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' i , , i.:, M * » / '% 4* •i % \ \ * 1> V % > , i^-"' \ * * - ♦. r 1 t " \ • w 1 . .k.-%' -' ■> "* . ". ■// . \ . --* • k * ■ ,■■-'■" . .-■"-■■'■',- '••■'■■-■.■■■-«t? EVERY MAlir HIS OWN HORSE HD ClITLE BOCTOR ■ •€ \ ■ -■ » ^ ; • 1\ ■ - 1 " •# I* • 1 \ 1 1 #Il-v 1. "^ t ^ <• |fe#-' <■ '■ •. ■ '■:■ :# rf*' f ^ \' N J ^ J -_«c5 / W'-'\ !■'.(■-' <\y. '^ ry- A i ^ «i> "^ \ ^ " . ' • • } V - _^ >. ' - v.. V * • . -^ •—' ' ■'* *• -^; • - vU J* • " • • „ . • • • ' - ^ % 1 » " " ' * .V A. tV ' S • 1 "«.»«*. '^^ k T, • 1^ k ."%^4*>-- •• ."X* EVERY MAN HIS OWN HORSE AND CATTLE • DOCTOR • OOMPILBD FROM THE WORKS OP THE MOST Om.ll!TlllATBT» EUROPEAN, AMERICAN. AND OANAwS? ^^*^ VETERINARY AUTHORITIES BT E. KING DODDS,r> Editor of " Ths Canadian SportamaTi and Live Stock Journal:. [ESTABLIRHHO 1870], ASSISTED BY SEVERAL EMINENT " VETS." ALSO HOW TO DEVELOP SPEED IN H0BSE8, AND HOW BEST TO BREAK AND TAMEmit A FEW INTERMTINO CHAPTBE8 ABB ALSO DBVOTBD TO THE BREAKING AND TBAININO OF OOLTO: TffS WHOLE BOOKSOPBRBLT ILLUSTRATMD. ^^^^^^J '^^^ CANADIAN SPORTSMAN AND LIVB 8TOOT JOURNAL PRINTING -AND Prr^r.TflHrNfl QQMiSr^ 1886. :1 J|i.Vi!vi4 ih'iL ,i\^S>SiLi5^.S,". -I'u'J^mt ■ ittej' ■;;.,„ \ ^ 7J v-V SF1S5 im^ "i,^"' yilikl^&A'iit^a^-:!. Entered aoconUng to aot o{ Uia PuiUmaot of CumU, in tha year one tbooMnd alKfat hondrad and tUbtj-tix, by E. Knrs DoDDi, in tha offloa ol tha Minister ot Agrlcultura. «tuated that they are unable to ob' torn the servioe. o f ;.> »Vet'' it a few minute's notice, and a Very hri J r^itMsv iiHMi^iiiuans dsBth torthe luflreror. " : ^=^- ' ^^^— » object sought to be aooompliJied in the publication of this book, =^ & W.k^^ t U^4^^i^ti^M.1^^. s ■i-Ai'"- 4 10 PKEFACK. w to supply a mass of valuable information gathered from the most eminent European, American and Canadian Authorities, and so present the result of their combined wisdom, that the plainest minded man may easily understand it. , ' » This vork is for the use of practical men, nine-tenths of whom do not understand I^tin or scientific terms, therefore plain English alone is used, and the reader will find, that while every ailment arid disease known to exist amongst horses, cat«e, sheep and swine has been exhaustively dealt with in thMe pages, and recipes included, showing how to.cure them, they have been so plainly and practicaUy tr^tod that none can fail to understand. The old saying that a " stitch in time saves nine » itf particularly appropriate in con- nection with the management of stock. What was but a slight attack easily cured If intelligently dealt with at the commencement, either through neglect or delay in waiting the arrival of a "Vet," becomes incurable, and a valuable life is lost. The old practise of blood letting and heavy physicking is fast giving way to a more rational system. In curing disease, medicine and the Veterinary Art should be so employed as to astut the powers of nature to overcome the complaint — nothing more. ' The remedies recommended in this book are in no way speculative ; they are the tried formulas of men eminent in their profession, and which, through years of practice, have proven themselves ' the best. The statement is often made by unthinking writers, that if farmers would take good care of their live stock, there would be no trouble from disease. Now, while we are strong advocates o^ and thorough believers in the im- portance of good care and of the proper observance of hygienic conditions for our domestic animals, it is absurd to argue that even the best of care and the most scrupulous attention to the comfort of his stock necessarily gives the farmer immunity from contagious diseases. Fortunately the counti^y has been for some years quite free from any extended epidemic ; but it would not be difficult to find more than one section 9f country where amongst horses influenza has been more than usually prevalent. Wise attention to the laws of health is all important on the part of the human family ; the chances of continued good health are greatly enhance^ by such wise precautions, but when the dreaded cholera or small pox makes its app«&ranke^ even the best and cleanliest homes may be afflicted, though their chances of escape are as a hundred to one over the unclean habitation. In addition to the treatment and cure of the ailments and diseasesof cattle sheep and swine, we have included an exhaustive treatise on the horse's foot and how best to toanage so as to keep it sound.' We have also devoted considerable space to tjlie training of young horses so as tq develop their speed • and many a lad on this farm, who intelligently applies his spare time at the pivjwF «»«Hi tir develop lateirt spee* in TT colt, will And, tf he lie — / e most eminent nf the result of wily understand f whom do not lone is used, and known to exist (r dealt with in ley have been so band. The old opriate in con- ht attack easily through neglect and a valuable Preface. 11 successful m his effort, that he has added a very liberal amount (b the ani- mals market value. It is an admitted fact that the possession of trotting speed greatly adds to a young horse's value : two four year olds may be offered for sale, perfectly mated in size, color and action, yet if one of them can trot a mile in three minutes, and the other one is unable to go the trip in less than five pimutes, every boy knows that the faster horse wUl comm-ind a much higher price than his slower mate. Now, it often happens that a far- mer sells a young horse at an ordinary pri«| which, if he had taken the little trouble necessary to properly develop the ktent speed in him, would hive re- alizedthree doUars for the oiife he was sold for. This iaa hard, stubborn fact worthy of remembrance. The system of tamingj klso introduced, is founded on the Rarey plan, and there is so much sound wisdom ui'it that it will do do any horse owner good to carefully study the si.nple rul«. laid down for the proper discipline of man's uoblest lielper. - • I overcome the culative ; they I, and which, I best. The armers would from disease, ars in the im- nio conditions )st of care and iessarily gives le counti^y has but it would mongst horses m to the laws he chances of Ksautions, but even the best escape are as 8 W(|M'j!j(.uA^}«sli>5r-n "ki- ,^\ -J-.^ ^ It 4 ,, • \ S , . , 1 . , ' ' . p! * & I > / GENERAL TREATMENT OF THE HORSE ity weather, before putting it into the hone's month ionally lick a little salt from your htmin when yon %*^: Warm the bit in Let the horse offer the bit • Never startle a hotke by striking him suddenly or unexpectedly. Gentle treatment as a rule wUl secure faithful and steady Wrk. Anger, seventy, and sudden jerking, endanger your harness, your vehiole, and your life, besides permanently injuring your horse, thus destroying your own pro- Be well provided with blanketB, particularly at^night. If you are wait^ ingfop pagsengers, whUe you loot out for your own comfort by a warm fire- side, or in thick wrappers, see that your horse is also protected from the chilly air. Wash the inside of the collar frequently with castUe soap ^nds, and when It has thoroughly flried, gently warm the leather and soak it with oU, so as to soften It; Do not allow any oU to remain unabsorbed on the surfaoe of the leather. , If the shoulders are tender, feverish, and dispoMi to chafe, they should be well rubbed, and afterwards washed with salt water. This should be done after unharnessing, so that the parts bathed may be dry before work U resumed, _ Never be tempted to overload your team. Orbrloading occasions blind- ness, spavin, splint, and other painful and fatal disorders. See that the harness fite rtaily in every part, and that the shoes are tight and well put on. If there are chains connected with any part of the hamesa, let them be well covered with soft leather or sheepskin. In addressing the horse, be always genlle and soothing, yet firm, Pat him frequently, and encourage every sign of attachment that he gives, but never let him forget that you are his master. BveTT^fracT, or other veMo^^ a prop stick hang to the ^ ( ■• -hafts, to reUevQ the burden of the load whenever the team ia Btandin^. ^S^^Li^^^-Sx^ni^ ^J¥^ _iVX^*. li ^^ Jili>AtJ J^ jj: *-i-r . ♦ '■ 'V^i u GENERAL TBKATIIBNT ofe ^HK H0B8K. Oonaider how you would ThiH is a little attention too frequently .eglected Cu^"* your^f with a loij'hearii on y'^ Prived of exercise in pTure Vnd of^.r"' *"* "*'*'^ *''* anin^ali, de- producediaeaae. P"^""-^'*^ of rolling on the grass, cannot fail to . beautfr:i^t:rh"e:it^t3 j^^*^^ *"^ *^^* ^'^^^-^ »- often prevents him from re^^^JT/''"' ^"" T**"" "^ ^^y' '^^ . ' Your stable Should TSlv T^ "* Tf. °' » •"»""« «' fi^'- ventilated, and well proteoted'^rdLS '«" ?« •'*«d. well drained. weP cold. Keep the crib'^.lea^t^d fr^ S 1?' "T^ "'"""" °' '^«*' '"^'^ fodder as far from the .^T^^Z. ^ I"^ ^"^^ **»« '"^^ "'^'^ »«>" breath of the animal ^^ ^ »o as to be away from the steam and aida3:::;ttrs^^^"''.'^« ^-^'- ^-^^^ . enin/LZurth^^e: tlTb^r "^^ "'^~^' "^^^ ^^^ ^^^P" bring!rtar°es!^TetLTrd"''^^ ^'^^^ '^-''' ^^^^ oughly every morning''Tm:J.rLter.\rtt^^^^^^ M in man. "wtunaess is next to godliness in beast ii-eep your wheels well irreased Thia ..«^'. ^u ,. load. greased. This reduces the labor of drawing the d.K«t thorn. .,rf„|i„te„'.. .7°"! "^■?*'°' ."»"■• 'to «ni«.l, „d A >-* t how you would very day. The ie animal 19 de- • canaot fail to iks a horse more The short bear- nd uaeasy, and Jle or Udl. drained, weP 68 of heat aad hay and other the steam and OENBRAL TBKATME5T OF THE HORSE. 15 Lead the horse carefully into andf ;out of the staole. Accustom bim to stand quite stU till you are seated. Starfat a walk, and go gent}y the first and the last mua • Use the-whip rarely and with judgment It wUl, then, always be avail- able as a last resource. >- Be alwa^ on your guard, just feeling the mouth with the bit. lightly and steadily. •» "«""/ If a horse shies, neither whip him noi- pat him, but speak encouragingly and drive hira slowly, with a firm hand, towards the object "» » /' If you value your own life, the lives of others, or your horse, drive cautiotisly in the dark. ^ -^ ^y^ Get out and walk when you ascend a hill if the horse is at aU burdened If you stop OD « hill, put a stone behind the wheel. Never tetae or tickle the horse. Follow the rules here set forth, and the value of tie Horse will be OMitAruUy enhanced. i»iiJ i| :int i Vi»f< i i'j( ji iwi | i?wi i» j i> i i i: i t l . 1 i' \ ■ , I 16 TUB PULSE, BkRATHINQ, BTa ?tJ THE PITLSE, BREATHING, ETC. • -■ ' • V The Pclsii. — The pulse of the horse is felt under the upper jjkrt of the jaw bone. The stjate of the pulse reveals the condition of the heart, telling us isrhether the disease is of an exalted or depressed character, or whether sickness is at all present. The pulse beats stronger in young than in old animals. In the full-grown and healthy horse it beats from thirty-two to thirty-eight in the minute ; in the ox or cow, thirty-five to forty-two ; in ^he sheep, seventy to seventy-five ; and in the dog, from ninety to ninety- "eight. In inflammations and fevers the frequency of the pulse i^ increased. In debility and depression it is slower, but sometimes quicker than natural-. There are the quick pulse, the strong, the sharp, the regu^ir, and many othet varieties, which few persons can appreciate. The pulse of inflammation and fever numbers from seventy-five to eighty beats in the minute ; so that ^lose attention to its warning voice will learn us what to do. ' • BliEATHiNG. — An ordinary strong, healthy horse will take one inspira- tion to three of the pulse beats. When the breathing is more frequent or slower, and when irregular, or difficult and laborious, it plainly indicates disease ; although we sometimes see the breathing quickened and short, when no disease is present ; fqr instance, the pulse and the breathing will be quickened by exposure to heat, as in a sta)}le up stairs, or by ex- posure on' a blazing hot day. By repaoving the aniraallio b^table well ven- tilated, the breathing and the pulse ♦ill |je greatly lessened. Hence the advantage of placing animals in a cool and airy place when they are unwell. It saves a great waste of their strength and vitality, thereby greatly afding them to throw off the effects of disease. BiB^^E. — The cause of disease amongstVomestic animals is not so great a mystery as one might at first thought imagine. It is a fapt well known to all intelligent breedei% that the quality of the sire is 'generally ioitpressed upon the offspring; whether for good or bad ; and as certain. breeds of hones or Btrsini of hlood are noted for their stoiitn^ aadiBitiBg«|ualiiifli^^ \ ^s , H n^S * , J„- ' -l-< ^ *£*«»■. »s#«>ji A i<4.*i»S»-s?'\>j£lf'S4,.iSi»ft>i'" *^«a»'p-«A«sW.'**S.*sJ:^'(^SSi^!^^ »■■ .i > J ^^K>' ) THK PUUE, BHKATHING, ETC. J 7 In the history of the tliorouj?hbred will bfi fm,n J * ji- '* seasing speed only for a short 9^^ ^21:^7 " '"■ ^^ f=tL:r:ftrrhot^^«- ^r^"--^- ana.^..„;i:^^^^^^^ ,u.liti,. f j^high and weU dC^'rf. K^tdte^r: Jrs' 1 Z"^ '"f ' .arid well boned, or for spindly weak and Ul foIZ^ I ! ' "*'"'*"«' ^*' case 6f the horae certain .hLJy u '"■''*™^ '™H particularly in the eases Thus H tS^ • ""^ "o*«riously liable to certein dis- isadisp^;"rSo:LtLt::rrrrr'*''r^ -twithwhe. t,.^ of the Ld^ns of t^ f^X It™ " e • ^^ '"^ *"* '~"^- «*~^ ligaments unduly confin^ ft the W / round and the tendons and chest is na^w and the tlturn^ol^'"^' navicular disease whe™ the lessheZ faultyis m s!me ''"'^ *«,be ""^ject to this malady un- the pasterns a^'^^htLeZ '"""^'^^ *'^ ^PP^^ to ring-bone. Either ■ they^tuni^Uytdtt "^""'"^ too much jar and concussion, or i^'often in ^T^^a^^ttZTd^^ ^ ^^'"'^ '' ^ "«— ^ -^- .diarr;^iTe;iifr4l^1^^^^^^^^ ^«»«««. *«"«'- that ^ very p^to attelk holsoClTl '^!^'^' "''^'"""^ «" ^"^^^^ "^^ nam,; loins, C flat side C of hT *"' ''°'"*^*"*^°'^ «'*ho- with peamnce. JUnoZ^ll^uZZo^lj^l:. T^'^^-^d a washy ap. food be suddenly ^hanged or Tttf ^ ^ « ^^^ "°"*^ "^^ *"^' '^ ''''^'^ they ar. almost'^rrtTi l^ at^k^ «! K " ""'r' ^"""^^^^ °* «'^^' ^ ^a:ort.tSe:rr£r^r™^^ ..e.nt fuLio JXt^r^ltn^^d rLj:!!:^ ^^^ ^^ ^ »arkS;:L"rnslTg^;:-rrffr;;:z^^^^ -r evidence is ^oTjtythT^^tT^^ hereditary, of which indubitable , same stock, and when lonrit^ J "" "*"^ '*'^''^"* individuals, of the most efficiTnt s^^ oS^t^ «T T'" *'' ""* --«ement and >rtaindiseases.CreuL W Jeedtd^.^^ P"""-*^ *« f; 'WJSiSmM.i ^W3«i«A(ai,te»;. , • M'i 18 TBK PCL8K, tollBATBI^O, RTO. wanting, the blood in the veins rises with di^culty against its own while the soft and lax condition of the venou^ coats, and contact with them, permits the passage of the ifluid parts of rise to a serous ^fiusion which ii soft and pits 'on pressu|rev although troublesome and freqnentl5<-lmppening'» is easily fen4|^^9|^ftdctibn, exercise, or a little physio, and does not^nfit tM aniw^^ '# >..» 1^- >^e^£!$Al-^',ribi!!i>iiM)|i^,WM£<^%ts^;:!^^t^^'Ad£iif<^^ ^i / IP •L.,. Disefwes of the Hoiise. Rainwater . . , ^^ ^ ' Chloride of ZJno. . ' ' * " 1^,"** Ml, «.d .pply to the wonna X^^ a ,Ly ' ''^ Accldeirt8.-When a horse falls whikt dkwing » vehicle-, 1. Jump down and hold the animal's head, to prevent wTd k- • *bout to his own injury. prevait his dashing it ♦ 2. Loossn the oheck-rein and thn tWi^^ «* iu l the vehiola the jJarts of the harness which festen on ^4.Jt«dy and support the horse's head, and excite hi^^th hand and ■ woandeTlTotCitlS^'" "^' ^* "''^ ^^"^ '>^-'. and 1 if he i. e^^t^^dstiUas^^^^ U«upHK^ HTSSff^tfi greater oantion than before. '™" proceed % vAi '(sdfe&^iJS^^iiai s- - i 'V ' ■• \ .J > • n-.,t 20 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. Alteratives* — This term is in very general use, and easily explains its OMm meaning. The obj^t is to replace unhealthy action by a healthy one, without resorting to any of the distinctly-defined remedies, such as tonics, stomachics, etc. As a general rule, this class of remedies produce their effect by acting slowly but steadily on such organs as the liver, kidneys, and skin. The foUowi^jig may be found useful for general use : . , • BUck B^Iphoret of antimony, . 2 to 4 draohma. ^ ' [ ^ Sulphur 2drMhma. V Nitre, . . ' . 2 dnushins. To be given mixed in out feed at night only. AmauroSiSt^-Olass eye. (See Eye Diseases.) AphtlUk — (Bee Mouth Diseases.) Atrophy* — Wasting and shrinking of a pa|^ of the muscle, as is sepu in noeenie of the shoulder ; and -also palsy and paralysis of the hind legs, from which the muscles of the hip will be seen to have fallen away. Causes.— The parts deprived of their proper use, action or function. A long-cbntinued com on the foot of a horse, depriving him of the proper use of that limb, will cause shrinking of the muscles of the shoulder. Again, in the case of a ho''se that has been overworked, the result may be very similar to what it is in the case of a ^an who undertakes to saw wood or perform any other hard job that he is unaccustomed to, his muscles will be strained and he will afterwards feel very sore. Now the muscles of the horse being just as susceptible to pain as those of man, are just as easily affected, therefore through such oven^ork Some of the muscular fibres in the region of the horse's shoulders may become strained or fractured, and this is followed by inflammation, and in the course of a few days it may be noticed that his shoulders are i^asting away, so that those who examine the animal pronounce him sweenied. Treatment. — Jfi such a case the principal treatment is res^, afterwards lighten up on the work, and by proper feeding and tonics, increase the horse's ability to work. The affected parts should be bathed morning and night with a portion of the following : Fluid extract of w o rmwood, . . 2 oi. s " " poppies, . . 2oB. w Spiiita, . . 1 pt. Mix well together and rub a little, well in twice a day. Should the feet be hot and feverish, bathe frequently with cold water. Baldness. — (See Skin Diseases.) Belly-aehe.-„.d the leg 1^1 ^rroTh"'' "^^ *^^ '"^''^^^"''^ . have the bite purified. After the J^ T' f ""^'"'^ *~ "««d *« -^hedout; next either c^apoXoTtrrt^''"''' '"^^ *•»« P*"^ M&m of the wound, or apply cfualtl ' ^"'''^ '^' *«?' «"«« «nd . possibly the best for this pu^T Iw , P^'^" ^^e nitrate of silver is -y be dropped into the woul^^d t he burl "'"''' " ""'^'^""^ «^^^ ahouirt^-;—. ^w^Tds^^irrf -^^™-- - -- ""Brf:-t=;X"-^^^^^ '' Vdm^l go mad in a year or two aftemaK*t ""^"'^ *^'" *^*''°"«'» «'« f0j»t. aiwrwam, so Jceep your mind easy on that of aconite root every 4 hounL till siT^^" '^'^P' ""^ *'»« *«»«=t»re Allow flaxseed tea to drink^^rdl^thrTor T"' *^ '"^^^^ P^' lent ^.thing effect. Give i^Tl^rtT'l^' ^''^^'^ ''^ ^ -«'- 3. CALCULi.-_This varifttv nf =* ""nK. and kidneys of hors^ Z^;' L LrSt"" 'T' ^ ^^^^ '''-^<^- though not so common as in ml Z^f; ^^t^e gravel of the horse, al- dence cf its presence in the LrXh' T""^ ^"Wesome. As Tev;. stop suddenly, the animal H^.^jX^n:" " '"""*"*'" ^'^^ "^ -» a pretty sun, sign. To cu« it dlrXT^lUr "^^^ ^"^ ^ tomy, an.operation of no g^at ZZud! T °^''**'°" **"^ ^''A- Bca.^M,ly be undertaken by ^^^0! " "'"^ ''"'•^"' »>"' -» i^tion of it were given. , »°P«'fe«ional penwn, even though a descKp- .♦ #* > . /■ X- * r.^**^^^ -•'^■'•^f-ny 22 D18KA8B8 OF THE IIOK8E. tern may doubt it. Medicines will be described in this book that wiU not %)nly insure greater success in saving a very much greater percentage of sick animals, and with less trouble in a much shorter time, and without in any way impairing the sanative powers of the animal's constitution. Blkkding feom wounds.— If the wound be a simple one, and not on the inside of a leg where the Urge blood vessels are situated, all that will be necessary to stop it wiU be a small piece of cotton or soft cloth placed in and over the wound, and secure it for a few hours by a broad bandage, not too tightly appUed over it, or, if preferred, touch the mouth of the bleeding vessel with a piece of iron previously immersed in boiling watf|f^ ^ *^® ^'® ^**®^*' The surgeon's plan would be to get hold of the tfiputh ofthe vei&or artery with a pair of artery forceps or smaU tongs, to ko.!l*;i*^ flb tha,t h^ can tie a piece of saddler's silk around it. ' , * Blkbdino feom the aie FAfl8AOB8 AND LUNGS.— Observe the color of the blood discharged from the nose or mouth, as the veips of the lungs convey blood similar to the arterial bloo4 of other parts of the body. Causes. The laying bare, and the rupture of small vessels, and the structure of the lungs, breaking down as in consumption, and some cases of glanders and coryza. Treatment.— Support the strength by giving 60 drops of sulphuric acid mixed with half a bucket of cold water. In mixing it the acid is to be drop- ped into the water, not the water into the acid. Give also small doses of aconite to lesson arterial circulation. Bear in mind in cases where the struc- ture of the lungs is falling to pieces, no power or art can arrest it,. Hence the incurability of consumption. Bleeding feom the Skin. — This disease is sometimes called purpura. Symptoms. After general uneasiness, some pain, fever, and swelling of the legs and other parts of the body ; tumors, varying from the size of a cran- berry to that of a pigeon's egg, often running together, forming large patches from- which blood is oozed out in quantities, giving rise to much debility. The contagious typhus or rinderpest of cattle, bears many resemblances to this disease of the horse. Treatment.— Feed the animal on the best food that can be procured, and pour forty drops of commercial sulphuric acid in half a, bucket of cold water three to four times in the day. Then get two ounces each of the sul- phate of copper and gentian root in powder, and divide into eight powders, and give one night and morning in the feed. Apply to the bleeding surfaces and sores, a Uniment composed-as follows : Olive oil three ounces ; creosote one ounce ; mix aiJekuse once in the twenty- four hours. TMCM»ilyWrfire.—(»W8^ Kidney ttseasBK)- *1.WjL.&4' «aA"4;fe . i.^i^ ^\rij'ili,ii. . t ~.i*4 ■^A.i^^^^w.a.'A |!?s^s?^-'T;'»-'f*iS^*^* it DISEASES OP THE HORSE. ' 23 l«f wr^'^r^^^'^.!" °* T "°^*''^' "^'^y' ^^' «'• *J«>««t of a bright scar- let, men blood of this color is issuing from rounds in jets or jeAs TL co^dered more dangerous than if it were a dark-i^, orVenous bC The r dlX^rt'.'^^ '-' ''-''' -' *^« -^- ^ ^- a -re re^te and^ bloodld ZenirdrZ InTho?:^ :? r-'^ are .o. p,entifu, in for a curious fact observed in Ll^Z.V.Z^;' ^^ luLTr"^ two parts; the Solid is called e^anVrothtltrr ^ ^^^^^^ wa. once relied upon and is still Hy the ignorant, as ^o^^ the eZZ of inflammation. It is by the blood that the strength, wear Tnd ^r of th^ sjste^. keptup. Theheart isthe organ by whichXblood istrcXl.H Bolls. — (See Saddle or Harness. Oalls.) Bots. — (See Worms). Bowels, Disease Of.-(See Costiveoes^ DUrrh«. Md VyJUL, 1 I».LA.«™o»»™, Bo»B,^._s,„p„„,_A„to pain ta "he Ml, aad <»nt,„a„„,, getting no intervals ot .est Jrom the pain R„m„ ' „ *' and shrfting about, sweating, and bi^tkin, tJZuh,^^^' '^T,'* .»%, ».d renew tZi„1£ t'tJ^IS ""' °' ^'""^ -"" "^ "" from them. '^^°"' ""^y response can be had Sl J^^ Z^. °°°"" •** once when th e horaaw^yt f ull aoe«d -~-^%-nH»ms.^T,«T^rse,fcp, suddenly, or perhaps stumbles auT^IlsT"" .*4to'W'} i:j.«i. • ,iJ>iA!« j-k>;T i iiiiii i iiiiyi ii i ii ^ 24 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. gets up, but stands on his fetlocks, the toe of the foot turned up, and the sole of the foot, as it were, looking at you. Treatment. — If the fetlo^sjc comes entirely to the ground, pot much ■can be done ; and when it does not, contraction of the leg takes place, and re- quires division of the tendon. Brittle Feet.— (See Foot Diseases.) Bronchi. — This term means the windpipe, and tsomqiunicates and carries the atmosphere to and from the lungs. It is the seat of disease, and is affected more or less in all cases of colds and inflammations, whether of the lungs or their membranes. • Bronchitis. — Inflammation of the Aib PASSAOEa or the Parts ' Enumerated abote. — This is a very common disease among hdrses, and is confounded by most horse doctor's with inflammation of the lungs, distempers and coldsj whereas, it is distinguished from inflammation of the lungs by its seat, and from the others by as great a similarity. Bronchitis occurs in various degrees of intensity, and should at least be described under two heads, notwithstanding the one distinction may run, as it does sometimes, into the other. Acute Bronchitis. — Symptoms. — Ushered in by a chill, fever, harsh or painful cough, loss of appetite,' heaving at the flanks, mouth hot and dry. In a day or so, a discharge of pus or matter vrill bo observed from one or '*^ both nostrils. If bleeding, or other severe measures be used, the horse will assuredly die, not so much from the disease, but from maltreatment. Better, in a dis- ease of this kind, let nature have her way, and give the horse a chance for his life ; for in the other case, he has absolutely none whatever. Treatment. — First, the horse should be treated as for fever. Place the horse in a comfortable, airy place, not drafty. Give him from ten to fifteen drops of the tincture of aconite root every four hours, till three doses are taken. This will relieve the fever, breathing, and the hot and dry moutli. Give plenty of cold water to drink! Let the animal have a little grass, if it can be got ; this will relax the bowels, and cool the stomach. On the second day, the following medicines may be taken, that is, if they be necessary : Powdered gentian root, two ounces ; powdered nux vomica^ one ounce. Mix and divide into six powders, and give one powder morning, noon, and night. These medicines will prevent debility and depression, and the pouring out of fluid or seruhi into the legs, sheath, belly, and breast. After the fever has been removed, allow good feed, and a fair quantity of it. Such treatment will not only cure the horse in five or six days, but the horse is nothing the worse, beyond the loss of a few days' work. QiiROWiG Bbosohit^ lwsa_ ,1 •iut^^ .''%L&ik'^,^e,AiJliji VpC-i-' -fsV ^/ ■ '■.W, 1 up, and the DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 25 more or less The cough is worse in the morning, severe, aiid a discharge from the nose, and after drinking water. ' and if so get a smooth pieJoMrt^^Lel'^^^ ^te^ " °"^ «."»?*--' water, and apply it to the edges of heToL so Lt "^""^Tk " ''"""* swell, and prevent the escaoe ofth^ i.Z , *' ff . """"^ *•*« P*'^ *« the ends of the bonrwTrj^ ■? ' '°' ** *''^ ^ *"°^«^ *« «««*P«. mation will be s^t 1 aid ..^^T ""' *"""""•• ^'^***'°? ^^ '^^^- bn>kenl.^ or open^oin^ -He-er:^-:l*'l^7th:tot" "^^"^^^^ " apphed. use the following wash twice in thelay :^lphate ^f 2^,^" ounce ; ™n. or soft water, eight ountes. Mix ^is Ste^ Tel Z ag^« theywUlJause ttrXtrCeTnd swr^L^"^' er pisTore;::/:;!^^'^^ 'zr^.r l--" '•^ -- estU,tto™, so as to let tlZ^ ourLT^t^ a^bj" ^ *' ^^^ ^°^- swelUng ^maining after the knee has oth^rwrhl:, ^TT""' this, very little or no blemish or scar will be left ^ "^^ *^ IhlrlW* — ^Treatment. — For bnrna th^ k^* i- ..%":, *. * ■'■,jt-V r'zr'Wp^T /A 26 >DI8BASHS OF THE HOBS^. ped (as cooks usually do eggd), till the mixture is like thick cream. This is to be applied to the burned places, spread on cotton or linen rags, for a few days ; then the sores are to he dressed with green ointment. ' Capped ElboW.-n-This an enlargement on the point of the elbow, just behind the shoulder, and on the side of the chest'; sometimes it is in the form of a simple abscess, (which see.) ^ But the usual form is that of an en- cysted tumor, or a fluid contained within a cyst of fleshy walls, which do not suppurate. Cause. — ^The horse, when lying, rests the point of the elbow upon the hee^s of the front shoe. It is a symptom of disease of the leg,. preventing the animal from properly bending the leg proper upon its thigh or arm. Prevention. — Remove whatever disease may be in the leg, and place a pad of leather, or of coarse, heavy cloth, over the ba«k part of the foot. Treatment. — Make an incision with a sharp knife through th^^ikin, over the back part of the foot. ' Capped Hock*- — This is a soft swelling on tlie point of the hock-joint. Causes. — Kicking in the stable or in harness, and often occasioned by the whiffletree coming in contact with the parts. - Treatment.-^Apply cold water cloths to the'part for a few days, taking them off at night. After the heat and tenderness have subsided, apply, with rubbing, once every fifth day, for three times, if it be necessary, an ointment composed of one drachm of iodide of mercury ; and hog's lard, one ounce. Mix. Castration* — This is an operation foe the purpose of depriving the horse-colt Of his entirety by the removal of the testicles. While it is a simple and safe operation, we should advise that a competent experienced operator be employed. ' ' Cataract.— (See Eye Diseases.) * Catarrh.— (See Cold.) ^ - , Chest Diseases. — The diseiises of the chest are many and important. In it are the heart, lungs, and great blood-vessels. The diseases of these or- gans will be found under Inflammation of the Lungs, or Lung Fever, Pleurisy, Coughs, Bronchitis, and Glanders. Chest Founder.— (See Founder.) Chtll.^TUB term means a shiver, as if the horse were cold. This is the way many diseases and fevers are ushered in. If the chill be checked soon, it will stop, in many cases, the disease that was forming. For this purpose, give twenty drops of the tincture of aconite root in a wine-glassful of jrtrater, and pour down the throat, out of a short-necked bottle ; cover the boAy^ith a blanket, and rub the legs to bring the circulation to the surface of the pody, and all will be well. Choking. — Very rarely occurs in horses. (See Choking in Cattle.) • |ffoli<»-*-Flatulg n t*iHi Spasmodiot -— — — ^-^ <^, ■Jj * .. i aVk^i ir-a OISEASES OF THE HORSE. 27 .# ^ SPA8M0D10 Coua— Itisa spasmodic contraction qf the muscular fibres of the mtestines. la aa ordinary case there is no great amount of the in- testines contracted perhaps, only a few inches. Most owners of horses have at one time or another had to deal with cases of colia It is a common com- phunt, and o^eui which the symptoms are in some respects simUar to those m cases of inflammation of the intestines. For the purpose of presenting to our readers a very pUin account of the symptoms in both complaints, we add the following description : genuine 'Inflammation of the Bowels has these contra-distingvishing symptoms. The symptoms by which the Spasmodic OOLIO is known. 1. Pulse, natural or lower, though a little quickened during the paroxy- sms of pain, and fuller. 2. Sudden in its attack, bat without fever. , 3. Looks at his sides, lies down sud- denly, the animal begins to paw and cringe, and rolls upon his back, as if relieved thereby, scrapes the ground with his fore foot and al- most strikes his belly with one of his hind ones. 4. Legs and ears of their natural warmth, but the body according to the severity of the spasms breaks out into a sweat 5. Relief is afforded by rubbing the belly, flathanded. 6. Intervals of rest from pain. 7. Relief obtained from walking about 8. Strength scarcely affected.* 9. Lining of the nostrils natural. I 1. Pulse much quickened,running up to seventy or more, but small, and scarcely "distinct 2. Gradual in its approach, with pre- vious symptoms of fever. 3. Lies down; but suddenly jumps up again, seldom rolling on his back. 4. Legs and ears generally cold. 5. Belly exceedingly tender.and pain- ful to the very slightest touch 6. In colic there are times of ease from pain, but there is no let up in .this disease. 7. Motion evidently increases pain. 8. Rapid and marked prosti-ation of strength. 9. Great redness within the nostrils. 10. Lining of the eyefids very red. 11. Excitedaotionof the bowela ; anus 10. Inner lining of the eyelid natural 11. Motion of the bowels littlej un less when purgation comes on. I hot fond ^"^T'-J^rf *•'« principal cau«« of spasmodic colic i, a change of food, external chilliness by exposure, giving very cold w»»!r u th^ animal is heated sometimr ::u,eT i^ Z.n ItTl^t: lable to bru« on an uttack. Sudden change, in the temoT T Tu'^T '* *° '""^ '"^^ ^^ '*«-'»• *»'«-e've8 liable Tl tack Although spasmodic colic is painful, and «,metimes ve^ vilest t Vet h«. h„ favorite remedy, but in a work like this'intonded for^J le ^ 4'l&u»^_'V*i'-'( "J t- t ^iisi^^^£,&tis!mLM'iL o^t-Ui ^^ij^B ^ syi^^^^^iM^iniTBMn 28 DISEASES OF THE II0R8B. r > a claus a large majority of whom are not in closo proximity to a diyjg store, we recommend the ,moet simple of the many remedies prescribed. One of the most famoii»^raotitioners ia Canada recommends from one to two ounses of sweets spirits of nitre, from one to two oun^ of laudanum in six ooncep of water, if yon give an injection add a little turpentine to it. If after giving this dose there is no relief repeat it in half an hour. If you have neither the nitre or laudanum in the house, a quart of warm ale, with a little ginger if it is handy, or a good dose of whisky may prove as effectual. If neoessury give an injection of warm (not hot) water with a little soap and a handful of common salt in it. Let the horse be in a comfortable place, if possible in a stall- with plenty of straw under . him, and Bu£Sciently large for him to roll about. Rub the belly well, steady friction gives Veat relief, if the attack is a severe one you might use judicious counter-irritation such as hot water, mustard, etc If yon own a horse that is subject to attacks of spttsmotio colic the sooner you get rid of him the better, some day the attack will terminate fatally. Flatulent Colic. — ^This is a disease of very frequent ooonrrenoe among horses. It is known by a distension of the intestines and abdomen, with 0atas or gas. In the early stage, no perceptible abdominal distension occurs, yet it very soon manifests itself. One way of satisfying ourselves of the presence of gas is, to apply the ear to the abdominal region, within which a sort of active rumbling Is heard, often accompanied by a tinkling or metallic sound. But while making our examination, we may, perhaps perceive that the horse passes gas by the anus, or exf>els it from tiie stomach by the mouth: In either case, our doubts, if we have any, are set at rest. This feature of flatulency, accompanied by others which will be alluded to, complete tiie chain of evidence. Symptoms — It may be well to bear in mind that flatulent colic is always sudden in its attacks, and some horses are liable to it under every variety of circumstances — in the stable, on the road, or at grass. At the commence- ment of the attack the animal becomes uneasy from pain, and commences to paw with his fore-feet He soon gets down, and, if space be sufficient, he oommenoeR to roll from side to side, often remaining for a few moments on his back, in which position he seems to obtain temporary relief. Sometimes, as quick as thought, he is on hia l^a again, gives the body a shake, and then anxiously regards his flanks, by turning his head toward one side or the other. Soon he is down again on the floor, rolling and tumbling about Now and then the animal remains quiet for a tim6, in a sort of crouching attitude, the limbs being gathered beneath the body, until the distension is so great, or the pains so severe, that he must shift his position, when again we find him rol- ling, or standing with his hind extremities, stfetohed backward, and the fore onea adv ancad, thus re p resenting the attitu de of a horse in the act of urinating Supposing, at this period, that there be no flatulencr prdbeni yet the respirations are hurried, the pulse wiry, the eyes glassy, and the iL^ ^»k. V *'*.*-i i« |t w ^i' i^'vjt. - li.crtiTj.'.W «■ _....4f'iu^**fc. 'is !"•* "T •l-.^'-u. ' -i-^t^^na^i.. DI8BA8E8 OF THB UORaiS. r,^ cor UTOin g^n e|„„^ ,„^ ^^ .re ttid to ooomioo it Tk™ H.m.t.ppe»,i„t.bK,k», nothing J„„,„.,^.jr°;^ ^" wTr i'rrf i^pf.^ :i:^° ai;^,;^ -■" '"r°-°^ ^"» goodwuipofstniw, V4oroaslyuped on the belly andlanks. ^}JLa Congestion of the Lungs -(See Lung DWes ) bowels a™ obstinately cosSve^I W -^ ^"^ ''' ^•'"- ^' *''^ or twice a day. You Z^Ji^Z T ''" ^ "«''* ^^'""''""^ °* '*'-«. ^'^^ -^«.^i.oo„t^o».^,.„„.rro„rrihrsn;*i^ ^ ^IVf^t^AK^ i " K --»*J *' f ! * , . - ■ \ • \ — - 30 DISBASKS OF TIIE «0R8B. all situated and^red for in the same way, ^ are certainly subjected to the same exciting causes that proctnced the disease in the first animal affect^. Those that escaped the disease were not predisposed to tajie it ; hence thpir exemption from its effects. * , ' ' •Prevention. — Separate the sick from the^ell. All buckets, or otheir materials, that were in contact with the si^k, must be thoroughly cleansed and purified. » " °• ' € / /'V^. . /. Corns. — (See Foot Diseases.) f ■ • ^ Cough. — A symptom of disease of the re^iratory organs, as tubercles of the lungs, thickening of the lining membranes of the windpipes, and en- largement of the glands of tho neck. \ Cough Cheonic. — Is an in'dication of broken wind or heaves. It is aggravated by sudden chanera in the weather. . • * ■ Treatment. — Fluid ^qprni^t of bloodroot, 4 oz ; common syrup, 6 oz. Mix. Dose, three tablespoinfuls^ per day. Also sprinkle in the -food every night a handful of tinground flaxseed. Cow Hock. — This name is applied to a condition or malformation of those hocks that incline forward. * Cramp. — Cramp of the stomach or bowels, of horses, cannot readily be distingnished from spasmodic colic, (which Bee.) Crib-Biting. — This is not a disease, but a vice — a bad habit, which the horse has learned, of sucking wind into the stomach by placing his lips agaihst the manger The habit has been so strong in some hories, that when they could get no place to press the lips against, they have stooped down and placed the lips against the arm of their own front leg. This vice is sometimes called wind-sucking. Causes. — Idleness, in^gestion, and learning it from othelr animals in the same stable. Prevention. — Keep horses in loose boxes, or other places where there are no fixtures but the walls ; regular feed and regular work, Curb- — One of the many diseases of the hock-joint, and consists in a swelling immediately below the point of the hock-joint, and is the result of sprain of the posterior straight ligament ; is more frequent in horses with lie hooks inclining forwards, (cow. hock.) The chief cause of curb is sprain, occurring by backing heavy loads, in leaping,, etc. The treatment best adapted is the ointment of the red iodide of mercury, (see Ointments.) Ap- ply about the size of a hiokory-nut in quantity every nzth day for a few weeks, occasionally greaising or oilihgthe parts to prevent thd skin cradking. " ' ^'i.^oul4 lose its color, and' man and animals would lose and never attain their vigof. In proof of ({he advantage of light in maintaining healtK and warding off disease, it is stated that in a barrack at St. Petet^burg, there warf oWy one case of disease on the side laid open to the light, to, three on the dark sides ' . , > Heat, and cold are two agents highly useful as disinfectants. Heat pre- vents fermentation and decay by drying and changing the cheuiical state of substances, as it wfere, by cooking, whether by fire or the sun. Cold, again, is the most powerful antiseptic and disinfectant. Frosts prevent decay and disease, and at the same time share the connection existing between them. Artificial Disinfectants.— Creosote is a most powerful antiseptic and disiriftectant, When appUed to a part, but it is not easily managed. Smoke is another good antiseptic, as it contains a little creosote.. By it herring ^d other fish are preserved. Spices, and other aromatic substances, have long been used as disinfect- ants, but they possess no suqh property, as they do not prevent deoompostion of bodies ; they merely cover the smell. Chloride of lime and chloride of ^c act as good disinfectants. The chloride of manganese is certainly as economical a disinfectant as, can be used by a farmer. It is cheap and efficient, and not dangerouf like chloride of zinc. ■ . - , . . Sulphurous acid, or rather its fumes, has, in all ages, beea used as a disinfectant, and by general consent is considered to be moat valuable. Its action on animal and v^table substances is readily seen by the change in color produced. In the form of sulphite of soda, it wUl arrest the vinous fermentation in cider and other materials ; or if injected into the veins of dead animals,' it embalms them most perfectly. * \ ■ ■ *. ' Distemper.— OUKA0ES' OF THE HORSB. gg A bottle of strong beef tea <,lv„n ^ i „ , ^" ^"^ ** ** <»«» be l,ai. dow„ th. mcth rtth. bottle: ftlwder^ m]^k , , ^ " """'*' lion o™p Ih, ,w,\lmg wiU b. of »„ „ ". "*'''' »' l»»i>"iuin. Prio- i .light cut. though .h.^. J ,r„„, Srf" "::;"' ■" •""'^ *° -^ ovvtS. «m. : * ^ '''"° "■" "»"" »' WcUe i. bMg l,J,e„ EneniiU— {See Iiyection.) Ellterltls.-(See Bowel Diseases.) Epizootic— A disease that attacks mar.^ • , (See ^ to one that is frequent ^^'^^'^ '^''' ^« 901^^ ^. i^S^&J^vxt\V A J ™ ' « ,* . « O'v ^V^i-X3-V?l^ J i»»rjft,»y|V"«-''?*^ 34 diseases! of the hobsb. Moon Blindness, terminating in Cataeaot. — Thw disease is a serious one, and frequent, consistiag of inflammation of the internal parts o{ the eye-ball, the choroid coat and the iris particularly. Symptoms. — In the morning, perhaps, the eyelids will be found dosed ; a large flow of tears ; the back portion of the eye dim and clouded. No specks are to be seen, as in some other diseases of the eye. A yellow border will be observed at the bottom of the chamber. This is pus. The attack, or inflammation, will last from two to three weeks ; at tlie end of which time the eye will brighten up, "and the ordinary observer may think that the eye is completely cured. The pus is entirely absorbed, scarcely leaving any traces behind, except a degree of dimness. In one, two, or three months, and not by the regularity of the moon^s changes, as horsemen suppose, the disease reappears, having the same symptoms and characteristics as in the first attack, only a greater deposit of pus will be left at each subsequent at- tack. One attack succeeds another '^ntil the wliole pupil is filled with mat- ter, constituting cataract, thus completely destroying the eyesight. This disease is usually at first confined to one eye, but in some cases both are af- fected, one usually more severely tliau the other. Treatment. — ^This disease is deemed incurable, which fact has often in- duced the owner of an animal thus atftcted to sell him, being well aware that the disease will at no distant day return, and leave upon his hands a blind horse. An application of cold water and the tincture of opium should be used to allay ptfin and irritation ; cold water, one ounce ; tincture of opium, two drachms ; «an be applied by means of a feather. Farcy. — The following, from that eminent authority, "Mayhew," is to the point ,: — ,;, ,, • , ' " Farcy is, by^tfce generality of practitioners, regarded as a more tract- able disease thmi'^^ders. Certainly the course of the disorder is arrested much easier ; butf. to cure the malady, there is a constitution to renovate and a virus to destroy. Is it in the power of medicine to restore the health and strength, whiclr have been underfed, sapped by a foul atmosphere, and ex- hausted by overwork? Tonics may prop up or stimuUte for a time ; but the drunkard and the opium-eater, among human beings, can inform ua that the potency of the best selected and the choicest drugs, most judiciously prescribed, a,.d carefully prepared, is very limited. Sulphate of copper, iron, oak bark, cayenne pepper, and cantharides, probably; are the chief medicines the prac- titioner will give. With such the horse may be patehed up ; he may 6ven return to work. But at what a risk ! He carries about the seeds of a dis- order contagious to the human species, and in man even more terrible than the quadruped. Is it lawful, is it right, to save an avaricious master th e chance of a few shillings, a nd in c ur the risk of poisoning an innocent persori!^ The author thinks not. Therefore he will give no diireotions how »•*' .<.. iiM'jii- «., jiiiii L. j>( "J* J- fi" J.«i „«.> «. J. a4«« . ., -% ■ ', "^^V D18KA8B8 OF THK HORSE. •'Mayhew," ia to to arrest the progress of farcy, very rarely or never cured." 35 The horse once contaminated is, indeed, Fatty Tumor.-(See armors.) Fever, Putrid.-(See Typhosus.) duJtra^i^rrj^-^t^^r '^'^^^^^ ^^^-^ -"^^^'^ p- pa^of the foot, excitement, or symlLtn.^*'* "^^ '° *'^ '^"^'^^^'^ disease^is accompanied with fever ZTh . •*'' ^^"P^'^'nent. Lung In tlxe feet is a commoh Crelil' si^ f '* " "^"^ '""« *«^«'-- ^^^-^ is a question, whether fer7Sl'S'::^r T';!'" '^^^^^ '•^««^' '' local or general disturbance of some I^ttnTr f .- f *"^"*^ *" ^^'"^ the many fevers which attack thrhumln fa . "° °* **•* ^^- ^"'' . pmiisposing cause ; a^ for ex«^nleTrh T ^' °^ "^^^ be traced to a ventila^besiege^t?^^XaV^''"*^«^«'" i« caused by insufficient g *°^ »nd gamsons, preventing the removal of filth. townflTri^:iltre'r;;;rJi Horses in large, sxon ,s ve.y great, wh.n horses a™ driv^ ^t (^ f;^:^::")'^ *'' ""'"■ (whiit^'Xir:; Tui^ :;^r riT^. °^ *^« ^"- po^-^'. usually deep-seated, but some^cnhey at\'"^ "f ' .