm- ■ifTJ?^ 1^^- '''V^ a; -M^ ^W^k'wStiSi' . ■♦.■■- . f>^ % ^z -^ ^^'-^i ip '■^' i-^- lilr-'X'-^: ■'i-:^ V - • i*.'JW* ^■y•^^■ DEPARi.aENT OF THE INTERIOR IRRIGATION BRANCH OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS OF THE TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS HELD AT CALGARY, ALBERTA, CANADA OCTOBER 5-9, 1914 Edited by ARTHUR HOOKER Published by authority of Hon. W. J. Rocbe, Minister of the Interior OTTAWA GOVERNMENT PRINTING BUREAU 1915 Cd>f^.cA. tH, f<=>H (I93uu346 TABLE OF CONTENTS ^/ PAOI Table of Contents iii Illustrations vi Officers of Twenty-first Congress ix Board of Governors x Executive Committeemen, Twenty-first Congress x Honorary Vice-Presidents, Twenty-first Conjfress xi Board of Control, Twenty-first Congress xii Congresses. Meeting Places and Officers xiv Ofnoal Call xvii Programme xxii VERBATIM RECORD. Verbatim Record 1 Openintt Session. Opening Ceremony 1 Greetings from the Governor-General of Canada 2 Greetings from the President of the United State-. 5 Call to Order 6 Invocation by The Very Rev. Dean Edward S. Paget 6 Report bjr J. S. Dennis, Chairman Board of Control 8 Introduction of Major Richard W. Young, President of the Congress 10 Address by His Honour, G. H. V. Bulyea, Lieutenant-Governor of Alberta, Wdcome to Canada 10 Address by Hon. A. L. Sifton, Premier of Alberta, Welcome to th^ FtoTlnce ]2 Address by His Worship, H. A. fiinnott, Mayor of Calgary, Welcome to the City u Response of Major Richard W. Young, President of the Congress 17 Solo, "Song of the Motherland," by Miss Zelie Delsart 28 Report of Executive Committee 30 Amendments to the Constitution M Report of the Board of Governors ,tj Second Session. Letter from Past President Fowler 45 Letter from Governor Hunt of Arzona 46 Address bv J. Bruce Walker, Doininion Commissioner of immigration. Nation Building in Wes;em Canada 46 Address bv J. B. Case, Past President Trans-Mississippi Congress, The Manless Land and the Landless Man 55 Address by D. W. Ross, former State Engineer of Idaho, and Super- vising Engineer U. S. Reclamation Service, Failure of Irriga- tion and Land Settlement Pollclei of the Western States 61 Third Sessicn. '^atrioti- Selections by the Irrigation Congress Chorus, direction Max . Weil 93 Greetmgs from the United States Department of the Interior, by F. H. Newell 93 hr TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS Page Bntish Patriotic Airs by Irrigation Congress Chorus, direction Max Weil . 95 Address bv Hon. Duncan Marshall, Minister of Agriculture for AlberU, Pre«dent- Western Canada Irrigation AssociRtion ... 95 Address by P. H. Newell, Director U. S. Reclamation Service, Water Storage and Diatrlbutlon by the U. 8. Reclamation Senrlce 107 Fourth Seealon. Telegram from Governor Lister of Washington 1 1 1 Message irom Samuel Portier, Chief of Irrigation Investigations, Office of Experiment Stations. United States Department of Agri- culture 112 Address by P. H. Peters, C-.nadian Commissioner of irrigation. The Dominion GoTemment Laws Reapectinft Irrigation in Western Canada 113 Address by J. S. Dennis, Assistant to the President, Canadian iPacific Railway Company, Chairman Board of Control, International Irrigation Congress. Colonizing in Western Canada 130 Fifth Session. Telegram from W. A. Fleming Jones, New Mexico. 142 Paper by Hon. W. R. Ross, Minister of Lands for British Columbia. British Columbia Irrigation Policies. Paper read by A J J L • Y^- Grunsky of the British Columbia Water Rights' Branch 143 Address bjr Hon. J. A. Lougheed, Senator for Alberta, Member Dom- inion Government 154 Address by J. T. Hinkle, Former Secretary of Oregon Irrigation Congress 169 Address by C. C. Thom, Soil and Irrigation Specialist, State College of Washington, The Necessity of a Higher Duty of Water. . 166 Sixth Session. Address W Kurt Grunwald, Consulting Agriculturist, Member Exscutive Committee San Luis Valley Drainage Association, Farm Development in the Arid West 173 Address by William Young, Comptroller of Water Rights ifor British Columbia, Administration of Water Rights in British Columbia Ug Address by A. F. Mantle, Deputy Minister of Agriculture for Saskatch- ewan, Irrigation and Saskatchewan Agriculture 193 Address by D. W. Hays, Chief Engineer, Southern Alberta Land Com- pany, Relation of the Farmer to the Irrigation Project. . . 207 Serenth Session. Address by Robert S. Stockton, Superintendent of Operations and Maintenance, Department of Natural Resources, Canadian pacific Railway Company, Irrigation in Alberta and the Settier on Irrigated Land 2I8 Address by J. C. Nagle, Chairman Board of Water Engineers, State of Texas, Some Irrigation Problems in Texas . 2;:»6 Paper by A. L. Cowell, Field Secretary Panama-Pacific In'ternationaj Exposition, Recent Irrigation District Legislation in California. Paper read by L. A. Nares of California . . 244 Introduction of Peter Von Weymam, of the Department of Agriculture of Russia 260 Addiess by Niel Nielson, Commissioner of Trade and irrigation from Australia to the United States and Canada. 260 TABLE OP CONTENTS ige 95 95 07 11 12 13 10 Eighth SeHion. Page Music by Irrieatior Congress Chorus, direction Max Weil 260 Address by H. B. Muckleston, Assistant Chief Engineer, Department of Natural Resources, Canadian Pacific Railway Company, Irrigation Enterprlns of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company in Alberta 261 Report of the Board of Judges. Announcement of Prize Winners 276 Address by Hon. Price Ellison, Minister of Finance and Agriculture, Province of British Columbia 277 Address by M. C. K .dry. Engineer of Dominion Water Power Branch, Storage and Power Potaibilitiea of the Bow River Weit of Calgary 278 Ninth Seeaion. in'. 1 national operation 288 Telegram from Governor Colquitt of Texas Address by L. Newman, Member Board of Governor . Irrigation Congress, The Great Falls Plan of between the City and Farming Community 290 Address by F. C. Finkle, Consulting Engineer, Silt Problema of the Colorado River 299 Members Committee on Credentials 312 Report of Committee on Credentials 312 Roster of the Congress 313 Greetings from Lucille The First 321 Address by E. F. Benson, Presiaent Washington Irrigation Institute, Irrigation Conditions in the State of Washington 322 Tenth Session. Report of Committes on Resolutions 331 Members of Committee on Resolutions 331 Resolutions 332 Resolution by Delegates froi.i the United Spates 34! Members of Permanent Organization Committer 342 Report of Perman?nt Organizatior .""omr^ittee 343 Officers of Twenty-second Congre. 343 Invitation from Baton Rouge, Lou la 344 Call of States: Five minute r^ ,,_nses by representatives of States and Provincial Delegations*: Alberta J. S. Dennis 344 . W. E. Scott 345 . L. A. Nares 348 .G. E. Harland 349 .1. B. Case 351 W. T. Byrd 351 Australia Niel Nielson 353 Michigan C. W. Carman 367 Montana L. Newman 359 Oregon J. T. Hinkle 359 Saskatchewan C. E. Flatt 360 Utah G^o. Albert Smith 362 Eleventh Session. Announcements by J. S. Dennis 364 Music by the Irrigation Congress Chorus, direction Max Weil 365 Introduction of President- Elect, J. B. Case 365 Address by Dr. J. G. Putherford, Superintendent of Agriculture and Animal Husba jry, Canadian Pacific Railway Company 367 Mvisic by Irrigation Congress Chorus, direction Max Weil 374 British Col-.'.-nSia California . I( ' iho . ..; nsas . . . , Louisiana. vi TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRE SS Page Address by H. N. Savage, Supervising Engineer, U. S. Reclamation Service, illustrated with stereopticon views 374 Music by Irrigation Congress Chorus, direction Max Weil 376 Adjournment sine die 376 Friday, October 9, 1914. Excursion to Bassano and Inspection of Horseshoe Bend Dam 376 Appendix. Constitution of the International Irrigation Congress, revised at Calgary 379 Rules of the International Irrigation Congress 383 Soil Products Exhibition, with list of awards 384 General Officers of the Twenty-second Congress 386 Executive Committeemen of the Twenty-second Congress 387 Honorary Vice-PresidenU of the Twenty-second Congress 388 Chairmen of State Delegations of the Twenty-first Congress 380 Secretaries of State Delegations of the Twenty-first Congress 389 Financial Statement of Secretary-Treasurer, Twenty-first Congress 390 Financial Statement of the Board of Control of the Twenty-first Congress 391 Index 395 lUuatnitioM. Group 1— J. B. Cas?, President 22nd Cangress, Major R. W Yj.ing, President 21st Congress; J. 8. Dennis, lat Vice-Preni:l.;nt 22nd Congress xxviii Group 2— His Honour G. H. V. Bulyea, Lieutenant-Governor of Al!7;Tta; Hon. A. L. Sifton, Premier of Alberta; Hon. Duncan Marshall, Minister of Ai(rirulturo for Alberta 4 Vice-Presidents of the 2l8t and 22nd Congrosijg ^ Board of Governor.* of the 2l8t Congrses 10 Executive Committee, Calgary Boanl of Control 29 View of Calgary 3g Street Scene in* Calgary 44 A CongreHs of Animals 52 Birtish Columbia Exhibit 63 British Columbia Exhibit S^ Canadian Pacifip Railway Exhibit 78 North Battleford Exhibit 89 Revelstoke Exhibit 100 Swallwell Distric tExhibit '.....'.'...'...........'. Ill Bassano Colony Exhibit '...'.'. 122 Cochrane Exhibit I37 W. E. Smith's Exhibit IjO Southern Alberta Land C<<'i« Exhngre88 RICHARD W. YOUNG President Salt Lake City, Utah. J. B. CASE First Vice-President Abilene, Kansas. JOHN FAIRWEATHER Second Vice- Pnsident Fresno, California. S. H. LEA Tnird Vice-President Pierre, South Dakota. RICHARD F. BURGES Fourth Vice-President El Paso, Texas. KURTGRUNWALD Fifth Vice-President Denver, Colorado. GEORGE A. SNOW Chairman Executive Committee Salt Lake City, Utah. ARTHUR HOOKER Secretary Spokane, Washington. X TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS Board of Governors GEO. A. SNOW, Chairman. RICHARD W. YOUNG. President. ARTHUR HOOKER, Secretary. L. NEWMAN. J. S. DENNIS. DOUGLAS WHITE. LOU D. SWEET. Executive Ck>mmjttee Twenty-flnt Interaational Irrigation CongrcM. Arizona F. S. Lack Phoenix S*!'^*"™* John A. Fox .San Diego ?'°™'^°-; Lo" D. Sweet Denver Connecticut :...Mis8 Frida Sanford Derby District of Columbia C.J. Blanchard Washington I^° C. M. Hill Boise "^°'^ D.H. Anderson .'.'.■.Chicago ^°wa M. F. P. Costelloe Anies f^"^' R.H. Faxon .■.'.'.'.■.■ .'wichiu Jf.""""!" Warren B. Reed .New Orleans ff;^"" F. L. Vandergrift Kansas City ^^^"^^ P^f- O. V. P. Stout Lincoln ^«^»^a JamesG.Givens Las Veeas New Mexico Col. W. S. Hopewell Albuque^ue ^^^^^'^ Truman G. Palmer New York ^,1. E.P.Bohm Cleveland Oklahoma Harley J. Hooker Tulsa 2r«°"- •■.• J.T.Hinkle '.'.'.'.■.'.Hermiston Pennsylvama Morris Knowles pjttsbunf J'"^'^^*'"'^ C.L. Millet FortPien; I^"^: \ J. A. Smith El Paso Washmgton R. Insinger Spokane British Columbia Dr. C. W. Dickson Kelowna II HONORARY VICE-PRESIDENTS » Honorary Vice-Presidents Twenty^flnt International Irrigation Congress. Arizona Andrew Kimball Thatcher California Harry Ashland Greene Monterey- Colorado Franklin E. Brooks Colorado Springs Connecticut Alfred A. Olds Hartford District of Columbia F. H. Newell Washington Illinois C. B. Schmidt Chicago Iowa M. I. Evinger Ames Kansas H. B. Walker Manhattan Louisiana Jared Y. Sanders New Orleans Missouri D. E. King St. Louis Nebraska Pat Maginnis Kimball Nevada Wm. E. Abbott Mesquite New Mexico W. E. Garrison State Coile„v' Ohio Gov. Judson Harmon Columbus Oklahoma Roy Stafford Oklahoma City Oregon J. N. Teal Portland Pennsylvania Prof. S. B. McCormick Pittsburg South Dakota J. D. Deets Pierre Texas Matt Rus&ell Cotulla Utah Heber M. Wells Salt Lake City Washington Dr. E. A. Bryan Pullman Alberta Norman S. Rankin Calgary Calgary Board of Control Twenty-flnt International Irrigation Congress. Chairman. J. S. Dennis, Assistant to the President. Canadian Pacific Railway. Vice-Cliairman. C. G. K. Nourse, Manajjer Canadian Bark of Commerce. Secretary. Andrew Miller, Industrial Commissioner, Calgary. D;;coration Committee. S" H- C^'V^^A^'^'™*"' City Alderman. ?:C.^Etos^'^Se?^^^''">^°- T. A. P. Frost, City Alderman. Harold W. Riley, City Alderman. I*n}es Smart, Chief City Fire Department. J. H. Woods, Managing Director The Hemld. Entertainment Committee. fe"« ^- Davidson. Chairman, President Crown Lumber Co. )![-ji-o^rkinshaiVif, President Board of Trade. O. S. Chapm, President The Chapin Co. O. G. Devenish, President Industrial Bureau. h™!" i/T^' Member Advisory Board, Dept. Natural Resources. C. P R B ?• Lwn^H^'Xr^' G°^^™™ent Leader of the Canadian Senate d" o Robinson, Manager National Cash Register Co. W.l ?^"s, Cify tSSiJ.''' "''"**'°'^- ""■ ^- *•• *' ^'^^''^•"°^'^- r. H. Woods, Managing Director The Herald. Exhibits Conunittee. Ld Aylme?F;;;iSnXr" '''"^^" ""^'^"^ ^"'^"^*"^' E*'^^'*'- ^o. James W. Davidson, President Crown Lumber Co. T. A. P. Frost, City Alderman. W. H. Fairfield, Manager Dominion Experimental Farm at Lethbridre Geo Haicourt, Deputy Minister of Agriculture for A^b^rta. '^^*'^'"^^^- n'r d W ^»;w*D*^^'"°?Tr'"' Experimental Farm at Ucombe. Ur. G. W. Kerby. Pnncipal Mount Royal College. Hon. Duncan Marshall. Minister of Agriculture for Alberta. r P ^"^t ' ^?"'^ Minister of Agriculture for Saskatchewan. C. P. Marker, Dairy Commissioner for Alberta. H. a. -Muckleston, Asst. Chief Engineer, Dept. of Natural Resources C P R D?TS R^h.rf"' ?"r'V Publicity AgtD^pt. of NaiLral ReZ^c^'s, C. P. r! Ur. J. G. Rutherford. Supt. Ammal Husbandry Branch, C. P. R. Finance Committee. ^%^ Nourse, Chairman, Manager Canadian Bank of Commerce, 1. M. Blow, Physician, Member Alberta Legislalure Dr. A. E. Cross, President Calgary Brewing Co. H. A. Sinnott, Mayor of Calgary. u ^' 9"*f.b«nKS, President Great West Saddlery Co. Hon. Archibald McLean, Provincial Secretary of Alberta Hon. A. L. Sif ton. Premier of Alberta. xii CALGARY BOARD OF CONTROL xiH Hotels and Accommodation Committee. W. G. Tre^us, Chairman, City Alderman. O. S. Chapm, President The Chapin Co. E. J. Dewey, Poultry Expert. E. J. Fream, Vice-President Grain Growers' Grain Co. J. M. Miller, City Clerk of Calgary. F. S. Jacobs, Editor Farm and Ranch Review. C. P. Marker, Dairy Commisioner for Alberta. D. O. McHugh, Secretary Grain Exchange. Music Committee. A. W. Pryce- Jones, Chairman, Financial Agent. W. H. Berkinshaw, President Board of Trade. E. H. Crandell, City Alderman. James W. Davidson, President Crown Lumber Co. S. B. Hillocks, M. L. A., Member Provincial Parliament. Dr. G. W. Kerby, Principal Mount Royal College. E. L. Richardson, Manager Calgary Industrial Exhibition Co. J. A. Walker, Manager Royal Bank of Canada. J. H. Woods, Managing Director, The Herald. Publicity Committee. Norman S. Rankin, Chairman, Gen. Publicity Ag't, Dept. of Nat. Res., C.P.R. E. Foley-Bennett, Fruit Rancher. W. M. Davidson, Editor The Albertan. E. F. Drake, Supsrintendent of Irrigation, Dept. of the Interior. W. H. Fairfield, Manager Dominion Experimental Farm at Lethbridge. D. W. Hays, Chief Engineer Southern Alberta Land Co. Hon. W. R. Ross, Minister of Lands for British Columbia. G. M. Thompson, Editor Ne. -Telepram. J. Bruce Walker, Dominion Conrniissioner of Immigration, Ottawa. J. H. Woods, Managing Director The Herald. R. S. Williamson, President Cypress Hills Water Users' Association. B. S. White, Editor The Western Standard. Reception Committee. T. A. P. Frost, Chairman, City Alderman. R. B. Bennett, M. P., Barrister. E. H. Crandell City Alderman. James VV. Daviason, President Crown Lumber Co. E. L. Richardson, Manager Calgary Industrial Exhibitic Co. Norman S. Rankin, Gen. Publicity Agt, De' of Natural Resources, C.P.R. T. M. Tweedie, M. L. A., Barrister. J. A. Walker, Manager Royal Bank of Cana . Transportation Committee. R. J. Hutchings, Chairman, President Great West Saddlery Co. W. M. Davidson, Editor The A'bertan. S. B. Hillocks, M. L. A., Member Provincial Parliament. Archibald McKillop, Wholesale Boots and Shoes. F. H. Peters, Commissioner of Irrigation, Dept. of the Interior. L. P. Strong, Grain Merchant. J. H. Woods, Managing Director The Herald. I i • MEETING PLACES AND LIST OF OFFICERS or THE INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS — 1891-1914. Pint CongreM— 1891. September IS — 17. Mace Officers. Salt Lake City, Utah C. C. Wright,* California President Gov. Arthur L. Thomas, Utah Ch. Ex. Com. Wm. E. Smythe, San Diego, Cal Secretaury 1892 No meetmg of the Congress. Second Congrete— 1893. Lof Angeles, Cal T. S. Emery,* Lawrence, Kan President Wm. E. Smythe, San Diego, Cal . . .Ch. Ex. Com. Fred L. Alles, Los Angeles, Cal Secretary Third Congree*— 1894. Denver, Col Elwood Mead, Cheyenne, Wyo President Wm. E. Smythe, San Diego, Cal. . .Ch. Ex. Com. Fred. L.- Alles, Los Angeles, Cal Secretary Fourth Congreoa— 1895. Albuquerque, N. Mex Geo. Q. Cannon,* Salt Lake City, Utati . President E. R. Moses, Great Bend, Kan Ch. Ex. Com. Fred L. Alles, Los Angeles, Cal Secretary Fifth Congreee— 18%. Phoenix, Ariz C. B. Boothe,* Los Angeles, Cal President E. R. Moses, Great Bend, Kan Ch. Ex. Com. Jas. H. McClintock, Phoenix, Ariz Secretary Sixth Conftrcoa— 1897. Lincoln Neb C. B. Boothe,* Los Angeles, Cal President (No Proceedmgs E. R. Moses, Great Lend, Kan Ch. Ex. Com. Printed.) F. J. MUls, Boise, Idaho Secretary Seventh Congreea— 1898. Cheyenne, Wyo Tos. M. Carey, Cheyenne, Wyo President Jos. M. Carey, Cheyenne, Wyo Ch. Ex. Com. O. E. McCutcheon, Saginaw, Mich Secretary Eighth Congress— 1899. Missoula, Mont Dr. S. B. Young, Salt Lake City, Utah. . President C. B. Boothe,* Los Angeles, Cal.. . .Ch. Ex. Com. H. B. MaxscjB. Reno, Nev Secretary •Deceased. XJV k. MEETING PLACES AND OFFICERS XV CERS >14. resident X. Com. scretary resident K. Com. icretary resident c. Com. cretary esident I. Com. cretary esident :. Com. cretary esident :. Com. cretary esident . Com. ::retary »ident . Com. ;rctary Ninth Gongrew— 19M. NoTunber 31— M. Chicago, 111 Elwood Mead, Cheyenne, Wyo President Geo. H. Maxwell, Chicago, 111 Ch. Ex. Com. H. B. Maxson, Reno, Nev Secretary 1901. Buffalo and Colorado Springs selected. No Congress held at either place. Troth CongrcM— 1M3. Colorado Springs, Col Ihos. F. Walsh, • Washington, D. C. . . .President C. E. Wantland, Denver, Col Ch. Ex. Com. H. B. Maxson, Reno, Nev Secretary Gilbert McCluiy, Ch. Colorado Springs Bd. Cont. Eleventh Conftreta— 1903. September 15—18. Ogden, Utah W. A. Clark, Butte, Mont President Fred J. Kiesel, Ogden, UUh Ch. Ex. Com. H. B. Maxson, Reno, Nev Secretary L. W. Shurtliff Ch. Ogden Bd. Cont. W. T. Beardsley Sect. Ogden Bd. Cont. TweTth Conftreae— 1904. El Paso, /txas W. A. Clark, Butte, Mont President C. B. Boothe,* Los Aneeles, Cal.. . .Ch. Ex. Com. H. B. Maxson, Reno, Nev Secretary W. W. Tumey Ch. El P'3o Bd. Cont. A. W. Gifford Sect. El Paso Bd. Cont. Thirteenth CongreM— 1905. Portland, Ore . Boise, Idaho . Sacramento, Cal. Albuquerque, N. Mex •Deceased. Gov. Geo. C. Pardee, Oakland, Cal President C. B. Boothe,* Los Angele-, Cal.. . .Ch. Ex. Com. Tom Richardson, Portland, Ore Secretary Fourteenth Conftren— 1906. Gov. Geo. C. Pardee, Oakland, Cal President Montie B. Gwinn, Boise, Idaho Ch. Ex. Com. H. B. Maxson, Reno, Nev Secretary John McMUlan Ch. Boise Bd. Cont. Joseph Perrault Sect. Boise Bd. Cont. Fifteenth Con^eM— 1907. September 2—7. Gov. Geo. Chamberlain, Portland Ore.. .President W. A. Beard, Sacramento, Cal Ch. Ex. Com. D. H. Anderson, Chicago, 111 Secretarv George W. Peltier Ch. Sacramento Bd. Cont. Sixteenth Conftreae— 1908. September 39— Octol>er 3. . . . .F. C. Goudy, Denver, Col. ., President F. C. Goudy, Denver, Col Ch. Ex. Com. B. A. Fowler, Phoenix, Ariz Secretary W. S. Hopewell Ch. Albuquerque Bd. Cont. R. E. Twitchell Sect. Albuquerque Bd. Cont. xvi TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGA "ON CONGRE SS SmrmtMnth CongnM— t9M. August 9— M. SpDlcane, Wash G«o E. Barstow, Barstow, Texas Presiden W. A. Beard, Sacramento, Cal Ch. Bd. Go^ B. A. Fowler, Phoenix, Aria SecreUr ?Lu "*![*'■•. Ch. Spokane Bd. Cont Arthur Hooker Sect. Spokane Bd. ConI Eighteenth Congrna— 191«. September 34-3f . Pueblo. Colo B. A. Fowler, Phoenix. Ariz Presiden R. Insinger, Spokane, Wash Ch. Bd. Gov Arthm- Hooker, Spokane. Wash Secretar P. J- Dugan Ch. Pueblo Bd. Cunt R. H. Faxon Sect. Pueblo Bd. Cont Nineteenth Congreae— 19M. December 5 — 9. ^^*«*K°' "• B. A. Fowler, Phoenix, Arir Presided R. InsinKer, Spokane, Wash Ch. Bd. Gov Arthur Hooker, Spokane, Wash Secretary Robert R. McCormick. . . .Ch. Chicago Bd. Cont, Arthur Hooker Sect. Chicag Bd. Cont. . Twentieth Congreaa— 1913. Salt Lake City, Utah Francis G. Newlands. Reno, Nev . . . President R. W. Young. Salt Lake City. Utah Cli. Ex. Com. Arthur Hooker. Spokane. Wash Secretary Geo. A. Snow Ch. SaltaLke City Bd. C ont. Joseph E. Caine. . .Sect. SaltLakee City Bd. Cont. 1913 Phoenix, Arizona, selected. No meeting held. Twenty-flret Congreaa— 1914. Calgary. AlberU R. W. Young. Salt Lake City. Utah. . . .President Geo. A. Snow. Salt Lake City, Utah Ch. Bd. Gov. Arthur Hooker, Spokane, Wash Secretary J- S. Dennis Ch. Calgary Bd. Cont. Andrew Miller Sect. Calgary Bd. Cont. Place and Officers Selected for the Twenty-second Congress— 1915. Sacramento, Cal J. B. Case, Abilene. Kansas President L. Newman, Great Falls, Mont Ch. Bd. Gov Arthur Hooker. Spokane. Wash Secretary Congress Address, Sacramento, Cal. OFFICIAL CALL Twenty-First International Irrigation Cong-ess To All The World, Greeting : T*-"! International Irrigtation ConRress will hold its Twenty- first ^casion in Calgary, Alberta, 'anada, October 5. 6. 7, 8 and 9, 1914. ' The Session will open at 10.00 o'clock Monday morninit. October 5. MEETING PLACE The City of Calgary is honoured with the first meeting of the International Irrigation Congress to be held without the borders of the United States, and it is fi: ' that this should be so. Calgary is the western gateway to an im- mense irrigation project embracing over 3,000,000 acres, which IS said ;^o be the largest project of its kind on the American continent, and the second largest in the world. Calgary is the business centre of the province of Alberta and the largest city between Winnipeg and Vancouver! Its location is picturesque, siuiated as it is in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains, and at the junction of the Bow and Elbow rivers. a.S^^F^^^ ^^ approximately 840 miles west of Winnipeg, 640 miles east of Vancouver, 200 miles north of the boundary line between Canada and the United States, and only sO miles from Banff, "The Playground of Canada," with its beautiful hotels, its world-famed hot sulphur springs, its mountain drives and climbs. Special rates are being arranged The dates for the Congress have been set for a time when Calgary s climate is not only pronounced particularly delight- ful, but when the farmer and irrigator can most conveniently attend; and delegates and visicors are assured their visit in Calgary will be memorable. PROGRAMME The ablest speakers of this and other lands will discuss J vital questions of to-day in connection with irrigation and the advancement of agriculture in general. •* .Our water resources are our most important assets, and It 18 fitting they should he discussed by the International irrigation Congress— the most important organization of its kind the world over. xviii TWENTY-FIRST IN TERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CON GRRSf atteluon '°Thw°' *^^ '^."'f °° *»»« '»nd will receive di attention. The farmer w.U have ample opportunity ?o 1 The Congress has always stood for the oDDort.inff v f build new homes-an answer to the caJ of the^andless mai bdlder.""*"'"^ 'and-.'M"ke easy the paJh of tftom" r.oc+ ^t® Irrigation Congress has accomplished much in ih, of inspection to the HoKeshoe Bend nir near B«™n^' o"n 'tt,toTt,rnr "" "" '"*'" '°''^''<'"" i"Kon *pS5Jci yoJ''.'t,Lr^;^''^rvr'Xf^^^^^^^ :rcur".^d'" '""'°""' '"'"" °' ""' ConX Jd'^iil'S EXHIBITION An attractive feature in connection with the n^t^ meeting of the Congress will be trlnternTt onll exhSKn of agricultural and horticultural products It is tl^P Jnfll- to make the exhibition truly int^ernaSonal a^d idV by " idT It IS planned to show the products of the various Provinces of Canada and the States of the Union. ^-rovmces FOREIGN REPRESENTATIVES beeJ*'SVd'''to^°«n"^°-^" '"'■'''"""*' invitations have illt^ ,-. J^ *'• foreign governments interested in irrigation to send representatives to the Congress In ffveigii ands, the interest in irrigation is increasinir and valuable information will be presented by the mlnv foreign delegates in attendance ^ of the :rgan1frti"n'""'^*'*'°" "'" '^ ^'^ ''"P-*-* ^-^-e OPiTCIAL CALL xix i VISITORS The presence of viiitors, including ladies, is especially appreciated, and their attendance is invited. PERSONNEL The personnel of the International Irrigation Congress will be as follows: — The Officers of the Congress. The Chief Executive of any nation. The Vice-Chief Executive of any nation. The Cabinet Members of any nation. Members of the highest legislative body of any nation. Governors of States and Provinces. Membera of Federal, Dominion, State and Provincial Irrigation, Water and Conservation Commissions. State and Provincial Engineers and Commissioners of Agriculture and Horticulture. The Mayor of each city or town having a population of over one thousand. Executive Committeemen, Honorary Vice-Presidents and Members of Board of Control. Chairmen of gene-al and special committees. Permanent delegates. Delegates -appointed under the provisions of the Consti- tution as follows: — DELEGATES Fifty delegates appointed by the Governor of each state, province or territory. Ten delegates appointp'l by the mayor of each city of more than twenty-five th sand population. Five delegates appointed by the mayor of each city of less than twenty-five thousand population and over one thousand. Five delegates appointed by the chairman of the governing body of each county. Fivv- delegates duly accredited from each commercial body and club concerned with public interests. Two delegates appointed by the mayor of each incor- porated town having a population of less than one thousand. Two delegates duly accredited by each regularly organized association devoted to Irrigation, Agriculture, Horticulture and Engineering. Two delegates duly accredited from each irrigation or canal company. Two delegates duly accredited from each College and University. XX TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAT. IRRIGATION CONGRES EARLY ACTION IMPORTANT n^pi^Kri"*^^.?*. °^ delegates should be made as earlv possible to facilitate the organization of delegations ^ PERMANENT DELEGATES SPECIAL RAILWAY RATES Canada and the We..ern GnLd'^',",,.""' """' P°'°" • HOTELS INFORMATION Of tlrcongrcs;!''*^ '"^ ^"" '" '^' «^^** constructive work Calgary, Alberta, July 30, 1914. The International Irrigation Congress By Richard W. Young, President. ' Arthur Hooker, Secretary The Board of Control The Executive Committee, By .1. S. Dennis, Chairman Bv Geo A Svow nu • . Andrew Miller, Secretary.^ ^'*°'^' ^***'' " V ' -^- ONGRESS 8 early as 3. post office Secretary ch session ation and >ermanent I, of the rmanency delegates. available ^ applica- irrigation ' through points in ncluding any in visitors, railroad I request (uilding, ■^e work ^fORE8S, dent. y Chair'n iiilft|Eyi*iPlllli^^ TENTATI VE icial [ram XCwentie*tic8t Jntecnational 3'triflat(on Congress (October 5«9, tdt4 Caiodr^ « BIDerta • Cana^a MEETINCS - REGISTRATION HCAOQUARTCRS - CXHIHTION AT THE Hone Show Building . Victoria Park ADMISSION FREE PUBUC INVITED PROGRAMME MONDAY MORNING. OCTOBER 5 »••• O'CLOCK theSran^Gre^o;'ofl,&^^^ »- Hon, President and Officers orthpTnf »/**'• '^'*^T°"'***'"y escort; Officers and MembeS of the Bo*2''*f^"''^ Irrigation Cong^ of the Federal and Provincial Tnl°^ ^°"*r*'' '/«P'-«««°tati the mayor and city counc J officte?^^"*'' ^?'«'«'^ «°°« and city of Calgwy; deleeatS ,fnH -^^^^ province of Albe Congress, and citizens of Calgary '' *^^ ^'"«** I o^itrprts!UTrt\* ;s';srs*tJ« .^ti"-' ««*«> Avenue, east on Eighth Av^enue trilnH^c*^''*' iP ^'^l thence south on Seco^nd Str^^tVtK^^^^^^^^ OrriciAi, Opening by H R H tk<. r. u r ^ Go«;ernor.(?enerai 0} S„ad; nt ^"^^ "^ Connaugl 10.00 o'clock f hp r«,f r, ^y special arrangement a buttor We re^uS^Ir^f'^"'^'' at Ottawa? will pe the wires to Calwrv w^fl r J. "' 1^^"^'^ travelling ov Empire and theuL7^\?!''^\^^,^ ^"^^ ^^ the Briti; read% message of g^eethil fro™' /l?"^*"* ^^'«'^ ^"^ ' Music-PftfrJ f A * ^®*'"« ^'^°'° the Governor-General. MUSIC Patriotic A.rs-103rd Regimental Band. '''TaJg^^r^'^ ^^'^ ««^- ^^-^d S. Paget, Dean , H=Xc^:lrr Sif "^- -^^ MUBIC-I(l3rd Regimental Band. '""SeUl^r.r „^^1«™"^ «■ H. V. Bulye. "^'S" "" '"■ •"""""^ '»' «<>»■ A. L. Sifton, Pr,„i„ , XXII TENTATIVE O FFICIAL PROGRAMME xxiii [is Honour, escort; the 1 Congress; esentatives ?n consuls; of Alberta Irrigation r Hotel at to Eighth East, and » Grounds. Jria Park. onnaught, ement, at will press lling over le British h will be reneral. rnationcd Dean of ontrol. nt oj the Bulyea, •emier oj ^""o/ Cafjr'l,^''''*''''"' ^^ "*' Worship, H. A. Sinnott, Mayor SoL(>-"There's a Land'V . . AUitsen Mr. J. E. Williams. Response on Behalf qf the Congress by President Young Solo— "The Song of the Motherland". . Miller Miss Zelie Delsart. Report of the Executive Committee. Adoption of Rules for the Congress. Announcement Concerning Committees, instructions to delegations concerning appointments to be made by them MONDAY AFTERNOON. OCTOBER 5 2.3d O'CLOCK. "Nation Building i- Western Canada," J. Bruce Walker (Winnipeg), Dominion Commissioner oj Immigration. Discussion. Solo— "Come Beloved" Handel Miss Iris Harrison "The Landless Man and the Manless Land," J. B. Case (Kansas), First Vice-President, International Irrigatiol cTng'rZi **''""' Trans-Mississippi Commerlcal Discussion. "Failure op Irrigation and Land Settlement Policies Discussion. MONDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 5 «.M O'CLOCK Music— "God Save the King." "The Star-Spangied Banner." "La Brabaneonne" (Belgium Anthem) arranged by Max n etl. ■' "O, Canada!" Irrigation Congress Chorus, Max Weil, Conductor. Greeting from the U.nited States Department or thf ^^tates Reclamation Service. Music-British Patriotic Airs Irrigation Congress Chorus ADDREss-Hon. Duncan Marshall, Minister oj Agriculture j or Alberta; President Western Canada Irrigation Association. xxiv TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION C ONOR Music— "Land of Hope and Glory" ^ Ibbigation Congress Chorus. , Soloist— Miaa Zelie Delsaht Storage and Power Possibilities of the Bow Ri mT "mnTJ'f^' (I|^"«*nd with StereopS Vi Pou^S-JJaS?^ (Winnipeg). Engineer of Dominion ^ TUESDAY MORNING. OCTOBER 6 9.3» O'CLOCK "^'^«P°"^''w'' Government Laws Respecting Irri noN IN Western Canada," F. H. Peters fAlS Domtmon Irrigation Commissioner. ^ " Discussion. Address— L. A. Nares (California). Discussion. Address-Hod W. R. Ross (British Columbia), Minister Lands, Province oj British Columbia. ^»*nistei Discussion. TUESDAY AFTERNOON. OCTOBER 6 2.30 O'CLOCK Discussion. "The Necessity of a Higher Duty of Water " C WasMngtt ^'"''"''■"^ ^P'""'"'' ^^' ^''^'^ ColUge Discussion. TUESDAY EVENING. OCTOBER 6 9.99 O'CLOCK Evening dress will be in order, although not a reqi.' eni CONGRESS Elgar •OW RiVEH, can Views), Inion Water TENTATIVE OFFICIAL PROGRAMME XXV ffo Irbiga- ( Alberta), Minister oj ), Member i), Former »," C. C. College oj G. H. V. 38, speak- Congress Jortunity nour, the d an in- residents ler more business ' ent. WEDNESDAY MORNING, OCTOBER 7 9.3© O'CLOCK "Farm Development in the Arid West," Kurt Grunwald (Colorado), Consulting Agriculturist; Fifth Vice-President International Irngation Congress; Director San Luis Vallev Drainage Association. " Discussion. "Water Administration in British Columbia," William Young (British Columbia), Comptroller Water Riahts Province oi British Columbia. ' Discussion. "Recent Irrigation District Legislation in California " A. L. Cowell, Field Secretary lor CalUornia, Panama- Pacific International Exposition. Discussion. "The Relation of the Farmer to the Irrigation Pro- ject," D. W. Hays (Alberta), Chiei Engineer Southern Alberta Land Company. Discussion WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON, OCTOBEi 2.30 O'CLOCK "Irrigation in Alberta and the Settler on Irrigated Land," Robert S. Stockton (Alberta), Superintendent, Operations and Maintenance, Department of Natural Resources, Canadian Pacific Railway Company. Discussion. "Some Irrigation Problems in Texas," J. C. Nagle Chairman Board of Water Engineers, State of Texas. ' Discussion. "Irrigation and Saskatchewan Agriculture," A. F. Mantle, Deputy Minister of Agriculture for Saskatchewan Discussion. AnnREss— Niel Nielsen, Commissioner oj Trade and Irrigation jrom Aua^rnlia to the United States and Canada. *\ £DNESDA Y EVENING, OCTOBER 7 8.M O'CLOCK Music— "Cod Save the King." "La Marseillaise," Russian National Anthem, "The Mapie Leaf Forever.' Irrigation Congress Chorus, Max Weil, Conductor. ^ .*'.v- ' xxvi TWEN TY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CON GRESi "Ibbigation Entbbpbibes of the Canadian Pacific Rai WAY Company in Albebta," H. B. Muckleston (Alberta Discussion. Music— Patriotic Songs of the Empire. Ibbigation Congbess Chobus. Soloist— Mk. Hobace Reynolds. "Wateb Stobagb and Distbibution by the United State S^w«t%"°« Sebvice," (Illustrated with stereoptica y ews), F. H. Newell (Washington, D. C ) Dtrectc United States Reclamation Service '' THURSDAY MORNING, OCTOBER 8 9.3« O'CLOCK "^"Xw w'- t ?• R'^th«rf°'-d (Alberta), Superintenden Ammal Husbandry, Canadian Pacific Railway. Discussion. "The Gbeat Falls Plan op Co-opebation between thi ^Z'Jnfr^^'"'"' Community," L. Newman (Montana) Board of Governors, International Irrigation Congress Discussion. "Silt Problems op the Colorado Rivbb," F. C. Finkle (California), Consulting Engineer. Discussion. "Ibbigation Conditions in the State of Washington " DisfussIoN.^'"''"'' ^'■'*''^'"' Washington Irrigation Institute. THURSDAY AFTERNOON, OCTOBER 8 2.39 O'CLOCK Report of Resolutions Committee. Discussions of Resolutions. Call of States and Provinces— FtVe Minute Talks by Representatives of Slate Delegations. " THURSDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 8 8.00 O'CLOCK Music— "God Save the King." "O, Canada! National Anthems of the Allies- Belgium. Russia. France. Irrigation Congress Chorus, Max Weil, Conductor. TENTATIVE OFFICIAL PROGRAMME XX vu Irrigation Pictures, Shown with Stereopticon Views, H. N. Savage, Supervising Engineer United States Reclama- tion Service. Adoption of Resolutions. Music — "Rule Britannia." "Hearts of Oak." "The Minstrel Boy. ' "Scots Wha' Hae." "March of the Men of Harlech." "Land of Hope and Glory Elgar Irrigation Congress Chorus. Soloists — Miss Zelie Delsart. Mr. Horace Reynolds. Accompanist — Mr. Percy Hook. The piano used is a Gerhard Heintzman. Report of Committee on Permanent Oroanizaiion. Selection of Next Place of Meeting. Election of Officers. Adjournment sine die. FRIDAY, OCTOBER 9 lO.M O'CLOCK Excursion to the great irrigation project of the Canadian Pacific Railway east of Calgary Through the courtesy of the Canadian Pacific Railway the excursion is free to delegates. Special train leaves C. P. R. depot ten o'clock Friday morning arriving at Bassano 12.45 o'clock. After cold luncheon provided by the town of Bassano, delegates will be carried by automobiles to inspect the Horseshoe Bend Dam. Tram returning leaves Bassano 4.30 p. m., arriving at Calgary 7 p. m. Delegates desiring to go must hand their names to, and receive. Railroad ticket, from Andrew Miller, Secretary Board of Control, or Norman Rankin, Chairman Publicity Com- mittee, before noon Thursday. ifel l!" • '- OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS or THE Twenty- First International Irrigation Congress HELD AT CALGARY, ALBERTA October 5-9, 1914 OPENING SESSION MONDAY, OCTOBER 10, 1914 HORSE SHOW BUILDING, VICTORIA PARK 10 o'clock a. m. The opening session of the Twenty-first International Irrigation Congress convened a few minutes before 10.00 o'clock, Monday morning, October 5, 1914, in the Horse Show Building, Victoria Park, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. A stenographic report of the proceedings follows. OPENING CEREMONY MR. J. S. DENNIS, chairman of the Board of Control: Ladies and Gentlemen: I am asked to explain to you the opening ceremony. Behind these flags is a large picture of His Roya Highness, the Governor General. The strings attached to the side of the flags go to a small motor at the back of the building which is connected by a direct circuit over the telegraph wires to the Government House at Ottawa. At exactly twelve o'clock Ottawa time — ten o'clock here — His Royal Highness, inserting the key at Government House, sends the necessary current across the wires here, raising the flags and leaving his picture exposed to us. The ban(l will then play "God Save The King'' and His Honour, the Lieuten- ant-Governor, will follow, delivering His Royal Highness' message to the Congress, and declaring it opened. We will therefore ask you to compose yourselves iu patience ouietly 2 TWENTY-FIRST INT ERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS for a short while, when we expect that automatically those flags will be drawn back. (Applause) Promptly at 10 o'clock the electric impulse from Ottawa started the motor, and as the draped flags were drawn back; with the audience standing the 103d Regimental Band played "God Save The King" (Applause), CHAIRMAN DENNIS: I will now ask His Honour, the Lieutenant Governor, Ladies and Gentlemen, to convey to you a few words of greeting from His Royal Highness, the Governor General, on the opening of this, the 21st Interna- tional Irrigation Congress. (Applause). Greetings from The Governor-General at Ottawa HIS HONOUR, G. H. V. BULYEA, Lieutenant Governor of Alberta: Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: I am commanded by His Royal Highness to convey to the officers and members of this association, his appreciation of the fact that by your courtesy you enabled him to be officiallv connected with the opening of this Congress. His Royal Highness would have been pleased to have been here to-day to show by his presence th.. interest he takes in the development of our country and in Irrigation, as a means of that development, but as you will all know, on account of the serious European disturbances at present, he is unable to leave the seat of government. During his visit here a few months ago, he showed by his inquiry into the condition of all of the people of this western country, coming from the many different points of the world, his personal interest in their welfare. He commands me to say that nothing whatever could give him greater pleasure than to have been here to-day because he thinks that by means of irrigation, and by means of the intensified system of farming which is possible under irrigation, homes can be built for an immense number of people on these lands, and on certain sections of the land where the ordinary methods of culti- vation are not possible.. He has followed the reports of your similar meetings, and wishes me to say that he hopes that your meeting here in the city of Calgary to-day will be of the same class and the addresses that will be delivered will be of the same utility as similar addresses have been at previous meetings. He is particularly glad to welcome those delegates who come from south of the line, because he realizes that the GREETINGS PROM THE GOVERxNOR-GENERAL development of Canada is linked up to a great extent with the development of our friends to the south, and whatever is of benefit to the one is of benefit to the other, and he is particu- larly glad to see that you are working heartily together to carry out the best methods of developing homes for the many in the great prairies of North America. He bids me welcome the American delef a+es who are here to-day, and to extend to them on hia behalf ne freedom of the city of Calgary, and of the Dominion of Canada, as a whole, and wishes that they will enjoy these privileges to the fullest possible extent. I regret Eersonally very much that His Royal Highness is unable to be ere, because I know a great many of you have not had the pleasure of meeting him, and you would have enjoyed that personal contact with the representative of His Majesty in Canada, and would realize that he has the welfare of all the people at heart. A telegram has been received from His Royal Highness, as follows: "Ottawa, Ont., Oct. 5, 1914, "The Lieutenant Governor, Calgary, Alberta. "I wish the Twenty-first International Irrigation Congress a very successful meeting. Knowing its importance I hope it may produce the best result. (Signed) Aethur." On his behalf, I wish again to extend to all the delegates his best wishes for the success of this meeting here to-day. (Applause). CHAIRMAN DENNIS, Your Honour, Ladies and Gentle- men: I have now much pleasure in asking Director F. H. Newell, of the Reclamation Service of the United States, to say a few words to you, conveying a message from Washington on the occasion of the opening of the Congress. (Applause). GREETINGS FROM THE PRESIDENT ' 1 Grcctlnga from The President at WMhington MR. F. H. NEWELL, Director U. S. Reclamation Service: Mr. Chairman, Ladles and Gentlemen of the Congress: On behalf of the Department of the Interior in Washington, I am authorized to extend to you the warmest appreciation of the invitption to attend this meeting. To our Canadian cousins I can express the most sincere interest in ail of the arts tending to promote the peaceful development of the resources of our country and to our friends and brothers who have come from the United States, the assurance that the Washington administration has as great, if not greater, appreciation of the success of the efforts of this Congress than in former years. We from the United States hope and expect to learn from our visit here to Canada many things which we can take back with us to aid in solving the problems which are similar :n our side of the line — that invisible line which divides us politically, but which does not separate the problems which we have, namely those of internal development, of getting the right man on the ground, and getting that man to be successful in utilizing the resources Nature has bestowed on this land. It is hoped and expected that we will have an enjoyable and instructive meeting in spite of the drawbacks in the weather. At the request of Major Young, I am pleased to announce the receipt of a message from the President of the United States. The mebsage follows: — The Whitehouse, Washington, Octobers, 1914 Richard W. Young, President, International Irrigation Congress, Calgary, Alberta. I am pleased to send greetings to your Congress and I trust that out of your deliberations may come much that is helpful to that section of our continent which needs the irrigation of its lands to make it fertile. I am much interested in the effort made to reclaim the arid lands of the United States and I hope to see such enterprise greatly extended within the next few years. (Signed) Woodrow Wilson. Again on behalf of the Washington administrationll wish to thank you for the opportunity of coming here and being with you at this meeting. (Applause). SELECTION BY THE BAND: "The Maple Leaf Forever." (Applause). 6 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS CHAIRMAN DENNIS, Ladies and Gentlemen: I have now very much pleasure in introducing to you, Mr. J. B. Case, Vice-President of the Congress, who will call the meeting to order. (Applause). CALL TO ORDER VICE-PRESIDENT CASE: Members of the Interna- tional Irrigation Congress, Ladies and Gentlemen: It is my pleasure as acting chairman of the Executive Committee of the Congress, to call together the 2l8t Session of the Interna- tional Irrigation Congress. I might state that this is the first time in the history of the organization that it has been held outside of the United States, and we citizens of the United States are very proud to be here with you, and to hold the Congress in Canada. (Applause.) You will please rise and hear the invocation by the Very Reverend Edward S. Paget, Dean of Calgary. Invocation by The Very Rev. Edward S. Paget Dean of Calgaiy Let us Pray. Almighty God, who has put man into the Garden of the World to dress it and to keep it, bless, we pray Thee, the pro- ceedings and the deliberations of this Congress for the reclam- ation of the waste places, so that the desert may rejoice and blossom as the rose. It is Thy will, O Lord, that this earth shall bring forth grass for the cattle and green herbs and grains for the service of man May it please Thee to lighten and to prosper every effort that is made to lead the life-giving waters into the barren places, so that the wholo face of the earth may use her increase to the honour and glory of Thy Holy Name. Amen, through Jesus Christ, our Lord. CHAIRMAN CASE: It becomes my pleasure to introduce the gentlemn . who so kindly introduced me, — the Chairman of your Board of Control. You undoubtedly are as well acquainted with the Chairman as I am, and perhaps better, but from our very pleasant acquaintance, 1 will "venture to say that the United States would be very glad to enlist your Chairman as one of them. Bringing with him the ideas and the promotions and the new and great showings that you have made in Western Canada, he would be extremely welcome. I now have the pleasure to present to you — not introduce to you — Mr. Dennis. (Applause.) Very Viie-Pkk»ii>entm or the 21bt and 22mu C'omihkimes 8 TWENTY-FIRST INTERXATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS Report by J. S. Dennis Chairman Board of Control Your Honour, Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: It is always a gratification to find even a partial fruition of our hopes. Speaking for the local Board of Control, of which I have the honour to be Chairman, I may say that we have been immensely interested in trying to make the first meeting of the International Irrigation Congress in Canada a success. We had two objects in view. We first wanted to contribute some small part to the great work that this Con- gress has been doing south of the International boundary. For twenty-three years — although this is only the 21st meeting — this Congress has been assembling from year to year for the purpose of endeavouring to devise ways and means of creating homes. There is no greater work that any organization anywhere could be engaged in. South of the international boundary, resulting from the work started by the Congress years ago, vast irrigation projects have sprung up, private, corporate, and those being dealt with by the Govern- ment of the United States, with the object of reclaiming waste areas. We hope that the meeting of the Congress in Calgary will further this object, not only as far as it relates to territory south of the line but also in encouraging the work we are attempting to do this side of the boundary. We had a second object in view. This being the first time that the International Irrigation Congress has ever met out- side of the United States, and we being honoured by having that first meeting in Calgary, we were particularly anxious that we should make it a success as a meeting. Unfortunately the weather clerk has disarranged our arrangements *o a slight extent, but it will have this efifect, that while w( claim, and claim properly, that the sun shines in Alberta possibly as much and a great deal more than it does in a great many other E laces, our visitors from south of the line will be able to go ack and say, "The weather was cold, but the greeting was warm," and we hope before you leave that you will be able to have actual experience of the sunny southern Alberta sun of which we are so proud. The city of Calgary, beginning at home, aided by the Dominion Government, our own Pro^'incial Government, and the Governments of our sister provinces — to the West, British Columbia, and to the East, Saskatchewan — with some assistance from the Canadian Pacific Railway, and other interests, have been able to arrange for this Congress on the basis of not only having what we nope will be an instructive REPORT BY J. S. DENNIS and good meeting, but also in the way of an Exhibition, and I want to ask everyone present to take the opportunity before going away, of seeing the Exhibition that we have arrai ged m connection with the Congress. You will find that it is probably the best exhibition of agricultural and horticultural products we ha ve ever seen in Calgary. The Board of Control , feeling that it would add much to the meetings of the Congress to have actual exhibits of what we can produce, have given $5,000.00 in prizes to this Exhibition. We ask vou to see it and tell your friends of it so that the largest number of people possible in the city and district, will be able to take advantage of this Exhibition. As Doctor Newell has said to you, the questions which have been discussed at previous meetings of the Congress and which will be discussed here, are of vital importance to the whole of Western America. You will see that we have been able to arrange for addresses from a large number of dis- tinguished men who are experts in the different subjects with which they are going to deal. We hope that the largest pos- sible number of people will attend the sessions. They are all open to the public. It is true that only accredited delegates can vote, but the public are invited to be present at all the meetings. To enliven the somewhat dry proceedings of speeches and papers, we have arranged for some music. In the afternoon we have vocalists and music, and in the evening we have something which Calgary will be proud of. We have organized a choir of four hundred voices which will sing at the evening session, under the conductorship of Max Weil. I have nothing more to say except that I want to take this opportunity of publicly expressing my thanks to the members of the Board of Control for so loyally supporting me in attempt- ing to make the Congress a success. We are going to be able to carry it out and to pay the whole of the expenses, including the $5,000.00 for the Exhibits, without being in debt when we get through. To the members of the Board of Control a great deal is owing. There has been a lot of detail work to do, and they have all loyally helped out, and all that I can say in conclusion is that with the support of the people of Calgary and the assistance of the large number of delegates who have come from south of the. line and elsewhere to support us, our Congress will be a success. (Applause) Now, Ladies and Gentlemen, it is my very pleasant priv- ilege to present to you Major Young, the President of the Congress, who will preside during its sessions. (Applause). ^f ":*--. 10 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS Introduction of Major Richard W. Young President of the Congress Your Honour, Mr. Dennis, Ladies and Gentlemen: I am ftppreciative of this introduction, but shall not at this moment detain you by any remarks. It seems that those who have prepared the programme have provided that what I have to say shall come just a little later in this morning's session. Under the programme it becomes my pleasure and distin- guished honour to introduce to this assembly a gentleman who needs no introduction to you, your very distinguished Lieu- tenant Governor, who through his own record of work, and who through the appointment by His Royal Highness, is the Lieutenant Governor of this splendid province. I introduce to you his Honour, G. H. V. Bulyea, Lieutenant Governor of the province of Alberta, who is upon the programme to welcome us to Canada. (Applause) Addreu by His Honour G. H. V. Bulyea Lieutenant-Governor of Alberta WELCOME TO CANADA Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen: I do not know that I can say much more in regard to welcoming you to Canada than has already been said on behalf of His Royal Highness, who is primarily the man who should welcome you to Canada. However, I can say that I endorse his welcome in every possible way. I do not know that it is necessary for me to say anvthing more just at present. We all know the value of these meetings, the value of the addresses that are given by men who make a special study of the work of irrigation. We all know their value to the farmers of the country and the appreciation in which the printed reports of the meetings are held by the settlers and agriculturists who are not privileged to be present at your m-- tiugs, but who get in that way the benefit --f your deliberations. I may say that it was my duty to extend officially a number of invitations to gentlemen holding positions similar to my own, both in Canada and on the other side of the line, and we had hoped to have had a number of them present here with us to-day, but I regrv^t that on the other side of the line this seems to be their busy season, I believe, and some of their gentlemen had work to do which was even more important ADDRESS BY HIS HONOUR G. H. V. BULYEA li to them than an irrigation congress, and while they all ex- pressed appreciation of the invitation they all regretted that they were unable to be present with us here to-day. Governor Brown of Saskatchewan expected until almost the last moment that he would Y ave been here to-day, but ■ this telegram has just been placed in my hand, and I wish to read it for the benefit of the delegates here. "Regina, Sask., Oct. 3, 1914. ''Chairman International Irrigation Congress: "I greatly regret that through unforeseen circumstances, it will not be possible for me to be present at the opening of your Congress. With best wishes for a successful meeting, G. W. Brown, Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan." Personally I extend to the delegates here a very hearty welcome, and I can endorse what Mr. Dennis has said, that I believe you will have such a hearty welcome from the people of Alberta, and particularly from the people of Calgary, that you will forget that Providence has not sent us the exact kind of weathe- that you would have appreciated at a meeting of this kind. liowever, I thinl ^hat I might prophe.t ^^^ too dry to do the work that was necessary for the purpose of raising crops for ZJ'J-^u' *°'*^*^'' '*°"? ^^" P''*^^ them in a better position financially, and every other way, than if we enjoyed the sun- summP,^ w' Ta k^^''^ t^^"i ^J""" "'"'^'^ accustomed this summer. We could have afforded to trade off a little of the sunshine on various occasions for a snowstorm of this kind. T3 U TWENTY-FIRST INT ERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS Therefore, I think we may be thankful for this as well as all the other blessings which we have, and in welcoming you to the province of Alberta, I want it distinctly understood that not only on this occasion, but on every other occasion. Provi- dence has been good to the province of Alberta. (Applause). PRESIDENT YOUNG: Your Honour, Ladies and Gentle- men: It is now my pleasure to introduce to this assembly, his Worship, the Mayor of Calgary, the splendid city whose immediate guests we are. (Applause). Addresa by His Worship, H. A. Sinnott Mayor of Calgary WELCOME TO THE CITY Your Honour, Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: There has been a number of changes in Chairmen of the meeting during the hour or more we have been here, and I thought when it might come to my turn to make a speech, that I would be able to introduce my successor, instead of making that speech. I am pleased to have the opportunity of meeting you, and pleased to have the opportunity of welcoming the guests from across the line on this occasion, when a great part of the world is at war, to meet in peace here. I am pleased to have the opportunity of welcoming you to — on such an important occasion as this — the first great Congress of this nature which has met within the boundaries of the Dominion of Canada. It is only a few years since there was not very much work done on this North American continent regarding irrigation. It cannot be classed in the same category as old countries such as Egypt, where the British Government has made a fertile country from what was a desert, but I am sure that in this country, where, although we can grow magnificent crops, we have certain areas which would be better with a little more moisture, we are pleased to welcome in our midst those who have taken such a great interest and have such wide knowledge of this particular work. I am sure in speaking this morning, that I should say a word in praise of the gentleman who has done so much in organizing this convention, Mr. Dennis, and for the work that the Canadian Pacific Railway, through him, has done, in turning lands in this province, which were apparently useless into areas which I believe in a few years will become the most ADDRESS BY HIS WORSHIP H. A. SINNOTT 15 fertile within the boundaries of Alberta, but to him w^ owe the most in this regard for having done so much towards the organization of this convention. I do not intend to say very much this morning, especially about irrigation, because all I know about it is how to use the hose on my garden, and perhaps I don't know too much about that; so I will close by extending a most hearty weloome to those who have come to this city to be our guests on this occasion. If there is anything that I can do or those in authority can do, to make your stay in our city a pleasant one, we shall be only too glad to be at your services. I remember one dele- gation that came here from across the line, to whom it was my duty to extend a welcome, and at th« same time presented them with a key of the city. One of them, a gentleman from Saint Paul, asked me if that key would open the door of the hotel late at night. I told him that there was no such key in the city, but I can extend to you the freedom of this city on this occasion within limits and hope you will enjoy your stay in our midst. (Applause). Board of Governors of the 21st Congress REPOXSE BY MAJOR RICHARD W. YOUNG 17 Following the addresses of welcome, President YounK responded as follows: * Response by Major Richard W. Young President International Irrigation Con^eu Your Honour, Mr. Mayor, Ladies and (Jentlemen : The very pleasant duty devolves upon me now to respond on behalf of the ConRress to the speeches of welcome which have been made by the distinguished citizens of the Dominion, and speaking for the 21st International Congress, now holding Its first session on foreign soil, I may say that we are univer- sally and deeply appreciative of the warmth and sincerity of these welcomes. We have very much in common, we of the United btates, with you good people o^ ""anada. We speak the same language and we have the sa^ history very largely the same governmental aspirations, practically, afid the same conceptions of human liberty; and we are bound and tied to you in an infimte number of ways, by consanguinity and affin- t/-. a q. * ^""t^* number of Canadian Americans in the United States. My wife's ancestry was from the Dominion, and I hnd there are a great number of United States citizens here, and the line between us in an invisible line, we ha^e so much in conimon. We do feel that the somewhat chilly temperature is very largely moderated by the warmth of the welcome which we have on every hand. (Applause). We are filled with admiration for your city here, which has shown such substantial growth within the few years of its life and which promises so much ,and I cannot refrain from stating the general agreement of evervone whom I have heard express themselves on the subject as to the splendid work done by Mr. Dennis and your local Board of Control. In my experience of these Congresses, I have not seen more thorough more intelligent preparations made for the conduct of a Congress than are evidenced on every hand here. (Applause). '.A.Ai-^T,^^*''^'"^** ^^'^' ^ ^''"^s reading the old familiar classic Alladin to my two small sons, one of whom was suffering trom a complaint peculiar to these modern days— an unsought encounter with an automobile— and as we proceeded, we read ot the building of ihe palace in a single night and then of its renaoval on the twinkling of an eye into darkest Africa, all and much more, brought about by the mere rubbing of the wonderful lamp; whereupon the elder of the two boys ex- claimed in current, if not elegant English; "That w.as sure some lamp." I am reminded of this instance when I gaze on the marvels ot Calgary and of the Canadian Northwest, the creations of a 2 18 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS single night, and I wonder by what magic this miracle has been wrought. The wondrous eastern story here repeats itself. Surely it is the work of the ancient lamp of intelligence fed by the oil of unyielding pluck, in the bands of you, the AUadins of Western Canada — the builders of palaces and the diggers of gardens more wonderful than flights of Persian imagination. I speak for all of the alien members of the Con- gress when I assure you that it is with the utmost satisfaction and pleasure that we are here to partake of your considerate and unbounded hospitality; and for them, and myself, I extend to you congratulations on the munificence, amounting almost to recklessness, with which you have staged this Congress, and on the intelligence with which you have pro- vided a programme for our enlightenment and deliberations. It is a great compliment to you of Alberta and the Can- adian Northwest that there was considerable criticism of the action of the Board of Governors of the Congress in selecting Calgary for our place of meeting. It was objected that your soils were so productive, your laws so broad and just, and the opportunities offered by you to the home-seeker, so generous and helpful that it would never do for us of the United States, to assist in making your attractions more widely known among our own citizens. Our crime seemed to come under the head of treason as defined in the Constitution of the United States, namely, lending aid and comfort to the agricultural enemy, but we of the Board of Governors, to whom the determination of this matter was committed, believed that the most efficacious way for us to keep our people at home was for the Congress to come up here, see your good words, and return home and emulate them. That hordes of Americans have emigrated from the United States into Canada is a well known fact — shall I say phenom- enon? And why has this been so? We are here to solve the mystery and find an answer to the riddle e-^—essed in the title of the play, "Why do our boys leave home"? We shall be all eyes and all ears and all memory. We shall purloin from you — not your purses, that is unnecessary, since you freely open them to us, not your enviable reputation, that is beyond destructive criticism; but we shall commit the greater crime of stealing your splendid ideas. These we shall take back with us. And we now serve notice on you that this flood ol emigration from a land, which, with characteristic Yankee modesty, I may proclaim to be quite as attractive as youi own fair country, will from now, henceforth, and forevei cease. The real fact is that it was not the Board of Governors that made a blunder in accepting your invitation, but rathei was it the mistake of Calgary in extending it. Anent this subject, I find in the monumental work or Irrigation Law by my recently deceased friend, Clesson S RESPONSE BY MAJOR RICHARD W. YOUXG 19 Kinney of the Salt Lake City bar, this well deserved tribute to the English race: "It seems to be agenoral tendency of the English people, the moment that a colony swarms out from the mother country into anew and many timei. wilder country, to begin the develop- ment of Its natural resources at the earliest possible moment, and to the greatest possible extent. And as agriculture is the main resources of life, and in many of these countries it can not be developed to its fullest possibilities, if at all, without irrigation, it therefore follows that irrigation is developed m Its aid. Neither is this done without system, or in a haphazard, careless manner; but their operations, both upon the practical side of the question and in the enact- ment and enforcement of 'aws and regulations, are based upon experience as gleaned from all parts of the world. At the same time, while developing the resources of u country, it is also the tendency of the English people to conserve those natural resources to the greatest possible extent consistent with that development. The theory is that the empire of England was not built for a day; and, therefore, no one generation should rob the earth of its fruits, but that these countries should be handed down to posterity in such a condition that it might also enjoy some of these fruits. The I wise laws and forest policies, the laws tending to conserve the How of streams, the laws regulating the use of mineral lands, the laws for the protection of the soil, and the drainage laws ot the it-nghsh colonies, are among the best that can be found on earth And, with these just laws and policies is it anv wonder that the British Empire has spread out until it governs in all parts of the world.?" I have a sense of almost insufferable pride in being called, by the accident of circumstance and not through desert to preside over a Congress having such an extended and useful career, dealing with and seeking to solve and with much success those problems of profound difficulty and vital importance that are inherent in the great subject of irrigation, and likewise in being associated with you who have achieved such conspicuous mention in the modern epic of irrigation. .J-his subject, the furtherance of which is specially com- mitted to this Congress demands the consideration and solu- tion of intricate and profound problems in engineering, law agriculture, and sociology. We worship at the shrine of irrigation, since she is a veritable goddess of reclamation— , what more noble word in the language! Your local problem J has been to reclaim these grass covered prairies to more useful m and diversified crops, while our problem in arid America has been to bring about a greater, though possibly no more diffi- cult, transformation from greasewood to apples and alfalfa— and the blessed aim of the irrigationist here and there and T= 20 TWENTY-FIRST I NTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS everywhere and in every age of the world has been to create-^ yes, create, that is the precise word — happy homes and certain success out of conditions always uncertain, usually unpromis- ing and frequently of the most heart-breaking adversity. You are familiar, many of you, with the "Howling Wilder- ness" speech of Daniel Webster delivered in the United States senate about the time of the Mexican acquisition. He said: "What do you want of that vast and worthless area, that region of savages and wild beasts, of deserts, of shifting sands and whirling wind, of dust, of cactus and prairie dogs? To what use could we ever hope to put those great deserts and those endless mountain ranges, impimetrable and covered to their very base with eternal snow?" Such was ihe general impression and such indeed was the fact, generally speaking, in respect of the arid west. It is to the everlasting credit and honour of the science of irrigation '^•''ose votaries we are, that it has supplied a complete and -together delightful answer to the great statesman's question, "To what use could we ever hope to put those great deserts and those endless mountain ranges?" Truly such cheerless conditions are passing away under the magic touch of water. Science has bidden the desert drink; the parched and fruitless earth has become green and fruitful; and most happy are we that it has fallen to our lot to contribute, some of you mightily, to a consummation so devoutly to be desired. In his pamphlet on "Irrigation Farming", Mr. L. A. Wilcox in summarizing the advantages that irrigation has brought to humanity throughout the ages, states: "We may conclude that irrigation means better economic conditions; means small farms, orchards, and vineyards; more homes and greater comfort for men of moderate means. It means more intelligence and knowledge applied to farming, more profit from crops, more freight and more commerce — because special products of higher grade and better market value will be enhanced. It means association in urban life instead of isolated farms. It means the occupation of small holdings. It means more telephones, telegraphs, good roads, and swift motors; schools in closer proximity; villages on every hand; and such general prosperity as can hardly be dreamed of by those who are not familiar with the results of even the present infancy of irrigation in America." It has been pointed out that the development of irrigation has brought aoout certain concomitant benefits, scarcely less valuable than its direct blessings — it prevents floods through storage; it aids navigation by maintaining sufficient water throughout the dry season: it reclaims the swamps by preventing river overflow; it conserves the soil by depositing ilt; it aids in the development of power through storage and RESPONSE BY MAJOR RICHARD W. YOUNG 21 equalizes stream flow; and it exerts, probably, a moderating effect on the climate. Irrigation was practised back beyond the dawn of history. It IS said in the second chapter of Genesis that "A river went out of Eden to water the garden;" and the unknown author of Ecclesiastes boasts; "I made me great works: I builded me houses: I planted me vineyards. I made me gardens and or- chards and planted trees in them of all kinds of fruits. I made me pools of water to water therewith the wood that bringeth forth the trees." In nearly all parts of the earth are found numerous and extensive ruins of reservoirs and canals. Some are situated in regions which are now populous and were abandoned for causes now only to be surmised; others are Turkestan, Upper Egypt, Mesapotamia and elsewhere, regions which have nearly ceased to be populated. This latter fact led Oscar T. Crosby, a college mate of mine, in his book on "Tibet and Turkestan" to write respecting the irrigating agriculturist as: "Safe against climatic risks; crowded in small holdings, dependent on combined action for the construction of irri- gation works; the ready victim of any violence which seizes some certain ditch. Contrast him with his brother who lives by the grace of uncertain rains; forced to a prevision which makes the lean year borrow from the fat: able to live wide away from his neighbour, developing thereby an inde- pendent individualism which may ripen into civil order and liberty; each farmer whose land has its own water supply capable of making some military resistance," He adds respecting western America: "The vast development of irrigation works now progressing in the far western states of America will inexorably produce, generations hence, a ty|)f' far less hardy in mental constitution than that which we now present. Were it not that those new regions are part of a vast country, chiefly filled with people who must fight uncertainties, and were it not that no great neighbour lies close to their irrigated field, we might well hesitate to produce the conditions which shall, in turn, be the source of enormous wealth and little virility. Mesa- potamia, Kgypt, Bengal, Middle China, Mexico; since the first ditch was dug in your yielding soils, how many billions of HJavcs »iave been engendered, fed, and reclaimed in death by your thirsty sands? How many fretting tyrants have come down, with the fresh mountain dews upon their brows to riot in your slave-breeding plains and fatally to breed a later race of slaves, whose necks have also bent to later moun* tain men?" But while my friend Crosby's coQclusions are extremely interesting and while bisto.-y will confirm bis statement and r,i: 22 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONA L IRRIGATION CONGRESS prediction that effeminacy has ever yielded and must ever yield to masculinity, yet his conclusions should be extended to any community, whether or not irrigation predominates therein, where population is dense, where wealth has succeeded proverty, and where the fear and necessity of warfare have yielded to a reign of peace. But we have a very, very mod- ern instance that dense and wealthy populations are not necessarily sheeplike in tb?ir docility; and one will conclude that a band of hostile and fretting Himalayans with the mountain dew fresh on their brows would have a sorry ex- perience on the "slave-breeding plains" of northern France. Speaking of ancient irrigation it is quite an interesting fact that down in New Mexico and thereabouts, are the remains and evidences of numerous and important irrigation enterprises of considerable antiquity, and doubly interesting is it that in numbers of instances, notably at Mesa City, these ancient works have been restored to latter-day usefulness. Turning from these phases of the subject to our own day, it may be repeated that nearly every country between the Arctic and Antarctic circles now practises irrigation — even our mother country. England has thousands of acres of Irrigated meadows. C 'spicuous among works of this character are the vast entt < •'es of Lombardy and Sardinia, constructed and operated ^r laws and regulations of an almost ideal character. 1 i> here are the great distributing systems of India and, be ' lown, the epoch-making dam of Assouan, the modern rep. .. mutative of what appears to have been a series of similar dams, remains of which now serve to mark and produce the almost equi-distant cataracts of the Nile. Of modern irrigation on this continent, it appears to have fallen to the good fortune of the people with whom I am identi- fied, to have been the pioneers. Mr. William E. Smyth« of Los Angeles, perhaps the father of the Irrigation Congress (but it is a wise congress that knows its own father) in his absorbing work, "The Conquest of Arid America," points out that the incentive for the settlement of California, Colorado,^ Nevada, Idaho and Montana was generally mining; of Wyoming, stock raising; and of Utah, home-making pure and simple. Respecting tne settlement of Utah, Mr. Smythe swys: "First of the Anplo-Saxon race, the 'Mormons' encountered the problem of andicy, and discovered that its successful solution was the price of existence. Brigham Young had lived in Vermont, Ohio, Missouri and Illinois. Neither he nor any of his followers had ever seen a country where the rain-fall did not suffice for agriculture, nor ever heard of one save in the Bible. But they quickly learned that they had staked their whole fortune upon a region which could not produce a spear of tame grass, an ear of corn, nor RESPONSE BY MAJOR RICHARD W. YOUNG 23 .1 a kernel of wheat without skilful irrigation. Of the art of irrigation, they were utterly ignorant. But the need of beginning a planting was urgent and pressing, for their slender stock of provisions would not long protect them from starvation. "It was this emergency which produced the first irrigation canal ever built by white men in the United States. 'Mor- mons' are prone to believe that the suggestion of this work was a revelation from God to the head of the Church. Other traditions ascribe it to the advice of friendly Indians; to the example of the Mexicans; to the shrewd intuition with which the leader had met all the trials encountered in the course of his adventurous pilgrimage. Whatever the source of inspiratio:i, he quickly set his men at work to divert the waters of City creek through a rude ditch and to prepare the ground for Utah's first farm. These crystal waters now furnish the domestic supply for a city of 60,000 (100,000 in 1914] inhabitants. The late President Wilford Woodruff, who was one of the party assigned to the work of digging the first canal, related that when the water was turned out upon the deser", the soil was so hard that the point of a plough would scarcely penetrate it. There was also much white alkali on the surface. It was, therefore, with no absolute conviction of success that the pioneers planted the very last of their stock of potatoes and awaited the result of the experiment. The crop prospered in spite of all obstacles, and demonstrated that a living could be wrung from the forbidding soil of the desert when men should learn to adapt their industry to the conditions. "Such was the humble beginning of modern agriculture in arid America. The success of this desperate expedient to preserve the existence of a fugitive people in the vast solitude has made Utah our classic lands of irrigation, and given the 'Mormons' their just claim as the pioneer irrijiators of the United States." Brigham Young is frequently and, perhaps not inap- propriately, styled the modern Moses. But, so far as climatic conditions are concerned, it appears that the ex- periences of Moses and his modern counterpart were reversed. We read in Deuteronomy: "For the land, whither thou goest in to possess it, is not as the land of Egypt from whence ye came out, where thou sowedst thy seed and wateredst It with thy foot as a garden of herbs," the reference being to some ancient irrigating device similar, no doubt, to those in use in modern Egypt— "But the land whither ye go to possess it is a land of hills and valleys and drinketh water of the r»in of heaven." A |ood storv is current amon^ the "Mormons," illustrative of their dependence upon irrigation and of their tendency to lii I I': f 24 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGAT ION CONGRESS attach even spiritual value to affairs usually considered to be of the earth peculiarly earthy. A "Mormon" elder, serving as a missionary in charge of a band of half civilized Indians was about to depart on a journey that would absent him over Sunday. He called the Indian chief and asked him to hold religious services as usual on the approaching Sab- bath and requested the chief to preach the sermon to his fellow tribesmen. The chief promised to do this. "What will you preach about?" asked the elder. And the Indian chief, remembering the theme of many and many sermons that he had heard said: "I preach 'em water-ditch, water- ditch, water-ditch." The history of irrigation and the treatment of its allied problems throughout all of Western America may be dis- covered, in the main and with reasonable accuracy, in the development of the territory and state of Utah, which you will pardon me for especially mentioning because of my greater familiarity with its history. First came the lonely pioneer with his dam of brush and cobble stones thrown across a small mountain stream, and his primitive distributing devices; then the "big field ditch" heading in a more elaborate dam of planks and boulders on a larger stream, with a rude gate and a main ditch or canal from which the several landowners interested, diverted their shares of water through smaller laterals. In Utah, this class of ditch was first constructed by co-operative effort, little or no cash was called for or expended and the propor- tional interest of each irrigator in the stream diverted depended upon the number of days work done by him and his boys and his teams. There was no capital stock and the certifi- cates issued represented merely proportionate parts of the water available. I remember having seen, down in Sevier county, the surveying instrument— perhaps better described as a tool — with which the pioneer surveyor, James M. Peterson, laid out the Richfield canal, still satisfactorily filling the measure of its creation. The instrument referred to was a level constructed of a horizontal piece of gas pipe about two feet long, with an inverted bottle fitted upright on an elbow at each end. This was filled with coffee, not strong enough however to affect the nerves of the machine, and our Danish engineer, sighting over the upper surfaces of the coffee in the two bottles, determined the level of the country with unerring accuracy. The water in the river being exhausted, a nua )er of these ditch companies combined to build an earthen dam reservoir, fifty miles away, perhaps, at a favourable site on one of the forks of the stream -this without a cash capital — but by co-operative effort and a resulting proportionate RESPONSE ^Y MAJOR RICHARD W. YOUNG 25 1 i ownership. But the day came when all this more easily obtained v,uceT was diverted and an enlarged and new supply must come from mammoth and expensive reservoirs and through canals constructed high and expensively along the rugged mountain slopes. These enterprises invited the investment of capital and demanded the forming of corpora- tions with shares of capital stock, each having prescribed water using privileges; and possibly required the issuance of bonds. Then came the Carey Act in which there was a species of co-operation between the federal and state govern- ments and private enterprises— a legislative scheme of wide application and great beneficence. And the several states, through land grant funds and direct legislative appropria- tions, have taken a part in this great quest of agricultural development and supremacy. The crowning efifort of all in the States, has been the far-reaching, almost inconceivably glorious federal law of 1902, known as the Reclamation Act, the director from the begmmng under which, Hon. F. H. Newell of Washington, U. C, honours this Congress with his presence. Under this act, whose author and general sponsor was my immediate predecewor in the presidency of this Congress, Senator Newlands of the state of Nevada, the vast fund derived from the sales of public lands, amounting to an approximate sum of $100,000,000, and still growing, is being devoted to the development of promising enterprises throughout the and west under the direction of the government at Wash- ington. And so, irrigation engineering has progressed from the brush dam and the two foot ditch, to the great Roosevelt dam in Arizona, overtopping in height the capitol at Wash- ington and to the Strawberry tunnel in Utah, miles in length and piercing a mountain range. And the capital required lor development has increased from the unaided brawn of the isolated pioneer to the almost unrestricted resources of a great nation. In the domain of law, irrigation has come up through much sorrow and tribulation, from which by no means, is it yet relieved. At first, there was no law- only the customs of the settlers— then the fragmentary federal law of 1866 recognizing the right of appropriation. With us in the United States, there has been a jumble of laws and decisions recognizing here the old riparian doctrine of the common law, either intact or modified, and elsewhere spurmng it entirely; in one state, the contention that the unused waters belong to the United States, and elsewhere, the asseveration that they belong to the state; here the view that the water is an inseparable adjunct to the land, and in other places, the recognition of the right to sell and dispose or It as separate property; in one jurisdiction, the right 26 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CXJNGRESS of priority of appropriation for any beneficial purpose, and in another, the provision that certain uses, in a prescribed sequence, should be deemed more beneficiaJ than and have preference over other uses. And complicating these and many more similar rules are the practical difficulties, arising from improper and insufficient hydrographic data, from the great variability of the streams from year to year, from the constantly chang- ing and uncertain duty of water, from the increase in acreage by prior appropriators in derogation of secondary rights, and so on ad infinitum. But happily many of our states and your own blessed province have not been compelled to work out results through these obstacles. You have been guided by a greater wisdom. Po8:,ibly the lamp that has guided your feet has been the lamp of our experiences. With us, system has grown out of chaos, and we are now sailing over fair seas, though somewhat perturbed by winds blowing out of our stormy past. What splendid progress has been made in the agricultural problems surrounding the science of irrigation! We are learning rapidly when to irrigate and when not to apply the magic fluid. We are learning that the average duty of water is more nearly 150 acres per second foot of con- tinuous flow, as you provide by statute, than 60 acres, as our farmers demanded in the early days. Dr. Widtsoe, the president of the efficient Utah Agricultural College and author of leading works on dry farming and irrigation, read before the last session of this Congress a startling paper on the mis-use, namely the excessive use of water, demon- strating that the past practices of irrigators have been highly injurious and often destructive. But the winter of our discontent in respect of the engi- neering, financial, legal, and agricultural aspects of irrigation is made glorious summer by the sun of experience; and there remains but one great problem that must be solved before these vast modern irrigation enterprises, public or private, can reach their full fruition — it is the problem of so adjusting the financial burdens of the settler under our reservoirs and ditihes that the average farmer can successfully carry them through the goal. High priced water, high priced land, soil in a state of nature, lack of irrigation experience, a new sky and a new earth, strange markets unfamiliar surround- ings — of such is the kingdom of distraction and of frequent failure. Your great Canadian Pacific, the good people of Australia, and promoters here and there in the United States, are doing much to assist the settler through his trying pioneer years. This policy is a great benefaction; but experience has demon- strated that the period of full payment for land and water I RESPONSE BY MAJOR RICHARD W. VOUNG 27 must be so greatly extended that private capital can scarcely hope for an adequate return on its investments — a fact that has led Secretary of the Interior Lane to say: "It appears that no further large development can now be expected unless It IS (a) by the use of public funds, state or national upon wb jh no profit or interest is required, or (b) by the use of funds procured by taxation as in the case of irrigation districts. He might have added a third class, the case of great land-owning railways, where profits from the sale of land and water are treated as insignificant compared with the railway traffic from the growth of population. In the United States few irrigation systems of importance are now being planned or built owing to lack of funds; and under certain of our projects the exodus of disappointed home-seekers is greater than the inflow, this due to financial requirements; in some measure to the lack of direction and oversight by experienced and tactful men; and to a great extent to the large and unwieldy size of the farm unit. Suc- cess, however, has usually attended those companies that have both built the irrigation system and have owned the land under it. Director Newell writes: "It is apparent that the question immediately at issue is not so much the taking up of new projects, but rather the immediate bending of all available energies toward the solving of problems which now confront us upon existing projects whether built by public or private capital, the meeting of financial obligations incurred in connection therewith, the education of the settlers upon the projects, the use of water, the care of the land, the production and marketing of crops, and irrigation farming in general as a business." Happy our lot to play a part— though mine is but to strut for a brief moment upon the stage — in the modern miracle play of irrigation; to be the means, though never so humble, of contributing to the happiness of mankind; and glorious the thought that we act and execute not merely 'or the moment but for generations yet unborn! I cannot refrain from quoting, in conclusion, an eloquent, even majestic, tribute to the permanent blessedness of enterprises designed to slake the thirst of man, beast and soil, first published in the Edinburgh Review, and written by an author whose name I have not been able to ascertain. "Although the tomb of Moses is unknown, the traveller of to-day slakes his thirst at the well of Jacob. The gorgeous palaces of the wisest and wealthiest of monarchs, with their cedar and gold and ivory, and even the great temple of Jerusalem, hallowed by the visible glory of the Deity him- self, are gone; but Solomon's reservoirs are as perfect as ever. Of the magnificent and costly architecture of the Holy City 28 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS not one stone is left upon another, but the pool of Bethsaid commands the pilgrim's reverenfce at the present day. Th columns of Persepolis are moldering into dust, but its cister and aqueduct remain to challenge our admiration. Th golden house of Nero is a mass of ruins, but the Aqua Claudi still pours into the city of Rome its limpid stream. Th temple of the sun, at Tadmor in the wilderness, has fallei but its fountain sparkles in the rays of the morning as whe thousands of worshipers thronged its lofty colonades. An if any work of this generation shall rise over the deep ocea of time, we may well believe that it will be neither a palac nor a temple, but some vast aqueduct or reservoir; and any name shall hereafter flash brightest through the mis of antiquity, it will probably be that of the man who in h day sought the happiness of his fellow men and linked h memory to some such work of national utility or benevolence. 