^^ ^t"'- a. However, although we see them someLrr^. ?! """ •""* '"^^^ *»»« ^^in. that the cases are extremely Tre CTstula w ' '*• """* ^ ''°'^«««' shoulder. The ,^n of this is e^v o^lf ° * ^°^*' " «>« P«" airi get ihjured, and suppurative actionTset uHh '"•' '"^ ^^"'^ <*«« P*'^ the outward surface, burrows do^^ rlon^te' 1^:^^' **' ^^«"« *<> smuses or pipes, pointing in seveml di«^ fo: ****""«' '^'^ ^rms abscess in this partioulaf, and Ih^^ftrirdLuh""* '^^^" *"»» '^ «-Ple is nearly the same. The pus in a ZpTaW "'"^- ^'^^ P'*^ ^*^^ fication of, the surroundLg tLue^^t^T" "TT"^ ^"^ and isa liqui- waUs of a fibrous sack, wWchl o'r^:^ I' Zt ^"'^ " "^"^ '~- 'he -y be open or Whole. p^ntingTC^wemng"^ ^« «-*«la Symptoms — Pain on Dremnro \,v* *u or oreaju or opena in ievBi^ •M »i ^4 "'*'- •' A"* '"W* / 86 DISEABEa OF 'THE H0B8E. The places, and small holes discharge pus, some to-day and none to-morrow, day the discharge is free, the pain and swelling is less. Causes. — Bruises, accidents, inflammation of the bone, or any accident that will cause a simple abscess, will cause fistula. A blow that would produce a common abscess on some portions of the body, will result in fistula in other portions, as in the vicinity of a joint. Treatment. — If the swelling is fdrming, endeavor to put it back by placing chopped ice, in a bag, or cloths soaked in cold water and changed fre- quently, over it for a few days. By this means, many a swelling which would terminate in a fistula, will be cured at once. This not succeeding, have an opening made into its lowest side, so as the bloody water, which it at tliis time contains, will be dischargad. Then syringe a half tablespoonful of the tincture of iodine into it once in the day for a few days, to eat or destroy the membranous sack. Then trealj it as a common sore by keeping it cleiEin, and the opening from closing before it has healed from the bottom. For this purpose, place a small piece of cotton in the mouth of the opening, smeared with simple ointment. FIstulft io the Foot* — This disease, by coimloh consent, is called quitter, a fistulous abscess in the foot. (See Quitter.) Flaxseed* — Ever^ paUft of this seed is used one way or another in the treatment of diseases of the horse. The ground seed, mixed with warm water, is an ezceHent cooling food for horses, almost a laxative. The pressed juice, or oil, is a certain and safe purgative for the horse, in quart doses. The residue, which remains after the oil has been pressed, commonly called cake meal, when mixed with warm water, makes the best of poultices for a sore or wound. «• • Foot Disease.-^!.) Canker nr the Foot. — This is an affection not easily managed from the peculiar tendency in the Worses foot to grow and pro- duce proud flesh, which is the essential principal of the afiection. Canker in the foot of a horse may be said to be a foot deprived of a part of its sole. Not only so, but we have to change this disposition in the foot to throw out such material, and induce the material to secrete or produce a new sole. This is the difficulty to be experienced in the treatment of this affection. Never- theless, cases, and verj hard ones, too, have been cured, but not in a day, nor a week, but months. Oauaes. — Injuries to the sensitive sole by niuls, bruises, and other acci- dents, as a piece of the sole being torn off. Treatment. — Removal of aa^ diseased or dead sole, and the proud flesh. For this purpose, the knife will have to be used to remove the d^ sole, and, if it be- in the hands of an energetic person, the most of the funjpis or proud flesh can be taken off in the same memnier. If not, get caustic potash, and \"f 'JC-v V V »-:fi' lt,J"^j^f. I -morrow. The isent, is called ad other aoci- poi»sh, and DISBA8B8 OP THE HORSE. o-r tion has not reived s«I enl^raU^lt^'l^T* "^^^ ''/; '"* '^^P^'^ entirely taken off or leveled Ji^hT , *^* P™"** ^^^'^ ^ ^n badoes'tar, ol^ir lr„^^^^^^^^^ ^,^ ^^^ *^3r wi«. Bar- copper, ha« an o^nce ' ^'^Tu !:? *'Z ""T ' -"'^™' ^"'P'^**^"* r;rrtorx^'^^'^^'-^^^ cankerinThefool CZt'^'^ ZT^""' ""''''' ^ the treatmenfof , wo^.heingpwJr:::relrrte'',rJ^^^^^^^^^^ between the foot and the shoe fiTthr ^ ^^ *''* ""'^ P'^"^ ^^ little ingenuity in fiXandannf ■ ^k ™«^ ^^^ » ^i^le patience, with a cured. 7 *^ ^"^ *PP^^ *^«^ P^ ^to-. very bad cases can be pie«^ added to it at each shoein., anHfKr .u / * '^°'^** '"^'l"^* » strong.footed horses, and shod with an ,-«?«!?« ^ " ""^ ''"^^ and tear, and thelcks^th n^^to^Toff T T^ 1 ^™^^'^* ""^ as much horn as the horse wodT We^^' f u, Z ^' "' *"' "'*"'"« state and not shod, we will have *<> *»>« 80 secured. So it is just with the fllf ^ ,^ ^ **° ^^P*"** ***« «"««" -h side. Remove tCZl^^':^^ Crrd^ ll'^S'l^'^ " 1/ il #i?iuai*Su>.'ti*(..u»j..i.",'us-. .X '»> -I'l i i i iiiJ 38 DISEASES OF THE IIORSB.' duction of corns may be laid to the charge of the horse-shoer, and tometimes to the owner allowing the horse to go too long before the shoes are removed, or bef&re the foot has grown 'from the shoes. \ • Treatment. — Remove the corns by catting them out; then apply a few drops of commercial sulphuric acid to the part. Shoe the horse sufficiently often to insure even bearing to the shoe upon the wall only of the foot. False i|narter« — This is a term applied to the horn or portion of the hoof, which overlaps or bulges out from the line of .the sonnd portion of the hoof. Cause. — An injury to the coronet or ligament, which secretes, or from which the hoof grows. This causes an alteration of t^e horn of the hoof be' low, corresponding to the extent of the injury. Treatment. — As there will be an enla.rgement, more or less, remainii^ after an injury to the cofonet, Utile will be required to be done, but to keep the horn as level with the hoof* proper as possible, in order to make it look less of an eye-sore. Inflammation of the Foot. — (See Founder.) Pricks. — Pricks may occur in the act of shoeing, or from a nail being picked up on the street, and from other hard-pointed substances. Treatment. — Pull the nail out, and poultice the foot for twenty -four hours ; then make an opening shrough the horn, over the place where the nail went in, so as to allow the pus to escape. For if this be not done, and the pus is left in the foot, it will in a few days, and at a. great expense of suffer- ing to the horse, break out between the hoof and the hair, constituting quit- tor. After an opening has been properly made, drop five drops of muriatic acid into the hole once a day, for a day 6t two. Poultice ever^ second night or day, and not oftener. A healthy hoof can be poulticed off by constant application. \ . . ' The horse can go to work as soon as he can step on the ground firmly and without lameness. Remember, that in all cases of pricks and other in- juries which end in suppuration, as pus in the root of a horse, make a thorpugh ojpening so as to allow the pus to escape, and no more trouble need be appre- hended ; except the nail has entered into one of the tendons of the foot, in that case no pus will be usually formed, the majority of oases ending in locked- jaw, (which see). When pus is formed after pricking, no ^ocked-jaw fol- lows ; it is in those cases only where pus is not found that locked-jaw may be expected. Sand or Qoartbr Cbaok. — ^This ia a crack or split in the hoof, usually on the inner side of the fore foot, although splits »nd cracks ooour in all places, and in both fore and hind ftiet. C^ses. — A brittle condition of the hoof, from the want of sufficient -aoirtwra. In soma ca BB B'thftJtotgft doMLOOt rtaad^ jquM g apon hi g iorfiLfiaeV ^ -. "« 1 T"^5>-«-? i^-v-^ -"-y -''ijfj <»' -"-^ r 7 ■nj-^^/p^J'^iiM'lP^ »■ %■ f -f!^^ ^J_^r»-i ^s^-* j^a^t* .^■'*^^t'>i'v\ DISEASES O^^ THE H6B8R. 39 thereby cauging undue weight to fall /upon one! of the sides of the hoof »d causing it to crack. / I Prevention.— Apply to brittle feet equal ijortions of the oU of tar, and cod Uver oil, whale oU, or any lish i^awell rubbed in with a brush to~the hoofs a few times a week; and o^ionally apply wet cloths to the feet m the summer season. In wintfer the feet are better suppUed with moisture. , / Treatment.— Rasp.the edges 6{ the crack thin, the nearer the crack the •thinner the horn should be made 1 this can be filled up with shoemaker's wax. After the horn has been priperly thinneda piece of the WaU of the hoof, for about half an inch on ^h side of the crack, is to be' cut out to prevent^ny bearing of the shoe ^pon it, thereby preventing the constant opening, shutting, and sometime^ bleeding from the crack. To prevent or ' rather to cause thf new horn to Jrow down whole and without a crack iii it ' a piece of iron is to be placed in the fire and made i^ed hot, and then applied' just for a moment, flat on the hair at the hea^ of the crack Sufficient tt»k->.,i, '.>nA, Jc au^^*iji,i>sAefi|j*4j^iie ^-^.i )»<•» , A r V DISEASBS of THB H0B8E. 41 ination or drai- ppurating oorn, of the sulpha^; of 're two ounl *^' ' P""'"* *"^°"' * "-*"- day. If tL shoe hT^rjroff'f'^H ""*'"'' «'«'•*«-<-' o-eeiuthe have'it put on a«ain soTto hll 1' ^""^ °* "^*^ "^« "P^"*^*' soft. (Jw duTi^JZ^u , T! '°? '^^'PP^ ^ **»« «*'« *« keep T costly flaxseed ^NererT^f ^K li'-'" ^"^ ^^^^^ '"^ *»>« »-* o^ wholLfthehoof^l^IlL^ltJ^t^'JP^^^ — ^*''« it murt be .pplied to the k.1« Tf L ■ t Wh.teTer poultioe, <1".P tea fc,™ of muril^H ■ V !t °'"°'°» ■■" l""" "*1« *»» Wow, Greek wort Ui,. Founto i. ^^^, '«~"«", by «ldi„g the . However. .< to nJi tt c^eZTi.: li T '""°°' '"" '" "••'«• .«.der to ,„.., „ tLCeZTh^^ If* "" "'"""' •<"« "" .oreSrrr-!:::j3'or„n'hrrrt?r"' '^^"^ -^ e^ct _„. high. Fever „d «...Ut.th>,^ dSbJ^J^^^e^ "" J»"» » hor«, „ eitremel, e,oit.ble, wd bre.lhin„ f JT^ !^. ^ «~'- ^'«' P^pe, h«Uth or .™„Btioa fo, ^^^^ ^^ ^^ "»M.ot in him very much. After the Dlaoel. Tn « IT J ? ^ ''''"''' ^ "'""^e give hi. f„>„ fifteen iot^^^t^^ft :"!*'" T 'P"^** ^*° >*' c«,*ulofoold water, pou^d inlKul^JerrLlT^*^ ""' "^ "^ neck. Repeat tho dose every four ,W tiU J, H ' ^ ^"^ ' "*""« ply oold water cloth, to the feet r^f^^K ^"^ "^^ «^^«°- ^P" r:rdt.^r--v-x£?L-''^--™^ ^-w^ ' 1 IJ I " m 42 DISEASES OF THE HORSE ^^ ) '^ foot as possible, as it will shake the great and over-sensitive frame. Let the . cold water be kept on constantly for the first day, or until the activi4i,pain - gives way. At leisure, the feet can be pared thin on the soles, so thej^ will - yield to pressure with the fingers. By getting the apimal to lie down a^ sooo as possible after he gets in ; the cold water cloths applied, and the aconite given ; the animal in a day or two majr be nothing the worse from tWat- tack. The long^t the animal remains before these remedies are applied, the less likely is he to be ftee from itjS efiect afterwards. Before the horse is again put to work, be sure he has quite recovered. During tfre treatment give plenty of cold water to drink. Never give tepid water to a horse while he is sick from disease. Give gras? or soft mashes for a day or twp, but danot. keep a sick horse too long on low feed, as debility and swelling of the legk and various portions of the body will-take place. ^ \ Another valuable treatment for this disease, and a favorite one with several distinguished Canadian «« Vets," is to give two or three drachms of nitrate of potash, two or three times a day ; give it in water, and allow plenty of water, not much at a time,' bjit give it often until the physic begins to act, )and then be careful with its use ; and when you see the animal getting bet- ter, don't be anxious to push any more medicine. A horsp that has suffered from this should be carefully used for some time afterwards. If he is put to work too soon, he is liable to get worse than ever. Remember. — Do not bleed, neither from the neck, nor foot, nor from any place else in a disease of this kind. Chronic Foondbr.— Symptoms, Cause and Treatment will be much the same, only it will not be necessary to push the treatment so far. Principally depend upon softening the horn of the feet, paring the soles ot the feet, and a few days' rest. The horse, for a week or two ^rwards, should be placed in a stall having six inches of sawdust spread over it, and kept a little moist with water poured over it ohce a day. When horses are recovering from acute founder, they also might "TOfiiiplaced in a stall so prepared. Clay stalls are objectionable. Fractures. — ^This term signifies a broken bone> Fractures are the result of great force applied to the bone, as from kicks, falls, and accidents, and can only be treated by a skillful prwjtitioner. frost Bites. — The T«sultB of frost bites may be called chilblains, which again give rise to extreme swellings of the heels and back parts of the hind legs, until finally the skin gives way, terminating in sores and ulcers that may at once be taken for scratches. The sores are deeper in such cases than in scratches or greasy legs, but closely resemble a ma|)goani ulcer. In the worst cases we have seen, the skin and flesh sloughed, followed by gan- grene or mortification of the leg, and death of the horse from the poison thus produced and absorbed. W e have seeft several cases of frost trites in different V, — . > ■^■•r«* . i 'i0 lor foot, nor from DI8EA8K8 OP THK HORSE. ^ 43 .tSZ'^r'f "^ and which, in aU cases, w« the result of broken and sfc^?Lt7thrh:r™ ^^~^ ^^^ -- «-^- - andl^r^KTh**"!''*'.? '°"°'^'°" ^P^'^* the stable, to be swollen and painful, rub the parte with snow or ice^^old water, then follow ffraduaUv Cr^'r^Ii r? 7 . T"*'- "^''"^ **•« '««« •*»'* '^^^'^ break into sores oU, ft^r^'' MU. '"''• "^"""^ "^' ^^"^ "^^«^'«>' *°" '^-^^ ■' «»ve fieatiS*or*Z!Jr7^" !!* T' "^^^^ *°' °^ is^/nonymous with morti^ heation or death of a part, and is chamcterized b/a livid or black color Gau^ne« attended orisu^ered ^, by a sudden ^ving way'f pi^ whth S^af:;rt^:"*r''"/r "^^^-^ '^"^'^ «^°«™- °' an^outward'o^ ; sumes a different aspect, the swelling subsides, and upon touchingVh, part a cra^khng sound « produced, owing to the evolution oVgas. = ^ Tt K ^J^f^'u "^-^^ contagious, and a most serious and loathsome disease e erJ^citriTd'tr^^^^^ tinted :5h^t 7Zr^T^ nothing has proved a remedy, and veterinarians have been abu.^ for not cunng it. They have pointed out the true character ofT and It IS now rare to what it was thirty or forty yeare a«> tT^ ^ ZT'ij'T ''' """• ^ - ^i^ clea^ ' P b^tT. nlTtTr drhirge^pZ:ei:rith: t^^-^^;™- -« - »-*- -^hi, .z in th. iT ^" P"r "® ** "" *'*°*'»«'" 'lo"® and in man. It is found jrenerallv . m the horse, and in man, but is said to be communicable to she^ dfrrV^ through imported horses Wif h „i -i ™Pf«^ *» have got into India sentiJly thHame d^ o^v diffe !" 7k "'" •**"* *'~^' ^''^^ '^ - PHxluce^glanden^anT^anTe™ STv"^^^^ manifestations. Farcy will other. L both di««ses a^Z ^ ^K,^ ""* *''" ^•'*"' '~'" °'^« °^ *he they differ in their^XjirjLuot. ^""^ "^"^^^ "^^ "-' »-* ■M — ,„_. •••■•UUOBUlUOnS. ilit.^&^WW--''?^ 'ife. . ^"^ * ' .? **4^ 44 DI8KA8S8 OF TBI H0R8B. until then it is not. It may oontinne for a long time without showing any constitutional disturbance, and it may be mistaken for other diseases. Some are liable to think that it itj nasal gleet, unless the animal soon dies. Just in the early stage of the disease the animal suffers from rigors, more or less. Pulse is increased to 103', 104\ or 106° ; then it will go for some time, and then there ia a discharge from the nose, which varies much, according to the disease ; at first watery, and then purulent, coming more freely in some cases than othersi It may be from one or both nostrils — usually from one, and that the left. By and by there is a cough, which may continue ; the dis- charge is altered to some extent ; the most noticeable peculiarity of the 4is- ^ charge is that it is of a sticky character ; it sticks around the nostril and has a tendency to stick the nostrils together ; fw, after the discharge has been .developed for some time, and is high up and affects the bone, there may be a . strong smell, but not s^ fetid as in nasal gleet. But if you have this discharge of a greenish-yellow color, extremely sticky, and which adheres around the nos- tril ; contains large amount ot albumen ; and will sink readily in water, the character of the discharge will vary, and it may be tinged with blood, and if so, it is symptomatic of an acute attack. The eye will sympathize with the disease, giving rise to a sort of purulent discharge, not profuse, and' it may » not be present at all. B^t when you notice these, it is a significant symptom of glanders. There may be some difficulty in breathing, for there are more or less changes in the lungs on account of tubercular deposits in the lungs. The animal falls off in condition, becomes emaciated, hide-boubd ; the skiii . seems to be attached to the ffesh ; gradually pines away, and dies a lingering death. If in the chronic form until these characteristic symptoms — ulcera- tion of Che mucous membrane, greenish-yellow discharge, indurated condition of ' th^ glands — are well developed, you may experience difficulty in coming to a correct conclusion. When emaciation is rapid, it may be a long time before these characteristic symptoms are developed. This was noticed in a certain stable in F^nceghhere glanders mJki^ its appearance. Close examination was made ; those amoted removed, and after some time more /^ were afifected, and removed, etc., and it was found to exist in some that had showed no visible signs. It was, perhaps, due to tubercular deposits in the lungs that gave it to others. There are certain diseases that might be mis- take for glanders. In nasal gleet there is a discharge from one or both nostrils, bat it is not hs sticky ; there are no cancerous nlcers. There is also one sign never absent in this disease, and that is lihe enlarged gland under the jaw; hence the mu^e of the disease — ^glanders. Treatment. — Incurable. Destroy the animal. * ■ •* » CUeet. — (NasaL) — ^This term is used to denote a tfain^ transparent dia- oharge from the nose in oases of ooiyBt, and as a sequel to catarrh and cold in otd aM debiUtiCed 1IWier~ "WMMX1i«t^^ tiM Ifioffi^inem- I^I8KA8R8 OF THE BORaS. 45 bmne of the noBe, or no enlargement of gland under the jaw, the case m iv be dismissed <» simple gleet,.which cMi be readily cured by good feeding and a few tonic powders, such as powdered sulphate of copper, three ounces- powdered gentian root, four oances ; powdered Spanish fly, one dmchm. Mix' and divide into twelve powdets, and g^ve one powder once in the twenty-four hou« These powders will kst two weeks, and can b^ renewed if necgssaiy. Give the powders in large b^k or cut feed, so as to protect the coat of the stomach from the effects of the Spanish fly. Ctranollltloil.— This means the little red portions of flesh, which grow in and fill up holes made by wounds. Sometimes these grow too fast : then they are unhealthy, being ^ft, and grow beyond the edges of the wound To prevent th,s, sprinkle a little powdered bluestone, or a little sulphate of zinc and the wound will soon heal level with the surrounding surface. CJmvel in the Foot.-This nahie conveys an impression that sand or gravel has got into the foot, which Js of ten the case from cracks or other openirigs in the foot, whether from above or beloW. Wash out the sand if possiblejifnot remove some of the horn, and wash out well, andfillupthe hole by shoemaker's wax appUod hot, and smoothed over by the hand pre- viously wet, so the warm wax will not stick U> it. If the opening Win the ctidt;.^ " "'"' **^ "^"^ "**^"' "-^'^ t '°^ ^ ^""^ °"* '' ' Grea8e.-This is a disease of the heeU and legs of horses, characterized • byanunsightlyconditionoftheparts. The whole being thAi^ult of^^ :::i:::^Zr '"^ -•^^^-^^^^-^ -^J^^-T b.^s.than inweU I K f ^*"'^-S"'''J«" «»»»«««« of the temperature of the earth, whether from heat to odd. or from wet to dry. Washing, and not drying the limbs stenT ing in mthy stables, which provider another cau«e for it^pearing o^neT^' the hind leg. than in^he fore ones. Again high feeding LTlack ZTe^i^ I in the case of young horses, etc. "zeroise Symptjiiui._At first a slight sweUing of*the limbs. After some tim« ihere i. redness of the heeh^ which, in the case of a ^hite sHnne" IZ^Z jbe very easily distin^^uished. The hair stands out proniinontlv at T* T I. grease. The parts also become hot and tender. The animal walks «Hff jounces. Mix, and shak e up bef ore psing. Each tim, f hajXlnf f r / ^^^^^B^WtTdustthe ^with 0^^^ # /\ "ti y, , ^^^'^ f -T'^PyO-; ^ ■ 46 DISK ASKS or THK U0B8K. / / /■ ■ \ / ^ \ beiioftciftl Effect. Wliile under treatment, the horse should be prepared by giving him bran mashes, then give him six or eight drachms of aloes. A light horse will not require as big a dose as a heavy horse. ^ Many cases' are readily cured by simply keeping the heels clean, and an- nointing with glycei-ine, or lard, having no salt in it. It must be Confessed by every body, who has had any experience at all in the treatment of this dis- ease, that there is uncertainty of an early cure ; some cases will be cured in a short time, and in others it would seem that the discharge would never dry up and be healed. For cases that prove very obstinate, the following plan often effects a cure, when other remedies have failed : Take one box of con- centrated lye, and dissolve it in two quarts of water, and bottle up for use when wanted, in the following way : Pour a wine-glassful of the solution of lye into a small bucket of cold water, and wash and bath the heels and legs fojfe half an hour, morning and night. A great change for the better is likely to be seen in a day or two. , This wash seems to have the power of relaxing and softening the skin, and at the same time causes the legs to sweat greatly. Dry them a» often after the bathing as you like, there will pour out great quantities of moisture from the skin as soon as you have done. Shot of Grease. — This is a different disease from the one des(;ribed, from the fact that it attacks only one leg, and that one of the hind ones, and comes on in a night, without any preceding symptoftis whatever, and hence it , is called a shot of grease. There is no cracking of the skin of the heels or legs, but it remains whole and unbroken. Cause. — Robust stamina, or too fat and full of flesh, and to get rid of this HHperfluity, plastic lymph is thrown into one of the hind legs, which causes swelling of the leg to aii enormous size. This disease is not unlike the milk leg in the huoun family. Treatment. — ^If the disease be observed early or before the leg becomoi' \hard, give slop feed, that is, bran with plenty of water in it.. Also give ounce doses of the sulphate of soda once in the day, for a few days, and bathe the "i legs three times in the day with the stone s^ution of concentrated lye as is recommended in grease, (which see.) If the swelling does not lessen in two days, thj»n make one or two small incisions through the skin, for the purpose of letting oat the imprisoned fluid before the arteries of the leg have beoome plugged or filled up, which constitute the thick or fat leg so often seen in horses in large cities. Many good horses have been rendered of little value from want of a knowledge of this clisease and its proper treatment. Cbrlpes.— This name is sometimes applied to oolio, (which see.) Cimoter* — This name is applied to horses that give forth a grunting noise. One condition giving rise to wheezing, roaring, whistling, piping luvuiag^ will, wivn-mq^ni) moaincatiou, pitiuucc a •j»^bc- e ' DI8KA8K8 OF TUK HORJSK. 47 Obaervtt.— If the collar is not too tight on «^e neck, interfering with the free^paasage of air in and out of the windpipe. . Causes.— Generally from some thickening of the glands of the neck, or of the windpipe^the effects of bronchitis or distemper, not treated, or im- properly treated, in not supporting the strength, whereby all thickenings ai-e taken up, or reduced and even prevented. «^ Gidlet, Obstruetlong in the.— (See Choking.) Heaves.— This is a term in frequent use, but not so well understood as It ought to be, seeing its importance as to the proper value of an animal. It is a common disease among Canadian horses. Heaves may be defined as a difficulty m breathing, whereby the value and usefulness of the horse is seri- ously impaired. There is every degree of intensity to be seen in this disease Some anmials are so seriously affected, that it is hard to look at the terrible efforts made in the act of respiration. The deep and not suffewd-to-be^jom- pleted respiration tells the tale of great asthmatic effort and oppression. In others. It is so slight that only experts can observp it ; not from the quickness of breathing, nor yet from its depth, but from a peculiar double beat or hitch diffeniig from aU other varieties of breathing, either of fever, inflammation' or dewlity ' Caus^— The causes that produce this disease are often the result of injudicious feeding and fast exertion after a heavy feed, which Causes an in- creaaed rush of blood to the lungs, often by feeding upon dusty feed, etc. Treatment— If a confirmed case it ia incurable, but it may be' relieved by regular feeding and never aUowing the animal to overload the stomach Give the best of chopped feed, and you miy try the foUowing: one drachm each of camphor, opium, digitalis, given every d^y for three or four days. Heat.-Oeneral heat of the skin indicates fever; local heat, inflam- mation. ,,,^. ' Hepatic Dl8eases.-(See Liver, Inanimation of the.) Hernia.— This is a name givwi to ru^ures, (see Rupturw.) Herpe8.-A name used in sl^ /diseases, (see Mange and Skin T • / '■ •■/--- ■ -^ ' u ^?™^!?*^ Dteease8.-No one( of any observation, can deny that heredit^influence exists in the produc^on of disease. This influence mu^t not^ittttie Fraction of disease, be considered as invariably reliable T^ fact of horsesor mares having a disea^, is no reason why their young will have the same nf„, ..,„t JiuuZr »^ ^ ^^^^^^j.^,^^^::^ ZTz Zl^ '*li8'i,'*Bi^Ci V ^ ' 4 ■;# 1- ^W^ y 48 DISEASES OF THE HORSE IS' be transmitted to the ofispring, thus carrying the various formations of struc- ture, which will ultimately, in all probability, produce the same dieeas^. A great number of the affections, which ate tisually staled hereditary, do not | make their appearance until years after their birth, because it requires time^ and work to develop them. Few persons would expect a horse with cow hock, (which see,) to become curbed without work, as a secondary cause. There is one point worthy of remark, in speaking of hereditary disea^s, which is that many animals, after being poorly bred, have been badly fed and ca^d for ; whereas if good feeding and care had been bestowed upon them, it would have gone a long way in lessening the certainty of developing hereditary dis- eases in them, and their ofiB^ring. This is every day being illustrated in the family of man. There are iieveral rules laid down to be observed as measures to prevent and modify conditions which result in producing diseases of hered- itary predisposition. Hide Bound. — ^This, properly speaking, is not a disease, but the symp- tom pf a bad condition, " out of sorts," debility, etc. Treatment. — The best remedy, if the season permits, is a run to grass, taking car© to give a good feed of oats at night, otherwise the grass will not improve ^ip condition. In the stable the treatment is asfollo\(^s : Feed mixed feedij^ui hay, oat meal, and bran in fair proportion — ^with no morelwater thai^PiUl keep the particles together. Give the following ^wder inyfeed Ifrj^very night, iqr twelve nights : Powdered sulphate of iron, three drachms ; , powdered gentian root, four drachms. Mix. If the animal is fat and yet M'^ hide bound, substitute the following, instead of the above recommended : A Take sulphuret of antimony, throe drachms ; sulphur in flour, three drachms ; sulphite of soda, half an ounce. Mix, and give in one dose, repeating it every night for two weeks. If in the winter, use an extra blanket. Hip-Joint Disease. — Happily, this is a very rare disease in horses, and does not make its appearance so soon as in man. It is always the result of accident or injury, and is a joint affection — not of the mtisclei^ because the mass of muscles are so very great over the hip, that it is not an easy matter to sprain them. Among horsemen it is a great bug-bear, often ocxiurring in their ideas ; whereas, in ninety-nine oases out of a hundred of their so-called hip and whirl bone disease, the lameness will be found in the hock joint. Why do they jump at the conclusion that the lameness is in the hip 1 Biscause in every movement of the hook-joibt, the vibration or hitch is mor* distinctly seen by the altered • action of the muscles of thiB hip, as when the hook-joint moves but partially, and not completely, it is not so readily seen at the hock as at the hip. Symptoms. — Lowness or falling in of the hip ; a peculiar manner of moving, not indicating inabUity as is seen in fracture of the pelvis bone,^ but of great pain and dificulty ; not yielding or bending low down on that quar- fk^i ^.^^ Ljr^ » i- -^k. h-M'iJiii^.&Ji.Vu^^i^i^M - i>jV,i.^a*?|.)rt' >-.<- — ise, but the symp- wn on that quar- DI8KASK8 O* THK U0R8E. ^^ ter .^|.en the horse takes a step. The leg appears shorter, and is placed when s^duag. alightl, under the body, and not doubled up. «; stan4 u^fn the toe as IS seen in oases of hock-joint disease. of Jr^r^'^^T^^^'"^. """^ '"""^ ™** **"• * *«^ -««ks. The application of cold water cloths over the hip. taking them off at night, and appl^^ng them L* Jhr^ TT: '^"'' "^u '"^^ *^"^ '^^P* "P ^- * week'at'lefst. so L^he 1^ -d tendern«« wdl be removed befo« any irritant can be used thi foil *PP^^^^™^^'"« -i*h the hand over the part, every second^ the foUowmg : 0.1 of turpentine, one ounce ; oil of oh^ two ounces • cr^ sote^ne ounce. Mix. This will not only «^ as an irriUnt. buZT^X ful sedative to the nerves of the parte, causing relief from ^. so tlTThe ammal can b« made useful. ^^ the ^"Jl^'^™" " "'.■■°I»««' J»tot er part of the ho™, and i. Me seat of man; di»a««, oausing hunenoB. In the maiorilv of h nj 1„ h-n..^^ «,. hook U .he .„. ri.„«io„. Thi, J^ ^ n7^Il^ S non.profes.onal pe™.n, a, th, hook, whil. Ji.....,, d„«, not S^ „,^ « o^or port.... of a„ body o, leg, when di..«.;d. Bo, cTZ^ ^, joint lameneB, m the majority of oa«», i. ch«,p«l to the hip op soZ^h^™ joint ; but dan stand on the 1«<. *. if ,* T^ '*« '^'"^ *•»« .wemng-wMchpelri:H^tv"il::r:^^^^^^^^ ^""V' "^^ bone of the leg and the ruptured ligamenrof a it^ Jt"^" * ^"''*" pushed by ab«,lute and entire «.t. Sih occ^ona f^Lr^* IV*'^'"- tine liniment, just mentioned above Be ^uZ\TT , *'"' *"'**"'■ the ligaments-which will have^en pL^ Xn Ihf H ~"P'«*«J-- «' pn>perly use the leg-befo™ exe«,i«, or i^ ^.^ZZ '^'^ ^"'^ "^ u *!*'*^"y*~'^'^ *»"'P">'»«n^«t»»e gador bree«e flv on. horse-fly. The red-taUed horse fly. This ifrt fll h!!!!^* L ^" ^^*^ lip, of the hon.. an.1 t,h. fanue, glu J^l c^ ItTof JT ,^ °^ '"^ /?, / ;■ A^l,ij \ ^J* 1-, ~^ t ' ^'Ujf. !^ ,P.-» i*i,l<« iWiut. \»v mt '^f 60 DI8BA8E8 OF THE HORSE. /". become sufficiently matured that they are thrown out to the outer world to get wmgs, and finaUy fly about and propagate their kind in the same man- ner as the parent stock. (See Worms.) Hydrothorax.— This is a name given to water when it accumulates in the chest. Hence, hydro, water ; and thorax, the chest. Cause.-DebiHty from the effects of inflammation of some of the organs within the chest. Treatment-Tonics'to improve the general health, and medicines t6 draw off the water by the kidneys and bowels. Hydrocele.— A coUection of fluid in the scrotum of stallions. ^ Treatment.— Paint the scrotum with the tincture of iodine. HydrophobIa.-Thi8 disease, happUy, is rare, and is sometimes «»u, ^water dread and canine rabies, from the fact that it is only generated inti dog and feline species of animtlli. Cause in Horse8.-Bite8 of the mad dog, and sometimes the bite from the common cat is capable of producing the disease. Hysteria.- This is a disease which is sometimes seen in mares only- Causes.— Irritation of the uterus, or of some of its nerves. Symptoms.-Great excitement and incapabiUty of standing, and it ap- appears as if some of the bones of the back or loins were broken Treatment-Give fifteen drops of the tincture of aconite root every four hours, whiUt the symptom lasts. Build up the strength of the mare by the following : Sulphate of iron, three drachms ; gentian root, three drachms Mix, and give one dose every day, for a week or ten days. Give good feeding. IllflailllliatlOll.-Inflammation of the various portions or parts of body wiU be found treated of under the name of the organ or part affected, Illflaeiisa.-This is a name which is properly applied to an epizootic catarrh of frequent occurrence in the spring of the year. It may appear in a yerj maUgnant form. It is very common among the horses of this country and It u. of a ^fio character. It is a febrile disease, and involves different organs of the body, as the liver, lungs, hearty etc. The great central system IS unphcated, ansing from some poison in the blood, the respiratory organs bemg oftener involved than any others. Cerebro4.pinal memingitis may be said to be a different form of influenza. ^ 0»xum,-^j some atmospheric influence ; some condition that cannot be found out precisely. There is some difference of opinion a. to whether it u. contagou. or not. It is better to keep the animal away from other ani- mals, if convenient; but what operates upon one animal may operate upon _r ""Jr" 1*2** "*"' ti ^e. Such a. the * j^M J*> i^ >')*>, - \ es the bite from DISEASES OP THE HORSE. 51 fhTlllM'V''"'^ '^•^ ''"*""'^ months, when aninu^ls are changing their coats; hut it may appear in an epizootic form-that is, it attacTf ^t many animals similarly at the same time. In 1874 and 1878 t p^^Sel to a gi^t extent, and a. you see it in such cases it is mo« seveltlTrt^ dinary circumstances. It is, in all probability, caused by ZfpZL" at mosphencuifluences which exercise an injurious effect upo^L Z a^:^;ht may be said to be the excitinir cause, but th«™ o~. •« "mmai. mis It occurs in the most sevei. form in larger cities and in WeTsSra^d especially m under-ground stables, and may attack th« ^J ^ Experience tells us that if animS are cZpeiX brS! ^'°" ""T'^- not given sufficient exercise, they are mZ^kdv to T -^ """' ""^ "'^ one that is well exercised a^d wel f^ « nt J^ have influenza; while subject to it ''°* ^ susceptible; but aU are thei. wiU be well marked^^^-s ThHoui'h ' ""t ^**'' " "^'^^"^^ upon the throat ; the boweCstlTly costi^e^The 7 ^ ""^ '/ '"""" days are small dnr oeUeta. ZT , «o8t»^e The feces passed after a few w^ pulse! vaiytg^iSrsix^ to' t^^^^^^^ ''''^^ '' ««"«~"^ 'i-'^. maybefolWeTb/mrmTrked^y^'^L IT '^"*'- '^'^ ^"^^ ing from intense hLdache, and if 3^^^ ^l7 ?*^ *° ^ ^"^«'- nervouB depression, and a;pea™ I ^^Zt ^f u 7' «™** '^«°^ °* over. The pulse S such ^^m^- I Z "°"''* '*'"•«* *''"'^ ^ was aoting^on therl^nTn;'" ^d^noTrtLt^f « *"*' *'^ ^^" such a case the b.«.thing organs may not l^afi^^ J, °'^*°*'y.'°'»°«'-- In cold, etc. The eye. are «.metimL affect ^1 |«mperature ; then, again, eye. owing to the reddened con^tiof oMhT e^ Trh"" 1'^ ^'^^^ nostrils ia a favorable sign, if it is of . Ill l^ discharge from the . brownish r^ or rustyt^ll" it ^'"7^ ^^ *"'"■• ' »'"* '' i* ^as In some instances the briZrrul:j3*rS°- t T' ''''"^'^-■ very bod sign,. TnT^t ^^^"^^'t' ' ""^fl^. ^"^ "''* '"<^ '^ _,^ ^ , ~s-* ^_ 'ii » «r9»iinuuiy cMwi^e^liyer is fonottonany deranired hi.T h orgamo ohabire : in ..i«k „ ^.. .u-_ . Y °«™n«ea. but •>m "'i *«»i.„,„ ■''--■>« »"H.^..k^^;~:x"::;iz:r;^Ltz:i't' « ii|U&>2#fci(i^ > ^^-«^j£||ii '.A^^Li^ .. . , ~m f DISEASES OF THE UQBSE^ mucous membrane of the mouth, eye, etc. Influenza may terminate in en- teritis and dea^h. If the liver is affected the bowels -will be quite irregular, costiveness and diarrhoea alternating. Any of the secreting gUtnds may be more or less affected, and it taay assume another form, that such diseases, it is abso- lutely essential to success. Clothe the body according to the season of the year ; well dothed in winter, the legs bandaged and hand-rubbed. Keep the blood in cimilation as well as possible. Many people place the animal in a close stall or box, to keep him warm, but this is not a good way to apply warmth. It would be better to turn loose than to keep him in a tight ' box. Use rational treatment, according as the comfort of your patient deihands. Support the system, and assist nature to throw off the disease, for influenza ' will ruii its course in spite of medicine. Use potash and soda. Chlorate of potash is to be preferred, in one drachm doses two or three times a day ; but if there is great fever, use nitrate of potash, which a preferable. Feed well on nutritive food ; give some roots, such as carrots, in winter. Great care must be exercised in feeding the horse. If yon give too much food he will not be so apt to eat it as if but little was given at a time ; give smarll amoifnts of any kirid of food ; feed from the hand, etc. Use stimulants ; liquor acetate of ammonia, two ounces ; sweet spirits of nitre, one ounce, two or th(«e times a day ; or give whisky, which is a valuable medicine in influenza, so Aik^,§ beef tea. In severe cases yoo may have to restrict the diet, but not oftenv Thb secretions are impaired, and you will fin4 benefit by getting the bowe|^ to act by giving injections, and in Very rare cases you may give' a laxative ; ra* linseed oil is preferable to aloes. Do not attempt to fonie food, for it only acts as an irritant. You may use digitalis, if the breathi|ig is difficult. You will find bei) Treatment.— Occasionally give thii:$y to forty drops of muriatic acid, in a bucket pf cold water, to drink. Bloody lirine may be treated by warm water cloths, laid over the back • or in a situation above the kidneys. Use flaxseed tea as a drink, to soothe the parts. Qiye no saltpetre or other medicine. • In old horses, as in old men, considerable chronic disease of the kidneys exists. Although little can be accomplished in the way of cure by medicines, a great deal can be done to soothe the pprts, by soft and soothing feed and drink, such as steamed or boiled feed and flaxseed tea, cut grass and other green feed, wit"h plenty of cold water, at j^U times to drink. The more fluids " that go into the body, the less irritation of the bladder and kidneys. KnnckliDg.— This is sometimes classed as a disease, but it is rather a symptom than a disease of itself. There may be a jerking forward of the fetlock at almost every step, oi^even when standing still. The joints appear promine^ in front. It is much oftener seen in the hind than in the fore hmbe. Hard'and feat work is the exciting cause, or working young animals before they are able to stand the strain. The high feeding of colts, which are kept m the stable, is a cause, or it is sometimes the.result of more or less disease in the fetlock joint. TJreatment.— n of long standing, not much can be done with it : but if It appears suddenly on a horse, it m&y be got rid of. Give rest ; apply cold water, and afterwards blister ; and if the horse is in the stable, if in the sum- mer, turn him out to pasture for a time. Lameness.VLameness occurs in many ways, and from many causes such aa fractures, biNyses, sprains, wounds and injuries, aU of which wUl be found treated of, under their various names, through the book. A II ''■"?!!!?r''"^ ^ * °*"* *PP"**^ ^ ^ ""g*** enlargement, swelling, or , fuUness of the bars of the mouth of young horses from the changes of tSth- ing. Pmching the skin of the bars with the nail of the thumb tiU they bleed and rubbing in a Uttle table salt, is much better than the brutal pkn of ^Jmnung the^ ^uth M,i i. h-u^ igi^^r^^^im^^g^^ ^t which the an l^^ / V-v kM'Ai^^^uii^i.it^nUiA^ut. Va ,-.j^i ;. , crjTj^ Y ,, iffj-t' ^rvi» * r 56 DISKASKS OF THE H0B8B. never forgets nor fiwgives, aS ia sliown in any attempt to do anything about his head. And you may occasionally use^an astringent, such, for instance, as a little alum dissolved in water, and applied with a sponge. > LarynKltis.— This is a disease or indammation of the upper portion of the windpipe accompanied with fever, increased breathing and cough. The cause a^ treatment of this disease will be the same as for bronchitis, »,(which see.) ^ . Lice.— Lice of various kinds are often the source of much trouble amongst horses kept in the vicinity of hen or chicken houses. Symptoms.— Uneasiness, rubbing, apd scratcliing ; stamping with ' i^ feet and biting at the legs, as if something were ^nnoyipg him. Treatment.— Take of the flower of sulphur, one ounce ; cold water, ohe^ pint. Mix, and apply with a hard brush to but a portion of the body at a ' time. If that is not effectual, ^t bi-chloride of mercury, thirty-two grains ; cold water, one pint. Mix, a!nd apply with a brush to a portion only at a ^^ time, or a piece of the body every day, till all has been gone over with the brush. This is very weak, and can do the horse no harm. » Llyer.— The liver is the largest secreting gland of the body, situated within the short ribs on the right side. Its function is the secretion of bile — a yellow alkaline or soapy fluid. Without the liver, digestion and animal heat cannot be maintained, and the waste or effete matter cannot be removed from the blood. So, therefore when the liver is disturbed, there can be no health in the rest.of the system' Inflammation OF THK Liver.— The horse is rarely the 'subject of in- flammation of tl& -organ in an acute, but'niore commonly in a chronic form. It is often met with from thie fact of many horses being highly fed and having nothing to do. Symptoms. — The affected part is very obtttse. But we have a very striking analogy of this disease between man and the horse, which matejially assists in forming a correct opinion as to the disease. Pain and lament in the right shoulder ai^ characteristic of liver disease, whether in man or horse and have often been mistaken for and treated as the disease itself. Not less*' so is the peculiar yellowneS of the membranes of tKe eyes, nose, and mouth oonstituting ajjUsease called by old horse doctors, the Wtotr*. . Treatment. — Give powdered aloes, four drachms ; powdered ginger root two drachms ; podophyUin, one drachm. Mix, an^ make in^ a paste witfr molasses, and form a ball; or crumble the mass in a little tKin gnjel, and drench the horse with it. Feed the horse with green and soft feed to' koto his bowels open. These measures being neglected, suppuration or an abscess will be form- ed, and break into the bowels, or become absorbed and produce gUn d^ir; . biBBABBB OF THB BOBSB. 57 i much trouble which 18 by nu^y briieved to be a prolific cause of this disease, and which IS preceded by ill health and bad habit of body, terminatiuK by a mysterious and uuaccountable discharge from the nose, inasmuch as it is not accom-' panied with cough, and other symptoms of cold. . - Locked Jaw— This disease occurs usually after wounds of the feet, as from nails running into the feet, from wounds and fractures, and from a «mple wound of a tendinous portion of the body. Locked-jaw occurring after wounds or other injuries, is caUed trautAatic, And when locked-jaw takes pbce, as it sometimes does, witM^t aqy injury or assigmible cause, it is .ailed ulu^Uhtclocked-yiw Locked-jSw may be defined a spasmodic contraction of the m^sdes of the body, often confined to one set of muscles alone. Some- times there is seen the same contraction in onto set of muscles of the body, and ' the muscles of the jaw free from the cramps and not fixed at aU, and depend- ing upon the same causes that often produce fixedness of the jaw Locked jaw IS sometimes confined to the muscles of the nect, and is then caUed trumus. _Symptoms._The symptoms accompanying locked jaw in the horse are sowel known to everybody, that little need be.s^id about them further than that there is general stifihesr and fixedness in the manner of stand- ing and a peculiar expression of countemmce. The extended and dilated nostU, and the fixed ear, teU the fact, voiy plainly, that the muscles of the head and neck are beyond the control of the animal, else his jaw or mouth would not be kept closed. «""""• Treatment-Remove the painfuUy-stricken animal into a place" by him- self, where he wdl have plenty of air, and no sound nor sight to disturb him and whfere no cunous idler can enter. Place a bucket of cold, thin gruel 71 \^ """.f!* *' '*• ^''*'°"* *" ^®"* *° "»««« *« ""^h it. T^is .8 all the feed he will be likely enabled to take for a period of from thr^ to «xteen days. Renew it ohce a day, and keep it sweet. He may be a^e to be Pl^Tjt'^^ his roach, so as no opportunity be lost wheroby his stomS may be fiUed, and his overtaxed strength be supported In securing the gruel or other feed, have ever^hing at hand, so that only one journey wiU be necessary, in the twenty-fouThol. JZ^Ct s confined in Open not the door of his house twice Wh^n^nce can Cade enhanced All the medicine necessary for the horse .to have, will be o^ drachm doses, onoe in the twenty-four hours, of prussic acid olT will have to be exeroised in keeping this powerful i^Z a ^ "^ ju^ent « to how this m«uci;;ei to be^tn to rz^'j::t:7:^, closed. Gently elevate the head a little to insuro nroner ^T.-w- "' ! M I •#•' 'i. i^Tr,"^ 'ii!fi.wrf "■ ' 68 DUEA8E8 or THE B(^K spoken. A table or dessert spoon will answer for the purpose very well. Veterinary surgeons have an elastic tube, which is introduced into the back part of the mouth, and the acid poured down the tube. If the animal live from three to four d^ys, and is afforded every oppor- tunity tq eat a little, he may get well. Wliatever the wounds or ii\juries that have given rise to the locked-jaw, they should be dressed with equal portions of olive oil uid creosote, which will soothe the irritated nerves of the part. An occasional poultice of flaxseed may be necessary. Above all things, neither bleed nor physic, as thase can do no good, and will only only hasten the death of the animal by taking away whatever strength he may have, all of which will be necessary to carry him through so severe a Loss of Appetite. — This is more of a symptom than a disease, and requires for its removal the cause which gave rise to it. In cold, influenza and fever, the appetite is bad, and with their removal it will be restored. Take powdered carbc^ate of ammoni£^ and.ge'ntian root, each two drachms ; mix in some cold gniel, and drench the animal twice a day. This will pot only remove, in a measure, the cause, but will restore the appetite also. Lumbago* — ^This is applied to a peculiar stifihess over the loins or back, partaking of the nature of rheumatism, (which see.) Longs, — ^These are the organs of breathing, and are subject to many j^iseases, having names familiar ta every horseman. Pneumonia, ob Inflammation op the Lungs. — This is an inflammation of the substance of the lungs, and is sometimes very common in the spring after a severe winter. It may affect both or only one lung. There are several stages of the disease, and it may terminate faitally at any one of them if not properiy handled. Symptoms. — Chill followed by fever and increased for a short time,- and is succeeded by cold legs and ears, quickened breathing, and wide, open nos- trils, mouth hot and sticky, the breathing slightly affected. A peculiar quivering of the muscles of the side and breast will be observed in all cases of inflammation of the lungs, and will rarely deceive. "The animal will eat nothing, and persistently stands with his nose and mouth in the manger ; and if taken out of the stall and stable to the open air, he will almost refuse to go back again into the stable, relief being experienced from the (nabtir. . Hence, the necessity for plenty of fresh air in all diseases of the lungs. When the ear is applied to the side of the neck, a peculiar creaking noise is heard. Slight discharge of serous flakes or matter will be observed sticMng to th^ s{des of the nose. If this disease be not subdued or cured, it ends in abscess. To the ordinary horseman, the general aspect or appearance of the horse, when under this disease, is infinUe l y more important as a mle and guide in >,. 4 t^ »" *tf ^ c DUKABB8 OF Ta'K H0R8I. 69 detenmning t^e seat and nature of the disease, thaff any assistance th^ can gain i^m the pulse. Cause— Alterations and sudden changes in heat, cold, and moisture • placing the horse in a warm stable, then turning him out to pasture ; clipping and then exposing to the cold without being properly bUnketed. It «lso sometimes results from being driven while suffering from catarrh. Impro- perly ventilated stables are also responsible for many cases, such as standing the horse between two doors where he is exposed to a constant draft. It is more likely to occur in young horses than in old ones. Tr^tment.— Place the horse in a light and airy place, and clothe him _y*^cording to the weather. Bandages to the legs wiU, at aU seasons, be neces- sary to keep them warm, and to that extent relieve th6 lungs of a portion of blood. Aconite, judiciously given, is the most powerful remedy known. Give twenty-five drops of the tincture of aconite root, in a cupful of cold water and drench ^e horse. Repeat the dose every fout hours, tUl six doses arl given. In the majority of cases, one to two doses wiU, be aU that is required to effect a ctfre. PI.E0B1BT.— Inflammation of the membrane covering the lungs and lining the cavity of the chest. . " Symptoms.— A rigor or chUl, fever, disinclination to turn short;, an oc- casional short paii^ful cough, and careful breathing, accompanied witl^ a sigh or grunt. A peculiar line will be observed in pleurisy, running from the haunch, round the belly to the breast^bone. The breathing is deep not so short and quick as in inflammation of the lungs. In the first twenty-four ,hour8 after the attack, pain will have given way, and the horse be apparentljl^ better. This, m the majority of cades of pleurisy, when left A few hours to Itself and not checked, terminates in Hydrothorax, (which see,) or water or serum in th«r chest, sometimes causing adhesions. The favorable ui-tnination of pleurisy is by what is called retolution. Causes.— Changes in the atmosphere. Exposure to cold. Broken ribs or wounds. Treatment.— Treat the horse aa for inflammafeon of the lungs, by giving him pure air, cold water and aconite ; foUowed on the second day by five grams of powdered Spanish fly in gruel, once in the twenty-four hours To remove the fluids fron-the body, give, after the active stage of the disease ' has passed, good feeding aud generous diet. ' CowoHmoK OF THB Lu»08._The lungs are liable to become congested, when they are overcharged with blood. Symptoms.- The horse blows, his nostrils are very mttch expanded, he is heavihg a« the flanks, and is the picture of distress and stupidity Cau8e.-Wealcnes8 and want of power in the blood-vesseU to contract and empty themselves. \ # ^ M -"nmmsssXi^imwtnxi access to cool air, clothe the body and bandage .'^ fcl" .^- '3 'fW-**'^'^ ' "• ""' 60 DUBAan OF -■1 TBR HOIUR. ^tZ *V"2"'^ *^!c ^'"^ *" "•" "■'^ "''* ^^ •»'> P-« *»>« foUowing iTSl !T """"" ' "" ^ "^ '^^*''' •*' "^'^ °™«'' » *»>« form of a drink. trofl:::i;t;rC*'^''«^^^'^°^'^~°' ^"" a,e.orha«abo. LyniphangItl8._Thi8ik a disease which attacks Urge coarse-bred ^unngpf plastic lymph into &e femoral veins of one of the fore legs, which, ^ ™^faL Lff^H "^"^ "™*?^'" P~"^«°«« «» """^ '''**'*"" ^^*^ mastication or chewing, ^en hoZZ off their feed and losing flesh, it will be weU to haveT^teethZnST t! remedy any irregularity of ^e grinders, a rasp or eie. with a^t su^ face and long handle, is used to make the teeth sm«>th. and ^^[4^ teeth are supemumera^^but do no injury, to either the mouth or the Z ^ALD Mouja^-^tber simple affection of the mouth, whidh t cC aeterued bythe hor^ slobbering or frothing fc«m the moulj^ J^J^^ In aggravated cases fever iig present. •»uvaiea. tii. ¥.. I '■ 'i ' ':> ? "' - i -< gr^k -^ ' * OUKA8K8 OF THK H0B8lt. gj cold water three time, in the day, for 48 hourB, and aUow the horse to l«ve « bucket of cold water placed befo™ him. to cool his ^th in. Wo"'"*" OF THK TOHODB—Should be treated the same Cay but with en"ti«rvZ:^e. "t^e tongue U nearly cut through, ,«ve *he c^t ^t ^SH.-Soreneas of the mouth, with white patches on the •ks and roof of the mouth. |djtion of the stomach and dyspepia. ^ ^i^ ^^r'i Ik ^^^^' T °"°*^' ""' »"«^ #Ply with a soft J sulphite of s«LTlf """"^ ^'^ "'■''"* »"^- A fe- d«-« of sulphite of soda, half a« ounce to a dose, given for a few evenings, will be all that IS wanted. (See Lampas.) , *^ The mouth is a favorite and convenient pla^^e for horsemen to trv the keenness of their pocket knives, when the least pretext is offend. ^ thec^'tS^W- ""^7^ '^""*^'' ""* lengthwise; and when that' is wIm ' ta^v /""' r ""'^^''^^"•y '^^-^^ -i" not stop when it is IT \ ^- ^ t """^ ««'^*"^o« are recommended, by individuals, to n SZ5 t^7^ but none a., equal tea piece of iro^ orkiteren-Scet moment, which wiU at once stop further loss of blood. inJ ,-?"**"**;~^*'?!"i!'^ ^^'''^ *"* "P"'' *• -^^--^ous system, diminish- mgite power and sensibility, and «o relieving inflammation. irriLtion, and pam. A mejoine capable of doingt^ also contains the properties ol an anodyne, a sedative, soporific. car^|Se. and m^useant. the^^f" "* T *'" '"'^"^*' l^ng this power over the horse, and the^ are, aconite prussic acid, veratfum. and. perhaps, lobelia. In ge^er^l nothinganswersth^purpose so well as aconite. Indeed. ^ g^at is itsTwT ' that in bronchitk. inflammation of the lungs, feenndCeHTrwhe,^ th re IS pain and fever, no remedy or remedies can compare with this inv^^ SLri^ZV "^"*"' <»^-^<^thehorse.'^(8eeMedioinr:id NerFou^ne88.--Pew persons having the care of horses have failed to observe m them. occa«onaUy. a peculiar excitability of disposition when an^ conftis^nandnou^^i. going on, and when being hamesseT for work!"2 taj^ becomes somewhat elevated, they move from one side of the stell to !he . other and pass manure from them repeatedly every few minutes. untU Z ' would think there was nothing left in theitf bois T»,«« • , usually light ..Uied and ^r feLei^ hut ^S^^ ^^ 7^"^ - .^ferJ^me^ andinuoh.>dmired by pg L uot venST m terJ^ — They make exceUent Sunday hor««. b^t poor every-day animaU^ L^! ' : •Mt / / -> \ Aal'l «* J • • should go. The inju^ is gene^^TdTneTt* ZZ ^"^^ *"" *'^ """"^ shoe. Avoid the cause, and t^t the wound witX;^"'' "" '' **»" Prescriptiom. and Medicines.) ^ ""^'^ omtment See «*«n»lysls,0r Patey.-Lo88of thepowerofm^vin • of the body. Pamlysis may be confined to ^711^? "" T' ^^ o^ partial. When the ho«e has losttfhe Zer V ^J. '^ ' *'*" '* '« l^are aflected, then it is complete^auil T °'^"**™»°8r' ^^^ the four ^ confine^ the hind parts, or tZtuncrranJ 1^7"^ "h*'^ '°"«' '* * lysed p^is numb, at othe™ the sense Jf feeing !:Sainf""'^" ''^ ^"^ Cau8es.-Di«»ge in the bmin and spinal cord. ' * ^ 34¥i!a'u.i^ji, ^**f It mM.1^ ,v f,»cf?,i5»«f*Si«k->-r(e^^*4; N'f'j^j n. This condi- DI8BA8R8 OP THH H0B8B. «- '* 6a IS caUed, in domestic practice, hospital aanffrene « Woi ^^ bustion. in which cJil globules ^re pSu^TtT^Tt ZnZ^T ""; the sore or ulcer. These ulcers are common onSThZ a^ iLotT after a severe winter. When on tl,« h«^i= *k 1 *" **' '*°™P» toi«..tches. Pi««a4Ti^d^rtraiiXtr;:f::::'^^^^^ of a cut or scmtch. but is genemUy a flat. L^aT , . *PP«an«ce sore at fi™t ; the hair of th^ pTLl^ "end ^th'S T "T""""^ surface and in a few da,s theThole of theTil' ^d hi' ^^ * ^ *"* ration of the edges of the sore wiU take place, and the^^H a k f^ part wUl completely foil out. (called core) ^viraTlSlK 1 u " *'*" with a white fluid covering the whole of its s^rffcT ^„ J. ""^u "^"^ not take place, it ij gradually eaten away l^dTZ. I^T '^°"**' **°* and surf^ of the so.^a thin^dirty coS tk^^'^kiTr tZr ^^^^ ex.iTtTer;r;^*i^;!r r^^^^ '7 stable doors. ■»•«> ana «ow. Cold drafts under Treatment.— The complete removal of all dead n.»tf.,. i^i • ulcer, and a tho«.ugh cleansing of its inner sur&T T^i, T* *° *''* wUl not only be rendenxI^oLayy as a mZ^" of ^ " ^T'^*' " '' against it, p„>ading further up the leg or h "i? Thl Ival" . " ' '^^^ \^^ Htt»»l«»»«**"" «ay, lor n day or two. with powdered bluestone to *. .-f 3Hi»!iJiil!.' .^k'/f JJi ^^.^.'a'I'. u '^■i-1--» • -^ t-r-y 'S-iR^riS l!fW^^!g«^ < 9 64 " DISKAfiKS OF THE H0B8E well kno™ to !„„,„„, „tho.t muoh »t a de„ripti,„ W„g given ft ' ariM, tarn ».I1 k.,™ »;1^„ i "» ."°''''°''''°'' ''^'"^ ''"' done twice a day, till no more pus can be brought out ^ ^" ~.d apply , w«k „,„*. „, „„. .^„. ^ ,^. «,„ aitttlti ^ Proud HMI1.-A .»M,M, n^ .ppi^ ,„ ^ , „j, ,„^|.|. | J„„.t; . &^4^ius,^XjLii^^,i&Jti.U ^Ai.JT li^-L-,^KlJ.Li^> I* .J >r4ii-<^ iw^'jij .,..., V .'•'k^ DISEAflBS Ofe^THK UOBSB. ^ 6S sore or wound, which nraaarx* . *. ' pMteKfrhf;?ltT4tv:^:' -'•^^'^i''-* *-*«^b,the s«,/ (See Skin Diseases.^, ^ *^'^"' ^^^^^ "'S*"* ^ ««' ^ed, for . week. Pulse.— This is the ftroke or beat of »« -* alternate dilation and contraction JZi k Tu '^' «>°seq"ent upon its pulse is subject ^ „.any vartioIreT^nof d T"" °' *'« ''^^^ ^he ^Ijable to changes Lm te^^^j; exdteStsT^'^ ''""^- '' ^ ^.cines act upon the circulatbn, 7nd c^ZITv T "T '"^*' «*^- character of the pulse. If the dis^L TuT ^ *''''"*«® the beat and be rehired to ra'ise the pu^ • ^TS ^J^f ''^''''' «*-">-*« -" in^^^nandfe4nau;ea:tri^L^^^^ -^t^-' " Pnrpiira.— This is a disease whi<.K ;- u ^ the surface of the whole bodylTw t" ""^^ '*'°' ''"'^ «»««*« in boils, which tUscharge a if J p/^„^"« Tl^l -th pin.ples. or small ver^ much debilitated ; and I^omoaS Tk "^ ^"'^^ ^'^^ »'»»"'»1 " frnuently see swelhn^ ^t^^^^^f J^^^ J^*^^^^ ^-e, we not un- thick. and the same3ored fluid^l" Clf 'h ^^' "'*' **"« ^««« ^^'^ is scarcely able to Move. * "* °* *'''°'' " I?variably the horse foUow^ng powd^ night and morninTT "rder^'i P""^' «^- *''^ ounces, gentian root, three ounces S a ^^711^ °' ^'^ *^ oiMu*.. Mix. and divide into twelvrpowcbl 'oZTT •"' *'°"""^' '«" d*y. Give, occasionally, from forty to sC d.ls ! J "* ^'r^'^ ^'''^ '^ *»»« iii a bucket of cold water. Pedfc the TL^S "'^"""'"^'^ '"'P'^""" «=id -a. th,«e ounces ; and o«K«Krle ounl ^' *"^ ^^P'^ *°>« ^"^ o"ve the sores twice a week. ^l,ZZZ:^rTu '"^ •^"'^'^ '^*^' »»d wash liable to it. ""•°'* *****''^«* »'y *bi. disease, are ever after PntreflMStitfll.— Certain disease. »« ~. j j s,f -" »' ''»^'Hd fcC Ltr^ rj:s r r "^ " " gooa feed to rappoft the i-n A «- ., .iHUi;;%lXjf.i »«iM&l ,.->., p. . 7»:- / 66 sbasSB Op DI8BA8 THB HORSE. Strength, and give sulphate of iron ajid gentian root, two drachms each, night and morning. ) ■ * - Quinsy. — ^A name given fluenza. y sore throat. (See Distemper and In- • Qoittor. — This term is used in Ehgland for a disease in the foot pf a fistulous Character. (See Foot Diseases.) Rabies.— (See Hydrophobic.) . Rachitis (Pronounced Baoketis). — A disease of the bones of young animals, due ts a deficiency of earthy matter, (lime,) which causes the bones tcryield, being too soft. In colts of the first year, some will be observed to stand so close at the knees, that one joint touches the other, which gives the fore legs a curious looking twist, with the fee^ turned out, and the knees bent in. Colts so afiected soon get wall when they are supplied with good, nutri- tious food. ^ ■ *■ . w , Rtieamatlsm. — in no disease of the horse are there so many errors and mistakes committed ; not only as to the nature of the affection, but its mode of treatment. Horsemen and some horse doctors have not ye^ learned that there is a difference between rheumatism and founder, whether ttcute or chronic, and how to distinguish one from the other. The difference between acute or inflammatory rheumatism and acute founder is this : In rheumatism there is not only pain, but great fever and excitement, and its seat is in the' joints of the legs ; in fdminder, we have pain, but no fever, and the disease is confined to the feet alone. (See Laminitis.) ^^ In chronic rheumatism there may be some excuse for 9uch mistakes, aa there is no fever ; but there is an inability to move, as if the horse was sprained over the loins..n (See I/ambago.) Acute Bhbuhatish. — Nothing else but what is called (when man it the subject,) rheumatic fever. Symptoms. — Great fever, excitement, and irritation, with extreme pain in the legs and joints ; so much so, that the stricken horse has not a leg fit to stand upon, and dares not move from the place he occupies, for fear of fall- ing to the ground. In oonnaotion with all this disturbance, the horse sweats profusely, and blows or breatihes excitedly, having no heat in the feet, as in founder. It will be well to remember this, in forming 'a correct opinion of the case. In severe cases, the whole of the muscles of the body ar« set to quivenng, clearly indicating inflammatory rheumatism in full fone and degree. ^ Causes — Sudden check to perspiration, by placing heated horses in » current or draught of cold air, thus preventing the transudation through the , skin of ita form e d and natural a e oretion, which ^ baing absorb e d by th< Mood, - ~ j-iJiuLib it^'T^ijJk t « . n..iiA>i»i •»: % wmmmm L\>^ wae^" DIBBAflBS OP THE HOBaEa s CT ^^^^Z^:^^"''"^"^*'^-'^-^ the tendon,. . f..que„tl, eu« one wi,, ^t eu^: other cl^ "* *'** ''' ^^^^^ 1^^<"> bedding under hii. bo# t^tdte hi Z V t' """^ ^^"'*' "^*'' ^^^^^ «^ body, and app„ cold 3er sit or tos^ fotf 1^ .t", "^"^'^ ''•^^^ ^''^ cntinuall, we,. f«,n. twelve to twen ; W Irs :tJ'T ""^^"^^ ^'^^^ win answer best. By the time th« « J T T' T *^**'"' ''*™ ^^ter g-.t change for the ICZ have tfeerpW "^"^ ^^ "^^ **^-' * cases, the horse may be left t« nT ! ^ ' "" '""*''* *»' *•»»*' i° "any other hand, shouW Ih^d sl'LkTaThli T''^'^ *'^''"""- ^"*' ^ *^' powdered meddow ^ffron Zsiw^ce 'n T ! ™' ^"' '^'^'^ «*«««« »' *h« drops of sulphuric acid ^11"! L t f ^'rV"'^*''^*^ *^*^««^ °^ ^-^^ doses of the sulphite of ,«;.:;' b^ ^vt as an"! Tn ^'^^ """^ purge. -^ ^ ®° *^ *» fJJ^ab. Do not bleed or Chronic Rheumatism.- There is no doubt th.* u ■ matisui in a joint is one of the m™.f °,./°"*'* *^* chronic rheu- lameness in horses ; whuTiu^ i^ t Ten fh """' "' '^'^^ ^ ^^^^den as a proof of the -^nr:f yo'V op "io;":" "° r'"'°«« *» !«-* to n.ent. But it is with tins, as Jl^HhiniT 7thTt T'"'' ^^" J"^" ing r^uired for a thoro^h development of Zf^l '''''^~-'''^' ^^^ ^ Treatment of Chronic Rheumatism — Giv- * tJ^ a ♦foUowed by the colcUcum or saffron seeds. t^SSlK °^ ***'"*« "<>*. as is W9^ended in acute rheuZ^b^Wl^'Z ""'^ l""^ *^* •^'°^«' ^tive^l«4ht A liniment mayrriJVhe^'t'^* ^"'"^ *° ^"^'^ '^ composed of chloroform and olive oil. I'u:^^^^ J°-* ^ J^-ts frictionbytheHlnd. One part of tkeT C;* J:^::^^^ * ''^'' ^*'' tion, be used to a^^p^ge with the chloroforiT ^ * °"^' "^ '^^'- th. t«* th.t U.<« „.„bm™. .„ J ZZTiJ^r ^ "•'m \ rt»-' RlBg.lH»«e.-.Thi.., a «rlous affection, «d oan«rt. ^Toi,^,^ .•.,■5' -11. - 5, I bone^^thrown otil the cmSmes of ' *^ "^-lying m^ Sometimes,'iii^Aidition to this, • I ■■''■ Si u a- ^ * ^"^ cbawpjed ffito bone, *pd- hud in ,^6 forpa of a o^^iM •'^^■|^"'"°»-^'^"" |'^'»o«t comm«^ to *he forelegs V of ^.^rs^bren^^^th ri^^^ ^ tur6. s -», '* ^^^Treatment.-If jt is of recent wigin, and the horse is young, much may lf^4one in the way of a cure, by ^removing aU heat and inflammation Mith cold water cloths ^pped rot»p the parts for three days, taking then, off at mght. At the end of that 't%,get one dmchm of the bin-iodide of mercl^y, mix with one ounce of lard,r ' bing i^in well for ten minutes. %e .the next day wash off with soap and ^d apply one-half of the salve by ru^ l^e horse's head for a few hours, and water, daily anointing the parts m y^tb lard or oil for a week ; then apply the remainder of the salve in the same way, and proceed as before. ]^ old. horses, not much can be done with nng-bone, as the bones of old aninuls contain so much earthy (lime) m^t^er that nothing can act upon it. ' j R^gWorm.— rA)reB produced by the saddle and other portions of the harness, and i^re best treated by the compound tincture of aloes When the sores become hard and firm, like warts, use the ointment of iodide o» mercury. (See Medicines and Prescriptions.) Remove the >cauae of the trouble by attending to the sa V A »-- DWaUsES OF TUB IIOMK. 69 * ■ ■ 'id * «rreat auantitv ,«.«„„ >*Tl* «row*n. »nd the moiature it contain* in enormous demand Hfii,™ th i ''"« "oaj ror the sahva to meet an aemand. Hence, the weakness aod loss of fleah of horses so fed. , Slind €rackg._(See Foot Di3ease8.) •. Scald Month.— (See Mouth Disekses;)-' , t^ndX-.^'" W ^ -wly discovered .in ligh1..1or«d horses, at- membranes within th« nSZv. ^ ''^"* *^° ^^ the lining may be added. (See Medicines.) ammoma. In a few days iron " ■ Schfctehes.— (See Grease, and Frost Bites.) • Sconring..— (See Diarrhoea.) . . ^i*» JE*"/*"'"?* P'^"*'* '*'"**^ °'' sepan^ted from the bW C c«;da products are of two kinds • ■ ^^^ dung thesw., andWbonate acid^Tre^tl 1„V ' "'"" ^'^ (2.) .^rertcm is matter separated froA the blood for further ,lse and SemmXThe thin, colorless fluid, which'sepamt^ from the blood. " ' lorwK Ti arues iimn iniurv folla«S^ k„ *i.. « :_^ J— «"«« tneureiBt T N . H 'J' r 1 .\?^''.'V' ^ 70 DI8BA8E8 OF^ THE H0B8B. aw' blood into the injured paii, which, not being absorbed readily, remains there in the form of a large ovoid flattened bag. A blind^ man, who never saw a tumor, could tell that it contamed fluid. Indeed, where dropsical swellings arp not absorbed, a serous abscessypriU be formed Treatment.-iOpen it with a knife, making a large opening through the skin, only at. the lowest soft part, so the serum will run out without pressing. Inject once or twice with cold water, and annoint. the skin with lard to pre- vent it from cracking or becoming dry. Setoo. — A piece of tape placed under the skin by means of a needle, n^e for the purpose. Setons abe rardy of use, and are often torn violently out, making an ugly sore. ' - ■ ' Shoulder Lameness.— This is produced by a slip, or side-fall, and is frequent with horses in cities having broad rails laid sn the streets for rail- road purposes. In wet weather these rails are very slippery ; hence the , horse has no foot-hold, the leg is stretched far out before the animal and the ' muscles of the shoulders, and un some cases, the shoulder-joint is involved. A much more serious aflair than simple shoulder sprain is tha result. Shoulder lameness is common to young horses when ploughing in the furrow. Symptoms. — The Absence -of heat; tenderness, and swelling in any other part of the leg or foot. ^Iways find out '^th certainty where there is no lameness, and t^e situation of lameness wilFrery soon be apparent. Negative and positive symptoms should always be well considered before coming to a final coi|fchision, as by jdoing so the situation or trouble is so narrowed down that a mistake can a0Ke\y occur. .Shoulder lameness, however, is known by tj|e horse stuping longer with the lame leg, and shorter with the sound one ; and, excepting in very severe 'cases, the horse will not only point the leg out from f he body, but carry it also to the side of the body. Now, indnost sprains and diseases in the foot, the leg will be pointed straight out without any side position. Take the leg which is lame by the pastern, and gently carry, or pull it straight out from the body of the hor^ in front, and gently also W the olitside ; if it be shoulder lameness, the hor^ will not only show evidences of pain, but will in maiiy cases, depending \ippn the spirit and animation of the horse, get up from the ground with the sound leg and endeavor to yr^^Skb the lame l6g from you. ^ ) I In very severe oases, when oovurring from • Druiqe. the hotse will stand on his toe, which i& evidence of contusion of the Bhouider. -^ ,^Treatment. — Alwolute and entire rest, warm water cloths appliM for two ''' . days, followed by cold water cloths, in the same way, and for as many days. Then a sUght Mister of Spanish fly may be rubbed into the skin of the Bhut,on Bt^ ^ft^itaati oa of the ool i Cly ;*' ^ - . >'a»»m^(,^a>y(.*y* ' *'< ts« li.^ '«.«4 Vi ^ ,. ■• « a. %.'«ivt, vi'iiV*'!,^ 4».>; wi>^f,'iKjfc«ivi,i<^Sfc&^^ 1 ucal swellings * le will stand ♦kVltrtk* ^immS^ ; \. DI8KASE8 OP THE HORSE. n ^S ^iT^o T"^ ''i'' "" '^ -^"« '^ «°*- ««- «^« collar. wake an oiptment, or salve, and rub the better half of it into the skin W day wash off with warm water /nnt i,«+\ j i. , . ^®** ,branes,fand great secretion of the unhealthy synovia.Vioin/„m ~i bulging of the ligaments, (capsular) knd covL^nrio^r J^ ^^"7 tecte^ by making the horse sLd upon thelir limb 'nl t h 1^ t'- other one. This is a disease similar to smwT in Thl T «ing i horse will stamp with his foot on the floor-for the action nf .K ■ ? is conside.^ to be as painful as the hot in>n, f r at|^ lour^T ^me it begins to act till the parts commence to sw^3|^terful'!ff „?' Hence, firing irons a« now not much used, except i^'^S^ 'w S" Daily, oU or grease.the parts for a week, then apply as^efore and ™1T t^to get ^ the benefit of this ointment, it l^st b^tS ^bClt ' W ?'^* "^"15*"~t '^^' ^^ "°«-^^« ' '''^y *»»« «de cartUageS of the foot Are converted into bone.u»nd do not, as in ring-bone, extend Sund T coronet, or portion immediately above the hoof. The caU^ T . are the same as in ring-bone, (which see.) "^ "^*'"^' Skeleton of the Horge, Bones of the—The skeleton is com posed of two hundred and and forty-seven sej^irate bones which L !^ by joints to fohn the spine, thorax, pelvis, taiTand forTZlf H T T^ 1, %' v-i-a^*. "tm^ v:\'^ .-i ^ .1"" \»«'> ' ■e^'^*"'"V^ig^jj > -^ «• '^;r»( f^' ' f ,v ^■V«S^--^... .-:f- ■i%: ^T ^ii ^' . .» \ DISEASES or' THE UOBSS ' f njid fac^ and contains thie teeih. Suspended from the head is the oa hyoidei^ which completes the number of bones. Thus :— • The spine Total vic^;^8 dwial, and 6 lumbar vertebrae — • 1 31 The thorax is made up of the dorsal vertebrae, with 18 ribs on ^h side, and the sternum in thb middle — Total /?? 87 The pelvis comprises 2 ossa innominata (or ilhim, ischium, and pubes), and 1 sacrum — Total 3 The tail contains on an average 17 bones 17 The fore extremity is made up on each side of the scapula, humerua^os brafibii^gand 8 carpal bones, 3 metacarpal, os suffraginis, os cor^W 08 pedis, OS naviculare, 2 ossa sesamoidea — Total on both sides . . jT The hind extremity has the femur, patella, tibia, fibula, 6 ^^bbI bones, 3 metatarsals OS suffraginis, os coronae, os -pedis, oVnavicOlare, 2 ossa sesanioideall^Total Bones of the cranium Bones of the face and lower jaw Teeth 40 Bones of the eternal ear, 4 in each organ . Os Hyoides, or bone of theNK)ngue, made up of five sections . Grand total lO i^iseases- — "^ere are many, and apparently different varieties of sldn diseases described bj^ writers, many of which are the same, and pr6- ^duoe^y the sa«» cause, but' present different appearances in different ani- ^mals, and in different stages and conditions of the affection. Where the same cause can be property assigned in producing different diseases, although ^||j||rently ^issim^, the,treat||^t must be the same. Thus, if the acan is jy^e cause of mor^i^ii one kin^of skin (disease, of course the treatment must be directed to the d^toesBon or^,remov»**f th#inse(* or jalte, before a cure can Ijft affected ; sag^^T^h faulty aBsimil|)^n or digestion, which so often gijres rise toAinSE^ife^ and which, must be, V^ and corrected before the 6ffect,1^Hkse,lwiIl c^bse and be cured. P « Balo^^— I^te of the 8ki|i"&f the horse become denuded of the hair, occasioned^ minute or small pimplefe, which usually contain a fluid, and burst, oi- briak, carrying thtf hair with it. They are caused by fttnlty diges- tion, and should be treated by soft f^, or firash-out gross. The hair wiD grow again. •* ^ Baldness is caused by scalds, bums, and Misters; and whew the true skin is not entirely destroyed, th^hair can be restored by using a weak oin*. ment of iodine— iodine, half a dratehm; hog's krd, eight drachms; mix, and apply by rublang with the hand, on^ every third day, tillthargjr« ft vjj«ni:fflL„ vsmjn 1 # ^>- .!• ;;.SHl.j>.. ^"^m^f^^-i^j *'^i ^ l^r^^f ' disAbkb of thb uobqk. 73 of a growth of hair apringing up. Gunpowder and lard have no more power rr^r hrh'^^^^"'™^'^ *° ***« '^^'^^ ^--. « ^od-e does ^or^.l T?^?^^ ^^ """^^ ^^' «' «*»^ *»»« "J^i" » dark color, which cannot' bo waahed otf; landhence, in dark-skinned horses, is of much use in removing the bare, bald-lookSk-white spot. Mangs, Itch, ob Scabs. , *^ Cause^An emiptive contagious disease, the result of an insect breeding cule. AU classes of animals are liable to be attacked .wf !^^t*"^'~^* ^"^ * ^^ ""'P °* pustules, not at this time always seen ^11.*:^^ r'"'"' "'''*'• *"^"""«- By the horse rubbings self against whatever he can get at, the hair faUs off, and exposes an anirrv ^f^lft" ««-'**t'°''.-e have dryness, scruffiness, baldness, and whitening t)f the skin, accompanied with great itchiness. ^ T.V-?**"""*"::^''" ^"* P^ *•"• """°« this disease in horses is as follows • Take hne sea^sajid, such as is used by stable men for scouring steel bUs. Id rub the affected parts well for a few minutes. Then wash tr^^ "n with gc^d soap and water, after which dry Uiem carefuUy. Then anS:^^h • unl S Zr"- ^''^''"^. ^"'P""^' °°« «--' hogs's lard, two ounces Mix^^ Or use one ounce of carboUc acid mixed in a pint of water T^ plan, w.th either pf these mixtures properly applied, wiu'not only Ml the insect, but will effect a cure. This disease has baffled many who have attempted its cure without first reaching the insect, by scouring himlut of W cov^^^ killing him with sulphur-. h^desLctive Irt^r:^ p^ ^tilbett!"^^" ^°'^ ''''''' offthe^^p^rtssoas to reaoh^he Observe—This disease is contagious. S^MHK maniren. J,*m-c= ^ u uub^o. jjy Close inspection, large numbers of minute elevationa Z T? ^:'^'^>^-^ «-h other, iid filled with a water, flu WwiU ^^^'rf'^'^^'^^'^-^resent. red and angry look,^heh^r^ short; and diy. a^mpanied with extreme itchines^much s^. sometime! that horse, so affected become almost unmanageable. The situ^t^W T^ d^ease « „«.aUy in the hind legs, and is consid^ hereditary. At ^ H^T when a horse isonce attacked by it, it is liable to return aga^I with theZ^ ^"!g^A Becalfar condit i on ofjthc blood,^ d> v «lmH)d by faeat- Treatment—This disease ha« not only been cured, but aUo prevented ?'\ /V*^'^,^' / 74 OISBASKa OF THK ArBB. T r*"™°*' •'^ *^ admuiu.terii>g of 4,al£ ounce doses of the sulphite of 80C&, for two weeks previous to the hot weather, once a day. In addition to 7« "7^ J "^d the fresh cut grass to assist, by its action on the stomach and bowels, and ultimately upon the blood itself. Or when the disease is fairly started, use corrosive sublimate, two drachms; spirits pf wine, four drachms; water, one pint ; rub well into the parts, and as well as doingthis. It ui advisable to give internal remedies. Give nitrate of potash, or hypo! aulphite of soda one-half ounce, once or twice a day, until two or three doses have been taken ; and use, externaUy, carbolic acid, one part to sixteen of water. Another is tui-pentine. Use turpentine and sulphur ; they will in- crease the irritation where applied, but will soon prt)duce a beneficial result. Clipping the hair nicely will do good. Finley Dun gives, as his favorite treatment a compound tincture of iodine, made by shaking together two parts iodine and one part; of iodide of potassium, with six or eight parts of water. (4.) SoRPiiiT.-A disease making its appearance in the spring of the year m fet horses that are short and well buUt. It is characterized by tumors about the size of a grain of Indian com, covering the whole body as com- pletely as the nettle-ra*h does that of children, and does not generally cause Itching, nor is it, like some skin diseases, contagious. Cause. — Robust stamina. Treatment— Give soft or slop feed composed of bran, cut hay, cold water, and salt for a few days. Give grass, if it can be had, without any additiomil feed. A few doses of the sulphite of soda will be of advantage. Bleeding and purging have arrested the tumors in their growth, but un- fortunately they becdme permanent fixtures, only to be removed by calomel and opium, which cause their absorption. In this event take calomel thirty grains ; opium, ten grains ; mix, and give once a day, for a week or ten days (iood feeding will have to be given. RiNQWORM.— Porrtyo, and FavuB, are names given to this disease: Symptoms.— Small circular patches, or scales, sometimes running to- gether, forming large crusts and ulcers under them, in which insects breed The microscope has shown the presence of fungi in the scab of ringworm, but whether it be merely the effect of the disease, or otherwise, is not at present known. It is, Bbwever, more likely to be the cause. Treatment.— Wash and keep the parts clean, and aim at destroying the fungi. For this purpose remove the scab as soon as formed, and apply a solution of oxaUc acid to the surface, using fifteen grains of the acid to an , ounce of water. Tar ointment, creosote, sulphur, and mercury, have all been tried ; but none of these mwt wi(ih so much success as the solution of oxalic acid, just recommended. | Slobbering.— This is traceable in horses to a variety of gmsl. Wa » ii,!Ca)>9 h> - *\v''^wSi "* ; ^*" v*'^' J'^ -V'^'fSff^ DUBA8K8 or THK HORSR. 75 may enumerate large doses of aconite, or veratrum ; also, sore, or scald mouth, and in some cases, poisoning. Slobbering from eating second crop clover, will be found treated of under the article Salivation. Slough.— The separation of a diseased or dead part from the healthy portion. A slough may be of greater or 1^ thickness, and may include the skin and flesh to a considerable depth— as TAm the centre of an abscess. (See Gangrene and Mortification,) Soreg.— Healthy and unhealthy sores occur in, or on, all parts of the body of tlw horse. Healthy sores are best treated by the tincture of aloes, or myrrh, or simple ointment. (See Medicines "and Prescriptions.) Un- healthy sores should be treated, first, by the application of some caustic, or powdered blue stone, nitrate of silver, or caustic potassa, which will make an unhealthy sore a simple and healthy one. To be treated as the above. SoKB Mouth. (See Mouth Diseases.) SoBB Foot. (See Foot Diseases.) Sorb Throat. (See Catarrh, Cold, and Bronchitis.) Sorb Back. Re-stuff the saddle, and apply the tincture of aloes or myrrh. Sorb Shouldbrs. See to «ie collar, and apply as in sore back. Sorb Nbck.— A variety of this disease presents itself about the place where the coUar usually rests, and presses when descending a hill in double team work. They are very troublesome, and difficult to heal, if the horse is kept at work, and cause great irritation and uneasiness. FrequentlyTwhen the hand is laid upon it, the horse, if he be a spirited animal, wiU plunge in the stall, and even kick, however quiet he may be at other times. / Treatment.— Apply simple ointment, and place a firm, but strong piece of leather over it, so that the colUr, when put on, can rest upon and slide over it, instead of upon the mane and neck. Soondness— This is when a horse has ^jothing about him, that does or is likely toj»*«»rfere with his feeding, working, tod general usef ulnew! 4a. variely of disease afecting the hock-joint. Spavin is not now look^i^ifon as in the days of Oliver Goldsmith and William Shak- speare, because in the minds of those distinguished men, and of some of their readers of the present time, spavin is an enormous enlargement of the hock of the horse ; whereas, in some of the worst forms of spavin, there is no en largement at all, while the ho«k-joint is* completely destroyed, stiff, or anohy- losed. Shakespeare thus refers to Petruchio's horse:— "His horse hipped with an old mothy saddle, the stirrups of no kindred : besides possessed with the ghutders, and, like to mose to the chine, troubled with the lampas infeo- . .., , , j , , , , , . " . — . »»"»"»vn. niwi Mua lampas, mieo- ted -with tiHrbslibng, ioll of innd gfllv^p^^ith BpavinB,"raied with the" \ ":««'fi£}5(.; 4fi->«^ ' , '. .u «;./■ 76 DISEASES OF THK nORSE. S w' ^ T- "^ *''' *'"^ ''"'■^ ^P*'"^ with.the^ta«ger8. begLwn with the bots swayed xn the ba.k, apd shoulder shotten, ne'er^IeggU fce, and *ith a half-checked bit, and a head stall 6f sheep's leather." . and if ° I'TrT^'' ^"^ °^ 'P""'" " ^^^ ^" f-"* °f the h^k^oint, and 8 a soft fluctuating sweUing, which rarely ever causes lamea^s. It is crS*" ^"W^'^^nt or distention of the bursal cavity of the joTt, but in- c ^edm quantity, and possibly, in some cases, a little changed in quality and Ir^, «!"^^7-^- « the-^me as bog spavin..but mo^ ext^sive, llSr^l' >^volving the hock-joint on its three sides, f.ont. inside^ and 1 fwh,Vh ^T^\ ^" n"*^ " ''"'^' ~""'«^ appearaiJce, pll^ thorough- ~id^'^ ^'^--f-g- -ft and^fl^ctuating, and indeed there is'no per jptible diflerence in the nature and result <»f this form of spavin, and be- the sut.^"^ "^7 T"f "• ^".*-'^«"'»g» Perhaps, with the flowpf blood in the subcutaneous (under the skin)vein, which is seen in f„,nt;and partly to the ^de of the joint, adding very little to ^e general swelling^ ^ voun?""^'"?""^ """"^ ^""^ ^""^ '''^"^"«' ^^r^ia'ly^when. hdrsel are • * Jr*T^i'~'^''' application of the ointment of red iodSJ^^fce^cury:? etirn K ^^\''T' ''^''°' -"c^^ood; but the enlargement Is apt £ return wh^ -the horsb « again put to work, from the Ikpt that more Jomt-oU, or flui.^ is poiire^ out. Acupunctur,tion. or fo^inlf«iLri " struinents into the swelling to let out the fluid, is sometimes L|3L • After which a bandaipi or truss irf fitted to the part to press out the flSHE^e cTri;rt*'T'"rjR"'^" °f *fr«-P-^ together. The diffic^ in " ' cunng ^ft spa^^in. is tl«Hger of opening into a cavity or join^ containing ' dvenr; '."T ^-'^'^ ^''^ ^J^-. *hat (ihe fluid can . escape • the Wow given to the skm bemg so great as to set up. adhesive inflamnmtiori;' and a > closure of the opening, but such treatment is not advisaJje *' Bone SPAvm._Consistsinthe^routingortheir^ular bony mattei from the bones of the joint, preventing their smooth and proper actin ovt> one another, and causing tafiesB. .This bof y ^rWth sometimes ^ttairis^ a" . good size, and in some casfts we find one of two of the bones tj^iy in3ved'- in othe™ nearly all of them are affected. Jhe situation of banTspa^afa on the inside, and m.f cont of the joint. r ' *• " ^ Symptoms -When hors* are what is called breeding bone ^vin, 'ordi. nanly i«rson. think and say the Meoea? is in the hip, (see lfeck>f^m iie a* tionwhfch« reflected by the musdies of l^e hip at ever, moWminrmade by the hock-jomt. and from the fact th^^hfre i. no e„lai,^ment.«« yet in the .- , joint. T^e horse is lame on ^A b^ft gets better after a little while, '*°^»ft«'- standing ^1» BttfiWaAe again. Tn^ tK i 7 •■ . -•■' s ,-> -^,f •r, ■^S «'*r^>' 'J EI8EA8ES OF THE UOU8E. Brs, beghawn with Jgged l/efore, and ■ '* -., of the hock-joint, lame^s. It is the joint, but in- *nged in quality • * ^^ • more extrosive, fr'ont, inside, and pall^ thorough- ndeed there is no i spavin, and be- . flow pt blood in it, an^ partly to ^en. horset are IftJ&^o^ibercuryj. jment % apt to kpt that more in- . after 3 9ui^5»^^^»e- , 'he difliculty in " oih^ containing •iking the paHs 5ape^ tl*e blow iniation" and a * r bony matt^i^ er aotiba ov^i,« imes 1littMh3»a DiRly iavolved"; lespayiBife on e spavin, 'ordi- :k)irom ihe a£ DMni'made by as yet yi the .^ liter a little i ftblSt ho j^flajg^- 1 1 t^^^r^ .^ ^'^^'^ ^•^^ Joint. eon«,lidated. although re- ijeinj^^™-?"" * '^"^ "^'^ ^ ^- «I-^-. the^fferenco > Se iot a^I7 enlargement of the.joint whatever, although the Ws 2errfLr« i! 1^'"'"°""^^^ This seems to puzzle and perplex horseipen, because they cannot comprehend « Umu, spavin without ^n t:s1^^j!:^ir' :r«^ -d,cp,sequently,.theporLrl:tm: ^es blistenSrfand tormented in every part of the leg, but the right place UZ^^"" *'' two varieties of spavin, just describedX tit ^mtment, is the proper treataient. One drachm of bin-iodide of monwv and one ounce of lar*!. Mix, and apply once, iu a week, and lard tie p![s Once-a-day, till the next applfcation. ^ ^ _ Oldhor^s should have ^linamept applied, once every second day, to the parts. -0 I of ohv^s, two ou^ices ; oil of turpentine, one ounce o,^t« on. ounce; mix. Thi? wil» ,.Iieve the pain, and to a g'reat de^l' ^X^^Z Wned hor^s should I^ve an extra allowan^ of fe^ to k^p themT, «otfditrf»n equal to their ^ofe healthy and fortunate neighbors Specks on the Eye.— (See Eyo Diseases.) **' Speedjr Cut.-Thi8 is an injury to the k«ee fm,H fh« shoe of the od- z^lz^'' *''' " ^".^^"*^ *^ "^"^ -'r ' ^'"* •^^^^'^ ''' ^^ - Treatment-Apply op wa4r oK^Km and if the' swelling does not all ^ away, follow with theapJRtion of the red iodide of meroifry.I ZfoZ ofan omtmeat. onoO a w^l^, for a few times, and lard -r JL^m 1 till the i^xt.a^pUoatdon. Wn m. sometini;. u Jl^af JS^ ^ ' - ' Spleen Dteea8eg.^The di«««es of this organ^ flbscui* h k^ -«^*B of e^lat^mon^ tulZL, softeningru^. a^d L^l The symptoms attending these aff«..tvon8 ar» not^ell Harked. ^^ "t- rv' »'■» i •*' Splint.-^ BflMa bov enlargement, situated usually on ihe inside^ of the fore-legs, about mi«*vaj^b^^een the knee an J the parted J4i„t Xj spHnt begi»*io grow, it ♦ijetitoe^ p^pduoes lameness .bVTretXingtQC M .^^'^"^ »^owev*.|^n ^i^mod^J^^If to'tt^;^ 0. ^*"*^np**f 5«'^''''««l«>i'^,and beftt«thtole|i splint * 9ldflr , a n d tihn .j ir dt , y nf th w bouuu UAm »l.u/ W ^ — -"J^g-ggm A.: 1. jir^ for the lurtgi to.ptoy in. depriving I: ^ ^ / ■ ■ _ ■ - ^ •• . . i ; ,.; t ■ . *, ' - ■■ r-r :■ ^^i^ -T'*'*- '-i Rf' > --^'!' , . . • » .-■■ ■ 'M K '■>■ I i i:'-^ ' • ... ■ "" .#■ V'l f ■ ' 4 --f y ■ DI8EA8KS OF THK HORSE. 81 / his work Some eontmue their work duringthe attack, but it is not best, lou may have these syn.ptoms. except the Uimor in the throat, and by and by a s^eUxng ^1 appaar on the shoulder or in thegroin, and there may be a ' d,«,harge from the nose. The tumor is generally the result of the fever ■ if ^ TJ T "^u **■' '^'^^^'' '^T "^ "'^ *-«=»'-' i* '"-* be carefully watched, for xt may burst internally, ^ cause" death. In some cases the horse becomes greatly en.aciated; beco^a mere skeleton, so to speak.: ' Tu- tors may be .n the chest or abdominal l^ity, producing slight Nominal pam or colicky pain, and such casesgenerally terminate fateUy aUow!dT""V^*"*"r"^"^"'***''^*°^'«**- The disease should bL aUowed to run Its course. It must not be checked, for that would be attended of the year. Give good food, -such as easily digested-boiled food, if it wUl be t^6en, but if not, then give the ordim^ry food. , It is a disease that dol not require any great amount of medicine. 1m the first stages, give a few dosesof chlorate or nitrate o|pota«h, but not so freely as in influe-^, = as ^ere is danger of acting too fr^ly on the ki^eys. Good feeding TKLs the formation of the abscess. If the breathing is not much affected it is not necessary to apply any external teeatment. In «>me.case« it is necessary to pse a mild external application or counter irritant, but if ^itlT a pure case of strangles, the pulse not very high, use a mild liniment. In connectTon with the above treatment, and li in thlsummer time, use a p9t.kice. and if therC ' ar« no violent symptoms, allow tht abscess to form J well "^nd do n^ open too soon Af^r you have opened the abscess,%ive tonics and baUie the abbess with tepid ^r. You will sometimes meet with a mor« serious c^, in which the animal isjjreathing hard and the abscess does not form trea* with hotwool, just to keep the parts well warmed. Y^it^ find bene^ fit frbm judicimis steaming with hot water, but be warned agaLst using a close nose-bag, for you are in danger of suffocating the animal ; but keep up • fotoehtation for some time. It may be necessary in this case to open the ab^oeta much sooner tlian iu the- former case. " : Results of strangles, or absorption of- pus, pyaemia; or abbesses forming in many parts of the body. This may teke'plac^ in connection with a w Treatment.— To remove the pain give tTr«nty drops of the tincture^ of X aconite root" every three hours, together with plenty of cold water" to drink; also flaxseed tea, to born, or drerteh down the throat of 'tl^e horse, and sheath the parts from, irritating substan^res. Take equal parts of good mustard and flour, mix with warm water, make into a soft paste, and lay over the region of the kidneys, or small of the back, occasionally moistening it with warm water, and covering it with a dry potten or linen cloth. Strin^halt. — This is an affection of the hind leg, and is known from the peculiar way in which the hind leg or legs are raised from the ground— a quick, spasmodic jerk. /- Causes.— These are two fold. First.— The loss of nervous influence*, whereby the extensor pedis muscle — and possibly some others— is depHved of its proper power. Second.— The peculiar anatomical articulation and general structure of the hock-joint of the horse are such that whan the leg of a dead horse is stripped of its muscles the liaaments are not disturbed at all ; and if the legs above and below the hock b« caught hold of by the hands,' and the leg straightened out, the moment tl^6 hands, are taken from it, it will spring into a bent position, thereby imitating stringhalt, as near as can be- Tlius the balance of power is not equal ; the articulary ligaments of the hook are stronger than the muscles of the thigh. Hence, the moment the horse lifts his from the ground, the leg is snatched up by the power of the articu- lating ligaments. Treatment. — Restore the lost nervous influence ; ;thereby the muscles of the thigh are to be brought into healthy action. This will best be done by good Ceding, aad one grain of strychnia nux vomica given daily for six weeks, in the faonefs feed, but when it is once fairly established this disease is inraumblfi. SaHiPikB.— €««p de Solell. — Tim disease of late years has be. , oamm of mm^ &afwan atKorrence, that it demands notice from us. The chief S7^PfHniKe«riHM|iBi and stupidity, the animal usually fcUling to the gnfJ^ and boag oai^Me to go farther. 'To prevent it, allibr the borse at short, intervals a few mouthfuls of water, and fasten a i*et sptinge over the foreheetd. The sun-shades now. used by extensive owners of boms, will go very far in leawuing the ooour- renoe of this aBaction. ^ . ' n-iCsaiBig: n mixed with DISEASES OF THE HOUSE. gg . of aconite root, and a bottle oialeovlo^^T ' T '^^P' °^ ^'^^ *^°*"re power., and »to act as a .^werful tLT ^ ' '^^""'^ to sustein the vital • throughout tbe^My; whiirTWrdir^C " -.equalizing the circulation- , coarse towel. clbWor ba^ lth7 If ^ ^^^'^ '"' '^""^^ be placed in a the ears and over the foSht^ T L •" "'' "^*^^ ^°°'^ ^'^ ^^^d between son In charge may s^^lt^; 7^ 'l""" ""^^ '''' ^^^^^^^^^ «* t^e per- age. Do not putVhTol t^ work T ^^^^l, ^«'^'^- will be of adva^^t- Du«.bnesa is the us^ZXTLTV'' '^ ^^ ''""P'^*^^^ -*o^ed- there is no cure. sun-stroke-a species of coma-for which ter.iSS:;;~'t'.''"''^^ *'^ -^'^'-^ "^ P-' -^ i- one of the ^ the ^"^z^Tzzxz:: r^ ii^*^ -- «-- ^ - ^^ followed in a day or s'o, eithe: b^the'c^^^^^^^^ ^"' ^'T^ "^ ^-' or t e fonnation of an abscess L sol ^ X :f CL'" 'T *'^^°"' d.at.n When rigors and shivering occur!:?;:^^^^;,^^-^^^^ w Bo not physic or u:LX2::i^^z':^^^^^^ ^- of suppuration fro. going on in its original pZ:::: ^^IZ^J^: Surfeit.— (See Skin Diseases.) ''^ -u..^. Swelled Leg«.HSee Grease, Sprains, Dropsy, etc.) , ,. Swellings.— These am of differ«nt hi,.A .i. , / ^ flucuating swelling, which is genenUly cir.uZ^ ^J J. ^^ -«* of the joints, as blood spavb -etc anrf^i "«»«'«bed, and se^ .n diseases -ftand„«.infUm.ato.rBXt;ttar^^^^ f ^ ""^ ^™P»^-'. or «t one and the same time. Ea^h Jus ^t^t-^ !!-^'^ "' '^' '^^' the swelling. (See Farcy.) ™**^ according to the cause of «. Thesis inj„^ to'th^Zi:'-: si?: n oTh:'^^^^* °" ^^ *•>« '^'^^^^rm.^^:;^^::^::::^ i^. .'.» -. ^* •!■ ,^ *P < K ^ 84 DISEASES dw THE HORSE /T Causes-Are various. It is most likely to occur in young animals. It may arise from a sudden jerk from a plow striking a stump or stone, or from the wheel of a ^agon striking against som< obstacle, or it may occur from the anirn*? jumping or rolling about ; but in the majority of cases it is the result of work. | Symptoms-Are well) marked. In the early stages there is mX>re or less sweUmg^ even though it i»ay not be of sufficient extent to attract much notice. ^ first thing generaUy noticed is the wasting of the muscles, or > the ammal may be stiff to a certain extent, the action be somewhat impaired, yet yoa could not call it out^nd^put lameness ; but in six or eight days the tnie character of,the disease shews itself. If the^outer muscles are severely- affected, thosepA the inside of the shoulder are affected to some extent, ahS when the anj^al throws his weight upon the limb, the joint bulges out until you would think there wrs a partial dislocation of the shoulder. In Jthe very worst cases-a cure may be affected, but if kept at wo'rk it may be a long time before the muscles will attain their natu.^1 size. Keep the patient quiet for ,two, three, or four weeks, turned loose in a box or big stall ; it is better than turning out to pasture, fim use fomentations, and follow by mUdj stimu- lating hnaments, as tincture of camphor, opium, and.arnica, equal parts the whole treatmeftt should be directed to hastening the repVoduction of the mus- cular fibre. Feed moderately well on good nourishing feed. Judicious exer- cise, after some time, is benefici nature. (1.) Encysted Tcmohs.