1 thank you, Ladies and Gentlemen. (Applaiise). PRESIDENT YOUNG: We will now be favoured wit a solo, "The Song of the Motherland," by Miss Zelie Delsart (Applause) PRESIDENT YOUNG: We will now ask for the repoi of the Executive Committee. ExEciTivE Committee, Caloarv Board of Control II' i 30 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONCrTESS The report was read by Secretary Hooker, as follows: ri:port of The Executive Ck>mmittee OF THB TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS To the President and Delegates of the Twenty-first Inter- national Irrigation Congress. Gentlemen: — The Executive Committee met, pursuant to the call of Richard W. Young, Chairman of the Retiring Executive Committee, at the Hotel Utah, Salt Lake City, immediately following the adjournment of the 20th Congress, on October 3rd, 1912. There were present: President Richard W. Young; Vice-Presidents J. B. Case, John Fairweather, S. H. Lea, R. F. Burges, Kurt Grunwald; Past Presidents Geo. E. Barstow and Francis G. Newlands; Secretary Arthur Hooker; and the following members selected by their state delegations: F. S. Lack, of Arizona; John A. Fox, of Arkansas; Douglas White, of California; C. W. Dickson, of Canada; Lou D. Sweet of Colorado; Miss Frida Sanford, of Connecticut; C. W. Hill, of Idaho; Geo. B. Turner, proxy for D. H. Anderson of Illinois; Mrs. Charles B. Andrew, of Indiana; M. F. P. Costelloe, of Iowa; Thomas Knight, proxy for F. L. Vande- grift of Missoun; L. Newman, of Montana; Prof. O. V. P. Stout, of Ne^ ska; James G. Givens, of Nevada; W. S. Hopewell, of ''w Mexico; Truman G. Palmer, of New York, E. F. f. am, of Ohio; Harley J. Hooker, of Oklahoma; J. T. Hinkk of Oregon; C. L. Millett, of South Dakota; J. A. Smith, of Texas; George A. Snow, of Utah. George A. Snow was named Chairman of the Committee, and Arthur Hooker was elected Executive Secretary. Proceeding to the election of three members to serve on the Board of Governors, L. Newman of Montana, Douglas White of California, and Lou D. Sweet of Colorado, were named. In a report from the Board of Governors, which is appended hereto and included as a part hereof, the work of the Boarci since the meeting at Salt Lake City is reviewed. The atten- tion given the affairs of the Congress by the Board of Gover- nors has made it unnecessary for the Executive Committee to assemble prior to the meeting at Calgary, to receive tht report of preparations for the Congress in Calgary, and t( review the tentative programme. At the same time, the Exe- REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITEE 31 , outiye Committee, both through correspondence and the medium of the official bulletins of the Congress, have been kept informed of the important developments and actions in connection with the work of the Board of Governors. INTERNATIONAL FEATURES Most important of the actions taken by the Board of Governors was the acceptance of the invitation from the city of Calgary to hold the 21st meeting in that city. This action of the Board waa signiBcant in two respects, as it placed upon them the responsibility of naming the place of meeting, and also, for the first time, took the organization without the borders of the United States. It seems particularly appropriate at this time, when a large part of the world is engaged in war, that the meeting here of those interested in the development of our arid regions demonstrates to the world that there is no international boundary in irrigation and agricultural development in general. REORGANIZATION OF THE CONGRESS The experience of the last two years has proved the wisdom of the re-organization of the Irrigation Congress which was discussed at the 15th session, effected at the 16th carried into effect at the 17th, and broadened and extended at the 18th, 19th, and 20th meetings, the essential feature of which IS the empowering of the Board of Governors, subordinate to the Executive Committee, to act for that committee between sessions of the Congress. This relieves the committee members from anxiety, labour and more or less frequent meetings, and at the same time gives more definite aims to the congressional body, thereby ensuring its continuity and increasing its influence as a power for the growth of the semi-arid regions and the country as a whole. A feature of the organization is the Board of Control, a local committee, bearing somewhat the same relation to the Board of Governors that the latter does to the Execu- tive Committee, and the Executive Committee to the Congress •BOARD OF CONTROL In accordance with the custom of the Congress, con- forming to the provisions of the constitution, preparations tor the meeting at Calgary have been in charge of the Board of Control. The Secretary of the Congress moved the lieadquarters to Calgary early in March, soon after the execution of the contract with the city of Calgary. The organization of the Board of Control was undertaken at 32 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS. a meeting called by His Worship, Mayor H. A. Sinnott of Calgary, and was eventually completed with Mr. J. S. DenniH, Assistant to the President of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, as Chairman, and Mr. Andrew Miller, Secretary of the Industrial Bureau, as Secretary of the Board. The membership includes some seventy odd members, from the provinces of Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba and Saskatchewan, thoroughly representative of Western Canada. Committees were eventually organized with heads as follows : Decorations Committee Aid. E. H. Crandell, Chairman Entertainment Committee. . . James W. Davidson, Chairman Exhibits Committee E. L. Richardson, Chairman ^'nance Committee C G. K. Nourse, Chairman publicity Committee Norman S. Rankin, Chairman Reception Committee Aid. T. A. P. Frost, Chairman Transportation Committee. . . R. J. Hutchings, Chairman Music Committee A. W. Pryce-Jones, Chairman Hotels and Accommodations . Aid. W. J. Tregillus, Chairman It is interesting to note that at least two members of the Board — namely, Mr. Dennis and Mr. Pearce — were delegates to some of the earliest meetings of the Irrifsation Congress, having attended both the 3fd Congress at Denver in 1S94, and the 4th Congress at Albuquerque in 1895; while Mr. Dennis was also one of the speakers at the 17th Congress at Spokane in 1909. It is needless to state that the work of the Board of Control has been most energetic and efficient; the results speak louder than words. It is difficult for the public generally, or even the delegate who finds the preparations for the meeting all made upon his arrival, to realir-e how greatly the success of any meeting depends on the fidelity and zeal of the members of the local board. It is with great pleasure that the Executive Committee acknowledges the great debt of the organization to the business men, officials and citizens of the city of Calgary and provinces of Western Canada, who made possible the local organization and supplied it with the necessary funds. PROGRAMME The tentative programme submitted for this meeting to the Irrigation Congress speaks well for the work of the representatives of the Board of Control and Board of Gover- nors who had its preparation in hand. It is the ripened product of weeks, and even months of correspondence and conference. It was the aim to prepare as valuable a pro- gramme as the Irrigation Congress had ever had. It is believed, in many particulars, this aim has been fulfilled, and that the Congress will have the pleasure and profit of listening REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITEE 33 to papers, the value of which cannot be over-estimated in their relation to the future development of Western Canada and the United States. FOREIGN REPRESENTATION It is indeed a curious coincidence that the first meetiuR of the Irrigation Congress to hv held without the United fetates should be so lacking in foreign representation, but an explanation of the difficulties to secure foreign representa- tion 18 hardly necessary. In accordance with the custom of years, formal invitations were prepared for the interested countries of the world, and the Dominion Department of btate had graciously consented to forward them. However upon the outbreak of hostilities, there was hardly need for the Dominion Government to suggest that it was inappro- priate for the j)o ninion to extend invitations to an inter- national gathenug of this character, while the Empire, of which It is a part, was at war. It was necessary to recall the invitations to foreign governments, leaving representation practically confined to irrigators from Canada and the United States. Nor is there any reason why we should not mention that . at one tinae, the advisability of postponing the meeting was seriously considered, on account of the absence of foreign representation and the uncertainty of future developments as well as the situation which seemed to call for the curtail- ment of expenditures. However, after consideration by the full Board of Control, it was deemed better to hold the best possible meeting under the circumstances than to attempt to postpone tlio plans with the probability that it would ix' impossible to retain the meeting for another year in Canada. OFFICIAl. BLLLETIN The Executive Committee is pleased to report that the hearty support given by the local Board of Control has enabled the continuation of the publication this your of the Official Bulletin. This publication was begun only with the precedmg Congress. The Committee feels that its continuation is an mportant work, and that the accumulation of volunies with -ucceeding Congresses will prove to be of more and more importance. ABSENT MEMBERS The Executive Committee resret to rennrt that since the last meeting, th< rp have passed away from the members of the committee, James <]. Givens, Executive Committeeman trom Nevada, and C. B. Boothe, of Los Angeles, Past Presi- .1 •*P" l^i: 34 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS dent. Mr. Boothe, particularly, had given long years of service to the work of the Irrigation Congress. PROPOSED AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION In line with the increasing usefulness and influence of the International Irrigation Congress, it has seemed wise to the Board of Governors, and the suggestion has been approved by the Executive Committee, to enlarge the sphere of repre- sentation to a certain degree by adding to the list of those who are entitled to make appointments the members of the State Legislatures. To meet the requests which arise each year for a considerable number of delegates from the place where the Congress meets, it has, in view of the burdens undertaken by the entertaining city, been recommended that the Mayor of the city where the Congress meets be authorised to appoint twenty-five delegates instead of ten, as under the present provisions of the constitution. It is also recommended that the distinction as to the number of delegates appointed from cities under twenty-five thousand population be altered so that all cities and towns of less than twenty-five thousand inhabitants be entitled to five delegates each. In line with this, it is also recommended to increase from two to five the number of delegates to be appointed by associations devoted to irrigation, agriculture, horticulture, and engineering, as well as from irrigation or canal companies, and colleges. Accordingly, the amendments now proposed and recom- mended for favourable action by the Congress are as follows: ARTICLE VII Amend Section 1 by inserting after the clause numbered (1), to form clause (2): "Ten delegates to be appointed by each member of the highest legislative body of any nation. ' Amend the same section further by inserting after the now clause numbered (2), to form clause (3): "Five delegates to be appointed by each member of the State Legislature." Amend the same section further by inserting after the new clause numbered (3), to form clause (4): "Twenty-five delegates from the city in which the Congress is to meet, tc be appointed by the Mayor. Amend the same section further in clause numbered (2), by changing (2) to (5). Amend the same section further in clause numbered (3) by changing (3) to (6); and strike out the words "and ovei one thousand," so that the clause shall road: (6) "Five delegates from each city or town having a population of Irs! than twenty-five thousand, to be appointed by the Mayor oi chief executive. REPORT OF THE BOARD OF GOVERNORS 35 Amend the same section ifurther in clause numbered (4) by changing (4) to (7). Amend the same section further in clause numbered (5) by changing (5) to (8). Amend the same section further in clause numbered (6), by changing (6) to (9), and by substituting for the word "Two" the word "Five," and by striking out the words "Each incorporated town having a population of less than one thousand," so that the clause shall read: "(9) Five delegates from each regularly organized association devoted to irriga- tion, agriculture, horticulture, and engineering, from each irrigation or canal company, and from each college." Amend the same section further in clause numbered (7) by changing (7) to (10). Amend the same section further in clause n-imbered (S) by changing (8) to (11). Amend the same section further in clause numbered (9) by changing (9) to (12). Amend the same section further in clause numbered (10) by changing (10) to (13). Amend the same section further in clause numbered (11) by changing (11) to (14). RULES FOR THE CONGRESS The Executive recommends that the rules for the guidance of the Congress as a k I i* f 40 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS lU into thorough consideration the conditions obtaining at that time throughout both the irrigated states and the provinces of Canada, and they have been found generally acceptable to those interested in the meeting. PROGRAMME The preliminary draft of the programme for the twenty-first Congress is submitted herewith. It provides for addresses by experts in irrigation and allied matters, for free discussion by delegates and for responses by representatives chosen by state delegations in a call of states. In holding a meeting in Western Canada the Board felt that most favourable opportunities were offered for a study of colonization, perhaps the most important work in con- nection with irrigation development — putting men and women on the land under conditions which will bring about successful development. Probably nowhere else iv, the world have colo- niiation methods been worked out with better results than m Canada, and nowhere can this subject be studied to better advantage. The Board believes that from the study of colonization at this meeting most important results will follow in the working out of the problems before the irrigated districts of the West to-day. AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION Progress and development from year to year have em- phasized the wisdom of changes and modifications of the organic law of the organization. The matter has been given serious consideration by the present Board of Gover- nors, but the conclusions reached have not led to the recom- mendation of any radical changes in the constitution. Certain proposed amendments have been provided and are submitted herewith. It is recommended that if approved by the Executive Committee they be incorporated in the report of that committee and submitted to the Congress at its opening session. Respectfully submitted, (Signed) Richard W. Young, Arthur Hooker, President. Secretary. !il ! PRESIDENT YOUNG: You have the report; what is your pleasure with reference to it? MR. CaiUNWALD, of Colorado: I move the adoption of the rpport, MR. L. NEWMAN, of Montana: I second that motion, Mr. President. REPORT OF THE BOARD OP GOVERNORS 41 PRESIDENT YOUNG: The motion is to adopt the report of the Executive Committee. Are there any remarks? Those in favour of the adoption of the report will sav Aye; those opposed, "No." The motion is carried. The adoption of the report carries the next item of business, namely, the adoption of rules for the Congress, which is automatically carried in the report which you have just passed. The Secretary has some announcements. SECRETARY HOOKER: Mr. Sauder, Secretary-Treas- urer of the Calgary branch of the Canadian Society of Civil Engmeers, requests the announcement to be made that the Society have a .anged to hold a complimentary dinner on Tuesday, October 6th, to the delegates to this Congress, who are members of the recognized British, Canadian or American Societies, or Institutes of Engineers, to be their guests at a dinner given in the honour of the visiting engineers, at Cronn's Rathskeller. 7 j®*^*""®'" ^*'' ^^^^^ ** ^-^^ o'clock sharp, and will be con- eluded in time to permit those attending the dinner, to be present at the reception to be tendered by the Lieutenant- Governor of Alberta, at the Palliser Hotel, the same evening. The visiting civil engineers are requested to hand in their names without delay, at the Congress registration headquarters. . PRESIDENT YOUNG: The attention of the delegates IS called to the Congress post office, which has been established at the headquarters, at the entrance to this building. Dele- gates and others should inquire at headquarters for their mail. ^J^^^^ ^^^ provisions of the constitution of this Congre-s the delegates from each state and province are called upoii to organize with the election of a chairman, secretary, and executive committeeman of the Congress, to serve for the ^iSnd Congress, an honorary Vice-President of the Congrpss and a member on each of these three committees: the com- mittee on credentials, the committee on permanent organiza- tion, and the committee on resolutions. Owing to the fact that there are a large number of delegates expected this afternoon and evening, the delegates will not be called upon to organize till to-morrow (Tuesday) morning, at which time an announcement will be made from the platform as to the meeting places of the various delegations, as determined upon amongst themselves. There is a change in the programme. The address of Mr. M. C. Hendry on "Storage and Power Possibilities of the «ow Kiver, West of Calgary," has been changed from Monday evening till Wednesday evening. The address of Mr F H ^«yell, on "Water Storage and Distribution of the United states Reclamation Service," which is given in the programme 4a TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS ! ' ! !i t 1 1 4^. for Wednesday evening, has been changed to to-night, Monday, in place of the address of Mr. Hendry. Secretary Andrew Miller, of the Board of Control, has some announcements. SECRETARY MILLER: Ladies and Gentlemen: We regret if any person has been put to a little discomfort through the building not being so well heated as we would like it to be. The deficiency in the gas pressure has been respon- sible for it. but we have reason to believe that this afternoon and this evening the building will be warmer. Another reason is that it has been necessary to have the doors at the rear of the building open to receive exhibits, but we assure you that you will be comfortable here this afternoon and this evening. I wish to state that we will have the street cars lined up here on Seventeenth Avenue, about fifty yards from this building, so you can take street cars up town. There are two or three street cars there now, waiting to take people up town as soon as this session ends. Another matter. We will not have to walk through the mud again. We are arranging to have sidewalks extending from the Horse Show Building out to Seventeenth Avenue, and there will be no further discomfort such as you may have experienced this morning coming in. The Members of The Women's Canadian Club and the American Women's Club of Calgary, acting in conjunction with the Entertainment Committee of the Board of Control, have arranged the following programme of entertainment for the ladies who accompany delegates to the International Irrigation Congress: Tuesday afternoon, October 6th, an afternoon Tea from 4 to 6 o'clock, at Cronn's Rathskeller. Wednesday afternoon, October 7th, a Theatre Party at 2.15 p. m. at the Grand Theatre. Following the Theatre Party, the visiting ladies are invited to be the guests of Mrs. F. H Peters, Elbow Park, at tea. Thursday afternoon, October 8th, an automobile trip around the city, followed by tea in the Tapestry Room of the Hudson Bay Company.' All visiting ladies are cordially invited to these functions arranged in their honour and are requested to leave their names and hotel addresses at the Congress Registration Headquarters. The Entertainmej ' "^^ommittee of the Board of Control has provided a Ladit Reception Room oa the first floor of the Palliser Hotel tor the use of visiting ladies, where members of the Local Ladies' Committee will be in attendance to show attentions to all lady visitors. The Board of Control announces that in compliance with their request, His Honour, the Lieutenant Governor of Alberta, has kindly consented to hold an official reception REPORT OF THE BOARD OF GOVERNORS 43 to all delegates to the International Irrigation Congress, and the lady friends who accompany them, also to the citizens of Calgary, in the Ball Room of the Palliser Hotel, between the hours of 9 and 10 o'clock on the evening of Tuesday, October 6th, and will be pleased to receive any one who can make it convenient to be present. PRESIDENT YOUNG: That concludes our morning programme. I desire to invite the attention of all present to the excellent addresses that are provided for us this after- noon, and I trust that whatever inconvenience there may be in getting from the street cars to the building will not prevent a large attendance. The afternoon addresses are: "Nation Building in Western Canada," by Mr. J. Bruce Walker, of Manitoba, Dominion Commissioner of Immigra- tion. An address by our friend, Mr. J. B. Case, of Kansas; First Vice-President of the International Irrigation Congress and Past President of the Trans-Mississippi Commercial Congress; also "Settlement Policies of the United States" by Mr. D. W. Ross, Consulting Engineer for the State of California. The session will be at 2.30 o'clock and the meeting will be called to order promptly at that hour. If there is no objection, we will stand adjourned. The Congress then adjourned until 2.30 p. m., October 5, 1914. SECOND SESSION OS MONDAY, OCTOBER 5, 1914 3.30 o'clock, p. m. The Convention was called to order by President Young. PRESIDENT YOUNG: The Congress will please come to order. The suggestion has been made that it be in order for all delegates, and others present, to wear their hats, and if there is no objection, that will be the order of the day. (Applaui^e). While we are waiting for the temporary Sergeant-at-Arms to notify the members who are inspecting the exhibits, I will read a letter from a former President, twice President in fact, of this Congress: — LETTER FROM PAST-PRESIDENT FOWLER Phoenix, Arizona. September 27th, 1914. My Dear Mr. President: — Your ringing appeal of the 14th inst., stirred my blood. Were it possible, I would not fail you at Calgary next month, for I well know, and fully realize, how much you will need a body-guard of old war horses to "lift up vour hands", co- operate and "blaze the trail" for the Congress. But my health will not permit so long and strenuous a journey and I must be satisfied with meagre newspaper reports, and the Official Report, weeks later. However, I need not assure you how keenly interested I shall be in the "Proceedings", and shall be with you in spirit if not in body. The work of the Congress is by no means done, as some are pleased to say, nor will it be so long as "Patriotism", Public Spirit", and "Love oj Service jor Others" shall exist. Men of experience, abundantly able to cope with the manv problems relating to soil and water,— than which nothing is more vital to the farmers, problems which know no boundar- ies, State or National — such men will be raised up and come to the front as needed, for the world movement is a forward and not a retrograde. Let us then, wherever we may be: — "Look up and not down; look out and not in: Look forward and not backwards, and lend a hand." 4o I f 4« TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIG ATION CONGRESS May this sesaion of the International Irrigation Congress be a mighty uplift to the cause of. Irrigation and questions kindred thereto, is the sincere hope of Yours most sincerely, (Signed) B. A. Fowler. Tor- Major Richard W. Young, President International Irrigation Congress. PRESIDENT YOUNG: The following letter has been received from Gov. Hunt of Arizona. Executive Office, State House, Phoenix, Arizona. October 3. 1914. My dear President Young: — As I am unfortunately prevented from attending the Irrigation Congress in Calgary this year, I take this means of expressing to the Congress my sincere regret, while reasserting my deep interest in the work which the Congress is doing. I derive much gratification, moreover, from the fact that Arizona, with her extensive irrigation interests, will in all probability, be well represented at the Congress by appointed delegates. Permit me to assure the Congress of my most earnest wishes for a successful gathering and of my disposition to co-operate in every way possible to further the best interests of the states having irrigable lands. Sincerelv yours, (Sgd). Geo. W. P. Hunt, Governor of Arizona. Mr. Richard W. Young, President, International Irrigation Congress, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. PRESIDENT YOUNG; Our first item on the programme is an address by Mr. J. Bruce Walker, of Winnipeg, Manitoba, The Dominion Commissioner of Immigration, on "Nation Building in Western Canada". I have the pleasure of intro- ducing Mr. Walker. (Applause). AddrcM by J. Bruce Walker Dominion CommiMioner of Immigration NATION BUILDING IN WESTERN CANADA Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: When I come to think of it, the title of my remarks has what might be des- K&l ADDRESS BY J. BRUCE WALKER 47 cribed as a "Highfalutin" sound. I am not in any sense a "Highfaluter." I have recognized, since I have been here, that I am coming to tallc to hard-headed business men and hard-headed people, and I also decided that I would meet your wishes best and please you most by speaking in a plain way about those aspects of the business with which I am more intimately connected, and in which we are all more or less interested, and I will promise you at the outset not to weary you with too many figures, and not to talk too long. We will start off with those two agreeable thoughts. The department which I represent at the Congress and in Western Canada is charged, in general terms, with the colonization of the govern ment lands of Western Canada and I take this early opportun- ity of expressing my appreciation of the very valuable, almost, I might say, invaluable services that we have received from the provincial governments of the West, and in a marked degree from the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, over who^e colonization resources and natural destinies our good fiiond Mr. Dennis presides. Of Mr. Dennis' Company, the Canadian Pacific Railway Cnmi any I would say it occupies the unique position of beind i ( orporation with a conscience. You know we are told and we l)elieve that corporations frequently are not strong in the conscience direction, but the Canadian Pacific Railway C mpany was the earliest agency employed in the colonization of Western Canada, in conjun<.tion with an old established steamship line, called the Allan Lin*- having its origin in the old country. These two gi eat orj;-, the first two important and effective a^:f d>:H existence for the peopling and colonizaticu) ot' W- Now I want to say one or two bri.-r lliJa^;- ; generally from its colonization point of hw, jof to address myself for the balance of luv iaik ,-; aspect of the colonization situation. I daresay there are a large number, or a s; i ,. luuiuci, ui us present who know something of the population of the United States, but many of us might not be equally well versed in the population of Canada. According to the census taken in the early summer of 1911, the population of Canada was given as a little under seven and a half millions. There are some of us who think that was a conservative esti- mate, and there may be something in that, but we have to rely on the census for official figures. We find that is a very fractional part of the population of the country to the south of us, but we are bold enough and brazen enough to keep comparing ourselves in some respect* to our big cousin on the other side of the line. Now, with a population of seven and a half millions, I am also able to say that the growth of the population in Canada for the decade immediately preceding ions were >i)ght into ■r- Canada. ■-.t Canada OB I want V Western number, of 48 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS June, 1911, was greater than that of any other country in the world. The growth of population in the ten years preceding June, 1911, was greater than that of any other country in the world. The United States, which comes next, increased twenty-four per cent, in the ten years, whereas Canada increased thirty-four per cent, in the same period. You will be interested in having the statistics of the growth of the immediate provinces surrounding where we are now, between the years 1901 and 1911. The province of Alberta in 1901 had 73,022 inhabitants; not nearly as many as there are to-day in the City of Calgary. In 1911, it had increased to 374,663, or an increase of 413%. The neighbouring, and sister prov- ince of Saskatchewan had in 1901, 91,279 inhabitants, and it increased in 1911 to 492,432, or an increase of 439%. The westerly province of British Columbia had, in 1901, 178,657 people, and in 1911, 392,480, or an increase of 119%, while the little province, or, as we sometimes call it, the ^'Postage Stamp Province" of Manitoba had, in 1901,255,211 inhabitants, increasing in 1911 to 455,614, or an increase of 78%, so that you will see that those four provinces have made a remarkable increase in population, and it might not be uninteresting for the citizens of Calgary to know, and for us who are visiting this fine young city to know, that the city of Calgary, according to the census, showed a greater percent- age of increase than any other city in the Dominion of Canada in that ten years, something like 619%; a most extraordinary increase. Let us come to the question of immigration, which is the generic term for colonization. In the five years ending 21st of March, 1914, there entered Canada as immigrants, from all quarters of the globe, one-and-a-half nrMlions of people, and that in a population running around seven-and-a-half millions. In the year 1913, last year, immigration to Canada reached its high water mark. It was something over four hundred and two thousand from all quarters, and I want to draw your particular attention to this interesting phenomenon and that is, that the United States with a population of ninety-four or ninety-five millions, had a gross immigration for the year round of about one million. I am, of course, just speaking in round figures, it was a little over a million. That was for some ninety-four or ninety-five millions of people, while our total immigration for seven-and-a-half million people was something over four hundred thousand, so that you will see that in proportion to the size and power of our dig»'stive organism, we are undertaking a very important work in ossimilatinii; the vast mas-t of new material which we are receiving from year to year. Now of this four hundred thous- and, who came to ('iinada last year, about fifty per cent, or two hundred thousand of them settled in the four western ADDRESS BY J. BRUCE WALKER 49 provinces, that is to say in the provinces west of the Great Lakes. It is not a parochial spirit that induces me to discriminate for the purpose of my remarks between Eastern and Western Canada, but it is because you and we are really more inter- ested m the primal or principal industry of Western Canada, than we are m the more industrial and commercial eastern half of the Dominion of Canada. We are not doing this in the shape of a mark of discrimination in anv sense, but because our western provinces come more into contact with those things which we are here to consider and which require the consideration of all those engaged in colonization work, so that we have something over two hundred thousand settling m Western Canada in the year 1913. Of those two hundred thousand, we had nearly ninety thousand Americans settling in Western Canada. That is to say there came over the line from the United States, where they had resided for a greater or a less period, some of them citizens by naturalization and some of them citizens by birth, but all of them more or less citizens of the United States, to the number of nearly ninety thousand, and settled in Western Canada. The total number who came over from the United States to Canada in that period was, of course, a very much larger number, but we are dealing more particularly with the western provinces, and consequently I am taking the proportion who came from the Lnited States and settled in the West, and that IS something like ninety thousand. These people brought with them goods, in the form of houshold effects, chattels implements stock, cash, drafts and other securities to the value of about one thousand dollars apiece. That is our Customs and Immigration valuation of the material and t hings which they bring in. No ( 'ustoms ..rganization, and no immigration organization, can over begin to estimate the value, as an asset, thut the man :ind his familv are, but the material things amounted, on an average, to one thousand dollars per head, or nearly ninety millions of dollar- in these various forms which I have described. I am not here to offer any apology for the efforts that we have consLstently, and not without some success, mad.- to iiKluce so many of our cousins from the United States to come au.f throw in their lot with us. I have lieen asked more than mice if there was any one thing that I coul.l ae possible, if wc were to blame in any way, that we might do something to i)re\ cnt a recurrence of such a condi- tion. My officer visited the gentleman in question and reported to me that he had lieen to see him in his home and that they told him the reason he left was Ix'cause his wife did not like the society of the people in the place where they had settled. I did not a.-fk if there was a knickerhocker four ADDRESS BY J. BRUCE WALKER. 51 hundred in that place in Montana where they came from and I have not mentioned the name of the place in Saskatchewan where they went to, so that I have not given any offence In the five years in which I have given those figures we have entered two hundred and fifteen thousand homesteads. Now I have got to hurry on because I have not much more time. As a matter of fact we have been granting homesteads and pre-emptions to new comers from all countries to the amount of about six million acres annually. I know that our conditions of homesteading are not very greatly dissimilar from the conditions obtaining on the other side of the line. As a matter of fact, a great many of the regulations governing our coloniMtion and homestead laws have been copied from the older civiUzation of our cousins across the border, so that they are booad to be on somewhat similar lines. In the first place everyone of twenty-one years of age who is of sound mind can get a homestead. That is the only real qualification that we make. From my point of view, I am strongly in favour of giving It to every woman of twenty-one years of age, if they ever reach that age, and are of sound mind. He gets a home- stead of 160 acres and in return for that we expect him to reside six months every year, for three years, on that home- stead and to cultivate fifteen acres every year for three years and to build a habitable house. These are all of the conditions that we ask him to fulfil, and of course, we have our officers to see that he fulfils them. Then we have a pre-emption. In certain areas of Saskatch- ewan and Alberta we give a man power to pre-empt 160 acres on conditions he lives on that quarter six years and performs the same duties. That gives him a farm of 320 acres practi- cally free, except for the conditions which he has to perform. Then we have another scheme of giving what we call a pur- chased homestead, that is to say, a man who has not alreadv exhausted his homestead rights, and is not in a territory where homesteads are available free, is allowed to purchase a homestead at <3 per acre, payable over a l(mg term of years at a small rate of interest. In return for that he has to execute certain duties. Now these are the three inducements which we offer to settlers to take up lands in our Canadian West. How do we di>al with these large numbers of people who art' coming into our country? I have mentioned that in our western country lasl year no less than two hundred thousand people came in. Now there has to be some considerable organization to deal with such a vast concourse of people coming year after year into a comparatively sparseiv popu- lated country. We have a number of forms upon which we operate and our organization has been brought to a fairly satisfactory state of perfection. We divide the people who arejoming into our western rountry into two rlasi^es; iUo^o 52 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS. who want farms and those who want labour. Those who want labour pass through the bureau of the Dominion Government at Winnipeg. We keep continually in close touch with the Dominion Government, the provincial governments and the municipalities and the farmers to ascertain the class of men wanted, the number of men wanted and the terms of engage- ment, and the length of engagement. These are all kept on record in the bureau offices and every man coming into the office passes through the bureau and, if he is looking for labour, he is handed a card upon which is the name of the person who is looking for helpers and the Post Office and the Station is given to him. Furthermore, we are enabled to issue that man a ticket at a rate from Winnipeg to his destination in any of these western provinces at the same rate as if he had booked right through from his own homf town in New York, London, or Liverpool to that destination. He books at the same rate as if he had booked for that point from the very start. We engage a large number of labour superintendents to see that these men are placed and to direct them to the homes of the men they are going to. Their duty is to describe the roads and the section and the township and the range so that they may be taken to their destination af quickly as possible. A CoN'iRKMi OF Animals. i ADDRE3S BY J. BRUCE WAI KER 53 Then again, with reference to our homesteads, all over our western country, it is divided into so many "and districts When a man goes out into the country, he goe.« to the nearest Jaad district office in the district in which he happens to be at that time. There he is supplied with a plot of vacant home- steads, and, in addition to that, the Dominion Government provides, free of expense as far as he is concerned, a man tamUiar with the country in which they happen to be. This man charges only for the maintenance of the horses and the rig which he requires to take the prospective settler out in. He will take him and show him the vacant homesteads men- tioned m the p ot and will enable him to come back to the nearest sub-land office and secure his homestead These agencies are spread broadcast all over the western provinces' so that there is no difficulty in obtaining a homestead, as far as the organization is concerned, but, of course, this fact has to be admitted, that, on account of the large numbers of settlers coming in, the available lands for homesteading have been pushed back to districts more distant from railroad stations than they were some five or six years ago For this reason a man has to go further back from a railroad for a homestead than previously, and it is to his interest and busi- ness to see that he does not go so far back that it would not be prohtable for him to bring his produce into his market. There is the care of the people. You cannot put all of these peop.e into this now country without having a great deal of trouble, because they are, after all, liable to all th«' ills that human flesh is heir to. Thev have their sickness and sorrows, their deaths and marriages, and thev have their crimes and all other things that human flesh is heir to in our great metropolitan centres. The (iovernment of the Dominion of Canada, the Provincial Governments, in certain lines, and the Dominion Government in broader lines make it their care jind duty to see that no untoward calamitv befalls the new homesteader in the new country. It sometimes hapi)ens that calamity does befall him. In a certain section of our own country at the present time calamitv has befallen him in i very serious measure, through the prolonged drought. To the new settler, who perhaps conservative in your public policies. You have made gov nment serve the people and have also realized that service coald best be rendered by the citizen, when acting as agent, ^ hcu he is held to a strict ADDRESS BY D. W. ROSS 65 accounting from the very inception of his stewardship for any act which the government may have authorized; besides your governmeni has done much of the starting of things Itself and has carefully directed and paved the way for the current of those events, the source of which has been its own acts, thus keeping under control and well in hand t' forces which are so prone to work at cross purposes if neglected The I. igation Congress was born for a purpose audit was* asserted years ago by many who have been interested in its doings that that purpose had been fully accomplished when the Congress of the Unites States was induced to pass the National Irrigation Law and when the states of the West enacted better irrigation laws and committed themselves to the work of irrigation development. Many of our people have always thought of irrigation development as the mere building of canals, dams and reservoirs. This is largelv the work of the engineer, but is only the meafis to the end sought which is the successful settlement and cultivation of the land' Our country has never had a land settlement policy The government is now proceeding with the work of reclaiming Its desert lands, devoting attention chiefly to the engineering problems involved; the settlement of the lands being mainly left to the tender mercies of the law of the survival of the httest. As a matter of fact the real problems of irrigation begin and end with the successjul settling oj the land. While vou have wisely been profiting by the mistakes made across your border, you have lately, however, been blazing some import- ant trails which we of the Western States could well afford to examine. Like our cousins of the Australian and New Zealand Lommonwealths, you and your agents, the railroads, have devoted much attention to the real question of land settlement not the mere alloting of your domain, but the more important problem of settling upon the land the class of people who are most likely to succeed; and, by rendering assistance of a mater- ial nature, minimizing the faUures of the pioneer period of their efforts to the end that your lands may be held bv a prosperous and contented people and that this condition mav be brought about with as little waste of time and human effort as possible. 1 his Congress has been a powerful facto - in securing the enactment of beneficient irrigation laws ooth State and Aational but laws which have thus far provided for the doing ot but little more than this engineering wor!:. The great prob- lem of land settlement is still unsolved, in fact, has scarcely been considered by the American public. I believe the time has arrived when this organization should direct its best thought and energies to the solution of this question. I am strongly in hopes, therefore, that the opportunity which we now have of listening to and minirling with "nur good neighbours will inspire the Congress to make the important subject of land settlement the main purj j.se of its future. 5 66 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATK L IRRIGATION CONGRESS It is conservatively estimated that more than $160,000,01 have within the past twelve years been spent in the constru tion of dams, canals and reservoirs for the irrigation of dese lands of the West. The area involved amounts to near 7,000,000 acres capable of supporting more than 3,000,0i Britihh Columbia Exhibit. people. This great work; the reclamation and settlement these desert knds, constitutes a new and very interest chapter in the history of western development and has broui ADDRESS BY D. W. ROSS 67 into relief many weaknesses in the land policies which for years have been pursued by the Federal and State govern- ments. The human problems resulting from these policies have always been closely associated with the pioneer period of land settlement in this country and have come to be considered as necessary features of the first years of western life. In view, however, of the serious financial obligations which have be- come a necessary part of the great work of land reclamation, the more careful study of this period of transition with its waste of energy, life and money is now imperative. A practi- cal plan for the return of the vast sums which have been spent for the development of these lands has not yet been devised. Nor has a plan been devised which would insure a reasonable degree of success to the pioneer settler and relieve him from many needless hardships and disappointments which have, in so many cases marked the first years of his experience on these lands. The further extension of the important work of land development and its success depend upon the satisfactory solution of these serious problems which now confront most of the irrigation states of the West. As a rule this subject has been given general publicity by popular writers who have only seen and considered the possi- bilities presented by the consummation of great plans and to whom the birth of great undertakings, and the transformation from desert to prosperous farms add but another chapter to the romance of western development; but to those who have invested their money in these enterprises, the failures of the past few years have meant great disappointment and loss and to many of the settlers on these lands the wasting of the best years of their lives. Settlers on the public domain have been left so largely to their own devices that business men, espec- ially eastern financiers, have not thought of the failures of the pioneers under our irrigation projects as one of the i^rincipal contributing causes of the failure of the undertakings them- selves. The solution of the economic problems which the State and the investor are now confronting will also be the solution of the settlers pioneer problems. There is practically no more free, agricultural land in this country, so the demand for the irrigable land of the inter-mountain section of the United States will steadily increase and attempts will be made from time to time to revive the interest of the investor in the building of irrigation works. The importance of this now looms large involving as it does the Federal and a dozen state govern- ments, but the methods which hav=" been tried for the past twelve years have been found wanti. j and must be changed for more conservative and statesman-like plans if the work is to continue without doing further violence to sound business principles, to say nothing of the hojiour and credit of several of the states now involved. 08 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS iijil; iilii IRRIGATION THROUGH FEDERAL AND STATE AGENCIES For years dreamers saw visions, public spirited citizen gave much of their valuable time and commercial bodie passed many resolutions addressed to Congress pointing to th possibilities of empire building in our arid wastes, the vas stretches of country only fit, as nature had left them, to hoi more desirable parts of the earth together. After years < agitation aad 'ibcnssion Congress enacted what was considere a very, statesmaulike measure which authorized the.goverr ment to engage in the work of constructing canals, dams an reservoirs for the purpose of reclaiming, by means of irrigi tion, the arid and semi-arid lands of its domain. This wor hps been in progress for more than twelve years. Thirt projects containing a total area of nearly 3,000,000 acres ha\ been wholly or partly constructed; more than $80,000,000 hi been expended to date and about 1,200,000 acres of land hi been provided with water for irrigation at an average cost ( about $50 per acre. There has been much publicity, plent of hard work, some criticism — most of it without good reasoi no scandal and much good engineering, some of the finei irrigation works having been constructed that will be four in this or any other country. The lands which are beir irrigated, are nearly all owned or controlled by as good class of settlers as could under the circumstances be expecte so who with good reason could say that the ideals of tho who framed this law have not been fully realized? As a first step in the direction of state and Federal acti( in thj actual work of desert land reclamation. Congress 1894 enacted a measure which was designed to aid the pub! land states in the reciaroation of their desert lands and tl settlement, cultivation and sale of the same in small tracts a" 1 settlers, the Secretary of the Interior being authonzi .;gregate from the public domain at the instance of tl state, reclaimable desert lands in an amount not to exce( 1,000,000 acres for each state, the same to be reclaimed by ai under the direction of the state. This act is known as t Carey Act and it confers upon the states which have accept^ its provisions large powers; and the laws parsed by several the states supplementary thereto confer u:on their office full authority for carrying out its purposes. Full advanta was not immediately taken of the opportunities thus present nor was the authority placed in the hands of state officii turned to the best account. Up to the time of the passage the Re' imation Law, segregations for only a few proje( had been asked for by the states and actual work had a vanced only to a point where it became quite evident th moat of such projects would likely fail. During the debates in Congress on the Newlands bill, the Reclamation Law as it is now called, it was urged th ADDRESS BY D. W. ROSS irrigation development in this country had reached a point beyond which it would be very difficult, if not impossible, to proceed through the then existing agencies; that in the further extension of irrigation it would be necessary to con- struct engineering works of Huch magnitude and solve econ- omical and human problems of such importance that private capital with its proverbial timidity and caution, could not Le induced to advance any farther; that the state would not assume the risks and that communities could not command the necessary credit; and therefore only the national government could afford to take the chances which this important and necessary work involved. The experiences of the past t^n years have not, however, justified these assertions. Seve ^i states, comrnunit" - and corporations, inspired no doubt by the example set by the Reclamation Service, have launched land development plans which for magnitude and comprehensiveness of design and purpose, easily rank with many of the greatest projects of the Federal Government. The states did not lack interest; com- munities showed great initiative, while ca'^ital entered the field with a daring which . bordered reckL.jsness. Since the passage of the Reclamation Act, almost if not quite as much money from private sources has been expended in irrigation development as has been furnished for that purpose by the government, and while the works as a rule have not involved as many great engineering features, the area for which irriga- tio-i has been provided is much greater than has been develop- ea >v the government. So for the past twelve years, we have had working side by side in this field all the agencies which have to date been devised for the purpose; ail having similar objects in view; all working with a free rein and, with but few exceptions, all liberally provided with money which, as a generil rule, hms keen wisely expended at least from an engi oering fitant^ii, and, through the activity of these ap< ;cies, the \ alley- ^,1 pi runs of the inter-mountain regions have in their turn l> me tlie scene of that world-old drama; the struggle on the Hufig line of advancing civilization. Although the puiiATms machinery of government has been in motion for sever ways sliown their 'i ever been ready to well organized bure the field to study th* problems; although sta legislation and have ca jects which fairly riv» and have enacted laws &i alth ■ukIi Presidents have in many -.. a«r.cu.i r« A-rangements should, therefore, iiav. been made for i^mast securities running for a long time -not ! m ''^au twenty years— so the payments which wouid have t. 5. . ide by the settler would be small during the pioneer |»rt. 1. \q arranee- ment of this kind has always been within th. .»cr. lion of the L,and Boards and its adoption woi !-l havp su-^l man enter- prises from failure. The comm* ^ pra.t o «rf is.uiag short time securities, which has neariv Uwavs 1 country, in financing land d. ' apm"' nt disastrous results will surely h; to b« ' adopted which fits the conditii s peculi The provisions of the law which auth- a hen against the l&nd for the security o for Its irrigation has always been point* and those representing the state as afifordju^ .u.cstur luu protection. But this lien is not valid until th, iaad is irrigated, ine land cannot be irrigated until it is set ,>d and thp works constructed, and the works cannot be const; acted until money is ^available for that purpose. It is therelore seen that the capital which is necessary for this work must creatr its own security; a condition which is not generally considere.- attract- ive, and IS accepted by the prudent investor only when it is promised that his interests will be protected by a trustee whose authority and integrity are beyond question. He was led to believe, that, m these undertakings, tL.e guardian of his interests was a sovereign state whose first duty would be to protect the rights of those who had shown their faith and in- )wti«i in this s with such i and a plan »ch w irk. >!•• creation of •y advanced he promoter investor full I 1 84 TWENTY-FI RST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS terest in her plans in a way which could only enhance her fortunes. The present schemes as laid out on paper in the statutes of the states and the regulations of Land Boards, if not sound, are of good intent. Had those who have been re- sponsible for the administration of these plans done their full duty, many failures could have been prevented and the conh- dence of thousands of small investors would not have been lost: but, through failure on their part to observe a few sound fundamental principles of business, these undertakings have lately become the traps and pit-falls in the western held of investmtnt. , „ ^, , . ^. , It would be unwise to assert that all the objections and weaknesses of existing laws and public policies would be re- moved by the plan proposed and that further failures could not occur. Failures will occur in such undertakings, as m all other things in life, as long as we are obliged to depend upon the judgment and honesty of men. The possibility of failure from these causes, is however, minimized when we have eliminated those forces which we readily recognize as working against the main purpose of our plans. It is this process ot elimination which could be applied to such good purpose in connection with these matters. The state does not lack apprec-ation of the value and possibilities of her resources. She should therefore relieve her undertakings from the burden incidental to private promotion. The "tate desires her lands to pass directly and as quickly as possible into the possession of actual settlers. This can easily be done; and, when it is accomplished the agriculture of these new sections of the West will have avoided much cf the burden of over-capitalization which has been laid upon it all over the country by the land speculator. The sta^ has been discred- ited in all the highways and byways of th . land by the finan- cial trickster under the cloak of her good name. This would be prevented by the plan proposed. We now have left: (1) The Department of the Interior that has thus far heartily co-operated with the state in these matters, and will without doubt continue to do so (2) The state, acting through experienced agents could have no greater interest than the success of her^own enterprises. (3) The contractor whose expectations would be a reasonable profit. (4) The actual settler who would assume, as he should, his share of the finan- cial risk which might remain. Then there would be the in- vestor with his bonds, protected by a lien against land which with its irrigation facilities should always be worth at least one annual instalment. , _ The plan proposed unfortunately does not make provisior for the very poor or impecunious, but only for those who an prepared to share in such risks as cannot verv well be avoided We have not yet learned how, or we have thus far beer \DDRESS BY D. W. ROSS 85 unwilling, to place these lands in the uands of this better clodS so as to establish the fin vncial soundness of these undertakings. To provide for the needs of the former class would carry us into the realm of philanthrophy, a step in the direction of which we are not prepared to take until we have placed the work already in hand upon a sound basis. CONCLUSION While the experience uf the past few years in connection with the work of land development by irrigation has been very discouraging, it has not yet been demonstrated that it is be- yond the resourcefulness of the people of the states to devise plans which will prevent the many losses now threatened, restore the confidence of investors and establish a sound basis for future undertakings. At the present time those represent- ing the states in charge of this work stand more or less baffled by the outcome of the past few years' efforts in this field. It would, however, be a sad commentary on the resourcefulness and statesmanship of those whose efforts have met with such pronounced success in other directions if they should yield in the face of this first defeat. The causes of the failures which have occurred to date once understood, it should not be a difficult matter to establish policies which would safely accomplish the ends desired. Such additional laws as would be necessary to put into force the plan which is herein recommended would not be difficult to frame. Indeed, full authority will be found in existing laws for much of the plan proposed. It has been urged that, because of the failure of the plans which have thus far been employed by the states, further effort by them should be abandoned and the work turned over to the gov ernment. There is no doubt but what co-operative work could be done by the states and the Federal Government in some cases to great advantage, but wherever possible, this work should be done by the states unaided. The idea of assisting the impecunious settler by loaning him money is objected to by many because of the paternal relation which for this purpose the government, state or corporation would have to assume; it being urged that such assistance might develop a spirit of irresponsibility causing the recipient of such favours to place too great dependt-nce in these agencies for support, the spirit of independence and initiative being by this means extinguished. It is possible that the objection which is raised in the case oj the individual might also apply where the state is concerned. Without doubt one of the highest functions and privileges of citizenship is the devising of me- thods by which the efficiency of government of every kind can be increased. The overcoming of the obstacles in the path of progress is universally claimed to be in itself the highest 86 TWENT Y-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS reward that can repay human effort. It is the overcoming c these difficulties which forms and strengthens the characte and this applies to the Commonwealth with as much truth s it does to the citizen. With all the experience that has been gained at first han in these matters we have not yet advanced very far in th solution of our land settlement problems. The work has thi far been conducted in a "happy-go-lucky" fashion. Tt Federal Government has not even touched the problem i yet, nor have any of the states even considered the real wot of closer land settlement as it will without doubt have to I undertaken before many years. Population is. increasing i the United States at an alarming rate and the distribution ( this population is causing many thoughtful persons to coi template the future with serious misgivings, and sooner ( later the country must solve some very serious questions whu are growing out of conditions closely related to this matte The Federal Government is but one unit in our legislatr machinery, possessing limited powers, and frequently mov very slowly. There are, however, forty-eight states, each oi possessing full authority to undertake the solution of this ai other similar questions according to its ideals and along lin which would best promote its interests. The chief advanta possessed by our scheme of government is the opportum afforded for trying out simultaneously, through the ageiicy the states, many different plans for solving our pressing humi problems. A period of trial is nearly always necessary, for i man is infallible. Many of our best reforms and settled pub policies have been evolved in this manner. Much valual time has been saved, many lessons have been learned and t best plan has finally been adopted by all the states or by t Federal Government whenever possible. This alode shov be a sufficient reason why the western states now engaged irrigation work should be encouraged to continue their effor They will finally solve the existing difficulties and the exp ience which they are all gaining will be of incalculable val for it will enable them to press forward with that confidei born of success to overcome still greater obstacles which 1 future doubtless holds. (Applause.) MR. E. H. BENSON, of Washington: Mr. Chairmat notice on the programme we have a discussionmarkedafterei of these talks. It strikes me there are a lot of things said by 1 last speaker which would well promote some discussion, a I would like to refer to that portion of it which limits the ti of payment to a certain number of years, and which wo make the interest charge, assuming the discount and intei rate at six per cent, and probably seven, to the settler, DISCUSSION 87 annual interest charge of $5.25 per acre for the first ten years. That's pretty stiff for a man going on to a piece of raw land. At the end of the first ten years, he has ten per cent of the principal, and I think ten per cent, is about the cost we have to face, and he has got to pay $12.75 per acre per year for the next ten years, and that is a pretty stiff tax. While I think many of the suggestions in that talk were most admirable and will perhaps pave the way for getting out of diflSculties which now seem insurmountable, it seems to me a better scheme to make the loan long enough so that by adding one per cent to the interest on the bonds, you will wipe out the loan in that way, and finally pay off the debt. I am sorry that the size of the hall prevented some gentle- men at the rear end from listening and understanding all that was said. I think the many new ideas in that talk will require very careful study and reading at home. I would like to know if anyone else has any suggestions to make, particularly in the matter of getting settlers on to the land. MR. G. E. BURLINGAME, of Washington. Mr. Chair- man: When I came here I thought Mr. Benson was going to stay at home. You said that a man who takes up land under this irrigation system should not be allowed to sell it. Now, it's all very well to encourage a man to go on to the land and build up a home, and tell him he can have a fine home, and seventy-five per cent of the men who go on an irrigation pro- ject go with the idea of building a home, but I would like to propound a hypothetical question to you, which will give the audience something to think over. Supposing a settler goes to one of your irrigation projects and takes eighty acres of land and pays his instalment, builds his fences and a house, and he builds a nice barn, and levels his land,— and you will find that is a serious job, preparing this land for water. He has money enough for that and he seeds it and beautifies it and makes it a home. He may be only one man in ten on the project who knows how to do it. If he keeps a book account on his farm, he will find it has cost him many thousands of dollars and a great deal of hard work. What is the result? That man by his intelligence and labour and his knowledge of the work has not only doubled and trebled the value of that work, but he has become of value to his community. He has influenced the value of the land, in that vicinity, by showing others that they can do the same thing. The gentleman who has just read the paper has put the stamp on that. Here is a man with money who can come along and say "I am willing to exchange my easy money for this man's beautiful home, and I will step in and you can go and fix up another farm." According to the speaker, you have forbidden him from doing that. Whether it is cause for congratulation S8 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRES or misfortune, there should never be anything put in the w of forbidding a man from making money by his skill and hi work. Furthermore, he is not a speculator. When a m puts a million dollars into a packing house, he does it becai he expects he will make money on it. He does that for \ money that is in it. He is not a speculator. You want i investor. That is the man that you want to get into t western country, and if you have got a proposition tl forbids a man from making money out of his hard work s knowledgi on your irrigation project, you give your pro sition a black eye. Gentlemen, I can take a farm and beautify it, and if a n with money says, "you step out and I will step in", w shouldn't I? Your big land companies in this country do i shut a man out because he cannot pay his interest. They Ic a man over, and if he ia sober and industrious, they say, ' ahead, and pay me int.irest next year", and those are people that we get on our farms, and that is the reason tl the irrigation propositions in the states of Washington t Oregon are succeeding. You can go to the state of Idaho f find 10,000 acres sold and there has never been a cancellati simply because some one has been ready to take up the la If a man meets sickness or disaster, they can sell their land its value instead of having it auctioned off for next door nothing, because he is not allowed to sell it. MR. ROSS: It is quite evident that I have not succeei in making clear one feature of this matter. There is t precarious condition which we must endeavour to make sou Now, up to the present time, these Carey Act projects hi been in the hands of the promoter who has cared all too li' for the interests of the investor. There are exceptions to tl but in general that is the spirit of the promoter. They hi been in the hands of the specula • . . land owner. The thrii industrious, intelligent farmer, to whom the gentleman ref is the man who will be welcoioed. If we could get enough the land into his hands, we would not object to him occasi ally selling at a profit, but unfortunately we do not often that kind of man on the land. It is the history of the Carey Act projects that these la have been placed in the possession of an entirely differ kind of man. Now, the position is that the state has pled these lands for the return of the capital, and that pledg worth nothing unless the lands are cultivated, and we simply going to tide the situation over for a short perioc three years, at the end of which the labour of the farmer be productive and these assessments which I propose will paid from the earnings from the land. At the present ti however, because of the large percentage of speculai farmers, the investor loses out and the non-productive pei DNGRESS in the way 1 and hard len a man it because tat for the I want the b into this lition that work and >ur propo- id if a man » in", why itry do not They look y say, "go se are the eason that ngton and Idaho and .ncellation. p the land, leir land at xt door to , succeeded ere is that ake sound. >ject8 have II too little tns to that, They have rhe thrifty, man refers, enough of a occasion- t often get these lands y different las pledged t pledge is ind we an- t period of farmer will (ose will bo esent time, speculativ tive period DISCUSSION 89 lengthens to ten years. You speak of the successes in Idaho, which is my own home state. There are forty Carey Act projects in Idaho, and I regret to say that very lew of them have succeeded. There are bonds scattered all over the land, bearing the name of "Idaho" upon them, and they are bonds issued by companies which have promoted and floated these Carey Act projects. One issue of bonds was found to be in the hands of over 10,000 holders, and I am personally acquainted with the projects, and I am thoroughly convinced that upwards of si.xty per cent, of the lands are in the hands of speculative North Battleford Exhibit. holders. Some of those people have made neat little fo. .nes out of these claims, and not a furrow has been turned. It was a pure gamble. The bond holder, who was a small investor, 18 the man who has been left with the paper. Anyone whohad $100 saved up was inveigled into buying these bonds, wait- resses and bar-tenders. I am satisfied in the state of Idaho alone there are now outstanding over $16,000,000 worth of bonds against those projects, and they are probably in the hands of 25,000 holders. I may state that these projects against which those bonds stand, stand to lose from "^4,000,000 to $6,000,000. 90 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CXJNGRESS MR. H. W. GRUNSKY, of Califonua: I ^ould just like to say a word in support of the gentleman who read the address. I have been around the state of Oregon a great deal, and I know that one of the conditions in those Carey Act projects is that a great many people take options on these lanas, or get hold of them in some way, and they are not act- ually settlers on those lands. Now, perhaps if the Carey Act laws and the state laws and the United States laws were administered absolutely to the letter of the law, that would not be possible, but the speaker called attention to the fact that owing to the state of the administration of these matters, a very different thing in practice often happens. I know some Carey Act projects in the state of Oregon, where 200 pieces of land were taken up, and given over to the possession of parties and only about 16 settlers were on the land. Now, it is that condition, I understand, which it is desired to be avoided, and I understand that the speaker s position is to avoid these transfers of lands during the early stages by these speculators who have not gone on to the land nor built their houses, gardens or fences, but still hold tht land and want to sell nothing for something. That is a con dition which I think we should endeavour to avoid. PRESIDENT YOUNG : We have a communication f ron the Alberta Club, as follows:— INVITATION FROM ALBERTA CXUB Alberta Club, Calgary, Oct. 6th, 1914. Arthur Hooker, Esq., International Congress, Calgary, Alberta. On bohalf of the Executive Committee and members of th A'herta Club, I have great pleasure in extending the pnyilegt of the Club to all delegates attending the 2l8t Annual Cor gress. The badge will be sufficient introduction. Yours very truly, (Signed,) J. I. Portbr, President. PRESIDENT YOUNG : x see the Clubhouse is situate on Seventh Avenue, between Centre and First Street East. INVITATION ROM Y. M. C. A. The Yo lag Men's Christian Association, through Robe Pearson, General Secretary, extends a like invitation to all the delegates, and with it, the use of the gymnasium, natatc ium, reading room, or any other privileges that you may desu INVITATIONS 91. The following is a letter received from Janse Bros., Boomer, Hughes & Grain. — INVITATION TO VISIT GRAIN ELEVATOR 1914. Calgary, October 3rd, Arthur Hooker, Esq., International Irrigation Congress, Room 3, Board of Trade Building, Calgary, Alberta. Dear Sir : — We are pleased to extend to the Irrigation Congress assembled in Calgary this coming week, a cordial invitation to visit the Dominion Government Interior Terminal Elevator now under construction for the Board of Grain Commissioners. It is anticipated that — when completed — this elevator will handle practically all the grain grown in the Dominion west of Regina, in the province of Saskatchewan, cleaning, separating, grading and storing for shipment through Van- couver to Asia or the Panama Canal. The elevator is a duplicate of the two to be opened at Moose Jaw and Faskatoon, October 5th, and consists of a working house, having a holding capacity of half a million bushels, and a storage annex of two million bushels capacity. At present, foundations are being placed for the storage annex and the bin tanks of the workhouse are under construction. The elevator is located in East Calgary, on the Ogden carline. Ogden cars leave the City Hall corner on Eighth Avenue on the hour, the round trip requiring about one hour. Yours very truly, Janse Bros., Boomer, Hughes « Grain. (Signed) A. M. Grain. Associate Member, American Society of Civil Engineers INVITATION FROM P. BURNS & CO. PRESIDENT YOUNG: Messrs. P. Burns & Company, Limited, through their Treasurer, Mr. Black, extend an invitation to the Congress to visit their packing house in East Calgary, said to be one of the most modern packing houses on the continent of America, and suggesting that it would be convenient to visit before three P. M. The wives and daughters are also invited. The delegates are requested at once to hand in their railroad certificates to be validated at our head-quarters, or to Mr. Miller, the Secretary of the Board of Control. That is before noon of Wednesday. I will repeat in brief the announcement made this morning that owing to the fact that delegates are stil: arriving, it is suggested that the state, national and provincial delegations 92 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS. do not organize until after our session to-morrow morning, at which time certain officers and committeemen are to be appointed and selected. There is a change in the programme to-night. We will have the pleasure of listening to the Irrigation Congress chorus, which I understand consists of about three hundred and fifty voices, under the dir( tion of the well known conductor, Mr. Max Weil. Otherv.ise, the programme will remain as printed, with the exception of the address of Mr. M, C. Hen- dry, which will be delivered later during the week. Mr. Newell, will deliver an illustrated address to-night in place thereof, as well as his greetings from the United States Department of the Interior. There is no further discussion before us, gentlemen, what is your pleasure? MR. C. E. LAURENCE, of British Columbia: Mr. Pres- ident, would it not be possible to extend the ten minutes for discussion, where there is a real live interest being taken in the discussion? PRESIDENT YOUNG: That may be done, Mr. Laur- ence, by unanimous consent. Of course, if there is a desire that the rules be suspended, and the assembly suspend them, it can be done. The meeting here adjourned until 8 P. M. of the evening of Monday October the 5th, 1914. THIRD SESSION MONDAY, OCTOBER 5, 1914 8 o'clock p. m. The meeting was called to order with Prbsident Young in the Chair. The meeting will kindly be in PRESIDENT YOUNG: order. The first number on the programme consists of some four patriotic selections by the special Irrigation Congress Chorus, under the direction of Mr. Max Weil, the Conductor. (Ap- plause) The following selections were then rendered by the choir; God Save the King. (Applause) The Star Spangled Banner. (Applause) The Belgian National Anthem. (Applause) O, Canada; 'Applause) PRESIDENT )UNG: Coming, as I do, from a city that boasts the largest standing choir in the United States, the city of Salt Lake, and a choir that has won a good many prizes in national and world contests and being, therefore, somewhat familiar with a big a choir and a good choir, I very sipcerely congratulate Calgary on such an excellent choir and such a superb leader. (Applause) The next number on our programme consists of a greeting from the United States Department of the Interior, to be conveyed by Mr. F. H. Newell, Director of the United States Reclamation Service. (Applause) Greetings from United States Department of the Interior Ck>nTeyed by F. H. Newell Mr. President, Your Honour, Ladies and Gentlemen of the Irrigation Congress and of the City of Calgary : I had the pleasure this morning of speaking briefly and conveying to the Congress the message of interest in the work of the Irrigation Congress, from our revered President, Woodrow Wilson. This evening I am further honoured in being given an opportunity to say a few words on behalf of the Department of the Interior, one of the ten executive departments of the Federal Government, and one which has much to do with the work with which this Congress is concerned. 94 TWENTY-FIRST INTER NATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS. The Department of the Interior of the United States, has, amongst its other manifold duties, that of looking after the public lands of the country, of the Indians who are occupy- ing the areas set aside for them; also the Geological Survey which has charge of the duty of classifying public lands and of ascertaining the extent of these resources and out of whose activity has grown what is called the Reclamation Service, that branch of the government which has to do with the expenditure of public funds in the construction of works for the irrigation and reclamation of arid lands. Later on in the evening, I will tell you something of that work, but now my mission is to convey a message from the head of that department, Franklin K. Lane, a man whom we all respect and admire, and a man whom we regard as of presi- dential timbre, but who by rv,ason of one accident, that of birth, one which you may not regard as at all a detraction, the fact that he was born on this side of the line, namely, in the Dominion of Canada, but one which renders him ineligible for the highest gift in the hands of the American people, otherwise I am sure he would be seriously considered for that place. Mr. Lane much regrets his inability to attend this Irriga- tion Congress, but, as you know, the Congress is still in session in Washington and naturally Mr. Lane can hardly undertake this trip. In turn, the First Assistant Secretary, Mr A. A. Jones, of New Mexico, had intended to come, anci on his behalf particularly I wish to express his sincere regrets at the impossibility of attending the Congress. Perhaps what he has lost in that respect, I have gained in the oppor tunity of getting wider acquaintance with you and with th< resources of this part of the country. In our work in the Department of the Interior, we ari learning much from your experience. You have th same problems; you have worked them out in one way, ani we are working them out in another. We are trying to gau ideas which will lead us to carry on the work on our side o the boundary with still greater effectiveness. Thanking you for the opportunity of appearing before yoi and expressing the sincere regrets of Mr. Lane and Mi Jones, for being unable to attend, I can convey to you thei heartiest appreciation of the work you are doing and the desire and hope of its successful continuance. (Applause PRESIDENT YOUNG: The following number will I the rendition of British patriotic airs by the Irrigation Choru (Applause) ADDRESS BY HON. DT'NCAN >.-hRSHALL 95 The following selections were then rendered by the choir: Rule Britania. (Applause) Encore. (Applause) Hearts of Oak. (Applause) Encore. (Applause) The Maple Leaf Forever. (Applause) Encore. (Applause) PRESIDENT YOUNG: It is not at all necessary for me to introduce to an audience of the Dominion, our next speaker. It is only necessary to announce that the next number will be an address by the Honourable Duncan Marshall, Minister of Agriculture for Alberta. (Applause) ■■1 Address by The Hon. Duncan Marshall Minister of Agriculture for Alberta; President Western Canada Irriga- tion Association Your Honor, Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: I have been requested to-night to make some remarks with regard to agricultural education in the province of Alberta, but before I refer to this subject I have a few things on my mind which I would like to say. The first is, that 1 want to offer the Local Board of Control, who have had charge of the arrangements for this Convention, my sincere con- gratulations. I can offer them freely because I have been out of the province and have not been in a position to per- sonally lend them the assistance I should like to have done, but I want to congratulate the men who had charge of the holding of this splendid Convention in the province of Alberta, for their courage in going on with the Convention under the existing circumstances. (Applause) I am glad to have it proven to you — as far as I am concerned personally, I never had any doubt about it, — that the men who had charge of this business had the kind of courage that would enable them to go on with their ordinary business affairs in spite of the terrible calamity which is in progress in Europe at the present time, and, sir, if this Dominion of Canada is to do the things she ought to do at the present time, if she is to produce the results that she ought to produce, then, that will only be brought about by every individual citizen of this country, every mem of any committee, or any organization in this country, such as this is, carrying out his business and his duties just as though nothing was the matter, and this is the best and the highest service that we can render to the Empire, of which we are so proud to be a part, 96 TWENTY-PIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS m the present great crisis; so I am glad to find on my return here that these men were neither daunted nor discouraged, but that they went ahead with this Convention, and that this splendid public gathering to-night justifies the courage and the enterprise which brought it about. Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen, it seems to me that this is a very appropriate gathering at this time. It seems to me rather significant tht ^ delegates from the great Repubhc of the United States to .he south of us, and from the great nation of the Dominion of Canada, should meet at a time like this under circumstances of this kind, to dis- cuss what is, perhaps, after all, the greatest art of peace, and it IS significant that we should meet, the men who are tilling the land to the south of the line and the men who are trying to develop the splendid prairies in our country, that we should gather together at this time to discuss the best systems and the best means of making our soil more productive and our homes more attractive and more desirable on the land m both countries, because we are the great illustration to the world to-day, of how two mighty nations can live side by side on the most intimate and peaceful terms. (Applause) Let me tell you gentlemen, that when this war ends, and I hope that it will not be long, as every one does, before it ends, though we know not how long it will be, let us hope that when it does end, the settlement will be on the basis of the peaceful relations that exist between these two great countries (Applause) And the men v^ho have to settle these queat'ons will be able to point to Canada and the United States, separated by four thousand miles of boundary line, without a gun frowning across it, without a fort of any kind or description on either side, separated by lakes that are m fact inland seas, and yet, not a battleship floating on any one of these great waters. (Applause). Let me tell you that this is the reason that we are at peace today. (Applause). AnH Europe is at war because they thought they could preserve peace by arming to the teeth that they might fight, pillage and destroy. Some men blame indi- viduals and persons for this war, but it is impossible for fifty years to train men that the highest occupation and ideal of life is that of fighting their neighbouring nations, you cannot train these men, build battleships, and make guns and ammunition, without having some one stir up a fight in order that they may get at one another's throats, and use these munitions of war. You and I have shaken hands together in this great Congress to-day, and we have been glad to meet those of you from across the line, but, let me tell you this, that if for fifty years we had been throw- ing up earth works on our side of the boundary p a you had been planting cannon on your side, and we had been ADDRESS BY HO\. DUNCAN MARSHALL 97 building battleships on Lake Superior, and vou had been building battleships on your side, long before now some fool on either side would have fired a gun which ioul'd ha™e started a war. (Applause). We have not been spenS our time and energy and money ^n that kind of thing. Long since the Dominion of Canada and the United States of America have so far respected one another, that they have beaten their swords into plough shares and their spears inio finrn^i^ft ^^'^ ^i^l "^ P"^«"'"8 *fa« peaceful occupa- hpin. L * *"i*"'f which we are here to discuss instead of wi"rnefit^'*%t:^"' '^'"^ """' '^^^^^ ^«-«*«<^ -r "-- For this reason, I am proud, Ladi»s and Gentlemen to-mght, to welcome to this gathering, many men whoTave come over here to discuss these great problems that are factng your country and mine; problems that are, after all Ihf greatest problems in any country and the foundation of the true success of any country or nation. Those are the problems of agriculture and of the production of food stuffs o nil r'^A' ^""^ '^* r '^y *^** *h'« 8^«at "i«i8 in Europe to-day has done more than any one thing in the last twenty- five years to bring home to the people a realization of the importance and necessity of agriculture after all. Those nations have their armies in the field, and they are fighting to the death to-day, and what is sustaining those armies • what could they do if they had not clothes or LTandwhere ftA«Tti^f ?K ''^'^^ ^'T-r ^'•«'» *»»« «°''- Some aurhor'! ties say that the only end of this war will be the end of foe flmS n? '^ "*"« ^i t^^^' °^ **^« contending armies. At S iIh "^^'J T- ^?^ ^^ *J*^« *° ««™'' back to the man on the land, and it .s the production of the soil of the countries SEf end o! t: n't'' '*"'''' "" *''' " '"°^ '' '^*^''"''^« During my recent visit, when I talked to men in public positions in Britain, and men in the army, they said "We are glad to have some of your good Canadians come over- we fZ ?n3 • ^*^^ ??"U* 'i??"^'/ W^ ^'•^ P'-oud of your patriot- ism and interest in the Mother Country, but the one serious question we want answered is, whether or not voi -an feed us during the war; whether you can supply us with .^'stuffs to sustain our armies in the field". Are the people of the uominion of Canada, under the existing circumstances per- torm.ng a patriotic duty, that of rendering their soil as productive as possible, and of utilizing every effort and energy to attain this end and of guiding these efforts and energies by the most scientific and up-to-date methods KBown to mankind, m order that during the suffering that win result m these countries after the struggle, we may be aoie to send across the water, foodstuffs to sustain life in Mi 08 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS Great Britain, and some of the other nations of Europ( That is the business that is on the hands of the citizensh of this country, and perhapf) there could not be a mo appropriate time to < hII together a meeting of this kind, representative gathering of men from both sides of the lin to discuss one of the great problems of agriculture which exciting a good deal of attention in your country and in ou ^ the present time. It was my good fortune or misfortune to witness tl mobilization of almost the entire Belgian axtav. I sa those men gathering for three days in that little count of Belgium which has excited the admiration of the enti world. (Applause) . Nobody ever thought these m( could make the stand they did, and I want to say, that far as my observation goes, at least seventy-five per cent the Belgian army came from the land. They were the fan era and the farm labourers, and when they gathered in t towns and villages and cities, they were perhaps not dapper looking as some of the soldiers of some other natioi but they came from the land, and they had therefore carri on the kind of labour and occupation that gives sinew ai muscle and strength and courage, and there was one otfa thing about these men; they were going out to fight f their homes. (Applause). In travelling through Belgiui and my statement is corroborated by everyone who h gone through that country, I saw the most efficient agricultv that I ever saw in any country. In travelling for hundre of miles, I never saw a poor field of grain; not a single fit that I could call a half crop. Every field was as good the next one, and that was the best crop I ever saw. Anotb thing, I never saw a weed in a field, and I wish I could s the same about Alberta. In no field in that country did see weeds that could be noticed. Why? Because th< men are eflScient in their business, and it is eflficiency th counts, and I knew when I saw those fields and those horn and those crops, I knew that men who could farm like thj could fight. (Applause) . And you usually find that it is tn the man who is efficient in one thing is very apt to be efficie in something else. The man who trains his mind and ] efforts along a particular line, will be the man upon whom can call to do some other thing, in which perhaps he has i had much training, but will do it well. These men did i thing they were called upon to do, and they did it well the defence of their country. Now, it seems to me that perhaps some good things -v come out of this war, although it is a terrible price in bio and money to pay for anything. The war is on, though, a one of the things that is going to be an outcome of it, more attention to agricultural development, in every count ADDRESS BY HON'. DUNCAN MARSHALL W Europe? itisenship ) a more s kind, a the line, which is id in ours tness the . I saw ! country ;he entire lese men r, that as 8r cent of the farm- ed in the )s not as r nations, re carried linew and one other fight for Belgium, who has griculture hundreds ingle field is good as Another could say itry did I use these ency that »8e homes, like that, tit is true; >e efficient d and his I whom we \e has not ;n did the it well in ;hings will e in blood ough, and e of it, is y country in the world, and perhaps there is no place that offers better opportunities, perhaps there is no place that offers better opemngs for men desirous of developing land and building up agriculture and co-incidentally homes for themselves, than the western part of the Dominion of Canada. So we hope that in the next few years our efforts and our energies will be bent perhaps more than they have ever been in the direction of improving agriculture and agricultural conditions m our country. More than that, men pre awakening up all over, not only farmers, but professional men and business men. I was rather surprised, in visiting that great seat of learning, the University of Cambridge, when I asked what title they gave the head of their school of agriculture there they said they called him the "Draper's Professor of Agri- culture. That name did not indicate a great deal to me, and I enquired where the draper business came in. They said It was a Draper's Association in England that had sub- scribed the first money for the establishment of a school of agriculture m that great University of Cambridge. The Drapers Association had wakened up to the fact that it would not be a bad thing to spend money in developing a higher class of agriculture even in that good old agricultural country of England. Men are awakening to the fact that It agriculture IS to get its proper place in the world's industries, and If the development of the country is to go on in the manner in which it should go on, they have got to begin by building up agriculture first. In the past history of our country and of many countries, a goodly section of the community have satisfied themselves with just taffyir« the farmer, and they have praised him, and patted him on the back, and called him Nature's Nobleman, and horny handed son of toil, and they told him that he occupied the most independent and glorious position in the world; that he was the only man who was his own boss, and their blessing was May the blessings of xx^aven follow you all your days." Ihey have followed him, but they have rarely overtaken him. I listened with some interest this afternoon to an address trom a gentleman across the line in which he was referring to the unprofitableness of pioneer work in agriculture, and we have found that in our country, as he said it had been m his, that the men who go on the land in the beginning have a mighty struggle to break it and get it under cultivation and to create a good farm from a piece of raw prairie. So do I believe to-day that never before was there a time when It was more incumbent on governments and organizations ot every kind who desire to see the welfare and prosperity ot Lanada continue m the next decade, as it has done in the past, to do a little more for the development of agriculture than they have done in the past. We have got to improve 100 TWENTY-FIRST INTER NATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS conditions on the land, we have to bring agriculture up to th( status it should occupy. There is a great cry today ' Bacl to the Land" and you hear it everywhere. I am not a; much interested in the cry "Back to the Land'' as I am ii the business of !