- This is a variety of tumors often seen about the side of the nose of the horse. It is about the size of a puUet's egg, soft, and elastic to the touch, with no heat, inflammation, or soreness of any kind. Cause.— Closing of the fatty openings of the part. Hence the elevation,^ swelling, and filling up of that portion of the skin which contains the sutii- like matter. Treatment.— Open the part with a. knife, and inject fpr a few times into the inside of the tumor a teaspoonful of the tincture of iodide, to kiU the walls of the tumor. The surgeon sometimes cuts these tumors out, in the form of a soft ball, without opening them. This requires a steady hand. (2.) Encbphaloid.— This term means a brain-like tumor, so named from its sructure being like that of the brain. It is one of the kinds of cancer which sometimes attack a horse, but is more frequently seen in the dog and ox. Cause.- A specific poison in the blood, not as yet well understood. Symptoms.— It is solid, hard, iaregular in shape, and knotty, with no hair upon its surface, and presenting a smooth and shining aspect. These tumors grow rapidly, and finally break on the top, presenting an angry and malij^nt sdre or ulcer, which' cannot be healed without first removing the entire tumor, with a knife, and treating it as for a simple sore. (3.) FiBEOMA.— This is a fibrous or warty-like tumor, familiar to most persons, *nd is attached chiefly to the skin only. It is troublesome only in h far aa it is apt to bleed, thereby keeping up a degree of irritation— espeoi- t ttlly in warm weather, because of the sweat and the flies. 'H Treatment.— Those persons who have not sufficient nerve to cut them otf with the knife, can take ar;senic, one drachm; hog's lard, four drachms ; '^ mix, and make an ointment ; rubbing in and around the tumor, onpe a week a small portion of the salve. In a short time it will fall off. (4.) Fatty Tumor.— This is a variety of tumor of frequent occurrence in horses, and is composed of fat, as its name indicates, j Symptoms — A round, ovoid' shape, with a firm feel, bu<^>a«t liard nor elastic, or at least not so much so as the encysted form. k) ■ Treatment.— Tak:(a a shaip knife, and after gattmg^a twitch up on thn ._ / . :1-, M w#»i', ■ 0ISKA8E8 0» THK HOIUK. 87 t occurrence ^r:.e"CTe SCLr.otl- "^'^ ^" °"' ^'^^ "" "^ ^^ lif . '''^'!*f~J^P**"**-'''yP"»n8.-The8e are continued fevers, and are tZTA^^ """^^t' ^'^' «yBt«m which is generated when horses ai^ ba^^and crowded together in an inadequate supply of air. The fevers ^^ders, farcy and pyemia are good examples. The seeds of the disease ' can only be got nd of by the effectual destruction of the typhinia-its exist, uig ferment or leaven. [See Glanders.] Typhoid.— A low form of disease, accompanied with fever. Examnle Influenza, or catarrhal fever. (See Influenza.) ' Typh08U8.-Cerebro-SpinalMeningitis._This disease is more extensive now than it waa some years ago. It is congestion, f oUowed by more or less in- flammatory action of the coverings of the spinal cord and brain, due to a oongestedstate of the blood vessels. This appears to be a comparatively new disease, and is found principally on this continent. It does Lcur in other p lace^but not so frequently. The sympathetic system is involved and im- plicated to some extent, perhaps from some noxious conditions in the blood It generally appears to the greatest extent in those that are breathing impure air and using improper food. Soldiers established in barracks are more sul> ject It IS generally met with in horses in large cities, where they are crowded together to a great extent. Anything that is debilitating tends to produce It. It IS more severe and fatal in crowded stables. Some say it attacks healthy 'fiorses as well as those m poor condition. If this be so, then it is due toatmos- pheric influence. It is diflicult to say what is the exciting cause. It may be due to atmospheric influence, local causes, vegetable poisoni grass containinK L- cotic properties, ete., affecting the cerebnvspinal nerves, and sympathetic as weU. It appears in various forms, and the Symptoms-Vary according to the parts affected. Some show the spine affected and others the brain. Sometimes it shows itself by loss of power especially of the hind extremities. The appetite is impaired, or clpTetely' gone. An animal may be in apparently good health, and in twenty-four houre will present the above sypiptoms. The temperature does not vary to anv gr^t extent; in some it is increased, in others decreased. The tremo« or spasms show themselves in different; parts. In the early stage the pulse' is.not accelerated generally, but may be even slower than natural In other cases there wUl a pecuUar involuntary jerking ; the animal reels about, and in som e severe oases falls or Ues^down, and is unable to rise ; the bowels are _ rtxHrtiveT Tirine of w^wnisricoloiv anff retained in the bladde~ As ~ fMf&v\^-'^- t ■ r ^' ■". fk- ^ y ' » t • / / i ' - • " . '^- 1 , ^ « i,. 4 . « « * / ■ i / ^^^^^^^^B^: ■'•-., ■ W/k ■■■ 1. ' ', / . • / ■ " M -'' . . I - - ^" ' 1 ^ 1 T * e J " ^ \ ■ . • 6 ■ ■" t . \ ( - I \ • < " " ■ 4 « ^ • ' - * ^ ■H / *— — ■— . iJi* . 1 ., wii J t / : * J /- :. "Ifr' ■ ■ "* ' > " f s YiY_...'L-.__J.,. /-.-.- IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^/ V ■*-A ^ ,% ^ ' \~ i'. - .-.>i..;lV.'i*«B«.*i3,vj-'l''. ,-i4;^i?il^^^^^^i A^^ 'j»tw*5^a»:'W> ■y 88 DI8KASKS OP THK H0R8K. well as loss of power in the posterior extremities, you will iiave well marked cerebral disturbance, and a comatose state, which, in a few hours, may give way to slight delirium, which, in soma eases, lasts until death closes the scene. , Ono symptom is paralysis of the muscles for swallowing. There can be no doubt that cattle and horses s^jr from nervous diseases, and that without knowng how to account for it. It is more common in animals that are graz- ing in the bush, eating grass that may have beceme over -ripe, which acts first upon the digestive, and then upon the nervous system. The symptoms are dullness, produced in a short time ; costive condition of tiie bowels ; appetite gone ; thirst intense. If you give film a pail of water, he will place his head in it, and you would think he was drinking rapidly, but you will find tliat nothing has been taken, for he is not able to swallow. These are prominent symptoms, he may get the water in his mouth, bi\t cannot swi^llow it; but not from any soreness. The animal may show slight abdominal pain, and when he lies down he has no incUnation to get up, but will lie stretched out ; may move the legs. The pupil becomes dilated ; the mucous membrane be- comes impaired, although in the first stages they may have been infected ; but after the convulsive paroxysms become morelTfrequent, they become im- paired. He may become perfectly stupid. Causes. — Atmospheric influence, or it may occur in an epizootic form, from one cause operating on all at one time ;* water containing a great amount of organic matter; decoiiposition acting upon and affecting the nervous sys- tem. Some cases are caused by using, water containing drainage from the stable. In some cases it afects the spine more than the brain, hence its name. Treatment.— If there is a complete loss of power, of course it is hopeless ; but if taken in the eariier stages, where it is confined to the spine, it may be treated. You must treat to relieve congestion, and try to prevent the spread of the disease. Use hyposulphite of soda, and change the food. Belladonna is highly recomended, one, two, or three drachms a day, and continue for some time, or its alkaloid, atropine ; or give ergot^f rye in two drachm doses ; bromide of potassium in two or three drachm doses. Use judiciously a good stimulant— hyposulphite of soda may be tried. If there U loss of power, use slings, but not unless he can bear some of his w<|ight upon the limbs. It is very difficult to treat a horse after he has laid for some time, as he will be covered with sores. You may give injection^ to act upon the bowels, or use aloes, two to four drachms ; but be careful if there is any irritation of the bowels. After some time, If there is still loss of power, use nu^vomica. If he is unproving some, say in four or five days, take hiiA out a^ allow him to walk some ; try tlie effect of tonics. C!ounter irritation to the lungs, stimu- lating liniments, hot and cold applications haVe been recommended, and may do good. Try hot and cold appUcations alternately. It may produce a good effect. If you think it does harm, try other treatment. This disease issome- times called ce re ^jis-spinal fever. There is a cause for e>cwTW^^^€r,f-w0^0i^mr: :^^^mv DISEASES OF TUB HOltSlf is sometitnes very difficult to teU just what th« authority suggest the diffusible and ml fixL ^ 7"! ""■ u"^"*'"" '*^»'' and tonics-which are embracedTtr^ n '^^ ''''' ^*'' «"*mimtive8 in a bottle of cold water fi^HLi tt ; ^nT ?™^ "^ "^ ^^'^'^' "^'^^ bonateof ammonia, thre^ d JZ ! *^^°*y-f«"'- ''ours: PowdeiW car- ded pimenta berrieX d^ hms' -T t^:. 0^^^""' ^^^ '^"""^ ' ^^- nnx. Drench the horse with cold wate're^ T ""I*^ *"'"*^ ''"^^ ' drops of commercial sulphuric Jdr^.r.'' ^^'y' "^^ing sixty ot life. Oatmeal may alJ^ZLinZ '" '"'^""« *'^ ^^«^"« ^^'^ V. The prevention o'f tl^re ,Lf T7' "' '" * "'' ^"'"P^^" ^.^is more easUy -ompS tan^T^ c:r r d:;tbrt^ good feed, in which a drachm or fw««* *i, , , '^ stables; also d.J. .t » time. ^^^ *" "" "■• "«'"W for eigM or ten by what is called the first intention h,.f does not heal ulcer. intention, but suppurates, is called a healthy Treatment.-^Most healthy ulcers will h«n.l ^f *u i that is required to be done, especially iTwarrtlL.T ' ** ""* ^'' lation, f.m g^wing ^ ^,^d aC IbXeT f'^ stin 7^^^^^ purpose apply , solution of blue stone, or chloride of I»T U^^^^^^^ ndeof z,nc, four gnii,»8j rain water, one ounce- mi^^fT !l TL^"" " stone, two drachms; rainirater, eight ounces- m'; L^f' T "^ ^^"' "•ay be applied once a day just sufficienf T^ • / . °^ these mixtures flesh dow^^ T.e simple XirniT-tlta^rt T T' and should always be in the house and at hand * '"« "*'''''' In neglected sores, and when proud flesh hiu »p«»„ of the s.in of the healthy par, tak'e a s'To^^^'^^^^Z Tm'''' end with a piece of cloth, or stick one end in a JlC^r T . °'? °"" sore with theother end of the caustic a few ti»es.^he ' ". ^""'^ '^' blaok. Repeat at another time, if necesslV Lp hel T • *"™' corked bottle, or else it will ^ dissolved in^" flu^Th^ nXL"^ '''''''■ Indolent Uboers.— This vari«tv nf ,.i/v.- . i-g .«rt«». B i. »v„.d .itTt whiTi; titer . J ^' "'T'- o™% BuJI red .pott „, ,«,„ ,„,|,i u, «; J^f^^T' ""J '» «"»• <•» s» V •*. iitf.ti&JfAl^f 90 DISEASES OP THE HORSE. i -A bad habit o£ the body and blood; poor feeding, and Cause.- debility. Treatment.— Apply powdered bluestone to the ulcer, to eat oflf the un- ' healthy surface. Then apply a poultice for the night, made of any soft, moist material— say boiled turnips, carrots, or braA and flaxseed meal, made with a little warm water. The face of the poultice should be covered with powdered charcoal or brewer's yeast. Continue the treatment with an occa- sional poultice, and the solution of blue stone. • Feed the horse well, and give half-ounce .doses of thb sulphite of soda, once a day, to purify and enrich the blood. Ikbitablb Ulceh— Example: Sores on the pastem-joint irritated by the flies, heat and sweat of summer. Symptoms — Cannot be touched without they bleed; angry looking, and very sore; highly inflamed, and extremely vascular. Treatment. — Diflicult to cure during ■Warm weather, but easily healed in moderate weather, when there are few or no flies. Dress the sore with oil of olives, one ounce; creosote, half an ounce ; oil of turpentine, half an ounce ; mix, and apply to the sore with a piece of soft cloth; once a day. Do not let any of the ^mixture, run down on the hair, which will, if so treated, fall ofi". " Trine Bloody.— (See Hsematuria.) Yaricose. — The enlarged vein on th*r:l blood spavin. (See Spavins and Tumors.) Tentilation. — Few persons are awAr^ of the vast iniportance of pure, fresh air, in the maintenance of health, an^he prevention of disease, in both man and beast However necess»|y pure air is in health, it is still more so to an animal when sick from fever and disease; and indeed there are diseases in which no treatment can or will be successful, no matter how skilfully di- rected, without pure, fresh air and cold water to drink. A badly ventilated stable or bam, will ensure in the spring of each year horses fev6red and dis- ewed. Coughs, colds, lung fever, influenra, grease, scratches, farcy and glan- ders, are the^sults of bad ventilation. Who has not heard of the Black Hole at Calcutta, in which one hun- dred and forty-six men were confined for a few hours without ventilation, and only twenty-three survived the short confinement. Horses confined only for a fe^ hours without ventilation, aa was the case in two military expedi- tions sent out by England— one to Quiberon, and the other to Varijji— in which the hatches of the ships were ptit down, and only for a short time, but sufficiently long enough to produce glanders in almost everv horse. Hence, it will be perceived that, without good ventilation, a high «t2idard of general health cannot be maintained veryiong. ^"9' it, caused by bog and J i ':^^.z ^.c-^it-^j^ft >;».%AtAiJi^l^2'^'!skiiji^ ^ ^ . V«. * ' '^L^^4\liH^ fil-B.'rt.l ■«. *li DISEASES OP THE nORSE. 91 (See I'lS-f ''™ ''"' *" '"*''■'' °' '"^ ""^'"' ^^"^*^ ^* ^*"'^°^"- Warts.— (See Tumors.) < Wafbles — ^Sw Skin Diseases.) " "- Water Farcy.— (See Dropsy and Farcy.) Weeping Bye.-As its name indicates, this is a flow of tears from the eye down the Side of the face, instead of through their proper channel. ^uS7Tr?^^''f'"" "'" **"" ^'^""^ ^' ""^ "^ duct, from a disease called ^^a lacrymalit. - «°«»«j Treatment.-.this is the province of the surgeon and anatomist. Wens.— The common name for external tumors. Wheeling—This is a sound given from a horse having enlarged glands^ - tl^c W of the membrane of the wind-pipe, § the giLds press- ing upon the head decreasing its calibre. Whistling is caused by the sal alteration of structure iij the wind-pipe. j u.o ^•''•"One* a SPratn of the.-(See Sprains and Hock.) Wind Galis.-A:re.soft but elastic sweUings or enlargements. They are non-inflammatory in character, and are produced by the same cause governed by the same lays, and present the same phenomena as bog, blooi spavin, and other enlarged or distended bursa of joints, which are 111 p^ duced by, and are evidences of hard work. No treatment of them will be satisfactory, a* they wiU return again, even if they have been removed. Wind-Sueklng— (See Crib-Biter.) Worlns.-Th; worms which inhabit the body of the horse are of many varieUes. Some of them are harmless, while others interfere with his health They are. Ist The bot found inhabiti^g the stomach. 2d. The fIS 5^ Tril. ! rectum and often seen about the anus, and under ihe taU 3d. The ,tr *»>« ~«"lt of a^l? W T"- , °' ^'^^ '«»^ ^^'^S ^'f'^^^ -PO^ the legs, they rirrjn" ir:. °^ "^^ ''^ ^'^^ '-' -' ^- - -- «^ - -.' of thi^^Z!°'"''^'^i'*°"°""« year, .during the summer months, the larva m spinted horses proves a source of great uneasiness and irritation. Ireatment.— Injections of linseed oil, or tobacca smoke fior^ Lh 1 :^^^^'^^i are similar in the effects preduced in the hot«e, to those ^n m sheep affected with rot. / Cause-Feeding on wet and ma.-shy land, and pasture having been flooded with water. Who has not heard of the effects pixxiuced from Jhis Jjtn animals grazed upon the course of the rive^ Nile, in Egypt, after eThlL / Treatmenfc-Support the strength by good, genereus feeding, and give iron and gentian each two to three drachms, once a day. removi^i "11^1^ mal to high and dry pasture. ^ cne ani- Waund8.-They are divided into simple, incised, contused lacerated, punctured and poisoned. Wounds are mo^ orj.ss dangereurwheTe"^ mg the chest and beUy ; as are also poisoned wounds. orThoselom the bte :i::::t.;li biX ^"^ '' ''^'"' "" •^ '-' '--^ ^^ -^ nnJ"^ K^r*^ u*^ "'"^^'^"'^ ^°°"^« ""^ S^-^^^Wy followed by sup- TlV^l -hou^d be encouraged by warm poultices applied to thepa^ tTe '^1 hT ^"^ "T-^-^l- *»>« P- free escape'^Vounds erntg the belly or chest should be treated by placing a pad over the part to exdZ -the air, followed by the application used in simple wounds Keep down j^in by giving twenty drepa of the tincture of aconite reot, three times a day for two days only. Poisoned wounds will be found trea^^ under the article on Bite or Mad Dog. "reatea oi 1^-. ,;. ■* vj Ural nursery both ley cannot be re. Icen into the sto- the coats of the short time after, e propagation of ation or incuba- te good feeding, Take powdered , and make one Iso the result of I the legs, they >lor of the skin, >nths, the lari^a ' the tail, which ation. DlSBAaUS OF THE UORSK. 93 Woiinm._A name given to a poison, which is prepared by the Ma Z^s Z'p:irAH^™^^.^^ ^""^ "^ 'y **»- - *^ point of\h^rr " o7on« th ^ ^ ^ P"*^" ^ ~ «'^*' '^' ^^ ^°^' '-^-^^ after an s^lrJthTrhe'" rf*;"'" ^'^^ ^ ^^^ *'•'«'» ^y^ *-- ^r^ li: ^""" ^^ ^^"^ "^^ ^ » *«^ '^^^^ ^ore his head a^d legs ceased to move. In twenty minutes from the time he was wound^ the ox was dead, having apparently died without pain. ^°"nded, LiverO*"*'^^~^^°^°™"'"' °* ^ °' *^' ^ ^'•°'° ^^^' ^^'^- (See TeUow Water.— (See Liver Diseases.) h.K-.^'*5''~^'"'* ^"^ "^ '"**"'*' '^'^'^^y ^hi«'' t-^t^ of the structure are sometimes peduced in the ng been flooded this cause, in iter each inun- ding, and give oving the ani- ised, lacerated, 8, when enter- from the bite >ated of under . i ?.., ite root, three nd treated of ^*'^-r ':-■"'■■ '*■ • . '•'■ . - r ' * . . ^- 1 . ' ^-. '"/-■ 1 \ \ 6 * 94 \ INFLUENZA Ut HORSES. \ \ V *• INFLUENZA IN HORSES. ' Owing to the prevalence of this disease amongst horses in Canada we make room for the following very able article written by one of the most skil- ful veterinary surgeons in the Dominion : — Influenza, an Italia^ wordfsignifying influence, is a term that is usually applied to a disease of an epizootic character, to which the horse is particu- larly liable. As in the case of many other names for diseases, we fail to see its propriety, but our object in the present article will not be to discuss a re- formation in the nomenclature of veterinary science, although that is much needed, but to consider the nature and treatment of the disease that is well known by this name, which occurs in different forms, and also presents many difierent characteristics. From time to time, even back to the most remote periods of antiquity of which we have any record, diseases of an epizootic character have appeared, both ill the human race and also in the lower ani- mals, with various degrees of intensity, often spreading devastion in their course. And there can be little doubt but that some of these, outbreaks of disease were of the same nature as the disease called influenza, which we will now endeavor to describe. It is also known by other names, such as "dis- temper," "catarrhal fever," or "epizootic catarrh," or shortened to the ver- nacular "epizoo," as the outbreak of 1872-3, which was so universally dis- seminated over the United States and Canada, was denominated, and which will be well remembered by most of our readers. The disease may rage over an extensive district, or even over a whole continent, or it may be confined to quite a circumscribed locality. The epi- zootic of 1872-3, broke out in a well cultivated and usually healthy country district, near Toronto, Canada, in the latter pajt of September, 1872. In a week or two it had spread east and west throughout Canada, and was pre- valent over the greater part of the United States before the end of October. It was so universally disseminated over the greater part of the northern por- tion of this continent that few horses escaped the disease, and in the cities. X nWLDKNZA IN HORSES. 96 traffic was seriously interferr«d with, as during the time it lasted, horses and carnages could not be procured at any price. The disease is sin^larl^ prevalent in some seasons, and although i^ ex- hibits some general characteristics in common, yet the epizootic of one year may Tery probably be marked by some particular symptom or symptoms, which do not appear in the next, and these variations in the symptoma and in the degrees of intensity of the disease, may also occur in different locali- ties m the same seasOti, or even in different individual cases. 'Horses in , crowda cities and towns are more liable to the disease, and in them the type IST-r^f^^r'Tr" ^" '''' *'°''°*^^ districts, it is a more probable visitant of the stable, though horses out at pasture are occasionally attacked, and in the outbreak of 1872 very few, either in the stable or at pasture, escaped the disease. It appears at all seasons of the 'year though more commonly in the faU, winter, and spring, than during the summer months, and no locality, soil, or geological or geographical formation of the country seems to be exempt from its visitations. At times it appears to be ■ !,r°*'°' ^.7^^«r! *°^''' «•' '' '=°"fi««d to quite circumscribed localities. The probabilities of the disease seem to be increased in proportion to the number of horses kept m the same stable, as animals crowded together, espe- cially If in damp or lU-ventilated stables, are much- more liable t^ it and Z apt to suffer from it in its more severe forms. Young horses are said to be more predisposed to it than older ones, but no age, sex, or condition, is ex- empt from Its attacks. Neither will one attack exempt the animal fr^m the disea^ at any succeeding outbreak ai i^ By almost unive^. consent, this malady has been, in veterinary literature, denominated f|ftuza, and the common use of the term, and the frequent mild types of the dLase are act to deceive the ignorant, and to lull many persons into a false security as to the not uncommon severity and ^danger which may accompany it In most cases there are certain general uniform symptoms, but outbreaks, and indeed. * individual cases, occur where the most essential difference in the symptoms and the dangers to be apprehended prevail. And to this may in a great measure.be attributed the very different ideas with which it is regarded by the pubhc at large. *• The disease is certainly te be attributed to atmospheric influences It must be produced by some morbid matter or "virus," that mingles with and contaminates the air. But the precise nature of this morbid matter or "virus," Its origin and mode of production, science is as yet unable to dis cover. Many different theories as to its exact nature have been advanced but the best and most recent authorities coincide in the opinion that it is some morbid matter or principle floating in the air that has the power of re- producing Itself, either in the atmosphere or in the bodies of the affected ani mals. Prof. Williams, after reviewing different opinions, says : ,^y/i •^afay wethen eoneiude tteranimaTmarsSra. Or those emiiiations which ^^5i-^2^^-'^' '- , ii^ff-^''/^i^ , t.J\ *i ^•*.1« ..■m - ■ -•-■T^-- - ' "r:T 96 INFLCKNZA IN HOR8K8. arise from many animals congregated together, from excretions and decom- posing animal matter, give rise to sporadic or enzootic instances of the dis- ^ ease, and that this influence, owing to some undetermined condition of the ^ atmosphere, may so extend as to embrace the horses of a town or country, or a continent, and thus become epizootic or panzootic?" This appears to be a reasonable view, but as we are unable to demon- strate to a certainty the original cause of the " virus," it appears to be im- possible to guard against its effects ; though, no doubt, as before mentioned, animals crowded together in ill-ventilated or damp stables, are more predis- posed to the disease. ^ ^ The symptoms vary considerably, according as any particular organ of " the body may be more especially affected. The air passages of the head are almost invariably affected, and in severe types of the disease, it is often diffi- cult to point to any part of the system that is not involved. A prominent symptom is often the early and excessive weakness, amounting in some cases almost^ to paralysis ; failure of the appetite, quickened and weakened pulse, scanty discharge of excrement, high-oolored urine, and the animal tempera- ture very much increased. We have seen many outbreaks in which a tem- perature of \06 degrees Fahr. was not uncommon, though this is, we are aware, a higher temperature than is usually announced by the best authori- ties. The eyes are more or less sunk in the orbits, with the upper eyelid drooping, the conjunction of a yellowish red perlv a8aimil..f J oenefiml to the poor amount being ..b^lutely injuriour Th/ cZ^^^^^Zt:? T ''"' th. «st of the system, and a. not capable oT^lZ^tCZ'ZT usual; hence the cause of the loss of appetite Shn„W fhi ''^ be affected, many .ractitiorfers advise ZSblist'^te sT ''^^ *" ter i„itant, but thL is abundant room for d^bt wh"trerthe S " """ duced thereby will not mpr« than oounterbalanriheL tnT , l*"^ Derangements of the liver are to be combatte^TI^ "' '^"^ /^"*'- guH« possible by laxative and easily digest L^IitLtT"': ^J^ J. Wed...^«,m. ^ of this nat^ be absolutely S^d^^ ■« . / ^' •■'-H«^7, (' 98 INFLUENZA IN HORSES. ativ» medicine had better be avoided if possible. Colicky pains nlso some- times occur, which had^ better be relieved by hot fomentations, or an amraoni- acal liniment well rubbed into the tmdomeu, and injections. light anti-spas- modics, Bfi half an ounce to an ounce each of laudanum and nitrou« ether, in a little water, may also oceasionally be necessary. Any acidity of the. sto- maeh, which would be manifested lyr grinding-the teeth, licking the walls, etc., may be removed by giving a few drachms of the bicarbonate of soda; two or three times a day, in the food or water. ^ i- '^ , The "heroic" treatment for this disease, that which in the early days of veterinary science was adopted almost universally feir all maladies of the lower animals, was, no doubt, in a great measure the cause of the severity of ,tHe outbreaks of this disease, in the past, that we r6ad of, although it is pos- sible that the typ4 of disease may have been, in some cases, severe. At the present time, and under a better understood mode of treatment, influenza is .'usually, hf no means, of a fatal chartibter. It should be clearly undei«tood that the disease is the resuft of a "virus;" or blood poison, which requires a certain time to expend itself and be elimin- ated from the system; Good nursing and care are of the most paramodnt im- portance, and too much "drugging" is to be especially avpided. Some writers have divided influenza into three forms, according to the parts implicated — the catarrho-rheumatic, the gastric or bilious rheumatic, and the gastro-erysipelatous form. In this last, by Prof. Williams denomina- ted "epizootic cellulitis," the cellular or oonnective tissue is especially en- volved; the weakness is not so marked a sympt«m, and ]the pulse will bo harder and fuller; there will be swellings of the eyelids; duUj^ess, pain, and swellings in the legs, particularly about the joints; the digestive organs are usut^Uy deranged, the fsecea bard, dry, «kh1 covered with mucous; there is also - often a hard cough. The reeoveries from this foriQ are usually much more rapid than from the preceding f orims, the weakness not being so great; though flot unusually ip. this form of the disease, fromi its tendency to increase the «oagulable properties of the blabd, blood clots may be formed, -which, •" pliiggii^ important blopd vessels, fatal' results inay ensue, even some time after apparent recovery. In consequence of this tendency, the treatment of tills form must be somewhat difierent. Medicines that increase the fluidity of the blood are requisite. In the early stages a mild aloetic laxative may be ibdministered — about four drachms ()f Barbadoes aloes and one ^rachm of ginger. This should be followed by three or four drachms of nitrate of ""potaas in the water, and the food should consist mainly of bran mashes. The "chlorate of potass in this form of the disease had better be avoided, as it is, centered to increase the coagulability of the blood, whereas the/«iitrate will lessen that tendency and increase its fluidity. The carbonate of ammonia as a stimulant, if stimiilants arS required, also is considered to increase tl|e „£uidity of the binndjand may be given in two or ^Itttt '^'•"^^'"i '^"'■M, '" <^ 7 ,1 > '»>' INFLUENZA IN HOHSEa. •P N properly spfeaking^.is confined to fhl "' "'^"""^ **>** ''>«"«'^ b^J^TreLntionH'snottpl?^^^^^^^ ^"' our object,^ S^ to describe soH^ ^ t^e Tri„ T"':-" ''"''"'™*^ of the term, which the horse^rt^uLrlT, r T.^ '" '' ^^''"^''^ '^'^^ *-' applied totheo. or noHnd i fot at^ '" *'"^* ^'^ ^'''^ ^ ^'^^''y _ -^''l-t'^errsubstanl.ise.^4,7^:^^^^^^^ : zootic pleun^pneumonia of the hors^ » buTr ^ *^" call^^epi- from the well known "epizootic Z' ^^ '"^"^^"^ ^'ff^^-^* disease the same Btruc.tu^ are T^t^^ I^Tcr t "' *'^^^ *"'^' ^'*''"^«'> a-^paaied by an inflammation of ,he lunlTte" " '"'*°' '^^«^' " often of both. Itismorecbminnn,- I ^ " '^™"" coverings, or reason losing their heaTw^nri " ''""^ ""^'^ '*"'' >"- '^^*»>" " effects of thesudaen oLTes of 1 "."'^'u''' "'" '"''« *° '"^ '^^ ^ undoubtedlyof^n ap;;?^ ' ^tpSr T^^ ^'r" --^'''^•'''-«fa ^^ ' noticed ar«,the anCl will ^^ t f^' ZT, T'^^T^ ^ ' easily induced; also easily Ifati^uedJ^. ' '""*•*' "J'; peSpiration the first; the pulse wT^S^^^^ T^"" T' "^ ""^^ '^'^^ eidpt^rom" ^ prature heighte^er; ^viTbirmlo" ' T^"""'' ^'^'^ '"^^ ^^^^' *«- ^ and the abdomeni.tucb^dZ » ' Tfl T""^""'' "'" *^ '*^P«'»«* ''^ hue, toms o^pleurisfmay tshown Tj " Vl *"°' '''' "^"*' ™-^^«^ W a. turS out;?4tdt mo J eX ^0^07:"^ '^^"^ ''' ''''^' ' . , quickened; the rjbs are fixed, and the ^M ^ , ^'■*^°' respiration is . to assist in the ai of 4i-tion iusL^Z T!^'^ '" "*"^ ^*° ^^^ and border of the false ribr2t' TI k "^ "°" '^''''^^ *''« A^^^ ^ -•^^thesacenclosiil^lr.ratory'::: form of the disease. This mav b«C„n» k ^- ^ " ^nvolved in this often a peouUar indistinlZin^t^t^r^ aK^ '"^f^^ ''^ ''"-' ^^ gravated. ind tbedaUrs to haann~K .i t' T «y»Ptom8 are much ag- ■mal be dkven ^r WZi aL thS "'""'^ ''''"^^' ^^ouW the a^- manifested. ^ "^"^'""^ °^ '^' ^'^"^ '''^^^ be«n Irfthe treatment of this disease, complete rest from the fir«t • * • mary importance, and^pure air is en«»ll/„<^ ^ m. *''®«*"* " o* Pri- bronolKHjatarrllid tormi... Th. ,t„„^K' . ? ■«»»« for the c.torrh.1 or • tv ckj- . 100 INFLUKNZA IN HORSES. the drinking water, to the extent of one to two ounces a day, and blankets saturated with warm water, wrung. out, and laid over the sides, and covered up with dry ones, which may be repeated again and again, care being take;a that the animal does not get chilled during th^ act of changing them, or after their application has been discontinued, we have found especially beneficial in relieving and soothing the poor animal when the difficult breathing, pain, and distress have baen manifested. We believe this mode of treatment is far better and more^oothing to the horse than the extensive blistering or appli- cjitions of mustard to the sides, that have at times been so urgently advocated. The principal dangers to be apprehended are death from " hydro-thorax " (dropsy of the chest). This used to be a very common sequel to this last form of the disease when the old depletive or " heroic " treatment was adopted. " Thick wind " is also not an uncommon sequel from disorgatlization, consoli- dation, or adhesions of the lungs or their pleural coverings. " Roaring " is not an unfrequent resi^ of the catarrhal form from ulceration of the larynx or other disorganization of that organ, or thickening of its lining membrane. Rheumatism, in its various forms, is also not an uncommon sequel to in- fluenza. In all types of the disease, as the animal progresses towards recoveryj convalescence may be hastened by the administration of, at first, vegptable) and afterwards miveral tonics. 5 - ■*" '4 •0 rv .- * '* • t I •- ' *■ ■'.! i ' —t • • I,', ?' -_. , , _ ...y., 4— !• ■ V • ^i '"'■•-. .-_., -* • - <» " «k ' • It i , ^ t 1 *^^, \ ' : ■^'ri^ EXERCISE OF HORaBS. 101 «r EXERCISE ITS INFLUENCE^ THE HEALTH AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF ANIMAIA The same distinguished Caiiadiiui veterinarian, whose views in the nr«. A m the following article on "Exercise" m- von o J j;**- i -j ^ ""7™' 'W «l.ere it finds food already prepared, lasting until such time as it is ahl« fl ^k nutriment elsewhe.. It braces up its'limbs. it walk^r^ ,XL^ mo™ fearless, and soon, trusting itself to run. feeling moiTand mTrat Lberty. power and courage grow up in it. and finally it quits its motl^ In one r^pect. it fee s itself in the enjoyment of indejindence ; 1 7eoL ' t eels It „ under the same law of nature as all otherc^atux^s J llw ThicK insitnctively urges it to provide for its own wants, and th„« wJt pre^rvation, and. by the act of -P^uctio:!:!! p Jset ^^^^ ^ about . its^unbs grow strong from exercise, andiU body becomL develol in the same proportion, until it reaches mature growth The imn..! TT body receives ^ put it into action is derived f^rt^flesly fiZufeLtL^ HUbetonce called „,uscle, which clothes the osseous framework uZl^tn stitute the organs, or instruments of motion. Although however Tnth ^^heseatofaction^t..^,^^^^ of a.e L^au^ the source whence is deriv«,l th. .^,i„u. S7,7.f '™"»««»= - vf ti - T -^.r " " -^^^ m nven ie n t but through the infltomur of a.e Lraim the source whence is derived the activiV^^TX^sT^ .Ti%k I. i^f-^\i J. /■< 102 KXERC18E OF HORSES. in importance to the brain, the noblest pai* of animal organism, one which human penetration has hitherto failed to unveil the mystery of, and probably for ever will, and which is most wonderful, are the muscles, the veritable actors in motion, in exercise, in work. Their attachment to the bones, their structure, thfeir number and their insertion, their uses or properties, and, lastly, the admirable accordance with which their functions are conducted, are a most interesting study. Myology opens a vast field for meditation, both for the researcher in anatomy and to the philosopher. Here it is in an especial manner that the thinker admire the work of the Creator ; here it is that he is struck with astonishment. Works so perfect as those he meets with in the animal economy surpass the powers of his imagination. Research carries him to a certain point, at which science halts, unable to proceed further, and he is forced to confess his inferiority. Science is compelled to acknowledge a power over her which, ever active, and never in need of repose, sets an example of ac- tivity. It is the veritable perpetuum mobile, which gives life to the entire creation, and at which man must for ever marvel without being able to dis- pover the key of action. In regard to man, muscular action may be said to extend its influence bej^ond his mere physiological position. It affects even his social relation. Among the ancients, legislators and governors were seen regulating the exer- . cises they would have the people practice. Th^ judged that activity, exer- cise of body, was the best means that could be taken to have well-constituted and useful members of society. The Olympic Games were set up with the view of keeping in practice a people by nature warriors. With the Greeks and Romans, the first quality a man could possess was strength and vigor. The principle of the ancients was, that an energetic, great, and courageous soul could inhabit none but a well-constituted, strong, and powerful body. In such an one they beheld expression of mind urging him into action. The vigor of their law in this particular smacked even of cruelty. They ordered jl that mothers bringing forth malformed progeny, or as such as bore any une- quivocal sign of physical imperfection, rendering them unfit for the usual ex- ercises, should put them to death at birth. And so long as the people obeyed,, these too-vigorous laws, and led a life of activity, laboring with persevering energy towards their development, physical as well as moral, we find them sober, robust, and great. Do we of the present day not look with astonish- ment at the traces of courage and devotion of the people of antiqipty 1 His- tory informs us that their energy and bravery have even gone contrariwise to opulence and vice, luxury and inaction, by whi«3b,they have been led on to destruction. The general movement, the activity, and industry which have given birtH to the arts and sciences, constitute the veritable base of the social order and prosperity of nations. Tl^e more man exercises his faculties, """^^ physical as well as mdi^l, the moiv his - wall-being prospers, while tiw^ hiotb - i I m n^ ^ jy < f^»^ •8&BRCI8E OF HORSES. 103 he abandons himself to inactivity, the more h^ hastens his destruction. That exercise is as requisite for the production of a good and substantial breed of horses as it is for a superior race of men, no one will deny. Without labor and that somewhat forced, too, as well for breeding mares as for stallions, we can never expect to bring breeding to its highest perfection. It 18 a common practice aU over the country to reserve stallions almost exclusively for breeding purposes. The only exercise they are compelled to take IS when they are moved from one station to another, a distance which rarely exceeds ten or twelve miles. This sometimes occurs not oftener than once m two weeks. How much better it would be, both for the sire and his progeny, .f he were made to work for his living. The state of comparative max^tivity in which this class of horses are kept is a frequent cause of sterility. Too much in action extinguishes the generative power, and incapacitates him a^ a foal getter. This, however, is the work of domestication-man directs the intercourse ot the sexes. The horse no longer breeds but at his com- mand. Since, tlien, man has made himself absolute master over horses, it is hw duty tofand means to make amends for the privilege he has deprived them of, and this compensation will be found in work. It is well-regulated exerci^ alone that guarantees in the domesticated animal a long and useful We. Want of exercise and too long standing in the stable vitiates the blood and causes the muscles to lose their elasticity and energy. The horse in health, using his strength daily ih the open air. and thus exhausting his powers^ breathes with expanded lungs. Every musclerevery fibre of his body IS on the stretch, ever ready for renewed efforts, so that it is not the muscles only that become augmented by a well-regulated exercise, but the organs of respiration are also benefited by it. The lung of the working horse presents a h«althy aspe« '^-™'^ «aybe^lrtonh^5:^r::^^re;l^•-^^^ mIuW strength ^..cientto ^vixr=^- -zTi-^- relaxed, and the joints in the end anchVloTd The ^f ' '"'''" ^" P-serve their flexibility, becomes dimilfi htd and diST'' A T""^" *^ art.cu ar crepitation is heard, indicative of suordry^eas'" xt"! /"**: animals is infirm, and they are often fn„nH * . , •'^"^^- ^'»® s^ep of such kind, in quick su'ocession.'a;^txJrrt;^^^^^^^^^ Abnormities of every exostoses, spavins, etc. «^t«"orly. m the form of wind-gaUs, curb,. '^^-To^^tt^r^-^,^,^^^^^^ huriyingehe™ >-3 ilfe. »!s*'tri ]4'51*.4-«"^j- ■^' ■■• '■» - *Ji*fc. ♦ ,. ' ^ s. *» .- irr»wT»'!««rws3» V -'^j' —-rip £.1. J» 106 EXERCI8K OF HORSES. breathing. The inspirations, which in a state of repose in a horse in health are from| 10 to 12 per minute, become increased to 20 or 30, and during ex- ertion e^|en to the maximum o{^ acceleration, as far as 130 per minute. The pulmonai-y tissue, from unnatural dilatation, becomes over stretched and bursts, i Rents iu its texture follow, and the air escapes into the parenchy- matous 4ubstance and thence underneath the pleura. To this may bei chiefly attributed the cause of pulmonary emphysema — causing broken wind (^heaves), rendering the subject thus injured comparatiyely useless for work. 5th. At the same time it augments the pulsation, raising it from 38 or 40 to 70 or 80, and possibly as high as 140 per minute. From tliat time the .' h^rt takes on gradually proportionate dilatation, while the lungs and great < blood-vessels suffer from too sudden affluxes of blood, which in consequence is ... .thrown back upon the brain, occasioning congestion. Depots of blood be- come established, the decomposition of which hastens the death of the ani- ' mal, of which we have examples frequently in the death of valuable race- / horses ; the state of sur-excitation t^ ^hich they are pushed by the striving f drivers, elated at the idea of winning, having given rise to rupture of one of the principal blood-vessels, and the poor animal dies from apoplexy — ^the vic- , tim of over-excitement. In regard to the pernicious effects of excessive labor, 4 we may observe what does the mischief in particular is extreme speed, especi- ally when the subject is over burdened. This is the reason why street-car horses wear out so much quicker than those used for teaming purposes, though the latter work would seem the more exhausting. For a like reason we see race-horses and livery stock lasting less time than such as are worked more hours but at a diminished pace. Agricultural horses that work from sunrise to sunset last twice or thrice as long, because, though the burden they bear may be a heavy one they are not rushed at it, but on the contrary are allowed very much to make their own gait. In observing the influence of exercise on horses, we find that all mus- cular action tends to produce efforts whose united powers constitute what in one word may be denominated strength. It is not at all times that the efforts of the same horse are equivalent in force ; his power will be commensurate, first, with the weight he has to carry ; secondly, with the speed he has to travel ; thirdly, with the duration of the pace ; fourthly, with his breed ; fifthly, with the season and state of the weather and the condition of the ground over which he travels. VBNTILATION OF STABLES. 107 IMPORTANCE OF VENTILATING STABLES, IN VIEW OP PREVENTING DISEASE OF THE LUNGS. ■m It was the intention of the Creator that all animals, so long as they were permitted to exercise their natural instincts, and thus comply with the requirements of physiology— the science of life— should enjoy health and long life. Hence a great amount of .disease and death results from the evil of domestication. One of the conditions which physiology imposes, in order that a horse shall enjoy health, is, that the atmosphere, at all times, and under all circum- stances, shall be uncontaminated, so that the blood shall be decarbonized and purified of the defiling elements acquired in the course of circulation. Let the reader understand that the lungs are something like a sponge, elastic, composed of a myriad of cells. In the foYmer, however, these cells have a vast internal surface, communicating with each other up to their com- mon origin, the bronchial tubes and windpipe. On their internal surface we find a delicate yet highly important membrane permeable to atmosphere. In extent, it is supposed to occupy a square surface equal to that of the external body. If pure— zephyr-like— it fans into healthful blaze the flame of Ufe, upheaving from the living Vesuvius arid lava, in the form of carlK)nio acid gas, almost as destructive to animal life as that issuing from its great proto- type proves to vegetation. The stable atmosphere being pure, and the lungs in working order, the blood is well arterialized, capable of supplying the waste of the animal ma- chine and renovating its tissues. On the other hand, should the atmtSsphere be impure, it fails to vitalize the blood. The latter is unfit for the purpose of nutrition, and may be considered a non-supporter of vitality. Hence the need of pure air, the breath of life. But are horses always furnished with pure air t Let the owners of un- ventilated, crowded, filthy, down-cellar and low-roofed stable^answer. L6t those who have stables in the region of swamp, sewer, and stagnant pools of water ""wer.^^n such lowtions diwase and death juir not, and t he noMe y 'A 'V V. i#l«. 