-?eping the men who are on the land, tha are there t< liiiy. I know a number oi jusiness or professional men whi became m.'lior.aires and undertook to own a luxury calle( a farm. ' 1 tv (co and spend week ends at it, lying in i hammock reading ti - Utest novel with a glass of buttermill and a couple of straws, and they watch the hired man swea while hauling hay. They will entertain you at their tabl Kkvklhtokk Kxhihit. with butter produced from their own farm that costs the two and a half dollars per pound. They will feed you < pork chops straight from their own farm which cost the a dollar and a quarter a pound. We are glad to have the men make these experiments so they will find out how ha it is to make a living on the land, and give them a keen appreciation of the fight that a man has to make, who go out on the land in this country to battle for a liveliho( for himself and his family, and a competence for his old ij The farmer is probablv the only producer who has to be di tated to as regards the price he shall get for his produi ADDRESS BY H0\. DUNCAN MARSHALL 101 The man who is a manufacturer can figure out the cost of his labour and his material and his overhead expenses, and he can add all these things together and a goodly profit to that, and sell his goods for that price, and he does not have a great deal of trouble in making both ends more than meet. The farmer sows his field of grain. If he could he guar- anteed that it would yield thirty bu.shels to the acre, he wouJd be safe in spending money ploughing his land, getting It into shape, buying his seed, paying for implements, help, horses and seeding his crop, but he doesn't know whether his crop is goiug to be thirty bushels or three bushels to the acre, and about half the time, the average is a lot lower than he expected. After he gets that grain in the granary, what has he got to say about the price he will sell it for? He has nothing to say about it. He is not able to add up the cost of his labour and his t me, and the seed, and the interest on his investment, am overhead expenses, to say nothing of a profit, and put that price on his grain. That is the risk that the man has who is on the land to-day, in addition to which he is contending with nature, and he has to meet all kinds of misfortunes from various causes, not the leadt of which is the weather. Even irrigation congre-sses run up against the weather sometimes, and the farmer has just the same trying circumstances every month of the year that we have had to-day in connection with the gathering of people into this Convention, because of a caprice of the weather. Because he has to fight these things, because he has to make a struggle of this kind, we should endeavour to use every eflfort that we legitimately can to assist him, and I do not believe that governments can go much too far, and that enterprises of this kind can go too far in giving the farmers of this country every assistance and cvt-rv opportunity to make good on the land and build up an agricultural busi- ness in this country which will be the foundation of the future prosperity that we hope for and expect. On the other hand, the farmer has an advantage over the man who leaves the farm to go to the town, because men have been lured from the farms to the towns in your country and in my country, by the cry that men could " not live comfortably on farms. .Just as .Mr. Uruce Walker said this afternoon, one man in his experience left becau.se Ills wife did not enjoy the society of her neighbours, and .she wanted to move somewhere else, and I have a good deal of sympathy for the women who live on the prairies in this country, helping their husl)ands to homestead. In fact, I have a sneaking notion that if it was not for the tenacity of the women who live in the shacks of the province of .Vlberta, there would be numbers of these homesteads aban- ^' '"""t^y- «»d to countries tt hich he side by side in which there is the greatest opportunity for all those men who may wish to get across the water when the gigantic European strug- j is over, that they mav get away from the kind of thing which is taking place thore to-day, ani settle m a land filled with peace and plenty as are the United States of America and the Dominion of Canada (Applause). Just let me say o thing in conclusion, and that is this- tK^^T i^'i"^*^ ccipany has had a great deal to do, (or lo i'; !1'"^' Resources Department of it has nad a great leal to do) with the organization and success of this ('on- vention, let me say as Minister of Agriculture for this province, holi i^ "^^ ^*l' <=«™Pan'es in the province of Alberta have been generous to the Department of Agriculture in munv nays, in assisting us in transportation for our livestock and our instructors for the province of Alberta, in the last half Jlozen years. In that way, and a number of other ways, thev S f "-operated m the most whole-hearted fashion possible vvith the departinent for an improvement of conditions in ine province, and no man has been more generous, no man Moa^dTr'^'^*'' \*'"r^^«- '^''^ *»*« the Chairmkn of the Moard of Control of this Convention, Mr. Dennis. (Applause) (Applause) *^'^™*"' ^^"^^^^ ^"'^ Gentlemen, I thank you. I ^bvr- 106 TWENTY-FI RST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS PRESIDENT YOUNG: That is surely a magnifice speech that we have had the privilege of listening to. was chock full of what we in the United States call goi horse sense. No matter how backward your crops m: be here in Alberta, owing to adverse climatic or other co ditions, I am inclined to believe that the Honourable, t Minister of Agriculture, could make these backward cro quite ashamed of themselves, and could talk them into state of ideal enthusiasm and responsive exuberance. Secretary Miller, of the Board of Control, desires make some announcements, and after he has concluded, will be favoured with some music, a song entitled "Land Hope and Glory" by the Irrigation Congress Chorus, wi Miss Zelie Delsart as soloist. SECRETARY MILLER: Although it is mentioned the programme, I think there are some delegates and othi who overiooked the fact that the official badges will recognized on the street railway. We have made arrani ments with the street railway whereby the badges worn delegates and others, will entitle the wearers to a free t wherever they may wish to go on our street railway syste The superintendent of the street railway wishes me announce that there will be special cars on 17th Avenue convey you home at the close of this session. Announcement read regarding Lieutenant-Governor's ception. . * t j- Announcement read regarding entertainment of Ladies Announcement read regarding Engineer's Banquet. The song "Land of Hope and Glory" was then sung Miss Delsart and the Irrigation Congress Chorus, w accompaniment by Mr. Percy Hook. (Applause). PRESIDENT YOUNG: There has been a change the concluding number of this programme, and for the 1 number will be substituted an illustrated lecture by Mr. F. Newell, Director of the United States Reclamation Serv on "Water Storage and Distribution by the United Sts Reclamation Service." I would like to say to the meml of the choir that Mr. Newell believes that the pictures show just as well on the reverse side of the screen as on i side, and he fancies that you will be able to see the views c on the screen from your present places. ADDRESS BY F. H. NEWELL 107 ernor s re- AddreHby F. H. Newell Director United States Reclamation Service WATER STORAGE AND DISTRIBUTION BY THE UNITED STATES RECLAMATION SERVICE Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: — Wliile the pre- parations are being completed to show the pictures, I will briefly introduce to you the subject of my talk of to-night. Following the eloquent address of your Minister of Agri- culture, the Honourable Duncan Marshall, I feel that my words will sound commonplace, but through pictures I hope to arouse your interest in the work which is being carried on by the government of the United States in the effort to provide opportunities to get back to the land or to keep the man on the land, as outlined by Mr. Marshall. The work of which I propose to speak was authorized by the Act of June 17 1902, which devotes the proceeds of the disposal of publi lands to the building of irrigation works for the reclamation of arid areas in the western part of the United States. The object, as described by Mr. Marshall, is to give opportunities for home seekers and for men to obtain homes for their families. In that effort we have already expended over eighty million dollars, and although all the works are not on as great a scale as those with which you are familiar namely those of the Canadian Pacific Railway, yet they are worthy of your consideration. . The people of the United States, acting both through the government of each state in part, but more largely through the Federal Government, as just noted, have made and are making efforts to provide opportunities for homes for citizens in the more sparsely settled localities. The first notable attempt was in the Homestead Act, enacted at the time of the Civil War. This was followed by the Desert Land Act, permitting a settler to acquire 640 acres, later modified to 320 acres on condition of irrigation of a portion of it. The swamp and overflow lands were donated by the Federal Government to the states on condi- tion of reclamation, and in 1894, each state was permitted to select upwards of a million acres of arid public land under the terms of the Carey Act, on the condition that it would be provided with irrigation systems. Finally, in 1902, the Federal Government itself entered upon the direct work of building irrigation works, and for this purpose, devoted the proceeds of the sale of public lands. There has been obtained from the disposal of public lands in the 12 years succeeding the passage of this act, the amount of over $80,000,000 which, as just stated, has been t^TdtlliT^^^^^^^^^^^ --Is, an 3,000,000 acres Of t Ws about Ann nnn''^ "^^t^"" *« *boi been provided with water and l^^f '?P*^/^'"«« ^^""^ aJ^ead irrigated with TcJorreturn ^n lo^n o/ °^ *^1,r,* *^*« ^ee shown. by the accompanying taWe °^ °^"' «15,700,000, a profe"^' "^^P^'' "'^'^ '"'^^b'^ «°d value of crops, 1913, b; Ariionji . _ Aiuona-Califomia California. Colorado. Idaho. . . . Montana. Montana-N. DakoU Nebraska- Wyoming . Nevada New Mexico ....... New Mexico-Tezaa. North Dakota Salt River Yuma. Orland Unoompaghre Boiae. . . . Minidoka: Gravity . Pumpint BUobeet FUthead . Fort Peck Huntley . . . Milk River. . . . Sun River . Lower Yellowstone. North Platte... Truckee-Carson Carlsbad Hondu Rio Gruade N- Dakota pumping Buford-Trenton Williston Umatilla. ...."." Klamath Oregon . . . Sl^fh'Vf J"'""^'-- I •-«n«in . . WMhin^^n *" BeUefourch, Washington | Okanagon Yakima; Sunnyside Wyo-nin. IshShS." Total. 1912. . *••• ••nrloe couJd npply. 24.50 25.60 m.ny compU„a'tion/SenCse „f tKuVcf '"tK" »"!,1 was not a clear one but nn Vk<> „TvT.T *^*- ^"® field already existed, and if many cases th7'n^h?^ ""'f'^ T^^*^ tion involved not merely eSppHnl f^^^^'u™ °^ reclama- international and le^S ?omnMn„.^ features, but inter-state, reachii,g nature EvSunrr'^^h?"''''/.'^™^ ^'^ ^^'^ ^^^ has been rap^ and the S s Ja /i?,"?fi'T'K*'^^P^««^««^ the advocates of the law •'"'*'^^*^ ^'^^ ^'^^o™ of first'V'tvT'and'"UlSon"The'^ distinguished, the alternative projects, an^Trdre'lo^tnf o^^slor ^^^^^^^^^ ADlj-?ESS BY F, H. NEWELL 109 as Pet acre t28.17 36.48 34.07 32.77 16.32 16.08 18.S1 11.76 4.78 zo.a.'i 9.76 15..51 13.71 14.40 12.92 21.10 17.62 2.5.40 23.06 27.72 1.5. 22 10.91 ^1.39 61.00 33.60 14.44 24.50 25.60 Jears T903 TlSm^'rH^ accomplished in the first four jears, ivoi to 1906 Then came the per od marked bv a rapid construction, durinR which many difficult engineering ohtL'^r P^'^^^'-'"^''' «»d ^ high standard of elceSe .Kn?*'«f came the present and most difficult stage, namely that of operation and maintenance of the works and the development of the agricultural lands, involvTng the deal ng individually and collect vely with thousands of would-bf \iTt'^' *?" P"u '"^ °^ ^^J'^ ^^^'■•«'-« °'- fa'^ilies on their feet, and the making possible the creation of thousands of self supporting farms, covering the widest possible range of human activity. The settlers, when they arrive, as a rule have httle experience and less capital. Many are verv hnSrS'" ,!"^'^'dual3 who have made little success at home, but who are drawn by the hopes of acquiring a com- petence in a new country. Few of them appreciate the difficulties of subduing the soil, enriching ?t, and producing valuable crops or the importance of working up these raw TnS' :^n/^' •^*™' 'l*'"«*°« ^^'" labour to the best ad vantage, and n joining toget er to secure the best markets Progress in this direction, as might be expected, is far slowe; ban m the imtiation and building of the works themsXs' 1 ^\°^ respects development must be a matter of slow growth one of gradual transfer from the farm to other occupations, for those who are unsuited for the farmers' life, r.i Itv.'^"^ replacement of these by men with, perhaps thrift ' """'^ ^^^^^^ qualities of energy and The settlement of the irrigated lands, the slow building «nH nf il/f f"' l^"^ \^^ development of business methods and of markets, while less picturesque than the construction PrlrS I ^^Tu-^^}. ^''P«"e'?<^«' energy and tact are required. InTlu """.^ this hne 18 being made, and the recent reports irom all parts of the irrigated regions indicate for 1914 a decided improvement in crop area and production over seasonTn ifl?""^ Th^ points towards a still more successful r.n^n?.*i f^' ^^^ 'ncvitable reaction which followed the (ompletion of some of the larger works is, in turn, being tPriJfn f ^^ V" '°".^*'^ °^ *h^ optimistic spirit, so charac- mZtl ? Tu^*"S pioneers, and from all sides come testi- momes to the effect that whatever disappointments may nrn^.!*r'' experienced in the past, the future holds bright atta?nmen*t° °°^ "*'°° *^^ """"^ foundation of actual (Ap'^lausrr'''^^"*" ^^'^'^^ ^""^ Gentlemen, I thank you. The Congressthenadjourned until 9.30 a.m., October6,1914. ; I FOURTH SESSION TUESDAY, OCTOBER 6, 1914 9.30 o'clock a. m. The Fourth Session of the Congress was opened with President Young in the Chair. PRESIDENT YOUNG: The Congress will please be in order. The Secretary has several announcements to make and several messages to read to the Congress. SECRETARY HOOKER: The attention of the dele- gates is called to the items on the next to the last page of the programme, "Notes for delegates", particularly that railroaH certificates to be validated must be handed in to the registry tion head-quarters or to Andrew Miller, Secretary of the Board of Control, before noon of Wednesday, and all those who have certificates are particularly requested to hand them in. There may be some from nearby places who haven't attended to this, but everyone who hands his certificate in will help the others who come from long distances, in getting their rates. Announcement regarding street car service read. Announcement regarding entertainment of the ladies read. The attention of the delegations from the states and provinces is called to the fact that they are expected to meet at the close of this morning's session, and organize with the election of a chairman and a secretary for the delegation. Also there are to be selected by the delegation from each state, and each province, an Executive Committeeman to serve during the coming year, and for the following Congress; an Honorary Vice-President, and a member to each of the three committees of the Congress; namely, the committee on credentials, the committee on resolutions and the committee on permanent organization. It is suggested that sometime during the morn- ing, members from each delegation send up io the Chair an announcement of where the delegation will meet. It is cus- tomary for the delegations to meet following the session either at the state standard, or on the platform, or on one side, according to the delegation or the wishes of the delegates. There is one notice already here. It is from the Colorado delegation, stating that they intend to meet at the Palliser Hotel after this morning's session. There is no room number given, but probably that has been arranged among the Color- ado delegates themselves, 110 TELEGRAM 111 After the organization of the delegates, notice of the mem- bers of the committees and the Executive Committeeman and Honorary Vice-President should be handed to the platform as early as possible. TELEGRAM FROM GOVERNOR LISTER The following telegram has been received from Hon Ernest Lister, Governor of the State of Washington:— SWALLWELL DISTRICT EXBIBIT. Olympia, Washington, p. , , ^,^ ^ October 5th, 1914. Richard W. Young, President, International Irrigation Congress in Conven- tion assembled, Calgary, Alberta. Please convey cordial greetings and best wishes from the .^tate of Washington to delegates assembled at twenty-first International Irrigation Congress. I sincerely hope good results for reclamation throughout Western North America ■'Mil follow your present meeting. (Signed) Ernest Lister. (Governor. 112 TWEXTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONG RESS A messaRe has been received froui Samuel Fortier, Chi of the Irrigation Investigations of the United States Depar raent of Agriculture, as follows: MESSAGE FROM SAMUEL FORTIER Washington, D. C, - . . ^ , .. ^ October Ist, 191 President and Members, International Irrigation Congress. Calgary, Alberta. Gentlemen : — It is to me a matter of deep regret that I cannot attend tl twenty-first meeting of the International Irrigation Congre to be held next week in Calgary, Alberta, but althoug necessity compels me to remain here, I am consoled by t\ thought that the best endeavours of our technically an scientifically trained force are directed along lines of work i which you, as delegates, are directly interested. It may ii terest some of you to learn that the irrigation investigations < tnis department so ably conducted for years by my predeces Of- Dr. Elwood Mead, are being continued over a broad( u TT*°*^ under larger appropriations from the Congress ( the United States. We do not aspire to anything so ambitioi as the building of large structures for the retention and convej ance of water for irrigation. Our humbler task is to help thos who are making good use of the water, for the purpose ( increasing the productivity of arid and semi-arid lands. In their desire to build irrigation works, which may be sai to have become epidemic in this country during the decad from 1902 until 1912, promoters, as well as statesmen, ovei looked the important part performed by the settlers under sue systems. It was not until large areas had been included i irrigation projects, and vast sums had been expended on th construction of works to provide water supplies, that me began to realize that there could be no revenue from sue investments without an adequate number of reasonabl prosperous settlers. Some indication of the actual condition of affairs wa disclosed by the census of 1910, which showed that approxi mately fifteen million acres were irrigated in 1910, that fiv million acres more were ready for irrigation, and that a additional area of twelve million acres was included in pai tially completed projects. The total cost of works to irrigat this total area of thirty-two million acres was estimated a $424,000,000. Large as this amount may appear to be, it forms less tha one-half of the total cost of irrigation. According to estimate made by members of this force, the expenditures incurred b settlers in removing worthless desert growth, grading th ADDRESS BY F. H. PETERS 113 surface of the land, building the necessary ditches and struc- tures, and otherwise preparing their farms for profitable returns, vanes from J9 to $19 per acre in the various Western htates By applying these unit costs to thirtv-two million acres, the area included in completed and partially completed projects, an aggregate cost of 1443,000.000 is indicated of which less than one-half was expended in 1910 ' It is thus manifest that much of tho capital which has been invested in irrigation work in the past dozen or so years is not well secured, so long as from twelve million to seventeen million acres of the lands which have been provided with water remain unoccupied and unused for lack of the right kind of settlers. * It is also manifest that the settlers who may be induced in time to establish homes on this vast area cannot, without substantial assistance, and the privilege of long term pay- ments, put their farms on a paying basis, and at the same time meet the co.st of the water and land In the foregoing brief statement. I have called vour attention to what seems to me to be the greatest needs of the ari.i West, in .he hope that your body may find some solution for so grave a problem. Sincerely yours. r.1.- c c r • ,. , (Signed) Samuel P'ortier. C hief of Irrigation Investigations, Office of Experiment Stations, U. S. Department of Agriculture. (Applause). uif h^^^.?- ^^^'''^ ^^J^^ ■ ^V« h^^'« ^^^ Plea^^re of having ^Mth us this morning Mr. F. H. Peters, the Dominion Irrigation Commissioner, who will address us on the subject of the JJominion Government Laws respecting irrigation in Western <.anada. I have the pleasure of introducing Mr. Peters. (Applause). Address by F. H. Peters Canadian Commissioner of Irrigation THE DOMINION GOVERNMENT LAWS RESPECTING IRRIGATION IN WESTERN CANADA Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: irrilf-^ subJ^'fL* of this address dealing with the laws respecting Irv «nK" ? ^^««ter„ Canada must necessarily be a somewhat Ln r*" ' fu "l ^^"^ discussion on it will not be verv easy to ihlr ^'^ **iat >n commencement, I would explain to you the reason why this subject has been chosen. 8 K, n 114 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS Western Canada, in which I mean to include only Alberta and Saskatchewan, and not the real Western Canada which lies to the west of the Rocky Mountains, is still a very young country and has not yet reached the stage where we can claim more than about two inhabitants per square mile of nth during our growing season or the plentiful supply of water in our streams, and as this Congress is prim- arily interested in irrigation farming, I want to try and tell you in general terms, of the laws in existence here, which will at the same time control and assist those irrigation immigrants whom we hope to welcome over here in the next few years, in com- bining the great potentialities of our soil, our sunshine and our irrigation water, in establishing new Canadian homes. About thirty years ago, this western country was opened up by the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway, and at that time, irrigation was not thought of as a factor in the development of these great western plains. A few years later when the climatic conditions of these more westerly plains were better understood, and following a number of dry seasons which were experienced here, the idea was conceived that a great opportunity existed of augmenting the fertility of some of the favourably located lands by the application of irrigation water. It will be of interest to know that the two gentlemen who were mainly responsible for urging this idea are both present with us here to-day, Mr. William Pearce and Mr. J. S. Dennis. Within the next year or two, this question was con- sidered and studied, resulting in the passage of the North West Irrigation Act in 1894, which Act was amended from time to time, and finally in 1906, when the old North \\ est Territories were divided into the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan, revision was made, and the Irrigation Act re-enacted by the Dominion Government practically as it stands to-day. In 1898, the Irrigation District Ordinance was enacted by the then Territorial Government, which ordinance enacted that farmers of irrigation districts, after acquiring water right under the Irrigation Act, could pledge the land in the district as security, and sell bonds for the construction of the necessary works to irrigate the lands in the districts farmed. This ordinance was never taken advantage of to any great extent and was never re-enacted when the Territorial Government lapsed in 1905. All laws dealing with the use of water on the continent of America are uecessurily mu«'h alike in many respects, and as time will not permit me going into the close details of our Irrigation Act, it will be my endeavour to bring out only the ADDRESS BY F. H. PETERS 115 mam or exceptional pomta in our Act. It should here be noted that while this law is called the Irrigation Act, this is somewhat of a mis-nomer, as the Act really controls the use of all surface waters, not only for irrigation, but also for all other uses, except power, The Irrigation Act applies to the provinces of Saskatch- ewan and Alberta, and to the North West Territories except- Llfd UnTvi P'"OV'8ional districts of MacKenzie, Franklin At the time when the Irrigation Act was first discussed, that is about 1892, irrigation was quite old in several states of the Union where climatic and other conditions existinjr were quite similar to our own conditions here. It was natural therefore, as a basis for our own Act, that a very close study should be made of the laws already existing in the states, which was done, and this opportunity was undoubtedly of immense advantage to the Canadian officials who were responsible for the framing of our Act, as they were enabled to profit not onlv by the very many good points existing in the several laws, but also to take special pains to guard against the bad points such as had been proven by actual experience. . ,7'^?,«.°^1 P°''»t8 ^'^'ch were taken from the existing laws in the United States were legion, and the four bad points which were specially noted to be guarded against were as follows — I'lrst— the many disputes which had arisen owing to the irrigation schemes which claimed water under the new doctrine of beneficial use, while at the same time, the older doctrine of riparian rights was still in existence. Second—, the oonfliction which had necessarily arisen on mter-state streams where water rights had bcon granted by one state, irrespective of rights which existed or which might exist in another state through which the same stream flowed. Ihird— , the great many financial failures which had occurred ovving to irrigation schemes having been promoted and finan- ced where no adequate supply of water was available for the proper irrigation of the land, and. Fourth—, the great difliculty of obtaining a good title to its 1^*^"" "* °" **^**^^^ *^* company expected to operate The most pronounced feature perhaps of the Irrigation Act, IS the total suppression of all riparian rights and that • liiuse which specifically statcH that the property in and the riifht to the use of all surface waters is vested in the Trown, and the further statement that no person shall divert or use •iny surface water excepting under the provisions of the Act. 1 his throwing a^ujp of the Old English Common Law doctrine ot riparian rights and the acceptance instead thereof of the new doctrine of beneficial use, was a most advanced piece of legislation, but at the same time, the Act which suppressed the % ^^..^ 116 TWENTY-FI RST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS old riparian rights made most ample protection for the rights of all riparian owners. In fact, under the terms of the Act, ail riparian owners ^ill retain the first right which they had under the older doctrine for such quantity of water as they may require for their domestic use, excepting that such works as they may construct for the diversion of any water for this purpose must be approved under the Act, and inferentially, this allows of a record being kept of the quantity of water which they will take for their use, and this is very desirable for administration purposes. As iust mentioned, the right to the use of all surface waters is vested in the Crown, so that this immediately does away with any possible inter-provincial disputes on any streams which run through the two provinces. Owing to the fortunate geographic boundaries of the two provinces, the Rocky Mountains create a barrier on the west, and outside of the northerly and easteriy limits, the climate is not such that irrigation will ever be practised to any great extent, so that the only place where difficulties can arise, owing to political boundarv lines, is along the interna onal boundary, and it may be "incidentally be said that provisions regarding these streams have been agreed upon in the International Water- ways Treaty, which went into effect in 1910. In order to ensure that the water will always actually be available for the fulfilment of all water rights granted, the Act empowers the Minister of the Interior to provide for the measurement of the quantity of water in any stream or other source of surface supply, and to stipulate the duty of water; the Act also provides for what is virtually a central recording office with the Commissioner of Irrigation, of all water rights which have been granted and all stream measurements which have been made, so that a balance sheet is always obtainable showing the available quantity of water in any stream, and also the quantities already granted, and thus guarding against the over-appropriation of any stream. The data regarding the quantity of water available in any stream, and as based on stream measurements, cannot of course be trustworthy until the measurements have been carried on over a long series ot years, but fortunately under the administration of the Act, the development of irrigation schemes was not so rapid in the eariy days as to soon approach the point where it became ii critical question to balance up the water rights already granted and the total quantities available, and since 1908, :i very thorough system of stream measurements has been carrie«l out over practically the whole of the two provinces, so that at this time, when the critical cases are commeucmg to appear, the records of stream measurements are sufficiently trustworthy to allow of a good administration, and the policx has been adopted that where doubt exists, thut decision wili ADDRESS BY F. I :'ERS 117 always be made on the side of safety, and a considerable num- ber of applications have been refused on streams where the water supply is critical, pending such time as further measure- ments can be made to more fully develop the exact quantities of water available. From the difficulties which had arisen in several states of the Republic, it was realized that the desirable condition would be for a person to be able to obtain as good a title for his water as he could for his land, and it was therefore endea- voured in framing the Act, to provide for the granting of as clear and indisputable a title, as possible, to the water. On complying with the terms of the Act, the person is g'.ven a government license for a definite quantity of water, ai.d each license n ust be absolutely fulfilled before any inferior license is allowed to take any water. Following out the doctrine of beneficial use, however, the use for which the water is granted is specifically mentioned, and also the license is made appur- tenant to the land whereon the water is to be used, and may be cancelled for, and only for, the abandonment of the use of the water. A matter of perhaps less importance, but one which has cleared away a great deal of misundertanding, is the definition by the Act that the units of measurement of the rate of flow of water and the quantity of water, shall be respectively the second foot and the cubic foot or acre foot. Certainly the most striking, and one of the most important features of the Act, is the very wide powers that are conferred on the Minister .' the Interior, who, throughout the Act is stipulated as the high executive officer of the Crown, having almost unlimited powers to stipulate the interpretation that should be put upon the Act and to act practically in the sense of a sole arbitrator. This extreme power of one executive officer has received wide attention and has been criticised, it being pointed out that the proper carrying out of the Act in its true spirit depended almost entirely upon the integrity and ability of the Minister of the Interior, to control all these matters upon the advice of his subordinate officials. It may, however, be said that so far, this provision has worked very well and undoubtedly tends to keep many cases out of the courts and thufe obviate vexatious and unnecessary delays which have comn.only been the case in many of the states where the same juai^ial powers have not been conferred upon any executive officer. The Irrigation Act, controlling as it does the use of water for practically all purposes, it is necessary to stipulate the various uses for which water rights are to be used, and the following classification is indicated in the .\ct. Dompstic — which includes household and sanitary purposes, and all purposes eonnin-tinl with the watering of stock and the operation of agricultural machinery. 118 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS Municipal — which includes all purposes for which water is used in any City, Town or Village . Indtutriai — which means the operation of railways or factories by steam. Irrigation — Other — such as may not be specifically included in the first four classifications. The specific manner in which water licenses are granted, and how afterwards the actual diversion of water is controlled, is of course, of great importance, so a few words will be said explaining how this is carried out. The records of stream measurements show the total quantity of water which may be available after comparison with the register of licenses already granted, and using the data gained by the stream measurements, the minister is empowered by the Act to define arbitrarily, the stage of flow in any stream which is di- vided as to low, high, or flood stage of flow. The Act also empowers the Minister to establish at any point or points in any stream, gauge sods marked so as to indicate whether the stage of flow is low, high or flood. Every licensee who constructs a ditch is required to place in it a rating flume and a gauge rod so that the rate of flow through his ditch at any time can be seen immediately by reading the gauge rod and referring to the government rating table of the flume. A license is issued covering a total quantity of so many acre feet and also it is stipulated the rate at which the diver- sion may be made according to the stage of water in the stream. As a matter of control therefore, during the operation of the ditch in any season, a glance at the government gauge rod in the stream will determine whether the ditch has any right or not to divert water at any time according to the stage of flow, and secondly, reference to the ditch rating station will show whether the rate of flow to which the ditch is authorized at any certain stage, is being exceeded or not. The Act provides for a very complete record being kept of any scheme by the filing of plans and other documents, and the procedure in this respect can most easily be explained by running through in order, the steps that it is necessary to take in order to get a license under the Irrigation Act. A peraon who desires to acquire a water license is required to file with the Commissioner of Irrigation, a memorial, containing full information as to the location, character, and estimated cost of the works and the location and character of the lands to be irrigated. After this has been done, an office study is made to d' termine whether any supply of water is available for the scueme, and later, a preliminary survey is made by a depart- mental engineer, to determine whether the scheme is practi- cable and the suitability of the land for irrigation. The next step required is the filing of plans by the applicant, which ADDRESS BY F. H. PETERS 119 includes a general plan showing the source of supply, the lay- out of the ditches, dykes, reservoirs, etc., and the area of land on which It is proposed to apply the water, and also detailed plans showing the dimensions of the various structures which are necessary. After the plans and all other information is available, a decision is reached by the Commissioner as to whether the application should be granted or not, and if so, before any further steps are taken, the applicant is required to give public notice of his scheme for at least six successive weeks in a local newspaper. This gives everybody an oppor- tunity to protest against the application if they desire, and all protests of this kind are most carefully investigated. At the expiration of the publishing of the application, and the in- qmries into any protests which have been made, the applicant is authorized by the minister to commence the construction of his works, being given a certain length of time in which to complete the construction. In many cases, right of way for ditches or other works is required over land not owned by the applicant, and the Act stipulates certain provisions under which right of way may be expropriated, if it cannot be gained by private treaty, and right of way is always granted over vacant Crown land free of any charge. During the course of the construction of the works, periodic visits are made by government engineers, who inspect the progress of the con- struction work, and if it is deemed necessary, the original time which was stipulated for the construction of the works may be extended by the minister. After the works have been entirely completed to the satisfaction of the Commissioner, and all other matters, as for instance, regarding right of way, have been completed, a certificate is issued setting forth the facts, and based on this certificate, a license is issued to the applicant by the minister, for the quantity of water to which he is entitled, based upon the area of land to be irrigated, and the government duty of water. The only fee charged by the department is $10.00 for the issue of the water license. It has been found in many cases that when the applicants are homesteaders or farmers without any means, that it has been difiicult for them to get the necessary general and detail plans made by a competent engineer, and in order to assist these persons, the department has adopted a policy of having the necessary surveys made and the plans completed for the farmer, for which he is charged the exact working time of the engineer or draftsman, which is of course a much more reason- able charge than any private engineer or surveyor could afford to do the work for. During the course of construction of the works and at all other times, the services of the departmental onatineers are always at the disposal of the farmers for advice on any points in connection with the carrying through of their scheme. 120 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS In the case of the applicant being a large irrigation com- pany, the requirements for the filing of plans and other information is somewhat more elaborate. In such cases, it is necessary to set forth in the memorial such information as the names and addresses of the directors of the company, the amount of the subscribed and paid up capital, etc. More elaborate plans are also requirea in the case of these larger projects, and in every year following, the company is required to file with the department a comprehensive statement of its financial and other operations, and all by-laws, regulations, agreements and tariffs, to be put in operation by the company, must be submitted and approved by the minister before coming into operation. It may be stated in general that with the large irrigation companies, the Act provides that the government shall be in a position to examine the application not only from an engineering standpoint, but also as a business venture, which will always tend to prevent the promotion of any purely speculative companies, and in addition to this, careful scrutiny before the applications are granted. The most complete supervision and control is afterwards provided in order that the best interests of the water users of such a com- pany may always be adequately protected by the government. The Minister of the Interior, under the authority which is given him by the Irrigation Act, has prescribed regulations for the administration of the Laws as laid down in the Act, and the following points which are important and pertinent are noted. The Duty of Water has been fixed as two acre feet per irrigable acre per annum, and the irrigation season has been stipulated to include the five months from the first day of May to the last day of September. With reference to the latter regulation, it may be said that where large reservoirs exist which would naturally be filled up during the late fall or early spring, that in these cases, special provision will un- doubtedly be made by the Minister of the Interior to allow of the diversion of water into these reservoirs during periods out- side of the stipulated irrigation season. Another regulatioi presciibed is one defining the manner in which vacant Crc 'n lands forming sites suitable for reservoirs will be leased to applicants in connection with any irrigation scheme. For the use of these reservoir sites, the applicant must pay a small annual rental charge, and the life of the reservoir lease is made dependent upon the life of the government license whii'h the applicant holds for the diver- sion of the necessary quantity of water. Further regulations are in existence setting forth certain rules which must be ob- served in using any natural channel for the carriage of water from a reservoir or from the source of water supply to the reservoir. ADDRESS BY F. H. PETERS 121 During the period within which the Irrigation Act has been enforced, Western Canada has received a large immigration and the usual manner in which these settlers took up their land was under the Homestead Act, where, generally speaking, each settler was given one hundred and sixty acres of free land At the same time it was deemed advisable to create reeula- tions under which favourably located lands could be purchased for reclamation by means of irrigation, or in connection with any system of irrigation works. Under these regulations . very large number of settlers have acquired lands which could be easily irrigated from the smaller streams, and two of the large companies, each irrigating or proposing to irrigate in the neighbourhood of two hundred thousand acres of land, have also taken up this land under the terms of these regulations with special Orders m Council authorizing the particularly large sales. A short description of these regulations will be of interest, and while the regulations which are in existence to-day are being quoted, it may be said that these are prac- tically the same as the first regulations which were issued some years ago, excepting that the price to be paid for the irrigable land acquired has been raised, at the same time, the propor- 5ed°uc d™** *° *°**^ amount sold has been slightly oil '^Ku'^f in which these regulations are in force include al of the first twenty eight townships in the province of Alberta. In the proviuce of Saskatchewan, the area is defined by the northerly limit of the first twenty-eight townships covering about one-third of the westerly portion of the proV- ince, and from this point, the area is roughly defined by a line running approximately south-east, and striking the interna- tional boundary at a point about seventy miles west of the inter-provincial boundary between Saskatchewan and Mani- toba. The regulation^ stipulate that no agreement of sale for these irngable lands shall be made until the purchaser shall have first received authorization for the construction of the finoH "^K^"" **l^ ordinary provisions of the Irrigation Act, and finally, the actual sale of the land is conditional upon the (•ompletion of the irrigation works to the satisfaction of the Alimster of the Interior. The sales are made at a rate of five (lollars per acre, subject to a reduction of the cost of the irrigation works as certified by the Co.iimissioner of Irriga- tion, up to an amount not exceeding two dollars per acre and the payment for the land is made in five equal annual instalments, the first of which becomes due sixty davs from the date upon which the sale is authr zed. As practically all ot the irrigation works constructed cost not less than two • lollars per acre, the actual cost to the farmer of the land iv practically three dollars per acre, and in some cases more .iccordmg to the amount of work that it has been necessary for ' 122 TWENTY-FI RST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS. him to do. Under the regulations, these sales of land are limited to an area not exceeding one section of six hu. dred and forty acres, and of this area, at least twenty-five per cent shall be irrigated, but in the case of any areas exceeding one section of land, the sale may be made subject to the approval of the Governor-General in Council. In conclusion, it may be said that up to the present time, the Irrigation Act has proven very successful, and under its provisions, about 155,000 acres of irrigable lands have been taken np by small farmers in parcels ranging from one hun- Ibrioated Produce, Bassano Colony. dred and sixty to perhaps one thousand acres, the averap being probably two hundred acres. In addition to this, thre very large schemes comprising a total irrigable area of abou 760,000 acres have been completed at this time, and one othe large scheme, having an irrigable area of about 200,000 acre is nearly completed, with the construction at the present tim temporarily held up. It must be admitted that owing to tb fact that very few of the irrigation licenses are being utilize to their full extent, the conditions of demand and supply t water have not as yet become critical, but it may be said wit pride that at this f me, when the Irrigation Act has been i existence about twenty years, there has not as yet been an case which has been submitted to the civil courts in Canad: (Applause). DISCUSSION 128 MR. W. p. TREGO of Alberta: I just want to inquire If the Irngation Act provides for an increase in the mainten- ance charge beyond the contract price which is provided for in a signed contract between the company and the purchaser, and, if so, how much? MR. PETERS: I do not think the Act has anything to do with It. It IS a matter of contract between the comoanv and the water user. MR. TREGO: Does not the Act provide that if the cost of maintenance is found to be more than the contract price, the price can also be increased by consent of the Minis- ter of the Interior? r MR. PETERS: The Act does not say that any contract of that kind can be broken; there is nothing specific in the Act on that point. MR. JOHN C. BUCKLEY of Alberta: When the gov- ernment was framing this Act, was the primary object of the government the beneficial use of the water to the farmer in contra-distmction to the public companies? Is the Canadian Irrigation Act framed primarily with the view of the beneficial use of water to the farmer? MR. PETERS: Mr. Buckley, the farmer is the man who uses the water entirely, so it must be for him that the beneficial use is anticipated. MR. C. E. L\URENCE of British Columbia: If a homesteader of 160 acres requires water, will he be charged more than $10,00? Is that an inclusive fee for the license' MR. PETERS: The $10.00 license fee covers the license and It does not matter if it is for 100 or 200 feet per second. If a man has two different intakes, he is of course given a separate license on each stream and is charged $10.00 for it MR. LAURENCE: Thank you. May I ask why this JJomimon Water Act was made only for Saskatchewan and Alberta, and British Columbia was not included? M?- ^?.^^^S= At the time that this Irrigation Act was passed, British Columbia was already a province and already owned its own water. Alberta and Saskatchewan in 1894 were the North-west Territories and were under the control of the Dominion Government, and when they were made into provinces, the Dominion Government retained the water resources. MR. LAURENCE: But Sir, the Dominion Government maintains the njrLt to administer lands in the railway belt of Hntish ColurabiR; why was that exempt or why should not that be incluied? MR. PETERS: In am afraid that is on the other side of the mouutaus M.. Laurence, and I could not answer that very well. ■ t 124 TjyE MTY- FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS MR. LAURENCE: But I could not help thinking in connection with the address which you gave us, which you said would be a dry one, but which was very interesting to many of us in these water provinces, that the Dominion Act is so very complete and touches the very problems and difficulties which we are suffering under, and it occurred to me that we, in the Dominion belt of British Columbia, are not under it. MR. TREGO: Mr. Peters, you spoke about the title being good. Why is it then that the loan companies refuse to loan a dollar on irrigable land? MR. PETERS: Because land companies will not lend money on your land, it is not fair to take it for granted that the title to your water is not good. It might be due to a thousand other causes. MR. TREGO: They give us the reason that land which is irrigable has no clear title and that the company selling the water has a lien on the land ahead of any mortgage. MR. PETERS: That has nothing to do with the title to the water. In your case it is the Canadian Pacific Railway Company that is going to get the good title from the govern- ment, and you have an agreement with the railway company to get some of it. MR. TREGO: But it seems to me to have a great deal to do with the farmer. MR. PETERS: Do you claim that you haven't got a good title to the water? MR. TREGO: If we had a good title to the land, we could certainly borrow money on it. PRESIDENT YOUNG: Mr. Dennis suggests that you will have as soon as you pay for it. MR. TREGO: We have tried to borrow money on land, the payments on which have been fully completed, but the loan companies always give that answer. I tried last spring to see if I could borrow money on a quarter section which had only five acres of irrigable land on the quarter, and the loan companies refused to loan it. PRESIDENT YOUNG: We have had a further illus- tration—we of the United States— of what we expected, ami knew before we came here, of the great wisdom that has been displayed in many of your laws. I recall the fact that a fellow townsman of mine, a fow years ago, came back from British Columbia, where he had some mining property,' and he told me that the rights of the owner of a mining claim were deter- mined by the vertical boundaries of his claim, and that beinu the case, that there was little or no litigation in Canadi respecting the rights of the owner of the claim to the ore under DISCUSSION 125 a claim or the ore on any ledge within the claim, and that that fact has prevented litigation in Canada. With us in the United States, generally, a person owning a claim has the right to follow the ledge wherever that ledge may go, and you can readily see that that has been the source of a great deal of litigation. We find also in your public system, you have provided that roads come out of the public domain around the boundaries of each section. That is a very wise provision which we have neglected, as far as I am acquainted, in any part of the United States, and now we find through the very interesting address of Mr. Peters that you have done a great many things in the way of irrigation legislation that we can well take notice of. You have, for instance, provided that some authority under the government shall prescribe the duty of water. As far as I know, that has not been done by law in any part of the United States, and that is a frequent source of litigation with us as to the precise amount of water required for any land. Generally with us that is left to a jury to decide at the end of a long and costly lawsuit. Your government here prescribes, after investigation, just what amount of water will be allowed by license for the irrigation of a tract of land. Also, you pro- vide for the preparation of plans for the smaller projects by the government engineer at cost, which occurs to me to be a very excellent suggestion, and then you have done away with the Old Common Law doctrine of riparian rights, which exists in some of our states, but which, in my own state, that of Utah, we have abrogated as you have done here. There are a great many items referred to ho re this morning, which it occurs to me we might very well take back with us to the United States and incorporate in our laws. You have been fortunate here in as much as you have a comparatively virgin country, and you have gathered experience from our mistakes and failures in the United States, and I am informed that Mr. Dennis spent months and months in visiting all or most of our irrigating states, and consultini-; our irrigation lawyers and practical experts, and that this statute is the result of that investigation, so that you were not hampered by many years of patchwork legislation, but you were able to frame in the beginning a well based Act on our experiences there. Is there any further discussion? MR. W. J. THOMPSON of Saskatchewan: I hold, Mr. Potcs, in my hand, a dispatch from Saskatchewan, in which an officer of the Dominion Government states in regard to i.-rigation in Saskatchewan, that there are no irrigation schemes whatever, as far as he knows, in the province. As you have referred to some of the irrigation townships, will you kindly stii.te, so that it can be made public, how many licenses have 126 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS been issued for the use of water in Saskatchewan, and approxi- mately, how many acres have been surveyed for irrigation purposes? MR. PETERS: Mr, Thompson, I could not give you any idea of the number of licenses issued to small private schemes, but there have been, approximately, 62,000 acres put under irrigation in Saskatchewan, namely, in the Cypress Hills district. MR. D. W. ROSS, of California: Mr. Peters' discussion of the irrigation laws of the Dominion was very interesting, and I followed his description of the law with a great deal of interest, for I recognized in it essential features of the law of the state with which I am most familiar in the West, the state of Idaho. In Idaho, however, we made one departure from your plan here. We have no public cHu or who has the right to say that the use of water should be ri'iui^d. We left that to the judgment of the applicant, and that is the constitution of the state. I think in that respect only does the law and the procedure differ from the system here. I was interested particularly in the question put by Mr. Trego as to the attitude of loan companies, and I have not the least idea as to the position taken by the loan companies here or the history of that subject, or the relationship existing between the owners of these lands and the railway company, but there was a time in the state of Idaho when loan companies hesitated about making loans to farmers in irrigation districts, on the theory that the lien, which the district law imposed on the land, was a first mortgage and would take precedence over their mortgage, and that the land could be sold under the lien, and it took several years to make thut plain, — to get them to understand that the situation was in no respect different from what it would be in the case of taxes, that the land could be sold with these taxes and they would have to protect them if the owner of the land did not protect them. Short K after, however, they adopted the reverse policy, and taey reiust'd to take loans unless there were some taxes or other against the land. Now, perhaps you are passing through that =-tage here, and I would like to know, if you can tell me, why the loan companies take that position? MR. TREGO They take that position because they say that the tax on the land is the first lien. MR. PETERS: I might explain to you a little, Mr. Ross, in the case of Mr. Trego. He is a gentleman who is on the Canadian Pacific Railway irrigated tract, and, in his case, he has an agreement with the Canadian Pacific Railway Com- pany to get a certain quantity of water every year, for whicii he pays fifty cents an acre every year and this civil contract makes that fifty cents an acre a first lien on the land. There is no doubt about that. As you have -uggested, however, I do not DISCUSSION 127 think there is any doubt that any reasonable minded man must appreciate the fact that the addition of a water right to any piece of land in this country, is worth more than fifty cents an acre every year, and I have the belief that the reason the loan companies will not loan money on irrigated land is a condition which IB just here for the time being, because the system is new m this country, and there have been a good many people coming in, who did not understand irrigation, and did not go at It very well, and did not try very hard. Therefor" ..igated ands are not held in such high esteem to-day as thty should be, and as they will be in ten years time. MR. TREGO: I \jrould just like to say in answer to Mr. I'eters suggestion, m our particular district, the majority of our farmers are men from Utah, Idaho, Colorado and such .•states, and are men who have spent the greater part of their lives in irrigation before they came here. , MR. WILLIAM KIRKUP of Alberta: I would like to refer Mr. Peters to my own case. I have a quarter-section of land in the western section of the Irrigation Block, for which J T®L* *''®" ***'®' ®^ called, as far as the C. P. R. can give it, and I have tried most all of the loan companies in Calgary and some in oti er places, to see if I could obtain a loan on this property, and in every case they have refused and upon the ground that inasmuch as the water right held a first claim upon the land— and that water right was considered of not one cent of value— u was holding the prior right and they could not loan any money on such property. Now, that is my own personal experience, sad to relate. This is my own experience also. I can truthfully say that I do not consider the water right in this locality to be of any value whatever, aud to the extent of increasing the value of the land, I consider it a detriment. It seems to me to be so. At the same time I want to .,ay that I am an old irrigator. I have spent thirty years of my life in Idaho, and have irrigated successfullv, but m this climate,! have tried it and found it absolutely unsuccess- ful. MR. BUCKLEY: I would just like to draw the attention ot this Congress to something to which the government does not seem to attach much importance, and that is to put up such an arbitrary law as to settle our disputes bv the Minister ot the Interior. I don't mean to suggest anything about '^"y person, but it is the principle that I mean. The Minister ot the Interior, as everyone knows, and peoplf holding corres- ponding poisitions, I susr " T'nitpil ^ ite= tre prom- inent politicians, and lified to 'inderstand the difficir u m per- taining to irrigation ,,, ih& n whose advice we cca . . , ^ace who - bt u a l)ractical rrigator and .,e shovel in tiu- field, l! I I 128 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS. then he knows all about it, and it would be all right, but no matter how well disposed the Minister of the Interior may be, sometimes his subordinates are not qualified men, and they are politically appointed. Therefore I think there has been an evil allowed to creep in there. I think that all appointments such as that should be made from men in the field. I think that is a weak spot in the Irrigation Act. MR. GEORGE WELLS of Alberta: Mr. Chairman and gentlemen: I have been here twenty-five years, and I am interested in this discussion, for the reason that seven years ago I was the first man to use irrigation water from the C. P. R. canal. I say I was the first man to use that water on a growing crop, and I find it a distinct advantage. I have been in busi- ness for twenty years as a market gardener, and there is no question to my mind but that this is an irrigation country, and the man who cannot make fifty cents an acre additional profit on his land should go out of business. This is not land that should be used for raising oats. The land is too valuable for the crops that are being raised on it. When I was a boy in England, we raised fifty and one hundred acres of roots, and fed them to stock. This land was rented land, and the fixed charge was two and a half to twenty-five dollars for rent. Those farmers paid +hat rent, and they bought fertiliser, and everything. The labour was not much, but, of course, the labour does not amount to so much in Englanrl as it does here. In England we used to have to spend three or four pounds per acre trying to get rid of flies and bugs. I grow potatoes here, and have done for some years. I am fifty-one years of age and I have not yet met a potato bug. If I were to meet one I should have to b« introduced to it. What I want to say is that this is too good land for oats and wheat; let them grow roots and make money out of them feeding them to their stock. Sugar beets cost six dollars an acre to grow, and they plant them twenty inches apart. I plant cabbages three feet apart, and then I go and bank them up. I wrote to the Industrial Commissioner, and suggested that we should have a sauerkraut factory, and they just laughed at me. I can raise cabbages of thirty pounds each if I wanted to. There is my experience of this country for twenty-one years, and if I were in business to-day and n voung man, I would gladly pay a dollar an acre for water "rights. Irrigation farming is modern farming and It wants modern men, and men who will use their brains. A man docs not want to start weeding when he has to decide which is the crop and which is the weed. You might just as well sow these vacant lots with "weeds, and expect to make the taxes of thnf or four hundred dollars a lot out of it. MR. TREGO: Mr. Chairman, I would like to ask tli'; gentleman what he would do with his market garden stuff if DISCUSSION 129 we put the whole three hundred and fifty thousand acres of the irrigation block into that kind of stuff. .K ^^uk ?■' 4«MSTR0NG, of Alberta: I have just been through that irrigated belt with a moving picture machine and an ordinary photographic machine. I have stood in the mid- dle of the road and taken photographs on one side of me where water was used and on the other side of the road where water was not, and the difference would be equal to seventy-five Ti rh.K*? ^"T" ""^ "^^^^Z-. '^^^^'^ P'^*"f^« c*'^ be seen at the Ad Club Luncheon on Wednesday and any fair minded man will be convinced after seeing these pictures. CHAIRMAN CASE: Gentlemen, in this great big broad (lomam there is room to grow wheat and oats and cabbages and potatoes and everything. As a pioneer of central Kansas tarty years ago, these things had to be developed. I remem- ber when eggs were not worth more than four or five cents a dozen, and when butter was a drug on the market, but down m the eastern central part of the United States now, a market has been created for all of these things, and there will be a market for sauerkraut in this country in a very short time. (Applause). MR. W. L. TOOLEY, of Texas: We are very glad to pay a water tax of three dollars per acre for water. I am in the loan business, and my loans are principally on farm lands. Ihe fact 18 that a three dollar water tax, prior right, does prejudice the land against a loan. Where land is bought from private irrigation projects, where there is a prior lien against the land m addition to the water tax, that will prejudice it, and lands that are bought from private corporations building irrigation dams and ditches are not in good favour with loan companies on our side. I do not know what the conditions are here, but in our country the farm loan is the very best loan that we get. I believe that our farmers, if it came to a point <>t paying SIX dollars an acre for a permanent supply of water or three dollars an acre for an insufficient supply, would rather CHAIRMAN CASE: The time is up gentlemen. We nave given you a good deal of extra time, and it is coming near U) noon time. I am very anxious, as I know you are, to hear -^ome announcements from the Secretary. ^•J^^^^Th^y HOOKER: British Columbia delegates Hill meet at their own standard at the end of this morning's Washington delegates will meet at their own standard at I lie tnu of this morning's session. The meeting of the delegation from Alberta will be held at tiK' Alberta standard at the close of the morning's session. 9 130 TWENTY-FIRST I NTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS There has been received at the Registration Headquarters, at the Post Office, notice that the Canadian Northern Railway have a telegram for Peter Von Wegman. There was delivered at the Post Office this morning a telegram for Mr. U. W. Grunsky, or Mr. Rutherford. If neither one has obtained that telegram, it can be obtained by them at the post office. CHAIRMAN CASE: It will be entirely unnecessary for me to introduce Mr. Dennis to you, I present him. (Applause). "'^rc'. AddrcMby J. S. Dennis AMiatant to the Prealdcnt CantuUan Pacific RaUway, Chairman Board of Control Intamatlonal Irrigation Conftreas COLONIZING IN WESTERN CANADA Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: — I have been called on this morning by the President of the Congress to fill in a gap. I had no intention of occupying the time of the Congress with any address and you will therefore note that my name was not on the programme. President Young intimated that probably I could say a few words to you this morning of the work of the Canadian Pacific Railway Comp-'.ny in connection with colonisation in Western Canada, with the idea that some of the lines we are following may be of value to you. I had, perhaps, better preface my remarks by saying that in carrying out any big work of this kind, it is not possible to satisfy everyone. Difficulties are bound to arise, difficulties have arisen, and difficulties will arise. This is incidental to any big work. We can only hope that in the end they will be so solved that the greatest possible number will be satisfied. The great work that we are confronted with at the present time in Western Ca.-.ada, as was pointed out to you ycsterdHV by Mr. Bruce Walker, is people flocking to our cities, towns and villages, because we have too many there already. He explained the procedure which is being followed by the Dominion Department of Immigration in their efforts to secure people, and the results that were obtained. He went on to elucidate and elaborate the system under which mm obtained homes on government lands, and he made a very strong showing, no doubt from the standpoint of the home- steader, and the man who is looking for a free grant of land. Now the Canadian Pacific Railway, the Canadian North- ern Railway the Hudson's Bay Company, and certain otl .r corporations who are land owners in Western Canada, hine ADJTIESS BY J. S. DENNIS 131 had to take a part in colonization work, which has had to be based on a system of land selling, and naturally they have been confronted with a great many features which do not occur IP connection with the colonization of land under u homestead system. I am not going to attempt to deal with the matter except IE a very fragmentary way, because time is very lim- ited, but I think possibly you would be interested if I were to outline to you the policy of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company and the systems they are following in their attempt to get people to come to these western provinces and to take up land. or ^Mv C'anadian Pacific Railway Company was granted 25 million acres of land by the Dominion of Canada as part of the subsidy in connection with the construction of the line. They had certain conditions imposed on them under the statute, m connection with these lands, but on the other hand they were given the right to exclude within a belt twenty- four miles on each side of their main line, from the eastern boundary of Manitoba to the summit of the Rock I.Iouutains such land as they considered was not fairly fit f !r settlement. That was a somewhat ambiguous term, but under that provision they did not take as part of that land grant, practi- cally any land from here through to middle Saskatchewan because at t e time it was not considered fairly fit for settle- ment. Why? Because, at the time of construction they did not consider that territory fit for settlement owing to the climatic conditions. However, they were given land else- where to make up for that deficiency and ultimately obtained the full 25 million acres. In addition to this 25 million acres, they were -ven 25 million dollars, but of course that money did not go \ ery far, so they tried to raise money on the land. That was in 1882- not so very long as time goes, but a long time, of course, in considering the development that has since taken place. They oould not raise any money on it at all. There was not anyone who would loan them fifty cents an acre on it, fid fi^.ally the Dominion Government came forward and made tb-ai a loan on a certain portion of it. I am .simply giving you that fact to illustrate the conditions. Now they had this land and they lad built a trans-continental railway and there was no one f" u railway was no good without people on the land and they then began an active campaign to get people to come and settle. They advertised in Great Britain, I'^uropt , and the Lnited States, and they kept it up. Th< v ijractically did not get anyone and there was practically no settlement of ary marked character took place for very many years after that. •II ^'j'*'''*',^'** "^o Rreat movement to these western provinces till when? Till the people began flowing over the line which ■^•'parates Canada from the United States; till vour people 132 TWENTY-FIRST I NTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS. down there had grown to that number and your free lands had diminished to that extent that your surplus population floated across here and we got a certain number. That immigration began not more than ten years ago and it has swelled up till, as Mr. Walker told us yesterday, it has reached 200,000 in one year. We have been doing everything we could to stimulate that movement. We have been doing it for the purpose of colonizing these lands. Up to nine years ago, the average price at which the Canadian Pacific Railway were selling lands in Western Canada was $3 an acre. That value has increased, owing to the demand and the incoming people, and the average price to-day of dry land is practically $10 per acre, and choice land is much more than that. A very large number of people have been brought into this country, through the government agencies, and we hope that we have done our part in encouraging people to come. Up to two years ago we were in the land selling business. We wanted people. We were land sellers, we were not purely colonization agents. We had a large number of agencies throughout the United States and Northern Europe and Great Britain, advocating this country as a country suitable for home-making and stating that we had land for sale. We did a business running to as high as a million dollars a month in certain years. That was not getting farmers, that was land selling. We can go out despite the adverse conditions existing to-day and in a few months sell the whole of the land that we have left. We were doing that work up to two years ago. It is true that at that time we had a form of contract under which we sold land giving a man special privileges if he would occupy it, but the vast majority preferred simply to hold the land without occupying it or improving it. We realized that while it was an easy matter to sell land, it was a difficult matter to get people, and possibly harder still, to keep them when we had got them. I am going to be perfectly frank with you about this. You may have gathered, a few moments ago, that there is a certain amount of dissatisfaction in certain portion^ of our scheme. There is no man in this hall who for one mom- ent considers that an individual, a corporation or a govern- ment can sell lands without having trouble. That is not possible. Two years ago we realized that we should stop selling and should attempt to colonize and for that reason we changed our policy, and since that date we do not sell a wingle acre of land without an obligation on the part of the purchaser to occupy and improve it. I am speaking now generally about dry land. To encourage him to do that we give him twenty years in 'which to pay for it. He makes a payment of one-tweutieth, and the balance is divided over nineteen year* with six per cent, interest on the deferred payments. Realiiiag that in a great ADDRESS BY J. S. DENNIS 183 many cases, it is impossible for him to provide his own im- provements, and that as long as he holds the land under con- tract with us and the title is not vested with him, he cannot raise any money from a loan company, we undertake to ad- vance him $2,000 as a loan, to be used in constructing his house and his barn, his well and his fences. We do not give him the $2,000 to do that; we have certain standard plans of houses and barns, and so on, from which he can select what he wants. We will undertake to construct them for him at a certain price, or, in certain cases, he can do his work, and we will advance him the material. In any case, he gets a loan of $2,000 for his improvements. That loan is added to the price of the land and extended over twenty years. In other words, he gets a loan of $2,000 spread over twenty years, at six per cent, interest. Those of you who come from Western America and who have spent any time in it, know, as I know, after having been forty- two years in this western country, one of our great troubles has been grain production in the early stages of the settlement. It is incidental to any settlement, in any new country. Grain crops, if successful, are very successful. If the crop is good and market is good, they realize a large amount of money immed- iately; therefore, the first effort of the farmer all through Western America, beginning in the state of Ohio, was grain- growing, and that extended to our western provinces, until we have to-day in Western Canada, very few farmers. We have a large numbbi of grain growers, but we have very few farmers. We are in the same conditions at the state of Minnesota, and the southern part of the state of Wisconsin were in their early days. Grain mining was the occupation of those on the land, and not farming. To try and get away from that, if it was possible to do so, and for the purpose of encour- aging more extensive farming, and more stock growing, in certain selected cases, we agreed to advance him $1000 worth of live stock, cattle, sheep and pigs, so as to get him started off in the right direction, putting him in the position to pro- duce what he requires himself, and to have a more diversifiel interest. If the grain failed, he would have his cattle, and ii' the grain was good, he would have a balance in any case. That is the general policy we are following now in what we call colonizing. In this vast district through which the main line runs, that belt twenty-four miles on each side of the railway, and which the Canadian Pacific Railway Company refused to take, it being unfairly fit for settlement, but after having been granted the land in lieu of that which they had rejected elsewhere in these territories, there was still a balance due them, and finally they agreed to take 3,000,000 acres of it, lying east of this city. That is the area which is to the east of us here, which we are 134 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS. now irrigating. There is a further project south of this city which was not owned by them at that time. In this large block, we undertook to construct irrigation works to carry water to the land. Perhaps we were mistaken, however, we went ahead in good faith, and said that we would put in this irrigation project, The irrigation project was put in, and it covers this irrigation block of 3,000,000 acres. We have expended or will have expended when we get through with its construction, about $16,000,000 on this scheme; possibly we were wrong in doing it, however, it is done. We have been attempting to colonize in that block, first under the old system, simply with the sale of land, without any obligation to occupy or improve it, and now we are colonizing wholly on the new system, to occupy and improve. We have had fairly good results, and in the western section we have a large number of first-class people. They have not had the success they expected, or the success we had hoped for, by any means. They have met with difficulties and crop shortages, and bad weather, and the usual troubles which arise as between a large number of people on a scheme of that kind, and those who administer it. You have already heard it said by a gentleman from south of the line, and particularly by Director Newell, the head of the Bureau of Reclamation, with regard to the many large schemes which the government of the United States has in hand, that they have had somewhat the same trouble. It would be absolutely absurd to suppose that any large irrigation project could be built anywhere and tha» everything would go successfully from the first. It has not gone smoothly with us, but we are in hopes that after a time these difficulties which have arisen will be adjusted on a fair basis, and that we will be able to go along smoothly. We have invested a large amount of money, with the idea that irri- gation is required, and will produce good results, and we hope in the end to be fairly near the mark. Now, our general colonization policy applies to this irri- gation project as well as to our dry land, but finding there -was a certain class of settler whom we wanted, who was not dis- posed to pioneer, who did not want to leave a home in Great Britain or Northern Europe to come out to this country to live in a sod house or a tent, we extended our system further by what we characterized as the "Ready Made Farm." This farm is improved by the construction of a barn, a house, a fence, and a well, and a certain area is put under cultivation, so that a man can come out and get off the train and within a couple of days, he is fairly well settled. A certain area i^^ under crop, and he can devote his first 3'car to getting himself in better condition and a larger area under crop, and he wiil start ofiF further ahead than a man who goes in on the raw prairie. We have now about 600 farms of this description in ADDRESS BY J. S. DENNIS different colonies, groups of 30 to 40 farms, down to 12 or 15 and we have applied them to irrigated lands as well as to dry lands. Again we have not met with success in the sense that all the people put on these farms were satisfied. People have stayed on them and gone off them, and others have done the same, but taking it on the whole, that policy has worked out satisfactorily. Possibly we expected too much when we be- gan. Well, its better to be optimistic than pessimistic, be- cause it is optimism that has made this country. Perhaps in all these schemes it is better to start off with optimism, knowing that inevitably, you will be disappointed. We were optimistic with reference to all of these schemes. We are not prepared to admit for a moment that we are going to fail in the end. We have fallen down in the number of people we expected to put on the land, and the number we expected to keep there; also in the returns that we expect- ed to obtain from the immense amount of money in loan farms, ready maJe farms, seed advances and live stock advances, until we have to-day so many million dollars out in overdue interest and payments, that I am afraid to mention the amount, because it would not look optimistic. We have fallen down, and we always will, but in the end, we think, that the policy we are carrying out in putting a very considerable number on land in Western Canada where they will be able to make homes, will be a successful one. Now, let me empha- size right there "People on the Land that will make Homes." I said we had a vast number of people farming land in Western Canada, and a very small number of farmers. So we have, in this sense — we have a very small number of men occupying land as farmers, who are occupying it with this idea, that they will mak a home there and obtain from this land a living and produce more than they consume, and that they will not expect, after being on the land two or three years, that they will be able to sell it at an enhanced value. That has been our trouble. We have expected that we could occupy land for a comparatively short time, and sell it at such an increased price, that we would make a large amount of money out of it, and, more than that, while actually farming the land over anil above living out p i, r - would be able to put a large amount of money in the i n\k. t never was done by farmers in any country. That is not ♦ le basis of farming or agriculture, as I see it. The basis, as 1 see it, in practically every province and state on this continent, and practically every country on the other side, is to make homes. A man puts into his farm a large amount of effort for which he gets no return in cash. If the farmer ever had, has to-day, or ever intended to charge up against his farm, day by day, the value of his ser- vices, on a cash basis, farming would go out of existence. The farmer who has in view the making of a home in the sense 136 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS. that he is going to improve hia land and continue to do so, also his buildings, to purchase very little of what he and his family consume, to be able to pay his taxes, purchase what he requires, and have a small amount to the good, and, ultimately that the increase in value of his farm will give him something, when old age comes, he is farming. He is not land specu- lating, what we have all been doing in Western America, and what we are all doing to-day. In a very fragmentary way,gentlemen, because I was not ex- pecting to address you, I have complied with the President's re- quest, that I should fill in the gap on this morning's programme by saying a few words to you on this subject, that is what we are trying to do. Our hopes are great, but they are absolutely conditional upon the success of the people. As far as we are concerned as a large railway and transportation corporation, not a land corporation, because we are only that incidentally, we are a transportation concern, extending from London England, to Shanghai, China, what we are going to get out of it is not what the land is sold for, in any sense, but what will uUimately be brought to the coffers of the company, in the way of traffic in and out. The success of every satisfied farmer is the success that counts. The number of dissatisfied farmers just discounts our success correspondingly. The farmer's success is naturally ours, because if we were purely a land organization, we could say good-bye as soon as we got the man's money. We are not in that position, because after we have sold all our land, we still hope to have trains running and steamships running, and our express system and telegraph systems going, our steamships on the Pacific; our hotel chain from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and at every one of these points the farmer is able to get back at us. He can say "I won't travel on your line; I won't ship my freight or my produce over your line; I won't send telegrams over your line; I won't stay at your hotel." That is how he can get even, and that is why we naturally want to have the farmer satisfied as far as we can possibly satisfy him. To expect that we can satisfy everyone is chimerical. We are trying to carry on this work successfully and I think it will ultimately have a very great influence on Western Canada, and we will have in some small way, played our part along the line of creating homes, particularly on the land, because our development in the VVest has been along lines that are not parallels in any sense. We are away ahead of conditions, in our urban development, we have wanted to be away ahead, but there has to be a very considerable period of marking time in our urban centres before our agricultural development catches up. The basis of our ultimate success is dependent upon the settlement of our agricultural areas. We hope, that the work we have been doing, will assist in some ADDRESS BY J. S. DENNIS 137 small way to that end. We propose to go on doing it as far as we can. As soon as this unfortunate convulsion is over in Northern Europe, we hope to extend our organizations over there, expecting that many will want to get out from under and come over here and throw in their lots with us. We are not able to get from Great Britain any considerable number of people. We have had a large organization working there, but we are not able to get very many farmers. The reason is that Great Britain is not an agricultural country, less than thirteen per cent, of their population being engaged in agriculture, ^rom Southern Russia though, Austria-Hungary, Germany, Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Norway and Sweden, we have always been anxious to get farmers and hope to net larae numbers after the war is over. »- o » VfMlNGMSmtrf C. p. R. Exhibit (Cochrane.) Mr. Chairman, I have given a very fragmentary outline of what we are trying to do. We do not hope to satisfy everyone, but If we can feel, when we get through with it, that we have played the game on the whole, and given everyone a square (leal, may we hope that history will Bay,"They did their best." (Applause.) 188 T WENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS. MR. GEORGE G. HUSER, of Alberta: I am bound to say that I am not an irrigator, but I was invited to come and attend this Congress. I have nothing against the C. P. R., nor anything against what Mr. Dennis has said. I have nothing against irrigation; in fact, I lived in the great state of Washing- ton for twenty-five years, and I have seen the results of irriga- tion in the Yakima Valley, and I am living to-day alongside of the irrigation scheme, northeast of Crossfield, called the Cross- field Colony. Now, I am not the owner of any of this land, and I am not directly interested in it, but I have a lot of neighbours there, and I would just like Mr. Dennis to explain and tell us what earthly chance these men have of ever winning out. They have rolling, heavy soil, and they simply cannot use the water, I have seen family after family coming and settling there, and their little savings swept away, and then, the company goes and brings in new settlers, and they go to the wall in the same manner. I am not afraid to ask Mr. Dennis to explain that. MR. DENNIS: All that you say is perfectly true. We will keep at it till somebody does stick. MR. F. W. BURTON, of Alberta: I would like to ask Mr. Dennis to state the terms on which his company puts men on these ready-made farms. I do not think he mentioned that. MR. DENNIS: On exactly the same terms as other farms. The cost of the improvements, the house, the barn, the fencing and the well, are added to the list price of the land, and sold on a twenty year term, with six per cent interest. MR. E. R. HENNEY, of Alberta: I have been in business over six years, and I haven't any land, but I wish to say this, that I have seen loans closed on land, whereby people that bought C. P. R. land were the best satisf ed people in our district. I wish to praise them and to say that in my view, the C. P. R. has done more for the people in my district ,that any other people in this country. MR. R. G. WILLIAMSON, of Saskatchewan: I would like to ask Mr. Dennis if the Canadian Pacific Railway has ever taken the land away from any settler at all, that ever tried to make good. MR. DENNIS: That's a pretty hard question tn answer. We had twenty-five million acres of land, and we now have about six million, but the general policy laid down by the executive, and which I have no hesitation in saying has been carried out as a general thing, is that in the case of any man on the land who is making a home there, we never cancel hi^ contract, and that has been the general policy. We do, and have, cancelled contracts, covering land that has been held DISCUSSION 139 for speculative purpo&es, and has fallen into arrears. The general policy is, if a man is endeavouring to make a home, we haven't any particular limit as to how long we will carry him, but as a matter of fact, we have very many contracts on hand which have not paid anything for three years to twelve years. MR. W. J. THOMPSON, of Saskatchewan: I have given some attention to my own particular district, one comprising some three hundred square miles, in which.there is one family to five square miles. I can only say that in the five years in which I have been endeavouring to make a living from the land, I have tried to look into some of the features affecting us. I heard the statement made yesterday that the C. P. R. was a corporation with a conscience. Well, there are corporations, like people, with consciences, who do not practise it very much. I have been greatly interested, having had to give evidence before commissions, on several occasions, sitting in our province, in endeavouring to get data along these lines, with a special desire to get data on corporations with consciences. I have endeavoured to find out if the railroads were working with a broad policy to help the farmers in this country. As some of you know, especially those from Saskatchewan, we have had great difficulty in the storing of our grain. We have a wonderful system now. We had a lot of kicking to do, and we did it. I happen to be an officer in a farmers' organ- ization, which is a very militant one, and which will hit at railroads or anything else, when they get a chance. I wrote to the Department of Railways, asking for information, and I have gone out of my way to investigate these conditions. Here is one case in the last week, which is directly under my ob- servation, and I cut this out as illustrating a principle. A Belgian, well to do, had just come out from Europe. He had contracted to buy a farm from the C. P. R. in the province of Saskatchewan. War broke out, he had left his money over in Europe, and the Germans had occupied his city, and it did not seem possible to get the money. Now, where does the C. P. R. come in? There has been a change in the C. P. R. system, in the working of its con- science, in the past two years. All that I could wish, as a Canadian, is that the banks and other corporations in the Dominion, would start on the same policy as the C. P. R. did two years ago. Now, this man had not any money to pay on the land, as he had agreed. I went to the C. P. R. land office, and asked the manager there to show me his contract. I looked into it, and into the Hudson Bay contract, the same as I have examined others. I noticed one little place in the t. P. R. contract, which is different to any other contract which I had looked into, and it is all based on one word. The place I mean, is the forfeiture clause. I noticed that the 140 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS. C. P. R. does not say it "shall" take the land away. It says it "may". I have not seen another contract of that kind. This particular poor Belgian found himself stranded in that position in this country. They told that man to go ahead, and they got horses for him and a little machinery. They sent a man out there, who spent days with him, introduced him to the neighbours, and got him comfortably settled. Now, I am not saying this to help out the C. P. R. they can help themselves, but we have got to get down to the broad princi- ples of this country. People will be dissatisfied. I was frozen uut and hailed out and burned out, but here I am. I am as ready to hit as the next man; I suppose it is because I ara Irish, but I wish to say that as a Canadian, we are proud of the fact that the C. P. R. has changed its policy in the last two years, 1 wish they had changed it sooner, and we are pleased to acknowledge that the C. P. R. has done what in this country no one has done, not even the Dominion Government, and that is to undertake such a broad policy as the C. P. R. has undertaken to promote homes on these westf^rn prairies of ours. MR. TREGO: Can Mr. Dennis tell us what percentage of people were on the land t\v«, years ago, as compared with to-day? MR. DENNIS: Are you referring to the Western Section of the Irrigation Block? MR. TREGO: Yes. MR. DENNIS: In the Western Section, we have sold about two hundred and ten thousand acres of irrigable land. Of that,never more than one hundred thousand were occupied, and the balance was speculatively purchased before we under- took our new policy. Of the one hundred thousand acres that were occupied and improved, there is probably not more than three-quarters of it, that may be an outside figure, that is in occupation to-day. In fact, perhaps it would be nearer to the mark to say it would not be more than fifty per cent. I have not the exact figures, but Mr. Stockton, who is near you, can probably give you the exact figures. MR. JAMES JOHNSTON of British Columbia: I would like to say a few words on this subject. I have been an enthus- iast in the fruit business for very many years, and I have been interested in the C. P. R. also, in many ways. I say without hesitation, gentlemen, that the exhibition here from British Columbia, depends, and has depended, on the Canadian Pacific Railway largely, and their keenness to help everyono who will help themselves. I don't know very much about this irrigation scheme of the C. P. R., but I do know that a great many people have come out here and have been put on a ready made farm, who thought all that they had to do was to sit DISCUSSION 141 down and smoke their pipe and watch things grow. I have no doubt that the disappointments Mr. Dennis has had on his farms, are due to this kind of thing. I have never yet gone to the C. P. R. with a fair proposi- tion, in which I could show them that there was money to the railroad company, and also money to the farmers and fruit growers, that the C. P. R. did not at once acquiesce to the proposal that I made to them. I must say that in connection with the irrigation in this district, they will have the same results in the future, as they had in helpinR out the fruit growers of British Columbja. The success of our district has been due to the C. P, R. givirg every possible assistance to everyone who helped themselves. (Applause). PRESIDENT YOUNG: The Secretary has several an- nouncements to make. SECRETARY HOOKER: Cards can be obtained either here, at the desk, or at the headquarters, lor the reports from the states and provinces, for the Chairman and Secret.iry of the Delegation, also for the members for the Committee on Credentials, the Committee on Permanent Organization, and the Committee on Resolutions, also for an Honorary Vice- President, and Executive Committeeman, for the ensuing year. State delegations are called to meet at the state standards, immediately following the adjournment of this meeting. The attention of the delegates is called to the programme for Friday, the trip to Bassano, and the inspection of the Horse- shoe Bend dam, which is free to delegates; also particularly, ' i. .;i trs desiring to go, must hand their names to and receive ii •: L'kets from Andrew Miller, Secretary of the Board of ' , or Norman Rankin, Chairman of the Publicity Com- i»ef ore noon on Thursday. attention of delegates is also called to the fact that T?ving railway certificates which require validation for ; 'etuted fares or free trip home, should immediately hand T in, if they have not already done so, to the registration liL-aiiquarters. . PRESIDENT YOUNG: The attention of the delegates IS mvited to our programme of this afternoon, each and every Item of which will be carried out, as far as we understand. -Mr. Lougheed, Senator and Member of the Dominion Govern- ment, will address the meeting, and Mr. Hinkle of Oregon, ^ecretary of the Oregon Irrigation Congress, will have some- thing to say, and there is an address by Mr. C. C. Thorn on the necessity of a higher duty of water. If there is nothing further, we will now adjourn. The meeting then adjourned till 2.30 P. M. October the bth. 1914. '■4 , '* -Vif ! J, «. : I \€. I " ""X: FIFTH SESSION TUESDAY AFTERNOON, OCTOBER 6. 