1 » lf^ a^^fi'-fsV^.MvSlJilLWti* ••V4s' ^1 Aift ^'1 Ji- Ji .'5&P 108 VENTILATION OF STABLES. compauion of man, instead of being within the ramparts of the science of life, is on the margin of death's domain. He may exist for several days with- out food and water, yet the consequent result is nothing when compared to tliat occasioned by breathing an atmosphere highly charged wiih emanations arising froib his own body excrements and decomposing bedding. A horse is said to consume in the lungs, in the coarse of twenty-four hours, ninety-seven onnces of carbon, furnished by venous blood. In order to perform this feat he requires 190 cubic feet of oxygen. Now, suppose there are ten horses occupying the stable. They require, in the same time, 1,900 cubic feet of oxygen, and consume 970 ounces of carbon. They are supposed, also, to give out from the lungs a volume of carjbonic acid gas equal to that of the oxygen inspired ; and supposing the atmosphere to be saturated with (Atiy five per centum of the former, it is a non-supporter of life. Hence^ a horse shut up in an unventilated stable must, sooner or later, become the subject of disease. The evil may be postponed, but the day of reckoning is sure and certain. Diseases, such as horse-ail, influenza, catarrh, strangles, and glanders, often originate and prevail to an alarming extent in the unventilated stable and pest spot ; while in other locations, favorable to the free and full play of vital operations, the favored ones seem to enjoy a remarkable immunity from the prevailing disease, or epizoot^p. Stablemen and husbandmen are often led to remark, thaji when they keep but few animals, disease and death, except in cases of accident or old age, are quite rare, but so soon as they crowded the same, sickness and death| were the consequences. In view of supporting this theory, we may be per- mitted to remark that ship and jail fevers may be manufactured ad libitum, at any time when a large number of persons are congregated together in a given space, no provision having been made for the admission of pure air. The unfortunate prisoners in the Black Hole of Calcutta are an example, and the mortality occurring on board our immigrant ships furnishes another illustration. / A number of horses were once shipped from England to Spain, and on the passage, a violent gale arising, it became necessary to batten down the ' hatchway. The consequence was that most of them ultimately died of either glanders or farcy. We contend, therefore, that the active or morbid germ of disease enters the living citadel through the pulmonary tisssue in an insidious manner, and, therefore, much oftener than the generality of men would be likely to realize. Therefore, it is a matter of vital importance that attention be paid to the ventilation of our stables. If proper sanitary regulations were established, and fully carried out in all stables, glanders and other infectious diseases would be exceedingly rare. . They are so among horses free from the control of man, whose stalls are broad as from ocean to ocean 1.4. ty-HpHi-i^(r 3 ^ iri» - -. -^"si^ FUNCTION OF THE LUN08. lOD tlieir height ranging from earth to regions above, the space pervaded by a pure atmosphere concocted by the Great Chemist, pure as the pearly drops and re- freshing as the morning zephyr. In such locations death has no terrors not disease any victims. BRIEF EXPOSITION OF THE FUNCTION OF THE LUNGS. The principal function of the lungs is to arterialize or decarbonize the blood ; that is, purify it. This arterialization of the blood, which — 3s tlie rounds of the circulation, is more essential to life than either food or water • for men and animals can exist for several days, perhaps for two weeks, with- out food, yet the same can not live over a few seconds unless supplied with a sufficiency of atmospheric air. Hence, in the popular sense, pure air is the " breath of life." Tlie functional acts of respiration are necessarily divided into two parts- and in cattle the number of respirations are about twelve per minute, varying,' however, according to the temperament of the animal, and the condition he may be in at the time of making the observation ; while in horses the respi- rations are more frequent, varying in health, and when at rest, from fourteen to twenty-five ; yet, under excitement and disease, they sometimes number over one hundred. When an animal is located in a pure atmosphere, and the lungs are in good working condition, all the impurities contained in venous blood are brought into the presence of oxygen through the lining membrane of the air- cells, and thus a ch^ge in the color and character of the blood is immediately effected, In the first place, the venous blood, as it appeared before having been submitted to the action of the atmosphere, was of a dark purple color. By union with the oxygen of the atmosphere, it has changed its color to one of scarlet. Next, the union of oxygen with the carbon of the blood liberates carbonic acid gas and vapor. The blood is now fit for circulation and for tlie renovation of the tissues. It appears, therefore, that as carbon exists in the venous blood, the lungs must be the puIa)onary furnaces. The air-cells are flues or safety-valve^ the membrane of the cells being permeable to. oxygen yet suffer not the blood to escape. Pulmonary combustion, therefore, bears sime analogy to the combustion of carbon t)r charcoal in a stove ; for, in that case, the oxygen causes the generation or evolution of cso-bonio acid iras ibti' v.„j,A. - .^ - ■^:-% no THE EFFECTS OF FOOD. THH EFFECTS OF VARIOUS KINDS OF FOOD. It is customarj, in some ptables, to f^d hOrses, nearly all the year round *ith what is known as " cut feed," which is composed of cut hay, meal, shorts, salt and considerable water ; the Whole is mixed together and served out, sometimes without regard to quantity. This kind of food might, and sometimes does, agree with horses, but it is not ri(?ht to feed them, jjear after year, on the same, for the reason just set forth. Another reason for objecting to this food ia, that, in the stables alluded to, we hear of a great many cases of tympanitis and flatulent cholic (diseases somewhat identical), arising, no doubt, from the presence of so large a quantity of water as some persons are in the habit of using. It saturates the food, and retards digestion. Not only this, but when dry food, highly charged with water, enters the stomach, the temperature of the latter causes the food to swell — increase in bulk— and dis tends that organ, and also favors fermentation instead of digestion ; hence arises flatulency. We do nob, however, mean to contend that such food is at all times the direct cause of indgestion, oholic, etc., because many stablers are ready- to testify that they have fed the same for many years with- out any apparent inconvenience to their horses ; but we contend that it acts indirectly in the manner alluded to ; an<}, although some horses may "get used to it," and others, having wonderful digestive organs, assimilate it, yet the day of reckoning may not he far off". We contend that water taken with food always retards digestion. The proper solvents of the food are the gastric fluids, and the horse has abundant facilities for supplying the requisite quan- tity. An ordinary hon^ is said to secrete, while feeding, fluid, of saUvial and gastric characters, at the rate of one gallon per hour — enough, we should ' judge, to saturate a common meal ; therefore, the water is not needed. We urge no objection against the more rational custom of merely sprinkling ihe food with salted water, in view of absorbing dust, which j;>ften abounds in inferior hay, but do seriously object to the practice of using a lail^ quantity of cold water in the preparation of food for horses. From experiments made by scientific men, it has been ascertained that parsnips, carrots, turnips and cabbage, which contain from 80 to 90lter cent, of vater, reLuiru over twice aafffcaach time to digest as when the food is fraa from water. Cabbage, for example, requires twenty hours, and broiled be«f steak only eight, to digest. , Turn a cow iato a Inxoriant pa sture of g raati or clover, and^ after pai^ taking of one^ or the other, die is liable to become " blown " % " hoven "— » ^^^ ^ quantitt/W food. Ill jrn.panit.0 ; the abdomen become, enormd^sly distended with gae (either car- bomo aoidgM, or .nlphureted hy^n). aiiZ^nlesB the sam^lbe conden«MJ or evacuate..^ rupture and death are euro to^llow. This imperfect digestioh and consequent generation of ga« is dae to th^ presence of vegetable fluids found in gr^ fodder. Therefore. «iimals having w«U. digestive o^ans, pre- . deposed to flatuency should have the privil^e ^ wateri^ tKeir ^fL With salivial fluid. The best diet for such an aniW would be "dry feed " , oompoeedofgrouud oats, cracked com, " fine feed.^knd a small quantity rf * sweet hay. On the other hand, a constipated state of\he bowels always indi- ? '^T. . '/"** '" *^' '''*'' *^« ^°«'^*» "«« «^°^ "t""^ and oo«^ .bnu.,w,th deeded advantage. Animals shftuld nevX^ watered immedi- ^ ™« QUAHTITT OF FOOD BBQUIEED BY A HOR8k\ The adult horse does not require so much of the flesh-makW principle M the young and growing animal, but he seems to require a great^ Variety, lie adult merely requires enough to repLioe the waste-the wear^ tear of .i^^^""' ! ^^ ohtaimmoTB than this, the surplus is either excreL from the h^y, or else stored up within the same in the form of fat : and%very- boj Wi that a fat horseor fat man are not best adapted for a ral nor harfla^r. but of all others (except t»ose in a state of debUity). the/W most sub,ect to acute disease. With the young and growing animal the cl IS different Here we require bone, muscle and nerVe. " Oa^ corn and po^, lard furnish the same. The colt obtains from its^other's milk »U the So- . ments of its own o^nizatjon in a ^ncentrated lorm_aU that seems neces- sary for developing bodily ^orti^nsand hereditary traits ; therefore when , weaned, the colt must bo furnished with the same equivalents in the form of fodder; ground oats, wheat bnin. and meal furnish tl^e same. It is the yonmr and growing ai^^mal that requires our greatest attention. If our rLS deeire to raise colts that shaU remunerate them for the trouble and expetise incurred they must feed theaam^ during their minority, with a liberal handX Any neglect at this period can never be made up in after life. The subject will Mways remain lank and lean-Uving monuments of their master's folly or Ignorance, as the case may be. In addition to the food req^uired for the colt's growth, we must ah» furnish enough to supply the waste inouri^d by expendi- ^ ture o^ mujcular power. We 11 know that the young are very LtiyV^d playful. Every muscular movement involves ati expenditure of vital force and thus exhausts the system ; therefore, in view of djjvtdoping their full pro^ portions, and pit)n:oting the integrity of the rfving mechanism, they mu»t have nutritious food, and plenty of it Th6y are not, however, to have a arge quantity at a Ome, bat little and often. Their stomach is smaU, not larger than that o f a man',. Shou ld i t b e ayt>miiateaded^it^^»tritiouir -^ ., , -— - •>>-»■ " ■ . . » - ^ w^w-uMtMaea^^itfrmna tr it ious food, the organs of respii-ation and droulation become embarrassed, and the t ■ n^ W Irf I -/>-•£ 51 •T-^ 7»^«T^ w. fT'pi.--^ •- ^ « 112 -^t QUANTITV OF FOOD. blood loaded with carboit They require food ofluu, beoanie the digtjstive orguia are very active, and won dispose of an ordinary meid. Tlien oomea the sensation 6f hungei , which every one knows is hard to bear The climate or temperatnre of the surrounding atmosphere has a wonder- ful effect on the animal machine. Let two hohms bo located in different stables, one of which shall be, like " Jack Straw's" house, neitt^r wind-tight'" nor water-pro f; the other ouilt on the air-tight principle. The qooqnint of the former will require morefood than h« of the latter, beoansMoKli a depressing influence on the body; exhausting superfloial Heat. OorJ are prQbabl? aware that if a hot brick be placed in contact mA a the caloric radiated from the first is absorbed by the latteih, until a sort of equilibrinm be established. The same is true as regards the body of a hone. He being in an atmosphere many degrees less than that of his own body, gives off the heat of the same to the surrounding medium. The heat thus given off has to be replaced by food, which is the' combustible material. But it often happens that the digestive organs are deranged, incapable of assimi- lating a sufficiency of carbonaceous material to maintain even the normal temperature of the body. The consequences are, loss of flesh and' health. On the other hand, a fat l^gnpi can endure the depressing influences of a cold atmosphere, because h&HDiM within the body a vast generator and notf-oon- ductorof heat; in the' form of fatty matter. It has been proved that the inmediate cause of death in warm-blooded animals, when food has been with- held, was their inability to keep up that temperature necessary for the integrity of vital operations. The animal located in an airtight staliJe'if^ probably surrounded by an atmosphere almpst equal in temperature to that of his own body, and, consequently » h«i does not require so muoh (ood as the former. Henoe, the amount of food necessary in Uie one case might jbe too muoh for ano her, and, consequently, optnute ii^nriously. A oolcL bracing wind ii said to " sharpen the appetite." The inhabi^nts of northen/regions req uire more food than those of the southern. A horsey ^^ mtb^ iniSt yreak muscular or- ganisation, the subject pfdebility, requires a ^WHMR^>table, and (pdrl that will develops muwiiil Now, it has ^>B«%^^|^H|ha( hon|HpKs contain more of the nitro albnminons {kinoiple^^H^lp^^QE^ article wdist. English horses are very partial to the same, and ui soch the development of muscle is very remarkable; consequently a fkt horse requires less of the nitro- albaminous principle, and more of the aqueous, in the form of carrots, potatoes and beets. tmust never be foinotten that some horses will keep in bit working k modsrate supply of food. In snch oases, we infeir that the di- brgan^ue in a state of activity capable of extracting all the nutrient rties fTo»p»iam& On the other hand, a horse performs less work than (B farmer, coSiames twice as muoh food, y«t actually loses flesh. The diges- tive organs are then at fault A horse, however, liiay lose flesh, become weak in the legs, etft,- in ' O o nsoq aenos of ws lobofioiMi luitttw of Mi^e i p l tyMWity ^ ^.-j-i- / QUANTlTy OF FOOD. . ,., ^i^zvZiirdr'"°i ':""'••' '■"'"-"■.food f„. excrement, Blim^; «d .hould the subject be fed Tn I!L *f t«nao,ou«; Changes in dipt will 'sometimes work irnn/ii;-. • »v 1^ • .ojii..nliiigH,,Bg„,i™f„„ai^ ■ °'°"»' •8™'^ M""«» «f » ■>. ..4 L'.f'i. *-. 114. RULES FOR.TELLINQ HORaKS AOKS. GOOD RULES FOR TELLING HORSES' AGES. The full grown horae possesses twenty-four back teeth, that is six in each side of each jaw ; these are called molars or grinders.. He" has twelve front teeth, that is, six in each jaw. Mares have no tushes. Th At nine the two centre teeth below lose the cups, at ten the next two below, and at eleven the outer or corner teeth below. After a little practice the close obslerver can scarcely make a mistake, if he will occasionally examine the mouths of his horses, and pay close attention to the appearance the same will soon become iuwressed upon liHa mind. The changes that occur are very nearly the same in all horses, and the more attention one devotes to the matter the more you become impressed w|tb the fact that the lesson is a -jgfl^ eaa y o ne t o learn. _ . „ V , • —..■.- p-is. Horse Taming", etc. The following sound advice is founded o-, tJ,o n training .— wunaed on the Rarey system of horse The horse is sq constituted by nature H.«f i,» . n . ^ «, d...„a „.de omu. ,bici. dizz^:::^ zt: ■""■""^ "■ nesss of his strength beyond his ow« L^ .P^^e^as. He has no conscious- without force, afte"; a lit^Xrh sTaZ^^ir V '^^^^ '^"'^'^ ■ cent in reasoning powers, he h« no Lw^ 1 0^^^ ^""^ ''''■ will and independent government, and knows fot o a„v " """"^' "' ^ • upon hi„, however unreasonable it may L CoL. ^^T*'"'' P™°"*'«' decide what he should or should not do R„f ?!"'^*1"^""^' »'«'»°'»ot easUy I.. hi„ .u.d b, it .Tit.,, .s , i^: tot tVirk,:? ''"° ? '° "■ "'' triumphed he may yet be subdued -that Tv J " temporarily resBoning powers a horse can be hlndled'n suth a » "* ''T*^ °' """•' find out hi. strength. "'' " °'*'^*'" »^»* ^e rfiall not Third. mtbyenablinaL>horMto-e«».in<^,very obl.«i. .i k ^l- . Date him familiar, with th. llZ^'.^f "^^ ^ " ^^^^ ^effre to mah him familiar "witnh.r *''"' «»>J«rt wi h ^Hiior »muiar, with the organs natumliy usei for that pur- i^Mm^ .,« ss^lj^ Mi j» ..-i, .i, C'^h , 'Ht. 116 IlOltSE TAMING. HL^ pose, viz., «eWM//, smellinj, and feelituj, you may place or display the object around, over, and on him, provided that it does not actually hurt him or make him feel disagrtfbable. With this iiltrod action to first principles, I will endeavor to teach you how to put them into practice, and whatever instructions may follow, you cj.n rely on as having been proven practical by actual experiments. Know- ing from experience just what obstacles I have met with in handling bad horses, I shall try and anticipate them for you, and assist you in surmounting them, by commencing with the first step to be taken with the colt, and accompanying you through the whole task of breaking. A > HOW TC GET THE CJLT FROM PASTURE. ■\./^^'' Qo to the pasture and walk around the whole herd quietly, A^dH'-iH stiich distance as not to cause them to scare and run. Then approach them very slowly, and if they stick up their heads and seem to be frightened, hold on till they become quiet, so as not to make them run before you are close enough to drive them tn the direction you want them to go. And when you begin to drive, do not flourish your arms or halloo, but gently follow them off, leaving the direction free for them that you wish them to take. Thus taking the advantage of their ignorance, you will be able to get them in the pound as easily as the hunter drives the quail into his net. For if they have always run in the pasture uncared for (as many horses do in prairie countries and on large plantations,) there is no reason why they should not be as wild as the sportsman's birds, and require the same gentle treatment, if you want to get them without trouble , for the horse, in his natural state, is aa wild as any of the undomesticated animals, though m3re easily tamed than the rest of them. HOW TO STABL^ A COLT, The next step will be to get tlie horse into a stable or shed. This should be done as quietly a> nOHSE TAMING. 117 close around hio. that T ^J^o fnto ^ ^Z' T' '''" ^°" '"'^ ^'^"^ - farther from you. iLll Z Z^ *"' '°'' "°^« ~°°' «"><* '« 8^^ door. This wUl be ht Znli T' T"'" ^''^ '^"•^* ^°"« ""^^ shut the into such a Zn^iTu.T:ZfTi:::r' '7f? •^^^ ^« «°* as possible, see that the shed Lntir^y free f^. dS T ^'' '* " ^"'^^'^ that would annoy him Then ^l? I- u *"' chickens, or anything ..n.ain alone fifJnoTtwelJ.XLulth^h''' °' "T' ''"'^ ^^' '^^'^ and has become reconciled tohrcont;^ id'""":^. '" ''P"'"*''*' eating the handful of oats «.>« T.7 u , ^'^ °°'^' ^^e your horse is ^flect upon the best ml of ope^tLr^^^ '^t' "''' '^' "«'^*' -<» important that you should ^ j::^^sJ^ l^^^-"^^"-! ^ ^^^'^ THE KIND OF HALTEK, AND HOW TO PUT IT ON '' Never use a rope halter. The cords of the rope are hard .„^ " to aggravate and excite distrust «ther than confiZce but bv^n *^'^" procure a leather halter made of Kr,MU i ^u ""^""n** > out by all means u. .be touch. ^ to »: touX %h^ ri'\:j' "" '"" '°'' -"< p"">'» .ith U b, o.r^Z h ta^d „llr h^^ """' "^ ""■''^ '•■»'"" »«.. TLpUo.!X"fT,tbibL"I'Z'°',,'''"'"''-'*'''^' ond of a long whip across his hind legs. This wUl mUr. * ? . '^' and hold it there with one hand „n^ ? ^"'®*° *>" *««"' .bu.b. .n, „„. ^ z'::^.:^,^^-::'' t^; ^"•" i.g him with fc.,, ,hi.h i, CTlitr i^!^!,^"' r"'""' ;"•"''• ^ Ji^^^i»JL.^^£k^^1■J^K -K', - .•if 118 HOUSE TAMING. UOW TO PROCEED AFTER HALTERINO. The first time 70a halter a colt you should stand on the left side, pretty well back to his shoulder, only taking hold of that part of the halter that goes around his neck, then with your two hands about his neck, you can hold his head to you, and raise the halter on it without making him dodge, by putting your hands about his nose. You should have a long rope or strap ready, and as soon as you have the halter on, attach this to it, so that you can let him walk the length of the stable without letting go of the strap, or without making him pull on the halter ; for if you only let him feel the weight of your hand on the halter, and give him more rope when he runs from you, he will never rear, pull or throw himself, yet you will be holding him all the time, and doing more towards gentling him than if you had the power to snub him right up, and hold him to one spot ; because he knows nothing about his strength, and if you don't do anything to make him pull, ,h6 will never know what he can do in that way. In a few minutes you can begiactt^^ntrol him with the halter, then shorten the distance between your- self and the horse by taking up the strap in your hand. As soon as he will , allow yoo to hold him by a tolerably short strap, and to step up to him with- out flying back, you can begin to give him some idea about leading. But to do this, do not go before and attempt to pull him after you, but commence by pulling him very quietly to one side. He has nothing to brace either side of his neok, and will soon yield to a steady, gradual pull of the halter ; and as soon as you have pulled him a step or two to one side, step to him and caress him, and then pull him again, repeating this operation until you can pull him in every direction, and walk about the stable with him ; which you can do in a few minutes, for he will soon think when you have made him step to the right or left a few times, that he is compelled t* follow the pull of the halter, not knowing that he has the power to resist your pulling ; be- sides, you have handled him so gently that he is not afraid of you, but rather likes you. After you have given him a few lessons of this kind, at proper intervals, he will be so tame that if you turn him out to pasture he will come to you to be caressed every opportunity he gets. While training him in the stable, you should lead him about some time before taking him out, opening the door, so that he can see out, leading him up to it and back again, and then past it. See that ther« is nothing on the outside to make him jump when you take him out, and as you go out with him, try to makp him go very slowly, catohing hold of the halter close to the jaw with your left hand, while the right is resting on the top of his neok, holding to his mane. Do not allow any one to be present or in sight, during your operations, either in or outside the stable. If you are entirely alone, and manage rour oolt rightly, you will soon be able to lead and hold him as easily m you cpuld a horae already broken. ''^t'iak.V. «.' - «' S^ii' dLiiL~bsL*^^^^tai^^-it^'i^^, ^^MH^A^Ski . 1^ • w HORSE TAMING. 119 HOW TO PROCEED IF THE COLT U STUBBORN. If the animal you are operating upon seems to be stubboro or mulish tZT:T: *v r'" ' ■' '^ '^^ "^^^^ '^^ -« « y- approach "1 it til to Z'h rf r *° '''"''' '^" '^"••^'^^^ '^'^^ «-"^ ' -«* ''-'8tt do r h! £1 ^.* ^7 "P '"'' "'''^ '^" ^'•'P' •»'>*'"* *he legs pretty close- the ,vhip will affect him as much as the stroke; besides, onesharp cut about the legs will affect him more than two or three over the back the skTn »n th« on his back. But do not whip him mUch-just enbugh to sc^e him • it is not the bad disposition out of l^m. But whatever you do, do quickly, sharpir and with a good deal of fire, but always without anger. If you go to scare' him at all. you must do it at once. Never go into'a pitehed'batUe wTth y Tr touch him at^all, for you will establish, instead of fear and regard, feelings of ZZ^ hatred, and ill will. It will do him no good. butL; i: t^ike him. unlkss you can frighten him ; but if you can succeed in frightening him you can whip hun without making him mad; for fear and angfr never exS together in the hdrse. and as soon as one is visible, you wUI find that t^e other has disappeared. As soon as you have frightened him. so that he wU stand up straigh and pay some attention to you. approach him again and caress him a good deal more than you whipped him ; thus you wi)l efcite the twocontrolling passions of his nature, love and fear;.he will love, and fear you too; and. as soon as he learns what you require, will obey quickly ^If the colt is of too mulish a disposition to yield to capful and gentle mlndTr* T ^"'°' r """* '^'•' "^ '^' ««^«~» •"«««'«» ^com- mended for taming vicious horses, as explained elsewhere in these pages. HOW TO LEAD A COLT WITH A BROKE HOHSE. If you Should want to lead your colt by the side of another horse, you must tolellt b r "*"! f ^'- ' "'*' *'' "'•*• ^•'^ "^^ ***-»» - --d strap to the colt 8 halter, and lead your horse up alongside of him. Tlien get on the broke ho^ and take one strup around his br^t under the martingale If he ha^ any on), holding it in your left hand. This will prevent theTol from getting back too far; besides, you have more power to hold him. with the strap pulling against the horse's breast. The other strap take up i^i your right hand to prevent him running ahead ; then turn him about in the stable and If the door IS wide enough, ride out with him in that H-ition ; if not ^«^ broke horse out first, and stand his breast up agai nst the docir. then ■'— *-i oolt to the same^spofe and tafe the straps aa^eSre directed, one on """ '.V li ;^_Jsi'.ftSUU)f& i»tyA*i4.*ii «. 120 nORSE TAMING. /^ -4 each side of his neck, and then let some one start the colt out, and as the colt comes out, turn your horse to the left, and you will have them all right. You can manage any kind of a colt in this way, without trouble ; for, if he tries to run ahead, or pull back, the two straps will bring the two horses facing ^ach other, so that you can very easily follow up his movements without do- ing much holding, and as soon as he stops running backward, you are rigiit with him, and all* ready to go ahead. If he gets stubborn and does not want to go, y to turn to the right ; and as soon as you have turned him about a few times, he will be willing to go along. The next thing, », for if he is allowed to thihal h« ^[ at all and particularly if he finds. out that he caix break ine nalter, he will never be. safe. THE KIND OF BIT TO USE, AND HOW TO USE IT. I« first accustoming a colt to the bit, you should use a large smooth snaffle, so as not to hurt his mouth, with a bar at ^h side t^ prev!n; t f"m pulling through either way. This should be attached to the he„^-stl iTf your bndle and put it on your colt without any reins to it, and lefh m nm rbi^' * -^« «*^»>'«- B'^ed, some time, until he becom;s a Httle ul"; he bit, and will bear it without trying to get it out of his mouth. Repeal this several times before you do anything more with the colt ; and as sCn Y '^\"^" '^•'f^^^*' «*t-h a single rein to it, without any mar^ngl You should also have a haltor on your colt, or a bridle made after the f^Si of a haltor, with a strap to it, so that you can hold or lead him about w^S out pulling much on the bit. Farmers often put bitting harness on a colt the first thing they do to him buckling It on as tight as they can draw it, to make liim car'ry hil head hig"' and then turn him out m a lot, to run half a day at a time. This is one of he very wo«t punishments they can inflict on a colt, and is very injurious to a young horse that has been used to running in pasture 'with' hi 3 T. r ^" "'*" "" '"J"'^ '"^ '^^ ^^y *»>** t'-y never got overT A horse should be well accustomed to the bit before you put on^l bit i^. harness and when you first bit him you should only rein his h Jup to Z point where he naturally holds it, let that point be kgh or low H^^ wiH si «.rn hat he cannot lower his head, and that raising it a litt e wil Ih,!"" he bit in his mouth. This will give him an idea of raising his head to Zn the bit; and then you can draw the bitting a little tighter every thne y^ put It on, and he will still raise his head to loosen it Bv f hi ^ wil^ually get his head and" neck in th. ^Z '^ iTtCZ'^'JZ t, and give him a mce and graceful carriage without hurting him, makiii urn ma^. or pausing hia mouth to get sore. Horses that have th i^S iTTi,;' ' '^ ''^'^'''*^^*''^ ''**^"°'^" more than fifteen Liillute: HOW TO SADDLE A COLT. Any one man who has this theory, can put a saddle on the wildest horse ^*evergrew without any help, and without scaring Jiim.- The^t^- wiUiw totre each stirrun »f«.r. J„f^ „ !„„._ ,._./ T^: ^tosfrfctettg- - .„ , . " . J _ J ""'f """ wimouii scar ing mm. The Hmf. tlnV.^ -nim^tre ^h stirrup stn.p into a loose knot, to make tt^^orttl 122 HOBSE TAHINQ. prevent the stirrups from flying about and hitting him. I Then double up the skirts and take the saddle under your right arm, so aal' not to frighten him with it wlien you approach. When you get to him, "Jjab him gently a few times with your hand, then raise the-saddle very slowl j, until ii can see it, and smell, and feel it with hft nose. Then let the slirts Iqpse, and rub it very gently against lys neck the way the hair lays, Setting him hear the rattle of the skirts as he feels them against him ; eajbh time a little further backward,'&nd finally slip it over his back. Shake it L little with your hand, and in less than five minutes you can rattle it about over his back as you please, and pull it off and throw it on again, without Ihis paying much atten- tion to it. As soon as you have accustomed him to the saddjle, fasten the girth. B« careful how you do this. It often frightens the col| when he feels the' girth binding him, and making the saddle fit tight on his back. You should bring up the girth very gently, and not draw it too tigM at first, just enough to hold the saddle on. Move him a little, and theni girth it as tight as you choose, and he will not mind it. You should see that the pad of your saddle is |ill right before you put it on, and that there is nothing to make it hurt hi|!n, or feel unpleasant to his back. It should not have any loose straps on ithe back part of it, to flap about and scare him. After you have saddled hiin in this way, take a switch in your right hand to tap him up with, and walk about in the stable a few times with your right arm over your sa^lp, takijtig hold of the reins on each side of his neck with your right and left handJ thus marching him about in the stable untH you teach him the use of the Ifridle anlf can turn him about in any direction, and stop hifa by a gentle pidl of the rein. Always careSs him, and loose the reins a little every time you stop him. You should always be alone, and have yo^|ir cplt in some light stable or shed the first time you ride him ; the loft shoiild be high, so tliat you can sit on his back without endangering your headJ You can teach him more in two hours' time in a stable of this kind, that you could in two weeks in the common way of breaking colts, out in an /open place. If you follow my course of treatment, you need not run anf risk, or have any trouble in ri- ding the worst kind of horse. You take hiln a step at a time, until you get up a mutual confidence and trust betweeri yourself and horse^ First teach him to lead and stand hitched ; next acqJaint him with the saddle, and the use of the bit ; and then all that remains is to get on him without scaring him, and you can ride him as well as any tiorse. ) HOW TO mount/ THE COLT. ' \ First ^ntle him well on both sides, a^ut the saddle and all over, until he will stand still without holding, and is Aot afraid to see you any^rhere about him. Ab soon as you have him well jfeentled, get^ a- swll block abeufet ^A^l^cJt%^V^(k^lL'V i.#^!Ai ^ ^ F* ^^ *J^ ^"^ '-''i'^^^^-^-i^^-^'^^^^^ J^mi^^&i^'^J^n'ii^^^^}l^^bM ^ - f "iff^ -** ■■ 3" ^ 'i' '"^ -^ f-s'-Tsr^-i nOHSK TAMING. 123 foot or eighteen inches in height, and set it down by the side of hin, about vt:gen:rt *"'^';''' ""'""* ""-^ ^^^^-^^ o'thi^n^ising y'ote 71 ZT ^''^'' ''''''' -^--y change of position very closely, and if you MO. to step up suddenly on the block, it would be very apt to scare I.L but b3. raxsmg^yourself gradually 5n it,.he ^ill see you wUhout being fr^ t-' ened, n a position very near the same as when you are on his back As so^ as he wdl bear this without alarn, untie the'stirrup stra; next to yot knee against the horse, and your toe out, so as to touch him under the fore- houlder with the toe of your boot. Place your right hand on the front of the saddle, and on the opposite ^id^you, taking hold of a portion of til n^e and reii« (they hang loo^^over liis neck), with your left hJd tl^ gradually bear your weight onfhe stirrup, and on your right hand, until or^ feels your whole weight on the stirrup ; repeat this Several t^mes, each ime raising yourself a little higher from the block, until he will alow yoTto raise your leg over his croup, and place yourself in the saddle. Aifothe. and in some cases a better way of mounting, is to press the palm of yu.: nght hand on the off-side of the saddle, and as you iL lean your Je^ t o iirthfatat """ "^^ "" ™""' "'*' ''^ «'^^''^ '«"-'- -*»>-* -'.V There are three great advantages in having a block to mount from. Fii^t a sudden change of position is very apt to frighten a young horse that Ta^ ne... been handled ; he will allow you U. walk'to him, and ftand byts s^ without scaring at you, because you have gentled him to that positbn bu f you get down on your hands and kneas and crawl towards him, he willt very much frightened; and upon the same principle, he would frighten a^ your new position if you had the power to hold yourself over hi. b^k^Uh - out ouching him. Then the Hrst great advantage of the block is to^ad^ ^ gentle nm to hat new position in which he will see you when you ride 2 Secondly, by the process of holding your >,aight in the stirrups, and on yoTr hand you can gradually accustom him to your weight, so as n;t to frighZ h m,by having lum feel it all at once. And, in the third place, the U^k ekvates you so that you will not have to make a spring in order tolt nn the horses back, but from it you can gradually raise youLlf^rth^ S^d^ When you take these precautions, there is no horse so wild but whaTyou can mount hxm without making him jump. I have tried it on the woTt horse, that could be found, and have never failed in any case. When iTuTi tmg, your horse should always stend without being held A hH .ell broke when he has to be held with a tight 2 when mtunZg r:7: col IS never so safe t« mount a. when you see that assurance of conlidenoe and absence of feA-which cause him to stand without holding. ^'*"'*^' t When you want him to start, do not touch him on the side with your heel, -.^I'M.liit.'!."' 124 UOR8E TAHINO. OP do anything to frighten him and make him jump. But speak to him kindly^ and if h^ does not start, p'ull hin? a. little to thg left until he starts, then let him walk off slowly with the reins loose. Walk liim around in the stable a few times until lie gets used to the bit, and you cajj turn him about ill every direction! and stop him as yoa please. It will be well to get on an^ off a good many times until he gets perfectly used to it before yoi*take him out of the stable. After you have trained him in this way.'Wuch should not take more than two or three hours, you can ride him anWhere you choose without ever having him jump or make an effort to thrt)w j^^. When you first take him out of the stable, be very gei;||l^'l'ith him, as he will feel a little more at libarty to jump or run, and be eas|^ frightened than he was while in the stable : but you will nevertheless find him pretty well broke, and will be able to manage him without trouble or danger. When you first mount a colt, take a little the shortest hold on the left rein, so that if anything frightens him, you can prevent him from jumping by pulling his head around to yen. This operation of pulling a horse's head around against his side, will prevent him feMtt, jumping ahead, rearing up, or running away. If he is stubborn and wiBtlbt) go, you can make him move by pulling his liead around to one side, when,, whipping him would have no effect. And turning him around a few times will make him dizzy, and then by letting him have his head straight^ and giving him a little touch with the whip, he wiU^ along without any trouble, N^ver use martingales on a colt wlien you first ride him ; every movement of the hand should go rignt to the bit in the direction in which "it is applied to the reins, without a martingale to change the direction of the force applied. Yon can guide the colt much better without it, and teach him the use of the bit in much less time. Besides, martingales would prevent you from pullin» his head around if he should try to jump. After your colt has baen ridden until he is gentle and well accustomed to the bit, you may find it an advantage, if he carries his head too high or his nose too far Qut, te off wheel. Let some one sta.xd on l.e nght side of the horse and hold him by the bit, while yoy stand 'on the ^ft side facing the sulky. This will keep him stn^ight. Run your-left hand Wk and. let It rest on his hip, and lay hold of the shafts with yourn-i2 bringing then, up very gently to the left hand, which still remains statL-!:. any. Do not let anything but your arm touch his back, and as soon as you have the shafts squaijp ^er him, let the person on the opposite side take hold ot one of them, and^bwer them very gently to the shaft bearers. Be very . slow and deUberat^about hitching ; the longer time you take the better, as .agene^ thjng \Then you have the shafts placed, shake them slightly, sc, . that he will feel them against each side. As s'oon as he will bear them with out scaring, fasten your braces, etc.. and start him along very slowly Let one man lead the horse to keep him gentle, while the other gradually works back with the lines till he can get behind and drive him. After you have driven him in this way a short distance, you can get into the sulky and aU , will go right. It is very important to have your horse go gently when you hrst hitch him. After you have walked him awhile, there is not half so much danger of his scaring. Men do very wrong to jump up behind a horsf to drive him aa soon as they have him hitched. There are too many things fo.i him to comprehend all "at once. The shafts, the lines, the harness and the ratthng of the sulky, all tend to scare him, and he must be made familiar with them by degrees. If your horse is very wild, I would advise you to put up. one foot the first time you drive him. TAMING A HORSE WITH VICIOUS HABITS. Having given full instructions relative to the system of dealin.r with youn- colts, I will now proceed to detail the plan of operations for taming or sulT duing wild or vicious horses. The principles of this method are the same as those in managing colts— kindness and gentleness— but the practice differs When you desire to subdue a horse that is very wild, or has a vicions disposi- tion, take up one fore-foot and bend his knee till his hoof is bottom upwards and nearly touching his body ; then slip a loop over his knee, and shove it up until it comes above the pastern-joint, to keep it^up, being o^.<^tal to dr^w %, the loop together between the hoof anid pastern^int with a second strap >6{ ]2G IIORSl^ TAMING. ome kind to prevent the loop frfiAlfllpping down and coming ofi". This will leave the horse standing on tHlpe^lij^ ; you ^ now handle him as yod wish, for it is utterly iihpossible forhin^^lo k^k iWth;s pbsition. There is some- thing in thia operation of taking up one ' foot^ that conqjjiers a horse quicker and better than anything else you can do to him ; and there ja nd process in the world equal to it to break a»"kicking horse, for by conquering one mem- _ l)er, you cfTiquer, to a great extent, the whole horse. You cari do Anything you wish with the horse in this condition, as when^ he becomes convinced of his incapacity to cope with man, he will abandon all antagonistic demonstrations, and become willing to obey, and generally docile. ' , Operate on your horse in this manner as often as the occasion requires, and you will soon find him as gentle as his nature will permit him to be. By ' these niean& the most vicious, uneasy, unruly or fretful horse may be cured, though it depends upon the age and disposition of the animal how long it will take to make him amiable. "When you first fasten up a horse's foot, he will sometimes get very mad,'and strike with his knee, and t^:y every possible way to get it down ; but as he cannot do that, he will soon gTva it up. Conquering a horse in this mannejis better than anything else you could do, and leaves him without any possible danger of hurting himself or yjpu • either ; for after you have tied up his foot, you can sit dowii and look at him until he gfves up. When you find he is conquered, go to l^m, let down his foot, rub his leg with your hand, carress him, and let him rest a few minutes- then put it up again. Repeat this, a few times, always putting up the same foot, and he will soon learn to travel on three legs, so ^hat you can drive him some distance. As soon as he gets a little used to this way, of traveling, put on your harne^ and hitch him to a sulky. If he is th§ worst kicking horse that ever raised a foo^, you need not be fearful of his doing any dam" age while he has one foot up; for he cannot kick, neither can ha run fast enough to do any harm. And if he is the wildest horse that ever had har- ness on, and has run away every tTrae he has been harnessed, you CanlAw hitch him to a sulky and driv« himf as you please. If he wants to rut.^u can let him have the lines, and the whip too, with perfect safety ; for he can |o but a slow gait on three leg^, and will soon be tired and ready to stop ; only hold him enough tg guide him in the right direction, and he will soon lie tired and willing to stop at the w6rd. Thus you will efiectually cure him at once of any furthor notion of running ofl!". Kicking horses have always been the dread of everybody ; you always hear men "say, when they speak about a bad horse, " 1 don't care what he does, so he don't kick." This new mode is an effectual cure for that worst of all habits. There are plenty of ways by which you can hitch a kicking horse, und force him to go, though he kicks all the f ime ; but this don't have any good effect towards breaking him, for we know that horses kick because they are afraid of what is behind " *: ittiurts them, they only kick the"~ =them^ »id wlieuthey ^iolri -*i- ^fjik ^ Sym ^ -, ^ ,J,J^^™«^^,, nORBB TilMINO. 12T ZtZ^A •*"■'' ""1^"'"'' '' "'"' ""^ ''^ffi""'* *° P«"uaae them to havl Z Zfr"" '" *°^*''"'» '^'^°8 »^''>'»'' '»>«■» «-er after. But W 'wl new mbthod you can harnesa them to a rattlinsr sulkr nloJ ^ ■ ?„1h . ?"'*r» '" '"" "■•"■rf"-. .«d will ,«K,n and ih., vou dTl nOAV TO MAkE A HORSE- LIE DOWN ?SB?^'^^=H=i5S up. Hold him m this position, and turn his head t^^,.^. u . his side with yourshoulder. n6* hard, but'^t'rstrdre^:, '^TZ whil wiill be sufficient for Jri^or (^^ Z IV^" "' '" when you We given hi« four lessons: be^m rdo^ rXTitf one foot. Ah soon as he is well broken to lie down in this way "n wl f the opposite leg with a stick when you take hold of hil LT ^, '^^^ ° days he will lie down f«.m the mei. Ttio^of thltk ' '/"' " * '*' THBATUKOT OF THE HORSE AFTER HB 18 DOWif! =«mT^«, you h%the opportunity of making him jSuT^^^^wS^ '^' i J SAf i^fii^^h -t is* Sl5-vi._«. jwK -■! 14*U h? ^' 128 UORSK TAHIMQ. { ^ you, anu the more you fondle him and reconcile him to you the better. If you are treating an unbroken colt in this way, you may now mount his back, and thus, by finding out that you mean him no harm, he will learn to snbmit to being mounted when he stands up. You can also lay a saddle or harness on >him and familiarize him with those articles. His head, tail and legs should now be handled with freedom, caressing and talking to him all the while. If he has hitherto resisted shoeing, httndle all his legs with a view to accomplish it, and if ha- attempts to resist, continue until you subdua him, speaking to him with a voice of authority. If he is a bad kicker yoa may be obliged to confine his fore-legs ; and with those tied, you may spend an hour in handling his legs, tapping the hoofs with your hand or a hammer— all this to ha done in a firm, measured, soothing manner ; only now and then, if he resist, crying, as you paralyze him with the ropes, »' Wo ! " in a determined manner. It is by this continual soothing and handling that; you establish confidence between the horse and yourself. After patting him as much as you deem needful, say for ten minutes or a quarter of an hour, you may en- courage him to rise. Some horses will require a good deal of helping, and it may be necessary to draw uot their fore-legs before them. The handling of the limbs of colts in this condition, particularly requires caution. A colt tormented by flies will kick forward nearly up to the fore-legs. If a horse, unstrap(ied, attempts to rise, you may easily stop him by taking hold of a fore-leg and doubling it back to the strapped position. If by chance he should be too quick, don't resist, for it is an essential principle of this system never to enter into a contest with a horge u^flss you are certain to be victorions. In all these operations you must be calm, and never be ia a hurry, or in a passion. The principle established by this mode of treatment is that you show no violence to frighten the horse, and yet you toroe him to submit to your will, caressing him when he assents and gently forcing him when he does not. Repeated lessons will convince th? most vicious horse that you are his mis- ter, and your gentle carenos consequent on big submission will at the same time give him confidence in you. It has been suggested that a novice should . begin his practice on a gently horse that be can handle at pleasure, and the plan is a good one. He may thus beooOie familiar with the prosess before trying it, in earnest, on a vicious or unbroken animal A singular fact in illustration of the beauty of this treatment of i-efractery horses is mentioned. in an Boglfsh periodiekl. A beautiful gray mare, which had been fourteen years in the band of one of the Life Guards regiments, and consequently at least seventeen years old, would never submit quietly to have her hind legs shod ; the farriers had to put a twitch on her nose and ears, and tie her tail down ; even then she resisted violently. Afcer threa days' treatment similar to that above described, she was easily shod with her And Hm WW Tiotdoiie by » Mofe, but by provfng to her tlir" -Jioadloo ate i'' "' '' '^ '""'* ""^«™*-d .aiia break things, and do eyery^ ^ ^^ro^: 1'^^ l" "^""^ jafegJm, and pa n ke ep d own ojt c ii ^HWH^ i ^*h ^°^S^y^» I Jlj" 130 HORSE TAMING. treatment ; and then the little //arc up would not carry with it any unfavor- able recollections and he would BOdn forget all about it, and learn to pull true. Almost every wrong a^t the horse commits is from mismanagement, fear or excitement ; one harsh word will so excite a nervous horse as to in- crease his pulse ten beats in a minute. When we remember that we are dealing with dumb brutes, and reflect how difficult it must be for them to understand our motions, signs and lan- guage, we should never get out of patience with them because they don't un- derstand us, or wonder at their doing things wrong. With all our intellect if we were placed in the horse's situation, it would be difficult for us to under- stand the driving of some foreigner, of foreign ways and foreign language. We should always recollect that our ways and language are just as foreign and unknown to the horse as any language in the world is to us ; and should try to practice what we could understand were we the horse, endeavoring by some simple means to work on his understanding rather than on the different parts of his body. All balked horses can be started true and steady in a few minut^' time ; they are willing to pull as soon as they know how ; and I never yet found a balked horse that I (JoiUd not teach to start his load in fifteen, and often in less than three mi^tes' time. # Almost any team, when firsTbalked, will start kindly if you let them sttind five or ten minutes, as though theire was notliing wrong, and then speak to them with a steady voice, and turn them a little to the right or left so as to get them both in motion before they feel the pinch or the load. But if you want to start along a team that you are not driving yourself, that has been balked, fooled, and wliipped for some time, go to them and hang the lines on their hames, or fasten them to the wagon, so thajb they will be per- fectly loose ; niake the driver and spectators, if there are any, stand off some distance to one side, bo as not to attract the attention of the horses ; unloose their check reins, so that they can get their heads down, if they choose ; let them stand a few minutes in this condition, until you can see that they ai-e a little composed. W^le they are standing you should be about their heads gentling them ; it willjiake them a little more kind, and the spectators will think you are doing something that they do not understand, and will not learn the secret. When you have them ready to start, stand before them, and as you seldon have but one balky horse in a team, get as near in front of him as you can, and if he is too fast for the other horse, let his nose come against your breast ; this will keep him steady, for he will go slow rather than run on you ; turn them gently to the right, with the wagon ; have it stand in a favorable position for starting out, letting them pull on the traces as far a% the tongue will let them go ; stop them with a kind word, gentle them a little, and turn them back to the left by the same process. You will have them under your control by this time, and as you turn them again to ^^e right, steady them in the collar, and you oim take them where you pleB8»i= ■'>ii'--.t^*-V»'^'^ a'j«i^*iw,^*'^w«v?NP«PH.' w^vvm^vs ■■MH,y^ 'f. HORSE TAMING. 