1914 3.M o'clock p. m. The meeting was called to order by President Young. PRESIDENT YOUNG: The meeting will kindly be in order. The Secretary has some announcements to make. SECRETARY HOOKER: The attention of state and provincial organizations is drawn to the fact that delegation report cards can be obtained from registration headquarters. The only cards received so far are for British Columbia, Texas, Louisiana, and Kansas. As soon as the other organi- zations organize, their reports should be handed in at the desk. TELEGRAM FROM W. A. FLEMING JONES A telegram has been received from Mr. W. A. Fleming Jones, of New Mexico, who had made his plans to attend the Congress, but now telegraphs: — Springfield, Missouri, October 5th, 1914. Arthur Hooker, Secretary International Irrigation Congress, Calgary, Alberta. "PledPe express to the Congress my sincere regret that it is impossible, owing to important business in the Federal Court in Missouri, for me to be present. You have the good will of all New Mexicans. Don't overlook the import- ance of securing delegates from foreign countries. (Signed) W. A. Flbming Jones. PRESIDENT YOUNG : We are in receipt of a telegram from the Honourable W.R.Ross, of British Columbia, exprc^^s- ing his regrets at his inability to attend the Congress at tii* last moment, and stating! that the paper he had prepared to read to the meeting will be read bv Mr. H. W. Grunsky, Mr. (Jrunsky is here and will read the paper which was lo have been presented in person by Mr. Ross. (Applau-sc). 112 PAPER BY HON. W. R. ROSS 143 Paper by The Hon. W. R. Ross Minister of Lands For Brltisb Columbia BRITISH COLUMBIA IRRIGATION POLICIES Paper nmd by H. W. Grunsky, of the British Columbia Water Rights Branch Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: I would like to say, by way of preface, that I know that the Minister of Lands was very anxious to attend this Congress and give his address in person, and it was a keen disappoint- ment to him not to be able to be with you during the whole of this Convention. The Minister has devoted a great deal of his time and effort to the water question in British Colum- bia, which falls within his department, and that is the reason for his interest. This morning you heard from Mr. Peters what the Dominion Government has done by way of the administration of the waters of the provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and the northwest Territories. Now the thought may have come to the minds of some of you that many of the good points in this Dominion Act were due to the fact that it was a large central government which was handling the matter, but I think it will be worthy of your attention, and will interest you to see from the other point of view, what the little province, not geographically, but in view of the amount of water rights that are administered, IS domg. I know it will interest the delegates from the other side of the line, because I have heard numbers of them express admiration for the efficiency of the British Columbia systems, and it is for that reason that I take especial pleasure in reading the paper of the Honourable Mr. Ross, the title of which is "British Columbia Irrigation Policies." That this irrigation Congress should have decided to hold itc twenty-first annual meeting on Canadian soil haw given mv a great deal of pleasure and satisfaction. Residents of th«^ city of Calgary and of the province of Alberta have already • xtended to the delegates a welcome, the warmth of which (itnnot be mistaken. In this welcome all ( anadianw heartily join. We frankly confess that we have l)een partly nelfixh III our desire to have at least one meeting of this Con||r«'»P liihl north of the international boundary line, and we hop«- tliat this will not be the last occasion of the kind. Now that our desire in this respect is being gratified, there aln-ady .il>p<'"r numerous reasons, from our point of view, for ^o- iiouniiug the meeting a happy occasion. AM 144 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATI ONAL IRRIGATION C^NGRESg. Irrigation development in Canada, as you know, is still, relatively speaking, in its infancy. We are perfectly aware of the fact that many of the problems bearing on the subject which we are facing here now as new issues have come to be more or less old stories in the states to our south. Speak- ing for British Columbia, at any rate, I can say that we do not feel that we have finally solved one-half of the intricate questions relating to the waters and their administration. Our experience in this direction has been just sufficient to supply us with an ardent and insatiable thirst for know- ledge. This may explain to you the constantly increasing numbers of Canadian visitors at recent American irrigation conventions, both national and stste. The formation of an inter-provincial association six or seven years ago by the sister provinces of Alberta and British Columbia is further evidence of the same frame of mind. The annual con- ferences of this association, which hibve been held alternately in the one province and the other, have become more and more successful with each succeeding year. The resolutions adopted have, for the most part, dealt with practical issues and have been the means of initiating much beneficial legis- lation. A special point has been maide in having each year a strong representation of speakers from our neighbouring states. The meeting of this year was held at Penticton early last August and, although under rather trying circumstances, owing to the outbreak of the war just a few days previous to the opening of the Convention, the session was pronounced by many to have been the most helpful of any held thus far. It is readily understood then, why Canada expects to reap especial benefits from the present sojourn of this great- broad-gauge and influential organization within her borders. Not only will many questions of a concrete nature affecting our immediate development be asked and answered; not only will fresh stimulus be given to the men here who are devoting their best energies to irrigation problems, but the interest of the public will be aroused and focused on the importance of these problems in a manner that would not otherwise be possible. If. on the other hand, the visiting delegates will be enabled, from a first-hand observation of our smaller and at any rate more recent development, to carry home with them some suggestion of value, Canadians will be pleased indeed. Now, whatever may be said of the direct benefits accruing to delegates here assembled in the way of enlarging their viewM upon irrigation and kindred topics, I do not wish to pass this subject without referring to the indirect benefits that are sure to follow, from our point of view, the meeting of this Congress, made up mt largely of American units, upon tins side of the international lioundary line. When the PAPER BY HON. W. R. ROSS 145 citizens of two friendly states com-mingle for the purpose of solving common problems, it is a good augury for the future. Such friendly in. ..course can not help but lead to a better understanding of each nation's ideals by the citizens of the other. The administration of the waters in British Columbia is one of the important branches of work entrusted to the provincial Department of Lands, to the leadership of which it was my pleasure and privilege to be called about four years ago. I might explain that the "Crown lands," or, as they are called in the United States the "public lands," of some of our provinces, including British Columbia, are admiBistered by the f)rovincial governments, while in other provinces, particulariy those more recently established, such land.s are administered by the Dominion Government. The administration of the wf>ter8 of the streams flowing through (»r over the Crown land.s, or, what might be termed "Crown waters ' is held to be a natural complement of the adminis- tration of the lands themselves. On a small scale, British Columbia has had to deal with liractically every phase of irrigation and water right problems. In saymg "on a small scale" I do not mean to intimate that "ur water right problems have been less acute or that the teelings aroused over these problems have been less intense than in other jurisdictions. It is merely a confession that tlie magnitude of irrigation development in our province does not at the present time compare favourably with that in many of the states in the arid or semi-arid belt. This i.s due partly to the physical character of the country in British Columbia. A large percentage of the lands that are sus- ifptible to agricultural development are more or less heavily timbered and the extension of irrigMed areas is therefore a slow process. Our province is large ta extent, and the valleys are separated from one another, and from neighbouring markets, by a wonderful net-work of mountain systems. The first thought of the government ha.s therefore been to afford transportation facilities to the maav fertile vaileys of the interior. The results of this policy are about to be realized, for with the completion of railroado now in the last stajres of construction, there will, in the new future, be not less than four separate through lines intersedang: the province troin east to west: while north and south !int«i are under < oust ruction both on the mainland and on Vancouver Island. I he physical factors which have been ^•numerated as •'iHributing to retard temporarily, agricultural development '"'■ ""t^ without their compensating features. While we are ' ''th' farther north, we have a distinct a foot mark. 146 TWENTY-FI RST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS. Owing to the abundance of forest growth or natural grasses and the decayed mold which has accumulated in past ages the soil is usually found to be deep and rich in humus. The very mountain systems that make the transportation problem such a difficult one produce valuable water supplies and afford storage sites. While the clearing of our lands entails a larger expenditure in the first instance than in some other localities, the natural beauty of the country is such that it attracts a high class of settlers. The very slowness of our development too, has not been an unmixed evil, for we have been able to profit by the experience of neighbouring states, and put our systems into running order before our water resources have been too greatly squandered. In British Columbia, as in other western states, the needs and exigencies of a mining community were responsible for the earliest statutory clauses relating to the use of water. It was not long, however, until irrigation came to be recog- nized as an absolute necessity and the statutes likewise provided for the diversion of water for this purpose. The miner's law, "first in time, first in right," settled the character of the eariy legislation. Every person who wished to acquire the exclusive right to divert any water from a stream for mining or agricultural purposes was from the earliest times required to have a record made in a government office. He also had to post notices giving certain particulars, it has never been finally decided in our courts to just what extent this legislation interfered with rights of such nparian owners as did not take out records. The matter is not of as great importance as might seem at first glance because in ninety- nine cases out of a hundred men took out records to protec themselves and the record-system has been generally accepted as definitely establishing the rights of record-holders. There was one grave fault in our record-system, and 1 understand it was a common fault in every western juris- diction; that is, that in practice, there was no limit^ placed on the quantity of water which could be recorded. One does not have to go back many years to find that residents ..f British Columbia believed that the mere recording of a notir? to take water would give them a right in perpetuity for the quantity recorded, regardless whether or not t h.y held sufficient land upon which to u^ethe water and regardless whether or not they made any development under th.ir records The logical outcome of such a state of affairs i iin easily be imagined. At the rate at which records were bei.i« made prior to 1909, it is safe to say that the waters of every stream of importance in the Dry Belt of the province won!. bv this time be held under records by private parties ami claimed as vested rights re|« • In w entirely of what, if aiiv, development had l>een made. PAPER BY HON. W. R. ROSS 147 As more people came to settle on the Unds, these fortunate possessors of free water titles could have subdivided and sold off their water-holdings, enriching themselves out of an asset that really belonged to all the people. The vigorous protest against such a state of affairs culminated in the passage of the Water Act of 1909. The Act was designed to clear the slate of all titles except those which rested upon the actual use of water. Owners who claimed ancient rights, but who had not constructed works, were required to do so without undue loss of time. This Act virtually adopted the principles of similar legislation which had proved very successful in such states as Colorado and Wvoming in the settlement of water difficulties. The underlying thought of this legislation was that speculation in water-titles must be prevented, and that to secure this desired result, holders of records must be given a reasonable time in which to make development, and if they failed to do this their rights would be forfeited. A Board, known as the Board of Investigation, was created under the Act, whose duty it was to determine and define precisely the extent of every existing right. The passage of this Act was a decided step in advance. The Act has been strengthened from year to year by the passage of amendments which gave broader powers to the officers who had to administer it and supplied the details for its proper administration. During the present year the Act and its amendments have been consolidated and revised and several chapters have been added incorporating new matter to which I will refer again later. The government with which it has been my good fortune to be associated has appreciated fully the importance of irrigation and the part which it is likely to play in the future development of the province. It has therefore .spared no pains in bringing both its legislation and administration respecting this important subject into a state of effectivenes.^. Only four years ago the entire staff of the Water Rights Branch consisted of a chief water commissioner, two Board members who gave only a small part of their time to their official duties, and three surveying parties engaged for the season. It was little realized how inadequate was this staff to cope with the investigation of some 8,000 old records, besides properly caring for new applicution.s. To-day there is a permanent staff of over fiftv members, including the Comptroller of Water Rights, who is the chief administrative officer and ex officio a member of the Board; three other Board members, and eight district engineers, who reside in their respective water districts, and might be saiil to be the local arms of the service. Besides, this over twenty surveying parties are being employed from season to season, 148 TWENTY- FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS. gathering the data which is necessary before the Board can make accurate determinations of the rights held under the old records. .... It is evident that there can be no satisfactory admimstra- tion of water rights until those rights are clearly known and defined. There is an old saying that "good fences make good neighbours." So, among water users, a clear under- standing of just where each man's right begins and ends makes for better relations. Following out this idea, the staff of the Water Branch has recently been concentrated upon the work of straightening out the old records. Over 3,500 claims have been investigated and over 2,000 determina- tions have been made by the Board up to date. The record lor determinations during the past twelve months has been over one hundred per month, and this rate will probably be well exceeded during the coming year. Of the 2,000 deter- minations made, only five cases have been appealed, and in three of these the appellants are in default because of failure to observe the time limitations. Records which are found to be in good standing are replaced by license, and those which are not are cancelled. Much care is exercised in the issuance of licenses so as to avoid a recurrence of misunderstandings. Not only are the terms and conditions pertaining to each right carefully set out, but every license is accompanied by an accurate sketch showing the point of diversion from the stream, the line of ditch, pipe or other conduit and the place of use. Different types of license forms are in use to suit different cases — about ten types in all. As Mr. Young, our Comptroller of Water Rights, is to address you briefly upon the progress that is being made in the administration of the Water Act, I will not follow that phase of the subject further, but will simply point out one or two of the lines of policy that have been adopted by our Provincial Government. Most of these lines of policy have become effective during the past two years and are embodied in the "Water Act 1914" to which reference has already been made. This Act is unique in that it is a complete and comprehensive code dealing with the ownership and the use of water in a consecutive and orderiy manner. One part of the Act, for instance, outlines rights and obligations common to all water users, while special divisions follow setting out the particular rights and obligations of particular classes of licensees, such as, those for irrigation, mining, waterworks, and power purposes. The chapter on procedure too, is very complete, outlining the steps which must be taken by appli- cants of various classes in obtaining their water licenses. Thorough publicity is required of every proposed applica- tion in its initial stages, including not only the posting notices PAPER BY HON. W. R. ROSS 149 on the ground, but advertisement in a local newspaper as well. The purpose of this is to bring to light at once any possible objections to the application, so that the Comp- troller may act upon it intelligently. The principle that beneficial use of water privileges must be made within a reasonable time by applicants is now not only thoroughly established, but it is being made effective in practice. This point has not been reached without some complaint from persons who were accustomed to loose ad- ministrative methods, and required a firm stand on the part of officers, but it is clearly in the public interest and will undoubtedly be maintained more strongly in the future. The question as to how far a riparian owner may go in our province in the use of the waters of a stream without a record has been brought to an issue in a rather novel manner. I have already explained that the matter has never been threshed out finally in the courts owing to the fact, possibly, that there are very few claims to water rights which are based solely on the ownership of riparian land. However it is rather unsatisfactory for the department, whose duty it is to administer the waters, to be confronted by the possibility that rights uncertain in nature and extent may exist. There- fore a time limit has been fixed under our Act, within which all persons claiming any rights to the use of the waters of streams, solely by virtue of being riparian owners, must file their claims before the Board, and these claims will be dealt with exactly as are claims under record. When the time limit expires no further claims of riparian owners as such will be recognized. In order to guard carefully against the granting away of the more important and valuable water privileges witaout due care and inquiry, particularly those privileges which involve the sale, barter and exchange of water or of water power, a special procedure has come to be established in our province. Applicants for this class of privileges must not only obtain a water license from the comptroller, but must have their undertakings approved by the minister; in fact this approval is one of the very first steps required of such applicants. In order to relieve the minister of much detail work in this connection, the petition for the approval of the undertaking is, in the first instance referred to the Board of Investigation, which makes its report to the minister. The Board goes carefully into such questions as whether the financial position of the applicant gives promise of his carry- ing out the undertaking successfully and as to whether the general scheme proposed is in the public interest. Applicants are not authorized to undertake surveys and the preparation of detail plans until they have obtained this approval of the undertaking as a preliminary step. In this way the plea that 150 TWENTY-FIRST INT ERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS. a particular applicant is entitled to consideration on the ground of having expended large sums of money is avoided. Several other measures have been made effective recently with the aim of conserving the valuable water resources of the province. Licenses issued to companies for waterworks and power purposes are now being limited to a term of years, the maximum life of any such license being fifty years. In other words, such privileges are leased rather than given in perpetuity. A bond is required of applicants for these privileges to insure construction of works without undue delay. A rental fee is also charged during the survey-con- W. E. Smith's Exhibit. struction period, which is sufficiently onerous to discourage the mere holding of sites for speculative purposes. In order not to work an injustice on applicants who proceed with the construction of their works in good faith, all amounts paid for rental during the survey-constructive period are, however, credited on account of rentals during operation period. This idea had been taken from the regulations of the United States Department of the Interior, and has the wholesome effect of making the applicant toe the mark in the survey- construction period, but lightening his burden in the early years of the operation period. PAPER BY HON. W. R. ROSS 151 While "^uch steps as those outlined are taken for the purpose of retaining important sites in the possession of the province until applicants come forward who intend actual development, every available means is taken in the meantime for the collection of accurate data respecting the undeveloped sites and giving the same publicity. In this connection a particular point has been made of stream measurement work. To facilitate more active and systematic progress in this important line, a co-operative working arrangement has been consummated recently between the Dominion and Provincial Governments under which the former has undertaken the collection of such data, the province contributing toward the co«t in exchange for the right to use and publish the data to whatever extent might be desirable. Work has been carried forward under this arrangement for about a year under the direction of J. B. Challies, Superintendent of Water Powers and Hydrographic Surveys, and ha.s resulted in much more extensive and continuous stream gaugings than would have been possible otherwise. It is hardly necessary for me to impress upon this audience the importance of this work in respect of possible future development of stream waters. Perhaps the most important step taken by the province in recent years, from the point of view of the irrigation farmer, is the legislation on public irrigation corporations, or "irriga- tion districts" as they are called in the United States. Here anain the cue was taken from the experience of the Western States. Experts were engaged to make a careful study of the legislation of these states and that of the Australian provinces; also to enquire into the special conditions existing in British Columbia, and to frame a bill with a view to meeting these conditions. This was done and the bill has now been incorporated into our Water Act. To those who are not acquainted with British Columbia, I might explain that a large part of our best agricultural lands, especially east of the Cascade Mountains, is of an arid nature, requiring the artificial application of water for the successful growing of crops. The demand for agricultural products greatly exceeds the local production; therefore, it i.> highly desirable to secure the extension of the irrigated areas wherever possible. At the same time the most avail- able sources of water supply for individual ditches have long since been occupied. The more recent settlers, in seeking to establish their water supply systems, have been confronted l>y a difficult task, the acvmplishment of which has often I'len far beyond iheir financial means. The result has, in M)inf' cases, beta a half-hearted attempt in the building of irrij^ation structures, *low progress ia the clearing and levelling "i lands and a geut^ral unsatisfactory condition. »1 152 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGA TION CONGRESS. While the Provincial Government haa been importuned from some quarters to alleviate these conditions by haying the province itself build the irrigation structures and deliver the water to the farmer's door, it has hesitated to take this step. The outlay which would be involved in satisfying the wants of the many different sections of the province would be very large moreover, once the government undertook a work of this kind, requests for aid in other undertakings, such as clearing of lands, would be sure to be urged with even stronger reasons, and it would be very difficult for the government to draw the line and call a halt. Therefore, it has hesitated to take a step which might have such far reaching results. In searching about for a means of helping the farmers to help themselves, attention was directed to the many forms of co-operation in vogue in the western states and especially to the irrigation districts, and it was decided to give every possible encouragement to the formation of similar institu- tions in British Columbia. The Act, therefore, has been enlarged so as to provide for various types of water users' associations and mutual water companies. The principal of these, and the one best adapted to co-operation between water users on a large scale, is the public irrigation corporation. The main purpose of this form of organization is to place in the hands of those who own land and use water the manage- ment and control of their irrigation systems, and to provide a method for securing funds to construct and operate works that are too costly for the individual or small groups of individuals to undertake. By means of such corporations money may be borrowed upon debentures, and taxes may be imposed which become a lien upon the lands benefited. The plan adopted is the essence of government super- vision, as dist'uguished from government ownership or management. The initiative in regard to every important act is on the land owners themselves, or upon trustees who are elected by them, and thus they become responsible. While this is true, the government does not propose to permit the land owners to make any mistakes in organizing or financing their enterprises, and therefore numerous safe- guards are adopted. Every important step in the life of the corporation must be approved by officers of the government. Such matters as the securing of an adequate water supply, the establishment of boundaries, the adoption of plans, the letting of contracts, and the borrowing of moneys are all subject to the approval of a Board before becoming final. The idea of this supervision is to protect the farmers again> nil reverence, in a very false position. The Iniiiiling up o' odern city is the culmination of the highest ingenuity. Ii means the highest class of organization, Inmian effort, knowledge, and ceaseless endeavour, and it staiiils to-day as one of the greatest tributes to the human iiiiml. But we have not applied the same principles to tilt building up of the country. We have accepted it the same as it was turned over to us by nature and we have been satisfied to let it so remain. I say unhesitatingly that until Vi ;; Rcntiemen recognize, and State ami National Ccovern- ni( iits recognize, that the same methods must be employed I r 1 1 I -i I a i J 158 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS. in the building up of the country, as are employed in th building up of our great cities, so long will we lag behind th cities, and so long will we discuss the city in relation to th farm. I came here chiefly to express to you the satisfaction c the Dominion Government in this Congress having paid t Canada the tribute which it has done in meeting here. I ma say at the same time, as a citizen of Calgary, that we apprc ..late very much the honour you have done to us in meetin in this city, this city of great expectations, if I may say so, an this city which we owe largely to the presence in our midsi of a great many from the Republic to the Squth of us. (Ar plause). Now that you are here, gentlemen, delegates froi the other side of the line, if it were possible, I should be ver glad to see you interned vdthin the boundaries of our cit} and I would reg — d that as a surety of the progress whic we anticipate. We trust that your deliberations will be productive ( every success, and that your further stay with us will 1: pleasurable and profitable beyond your most sanguir expectations. (Applause). PRESIDENT YOUNG: I am sure that I express th views of every member of this Congress, particularly its alie members, when I express to Senator Lougheed our dee appreciation of the Honourable Premier Borden's welcome t Canada, extended through Senator Lougheed, and ov pleasure in listening to the sentiments of good will an fraternity that have actuated Mr. Borden's welcome. Our next number upon the programme will be a discussici of "The Irrigation District," by Mr. J. T. Hinkle, of Oregoi Before however, Mr. Hinkle rises, Mr. Dennis desires i make an announcement. MR. DENNIS: With reference to the excursion c Friday morning: we are desirous of avoiding as far i possible confusion at the last moment, and we have therefo put in the hands of the clerical staff at the registration offi' tickets, M aich will be handed over to every delegate on tl Eresentation of his badge. The excursion is one tenden y the Canadian Pacific Railway to the Congress to Bassano a point about one hundred miles east of here, where we ha' some large irrigation works. The train will leave Calgiii at 10 o'clock, arriving at Bassano at 12.30 o'clock. Tl people of that little town are tendering a luncheon to thu who will honour us with their presence, after which a she drive vill be made, of three or four miles, to visit a Ian dam and some other structures there, arriving back in Calgn ALDRESS BY J. T. HINKLE 159 at 7 o'clock. We do not wish to leave everything to the last moment, and we shall be very much obliged if the delegates will call at the regist-ation officf -"vithin the next couple of days, and get their tickets. The Southern Alberta Land Go's Exhibit. PRESIDENT YOUNG: Mr. Hinkle will now address us. (Applause). Addreu by J. T. Hinkle Ex-Secretary Oregon Irrigation Congress, and Cliairnian of its Legis- lative Committee THE IRRIGATION DISTRICT Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: My effor* to-day will be to give you some idea t ■ the practical operation of the Irrigation District in the ari' and semi-arid states of the United States. I have been very much interested in the address by the Honourable Mr. Ross, roposition will stand investiga- tion. That is where our ible has all come in, in the bonding of Irrigation DisL. .a. In these bureaus and Reclamation Service outfits, men become partizan from the head man to the ditch walker, and whatever the head man bays, it goes right down the line. I was talking to a head man the other day and I was very glad to hear him say that the Irrigation District was a good thing, and I met recently a man from the Reclamation NTvice who was very pleased to talk Irrigation Districts. As a matter of fact, there is only one way for the building 11 1) of the Irrigation District, and that radiates clear down to the remotest outskirts of the proposition. Go and ask many of these state engineers, a..d many of these men in the employ of the Federal Government, and thev will pru- ned to tell you at once that a project i no good, whether tliey have ever examined that project or not. Our own state engineer approves a project, and the plans ;iMl specifications of an Irrigation District, and then concludes III- approval by saying that he c' >esn't know anything about 164 TWEXTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS what he is saying, and that he has never been on the project, never saw it and doesn't know anything about it. Is theic any wonder that we have difficulties in bonding legitimate propositions? Now, if these services will co-operate with the states, and go and look at propositions, and say whether or not they are sound propositions, our problem is solved, but as long as we have such great diversity of opinion as to the methods to be pursued in the development of the arid lands of the West, we will have the same old trouble. Now, Mr. President, and Ladies and Gentlemen, I have briefly outlined the plan of the Irrigation District and its operation in the states. I have attempted no techniea discussion of the subject, and I have prepared no technical paper upon the subject. If there is any discussion or any question anyone wishes to ask me concerning this subject. I shall be glad to answer it, otherwise, Mr. President and Gentlemen, I thank you. (Applause) CHAIRMAN DENNIS: The subject which has been discussed by Mr. Hinkle is one of particular importance. I will therefore ask the meeting for suggestions, if it is desired to have any discussion. MR. F. H. NEWELL, of Washington, D. C: Mr. Chairman, the Irrigation District, so well presented to-day, seems to offer a way out of some of the difficulties which have been encountered in the past. As yet. few of the states have effective irrigation district acts. The Reclamation Service has entered into negotiations with one or two Distruts of this kind, and is able to do business with the District under arrangements which are more or less temporary m character. That is to say that the law does not directly recognize the contracts which are being entered into between the Reclama- tion Service and the District, but we have hopes that tlie laws will be perfected and may reach that degree of perter- tion which I understand exists in British Columbia. Now, pending the enactment of suitable District laws, we have attempted the formatior of the Water Users' Associa- tion, which, as Mr. Hinkle h-- ^tated, has not been wholly satisfactory. The neceg--it> it arises in this: when tiie government starts to reclaim public land, there is usually a considerable body of private lands in the vicinity, or include ■ I along with the other lands, and to enter into a contract with these owners for their reclamrMon, and to put what is virtually a market value on them for their reclamation, an association has been formed. Now, this is not an association wliih is contemplated by the Reclamation Act, and which u!n- mately owns and operates the works. It is a temporary expedient, and it has some of the virtues and a great many DISCUSSION' 165 of the defects which arise from temporary works every time. A corporation issues stock, and can levy assessments on it3 members, but it cannot force into its partnership the minority or the ownership of public lands, and the only way to coerce, is for the Secretary of the Interior to issue orders that water shall not be supplied to the men who are back in their dues to the association. Now, naturall- the minority resent this very much, and being forced to pay (lues to an association of which they do not always appreciate the necessity, there is always that difficulty. The District, however, where it is formed under effective state laws, can bring in all of the lands necessary and can force the minority, generally the few large land owners, to do those things which are essential for the success of the District. Now, what we want, are two things: first, a Federal law which will recognize these Irrigatioi Districts, and permit the government to enter into conl;' .i;t with them; and, second, a perfection of state laws, such as in the case of British Columbia mentioned, and some of the states, where itjs possible for a dist-ict to be formed, and enter into a contract with the Federal Government. At the present time, their naethod of procedure is so limited. They must issue bonds in a certain way, and these bonds cannot be taken by the Federal Government as security, so we have in the majority of cases, the deadlock because of the imper- fection of the laws permitting the execution of the necessary agreements and reaching the necessary understanding. As stated by Mr. Hinkle, I believe the way out of some of the present difficulties may be solved by the Iriigation District possessing the power of taxation, and one it can exercise on all of the lands, and all of the property included within the district and including in that also the cit^' or suburban property which is benefited by the existence o( the Irrigation District, although it may not act'v My recei\ water for its lands. (Applause). CHAIRMAN DENNIS: Before proceeding with the next item on the programme, I am asked by Major Young, 1 resident of the Congress, to announce that he has appointed as temporary Chairman of the Resolutions Committee, Mr. J. T. Hinkle, of Oregon, and as temporary Chairman of tlie Permanent Organization Committee, Mr. L. Newman of Montana. ' I also desire to announce that the Honourable,the Minister ot Agriculture for the province of Alberta, after his address lit^t night, placed in the hands of the Executive, a large number of copies of the reports of the Demonstration Farm and schools of agriculture within the province. There are j, i*iit)ply of these in the Administrative Headquarters, and I m 166 T WENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS shall be very pleased if any delegate will care to take one with him. The President also desires to announce that the Permanent Organization Committee will meet at 1.30 o'clock to-morrow, Wednesday, in the Sun Parlour of the Palliser Hotel, under the chairmanship of Mr. Newman. The next item on the programme is an address by Mr.C.C. Thom, Soil and Irrigation Specialist of the State College of Washington, on "The Necessity of a Higher Duty of Water." (Applause). Addrcwby C. C. Thom SoU and Irrtftatlon Spccialiat, The State CoUege of Waahlnftton THE NECESSITV OF A HIGHER DUTY OF WATER Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: I hav'j been listening with much interest to the discussion of matters pertaining to irrigation, and with regard to the management of the irrigation project, and with regard to engineering features of irrigation, but to me, in the capacity I at present hold in the state of Washington, there seems to be no more mooted question than the "Duty of Water." The Duty of Water is understood to mean the anaount of water that is necessary which, being applied to the soil during the growing season, will give ample or profitable returns in agricultural produce. The first diflSculty arises in under- standing the term. You will see, in reading the reports of certain projects, that the Duty of Water is a second-foot. In another project it is an acre-foot, or it may be acre-inches. Again it is expressed in miner's inches. Now the second-foot would be a good term to use if, coupled with that, there was always a certain area in mind, but we know that that varies anywhere from 16 to 160 acres on many of the projects. Again we have the acre- foot. To my mind that is a most expressive term, because it expresses area with volume. That is a very good term. The acre-inch is also all right, because it is a fraction of an acre-foot, but when it comes to the miner's foot, or miner's inch, that, it seems to me, is entirely out of place in irrigation practice because it is a varying standard in different states and provinces, and, unless we are familiar with that figure in every state, it will be impossible to determine what is meant bv the term "miner's inch". I think there should l)e an effort made to unify that term. 1 remember being ^n one project this summer, and I mentioned "acre-foot," luid the farmer did not know what I was talking about, but i»e ADDRESS BY C. C. THOM 167 did understand miner's inches. That seems to me to be ridiculous. Let us express it as we would rain-fall. That is not the great difficulty however. In looking over the projects in the United States and the Dominion of Canada we note that the Duty of Water varies very considerably from one place to another. I happen to know two projects, situated side by side, under exactly similar conditions as to soil and climate, the one of which has a Duty of Water of twelve inches and the other has a Duty of Water of three acre-feet. Now there is something wrong. There is a difference there under exactly similar conditions, because I have been over both, and discovered no material difference and there is that difference of two acre-feet. It seems the idea should be that the climatic conditions should determine in some degree the Duty of Water in that district. However, that does not seem to have entered into the con- sideration of project owners in the early days in determining as to how much water was actually necessary for any project. Rather it wis a question of how much water could be had over a certain area of land which was available, or if it was a pumping proposition, it was a matter of expense, and they will keep it down for that reason. That is entirely aside from what the problem ought to be. It should be what water is required to produce this or that crop under a good set of conditions. That does not enter into the consideration of all projects. There is no stipulation under agreement or contract or anything else that you should use so much water for one kind of crop and so much for another, but you have so much, and you should use it regard- less of whether that usage is good or not. Now, noting this, it seems .to me reasonable to believe that different crops needed different amounts of water. We therefore undertook to see whether there was any difference, by means of experiment. Before going into that, let us go back and see what is the function. Why do we apply it to these arid lands through- out the West? We know that the ultimate result is the production of crops, but why do we have to have water? It is simply because the plants take their food in solution. Water is a carrier, it carries the plant's food from a certain l)oint and places it into the plant. That is a well known thing and it would seem reasonable to believe that the larger load you carried with a reasonable amount of water the less water you would likely need. In other words, if you had a good strong solution you would use less water than if you had a weak one. I remember talking before a high school class in our state one time, and I was explaining huw it was that plants fed, and one girl in that audience got the i'iea that plant food was soup, and then she got an idea 168 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS that it might be a thin soup, and that has been the case in many instances. We have been pouring on so much water that the soup which those plants fed on has got mighty thin. We have been doing that without any basis whatever. Who has ever told you whether it took more water to grow potatoes than it did alfaifa or the other way about? Our first experiments were outlined to show whether or not that contention might or might not be correct. We determined this in large tanks, four feet in diameter and six feet in depth, which were weighed from time to time, so that we knew how much water was being taken from them, and here are the results. The first crop that we had was potatoes. We determined this to see how much water it took to produce a pound of each plant in a perfectly dry state. It took 167 pounds of water to produce one pound of potato. The next is with onion, and the next with corn, 249 pounds of water. Now I will 'et you read this table over. Here are oats, beans, cabbages, peas, wheat, alfalfa, 446 pounds of water to make one pound of alfalfa, corn 240 pounds, barley 320 pounds. Now would it seem reasonable to the man who is producing grain that he should have as much water on the same kind of soil and similar conditions as the man raising alfalfa? And yet we proceed to give him just as much. Now just note that there is a great difference in the amount of water used by the different crops. It is anywhere from 157 pounds to 450 pounds for red clover. There is a very wide margin there. Now let us go back again. If it takes a certain amount of plant food to build up that crop, that plant food must be taken from the soil together with what comes from the air. Now if you dilute that food in 500 pounds of water, it is reasonable to believe that it is going to take 500 pounds of water for the plant to make that given pound. If you dilute it in 1,000 pounds of water, it will take 1,000 pounds. In other words, the stronger our solution, the less water we will use. We undertook to demonstrate that. I had to send all the way to Illinois to get soil which contained no plant food. I could not find it anywhere in the West. I took a water solution and I added to the solution what these plants take from the soil in different amounts. The first solution I made at one one-hundredth of one per cent, strong. That is very weak. That contained potash, hydrogen, sulphur and lime and all the other necessary ingredients. From that on the percentages came down to one-third. Now here are the results. In this case it took 1,800 pounds of water to produce 1 pound of plant, and where we had it one-third it took 236 pounds. There is a very wide differ- ence there, and it is due entirely to the strength of solution because all of the conditions were exactly similar and con- ADDRESS BY C. C. THOM trolled within the limits of experiment — so the difference is due to the increased strength of the solution. Now that is a point that I wish to make, in the second case, that, first of all, different crops demand different amounts of water, and, in the second case, the condition of your soil will increase or decrease the amount of water that should be used. If you will remember these two different points we can proceed with some others. In this instance we wanted to see the age of plants. Now which is the more profitable production, a mature crop or one which is not mature? At the end of thirty days it took, in this instance, 519 pounds of water to produce 1 pound of dry matter in oats. At the end of sixty days 482 pounds of water, and at the end of ninety days it was 369 pounds. Now you can get a more economic use of water by bringing crops to maturity. That means that we must adapt to climatic conditions such crops if we are going to make the best use of the water supply. The next chart will show the amount of available plant food. In this instance we grew blue-stem wheat after the first crop the first year. Now, wheat, if you keep on growing it, will take certain elements from the soil each year. If you keep on growing it, the particular elements on which wheat feeds most strongly will become weaker and weaker. Wheat after wheat was 487 pounds, and wheat after oats was 400. Wheat after corn was 460 pounds. Wheat after i*ummer fallow 367 pounds. Now you will see that there vas a chance for the plant food to accumulate the year before, and it was much stronger in this instance than in any other. Wheat after peas, 416; after clover, 310; and after"^ alfalfa, 391. The kind of crop that you produce has a marked effect on the amount of water, in the first place, and the crop which precedes a crop has a similar effect. Now, of course, we have to prove our contention by getting results on a larger scale in the field. Here is another chart showing the amount at different stages of maturity. This is in wheat. It passes from the minimum use of water from that standpoint to bringing crops to maturity, rather than harvesting them before maturity. Now the next chart is rather interesting. I have taken these different strengths of solution which may be used. This is one one-hundredth. This is the same as tlu' second, where wheat was one one-hundredth down. It is interesting to us to take and harvest those plants, not from the ground up, but to take all the roots as well, and in th" instance of the weak solution, we had the percentages Wastefulness in the field, in the market, ai:J m the home; Want of thorough understanding, on the part of some of the settlers, of the attitude and purposes of those responsiM.' for the development of the land, and a smaller degree of co- operation than might otherwise be obtained. I find that the average settler takes up more lan of the animal, if it be destined for market; and in efficient': , if it be a work animal. Failure to realize the number of milch cows, poultry, etc, t' can be kept on the farm without extra expense, is another. .n the home there are innumerable instances of minor waste, the total, however, forming a not inconsiderable yearly total, especially when it is considered that this is a part of the farmer's cash outlay. I found settlers buying meat at high cost, when they themselves were shipping cattle, hogs and sheep to market. I found settlers buying condensed milk, when there was room for a half dozen or more milch cows on their place. I found settlers buying vegetables, when there was idle land almost at their door, sufficient to raise many times what they would consume. The ehmination of waste is merely a matter of education. I am certain that most of this would be rectified if the settlers were once shown how simple it is to do so. This brings us to the question of co-operation between those responsible for the development of the land and the settler. There are plain evidences of the attitude on the part of some of the settlers, that has proved one of the most annoy- ing problems in every considerable irrigation enterprise which 1 liiive seen in operation in the last eleven years: — A feeling on the part of some of the farmers, that notwithstanding all that has been done for them, the only intent of those responsi- lilf for the development of the land is to exploit them, and liiiving sold them the land and water, their only remaining I oncern is the collection of payments. This attitude naay hv I onsidered an inevitable feature of any enterprise. It is this Ilk of resource and failure to understand irrigation condi- 'i'Mi- that causes most of the troubles. Experience has shown beyond question that the failure or -urcpHs of irrigation projects in the West, both private and i n 184 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS governmental, has depended largely on the ability of the new settler to get through the first years. A stranger in a strange land, he must have some one to guide him in regard to physical conditions and someone to lean against for financial support. Except in the most isolated cases, his capital is so small that all returns from the farm must go back into the farm for quite a number of years before he is what could be safely termed prosperous. He acquires the necessary equipment of mach- inery, buildings and livestock, very gradually, and he is not getting proper returns from his "plant" until his equipment is secured. The sooner he acquires that equipment and learns what the capacity of his plant should be, the sooner he is Penticton Applk. prosperous. There can be no question but that the prosperity of any irrigation enterprise rests upon the prosperity of its settlers. It is, of course, out of the question to require ot those responsible for the development of land to equip thf settlor and to run his farm for him until he is able to make ;i large profit himself, but there are many things that can ht done which will materially aid the settler and at the same time bring about a spirit of co-operation. In general, liowover, I would suggest that the services ul an expert agriculturist, not only as regards the physical condition of crop raising, but also as *o general condition-, DISCUSSION 183 prevailing among settlers, would prove extremely valuable to any community. A thorough investigation by such a man would undoubtedly result in the formation of a plan of pro- cedure that would materially increase the amount of land under cultivation, raise the yield of the crops and conserve the expenditure of the farmers. Find the men who can demonstrate the working of the demonstration farm to the individual farmer. Mobilize them into an army of invasion for a campaign into the land of Ignorance. Turn the flank of Discouragement with a cavalry charge of Practical Information. Raise the fortresses of Failure with the siege guns of Intelligent Endeavour, and you will bring the great country of the ARID WEST under the banner of Prosperity, with never a wish on the part of its inhabitants to belong again to the dual monarchy of Ignorance and Failure. Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen, I thank you. (Applause). MESSAGE FROM GOVERNOR HANNA PRESIDENT YOUNG: I am in receipt of a communi- cation from the Governor of North Dakota, as follows : Bismarck, N. D., Oct. 3rd, 1914. "Hon. Richard W. Young, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. My dear Sir: — I wish to extend through you the best greetings of North Dakota to the International Irrigation Congress and hope that the Congress may be of great benefit to the cause of Irrigation, both in the United States and Canada. Sincerely, (Signed) L. B. H.^nna." Is there any discussion respecting the paper which has just been read? Under the rule ten minutes will be devoted to discussion if required. MR. C. E. LAURENCE, of British Columbia: While endorsing regarding the demonstration farms be; " an inspiration to a farmer, I would like to ask if there is ^t a Commission of Conservation which really covers the ground which has been mentioned in that paper in making good the necessary information, or the necessary knowledge wl.ich a farmer requires. I wouhi add to that question that we have such a Com- mission of Conservation in Canada, and it covers pretty well tlic whole of the Doro'^'on, and the assistance that is required [51 ! K ■ mm ■■>';"! 186 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS is given out by means of expert farmers stationed in different parts. For instance, there is one here in Calgary whose dis- trict extends far into Manitoba and into British Columbia. I am speaking now for the work he is doing in British Columbia, and I can only speak of it in the highest terms as illustrating on our own land exactly the result which can be obtained from certain methods of cultivation. Now it seems to me that, with that Commission of Conservation at wprk in the United States, and I know that there is such there, it seems to me that the very lack of information which is spoken of by the speaker should be supplied. MR. GRUNWALD:— Each of our states in the United States have an agricultural college. They have extensive work in agriculture which covers experiment stations. Also the Agricultural Department has a branch which is known as "Farm Management," the counties in many states have experts to go nd help to teach the settler in agriculture and irrigation. Now, as speaking from Colorado, we have ten men whom we call "County Agriculturists." I know thr State of Utah, where our President comes from, has about eight or more and all of our western states are endeavouring to hire those men to teach the farmers. Does that answer your question? MR. LAURENCE: Yes sir, but I would like to know whether that is not covered by the Commission of Conserva- tion? MR. GRUNWALD: I would like to call on Professor Ball of Utah to answer that. PROF. E. D. BALL, of Utah : The Conservation Commis- sions, as far as I know, have almost entirely different duties The duties are seeking out the resources of the state, but the actual conveying of the information to the farmer is entirely entrusted, in most of our states, to the Agricultural Colleges, through its extension department, as Mr. Grunwald has stated, and that is conveyed to the farmer directly by the county agriculturists or field men, whatever you may call them. Besides that, almost all of our agricultural colleges in the States maintain a staff who are not assigned to any county, but to the state at large. There will be a specialist in irriga- tion and a specialist in husbandry. For instance, if a man wants to establish a draining system the specialist will go there and stay there until it is established, so that the state main- tains two forces that are for the benefit directly of the farmer. They carry this information directly to the farmer. Th«' county agent is the go-between; and the specialist, and the farmer are the two who arc brought together. The ager.' goes around and gets into touch with every farmer in hi^ county and finds out that farmer's particular problem. He i< DISCUSSION 187 the go-between, the man who finds out the problem and knows where to get the information, and then from the specialist and the agricultural college he gets the information and de- livers it to the farmer. (Applause). MR. W. J. THOMPSON, of Saskatchewan: Firstly I want to congratulate Mr. Grunwald on the paper he has read, because it helps to interpret the human equation on the land, the human elements. It was very pleasing to me, as one on the land myself, having no other resources but that land, to hear the interest which has been represented at this Congress on the part of the business men and professional men, engin- eers especially, preaching these doctrines. It is not irrigation works, or engineering works, but it is the human elements that have to be dealt with. I have been very much disgusted lately to hear business men on the train. I heard it coming here from Winnipeg, sitting there smoking their cigars in the pullman, criticising most volubly the cussedness of the farmers not making more use of the experiment stations. We all know that the experimental stations of this country have discovered more things in the last twenty years than the farmers will be able to use in the next one hundred years. I think it is about time that we took a leaf out of the corporate interest book and put it in the book of the farmer. I observe that a branch of a packing house in Calgary has recently been having visits from four experts. Now, how are we going to help the farmer to get more out of his land and market it at a better price? They take the young man out of the high school into the packing business and he is put under a manager and he gets ideas. He is promoted eventually to the management of the branch house. It is not taken for granted that he knows all about the packing business in this time. He is expected to market poultry and butter and pork and sausages. Now what do we find? We find that a special- ist in Chicago gets over the ground and goes to the individual customers all over the city. Next comes along a specialist iu butter or poultry. Some of us in this country know what we would lik" to do, hut we cannot do it. i ..ave been confronted with the problem of digging twelve acres of potatoes and I am in the face of a disaster I have never heard of. I had to telegraph to the experimental station before I could get any attention. It seems to me the time to deal with the farmer is to get at the man when he gets on the land, and to co-operate with him at the time, and not wait until he gets up against something and sets grouchy and cusses, and then gets out of the country. Now I think we want something of the county agent style winch you have on the other side of the line. I am glad tlioughthat they are waking up to the fact that there is no more inefficiency among farmers than there is among business J.:- 188 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGI^^SS y*"" i«''. men. How are you going to deal with this quest' "i? Let them provide practical helpers for us through the human personal touch. (Applause). PRESIDENT YOUNG: Our next number is "Water Administration in British Columbia," by Mr. William Young of British Columbia, who is the Controller of Water Rights in that province. I have the pleasure of introducing Mr. William Young. (Applause). Address by William Young Comptroller of Water Rights for British Columbia ADMINISTRATION OF WATER RIGHTS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: The history of water administration of British Columbia for the past fifty years may be said to be the history of water administration of several of the Western States of the Union south of the international boundary. From the time when the province was a Crown Colony the ownership of the waters in the rivers and streams has been vested in the Crown, and in the circumstances, water rights were granted through a period of well over forty years, but unfortunately in those days in an unmethodical manner. The result is that there are streams that have been over-recorded many times, and again, n my of these records are a hundred-fold in excess of the requirements for which they were taken out. Although throughout those years there was a water law that provided for granting of rights, such law contained no machinery for administration afterwards. Because of this weakness in the law and the fact that records were granted by government agents in different sections without reference to a central authority, the final condition became one of chaos. Just as some of the states to the south of us have faced a similar condition and set things in order, so have we had to set about this work, a beginning being made in 4909, when steps had to be taken to terminate the growing confusion. No organized effort was made, however, until the summer of 1912, when the Hon. Mr. Ross called in able advisors to formulate a system and advise the best method of undertaking the work. Now I have little if anything new to present to you in the administration of water rights in British Columbia. In takinf; up the many problems that confronted us we went about it iu the same manner that the trained scientist undertakes some new field of research. An effort was first made to ascertain ADDRESS BY WILLIAM YOUNG 18» what had been done in other countries, particularly the Empire and the United States of America. While amend- .nents to the Water Act were made in 1913, the results of organized effort may be said to have crystalized in the amend- ed Act of 1914. We do not claim that this Act as it now stands is perfect, fcr from it; but during the preparation of amend- ments for the Act, complete organization of office and staff had been well advanced, current work taken care of, an order of work established and the problem of handling the large quantity of arrears commenced. As regards investigating the work that other countries have done, it may be said that we have just entered on the border of a vast realm; for of all applied science irrigation may be said to be the oldest, not to say anything of water power or waterworks. The foundation of our administration of water rights is our water law, as it is in all of the states represented at this Congress. What follows hereinafter is a very brief analysis of this law; an outline of our order of work; a few remarks in respect of administrative problems and in conclusion how the administrative staff deal with the work before them and the principles that must govern their actions if success is to be the reward. The basic principle of our water law is set out in the beginning in the declaration that all the unrecorded water in any stream is vested in the Crown in the right ot the province. Then the purposes for which water rights may be acquired comes next. Organization and administration is then taken care of. Procedure in the acquirement of water right follows, and then the organization of communities, associations and municipalities, and lastly the Board of Investigation, its functions and procedure. Under the chapter "Organization and Administration," the law briefly authorizes the appointment of the Comptroller of Water Rights, and the Board of Investigation, each with specific power, and appointment of district engineers, also with specific powers, the division of the province into water districts and the appointment of water recorders. The law sets out the administrative duties and powers of the niiuister; also those of the Lieutenant-Ciovernor-in-('ouncil. With respect to the latter, one of the most important powers is that of making rules and regulations for the carrying out of the spirit, intent and meaning of the law. With this basis to work on the organization is elaborated. The Comptroller of Water Rights issues all licenses and administers the Act in accordance with the rules and regula- ti.ins in their application to the various purposes in which water may be used. He is also empowered, with the approval lit the minister, to carry on such topographic surveys and lit tier engineering mvestigations as may be in the public 190 TWENTY-FIRST INTEflNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS interest. The Board of Investigation was crpated for the purpose of hearing claims, determining old rights and adjudi- cating thereon. The Lieutenant-Governor-in-Council or minister, may however refer any matter, question or thing to the Board for the purpose of obtaining information or making any enquiry thereon. As constituted, the Board normally consists of three members, two of whom shall form a quorum. The Comptroller of Water Rights is ex-officio a member of the Board in all matters excepting those pertaining to old records. The division of the province into water districts is in the interest of effective administration and the engineers appointed to supervise such districts have stated powers to enable them to enforce "beneficial use" of water and settle disputes; in other words, the district engineers represent and are deputies for the Comptroller of Wtter Rights. The Water Recorders, usually the government agents, act as represen- tatives of the Comptroller to the extent of receiving applica- tions for water rights, such applications to be filed with him and advertised, so that the neighbours of the applicant may have an opportunity of ascertaining if .their interests are affected. The rules and regulations deal in particular with petitions, surveys, plans, fees and rules covering the use of water rights. It is not the intention at this time to enter into any de- scription of how water rights may be acquired for the reason that the ground has already in a measure been covered by the Honourable, the Minister, in his paper. One point in respect of tiie procedure I would however refer to. It is this, the procedure is now simplified in the interest of the settler. It is now comparatively easy for him to make his own appli- cation. It was always possible for him to do so but owing to the unfortunate arrangement of our acts and doubt in respect of some sections, he usually called in a lawyer. He no longer does this. Already this feature has proven a boon to many a pre-empter or small owner to whom a lawyer's fee would be a charge they could ill afford. The purposes for which water rights may be acquired arc 14 in number, and, although they are all important, three great purposes stand out with prominenee. 1st. Irrigation whether by individual, community, com- pany or municipality. 2n(l. Water power. 3rd. Water works. A broad distinction in the purposes may, however, be saiil to exist. ''Purposes tha^ affect the public interest" and "Purposes thai affect the individual." Around these purposes our administrative machinery may be said to be constructed and in their light the department i:< ADDRESS BY WILLIAM YOUNG 101 now in a process of organization for effective and efficient administration. The creation of the organization we now have may be said . to date from 1910 when the administration was centralized in Victoria. During 1911 and 1912 considerable progress was made, in working out a system adapted to the business of administration, in expert investigations of conditions, a^'d in formulating an order of work. The year 1913 witnesseo the division of the province into water districts, the opening of branch offices and the appointment of district engineers, also a united effort in the preparation of rules and regulations for the administration of the Act, and important amendments to the Act, among which may be mentioned a chapter dealing with irrigation, whether by community, company or munici- pality, and which has been referred to at some length in the paper given by the Honourable, the Minister. Very important amendments to the Railway Belt Water Act were also made, whereby the administration of water rights in the Railway Belt finally passed from the Dominion to the province, and as an outcome of this the B. C. Hydrographic Survey was organized for systematic work throughout the province. The effective work of administration may be said to have begun in this year, and that there might be uniformity of effort, the order of work referred to as having been adopted in 1912 was slightly revised to meet the conditions. It is as follows : — 1. Investigation of old records. 2. Systematic and continuous work in stream gauging. 3. Study of the proper duty of water. 4. The prevention of wasteful use of water. 5. Policing of streams. 6. Economic distribution and delivery of water. 7. Inspecting water systems to determine their efficiency and safety. 8. Determination of storage possibilities. 9. Investigation of water powers. 10. Investigation of sources of domestic water supj-Iy. You will note that this order of work involves the three great purposes referred to, and which are, in each particular ilistrict, of more or less importance. You will note, however, that investigation of old records comes first, and necessarily so, for the very good reason that effective administration was quite impossible until the chaos of almost fifty years has been cleared up. Under these circumstances the efforts of our district engineers have been largely concentrated on engineer- ing investigation of those records, although every line of work has been given more or less attention. Theie are about feOOO of these old records, practically all of which have now been reported on, and these preliminary reports have been of great > 192 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS value to the Board r>* /estigation. The hearings now held by the Board are ^ different to those first held without these preliminar> e^^ineers' reports and the success resulting from the efforts of this tribunal during the past two seasons, and referred to the Honourable, the Minister, is as much due to these reports as to anything. We are hopeful that the measure of svrcess referred to will continue. In some of the districts this Board work is now complete, and we are now fortunately in a position to follow more fully and carefully the various other lines of work, with results that have been rorst encouraging. I have referred to three great purposes as being of publif interest, viz: Irrigation, Water power and Water-works. Since the difficulties met with in administration largely centre around these, we will refer to them in order. DEALING WITH THE ADMINISTRATION OF WATER FOR IRRIGATION Prior to 1914 there was no provision in the law that would enable the officers to cope with the conditions that already existed, and under the circumstances their hands were in a measure practically tied. The Water Act of 1914, however, included nevr sections which involved basic principles and made administration for irrigation possible and effective. These principles are: — 1st. "Limiting the quantity to beneficial use," that is to say the quantity of water usct* per acre shall be limited to such quantity as experience may from time to time irdir i*^" to be necessary for the production of crops in the exercise of good husbandry. 2nd. "Ro'ation in use," when a numb t of water users may arrange a system of rotation that will best meet the re- quirements of growing crops and at the same time secure an economic use of the water. 3rd. "Consideration oi the particular crop grown," a pro- vision which opens the way for adjustment, that is in the interest of the community as a whole. It is not my intention to take up your time in an argument of what kind of crops should be grown. I do not consider myself qualified to discuss such an important subject, but as respects these principles and their administration I am re- minded of a statement credited to Sir William Wilcocks, and in reference to the control of use of water in the orevention of deterioration of land, as follows: "In this respect the government is autocratic and can and must enforce the regulations devised by its experieiictil advisors. It need not await the slow education of the great body of water users before adopting those pr.-'ctices whicli experience has shown are neces.sary for the general prosperity. ' ADDRESS BY WILLIAM YOUNG 103 For the administration of these principles the powers of tie district engineers were enlarged, and in carrying out "Rotation in use" thty may arrange when messary for the appointment of water bailiffs whose duties art clearly set out by the Water Act and whose authority is backed up by the Police and Prisons Act. These principles and the provision for their enforcement ar» not new. In referring to the history of irrigation, particul. j in countries where it has been practised for centuries, we are told; "That the water that irrigates your field has to flow in a channel which passes the field of all your neighbours and which cannot be maintained in a state of efficiency unless all do their duty. It is easy to understand how method, order and obedience, to a properly constituted authority very soon developed themselves." "We are also told how autocracy was introduced into a free community of irrigators on small independent canal systems and in times of difficulty the irrigators chose from among themselves a dictator for the whole period of scarcity of supply and his orders are obeyed and respected as though he were an Absolute Monarch, and further that they invaria- bly chose a good man." In short, success here may be said to depend upon the human equation and we have kept in mind these facts of old world practice in the appointment of bailiffs, insisting upon these men having the confidence and respect of the com- munities in which they reside. The result of the introduction of these principles in some districts where water feuds have existed for years has been most encouraging. Irrigators have again become friends and neighbours, realizing that tht'ir individual success and prosperity meant the prosperity of the community. In one particular instance where an order of rotation of water was instituted as the water became scarce it was found that some of the prior record holders had ditches that absorbed all the water in the creek before it reached their land. As this state of affairs became obvious the bailiff eliminated these record holders from the order of rotation in the use, and to the credit of these men it may be said that, although in other years they had caused trouble, they now acknowledge the justice of the bailiff's ruling, they could not make beneficial use of the water, and it was not in the interest of the community that they should prevent others from doing so. Then there are other important features in the interest of irrigation that permit '>f effective administration and encour- age organization ti at will mean not only development, hut greater co-operation among farmers. These are — 1st. Organization of water users communities. 2nd. Organization of mutual water companies. 13 i 194 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS 3rd. Organization of land and water companies. 4th. Organization of public irrigation corporations, or irrigation municipalities. Time will not permit of reference to these, other than to state that enterprise has been stimulated in different farming sections. Irrigation communities are being formed and the department have now under consideration a number of peti- tions for the formation of irrigation corporations in respect of which the preliminary engineering work is well advanced, and it is hoped that the various conditions required by the Act as regards organization and management will be fulfilled during the coming winter, and that another year will see several irrigation corporations or municipalities in operation. A few words now about: THE ADMINISTRATION OF WATER RIGHTS IN THE DEVELOP- MENT OF POWER This purpose and its administrative requirements has received quite as much consideration as the purpose of irri- gation. Recent amendments to the Act in this respect were few but of great importance. It is no longer possible for a company to organize with the minimum of capital permitted by the Companies' Act for the purpose of carrying out an undertaking requiring several millions of dollars. It is now impossible for a purely speculative element to secure and hold indefinitely a valuable franchise. The administration in this respect is largely governed by rules and regulations that tlif Lieutenant-Governor-in-Council may from time to time makt for carrying out the spirit, intent, meaning and purpose of tlu Act. In respect of development of power, these rules dea with surveys, construction, the operation period and fees. Ir regard to the companies now operating, the determination ol the fees to be charged is iKcupying our attenion. How suci fees should be arrived at is clearly set out with an alternative this alternative being that the fees may be based on a reason able station output. For the present we are taking this as tli( average daily horsepower arrived at from the total output ii kilowatt hours at the power house switch-board. As the nl( records are eliminated and licenses substituted therefor ni the organization for effective administration progresses, w( shall in due course go more fully into the question of fees basin) such on the several factors set out in the rules rather than oi the basis which has been adopted for the current year. Hydro-electric power is essentially a specialty and to dea with it in a proper way a section of our staff will, in due cour-;* give its whole time to its administration and study. The problem of water power administration and polif] is one of economic importance and the question that confront ADDRESS BY WILLIAM YOUNG 195 US is to what extent should the Crown become interested. On the one hand we have the example of a Hydro-Electric Com- mission of Ontario, the progress of which we must carefully follow, analyzing the reports and criticirms pro and con. Then there is on the other hand the ner- ,s..." Tor encouraging in- vestments of private capital, subjt i however, tc the principle that public utilities as natural uunMpoliiM mu .c be under regulation by the Crown. What Jk ultimate esult will be only the future can tell. I I usfK/o^ ay FRUIT -^ isnriBUTOirs Stiff lni|Qi>.M;«lAB [TERN States ^ North Wm«tern Statks Exhibit. As the province must know .something of its a.s.setH in wat.r powers, the work of stream investigation has been taken up. This work for the season now closing has been more '•siHciaily in the Okanagan Valley and comprises topographic vyork. and stream investigation for power, reservoir investiga- tion, stream gauging already having been arranged for. Small powirs are not overlooked, it is only necessary for data to be nmtit' available to bring about development, as a small power niiiy mean an important industry to a small community. ADMINISTRATION OF WATER RIGHTS KOR THE PURPOSE OF WATER-WORKS Administration in the issue of licenses and collection of aniuml fees in this purpotte is usually plain sailing. There is, liowcver, a phase of it that is of great im|H)rtance and in the I I 'mm 196 TWENTY-FIRS T INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS public interest, "The investigation of the sources of domestic water supply, particularly of large centres or population." Many of these watersheds are still Crown lands, and the Crown as the land and water-lord, is in a position to practise "conser- vation." During the past two seasons a field party has been continually following out an order of work, as follows: — 1st. Determination of water shed area. 2nd. Extent of run-off. 3rd. Cruising to determine how much timber is merchant- able and whether or not the timber as a whole is a factor in the regulation of stream flow. 4th. Cruising of alienated timber. 5th. Obtaining the area of alienated land and the purpose for which it is held. 6th. The investigation of other rights whether water or mineral, and what use, if any, are made of them. In a new country like British Columbia the value of this work must become of greater importance as time goes on. With the co-operation of an active provincial Board of Health there will be, in due course, available data for the various centres of population that will be a guide in securing and guarding their sour-^es of pure domestic water. The most important work in thl" respect now in hand is the survey investigation of the water- sheds from whence comes the dom- estic water supply of greater V ncouver. The results already obtained have enabled us to make equitable decisions in respect of licenses held by the municipalities who were at variance with one another. It is to be acknowledged that Vancouver must become a great city and a great railway and shipping centre. With this in mind we are compiling all the facts, and the protection of Vancouver's source of domestic water supply has been rounded out to such an extent that when the time comos to provide for larger demands there will be fow difficulties in the way of obtaining the necessary authorizatu)n. Briefly, the situation in Vancouver is ready for the organ- ization of a M ropolitan Water Board, which body must ultimately be ated by the municipalities that comprise greater Vancoi I have referred to the lines of work of the district engineers as covering these three great purposes. And while I have stated that every line of work laid down has received attention in one or other of the districts, it has been impossible at tlie present date to give all the lines in each district the full attention they merit. For example take "Duty of Water, a work that will demand the whole time of one man,.who must specialize, and whilst this is so, it is not the intention to relieve the district engineers of their responsibility, on the contrary their hearty co-operation is essential, and they will be required ADDRESS BY WILLIAM YOUNG 197 to keep in touch with all work within their districts and to be here and there in the ev nt of contentions arising. Then there is stream gauging. When the province assumed from the Dominion the administration of water rights in the Railway Belt the latter decided to continue its hydrographic work. It was, however, considered that it would be advan- tageous to the province if it could co-operate with the Domin- ion along lines similar to those in operation in the United States. An agreement, accordingly, was arrived at, and v/e now have the B. C. Hydrographic Survey. The officers of this organization have no administrative powers in respect of water rights. Outside the Railway Belt their whole time is devoted to hydrography, results of their work being available to the Water Rights Branch for administrative purposes. Our district engineers are thus, to a large extent, relieved of this work, except in sections where irrigation is practised, and proper administration depends on a direct knowledge of stream flow. In this respect we have adopted the system in use in Oregon, charts being prepared to show graphically the relation of records to stream flow, from which it may be seen at a glance those licenses that have to depend upon storage, and to what extent a stream may be recorded on. In conclusion, if the administration of water rights is to count for anything, the requirements of the different sections of the country must be anticipated. To this end we have concentrated our efforts on the Okanagan Valley, one of the fruit districts of the West. "\' the end of another season every stream will have be 'ersed, every reservoir sur- veyed and contoured, ever -shed determined, and the timber cruised, classified a . possibly reserved; stream gauging all the while having been carried on. In fact, a thorough water investigation will have been completed in anticipation of development that must in time come. The problem of wjil drill-ng, in its application to bench lands, is also under investigation; and the problem of irrigation by pumping, with a view to obtaining and marshalling all the facts in respect of the practice in other countries, and how we may apply them to British Columbia, is now receiving atten- tion. In the general conduct ot the administration of water rinhts, whether at headquarters or in the field, we are endeav- ouring to follow the principles of good business by giving i)r()nipt attention to enquirers and water users; unbiased (tcclsions where there is dissension; and in being thorough and comprehensive in the field work and other investigations tiiut we from time to time may undertake. I thank you (..Vpplause). i^ 198 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS PRESIDENT YOUNG: in order. The discussion of this paper is MR. H. H. SHAW, of Alberta: I would like to ask Mr. Young a question on the subject of rotation. Do those who use the water last have the same chance as those usine it first? MR. YOUNG : The distribution comes in the order of priority. The first man has th" first consideration, and the second and the third and so on. Now, they agree on a rota- tion for set times. If the whole five or six fit all well and good, but if it is found there is not enough water to give the five the full quantity, the last must drop out. DR. CHAS. W. DICKSON, of British Columbia; I would like to ask Mr. Young if the department ha? taken into consid- eration the effect of the bond issues in connection with the proposed irrigation corporation on the credit of the land. This question arose yesterday in connection with the illustrating of the Irrigation Act of the Dominion, and I would like to ask if the department has taken that into consideration in this connection? MR. YOUNG: Under the Irrigation Corporation Act, the bond issue is a direct mortgage against the land subject to existing mortgages. That is to say, if there is already a mort- gage on your land that mortgage has priority over the moit- gage constituted by the bond. DR. DICKSON: How will that affect later borrowing? Some people said they found it impossible to raise money from the loan companies on irrigable land because of thn other icbtedness. Has that been taken into consideration? MR. YOUNG: We are working on that now. It will all depend on what has to be the maximum charge. We arc endeavouring to keep within a certain limit, and, if we fiml that that limit has to be exceeded, it rests with the people themselves to determine whether they will go after it or nut. If the tax as applying to schools and everything amounts tn a certain figure all well and good, if it goes beyond that there is liable to be danger. MR. W. M. EDWARDS, of Alberta: Something that 1 am particularly interested in is the question of water supph . It seems to me that the British Columbia Go- _fnment shouil be commended for getting information ahead of the time thtit it is going to be used, but the difficulty is. when that infor- mation is required, it is so difficult to get data. I would like to ask Mr. Young if, in their water records, they are keepimc reeords of rain-fali. Of course that is a very impo'1;ant feature in certain parts and I would lika to know if your department ,>i keeping records of that? DISCUSSIOV 199 MR. YOUNG: Up to the beginning of last year, practi- cally nothing was done. In one of the largest centres of popu- lation in British Columbia, during twenty years no record had been kept of rain-fall and no thorough investigations made of their water supply resources. Realizing this condition and the impossibility of indicating on certain questions, we deter- mined on these policies and we have established ordinary rain gauges on every one of the water sheds, and we have encour- aged the cities to do the same with the object of getting the maximum rain-fall in certain localities. What we are after, though, is to establish a hydrograph so that we can know to what extent we can conserve the water. MR. J. T. HINKLE, of Oregon: I would like to ask Mr. Young about the conditions prior to the inauguration of this law, whether there were other rights besides those which were appropriated and how they were dealt with. My reason for asking this is that in my own state there are two classes, of water rights; those obtained by appropriation, and riparian rights, which were obtained by appropriating the land and the water being appurtenant to the land. Under that the water did not have to be used, but could be kept until it was desired to use it. I would like to know if there were any such rights in British Columbia and how they were treated? MR. YOUNG: The riparian rights of owners have been recognized to the extent of the water owned for commercial purposes. Of course the common law of British Columbia was the common law of England. Wc have taken a stand, however, to bring the issue to a head, by stating that all riparian owners must, within two years, file a claim; after that they have no rights as riparian owners. CHAIRMAN D. W. ROSP: Gentlemen: The time is rapidly advancing and I have no doubt that you would all be glad to go into the subject further, but under the circumstances we will have to proceed. I now take pleasure in introducing Mr. A. F. Mantle, Deputy Minister of Agriculture for the province of Saskatchewan, who will deliver an address on "Irrigation and Saskatchewan Agriculture", Mr. Mantle, pontlemen, (Applause). Address by A. F. Mantle Deputy Minister of Agriculture for Saskatchewan IRRIGATION AND SASKATCHEWAN AGRICULTURE Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: I am not an irrigator or an irrigation . )ecialist, and I shall •mly take up your time for a few minutes this morning simply to convey to this Congresis the greetings of the Saskatchewan . 200 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGA TION CONGRESS Government and the Saskatchewan farmers in general. It is true that Saskatchewan has not, at the present time, manj' extensive irrigation projects, and probably it is true that it never will have; but it is also true that we are, like yourselves, vitally interested in the relations between water and agri- culture. Water is usually the limiting factor in our agricultural production. Either we have too little of it for profitable production, or else we do not take sufficiently good care of it, and thereby our yields are limited. On the other hand it sometimes happens that we have too much rain and the crops in those districts are apt to be overtaken by an f>arly fall frost. So that the relation of water to crop production, whether it be artificially applied or by rain-fall, is a thing in which we are vitally interested, and therefore we have a sympathetic interest in this Congress of Irrigationists. We also have quite a number of small irrigation schemes in the southwest part of the province, to which possibly some reference has been made by some speaker representing the Dominion Government at this Congress. The available water supply for irrigation purposes in Saskatchewan is either contained in the large rivers, such as the North and South Saskatchewan, which flow through the province, or else in the small prairie streams or creeks, which rise in our own water-sheds, and which traverse the province in a north-easterly or easterly direction. As far as our large rivers are concerned, those of you who are at all familiar with the general topography of Western Canada know that these large rivers have their rise on the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains, consequently they have to cross the province olf Alberta before they get to Saskatchewan. For the sake of those who did not look up their geography before they came here, I may say that Saskatchewan lies to the east of Alberta, the same r.s Utah lies to the east of Nevada. They are twin sisters, they have the same heritage and the same growth. Our large rivers then come to us across the province of Alberta and I am satisfied that you gentlemen from the States, who have been in this city for a couple of days, and who have possibly visited here before, and have experienced the warm welcome and the hearty hand-shake of the Albertans, will appreciate that when we get second whack at even these big rivers our chances of having extensive irrigation projects are very slim indeed! However, we are prepared to let it go at this- -that Alberta needs the water and we are prepared to get along without it. Apart from these big rivers, we have in the Cvpress Hills country a considerable watershed at an elevation of some 2,000 feet to 4,000 feet, fairly well situated, and which forms the basis of supply for some 300 or more irrigation projects of ADDRESS BY A. F. MANTLE 201 a small comparatively and inexpensive character. These pro- jects, up to the present time, have mainly consisted of the application of spring freshets to natural hay growing on bottom land for the production of a supply of winter forage for range stock. What developments there may be in the future of these projects, along such lines as the application of water to the production of vegetables and cultivated grasses and so forth, remains to be seen. Doubtless that development will be considerable, but the development, so far as the pro- duction of vegetables and s.me classes of fruit are concerned will necessarily be dependent on the development of markets in those areas. The projects are there and are increasing in number and usefulness. The class of construction entering into them has improved from year to year, and no doubt there IS a centre of irrigation activity in the Cypress Hills country that will be a considerable factor in the development of the agriculture of southwestern Saskatchewan in the future. Our position at the present moment is this, that, of 10,000 - 000 acres sown to crops last year, only 10,000 acres, as far as the statistics are available, were sown on irrigated land- so you will appreciate the fact that for the time being, at least we are a province of dry-farmers, rather than a province of irrigators. That fact is the real reason why the Saskatchewan Government, or the Saskatchewan Department of Agriculture is represented here to-day by myself instead of by my chief, the Honourable Mr. Motherwell, the Minister of Agriculture. The Minister of Agriculture has had a share for some years past in the management and working of the International Dry-t arming Congress, which as many of you are aware, meets m the state of Kansas next week, and on that account, and because our interest in dry-farming is so large, and our interest m irrigation, for the time being at least, so compara- tively slight, he felt that it was his duty to go to Withita, Kansas and represent the province at the International Dry- i arming Congress, and so left to his assistant the pleasant task of representing the province at the Irrigation Congress. 1 have no doubt that, as time goes by, the number and extent of the irrigation projects in the province of Saskatch- ewan will increase, but at the same time there are certain limiting factors which preclude the probabilitv of us ever having such irrigation projects as surround this city— pro- jects such as you will visit on Friday next. For one reason, as 1 have stated, I judge Alberta is ahead of us in the matter receiving the water. Another reason is that the province 01 >askatchewan has made application for reservation of 100 million gallons of water per day from the South Saskatchewan river for the domestic water supply of the cities uad larger towns of southern Saskatchewan. We cannot have our cake and eat it, and we cannot drink our water and also apply it to i ft. I ■I 202 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS the land, so that our projects, as far as the South Saskatche- wan river is concerned, will be for urban and domestic pur- poses, rather than supplying the land. Another reason is that, even if we had the water, oar large rivers flow through valleys that have high sides, and our arable land is, in most cases, hundreds of feet above the level of the large streams. It may be that in certain localities that could be overcome. Perhaps the water could be pumped up to the land level, and perhaps in other places it could be diverted higher up stream. However, our natural rain-fall is such that by the application of proper methods of cultivation we can grow sufficiently large crops, and sufficiently profitable crops, that the obtaining of water for irrigation purposes, as far ns the grain production is concerned, would probably not be an economical proposition, and sound from that standpoint. In a year like this, we could very well have done with a liberal application of water, from whatever sources it came, on something like 2,000,000 acres of our crops, but happily that condition only obtains in a few localities each year, as a rule. This condition may not occur again for three or four years, and when it occurs again it will probably be in a much more local and limited area. We would be in the position of having made a large expenditure on an irrigation project, and then making no economic use of the water two years out of three. Irrigation is either a necessity or a luxury. In many regions it is a necessity, crops cannot be produced without it. In no part of Saskatchewan is it an actual necessity, valuable as its results are. Irrigation is sometimes a luxury. Water arti- ficially supplied is used to supplement the natural supply of rain, which is sufficient for ordinary purposes, but the extra artificial application is used to enable the irrigator to obtain 'arger returns from expensive land. At present we have no expensive land. We are a pioneer province, devoted to pioneer agriculture, and until we have expensive land devoted to truck farming and so forth, it will not be possible to use irrigation, except as a luxury. Before taking my seat I want to refer for one moment to the question that was raised in the course of the morning. This is the matter of taking to the individual farmer the information which our agricultural experiment stations and our agricultural colleges have become possessed of. The prob- lem, undoubtedly on both sides of the line, is bothering the minds of those stimulating agricultural production, and I would like to outline to you what is being done in our province to-day along that line. It is generally recognized that the local self-governing unit has to be used. You use your counties nr your municipalities. In Saskatchewan our unit is known as the rural municipality, and it is an area of land uniform in size throughout the province. We take eighteen miles square ADDRESS BY A. F. MANTLE 203 and confer on that unit municipal powers. They raise their own levies and do all their own work. We have no larger ad- ministration unit till we come to the province. We have already over 300 of these rural municipal units orga uzed, and, by the time our land settlement is anything like omplete, we will have probably 500 or 600. It is apparent that It would be hopeless for the Provincial Government to finance the placing in each of these districts of a trained expert to devote his entire time to improving farming methods in these districts. A little calcu! tion will show that at the present moment the expenditure ould run to probably half a milhon dollars a year. The, a ii; the men are not avail- able and do not begin to be av.^able. We have our agri- cultural college, but that as yet is only a few years old and the senior students are only in their third vear, so that for many years to come the supply of college graduates, who have had practical and scientific training sufficient to be of assis- tance to the ' —°T, will be very small. We are c. jmising to this extent. We are suggesting to rural municipalities that they take a successful farmer— preferably a young man who has made good in that district— and make an arrangement with himwhere by for two months, three months, ten or twelve months of the year, he will devote his time to working amongst his neighbours for the improve- ment of their methods, and we undertake, ii the municipality will make that expenditure and appoint such a man, calling him their agricultural secretary, or whatever name they choose to bring him into the centres of educational work in the province, into the college of agriculture at Saskatoon or Regma, and there give him training for two weeks or so and so help him to be useful to his community. The first year some sixty councils accepted the proposition and appointed a man for anywhere from three to twelve months, and instead of calling luai a weed inspector, with police powers, he was called an agricultural secretary, and was given opportunities in the direction of stimulating production. The expenditure made by the municipal councils them- selves, bylocal taxation on that work, this year, on our province, is $40,000. That is all supplementary to the expen- diture which the Provincial Government makes on agricultural extension work through the college of agriculture. We keep in touch with these men through the medium of field repre- ^'"tati^es. We have five of these all the summer, and three a.l the winter. Each of these men keeps in touch with and helps these municipal officers in their work. Now that is only a temporary expedient. We want men ot the best training that can be had for this work ultimately \\ e feel though, it is better to have a good local man, paid by his municipality, to leave his own farm, and devote himself 204 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS to helping his neighbours in the community, than it is to have nothing at all being done in that line of personal work amongst the farmers of the province. That, of course, all supplements the regular lines of extension work, such as institute and agricultural society work and so forth. I thought Mr. Chair- man that the Congress might just be interested in hearing how that particular problem was being met under our condi- tions, which are a much more scattered settlement — 120,000 settlers scattered over a province 350 miles wide and some- thing like 750 miles from north to south — and small, local, self-governing units, in which there is a comparatively sparse population, and in which it is impossible for the Provincial or the Dominion Government to put a county representative into each district. It is these opportunities that we have in an international gathering, such as this — opportunities of getting together and comparing our problems and the solutions of each province or state — that it seems to me it is one of the great reasons why ihe condition obtains — which the Minister of Agriculture for Alberta referred to so splendidly on Monday night— the condition of an international boundary line of 4,000 miles, and no ill feeling anywhere along it! We have similar condi- tions north and south of the line, and we have a great simil- arity between the t. y^e of settlers on the north and south of the line, and the ty"'' • f meu who have been selected by the authorities to help oat these settlers, and look after them, so that it is easy for us to get together in gatherings of this kind, with nothing but good-feeling and mutual good-will prevailing. It is such gatherings as this which will make it forever im- possible or unnecessary to fortify a boundary line of this kind, and without the fortification we shall never have the excuse to quarrel. (Applause.) CHAIRMAN ROSS: I am sure Mr. Mantle will be pleased to answer any questions. MR. CAMPBELL, of British Columbia: What will be the average rain-fall for your districts where you do not re- quire irrigation? MR. MANTLE: From thirteen to sixteen inches, with a rate of evaporation which is not determined, but which we know from climatic conditions must be lower than the rate of evaporation in the states to the south. MR. C. E. LAURENCE, of British Columbia: Are you getting good results from dry farming methods?. MR. MANTLE: I think that question can be answered unequivocally, yes. We are getting good results. If Dean Rutherford were in the audience he coulw give us the exact DISCUSSION ao6 figures and the results obtaining this year on the field of the college farm at Saskatoon, which had a rain-fall, from the time seeding commenced until the time threshing was complete- ed of one and two-thirds inches, and on which the wheat threshed out twenty-five bushels to the acre on summer-fallow, and twelve fourteen bushels on fall ploughing. Those figures are approximately correct. That is on a farm which has been under cultivation for some years. It was under cultivation before the college got hold of it and oi course it was handled simply according to the lines which every farmer, who has the ordinary machinery, can handle his land. That is about as little rain-fall as we hbpe to ever have to produce crops under. MR. LAURENCE: May I ask a further question? Did you have a heavy snow-fall in the winter, and did you manage to conserve that for this year's crop? MR. MANTLE: My answer is that we did not have a heavy snow-fall last winter in at least that part of the prov- ince, and in anycase we are apt to lose a good deal of the water resulting from a heavy snow-fall because the snow molts before the land is thawed out, and a good deal of it is run-off. An idea of the snow-fall at the Saskatoon Farm last winter can be obtained from the fact that eighty ewes fed all winter on a stubble field of seventy acres on nothing but what they could pick up around the straw piles. These ewes spent their nights in the stubble also and not in the stables. That kind of sheep husbandry would not have been possible if there had been a heavy snow-fall. That illustrates the fact, incidently, that for live stock production up in our dry and bright country it is not necessary to have a lot of expensive buildings, for those ewes in the spring time averaged a lamb and a half at lambing. MR. W. J. THOMPSON, of Saskatchewan: With refer- ence to the agricultural conditions over the province, for which the province is greatly indebted to the C. P. R., I would like to know if the result of that work of the Canadian Pacific Railway, if the carrying out of that work was done for the purpose of reaching the farmer on his own farm. I forget the number of farmers which you reach, but I know in my own district there were hundreds of farmers who would have been interested in that information. I, for one, did not get any of it because I could not cross the river. It seems to me it might be a good step in the evolution of that administration work that there should be some arrangement made between them and the railway companies. Let's get that information closer ai home. I think that that step in the programme has been evolved. 206 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS. MR. MANTLE: I think you could not have been in when I was addressing the Congress. MR. THOMPSON: I understood from your address that you have sixty young men or farmers in connection with three hundred municipalities in the province. MR. MANTLE: In connection with sixty. MR. THOMPSON: Well, sixty out of three hundred for three or twelve months, as the case may be. I understand that these men are not necessarily specialists, but that they can give good information. There is a system there on the other side, and we can get a few good things from the Yankees. I believe it has been worked out on that side of the line, and I was wondering whether it was not a basis whereby we could work out something of the same kind on this side of the line. MR. MANTLE: I tried to make it clear that the reason it could not be worked out on the same lines at the present time, in Saskatchewan is, that we have not got the experts, and again we have not the funds for the Provincial Govern- ment to put one such expert, were he available, into every one of the three hundred municipalities in the province, and we adopted the plan which I spoke of, the plan by which sixty municipalities co-operated with us last summer, as a com- promise for the time being until we will have more experts and more money to put them out. Now we need not be scared of borrowing this idea from our American friends, even if it is a good one and even if it hurts our i>-Ade a little, because after all they borrowed the idea from Canada in the first place. If there is any one here from Ontario they will bear me out in the statement that the first district representatives that were appointed on this continent were appointed by the govern- ment of the province of Ontario, which has to-day upwards of eighty such young men operating, two to a county, in forty of the counties of that very progressive province along the line of agricultural education. We do not need to have any ill feeling as to where we get a good idea from. The thing is, in the first place, to have the men, and to have the money, in the second place, with which to pay those men, and, until we have more men and more money, to use the best means we have at hand for doing this important work of getting into individual and personal touch with the men on the land. CHAIRMAN ROSS: I take pleasure in introducing Mr. D. W. Hays, who will speak of " The Relation of the Farmer to the Irrigation Project." Mr. Hays, gentlemen. (Applause). ADDRESS BY D. W. HAYS 207 • Addrew by D. W. Hays Chief Engineer Southern Alberta Land Company THE RELATION OF THE FARMER TO THE IRRIGATION PROJECT Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: When I was asked about ten days ago to choose a subject to come before this Congress, I made the choice of the subject which I entitled, "The Relation of the Farmer to the Irriga- tion Project." I find that probably I could not have bitten off a larger mouthful. That subject involves every phase of irrigation work. I shall attempt in my paper to point out only a few of the phases or conditions which affect the farmer in the relation of certain payments which he makes to the irirgation projects for water rights. In the operation of large irrigation projects during the past ten years, a disturbing condition of affairs has manifested itself in the fact that irrigation development was not as rapid as it was expected to be. Following the lead taken in the construction of large works by the U. S. Reclamation Service, numerous other projects were started by private land owning companies, or by private capital, who undertook the con- struction of irrigation works under the provisions of the Carey Act. Many of these enterprises have been passing through a stage of depression, until at the present time there is difficulty in disposing of irrigation securities and in financing legitimate and worthy irrigation enterprises. Investors and all interested have naturally looked for the sources of trouble causing this depression, and in their research and general study of the conditions have brought forth two general classifications of the trouble The first and most readily ascertained was a physical condition of affairs which proclaimed a general ignorance, so far as hydraulic and civil engineering related to the problem of supplying a reliable and proper distribution of water to the necessary requirements of growing crops, and in which it was found that the financing for the construction and operation of irrigation works had been much under-estimated, and that many fundamental principles, now seen to be essential to the uperation and maintenance of the works, were then little appreciated. It was also found that proper steps had not always l)een taken to secure legal rights to the use of water, I'rovided even if such rights could have then been determined ill the complexity of state laws. Moreover, little general knowledge could be obtained as to the supply of water from natural sources, and gross errors were made as to the quan- ! 208 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS titles that might be made serviceable. Upon these conditions becoming apparent, a determined effort was made to rectify matters, from which developed the irrigation engineer with a new and broader vie^ of matters pertaining tp irrigation work, and there resulted an activity by the states to enact laws, define and measure existing water right claims, and provide for future appropriation. These adjustments are taking timp. and in their gradual growth out of confusion there exists Ic-day a knowledge of conditions that leaves little excuse for entering unprepared upon the development of irrigation works as to its physical aspects. The purpose for which the irrigation project was built remains to be realized, and in the fulfilment of that purpose the second and real cause of trouble is found. It was lot a physical trouble, but one that essentially must be overcome. It has to do with the procedure by which those people who were to settle upon the land could get from the soil the returns mcessary to bring success and comfort 1' hemselves, and be enabled to return in money payments ^ .e values of services rentlered to them in the supply and use of water from the constructed irrigated system. From the point of view of the irrigation company, this is the most serious problem which it has had to contend to-day. It, is to a large degree intangible to the irrigation company, but must be finally overcome along slow and tedious educa- tional lin?s. both to the land occupant and itself. The object of the iartner is to make money, or to indirectly bring to himself and family its equivalent in the necessities and comforts of a home. The object of the irrigation compann is to make money or indirectly to produce its equivalent in the prosperity and development of a district, state or nation. The existing financial conditions which confront the farmer on his irrigated farm, usually called his "farm unit," and that confront the irrigation company on its irrigated farm, usually called "irrigation project" are in many respects one and the same. The small farm is a component part of the larger, as mucii so as the farmer may consider an acre plot of garden or a five acre tract of cow pasture a necessary adjunct to the entire farm unit. The successful operation of each of these indivi- dual parts' of the farm unit are factors in the development of the farm unit as a whole, and the success of the farmer. So. too, is the success of each farm unit, by the various operations conducted thereon, a factor in the development of the irri- gation project and the success of the irrigation company. In these desired attainments the success of the farmer is the absolute basis andjoundation of the success and development of the irrigation project. ADDRESS BY W. W. HAYS 20» A multitude of obstacles stand to defeat the accomplish- ment of this, send each and every obstacle directly or indirectly affects the farmer, and by his relation to the irrigation project so does each obstacle affect the irrigation company. It is the business at this date, on every irrigation project, of the farmer and agriculturalist on the one hand, and the engineer, the irrigation manager and the promoter on the other hand, to analyze these various problems as they may come within the province of either tV- farmer or the irrigation company, classify the losses, ^..^ 2 responsibility, and by gradual process of elimination weed out the various features that are now a burden to this highest type of natural develop- ment. Difficulties are found of great variety and character, and occur in every phase of the working of the enterprise, from the cultivation of the land, growing and marketing crops on the individual farm, throughout the operation of the project, its maintenance, its general management, and even to the initial construction of the irrigation works. Throughout the diversity of all of these the ultimate result of every obstacle has its equivalent in dollars and cents to the farmer and to the irrigation company. Many of these difficulties are without the province of the man who has settled upon the farm. This paper, however, relates largely to the farmer in his relation to the irrigation project, and in that respect we find the import- ant feature contributing to the hardships and failures of farmers in the largest irrigation projects is, very naturally, insufficient finances during the first few years of operation. For the possible reason that the farmer, when finding him- self confronted with the shortage of money, resorts to the foundation of his initial undertaking, or possibly it may be a, trait of human nature, or whatever other reason may be attributed, he goes back to his contract or agreement by which he was first invested with the responsibilities and obligations that are to him the source of his difficulties. The result is he appeals for help to the powers in control of the irrigation works with which be has placed his future prosperity. The result has been a general demand by the farmer for a partial relief in the payment of land and water right charges to thereby enable them to have more money for the develop- ment of their property. Under the provisions of the Reclamation Act in the United States, it was required that i,he payment for water right charges should be made in ten equal annual instalments. Two vears' grace was allowed before deferred payments would become delinquent and subject to cancellation. As a rule this general policy was followed with slight modifications by other irrigation works. These requirements for payment appeired too severe upon the farmer during the first years of his settle- U 210 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS. meut upon the land. In consequence, relief was asked for, to apply in the way of a graduated scale of payments, and an extension of the number of years in which the payments are to be made. Realizing that there were hardships and privations during the first few years of development, these concessions have lieen made by both government and private irrigation pro- jects. We now find that the land and water right charges arc fixed on a term extending to fifteen or even twenty years, with a graduated scale of payments having a minimum charge during the first few years of operation and increasing to a maximum during later years, when the farm would easily be able to bear the burden of the higher charges. These adjustments have been made usually under the condition that a certain amount of development work should be con- ducted by the farmer during the first few years. It is needless to say that this system of regulative measures has been a great aid to the new setller. Notwithstanding, however, what has been done in this regard, there is now a strong sentiment to influence further aid from the government or state by the construction of farm buildings and other improvements on the farm, or cash loans — these services to be paid for during a long term ' "rs and at low rate of interest. Such a policy, I und« d, from reports on the subject, is now being carried out in ^ Australian provinces, and extends to the building of i , fencing the property and grading and seeding a fourth ot tne settlers' holdings. In addition, the Australian provinces give aid in the way of equipment, loaning to the settler implements of all kinds at a small charge. They also furnish cows or horses — the settler paying a deposit or giving security. The settler is given thirty-one and one-half years to pay for his land an in advertising and settlement campaigns. Each year's delay in ADDRESS BY W. W. HAYS 215 getting settlers started upon the land means a loss of between one-tenth to one-twentieth of the value of the entire irrigation project. Time means interest, and interest may soon double the cost to the farmer. Unfortunately the disposal of the lands are sometimes placed in the hands of that type J real estate agent, whose main object, possibly, is to get some fee or commission out of the first payments, regardless of the ability or finances of the prospective settlers, and leave the future to take care of itself. The project may be severely handicapped, however successful it may have been in getting settlers on the land, for no other reason than that those first coming may not be thorough farmers, they are in new sur- roundings aiii find conditions hard. The result is that the settler becomes dissatisfied and discouraged, and will turn away nearly every newcomer who appears. The first individuals who locate should be carefully chosen with respect to their farming and financial ability to conduct successful farms. While this may result in a delay at the commencement, there is great assistance rendered by the re- sults obtained by a few successful farmers. One successful and satisfied farmer is more advertisement to the irrigation project than ten advertising and settlement agents, and will produce results at a comparatively small cost instead of a large one. In an article published in one of the leading engineering journals during this year, with respect to the expenditures on a new irrigated farm, the author classifies those expendi- tures under these general headings which I quote as follows : — Initial Expenses | 835.00 Family Living Expenses — first year 847.00 Fann Expenses. 1 year (no depreciation allowed) 330.00 Farm Plant and Equipment 1,286.00 Farm Stock and Farm Machinery 1,796.00 Seed for the entire Ranch, and extra labour first year .... 480.00 Grand total at the end of the first year $ 5,574.00 Under the item of Initial Expenses amouL ing to $835.00, there is included the item of First Payment of 10% on a $40.00 per acre construction charge — amounting to $320.00. This is the only item of expense in the entire list incidental to water right, there being no charge for land. I am of the opinion thi t some of the expenses may be unnecessarily high for the first year of development, and m^ght more properly tit to the requirements of the farm unit when a large propor- tion of it was under cultivation. As against these figures the author goes on to show in some detail the returns that may come from this investment, and shows that for developed property, including buildings, fences, equipment, stock and farm improvements including interest, the irrigated farm 216 TWENTY-FIR ST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS represents about $100.00 of investment per acre, and that investment can ofifer $26.10 per year per acre net profit, or approximately 26% on the investment made. Referring to the items of expenditures listed, we find that $320.00 only out of the total amount of $5,574.00 is expended for water right charges. This represents only 5 Vw % of the gross expenditures. Notwithstanding this small percentage of water right charge of 5 Vi« of the whole expenditures, the article concludes with a statement which I quote as follows: — "The utter inadequacy of merely changing the ten year payments for irrigation construction charges to twenty year payments, or even thirty year payments, on government projects should be appreciated. Prior levelling of the land or immediate loaning of $500.00 to the settler for every ten acres levelled and seeded is worth considering. If the Reclamation Service can get adequate help for the settler, its irrigation work probably has the most brilliant future before it of any branch of engineering." The title of the article from which this information has been taken is "The Answer to, what is the matter with Irriga- tion?" This is one character of criticism which the private irri- gation company must face at this date, and in which it would appear that the burden and responsibility of the farmer throughout all his difficulties, all of which are well realized, have been credited to the charges for water right. (Applause). CHAIRMAN ROSS: Gentlemen, the time is advancing. It is now past the hour that we should have concluded the morning session, but you have no one to blame for this but yourselves respectively. Mr. Hays' paper goes to the very foundation of many matters of great importance to many of you, and if you have any questions to ask now is the time to ask them, and we can probably well afford to squeeze in a few minutes for the purpose of discussing this very important paper. (No response.) CHAIRMAN ROSS: Mr. Dennis desires to make some announcements. MR. DENNIS: The Superintendent of the City Street Railway desires me to say to you that he has provided the City Sight Seeing Car, which will be at the Palliser Hotel corner Ninth Avenue and First Street West, leaving there sharp at 2.15, o'clock, the idea being that he will give you fifteen or twenty minutes trip over the city and deliver you here at 2.30 or shortly after. It is a large car and the Superintendent will appreciate it, if all the delegates and their wives will go on that trip with him. ANNOUNCEMENTS 217 The Calgary Ad Club are having a luncheon at the Palliser Hotel at 12.30 o'clock, with a small moving picture exhibition, and they extend an invitation to the delegates and others to be present. CHAIRMAN ROSS: The Secretary has some announce- ments to make. SECRETARY HOOKER: The following are the nomin- ations for the different state and provincial committees; (The lists of committeen. on read by the Secretary will be found with the respective committee reports. The state delegation Chairmen, Secretaries, Executive Committeemen and Honorary Vice-presidents will be found in the Appendix to this volume.) At this point the Congress adjourned until 2:30 o'clock P.M., October 7, 1914. SEVENTH SESSION WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 7. 1914 2.30 o'clock p. m. The Congress was called to order by President Young. PRESIDENT YOUNG: I am re.,ue8ted to announce that all railway tickets have been validated and *»-ay be procured at the office below this platform. My attention is directed to the programme for Thursday afternoon, which proArides, after the report of the Resolutions Committee and discussions on that report, for the Call of the States and Provinces, under which Call there will be five minutes allotted to talks by the representatives of state delegations and each state or province that desires to be heard on that occasion should appoint some person to repre- sent the state or the province. The first item on this afternoon's programme is an address by Mr. Robert S. Stockton, of the province of Alberta, who is the Superintendent of Operation and Maintenance of the Department of Natural Resources of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, on "Irrigation in Alberta and the Settler on Irrigated Land." I have the pleasure of introducing Mr. Stockton. (Applause). Address by Robert S. Stockton Superintendent of Operation and Maintenance, Department jf Natural Resources, Canadian Pacific Railway Company IRRIGATION IN ALBERTA AND THE SETTLER ON IRRIGATED LAND Mr. President, Delegates, Ladies and Gentlemen: It has been suggested by the Chairman, and I was going to make the suggestir-> myself, that those in the back part of the room come for rd to the front seats. I am glad to see here some local people because I have written a paper which I hope will be of some interest to those people. I have called the paper "Irrigation in Alberta and the Settler on Irrigated Land." 218 II I m ADDRESS BY ROBERT S. STOCKTON 219 PROBLEM OF DEVELOPMENT The promoters and business men most vitally interested in any western community, where irrigation is the basis of prosperity, can see in imagination the countryside developed into small intensively cultivated and scientifically irrigated farms, with neat cottages and barns, surrounded by trees and gardens and occupied by a contented, prosperous people, owning their homes and proud of their district. There are a few such communities, and a few such places in all but the very newest irrigation districts, and these point the way and give hope for the future, but it is a well-known fact that one of the largest problems confronting many new irrigation districts is, in extending this desirable state of settlement and development to cover large areas of sage brush, prairie and stump land, for which water has been provided at great expense and for which the right kind of settlers are still be to found. NEW SETTLERS The new settlers on irrigated lands are often entirely ignorant of the practice of irrigation, and in many cases are not even experienced farmers, hence, where they are not located immediately adjacent to profitably irrigated farms, they require a long period of painful experience before approximating the desired success. The Department of Natural Resources of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company is trying to shorten the period of experimenting for the newcomer by various means, among which the most important are: the colonizing on the land of small settlements of experienced irrigation farmers, the hiring of experienced ditchmen familiar with irrigation and competent to help the settlers, using water on grain, forage crops, trees and gardens at various headquarters of the operation and maintenance department, the conduct of demonstration farms and the introduction of dairy and beef stock. In addition to this field work there is a constant stream of printed matter in newspapers, pamphlets and circulars which aim to educate the settler in the methods and requirements of irrigation. MIXED FARMING Our slogan might read "Sto'k raising with diversified farming and irrigation without waste to obtain maximum yields and a greater variety of crops." The science of agriculture, including the principles of irrigation and methods of conserving moisture, is being i^tudied now as never before. The results from the work of 230 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION COMGRESS the Government Agririiltural Department and the agri- cultural colleges are «iprr:id ng widely, producing a wonderful advance in the profits aiil standing of the farmer. Business men and communities a^ u > j, ' iJture, the appreciation of the principles of which ,> . vi h reasonable industry, bring profits and success t • il- I'ai luer. This is why in many districts bankers and b si^ff ni^n are now willing to advance money to buy dairy c wp i. ' stock cc finance the farmer who can show his abiii • ' .• ., results This is why the Canadian Pacific RaJiw *. :i;;.; i lipping in dairy cows and other stocl and on credit. RKIG. rh o' fan J in greatest to farmers at cost Under what system o' fan j in .^ it possible to get the highest yields with th greatest < itainty and have the greatest variety of crops, in almost any country? The answer is Irrigation Farming. Under this system, when the moisture supplied to the crops by rain is deficient, it can be supplement- ed by irrigation. In a very small way heat and light can also be supplied artificially, but this is too expensive except for hothouses and small areas close to cities and devoted to high priced crops. ALFALFA If irrigation farming represents the highest type of farming then let us say further that, aside from special crops such as fruit and melons, alfalfa is the basis of crop rotation and exemplifies to the highest degree the benefits of irrigation. An irrigated farm with a rotation in which alfalfa is the principal crop and with stock on the place to consume the alfalfa will, with proper attention to details and methods, ensure the owner that his farming will be profitable and if the farmer is making money, everyone else is apt to be reasonably prosperous. Our duty to our settlers and our selfish interests then lead us to make every effort to educate and enthuse the farmer in his own business, show him the way to success and help to provide markets for his products. METHODS OF IRRIGATION GENERAL PRINCIPLES In order to assist settlers on irrigated lands in Western Canada, a brief statement of the methods and principles of irrigation farming under our conditions is made. A proper appreciation of these general principles will enable the water user to avoid many expensive mistakes and, from the first secure some of the advantages of irrigation. MMi ADDRESS BY ROBERT S. STOCKTON 221 METHODS OF IRRIGATION The principal methods of irrigation may be classified under five headings, as follows: — 1. Wild flooding, 2. Flooding from field ditches, 3. Flooding within borders, 4. Furrow Irrigation, 5. Check Irrigation. The method selected in any given case depends on the topography, soil, crop and value of the land, and also to a large t'Xtent on the general practice of the district and the nature of the water right. The irrigator should devote considerable study to determining the system best adapted to his con- ditions and not blindly follow the practice of the di8tr»<"v or the methods learned in some other locality. Sub-irrigatii u by seepage is practised to a limited extent, but cannot b:.* used profitably except in rare cases where conditions are just right. Irrigation by sprinkling is confined to lawns and gardens under expensive piped systems for distributing the water. WILD FLOODING In the wild flooding method, the water is turned over the fields and run down the slopes and depressions in an unconfined and usually irregular stream. Ditches are used to convey the water to the high points but little or no work is done in spreading the water and the waste is very large. This method is practically confined to native hay and timothy meadows in the mountain districts where the water docs not have to be conserved and where the lack of alkali, and good drainage slopes make it very difficult to spoil the land with excess water. While this is a very wasteful method of irriga- tion it is also very cheap and in certain districts Is applied to large areas. FLOOD IRRIGATION In the flooding method of irrigation , water is carried in ditches on the ridge> and along the slopes in such a way as to divide the field into lands or strips, usually about 50 to 2U0 feet wide. The ground is irrigated by diverting water from these ditches at fairly close intervals and allowing it to spread in a sheet down to the bottom of the valley or to the next ditch along the slope. The irrigator changes the (iams when necessary and leads the water from each point of diversion as evenly as possible to the end of the run. A skilful irrigator will, if the ground is well prepared, cover the lands quite evenly with practically no waste of water and at a moderate expense. This method is adapted to general farming with large fields of grain and hay and li :1 222 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS may be used on land poorly prepared, although the results on smoothed and well-graded land are very much better. Flood irrigation may be used on slopes varying from 10 to 500 feet per mile, but it is easier to apply on moderate slopes, and requires a head of from one to two or more second feet of water, for each field ditch. The head depends on the soil, slopes, crop, skill of the irrigator and smoothness of the land. Where the field is properly prepared one man can often handle two heads of water and irrigate eight to twelve acres per day. BORDER IRRIGATION In the border method of irrigation, the water is run in a sheet down the slope and confined by bordering dykes on each side. The land must be levelled between the dykes at all points, transversely to the direction of the slope. The borders are generally arranged for the use of large heads of from ten to fifteen second feet. The work required to irrigate is small, but care must be exercised to cut the water into a new border at just the right time or there will be a large waste of water. This method should not be used unless the fields can be properly graded and the length of the run must be made such, that with the given conditions of soil, slope, crop, and depth of water, the irrigation will be even from top to bottom and no waste water be necessary. This method may be more economical than flood irrigation for general field crops when fairly even and moderate slopes occur and the water can be had in large heads. FURROW IRRIGATION In the furrow method of irrigation small furrows or corrugations are made in the direction of slope and connect- ing with a head ditch supplying water. Usually a number of furrows are carrying water at once and their length and «i«e depend upon the soil, slope and amount of water required. The length should be such that for the given carrying capacity both ends will be irrigated alike and to the proper depth, anil is ordinarily between 330 and 660 feet. This method is necessary for plants grown in rows an ADDRESS BY ROBERT S. STOCKTON 223 deliver water to each furrow, the time required to irrigate can be estimated closely and no waste of water need occur. CHECK IRRIGATION In the check method of irrigation, the fields are divided into a series of level or nearly level plots or checks, surrounded by dykes just high enough to safely retain the desired depth of water for an irrigation and smooth enough to be travelled over with farm machinery. Water is conveyed to the checks through supply ditches and in some cases is carried directly from one check to the next. This is the most practical and most economical method for very flat lands, but is not adapted to land with slope enough for the other methods on account of the cost of grading the land. The checks may be made in squares or as strips between contour dykes and divided at intervals by cross dykes or supply ditches. The checks are usually made about as large as the topography or crop and field boundaries permit, but must not be too large to be filled with the available head of water in a reasonable length of time. While it requires usually a relatively large expendi- ture to prepare the checks, the irrigation is very uniform and there is no waste water. PREPARATION OF LAND FOR IRP'GATION GENERAL LAY-OUT The first matter to be considered is the method of irrigation to be employed and the general lay-out of ditches to serve the land. This is a matter which affects the profits most vitally and should be carefully studied. The ditch system must carry water to the high points, whatever system is used and the location of the ditches will determine to some extent the boundaries of fields. A certain amount of engineering work may be required, particularly if there are cuts, fills and flumes required in construction of the ditches. In many oases the ditch can be located by the farmer with the aid of a rarpenter's level, attached to a straight-edge or on a triangle, or a cheap farm level, as made by several instrument makers, can be used. It pays to do a certain amount of extra work to carry ditches along the fence lines and in straight lines R<) as to facilitate farming operations and not waste any land. Tlip head ditches should have a grade of at least 0.05% and with such a grade must be larger than necessary where it is possible to get a fall of O.I feet or more in 100 feet. The maximum grade that can be used without soil erosion Will depend on the character of the soil and quantity of water run, but with steep hillsides it is necessary to provide fliiinPH or drops, to carry the water down. 224 TWENT Y-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRISATION CONGRESS Aside from cuts and fills, the field ditches can be made in one operation by the use of a regular ditching plough, but are usually made by ploughing about twice each way along the line of the ditch and pushing the earth out with a home- made V or go-devil. The ditches should be plenty big enough to carry the desired head of water. Beginners, expecially in using flood irrigation, are prone to make such small field ditches as to preclude good work. WASTE-WATER DITCHES The lower end of the farm, except possibly where it has been prepared for check irrigation, should be protected by a waste water ditch leading if possible to a natural drainage channel or a drainage ditch. Where there is no drainage outlet at all from the land, the ditch should lead to a small reservoir or check at the lowest point. It is not considered necessary to waste water in order to properly irrigate the land, but delays or accidents of various sorts are always happening and the judgment of the irrigator is often at fault, so that even with good intentions, some water will get away and unless preparation is made to care for it, water will flood the roads or some neighbour's lands, or both. Where the irrigator is careless and indifferent there will occur large losses through waste water, which is against the law, and usually spoils more or less land by water-IoggitiR or bringing up alkali. It is very desirable that stringent regulations against wasting water be enforced as a protection to the community. GRADING AND SMOOTHING The grading work necessary or desirable depends, as hus been pointed out, on the topography and the method of irrigation to be vsed. If the land is at all rough, the work after clearing of brush if necessary consists of grading down such knolls as can profitably be moved and filling depressions, especially those which would retain water. This work can usually be most economically done with a Fresno scraper, but other grading tools are used. For all except check irrigation, the idea is to get continuous slopes from ridge to valley, but the degree of the slope may vary. It should be noted that it is usually better to grade a small area each year to a high degree of excellence than to try and coyer too large an area. This is especially true where it is desired to seed down to a more or less permanent crop such as alfalfa or fruit, or irrigate by the furrow system. Land in small grain can be improved from year to year. Grading work cannot be undertaken without considering the sub-soil, 'f the sub-Boil is gravel or stone it may preclude grading, )Mit if it is of sand or clay, considerable grading may be done by trenching through the knolls and levelling across tbc ADDRESS BY ROBERT S. STOCKTON 285 trenches so as to mix the top soil with the sub-soil, which must also be built up with the addition of manure or a green crop ploughed under. A road grader may be used to advantage in smoothing the land, but is ordinarily not available. The final smoothing is usually carried out with some form of home-made leveller. The best type is made of 2" x 10'' plank, 16 to 20 feet long and with three cross planks, the centre one being fixed on a lever so as to be raised and lowered and used as a cutting edge. The width oi' the leveller is from five to eight feet, depending on the number of horses available. There shouM be at least four horses. Levellers with a fixed centre cutting edge are much used, but are not so effective, especially in preparing new fields. The leveller is used each time a crop is put in as it has been found to save enough time in irrigating to justify its use. If the soil is light and tends to blow away, the field must be harrowed or drilled as soon as smoothed with the leveller in order to ridge the soil and prevent its blowing, as far as possible. Wit^^ very light and sandy soils exposed to high winds, it is inadvisable to break and prepare large fields as it may then be very difficult to keep seed in the ground. It is suggested that in such cases the land be prepared as far as possible in strips, alternating with the unbroken prairie, and when the first strips are in crop, the remaining laud can be broken, but on such soils a portion of the land should always be in alfalfa ur some covering crop and tree wind broaks planted as soon as possible. The addition of manure and straw or a green crop ploughed under will greatly improve light sandy soils. SOILS AND CROPS SOIL The soil overlaying the country rock may have been formed from the gradual breaking down of these rocks in place or by the deposit of other material carried by water, ice, or wind. The soils on the eastern slopes of the Pocky Mountains arc formed largely by erosion of the mountains and from clay shales and sandstones undetlying the country. The soil is roughly divided into top-soil ami sub-soil, the top-soil being distinguished by containing a certain portion of vegetable and animal matter called humus. Up to a certain point, the more humus the soil contains the more fertile it is and some humus is necessary for profitable growth. The top-soils in AU>erta are rich in humus compared with some fomi-arid regions anii arc well «upplied with potassium, calcium, magnesium, ami sodium salts, which is a chrtracteristio of arid or semi-arid soih that are not subjected to the leaching that occurs in a humid region. IS 226 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS Soils may be classed as clay soils, sandy soils, and limestone soils, but are very seldom found pure, and are named from the predomiuating constituents. When a soil is well mixed and contains numus it is called a loam, if sand predominates, it becomes n sandy loam. A soil with a large percentage of lime i.i called a marl. The decomposition of nearly all rocks, except sandstone and limestone, results in a clay soil, that is, a soil containing silicate of alumina as the principal constituent: It is important to have a proper total and relative amount of vegetable matter, nitrates, phosphates, ootash and lime in order to have a soil of great productive- ness. A soil analysis, therefore, in certain cases is an import- ant matter, since if one of the essentials is absent or present in very small amounts, it may be feasible and profitable to supply the deficiency. Most western soils in the arid or semi-arid belt contain more or less soluble alkalis, which, when not present to excess, furnish some plant food, but when concentrated at certain points may become strong enough to prevent any profitable plant growth. The alkalis are represented by various salts of calcium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium, and arc generally brought into the surface soil by water seeping from underground sources and evaporating on the surface, leaving the alkali as a crust on or near the surface. In order to get rid of alkali it is necessary to reverse this process by providing drainage and then supplying an excess of water to wash off the surface deposit or carry it down to the drainage outlet. This has been tried and it has been shown that any alkali land can be reclaimed if a drainage- outlet can be had and water is available for flooding, so it comes down merely to a question of expense. This matter is a very important one in most irrigated districts because seepage water from ditches and from over- irrigation of the land may be thrown to the surface by under- ground impervious strata. This seepage water dissolves the alkali from the soil and rock through which it passes and by evaporation deposits it as mentioned above, which makes clear the importance of supplying by irrigation only enough water to furnish the needed moisture for growing crops. .\n understanding of this matter will often enable the farme; l>y a simple system of ditches to cut off the seepage water ami thus prevent the damage, or by con.structing an outlet drain which will allow the land to be flooded heavily and the excess alkali washed downward. Check irrigation is parii- cularly adapted to reclaiming alkali land or stopping the ri-e of alkali, as it enables the land owner to make a heavy irri^ia- tion and force the circulation downwards. A heavy forntre crop which prevents surface evaporation is of great assistati •« in this matter of keeping the alkali down. m ADDRESS BY ROBERT S. STOCKTON 227 The handling of the alkali problem demands co-operation, since one farm on high ground may have such sub-soil condi- tions that no ainount of irrigation water will bring up any alkali, but excessive use may spoil one or more farms adjacent or even at some distance away. It is said that irrigation leaches out some of the valuable constituents of the soil and so it does, but it was recently determined at the Utah Experiment Station that the applica- tion of thirty inches of water from a clear mountain stream used for irrigation purposes, added to the soil 6 lbs. of phosphorus, 10 lbs. of potassium, 148 lbs. of calcium and 102 lbs. of mag- nesium per acre, while experiments at Rothamstead, England, indicate that drainage removes proportionately more calcium and magnesium than of the other elements, hence irrigation water, especially if it contains some sediment, probably adds more to the soil than it takes away, unless used in a very immoderate and unskilful fashion. The vital principle is not to use too much water which brings so many evil results, but just enough to secure the great benefits that come from proper use. CROPS The successful growing of crops may be said to depend on six factors, to wit: seed, soil, tilth, plant food in soil, moisture, heat and light. The advantage possessed by the farmer under an irrigation system consists in his greater control over the amount of moisture supplied to the growing crops. That this is a very important advantage is attested by the value of irrigated lands all over the world, based on the returns that may be had from them. It is desired by irriga- tion, to put in the soil that water which can rise by capillary attraction to supply the plants; any excess over this amount is called gravitation water and is a detriment for reasons already explained and should be prevented where possible, otherwise drainage should be provided; it is a case where an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. The amount of capillary water said to be most favourable for plar t growth ranges from about 20% of the weight of dry clay soil to about 4% for a rather sandy soil. It is also said that when the amount of capillary water falls below 8C% of the most favourable condition, that the plant begins to suffer from drought. One of the essential matters in obtaining high yields of viii ious crops is that of getting an uninterrupted and vigorous growth from germination to maturity and irrigation enables the farmer to supply moisture and thus orevent the growth being checked by drought. The necessity for good seed and having the ground in good tilth is understood everywhere, but there is a tendency at fi^^t believe that this country was good for irrigation. Now. I have been here four years in charge of the Western Section of the Irrigation Block and I have lived in an irrigai' 4 country since I was eight years old. I was also trained in the United States Reclamation Service under Mr. H. N. Savage, supervising engineer, about whom I wish to tv'U ;i little story, I hope, with his permission. Mr. Savage h:i-^ a little system which he applies to all men working under liim. ADDRESS BY ROBERT S. STOCKTON 229 In a brief manner it consists of this, that a man must know what he is doing, why he is doing it, have the cost record, and also a complete record in writing of everything that has been done from the start to the finish, whether it is a construction problem or a problem of operation. When I started in charge of the Irrigation Block, I began making records and I want to quote just a few. The question was asked as to what percentage of the people were on the Western Section now that were on in the beginning. I sup- pose they do not mean in the beginning, but within the last four years. Mr. President tells me that my time is just up, but I want to say that we have a system of crop statistics for the entire Western Section which showed in 1911 one hundred and thirty-six thousand acres in crop, and in 1912 there were one hundred and thirty-nine thousand. In 1913 one hundred and forty-eight thousand, eight hundred and thirteen acres were in crop. Now, this was on lands which are classed as irrigable, but, of course, included some lands above the ditch, where holdings were both above and below the ditch. That shows that there has been no material decrease and perhaps some increase in the amount of land that has been put to beneficial use by cultivation. There have been a few people that have left, but the amount of land cultivated is about the same as four years ago. Mr. Trego, or some one else, spoke about the rain-fall in Alberta being about fourteen inches. The rain-fall statistics are collected on the Western Section and give unusually complete returns. Gleichen District, from May 1st to Aug- ust Slst, was 4.63 inches and the crops in that district which were not irrigated or summer-fallowed produced very little result. We have determined by these statistics and observa- tions extending over four years, that irrigation will make a difference in alfalfa of at least the difference of one ton for the dry land per year and three or four tons per year for the irrigated land. We have shown that summer-fallowed crops can usually be increased from ten to thirty-three per cent by irrigation. We have shown in the two dry years, in the last five, that the difference between irrigated grain and dry land grain is about the difference between fair crops and none at all. I want that to go on record, because the opposite has been slated, and I want also to say that as soon as the men in the Western Section will co-operate in the use of water and in the growing of crops by irrigation and show that our land is suitable to alfalfa, and get the returns desired, then Mr. Trego and his friends will be able tu borrow muuey on that land if it is paid for and in good order. (.Applause). 230 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS MR. JOHN C. BUCKLEY, of Alberta: I have been much interested in the last gentleman's remarks and I would like to ask him two or three questions. The first I would like to ask Mr. Stockton is, if he will kindly tell us about what time in the growing season he would commence to irrigate? MR. STOCKTON: Mr. Buckley, irrigation is a matter of supplying moisture to crops when they need it. If you have a season as wet as we have here sometimes, say, as in 1911, you would not irrigate these grain crops, but if you have a dry season you should irrigate them, and the essential thing is that the plants shall grow from start to maturity without being checked in growth. Most of our mistakes have been in irrigating the grain weeks too late, and if it is irrigated at the proper time, and not too much water put on to it, it will be all right. Mr. Trego stated that a gentleman had shown that fourteen inches of water was sufficient for maximum returns. That is quite ri|ht. He forgot, though, that there were seven inches of rain-fall in this particular district, and in his district he had only four or five inches in this particular year. MR. BUCKLEY: The next question is, I would like if you would tell us how late in the season water might be safely applied to ripen a crop before frost? How late would it be safe? MR. STOCKTON: Do you refer to grain crops again? MR. BUCKLEY: Yes. MR. STOCKTON: We cannot give any definite date there, any more than the other, because it is a question of how much water is in the ground and bow much you are going to put on, and also you have to consider the uncertainties of the season. I have here the date of frost for the last ten years. Some farmers may have frost at a certain date and his neighbour on the other side of the hill may be two or three weeks later. He must irrigate, having in mind the climatic conditions and reasonable chances that any farmer must take with rain as well as irrigation. MR. BUCKLEY: Will you not give us an approximate date? MR. STOCKTON: I think as a usual thing our grain irrigation should be over by the middle of June. This season, though, was about as dry as 1910, and yet it was a different dryness. We had om dry weather in a different way, con- sequently we cannot make an absolute rule for the farmer to go by. He must use his head in irrigation as well as in farming. DISCUSSION 231 MR. BUCKLEY: Just one more, please. About what bead of water would be proper for a man to irrigate his crops successfully with in the Gleichen District? MR. STOCKTON: That again depends. A first-class farmer, who has made his ditches close together, and handles his water up to date, can use less head. I have recommended that the Company give each farmer two second-feet of water for each eighty acres they own. I consider that is a fair amount. I have always given a man whatever he could use to advantage, but the idea is that there is not any exact amount, but that is a fair figure in my estimation. At this point it was moved, seconded and carried that the discussion on this particular subject be extended half an hour. MR. TREGO: Mr. Stockton gave the rain-fall in Glei- chen for 1914, and the figures I gave were for the past seven years as furnished by the Department of Agriculture and should be correct, and I would like to say that I have not seen a farmer in Alberta, since I have been here for the last seven years, who couiu live for seven years on one crop. In the seven years there have been two years where irrigated grain crops had a chance to mature ahead of frost. Another thing, for the first four years I was here, I started in with the idea of growing potatoes one year, irrigating them once in place of summer fallow and storing the moisture for the next year's crop. I continued that for four years and I never got one single wheat crop to mature on ground prepared in that way. Now. if Mr. Stockton can give us any better plan to use water on the land to give the grain a chance to mature ahead of frost I would like to hear about it. MR. STOCKTON: As I understood you, you said you had not been able to mature grain crops on your land in the Gleichen District by irrigation, or to some extent without. The trend of my paper, and all efforts in the Western Section and elsewhere, have been to discourage as far as possible straight grain farming, because the longer we are on that system, the further we reduce the productiveness of our soil and the nearer we get to the point where the cost of farming balances what we get out of it. The growing of alfalfa is a solution of youi difficulty; and I will say this, that there is some land which is a good deal more subject to frost than others and Mr Trego is on one of those places where frost comes unusually early. Now, I was by Mr. Trego's farm in the Gleichen District, and I believe that he had frost there on the last day of August of this year, and I was at another farm in the Gleichen Dis- trict on the last day of September, and the man told me, "I have not had any frost yet that would kill anything." There 032 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS is quite a difference there, and my advice to the people who have low land within frosty belts is to grow forage crops rather than grain. I think Mr. Trego would easily have matured grain crops under irrigation this year because most of the crops in his district were out of the way before the frost came. I think his grain would have been well ripened had it been properly irrigated at the right time. MR. HENRY SORENSEN, of Alberta: Now, with re- gard to frost, I can give this information that it cannot be only Mr. Trego's farm, in 1912, on the 16th day of July, I had six degrees of frost, and there is not a year when I haven't had frost in my ^rain. The question I would like to put to Mr. Stockton is this: Assuming you have a soil which is heavy, shallow, surface soil, what would you do in putting water over this land to prevent the bringing to the surface of alkali? MR. STOCKTON: If I had land aa Mr. Sorensen suggests, which had a very heavy impervious sub-soil and a light upper soil, I would study the thing from an engineering standpoint; I would look at the drainage and the possibility of ditching and preparing that land. I would then take special pains to prepare that land smoothly, so that the irrigation when applied could be done skilfully, and only that amount of water put on which was approximately required by plant growth. This matter of irrigation is a matter of applying water which is needed by the crops, and when they need that water there must be some proper system of putting it on. Now, your soil and conditions will be helped by careful grading and furrow irrigation, and you can arrange that by shortening the furrows and putting on as small an amount of water as you please. The experience in your district, and on every farm, is part of the necessities of irrigation. In every Western District there has always been among the first people settling there the statement that they could not raise this or that or the other thing. Many of you who live in the West know that orchard districts were condemned as unsuited for such crops and the first people seemed to have all the bad luck. The fact that there are failures in every country is recognized, but as long as there is a single success, it is worth working up to that particular point, and we have shown that it is possible to grow grain and alfalfa with wonderful results. Now, it is up to us to find out how the rest can do it and I am sure that Mr. Sorensen and Mr. Trego and the rest of them can find that out because they are good farmers. MR. A. L. FRYBERGER, of Alberta: I have lived in this country two years. Last year we did not have irrigation and this year we had some, and I rise to give you some of my DISCUSSION experiences which are contrary to Mr. Trego's statement, I am glaii to say. I recognize Mr. Trego as the gentleman who came tc meet a trainload of settlers who came in from Colorado last spring. I have never met him before, but I recognize him now. One of our people told me the other day that if it had not been for these fellows coming from Gleichen and making the statements they had made that this colony would be ten thousand dollars better off. Now, that may seem vague, but I think it is true because the little that they did say soaked in, because in place of using the water as they did in Colorado they were afraid to use it for fear crops would not mature. The result was that where they did not use the water they had no crops, and where they did they had a very successful crop. My experience with irrigation is this: A German was sent to Germany to find out something about growing sugar beets and he said he didn't know very much about irrigation, but he had an idea that when the crop needed water it was a good time to irrigate. Now, you don't have to be a college grad- uate to determine when your crop needs moisture. Most any of us can tell that and when it does need it, it is a good time to irrigate. Now, this matter of heads of water, if you irrigate as nearly as possible and follow the rain-fall or get your land irrigated in such a way that it will be wet as if it had been raining, you have reached the maximum results of irrigation. It does not matter if it is a big head or a small head, the main thing is for a man to use his brain along with his muscle to accomplish the be^t results. I put in a crop of barley this year and watered it on the thirtieth day of May. The water came late. I watered that barley twice. The second time that I watered that barley was the day before the night of the biggest rain that we had this season. I think perhaps I was apt to over-irrigate, but on the 14th day of August I harvested that barley and it was thoroughly matured and the finest feed you ever saw and a very good crop. My experience at irrigation has taught me this, that it is best to irrigate for grain in the fall. If we cannot irrigate in the fall irrigate as early as you can in the spring. Do not put your water on too late. I have been ten years in the Arkansas valley and I am an irrigationist to the core and my experiences have taught me that in no place has irrigation better effect than it has right here in Alberta. (Applause). I will also say this, that I was interested in bringing twenty-three Colorado settlers here, and there are twenty-three satisfied settlers there to-day and we do not thank Mr. Trego for his information, as I told him last spring. (Applause). PRESIDENT YOUNG: Do not be personal, if you please, Mr. Fryberger. ■ K5jWf APS III 234 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS MR. SORENSEN: I have not yet received an answer to my question, Mr. President. MR. STOCKTON : Mr. Sorensen, there are none of our soils, as far as I have examined, that have a sub-soil so dense that they are not subject to a certain amount of circulation by water. Some of them are dense, but no denser than other places. Irrigation where such soils occur must be done more carefully and less water must be put on and deeper ploughing resorted to, but with these precautions you can irrigate any of our land. I cannot do more than say that, because we have irrigated all through the Irrigation Block, in small places here and there, that is one of the reasons why we know such is the case. There have been many half-hearted attempts at irrigation, but if we all try to get together on the matter of irrigation, and caring for our lands, I am sure that success will result from the irrigation of the land you speak of, as well as the more favourable land. If it is a matter of any- thing that I can say or do tc help the matter out, I am wiliiuf; to meet any Farmers' Union in the Block at any time and discuss any of these questions. MR. TREGO: I, like Mr. Stockton, do not believe in the straight grain crop and never have done since I have been here. I have never had less than fifteen acres of pota- toes since I have been here and I have had as high as one hundred and seventy acres in potatoes. Last year I had eighty acres. I seeded alfalfa in 1907, 1909 and 1910 and I have never had a single crop yet that had passed the second winter and was fit to cut the third year. I grew alfalfa for twenty-two years before I came here, and I have sold as much as one thousand tons in the year, and yet I have not learned how to grow alfalfa successfully in Alberta, and there are none of the farmers in our Block who have. I only know two instances in the irrigation district where it has passed the second winter and where they could get enough the third year to make a paying crop. As to Mr. Fryberger's statement, I did not come here to have a controversy with any one at all. Mr. Fryberger has been here two years and I have been here seven, and perhaps he has learned more in two years than I have in seven. The fact is that farmers at Bassano did irrigate and did produce very good crops. I was at the Bassano Colony two wcks ago and all the farmers told me of the fine crops they had produced. One told me that he had threshed five hun.lred and sixty bushels of wheat on sixty acres and the irripated part had not been threshed separate from the dry part, dut he estimated that the irrigated went thirty bushels to the acres. This year's wheat crop in the Gleichen District, with the four and a half inches of rain-fall we have produced all DISCUSSION 235 the way from twenty up to thirty-five and thirty-six bushels to the acre, and one small tract of about three acres made forty-four bushels, without any irrigation at all, and if there had been an irrigated field in the block which produced more than that, I have never been able to find it. I have heard reports on them, but when they come to be sifted down, thej' have been found to be far less. Now as to irrigating in the fall, that was my idea before I ever heard of Mr. Fryberger. I irrigated in July, August, and September all the previous years in order to try and make a crop, and I thought I was sure of it in that way, and as I said before, I have never been able to fully mature the Choir, Twenty-First International Irrigation Congress. crop on that ground, and in 1911, after irrigating four hundred and eighty acres in 1910, I put the most of it in oats in'order to be sure of maturing it, and I never threshed a single tmshel of oats off that field after that. MR. STOCKTON: I would like to say one thing about alfalfa, and that is that Mr. Trego has said that there were only tw^o fields in the Gleichen District which have passed the third winter successfully. Although I was not in the (Heichen District in 1911, the early fields probably failed through lack of inoculation, and since that time we have had 236 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS only about two fields in the Gleichen District which were settled early enough to have gone through more than two winters. The biilk of the alfalfa was seeded under the C. P. R. competition in 1912, and that alfalfa has been going through th** winters all right. In other portions we have fields which have gone through three or foiir winters, although, we do, of course, lose some crops in the winters. MR. TREGO: If Mf. Stockton can tell us how to grow alfalfa successfully and how to stand the winters, I will buy him the best hat he ever saw. MR. STOCKTON: The reason the alfalfa you speak of — PRESIDENT YOUNG: The Chair beg* to suggest that Mr. Trego's grievances are purely r'^rsonal and confined to his own district. We are convinced that Alb^tK is a very good Qlace for growing alfalfa and all other cro^. The next three speakers show the widenoss which our Congress covers. One of the next three speakers is the Chairman of the Board of Water Engineers for the state of Texas. The second is from the state of California and the third is the Commissioner of Trade and Irrigation from Auakralia to the United States and Canada. r Jiav9 much pleasure in introducing to this Congress Mr. Ncgle, Chairman of the Board of Water Engineers to the state of Texas. (Applause). AddnMlqr J. G. Nagle Chairman Bowd of Water EntlaMCi, Stat* of Tmu SOME IRRIGATION PROBLBMS IN TEXAS Mr. Chairman and Members of the Congress and Visitors: From Texas to Alberta is more than a few rabbit's jumpH. even for a Texas Jack-rabbit. Nevertheless the pleasure of being with you and being the recipient of the hearty welcome extended by Calgary, Alberta, and Canada, to all our visitors is worth the journey many times over. You do big things, and do them quickly, along all lines of material development here in your country of great possiliili- ties. To have the chance to see the wonderful work being done in irrigation alone is an opportunity of a life titn.'. The difficulties to be touched on in this paper will, I f* ir, seem trivial to you, but for what they may be worth I pres. nt herein my comments upon some of the problems wliicb ADDRESS BY J. C. NAGLE TXT have confronted my associates and myself during the past twelve months. The Board of Water Engineers for the state of Texas is but a little more than one year old. Up to the present time our energies have been chiefly devoted to organizing and to collecting data regarding irrigation plants and systems which were in existence when our Board entered upon its duties. In addition, we have had to pass upon quite a number of applications for permits to appropriate public waters, and in passing upon these we have been confronted by some prob- lems, the solution of which will require time and patience, and probably additional legislation. We of the irrigated sections are accustomed to large distances and wide ranges in altitude, in rain-fall and in climate. Nevertheless, to emphasize the difficulties of regulating irrigation in Texas, a few words about the physical conditions there should not be amiss. In latitude Texas extends through slightly more than ten and one-half degrees, and in longitude a little more than thirteen degrees. Her northern boundary lies on a parallel only about forty miles south of Cairo, Illinois, while Browns- ville, near her southern limit, is in about the same latitude as Miami, Florida. The area of the state is 265,896 square miles, or 170,173,400 acres, or nearly one-ninth the total area^ of continental United States, excluding Alaska. It requires the combined areas of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York,^ New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and one-third of Pennsylvania to equal that of Texas. Texas has over 400 miles of frontage on the Gulf of Mexico and 960 miles of international boundary, measured wich the meanders of the Rio Grande River. Within her boundaries altitudes range from sea level to 9500 feet. The mean annual lain-fall ranges from about 49.5 inches at Alvin (about 48 ior the eastern coastal region on an average) to less than 10 inches at £1 Paso. And, paradoxical as it may seem, irrigation is more extensive in the region of heaviest rain-fall than in any other portion of the state. Although Texas has been the last of the irrigation states to enact anything approximating adequate legislation for tiie conservation and regulation of her watei resources, the pra<'- tice of irrigation in the state antedates all known recornLs. In the early part of the sixteenth century Coronado found irriRfttion successfully practised in the vicinity of El Paso. Tradition has it that the Yuma Indians, centuries ago, con- structed irrigation canals on the Pecos river and evidcnc«f of prehistoric systems have been foun9a«-ro> 248 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS It should be noted that our new legislation pre- supposes that the districts shall have a reasonable margin of security for their bonds in the market value of their lands. We have not sought in this legislation to meet situations in which land has practically no value until an irrigation system has been completed. That must be met by a system of state super- vision that will prevent the issuance of bonds unless it is certain that an adequate supply of water is to be brought to land suitable for irrigation and under circumstances that insure the success of the project. It should be stated that this legislation has not had the effect upon the prices of irrigation district bonds which we had expected. Prices for such bonds are lower in California now than two years ago, before most of the legislation was enacted. I would give three reasons for this fact: First, the general decline in the prices of securities. Second, the failure of the districts to give proper publicity to the increased safeguards that have been put around California irrigation district bonds. Third, the facts that the legal effect of the legis- lation is confined to California, and the market has been overstocked with bonds of new districts, while there has been no concerted effort to take care of the few holders of these bonds who have been compelled to turn them into cash and have sold them for whatever they could get, thus abnormally depressing prices. In seeking for a market outside of California, we have met prejudice against irrigation bonds of any kind, and we found it almost impossible to get investors to consider the proofs of the soundness of our securities. This has led to suggestion that the state itself buy the bonds of the districts, securing the funds by issuing its own bonds, which would undoubtedly sell at good prices. An effort was made this year to secure the submission of a constitutional amendment to this effect, by means of an initiative petition, but it was given up on account of the expense. The idea will undoubtedly be pressed at the session of our legislature next year. In these days of agita- tion for rural credit systems, we believe that every effort should be made to secure for the farmer credit at reasonable rates for the primary operation of putting water on his land. This concludes Mr. Cowell's paper, and I will, with your permission, Mr. President, only for a few minutes, revert to not perhaps this subject, but a few of the salient points which have been brought up in discussion here. P'irst, I will state that I came from that part of California which started irri- gation in 1870. We are still, after forty-four years, grappling with the same problems which we have heard liscussed at this Congress. Four-hundred-and-thirty thousand acres arp under irrigation under the management of the company which REMARKS BY L. A. NARES 249 I represent. The same trouble exactly existed and the same trouble will exist as long as men are men and as long as new problems suggest themselves. In our work we have had to do a great deal in colonizing the land. I would like to make a few suggestions. The first is that no sales should be made to any one who is not going to improve land. That has been our experience and in our colonization of over one-hundred- and-eighty thousand acres of land our average amount to a family is less than thirty acres, and we have had but two fail- ures out of twenty-eight hundred sales. Men did not try to take on too much at once. Another piece of advice that I would give from my ex- perience is, "never let your water be paid for by so much per annum per-acre, let it be paid for by the acre-foot, or a proportion thereof, on a graduated scale from what has been determined as the best use of water, the highest price being paid for the largest amount. As a result of the other process in Fresno county and Kings county, out of six hundred thous- and acres, under irrigation, over one hundred and eight thousand acres are pretty nearly reduced to nothing by alkali, and it will require at least fifteen to twenty dollars per acre to restore that land to its original state of cultivation. I have also to suggest this. A great deal has been said about the difficulty of getting settlers on the projects which have already been completed and those which are about to be completed. The basic value of land plus the water must be the measure of the success of any enterprise and that basic value must be low, and the settler must see in his investment some profit, and at the commencement must see some chance to make a profit. That is essential. In my experience I have iiad a problem such as lies at your door. I have analyzed your capital price of development, your annual charge and your price that is asked for the land on the irrigated area in Alberta under the C. P. R. system. I find that fifteen dollars and sixty-six cents was the capital charge, a very moderate fiRure for the system which I understand it has, and that ninety-one and two-third cents is the average cost of the water. It compares very favourably with the prices we have Ix'pn charging, which range from fifty cents to one dollar, making an average of about seventy-five cents per acre in the I'resno area, where we have developed six thousand acres. As to your sale price, it averages from thirty-five to forty-eight 'I '" Ts and sixty-six cents per acre. To be aHle to present to ^ a good land under good irrigation systems at that ate figure, I think will make in your country what it has in my country of California. I have therefore great pleasure in saying that since coming to Calgary, I ha^"- be- rome an optimist for the irrigation possibilities of Alberta, since I have had a chance to look into the figures. I thank you Mr. President. (Applause) III man 260 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS 1 1 1 MR. DENNIS: With your permission, Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen, I want again on behalf of the province of British Columbia, especially the Honourable, the Minister of Agriculture, who will address you to-night, to say that he has sent up some more sample apples which I will be glad to have >ou try. Introduction of Peter Von Weymam cf the Department of Apiculture of Russia PRESIDENT YOUNG : We have with us this afternoon a gentleman from far distant Russia, a gentleman who came here fiom St. Petersburg, but who will return to Petrograd. Mr. Peter Von Weymam desires that on his behalf I should ex- tend to you the greetings of the Department of Agriculture of the great Empire of Russia. Mr. Von Weymam has attended this Congress at the special request of his department and we feel honoured that this request was made and that Mr. ■Von Weymam is with us. I have pleasure in introducing to you Mr. Von Weymam, of Russia. (Applause). PRESIDENT YOUNG: Now, our next and concluding nu aber on this afternoon's programme is an address by our old time friend and adherent of the Irrigation Congress, Mr. Mel Nielsen, Commissioner for Trade and Irrigation from Aus- tralia to United States and Canada, who we are especially privileged in having the opportunity of hearing. Mr. Nielsen, Gentlemen. (Applause.) Address by Niel Nielsen Commissioner of Trade and Irrigation from Australia to the United States and Canada Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: I think the people of Calgary and of Alberta should he congratulated sincerely that this i.s the first time the gnut Int.rnational Congress has taken place outside of the Unit((l States of America, and I am pleased, as an Australian, to nod' that the first time it has taken place outside of the Unit' d States is to take place upon British soil, in the province of Alberta, in the Dominion of Canada. (Applause) Although since I have been living in America, I see very little differen 'e between the people of the United States and the people .jf Canada, I find myself quite at home in the United States as ADDRESS BY NIEL NIELSEN 251 I find myself in Canada. You are all very much like the people whom I represent here to-day. You are drawn from the same stock, and you are keeping up the traditions of the great Anglo-Saxon race on this side of the World, as we are trying to do down south in Australia. (Applause). This is the third or fourth time that I have had the priv- ilege of addressing the Irrigation Congress, and I believe that in addressing this Congress I have a privilege that any one should be proud of, in-as-much as this Congress is a bodv of men collected together for the purpose of giving instruction in regard to this great subject of irrigation, and is in mv opinion a body of men who would be worthy of the appreciation of any people on the face of this earth. I believe that you have collected together at this great Irrigation Congress the greatest amount of scientific knowledge in regard to irrigation that is collected at any Irrigation Congress or any meeting in connection with irrigation in any part of the World, and therefore, ladies and gentlemen, I deem it a privilege, as well as a duty, in coming here to address you on behalf of the people of Australia. In Australia we have not had a great deal of experience with irrigation, in-as-much as we have hardly got beyond the pioneer stage, and there is another great reason, gentlemen, why we have not had a great deal of experience in irrigation, and that is owing to the fact that our country stretches from east to west as wide as the great United StsUes of America, from north to south a good deal wider than that great country, and we have within the four corners of that tremendous area of land a population of only five millions of people, so you will realize that these people in that tremendous area have quite enough room to lurn around at any rate, and that is the reason that we have not got anywhere near any extent of intensive farming. The time is coming, though, as far as the "astern seaboard of our country is concerned, when it is desired that the lands closer to the seaboard should be cultivated in more Intensive form than in days gone by. To do this we must supply the water from our rivers to the soil, in.stead of de- pending solely on the Creator to send it down from heaven. I came over here four or five years ago to get information on this great quf^^^^'on. I have been back two or three times, and each time tve transmitted to the people, who are working out then destinies on the irrigation systems there, the information which I have obtained in this country and a great impetus has been given to irrigation in our country as a result of my giving them the information I obtained ia the United States and in Canada in regard to this question. I hope to be able to take back more valuable information from this Congress, than 1 have ever before been able to. Primarily, because I am beginning to realize what the question really is, I 4» 252 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS to understand what irrigation means to the farmer in any dry- country, and I am beginning to see by practical experience the splendid results which have taken place in countries like this and the United States, where the methods have been applied with intelligence behind them as well as with muscle. After all, we must look at the farming business the same as any other business. We must not think that anyone could be a farmer. We must have men with intelligence as well as with muscles, because we expect it from people who follow oth'^'- businesses. That is more applicable to the irrigation farm^i than to the dry farmer or to any other class in our community. I believe that the time has come in this country when you are putting on the soil the most intelligent section of your people and by doing that you will brinj: the operation of farming up to a level to which it has never reached in the past. Intelligence is just as important as brute force, which means putting all the muscle you have into farming as well. I think the farmers of A: erica can show that they are succeed- ing by a proper combination of muscle and intelligence. I have given you an idea of my country's area and also of the population in that area. We must approach irrigation from a somewhat different point of view than you are able to approach it, having the population right at your door. Most of the things that we raise in Australia have to bear the cost of transport to the other ends of the earth. We are a producing country but are separated by tremendous distances from our markets. You people in America are the nearest white neighbours that we have. The country that some of us come from, situated in the British Isles, is 13,000 miles from where I live. On the other hand, the borders of Canada and the western borders of the United States are quite close— they are only about 7,000 miles away from Australia. We do not hope to bring the products of our irrigated fields to you, though, io sell to you in competition. What we believe we will be able to do is to help the two great branches of primary production on which we are engaged at the present moment, pastoral production and dairying production. I believe that I may say that Australia is the greatest pastoral country in the world. As far as sheep raising is concerned, it certainly is. We have 100 million sheep within our borders, These sheep are aot raised because they are mutton, bu'. because they have wool on them. We raise them for their wool. If we can sell the mutton, all well and good, but if not, we have the wool anyway. Last year we sheared over 800 million pounds of wool from our sheep. There is no other country that produces over half that quantity. Now, in connection with this we will have to use irrigation for the purpose of assisting that industry to the fullest possible extent. We hav? a great area of dry country. Australia can ADDRESS BY NIEL NIELSEN 253 be divided into three almost equal portions. On the first portion, there is a rain-fall of some twenty inches and upwards, and I mean by that, a good way up. I recall an incident when I was travelling in the northern part of Australia. I met a man and It wae a very wet day. The ma said "It i» a bit damp to-day, and I said "it certainly is." It was raining cats and dogs as we say m our country. "How much rain do you eet here every year?", I said, and he said,"three and a half yards." I said, what ?, and he repeated it, and said, "yes, ten feet, SIX inches. I could not realize that, because I had never heard of ram being calculated except in inches, and he said, it is a hundred and twenty-six inches, if you want me to do your arithmetic for you." Taking Australia as a whole, it can be roughly divided into three portions. About one-third of it has more than twenty inches of ram, another one-third has between ten and twenty inches, and the last one-third has less than ten inches of rain- fall. We are not bothering much with that last part at the present time. We are using that for drv pastures. We are doing the greatest part of our dry-farming on the middle section of the country which has more than twenty inches. We are using that generally for the purpose of growing sugar cane and other tropical products and raising cattle for dairying which 18 the second great industry of Australia. Last year we sent to London 200 million pounds of butter. Now, why do we go on producing this class of product and not go up to a higher form of production? Simply because we are compelled to produce these products which are valuable in proportion to their weight. We can send wool to London ana the total charges, shipping, marketing, selling and every- thing else connected with the sale of wool in large amounts, only come to about six per cent, of its value. We send butter to London, and the total charge in connection with that, including everything, comes to about seven per cent of its value. We can send beef or mutton, and the total amount added is about twelve per cent, but if we want to send wheat, or other products of that description, we have to pay to the agents and the shippers over twenty per cent, of the value of the crop. That is the reason that we can never hope to be any great competitor in the markets of the world in regard to wheat, but in regard to those other commodities, on which the charges are so comparatively small, when they only add a small percentage on to the value of the article, I say, we can compete against the world and we have done so and we are doing it sujcessfully. Now, in 1 ^ard to irrigation by reason of following what you have done in America and by reason of profiting by your mistakes, if you have made uiiy, -ve have come to the con- clusion that the basic principles must be that the water shall f^« I 264 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IR .LIGATION CONGRESS forever belong to the people as a whole, and not to individuals, and we have a law that dismisses riparian rights altogether when the necessities of the people demand it. (Applause). We are all out to do what is necessary for the hard working man, and he is a farmer very often indeed. Most people when you talk about the working man think that you allude to the man who takes off his coat in the street and works there, but my experience of the good farmer, and the man who will be- come a successful farmer, is that he is the hardest working man within the four corners of any country and we are pleased that all our laws should be based on the principles of giving every concession and consideration to him, because he is the hardest working man in our country. After all, who is it that makes our country? It is not the millionaire, it is the man who takes his coat off and does the hard work. The man who should rule the country, and receive consideration in regard to all the laws, is the working man, and we believe in Australia, that the basic principle of every scheme of irrigation must rest on the fact that there will be no difficulty in regard to water rights. We have made a law there which provides that, when the necessity of the people demands it, the water rights shall rest in the government and no one else. They own the water underneath the land as well, so that it can be brought up by people who own the surface with the idea of giving them the opportunity of benefiting the people who are compelled by reason of their situation to re- quire some of that water to enable them to make a living on their land. There are no difficulties about water rights there. All the water rights belong to the government. Now, let me tell you something else that the government does. We tell the people that they will have no water difficulties. Having pro- \ ided that all the irrigation projects must be built by the State, and the land sold or leased to the people by the State, and that the State should continue to control the dams and the water rights, taking the whole responsibility of keeping them clear of silt, and the up-keep problems of the system, and charge thei. price to the consumer, we are going to find out if that propo- sition is a feasible one consistent with doing the fair thing, not only by the people on the land, but all over the country. From what we can see at the present time, it is going to pan out successfu''" for all parties concerned. In the province of New South Wales, it was decided to start irrigation by the institution of a large project. It w:!