131 collar, and then taJce up one of htlf^ f . "^ ^'^'*"''^^'' ^' ^ ^S-^^^ the start them, and when the weight come!. '! ^u"' '""''^' ^'^ '"* *•>« ^"ver stop-then let him have his fSt aJl " "''"^ ^' "^" '''^ *« to break a horse from balkinXtht L: '" "='' '^'""^- ^* ^^ --* set a day apart for that purp^s^ Vt hrm'b^,!'^ "f 1 '^'^*' ^°" -«''* *<> have check lines on them ; tie up aU the 1 " ^ '''"' '*"*'^^ '^^'"^ ' be nothing to excite them ; do not r^' 1" k'*"^'' " ''"'' ^'^-^ -" heads loo^. Walk them ^boutCeZo "'v'"* ''* **"«•" ^'^^^ ^^^e- 1 . J--^^le^«top often and go.uplTX^^^^^^^ hun just as quiet as you can. He will soon l! ? ^ *'^ ''™' ^"* J^««P and stop when you tell him . ^"^^ *° «**'•' "A" «* the word, be wet rii^: rr; :£^ ttd ;" rj-^*^ -^-- ^* -id necessary he can take the wei^S^, "^^^^^l ;,*:«^^^^°-. «« that if it |. Do not drive but a few rods at first t Tu '* *^'"« ^^^ «*^rt them, you see that he is gett^n^eLtd LT Jr' """^^ ^"'^ ^^^-^l^' «nd if caress him a Uttle'lnTsZ ali;' 1? "^'"^ ''t «*«P^ «* ^- «- accord, over a smaU hill a few times anTL over Tlar^" ^ "^"' '^"^^ *^- ahttleload. This p^ss will make anTI^re rp:r"'^'^"^ "^'^"^ GENBBAL BULKS, AND RKMARK8. In taming the hors^ by any of the nr«^ u '^ lowing rules should be observed- LLwheT"^ ^™ ^"'°' ^'^^ '°'- careful of his neck. Do not let him f^UnonTn r'"*u '^°''° '^^ '^"'^ "^ the spine of the horse ia easily biok^ Xond 'do .T '"""^ ^*' ^ violently under any circumsUnces. Thew^tow^ T '""^ ""^ '*°^» working with him and waiting untU hJ ^ . ''''^ " ^^^ P****'^^^ Keep him very quiet by st^kin. ^'^'' *^°^ ^^^^ Thirdly-! agentleanddeamann'^rSislCrove^rthT^? T "^^ '^ your operations have caused in him Yon can L n ^^'"'^ment wWch peaaedbytheexp^ssionof hisses. ^ourthT^r^^" l''^ ''« " »P. use violence. Hold the halter and off r^^^^o;;; 'eft^,^^* tie horse never him to bring him down, ^ ''*'**'' '''"'o managing In teaching a horse to to follow vnn n„j • biting, or balking, or indeed anyt^ Clt theThor"" '"" °' '^••=^''^« «•• to with equal success as in the ^of taminJ k'"*. °^™''"° " «««^rf stubbo™. you have only to repeat the o^^fon ^w" 'Z' '' '^ "°"*^"«^ sons a day, and in a short time he wiU bTn-JT.! 5, °"® "^ *^ les- learn. to obey quicker than aH owlr o^e "^Wh i' v T"" ^ ^'^'"^ '>'»- any of the proce««s we have mentioned." a auZLl?^ * ^"^ ^'^^ ^ M any of the processes w e have wLZ; a ^Jl^ Tl' i'!"^ '""° ^^ ^»«t. -..pl^ to keep .im prostra^^ ^p^:;:: 7^^:.^ ^ L'.iwa&'»iflA:.a V '. '/^ .j'^ 132 HOUSE TAMING. Breathing into a horse's nostrils when he is down is practiced by some horse- tamers, and this is undoAibtedly a southing operation, as it brings you into close contact with the animal, thus giving him an opportunity of examining you ^vith his nose— a process peculiar to horses. You should always litter your stable well when you perform these operations of flooring the jiorse. Clean straw or tanbark, or anything to make a soft stable bottom Will Answer. HOW TO MAKE A HORSE FOLLOW YOU. Turn him out into a large stable or shed, where there is no chance to get out, -with a halter or bridle on. Go to him and gentle him a little ; take hold of the halter and turn him towards you, at the same time touching him lightly over the hips with a long whip. Lead him the Ifen^th of the stoble, rubbing him on the neck, saying, in a steady tone /of voice, as you lead him, " Come along, my boy ! " or use his ham.e instead of my boy, if you choose. Every time you turn, touch him slightly with the whip, to make him step up to you, and then caress him with yonr hand. He will soon learn to hurry up to escape the whip, and be caressed, and you can make him follow you around without taking hold of the halter. If he should stop and turn from you, give him a few sharp cuts about the hind legs, and he will soon turn his head towards you, when you must always caress him. A few lessons of this kind will make him run after you, when he sees the motion of the whip —in twenty or thirty minutes he will follow you around the stoble. After you have given him two or thrise lessens in the stoble, toke him in a small lot and train him ; and from ^hence you can toke him into the road, and. make him follow you anywhere, and run after you. TO MAKE A HORSE STAND WITHOUT HOLDING. After you have well broken him to follow you, stand him in the center of the stoble— begin at the head to caress him, and gradually work backwards. If he moves, give him a cut with the whip, and put him ba<* to the same spot from where he storted. If he stonds, caress him as before, and con- tinue gentling him in this way until you can get around him without making him move. Keep walking round him, increasing your pace, and only touch him occasionally. Enlarge your circle as you walk around, and if he then moves, give him another cut with the whip, and put him back to his place. If he Btonds, go to him frequently and caress him, and then walk, round him again. Do not keep him in one position too long at a time, but make him, come to you occasionally, and follow you around the stoble. Then stand him in another place, and proceed as before. You should hot train him more tluin half anjjourat a time. • , Ttt PBBVBNT A H0R8B PBOM SOARINQ. ' » ^^j-j~---~™j^-g^y gj^p^ - -^^enever a 1ioi«S Soarerat objects on going" '^rbrem you can soon learn him to S toC g""; ': ''*«"^' ••^*«^ hin, and^first let him look at the umbreL bel: topenT letY .'^ f ' with his nose. Ooen it a little w„,, j..i. ".'^"P""®"— let, him touch it wide. By oi^in^ry V^IJ^' ^^^^11:^ T'' r '' brella opened suddenly in his &ce without hi« t . ^""^ **'" ""*■ aimUar treatment you can brearalTor f ^^"^ •'^''^^^ °« i*- ^7 * . that may look frightful to ht M Jou ^^sirmr^'t'* f'T* '^"^*'^^ just take a horse into thp sf^hla i ? . ^® *" *"*' °^ *'»'« ^'eoT, •i satisfied.- There is a ^in^.l * 7™''""? things, and you will be perfectly would have ne^r iLrdT^hrnoT^dlt ^H ^^"^ ''' ^^^^-^^ ^ particular object by showim. it tn 7 . ^ " accustom him to any -hen hesJit^dfh Zell tharr\"'?"'^' '^ ^ -t be afraid pr-hhimwithitonth Zersir;f^\tL;^^^ '' '^^ ^^ on both sid^a in all cases AfLr vl t '^""^'^''^ *° P'^'^^ ^^ or whatever you marSsh to makeh T '^°"«*«'««' him to the umbrella, peat the opeLioHnThe leftTde in I sa -^*''' ^ ''^ "^^^ -^e. r^ proached him at all.' '*'"" '"*°°«'' «« if Jou bad not ap. i* * ;,i'. 4t: & *,■ ::-.\ ,' V Hbw to Develop Speed. :For the benefit of those who own » oolt that gives promise of being a speedy one if only properly developed we herewith furnish a few hints that will be found of good servictt ' v , . The expense entailed by putting'a young htorse into the hands of a pro- fessional trainer is greater than the majority bf.owners care to incuf, and in many cases we have known horses spoiled by men who professed to be masters of their business, but who in reality were either too lazy or too ignorant to give the necessary care and attention. " It is an admitted fact that the posession of trotting speed adds vastly to the money value of a horse, and here in Canada there have been hundreds of illustrations of the statement that^peed commands money. Only in Feb- ruary of this year Mr. Julien, of Port Dalhousie, Ont., sold a five-year-old mare by General" Stanton for $1,400. This mare is only about 15 hands high and had it not been for the speed' she showed herself possessed of, she would not have fetched $200 in any horse market in the country. Here then was a fair sample case where $1,200 extra money was realized by the owner simply because his mare proved her ability at Newcastle races to trot a mile better than 2.40. Now without any desire to reccommend farmers to go in for breedmg trotters, we do strongly recommend them to breed to good stallions, and when they have decided to breed for the purpose of securing » driving horse they had a great deal better pay a fair price and secure the services of a really well bred stalUon Ukely to supply the sort of colt they want, than by paying a cheap price, breed to some mongrel whose " get " are srre to be as worthless as their sire. If a suitable horse is hot located in your immediate neigjtbor- hood it wiU pay you well for the extra cost and labor to send yoar>are8 a good many miles to reach the proper sort of horse. / Presuming that such common sense ideas have ruled your>nduct in the ' past, and that you have on the farpi a youngster that gives e^dence of being -^troubled a Bttte^thB pwd, it k n o t a floeasa^^ th a t yoH Bh ou ld goto a n y ^ HOW TO DEVELOP SPEED. 135 "dunghill,, coll W.ZnZlKTJ^ "»»t.li'>''ever,™te.n,tim«over ■ , little puTK^e. '^°' '" "•""■'« •"«' "«<* " 'i"« thro™ .w.ytc in'h.lL";"i,'t."iH r^ ''■* J7."»™ » brokea or h„ W drive. a barn with other horBes anH f ««f It ^- . ^ *'® *''^'° ^ * «**" ^^ groom and go throurrhrl!i?H '"'*•*'' "'"'' ^^^ = *^' -'**«'■. '>«d' the proper kind of t^tmlf Lu '" ^'' ™°"*'*' ^"'^ ^ ''^ has had go off iLily and bt^hr. Tl 't '**''* '' " * '^"'^^'^ *° ""« he ^H Keep driving hi^ev^ X':;:!:,; ^^^t^ " \'"^'^°"^' ^'"^ '"* *^'"^- ing pole horse, hitch 7e colt t^TskL ^°" '''^' °°* «''* * ^^^^ '^"^- hind hi. Was thon^: thrd^^^drir^ ^ "t^^^i "■ cheerfully and v„„ ,m h.v. A^f 1. , . <« !*• l« do wh.t he doe. old one, L ^"" •>«*•»'■•'" i» two week. thM, h.tt .he A th^Xl'°t».'2to"nd t* TTr' ^^ °' "" '"""'^'■S^ H you .„ going to n, J,. . p^,^ ^ drfl? 1° " "T' "^ " '^'"• giv, hi„ two ,„.^ 0, „^ it,Me1^:r^„Ty„7^'iI't" """""f W.11 .toy hi. .ton>»oh «,d hewillM „„„ kV ' "" "''• " e "^'^H ->.'-% ■^v'r ..^ ;f 4^ 136 HOW TO DEVELOP SPEED. about six o'clock or grain either, n(] should consume ir tural waste of thf every day. Hen ' the morning, and a little hay. In respect to feeding hay, ' man can lay down any rule as to how much any horse 24 liours. They want what they nead to supply the na- body and keep them in strength and fltesh and growing is where judgment comes in play. A colt doesn't 'want drawing so as tofmake him look gaunt like an old campaigner, neither do you want to stuff hmi. In aged horses hay at night only, will ordinarily suflBce if the horse is a hearty feedei*, and again some horses will not eat any more « than they need if they have it by them all day. Colts, like boys, ordinarily have good appetites, and want enough to keep them growing. Give th« horse all the water he wantsat night, unless, he has a race or trial on hanq for the morrow, when it would not be advisable. In the morn- ing a horse, if he is in good liealth and is accustomed to have what water he wants at nitht ^fter he has finished his hay, will not exhibit much thirst, unless he ia a glutton and has gorged himself with his bedding, which habit ought to he curtailed atjpnce, for no horse can be gotten illte condition or kept so, if he eats all the litter he can reach. In short, water shquld not be given a horse in quantity wlien it is going to interfere with the performance of his daily work. Give him a couple of swallows in the morning before he eats his food. Never give him over one-half a bucket at once except at night, when hfl may have a reasonable allowance. Teeth. — The teetli in horses are receiving more attention than formerly, 1 as it i^ a well settled fact that their teeth are subject to . decay, ulceration, irp%ular growth, etc., same as in the human family, though not perhaps, in the same degree. A horse in his three or four-year-old form is most liable to suffer, as the tliree-year-old cuts four front teeth and eight back teeth, and ' in their fourth year they cut four front, eight back', and four tushes, and con- siderable irritation and fever often attend" the cuttin"gc^f these teeth. Attention sliould be directed to the shedding of' the molars in the three- year-old, the roots becoming absorbed, the crowns of the teeth get loose and hang t» tlie gums, and should be removed as they will cut the cheek and make the mouth sore. Many horses suffer from toothache with decayed teeth, and when a decayed tooth is discovered it ought to be removed immediately, upon its first attempt to ache. The presence of decayed teeth may be detected by such symptoms, as improperly masticated food passing the bowels undigested, tossing the head, discharge from one nostril, irritable disposition, pulling or • driving on one rein, .and pulling at the bit' or refusal to take hold of the bit. The remedy for decayed teeth is removal. You will need the assistance of some one skilled in Veterinary dentistry, to remove a dect^yed molar tooth. The upper jaw being wider than the under one, the outer margin of the up- per grinders becotne sharp, and unless this over-growth is removed with a tooth-rasp, the cheek, coming in contact with the sharp edges of the grinders, gets sore, and checking a horse aggra vates him aa it presses the cheek against it is a col WoRKI he is worl speed, of « to your qi faster tha man can r Speed is rate. A does not s dimensions and here k with a tap born dispo! how he is i it is necess* jack knife, to want to ' is not quit€ provement i care whethe We will s has a gait tl to go a mile spoe d ji e ia- ««*> -ii., . 4_c J-^tU ''P- -'i m ^^\ -x How TO DE^i-ELOP 8PE£d. 137 ' . ^'^o teeth with greater forcfl Th« ;. i • : ■ trot or pace fa«t, that ha^^telTtl^^.tT'.'^"'' "° '""^ '"*" "^ »'->« *<> ' ^ keep a tooth-ralp hand^ tht ost li ." 'T"**^ ''"'' ^°H «l-uld always edges of teeth L ^enVZZt,';:'^ ^''^ """^^ '^^^ ^''-P you had better employ a Veterinary dentil . "'™'*"" °' "^ «""^«'-' The reason a horse LL^oT^'Z:^^':^ i Z T^*^-'^'^ ""'^'•*^'''"«- his head one sided, as he :iU invariabHri he . ™' "*'"* '' '^'^'^'-^^ .^t ^.ua., and -o.nd to tan j^ 1 1^^^ ^ yi::!^;^: ^-^^^^^^rr^::^;^--- covering .rho.es in th. comfortable. No horse oucht! ^ "^ "^'^ *'"^'^ *° '"«ke him and he should be pridedwth^,.:r*"t *'^ '''^"'^^*« ^" *''« ^''^^^^' any change of temperatSe.l'^ wintef iflf T "Z ^^ '''''"^^'^'^^'^ ^ with extra clothing, and for out T ! P^^''' ''" ""'* ^ P'^^ided should be large eno^gT to I^" thZ "" ^'^ '''^'^^^^^ ^"^ '="PP«d horses shed ought to be a wfrm ir or t " w ^"""^ *''"'' '^^^' '^"'^ ^''^ it is a cold day. ' " *'''^ '*"^''* '^°* *« »>« '^^ "nder it at all if helrrkTng'IX.T'* Wh^'LT t' *'' ^™'^*^"^ *« ""^-«*""d -^y speed, of couL BuTnot olman il : '"* '•' '' ' ^''' *° ^«->«P '»' to your questions as why do vll T ^"' ^"'^ '^'^ "^*^"^»^''"* '"--«'• faster than he has got ^tlCcl rrhr" « th^ "^ '"™ ^'^^ ^^ ''"^ man can make him show it 'P^^* "^ "°t in him, no aoes not and can not; he ^^rtotrt' '? "'^''^ *° ^" '•"*' '-* dimensions of th^^uJJ^url.lTT^ "''"'^^^^ "^"^ ^" «11 the and he. is where T^^^' ::^ ^;':'^' \ *-**«-' H -'* go on- with a tape line and -fe^TlClr^^rof' ^ "^ ^^^ born disposition to go on arid ^et th.r„ ;! !' ^ '^'*'**'"* the in- , how he is formed, or how he if^^tT v° ^' "" "'**«'■ '"" ''« » '^•-d- it is necessary for him tT extend t^f. T '™ '" * *'«'^* P'-^^ -»'«- jack knife, aid ^. wilutty ^pTlr^n f "^. 'T" "^ '^'^^ ^ to want to do it. If a horse is It^^Zl rTh . % ' '' '*''^'* ^^«™ > IS not quite perfectly gaited he wiU „fL * disposition to go on, if he provementthVna Jelyga^ 0"!. T '""^"'^ ^"" ^^ ^'^ '•'^P'^ >- care whether he gets theroTlot ' " '*™"« "^^ ''•'""^' *'"** ^on't has^XrrrprerugrrCh'^^T^ ^-^^^^ ^--^^^ ^^^ to go a mile ; and this hoZh« ZlrZ " " '=*'' "''^" ^ «°"'^^««- =^— -*!»«««. po«««. m irflT also assume that it is spring, the - vA I 138 HOW TO DEVELOP SPEED. roads are in conditiou to drive upon, and you are situated so 70U or perhaps some of the boys can give this horse, the attention he needs to develop the latent speed ho is expected in the near future to exhibit. We will suppose this horse as yet has not shown any disposition to inter- fere o» cut himself anywhere ; this being the case, you have not got to worry yourself about the shoeing, a vory great relief. Now you want to make a firm resolve not to speed this horse, either for your own .or any other person's gratification or amutement, njitil he has had some work and got strong, and has learned something about going along — if you expect to make a trotter out of him. Walking exercise has been found not absolutely necessary, as formerly indulged in. Old time trainers used to begin by giving horses walking exercise in the spring for two or three weeks before they e^en thought of driving them in harness. You may commence by jogging and walking a little, say five or six miles (in the forenoon is the best time) for the first week or ten days. Ten quarts of oats rir three feeds, of four quarts in the morning, two at noon, and four again at night, with some hay, ought to be enough for him, and you ought to see him begin to improve in the way he" does his^workas well as in appearance. By this time he will be in shape to send along a littl^ and you ought to increase his work a little, and likewise the amount of oats, say to twelve quarts per day ; but if you observe that he don't like the increased amount of work, wait a week more. By this time the muscles must have tone enough in them to carry him along on a good road a ten-mile-an-hour clip, for four or five miles, without much apparent fatigue. But don't begin to brush him yet ; he wants to be able to jog his ten miles out in an hour easy before you commenceyto call on him. If he is the horse you think he is, he will soon commence to do his brushing himself. And hei-e is where you want to use judgment ; right lure is where one-half the good horses are ruined. If he now cominences to take hold of the bit and go away at ft rapid clip, steady him carefuUy^nd^ke him back before he commences to tangle or tire. The chances are at tmrtime, if you let hirti go on and trot over himself and go into a break, he will hit himself some- where, and it will set him back in his training weeks, and perhaps spoil him. Don't let him go to a break ; trotters nowadays don't leave their feet often when they beat 2:20 ; they don't have time. SuoEiNQ, BOOTS, CABE APTEK WORK, ETC. — Up to this time, perhaps, you' have seen no occasion to change his shoeing, except to have them removed and reset. You now want to observe closejy how he carries his legs, and if he is brushing himself an3r(vhere. Young horses often exhibit a propensity to shove the hind foot under the front foot and brush the hoof up at the coronet, which is called " scalping." If your horse does thit, get a pair of scalping boots the first thing you do, and wear them on him in his work. Horses do this scalping while jogging, but it gets them into the habit of single footing, and when they get this habit it takes a long time to restore .■U'- HOW TO DEVELOP flPEED. 139 their confidence so they will go square ^in. All horses, or nearly all that Towanr.' T fu""^' '''' ""'"''^^ ''**'"'- ^~d on^ls. You o thr«l tr: *t '^'^ ""^•^^ •^^ '^^'^'^ ?-*«'•'« ^^^^ ^^e outside of the shoes of the front feet ; this is called speedy cutting. If your horse out for this speedy cutting business. Now if your horse ever goes to a break find le hi h-fK-"*,;'!,' r '''^"^ ^* «** -- «. "P- exandn;tiou, you ' I . I "^ " * ""^'' *" ""^'^y ^'^^ '•^-l*^ ^7 ^''-^ng Bhoes unless the trouble is apparent. CUnches som. times work out b/the head of th" heads of the nails down even with the shoe, then the clinches will not work XtTlLl- .^'^'^^rr-eth-g I want you to recollect abou the wfu of he f r^ " ^^^-"•-'^^"g-, I>-'* ever take any portion of t^e wallof the foot away many case. All you take off the 4ide of the or rn/° . """""" *''^'*''^ *^« '^'^^'^ '^' ^^ "^ -hether in motion or sending, and you spoil the shape of the foot and weaken it. RoZ haps the animal has not learned to travel, is weak, or a dozen other causes no blacksmith is responsible for. C * In bringing your horse in from a drive after he has acquired some strength let him come home in shape, so you ca« scrape a little swedt out of hiZfL h has .stood with a woolen sheet on him a few minutes, oV while ylaL hanging up his harness. If he breaks out in perspiration strip off the shee" and scrape him out as dry as p*,ssibte and throw the sheet over his back and li \T .T"T "°' '"' ""^^ '^^ ^^ ^'^^ -" -d -^oK and finlSy his whole body. Don't put him in his stall until he is cooled off. so he 2 not bj^k out agam. It may take three quarters of an hour problb^ you need not rub all the time. Pin the sheet on him and walk hi^roundl' he sun and out of a draft, and before you get done with ixim wash out hb f^t clean and brush hiril all over ; brush out his mane a^d foi^top and taU water and his dinner, ^nd gp and get your own. The best rubbers are old salt Ton Ln" H T f"'- ^^"'^^^ '^^^ P^^'^*^ °*^^-°' ^^ ™'>»-" on h^ you can t dry out a horse with a dirty, damp rubber th«^° t? ^ *^^? ^r ^°'"' *'°'^ «>me.vt«s. -Let hiii pick it himself (n the latter part of the afternoon if you work him in the for«n«,n, and if he Tt my tone is constipated give him a big bran masK at night with some salt in It. Keep his bowels open unless he is of a wa«hy constitution and inclined to scour ; you must use judgment. A horse thkt scours (or in other words ^hibits an unnatural loosen^ of the bowels) i. out olBhape some where, .imdit m4y o b »bly th e « >au^^ f i ndiges(.i^ » o^demngement of the stomach-^— JijjSiV'^.*« *Sii^*BJtt i'5-s'*^fri,;jiiit ^, f it '^> -fl 'J- <=-.*■•• *tR^j> " t-'^'' tt J » "-■''^"w-r 140 HOW TO DEVELOP SPEED. bowels, this may be corrected by giving a tablespoonful of powdered charcoal three times a day in the feed. The feet and legs must be looked , after now ; don't soak your horse out too mucli in hot or or any otlier water, because you have seen some trainer do it. It might have been necessary in the case of an old ringer that had to be scalded every day to keep him on earth. If you don't detect any fever in the legs, or inclination to swell over night, your horse is all right. Faster work.— About four weeks must have elapsed by this time, and . you can now begin to call on the horse for a brush occasionally in liis work. Don't brush him over a quarter yet at a time, and not too oft*i, and never up to the full measure of his speed. Some horses will tako more work than others, but an ordinary well-bred horse ought to jog out ten or twelve miles a day to a wagon in about an hour without falling off any in appearance, con- dition or feelings. Aftbr you commence to brush the horse along in his daily work, your judgment ought to guide you as to whether you are over- working him or not. I suppose you think you ought to give him a big scrape noW. Perhaps it is not necessary ; a neck sweat and hood may reduce the throat and neck enough, and perliaps he don't want apy scrape of the body— more than he gets every day in liis work— yet a while. I will, further on in the work, give you a scientific explanation of a scrape, how to do it and what to do it for. It is about time this horse l»ad a half mile trial. If you have any suspicion he will hit his knees, protect liim. The night before you give him the trial, give him about lialf the amount of hay he ordinarily has and about two-thirds the usual quantity of water ; in the morning give him two quarts of Mits at the usual time of feeding (we assume you have been giving him his breakfast in one feed up to this time) and no hay of »ny account. Give him a couple of qup,rt8 of water when you go to the stable in the morning, and after he has eaten Ids oats and a very little hay let him have two or three swallows more. Hook him up about ten o'clock, the food having had time to assimilate, and jog him out five milos ; then give him a swallow of water, and giv« him a half mile, commencing to call on him as you approach the half mile pote and send liim for «11 he is worth till you get to the end,' without letting him leave liis feet. Have some friend you can rely on to hold the watch that can catch the time correctly, and that wont lie to you. If your horse has shown a half in 1:25, you liave got a quite promising young horse that has only been worked four weeks. This is a 60 clip, and lots of them Mui't do it that have been worked all sumflptr. Now jog your horse to the stable and do him up in good shape. The first thi^g you do, put a set of linen bandages wet ih; warm water on his legs, ail ix)undi and let them stay on till they get dry or the horse has cooled out, then take them off, hand rub the legs a little, and if |ou don't see any sweUing or heat in the legs they are aU rjght and he has lone well. Work him now juat thg same aa you have all along ; in a week -jjteL rll^lfifliiiiL^. m^:^-^ HOW TO DKVELOl' 8PKKD. Ul breatlnn/ /i , '*' ''"'^ 'Joes not show much distress in oreatliing, and his legs tremble hut sli.'htlv if nn„ f"stress m have got quite a horse, providing of cturl he k ,."''''' '^'""'"''' ^"" time as you have reason to ex,''ct of hT' You"" T "'' " ^ ''^' »"'"toabreak in either ofthertri Is Hell »!!J not to have driven left in him than to have gone Z l^L^. In tn^ 'r '^ ""'^ ''^'^'' give him another trial, a mile and reZt" Dont t T' ' " ''"P'''^""^' out of him the «.t heat, and if he ZClZZuJl^^Z T ^'"^ T' for the next heat. If he haslrranrCtf L^h 7^;^ '"' ''''''" a. soon a. he is unharnessed and see tlfat^ h^rnoHS h"""" ,*'"" them back on the last thing before vou h,3 7 °°* ^''**^^ '»''». ^^^ put the ordimiry allowance of water and h! f . 7^, «"*''''*»^ only half a gn^ss feeder muz.lerm t jl^t^^^^^^ ^^y^ -'i if -ts whe^ you feed your other Z::^!'^^^ Z'':^^'^'' '"^ ""' eaten the grain muzzle him. groom hi^ as usual.^d L W IZ' T C ''" hima !«ralkfor half an hour. By the timehlT i ^n ^^'^'^ ^^^ nu^h Will have performed its 0^0^, and heTil JTmfed oTttI tl"*"^" prepare for the sweat. Take him into the Iw/.T , ^ "^^ ^ blankel and double it together " ^^^e ftu l' ^fh' ' iT',,"'' """^" *^ «. «. « ^- L,:^r^n J^ ; r: l>Syfc«t . .•"-wd.'.'j V c/i-^". . &».- „# 142 HOW TO DEVELOP SPEED. * • around the neck, enveloping it fr3m the shoulder to the ears f now take an- other blanket, but smaller, and cover the horse all over with it, tying it itnder the tail and around the breast. A hood large enough to cover the shoulders, without ear pieces. A suit over this, buckled at the flank ; hood with ear pieces, and his costume is complete. Let out your harness to accommodate the extra amount of clothing, and hitch him into the sulky. (Have a drinlc made for him of oatmeal and water, wliich make a little above blood heat by adding hot water.) Walk liim and jog a couple of miles, when the perspira- tion will begin to start some, -and you can give him a drink of the warm gruel, a few swallows (two or three), which will facilitate the flow. Then give him a couple of miles more jogging, fast -enough to start the moistui-e, and go to the stable, unhitch him, but throw immediately on him a couple of extra blankets to retain all the heat. He will labor in breathing, but give him another swallow of the warm drink, when the perspiration will begin to run down his legs and ooze through th6 blankets. Don't be alarmed at the profuse flow ; you will see that he doesn't breathe as hard as before, and the arteries will become more elastic and the pujsatious less rapid. Have your scrapers and rubbers ready, u|buckle the hood and outside blanket, throw . the hood across his loin and tuyn back the clothes so as to expose his chest, throw the neck wrapper to oiii4 side and scrape him out carefully. Have help enough to rub him gent^around the head and ears, while you, after covering the neck and chestj^<4^'' without i^lrfa short tL.e so th t fe^S^ haU t^ CtC^ '''^°*'" ""^"'^ ^^"^ ■I- elsehewiU graduatetto :2nic^^^^^^ , „ aent and driving. For horses thJZ^ ^ f ' *^" ^ *" ^ *»>« 'are unacquainted with! of couleTutl i' .u^"' '^'^^ °^ object* they fear in the horse is oftenerrZrd Tl ^•°^*''' ^°°^ '"^' ^«'-- B"* the is averted by such a dri Ws^xelts 'CVr^ '''""' '''''' ^ -*-*™Pl- ^^icate to hi. through the'r^rof thr^t C bHhar '^^'^ "°-^"- any unruly exhibition from him. There is T^. \ ' ^""^ anticipate . not be accounted for, that is communlaUflmT ^ ""^'^^ "^"'^ •^'^■ from the horse to the man tJ^rou^h the^j :" '^'t'"'' "^ *^« ^-« -^ man having had much experience in '^.'"^'""^ "^ the reins and bit. Any this statement. You may ^01 to H ""^ '"""^ ''''^' ''^^ ^'^*^ ^ -rning; if the hors^ pZs^s T sutelrJan 1"' '"* •"*«■ °" * ^« shortly begin to feel better and eXl^ bvT '''^'\^^'^'^' ^^^ ^ say it is only the air and exercise .ni. f association. Some may but that is not aU. you get Lla ^^i't r'^^^' "'^^ °' ^^^^' the same .te as beh'ind fhe holVnd ^u'^be te T " *^° """" "^^ ference. ^ " °® able to appreciate the dif- ^d::7^:yt^:7j:Z: Lr ""^ '^-^^ -1- the habitof catching which'habit'is formeirl d„ J^ T "" °"'^ "'**^'^ ^^'^ *»>« ^ght' hoi. should net »^ l^L'Tm^silet si^^rb:: s^:!? t^^^^^^^^ knows what he is about, and ordinarily by a silt shl f/u^ "'^*'' ''^ recover his trot readily Nev6r allow . 7 1, ^ *"* *''^ ''>* ''^ will , it Is possible tocatch'him^ru Ti:g'r Tht :" ''™^r ^^^ ^^ that wUl leave his feet and make a couple^T jumprwhen ^^^^^^ *„^°"« seemingly catch him in the air and he will land T 7 ^^^ P"" ""^ glor^ng in his accomplishment. Ho^tlittlve\t' f *"' ^^P*™'^*'^ like interfering. bnisLing them««"r^tc 1^^^ ^0"^* ^'r "*""' their limit of speed, a ifttle whaleLe diTa ^^711"*'-'^ ^''^^ make them understand hy i*. „,. that ve«^ 11 J!!"^' ""* y°" °*" «:-mi^.you'^tr^^ ^-!3is{-i*^£.^Yi''.i do not aad unyielding, but are very p«ne whertT . t ^'*' *^"^ ^^'f h««xi an even smooth s'urface i^ZS^^r^lH^^, the frog '.,i,, ^^^^ - "ove n^ore of it a great deal tha^ Znd julme*^ ' u «° -^^^ "«• «»■ It is impossible to lay dowTiTv 1 . • " ''""''^ P^-^^t of. Bhouldbep.r«i.the™ JsoXThinr^^^^^ ''''^'* ^o- feet ^absolutely neoe««,7 for a blackLi^CJ:*^^^^^ '^•* '* ^ng a good workman, to always havohn "^ "•'^'^ *^*' reputation of ^bkingPor instance, takerhX:^Tt^^^^ - -- deepen . * the ground, when the roadsW dusty aT^L*!"/^'*'''^** f ^i'ture in «t«.ds to r.«o„ that the «.leof ^e WVfi^Tft "'''' '^ -»o-«S it ?^ "»• 'noiit season of the year ^L^' J^T^ '"'' he pared as cL -^ed;yBea«.n there is c^ZbeX/^^^^ '-*- loo.^r.lu^.^^^,,^^^^^^«^- :iP^^^^^ ^e horn grow. . bio to shorten the toe and lower the hed .^dV^ \?'°'^ ^^"^ -dvi*^ _ .„„ ,^ ^^^ lower the heal ...^ u .. --"^ww aavisa- • • • 148 THODOHTS ON SBOEIKO. whom the horn grows slowly and sparingly to use the rasp wy lightly, and exercise great caution with the knife^ . The explanation for doing as above is simple. In the first place, the solidity of the sole interferes with the due descent of the coffin bone, when the weight of the bom bears upon the foot, and this^ necessitates it b^ng . paired thinner, and rendered more yielding,' while in Vie latter case, i|.being l^f thin, it offers only a slight resiatanoe to the downward tendency of the coffin bone, ' ' i" The horse's foot is like the b^mtm foot in being all sizes and shapes, and it would be just as sensible to order one particular shaped boot for all kinds of men's feet as it would be to recommend one particular mode of pairing out a horse's foot or one particular shape of shoo. . JC well-formed foot, hav- ing a reasonable growth of horn, should have the toe shortened, the heels lowered, and the dead horn well pared out, and if it look^ to require it ; remove some of the living until 't fields to a steady pressure from the thumb. " • "bare should be exercised in paring the comers on the inside, formed by the junction of the crust and bars , this is the common-seat of com, and undue accumulation of horn hereabouts is liable to bruise ths tender sole. Some blacksmiths are fond of what they call "opening out the heel?." they cut aWay the sides of the bars, making an apparent increase of wi4th between the heels, but it is entirely deceitful and only tends to lessen the power of resistance in the bars, and tends to cause ultimate contraction of the feet The following by W. Miles, Esq., a very high authority on the ^ horse's foot, is worthy of very careful thought, the author having devoted^ years of study and experiment to test the soundness of h^ views : / « *< If it were not for the unaccountable prejudice in fiiybr' of carvinglthe frog into shape at every shoeing, I should have had very little to say about it in this place ; my only direction, as 4 general rule, would have been, to leave * it alone, and never allow a knife to approach it ; but this far spread prejudice renders it necessary for me toexplaiii why -the knife must be so entirely withheld from the frog, while its liberal application to the other parts of the foot is shown to be so beneficial to them. First, then, the frog has naturally less power of producing horn than any other part of the foot ; and the^effeot of shoeing seems to be, still further to diminish this power by ob- structing the expansion of the hoo^ and thereby exposing the membrane . which seoretai the horn to undue pressure : indeed-in the generality of teet it would appear almost to check the growth of the frog altogether ; for if we compare the sixe of the frog with the oiroUmferonoe of the foot in a horse long acoostomed to be shod, we shall find the space occupied by it will not exwed one-tenth or one-twelfth of the whole oiroumference ; whereas in the natural and unshod foot it occupies about one-sixth. Now this dwindling down to on er halfita prmwr s ii ejs 4h» direct effect of sh oe i ng a n d p a ri n g j ^M^^^ '"t" ■ ■ i *' '^^'^7'* y^ "•" ,^''"i ^ THOUGHTS ON SHOBING. but I believe that much tl,« la ^*^ the un^eoea^^ -i" oV^^^^X^n ^ ""'"'^^^ ^^ ^"^''"*'^»« *« eveiy shoeing, is a moat unto Jed a^'Zt^ "1. '*''°'°^'''''« -«-^t •' f were not for the controUinglnfla^ce of .^ ?"'' '"" *^" °^«' *»•« 'o^*- eral zs this belief that it i, entert^Tl^ *''«/'-'^^««-'^°ife = and so gen- notwithstanding the daUy.na/houTevTder^T'^ almost ever, smith,, of theg^„al but certain d^minutfon o t Tr Z'*'^'''^ ^ ''''' ^'^'"^ wh,ch he shoes. I have horses n mv 1, "*" °* ''^■''^ *" »»»« hor^e, touched by a knife for five yZ^Z Tt TT "''"'^ '™«« ^-« ««t been ^•'at the, a. overgrow; buirrAnerltlt/ -^o- and fine expanded cleft which the/n.lrt C ^ k'^' '^^°^ °^ ^^-^-^^^ •nay form an exception; where a 'iZ t Jf T ^ °°' ^° * *''°"'^°'* .ttle paring once or twice in ay^r S.«l /T* *"'« ""^^ ^^"5™ a « ^hinner in substance and kordelid!^ ^T 1 '^T *'"'^ ^°^«" ^^^ *'<« part of the foot, and. when one deseed °^ ve^:" ^'^^ ''^* °' *°^ «'''- reproduced. The first stroke of the kl! " ^ ""Perfectly and sparingly altogether, and lays bare an" und'r su 1 r^X *' V'''^ ^^^-^ --"ng soft texture, for exposure either Jthe S ^ '"^^*'*^' ^'■''» 'ts mois* and inconsequence of such unnatut tpture'ir "J *^^ ''*'*'°'^ °' '''^ --• then follow cr«cks,-the edges of ^1? "^" '''^'"" ^'^ '^'^'^ ^^""ks: .'-gs are removed by the smith at th" nexT2 °"'""?' '*"■"«*««' ^''-^ surface is exposed, and another foundation 1^?^^'"'^"'^ ''"°*'»«'- «"oh t.l at last the protuding, pl„„p elLtl o^l" '"^^' "^ ' '^"'^ «» o" "n- the navicular joint and^tL ^nd IndTo 2 T?'^ '^ """'^^ »>«*-- inju^ is converted by iJl^i^S iZT "^ '1 ^'^''''*''^ ^'^ ' shrunk, nnyielding apology for a frol TL ** ""^ ^^ '"'^ 'he dry, horse that has bL'^IuiarT/sS' for T'^ " *'' '*"" °' "'"-t «4 within it^lf .ith two ^ry eL ent m:^: '7/^" "^'^ '™^ " ^"'^''^^ hom it may be troublpd with ; and it Zyl ™^"'*^ °^ ""^ -uperfluous them : the first and most com;non is tLZ^tr^ "*" *° '"**''««' -^'^ bran-hke scales, which becoming dry falUff"! 1 t 2" ;*" '"'"^ °^ -""^" unhke the dust, that adheres tf Tu'^-key fi^ " V^ .f "'f ' '""'*' ^'' laiXer scale, and of rarer occurrence k sTL' *^'H '"•"'> " °Pon a A thick layer of frog separatesTtS in a ^""7^ " ^""« ^''^ W'' deep as a usual paring 'with the kn Je bat if f J"^^^ ''^-'^ *^« '»" " « important difference between the two or^ra io'„r f "^ """""'^ *'>"* "•««. horny covering until d,e ha. previdll ^0^^ . **"" °«^«' ^ that although a large portio«onh?ft^„raylvr,I"""^^ beneath, so remain, a perfect frog behind, smaller ftrfru« K ^" """^"*'' *''«"' "*"' m every way fitted to sustain expo^re wl"' t^ T^^ "'''' ''^"' «<^ removes the horny covering, but is nnlwl 7 t '""'^' °° '•>« ""ntraiy. "og to itwlf-natare will remove the « \Si=J>i* JLatt.* ^ ^^■' - Ih. » * .^ . ..,. iC- ^ "» ISO THOUOHTS ON SdOEINO. •nperfloua horn, and the rags can do no harm, and, if unmolested, will soon disappear altogether." The weight v/l the shoe is a matter of importance. Many people, es- pecially of course in driving horses, pay as much attention to the shape as they do to the convenience and comfort of the shoe^ This is a great mis- take. The horse is the first coundenition. If he is provided with shoes easy to work in, the loqger will necessari^ be his career of usefulness. Avoid too light shoes, their great objection being a liability to bend and the insufScient covering afforded. It is a common error to suppose that the foot receives its form Arom the shoe. The truth really is, that the shape of the shoe cannot possibly influ- ence the shape of the loot. Only the weight of the horse can do this. It- is the situation of the nails and not the shape of the shoe, that determines the form of the foot. Whether thts shoe be wide or narrow, if the heels and quarters of both sides be nailed to it, the foot will inevitably become more aud more contracted. If the nails on the contrary be placed in the outside quarter and toe^ leaving the heels and quarters of the inside, which are the. most expansive portions, free, no shape that we can give to the shoe can of itself change the form of the foot. The shoe should possess substance enough to prevent its bending ai^ width of web enough to ensure protection to the foot ; the thickness should continue precisely the same from toe to heel, the toe being turned up out of the line of wear. Supposing a horse to wear his shoes so hard that they -will not last a month — much beyond which, as the foot will outgrow them, they hsd better not last — then steel the toe, but still let it be turned up out of the line of wear. A small clip at the point of the toe will prevent displace- ment of the shoe backward. Always have a good flat even space left around the foot surface of the shoe for the crust to bear upon. Remember that the crust sustains the whole weight of the sho0. In this space the nail-holes should be punched and not partly in it and partly in the seating. The shoe should not be applied to the foot so hot that it would bum it- self into its place upon che foot without the assistance of rasp or drawing knife, but it should be tried to the foot sufficiensly hot to scorch every part that bears unevenly upon it. Tl^ is the only way in which the even bearing necessary to a pertiect fittiug of the shoe can be insured. Before nailing to the foot always ascertain that the shoe can *bo kept in 4t8 pkoe by pressure of the hands so as to preclude any appearance of day- light between it and the foot If the shoe does not exactly correspond to the surface of the foot, it is liable to shift, thereby expising t h nails to a constant strain, when instead of keeping it in piaoe by their own strength they diould simply have to hold it to the foot. ^C o M J ^t ga t l y irith kwpi n g t h a j Bioai fii -m t y empio drew ( and se of all I ^nailfr found, horse, and ha all the had pn were n( that tfa and not can bri Do 1 Above I after thi rise, the a f reedo mischief goes in t Un( ^ ing the i remedy. as tliey a without ( be suffici limit Cava travelling tlragoons < than six n the remaii this regim work of ^ shoes. Tl expansion, jppowlk-o l= .-n 4&5V l'^t»ai X'Au-Jt''^!^ >bm»HiklAh.'i%a,/&^ ■'f >;--'jf»J'^* .■■"•T] i ( , TH0COHT8 ON SHOEING. PO^ to adopt the viewB exZTX t J^^^ Practical experience We ai. dU- the folJowing : ^ ^ *'*^ "^""^ authority as quoted before in drew one nail from each ste, ZTe^ucfn. th" k1°' '^°^- ' *^«° ^'^■ , and seven in the hind shoe. ; a^ ndtTatCeT^' *° ^" ^ *''* '^°"' of all the horses had been a^ firmly rouLe^SV ° N^""" *''*' *••« "^"^ I ^; nail from each s^ioe. leaving five in t^e for^fc'"'''?' ' ""'*'"" •'^"^*''«' Wound,however,that«xnSkwolwni *.*"'' ""^ ^'^ *''« ''i^d. I horse, without ^UowingY^shift '' ""Z T*^'^**^ ^'°'* "''^ °^ "» <=*-»«« and have continued to fmpW tha 'nu„h "^ "" '""''" '-^ ^''^ ^'^^ ^^^ all the fore shoes as fimly 7u^l tZ JrVTuT ' '"^^ ^'' ^'^'^ '^''^^^^ had previously done. iLtZCs^nt ",' ^"^' '"''^ ' '"'''' " - were not driven high up in the ciT%^h "'^T""^'"' *° '^^'^ t^at the naUs that they were v4 lighUylirn ^^,0 ^le c^' ^ ""'^ " P°"^"« ' ^^ and not. as is geneilly the case fo.^^ „o wittljl^ """'' '""""'^ ^°^°« can bri^ to bear upon the^^itl L Jmrer ''^^ ''' ^"'^^ *^* ^'^^ -■»•> AbovVau thZ tid tCtis!:^ x:™ r-h r^^--^ -^ «- after the clinches have been'turneTdowT Jf te T K '"f"' °' ^'^^ ''^^ riae, they must be replaced without deray as sueh r " " ""'' ^"PP^"^ *° a freedom of motion which is sure to «^l ' !! ^^ ""P"'" *° **»« "a^s mischief is often incre^i h vT . . * ^' '"' °^ '^^ *>*>!«»' ^d this go. in the proces::fTm1vaf ;'r '::; J"^°'^« ^^^^ *^« "^^ -^- Under such circumstances the idiotic pUn is usuallv adnnf^ * • > .ng the number of muls. thereby increa-ir^he evH whi^hT^ *""'''*'■ remedy. As a matter of fact, stn^nge a^Tt may I^m .1 J L~"*f ^'^ as they are called, may be relieved hfthT T ' ^® "^H^ ?'«'«. without endangering IhTj^Z^Xt 7""^ °^ °''* °' ^^"'' °' *•»« ^ be sufficient t^ re'ain tTsh"/ fi mt ? '" -^^^'h^d at all times Umit. . • ' *""'^' *'^** "«'^«'^ •I'ould be the extreme tiragoom. onc^ told the wri J thafTr tlo yeal ^JJ'*'"? " ^'^'^ ^^^ than six nails, and these all placed in f hlT. f^"* he had not employejj more the remainder' of thelo^ rel^;! ^ Tnd u'nll ::.' ^ u°' '"^ """^ »" this regiment the loss of . shoe Z a ^l^ T *^ '' *»"« foot. With work of which is consider^ toT3^'j"^' "T °" ' '«"* "^^^ *^« -hoea This system of shoeing W«l Z^'Z ^ZtV '"'"'' expansion, m nearly as possible in » «../ 7 ^ '*" P°''«'' o' '\ ^iMl^^'^ t.^^ «' thua enabling the toe to obtain i VZTl^! '"" ""^^'^^ •'-'^-«^». rouJrtfhrirrj^^^^^^^^^^ *^« •^^^-^eor the.ebali ThiB. tf it .alia to prevent theoylZklZ'IT ^^"* ""°'^«'* ^^-e- . parte fn>m being wounded. •It^getherT w.ll at least preserve the Incasesof "cuttini"aon^ •>! • x " ' Pi|H.^cIay totheinjoredlegaafttn tol^rlf * "^^ °«-«red'with wet reault wiU be to transfer a portion of tl . '^' * '"'°'-' «^"t'">°e- The ^or t^rT :Csr:h^:Ltri^^* ^'-^ ^^^ a ittle more, to the blacksmith'^ol for ' ! "^ "^^^ l^-. -en if it oos^ « impossible. Remember you Ln tl'kl n^l t > ''^ "'^ '^ ^^ti^factory fit and the truly economical man ne":r atl^; -^'^ -'''' ^^ ''o-'a U -f omX.-'rrtthrr:::;^^^^^^ - -de poasible give him a loose box. NoThSort f " • ^"^"'^ '^"'^ ^^ «'* «" wbch is habitually^nfined to one s^ftm H . * '"•™°'' '^'^ «*^« » hd«e cate and complicated mechanism of tCf^T t *"' ''"^"««« '" *^»« deli- « absolutely essential to a S3u„d and hlt^L "T"' """^ '««"'ar motion Give your horse regular walking e" rciL 1, no "" °' ''^ ''^"^'^ ^^'■ extreme sickness, allow him t, put a whole dav ^^''^^'^'P' - cases of Apphcation morning and evening of an ottm ^ ^' "*"'''' undisturbed. half of lardanda quarterof apoVnd Of W a arr''? "^ *Po-«*-da and a quarter of a pound of ^kwax Li ^ ^T^' «'» pound 6f honey together and the tarlnd honey sS n w"h In^"" '^"^"^ '^'"^ ^'^ ' hoof ,n a healthy elastic state. ' " ^'"'' °''^« "'» ^"I keep the A beneficial custom is to ntl.t I' ^ ^ '""***«° «'»'"8- If 7our horse i- Z^ughH 'd' d "h "*''* "'*'' ^-"^ «>- <^-«. Htanding an hour or two oufof tL" 1:1?^"'^ '^ ''"^ »- »--fi»<^ by -*-s wwtiastrwai geierally cure thruihej. Let th* hbrse , _-4«44' 1 'i \ 154 THOUGHTS ON 8H0KINO. be placed in a roomy stall the floor of Thioh has been liberally covered with wet sawdast, his shoes should b4-taken off, at night remove him to a well littered, dry place. It, however, your horse has weak flat feet it would be better not to let him stand entirely unshod, but jshoe him with leather. Careful attention in seeing that a horse is properly shod, a loose box allow- ing ample room to move about in, plenty of exercise and judicious feeding of the proper kind of food will be found more effectual than any amount of so-called turning out. In fact, many a horse troubled with slight lameness that with proper care in a loose box stall would have been thoroughly cured in ^ short order, has through being turned out to pasture become worse crippled. At- tention to this fact will often save a good deal of wasted time and consequent annoyance. / I*'' > /^ Maud Mr. fiarg dyk's Han Kotloog • filly by Hi a trotter it 7 thta a traj \ ber, 1880, a very oiui nature, and Mine traoli the Lexingt Mr. W. H. hands of Ci di«Mtrndbothp«tioah,at |n 9 Mj. Ot. Ju B^ SSw^^FiT .? .