< found that the land in a particular valley, the valley of Murrumbidgee, was being used for sheep raising and tii(> capital value of that land was about $12 to $15 an acre. Soi-e of our experts w^e got from the United States, of whom Pr. Elwood Mead was one, told us that the area was the best we ADDRESS BY NIEL NIELSEN 255 could have for irrigation. It was a deep valley with a good sub-soil and good drainage and in a good situation, with a small but reasonable rain-fall and with everything in its lavour that could possibly be in favour of an irrigation project. But Uiis land was owned by four or five very large land owners. The area was 350,000 acres. The government went to these land owners and bought back that land before they put a pick in the irrigation works, so that they would get the land without the added value of the works. They bought that land at .«;i2 and $15 an acre and it IS now worth $75 or $100 an acre, because of the water which has been put there. They built all the necessary works and cut all the channels, and they got everything ready before they started to settle the people on the soil. When the people came to settle, they did not ask them if thev had a great deal of money. They said, "how much have you?" "If you have not enough for your house, we will lend it to you, and if you have not enough to pay for your grading, we will do it for you, and you can have fourteen years to pay for it." "We will fence your land for you too." We were able to do this by the fact that the government of Australia owned practically all the savings banks, which control the savings of the people (Applause). You might think from what I have been telling you that Australia is a socialistic country, because the government has control and so on of so many things. So we are, and we be- lieve that we have arrived at that particular stage of socialism wnich ends with practical socialism. That is, we do those things which we believe will be of interest to the people, and we step in and take control and do the work for the people who are represented b-- the government. We are able to do this because we ha years ago some far the banks should bt result of that is that Australia, and I say of the savings banks. Many eople in Australia decided that ^ control of the government. The population of five million people in ^ -...^^ it is thus in no other country in the world, we have 1,000,900 savings bank depositors. The average deposit of those people is thirty-eight pounds of our money. That is the average deposit, equal to roughly $190 each. That means an accumulation of S;i76,000,000 in the sav- ings banks of Australia, on which the government guarantees to the depositors three per cent interest. Now, that may seem low, but we want it to be low, because we know that that money has got to be used by people who have got to get the last penny of value out of it. We lend that to the farmers at five per cent. We allow them to pay five and a half per cent, if they want to, and we wipe it off after thirty years by paying the interest only. You could not do that in any country unless you had control of all this money. Now, -« 280 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS this means that all these private interests, all the private institutions which are there and lending money to the people, cannot charge a great deal more than five per cent., otherwise the farmer goes to the governihent and gets it, and he gets it at five per cent. Another thing we do with this money, which we have accumulated. If three of us wish to buy land, and it is the property of a large land owner, we have to go into partnershp to make the application. We go to the government and tell them we want government assistance to do that. The government sends along one of its valuators from the govern- ment savings bank to have a look at the land, and if the price is right the government buys and pays for the land, and sells it to us on thirty-two-and one half year's terms. We only have to pay five per cent deposit, and the government attends to the rest. Of course they have got good security, because if we don't continue to pay our five per cent every year, they take it back. But the fact is that this land is never taken back by the government. People that have those small payments to make, and can get on to the land right away, make a success in nineteen hundred case^ out of nineteen hundred and one. Those are a few things which we do to assist the people on the land. If you go into an irrigation district to buy land, the government asks you for a deposit of six per cent. All you have got to do is to pay six per cent per year, a sort of rent, for your irrigation land, and at the end of thirty-one and one half years the land is yours, and the only charge you have in addition to that is the water you actually use. If you use an acre-foot a year, you pay for that; and if you use eighteen inches you pay for eighteen inches and so on. (Applause). Let me tell you another thing about people who occupy farm lands in Australia. We have no land taxes there, except the taxes for municipal purposes. The land taxes for muni- cipal purposes must be based on the unimproved value of the land. If you buy land worth $15 an acre, and by your energy and your work you make that land worth $100 an acre, you only pay taxation on tae $15, which is the unimprov- ed value of the land. (Applause). We have another land tax in Australia for defence pur- poses, but, taking into consideration the fact that the small land owner there is always there ready to defend his country, it shall not be a charge on any individual who has less than $25,000 worth of land. For the other people, we say, "You have a right to pay for the defence of Australia for the pri\- ilege of owning the greater part of it." That is how we trent our people. Dealing with irrigation generally, we have only two possi- bilities in regard to irrigation. We have only one river basiii which is a big one, and that is called the Murray and Darlir.i; ADDRESS BY NIEL NIELSEN 257 Basin. This is 415,000 square miles in extent, and it is some basin. When I was Minister of Lands in my province, I had an investigation made and I found that if we used all the water that flows into that tremendous basin, down to the sea, through that tremendous country, we would only have enough water to properly irrigate about three per cent of that great ^asin, and that is about 12,000 square miles. Although 12,000 square miles divided between two provinces is a pretty good area of irrigation land, it is a very inf atesimal portion of the area which will be worked by dr>-ff.rraing. By a combination, however, of the two systems, we can bring into use for agricultural and pastoral purposes the great area of 415,000 square miles, roughly contained within three provinces,, but the greater part of it within two provinces of our Union. We have to use this water for pasture and for dairying. At the present time our dairying industry is conducted on land with a great rain-fall. That is the rain-fall of the first class dairying district. The whole of that industry depends on one grass called paspalum. About twenty years ago there was an old German farmer living in one of these districts who said to a neighbour of his, "There is a grass that I know of which is grown in Peru which would be good here." Eventually he got the government to send over for some of this grass, and planted it in and around the rivers, and that has simply revol- utionized that industry. It is quite a common thing for farmers in that district to milk fifty cows all the year round, on forty acres of ground. That statement can be borne out by any information which you get from our country. Of course there are conditions under which th..t grass grows, which will not permit it to grow in any country, but what is called a wet sub-tropical district. But I want to show what we have tc ^o to increase the area of our dairying industry by working unu . irrigation systems. There must not be any frost , _id there must be a rain-fall of at least forty inches a year or this grass will not grow. But we can go right into the tropics, which extend from latitude 10 south of the equator to latitude 45, and when you get there, you are out of Australia altogether, which is equivalent to saying, that you can go into tropical countries and make marketable butter up to the 17th degree south latitude. We make it in Queensland, which is six degrees inside of the tropics. We compete with the Danish butter in London, and get gocd prices for it. That is what we have been able to do with the assistance of this grass, but the peop'/^ of Australia are so satisfied with the dairying industries i-at we have to come over here to see what you are doing. We are satisfied, though, that with irrigation we wi'l be able to obtc a our fields of alfalfa, and we are going to try and do as well on alfalfa as wo have been able to do on paspalum. Ill 17 258 TWENTY-FIRST I\TER\ATIO.VAL IRRIGATI ON CONGRESS *u ^tX'°K regard to wheat or grain g-owing, there is no thought in Austraha of growing grain by irrigation, at the present time. I don't say it is not possible or feasible, or I don t say it is not a good thing to do, but as I told you just now every bushel of grain that we grow in Australia, we have got to give one-fifth of it to the shipper and the agent and the other people who come between the farmer and the consumer, and it is not worth our while when we can produce butter, mutton and wool under such favourable conditions. I believe that in Australia we have the biggest butter factory in the world 1 want to tell you that one factory alone produced last year twenty-two million pounds of butter or eleven thousand tons of butter, and m doing that, they killed 50,000 hogs as a by-produn of the butter factory. There is another fact, though, that that butter factory is owned and controlled by the farmers who supply the milk. (Applause). In Australia we have built up our dairying industry on the principle of co-operation. Every one has a share, and what he does not get in prices for his milk supplied, he gets month by month when the dividends are declared. Now, these farmers built this because they could not get a capitalist to build a factory. These people own that product from the time they squeeze it out of the cow till it is shipped and on the way to London. If we get t\,'enty-five cents a pound on the London market for our butter, we are doing jolly well A T ^v^ ^^* •*^" ^^"*^ °^ °"'' money— that is twenty cents in Australia— It is a very good price for butter. My wife tells me that If she has to pay more than twenty cents for butter, it !< a luxury. It is a luxury all the time as far as I know in this country. Now, gentlemen, I think I have told you sufficient about our country to make you think it is not the wo- ' untry on the face of God's earth anyway, and althoug.. we hav«^ ;i socialistic form of government, we have a system that pro- vides for the ordinary working man of the community, thitt he shall get the largest returns for his industry. We say that the man who does the work should receive the money for it When I was a working man myself, I was a carpenter and many times I hud to make all sorts of things that a carpenter can make. Now, when I was working at my trade, I could fin out into the bush and cut down tlie t r.ber for what I was to make, and fashion it into a table, . vhen I had finished that table it was mine. It was mine because I made it by my own energy with the assistance of the material that God "has given us. What we say is that every man in Australia who is a producer of jiny description, the fi-M result of his own eneriiv has a right to be his. (Applause.) T hope that this is not my last privik-ge oi addressing an Irrigation Congress. I hope that I have given you a few facts A.\.\OU\CEME\TS 2)9 which may interest you and 1 hope thut I have eiven o.it -i PRESIDENT YOUNG- I have had the pleasure o' a'fiTf lY'- U 'J'"" ^^"""^ '^"^ I J^"«^ ^*" were KoinKto hav. and som^other.^'tLf '"'' ^'^ ^ '^''\''' «^ amazement tS me T^r, \!^ lAu *^^*''° """^^ original and i)enevolent legisla- tion should have originated away over there on the other Sle of the world It seems to me that scientists shouh? attempt mat;'^o7 trZ'' "^ -statesmanship which has leadtX I desire to draw your attention to the interesting meetinir a^'r'els bv'the^HnT^''""^?,-'^"^^ '"r*^^^ ^'' '^'^^ "ndTS aadress by the Hon Price Ellison. I inu.ntallv draw vour attention to the fact that Dr. J. G. Rutherfor.l is on X programme for the first address for to-morrow morning^s scis- sion. Now, we are not in the habit of getting here verv eaJlv or very proniptly at the appointed time^m.l f ee a lU erty to state, in the language of the United States, that Dr. Rutherford s a rattling good talker," and it would be verv wise for a of us to be here on time. The session at this point adjourned until 8PM the evening of the 7th day of October, 1914. 3 4 4 J % EIGHTH SESSION WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 7, 1914 8.M o'clock p. m. The Congress was called to ordei by President Young. PRESIDENT YOUNG: The meeting will kindly be in order, Mr. Dennis having an announcement to make. MR. J. S. DENNIS: Mr. President, Ladies and Gentle- men: Particularly the Ladies and Gentlemen of the choir. I am asked by the Board of Control to extend an mvitation to the members of the choir, who under very adverse circum- stances have attended rehearsals here, and also our opening meeting Monday night under weather conditions which were adverse, to attend a supper tended on behalf of the Board of Control, at the Palliser Hocel to-morrow night at 10 o clock, after the conclusion of the programme. (Applause). PRESIDENT YOUNG: Mr. Miller, secretary of the Board of Control has some announcements to make. SECRETARY MILLER: Let me request the delegates, who have not turned in their railway certificates to do so without delay, so that they may be validated, and you will be able to return home when you wish to do so. Some dele- gates have asked about the time limits on tickets. I wish to give this information. Delegates coming from points in Canada west of Port Arthur may leave Calgary up to and including October 13th. Delegates from points in Canada east of Port Arthur may leave Calgary up to and includinB October 24th, to reach their destination by October 31st Delegates from the United States are given until October 24th to get to their boundary line. There is a special announcement regarding delegates who wish to go to Banff before returnini? home. We have arranged with the Canadian Pacific Railwiiy Company for a rate of 14.40 from Calgary to Banff and return, if a party of ten or more signify their intention of visiting Banth Those who intend to visit Banff should kindly hand in th. ir names to headquarters. PRESIDENT YOUNG: We will begin our exertis.s this evening with music by the special Irrigation Congn ss Chorus, Mr Max Weil, Conductor. There are four numl- rs in the opening exercises in the following order; first, "(- d Save the King;" second, "The Maple Leaf Forever; tluid. "Ruwian National Anthem;" and fourth "La Marseillais. . These numbers were then sung by the Chorus, each sel< c- tion being heartily applauded. 260 ADDRESS BY H. B. MUCKLESTON 261 PRESIDENT YOUNG: Our first address this evening wi!l be by Mr. H. P. Muckleston, of Alberta, the assistant chi'jf engineer of the Department of Natural Resources of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company. His subject will be "Irrigation Enterprises of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company in Alberta." (Applause.) it Address by H. B. Muckleston Assistant Chief Engineer Department of Natural Resources, Canadian Pacific Railway IRRIGATION ENTERPRISES OF THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAIL- WAY COMPANY IN ALBERTA Mr. Chairman, Delegates to the Congress, and Ladies and Gentlemen: I feel a little diffidence in getting up before an audience as large as this. If I had known when I consented to make this address before the Congress that I was going to speak to half the city of Calgary, I might have taken a different idea. I wish before I start on the form of paper which I have pre- pared to apologize for the fact that the address is given by me, and not by my immediate superior Mr. Dawson. Mr. Dawson has, unfortunately, been a victim of one of the thousand ills that mankind is heir to, and owing to the sickness which has afflicted him for a good many months he is not able to be here to-night. If he were, I am sure that he would have prepared a much more interesting story than I have, and he would have been able to tell it in a much more interesting way. Irrigation as a factor in the development of Canada is not a new thing by any means, although it is only within the last decade that it has attracted any very wide attention. For this attention the enterprise of the Canadian Pacific Railway is in large measure due. The development of the art in this country has followed the s:ime programme as it did in the states south of the line. At first we had the pioneer who took the water where he found it and applied it where ho wanted to with very little regard to engineering experience, and none at all to the law. Later on as settlement increased the conse- quences of having no legal basis began to be apparent in threatened suits at law, and as a result of this a comprehensive irrigation law was enacted early enough to avoid the wholesa e litigation which has been such a prominent and regrettable feature in the irrigated states. Subsequent to the passing of the Act the second or community .^tage in development began, As usual at this stage of progress enthusiasm was not always _jJ 1 IS FoiiT Controlled Fall. ADDRESS BY H. B. MUCKLESTON 262 tempered by judgment and many reckless and unwarranted schemes were undertaken which afterwards failed as might have been expected and these experiences resulted in a re- coil of opinion which eventually brought on the third stage which is the period of corporation development ' nfriilf?"^'*'? to determining and fixing firmly the question of right to water the Act created the machinery for its enforce- nient and part of the duties of the administering officer was the survey of the country to determine its resources in land and water. These surveys revealed the existence of four arge tracts of land which could be served by large projects and in the course of time all four either have been^rovl'ded wi?h canal systems or else the systems are now in course of con- struction. Three of these are now controlled bv the C P R and it is to these that I propose to devote my address. ' ' When the C P. R. was constructed a part of the consider- ation was a land grant of 25,000,000 acres in the three provin- ces now known as Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta 1 he land was to be given in alternate sections twenty-four miles on each side of the main line, and the Company had the privilege ot rejecting any land which was not reasonably fit for agricul- ture, making up the deficiency elsewhere. Under this clause of the agreement the Company declined to accept a large area between Calgary and Moosejaw. When the time came for hnal settlement there was still a large area wanting to complete the grant, and the Company agreed to take some 3,000 000 acres m a solid block between Calgary and Medicine Hat This block covered two of the four areas which the govern- ment had surveyed for irrigation development, and, after further surveys, the Company undertook to build the necessary canal systems. In making this decision the underlying motive was not the immediate profit from the building of the irrigation enterprise, but the ultimate development of a paying traffic m a region which had up to that time rroduced very little and seemed to promise very little in the future unless assisted by irrigation. The block is divided into three sections. Eastern, Central and Western, for two of which— Kastern and Western— systems have been built. Later on the Company acquired control of a project in the n(ighl)ourhood of Lethbridge, which had been built by the •Alberta Railway and Irrigation Company. The three projects now under the control of the ('. P. R. .ire examples of the progress in irritiation development and of tlie great change in sentiment towards it which has taken I'lace in the last fifteen years. ^ The A. R. and I. project was the first suiccsslul cDrpuration •: vilupiiK lit in the piuviiu.. 1 i.e slaiidard of construction \vliich was then adopted was that in geiiiT.'il use tlirouglioi t ti.e corresponding states s.nilh of the line. Timber was 'f. 264 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS almost entirely used for the structures, and every expedient which would cheapen first cost was adopted even though the subsequent maintenance charge might suffer. The Western Section of the C. P. R. block was the next large project to be undertaken, and in its earlier stages followed much the same rules as the A. R. and I. As construc- tion proceeded the change in cost of materials, the rapidly rising cost of labour, and more than all the increase in value of the water right, produced their results and in consequence the standards of construction were gradually raised until in the units last built they are, comparatively speaking, very high. Permanent structures of concrete have taken the place of timber, and far more attention has been paid to alignment and profile than was justified in the earlier stages. Finally, when the Eastern Section came to be built it was constructed throughout to the same high standard as the pro- jects built by the U. S. Reclamation Service. The three C. P. R. schemes offer a wide variety of choice, in extent, altitude, soil, and all the other features which make up a project. The A. R. and I. project covers about 100,000 acres. It lies at an altitude varying from 3853.80 to 2958.8 feet above sea level. The soil is almost invariably a chocolate sandy loam overlying a clay suit- eoil of great depth. The topography is in general fairly flat with just sufficient slope to make irrigation feasible. It is fairly well drained by natural chan- nels. The Western Section covers about 300,000 acres of an altitude varying from 3300 to 2750 feet above sea level. The soil varies greatly from a deep heavy clay loam almost black to a light sandy loam without much colour at all. The sub- soil IB generally clay, but there are considerable areas where sand or gravel sub-soils are found. The topography also variety ; the western part of the Section is a rolling foothill country having many high non-irripable plateaus surrounded by fairly steep slopes on which irrigation is possible and profitable. Towards the east the country flattens out, the features )>«>- come less prominent, and the slopes become less steep. The whole section is very well drained by nature, though there are some lund-locked areas of large size where the ultimate drain- age had to be provided artificially. The last project to be developed by the Company was tli*' Eastern Section of the block. As one of the features of thi^ Congress is to be an excursion to the headwords of this proj( i ti I propose to describe it in more detail than the others, so t) at when you visit the works on Friday you will realize what is behind the large expenditure which they quite evidently represent. ADDRESS BY H. B. MUCKLESTON 265 If you will examine the small maps which have been handed round, you will notice index figures in circles indicating the various points in the system which will be mentioned in the description. I will first ask you to note on the map some heavy broken lines. These lines represent the watersheds or heights of land from which water would run both ways into the drainage channels. One of these is somewhat more promin- ently marked than the others, and this represents the main divide between the Bow river on the south and the Red Deer on the north. If we were to take a straight line from south- west to north-east at right angles to the main divide and cut- ting both rivers, we should find that the point where it cut k I I % I Meabttbing Weib and Farm Lateral. the Red Deer river is several hundred feet lower than the point where it cuts the Dow, and we would also find that near the divide the land which sloped towards the Red Deer was very much steeper than that which sloped to the Bow, and that near the rivers the reverse is the case. Due to this combination of circumstances we should find that if a canal were cut from the Bow river through the divide the lower end of this canal would be high enough and far enough away from the Red Deer river to command quite a large area of land, so that the first problem in pro- viding an irrigation system was to cut through the divide from the Bow river to the other side of the watershed, where the waters of the Bow could do useful work in the service of agriculture instead of loafing away to the ocean. This looks simple enough, but except at the one point where the constructed system heads, it would not be econom- 266 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION' CONGRESS ically possible to do this owing to the tremendous cost of the ''y Vi'^^T,^^'"^ ^""'"^ ^® required. But at the Horseshoe Bend of the Bow nver, nature evidently anticipated the intentions ot the c. i'. K. and made thmgs very much easier. If you look at the maps again, at the extreme western corner, you will see that the mam divide is here quite close to the Bow river— as a matter of fact, it is only 600 feet away and only 90 feet higher. This point is the summit of a deep valley which cuts square across the country from one river to the other, sloping very rapidly to the Bow and comparatively slowly to the Ued Deer However, even here a canal ninety feet deep and five miles long would be required, which from a cost standpoint would be an impossible undertaking, while on the other hand to raise the level of the river ninety feet by a dam would be equally impossible. So a compromise was adopted whereby the level of the river was raised fifty feet by a dam, and the watershed lowered sixty feet by a cutting, which incidentally provided the material required to build the earthen portion of the dam. In this way the problem was solved at the minimum of expense. The dam which has been built at this point deserved to rank among notable structures of its kind in the world. It is notable because of its composite character; its great length- Its peculiar foundations; and, hv no means least, because of the very great depth of water which will flow over its crest during the periodical floods to which the Bow is subject. The dam IS 7,900 feet long and 60 feet maximum height, and consists of two parts. One is an earth embankment 7,180 feet long the other a reinforced concrete overfall dam 720 feet long. At the site of the dam the river formerly made a wide sweeping curve shaped like a horseshoe. Across the heels of the shoe the distance is about half a mile, while measured round by the river the distance is about three miles. The con- crete portion is built in the original river channel, just to the right of the toe, and the earthen occupies the tongue of land inside the horseshoe. Except for its unusually liberal dimen- sions the earthen part of the dam is not specially remarkable It is paved with concrete s! .bs to prevent wave wash and ■ ro- sion, and the top has a heavy . jrved paranet wall to keep ihe waves from dashing over in bad storms. ' However, if Ihe earthen dam is not very unusual, the con- crete spillway is remarkable in many ways. In the first place \vhile it looks solid from the outside, it is really hollow, as those who visit it to-morrow will see. In the second place, it Ks not built on a rock foundation but on clay. In the third place^. whereas most masonry dams depend entirely on their weight, to hold them in place .ag.Rinst the pres.«ure of thr w-ater, this type of dam derives the most of its stability from the very pressure which tends to shove it out of place. ADDRESS BY H. B. MUCKLESTOX 267 The first step in construction was to lay down on the bed of the river a heavy concrete floor about one hundred feet wide and extending clear across the river and some distance into each ?f w. ! ?°'"" ^^"-^ "^"^ "^^^ ^'•^^'t'^d a series of piers ^L„f Ino^"' *"T8"1^'" '^ o"tljn«' the upstream face sloping about 40 from the horizontal, and the downstream face som. what steeper. These buttresses were braced to each other to keep them upright, and thick reinforced concrete slabs were then placed across the openings between the buttresses. The dam is therefore a hollow three-cornered box stiffened by triangular partitions. On top of thp dam there are^a series of piers with massive steel .sluice gates working between them by which the level of the pool and the flow over th structure can be governed Open Notch Fall— 7J4 Feet. The intake structure is built as an integral part of the spillway and has five steel sluices like tho.se on the dam for th > purpose of regulating the volume of water entering the canal. The canal cutting is 2.5 miles in length, and at its eastern end discharges its wate. . into the valley mentioned, down which It runs for about 2. J miles further, where it is stopped b.v a small dam. marked No. 1 on the map, and where it ilivides mto two branches, marked No. 2 and No. 3 and called hp nortn and east branches respocti\eIy. The north branch uns off to the Red Deer river, into which it finallv tails out- It waters about 80,000 acres, part of which is already .settled and producing results. It has several structures of interest among which may be mentioned an 18 ft. concr te drop' another of 3.^ ft. and a flume 2.000 feet long and 25 feet high •i '}- i Combine Headqate and Fall. ADDRESS BY ri. B. MUCKL ESTON The east branch flows south-east along the northern slope of the divide reaching the watershed again at the Antelope Creek Valley (No. 5). This canal does not directly irrigate very much land, its principal function being to supply water to other branch systems, and to fill the large internal storage reservoir (No. 8), which has been christened Lake Newell, in honour of a man whom probab?y all of you know. The first of the branch canals supplied by the east branch is the Spring Hill canal, which is marked No. 4. This canal waters some 120,000 acres of land, all of which is north of the C. P. R. main line. Thes*' are several large concrete drops and a flume 3,000 feet long on this canal, which can be seen from the railway line. FxpTY Feet Concbbte Rapid. It is a marked topographical peculiarity of the country which is bounded by the two rivers that it is cut across at frequent intervals by wide and deep depressions or valleys, which usually drain both ways from a summit. One of them has been mentioned as utilized for the main canal. A second occurs as the valley of Antelope creek (No. 5). When the east braiich reached this point, it had gained so much elevation on the general eastward slope of the country that it had attain- ed the divide and it was here possible to take off a branch on to the Bow river slope (No. 6). The summit of this valley is lower than the canal and in order to cross it without losing command, either a high flume or a siphon was required. For many reasons a siphon was preferable at this point, and accordingly the canal crosses the valley in a reinforced con- crete siphon having five barrels each five feet in diameter, and half a mile long. ;r,: 270 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIOMAL IRRIGATION CONGRRSs; The Bow slope canal skirts the ridge along its south slonp IS nnn "^ *"'P,'"' '^f**''' '"*" ^^^^ reservoir. It irrigates aboS 40,000 acres altogether. There are no remarkable structures After leaving the Antelope valley the east branch irops on round the north slope of the ridge and after throwing off Son^'/r^^i-^"'^''^' l^''^ "°««^« the track byaioLreto siphon 4 feet diameter, discharges into the reservoir through a long concrr e chute. imuunn areTp^frll'hr^^^V^' ^*'* '"'^"'h' ^P*'* ^'•«'" the siphon, are remarkable chiefly on account of their size. There i^ one flume 54 feet wide and 100 feet long, another 1 000 feet long, and a large number of very heavy sLl highway bridges ^nnth*'"'^'!J"*/"^^^.*° ^^ "P^'-^ted through the w nter morrths, and this fact influenced the design materially svstem Tn Vll""*;' ' f 7'^ importnt factor in the whole canal system. In the first place, by its development just where it IS, It ensures that the extreme lower end^ of the system can be opened in the spring about two weeks earlier than wouM of tC'^altr^^H^K- ^'•'■°"^'y' 't,sin,pJifies the operation Of the east branch by acting as a balancing pool. Thirdly since It IS to be filled during the winter months when the Snlh"to"hi!^T''1/°' irrigation, it enables the entire east branch to be materially reducerf in size and cost. The reservoir occupies a deep depression lying to the we^^t Of a range of hills. Its development involved building n^ne teen earth dams large and small with an aggregate lencth of about five miles, an;; ^hen full it will have Tsu'rf ace a?ea o iia.'??f r^'' ""'" ^i'"'"^ ™"*^« 'o»K' ^o"" wide and sixtv- VSl: I r^\ ^"r'^ '*^ ^^"""^^ waters would cover 100,000 acres to a depth of very nearly two feet. 1 here are two outlets from the reservoir (Nos.Qand 10 ) controlled by massive concrete structures with steel sluices he Rorn^'Vll' '""'^Y- J^u' °"*'^**^* ^^e south end feci: R.rpf Th! ?''«/anal, which waters an area of about 70,000 acres. The first few miles of this canal ran through a stretcli Of exceedingly rough country, and its construction involve.l some very intricate problems in location and unusually heaw earthwork or a canal of its size. There are also some far. ■ vS ?Lk' "«^^'»ltead of flumes owing to the distance ov'r vv hich timber would have to be transported from the track. «,.c7^^ °u-' *■ *he north end supplies the Bantry canal system, whic igates 120,000 acres. About four miles from r^nf^nnlnT J*"" ^anal comes to another of the cross vallevs n^nSi^ i °7- ^^l"^- ^Tu '''?' ^^^ *he toughest engineerii., problem encountered in the design of the whole system. 1? m nor.'Ju'' ^"^ '"""^-^ T '"'^'^ ^''^ «f ^^ter per second, o: ^^0,000 gallons per minute, across a valley two miles wide an,! A. IRESS BY H. B. MUCKl ESTON 271 It sfxty feet deep, crossing the main line of railroad on the way, and do it with as little expense as possible, coupled with the least loss of elevation. The solution of the problem has resulted m a structure which has no parallel on this continent, or anywhere else. In cases of this kind there is always the choice between a flume and a siphon, and the designer can properly decide only after a careful analysis of all the conditions and circumstances. When there is plenty of head available, especially if the depth of the valley is comparatively great, a siphon is t .ally the cheaper m the long run though not necessarily so in the first cost. But when tSe available head is restricted a siphon frequently involves either a single pipe so large that it is inipracticable or else a number of smaller pipes are required which not only runs up the cost very rapidly, but also in- volves a prohibitive loss of head, and consequently a flume is usually preferable provided the valley is not too deep. Owing to the size and importance of this crossing it was desired to take no chances with fire, and for reasons of dur- ability a reinforced concrete structure was preferred over steel if it could be had within reasonable cost, so designs were .^yorked out using this material. Most flumes are rectangular if built of wood, and semi-circular if built of iron or steel, in the latter case being suspended from girders instead of sup- ported by them. In designing this flume the suspended steel flume was taken as a model, but instead of using semi- circular section, which is convenient but incorrect, the proper section was chosen, i.e. the same section as it would assume if It were made of a flexible material like canvas instead of a rigid material like steel or concrete. Distortion of a semi- circular steel flume under load does no particular harm be- cause the material can stand it, but with a concrete shell excessive distortion would certainly result in cracks, so the shell was given the correct shape in the first place. The water channel is 21 feet wide on top, 8.7 feet deep at the centre. The concrete shell is only five inches thick. The under part or sub- structure which supports the actual water channel is al-so of concrete and consists of a series of braced towers twenty feet apart, carrying reinforced concrete girders from which in turn the concrete shell is suspended. The problem was complicated by the existence of the rrain line of the C. P. R., which crosses the aqueduct diag- onally near the eastern end. The track is too high to admit of taking the flume over this railway, so it had to go beneath, and is accordingly taken under the railway by a concrete pipe nine feet in diameter The total fall in the two miles of flume is a little better than four feet, which gives a velocity of nearly eight feet per second or about six miles per hour. li ;•>. Flight of Concrete Drops. ADDRESS BY H. B. MUCKL 'STON 273 At the eaat end of the aqueduct the canal begins again and branches out to water an area of about 120,000 acres. There is nothing very extraordinary about the canals, a levee three miles long and eight feet high being the only notable feature. i*art of the country served was originally very poorly provided by nature with drainage channels and it was necess- ary to dig artificial ones, nearly a million yards being handled for this purpose alone. The number of structures built in connection with the canal systems runs into the thousands, and in constructing them the best practice in design has been followed. On the large arteries where there is no probability of change in location, permanent construction, i. e., concrete and steel, has been used throughout except in some of the larger flumes and the highway bridges. On the smaller ditches, i. e. those whose location depends somewhat oQ the way land is sold and is subject to change, too permanent construction is not wise when the systems are first built, and consequently timber has been used at first, to be replaced by permanent work when settlement is complete and definite enough to warrant it. In designing these thousands of structures the engineers took full advantage of experience elsewhere, especially the U. S. Reclamation Service and the great canals of India and Egypt. jO far as possible the best precedents have been followed and an earnest effort made to avoid and profit by mistakes of others and to improve when improvement v as possible. No expense has been spared to secure safety and efficiency, and while it is certain that mistakes have been made, it is confidently hoped that they are few in number and of minor importance in the whole scheme. The topography of the Eastern Section is extremely fayou? e to economical construction. There are very few miles ot canal which have no irrigable land immediately below them. The surface slopes are moderate, making the ultimate distribution of water on the land comparatively easy. The soil is very varied so that the settler who wants a particular kind will have no difficulty in finding it. The altitude varies from 2,550 feet at the wT-^.ern edge to 2,300 at the eastern. To give some idea of the size of this system, I may state that it9 construction involved the moving of over 20,000,000 ( ubic yards of excavation. The structures required 110,000 cubic yards of concrete and 6,000,000 pounds of steel, while nearly 10,000,000 feet of timber were required for the flumes, bridges, and small structures. The total mileage of canals and ditches is over three thousand five hundred. The system which I have tried to describe to you is now practically completed, and the engineers who built it have 18 iij^. 274 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS given place to the colonizers whose task it is to settle it. The first colony of settlers ht ve now been on the land for about seven months and the sL owing which these colonists have made in that short time is sufficient proof that the artificial application of water to the land, provided it is done with intelligence and industry, is sure to be attended with success and it indicates that the expectations which the Company had in constructing the system will be fully met. I thank you, Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen. (Applause). PRESIDENT YOUNG: The delegates to the Congress are all quite aware that, through the courtesy of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, we are to be permitted or to be giv^n a complimentary opportunity of overlooking its stup- endous irrigation enterprise which has just been so graphically described. The next item on the programme is the Belgium National Anthem, by special request, by the Irrigation Choir. The Choir then sang "La Brabanconme". (Applause) PRESIDENT YOUNG: I have the honour of intro- ducinf.; to you the Hon. Price Ellison, the Minister of Agri- culture for British Columbia, who will address us. (Applause). AddrcM by The Hon. Price Ellison Minister of Finance and Atrlculture, Province of British Columbia Mr. President, Delegates, Ladies and Gentlemen: I suppose I will have to shoui; but I am able to do it. I want to tell you simply how glad I am to see all the peop!<', our cousins from across the line, come so far for this Con- vention. It seems to me that they are here, not out of idle curiosity, but that they may learn, and that is just what I came for,— not to make a speech. I was not intending to speak at all, but Mr. Dennis msisted I .should say a few wonl^ because I came from the dry belt of British Columbia. I am not an engineer or one of the scientific men, but I am a niaii who made ditches with the shovel and have done it for thiitv years, m order to put water on the land. (Applause). Tli.it has been my experience. I want to tell you in a few words — in as few words a.« 1 possibly can— of the great benefits of irrigation in the Okan- agan Valley, and what it has done for my section of tli.' country. Some years ago the people of the Ukanagan ValU v were agitating for the government to subsidize a line of ra I- way, from Sicamous Junction, on the main line of the Cat - « ; L Mi ?£ Sfc"'^ . pi ADDRESS BY THE HON. PRICE ELLISON 275 adian Pacific to Okanagan Lake, a distance of fifty-one miles The government of the day sent out an engineer to reoort on th^ Z?rn*/A'^^'' ^T?' *° «^^ «"* whethe?rwouKti?? the road was h.^t'h^ '""'• ^^^ ^^P""^. ^^« favourable and tne road was built by a company, and an agreement was entered into with the Canadian Pacific Railway toT^se The me for twenty-five years and pay the government 40% of the gross earnings to meet the interest on the Ss which the earnings for a great many years fell short of doing The opponents of the government made political capitaToSt of it and 'Jor ^f hii* ^*' * ^\^ ^^'^^''' ^""^ '^' ^«^d woSld never pay,' power '^*'°'' government ought to be put out of I want to tell you that within a very few years it beean to wKn^h"' nr^' "^*» the. time came, about^three years ago" bonds JnH^tr*^*'' ??*"*=* P*'^ *h^ ^»*'r« interest on tile bonds, and this was solely on account of a few large irrigation companies putting water on the land. I went fn a ff eiiht and that freight tram was over a quarter of a mile long of tXaVT ■ The lovely fruit you see in the back of this hal 8 from the irrigated lands in that particular district. Now Iv Li%t°T i' *°^ nothing more wonderiul than that except he Canadian Pacific Railway sav fit just two years fw w/ Ii:°r *" the money the government had paid, and that was the line which was said would ruin the country The s\t^^^ruM^:;feVatd'a*"^'^^^ '^'^'^ «^"-^ -« th. Pon?^-^ °D ^'-^^ ^hat made Canada a nation more than t^ «f.f'^^ ^*f'^? ^\*^^^y ^'«" the Atlantic to the Pacific, and again, just look what it is doing in the matter of irrU Ration, spending nailhons of dollars in Alberta alone. When thelrrrll^ exhibits at the rear of this hall, which came from the irrigated lands of Alberta, I really think they are unsur- K!?.lf^-*°^.Pv.'*"^' """1'* •" "™P'y wonderful to me. Not- withstanding the very heavy snowstorm of the other day, !^»Ll *K^^ greatest blessing this country could have. Of course this may seem strange; out as a practical man I know .t IS just what 18 required. God always takes care of His own and these are God's own people. I have only to speak five minutes and what I have to say would take a week in order to tell you of my experiences in regard to the bcKsfits of irri- I am glad to have had this opportunity of speaking to . Before going back to your homes you certainly outtht not to do R«nw,v'i* *v'"^ *^ *^" ^r\f.' ^^^«t by the Canadian Pacific Kailway to Vancouver and Victoria, and if you will call on me or any of my colleagues, they will only be too glad to see vou and reciprocate in any way possible the » nlaced the awards. The $500.00 first prize for district exhibits goes to the Revelstoke Agricultural Society, of Revelstoke, British Columbia; the second prize goes to North Battleford Board of Trade, North Battleford, Saskatchewan; the third prize goes to Kelwell, Manitoba; the fourth prize goes to Carstairs, Alberta; the fifth prize to Cardston, Alberta; the sixth to Olds, Alberta; the seventh to" Acme, Alberta; the eighth to Swalwell; the ninth to Didsbury, Alberta. Now, the individual exhibits, I shall not take time to give you as they will appear in the press and you will be able to find out from there how they went.* I am requested by the exhibition committee to announce to the exhibitors that their cheques are ready for them and that by applying to the manager, in the press room, they can get their money right now. (Applause). PRESIDENT YOUNG: The Hon. Price Ellison and Mr. Dennis have a very important announcement to make to the meeting. THE HON. PRICE ELLISON: Ladies and Gentlemen: I am very delighted indeed to know that in conjunction with the C. P. R. the British Columbia Government have been awarded the first prize. We have exhibited with the C. P. R. before in Chicago, and we find that they are good people to work with. On behalf of the Government of British Columbia, and considering the prize is not bought — it was to be a trophy - I propose to hand over the money to the Canadian Patriotic Fund. (Applause.) MR. DENNIS: Ladies and Gentlemen: On behalf of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, I have very much pleasure in saying that wc will only be too pleased to follow the lead of the British Columbia Government and contribute our share of this trophy to the Patriotic Fund. (Applause). PRESIDENT: Mr. Hendry, Ladies and Gentlemen: (Applause). •The complete prize list will be found in the appendix to this volume. m. 278 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CON GRESS. AddrsMby M. G. Hendry Engineer of Dominion Watw Power Branch POWER AND STORAGE POSSIBILITIES OF THE BOW RIVER WEST OF CALGARY Mr. President, Delegates, Ladies and Gentlemen: In presenting a paper to this Congress this evenine I would explain that when the Board of Control requested the Dominion Water Power Branch to have a paper pre- sented before this Congress, it was decided that Lieutenant- Colonel C. H. Mitchell, C. E., who has been consulting engineer to the Branch in connection with the extensive power and storage investigations of the Bow river above Calgary, should prepare and personally present a paper on these investigations, the results of which are so intimatelv connected with the irrigation situation in the Province of Alberta. The present war situation has altered the situation however, for Lieutenant-Colonel Mitchell is now with the Canadian Expeditionery Forces, and at the last minute I have been called upon, as engineer in charge of the Bow river (/•7®u n?*^ "^ofaRe investigations, to take Lieutenant-Colonel Mitchell's place. The paper which I have to present, while not dealing with irrigation, still is an application of a subject so closely allied with It, in this western country, that one may scarcely be naentioned without calling to mind the other. It deals with the possibilities of both storage and power on the Bow river west of Calgary. The conservation of the natural resources is perhaps the most important public problem confronting the people on this continent. The necessity for preserving and protecting the physical foundations of our prosperity has been forcibly brought to public attention in every section of both the United States and Canada. No other form of governmental activity has won such instantaneous and unanimous approval among all classes of opinion as has the patriotic effort of the various conservation organizations on this continent, to fur- ther the general welfare by insisting upon the protection and proper use of our forests, minerals, land and waters, in the public interest. Conservation of water requires its use for the present and for the future. The forecasting of the probable future needs of a region, and the consequent determination of the highest future use of its available water supply, is a difficult problem and one where many factors now unknown or unappreciated ADDRESS BY M. C. HENDRY 279 may have important influences. Plans made for the future utilization of a water supply must involve as little sacrifice of present needs and growth as possible. Instances where there may be conflict between future development and present use must be carefully considered, harmonized where possible, and where conflict is unavoidable, preference given for the higher use. Typical Examples of such conflict are seen when sought to establish power plants in such a location that ^ sub' j'quent use of the water for irrigation will be im- practicable, or where agricultural and mineral claimants seek t acquire the lands chiefly valuable for water power or irrigation development. There is probably no river on the American continent that offers greater possibilities of conflict in use than the Bow river in the province of Alberta. In the first place, it is one of the most attractive features of the Canadian National Park, and no regulation or storage that is attempted must desecrate the {esthetic features of this world famous resort In the second place, it offers unusually attractive and feasibl . possibilities for power development in its upper waters. In the third place, its waters even now irrigate hundreds of thousands of acres of Alberta prairie. One of its main tributaries is a source of domestic water supply to the city of Calgary. At first blush it might appear almost impossible to so harmonize the various uses of these waters as to establish an ultimate com- prehensive co-operative scheme which would allow of its waters being used for the various purposes mentioned. How- ever, a thorough investigation and study of the storage and control possibilities of this river by the engineers of the Dominion Water Power Branch, has revealed that such a scheme is both possible and probable. Where the resources of a river have been investigated by engineers of the Dominion Water Power Branch, the depart- ment is in a position to dictate a scheme of development for the entire river, based upon the information gathered, relating each individual project to the whole. The outstanding result of such policy being that the maximum power output for the river is secured. This policy of administration has been and can be still further applied to the development of power and storage on the Bow river west of Calgary. GENERAL CONDITIONS AND SITUATION The conservation of the waters of the Bow river is of the utmost importance, both from the standpoint of irrigation and water power development, upon which depend the pro- gress and growth of the agricultural and industrial communi- ties in the Bow valley, the rapid and steady growth of each having a distinct and beneficial influence upon the other. (See Map). 280 TWENTY-FIRST INTF^ J ATION AL IRRIGATION CONGRESS I 'f-*^ The Bow river, which flows through the city of Calgary, rises on the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains west of Calgary. The area drained above the city is about 3,140 square miles, and of this area the part lying above the Kananaskis Falls, 1,710 square miles in extent, is wholly within the Rocky Mountains Park or under Park adminis- tration. The headwaters lie at an elevation of 6,500 feet above sea level, and from there to the confluence with the Kananaskis river, at Kananaskis Falls, a distance of 90 miles the fall is 2,750 feet. Between this point and Calgary, a dis- tance of 55 miles by river, there is an additional 720 feet fall. With two exceptions, the largest tributaries of the Bow west of Calgary join the river above Kananaskis Falls or in the mountain section. The greater part of the water therefore comes from that area, and the river has in consequence all the characteristics of flow typical of a mountain stream. It has been estimated that the maximum flood discharge at Kananaskis Falls has reached as high as 45,000 c. f. s., while a minimum flow of \esn than 600 c. f. s., has been re- corded at the same point. Records of *he discharge at various points have been kept more or less continuously since 1909. From these a diagram has been drawn (See plate 1) showing graphically the discharge of the river as recorded at Banff, Horseshoe Falls and Calgary. That part of the river referred to as lying within the Rocky Mountain Park, has owing to the topographical feat- ures, been considered the storage section of the river. Below the Kananaskis Falls, for a stretch of about thirty miles, the topography lends itself to power development, and has been termed therefore the power producing section of the river. EARLY DEVELOPMENT P'-'or to the spring of 1911 the only power plant in opera- tion on the Bow river was that of the Eau Claire Lumber Company, situated within the city limits of Calgary, and operating a plant of about 600 H. P. The company has utilized the natural fall of about half a mile of the river of giving a head of twelve feet. This is obtained by a diverting dam, a pile and crib structure and a canal. The plant supplies power for lighting in the city, the water power being supplemented by a steam plant. LATER DEVELOPMENT The growing demand for power at Calgary resulted in the building by the Calgary Power Company of a plant on the Bow river about fifty miles west of Calgary. The growth of this city has been phenomenal. It has control of its public utilities, that is, street railway, water works, electric light, etc., so that it is, itself, in the market for power in rapidly increasing amount.^. There are other large users of power, including the Canadian Pacific Railway Company. Construction was commenced in ADDRESS BY M. C. HENDRY aoi 1909, the plant being designed for an ultimate output of 16,900 H. P. Owing to the great variation in the flow of the river this cannot be considered as being continuous output, for when the plant was placed in operation in the spring of 1911, it was realized that the minimum flow was much less than anticipated. (See plate II) NECESSITY FOR INVESTIGATIONS The rapidly increasing demand for power in the vicinity of Calgary and the necessity lor providing adequate storage and regulation facilities for existing and contemplated plants on the river demanded immediate and vigorous action by the Dominion Water Power Branch, to ascertain the po er and regulation possibilities of the river, and formulate a policy to provide for the maximum possible realization of the resources of the river in the best interest of present and prospective users, both for power and irrigation. A thorough investigation of the Bow river arid its tribu- taries west of Calgary was commenced in the spring of 1911, under the immediate direction of the speaker, with the advice and assistance of Mr. C. H. Mitchell, C. E., one of the Board of Consulting Engineers to the Dominion Water Power Branch. In the report which has been prepared and published on the results of this work Mr. Mitchell has collaborated. Most of the stream gauging work accomplished in the district, covered only the open water periods, little data as to the flow under winter conditions being available, so the establishment of additional stations and the extending of the records were arranged for with the Irrigation Branch, Department of the Interior. The work as instituted in 1911 was carried out and completed during the following summer and the winter of 1912-13. RECONNAISSANCE A thorough reconnaissance of the entire river basin was made by the speaker and Mr. C. H. Mitchell. The differ- ent creeks and lakes examined were either eliminated as being unsuitable for power or storage purposes, or accepted as feasible and some general scheme for development settled upon. In the latter case a field party was then put on the ground to carry out the investigations in greater or less detail. SURVEYS During the summer seasons of 1911 and 1912, detailed topographical surveys were made covering about thirty miles of the Bow river, from the C.P.R. bridge above Kananaskis Falls, down as far as Radnor; particular attention being given to the several possible power sites. Topographical surveys were also made of Bow lake. Lake Minnewanka and outlet and the basin of the Spray lakes, having in mind the creation of storage. HI 282 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS li -,» i POWER SITES There are six possible power sites on the Bow river below Kananaskis Falls, as follows: — Kananaskis F i I Created 280,300 •All investigations by the Dominion Water Power Branch of the water resources of the Western Provinces are published in the Annual Reports of the Department of the Interior. Those of particular importance, or of considerable magnitude, are briefly summarized in the Annual Reports but pubhshed -n full as separate water resources papers. These reports are available to interested parties upon application to the S perintendent, Ottawa. ' .1 .• "* ,'1 s r ■""""■■" h rjg v#l Msfins ipown sy i MHS hh^ ^^^^^^^^| imiliii siiuHHiiii im. iHMk IMM itM 1 «•• ^LATK I, BOW RIVER »n MonthN Di>oh«rf frDw Jan. 1908 to Ome. »H AT Y.HORSeSHOe FAtLS,AND BANFF B. M.C.H«odr <. a».Se. - — , _ — , — - f i~P m w i 1 i wm M ^ i xlSI fii III f "11 .V, 1 i ■^ i I^H i Bl .^ ^ m «s^ mmmw iilil III Rill 111^ ^^111 11% t w ^ N^' >- •■ ■■■■' ^S^^ III lir MOW ISOOO 4000 MOOO 10000 8000 1 1 •000 7000 c liffi «ooo sooo f c 4000 j aooo S aooo 1000 iBQGOOBSOSQDGOPGDQOQQSDEIQDQGQBaO »H o \- i f-^t STTs ■«v ^- . *,yi'— r ■ Y 4-4 4. fe-' •^r f .f.6UtS ~i t r^ ^J ms\ PLATE. U. Transmission Linas to C*lt»ry Oapaitment of the iMcrior, C'snada. nnMiwwf w. J. MCNK.Mijan'iN. ■>. w. CMv, c H. • acniTT laMim. Water Povner Btmch J. ■.Cmmum, 9< im « >mimm. CALGARY POWCT COMPANY LIMITCO HORSESHOE FALtS DEVELOPMENT OKNERAL LAYOUT. Sr.»U nffaat. U |i I TTW inii itlW HA fin '^un itei •*•! ^eem «»; n t:-<^-! . :*. i j » t ■' . {■■-- 1 •| mtk •soooo ^ SAO 000 ^tATE m. BOW RIVER II T. MOW»t»MOC FALK Oi^fm of Di»ch«rw in Mcr»-ft,frow J««».l»<»to r«b 1913 Cowi pitod from M««»ur» »wwtm m«d« •*. MOHI.KV ■nioaa »•• NomtaiMoc fauls Showim condition* urid«r« continuou* flow o* aOO 5 fff |ii " '■ W' ■'» ¥ * VM'm ^ ^ » ^^^^ iw p m^m- t-^ Hf 1 I '1 3TAjq PLATt IV. BOW RIVER b«lew R»COrd of filling S^p,, un^T ■ con bnuom ftow of 1880 qubic Ft. o »-S»c .-i^^^/%t«6^ ■ Consulting Eiywy Cliaf Erfiisaar '1 ■•»>«i3Ki«ffiR3iB- .PLATt ^ or THW TiMK Cuw V BOW RIVKW AT HOWMMCK >>, KAWANA^nm Period. M«^ IflOB to Aaril IBig. H— d - 70 ft. - 80 % Ef f iciancv LT rMOrt on B— rani 9«gT>» ' NOTE. Wiul«>^< fli af Ph^-'i, «H! 1^'*- 'i-l-TT I'll ttll ritlfl I^M - wmnkm,m\tk mixilimty. .J2T." If«l«n i_ei^««#* ■ <*' ' tn S .5 • ; ( r ■ ■■i PLATC VI. transmission Lin* to Cslgary i I m I I nr DapittmMit of Um Interior, CuMds- NOMOUMMI W.J.I m. «. cwr, c. M •. I Waltr ^»isr Branch. J.I CALGARY POi/ER COMPAI4Y LIMITED KANANA8KIS PALLS DEVELOPMENT OKNKRAL LAYOUT. 8«aW of feat. < i .-5^ ft n i .1 i.i 1.15 ._..a. ;ii 4-^ ii-i o Js ?*^~ ■ ^' ^"" ' .,.-!r.,.»i, - -Sr-'i f '•^Ti VM »tp«r«aM(«r«» "•Leonr.OH*. MWn mumm Water BOW RrVBR POWER AND STORAlQE SURVEYS. FROFILE OF BOW RIVER KANANA8KIS FALLS to RAONOII I , f~ «3 _»-. ' V w ADDRESS BY M. C. HENDRY 283 BENEFITS OF STORAGE AH possible storage on the Bow river above Calgary is fortunatebf available for the whole power reach of the river between Kananaskis Falls and Radnor. The mean flow for the low winter months, as recorded at Horsehoe Falls, has ^*lnwTln ^%^ '''^*' ^20 c. f. 8., and the minimum flow Tn\Zu K^^ "• I- 5- ?y '■^*«°'' «' **»« «*Of*Ke that has been and may be created, it is anticipated that the mean flow can rh.'ft?K- *° **,JT*- ^^^ '• ^- '■ B«'°^ the mouth of the unost this would be increased to 1,600 c. f. s. ovpJJhJ H!f\°^l*°"**^ "^'i? *^'' P°^" output of the river over that due to the natural flow is shown in table 2. TABLE No. 2, SHOWING EFFECT OF REGULATION AT EACH POWER SITE ON BOW RIVER. Power Site CoNTiNDous Wheel H. P. 1 JHead Natural Flow Regulat- ed Tlow Kananaakia Falls (Developed) ! 70 3820 3820 3600 2S66 3180 2800 9545 Horseghoe " .. "^ ' 70 66 47 50 44 Bow Fort 9645 Mkaion 9000 Ohort 6410 Radnor 7275 6400 Totab 19,785 48,175 DepMtment powersiteat MinnewankaDam, Caacade River. . . 1,165 W.H.P. Grand total of power capacity of river fully regulated 49,340 W.H.P. Giving an increased continuous output of 2»M6~ ' A diagram showing the continued effect of the storaae ;a*?s/°Pi 1 %' '7Z »t Horseshoe Falls has been pre! pared (See Plate No III). This is based upon a storage capacity of 257,300 acre ft., and after allowing for Ls it IS considered that 245,200 acre ft. will be available for augmen" «ng the minimum flow; the diagram is based upon the mean monthly flows, and is for the period of 1909-12. It showTtK ^J«tu F n'T "?r i***^ di'^'harge of the Bow river nt Kan- 5^io., ,o '?.'■ ^^^ l^"" **ter seasons of 1909-10, 1910-11 and 1911-12. From the diagram, it will be seen that at the lowest seaaon a discharge of 1,500 se:-. ft. can be secured w«« fl'"*P''""R*^%'*'**'"*'°l**'* •'"f^^'t obtained from storage ^r^ ♦r *' *^** 5"''o*° '*"' discharge of 160,000 acre ft. from the proposed Spray basin of 27,000 ft. from 284 TWENTY-FI RST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS the proposed Bow Lake basin, and of 44,000 acre ft., from Lake Minnewanka basin, 12 ft. draw down of lake. In addition to this there can be made available at Minnewanka a further storage of 14,200 acre ft. using a 16 ft. draw down. From the foregoing it seems reasonably certain that a flow of 1500 sec. ft. can be maintained: during seasons of unusually low water this may possibly not be realized, and records over a longer period would give more weight to the con- clusions drawn, but in the absence of more certain information this flow has been accepted as reasonably certain, and it is this discharge upon which the developments between Horseshoe Falls and Ghost river have been based. Below the mouth of the Ghost these figures are increased. From the data available it seems reasonable to expect a minimum flow of 100 cubic feet per second during the low- water period from this river, so that the minimum regulated flow should be increased to 1600 c. f. s. for points below the mouth of that river. . , „ , ■ Below Calgary and including the regulated flow of the Elbow, a flow of nearly 2,000 c. f. s., may be expected during the low water period. (See Plate IV.) EFFECT OF STORAGE ON POWER OUTPUT In addition to the foregoing, a curve has been prepared (See Plate No. V.), showing the effect of the total available storage in the basin (developed an to the underwriting company. He pays eight per cent inter- est, provides an insurance policy of $50. on the cow, which is a protection to himself, as well as to the financing company. These loans are made usually — I think in our case without exception — to men who had no credit at the bank without such a plan. That is the class we wanted to reach, men either who had not yet built up a credit at the banks or for some reason had exhausted their credit. What has been the result? It has caused the building of a cheese factory, started by the co-operated efforts of the farmers of the project, which gives a market for the milk, and from it already there has been manufactured about 100,000 pounds of as good cheese as can be had in America of its grade. This cheese takes the place of goods heretofore gotten in the East, for which our own money was shipped out. Some of the farmers, living too far from the cheese factory to patronize it, have sent their milk to a creamery. Our caso is typical. The same conditions existed there that exist wherever a new project is constructed. There is no reason why millions of dollars worth of dairy products now shipped to our western points from the eastern country should not be produced at home by our own people, and given to our con- sumers fresher and cheaper than after the long haul and the excessive freight charges. Co-operation between the business men and the farmers on the irrigated project will help to bring this about. It will come when the business man sees the light which ought to guide him, and realizes that the opportunity in the big West lies in the path marked "Co- operation" with the farmer on the other end of the deal. Discouragements will be met in working out the plan we have now put into excellent service at Great Falls. We had trying experiences. The farmers, as a class, are inclined to be suspicious of the city folk who talk about "aiding" them. They are sceptical of any philanthropy, and so knock that out of them to start with by telling them that it is nothing but a cold business deal, and unless he wants to pay the interest there will be nothing doing. When I first started this work I laboured under the impression that when I had made it clear to the farmer there was money available for them to biiv stock they would scramble over each other to get a chancr. But there were no applications at first. I had to go to tlu project time and time again and talk with them, visit them at their ranches, talk with their wives and their children ami encourage them bv various ways to look into the matter. Finally the ice was broken, and now, since those who led the ADDRESS BY L. NEWMAN 398 way have become active and aggressive missionaries — since their neighbours see the results in the new calves and the prosperity that comes in the monthly check that the man who bought the cows can afford — there has come a large demand for money, and our first $10,000 is exhausted. We will have opportunity this season to loan on the same plan more than three times the fund, if we can raise it, and after the business men have seen the advantage which has come from the first effort, I contemplate no difficulty in under- writing a loan for $25,000, $30,000 or even $50,000, if the matter is undertaken, and it surely will be. When I was made trustee of the fund, it was my original intention to utilize the opportunity offered by our state agricultural college, by having one of the experts from the department of animal industrj go to one of the dairy centres and ship to us three or four carloads of good cows. But the settlers seemed afraid to commit themselves on such an undertaking, being timid about allowing anyone but them- selves to make a choice of the cows. So we were fortunate to have in our state a well known capitalint who met the situation by going east and buying 240 head of good dairy cows and bringing them to take a chance of selling them in our particular territory. Happily, he met with great succf -?, and he secured a second shipment of 120 head. A local bank shipped in three carloads, and so we thus were able to find plenty of animals for the needs this season, and especially all that we could buy with the $10,000 fund. In short, my experience and my observation both support the statement that it is absolutely necessary for the cities and towns located near irrigation projects to realize their opportunity existing in the project, and to make the most of the opportunity by a greater interest and a closer co-operation with the settler on the farm. The farmer needs the help, and the city and the town needs the result of the developed farm. The man who works at the desk in the city, and the man who works behind the counter, just as surely as the farmer who walks in the furrow, has a work to do in the upbuilding of the farming community. It can be done best by co-operation, and therein lies the opportunity for the city man to extend the hand of aid to his brother on the farm. And after all gentlemen, is not the greatest fact in humanity the fact that we are brothers? (Applause). Mr. E. M. CHANDLER, of Washington: I would like to ask Mr. Newman to explain, if he can off-hand, the financial outcome of the cheese factory and some of the details of its working and financing. MR. NEWMAN: The operation of the cheese factory has been very successful. The factory was started on the' 296 TWENTY FTRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS co-operative plan, stock being distributed amongst the farmers on that unit. It was started about six months ago, and about thirty days ago the plant was paying a little better than expenses and the receipts of milk were increasing daily. The factory was not run at its full capacity, because the supply of milk was not quite sufficient, but on the other band the cheese factory being s" centrally located gives the farmers a ready market close at hand. As I have stated, a month ago, the last time I visited the factory, it was better than paying expenses, and I expect it will show a small dividend on the investment at the present time, and when the factory is running at full capacity I am confident it will show a very fair interest on the investment. MR. CHANDLER: About what was the first cost of the cheese factory and about what was the capacity? MR. NEWMAN: The first cost, as I remember it, was about $2,000. Now the output was ... I do . ot want to make any rash statements, because I am not quite sure of that. I do not want to make r^y statements that I do not feel confi'^^T^tare absolutely correct I can state with positive knov,ieu„'e and assurance, though, that the statement I have made is correct in so far as the factory having paid better than expenses, and that it is showing a small interest on the investment itself. (Applause) MR. W. R. AUSTIN of British Columbia: What is done with the by-product of the cheese factory and also at the creamery which was a little distance off? MR. NEWMAN: The by-products which accumulate are given back to the farmers for feed purposes for their hogs and so on. That is given back without any cost. As to the creamery I could not say. MR. E. C BURLING AME, of Washington: What wiis the capacity of your cheese factory? How many cows have you working? MR. NEWMAN: About 400 was the capacity. MR. BURLINGAME: In your selection, as between h creamery and a cheese fuctoiy, did you find that it was more profitable to make cheese than butter? MR. NEWMAN: Yes, the experience of our farmers there has been that they get a better return on their milk out of the cheese factory loan they do shipping their cream to a creamery. MR. G. R. MARNOCH, of Alberta: I would like t.. add an expression about what Mr. Newman has told us about this Great Falls sclieme. Down at Lethbridge we have laid DISCUSSION 297 out a scheme almost on these identical lines. I am almost certain that, if Mr. Newman had not happened in that night, the forwarding of our scheme would not have reached the success that it has attained now, but when Mr. Newman was able to tell our members that he actually had such a scheme in actual working order, it carried right away and we had no difficulty in getting sixty or more of the business men in Lethbridge to sign an individual guarantee of $150.00 each providing us with $9,300.00 to start operations. As Mr. Newman told us, he said we would have a little difficulty in getting the farmers to come forward and take advantage of it. That was our exact experience. We had the thing before them for quite a couple of months before we got any applications at all and then they began to come in fast. Up to the present we have actually dealt with two men, and we have indicated to four or five others that we will supply them. We took Mr. Newman's plan and we made the farmer himself his own agent and his own purchaser. He can see what cow he can get and what he can sell. One neighbour had a number of calves which he was going to sell for veal. Another man bought them for $26 each, and he got the pick of the calves and was able to get all the heifers. Our scheme at Lethbridge takes very much the line of Mr. Newman's and it has proved to be an incentive for any other cities who are thinking of doing anything of this kind on the same excellent plan We have had this little difficulty which we foresaw and that is, that in an extreme case a man might get a big loss. All the cows might die and the farmer might die at the same time. Now what was to be done in a case like that? Mr. Newman's plan provided for that by allowing $50.00 per cow insurance. I have the impression in my mind that this in- surance was very expensive, and our plan for getting over that was, that we ha ' the farmers makt- their purchases at the lowest possible cash price, and we added five per cent, to that, which we kept as a reserve fund to provide for any such losses. On the one hand there is the fact that they could not possibly buy at cash prices if they wanted to sign a note, and at present they would have difficulty in buying at all. As we explained to them also, this is a mutual arrangement between the farmers and the business men, and if we did kick up against a bad loss it would not put the kibosh on the whole thing. The farmers see that, and take to it very well. 1 would like to ask Mr. Newman what arrangements he has made about insurance. MR. NEWMAN: In the beginning I want to thank Mr. Marnoch, President of the Board of Trade, of Lethbridge, for the handsome compliment he has paid me in connection 208 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS with the plan at Lethbridge, but for which I do not think I am entitled to such an extent as Mr. Marnoch extends to me. In reply to Mr. Marnoch's question, there is an old say- ing of where there is a credit there is bound to be some loss. I presume there are very few exceptions to this case, and I presume that when we are called upon to settle up with the bank, which is furnishing the money, I presume there will be a small loss which the business men I referred to will be called upon to pay. We are, however, protected, first by the form of a contract note which provides that the stock really belongs to our organization till the stock is entirely paid for. If any care or aay judgment is exercised in the farmers to whom credit is ei^ndc^ I think that the chances of loss ought to be very slight. Now one of the advantages of the plan which I have outlined here is tliat the business men who have signed this paper are simply to extend their credit f jr the benefit of the farmers, the bank itself furnishing the money. I presume when it comes to settling up with the bank there may be a small loM. It is pMuble that an earthquake, o: something of that kind may occw, or a great flood — you cannot tell; but I believe that our plsa is as safe as a pia" of that kind can he mapped out. With the iomirance on the cows, and the title being in our name until the iitock is paid for I thtnk chances for loss are very stight, aad if there is » small jess, why I do not think that the busineso of Grest Fafia will hesitate at ail to pay it, and pay it gladly, because of the ben«>fit that the city Itself has received from the general pian. MR. MARNOCH: I think Mr. S«wman does not get the exact point which I wish to make. Do I understtmd that there is an insurance of S5U.00 on each cow? MR. NEWMAN: MR. MARNOCH: Yes. What does that cost? MR. NEWMAN: $3.50 for each $50.00 insurance per year. MR. MARNOCH: In the Lethbridge case it is 7% but we have provided our own insurance for 5%. PRESIDENT YOUNG; I hate to close this discussion which is particularly important, and which would probal)l> occupy the time of the Convention until noon hour, but then are others on the programme and I will now call on Mr. Finkli of California to discuss "Silt Problems of the Colorado River.' (Applause.) ADDRESS BY F. C. FINKLE 299 Addraw by F. G. Finkle Cotuultinit Engineer SILT PROBLEMS OF THE COLORADO RIVER Mr. Chairman, Fellow Delegates, Ladies and Gentlemen; Before reading my paper, as coming from the extreme southwestern part of the United States, southern California, I desire to compliment the city of Calgary, the province of Alberta and the Dominion of Canada upon this very successful and entertaining Congress. I think I have the right to speak well of this Congress, as I have been rather a constant attend- ant at the meetings of this Congress in previous years, in fact at the very first Congress held in Salt Lake City, the home of our esteemed friend and President, Major Young, it was my good fortune to be there also, and I want to say that successful as was that meeting this meeting compares with it very favourably. Now that Congress was held the 15th, 16th, and 17th, of September, 1891, twenty-three years ago some twenty days at this time, and during all of these years the annual sessions have occurred, except on three occasions, in 1892, in 1901 and in 1913, which were missed. The interna- tional character of the Congress is certainly a very important thing, and I believe that the movement of bringing it to Can- ada has been one of the greatest things in the history of this Irrigation Congress movement, and I hope that hereafter it will be held not only in the United States again, but in other parts of the world, and in other countries, because the question of irrigation is one of national importance. Before reading my paper I want to say this, that, in our section of the country — and this thought is inspired by listen- ing to the difficulties of obtaining settlers on the land — in our section we have no such difficulties. The only difficulty we have is obtaining capital for development. There has never been any trouble in obtaining settlers, because of our environment, and on account of the very mild climatic condi- tions. The enterprises in Southern California have all been executed by private capital up to the present time, and they have all been successful, and while you will observe that the large enterprise which I will discuss is in the hands of a re- cover, that is not due to the fact that settlers were not ob- tained on the land, but is wholly due to the fact that the Colorado river broke out of its course and caused the flooding of some of the territory and in order to escape the consequen- ces of heavy damages and things of that kind, that enterprise was placed in the hands of a receiver. ^, I 300 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS I might say at this time that with the European war in progress, and with the financial conditions as bad as they are, none of our enterprises have gone into the hands of a receiver or are in trouble at this time. There are several of them which are fully settled, that Nyland and several others like the Fontana project, 17,000 acres, and Ukipa project, they have all been able to settle their lands as soon as they were placed under irrigation. Now when it was proposed that I should read this paper on this subject there were some mis- givings . that it might not interest the people of Canada, because silt problems are not problems of your rivers, but it was thought that as the Congress is of an international character and deals with problems all over the world, it might be well to deal with this problem, which is met with in so many places in theUnited States and elsewhere in the world. I might say here that our distinguished guest, Mr. Von Weymarn of Russia, informs me that in his country this is a very important problem in many parts. With your indulgence I will read this paper. The Colorado river is by far the most important stream in the western part of the United States. Without making comparison in detail with any of the other large rivers in the We.st, suffice it to say, that everything considered, including climate and soil conditions of the area, which may be irri- gated from this river, its value is very much greater than that of any other western stream. The Colorado river has a drainage area above Yuma of approximately 225,000 square miles, which lie in seven diff- erent states of the Union. Its principal tributaries are the Green, Grand and Gila rivers. The amount of water supplied by the Colorado river has been gauged at Yuma, Arizona, since the year 1894, and in round numbers the mean annual discharge at this point is equal to about 10,000,000 acre feet, sufficient water to cover 10,000,000 acres to a depth of one foot. It is only within the last twenty years that the real value of the Colorado river has become known to the world. Previous- ly, irrigation was practised to a greater or less extent from its tributaries in Colorado, Utah and other states, drained by the upper tributaries of the river. At that time the value of the stream compared with many other rivers from the Rock> Mountain region, from which the water is devoted to irrigation in the mountain valleys and on the plateaus of the interior. It is only since the discovery was made that the grt-at Imperial Valley in California could be irrigated by the waters of the Colorado river, that its real value has become ap; irent. Investigations looking to possibilities of irrigating Imperial Valley were commenced as early as the year 1891, the same 1^ ADDRESS BY F. C. FINKLE 301 year, when the first International Irrigation Congress was held in Salt Lake City, Utah. The speaker, who was also present at the first Irrigation Congress, was at that time conducting an investigation of the lower Colorado river, which had even then assumed sufficient importance to warrant public discussion. Surveys to determine the feasibility of diverting the Colorado river were made, and reports were prepared, giving an approximate idea of what might be accomplished. It was not until the year 1899 that sufficient financial aid was secured to begin actual work on the undertaking. It has, however, been done by entirely new people, the first promoters having been discouraged during the world-wide financial panic of 1893. In order to understand the situation on the lower Colorado, it is necessary to draw a word picture of the Imperial Valley and its relation to the river. The greater part of the Imperial Valley is situated at a considerable elevation below sea level. The lowest point is in the Selton Sink, now known as Lake Imperial, which is 287 feet below sea level. The greater part of the Valley in the United States varies Tiom sea level down to the elevation of Lake Imperial. In Mexico it rises to twenty- four feet above sea level at Volcano lake. There are other tracts of desert land out side of Imperial Valley proper, lying in the United States, and situated at elevations, ranging from sea level to 100 feet above, or slightly more. The present intake of the main canal leading to Imperial Valley is a little over 100 feet above sea level, but the topo- graphy is such that diversions from it within the United State.s are not practicable, until a point near sea level is reached. It is interesting to consider historically the formation of the present topography in the Imperial Valley and along the through lower Colorado river. Where the river at present enters Volcano lake through the channel of Bee river, the elevation is thirty to thirty-five feet above sea level. The regular channel of the stream, which has not been occupied by water below the inlet to Bee river since the year 1911, passes over a delta entering the upper end of the Gulf of Lower California. At the present time the flow passes through Bee river, into Volcano lake, and thence Hardy's Colorado into the Gulf of California. Before the existence of the Imperial Valley, the Colorado river entered the Gulf of Lower California at a point several hundred miles south from its upper end, near the vicinity of Hanlon's Landing, where the intake of the present irriga- tion system is located. The silt carried by the water of the stream formed a delta encroaching laterally, and further and further into the gulf, until it finally formed a dam entirely across the gulf, along that portion of it lying immediately * :. » "J 302 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS south of the international boundary line between the United States and Mexico. After the delta or dam had separated the gulf into two parts, one an inland sea lying in that portion of the United States now Imperial Valley, there is no doubt that the stream continued to shift alternately into the ocean and alternately into this inland sea. During this period of time the silt de- posits made the fertile soil, which now comprises the Imperial Valley, It is probable, that shortly before the dawn of civilisation in the West, the Colorado river assumed its present channel leading to the Gulf of Lower California. There was then considerable elevated land lying between Imperial Valley and the Gulf and extending in the direction of Volcano lake. Evidences are conclusive to show that the stream has main- tained this course with but slight interruptions during the last 100 years. During this time there have been some di- versions of the river into the inland sea, but these were not sufficient to maintain it. The inland sea disappeared through evaporation, except a small part fed by some of the channels of the Alamo river. Bee river, etc., leading in that direction. The water cut off from the gulf having evaporated has left the large areas, known as Imperial Valley, forming a basin below sea level, with only a small lake in the deepest depress- ion. When first viewed by the people of California and Mexico it was so found, and this is the coudition in which it was over twenty years ago when the first plans for its reclamation were given consideration. It is therefore safe to state that the creation of the Valley is due to the silt carried by the water of the river, and we shall further see that this silt has played, and still continues to play, an important part in the irrigation projects of the Valley. It will also become apparent during the course of these re- marks that the importance of the silt problem has never been fully understood, and, with all the progress made during the last fifteen years in liealing with the subject, its importance is nevertheless under-estimated. The first diversion was made into a channel of the Alamo river, which terminated in Imperial Valley, and thus affordeil an easy method for conveying the water to a point where it i> diverted out of the .\lamo at Sharp's Heading for distribution in the Imperial Valley. In the earlier plan for the utilization of the Colorado in Imperial Valley the speaker suggested its diversion into Boi' river and V^olcano lake, and thence to be distributed by can- als over the Imperial Vallej' This plan had the disadvantaji' of locating the intake, as well as the entire main canal sy!*teni. in Mexico. But it possessed the advantage of having a settling basin in Volcano lake, where the troublesome part of the ADDRESS BY F. C. FINKLE 303 silt could be eliminated from the water, before turninir it into •the distributing canals. The Alamo river which was finally utilized as a main canal by the promoters of the irrigation system, who were not at that time informed as to the other plan, has its intake in the United btates, close to the international boundary line • and passes entirely through Mexican territory on its way to Imperial Valley. The diversion of the Colorado into the Alamo, which- since then has become the main irrigation canal, soon began to develop difficulties on account of the presence of silt Before proceeding with the discussion of these difficulties and the manner in which they were overcome, a brief state- ment as to the condition of the Colorado river water with reference to silt will not be out of place. The appearance of the water is a dark red to brown, due to the character of the silt. From this it has taken its name the Spanish word Colorado meaning red. The Arizona experiment station on the Lower Colorado has investigated the amount of silt carried by the stream and in this way as ?«*«^™*°®*^ ^^^^^ '* delivers on the average from 35,000 to 40,000 acre feet of silt per annum. The amount of silt carried varies greatly at different times, being highest when the river is in flood, and may be roughly stated to range between 80 to 3,500 parts per 100,000 parts of water by weight, or from the one-thirtieth to the twelve- hundredth part of volume of water by weight. On an average It is fair to say that the Colorado river carries from nine to ten tons of silt in each acre foot of water. In accordance with the well known law governing the transporting power of water, the volume of silt carried de- pends on the velocity of the stream. Under the variable con- ditions as to the velocity it soon became apparant that irri- gating canals would at times accumulate silt, as it is impossible to construct them on a sufficiently steep grade, with safety to the banks, to ensure the carrying of all of the silt delivered, when the Colorado river is at its flood stage. Whenever the water assumes a velocity in the canals less than in the river, the lessening of the transporting power induces the disposition of silt. These difficulties soon became apparent m the Alamo river, used as the main canal. The ileposits first occurred in the upper reaches of the main canal until the level was raised to such an extent that diversion.s into it from the stream were no longer possible It must here be remtmbered that the Colorado is a navi- gable stream as far as Potholes above Yuma, and that no dam tor divertmg its water at the head of the Imperial canal is permitted by the War Department of the United States, which lias charge of the navigable river-s. Without such a dam the 301 TWENTY-FI RST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS silt in the canal soon made it impossible to divert water, except during high stages of the river. The first canal intake had to be abandoned, and a new cut leading into the Alamo below the point where the deposit of silt was deep had to made. But the second intake soon shared the fate of the first, and had to be abandoned for a third one. This third intake was constructed without any safe headgate to re- gulate the water and in 1905 it washed out, until the whole Colorado river passed through it into the main canal, finding its way into Lake Imperial through the Alamo river and New river. This disastrous overflow of the valley required two years to curl) at a cost of many millions of dollars, with large incidental losses which facts have been inadequately described in the engineering publications, and about which all engineers have read more or less. After the break was closed, a concrete headgate was con- structed at the present site of the intake, and with certain changes this improvement has continued in use up to the present time. However, the silt difficulty was not remedied by the present concrete headgate. as this only served to ^ive better control of the amount of water diverted when the Colorado river was high. The silt still continued to settle in the intake and in the canals. The Imperial Valley exper- ienced a water shortage, due to the fact that, as soon as the Colorado reached a certain level, sufficient water would no longer flow into the intake of the canal. Losses in crops amounting to hundreds of thousands of dollars resulted in the years 1908, 1909 and 1910, during which time the level of the main canal was gradually rising, on account of the silt deposited. The canal was so wide that it could not be cleaned out by means of ordinary appliances, as in the case of small irrigation canals and ditches. Those in charge were unable to devise any method by which to remove the silt, and on account of this and other difficulties, the company became bankrupt, and was placed in the hands of a court receiver. The culmination came in 1910, when less than one-fourth of the needed amount of water could be diverted during tin- month of July. The receiver of the company secured per- mission from the War Department to construct a pile trestle in the Colorado above the intake, for the purpose of forciny; water into and through the canal. This was done at heavy cost, by driving piles and dumpinit large rocks into the bottom of the river above the trestS . Thus temporary relief was obtained during the latter part > t 1910. The receiver of the company then assumed that it would be necessary to repeat this operation each year, win !i would incur an expense far beyond the receipts obtained from the sale of water at fifty cents per acre foot delivered. ADDRESS BY F. C PINKLE 305 Thereupon an order from the court to increase the rate 60 % was sought by the receiver. This was contested by the consumers under the water system in a court action, on the ground that this method of operating would not be successful, as the deposits of silt would still continue to increase, until the channel and intake would be completely filled. During the trial of the case this was demonstrated to the court, and another method for ridding the intake and canal of silt was submitted for the consideration of the court by the representatives of the water consumers. Before the con- clusion of the trial, however, the receiver of the company became convinced that this method should be tried, and a compromise resulted, which permitted the water rate to remain at the old rate of fifty cents per acre foot, while the new method was being tried. The speaker represented the water consumers as expert in these proceedings and discussions, and was selected to design the equipment planned for the purpose of handling the silt. This plan was merely the operation of suction dredges in the canal, whenever nece.ssary to pump the silt out, to maintain the proper level of the main canal. The case was compromised and the suction dredge Imperial was con- structed and placed in operation in the spring of 1911. The result was to quickly eliminate the silt which had accumulated in the canal, and an abundant supply of water was delivered during the ent're year of 1911. The dredge Imperial, after being constructed for the water consumers, was first turned over to the receiver and placed in operation on April 23rd, 1911, and from that time to June 1911, it pumped out a total of 122,105 cubic yards of solid material from the canal, lifting it to a height of thirty-five feet at a cost of 4.8 cents per cubic yard. " By this time the water in the river had receded, but the silt had been removed sufficiently to assure all the water needed, and after the removal of over 500,000 cubic yards during the summer of 1911, the intake and canal had been restored to their proper width and original level and grade. Subsequently another small dredge was constructed by the receiver, known as the Dredge El Centro. This was placed between the concrete gate and the river to remove de- posits and bars forming above the headgates. Ever since 1910 these two dredges have been operated in the main canal, and records show that, during the year 1913, 903,000 cubic yards uf silt were pumped from the main canal by means of these two dredges. This solved the silt question as far as the main canal and intake were concerned, but trouble was experienced in the ■imaller lateral canals, which had to be kept open at great I'xpense. The solution of this was finally worked out by the 20 30C TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS use of small dredges operated from the bank to clean these smaller canals. The smaller dredges are of two kinds, known as the Stockton and Austin dredges They are run on planks laid along the banks of the canals, and move forward as the dredges work down stream. They deposit the material excavated on the opposite bank by means of dipper excavators or endless elevators. Both types of dredges have done the work success- fully, but at a slightly different cost. In this connection the report of Mr. Ray S. f'arberry, Superintendent of Imperial Water Co. No. 1, which irrigated over 100,000 acres of land for the year 1913, is interesting. It shows that 37.3 miles of canals were cleaned by means of the Stockton dredge, which excavated 188,708 cubic • anls of material at a cost of 10.7 cents per cubic yard. Dniing the same year the Austin Dredge worked on 33 V^ miles of canal and removed 96,712 cubic yards at 16.8 cents per cubic yard. In 1913 another dredge known as the Schlatter dredge. worked on four miles of canal, where 3,862 cubic vards wer( handled at 15 cents per cubic yard. In this connection it is interesting to note that Imperial Water Company No. 1 is the largest sub-company, which takes water from the main canal in the capacity of consumer, but there are also many smaller companies taking water in the same manner for an area aggregating approximately two and one-half times as much as the territory irrigated by Imperial Water Co. No. 1. Even with this, not much more than one-half of the irrigable area in Imperial Valley is at acres present under cultivation, as there are approximatey 500,0()0 in the United States, which will ultimately be irrigated from the Colorado river in Imperial Valley. So far as the s"t question in the main and lateral canals of the Imperial Valley are concerned, it may be stated, that these irethods have satisfactorily solved it and it is now possible to operate the system economically and without interruptions in service. Since all the dredges work while th( water is flowing through the conduits, the serving of water continues*, while the canals are cleaned, and the remainini: portion of the silt carried by the water is deposited on the land This amount ia variable, depending upon the extent to whit li the velocity in the canal is decreased before the water is delivered to the land. Ordinarily it may be said that, if the mean velocity of the water flowing in the canals is three feet per second, or mort . no appreciable amount of silt is deposited. But it is impossiblr to maintain this velocity, owing to the varying demands for water, and the necessity for checking the flow in order to make deliveries. This is given as a good average, but tlu^ growing and irrigation ss-^ason in Imperial Valley continiK - ADDRESS BY P. C. PINKLE 307 throughout the whole year, which makes a great deal of diff- erence because the silt content of the Colorado river varies in different months. The injury from silt in the irrigation system has been neutralized by dredging, which has been carried on at a much lower cost than was originally expected. Now remains the problem of overcoming the deposits of silt in the river channel itself, which are likely to occur to such an extent that it will again overflow into Lake Imperial. Th ? bed of the river below Hanlon's Heading, where the water is diverted for Imperial Valley, varies greatly in width and the velocity at various points shows wide fluctuations. Under these conditions silt is continuously deposited, and the tendency of the flow is to shift away from points in the channel which have thus been raised by silting. The Reclamation Service in recent years has done much to maintain the channel as uniform as possible, but being inter- ested in the Arixona side, on which the Yuma project is lo- cated, this made it natural for them to do more for the pur- pose of preventing the river from making incursions into Arizona than into 'California. However the work of the Reclamation Service on the Arizona side has been of a very beneficial character. The receiver of the California Development Company, bankrupt owner of the Imperial Valley water system, has devoted much of his energy and resources to protecting Imperial Valley since the closing of the break in 1907. The resources and facilities however, have been insufficient to properly handle the situation, and in 1910 the Colorado river left its channel going into Bee river, and has since flowed continuously into Volcano lake. After filling Volcano lake to the level of the outlet into Hardy's Colorado, the water flowed through this ancient channel into the Gulf of Lower California. Volcano lake is situated at the terminus of the Bee river, one of the foimer channels of the Colorado. It is a large extent of flat country made by deposits of silt in a portion of the former gulf to its present level of approximately twenty-five feet abo^'e .sea level. This lake has two outlet-?, one being New river, fluwing into Imperial Valley and terminating in Lake Imperial, and the other beinpt Hardy's Colorado, flowing in an opposite direction into the C.ulf of Lower California. The occupants of thf Imperial Valley now interested in irrigation, have erected a levee along the north line of Volcano lake to prevent its water from entering the Imperial basin through New river. It is evident, that as soon as the Colorado began to flow into Volcano lake, the deereast of velocity in the lake causec^ "ilt to settle rapidly, and this has continued from 1910 **<*OCOrr MKMUTION TBT CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) U£ |2j5 \Si ■ 2.2 M H^H ^ I6M Eo«( Main SIml ^ (716) .«J - C300 - (twnt ('t») 2Sa - 59(9 - fo. 308 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS to the present time. This process, if not interfered with, will eventually raise the level of Volcano lake so that water cannot be confined in it by means of levees. After this has occurred, the question as to where the water will break out is one on which opinions may differ, but it may be conservatively stated that it is just as likely to break over into Imperial Valley as in any other direction. When the Colorado began to flow through Bee river in 1910, apprehension was justly felt by settlers in Imperial Valley. The cause of this change of channel was the raising of the Colorado river bed, below Bee river, through deposits of silt. This situation was deemed very serious and too complex for the interests of Imperial Valley to handle alone, and the government of the United States interested itself to the extent of approximately $1,000,000 appropriated for turning the Colorado back into its own channel, by closing the inlet of Bee river. This work was begun in the early part of 1911, and continued throughout the greater part of the year without success. Much controversy has existed as to why the government and its engineers fa. led to successfully re-divert the Colorado from Bee river into its own channel. The various discussions of this have heretofore ignored the main points involved. The attempt was made to turn the water back by means of levees, and this method was not open to criticism, but there are two elements which have been overlooked. The first one of these was the fact that the channel of the river below the break was heavily silted. The speaker, who was at that time consulting engineer for the Mutual Water companies in Imperial Valley, controlled by the consumers of water, and not by the receiver of the California Development Co., gave careful consideration to and examined the channel after that attempt to close the break had failed. Observations showed, that the bed of the Colorado river had been raised by silt, partly produced before the break, by reason of the wide stream below that point, partly during the period of changing into Bee river, on account of the di- minishing flow causing a lower velocity in that part of the Colorado, and partly after the bed hacf become dry, causing vegetation to spring up and the wind to carry sand and dust, which lodged against this growth of vegetation. No measurements were taken to determine how much to lower the Colorado river chann< ' it this point, before the levee across the upper end of the Bt er was begun. Neither was the levee located as close to ti ilet of the Bee river as would have been possible, but it wa.- placed a considerable distance down stream, which made it nece««ary to built higher than if it had been placed at the very outlet of the Col- orado into Bee river. ADDRESS BY F. C. FINKLE 309 The failure to close the break does not demonstrate that the attempt would not have been successful had the matters referred to been investigated, and the work ordered accord- ingly. There is no doubt that the failure to close the break was due to the excessive pressure, on account of the high level to which the water had to be raised against the trestle and rock dam across Bee river. Had the required height been only a few feet less there is no doubt that the attempt would have been a complete success. But there iv a limit to the pressure which a r»ile trestle and rock dam on Colorado river silt will stand, and the limit was but slightly ncreased. If a large dredge had been operated in the main channel of the Colorado river below the break, both before and during the installation of the pile and rock dam in Bee river, the height to which the water must be raised would have been diminished and the closure would have been effected. Careful computations show that locating the dam higher up Bee river, and doing the necessary dredging at that time, would have decreased the height to which the water would have to be raised, where the pile trestle and rock fill dam was placed by not less than four feet, and possibly as much as five feet. There is no doubt that the difference would have been suflBcient to keep the pressure on the rock fill within safe limits, so that it would have been successful and per- manent. Since 1911 no further attempt has been made to restore the Colorado to its own channel, and the whole stream has ever since been flowing through the river into Volcano lake. The increase of elevation in Volcano lake, from the silt settling within it, has already caused trouble, and in the spring of the present year (1914) the Volcano lake levee broke, sending a large volume of water into Imperial Valley. This overflow only affected a section of country in Mexico, as it entered the channel of New river before reaching the United States. Nevertheless, it caused considerable apprehension on account of the volume of water in New river, which threat- ened to undermine the irrigation flumes and bridges across that stream. Immediate alarm was caused by this break, and all interested began to assist in the repair of the Volcano Lake levee to prevent the water from flowing north into Im- perial Valley. This work was successfully done, and the river is 1 1 present kept under control in Volcano lake, and flows through Hardy's Colorado into the Guh of Lower California. The real problem being confronted, however, is to give recognition to the fact, that unless something of a permua-'ot nature is undf^taken, the area covered by Volcano lake will soon be raised so high that no levee will confine the water along the north and keep it from entering Imperial Valley. 310 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS While there is no cause for immediate alarm, as it is still possible to raise the levees higher by properly extending them, yet it is better to take the matter up and provide a plan to avoid any future catastrophe, than to wait until something occurs to equal the overflow, which occurred from 1905 to 1907. Just what the details of such plans are to be. it is impossible to announce without a further study of the situation, but enough is known to assert that it will have to be both dredging and building of dykes. It is not even certain, that at this time it will be best to have the river returned to its original channel below the inlet of Bee river. It has flowed for nearly five years through Bee river into Volcano lake, during which time much silt has been deposited in various places, and the conditions have been changed to such an extent that the plan, which was feasible in 1911, may be well-nigh impossible at this time. As to this, an opinion cannot be expressed without careful consideration of the whole situation. As such a study will require consider- able field work and time it should be undertaken speedily to avoid the dangers of delay. The speaker has had suflScient experience with the Col- orado river, and the problems resulting from it, to feel certain that the question can be solved so as to render the Imperial Valley permanently safe against future overflow. Further, it is certain that the cost w"l not be unreasonable, much less prohibitive, if the work ^ . roperly planned and carried out under competent advice and supervision. In view of this knowledge of the situation, it can be asserted that the Colorado river silt will eventually become a blessing, instead of a menace to the Imperial Valley. It is a blessing, because annual fertilization of the lanu, irrigated by water from the Colorado river, will always preserve its fertility, in fact, make it perpetually as good as virgin soil. No plan of dredging to handle the silt will ever remove as much of it from the water ,tbat it will be insuflicient to reach the land for enriching the soil. Thus Imperial Valley may be likened to the Valley of tue Nile, whose overflows annually restore the land, and for which reason it may be so extensively cultivated. Some idea of what the Imperial Valley ma:^ ;ntually become can be obtained by comparing it with the v uiley of the Nile in Egypt, for, if anything. Imperial Valley has the ad- vantage and will be abl. to produce more and support a larger population in proportion to area, than the Valley of the Nile. Before this becomes a reality, however, the silt troubles of the Colorado must be understood and corrected, so that silt will no longer settle and be able to remain in places, tending DISCUSSION 311 to deflect the stream into Imperial Valley, which, as we h?.ve already seen, lies below sea level. The problem is a large one, and must be met with complete co-operation on the part of all concernp.1, including those interested in and residing in the Imperipl Valley, by the state of California and by the United State j. (Applause). MR. SORENSEN: Mr. Chpirman. Might I be allowed to "sk a few questions? I unr'.erstand that silting has been going on on the Colorado river. Now has the Colorado been doing this for years of itself, or has this occurred since it has been diverted? MR. FINKLE: The Colorado river carries this silt. It comes from areas in the southern part of Colorado and Utah and Arizona. It is this very silt which has caused the valley, by forming a dam and cutting off six ■• seven thousand acres, from which the water evaporated, leaving that valley lying below sea level. The proposition is now to fill up the channel so that the water will not return and inundate that district. This silt fills the bed of the river at all points where it is wide and shallow. It cont'nually deposits there and gains from year to year. MR. SORENSEN: Does that silt act as a fertilizer? MR. FINKLE: Yes, it is considered a very valuable fertilizer. It contains some humus and is considered valuable. MR. E. C. BURLING AME, of Washington: I would like to ask the gentleman, how many years do you have to placa the surplus which you dredge from your main canal? MR. FINKLE: That can be fun by a flume back into your main canal. That has not yet been done because there was a section of country about fourteen feet lower than the canal and the "ilt has been deposited to fill up that section, but when that is filled up there will be a rapid fall back to the Colorado river and one channel will carry that back into the Gulf of Lower California. MR. BURLINGAME: Is not the final result of this proposition, the raising of the land surrounding that canal? MR. FINKLE: The observation has shown that the land is being raised from one-eighth to one-quarter of an inch per annum at the present time, and of course the canals will have to be raised along with that. I am not able to state the exact amount, but it is so slight that we hardly observe it from year to year. It is a problem, no doubt, which will terminate as you say, the canals will have to be raised accordingly, about which there is no trouble or difficulty whatever. There is an abundance of fall, there being one 212 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS hundred feet fall from the intake in sixty miles, down to where the water is diverted at the present time from the main canal. MR. DENNIS: the farms? What is the average deposit of silt on MR, FINKLE: I was just stating in reply to the other gentlemen's question that cssts made on some farms have shown a rise of one-eighth to one-quarter of an inch per annum. We do not have sufficient data to state what the average is for the entire valley. PRESIDENT YOUNG: The Chairman of the Commi- ttee on Credentials is ready to report. His report is very short and will take a few minutes only. MEMBERS OF THE COMMITTEE ON CREDENTIALS The Members of the Committee on Credentials were: Texas J. A. Happer (Chairman) El Paso Alberta Walter Huckvale Medicine Hat British Columbia James Johnston Nelson California D. W. Jloss San Francisco Colorado W. A. Smith Denver Louisiana W. T. Byrd Baton Rouge Michigan C. W. Carman Grand Rapids Montana W. A. Lamb Helena Saskatchewan John Dixon Maple Creek TexM W. L. Tooley El Paso Utah J. W. Weolf (Secretary) Salt Lake City Washington E. A. Lindsley Spokane The report of the committee on Credentials was read by Secretary Hooker as Follows: Report of COMMITTEE ON CREDENTIALS Calgary, Alberta, Canada, October 8, 1914. To the Officers and Delegates of the Twenty-First International Irrigation Congress: Gentlemen: — Your Committee on Credentials beg leave to report as follows: Attached hereto in alphabetical order, under prov- inces and states from whence they come, are all the delegates REPORT OF CREDENTIALS COMMITTEE 313 who have presented their credentials and registered up to 10 a. m. this date; and your Committee recommend that this list be recognized as the OflBcial Roster to serve as a basis of representation of the various states and provinces. Your Toramittee recommend further that all delegates presenting proper credentials be added from time to time as they are registered at the Secretary's office. Respectfully submitted, (Signed) John A. Happbr. Chairman. W. A. WOOLF. Secretary. MR. HAPPER, Chairman of the Committee, on be- half of the Committee, I move the adoption of the report. MR. M. D. BEERS, of Utah, I have much pleasure in seconding that motion. The motion was thereupon put to vote, and carried. Those registered at the Congress were: United States CALIFORNIA F. C. Finkle 448 I. W. Hellman Bldg Los Angelea N. M. Manning 223 Linwood Avenue Monrovie L. A. Nates Pres. Fresno Canal and Irrigation Co Fresno D. W. Ross 251 Kearney Street San Francisco Robert Schoeneman 1053 Locust Avenue Long Beach COLORADO Kurt Grunwald 824 Equitable Bldg Denver L. F. Mowrey Denver Geo. M. Patterson 603 Ensign Fort Morgan Frank H. Perry Grand JuncUon W. A. Smith 934-17th Street Denver DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA F. H. Newell Director U.S.Reclamation Service Washington IDAHO E. B. Darlington Hollister Mrs. E. B. Darlington Hollister I. L. Flagler ^-^H"*," 0. E. HarUn Twin Falls ILLINOIS M. Hettinger Freeport Kansas J. B. Case. .Abilene Wm. T. Byrd. LOUISIANA . 8&i Convention St . .Baton Rouge ol4 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS MICHIGAN C. W. Carman 701 Terrace Avenue S'^^j 5*?^" Mrs. C. W. Carman 701 Terrace Avenue Grand Rapids MONTANA „ ^. E. K. Bowman .Hardin H. W. Brown Cascade W. A. Lamb ■•- Helena L Newman ^'*** ^^'•'' H N Savaite. U. 8. Reclamation Service Great Falls Joseph Wright F'etch" NEW YORK T. W. Blodgett 717 Cayuga Street ■ • Fulton John R. Sibley 930 East Avenue Rochester. OREGON J. T. Hinkle Hermiston L.C.Keene Corvajlu, A. B. Thomson Mrs. A. B. Thomson TEXAS John A. Happer 1423 Hawthorne Street S! S^" Echo Echo C. A. Kinne. J. C. Naglc Capitol Station vtpa«,> W. L. Tooley. bl Faso .Capitol Station i,^*^'"' UTAH E. D. Ball Earoerimeut Station •••••• -I^.*" W. D Beers 321 Felt Building Salt Lake City Frank S. Harris Experiment Station. -^^^ Geo. Albert Smith 21 'n. West Temple St Sdt Lake Ci y J. W. Woolf 744 South Fifth East S^t La^.e Ci y Richard W. Young 705 First Avenue Salt Lake City WASHINGTON L.O Armstrong 705 Sprague Avenue E F Benson 4224 N. Mason Avenue E. C Burlingame 427 Washington " ' ■ Mrs. E. C. Burlingame. . . 427 Washington -''f E. N. Chandler •:.;•• '^^^^""'^ Marvin Chase Richmond Beach D. M. Drumheller 1321 Sixth Avenue Spokane F H Finley 2306 Pacific Avenue Spokane J.a'Grahim fc« Mrs. J. C. Graham P«i«"^^ Mrs. James H. Hoar J^T Arthur Hooker. ......... .E. 733 Indiana Avenue Spokane Mabel B. Hooker E. 733 Indiana Avenue Spokane W G Hooker E. 733 Indiana Avenue Spokane H."E."Hunt Hotel Majestic Spokane R.LSger P.O. Box 2181 Spokane E. A. Lind-sley 611 Peyton Block Spokane C. C Thom. : 606 Maiden Lane Pu man Mrs C. C. Thom 606 Maiden Lane FuUrom ROSTEF THE CONGRESS ;15 Dominion of Canada ALBERTA Charles F. Adams 721 Riverdale Avenue Calgary H. S. Allen Raymond H. O. Alden Brooks James H. Anderson Cardston Eugene Babcock Gleichen Henry H. Becker Pincher Station R. B. Bennett, M. P Clarence Block Calgary F. V. Bennis High River J. Birtles Monitor Mrs. J. Birtles Monitor D. E. Black 323 Fifteenth Ave. W Calgary Melvin A. Blodgett Empress D. C. Blow 602 Fith Ave. W Calgary Dr. T. H. Blow, M. P 210 Seventh Ave. W Calgary W. R. Blow, 212 Seventh Ave. W Calgary Oliver Blue Department of Agriculture Edmonton P. Turner Bone 340 Fourth Ave. W Calgary C. George Bowlus Blackie George Brown Demonstration Farm Medicine Hat P. M. Bredt P. O. Box 2089 Calgary Geo. F. Bryan 414 Fourth Ave. W Calgary P. Bums Calgary John C. Buckley Gleichen B. K. Bullock Taber Ralph J. Burley P. O. Box 2318 Calgaiy F. W . Burton Strathmore Mrs. F. W. Burton Itrathmore Mrs. 8. H. Burroughs 932 Twelfth Ave. W Calgary W. H. Berkinshaw Manager W. R. Brock & Co Calgary Alexander Calhoun 1522 Sixteenth Ave. W Calgary J. W. Campbell 122 Eleventh Ave. W Calgary Mrs. F. T. Campbell 1612 Twelfth Ave. W Calgary D. G. Campbell 323 Thirty-eighth Ave. W Calgary J. Y. Card Cardston E. Carswell 614 Rideau Road Calgary Mrs. Carter Edmonton Miss Carter Edmc.ton L. D. Casey Crossfield J. Cook Cochrane Anna Chritcheley 714 Rideau Road Calgary J. T. Cooper Nanton A. H. Clarke Calgary J. G. Clark Irma Mrs. J. G. Clark Irma Charles Clark Hirii River Joseph Cousins .Innisfail S. L. Coy Killam Mrs. 8. L. Coy Killam Geo. W. Craig City Engineer Calgarv F. W. Crandell Gleichen Mrs. F. W. Crandell Gleichen E. H. Crandell 2 Bums Block Calgary O. 8. Chapin 323 Eighth Ave. West Calgary A. E. Cross Pre». Calgary Brewing Co Calgar>' J. W. Davidson 305 Grain Exchange Bldg Calgary W. M. Davidson Morning Albertan Calgary J. 8. Dennis Ass't. to President, C. P. R Calgary 316 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS O. G. Devenish 302 Burns Block Calgarv E. J. Dewey P. O. Box 50 Calgary R. A. Darker Canada Life Assurance Co ■ Calgary N. B. Davis Bassaiu) J. H. Dixon Langddn Charles Dodge Strathmoro J. C. Drewry Cowley Samuel Drumheller Drumhellcr Hugh J. Duffield 1933 Tweui fourth St. W Calgary Harol'i Dun Gleichcn W. C. Duncan Olds R. C. Edwards Cameron Block Calgary W. Muir Edwards University of Alberta Edmonton G. R. Elliott 1209 Thirteenth Ave. W Calgarv W. J. Elliott Olds J. H. Elliott Irma Jas. E. Ellison Raymond John M. Empey 340 Eighteenth Ave. W Calgarv A. W. Ellson Fawkes 2318 Second St. West Calijary W. H. Fairfield Experiment Station Lethbridge P. A. Fetterly Brooks SUmley H. Frame c/o City Engineer's Office Calgarv Mrs. Stanley H. Frame. . .4236 Sixth St. West Calgary E. J. Fream 314 Lougheed Block Calgary C M. Fry Innisfrie A. L. Fiyberger Bassano T. A. P. Frost 2407 Seventeenth St. W Calgarv W. J. Gale 1717 Twenty-seventh Ave. W Calgary J. H. Garden 6;<0 Elgin Avenue Calgary Mrs. J. H. Garden 630 Elgin Avenue Calgarv W. N. Gibson 239 Sixteenth Ave. W Calgary W. H. Gilison Lacombe J. R. Good Didsbury Mrs. J. R. Good Didsbury R. H. GoodchUd P. O. Box 2318 Calgary Julius Goldberg 130 Kennedy Edmonton R. J. Gordon Parliament Buildings Ekbnonton A. M. Grave Lethbridge Geo. W. Green 1016 Seventh Ave Lethbridge J. F. Green Calgary Industrial Exhibition Calgary F. S. Grisdale Olds Joseph E. HaufFer Didsbury Mrs. Jos. E. Hauffer Didsbury L. Hammer Olds W. Harvey Olds D. E. Harris Lethbridge Hotel Lethbridge Geo. Harcourt Department of Agriculture Edmonton Simeon Hansen Suffield N.N. Hayes Gleichen R. B. Hayes Gleichen D. W. Hays Southern Alberta Land Co Medicine Hat E. R. Henny Coronation H. Henay Department of Agriculture Edmonton W. F. Hicks Lethbridgfi Rev. S. B. Hillocks 229 Third Ave. N. E Calgary Bert Huffman Natural Resources Dept., C.P.R Calgarv J. Tait Hunter 418 Tenth Ave. N.W Calgary C. B. Hornby Calgary G. N. Houston 909 Thirteenth Ave. W^ Ca-'g^ry Walter Huckvale 251 First Street Medicine K.it George G. Huser Crossfield Geo. Hutton Lacombe ROSTER OF THE CONGRESS 317 G. H. Hutton Experimental Farm Lacombe R. J. HutchingB Pres. Great West Saddlenr Co Calgary J. A. Irvine 201 Leeson & Lineham Block Calgary Mrs. J. A. Irvine 201 Leeson & Lineham Block Calgary F. S. Jacobs 405a Eighth Ave. W Calgarj- P. J. Jennings 320 Twenty-fifty Ave. W .Calgary J. B. Johannsen Standard Guy W. Johnson Provost J. H. Jones 301 Twenty-fifth Ave. W Calgary Dr. G. W. Kerby President Mount Royal College Calgary Mrs. G W. Kerby Moimt Royal College Calgary Arthur Ie>p d Shepard Harry Keuo. 405 Fifteenth St. N. W Calgary Richard Krdght Priddis Ole Kirkwold Natural Resources Dept., C.P.R Calgary William Kirkup Gleichen Hon. J. A. Lougheed Clarence Block Calgary- George Lane Fourth Avenue West Calgary Thomas Laycock Calgary E. B. Langdon Third Street East Olds Mrs. E. R. Leverton 1919-25a Street West Calgary H. W. Love Inna A. W. Lowrey Calgary Andrew Miller Industrial Commissioner Calgary C. P. Marker 17 Crown Building Calgary H. B. Muckleston Natural Resources Dept., C.P.R Calgary J. M. Miller City Clerk, City Hall Calgary C. S. Mahood, M. D 734 Sunnyside Boulevard Calvary G. R. Mamoch President Board of Trade Lethbndge M. H. Marshall 1509 Tenth Ave. West Calgary O. Matthews Dominion Experimental Farm Lethbridge W. E. Mills Wainwright Chas. T. Mitchell Bassano H. H. Moore I. O. O. F. Block Calgary J. W. Mitchell 1319 Second Street East Calgary James Murray Suffield F. D. Murchison Bassano D. O. McHugh Grain Exchange Building Calgary Arch. McKillop 601 Eleventh Ave. West Calgary J. P. McArthur, M.P.P. . . 123 Third Ave. West Calgary J. J. McDonald P. O. Box 258 Calgary Mrs. J. J. McDonald P. O. Box 258 Calgary D. McEachen Cochrane \. J. McLean Edmonton W. C. McGinnis c/o James Richardson & Sons, Grain Exchange Building Calgary W. A. McGregor e/o Southern Alberta Land Co. . . . Medicine Hat T. T. McKee Drumheller J E. McKenzie 528 Fifth Street West Calgary Mrs. McKenzie Edmonton L. McKinnon Langdon J. C. McLeod 140 Fourth Ave. West Calgary E. B. McLean 1116 Second Street N. E Calgary F. D. McNaughton Bassano Mrs F. D. McNaughton Bassano J W. McNicol Lethbridge ' L. Naismith Dept of Natural Resources, C.P.R Calgary \V. H. 8. Nelson 513 Eighth Ave. West Airdrie .1 C. Nelso-^ Carseland W. Nelson Airdrie A. C. Newcombe 1315 Fifteenth St. N. W Calgary Mrs. A. C. Newcombe 1315 Fifteenth St. N. W Calgary % 818 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATION AL IRRIGATION CONGRESS Mrs. E. P. Newhall 827 Third Ave. West Calgtay A. 8. Nimmo 816 Twenty-second Ave. W Calpao' Mrs. A. 8. Nimmo 515 Twenty-second Ave. W Calgar,- Mrs. P. J. Nolan 808 Twentieth Ave. West Calgarj- C. G. K. Nouree Mgr. Canadian Bank of Commerce Calgarj- G. 8. Orde Mgr. Union Ban'' of Canada Calgary William Pearce Dept. of Natural Resources, C.P.R Calgarv- F. H. Peters 513 Eighth Ave. West Calgar\ Mrs. F. H. Peters Calgar>- A. W. Pryce-Jones 1139 Riverdale Ave Calgary P. Pallesen 718 Tliird Ave. West Calgary GUbert H. Patrick P. O. Box 224 Strathmore Mrs. G. H. Patrick P. O. Box 224 8trathmorp Harry W. Pattin Baesano David Pearson Carstairs Robert Pearson Y. M. C. A Calgary Arthur Perrev St. Mary's Ranch, Cardstah Clement W. Perry Cecil Hotel Calgary Frank Peterscii Carstairs J. H. Peterson Acme A . E. Peterson Sterlingville Charles S. Pingle 444 Fourth Street Medicine Hat Sam G. Porter 2206 Fourth Street West, Suite 14 Cplgarv J. Quinsey Nobleford Harold W. Riley 224 Eighth Ave. West Calgary B. L. Robinson 2nd Street and 7th Ave. W Calgai^- E. L. Richardson Victoria Park Calgary Norman 8. Rankin Dept. of Natural Resources, C.P.R Calgarj- Dr. J. G. Rutherford Dept. of Natural Resources, C.P.R Caigarv W. R. Reader Calgary Industrial Exhibition Calgarv P. R. Reed DidshurV H. Reeve Wainwright L. M. Roberts Lougheed, Bennett, McLaws & Co Calgarv J. P. Robinson Calgary Mrs. J. P. Rnbin.son Calgarv Thomas Robinson Strathmore Geo. Roumanps City Engineer's OiGce Calgarv I. G. Ruttle 333 Fourteenth Ave. West Calgary Capt. Jas. Smart 6th Avenue and Ist St. E Calgarv Mayor H. A. Sinnott City Hall Calgary L. P. Strong 406 Grain Exchange Bldg Caigarv H. A. Samis OUfs Robert B. Songster . Brooks P. M. Sauder 520 Twentv-third Ave. W Cal;!:arv Mrs. P. M. Sauder 520 Twentv-third Ave. W Calgarv A. R. Schrag 1208 Fifth "St. West Calgarv Mrs. A. R. Schrag 1208 Fifth St. West Calgarv H. D. Schutt 1727 Thirteenth Ave. West Calpii y William Sharp Laconit/c H. H. Shaw Gleichi II R. W. Shaw Millarvillo H. M. Shaw Nanloii James ShouWice Shouldice Park Calgary H. Sideniu.s Natural ResDurces. C.P.R Caljiary Mrs. P. W. Simons 1012 Fourteenth Avo. West Calgarv Mrs. H. A. Singley 1730 Eleventh St. West Calgary J. D. Smith Department of Agriculture Frflmonton Geo. W. Smith Gaetz Avenue Red Dc r Mrs. T. E. E. Smith O! !s R. C. SpitJser 237 Fifteenth Ave. W Calearv Thos. E. S.Tiith Oil.- A. Snider Langil ui ROSTER OF THE CONGRESS 310 henry Sorensen P. 0. Box 1 Strathmore Robert Spenp«r Calgary Industrial Exhibition Calgary W. H. Stoed Cardnton W. J. Stephen Claiwholm W. F. Stevens 732 Twenty-first Street ' Edmonton Thomas Stevenson Ill Devenuh Apartments '^algary Mrs. Thos. Stevenson Ill Devenish Apartments Calgary John Stevenson Claresholm Robert 8. Stockton Supt. of Operations, C.P.R Strathmore .1. Stocks Edmonton Mrs. J. M. Strieb Calgary Frank E. Sunden Cheadle Mrs. Frank E. Sugdei Cheadle Wm. P. Sutton 603 Thirteenth Ave. W Calgary T. A. Sundal Taber A. A. Swartz 937 Fifteenth Ave. W Calgary J. A. Symes 716 Rideau Road . .Calgary Mrs. J. A. Symes 716 Rideau Road Calgary E. N. C. Tanguay Wainwright P. Talbot . . .I^combe E. B. Tainter Taber Nick Taitinger Claresholm J. S. Tempest 923 Fourtc«.ntu Ave. W Calgary ' '. D. Trego Gleinhen jydney O. Tregilliis 525 Thirteenth Ave. W Calgary W. .1. Tregillus 434 Lougheed Bldg Calgary G. M. Thompson The News Telegram Calgarv- T. M. Tweedie, M.L.A. . . . 105a Eighth Av. West Calgai4 .1. A. Valiqucttc 732 Twt.fth Ave. West Calgary C. A. Van Soay C. P. R. Sales' Department Calgary B. S. White Editor Western Rtwi.!..-; Calgary J. A. Walker Mgr. Royal Bank of Canad:. Calgary Wm. .1. Wacker t^walwell R. A. Wallace P. O. Box 68 High River Colonel Walker 35 Lincham Block Calgary G. D. Wnlters P. O. Box 2318 Dept. of Interior Calgary Mrs. G. D. Walters 12 Aberdeen Apartments Calgary W. Brooks Waters 803 Eighteeath Ave. West Calgary Mrs. W. Brooks Waters. . .803 Eig» ^enth Ave. West Calgary George Wells 502 Tw . -second Ave. W Calgary Fred B. White Swahvell R. .1. G. White 1933 Tv /-seventh St. W Calgary James Williamson 1'. O. Box 1510 Calgary William H. Willson Secretary Board of Trade Calgary H. C Wingate Cayley P. H. Wilklr:,- Br6ok8 Sterhng Wil;...m • Cardston August Wolf Edmonton P. P. Woodbridge 1426 Boulevard, Hillhurst Cali?arv J. H. Woods Herald Building Calgary Martin Woolf Cardston Mrs. Wolley Dod 616 Thirtieth Ave. West Calgary W. U. Young 914 Fifteenth Ave. West Calgary BRITISH COLUMBIA W. R. Austin He.riey Creok P. O Kamloops Frank Brandrith Department of .\iiriculture ^■ietoria H. B. Burtoh . Kelown.a Arthur Chamberlm 136 Battle Stri-et Kamloops fr ^^ J**."" Kamloops !• . R. E. deHart Knlowna msi. 320 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS Di . Cbas. W. Dickson .Kelowna Oeorm H. Dickson 907 Vsnoouver B1 jck Vancouver J. C.lDufremie Pentwton A. Bdwsrd Kelowna H. W. Grunsky '. . . Water Ri|^ta' Branch Victoi-ia James Johnston P. O. Box 188 Neteon Mrs. James Johnston P. O. Box 198 • • • Nelson L. S. KUnck 198 Hastings St. West Vancouver E. W. Kraft 1128 Homer Street Vancouver W. A. Lang Department of Agriculture Victoria C. E. Lauienoe 646 Victoria Street Kamloops D. M. LeBourdais Barkerville N. E. McDiarmid Ladner Geo. B. McDermot GoUen A. D. Paterson ,;M^1f "" Henrv Peters .Enderby W. H. Pottruff Jlevehtoke J. G. Robson 784 Hamilton Street New Westnunster George Sangster P. O. Box 705 yjctona William E. Boott .Victoria J. Sewell Pentictoii J. Forsyth Smith • ■ Victoria W. E. SmiU» Revelstoke R. G. Swan 249 Hastings St. E Vancouver Arthur L. Trisgilhis ■. Barkerville F. F. Westbrook Univursity of British Columbia Vancouver J. Kerr Wilson, M.D Main Street J.'«»n?'' William Voung Comptroller W^ater Riots' Victoria MANITOBA S. Benson Winnipeg John Hamilton Jielwxi M. C. Hendiy 231 Chambers of Commerce Winnipeg J. Bruce Walker Dominion Immira-ation Agent Winnipeg W. C. McKelUcan Dominion Seed Branch Brandon NOVA SCOTIA Rev. RonaW Beaton Antigonb-h Mrs. C. F. Shares Invemcs.s ONTARIO J. B. Challiea Water Power Branch, Dept of Interior. . . .Ottaw.a E. F. Drake Depwtment of the Interior Ottawa J. B. Spencer Department of Agriculture Ottawa SASKATCHEWAN W. H. Bryce • • • ' V^'"'^f' lohn Dixon Maple Cretk C. E. Flatt Tantalloii 8. A. Greer P. O. Box 321 Mo<»j-jaA G. 8. Herringer ; • ■ Maple CreeK A. F. Mantle Department of Apiculture Regmi Hugh McKellar 38 Stadaoona St. West Moose^a n R. Patton Board of Trade Mwispjau J. W. R«dgwiok Mclvill.' W. J. Ruth»ford Univerriiy of Saskatchewan SaskatocM Wil. Jam«i Thomp«m Fdicia Park Farm • • • • 8"^»V""i' Albert H. White North Battlef..r.l R. G. WUU»mK« Maple Cnn. GREETINGS FHOM "LUCILLE THE FIRST* 321 Niel Nielsen . .San Francisco Australia 419 Market Street Russia Peter P. Von Weymam.. . . Ministry of Agriculture Petrograd SECRETARY HOOKER: The Executive Committee, one member each of which is appointed by the state and provincial delegations, for the following year, has been called to meet on the platform of this hall at the conclusion of the afternoon meeting of the Congress. State delegations should see that their Executive Committee man is informed and is present at that meeting. PRESIDENT YOUNG desires it announced that W. D Beers, of Utah, and William Young, of British Columbia, are appointed members of the Resolutions Committee by the Board of Governors, under the provisions of the Constitution. GREETINGS FROM "LUCILLE THE FIRST." We have a message of greeting from "Lucille the First," who was Queen of the Irrigation Congress preceding this one at Salt Lake City. Her message reads as follows: "Lucille The First— who enjoyed the honour of being Queen at the Twentieth Convention of the Irrigation Congress held in Salt Lake City, Utah, two years ago— takes the lib- erty of sending to the Irrigation Congress convened at Cal- Kary, Canada, through its able and distinguished President, Major Young, greetings and best wishes for a most successful session, on this its Twenty-First Anniversary. "All of the undertakings of the Irrigation Congress are dear to the heart of their erstwhile queen; and she earnestly hopes that this meeting may realize the fruition of the most cherished plans of that worthy body. "She also recalls with great pleasure her acquaintances of two years ago, and she invokes the kind offices of kismet to afford a speedy opportunity for renewal of the many delightful friendships -tarted at that time. "September Thirtieth Four Cummings Apartments. Salt Lake City, Utah. U. S. A. (Applause.)" CHAIRMAN CASE: Those of you who were present at the opening of the Congress nt Salt Lake City will certainly remember the Queen. The opening of that Congress, at which Senator Newlands presided, was in the Tabernacle, filled with 21 332 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS ten or twelve thousand people, and it was certainly a beautiful sight. I have the pleasure to present to you the President of the Washington Irrigation Institute, gentlemen, who was a pioneer in the upbuilding of Washington, Mr. E. F. Benson. (Applause.) Addren by E. F. Benson PrMident Washington Iiriftation Institute IRRIGATION CONDITIONS IN THE STATE OF WASHINGTON Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: I notice on the programme that the next discussion is the Call of states and provinces, and five minute talks by the representatives of states and provinces. The state of Wash- ington is very pleased to be able to discuss its affairs without this restriction, but it would be out of place to discuss our proposition only, while the other provinces and states are restricted to five minutes. In the interests of conserving your time I trust you will pardon reading what little I have to say. Irrigation Conditions in the State of Washington — a very dry and uninterp^ting subject if discussed only from an advertising or boosting standpoint. But a brief statement of some irrigation conditions and difficulties, and how we are trying to overcome them, might be of interest to those of you who are similarly situated. Practically all the irrigable lands, in our state, lie east of the Cascade Mountains, where the annual precipitation varies from five to nine inches in different parts of the Yakima Valley and along the Columbia river, to sixteen inches on tlie Spokane prairies and some of the higher valleys. In the western part of the state, in the Puget Sound district, where the yearly rain-fall is forty inches or more, irri- gation would not be expected, but during the summer months the gardens and berry fields, even on the rich bottom lands, frequently need irrigation, especially during an unusually lonj: dry season such as last summer, when no rain fell for seventy- five days at one stretch. But the gravelly prairies, even in western Washington, must be regularly irrigated to produce much, and there is already some pumping itom wells and creeks, and even gravity canals are being built. This does not refer to tli:it district west of the Olympic range, along the Pacific Ocean, where the rain-fall at one point is about ten acre feet each year. This discussion, therefore, refers, almost entirely '<» conditions in eastern Washington where more than 400.(><'<) ADDRESS BY E. F. BENSON 323 acres are under irrigation works and over 300,000 acres are actually irrigated and cultivated. Much progress has been made in irrigation development, both before and since the U. S. Reclamation Service began its activities in 1906. Most of the government work in our state has thus far been done in the Yakima Valley, where there is more land than water. Large storage works are being constructed in the mountains. • le'^nn P'"®^®'^* P^*°s '^^^^ fu^y Worked out, will cost about 915,000,000 and store over one million acre feet yearly. These works not only assure ample water for existing canals, which now irrigate about 300,000 acres, but make provision for the irrigation of 400,000 acres of additional land in this one valley. Other large areas in the state, for which irrigation is being earnestly sought, are the Horse Heaven, the Palouse project SS^A^if Qui'^cy Valley district, amounting in all to about 800,000 acres. Altogether one and one quarter million acres of dry land, in the state of Washington, are under consideration for irriga- tion, with no pfesent prospect of anything being done, unless, through some district organizations, Federal aid can be se- cured. AS TO CROPS Very little of the irrigated land in Washington is devoted to small grams. Fruits, hops, potatoes, and alfalfa, with its accompanying hve ftock, are the chief productions, but the increasing number of milk cows and hogs, is stimulating corn production to an extent not dreamed of, a few years ago. A Washington farmer won the sweep-stakes at the Dallas Corn Show, Texas, last winter, and the corn production for the state this year is estimated at 1,000,000 bushels. Under one irrigation project a careful crop census, taken after the 1913 crop was harvested, showed that 4,510 acres in corn produced 225,000 bushels, an average of fifty bushels per acre, inn^* ™*y be of interest to know that this project containinj? 100,000 acres has, most of it, been watered for the past twenty years, that 58,300 acres is the tOi^I area irrigated up to this season; that 46,230 acres was the total area cropped during the season of 1913; that the market value of crops produp'«d that year was $2,820,786, an average of a little over $81 00 per acre. The fruit business became so profitable a few years ago, that exaggerated prices prevailed for orchard? and orchard lands. $1,000 an acre for orchards and $300 to $100 an acre for unimproved lands, in the most desirable districts were the rule and not the exception, and as high as $2,500. an acre 324 TWENTY-FIR ST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS has been paid in the different valleys for improved orchards, and a few deals were made at much higher prices. Such sales were widely heralded and prospective immi- grants to our irrigated prairies went elsewhere to find cheaper lands. ,. The hopes of the land booming speculator went glimmering as year after year the crop of immigrants failed to come. Meantime the farmers who have been growing alfalfa, milking cows and feeding hogs, have noticed no depreciation in the earnings of their farms. Even the 'ruit men, with the two exceptionally poor years for prices (1912 and 1914) have done as well as they ever did and many of them still insist that the lands never were priced too high and that occasional sales, now being made at less than twenty-five to fifty per cent of the prices which prevailed three to six years ago, will come back in the very near future. This illustrates the absolute falsity of that much talked of and generally believed rul3 that "Land value depends on its Earning Capacity." That was the rule which justified the fruit land prices of $2,000 to 15,000 an acre. Some of the actual returns to many of the best growers, not merely for one year, but during a term of years, sound like "Arabian Nights" stories, and anyone repeating such tales is classed as a worthy successor of Baron Munchausen. Some one will ask, "What possible rule for land values can you invoke, if you refuse to admit that its earning possibtUttes are the one true index of its value." It is the earning ability of the land as it is farmed by the common or average farmer, but not as it is farmed by the specialist, or the unusually successful manager, that gives the fair test of land value. In the matter of bringing up the ability of the farm oper- ator to the point where his efficiency and farming successes make his land more valuable, the state of Washington is making good progress. It is quite generally conceded that maximum results arc very seldom secured; that we do not know whether we art- irrigating too little or too much, or at improper times, for many of the crops that should be very profitable; that som.' sort of rotation system is better for both the water user and the ditch company, than the continuous flow throughout th." season; that ideal soil conditions for some crops frequently require certain soil building crop rotating practices to make farming most successful; and the fact that our people .1.. realize these shortcomings and the need of more expenm.M'.- tation in these realms, and are striving to solve the numerous irrigation problems, makes us all hopeful of results in the nc^" future. ADDRESS BY E. F. BENSON 325 Anybody can grow alfalfa in our country and harvest four or five tons per acre, at three cuttings of fairly good hay, but everybody can not or does not now grow eight or nine tons of first quality alfalfa per acre. A few farmers do, but the great majority do not. Occasionally a man grows potatoes exceptionally well, both as to quantity and quality, but most of our growers either get a poor stand or for some other reason get only a quarter of a crop. Alfalfa seed is produced with profit in nearly every alfalfa growing district from Northern Montana to Southern Arizona, yet our alfalfa growers in Washington, either haven't learned how, or else they haven't gotten into the habit, for we ship in practically all the seed we use. Some farmers produce reasonably good crops with a small quantity of water, while others use or waste enormous quantities, out of all proportion to their real needs. I know of one five acre tract mostly in young orchard just coming into bearing that was watered last year with twenty- seven acre inches. The owner was entitled to more and could have had it without extra cost, but made a good showing with that quantity. A near neighbour to him, on a ten acre tract of similar soil, partly in young orchard and partly in alfalfa used 185 acre inches, and did not get a very good result either. Similar instances can be found under every project. Some people in our state have been irrigating a long time and making all the success we could wish, but we have many new settlers on our irrigated farms who need helpful sugges- tions and aid from their neighbours as well as from the County Agricultural expert, the Agricultural College and the Depart- ment of Irrigation Investigations at Washington, D. C. Our State Agricultural College is doing splendid work. It is located in one of the best wheat countries on earth, in the famous Palouse country, but it is too far away from any of the irrigated districts to solve many of the irrigation prob- lems. We have an experiment station in western Washington, connected with the State College, which has abundantly justified its creation, and a very general sentiment prevails in favour of a similar experiment station to be establish 1 in some one of the irrigated valleys of our state, to help r^ A inci- dentally to help all of you, to get the best results om our irrigated lands; to introduce many profitable crops that are now overlooked, and to improve methods now in use. We have felt the need in our state of organizing wh.at h&a been called the "Washington Irrigation Institute" to help the irrigation farmer, the canal manager, the engineer, and to help to enlighten the public regarding every phase of irriga- 326 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS tion. We had a most helpful, enthusiastic and splendid meeting a year ago at North Yakima and our next meeting will be held there December 16th, 17th and 18th, Everyone interested in the broad subject of irrigation from any view point, is cordially invited to attend and participate in the discussions, regardless of what state or province he may hail from. We are doing what we can to correct the erroneous im- pression, altogether too prevalent, that farming generally and especially irrigation farming is less honourable or less profit- able or less desirable than the city life. If the Garden of Edc-n was as much of a paradise as we are led to believe, it most certainly was itrigated, and the water of life is making our state, as well as mauy other states, a veritable Garden of Eden. Before much progress can be made in the direction of providing happy homes for the millions, public sentiment must be developed along the ideas of: 1st "Back to the Land." "The responsibility of every land owner for the sacred trust of land ownership", that he shall get the same into a producing condition in a reasonably short time. "The making and using the by-products of the farm, orchard and garden." "The production of live stock." "Improving market facilities." In short, getting the maximum results from the land. Population in America is increasing much more rapidly than food production, and the man who, with industry and intelligence, prepares to feed the people will be sure of reason- able returns for his labour. If we would hear about "The High Cost of Living" and the evils and hardships incident to the great congestion of pop- ulation in our large cities, we must help the irrigation farmer to make the most of his opportunities, and get more lands under water and more farmers on those lands. In this we cannot go wrong, unless by deliberate exagger- ation in represent I ng the future of our irrigation difltri«"*s. It is the province of this "International Irrigati-n Con- gress" and similar state and district associations, as well as commercial clubs and chambers of commerce throughout the country, to awaken and direct a correct public sentimeni and, until that is done, vast areas of fertile land will continui to remain un-irrigated, because the first and basic reason for building a canal is that the land is needed and will be 8peedil\ put under cultivation. , . , The individuals, the organization and institution, and th- public officials who aid and encourage such development, ar 2nd: 3rd: 4th: 5th: DISCUSSION 327 i i engaged in the greatest economic and philanthropic work of this generation. They are laying the foundation for local and national prosperity, and helping to create thrifty rural communities and individuals, the surest foundation of good citizenship. (Applause). MR. DENNIS: Mr. Chairman, I would like to ask Mr. Benson one question. He incidentiilly deals with what, after all, is at the foundation of success of all irrigation projects and that is the value of the land. I understand he takes the ground that it is not a fair proposal to sell land based on a valuation of a reasonable percentage of return. May I ask Mr. Benson to give us his ideas as to what he considers a fair basis to adopt by an individual, or a corporation or a govern- ment in inviting the settler from anywhere in the world to take up an irrigated farm. MR. BENSON: Evidently Mr. Dennis overlooked the distinction I made, and that was that the usual valuation is based on a certain particular tract in the project, therefore proving conclusively that the land is worth $1,000 to $5,000 an acre. My contention is that this is absolutely unfair, because we are dealing with averages; you have to take the result of the average and not the result of the extraordinary farm. Now under one of the Yakima Valley projects, a man came in a few years ago and paid $40,000 for thirty-two acres. Across one end of the tract he had a row of beautiful d'Anjou pear trees. That row of trees occupied between three-quarters of an acre and one acre. The net returns from that one row of pears has paid that man, according to his statement, five per cent on his $40,000 investment from the day he bought the place till now. Now for any one to say that that land is worth $50,000 an acre is ridiculous therefore it is the average that you must rely on and not a particular individual, or the extraordinary production of some small tract. MR. DENNIC: Raising diversified crops? MR. BENSON: Raising anything you may wish. MR. D. W. ROSS, of California; I v do you propose to maintain this average value in order mt justice may be done to the average man and not over-capitalize the industry of agriculture? MR. BENSON: My answer to that will be if any one will go over a project he will »oon find out what a farmer is Retting, he will very soon fin the delegates that, for the purpose of enabling the delegatrs from south of the line who want to return via Lethbridp- to-morrow evening to do so, we have changed the hour n. which the special will leave to-morrow morning to 9 o'clock instead of 10 o'clock. That will give ua sufficient time t" get all the delegates back in time to make connection with the train for the south at 6.45 o'clock. Will you kind!. make that information as widely known as possible? T! The resolution appears to be CONSIDERATION OF COMMITTEE REPORT 341 tram will leave at 9 o'clock instead of 10 o'clock, returninB about 6.30 p. m at the latest, so that the delegates who desire to make the tram for Lethbridge at 6.45 p. m. will be here in time. PRESIDENT YOUNG: The Secretary will read a resolution, submitted as a separate resolution, which was not prepared m time for submission under the rules. It is a resolutioi which has been submitted by Professor Ball, Dr Harris, Mr. Nares, of California, and by myself. The resolution was read by the Secretary as follows: RESOLUTION The delegates to this Convention from the United States desire to express their gratification that the Congress of the Lnited States, acting in accordance with resolutions of this body at the Salt Lake meeting in 1912, has extended the terms of payment for reclamation works from ten years to twenty years. In this act of August 13, 1914, making such extension, it is now seen that the Congress of the United States has gone too far in permitting such extension to all land owners, whether or not cultivating or improving the reclaimed area. As a result, speculation in such reclaimed land IS encouraged and the real irrigator discouraged by the fact that vast areas of surrounding lands are held out of use serving as breeding grounds for pests. We, therefore, urge that prompt action be taken by Congress to limit or restrict this privilege of extension of payments to the lands which are actually under effective cultivation, and to require interest on deferred dues on all lands not thus cultivated. We also urge the repeal of Section 16 of the said Act of August 13, 1914, which transfers the control of the expendi- ture of this reclamation fund from the Secretary of the Interior, and his experienced advisors, to a committee of Congress, the members of which do not and cannot learn that knowledge and deep interest in western conditions so essential to success. It is evident that this act practically nullifies the main objects of the original Reclamation Act m creating a revolving fund and in permitting indefinite extension of meritorious projects leading to home-makinir in the arid West. (Signed) Richard W. Young E. D. Ball F. S. Harris L. A. Nares MR. J. A. HAPPER, of Texas: to second that resolution. Mr. Chairman: I H.esire 842 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS MR. E. F. BENSON, of Washington: Mr. Chairman, I would like to ask s question. My recollection is that that Act only applies .^ chose who improve their land to the extent of half the land put under cultivation at the end of five years. I am wondering if thr '— itlemen who drew the resolution had a copy of the A.f' e them or had all of the provisions in mind. While 1 ,a my xeet I wish to say that I most heartily concur wua the last speaker, changing the Act to make it more reasonabL. PRESIDENT YOUNG : I cannot definitely answer that question myself. It is possible that some one else can. The resolution was drawn with the understanding that the exten- sion was to all land owners, but it is an extension at least for a period of five years, and to that extent, in the judgment of those who submit the resolution, the Act has gone too far. MR. BENSON: I think the Act should require the cultivation of all the tillable land in five years, and from twenty to twenty-five per cent each year. If that was incorporated it would make the thing very reasonable. Gentlemen, the motion is to Are there any further remarks? PRESIDENT YOUNG: adopt the resolution as read. (No response.) The motion was put to a vote and carried. PRESIDENT YOUNG: The resolution is adopted. Our next order of businesii is the report of the Committee on Permanent Organization, of which Mr. Newman is Chair- man, and Mr. Grunwald is Secretary. MEMBERS OF THE PERMANENT ORGANIZATION COMMITTEE L. Newman, Chairman Montana F. H. Peters Alberta Wm. Young British Columbia L. A. Nares California Kurt Grunwald, Secretary Colorado J. B. Case Kansas W. T. Btrd Louisiana C. W. Carman Michigan H. N. Savage Montana C. E. Flatt Saskatchewan C. A. Kinne Texas Geo. a. Smith Utah E. F. Benson Washington PRESIDENT YOUNG : The report will be read by th. Secretary, Mr, Grunwald. PERMANENT ORGANIZATION COMMITTFE REPORT 343 Report of the Ck>mmittee on Permanent Organization Calgary, Alberta, Canada, October 8th, 1914. Tc the Officers and Members of the Twenty-First Interna- tional Irrigation Congress: We, your Committee on Permanent Organization, beg leave to report as follows: The Committee has unanimously nominated the follow- ing officers of the International Irrigation Congress for the year 1915: — Mb. J. B. Case President Abilene, Kansas, U. S. A. Mr. Arthur Hooker Secretary Spokane, Washington, U. S. A. Mr. J. S. Dennis First Vice President Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Mr. Richard F. Surges Second Vice President El Paso, Texas, U. S. A. Mr. J. T. HiNKLB Third Vice President Hermiston, Oregon, U. S. A. Mr. Kurt Grunwald Fourth Vice President Denver, Colorado, U. S. A. Mr. George Albert Smith Fifth Vice President Salt Lake City, Utah, U. S. A. The following named places made applications for the meeting of the next Congress: — Galveston, Texas. Oakland, California. Upon discussion a resolution was unanimously adopted requesting the Board of Governors to negotiate and contract with such city as will, in the judgment of the Board, best serve the interest of the Congress. The Committee unanimously endorsed the Newlands Bill and urged the Resolutions Committee to recommend its adoption by the Congress. Respectfully submitted, (Signed) L. Newman, Chairman. Kurt Grunwald, Secretary 344 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL I RRIGATION CONGRESS MR. GRUNWALD: Mr. Chairman, I move the adop- tion of the report. DR. E. D. BALL, of Utah: I have much pleasure in seconding that motion Mr. President. The motion was put to a vote and carried. PRESIDENT YOUNG: The report is adopted unani- mously. I would like to say that it will be my pleasure at to-night's session to introduce the President-elect of the Congress. There is another invitation for the next session of this Congress, which is conveyed in the following telegram: INVITATION FROM BATON ROUGE Baton Rouge, Louisiana, October 7th, 1914. W. T. Byrd, Care Irrigation Congress, Calgary, Alberta: The Chamber of Commerce requests that you, as its second vice-president, invite and urge the Irrigation Congress to hold its next convention at Baton Rouge, on the foothills of the hemisphere, and in whose harbour foreign shipping meets the drainage of the Mississippi Valley. (Signed) Joseph Ramires, President, By Order Executive Committee. (Applause.) PRESIDENT YOUNG: The adoption of the report does away with the next item of business, the selection of the next place of meeting. We now reach the Call of the states and provinces, under which five-minute talks will be heard from the provincial and state representatives. We propose, ladies and gentlemen, to adopt a rule which has not been heretofore adopted, and to ring the bell as we have generally done in previous sessions of the Congress. The first bell will be rung after the speaker has spoken for four minutes, to give him one minute in which to make his peroration, and then in five minutes the final bell will be rung twice, and that will of course end the talk. The Secretary will call the roll of the provinces and states represented in this Congress. ALBERTA MR. J. S. DENNIS: Mr. Chairman, we cannot allow Alberta to let five minutes go begging when we have an opportunity such as this. I had hoped that some one else who had not taken up so much time of the Congress would have said a few words. Some men can say quite a lot in CALL OF THE STATES AND PROVINCES 345 five minutes, but I do not know that I can — the subject is such a gigantic one. Alberta is only a small portion of our Great West, but those of us who are proud to live in Alberta are always ready to say a good word for it and sometimes possibly out of season. We speak of it as "Sunny Alberta" and we advertise it as "Sunny Alberta." We have en- deavoured by a special arrangement with the Clerk of the Weather, after exerting a very great deal of persuasion, to show you that sometimes the sun does shine in Alberta. The province, exte Jing as it does from the international boundary practically up to the Far North, contains within its boundary a country of all characters of climates and soils. However, we are optimistic enough to think that anywhere within its boundaries a man of the right kind can make a home, and our object is to get men together and m ke those homes. We want them badly. Ws think we have a great province in the Great West, and we think that its future is bright, its potentialities are great — soil, climate, fuel, natural gas, oil (we hope), but over and above all, what we feel is foundationally the greatest of all assets, a suitable soil for home-making — these are among a few of our attrac- tions. We have not had the progress that we hoped for. We have had a marvellous progress in the development of our urban centres and our railway centres, and our coal mining industry and the natural gas of the province, but we have not had the extension that we hoped for and that we need in our agriculture. That is our problem of the future. It is a big problem. It is the same big problem that is con- cerning all the large portion cf Western America. People on the land and not in the urban centres. In Alberta we are going to try to correct that, realizing that in our urban centres we have got to have a period of marking time until we can get the agricultural centres up to time. Speaking for Alberta, modestly, I hope, but optimistically* I also hope, we look forward to the time that Alberta will have the good luck to persuade the larger number of our delegates and their friends who have been so good as to come up here, that they will comp back the next time with the intention of throwing in their lots with us and to make Albarta what she should be. (Applause.) BRITISH COLUMBIA MR. W. E. SCOTT: Mr. Dennis has found it a very difficult matter in the space of five minutes to describe the great attractions of the province of Alberta. How much more difficult, then will it be for me in five minutes to describe the glories of our province of British Columbia. Mr. Presi- 340 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS dent, ladies and gentlemen, you heard what I said at the beginning, but it is a very difficult matter in the space of five minutes to give you any adequate idea at all as to the resources and attractions of our great province to the west of us here. Before I say anything about it I would just like, on behalf of the representatives from British Columbia and for myself, to thank the good people of Calgary for the very hospitable reception they have given us, and for the splendid time which they have given us. I assure you th'' all the delegates from British Columbia very much appreciat,, that indeed, and also, in a few words, I would like to express my appreciation for the splendid work of your Board of Control, for the way in which they have managed this Con- gress, which is one of the best Congresses I ever had the pleasure of attending. Also may I refer to your exhibits. I had the honour of being one of your judges in judging your exhibits. I think that it is a very good thing to have these exhibits a': these Congresses. They have a great educational value. Just to illustrate how close they were in the first three exhibits when we handed in our individual scores the only difference in the first three was three quarters of one per cent, which was such a near thing that we left it to another judge to give a decision. In those first throe exhibits there was nothing to choose between them, as the decision of the judges showed. British Columbia is a big province, as we all know. It has an area of 252,000,000 acres. It has a population of 450,000. Yet the returns from that province last year in agriculture, in minerals i fisheries, in timber and in manu- factures was no less a sum than $144,000,000, which gives a per capita production of well over $300 for every man, woman, and child within the province. (Applause.) We are going through the evolution of a new country, although the appela- tion of B. C. might lead one to think otherwise. Still we are a new country, and we have many problems to contend with. We are going through the evolution that you people to the south of us went through years ago, but we will come out on top all right. There is one item which has undoubtedly militated against settlement in our country, and that is the real estate element, which has been in evidence in the last few years in the West. That has come to an end now, and it is a good thing it ha?, because it will give us an opportunity to travel the lines ol legitimate development. What we have to consider now is how to get pv^ople on the land, how can they make their living off the land. If you will look at the exhibit of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company and the British Col imbia Government, you can realize that we can grow the produce CALL OP THE STATES AND PROVINCES 347 all right. The marketing of that, however, is the difficulty now, and as long as the farmers keep on their individual marketing, and will not come together on sane business-like co-operative lines, they will never get the prices for their produce to whicli they are justly entitled. Turn again to our province. I just want to illustrate what has been accomplished in eighteen years in one district. Eigh- teen years ago the same famous Okanagan Valley, I would be safe in saying, did not ship out fifty carloads of produce. I think a conservative estimate of the amount of produce this year is 2,700 carloads of fruit and vegetables. (Applause.) So you will see that we are making some progress. We have also the beautiful country on Vancouver Island, and our fertile plains of the delta, and the east and west Kootenay, and the Thompson Valley, and all those great countries — countries which will come into their own. The irrigation problem is one which we have, as well as you people, and one which we are endeavouring to solve along good and proper lines. I was very pleased to see that this Convention agreed to that resolution — (Time expired). MR. KURT GRUNWALD, of Colorado: Colorado relinquishes its five minutes to British Columbia. (Applause.) PRESIDENT YOUNG: Your time is extended five minutes under the circumstances. MR. SCOTT: Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen, I really must extend to the representative of Colorado my great appreciation of his kindness. I think it is extremely nice. MR. DENNIS: They realize that Colorado does not need anv boost, Mr. Scott. MR. SCOTT: We want to get people on the land, and how can we best get them on the land? There is one point which I want to mention, and I do not think too much emphasis can be laid on it, and that is, that we want to get away from this advertising and making statements which may be true, but which are misleading, in as much as they do not represent average conditions. Even if legislation had to be brought into effect to control that, it would be a good thing, because a man comes out here and he is told that he can do certain things, and make two or three hundred dollars an acre off the land, and he comes out and works hard, and does his best, and he finds that these stories are fairy tales. A discontented settler is the worst advertisement a country can have. Then, how can we help the people on the land? I main- tain that the best way is a policy of education beginning through our universities and our agricultural schools, the 8ame as we have in the province of Alberta, and let me take ^ -**.-' ;^''#-. ji 348 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS this opportunity of saying — I think your agricultural school system in Alberta is just about ideal. By our agricultural schools and demonstration farms and plots, if you can show the farmer how he can increase that twenty bushel crop of wheat to one of forty alongside of his land, with only a small ex- tra expenditure, you have a convert, but you have to show aim the method, and I think that is a line of work that we can well take up in our country. As far as our department is con- cerned, we are already teaching that class of work, but it should be taken up by scientific methods, showing a farmer how he can increase a twenty or thirty bushel crop to one of forty. I have always been told that I am a crank on one subject, and that is on the question of co-operation, and co-operation is in the air in our province, I am glad to say, and is coming to stay. The farmers have got to get together. Does it not seem somewhat of an anomaly, when you come to think of it, that farming is the only business in which the price is dictated to the farmer himself? A man says twenty-five cents a dozen is the price of your eggs. The manufacturer says this is the price of my goods. Now the only way that can be changed is by effective co-operation along well thought out and business-like lines. I have one thing to say which I had nearly forgotten, and that is, when the next Congress is held in Canada, British Columbia is going to make a great bid for the Congress. (Applause.) And I want all you sister provinces here to vote for British Columbia for this reason, that we have totally different conditions in British Columbia. They are not similar to what you have here, and we will do our best if it comes to British Columbia. We cannot excel, but we may pcssibly, if we try hard, equal the very great hos- pitality that we have had from the citizens of Calgary. (Applause.) CALIFORNIA MR. L. A. NARES: Mr. President, Ladies and Centlo- men: California did need, at one time, a great deal of boosting. 1 do not say that it does not need i)oosting still. Alberta was first called on, and when I saw some hesitation, and then my old friend, Mr. Hennia get up, it n-minded me of the story of the Californi:> > who was travelling east and lie got into a town where he found pretty nearly all of its citi- zens were attending a funeral. He followed that funeral into the church, and at one time during the sermon the priest invited anybody to say anything that he had to say with regard to the departed friend. Thcrr was a hesitation perhaps for several minutes, and then our friend from Cali- fornia got up and said, "I did not know the deceased, but 1 CALL OF THE STATES AND PROVINCES 349 think he must have been a pretty good man to have had so good a funeral, but," he said, "as there is not very much else I can say for him, I want to say that I come from California, and I want to tell you what a beautiful country California is — it is the land of sunshine, fruit and flowers." He got his boost in for California. I think that Alberta is I ways getting a boost in. I have heard of it in a great u?,?.':«y Tj.irt.8 of the United States and I think, gentlemen, .,hat it dalthy in its mineral production, also its timber. Further south we begin our irrigated countries around Boise following down the Snake river to the extreme eastern portion, where we have our great irrigated district near Wyoming. Irriga- tion in the eastern part of Idaho has been going on for several years, but in southern Idaho nothing was done till 190.T. Our big reclamation project, directly east of us, is known as the Minnendoka project. In southern Idaho we raise everything except perhaps bananas and oranges. V o have never tried those, perhaps we can. We want to draw your attention to the great production of seeds in southern Idaho. We are going in for that, es- pecially alsike and red clover. We have about 5,500 acres of alsike clover and about 44,000 acres of alfalfa. Now this alsike clover, as well as the red clover, we find to be very great in its production, as well as in its price. We raise from five to thirteen bushels of red clover and alsike seed the acre down there. The average is seven and a half. Now it has been emphasized here that we should not make statements which we cannot back up, but seven and a half bushels is our actual average upon this seed. I thank you gentlemen. (Applause.) CALL OF THE STATES AND PROVINCES 331 KANSAS MR. J. B. CASE: Mr. President, I do not like to make the other people of the United States feel bad, but I do feel that I ought to say a word for Kansas. Two-thirds of the state of Kansas is in what is known as the rain belt. One- third of its territory is subject to irrigation, and we have now a commission and are experimenting on the pumping proposition, and I have every reason to believe that it is going to be a success, and the western one-third of our state, when it is demonstrated that it is a success, will produce more than the eastern part of the state. As a small boy I went toKaasas forty-three years ago. Then Kansas was in its wild state. Indian and the buffalo were then very prominent, but after we became a state, after the bloody battle of the Lawrence Massacre we began to grow. We have had all kinds of troubles, we have had droughts, grass-hoppers and trials and vicissitudes, such as you may go through now in this great Dominion, but through it all we have stuck to it, and stayed with it, until to-day we have passed all competition in raising grain. I do not care to take up your time, but I have a letter from Mr. Mohler, the Secretary of Agriculture for Kansas, which gives you a little idea of what Kansas has produced in the year 1914. Our reports show that Kansas harvested 8,790,000 acres of wheat, and if this figure is taken with the government estimate of the yield at twenty bushels per acre, it would mean we have had and raised 180,197,000 bushels of wheat. The estimate of corn bv the state of Kansas is 125,000,000 bushels; oats 55,000,000 bushels; Irish potatoes V000,000. bushels The acreage of alfalfa this year is reported by assessors cO be 1.190,340 acres, larger than any other state in the United States. Kansas is fourth in production of butter, fourth in eggs, and in other products I believe that we will run about that way, and I feel that with modern science, with our agricultural colleges, with our education along the lines of science and new ideas, that we will increase our production of wheat and corn and other products at least in the next five or ten years by one-third. Cientlemen, I thank you. (Applaufie.) LOUISIANA MR. W. T. BYRD: Mr. President, Ladies and (Jentle- men: Based on the old adage that an honest confession is good for the soul, I wish to make first an honest admission to the effect that my prime object in attending this C^ongress was to acquire knowledge and absorb ideas from the talks of the distinguished gentlemen that have and will address 362 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNA iIONAL IRRIGATION CON3RE33 US on these very interesting subjects; not that I would not gladly give you free access to any knowledge that I had that might be beneficial to you collectively or individually, but I did not feel that I knew anything that would be of benefit. However, having been requested by our worthy Secretary to say a few words this evening, I wish to address you on what I think are the two most important subjects of this day, namely organization and utility. First, if we ever expect to accomplish any big thing as communities or nations we must unite. United we stand and divided we fall. One instance I would cite: How long do you suppose it would have taken for an individual to have raised enough capital to build the Canadian Pacific Railway, or how much do you suppose gasolene or oil would be costing Americans had it not been for the organized efforts of the Standard Oil Company? We are retailing good kerosene in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, for seven and a half cents per gallon. What do you suppose it would be costing if it were not for the wonderful economic policy that the Standard Oil Company is able to adopt in its manufacture? Consider the fact that they are able to keep installed the very latest machinery, etc., and to lay a pipe line from Oklahoma to Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and thereby pipe the crude oil from Oklahoma to Baton Rouge, and that by gravity, actually saving the expense of a single pump. At this place they confine it and syphon it into tank steamers, that are able to come to our port, and ship it to all parts of the world. What would our bread be costing us were it not for organized capital in the shape of up to date flour mills? Corporations must be held in line when it is necessary by the enactments of our legislatures. Yes, so do individuals — and as a tribute to the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, as well as answering the Canadian Pacific Railway Company knocker, I would ask this question. Had it not been for them, do you think I could have eaten supper in Baton Rouge last Wednesday evening and breakfast here Monday morning, with a day and night in Chicago, and would I have found Calgary such as it is to-day, when I did arrive? As to utility, gentlemen, I believe that God, in his wisdom, has put everything on this globe, and on this side of it too, that the almost unquc hing desire of man can wisli for, or at lea*-' need. But the wheat does not ripen into hot rolls, or the sheep fleeces grow into ready made suits of the latest style. Nor does it rain just exactly everywhere \vc want it, and iust when we want it. There is an abundanre of water in the United States and Canada at all times for all needs, if it were proporly utilised and distributed; thus CALL OF THE STATES AND PROVINCES 353 the untiring efforts of these great men here and the ones that have preceded them. Now in my section there is scarcely a time that we have not too much water, while some of our sister states and our beloved cousin states on this side of the border are parching and suffering for the need of it. Between all of us we ought to be able to devise ways and means to divert it, from the points where there is an excess, to the points where there is none ornot enough. I think that Mr. Newland's great mind has at least thrown a ray of light into the arena in which all of our troubles were stored. What we of the southern Mississippi Valley want is to get rid of an over-abundance of water at any one time. May God bless the Irrigation Congress, and may its efforts be crowned with success to the benefit of both the man without any water and to the one with too much. In conclusion, I beg to invite you to hold your ne.xt session in my home town, where we can show you what the man is up against with too much water. Besides this, I promise you the best time that it is in our power to shew you. I thank you. (Applause.) PRESIDENT YOUNG: There is a very small portion of the earth represented here which we overlooked to call upon, the Continent of Australia. (Applause.) A»'STRALIA MR. NIEL NIELSEN: Mr. Chair -an. Ladies and Gentlemen: I had the privilege yesterday afternoon of addressing a few words to this Congress and I had no idea that I would get another privilege this afternoon of saying a few more. I am always ready and willing to say a word or two with reference to my own country, because I believe that Australia Is the best country on God's earth, and I also believe, ladies and gentlemen, that it is occupied by about the best people. And. while I say that about my own country, I do not mind each one of you thinking the same of yours. My experience, since I have been to the United States and to Canada, proves to me that the people of these countries in North America are the best boosters I ever had anything to do with. Every man in the United States thinks his home state is the best in the Union, and the United States the best place on earth, and I say that that spirit of p iotism which exists among the people of the United States could well be copied by many other countries in the world. Exactly the same thing applies to Canada. Everyone thinks his province is the best in the whole Dominion, and that the Dominion as a whole takes first place. That is how I feel 23 354 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS about my country, and that is why I am glp.d to have this opportunity of saying a little to you. Yesterday I dealt with irrigation problems and pastoral and dairying problems. To-day I want to say a word in regard to our social conditions. The people of Australia are the wealthiest people on the face of the earth. The total amount of wealth of the people of Australia runs to $500 for every man, woman, and child in Australia, and no other country' in the world can show that. Notwithstanding that fact, some of our people grew old, and some o^ our people are poor when they get old, and for these people are provided a pension after they are sixty-five. It is no disgrace to be old, because one can go to the government and draw his few shillings a week, for the purpose of keeping him better than his circumstances have allowed him to provide for himself. Let me tell you another thing. All invalids within the four corners of the great country of Australia are provided for by the State. Every invalid, who is a permanent invalid for life, instead of having to depend on his relatives, goes to the State month by month and draws his pension because he cannot help himself. (Applause.) Let me tell you something more, we believe that the best immigrant that can come to our country is not so much the man who walks into our port, as the one who arrives there by natural con- ditions. We believe that the best immigrant in Australia is the Australian baby, and so we take more care of the babies in Australia than they are taken care of anywhere else in the world. We provide the mother, however poor, with the means to put her througii that time in an up-to-date and sanitary way. We pay all the mothers a bonus of $25.00 a head for babies born in Australia, so that as few as possible of these babies will be prevented from living, and that they will become good citizens of our good country. In saying these things I am only just wishing to tell you ono or two things of how we manage our social life. We have the commodities that are necessary to keep bo-ly and soul to- gether for next to nothing. I can buy a hind quarter of lamb in our country — (Time expired). MR. E. F. BENSON, of Washington: Washington gladly surrenders her five minutes to her neighbour in the .southwest, Australia. MR. NIELSEN: I am very thankful to Washington. Washington State is one of the nearest neighbours we havi^ on God's earth occupied l)y white people. The people of America are our nearest white neighbours, although they do not appreciate us as much as we appreciate them. I do CALL OF THE STATES AND PROVINCES 355 thoroughly appreciate the opportunity that the delegate from Washington has given me to-day to say a few more words. That is good enough for an Australian. MR. L. NEWMAN, of Montana: Montana will yield half its time to the gentleman from Australia. MR. NIELSEN: I was dealing, ladies and gentlemen, with the way we live there, and I was telling you that you can buy a hind quarter of mutton, in any of the retails in the city of Sydney, for about fifty cents for the hind quarter, con- taining fifteen to twenty pounds. Now bread is cheap there too, and the reason for that is that we have such a tremendous amount to pay to get stock to London, that we sell it cheaply to our own people, to get them to eat it. I can buy a thirty-two ounce loaf in any of the towns of Australia for five cents. We grow sugar by white labour — that is not done in any other part of the world. A few years ago we had Kanakas working in that industry and we passed what we call the White-Australia Law. We shipped these Kanakas back to the Islands. We decided that having taken away the cheap labour we would give the sugar planter protection. In addition to that we gave him a bonus for all the sugar he grew by white labour, and after ten years experimenting of that description we find that we can grow sugar by white labour and sell to the people at some five to six cents a pound, which is as good as you get here. That is a proof that you can produce by white labour, with the assistance of machinery, just as cheaply as you can in other countries with black labour. We believe that Aus- tralia is a white man's country, and to keep it that we must work the tropical parts with white labour as well as the other parts. To do that we have had to provide means to allow our planters there to produce things which in other countries are produced by black labour. We believe in giving them the extra bonus necessary to allow them to do what we have proved can be done: that any industry can live without the adoption of cheap labour, because any industry which cannot do so has no right to live at all. (.\pplause.) We prefer to allow other countries to make those commodities which it is necessary to have cheap labour to make. We believe that everything should be done to make the condition of the poorer section of our people better than it was before we started the systematic progression of government that we have at the present time. We believe that the man who does the hard work in the world is the greatest asset the world has. If you do anything to make your workingman's load lighter, and his work easier, you will assist more in the general prosperity of the country than if you do something to boost a big trust or a big organization. 