*^'^^'^ '^'*" **> ■»"* aoonpleof \ \ // "J. ,4il^ &iiM&i^ ^^r' ■•.si'' /', \ 'i[y' •p *' 156 FAMOUS HOR8B8. weeks later at Hartford. HU anpremacy, however, was short lived. On the 18th of September Maud S. trotted Chicago track in 2:101, which mark was redaoed to 2:10i and 2:10i «n 1881. ' , The Queen of the Trotting Turf was reserved for road driving by her owner for the next two years ; but in 1884, when the little black Whirlwind, Jay -eye-See, who had trotted tKe previous year in 2:10|, appeared liable to eclipse her record, she was put in V«ining. She was fit for the supreme effort not a day too soon. Jay-eye-see trotted Providence track August 1st in 2:10. and the following day, at Cleveland, the Queen again asserted her supremacy by trotting Glenville in 2:09j. Shortly after this Itfaud S., Queen o/ the Trotting Turf, was sold to Mr. Robert Bonner, New York, for $40,000, and s nee that time she has reduced her record twice — to 2;09J, on the 11th of November, 1884, at Lexington, Ky., and to 2:08^, on the 30th of July, 1885, at Cleveland. She has also the fastest record (2:13i) ever made in a race, and Mr. Vanderbilt drove her and Aldine, to a top wagon, a mile in public, at Fleetwood ■ Park, in 2: 15 J. This is the fastest time ever made by any team of trotters, being one quarter of a second faster than the best record of any team to a skeleton wagon with a professional driver. JAY-EYE-SEE. ^. 10. • » f» Jay-Eye-See, the King of the Trotting Turf, is a black gelding about 16 hands high. He was foaled in 1878, and sired by Dictator, by Rysdyk's Hambletonian dam Midnight, by Pilot Jr. Mr. J. I. Case, Racine, Wis., his present owner, purchased him as a yearling from Colonel West for $500. His real education as a trotter began as a four- year-old, and his first contest was one of the mist severe races ever participated in by one of that age. It was in the four-year-old stake at Chicago in 1882. Seven heats were trotted and the race finally won by Waiting, who won the first, second, and seventh heats. Jay-Eye-See won the fifth and sixth in 2.22j, 2.23J, Over the wme track, in the same class, at the fall meeting ho^won handily,losing the seSond heat to Bronze.in 2.22i, 2. 10, 2.19, which was tA fastest time for a four-year-old gfp to that tfane. The season of 1883 was one unbroken chain of victories. He opened at Louisville, Ky., where heij||reated Charley Ford (2. IGj). He won the five-year-old races at New York, Washington, Chicago, and Pittsburg, where h* lowered his record to 2.17i, in straight heats. He defeated the famous gelding Majolica (2.15) in straight heaU for a special purse at Cleveland, lowering his record in the last heat to 2.15^. Director and Clemmie G. lowered their colors to the little black wonder »|BaffiJo, where be won the 4^000 purse for six-year-olds and under. Rochester hung out 12,000 for him to beat his record, 2.15^, and at the second attempt he flew under the wire in 2.14. This mark was lowered a few Wetoks later at Providence to 2: 11} fHis 1884 campaign was solely against the watoh. At Chicago he trotted a heat in l^. On August 1st, at Providence, against 2:10}, he trotted the second heat in 2:10, the fastest heat ever trotted by any horse to that date, and Jay-Sye-^ waapronounoed the fastes|pottor in the world, only to b« dethronedinezt day by Maa^., who oat it down to 2:09]. He trotted a mile later on at BuHIo in 2:10}, tad one week later finished a mile iiliidlO. The little black wonder was kept in retirement during 1885, but in 1886 will A sent to out down his already wonderful record and endeavor to equal the 2t-'8i of M aud S. [ 4" FAMOUa H0H8KS. >• PHALLA8. »tl3 3 4. «.n of Mambrlno Chief, third dam by Si^^Uam J.„ „f .-""l T°' ''*'" "^^ ^"«'«'»' by H. C. McDowell. Woodlake. KyJ^^S^^uZl^^" '"^''^- ^'"'"" ''«' ^red Racine. Wis. He made hi. fi«f .,„ki- ^ ^ ''*' P^*^"* °''«>«. J- I. Ca«e o.d.wh;rehet«Zt «hiSL"t.eT?S' '«StT 1" I^^^' « "^ fi-.^r ■' t«rf date, from 1883. Starting in the 2^34 oll^Jcie™! ^f^'"'^ -PPearance on the : to Index in .low time (2:32i. 2^29J) for ench TTo^ ih T ' " ^°" '^' ^"^ »'^° ^^^ , the next three heat, in 2.29i 2:22* Id 2 isj^l??^' ''"«'''° '''' ^'^- ■"><» «'>'" •ppeartnoe wa. i„ the th^^-minute rL at Plll,^'^"'? """" '" » i"*' H'* next Majolica; bnt. althongh beaten he d^e the!^ ' ^^"^ ''* ""^ **«f«*t«d by h-t in, 2:17, which .ld.T5iy LTrte^f iTff "° 1 ^••"•' °"* ^ *"« ^^Ird He wi. al«. forced to n.o.nn.l>VMJ^^\^MC^rTJ":- **''''"'-'-'« r«ce. ■ The Chicago .ammer meeting, hrwivriawtt^^ -"d Waahington. tg thi front. Starting in the 2:4? ctl ^1!, ? r f "',°°- ""^ ^'*'"'"- •>" ^"ver. being trotted in 2:2.iShe thrlite^^t^^^^^^^^^ meeting. In it he wu *« »,»«* *u ""wever, lor 93.000. wa. the card of thn Startle'won thl^fi^t hea" hldTin I'.rZlTt' l''"^"'?. "'"'' """• ^'^ «-- .tart. The nextthree heat, and^^-l weA^tn Tv PhT ' o T"^' ""'"« »° ' '^ Duqne«.e and Phalla. didbattrrlyalaTclvi / '" ^?'*' ''•■'"' '^^'^'i- theflr.theatin2:19i. In the ^.ZdTeft howev t R^r '^^^ I>"que.ne won «.d .ent the .n of bicUtor foTtte'll^otSTL^^^'rr 'S '\'- ^ unapproached since 1876. He failed in th« .ff ^"""fg'er (2:161), which had stood Xhen.xttwoheat.were won4rj=lt ^^^^^.^^Z^t feateS'-jltjl^'EId i^^^^^^^^^^ ^f -Jng when he de- 2.20. butth. next three were siured by SZ int 8 ^19 2 S ""' '""'' *" -.s;rj/urojrr=ttdr.-er"^^^^^^^^ The 1884 campaign wm open^'the freJ« ir^M^'''* [T:"'^ '«'^** "'-'• heatin2.19J.th«.Phall..'w.ntonandrnrl:^'''i3„,J'^^^^ "*" «"* the word he went away like a bullet an,! w J.! *k "'.'••*''•**'»••» n>»rwl. At l.«J. •»< «~n, hon,, .„M . Tolh, „t oh^V. i „, T?f ™ 'l"~-(b from his dam and her progenitors the stoutest strains of trotting blood, judging frobi the performances of their o&prings, that are known td the world. He is a trotter by breeding and instinct and about as near the " thoroughbred trotter " as can be reached at t^e present; dajr. Patron was sireciby Panooast, 2.21], dam Beatrice by Cnyler, 2nd dam Mary Mam- brino t>y Mambrino Patchen, 3rd dam by Embry's Wagner, 4th dam Lady Belle by Bellefonnder jr., 6th dam by Koecuisko. Paacoast, 2.21], was sired by Woodford Mambrino, 2.21 i, by Mambrino Chief, dam Bioara, by Harold, (the sire of Maud S., 2.08}), 2nd dam Belle by Mambrino Chief. Cnyler (the sire of Patron's dam) was by Rysdyk'sHambletonian, dam OreyRoee by Harris' Hambletonian by Bishop's Ebmble- tonian, and Mambrino Patchen the sir* of his grand dam is a full brother to Lady Thome, 2.18^, being sired by Mambrino Chief, dam by Oano, son of American Eclipse. This royally bred youngster received his ear^ lessons at the stables of Cope Stinson in Brantford, and it was while in the careful hands of that aooomplished trainer he first showed signs of the wonderful speed, which raised him in his three-year-old form above any oolt of that age that has ever been foaled. His first appearance in public was on the 2nd of September, 1884, in a sweepstake for two-year-olds, at Brantford, on a half mile toaok. His opponents were Joeh Billiags and Oreil Soott. The race was finished in very short order, Patron distancing the field in the first heat, which was trotted over a heavy track in 2.42^. This mark is to-day the two-year-old record of Canada. Soon after this the speedy youngster was retumed^^ Glenview, at the request of the late Mr. J. C. McFerran, to be trained for h i s (ttlfee- year-old engaftements. His tutor from that time to the present was O. J. Fnller.Vhe head trainer and driver at Glenview. « ^ ' Patron's first appearanoe in 1885 as a three-year-old was at the Washington Park. Breeders' nleeting, Chicago. Barely d">«" Silverone wa. Ro«.'^ the celebrated Califo^Ljyth^"^^^^^ '^''" P«rf°™-o« tied Hinda a specially prepaid tnwk wUh eLtfr^^^ t Performance, which was made over track fully Lo^«^nri;,rl T'tie ' " n" 'T ' """" *"" ^ "•«»« "^ » race with other hon^ ' »" «>« way aU record, riiould be made, viz., la a HAKtfT W1LEE8, «.|*. teiicJ^rdLny^oii^C^^^^ Whip. Agl«.oeathi.b«^J;iiJ^'i,":?'^«»*^ "^"P- "^ ^•^''•'»™'» ~w one of George WUk-- get fi^intwirmn^h "ghtning-lik. .peed. For whp ever h«r«. blood WM ualfd ^XI^^Z^'^Tt^ZZ^^J^ *** ^'"°' *^- »"» hoaor of holding the farted r««.d. ZlT^ t^^^ ^LT"- °*^ ^'"''•""' *•«» of the gr«»«« of By«iyk'.Ha«bUtonir«^d^li?^^'*^'°"'^*^'"«»'*«" Th. not«i gelding MVa»on. fiASk, oomtag n^^ "^ "^"^ "*" *" *•"• ^.30 li.t. He wa. bonght a. a twoxyearoM bv W » TAfa,i.». . n. ._ and it wa. hi. lat«.tlon to keep him IZ, but wiT^tL ^'*"**' ^^' '"' ««». h«l .ir«i ..vw, fod* A. a LyJ^B^ T^.w*^ !^ " * '«""• y««-old after he them aU. getting a «oori ovr L^^JS oTLSltt" '° """ "^ ""' *"» rtart«l thefollowlog year, bat Intf^nTtf fs^' Mr W r T "^ °' "- "»» porohaMd him for 16,000 and plad him L ^« i. j i ^' ' *^'*"°*' *" ^•'' York, and djove^m in hi. nu-^-?^rai.rC^^'hr »- ^"^ ^"^"^ au.nXTtZr^Hrn::;:;SLVt:::j'£^^ A. V. PantUnd, Walnut, TorHTrT ij^£?„^'«' ^^f" "t* ■"«» ""h oHnker. r^5i0 t^j4«>il..lH ' ,.ii*c r Ajfe-J./k -A A-—^ 160 FAMOUS BOl / trotted ln-2:I8J, 2:19, 2:18J. The foUowlng wee£ found hioi »t the Exposition half mile track at the Smoky City. Here be gave the first heat to Walnut in 2:26, and then «rent on and won in hollow style in 2:24| 2:24}, 2:23. . From Pittsburg VanNew brought the game little gelding to Cleveland (ud entered him through the grand circuit. He started in the 2:23 olafs and secured first place handily after losing the first heat to A. V. Pantland, the fastest heat being trotted in 2:19. • ,' - * » a At Bu&lo the following week he met the renowned mare Catchfly in the 2:19 class. It was predicted that sne would stop him before the race was finished. He, however, went on and won it in one, two, three order in 2:184, 2:16i, and 2:17, there seeming to' be no limit to his speed. Seven started in his ohMiat Rochester the following week. Catchfly won the first heatin 2:18^, and Harry Wilkes the next two in 2:17J and 2:17J. 3Jhe fourth heat was won by Catchfly in 2:19J. In the fourth, which was trotted in 2-20, the gelding beat her oift an opea length, but the heat and race was given to the mare on account of a foul. After winning at Utica the following week, he sterted in the great $10,000 purse at Hartford, which he won after losidg a heat ^ King Almont, the fastest heat being 2:17. At Springfield he beat Majolica (2:16),and the great Canadian rpare, Phyllis (2:16J), winning the last three heats handily, thq third beingjn 2:15, his present record. During the second week of September te defeated Clemmie G. at Providence in a hard fought six heat race, the fastest heat being in 2:18i ; but the big chestnut rikare, by Mapc, turned the tables on the gelding at the Bbston meeting. At Albany he trotted an exhibition mile in 2.164, *» tiiat magnificent gpwd capacUv which «nLi A" " ^'^ ^^"'^ indication, of head «.e lUt until trad^^ofth^mLXrion '"■ ^ '^^^ '««'''^' "^ 4<^i'roZetr;:L:orrtirirt''"''^"**''"*°^^ -'f- . «ting in the eelebratod^ heat a Hi^^^tfordT.TlVT,:!''? "' ''"'""P'- -''»•■ «ain .he three f.,te.t consecutive hetl ov« ±tik *' '"«• ''•^^i- '^"oh .till re- The m«wn »pened at Waahington. D. C. and LittleDro,hvMi.t«,.t »k .. rf. hu campaign by winning the 2.30 c1m« pnrU in ■trrilhTV- r^WE ^ ""* ^"^^ ""*« He .1« won. but wi»h,«rieMening hU reJSTaf Fort^ ^^"'*** •*"« 2.19f. maw. and Or«pd Ra^7 M«higaf. HeTJ'dla^l'E QW a^f r. ^"* '"«• teata. in the 2.20 c!a« ; but in the free-foT-all wa. dXti hv M^J T"' *" '*'•'«*'» " he put In the .econd heat i« 2.m Little TLr^l'T, ^ ""*'* ^°°*«''' "Jthough whitefaoedmare •* ^ttaburg S-j^tlL^hTr ^^^^ «'''»^«' ^^^^ gramme. however.atChicago*inthifech«aiwCuJL and the phenomenal alde^heeler wa. «,nt thr«, f«it mi fclj f « J" ^""'^' field goe, without ..yii^ He toft them p, f" SKT* tJ '^'T^ '*«''^'i them, for the three heat, were paced in 2 ^2 Tli o TJt 1, / f """"""^'' '-^^ pac«i or trotted up to that timelAfter failing t^* J^' " ''"'*'" *•"■" •"«*■ «^ where itwaama^efhe wen.rBuf^o I^^*^'?"! , T'^f ^'-"-a*"" P«k, heat with ..« in 2.13|.b«t in the uex^el^irL^'; ^a'^f .'***°" """^ At R«ohe.ter, however, on the foUowln« w"k h« rZ- ^ i^,^ ^^ ''*' distanced, feating the «.me field in .trai^ht h«t lnTl5, 2 ^^6 W f t '"'"'^•'" ''^ <««'■ to lower hi. record at Utica,he wa. ...^ „n to iWrtfo;d 'hlo^^ 1 ".°« '-anattempt gie.te.t and craning performance. "*'«wd, which wa. to be the wane of hi. On the 24th of Auguat Uoy and Mattie Hunter and Llttl« B- t * th* free for all. at Charter Oak Part HartfoM f^. . ^ ^"'^'^ ''"« »'»rted In __„.______ — -rz=r^ jmaaa m Ml. n^^.. Hwroira ma teen tha ioMj, o| ,««^ ■■■',' .*: ^^^^M^Uftfijii,. „4^H«*^^ *^'^^^' ' *' V'' «i I l\ I many fanlons perforiiM||||)eii, before 9^^^^, but ^1 wondeS^l performanoe of Little ,^9.xv^'D. Jug on that day'^.0lgait/ And feb-Jba^iM ;ii|npie,pa9e|;^' mil^ I^^2f li.'^ r mmac^49ki#S^ record^ j^iahed a \^^ matches making it 2. l^, and repeated it next day. Such is ||p||4^rful campaign which opened in May and closed on the first ich'ine ebampiqn' side-whpeler pace^^orty-aeven heats at an M|^r- twenty-two in 2. 16 o* better, aififlhirlMen in 2. 14 or better. 1 , , . Mr. H.y. ipemis, owing to ill health, having decided to dispose of Mf^l^k '* *^bat ever lived, and oth ^aptkin Walster (pacerl/was also the dam of Majolica, 2.13, by Sta/tle, and of the dam of tlie% Wilkes, 2.15, whbse performances have excited' - last three years. His second dam was by Parish's I Brown I'ilot^son of Copgorbottom. Thus we see th« V 1 ^t ip Conformation, w{th<>a ever were saen on a nd i^, without doubt, » iing of Black Cloud fs ood that is rarely met with. > of Lady Thorn, 1. 18i, one His dam. Old Lady, by of the - sensational trotter trotting gelding Harry tfng world during the i»r), and his third by Old |qM o f Mambrino Chi e f- W Aloan Montreal, 2.2.3 dam ^\\j/l^^^>vil^* ^ / ■ , J'AMOUS HORSES. - - • ' w Ashland Chief, which hiul h- . 163 " befor. Ph.ii , '°"'°'* '■«°°'-d attainable h« „ iJT " ""J*"* "^ •»» manajfeM "tired to the rtnd aS worthil ^T ^^P"'*°" »°d F-^-y M.pL H« h "*"* " 1 ALCAATARA Jr. 3700. • and irot;: .^ rne'^rn^fri?' 't'" ^'^ "^"^ " " """-^ably i.^elli^ent and gpneral gamey look ZT' .^"'"»''^'«. Prominent bright eye. thi„ '"**"'?•"'* «"»». «honlder..Jd«Lrd Vr^*'''*''''^"' *'"''««»» blood thl Z^l ?'\^''^"''8 «»"• uie breeding it aUo of the Rhhmt ...j u ■ *^ "* *" endowed. ta« which „. .««„.„ J ,. S i."^ '"» ".tav...,,.,.. ^ ^ ^^ tSttMS^^.'^l) ^ tjU -M , <'(.l.xnn,. i^> |, , "< \ ^ 164 FAUODS HORSES. •peed two of hU get (Alpha, 4 yean, 2.25}, and White Soaks, 2.2Si), having abeady en tered the 2.30 list. ' George Wilkes has paternal grandsire is withoat doubt the greatest ''■IrA that has up to the present tiine appeared in trotting annals. He is now in his grille, but he has left behind him a career that no man living will see repeated. His performances on the track are without parallel, even n the present day. He trotted two miles without an eitort in 4.44/ and pulled a wagon half a mile in 1.04}. He was equally at home as a pole horse, orlto a wagon either road or skeleton ; in fact, nothing came amiss to him as is proved by nis harness record of 2.22, wagon, 2.25, and double,.^ 2.28, all of which he beat several seconds in severe and oft repeated trials.' He was kept very busy on the turf until this seventeenth year, 1873, when he made his first season in Kentucky. At the dose of 1885, he was credited with forty-one performers i&'^.30 or better, and stood second in the list of speed producing sire, eclipsing ef en his famous sire Rysdyk's Hainbletonian, the Hero of Chester, who spent all his life in the stud, and only six less than Blue Bull. Alma Mater, t|ie dam of Alcantara, is also the dam of Alcyone, 2.27, the sure of the three-year-old filly Silverone (2.24J), that drove Patron oat in 2.19}, at Louisville, Ky. She was got by Mambrino Patchen, full brother to Lady Thorn, 2.18J, the trotting Queen of her day. Alcantara Jr.'s dam Bourbon Belle was sired by Administrator, by Rysdyk's Ham- bletonian, who not only had a record of 2.29} himself, but also produced Catchfiy 2.18}, one of the gamest, fastest, and finest gaited maras that ever wore harness ; McMahon, 2.21, and Executor, 2.24^. His dam Dolly Heyitead was by Mambrino Chief, thus giving Alcantara Jr. one more cross of that famous strain, which gave the trotting tiirf so many brilliant performers. Bourbon Girl, 2.304, ^^^ grand dam of the subject of this sketch was got by McDonald's Mambrino Chief, the third ptrain of this blood, and his great grand dam Belle, by the fainons Alexander's Abdallah, the sire of Goldsmith Maid, 2.14,and Almopt with twenty-nine performers in 2.30 or bett<6r, and other famouatt^^d producers. » r "T bio of WOl oxp «up< driti verj troti Rem 2.20 The. Pitts posse befor iodiv when bined ' / KENttCKY PRINCE, Jr. (3139). Kentucky Prinpe, Jr., is a beautiful ohestnut stallion, foaled 1S74, standing 16 hands high and is ow^iOd by Mr. T. H. Love, Montreal, Qu. He was sired by Kentucky Prince (2470). by Clark Chief,(89),who was a son of the great Mambrino Chief (11) ; dam Patchienie, bj Mambrino Patchen (58), who was also got by Mapibrino Chief (11) j 2nd dkm by Clay Trustee, By Imp. Trustee, out of Imp. Lady Suott ; 3rd dam by Southern Eclipse. A glasce at the above is sufficient to show any one conversant with pedigrees, that Kentucky Prince, Jr.'s lineage is an exceptional^ strong one, and that the speed inheritance fro^ such potent bloo^ lines must be productive of good r^ults. His sire, Kentucky Frinoe, has proved himself a «peed producer, having such per- formers as Bayonne Prince, 2.21J, Spofford, 2.28} inkis roll of. hono«t while his gra«d sire, Clark Chief, the sire of Cfoxie, 2.19J, Woodford Chief, 2.221, and f»«'•«• It i. true when a horse possesses all of these 1!^,.^ ' '°°'" "'"' * f«hionable pedigree • but bined in Kentucky. .Jr a„1 h '^^^f"'*"' »° """oh the bettor. Tha^™ ISf ' y Jr., and he cannot fail to become a famous sire of t^^ * *"""• HAHBRINO KING. "^■X by C. J. Ham in. Esq.. proprietor of the vS^TfIL' fiT '"°'' '>" ^'"' P'"-"'>'«ed y. Ho was sired by Mambrino Patchen (58)1,^*^ % ^*° '^"'«' '""" ""flalo. N. Thorn. 2.18i, by Mambrino Chief ( 1 1 ) Jl^,;""'; f f' ^'^^rated trotter, £ady Kentucky Hunter , 2nd dam by J rmlngham td /' f "'" ^°"''" («'' "V Bay ernng to thp 2.30 list, we find two of 7.2 I^ m'" J ^'''"""^' "»«•• «'" Ho •ncluded in the trotting roll of honor ^ ' ^^ ^"''' ^-^l' »°d ^%Mui^.m Mambrino King stands 15.3 hands hiah »n^ ' "^MB^E^-- ' m-Bsioner, the handsomest horse into 1^ rr^^Tr^' byt^iw^om- and g.K.d breeding are united with symLl^td if" "'^'«"'' *-**"'«--. -rage -ahd S:r Jgrm:Ctr^-r;^^^^^^^^^^ been dri.en by .r. He, an exhibifon trot at the LexingS. flif Zn he w "i:" "' I88I. heVwed S jogged to the half-mile pole, and rewated^ w .7" '^"^^^ * ''*" »«« «n 1.14 v^rrT- «^^-^" "«^*^^- -Srsr M "r'/**'""'* • ''-^' l^ance for him. and during the short period hetJ^^' ^'' ^- ''■ "*'»"« PaW * laiKn twenty.fivo thousand people hSJimll^^ 'T*^ "* ^"•*«e Farm not U i, de«,ribed a. foUow^bJ a 070^1*^ writr •"""' '^'"- ^"^ ""^"^S! ' His rich. «.tin-like chestnut oc*tglisteZ'irl ... <^«.B.te proportions, «.d lofty in hi. .pSLtii" ?k ^l* ' """' ^^d*"-"' »« hi, blan of the de«.rt. Indeed, a. he .tool S TT *'"° '^% ?"«<»«» Nedjed Ara pointing forward, and bU Ui^gt^k r^:Xt7r,f"'^'^ '"'• «««"<' «^ i,|p- and hi. .ymmetrleal barrel rUn^-l^ri^^yn^^^^ "^ ■'-""« ^nty^ ys %, % m. li ^^ |a1' report of Baron Favorot de Kerbeok, hia mvcirninetit to make an extedaiye FAMOUS HOBBES. flo^^llpVHl, gracefully floating lik&a gotsamer banner, w« thought that if heoould be instaitly tranafixed into marbel, he would remain forever the aoulptor'i model of an ,M«!»I hor»e." ■■;' The following is an extract from the French Coloi&el of Dragoona, vf] tour of inspection of the horaeiVi America " Mambrino King is the moat splendid speeimen/^e had the opportanity of admir- ing. Imi^e an Alfred de Dreux, a burnt oheatnut, whole colored, standing 15.3 bands, with an expressive head ; large, intelligent and spirited eyes ; well opened lower jaws, well set ears; the neck and sh^mlders splendidly Bhaped,''long and grace- fully rounded off; the shoulders strong a^d thrown back, well ; the withers well in place and top muscular, the riba round and loin superb ; the crupper long and broad ; limbs exceedfngly fine ; the joints powerful ; the tail carried majestically, and all the move- ments high and spirited— imagin^^Ql this, and yon will have an idea of this stallion. He is OS open, if you look at him iif front, as he is in hia hind quarters— the whole animal being an embodiment of ptirity of lines, elegance and elasticity. He is, in petj^tion," y , His grea disp< % r PANCOAST. iS»l 3.4. ' Panellist, the subject of this sketch, was Bt^d by A. J . Alexander, at Woodbnrn Farm, Kentucky, and sold with the whole croifofHrotting bred colts of that year, when a weanling to Messtv. Baker. .& Harrigan, of Comstock, New 7ork, and ya^hased from tJiem by the late J. C. McFini|a & Sfkn, of Olenview Stock Farm, whence was two years old, where he is riSnf owi^ . / ,f ., Pancoast ia a beautiful mlah<$^a^y, foaled 18771, and stands 15^ hands high. He was sired by M^^ord M^brino, \%^\), dam Bilaria, by Harold; 2nd dam Belle by Belmont, ^^fe '^ / This pedigree ia remarkable, as all the crosses entering into it are through the best individuals of the tried and moa(t popular ap^ed producing faq^lies, and making the horse standard UjAjMidl the rples known and recogg^iji by breeders of trotting horses. WoodfordlWi^iDlino, (2.21^), Papnost'il sire, wiiPoot only the greatest son of Mam- brino Chief but ww also one of th^^grek^t trq|^|(;trs of his day. £^« was ^^ thegreateat speed producer produced by his famoussfaSjL.Mving eleven 2.3d perfoi^ers bra«k«Med opposite hia name. Of'-Harold^^the t^mlTfiilHilain Bicaria who wa^fall aister to Mo- harder neeeasary to apeak, he being so well-known to aiMM of bi^peerleaa daughter the Queen of the trot- ■■ire of Panooaat'a grand dam, Belle, is by Mam- yoafljf horae a second cross of that stout strain . Bel- mont ia considered one of the fii^dres living, and as the sire of Nutwood 2. 18}, Wedge- wood 2.19, "the unbeaten," and nine other flyers en the 2.30 list oconpies a very enviable poaition in the mind's o)| bfeedera. Pancoast ia a home of great mnaoalar developement. He^aa a well-ahaped, game-looking head, with an expreaatonof great resolution, broad between ttte eyea, deep jowelsand very wide apart, neck atrong, right aide up and not coarse, oblique abouldera and big middle piece with amooth full coupling, round hipa and grand atiflea, so that atandintc broadaide or behind him he appeara to great advantage. Curdya Hambletonianv 2.28i, the world by the onequalled' ting tatf,MaadS.', 2.08) '-M brino Chief, th^ giving thia filuids2ii ahaw. Be Warrior, lock. The '. Canadian Black Wa Orantham 4 i^^ia-h \ffi. % " ->• .-f'.-rj^fr^^m ^^^^"•'vr FAMOUS HORSES. 167 « dlnx«itio«..nd.gaitthatrfa3uk« ^^ •"-*'-«'• ^«"»>-l«'oed brain,, perfect IfiM^rr^u ^"'* T'^*' •*" appearance on the trotting turf as a aix-vearold In vr^„ at Chicago in straicht heata Hpf«»H„^ t . 1 j ' '^ ^"^ *•" ''°'' * 8ta»»on race days late' he -ecu S^^/:/^^^^^ Highland Chief handily. T.o 2.28, 2:28. 2.26. "tr.ight-heat victory, defeating Big Soap and Waiting in VanrKStpttThVrPa""^^ ^« ^^^^^ -"^ Swallow,Kitty Silver D«f«„H„ m * ^, ?>! "'^tober he met MoLeod, Lena »P«>lly b. b« p„,„ «„„], „„t onlv tk. ™,rbn. tt! " ? " >»«'»»1" .™.« tb. ,.. b^ ,. _ ^ «.n^;»"r Jirst^r4^ri:r '• n^ cwc^fc- YOUNG ROYAL GEORGE. • A Yonng, Royal George is a dark bay hone with a iter in f„«.i. ., , Bkok Wrtor, . «» o( mppo, H. «. fc l™^j;; '«" to i8«, «d j.t b. i^J'ri^Sb. "^' 168 FAMOUS H0B8E8. ona trotting nuro Lady Byron, 2.28, sprang from his loini. C]iarley Donglaa ilredCora, 2.29i ; Grantham Chief got Commodore Nutt, 2.29 ; Field's Royal George prodao«d Byron. 2.25^^ who got Ottawa Chief 2.25, and General Love, 2.30. He also got from a mare by Smith's Flying Chiiders the famous horse Howe's Royal George. This horse sired Caledonia Chief, 2.29}^ the sire of Tommy B., 2.29J, ai^ Erin Chief, the aire of the bay mare Syndicate, 2.25^, and whose early death was one of the heaviest blows ever received by Canadian breeders of trotters. Springville Chief is credited with Leon Boy, 2.29^. Toronto Chief is, however, the greatest representative of Old Royal George. He was himself a trotter, as his record of 2.31 shows, and a producer of speed, having sired Thomas Jefferson, 2.23 ; Lady Hamilton, 2.30 , and Belle of Toronto, 3.30, He also aired the dams of Joe Pettit, 2.30, and Toronto Maid, 2.28^. His mA» have also proved. themselves to be speed-producera, and tranamit with great unifMmity the trotting gait of Old Royal G«orge. Thomas Jefferson has eight represen^ives on his roll of honor. Royal Revenue three, Niagaw Chief two, and Jones' Toroaio Chief one. In'Canada the Royal Georges have kept their end ap to the last few years, aven against the produce of horaes imported from the adjacent kingdom. The bay gelding, Russian Spy, 2.26^, by Murphy'a Royal George began trotting ten years ago and is still holding his own against the ilyers of Eurupe at Vienna, Austria, to which place he was ahipped a couple of yearaago. Murphy's Royal George also got Tom Jefferson, 2.31^, owned by Mr. James Booth, Orange ville. The grey gelding General Beamish, 2.28^, by King George was also owned by Mr. Booth when he was burned. There is also very good grounds for claiming the Washburn Horse, the sire- at. ■ Moose, 2.19} — in fact, some do claim it — as a son of Royal George. But leaving all- suppositions aaide, and taking the hard facta before us, we must accord the grand old son of Black Warrior a very high poaition as a sire. When we take into consideration the class of mares served by him and his get, no one can pronounce him other than a wonderful producer of trotters. The breeding of the dams of nearly every one of his sons is wrapt in obscurity, or, if not unknown, '^as largely thoroughbred. Still the in- dividuality of this horse was so great as to stamp all of his get, not only with an in- stinct to trot but also transmitted it to them in such a marked degree that they transmit- ted it to their offiiprings and their get. For example we find Toronto Chief trotting in 2.31 and his son Thomas Jefferson in 2.23. He in turn produced John S. Clarke 2.10}, Lizzie M. 2.20:^, and six others with records better than 2.30. Prince of Wales, the sire of Young Royal George, the subject of this sketch, was also the sire of the dam of that grand horse. Young Wilkea 2.28^, by George Wilkes and the dams of many good horses in Western Ontario. Mazeppa, the sire of Young Royal George's dam, was a cream-colored stallion with white mane and tail, standing 16 hands, of unknown breeding. Mazeppa's own merits, however, were quite sufficient to give his progeny a reputation both as stayers and fon speed. In 1852 this high class horse defeated Blind Hookie in a twenty mile contest at Hamilton. Of the Black Hawk it is unnecessary to speak at any length. Sound, strong, speedy and serviceable horses by them are to be found in every part of Canada. As roadsters they have but few equals, and their diapoaition ia good. In appearance they nearly all possess the conformation of the old Morgan horse, front, #iuoh aonroa the Black Hawk tribe sprang. I iSa ;,,«|,v.,«:-, "r..''%r*j»' FAMOUS aORSKS. ■ILL BOY AND BLONDINB. 16» -u. „^, Cobb „, N..uir.rb„"imtriXi^?::'l'ri°" *r H. B. WINSHIP AND MATE. ♦^ ']^'« '*.•»«"» Waok gelding wa« one of the pheaomenal trotters of 1884 W. ~^ j to aalky being 2.20i, and with mate 2.06. Winahio i. 9 vZ^Zf }^l . "^'^ ^iredby Ariatoa. eon of Daniel Lambert, dam bTcol MoulZ t' l^'^ "«"' .given a few momenta as a breather and directiv .ff7 T ^' Wmship waa mate. Only onceor twice did they awfn^ rand 5 T\?' *° '"*"" '''*'» ^^ wire With a ruah. and with a machi: Zaldt^^^^^ reached the quarter in 30i aeconda. with the black ^eldL a hiJ in 7^11 , l!v>" ner. Down the back atretch they keep up the pace.TdTt the Sf "n uL ',?' "l^] move level ; on around the turn thev soin off thTI.™^ r • . '''• ^^"^ "*»" in 1.43i, and it aeemed » though bothTta of nltZ:^' C""-" T *''^"^-- »P RAVEHr. V. htt f> Hing ^Bt«^e^t^fltthePfavte<»ro^ <^«ebw,---°^J^^^^ #«^* *f^ ,(' ^^^. Vi*^!^, 170 FAMOUS UOIiSEa. '%. nilNTINe. \ Minting is by Lord Lyon out of Mint Sauoe, thus commiaglinp; on his sire's and dam's side some of the very choicest blood in the history of the Bn^ish thoroughbred. H% "Lordship though in his day the hero of the triple event, viz:^ ,the Two ThousancL Guineas, the Derby, and St. Leger, has not been a great success as a sire, and we are now dealing with far and away his best representative. Minting is described by com- ' petent,critic!S who closely looked him over to be one of the grandest looking two-year- olds that ever appeared on the English turf, in fact he has been described as looking as well finished as a first-class appearing four-year-old. Minting; who was bred and trained by Mr. A^per, made his first appearance in* 18$5, at Gosforth Park, in July^ in the Seaton DglavaT Stakes, which be won from a very fair field. At Goodwood in the Prince of Wales Stakes he had a very easy run f6r a rich prize, and ho had an equally sofl^time in the Champagne Stakes at Doncaster, where he beat Gay Hermit and Philosophy. , jlis fifth and last race of the season was also'his most important one, it being the Middle Park Plate, in which lie defeated sach oraisks as Saraband and Braw Lass. " FREELAND. % ^[o thoroughbred horse on the American continent attracted so much attention iby f) the brilliancy of his peHqrmances during the racing season of 1885, as the bay geldlpgV j FreelaDd, owned by Mr. 'i.'Corrigan, of Kansas City. ^ His three victories over Miss Woodford, (Billett— Fancy Jane), the hltbj^rto unconquored mare of the Dwyer 4|rps, , and whose unparalleled performanoes had won for her the name of the Queen, 'stalraM-i him not only her superior in speed, but-also the fastest horse of his year. v Freeland was bred by M^ Frank Harjjer, Midway, Kentucky, and was foale^ jl%3 1870. He was sired by Longfellow, son of Imported Leamii)gton, out of Belle Knigl)t by Knighthood, out of Kentucky Belle ^^m^dwood. It Is Aunn^cessai^r to describe in detail his many brilli^t victories. HflMpnet and defeated the best horses on the American turf, and has proved himself fi^Fclass at all distances. He has worthily up-^ held the reputation of his great sire, Longfellow, whose mighty struggle with Bassptt will ba long remembered by lovers of the thoroughbred. ■• , ^, ,. - , ' , ' * - .1*!'. * ■•' <♦ ' ■ - *, when il which 1 Leaminf quirer, ( tioo in 1 becomes Wh( tiori of tl blood q^ of its gra immortal paddock were not Hyde that the i Conkling, had one ol victories. ' Waddell I Lady of tl formers in !'^- IIYVER ALL " . . No better bred or higher quality of riae horse wop ever hrdught to Canada than '^ Hyder Ali." Unfortunately, the horse was badly managed, and Mr. Lyon, ^bo hod imported him, becomiikg disgusted with the poor encouragement entended, decided to jtart with him.^ General Rowett, of Illinois, caught him while in the humor, and bought the horse A a price which, in the lighi^f hi« after aocompliihments, must many times have made hini think of the good bargain he ihikde. , ,,^ ■ Hyder Ali was Ijred by A. Welch, Eidenhein^, Stud j Ba., and' was foaled li< 1882. He was sifed by the famous horse Imported Leamington, A^ Lady Duke, by LexingtQfl, grand dam, Magdaleh by Medoo, great grand dam J)|Attbi«ter. As a two>year old-, (le started in three races and wop once ; the promise qlfli'rMling (&reer wm a great onei t • tiM The bit Ik " the Ameri< 1^'^ Meeting, be ^> ^ also placed events prov ' ohased by ^ .- .. along with 1 '»» Mortemer. ' , PonUao at E .■•■ . >» three furlonj Em^ror, De ,f than any of **, V wards won tl ;„,« while at thre #., W it will b A*Xt day. P ingHio, ai^qt LM m Ji|Attbi«ter. Thftgfaiod teoderajji^ flesi orumsy— but i * j«^ ^ ■«s- M FAMOUS HORSES. Leamington oro« on I^xington IZ ^W f ,ri/'^'"« '""'"^ "^ *•>« «««. ^e t.on in the atud ol ou the 4e ecu "e 1 ^IL 1«„" kT u*'^' *"*•'""'"*"> "«ir Fe^uta- become, brighter and.,«ore enduring ^ " *'"'"'• ***•» «»<=•» succeeding Jear ^^^^Tliril^^Z:!^:^ *^« r ^^ --- ^- no conee, ■ blood o; Leamington ha, i-iproved anHnrich 7*;'' ""T "^"^ °' *'"'- «»'- The of .t, grandest resulta have been develop n con 1''" "•''" «'""' ' " '"'« ""^ny bad one of the bo,t t.o-year owVu ^Tt, f .t :^:^^n- '" ^^"^ °^ '"^ ^»' « '^ v.o^or.«. His beat representatives ou the turf r„ 885 were the! ""^'^ ''"-"""'^ ^°"^ ^ addell Bryant, out o! Jenny Rowett • th. fl , , ^^ '"'"yo*'- old brown colt Lady of th^ Uke. and the four^yel old Conkir' T "'' ''"'' """r"-- ^'-V CI - formers in good company. ^ ^°"'''"*8 "'"'' P^"^«J thonuel^es excellent per A -^ PON1HAC. ii '■■*• '' ' ' ' ' ■ *'" The black colt Pontiao. bv Ppm r„,.,„./ a . *- the American turf ih .885'. \ie w^n the tutSaT HaT: """ "' n'" ""«"'«'* "*- »' Meeting, beating such crack, as Richn.ond iuf S "*"'''^*P "* Coney T,la„d Sp,i,u. , al«, placed the Passaic StalTes at Monmoutht^r*'.""'' '"" * '''' "^ °''^'*- »^o even., proved himself a racehorseX^ m^ ■''^.t '^> T' .'« '^'« vU,.,.y .^ othe ohasedbyMr. Pierre Lorrillard at the Doncami„?' , *»*"\A«^,oria wa, ,,„,. a^ong with her brother, Pi.arro. and they Si Tl "' ''^' '"'''^ «»'»««. Mortimer. Agenorfa was inL, to Pe'.^iSme " abTl ? ^T''- '^'"^"^ ^**'> -'''^ Pontiao at R*Doooas. Hewas the fastest sllr * . blowing spring ch-opped three furlong, msj «,cond*.. n oTtit! * '^ '! *'"•' f"^"'. '" -'882.*dgftg'^Tu Em^ror. De Soto, tarlienia, Hn.for: ib JV^f T '^'""'**^' ^-^-^J^ than any of thejot. He wa^ third for the Wt-tl t ^^'T' P'-'-^ei^tte .ward, won the Guineas , „u, second for the Nel atkt' l^.f "*«^*"" ^'""' ^h-Xr- while at three ^ ra, a d«^ heat with Caml„r , ' ' "« **'• ^^""^ and owfer, «Spdit willbe ^emembe«dth^^Jalultrrt -".xtda,. Po-llaowa.thenbrolgrCkTArJ:'' ^»^--' *-^takes tt ■»•- ■^4* « CLVDESblsis Ao|MlEj$. '4/ % -4 *«der.V flesh 1.8*) lb., ^i^ !^..m closely that good judges cannot STath" r '!;':.'"'"'""'^'''"° *•'•""• ="-"•• however/in general b found a rather larger, bulkier animal, possibly a little coarser in bone and hair, with pastern. le«. obluiue. a heavier neck and crest, with round, ample body, and in manV cases po«««.ng more ambition and spirit. A model Shire sUUiou should possess good Jl^ r„M"'; "!T"« P"**™" -^ """^y hair . Coarse horses with thin, brafnles; hl^of utr d IT 7:t' . ^"*" ""'""^ *'"' •"''J°"*y ^' ^"Slish breeders, who have of later date brought this breed to perfepMon, aimed at producing the maximum of bone, hair and weight, but of late years they have been«iving much more attention and greater prominence to the legs and feet of their hor,.s. and the results have been eminently satufactory. The counties where the most famous Shire horses have been m««i are the fenlands of Lincoln, Cambridge. Derby, and the adjoining counties. whUe Lancashire has produced many famous animals. The Qounty of Norfolk should ^so be named as producing among many other well known Shire horses, the great 5rr ,7' r**" «*;'"'*' "*»'««'«' *»»"» »« first prizes consecutively at the Royal Society Shows of England, from 1867 to 1872. a feat, unprecedented in the annaU of horsi S K*!!; ^"""f^ther celebrated horses of recent years that have added lustre to ptn!" p'^*"' w^,""°**°° *•*" '''" *""""" ^^"^^ •"»"■« Spark, Enterprise of Cannock. Esquire. Pmce Wdham, winner of the Elsenham 100 guineas Challenge Cup as the bes animal at the great London Shire Horse Show in 1885, and whose picture appears on another page; Admiral Beauchief, Smorsham.. Umson, Rutland Champion, Whafs Wanted. King of Bucks, Bar None, St. Ives, and RoyaTSandy, the last named five all being owned by that enterprising breeder an^ exhibitor, Mr. James Forshaw. who has probably done more than any othel- man to popularijfe the Shire horse in England The breed has a great future before it. and ,must of necessity be one of the most favorably known on the American continent in a few years, as the most satisfactory re- sults have been obtained in crossing them w^th nattve mares. Thfl only thing that has of late years placed them lower than the Clydesdale in the estimation of people on this side o the Atlantic, U the fact that until a compamtively recent period very few really first-class Shire horses have been imported, the^rtkt bulk of them being second or third ch«« ammals purchased at smaU flgip^s for thetoje purpo«i of making large profits to the importers. Affiflrs have, however, qow assumed a different aspect, and as some of the best importers on the continent have gone into Shires, tha best hor«,s procurable are being placed at the ooVnmand of American breeders. Among others who have taken th« great vitial pioneefstep. Messrs. Galbraith %os., Janesville, Wisconsin, the fan.ous importer, of Clydesdales, may be mentioned. And in this their great experience and ripened judgment as draft horlw men, has stood them in excellent stead, for their selec- Uons has, in the general average, stood the most critical test, when judged from the draft horse breeder." standpoint. The horse. Beau Nash (2978), imported by them if an excellent specimen of the bre*d-in fact he is rega/ded by many as very nearly a model draft hpr^. He i. a brown, foaled 1881, bred by Mr. George Street, of, England got 4,y Beauchief. out of Cardiff Lass, by Britain. BeaucWef wa. by Devonshire Lad ton of the famous old Conqueror, and was a famous prizewinner. Cardiff Lass W' first, Moond, and third prize, at the Royal in 1872, 1874. and 1876. Cominias he does-'"' from Royal winners on both side., the excellence of ri|au Nash i. no accident, and the ' r^ord ol hi. pedigree being a history of show-yari triumph, .for many generation., and - thi. hor.e himtelf, after having won a good shalre of ribbons on the other .ide of th.f At- Untie, .ignaliMdhU fir»t appearance lathe American show ring by oarrylna off the -J!r«?mWr hn n o gjtth* MinnMotaSta M JVgf to4«8a. -^—^ ^: r:= 4, • 'I ■'*• 1*'! ,\ (^' s.. ■ *j* ■If •• I) r ^. ' ..,;.li W""! --^ ■ffW-'jn" 174 FAHODS H0BS8S. y 1^ J-, THE pAcHERON HOBSB. large, open, and red with n : jawi rather wide • 7h!n «„-. . i- ^u" . , ' "°'""* even; neck a trifle short, y'e! haricot J.;r;un?ngj h^SdV- SSrl *"' oreatri^id. rather high, and gracefully curved , man fbund « . ^^th Ji.ky hi . bZ^ coupled, body well ribbed "P.^und, 4ran::Sh'tt\he be^^^^^^^^ ,72 Zhed h" h\'"'"' -»Pbro»d. longhand moderaLy alo^^g Xe 5 ^Jh t ext,a large, strong joints, cords and tendons , short frS.' trL' eltnd hl^T ""^ tUe heels. Height 15 to Iftjhand* ; weight 1,300 to 1,700 lbs ^ and wtu S^at'Th '"''1' V^ r*"' "" *P*'"«" ^'"- '*'«^' '"'J *»«'' ""d disposition and well balanced bram rhakes that trait always reliabl,v and sWdom subject to Trvou" Ttv oTr. - '. ""f ''] ^'""P'" "■ '•"' '^"'* "^ ■««■ °* ''-'»-» and gentte ?aS wM^ .'" "",'' -r u*^' ^''^ •"'"" ^'"' ''«^- 'Their remarkable soundne« or which they «re fambu., has been established by the greatest care in hr«Xrr^ generation., until defects, such as ring>ne. oL anT:ptir»rnot eten'k^^^^^^^^ name in the coHntrjK where they are'., . ""' even Known dj ^ Some attribute the origin of tj.e Percheron horse to Arabian ancftstry, While man* claim tM t(,ey are^p^ly imprcgiated with Arabian blood. Eugene pTrraTlt „S LTuT''"' """^ -''"""I "orse dealers to all Europe, has VequertrlTrlel ha tdi?frr?H I "'■"• """^ "•"■" " '"^'^'''''^ *" »•'■?• * *'- PercLrous an, a™iJ ^rfl^ ^u^^"'""*' *'«>q«'»"'y.he was convim^od they were genS Arabs, modified m form by climate and the peculiar labor that he h J hZlt obliged to perform. T.ere is no, however, in'any writtn S.ly p^i^r eiZ' hat the Peroberon u, a pure Arab, but it i*easy by -fair historical deductio^ to prove they are m fa.t. It is well known that after the defeat of the famous Saracbn chief Abderamebj. Charle, M.rtel, q„ the plains of Vouille, the magdfirnt cavTv of th! enemy feu into,the hands of the victors, adH the.hor,;«'npon whS hjy Ire mltol . were, hke themselves, from the e«t. In a divtaion of the spoils a large nrmLTfeStf the men o La Perche. Orleans and Niirmandy. who coh,- oj^d a greater p^rHon of th^ P^h forces. The^ W.es must of necessity have lectin thdr poj^y indelible ' traoesof their blood La Pirchd al-o' toaished % contingent 9! fighLrmen for ih, crnsades. and the chronicles .cit- ■■^ ? . ■'■■ •*<■.. .'"/' ••■'•• •i,.'"!^'. .;' J. ■' • e /.' ■. • . t'v -..■.>•.>«■:; ;/{*' I ■l> * »N •.. ^ .^,.' y^ ■ ' * > > * • •ft ('X >-"z •^ « '^•»'«'' thaqn.l,tea of the, ir«, became it,deHWy8x«i upon tli«irpro»eiiv It i. L,W ■ '&': *^*'*''^,-»'^- ^-» *■--« V^ghtbackwith them Sir r^, n'^^^ ^Til> liab';:"t?\ "''^"■K,''"' preserved el«where,l£ th-t P.rohe iat arti Mle asto b6 able toahow vuible traces of it aftar u> Inhir a^'m- u.. i^ ^ ^ ., Jt^-htethemtolfoaref^lpre^rvation. IttlhTjftt^ .tat ^a-^^^^^^^ the PerehMon y elds to no other French ra/.B .n^ in. ^ 1 . . ». *""S'M'y the sou ZtZ nourished then. foHo X' g^ne^t X^1:l oS w'T"'7 T' for developing e« thei. highest stSte of perfee'tiL:;:;?^!^,;^:'''' "' " ^™"°^ The success of the Percherpn race has been remarkabJe All H*„»*^ „. j .. nations wish to procure it. Thef rices of th^ ch,!,:^^^ ht Jr^e^^ llw in the past few years, that they have-doubled aad trebled in valne^^ZlXS • have attempted to bidder the emigration their best stallions, by rfferihXl «ntS project, however had a contrary eflFect from what y« expected. Tfre prfzerZ^ved L signs to the foreign buyers, who came fo Frano^ purine the choioUt .f 3 ^ the almost fabulons pnces offered for their sUlliou,, and thas di.,appeTrs, yeaMy yTr the flower of their stallions and brood .nares. The P^roboron breader3 L xJnZlL benefits of the present., without thinking what will be the effect in the future '^t One of the qualities of this breed of horse; and which hasacquired fb. them a Whaf rpT*'**"'.".'"* *'°*"°'' ''''"'' lowing a very heavy Lad What the Peroheron. do i, the dillgenc^ majkand post cosihe. U kKn^ to every foreign traveller, and it is n.ele«. to enhJ^e-UpTit. Frl^o^X to another, drawing not le«, than two and often three thonsand poHndri^aJ kinds of weather, over hilly roads. th»y^ake their three lea^Ie, T hou and * sometimes four, but this is ne plu. .Utra. <^at they do in the om*„lba.i theUw ' that visit. Paris sees only to admire. a«d lorm^ne of the great^t .t«ri^ io„, orthe Peroheron horse to the observing stranger ' *'^°'*'*",»T'°"''n« o^ the the F?errtT",j'S aIh;^^^^^^^^ ^^ wbieh the introdaotio. of woHd, th^ ^ught wiuitiT^^^^i^j ^z^J::^:i we e their horses, thby being a prime nece«ity ?or , the cultivation of tTe soH u "a ' Wbichtliey were i„ toe future to depend for their support and pro,perfty iZ change iro^n the^alubriooi climate of suany France to 1 cold.- bLk hUl. of Jhe l^iger St. Uwreoce mOst have been a severe one But th«i^ n»;„, V**^ .-T. tibnal vigor aW. hardihood sustained them. althoL X rtor of ^ TJ > their -scanty f*^. and the Innumerable hard^Mp, they^let f: e" ^'endlre^tnTei « togrealy*edm=9th«ir ««, and inore.«» tl^ei.' haidin.«. e,tabli.hinK for tThemtM f "' repuutlon as th«to«ghfi.t of. all breeds, unta " iv.4b a. .VLdi!„ "i^ became t " common^rm »11 over tfee country in expressing tj,e «pe„ative of J 'arl«« They were no doubt for many yiar. kept pnre; buMjJWnqu^t bythe E.ZT,.,uI' consequent Introductton of the English ho«e. /oonled I. f Jon of 2 tl b li,. tosome extent -.^ilh he m^ happy resulU-land m^y of the most famZ h'se o*^u^ day are triM-e^ble. fa, that tirh ss fr fact, .h. ,„ n .> , . ^ *" *"""'' ■ t- f f -I V 'u of liuju, m ia "f 176 FAMOUS HORSES. "y-^r. 'jOS t,«t*Hi a mile in twro minate. and fifteen seoonds, was an imported Frenofe hanTe. «nd many other famons ones of tlie same origin. « The Percheron horae was first introduced to the United States by Mr. Harris of Moorestown NewJer«.y. in 1839. The active commencement of the importation of horses from France, however, dates from 1851, and was made by Mr. Chus. PuUinKton. of Ohio, and Dr. Marcus, of the same State. The pai^r. Marquis and Dolphin, which has been selected to illustrate this very" useful as well as beautiful breed of howes. arettM«nificent specimens of their race ihey are owned by Mr. Daniel Dunham, Wayne, 111., who is one of the most intelligent ana successful breeders of this useful race of horses in America, and has been President ■ of the American Percheron Breeders' Association for many jf*.rs. Mr. D. Dunham is only an occasional importer, and depends jnore upon his skiU^s a breeder to build up hut stock from an exoellent.foundation of imported stallion, and mares. That his effort^' have been crowned with success may be gatherecHrom the fact that Grove Place Stock V arm stands second to none on the continent. ? ' The grey horse. Marquis, 868 (774), foaled IsTo, was got by Superior 454 (730), he by Favori I(7H). he by Vieux-ChaSlin (713), he by Coco (712), ho by Mignon (715). he by Jean le Blanc (739); dam Bijou- by Coco II (714), he by VieuxChasUn (713). The blood of some of the most noted Percheron stallions, tracing back to the fan.ous Jean le Blanc, and through him possessing the blood of the Arab Gallipoli is concentrated in Marquis. The mare, Dolphin. J072, was foaled 1878, at Orne, and was in.ported by Mr. Dwiel Dunham in 1880. She is registered in the Percheron Stud Book of France as Favorite (1356) by Favori (725), dam Paulina by Superior (730), 2nd dam Robini by Vieux-Chaslin (713). The foal by her side is registered in the American ■Percheron 8t«J Book as Star, 4026, and was got' by Marquis. / \ r V :/':? B'renob horse, e Ir. Harris, oi mportation of 1. Fullington, ate this very f their race. >8t intelligent sen President ■ >. Dunham is ' to build up at his efforts Placo Stock 454 (730), he on (715), he (713). The famous Jean sentrated in rtej by Mr. if France as n Robini by cheron Stud ■^^ *-> 1 A c s > <, - / r ,./■■" A c \ ■ #■ ^ :^ Iff' m ^m-' % Vo- • V. \ \ * ( \ \ 1 , ,. ■' • ■ . ^ ^ ILli X (^ _ __^ - ■ * 1 % li f^ / r • . • 1 - ■ { \ '***, ( f • / • t * 3 1 . \ ' .