356 TWENTY-F IRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRES S We have no trusts in Australia, ladies and gentlemen, We have no trusts in Australia, because you have them in America— that is the reason. We profited by your experience, and we decided to carry out our stock legislation before the trusts came, so as to prevent them coming and robbing the people of our country. Now, that might be considered strong language, and so it is — but when you i ike the varnish ofl, those are the facts and that is the positi'.n. As soon as any business becomes centred in the hands of so few people so that those few people have the right to dictate to the producer or the consumer as to what shall be the price of their commodities, so soon should that business be owned by the people themselves and owned by the State. (Applause.) Those are the reasons, gentlemen, why we have adopted practical socialism in Australia. I am not a socialist, as you understand it, at all, but I believe that if we go to the extent of that principle of saying as soon as any organization has power to put a price on the commodity of any particular individual, and says "We won't give you beyond that price," so soon should that power be taken away and ador' ' by the general communities of the State, and no inj .11 be inflicted on the individual. The interests of the individual is the concern of all. That is an old political gag, and in most countries that is all it is. In our country, though, the people rule, and the people demand that the people should be treated in a proper way, not only by their legislatures and administrators, but also by the laws of the land. We are a law abiding people there, despite that fact, but we take care that the laws are what we want. In Australia we have given every man and every woman throughout the continent the right to vote, (Applause) and we ask those people, "what have you got to vote for?" and they tell us at once "to see that those in authority do not do anything against the common people," and this is the effect of it. Many of the things that we have taken up and carried out by the State, we have done so, because we have been compelled to. I may allude to one instance. Ten or twelve years ago we had an outbreak of the bubonic plague. That is a disease which is caused by infection from rats. We had lots of rats there, and everyone was in great distress as to how to get rid of them. I was a member of parliament in those days there, and I occupied a seat in parliament for fifteen years in Australia, and only resigned when I came to America. We derided one night in a hurry that people who had rats would have to kill them. They would not do that, they said, "Why should we disturb our rats? We have a right to let rats run on our property.?' Well, what happened? Our Prime Minister took a sur- veyor down the main street and put in two pegs, and said, MTW^ CALL OF THE STATES AND PROVINCES 357 "From there to the river is our property." That is what happened. Now, we assumed possession of all that part of the city of Sydney that abutted on Sydney Harbour, We pulled down the old buildings and built them up anew. We paid the people for the property we took from them, we did not take it for nothing either. We believed in the idea that what man owns is his. We have paid for that property and improved it, and the State has occupied it for ten years. We have built new walls and docks, and to-day that property pays more than five per cent interest on the total cost that was spent on it. We were forced into that because the 1 jple would not kill their rats, but that is an idea, of how, in ! icw country you can do things of that description, because \ a cannot get the individual to do what the State can do. I am very thankful to you, ladies and gentlemen, for having listened to me to-day, and I am glad to be here, the only representative at this great Congress, to represent, not a province, or a state, but a whole continent. I represent the continent of Australia, and let me tell you ladies and gentlemen it is some country too. Australia is bigger than the United States of America. Although it does not contain nearly as many people, it is nevertheless bigger. We have five million people in that great country. We hope to make it as good a country as yours is, not only in area but in popu- lation. We look with pride to our cousins across the sea. We hope to progress with them, and we hope that the two of us, in the future, will be able to prevent such disasters as are at present taking place in Europe, once we are federated under a proper and systematic constitution. (Applause.) PRESIDENT YOUNG: When you get a continent started it seems rather difficult to stop it. I am sure we were very much interested in the address of Mr Nielsen, particularly about the aid rendered to the old and the sick and to the mother. I venture this supposition, that the aid given to the mother does not include the twilight method which we have been reading about, the invention of a couple of Leipsic doctors, inasmuch as it was made in Germany. The next state is the state of Michigan. MICHIGAN MR. C. W. CARMAN: I will take but a few moments, and you can all hear me well enough tu know that I come from Michigan, but if you do not know where it is, I will tell you that the Ford Automobile is manufactured in Michigan. I do not ome from a continent, but the Ford automobile goes on every continent in the world, hence I trust you will know where the state of Michigan is. I believe I am the only man from Michigan here, and I have no trouble at all in electing myself to speak to you this afternoon, as 3.I58 TWENTY-FIRST INT ERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS there was no opposition. Well, Michigan manufactures more automobiles than any other state, and more furniture than any other state, as Grand Rapids is the leading furmture city of the world. The same thing may be said for lumber and a great many other things. I doubt if there is a man, hardly, in the state, who knows anything about irrigation, but I want to express the point that Michigan not only manufactures the Ford automobile, but it is still broad- minded, and although it does not need any irrigation because of its rain-fall, it is nevertheless interested in the rest of the United States and in Canada, Many of the people in Michigan own land in the West. I have a fruit ranche in the Yakima Valley, and I am interested in the raising of fruit by irrigation. I own thousands of acres of land in Alberta, as do many other people from Michigan. I have raised in Alberta 150,000 bushels of grain in four years, within one hundred miles of Calgary, and I have raised that without irrigation, but what I want to speak about to-day is not about Michigan, because it is not an irrigation state, but the fact of what has been discussed in this whole Congress, especially to-day, and that is with reference to dry-farming and irrigation. I have watched very closely, and I have studied for the few seasons I have been in Alberta, the question of dry-farming and irrigation, and I have come to the conclusion that, while in Alberta we can raise grain and while in Alberta the mining of wheat, as it has been called, is in progress, we can raise barley and all kinds of vegetables without irrigation, and while our effort is that of some of the eastern states there is one trouble with Alberta, and that is the unexpected dry year. What we want in Alberta is a combination of dry-farming and irrigation. What we want to do, and why I wish to be able to bring people from Michigan to Alberta, is to say you can make a success. I find discouraged people in Alberta from Michigan. Why? Because such years as 1914 and 1910 happened. Your papers are advertising mixed-farming. There is just one thing that is necessary in order to have mixed-farmnif: in Alberta, and that is a little bit of assurance in the way of water insurance. Give us a little bit, so that we can have it. and when we want it, so that we shall not have to give the stock away some years, like eastern Alberta and western Saskatchewan. I have been working for five years with the Dominion Government to let me take a little bit of water out of the Bow river to care for stock. The Dominion Government has always refused to grant that. Now, when we can have just a little flood water to bridge over the bau season, then I can bring more people from Michigan to Alberta, and the population of southern Alberta will increase and be more prosperous. (Applause.) CALL OF THE STATES AXD PROVINCES 359 PRESIDEN. YOUNG: The next state I call upon is Montana. This state will be represented by Mr. L. Newman, of Great Falls, whose time is limited to two and a half minutes by previous arrangement. MONTANA MR. L. NEWMAN: Mr. (Jhairman, Ladies and Gentle- men: With all due respect to my friends from the different states across the line, I insist that the great st^ ^e of Montana is *he best of them all. I am not saying anything about Australia, and we can well afford to believe everything said by Australia's able representative, because we are not in competition with Australia, but we are with the Dominion of Canada. As you know, Montana joins Canada on the south, and it may be that the province of Alberta, or that portion of it that joins our state, is as good as Montana, because there is nothing but an imaginary line to distinguish one from the other. I say that Montana is the greatest state in th Union, great in area, great in opportunities for men and w ^men. Some time ago a woman in the East asked me what were the chances for women in Montana, and I said they ought to be good, because the proportion of population was three men to one woman. In area Montana is as large as ten of the eastern and New England States. We have 93,000,000 acres of which one- third is first-class agricultural land, one-third second-class, and one-third forest and mountain land. We Montanans ourselves hardly realized until a few years ago the value of our undeveloped resources. Ten years ago our grain yield was 3,000,000 bushels; this year it is i<0, 000,000 bushels. (Applause). PRESIDENT YOUNG: Montana seems to be suffering from Australiatis. OREGON MR. J. T. HINKLE: Mr. President, Ladies and Gentle- men: Oregon, as a state, has received great notoriety almost as much so as Australia, in the matter of its up-to-date and progressive laws, so called Oregon Systems, which, as most of you know, are very well known, including everything constituting the system. We send men over to Australia to pick out all the good things they have over there, and they come back and report to us, and we incorporate them into our Oregon laws. We have the Women's Pension Act. I have not heard about the Rat Law, but I venture to say that the next legislature will pass a Rat Law. Now, Mr. President, ladies and delegates, the state of Oregon, as you may know, is considered a comparatively old 360 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS state, as compared with the western states. You may be surprised when I tell you that to-day, out of its ltt,000,000 acres of tillable land, it has less than 4,000,000 acres actually tilled and occupied, and paying any considerable amount in taxes to the state. You may be surprised when I tell you that we have a rich body of arid lands of about 4,000,000 acres — more than is now included in the entire settled portion of the state, with water flowing down the mountain sides and running to waste into the ocean sufficient to reclaim all of that territory, and to make it vastly richer and more populous than can be sustained now in our rich valleys. The groat problem in the state of Oregon, as you must verily see, is to bring into usefulness some of that 12,000,000 acres of untilled and unoccupied land, and particularly those 4,000,000 acres adapted to irrigation. Now we have done something in these linos in the state of Oregon. We have taken one advance step which no other state in the union has taken. The state of Oregon, in justice to its settlors, has appropriated from the state funds the sum of $450,000 for the purpose of rehabilitating and placing on its feet one of our failure Carey Act irrigation schemes. In justice to the settlers we have done this thing. Not only that, we have proceeded to build that project, and while the appropriation was only made at the last session of the legis- lature, last February a year ago, the project was completed and in operation for this season's delivery of water. That is our great problem, and any of you people who may have anything kind to say of the state of Oregon, I hope you will say that it is, in so far as it is settled, one of the greatest states in the Union, and, when our programme is completed, it will be without question the greatest country on the face of the earth. (Applause.) PRESIDENT YOUNG: Russia is represented hero. Does the gentleman from Russia desire to respond on behalf of his great nation? MR. DENNIS: I think, Mr. President, the Russian representative went out this afternoon with some of the engineers to inspect the headgate. PRESIDENT YOUNG: The next call, then, is tlu' province of Saskatchewan. I have the pleasure of intro- ducing Mr. Flatt, of that province. SASKATCHEWAN MR. C. E. FLATT: Mr. Prp.sident, Ladies and Gentle- men: It affords me a very great deal of pleasure to have the opportunity of speaking to you regarding the province of Saskatchewan. I might say that it would be utterly inipos- ^m CALL OF THE STATES AND PROVINCES 361 sible for me to twll you of the wonderful advantages of that province, and its potentialities as a place for production of those things which are necessary for the maintenance of the human race. I will not attempt that. Saskatchewan is already speaking for itself as our ladies do. I might say that they do not yet have a vote, as they have in Oregon, or Australia, but I will guarantee that Saskatchewan will be the first province in Canada to grant the franchise to women. (Applause.) I wish to speak to you on the economic question, as affecting and demonstrated in the province of Saskatchewan; the great question to-day, the world over — in Europe stopped by the war — but previous to the war. In reading an inter- national bulletin, sent from Washington, a few days ago, I found an article by an authority in Belgium as to the question of how they were going to keep people on the land in Belgium. It is a world-wide question, and there is only one answer to that question. Many answers have been given, but I want to tell you, ladies and gentlemen, that there is only one answer to this question, and that is this — make it 'worth while and possible for the people to live on the land in com- fort, and they will go there and stay there. (Applause.) Now then, in Saskatchewan that is our idea. We believe there that the greatest work for us, as citizens of that great province, to do is to develop the efficiency of the human element, the efficiency of man; and we have stumbled on to what, I believe, is the best solution of that difficulty, and that is two fold system of co-operation. Co-operation; first with the people, one with the other; and next, the co-opera- tion of the people with the government. Now, to illustrate to you how that works out. It first originated — and I take very great pleasure in stating the fact that I was one of the men who stumbled on that — in a co-operative creamery, in the little village in which I live, some eleven years ago. It is impossible for me to illustrate that to you, in the time, so I want to say this, our great fundamental principle is to teach the people to help themselves. We are not taking away from the people that desirable element of individual development. We do not want the government to perform the services of paternalism. We want to develop the most efficient class of people on the continent of America, or elsewhere. We have struck, we believe, the proper system of doing that, and that is developing the individual people of that province. To-day our grain growers practically control the marketing of all the grain in Saskatchewan. We handle all our dairy products through the same system. We have our hail insurance absolutely in the hands of the people, and with the profit accruing to u.s in three years, from two or three or more 362 TWENT Y-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS sources, with the spirit which we have developed, I have not the slightest doubt but that, in a very few years, we can establish the necessary financial institutions, absolutely under our own control, to finance the whole business of the farmers of Saskatchewan. (Applause.) PRESIDENT YOUNG: Gentlemen, I desire to intro- duce to you, Mr. George Albert Smith, who is entitled to stand on his own record as one of the commonest citizens of my own state, but of whom the interesting facts may be noted that he is the son of one of the former officers, now deceased, of this Congress and a gentleman who, I believe, attended every session, except the first one, until his demise— The Hon. John Henry Smith of Salt Lake City. I have pleas- ure in introducing Mr. George Albert Smith, of Salt Lake ^**y- UTAH MR GEORGE ALBERT SMITH: Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: I desire on behalf of the delegates of Ut:i' to express our deep appreciation of the kindness that u.^ been bestowed upon us as the guests of the people of Calgary, and I desire to say also that I believe we wil carry with us remembrances of this conference that will last as long as time. I represent the little state of Utah, with a population of about 100,000, which, by the way, was the first state to inaugurate irrigation. The pioneers arrived there on the 21st day of July, A. D. 1847, and that same day they planted their crop. Utah was the first state in the Union to enfranchise women, and she has continued alonn the progress on all lines in a way that ve are pleased to acknowledge, those of us who live there. The grandfather of the President of this Congress and my own grandfather were among the first 143 men to enter as pioneers into th« Salt Lake Valley, and it is a very pleasing thing to me to have the companionship of Major Young when we make our pioneer trip into the Dominion of Canada with th( Irrigation Congress. (Applause.) There have been many things said in this Convention which are interesting. There are some optimists and sonx pessimists. It is said that an optimist la a man that stcs the doughnut and the pessimist is the man that onlv .H(r> the hole. We believe in the gospel of work in Utah, not work on the lines that some people believe in, but we believ.' in working between meals, and in order to make a UvinR in that country, that has had to be done. We believe that the idler should not eat the bread of the labouring man, and we believe that any institution that builds up a law for men who are idle and indifferent and shiftless is laying a foundation for the destruction of the commonwealth. We have in the state of Utah an agricultural college an.i ir CALL OF THE STATES AND PROVINCES 363 experiment station, one of the first to be undertaken, and one of the first to undertake the duty of investigation of the duty of water. In the course of fifteen years they have put an immense amount of information on the subject amongst our population, culminating in a summary by Dr. J. A. Widtsoe in his book "Principles of Irrigation Practice," which has just been published. This work is being con- tinued on broader lines, and in addition the situation has been investigated with the result that they are now preparing 'or publication things which will practically revolutionize ur conception of the relative injuries caused by the dif- lerent forms of alkali. Utah has ninety-nine and a half per cent of its population that can read and write. Only two of the states in the Union can exceed that. Eighty-six per cent of the State's tax revenue is expended for education. We have excellent school buildings and it will not be possible for me to tell you all the things that we have, in the short time at my disposal. Nearly all the good things that have been enumerated by the other states are enjoyed by the state of Utah. We have immense deposits of minerals and our agricultural wealth cannot very well be estimated, because we have 20,000,000 acres which have not been touched. I come from a land that believes in the Fatherhood of God and the Brotherhood of Man, in its deepest sense, and the best and most important asset that any state in the Union, and any country in the world, can have is its community of big hearted, honourable, kind men and women and its sweet and lovely children. (Applause.) PRESIDENT YOUNG: I am led to remark that we have an expression down in the States something like this, "His name is Dennis," and it generally means a failure, no good. You seem to have a diametrically different mean- ing to that word in Canada. There will be a meeting of the Executive Committee immediately after the adjournment of this meeting, which will be, incidently, on this platform for the purpose of organ- izing the committees. The meeting will last, presumably, only for a very few moments and it is desired that all members shall be present. You will remember that there is a very interesting meeting to-night. Dr. Rutherford will speak to us. He was on this morning's programme, but it was thought to be advisable to give him an opportunity of addressing the meeting to-night, as well as the other items which are on the programme. 'The meeting will begin sharp at eight o'clock, and you will kindly be on time, because we desire to let the choir go to a supper which has been arranged for them at ten o'clock. The meeting stands adjourned until eight o'clock this evening. ELEVENTH SESSION THURSDAY, OCTOBER 8, H14 8 o'clock p. m. PRESIDENT YOUNG : The Meeting will kindly be in order. Mr. Dennis has several announcements to make. Mr. J. S. DENNIS: Ladies and Gentlemen: First, there having been some question about the safety of the build- ing owing to smoking — you will kindly note that the Board of Control have made an absolute rule that there will be no smoking in the building to-night. (Applause.) Police con- stables on duty will enforce this rule. All the delegates and their friends, who are to be our guests to-morrow morning on the trip to Bassano, will kindly note that the train will leave at 9 o'clock and not 10 o'clock. I made this announcement this afternoon, but I want you to thoroughly understand it. We have had to change the hour so as to be sure to get back in time to have the delegates from the South return to C ry in time to catch their train. I am asked to annc - that any of those delegates ,who have not yet turned in • railway certificates for validation, can do so at any time i >-i row at the office of the Palliser Hotel Ladies and Gentlemen of the choir; a suggestion has been made by your leader that the choir should add further to their very great kindness in making this Congress a success and, as a method of marking the general success which we have met with in holding the Congress in Calgary as indicated by th«' large attendance which we have had each evening, that the choir should volunteer, under Mr. Weil's conductorship, to give a concert, some day next week, of the airs you have bei'ii singing as the Irrigation Congress Choir the proceeds to be devoted to patriotic purposes. (Applause.) PRESIDENT YOUNG: At the afternoon session of this Congress there were elected; as President of the Twenty- Second International Irrigation Congress Mr. J. B. Case, of Kansas; and as the First Vice-President the Congress honoured itself by the election of Mr. J. S. Dennis; as the Second Mce- President, Mr. Richard F. Surges ,of Texas; as the Third Vice-President, Mr. J. T. Hinkle, of Oregon; as the Fourtli Vice-President. Mr. Kurt Grunwald. of Colorado; as the Fifth Vice-President, Mr. George Albert Smith, of Utah; and as tfi. Secretary, Mr. Arthur Hooker, of Washington the present Secretary. 3M INTRODUCTION OF PRESIDENT ELECT J. B. C ASE 365 At a meeting of the Executive Committee, held immediate- ly after this afternoon's session, the Executive Committee organized with Mr. L. Newman, of Montana, as Chairman; and with Mr. Arthur Hooker as the Executive Secretary. The Committee also selected— to act with the President of the Congress and with the Executive Chairman and with the Secretary of the Congress and with the Chairman of the Local Board hereafter to be selected— Mr. J. S. Dennis, Mr. R. Insingtr, of Washington, and myself to form the Board of Governors for the next Congress. We will now be favoured with the selections by the choir, under the directorship of Mr. Max Weil, as follows: 'O Canada", and "The Star Spangled Banner." plause.) THE CHOIR. "O Canada". (Applause). "Star Spangled Banner." (Applause). (Ap- Introduction of President-E ict J. B. Case of Kanaaa PRESIDENT YOUNG: It is my pleasure and honour to introduce to this assembly, and to this Congress, my dis- tinguished successor by this day's election in the Presidency of the International Irrigation Congress, and by the way, I may state, he is the only gentleman who has ever had the distinction of being the President, both of this Congress and of the great American Congress known as the Trans-Mississ- ippi Commercial Congress. I take pleasure in introducing to you Mr. J. B. Case of Kansas. (Applause). PRESIDENT CASE: Mr. President, Fellow Delegates, Ladies and Gentlemen of Calgary and of the Dominion of Canada and of the United States, I desire to explain that it •8 "ot expected of me at this particular time to deliver an address. I will only take a few moments of your time and, at the session of the Congress which will be held in the United States next year, I will then deliver my address. To be selected as the President of this great organization, at Its first meeting outside of the United States, in the Dom- inion of Canada, is an honour that comes to but few men. I tnank you for t)ie high honour you have given me. While the President of this Congress receives the greatest publicity, and IS the head of the Congress, his authority is somewhat like that of the King of England. In other words, he is surrounded 366 TWENT Y-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS by a Board of Governors which dictate the policy of this gJeat organization. To succeed the very able President of this session makes it somewhat of a hardship to me. I sin- cerely express the hope that the next session may be as success- ful as this one has been, and that the people of the Umted States may show their appreciation to the people of Canada as much as we have been appreciated here. I take this occasion to extend an invitation to every province in the Dominion of Canada to attend the next Eon bringing with them all delegates that are interested in our great lork, and I would be more than pleased to have Governor Dennis bring with him the International Imgat on Congress Choir of Calgary, and our e^-P'f»d«f*Major Young now Governor, bring with him the great Salt Lake Choir of Utah. In the meantime, I would suggest that director Newell bring with him President Wilson; also to educate the delegates of the United States to sing "The Star Spangled Banner as well as the Canadian people sing "God Save the King. Let me suggest to the delegates to give as much publicity as possible to the meeting of the next session; to 'mpre^^. 'ipon the members of the United States Senate and Members of Con^esTor as many of them as possible, to meet with us and participate in the deliberations of our Congress. Every friend of the West is my friend. In peace, friend- ship and fraternity, we will co-operate with Canada in working out the splendid aid alluring destiny of the We«t.»nd when- ever I can serve any section of this great rich terntory that embraces the heart of the country, you are my master and 1 am your servant. I trust that the highest hopes, loftiest expectations the most enchanting dreams of this Congress may be realized in the fullest fruition of western prosperity and western develop- ment. (Applause.) PRESIDENT YOUNG: The Chorus will now sing the national anthemn of the Allies-Belgium, Russia and France, under the direction of Mr. Weil. (Applause.) THE CHOIR: ^ ^ , Belgium National Anthem, "The King and Law and Liberty." (Applause.) Russian National Anthem, "God Save the Czar. (Ap- ''^^French National Anthem, "La Marseillaise." (Applause.^ PPFmnENT YOUNG: Our next number is an address by D?^C?Rutheriord of Alberta, whom I have the plea.ur. of introducing to you. (Applause.) ADDRESS BY DR. J. G. RUTHERFORD 367 Addren by £>r. J. G. Rutherford SupcrLatendent of Agriculture and Animal Industry, Canadian Pacific Railway Company Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: I am afraid that the change from the entrancing music which you have just been hearing to the somewhat dry address which it is necessary for me to make will be rather hard upon you, but I cannot help that. I am a victim of misfortune my- self and I want to explain a little the painful circumstances under which I come before you this evening. I was billed to speak this morning at 9.30 o'clock, and I had prepared a very careful technical address intended to interest a few early rising farmers and a few city delegates who had possibly been up all night. I was informed this morning that my address was postponed until this evening and here I find myself, a simple farmer standing up before a brilliant audience of this kind expected to entertain them, especially after such music as we have just been listening to. Well, you will just have to put up with what I have got. It is very plain and perhaps of no great interest to many of you although I trust before I finish you will be more interested in the subject than you have hitherto been. The subject on which I wish to speak is the inter-depen- dence of the farm and the city. A great many people who live in the cities and who have their sources of income from the cities do not realize and have not anything like a proper grasp of the great basic fact that agriculture is the source of livelihood for practically the whole human race. Not only is it the source from which we derive the actual food that we eat in most cases but it is the source from which the money comes with which we pay for that food. We have been living for the last one hundred years in a sort of fool's paradise as far as the recognition of the proper place of agriculture in the order of things in this world is concerned. We must remember that in point of progress in industrial development and to a largo extent financial development and certainly educational development, this world ia only about two hundred years old. That is perhaps an astonishing statement to make, but when you realize that one hundred years ago if a man in any part of the world wanted to com- municate with another man in any other part of the world he used exactly the same means as Abraham did when he wished to communicate with Isaac from a distance. In other words he sent a messenger. There was not any other way to do it. You recollect that one hundred years ago when your grand- 368 TWENTY.FIRS T INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS parents wanted to go from one place to another on land they used the same means.only very slightly modified, as Pharoah did when he pursued the Israelites on their flight from Egypt, horses and chariots. It is only a very few years over a century that any one who wanted to read or do anything else after the sun went down which required light, used exactly the same apparatus, very little modified, as that which Noah used when it was necessary to milk the cow after dark in the ark. When you recollect that the proportion of people who could read and write in civilized countries one hundred years ago was about equal to the now very small portion of our populations m civilized countries who are illiterate, you will begin to realize that what I say is true and that as regards the points which I mentioned in the first place, this world is only about two hundred years old. Of course human nature has been the same during all the preceding centuries and since, but in these particulars the world is very young. Now what has been the result of the extraordinary development, industrial, commer- cial, financial which followed the introduction of steam. It has led to the gathering together of our people in great cities, first towns and then cities. It has led to an artificial condi- tion of life and it has given birth to a generation of people who do not realize the importance of agriculture in the scheme of this world's affairs. Our young people, neither the boys nor the girls nor the young men nor the maidens understand the importance of agriculture, nor the fact that up to about one hundred years ago the man who tilled the soil was the most important man in the community, the man to whom everyone else had to look for a living. We still require food and in the greater part, it comes from the soil. We still require money to buy our clothes and our jewelry and all the other luxuries which some of us think now- adays we cannot get along without, but we do not realize that they come out of the soil, nor the fact that if it were not for agriculture we would not have these great cities and great railways, these great manufacturing and financial concerns which appear to form our present day world. The most important result of this neglect of agriculture, is the high cost of living. People have been neglecting the soil and particularly in this great new young western country of ours they have been building up cities and crowding into biR urban communities jostling each other on the streets tradinj; jack knives and town lots and forgetting it was necessary to make a living. I used the word make, unadvisedly. Ihc trouble is they all want to make a living without earning it and they are going to find out in the very near future that i. one is going to have a living it will be necessary to earn it. The theory that this world owes every man a living is going to be rather discredited in the comparatively near future. W <■ ADDRESS BY DR. J. G. RUTHERFORD 360 are all regretting very deeply the titanic struggle now in progress on the Continent of Europe, and we must admit the terrible evil of it, but when we look back over the history of the world, we find that always when people got foolish enough and sufficiently careless and regardless of the first principles of life, some great calamity happened to bring them to their senses and there ir no question but what the terrible war now being waged in Europe will again bring to the front the primal importance of agriculture as a factor in human life. We must realize that these great countries over there, which are great producing countries, are in the throes of warfare, that the crops are not being garnered but are being wasted, that the fields are lying idle, the horses being shot down and the whole country, from an agricultural point of view, devas- tated, and that someone will have to feed those people. While we have been able to stand up so far under the high cost of the necessaries of life and to, as it were, postpone the day of reckoning, this war is going to bring it home to us all and we are about to learn that if this world is to go on and if our coun- tries are to prosper and develop as they should it will be neces- sary for us to restore agriculture to its proper position as the head and front of human life on this globe. (Applause.) Now what are we doing in Canada in the matter of Agri- culture? What are we doing in this great western country? We are accustomed to do a great deal of tall talking about our capabilities as an agricultural country. We are pleased to style ourselves the granary of the Empire, and we are prom- ising to furnish food for the Mother Country, we are offering to supply food to all the countries of the world. What are the facts. I spent some twenty years in Manitoba and I have spent altogether some thirty years watching the growth of this western country, and it has always been a very interesting and at the same time a very painful study with me to observe the way in which so many of our western farmers, so called, carried on their affairs. It is nothing unusual to see the grain miner ,the prairie exploiter taking his bread home from the baker in the town or the village, buying his potatoes from the grocer, buying his meat from the butcher, buying his con- densed mil. from the tin-smith (laughter). I have even seen farmers in the spring of the year going out with four or five bales of hay in a wagon in order to feed their horses through the spring work. We all laugh at farmers of that kind because we know and realize that the only man who can make a permanent success as a farmer is the man who goes out on the land to make a home for himself and his family, a man who is willing .and ready to take advantage to the full of the great privilege which the farmer has over all the rest of us, namely that of obtaining so many of the necessaries of life at first cost out of his own garden and off his own farm. The only T. r- 370 TWENTY- FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS man who can succeed is the man who goes out with that in- tention, the man who sits down on the land and says "I am going to live here, with my wife and my children and we are going to have our garden and our chickens and our cows and pigs and we are going to do without the big grocery and butcher bills which our poor deluded fellow citizens who live in the town have to pay". The farmer who starts in on this basis is all right and he will do well on the land. He belongs to an entirely different class from those dead game sport, get- rich-quick farmers who come ap here and borrow money most of them and buy a steam plow and a threshing machine and begin to turn over a few miles of prairie on the gamble that they will get a big crop and be able to go to California for the winter. (Applause.) It is thirty years since I first came and lived in this western country and for a great many of those years I made my living driving in and out of farmer's yards, and I know what happens to these sporty grain miners and I know what happens to the other fellow who sits down to first make a living for himself and his family and then to sell his surplus as it comes along. I can take you into district after district throughout this western country and I can show you in the older districts the prosperous contented farmers with their comfortable homesteads, but I cannot show you the other fellows, they are not there, they have gone. There are still a few of them in the newer parts of the country, but they do not last long, they just disappear. Now I come back to where I was at. If we laugh at, as we do apd ridicule as we do the farmer who buys his provisions in town what have we as a nation got to say about it? Canada with all her talk about her farming and her agriculture and her potentialities as regards the production of food is a very large food importing country. She imports right here in Calgary, we eat it, mutton from Australia and New Zealand. I can take you into any provision store in this city and I can show you large tins with yellow paper covers on them labelled Fray Bentos. That is beef, and good beef, packed in South America in the Argentine Republic and Uruguay and sent across to London and from there it is shipped back to Canada to Montreal in the summer time, St. John in the winter, Vancouver all the year round and it is carried over the Can- adian Pacific Railway and the other railways and it is brought right up here into the beef growing country of Alberta and you and I eat it and it is good. And there are tons and tons and tons of it used in Canada every week. We bring our mutton from Australia. It started coming in at Vancouver, but a few years ago, it began coming in at St. John and now we are getting it both ways. We have only two million sheep in Canada. They have thirty-four million sheep in the little country of Great Britain and Ireland. They have thirty- n ADDRESS BY DR. J. G. RUTHERFORD 371 eight million sheep in the Argentine Republic and they have one hiindred and ten million sheep in Australia while our neighbours to the south in the United States have over fifty million sheep and they have not enough and we in Canada have only two million sheep; on this great farm of ours, a farm in which more grass grows up every spring and withers and dies down every fall uneaten and unused, than in any other country in the world that I know anything about. (Applause) Now see where we are, mutton from Australia, beef froiQ South America, butter from New Zealand, and eggs from China and still we take it upon ourselves to ridicule the prairie farmer because he buys his provisions in town. I heard my friend from British Columbia here, the Minister of Agriculture, say that that province sent out last year twenty million dollars for food and a great part of it was sent out of the Dominion of Canada. It is up to us to think what we are doing. When I walk up Eighth and Ninth Avenues, the leading arteries of this great big growing young city, which does not quite know what to do with itself, it is like a big overgrown baby to me, I can hardly get along the street at times for big, strong, muscular idle young fellows who are loafing around and sizing up the price of oil shares and other things; it used to be town lots. They ought to be out in the country, every one of them, with a wife and a family digging. (Applause.) They do not want to work, they want to make a living without earning it. Now we have got to get down to business in this Canada of ours. Our governments want to wake up, our Dominion Government is waking up a little and our own Provincial Government is waking up, our friend from British Columbia here — I must say it because he is here — is waking up. They are all waking up a little, but it is not enough. We have got to teach our governments, our Prime Minister at Ottawa, and the Premiers of the various provinces that agriculture must be considered, that if we are going to develop this great Canada of ours, we must develop the agricultural end of it first. It is time enough for the manufacturer and the banker and the railroad and the insurance man and all these other magnates to get theirs after the people who produce the goods get theirs, and the farmers must have first consideration. (Applause.) We are simply playing with the question, we have not begun to deal with it in earnest. It is for the people of this great country to realize once and for all that agriculture is the main thing and that it must be developed and properly developed. We have had up till now too much exploitation masquerading as development and from this time on, we must have the real thing. Now you might say, what has all this to do with irrigation, it has a ^reat deal to do with it because irrigation is only one l^*. 372 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS way of bringing into use the fertility of soil which owing to climatic conditions is unavailable. Irrigation is even better than that because the results of irrigation and the work con- nected with it, even on the most fertile soil, are such that, in order to make remunerative the crops raised they must be valuable and that means intensive cultivation. The great curse of this country of ours and of the North American Continent generally, has been the extensive occupation of land as opposed to the intensive cultivation of it. When you go into other countries where farming has been carried on for centuries, you frequently find people making a good living out of one or two "r three acres of land properly cultivated in intensive fashion. The western farmer, on the other hand, says "I cannot do anything with a half section; a half section is no use to me, I want a section," and he buys or rather goes in debt for a section where he ought to have eighty acres or a hundred and sixty at the outside. It is the same old story, easy come, easy go, they do not really want to farm, they simply want to handle a lot of machinery and go down east or to California in the winter. Now, everything that tends to bring about an improve- ment of agricultural methods has my support, has always had my support. I think I am the only man who ever had the courage year after year to stand up in front of the farmers of Manitoba and Saskatchewan and tell them that a big bumper grain crop was the greatest misfortune that their country could have, and it is. Three times in my experience we got the farmers of Manitoba started into mixed farming, into the keeping of livestock. Three times we got them into the keep- ing of cattle, of pigs and of poultry and they were doing first rate, getting on well and laying a foundation for future prosperity when along me one of those great big bumper crops and they all wen* a«y again. The creameries and the cheese factories were s. : up for want of patronage. The pigs were given away, not r their intrinsic value, but as tokens of respect and esteem and the poultry were allowed to freeze. Many a man hypothecated everything he had to borrow enough money to put his land into wheat. The prospect ol forty bushels to the acre and a dollar a bushel was too mucli for their equanimity and very frequently the next year's croi> would be a very meagre ore and these speculators would find themselves broke and compelled to make a fresh start. W<- want to get our people down to the idea that they must Vn- on and out of the land. Some good, well meaning people hav. been advocating lately schemes to take all the unemploye i out Ol the cities and plant them on the land, but this is not v simple and easy as it looks. To be sure of success a man an ! his wife (the wife is very important) must have their mind made up that they are going out there to live, not mere'. ADDRESS BY DR. J. G. RUTHERFORD 373 going out to wait until times are better and then get back to the movies and the electric lights. Look at the difference between the people raised in the country and those we raise in the cities and towns nowadays. Ask any man that has made good in this Canada of ours to-day, where he was raised and in nineteen cases out of twenty he will answer "on a farm". There is where folks get muscle and constitution and good habits and good modes of life, and that is where we want our girls and boys to be brought up in a natural way. The artificiality of modern life is doing infinitely more harm to our country than anything else. •Now I am afraid that this is too serious a talk for many of you here to-night, but if it is only sowing a little seed in your minds and making you think and consider this question I will not feel that the effort has been thrown away. To begin with we must have co-operation between the people in the towns and the cities and the people on the land. My friend Mr. Newman took that up this morning. He illustrated what they were doing in Great Falls, and the same thing is being done in North Battleford and Canora, Saskatchewan, and in Lethbridge, and it is now started by our Board of Trade in Calgary. We are going to co-operate with the farmer as business men because we realize that our prosperity is depend- ent on their prosperity and unless the farmers in the country tributary to these cities are prosperous, the cities cannot grow or even exist as they ought to exist. I do not wish to take up any more of your time. I just want to say that I am very pleased to see so many ladies in the audience, because while many of the younger men here do not realize the rela- tion in which they stand to the opposite sex a man who has been married for thirty years has a pretty fair idea of it. I am very glad that the ladies are out in force and that they seem to approve of the views which I have been trying to express. They wield a much greater influence in the affairs of life than the most clever and astute young man can possibly imagine. Even among older men it is astonishing how few realize how often their minds, like their meals, are made up by their wives. Without the good will of the women folk, the " Back to the Land " movement would be long delayed. Mr. President I thank you very much for the hearing and I trust that I may have started somebody thinking by my few remarks. (Applause) PRESIDENT YOUNG : The Chorus will now sing "Rule Britannia", "Hearts of Oak", the "Minstrel Bov", "Scots Wha' Hae", "March of the Men of Harlech". The soleists will be Miss Zelie Delsart and Mr. Horace Reynolds, and the accompanist Mr. Percy Hook. 374 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CX)NGRESS THE CHOIR: "Rule Britannia." (Applause.) "Hearts of Oak," (Applause) "The Minstrel Boy," (Applause.) "Scots Wha' Hae." (Applause.) "March of the Men of Harlech," (Applause.) PRESIDENT YOUNG: The next number will be irri- gation pictures, shown with stereopticon views by Mr. H. N. Savage, supervising engineer of the United States Reclama- tion service, after which the choir will give us further numbers which will conclude the evening's programme. First, Mr. Dennis has some announcements. MP DENNIS : I am asked by the Secretary of the Local 1 .TO Control to announce that any of the delegates who i. .to to avail themselves of the trip to Banff will kindly hand (' J heir names to-night at the Congress office. The return . 're is »4.40, available if any party of ten is desirous of making I i« trip. fhere is a telegram for Mr. William Young, of Victoria, B. C, If Mr. Young is in the audience will he kindly call for the telegram at the Congress office, I am asked by the Conductor of the choir to explain to a certain gentleman, who makes the request that the choir should sing to-night, "Its a Long Wsy to Tipperary", that they are not in a position to sing this for you to-night, but if you will come to the Patriotic Concert the choir volunteers to give, I am going to add to what he said, that he will sing it half a dozen times and give you a chance to join in. (Applause) PRESIDENT YOUNG: Mr. Savage will now address us and show us his pictures. (Applause). Address by H. N. Savage Supervising Engineer United States Reclamation Service Illustrated with Stereopticon Views This address was not reported, as the hall was in darkness- Mr. Savage outlined briefly the purpose and policy of the United States Reclamation Service and particularly the construction work accomplished in the Northern Division where climatic and other conditions are very similar to those obtaining in southern Alberta and Saskatchewan. The principal irrigation features of the irrigation works were described and illustrated with a number of particularly good stereopticon views. ADJOURNMENT SINE DIE 37S Prominent among the features described and illustrated were the Shoshone Masonry dam in Wyoming, the highest in the world, 328. 4 feet, and the use of electrical energy in the construction of canals, and all of the structures on the Sun River Project in Montana. Mr. Savage also described the construction of irrigation works on the several Indian Reservations in Montana, which are being carried on by the Reclamation Service for the Bureau of Indian affairs. The Indians are being taught how to work and to work, and with their teams are being employed to construct the works to irrigate the lands which have been allotted to thom. The nine principal irrigation projects of the Northern Division, of which three are on Indian Reservations, contain an estimated irrigable acreage of one million acres and for which irrigation works have been completed to cover about 250,000 acres, of wl.icii about one-half is already under irrigation. The total txfenditures to date amount to about sixteen million dollars. Mr. Savage's address and views were heartily applauded. PRESIDENT YOUNG: The concluding exercises of this meeting, and of the Congress, will consist of the rendi- tion of "Land of Hope and Glory," with Miss Zelie Delsart, soloist, and "God Save the King." After the close of the last selection the Congress will stand adjourned sine die, without any further remark from the Chair. Now that we are about to adjourn this Congress sine die, I cannot refrain from saying to you what is in the minds and in the hearts of every foreign delegate, namely, we marvel at your inexhaustible resources, your material growth, your development, we are charmed with the manners of your men and of your women, we are simply overwhelmed with your kindness which has been s^howered ujion us on every side. We are astonished at the completein^ss the thoroughness of your arrangements for this Congress. We are impressed with the wisdom of your laws and with the breadth of your states- manship. We are sensible to your arti&tic sense, which has manifested itself in many, many ways, in your architecture and in this superb chorus which has sung to us. We deeply sympathize with you in t he fact that war clouds have lowered over the great Empire <>f which you are a loyal constituent. (Applause). Gentlemen of Canada, you may congratulate yourselves that you have made pos.*iibie a Congress, than which there has been no more successful Congress throughout its long and useful career, Our hearts are filled with gratitude towards you. (Applause.) 876 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS » THECH6IR: "Land of Hope and Glory" (Applause). "God Save The King." (Applause.) Whereupon the Twenty-first meeting of the International Irrigation Congress stood adjourned tine die EXCURSION FRIDAY, OCTOBER 9, 1914 Irrigation Project Inspected Of great interest to the delegates and visitors at the Con- gress was the excursion, on the last day, through the courtesy of the Canadian Pacific Railway, to its great irrigation project east of Calgary. A special train carried the party, leaving Calgary at 9 o'oclock in the morning arriving, at Bassano in time for luncheon, which was furnished through the courtesy of the Board of Trade and citiiens of Bassano. Following luncheon, transportation was provided, for those who wished to visit the Horseshoe Bend Damon the Elbow river, where the time was all too short for the inspection of this great piece of irrigation engineering. Returning to Bassano the party found their special train waiting to convey them back to the city in time for dinner. A description of this mammoth irrigation project was given the delegates in the address of H. B. Muckleston, Assistant Chief Engineer, Department of Natural Resources, of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, which will be found complete in the report of the meeting on Wednesday i^vening, October '^, to be found in this volume. <8 '%^ CO APPENDIX TO THX OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS or TB> TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONQRESS For the information of those interested in the work of the Congress, and for convenient reference, there are included in this appendix to the Official Proceedings of the Internation- al Irrigation Congress, various matters of interest in connec- tion with the verbatim record. Among the more important of these are: the Constitu- tion and Rules as revised at the twenty-first meeting; the list of awards at the Soil Products Exposition, held in connection with the Congress; a list of general officers. Executive Com- mitteemen, and Honorary Vice-Presideats of the Twenty- second Congress; the Chairman and Secretaries of state delegations of the Twenty-first Congress; and Financial statement of the Twenty-first Congress. CONSTITUTION or THE INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS REVISED AT CALGARY ARTICLE I— NAME. The Congren shall be known as the International Irrigation Congress. ARTICLE II— OBJECTS The objects of the Congress shall be (1) to promote and diffuse know- ledge concerning irrigation and other uses of water, especially throughout the more arid portions of the United States; (2) to facilitate conference and deliberation among the people of the country concernine irrigation and related interests; and (3) to provide means for bringing the aeeda of the people and the country before state and federal governments. ARTICLE III— MEETINGS^ Section 1. Regular annual sessions shall be held 'at such places as the Congress shall from time to time determine and at tiroes set by the Board of Control and approved by the Board of Oovemors. Set- 2. Spetini meetings of the Congreos or of its officers, boards, and committees, may be beM at times M>d4plaoeB determined by the CongreM or its oilioeirt. 179 380 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS ARTICLE IV— GENERAL OFFICERS Sectkm 1. The ofBoen of Um CongreaB shall conoist ot a President, five Vice-Preeidents, a Secretary who may act as Treasurer, and an Assis- tant Secretary. These oflSoera, with an Executive Committee, shall conduct the affairs and transact the buainess of the Congress. Sec. 2. The duties of these officers may at any time be prescribed by formal action of the Congress or Executive Committee. _ In the absence of such action their duties shall be those implied by their designations and established by custom. Sec. 3, The officers shall serve for one year, or until their successors are elected; provided, that, the President and Secretary shall not be relieved before the cfooe cd a regular ann'ual session except by vote of the Congress. ARTICLE V-COMMITTBES Section 1. There shall be an Executive Committee comprising one member from each state selected by the ddegation therecrf. This Executive Committee shall act for the Congress between seenons, shall have the power to initiate plans and meet emergencies, and shall reprart to the Co^ress on the opemng day of each session. The President, Secretary, all Ex-Aesi- dents and the First, Second, Third, Fourth, and Fifth Vice-Presidents of the Congress shall be ex-offioio membos of the Executive Committee; but the Executive Committee shall select its own Chairman and an Executive Secretary, and may appoint nib-committees and boards. The Executive Committee shidl have power to fill vacancies in its own miunbeTship and among the officers of the Congress, may make its own by-laws aad rules of procedure, and may maintain a permanent office, but shall not incur debts beyond available funds. *-^ >* ' Sec. 9. The President shall be a member ex-officio of every committee of the Congress. ARTICLE VI— ARRANGEMENTS FOR ASSIGNS Section 1. Invitations from cities desirous of entertaining the Conprese at regular aeesions shall be brought before the Congress for action either directly or on recommendation of the Committee on Permanent Organisation. Sec. 2. To he acceptable, invitations to the Congress from cities desir- ous of entcrtaininft it must be accompanied by information as to their facilities and by a guarantee fund satisfactory to the Congress or Executive Committee . Sec. 3. Meeting places shall be provided and hotel accommodations and other facilities arranged by the Board of Control. Sec. 4. The programme for the session, including a list of speakers, shall be arranged by the Board of Governors, unless the preparation of the pro- grammebe entrusted by the Board to the Board of Control. The entire pro- gramme, including alkHments of time to speakers and hours for daily sessions shall be referred to the Executivr Committee for ratification not later than the day before the opening of each session of the Congress. Sec. 5. Unless otherwise ordered the niles adopted for the guidanc of the preceding Congreas shall continue in force. ARTICLE VH— MEMBERSHIP Section 1. The membership of the, Congress shall consist oi (I) fiftv delegates from each state, to be appointed by the chief executive thereof; (2) ten delegates to be appointed hy each member of the highest legixlative CONSTITUTION OP THE CX)NGRESS 381 body of any nation; (3) five ddegatee to be appointed by each member of the state lefpslature; (4) twenty^ve delesates from the city in which the Congrew is to meet, to be app^^mted by the mayor; (5) ten delegates from each city having a population of ov«r twenty-five thousand, to be appointed b^ the mayor; (6) five delegates from each city and town naving a popula- tion less than twenty-^ve thousand, to be appointed by the mayor or chief executive: (7) five delegates from each county, to be appointed by the chair- man of the governing board; (8) five delegates from each commercial body and club concerned with public interests which has been duly oi|(aniaea not less than one year^ (9) five delegates from each regularly organued as- sociaiion devoted to urigation, agriculture, horticulture and engineering, from each irrigation or canal company, and from each college; (10) all duqr accredited members of state and fedwal irrigation, wrter, or conservation commissions; (11) all state engineers and state commissioners of agricul- ture and horticulture; (12) all officers, chairmen uf committees, members of the Executive Cktmmittee, Honorary Vice-Presidents, members of th*' Board of Control, and permanent delegates to the Congress; (13) the gover- nor of each state, and the mayor of each city and town having a population of over one thousand; and (14) all members of the highest legislative body oi any nation. Sec. 2. Any person may become a permanent delegate, having the usual privileges accorded to delegates and none other, on payment of the sum of five doUars ($5.00) annuaUy, or on payment of fifty dollars (950.00) at one time; and the Executive Committee is empowered to recommend persons as honorary permanent dek^tes for distinguished services in pro- moting the objects of the Congress. All Ex-Presidents of the United States and of the International Irrigation Congress shall be honorary permanent delegates. Sec. 2. A working committee of seven, to be known aa the Board of Governors, including tne Fteaident, the Secretary, the Chairman of the Executive Committee, the Chairman of the Board of Control, and three others to be i^ipointed by the Executive Committee, shall be created during eadi regular annual session to act for the ensuing year; its membership shall be drawn from different states, and not more than one member shall be appointed from any one state. The Board of Governors shall act for the Ejcecutive Committee and may be empowered to initiate action and meet emergencies. It shall report all transactions promptly to the members of the Executive Committee, and shall submit a nnal report on the day before the opening of each regular annual session. Sec. 3. A local committee, to be known as the Board of Control, shall be created in each city in which the next ensuing session of the Congress is to be held, preferably by the leading commercial bodies or business or- ganisations: though in the absence of such local action, or in the event of failure on tne part of such Board of Control to meet the financial and other requirements of t\e Executive Committee within sixty .a after the ad- journment of the preceding session, another place of met- ij may be select- ed by the Executive Committee in lieu of that chosen by ti Congress. The Board of Control shall have power to initinte action in conformity with the objects of the Con g r e s s , to raise and expend funds, to incur obligations on its own responsibility, to appoint sub-committees, and to conduct corres- pondence in its own name, either independently or in conjunction with the Executive Committee; and it shall report to the Executive Committee on the day before the opening of the ensuing session, and at such other times as the CongresB c- the Executive Committee may direct. The Secretary of the Board of Control shall, ex-officio, be Assistant Secretary of the Con- grcaa , and shall report to thr Secretary. See. 4. A Committee on Credentials shall be organised on the first dav of each session of the Congress, ^t shall consist of one m«nber from each state chosen by the delegation thereof and a temporary chairman appointed l.if'M 382 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS - -■ - by tbe Pratideot. Acoeptmg the raocwd of the Secretary aa prima fade evidoioe of the (vganiiation of the Congren and of the rigfata oi delegatet, the Committee ahall adjudicate all questicoa relating to oredentials and ddegatea. It shall report to the Congreaa from time to time, and ahall Bubmit ita final report at the earliest poaaible date, and in any event before the Congreaa prooBeda to the adf^tion of formal reaolutions, the selection of the next place ot meeting, or the election of officers. Sec. A. A Committee on Resolutions shall be created for each session of the Congress. A temporary chairman shall be appointed by the Presidoit, one member shall be selected by each state delegation, and two members at large shall be designated by the Board ci Govemors with a like number by the Board of Control. The Committee diall report to the Congreai not lUer than the morning of the last day of eacb session. Sec. 6. A Committee on Permanent Organisation shall be created during each session ot the Congress in the manner provided for the creation of the Committee on Resolutions. It shsJl nominate oflioers for the ensuing year, may recommend to the Congress the place for the next session, and may reoommoid administrative poBcies; and it may make othw recommen- dations looking toward the public welfare or tbe interest of the International Irrigation Congress. Sec. 7. By direction of the Congress standing and special committeea may be ^ipointed by the President. See. 8. No person shall act on any committee as ihe refuresentative of any state who is not a bona fide resident of that state. Sec. 9. Throui^out each session of the Congress the Secretary shall keep a list of the cnily accredited delegates, and shall hold the same open to examination or subject to the call of the Congress, and sudi list shall be subject to appeal to and action by the Credentiala Committee, and in the absence of appeal or after such action and apmroval by the Congress, shall constitute tne membership of the body for that session. ARTICLE VIII— DELEGATIONS AND STATE OFFICERS Section 1. The several delegates from each state in attendance at any Congress ahall assemble at the earliest practicable time and organise by choosing a chairman, a secretary and a member of the Committee on Cre- dentials; and these delegates when approved by the Committee on Creden- tials shall constitute the delegation from that state. Sec. 2. On organising.or soon as may be thereafter, each state dele- gation will choose a memb«r of the Committee on Resolutions and a member of the Committee on Permanent Organisation to act throughout- that session of the Congress, and a member of the Executive Committee for the ensuing year whose duties may begin with the dose of the session; and in the absence of the member of the Executive Committee for the state at the opening of the Congress for which he was chosen, tbe delegation may select a sub- stitute. Sec. 3. In addition to the members of committees provided for herein, each state delegation may appoint an Honorary Viee-Prendent. ARTICLE IX— VOTING Section 1. Each member of tbe Congress shall.be ottitied to one vote on all actions taken viva voce. RULES OF THE CONGRESS S83 Sec. 2. A division may be demanded on any action by a state del^ation or a ballot by an apparent n-.ajority of the delegates present; on division or ballot each member shall be entitled to one vote; provided (1), that no state shall have nrore than twenty votes, and provided (2), that any state having five delegates or less registered and present shall be entitled to five votes. Sec. 3. Any state delegation n: ay divide its vote in the ratio of duly registered delegates present at the time of voting; provided, that such division shall be stated in wnole numbers. Sec. 4. The term ' state" as used herein is to be construed to mean either state, territory or insular possession of the United States or any other nation or any dependency or any province thereof. ARTICLE X— AMENDMENTS _ This Constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the Congress ■during any regular session, provided notice of the proposed amendment has been given from the Chair not lese than one day or more than two days pre- ceding; or by unanimous vote without such notice. RULES FOR THE GUIDANCE OF THE TWENTY-FIRST SESSION OF THE INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS 1. After the opening, each morning session shall be callod to order «t 9:30 a. m., and each afternoon session at 2:30 p. m. Unleas otherwise ordered by vote of the Congress, evening sessions or other events Rhall begin •t 8 p. m. Morning sesitions shall adjourn at 12:30 p. m. unless otherwise ordered by vote of the Congress. 2. All sessions shall open promptly. 3. In the absence of the President at the time fixed for the opening, the duty of calling to order shall devolve on tht First Vice-President, and m his absence on the Second, Third, Fourth, and Fifth Vice-Presidents, the Secre- tvy, the Chairman of the Executive Cotnmittee, the Chairman of the Com- mittee on Credentials, the Chairman of the Committee on Permanent Organi- sation, and the Chairman of the Committee on Resolutions, in the order here given. 4. Any del^ate or other member derfring to speak shall address the Chair, and unless calledon by name shall begin by giving his name and state. Com- mimications on subjects not entered in the programme shall be limited to three minutes unless otherwise directed by vote of the Congress. 6. General resolutions, after reading bv the Secretary, shall be referred to the Committee on Resolutions without clebate, and no general resolution shall be received later than Wednesday without unanimous consent. Special resolutions relating to the conduct of the Congress may be read and considered at the discretion of the presiding officer after exantination by him. 6. The time of speakers in general discussion shall be limited to five minutes, and the time of speakers on questions or resolutions relating to the conduct of thp Congn«» shall be limited ta three minutes, unless otnerwise directed by vote of the Congress. 7. The time of the first speaker in the programme of each daily session idiall t>e limited to thirty minutes, and that of each other speaker on the 884 T WENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRTGATION CONGRESS prognunme to twenty minutes; and ten minutes shall be allowed for discussion tbllowing each addnss. 8. Fw the convenience of the Conpvsi and speakers, a gong will rine once three minutes before the close and twice at the close of the time allots to each speakor on the programme. In the course wed by over 20,000 people. There wae an attendance of 2,500 each uiy for the first two days, 5,000 each day for the next two days, and 3,000 the last evening. There was also an attendance of 2,ii»l0 school children in the afternoon of the final day of the Congress, the schools of the city having been dismissed to allow the hildren to witness the exhibits be- cause of their great educational value. The Exhibits Committee, under its • • energetic Chairman, Mr. E^. Riiihardnun, expended 88,08d.47, and paid out in priics alone $4,108. The judges of the exhibits were:— W. E. Scott, Deputy Minister of Agriculture of British Columbia; Mr. Kurt Grunwald, Consulting Agriculturist of Color- ado; Mr. W. H. Fairfield, Manager Dominion Experimental Farm, Leth- bridgc Alta.; Dr. W. J. Rutherford, Dean of the Agricultural College, Sas- LIST OP AWARDS 885 k^cbemu; and W. C. MoKeUic«n, Dominkm Seed Branch, Brandon, Mani- toba. The awanfa follow:— List of Awards Award Winner Amount Diaplay bu GotenrnetU Canadian Pacific BaUway Company and crCcrporotion Britiah Columbia Government. DiHriet BxhOrit 1st. Revdatoke Asric«iltural Society SSOO.O 2nd North BatUeford Board of Trade 300.00 3rd Kelwood, Man. (John Hamilton) 250.00 4th CarstauTB (Frank Peterson) 200.00 Sth Cardston (Arthur Perrey) 100.00 6th Olds Board of Trade 60.00 Di*ptay o/ RooU and 1st Southon AlberU Land Company ... . 250.00 Vegetablu 2nd C.P.R. Demonstration Farm 150.00 3rd F. R. E. deHart, Ketowna 100.00 4th W. E. Smith, Revelstoke 50.00 5tii Rob«l Speneley, Calgary 25.00 6th William Cook, Cochrane 16.00 7tb T. B. Patton, Calgary 10.00 Ditplay of Fruit 1st Pentieton Board of Trade 250.00 2nd F. R. E. deHart, Kelowna 150.00 3rd North Pacific Fruit Distributors 100.00 Duplay of Grain drown Ist ArUiur Porey, Caidston 100.00 intheShtaf %id W. E. Smith, Revelstoke 50.00 3rd J. Cook, Cochrane 25.00 4th M. Ainuie, Inna 15.00 6th J. B. Johannsen, Standard 10.00 QrtuMu 1st Arthur Perrey, Cardston. 100.00 2nd W. E. Smith, Revelstoke 25.00 Oisplay of Alfalfa grown Ist Mr. Cammart, Strathmore 160.00 wiA Irrigation HardSpring Wheat Ist J. L. Sahnon,, Claresholm 100.00 2nd Percy Wheeler, Roethem, Sask 40.00 3rd Seaeer Wheeler, Rosthern, Sask 20.00 4th WilBam Hedley, Sedley, ^k laoo Sth C. F. R. Bruce, Cluny, Alberta 5.00 Hard Winter Wheat 1st Seager Wheeler, Rosthern 70.00 2nd J. B. Johannsen, Standard 30.00 3rd C. A. Vader, Midnapore 15.00 Soft Winter Wheat 2nd A. M. Nisbet, Bowden 30.00 3rd Reid Bros. Jk Paton, Didsbury 15.00 WkUeOaU 1st Duncan McDonald, Ebume, B. C. .. . 100.00 2nd J. G. Clark, Irma 40.00 3rd J. Cook, Cochrane 20.00 4th F. W. Burton, Strathmore 10.00 5th S. C. Hagen, Wintwbum 5.00 Six-rmBed Barlty. 1st John Robinson, Midnapore 10100 2nd S. C. Hagen, Winterbum 40.00 3rd J. Co(dc, CkMshnme 20.00 4th John Hallet Clark, Glenbow 10.00 5th Seager Wheeler, Rosthern 5.00 18 iff.i IM TWENTY-PIRST INTERNA ^ kh IRRIGATION CONGRESS Awaid WinnCT Amount Ttmhrowd BaHey. lit Niek Taitenfor, Claradu^ 170.00 Sod Artbur Ftmy, Cuikton 30.00 ard Smcv Wheder, Rorthan 15.00 4th 8. C. Hacen, WintertHmi 10.00 Pau. lit W. R. Moir, Nnrth Brttlrfwd 10.00 2nd J. Code CodiraiM! 10.00 Fhxtetd. 1st Southern Att>«ta Uad Co 16.00 2nd 8. A. Green, Mooee J*w 10.00 3rd O. A. WiUukmaon, Paarimin fi.OO Beatu. lat Canadian WhestUnda, Ltd 10.00 ron. 1st Dr. Chaa. W. Dickaon, Kdowna 10.00 2nd F. R. E. deHart, Keknraa 5.00 8rd H. Burtoh.Kelowna.. 3.00 '' imolhy Sted. 1st Arthur Porey, Cardston 20.00 2nd J. H. EUiott, bma 10.00 3id T. H. Lee. Red Lodge 5.00 Brome Grtun. lat Dan Patton, Midn«>ore 20.00 2nd Arthur Perrey, Cardaton 10.00 3rd William Co(^ Cochrane 5.00 We$lem Rye Gra**. lat 8. W. Creif^ton, Stalwart 20.00 2nd W. N. CroweU, Napinka 10.00 Srd Arthur Porey, Cardaton 5.00 Alfalfa Seed. lat Canadian Wheatlanda, Limited 20.00 2tod Southern Alberta Land Co laoo Sid Oiffen Broth«8, Thompson 5.00 GENERAL OFFICERS or TRK TWENTY-nG<»4D INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATKm CONGRESS J. B. CASE President Abilene, Kansaa J. 8. DENNIS Fiirt Vioe-Preeident Calgary, Alberta RICHARD F. BURGES Second Vioe-Preaident El Pas3, Texaa J. T. HINKLE Third Vioe-Preaident Hermiaton, Oregon KURT GRUNWALD Fourth Vioe-Preaident Denver, Colorado GEO. ALBERT SMITH Fifth Vice-President Salt Lake City, Utah L. NEWMAN Chairman Executive Committee Great Falia, Montana ARTHUR HOOKER 8ecretar> ^|M>kane, Washingtaa EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE TWENTY-SECOND CONGRESS 387 BXBCUTIVB COMMITTEE or THE TWBNTY-8BCOND INTBRNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS UNTTBD STATES Alabama Senator John HoUia Bankhead Jaqier Ariiona Senator Henry H. Ashunt Prescott AriuuiMw Senator J. T. Robinaon Tonoka California ^. L. Cowell San Francisco Colorado Ixm D. Sweet Denvw Connecticut Mias fVida Sanfoid Derby Delaware Senator H. A. DuPont -. . Winterthur District of Columbia F. H. Newell Waahington Fkmda Senator Duimui U. Fletcher Jaekaonville Georgia Senator A. O. Bacon Macon Idaho F. E. Weymouth Boiae UliBoia Jamea R. Mann, M. C Chicago Indiana Mrs. E.G.Andrew La Porte Iowa M. F. P. Coatdloe Ames Kaaaaa H. B. Walker Manhatten Kentucky Soiator OUie M. James Marion Louiaiaaa W. T. Byrd Baton Rouge Maine A. S. Hinda, M. C Pcfftland Maryland Senator Blair Lee Silver Spring Maasachusetta Auguatus P. Gardner, M. C Hamilton Michigan C. W. Carman Grand Rapida Minnesota Soiator Moses E. Clapp St. Paul Mississippi Senator James K. Vanlamon Jackson Missouri Fred W. Fleming Kanaaa City Montana L. Newman Great Falls Nebraska Senator Geo. W. Norria Meoook Nevada Senator Key Pittman Tonopah New Hampshire Senator Ja(»b H. GallingM' Concord New Jersey Smator William Hu|^ Patenon New Mexico Col. W. S. Hopewell Albuquerque New York Senator James A. O'Gorman New York North Carolina Senatcnr F. M. Simmons Newbem North Dakota Senator Po.ter J. McCumber Wahpeton Ohio E. H. Bohm Cleveland Oklahoma A. C. Trumbo Muskogee Oregon A. B. Thomson Echo Pennsylvania Mcnria Knowlea Pittaburgh Rhode Idand Senator LeBaron B. Colt Bristol South Carolina Aahbury H. Lever, M. C Lei^igton SouUk Dakota C. L. Millet Fort Korre Tenneaaee Senator Luke Lee Naahville Texaa J. A. Smith El Paao Utah Dr. £. D. Ball Logan Vermont Senaitor Carrol S. Paae Hyde Park Virginia Senator Thomaa S. Martin Chanotteville WMbingtnn. , , , R. Inrinm' Spokane West Virginia Senator William E. Chilton Charleston Wisomsin A. J. Cobban Madison Wyoming Prof. B. C. Buffum Worlaod TWBNTY-PniST INTERNATIONAL IRiUGATION CONGRESS DOMINKW OP CANADA Alberto J. 8. Dwnk i;<^'^«"y Mtiih Colombia W. R. Awtb KuoIooim ManitobA Prof. S. A. Bedford Winnipeg New Branawiek J. B. DagnM PVedBrkston Nova Scotia H<». M. Cunming Truro Ontario W. Bert Roadhouae Torouto Quebee Oeorge A. Gipult Quebec nince Edward Island Hon. M. Mi^innon Cbarlottetown Saskatchewan W. J. Thompaon Sas kat oon HONORARY VICB-PRE8IDENTS OV TBI TWENTY-SBGOND INTBRHATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS UNnSD STATES Alabama Oaoar W. Underwood Birmingham Ariaona Got. Geo. W. P. Hunt Flwenix California Judge John Fairweather Fresno Colorado Hon. Franklin E. Brooks Cokvado Sfvings Connectieut Senator Geo. P. McLea n Simrt>ury Delaware Got. Qiarka R. Miller Dover District of Columbia Hon. A. A. Jonea Waahington Florkla Gov. Park M. Trammell TaUahassee Georgia Gov. John M. EQaton Atianta Idaho Gov. John M. Bunes. Boise lUinois Senator James Hamiltou Lewis Chkaco Indiana Hon. Thoa. R. Manliall IndianapoU^ Iowa Soiator WSIiam S. Kenyon Fort Dod^ Kansas F. A. Gillespie Garden City Louisiana L. L. Morgan, M. C Covington Maine Senator E. C. Burieidi Augusta Maryland Gov. Phillips L. Goloisborough Annapolis Michigan J. HackW Skinner Grand Rftpids Minnesota Senator Knute Nelson Alexandria Mississippi Senator John Sharp Williams Bentoi. Missoun Hon. David R. Francis St. Louis Montana Gov. 8. V. Stewart Helena Nebraska Senator Gilbert M. Hitchcock Omaha Nevada Gov. Emmet D. Boyle Carson City New Hampshh« Holland H. Spaulding Concord New Jersey Senator James E. Martine Plainfidd New Mexico Gov. W. C. McDonald SanU Fe New York Gov. Charies S. Whitman Albany North Carolina Gov. Locke Craig Raleigh North Dakota Gov. L. B. Huma Bismark CHiio Hon. Judson Harmon Columbus Oklahoma Howard Bonebrake Eh«no Oregon Gov. Oswald West Salem Pennsylvania Chancellor S. B. McCormick Pittsburgh Rhode Island Snaetor Henry F. Lipmtt Providence South Carolina Senator Bsyamin R. Tillman Trenton South Dakota SoiatOT Thomas Steriing Huron Tomessee Gov. Thomas C. Rye NashviUe Texas J. C. Nagk Austin Utah Dr. J. A. Widtsoe Logan CHAIRMEN OF STATE DELEGATIONS Viiiiiiia Gov. Hoaiy C. Stuart Riehinoiid WMhiofton D. M. Orumhdler Spokane WMt Vurginu Gov. Henry D. Hatfield Charieaton Wiaeondii Senator Robert M. LaFoUette Madiaon Wyominc Senator Fnmeia E. Wanen dbeyenne DOMINION OF CANADA AbCTta Hon. Duncan Manhall Edmont<» Britiah Columbia Prof. Leonard S. Klinck Vancouver Manitoba Hon. Geo. Lawrence Winnipeg New Bnmawiek Hon. D. V. Landry Frederioton Ontario Hon. J. 8. Duff Toronto Quebec Boo. Joe. Ed. Caron Qu^mc Saakatchewan Dean W. J. Rutherford Saskatoon CHAIRMEN or STATE IttLBGATKmS or TBI TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS AlberU W. H. Fairfield Letitbridge British Colunbia Dr. Chas. W. Dicksan Kdowna Caitfomia L. A. N.iro.-' Fresno Colorado Kurt Grunwald. Denver District of Columbia F. H. Newell Washington Idaho 1. li. Flagl>r Emmett Kansas . . J. B. < 'iWt^ Abilei^ Louisiana W. T. Byrd Baton Rouge Michigan C. W. Carnaan. . Grand Rapids Montana W. A. Lamb Helena Oregon IT. Hinkle. Hermiston Saskatchewan K. G. Williamson Maplr Creek Texas John A. Happer , iSl Pj*j Washington. E. M. Chandler ... Biubaul: X. . SECRETARIES OF STATE DELEGATION'^: OF THE TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION COWCHK'jn. Alberta Robert 8. 8toc'ii.ton oU:«t')':« '^■» British Colimibia C. E. Laurence liAnlr.opf Ci^ifomia D. W. Roes San IVan.^isoo Colorado Geo. M. Patteriijn Fort Morgan District of Columbia F. H. NewcU Washington Idaho Mrs. E. B. Darlington Hdluter Louisiana W. T. Byrd.- Baton Rougn Michigan C. W. Carman Grand Rapids Oregon Mrs. A. B. Thomson Echo Saskatchewan G. S. Herringer Maple Creek Texas C. A. Kinne El Paso Washington C. C. Thom PuUman 3M TWKNTY-PIRST INTKINATIONAL IRWOATION CONGRESS FINANCIAL STATEMENT or not SECRETARY AND TREASURER or TBB TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS. Calgary, Albarta, Canada, Pabmary 3rd, 1915. Mr. L. Newman, Chairman Board of Oovernoni Twenty-4lnt International Irrigation CongreM, Great Falls, Montana. DearSL:— The books of the Board of Governors of the Twenty-first International Irrigation Congress show the following totals: — CREDIT F«b. i, »U to Feb. 1, WW t7,«r.n EXPENDirUREB Feb. 1, 1914 to Feb. 1, 1918, EspenditurM on VoudMf* Not. 1 to 96 indiHive Office Expam 11,420.74 Dnyuge, Fraght, Packing, and Storace 413.71 SaiiinM 4,246.00 Tnvellinc Expenwe 1,140.78 17,221.23 CASH ON HAND CMh OB Haad, Feb. 1, 19U % 366.88 Auditor's Report of examination of accounts and vouchers in the Treasurer's office of the International Irrigation Congress, and rec;.>ipts, expenditures and balances shoA^n thereby, is appended hereto. Respectfully submitted. Signed), Arthur Hooker. Secretory Tretuurer. PINANCIAL STATEMENT 391 AUDITOR'S REPORT Calgary Alberta Feb. 3, 1915 Louis Nkwnam Esq., Chairman, Board of Qovernprs, International Irrisation ' Congress, Oreat Falls, Montana Dear Sir:— I, the undersigned, E. G. White, appointed to audit Mr. Hooker's aeeounts, by Mr. Norman C. Rankin, of the Local Board oi Control and Secretary-Treasurer Hooker, in accordance with your letter to Mr. Rankin of December 9th,. and the request of the Board of Governors, hereby certify that I have examined the accounts and vouchers of the Treasurer's office of the International Irrigation Congress and find them to show receipts, expenditures and balances as follows: — CREDIT Feb. 1, 1914 Bfthoee in Utah SUte Bmak, Salt Uke City, Utah . t 10. 1 1 Difs ilte ia If olsos't Baak, ddtarj. Feb. 19, 1914 Aoeount Quiuruitee Fund 2,500.00 June 22, 1914 Babnee Quarantee Fund 6,OOO.Oo Oo(. 5, 1914 OAoial Bulletin 8uhacriptionH 13.00 Oet. 13,1914 Oflkial Bulletin Subecripttona 1.00 Oct. 14,1914 OOcial Bulletin SuhwriptioM 61.00 Nov. 28, 1914 Oflleial Bulletin Subaoriptiom 2.00 DEBIT By Touehera Noa. 1 to 93 inoiuaive, Feb. 24, 1914 to Jan. 27, 1918 17871.23 7471.23 Feb. 1, 1918 Caah in Bantu tl6.88 Utah State Bank Iiail Moiaon'a Bank 8.77 I 18.88 CoQtlaganey Fuad. Feb. 24, 1914 CaA in Contincency Fund hy Vounher No. 1 t ftOO.OO By Vouehen Noa. 94, 9ft, and 9S, Jan. 2S, 20, and 27 raapNtively jftO.OlJ F*b. 1, 1918 Caah in Contingency Fund Kapanaitufes. Total Debit by Vouchers Noa. 1 to 96 inetuMtre .17,721.2;; litai Voucher No. I, tnuufar of OMh from bank to Continsency Fund ._,,,._... ftOODO Total Eq>endi(urea, Feb. 2(, 1914 to Feb. I, 191.5. aw TWBNTY-PIRST INTBRNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRSSS CASH ON HAND Feb. 1, I91fi CadiinBMika $ 15.88 Caah in Contiageney Fund 350.00 Total CMh on hand, Fdb. 1, 1915 f 885J8 Total Cradit t7,587.11 Expenditurea 7^1.23 -t MSM I eartify that all expcodHuroa have been made on voudien and ^aquaa duly approved by the Board of GoveiDon, through their Chainnan, or Pw w i dent, and Saeretary. Ifoun very truly, (Rigned) E. G. Wnt^ Auditor. AUDIT OF BOARD OF CONTROL ACCOUNTS Calgary, Slat. December,1914 J. S. Denras Esq., Chairman, Board of Control Twenty-First International Irrigation Congress, Calgary, Alta. I>»r Sir:— Actiac upon instructions received through your Secretary TMMMirer, we have examined the Accounts of the Twenty- FiMt International Irrigation Congress, for the period cover- iag May 18th. 1014 to December 31st. 1914. We herewith b^ to submit our report thereon, accompanied by a state- ment of receipts and disbursements for the period under review. Under an agreement dated February 17th, 1014, the city of Calgary undertook to pay, at future specified times, two sums aggregating $7500.00 to the order of the Board of Governors on behalf of the International Irrigation Congress. We are informed that $2600.00 was advanced by the city on 10th. February 1014, against the above amount and a further sum of $2000.00 has since been |Mud into the funds of the Board of Control, and we are given to understand that this constitutes the final payment from the city of Calgary. Other contributions to the funds of the Board of Control comprise the following grants: — Canadian Pacific Railway CompaS]r • 5000.00 The Government of the Dominion c4 Canada 5000 . 00 The Government of the Prov. of British Columbia. 2500 00 The Government of the Prov. of Alberta 3000.00 The Guveriibieul ui the PfuV. uf gai»k«ic-heWatt. . . . 1000.00 $16500.00 im FINAHCIAL STATEMENT 30S and the total as shown, in addition to the afwesaid mentioned sum of S2000.00 reedved from the city, accounts for the total contributions as recorded in Exhibit "A" attached hereto. All vouehws rdative to the payments in the attached exhibit have been inspected by us and found in order. At a meeting of the Executive Committee held on October 29th. 1914, it was resolved to set aside the sum of S700.00 to meet outstanding liabilities, and we would state that this sum has been deposited to the credit of a Contingency Account in tM Canadian Bank of Commerce. All of which is respectfully submitted. (Sgd.) Wbbb, Rbad, HaaAir Callimgham k co. Auditort. »» EXHIBIT '^A. Tl^ KMXD or CONTROL. TWENTY-WRST INTMNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGREM. OTATEMBNT OF RBCEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS. Majr ISth, m4 to DwmilMr 3Ut, 1914. RfiCEIPTS. Cantributioos. .$18,500.00 DIRBUR8EMENT8. g*{h»*" W.SOS.iQ Pubhmy 2,2S2.13 OBoc Kxpeiwe 1,192.6S »*•««■«« 866 25 EkiterUinment l,U2'.60 ?**»»«. 500.00 DeeorationR 439 45 TrwMportation 7278 TniTeUing Expen«(>8 299.60 /. . i:. J J « . ^,, $12,589.85 • •uarantee Funda paid to B< , 178 Gwinn, Montie B xv Hanna, L. B ■ ■ • 186 Happer, J. A 177, 312 Hareourt, Geo i^^ oi'i Harlan, 4 E 332, 360 HaruMn, Judaon a:-;\;^-; ni^ HarriB, #.8 352,339, 341 Harrison, Iris .-..■ xxm Hays, D. W xm, 207 Hendry , M . C 2^ Hennmr, E. R 13* HM, Cf. M .X HiUooka, S. B ■■ -i -; «i" HinkleJ. T x, 16«, 19(^ 321, 36 Hook, Percy .• • •• • • "XV Hooker, Arthur xvi, 30. 41, 321 Hooker, Harley J " Hopewell, W. 8 x,xi^ Houston, G. N «0 Huckvale, Walter „ • 312 Huiier, George G 138, 328 Hutchings, R. J x". xiii Hutton, G. H -J;' InsinRW, R «vi, 365 Jacobs F. 8 *"• Janse feroe., Boomer, Huglies & Grain •! Jennings, P. J „ • «» Johnston, James 3i2, d39 Jones. W. A. Flemming 142 Kerby, G. W x". »'" KicMli, Fred J ^ CONTENTS BY NAME WT Page KimbAll, Andrew „• Kini,D.E :::::::;;;::::;:::::::::: S Kmne, C. A xta una J^^Ei'S^ ..:.:::::.::::::::::.:::.***' m Knowfea, Uanu , i*ek,F.s ^ !!..!!! ■!;■"!!! "!;;;; :;::;;:; I Lamb, W. A 310 ggn Lone, Fnuiklin K 94 Laumice. C. E 08, 123,336, 387 i^a, o. a ij[ Lindaky,E. A 310 Lister, Eraeat HI Loudieed, J. A 'Jj! 154 LuSHeTheFiirt '^ McClury, Gilbert „ MoConnick, R. R 3jyi MeConnick, 8. B xi McCutobeon, O. E nv McHujrii, D.O •■ Sh MoKiUop, Arch ^ McKlintoek, James H nv McLean, ArchibaM xii McMillan, John xv Magiuii*, Pat xj Mantle, A. F iiL IBB Marker^p ! ! ! ! 1 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! [Si!^ J**™°«^. G.R 296. 298 MarAall, Duncan xii, 96 Maxaon. H. B xiv sy Maxwell, Geo. H ' xv Mead, Elwood jriV xv Miller, Andrew ivi 42 260 Miller, J. M *"'' "' t^ Miltet,C.L ' Miiia, P. J :.::::: j^ Moaes, E. R xiv MiickiMton, H. B ...xii; 26i, 329 N^glo. f C 236 Nares, L. A.. 244, 341, 348 Ml'/- Sl: • • A xi, 6, 93, 107, 164, 176 Newlanda, Francia G xvi Newman, L. xvi, 40, 290, M?, 359 Nielsen, Niel.. ! 260, 363 Noufse, C. D. K -ii (>ld8, Alfred A xi Palmer, Truman G x Paget, Edw. 8 g Pardee, Geo. C xv Pearce, William xii PelUer, Geo. W j^ PerrauU, Joaeph xv Perry, Frank H ggl Petern, F. H ; . xiii/ilS, 128 Porter, J. F jO Prycc-Jones, A. W ......'.".'.'.'. xiii Ramires, Joaeph 344 S^^^b;::::;:::;;;::;::::;:;:;:;;;'";^;:---^^ Reynolds, Horace xxvii Richardson, E. L ; ." ," .xji,' ^ii, 384 3 98 TWBNTY-PIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS Pace RiehardMW, Tom *▼ Riley, HaroU W «> Robnaon. B. L *" rSTixW 61.88,120,312,381 Rom, W. R xiu, 143 RuMdI. Matt .; «' Ruth^ord, J. G x".3«7 Sanden, Jared Y » Saofocd, Flrida « 8auder, P. M iio^l Savace, H. N 342, 374 Rchmidt, C. B « Bcott, W. E 3*5 RhurtUff, L. W ,S Shaw, H. H ; •..»« SifUm. A. I «». « Sinnott, H. A »i. 1* Smart, Janus • • • ■ ;• „*" Smith, Geo. Albert 56, 342, 8«J2 Smith, JA -5 Smith. W. A ^^ Smyttie, Wm. E ■.• "Y Hnnw rW A IX, XVI KiSH^::...::: 232. 23^ 311. 329 Stafford, Roy •„■ • • ■ ■ ■■■ «} StoektoA, R S xu, 218, 234, 235 Stout, O. V. P .« Strong, L. P »" Sweet, Lou D f Teal, J. N ;^ o^ Thorn, C. C 18«. 328 Thoouw, Arthur L «^ ?S5SS:&.^::::::;:::;:;::::::::;:::::::::::iJ»;i3»^^^^ Srr^^^: : :;.•.•.•;.•.•.■.•.•.•.•.■.■.•.•.•.■.•.•.•;.•.•.•.•.•.•.•.•.■. :::::::::::: 129, !§ S^^^:-::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::i^i24.« Turoev> W. W xv, 231, 234 Twooiiie, T. M «" Twitchdl, R. E *v Vandergnft. F. L ^. Walker, H.B « Walker, J. A .:.• - »" Walker, J. Brace xui, 4i, 35 Walsh, Thos. F *^ WanUand, C. E JX WeU, Max W Wella. Geo '28 Wells, Heber M • • • „51 Weymam, Peter Von 130, 260 White, B. 8 «" White, Douglas .?! Williams. J. E «»' Williamson, R. G 1?° WiUiamson, R. 8 «" Wilson. Woodrow .•? Woods. J. H »>• «.'!} Young, R. W ">". *"' •:• Young, 8. B. -l^ Voung, WiUiam 188. 331 ■■■■■I CONTENTS BY TITLE Benaon, E. F ^j2 BuIyM. Hk Honour, G. H. V 2\0 Caae, J. B '26 CoweD, A. L ' ' 244 DnmM, J. S !iA PUaon, Hon. Price 2?T Finkle, F.C SiS Fortier, Sunuel 1^2 Grunwakt, Kurt 170 Hayj D. w '. .'. .'.'.'.'.:'.\::::::: 7m Hendry, M. C 970 Hinkl^J.T f^ Louf^eed, Hon. J. A ' 1R4 Mantle, A. F JS9 Marshall, Hon. Duncan gj Muckle8t<»i, H. B 281 Najtle, J. C 236 NewdU, F. H JS? Nielsen, Niel 250 Newman. L 290 Peters, F. H ua Ross, b.w ei Ross, Hon. W. R I43 Rutherford, Dr. J. G -tar Savage, H. N 374 Sinnott, His Worship, H. A. u Sifton, H<«i .A. L {5 Stockton, Robt. 8 '.'...'..'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'..'.'. 2is Thom, C. C ... too Walker, J. Bruce 2S Younit, President Richard W I7 Young, William ]gg Administration of Water Rishta in British Golumhia Igg Agriculture and Animal Industry. Address bv Suprrintendent of i the Canadian Pacific Railway Company . . 357 Aniculture and Irrigation in Saskatchewan 199 Call of Provinces 34j Irrigation Enterprises of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company in, . 261 Irrigation, m, and the Settler on Irrigated Land 278 A|>pendix 37g Arisona, Letter from Governor of ar Australia: ^ Address by the ConimissionN of Trade and Irrigation from, to the United States and Canada oro Call of SUtes 3« Awards, List of ooc Board of Control: , Organisation of .^.,i Report of Chairman Dennis "<< Board of Gov^non: Twenty-First Congress, List of s Twenty-second Congress, List of 342 RMKWt of ^w River. Power and Storage Possibilities of the West of Calgary 278 Address by the Minister of Financf and Agriculture of . 294 Administration of Water Right; in ISs Call of Provinces 345 Irrigation Policies in 143 3M ^^^ 400 TWBNTY-PIRST INTBRNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRBSS 'UK Califanift; Ckl td SUtM RMent Diatrict Trrigatioa IjefbUtion in 244 OHMia " Cslcuy, Power iwd Stimfe' i^MaibiiitlM of tiie Boir River Wf«t of Weetera, ColoniBing in j ■ -. • • •. ••; ?J| Weetem, Doniiiii(» Govenun3nt Laws rMpectin^ Imgation in 113 Weft«m, Nation Building in .• • • • • • ■ • • *6 Canadian Pacific Railway Company, Irrifation EntenMiaea in AlberU rf ihe 281 Chorus, Irrigatitm Conneaa, Selections by M, 280, 3M, 374, 375 OokmixinK in Weetem Canada ■ • • • 130 Colorado: Call of SUtes '*^' SS C.ilorado River, Silt Problema of th? 299 Committees: Board of Co trul Organiiiation of ™ Report of Chairman Dennis 8 Board of Governors Of the Twentv-first Congress, Members of J Of the Twenty-ecoond Congress, Memb«>rp of 3^ Report, of «» Credentials .._ Members of |J2 Repwt of 813 Exeentive. The Twenty-first Congress, Members of x TTie Twenty-Second Congress, Members of 387 Report of 30 Permanoit Organization Membos of 342 Report of 343 Resomtions. „.. Members of Ml Report of 331 Constitution:. Amendments suggested 40 As revised at Calgary :■ ■ ■ ~ ■: ■ Wa ;•;_;:>;■ •'^ Ci eat Falls Plan of Co-operatiou Between the City and Farmmg Com- munity. The 290 Greetingvfrom: . The Governor-General of (>.auula • The President of the ''. itxl States 5 CONTENTS BY TITLE 1^ , . ■ P«e °^SSi^SUti Department o{ the Interior ........ 321 Ho^^^vS-Kdenf of the Twenty^fir-t Conpe.,.. .... • ■ • 3^$ Idaho: CaUofState* vi £^SrbyveryW/i^w;8:p.««t:::::: ^^ ^"^Sfsiakatchewan Agriculture ■....■...■.■.■.:..■ • i« Britich CohunbiB PohciM. . • • . • ■^■■-: 243 Di»triot Lefislation in CaWornui, Recent ^g I54 Lffiti-^dttS Settler on Irrigated Land ::;.;.. ...322 In the State of Washington.. • • • • v 207 Sofert. Relation of the Fanner to the 236 ^SSr cJX %'Domink.n " Government Law. respecting ^^^ Irri»t>on in '^SCT^and^g-e'*! Li.t of Officer,. .... . • • • ^. ^ ^^ 3,,^ || Chonia, Selectiona by 351 Kansas: CaU of States..... ■••••v^g^^j;; pgilure of Irrigation and Land Settlment PoIicim of the >* ««?^e ,?o LMdless Man and the Manless Land, The 112 Letter from Samuel Fortier 361 Louisiana: CaU of SUtes.. 321 Lucille The First, G««tX^'SS,,ess Land-. ** Man, The Landless, and the Maniess L«na. ^iSSigPlaces, Irrigation Congress ; ; ; g Of the Executive Committee 357 KSTof SScS» Aiberta, Address by ..^ gSHuiiSS^jnc^:^ Necessity of aHigher Duty of Water, 1 ne . . . . Offi«mof the Twenty-first Congress. ^ Board of Control. . ^ ... ;^, 38» Chairman of State Delegations x Executive Committeemen « General Officers^. ... . • « Honorary Vice-Presidents. .^^^ 389 Secretarfcs of SUte Delewtions _.. Officers of the Twenty-second Congress. 387 Executive Committeemen ^ General Officers.. ■■■■■- 3M OffiSWeUSntegation Con^, General list of .. . . • • - • ■ 364 Official Call ^ SSi^faScommittee. Permanent 343 Members of 343 Report of J"** Oreoon: Call of States... . .• • • PeSent Organisation Commits ce: 342 Members o? o« Pow'^^rafcnM.e Po«ibiUti«of Uie^Ri^^^ West of Calgarj- 2^8 P^Sident International Irrigation Congress 10 Introduction of the -;j- ; ; •;; ^,;j.; 365 Introduction of the President-Elect 26 402 TWENTY-FIRST INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS Preaident Intematioiwl Irrigation CongreM — Con. : Page R«4 Irrigation Conditions in the Stj»te of 322 Tclegrain from the Governor of Ill Water Rights, Administration of, in British Columbia 188 Water Storage by the United States Reclamation Service 107 Welcome; T