- \ b • 4 i . '■ J* % - -' ■ C ' J- ■ 1 Mf • ^ 1 1 _./. V .i:^*^:. / / IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) r .. '> • #^». >. '. 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"^Ic'v-'t...- ■-,,*«-,.-'vV- !! >*, r .-..^^ •^f -x"'^ \ !■ r ""a* ?■ 'i 1 r V ' V . ^.>J!^^ ■T4% ■^ , 1 % :S< q5 Si?;- ^« 4 ... . .*^\ r 5" *>"^. "UrtFr'- ■"'"rif*^"j! 03 e a- f " t i; If '; i! 1 ll U n 4^' ■■ i^^i. >-^ ;i :|^^£^«^l^^^^ ^ , d^^ /" * b? ^ ■f^fflTif v,;f^ fl^# ^M- P4 « 1 s. (N to ^ tf bO S bO CtO U) 1 ^ ■K :!;! A. i'? viw4j..^Jth L^^ ^Ai*Mf.1% W.^ : Diseases of Cattle. Under this head the intention is to deal with thr^A- effect . cure by .ble vet.rm.r, p™ctiti„„.„ "'^'^ '»"^ ■»«* '""to WTule the mode of treatine diseasn in nJ+i^ . , . *^' aa in the horse, one thing .uTbe^ T^^ ^^t T^ t^*'^ ""^ oxen owing to the difference in their interT or^i^'llutf .T"" "' medicme in fluid form opl^. and not in the form ^^1 d L ^^^''^ done in the case of a horse. The reasons for T- 1' ^ ^o^netimes has four stomachs-1. the rumen 0711 " ^r" Tf ' ^'^ **" "'' •"- plus ; 4. the abomasuL It is. IZJT ' ' "^'^"l""' 5 3. the nmny- fonn'thltit X^TeasS^s^^^iTirhrsr rT ^"^ it is positively dangerous to give aTTor C soS IJ "^^^ ^"^ ^ to lodge at the bottom of the «,llet In 12 '^^f '^^ '^ ^^^7 '^re apt «i.d other diseases common toChho^^ ItT' *?" "" ""^ "'-" eases of the horse should be consulted *''' °^P**'' ""^ *^« '^ je. ^r.::t' ::.:::::! t^t':rj':r tnrr r -^ and the remedies suggested. symptoms described tion.i'?5fo^"^-^^ro: tT"^^ agriculturalistJitLrresJ^^TtL,^^^^ ""^^^ -<» of cities and in the vicinity^ftl'tlZ^T:!: ^.'^^^^^^^^ mg with her calf any time from four to eight monthT ll „!? r"" ^'^ to teU what is the matter unless th« rw,«Z ""*"*• , " " ''"t always easy .^ ^ ^T:;,rj:r.t!:r?..itzr'' ""-"^ " °"° ■■► >.!f«»i=Th.c.,i..ffh.,f..d-nu»i«i»o«...-^,i.«l„^ i! ^^' "UJ / ■•'■ ■« "AW>«.a4'!iiw J' j^gl*,.- '^ *V -A ^c^j'Sf V ■-• -'; ': ':• '': 3: •*■'. 'Aiv;' :i;v;y '^ ^ 226 DISEASES OF CATTLE. i^rtl «'*j»«^^,«Jecr«ases m quantity or dries up altogether, the motions of the foetus are feeble and soon cease altogether, the belly slightly swells and she IS liable to stagger a little in her walk. ^ ^ ' AB.the time of ab9rtion draws close, a yeUowish red fluid runs from her (this symptom rarely deceives), and her breathing becomes laborious, untU labor comes on, and this is often attended with danger. j7«««.,._Abortion is sometimes frequent in some locaUties and almost un- heard of m others. Nearly every farmer is aware that the rank coan» her- bage of low swampy ground is injurious to cows. Such districts are great causes of r^ water us well as of abori^ion. Feeding upon too much slop or other m^ secreting material, insufficient food of any description. Sudden change from poor to rich food. Turning cows that have been poorly fed du- mg the wmter, on to rich pasture in the spring, and fright S whatever cause may produce the trouble, ' The consequences of premature calving are often o£ a serious nature. The ammal very soon again becomes in heat-but often fails to become preg- nant, but if she should get in calf she is very liable to again abort. • /^« c^f veryrarely lives, and in the great majority of cases it is bom' dead or putnd. When the latter is the case it must be got rid of at once and the only safe way to accomplish this, so as to avoid the danger of infec- ting^e other cows, is to remove it as far as possible from the cow pasture .and bury it deep in the ground. The safest phui for a farmw to adopt if he has in his herd a cow that has once aborted, is after her recovery to get rid of her, this IS by far the most %frofitable course to adopt in the long run -The foUowmg able ari;icle on ^ subject was lately published by Professor Henry Tanner, of Queen's College, Birmingham (Eng.): "I shall not go into any notice of the genVal subject of abortiion, but rather r^tnct my remarks to a cause which is very much overlboked, and yet which IS probably more influential than all other causes combined. I refer to'the growth of ergotized grass-seeds in our pastures. ' "The action of ergot of lye {ucaU comutum) upon the womb is well known as an excitant to powerful action, which usually terminates in ihe expulsion of the foetus. We have a similiar disease appearing oirthe seeds of our grasses, but espeoiaUy on the rye grass, and thus we have an ergot of the seeds of rye grass produced possessing si^kr exciting powers upon the womb to those produced by the ergot of rye. v « Two conditiohs are necessary for the production of this ergot upon the 6DtA of rye grass. The first is, the grass must be allowed to run to seed; ftnd the second is, that the climate must be favorable for encouraging the de- velopment of the ergot. "Li practice, we find that on hmd which has been fed on during the summer, unless it has been grazed with unu sual care, much of the gr ass throws **^"'"*dMr-*--"-**--"- * ' ■■■■ \ IT jH ■ ^-, ^.-.M - — -. -_— _„ -- - - - - . -- ^ =^»F^*«*^«**f^m*TroaTOiiT^rTr^liiriot8 whew lEe climate is humid" ,» DI8EA8K8 OF OATTtB.- 227 Imble to the growth of this ergot. Cattle appear, to eat it with a reliah. and theres^tisthaUbortxon spreads rapidly through the herd. Heifer^ and to^r^h • "^ *" t -PP^r^nce of the ergot, have held in calf, are e:.cited to cast thmr calves by consuming it in their food. The abortion having once commenced, we know that the peculiarly ^nsitive condition of the br^L^ ammal will cause ,ts extension, even whe^ the original cause may -noHe^f rCuthen r^"''' t'^ •" '^"^ ^"^"^ ^-- »^- fi^t "Abortion . muItiS^ "" ' "' "" '>«^^"«"«ly the mischief become^ led JltT'^'^'^"!'^-°t^ observation, added to my own experience, has led me to the conviction that very much of the loss arising fro^abortion fa our cows may be traced to the caus« I have named. I feel assured t^^ul be thrown off in its advanced stage, but also in its earlier giWth thte - causing gr^t trouble to breeders of high-bred stock, the i^peat^TZing of cows to the bull, arid at most irregular intervals. ™nung ot "The remedy differs in no respect from the ordinary mode of treatment except that it compels removal of the stock from the , influence of Z cal Much, however, may be done by way of prevention; and this I shall briefly f 'T ""^'J "^"T^ ^ ^^P^« ^"*^"« '^'^ *"d h«««" upon knd free frem these seeds. Gress which has been gnued during the summer, will v^ gener^y, in a humid climate, have some of thU ergotized seed ; but I h7e not observed it produced before the and of July, or Uy in August; and I doubt Its existenoe^to any mjuriou. degree, iip to thU time. We^;. there- fore, consider such greund safe up to this period. If the breeding stock are . then removed to gra«. land which having Wn mown for tS operaZ IS a guaranty against «iy seeds remaining, it will seldom, if ever. ^P^n thesZn"'"'^ ^ '^"'*'~" *'* production of ergotized grassUfi: th " ^ t" ?! ^""*'^ ^ »y *'«'t such will not appear in some cases where the grass has been cut early and has been followed by a repid grewth Tbu^ at any rate, we have graringbuid free frem this excitant freiTjuly untS hat there i, the least fear of ergot's being again formed in that season In f^ T!r^^*' "*^ ^"'P «^ ^*"^ ^«^ his breeding stock entirely free ^^^^^'''^''^'1^ J°^^^ '-"^ t,l.o n f ^the= ^L'iJjilk^Aijrl , \ ■'"■-'"■-.if 928 DISEASES OF CATTLE. ' Angle Berries.— Warty-like excresences, which- differ" fromthe ordi- nary wart by having a stem or neck to them. Treatment. — Cut them off with a knife or pair of scissors. Anemia* — This term is applied to a weak condition of cows, called toarU of blood, and is more common than most persons are a^are of Cows are not selfish ; the more they get in feed, the more they will generally give in the form of milk and butter. Symptomti. — Whiteness and clearness of the lining membranes of the nose, mouth, and eyes are sure indications of a want of blood in the System- Treatment. — Give the following powders night and itaorning in cut feed ' Powdered gentian root, three drachms ; powdered ginger root, three drachms; mix, and make one dose. If these powders improve the animal in a week or so, give two drachms of the sulphate of iron in addition (hereto. Tl]|e iron, however, may dry up the milk considerably. The case then resolves itself into whether it would be better to have a ^lead cow or a dry one. Illlltha or Tlirusta.— Thip is an eruption in the mouth similar to small bladders, and is often mistaken for a contagious disease dalled Epizo3tic Aphtha. Cause. — Irritation in the mouth of young cattle from teeth. Treatmentj;^— If treatment be at all necessary; a weak mixture of vinegar and cold water will answer ; or a solution of alum or alum water applied to the mouth twice a day, will be all that is wanted. Black Water— (See Ped Water). Bladder Diseases. — The ox is not free from, disease of this organ. Bladder diseases in cattle generally, are the result of irritant matters in the ' urine, and of calculi or Stone in thejbladder. I Symptoms. — ^The animal is restless, having pain and irritation, and con- stantly endeavouring to make urine, but only a f«w drops passing at a time, The eyes are blood-shot. Treatment — Give at qnce twenty-five drops of the tincture of aconite root, to relieve irritation and pain. Give freely linseed tea to soothe the kid- neys and bladder. In order that any earthy matter which may be present in the uretiu, kidneys or bladder may be lessened or destroyed altogether, give sixty drops of muriatic acid once or twice a day in cold water. This, how- ever, should not be given whilst there is pain or ilri^tion prejsent. Bladder, Prolapsus of the-— Among cows, during and after diffi cult calving, there will sometimes be observed i^ white, shining, watery bag protruding between the lips of the vulva. This is the bladder holding the urine. It is tWisted at its neck, and, therefore, ^annot be emptied. Many a good c ow ha" Vi«wn destroyed by ignorant p ersona Mistaking this for some c :ni =,p^- - ."DISEASES OF OAITI.K. 229 Havinrlr' ~J^";f "^- "'"^"^ '^^ •^'^^^^'^^ ^'*' ^^ ^J^-^I- -^ size. dir^ and pass the hand previously oiled along it« surface, ascertaining wh ch Zh K 7. '"■ TV "'"^'- ^"^'"^ satisfactorily known this, take the ^ riL^: Lvrt; ?rpr t- *^« -- - --- -- ---. p- mad !f™*" »*ff«f«S-Phremti8-An inflammation which is the same as mad staggers .n the horse. It is due to overfeeding on long, wet grass or clover and d.stent.on of the stomach. In rare instances it is cau J^y th der«s>t of a wax-hke matter within the ear that communicates with the by qmckened breathing, excitement and delirium, the eyes being bloodshot. I» " .'l-* P-ture of disease an^ suffering, and if not soon relieved, falls and remains m a state of stupor from which it never recovers Treatment-In the eariy stages of this disease, much can be done by an active cathartic or purge, composed of one pound of epsom salts, and one / pound o table saU. dissolved in four quarts of cold wa'ter andli ened with molasses Apply cold water to the forehead, warm water bandages to ZZ^i'^VT:""' '^'- !''«•*--'- of the brain is oft^n sfe^ n the fatal form of mflk fever in oows^ dl«, »''««»«W"S--C'»"f«-Thi8 is inflammation of the windpipe and is a d^^ase wh^h rarely attacks one animal, but usually the most of the herd ^iU b^ attacked before it leaves the place, and then it will leave when there are no more victims to seize. These epizootic diseases depend upon what ,s call«^ atmospheric causes. Such condition usually manifests itself m the spring of the year, and sometimes early in the summer. The peculiarity of the air causes irritation of the mouth, throat or wind-pipe, and, sometime extends to the chest and lungs themselves. *> i^ > sometimes Symptoms._In a week or so after the attack, a slight husky ooujth with weeping from the eves. labo«Hi breathing, and a watery disc JgeT.^^e of the wind-pipe, a sbght, rough and grating sjund will be heard the Jr^Tf";" ^' ^^"^ ^ ^'"^'"'"^ "^'^^ (onj^ight hours from ttLtT'? r"".'°" ^ ^''^ ^"^ °' *»»« *^°«"^ of •««>»*»« root, twenty-five drops to a dose, and give one dose every four hours. If therJ be unoertamty a. to whether the disease has exUted longer or shorter, to save ^"tJ.^'^'"^ "iS^rr '^""^''^ the^ollowing powdery thre^^tim^ ' =i9Hi«aagr: Bowdered snlnhatrf of ir«n ti.-^ ji u_/; 7 \ . — ,1 I Til *!.««-* *tei J .7 —"»"•«" '""^wupwing powaerg, three^t mw ^th«.ai^: PSwdered sulphate of iron, th.^ dmchmsTpowderTJnMr rf'/.^iaJW*?!*;* J it ,"«»v% % itel.i" .«SiJ.J 1 330 DISEASES OF CATTLE. root, half an ounce ; powdered ginger root, half an ounce ; powdered sul- phite of soda, half an ounce ; mix, and make a drench, to be poured down . the mouth out of a strong bottle. The medicine is to be continued (omitting the aconite after the fifth dose) till the animal is well, or looks brighter, and eats all it gets. If it be a milch cow, the usual quantity of milk will be given. In addition to the above medicines, give, once or twice daily, half an ounce of commercial sulphuric acid, largely diluted or mixed in half a bucket of cold water. In feeding, care should be taken not to give too much> so as to bring on dangerous indigestion. Cold water and pure »ir are indispen- sable agents in the treatment of this andalldiseasos of horses and cattle. - Ball Burnt. — This is a disease similar to gonorrhoea in man. Of all the domestic animals, the ox tribe are the only ones which are subject to this disease, more common in hot than in cold weather. Symptoms.— In urinating there is uneasiness, and the urine is passed in small quantities ; slight mucous discharges from the organ of generation, li the bull, there is at times no desire for copulation, even when it is desirable that there should be. Tl\is often leads to the discovery of the cause. Treatment.— Separate the bulls from the cows, and dose the affected ones, including the bull, with a purgative of epsom and common salts. Give one pound each, mixed or dissolved in four quarts of cold water, sweetened with molasses, and add a little ginger— say a quarter of an otfnce. Be assured that both bull and cows are thoroughly cured before the bull is admitted amopg the cows, for a second attack on the bull will render him useless. Calving — This is an operation of nature, which most dairymen and farmers are familiar with, and upon which it is not necessary to dilate. If any complications in calving arise beyond what an ordtaary ex- perienced farmer feels himself able to cope with, he should secure the assis- tance of a competent veterinarian, as any mistakes made is liable to lead to fatal results. Retention of the Afteh Bihth.— If the cow has gone her full time with calf, and is in a healthy condition, the after-birth will not be retained long after she has given birth to her calf! When a cow does not cleanse properly, and within a reasonable time, there is then something otherwise wrong with her health, such as debility and want of vitality in the system. It is this that must be looked to, and not the want of timely cleansing that demaoda atten- tion, OS the cause of the cow not doing well after calving. Remedy these existing causes, and the cow will cleanse properly enough. Contrary to the gtoerally received opinion of farmers and others, the retention of the after- birth for a day or two will do no harm, provided that decomposition does A,ot take place with the after-birth ; for in such eases, the whold ayatem of th« cow is apt to be contaminated and poisoned. t .^„^flfAilil.-^^4 "•^ifii.l'J 'J ■^ ™- - 'W^tS^'*;'^ t-*') i-'^i^i ^ S^i DISEASES OF CATTLE. \ „„, ' ^r^lxnent.-Cow8 not having, cJeatu«^ prOperlAwithin twenty-fonr honni after calving, should b« given the foUowing mixtL: Epsom salts one pound; powde«d ginger, one ounce; caraway seel half an oun6e' mix, and give m three or four bottles of warm alerVrter, or warm' wa er, sweetened with molasses. This mixture not havingAhe desired effect Sr h t!h «T T 'r'' ,rj" ^"^' """•'^ '^ »"''~>"4 --^ *« after, birth at the attachments,called ootyledons.gently pressed. tL must not be «ccomp.^ied with much pulling, as pressure with the finger andVhumb will bo wli ,"X f "P"^**"'' °"^^ ^' '°"°^«^ ^y P^'"« A <^ a little warft^lejrt-y lasses water, with half an ounce of powdered ergot\,f rye • and mMlf an hour an additional half ounce. This wUl cause contrin of the TfThe I^ Twtr 1 1""" ^'T""*" ^'''"' decompositioh or pltrefaction of the after-birth has |aken place, which is known by the ^ackUor, the womb should be well washed out by a weak solution of chlorideW lime . Administer, also, by the mouth, one ounce, three times in the day, ofLphite of soda for a week to neutralize any of the poison of putrefaction, thlt may have been absorbed into the blood. Give the cow good and nutritioi feeJ to support her strength. Symptoms of Blood Poison.-The absorption of putrid matter intdl the ! JH"?'"'?"!! ^? ^"""""^ ^^ '""«••' °^ * ^°^ 'y^ "'"ed typhoid, al if no speedily checked will be succeeded by typhus, from which the animal cln- not recover. T . Treatment-Give the sulphite of soda in the manner spoken of abovV combined with two drachms of the sulphate of iron, and one ounce each 5 powdered ginger and fenugreek three tiipes in the day, till the beast is\ blight, lively and free from stupidity. «««. isi • ^^i^^'lT^^", " °2LfiiiS««'*-~'""°'^ t« the ox, for w arise sufficient to produce ^KhV;,ld in the cow. it does not runT course as such, but is speedily accompanied, or at least followed by severe comphcatiom, Cattle not exceeding two years old are subject to a dise^ somewhat similar to cold, called hoose. (See Bronchitis and Hoose.) Chicken Pox.-raricellaBou,n.-A pustutir eruption on the teats of cows The eruptiom. soon discha.^ dry up. and heal, without-any treat- ment whatever having been applied to them. Choking.— This is of frequent occurrence among cattle or cows fed upon potatoes, turnips, eto. » »wi IVeatment-When the obstruction is lodged in the upper or middle third of the gullet, the moutii of the animal is to be held open by means of . balW iron, 6r some other Wtrivance. If the substance be low down in the^ Mruclion, and trying to move it up if possible; bat downwards, iUf will go V L'S^aa^.^.j■%ll^h'5^^aktAtl!iU.d4 Wt i '«■ ; ; \ „ ._ '^\s .- ■i;jjp.-»-,T.J.T-,\'! 232 DISEASES OP CATTLE. without too groat force being used. Failing to remove it either up or down, try to dislodge it by pouring small quantities of oil or melted lard, not hot, down the throat. If this also prove ineffectual, a strong flexible cams may be tried ; but care should be taken to have the cane go down the right pas- sage. If coughing is set up on the introduction of the cane, have it with- drawn as it has entered the air passages, but try till it has been properly en- tered down, to the obstruction. With patience and perseverance this difficulty will usually be overcome. Still, however, there are cases which require the gullet to b$ opened over the plaice of obstruction ; a safe operation requiring ouly a simple cut through th^ skin and outer surface of the gullet, which will readily heal without much trouble, by bringing the lips of the wound to- - gether, with a stitch or two ol strong, but small twine or saddler's silk, by means of a small packing noedle. Feed the cow or ox, for a week or more, upon soft or prepared food till the wound is healed. When cows or oxen remain long in a choked condition, the throat is apt to swell from the accumu- lation of gas in the first stomach, which will have to be treated as for hoven or tympanitis — occurring usually from eating clover or rank and wet grass. (See Hoven.^ Colic — Colic in cattle is more rarely seen than in the horse, but occurs in the form of hoven, (which see). Consumption. — This disease is not so common in domestic animals as in the human family, nor is it as frequent in any of the animals as it is in the milch cow. Consumption in cow6 is usually exhibited in the tubercular form. These tubercles are from the size of a pin head to that of a hickory nut, flattened, oval and round. Symptoms.— Thin of flesh, unthrifty; a staring coat of hair, long and dead-looking ; a low husky cough, l^s of appetite, weakness, and a bloodless condition of the whole system, which is readily known by the paflp^hite lining df the eyes, Hose, and mouth. The consumptive cow stands with her back arched, and her fore legs turned out at the elbows, and when lying rests on the belly and breast bone. The milk of such cows is thin, blue, and watery. No treatment will be of much service, it is therefore advisable if the animal is not too low in flesh to slaughter it at once. Cow-pox.— This is a simple affection of the skin o/the udder, which has claimed much notice on account of the valuable benefit confbrred by it upon the human family, in furnishing the material for the vaeeinaHon of children. , Symptoms.- Teats painful, slightly swollen, a faint blush upon the udder ; and in about three or four days, red hard spots are 8een,snooeeded by 1* y DISEASES OF CATTLE. 233 ^ red patches, which, in from a few days to a week, forms bladders containing tha true vaccine lymph. Treatment—Foment the teats with warm water and castile soap, after which wipe the bag dry and dress with citrine ointment or a preparation of iodine. ^ Cud, Loss Of the— This occurrence is the symptom of, and not a disease. Loss of the cud, or rumination, accompanies almost every disease of any importance attacking the ox or cow. When rumination has ceased for a time, and is resumed again, it is a good symptom that the animal is somewhat better, and an indication that the functions of the body are about being resumed again, and aite demanding food for their nourishment. Loss of cud 18 among the first symptoms observed by farmers in case of bronchitis pleuro-pneumonia, hoven, aphtha, eta - , ' DiARRU^v IN Calves.— This is a frequent affection among young calves, and destroys thousands of them every year. Cause.— Depending upon the character of the milk; not so much its quality as the time a»d manner of giving it. Thus, calves are not allowed to suck their own mothers; frequently they are not allowed to suck at all but have to drink milk out of a bucket, and then it is often cold before tfey are allowed to have it, The rapidity with, which they drink their allowanW which IS often too much for, them, gofges the stomach and paralyzes the digestive functions. Hence, the whUe kiarrhoea so often seen among young calves. ■ o J f, Symptoms.— The symptoms one wjouY think alike in all animals; but this IS not the case here, or so far as the^ diarrhcea of calves is concerned They have a voracious appetite, swelliijg of the belly with occasional pain, discharges of wind or gas, and white ot yellowish-colored excrement or dun '' while in some bad cases the true milk is passed unchanged by the action oi either stomach or bowels. ■ j Prevention.— This is better than. cure, and consists in allowing th^ calf until several weeks old, to suck its own mother, not only morning and night,' but at least three times in the day, dividing the periods as evenly as possible! Thus, by allowing calves to suck the" milk fbr themselves paralyzation and gorging ^he stomach with cold milk is avoided, and thereby white diarrhcea prevented. / Treatment.— Give three drachms of caVbonatejof soda in well boiled wheat aour gruel once a day. If this is not conveni^t, give'a tablespoonf ul " of common i:pnnet after e«ch feed of milk the calf takes ; this will materially aid proper digestion by its power in decomposing th6 milk and fitting it for assimilation. Diarrhcea.— Cattle are frequently subject to this disease, particularly •"vspriBg^of^eyear wtentte giw» is young «nd soft. OccMionBTIy IT^T ii I {^^4£^&i,>Af^^ ^»^ »i ■> . i,y- 234 DI8RA8ES OF CATTLK. a&umesa very obstinate form in consequence of the very imperfect secretion of gastric juice; the discharges are thin, watery, and fetid, followed by very great prostration of the animal. ' The Hymptoms of diarrhoe* are too well known to require any detailed description. Treatment.— If in a mild form, the diet should be low. In a more ob- stinate form, give two drachms of carbonate of soda in the food, and one of the following powdera, twice a day, will be found very advaatageous : opium, one drachm ; ginger, half an ounce ; prepared chalk, two ounces ; to be mixed and given in the form of a drench with wheat flour grueL Dysentery.— Youatt saye : " It is, however, with dysentery that the practitioneer is most loth to cope,-^ disease that betrays thousands of cattle. This, also, may be either acute or chronic. Its causes are too often buried in obscurity, and its premonitory symptoms are disregarded or unknown. There appears to be a strong disposition in cattle to take on this disease. It seems to be the winding-up of many serious complaints, and the foundation of it is sometimes laid by those that appear to be of the most trifling nature. It is that in cattle which glanders and farcy are in the horse,— the breaking up of the constitution. How often does the farmer observe that no sooner does a milch cow cease her usual supply of milk than she begins to purge ! There may not appear to be any thing else the matrer with her ; bat she purges, and, in the majority of cases, that purging is fatal. ' * "It may, sometimes, however, be traped to sufficient causes, exclusive of previous dUease. Unwholesome food— exposure to cold— neglect at the time of calving— low and marshy situations— the feeding in meadows that have been flooded, where it is peculiarly fatal— the continuation of unusually sultry weather— overwork, and all the causra of acute dysentry, may produce that of a chronic nature ; an aouto dysentry— neglected, or badly, or even most skillfully treated— may degenerate into an incurable chronic affection. V Half starve a cow, or overfeed her, milk her to exhaustion, or dry her milk too rapidly — and dysentry may follow. •' The following will, probably, be the order of the symptoms, if they are carefully observed : There will be a little dullness or anxiety of oonnten anoe, the muzzle becoming short or oootracted; a slight shrinking when the loins are pressed upon; the skin a little harsh and dry; the hair a little rough ; there will be a slight degree of oneasiness and shivering that scarcely attracts attention ; then— except it be the degeneracy of acute into chronic dysentery— constipation my be perceived. It'wiU be to a certain extent, ob- stinate ; the excrement will be voided with pain ; it will be dry, hard, and expelled in asall qaantitiea. In other oases, periiaps, purging will be present from the be^uing ; the animal wiU be tormented with a frequent deaire to -* ■^Tl ***■ ' '"^^ '^ 'k if DISEASES OP CATTLE Y •^ 235) void iu excrement, and that oct-'attended by straining and pain, by soreness about the anus, and protrusion of the rectum, and sometimes by severe colicky spasms. In many caSes. however, and in those of a chronic fprm, few of these distressing symptoms are observed, even at the commencement of the disease; but the animal voids oftener than it is natural that she should, and they are more fluid than in a state of health; while at the same time she loses her appetite and spirits and condition, and is evidently wasting away." ° Treatment.— Give one drachm of the extract of belladonna, three times a day, dissolved in water; or calomel and pawtiered opium, of each one drachm three times daily. As soon as' the inflammatory stage passes by, give one of the following three times daily, in their gruel : nitrate of potaih pulverized, gentian-root pulverjzed. of each one ounce ; pulverized Jamaica «inger, one half an ounce ; pulverized caraway, or anise-seed, six drachms. A bottle of porter given once a day, will be found of very great advantage. Epizootic Aphtha.-Murrain. This is one of the most malignant diseases to which cattle are liable. Fortunately, hswever, true murrain is comparatively rare in this country. The entire system seems to paitt.ke of the disease. The first indication of Its approach is a feverish condition of the system, attended with a Sequent and painful cough ; the pnhie is small, hard, and rapid. As the diseiaa^- vances, the respiration becomes disturbed; the flanks heave ;TeZSr eruption is observed upon the teats, mouth, and feet ; thft horns are cold ; the animal is sometimes lame ; constipation and, sometimes, diarrhoea are accom- panying symptoms ; dung, bla«k and fetid ; the eyes weep and become much swollen ; a brown or bloody discharge from the nose and mouth; the animal moans, grinds' its teeth, rarely Ues down, but to get up again quickly finally the breath becomes very oflfensive ; tumors make their appearance in various parts of the body, which, in favorable cases, suppurate, and discharge a fetid matter. Treatment.— Give one-fourth of a pound of epsom-salts, with one drachm of Jamaica ginger, twice a day, for two or three days. Very little medicine is required internally in this disease, bat much depends upon gopd nuraing External applioationa at« chiefly to be depended upon. A solution of chloride of hme should be applied to the eruptions, or a solution of the chloride' of zirio. twenty grains to an ounce of water; or, of sulphate of zinc, two drachms to a pint of water ; or pulverized charcoal applied to the parts will be found useful. Fardel Bonnd-This is a Biseaatei|ffeofcbg the onuuum, o^^third stomach of the cow or ox. (See Impaction, uad Hoven. ^SBV&h^^^^'GamM.M* mbjeot, to ^pAwwmJ fever, ormore plainly ipeaEh&~~ ii !; ii ;I .ix3^Ji0s. • -suz'. K ; ■■:^ 1 "m 'f. ' ' ' - --rife '^ -■.'■„ ^ . "'* ^g*S^ /Y^^T;*^ ^C JT-^ H-J^^^f-'^^t^^ jf -^ -^j!^ ^^5;*^^jx'^j^^«jji^^i^^M|T^ W :"'% 236 DISEASES OF CATIXS. . a fever of a day's duration, wnich passes off without any trouble. This fever has been thought; by some penions, to depend upon hollow horn and wolf ifa the tail, and they have consequently cut the tail, and bored the horns of the poor dumb brute. Foul Claw.— Foul in the foot. That is a sore between the digital spa^, and is caused by the animal standing in mud and moisture, which scalds the parts, and produces lameness. Treatment— Cleanse out, and apply sulphate of zinc, one drachm ; water, half a pint. Keep the feet dry and clean, which wUl not only assist the cure but IS a preventative also, or what is equally effectual, insert between the \ claws a bit of tow saturated with tar and sulphate of copper, one application 18 generally enough. * '. ■ , ' Garget Mammltls.— Inflabmation of theudder in cows is often of a very troublesome character. It occuni shortly after calving, and in some instances not for a week or two after. Thp inflammation is usually confined to one quarter of the udder only, and^ay be of an acute, or chronic character. ' 'i. Cause— Want of proper attention in not milking the cow sufficiently after calving, and in many cases by not iafcing the cow when her udder is almost ready to burst, even before cabi^. In a word, if the udder, teats and milk ducts are kept from over-gor#iinent, there can be no .udder disease. The trouble is, that all cows are Jot alike in the production of milk, but unfortu- nately they receive the sa^4 treatment; and hence those cows which are en- dowed with great milking^ualities are usually the victims of garget. ' Treatment.— Let theiSalf suck tbe dam as speedily as possible, if the hard- ne*. is not then removed bathe the udiier with warm water, after which wipe It dry and apply tOilbe entire surface melted lard as hot m the animal can bear it If abscesiis form lance them. -Hffimaturia-Blood in the lfrlne.-Thif occurrence is not to b« confounded with red water. Congealed blood comes when the firet flow of water is discharged, and the remainder of the urine is clear. Cause.— Blows or other injuries over the region of the kidneys, or from ^tmg the leaves or tops of plants having a po«<^ful diuretic effect, such as some of the yews, cedars and spruces. Cows in oaH^^ind mar«8 with foal, wU 1 eat what other animals, or what they themselves would not e^t when in other ' condition. (See Red Water.) Treatment— Give linseed tea to drink, and slush mashes and plenty of fluid to drink. No medicine will be required. I iBtrodtt«e4=^ «» ii^.ii>>^1'>- •^ui%(u>lfiit DISEASES OF CATTLE. 237 the animal licking itself, and swallowing the hair. These balk are found after death, and aije of various sizes, and thoroughly felted. HeiTpes.— (See Mango.) Hide Bound.— This is not to be taken as a disease, but merely the re- sult of faulty digestion and assimilation. Treatment.— Give one pound of epsom salts, half, an ounce of ginger, and mix in two botUes of cold water, sweetened with molasses. Next day follow with, the following powders : Powdered ginger, one ounce ; fenugreek, one ounce; caraway seeds, half an ounce; mix, and give in one dose; and one dose may be given daily for a week. Hoose In Calves.— This is a common disease in .breeding districts, and is very fatal in its results, attacking young calves and cattle, till twoyear^ old. It is a parasitic disease. Cause.— The presence of minute worms in the bronchial tubes. These wtmns are called jUaria bronchi, and inhabit the windpipe of young cattle, aheep and lambs. Prevention.— Keep calves, sheep and lambs on dry land, where there is no marsh, wet land or meadow. Symptoms.— Constant, husky cough ; difficulty in breathing; emaciation, and loss of appetite. Thus tiie disease goes on from bad to worse, until death takes place in from t^o to thrwe weeks, depending much, however, upon the age of the beast. ^ Treatment— Linseed oil, two ounces ; oil or spirits of turpentine, half an ounce, well mi^ed with the linseed oil This cHlbe is for a calf of six months old. It should be repeated every two days. Give the calves good feed. An- other form, and a good one, which is generally used in aheep to save expense and trouble, is to get them together, and drive them into a pretty close house or shed, not larger than will hold all the affected ones. Then procure an earthern bowl or basin, containing one ounce each of common salt and oxide of manganese, and pour over this a mixture, say, water, half an ounce ; sul- phuric acid, one ounce and a half ; stir with a stick, and chlorine gas will be evolved. When sufficiently stirred, leave the place, and close the door. Re- peat the inhalation for two or three times, and let two days pass/before each subsequent inhalation. If the animal be much weakened by thi^ parasites, mix caraway and fenugreek in their feed, of each a quarter orSn ounoei once a day, for a week or so. 1iOYen.—TympanUis or Drum^BeUy. So called from the* appearance and sound. The evolution, or giving off of carbonic acid gas, from the large quantity of grass or clover when wet, contained within the rumen or paunch, together witbthosnspensron of tHe fnnctlOH %f dlgesKon, all ofwIiToH wm^^ \l l-..!i ^i -'i' ■' 238 DISEASES OP CATTLE. billed, go to make up the diseaao called hoven. Hoven may occur in one hour for we often see cows turned out to pisture in the morning, and are almost found suffocated in an hour afterward. In cases of this kind there is ob- viously no time to be lost. Ev6ry farmer should be prepared to meet and cure them as they occur, there being no time to run for assistance. Cause.— Over filling the paunch, and in too quick a time— b DI8KASES OP CATTLE. ♦ > .' Lung Disease.— (See Pleuro-pneumonia.) Lympbangrltis.— An affection of thfi ny tr,K» * II • which partakes of so.e of the oU:::.Z:^:Z^^li;iZ^^^\ without any specific poison being developed. ' * ^ ^^ ''"' AnnlvT^rr'^^r ''*^.°' "^*" *°*^'^'^' """^ fomentations or poultices Apply to the swelling and to the sores, if there be anr which wiH ^" upon whether the skin gives way oJ- nol ^' " ''^P*'"'^ Mange.— Mahge, or leprosy, is one of the most unpleasant and Am.„n the nicest care and attention to render it easv to cum Th« ~ . ™q"'f'ng the animal, oftentimes, once free from the aeari tK-^ if ^ • °"°°'^^' " the alTa:fth;Za:t ^^X t im^tl^aft^r "^^ applicatK.ns are n^le, the aniL i, removel, 7:^^ ^X*^^^^^^^^^ allowed to return to the former .nes for six or ei^ht week Ah«.!!^ T speaking but little trouble in t«ating the dise^e ^ " *'""^^^ Treatment—Take the animal upon a warm, sunny day, and with a scrub, bing-brush cleanse the skin thoroughly with Castile-Lp^L^d w^r whet dry. apply m the same manner the following mixture • white hX^'r- ^ «-tr-t;-ee ounces; waL. one .ulrrlix'irw^nr gether. One or two apbhcations are,' generally, all that will be requir^ g^ve mternaUy one of the>ollowing powders in the feeJ. night and morn^e mtrate of potash, one ounoe, mix, and diyide into eight powder* ^ Milk Fever.-Milk fever occurs fiim the fir«t to the third day after ca v.ng ; rarely after the third day. It i, seldom met with befofthe fourth calving, then attacking chiefly co;s of select breeds, and good mUke„ M k Symptoms — Loss of appetite : chewine the cud oi- «.„:« *• s^^ering gait, wild look falfs and'cannot ^ uL^JZTZZZl head and horns, plunging them into the ground Cause. Undue determination of the blood to the womb from over feed .ng before jjd mmediately after calving, and from sudden change7of^e weather at the time of calving. "ranges of the Pr«vention.^ Q ive. ono week before <^ly'^. ,», ^„„^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ; * JL ^«f^ DISEASES OF CATTLE. 541 aalts, one pound ; table salt, one pound • irinaap L» IZ .««^«P«>ta. solve in three quarts of cold wate'^ :ui; a^'S SI rsieZ^' at to «d6 every four hours, or when the aconite is given, which wUl sTelabor and unneces«.ry excite^fent to her. She rfiould be 1 ft «, qu^ aT^bk tent Do^r/ "^^ "* ^''' ^'^' *''"«''' ""--« ^''^ --b S 2 «: tent Do not deny pure a.r, nor plenty ot cold water to the afflicted aniLaL for she not only need, thenr. but they are indispensible to a su« t^J p«rf^««ov«y in most di««se^ and a, .uch so if not more in a dL^To '^ ^ Month Dls^aSC.-(See Epizootic Aphtha.) --^^ ^ kidne^f '*'!l-*"'*~^f " " ' "^^ «*"'"* *° • ^^"^^ inflatnmaUon. of L kidneys. It is scarcely ever seen in the ox. ■ \ ( Ovarian Dropscy.-This is a dise^w, peculiar t* .^ilch cowa and ^.nsist. of wate^r swelling, of the ovary, but one ovary being usually'Z^ rr.^'^^r'^*''^ by. large,«,ft .wemng.ritu.tedCr^e side df the cow, between the short rib and the thigh. T Treatment— Tap the tumor with an instrument called a t«.A,V «- well, and give her iron, gentian and gbger, to prevent further accumuktiC . ^!! •-1,1. jB » * \: ■-/'■ 242 " DISEASES OJ" CATTLE. Ovarian Tamor.— The, difference between ovarian dropsy and ovarian tumor, as ascertained by the touch, is, the dropsy is soft and fluota- ating, and the tttmor hard and slightly movable. *^ Ti-eatmeiit. — Fatten the animal, and kill and send her to market, before she dies and becomcis a complete loss. Parasitic Lung Disease.— (See Hoose.) ' ^ Panurlent Pever.— (See 14ilk Fever.) Pleurisy.— This is inflammation of the pleiiro, or white, fibrous, serous tissue lining tne ribs within the chest, and the covering of the lungs. For further particulars, see the following article. J Pleuro-Pncumonia.— Fleuro-Faenmonia signifies inflammation of the lungs and pleura, and merely indicates that both lung and pleura are dis- eased ; the disease probably commences in the lungs and finally involves the pleura so that the disease in itp c6mpound form, may be considered-^as In aggravated form j»f inflammation of thf^ lungs, the terminations of which are, altered structure, and hydrothorax, hence it differs from the disei^e term'e^ epuootic-Pleuro-Pneumonia, from the fact that it is not infectious nor con- tagious, but sometimes endemic. The treatment of this compoi^d disease,,U' it can be so called, must be nearly the same as that recommended for^acute inflammation of tife. lungs, with the addition of " broken dosep of nitmte". of potash in water." , Epizootic Fledro-Fneuuonia. — This disease, whfeh /liaa\at eertain periods prevailed so alarmingly in the old worlds, is of ratWr n^rd occurence in Cahada. In view of furnishing the reader with reUaJble mMtar on the subject now under consideration, a selection from the pen of the lntton. " Viewing the widespread and similar effects of pleuro-pneumonia we may snrinise that they are referable to some common cause. And although much difference of opinion exists upon this subject, it cannot be denied that d . P< es he ca fir na isli bu am Al I cin / the imi der De£ to 1 of t ore^ mus enume; irritant -*«;&>{ iS i *iilT!k,^4::^^,i^ I. '4Hm •TT"'^'-^fJj5^:W¥!^ «*<' DI8BA8ES OP CATTLE. 243 - heahhy condition. anHLti tt^r^TJ^^^^^^^^^^ T * '°"^'' ''"^ oauae. The peculiarity of the proJ^rorl^^- "^^ "^ °* *°^ «^*''"°8 fir-t appeared in England is o^S u^'' ^'■°" *^« *•"« *^' '* nature. Tts alow'and ZJ' ? ''° ™*" *^'**«"*» «f '»« contagious b.. conta^^nt^d 1*^,^^^^^^^^ » 7^% oha^oteristic of dZion island diSinctly provl to hrr T"" "''^ ^''•'''' """""^^ in this butalao subsequent c^l'ZoT^h " "'^''•'' "'*'' ^^^J^^*" <»«>-«'. ampJes"inwSconLl?„rci*\*;^ P^«^-' f 7. »how Vun.e„>ua ex- AUhough pleuxlpneurnrisX JueJbr;::^^^^ *T ''^ '' J drcun.stan.s alone [.fe^n, J^::^^C:mZ iTveT '''*'": hem must be considered as predisposing to the diZHnd aL"^ T"^ °^ immediate excitintf causes, vet hv\i»nl ."'® ^'^*^«' and although not its . d« the system mTrehrerd^C^r**'!/'^""*^ powers, t^ ren- I ««ficientventUation.mtMJSrndMtl*7a*^^^^^^^ to the disease, concentrate the animreffluvia^^rK^ 'ndeed predispose of the organic poison; but still, not online 'f thT' " '"'^"" or even all of th^m combined, can produrtheHl circumstances, must be the subtle poison to cS^^th«™w ^' "" **'''"*^°'^ There , ^generate the disel"" '"*" operation, the specific influence it bein::^o;tr"wi^r:nTot^^^^ that -rtZc^nditiomitr ;Ld1lsTorll^^^^ *'"~'^ "^^ '"^' ^"* and without which its ^^TZLZZZZZ'VJS '""^T' remote or predisporina causes *«. ™,^ « proauoed. Bat although these of I)orpl.rit7™Mlt.fa>»,U,a(iol.... Th. „^-. • "™™ '* With reference to the former wn knnsr fi.»* *i. i . 's^r ~ _ " -;'T'''<.^?»^' < I i ***.■ 244 DISEASES OF OATfLE. perature, the want of cleanliness, the breathing oJE an atmosphere vitiated by the decomposition of animal or vegetable matters, or laden with any other im- purity. Ip short, under this head may be included every thing which tends" to lower the health and vigor of the system, and consequently to increase the susceptibility to disease. ^ "The primary symptcwl of pleuro-pneumonia are generally obscure, and too often excite but little attention or anxie%. /Am the disease steals on, the animal becomes dull and dejected, and, if in the field, separates itself from its fellows. It becomes uneasy, ceases to ruminate, and the respirations ^re a little hurried. If it be a milch cow, the flow of milk is diminished, and the ^udder is hot and tender. The eyes are dull, the head is lowered, the nose pro- truded, and' the nostrils expanded. The urino generally becomes scanty and high-colored. It is seldom thought that much is the matter with the animHl until it ceases to eat ; but tljis criterion does not hold good in most cases of the disease, for the animal at the outset still takes its food, and continues to do BO until the blood becomed impoverished and poisoned; it is then that the system be99iae8 deranged, the digestive process impaired, and fever established. The skin adheres to the ribs, and there is tender- ness along the spine. Manipulation of the wind 'pipe, and percussion applied to the sides, causes the ahimai to evince pain. Although the beast may have been ill only three days, the number of pulsations are generally about seventy per minute ; but they are sometimes eighty and even more. In the first stage, the attery under the jaU feels full and large ; but as the disease runs on, the pulse rapidly becomes smttlle*, quicker and more oppressed. The breath- ing is labored,and goes on accelerating aa the local inflammation increases. The fore extremities are planted wide apart, with thgrelbows turned outinordfrto arch the ribs, and form fixed points for the action of those muscles which the animal brings into operation |to assist the respiratory process. In pleuro'- pneumonia, the hot stage of IJBver is never of long duration [simply because there is not enough vitality in the system to keep up a continiud /ever]. The state of collapse quickly ensues, when the surface heat again decreases, and the pulse becomes small and less distinct. We have d<$w that low typhoid fever, so much to be dreaded, and which characterizej/the disease in common - with epizootics, ". . . The horse laboring under pleuro-pneumonia, or, indeed, any pulmonory disease will not lie down ; but, in the same ciroumstAnces, cattle do so as readily as in health. They do not, however, \ip upon their side, but couch upon the sternum, which is broad and flat, and covered by a quantity of fibro-oellular substance, which serves as a cushion, while the articulation between the lower extremeties of the ribs admits of lateral expansion of the chest. In tiiis position oattle generally lie towards the side principally ikffected, thua relieving the sounder aide, and enabling it to act iaon freely. There ia aoinetime< a shivering and'gB n er al tre mor^jduck may-«xii>t4^ro^^gh— .*.'? / 3 .J^ DI8KA8E8 OF CATTLE. out the Whole courao of the diaease /Thia • • . ^'^ between the nerves of nutritior^^d th c L^r f "^ '"" "' TT^^ advances in severity, and runs on t^ . ^'''^^^^-^ • • • As the case loses its strength anJbio.T^u l J ZXTo, *'''°^'-"''"' *»•« P»>- by a grunt at the commencement of TxpirS^? ? "? "^ ''**^'^'^^'* servable in the horae The ^^.,Z ^^'P "*'°°-« Vmptom, however, not ob- animal crouches. The« is ICf; ' " '"''' """^ °^ » °°^'°»« o^O'- The fetlocks, caused b, ^L^ the -1^ tU^'^'T '^^^f ^« °^«' ''^ '•»« appetite has now eitir«lyfi^ and \). ^•^'"'J^rinds its teeth. T«e ^ muscle, especially thoi: Im^o^edt rL irtC b^^ ^^''«'°«- '''^ tucked, and the flanks heaveTfi.^ ^^^P'™ '°''' ''^"''"^ ^"^d; the belly is Wength fails, under the eorvUve 7CZI Tf '' ^^^^^"^'^ *''^ \he poor animal dies. efforts attendant upon respiration, and Xk. and to avoid wha .rte^to dTp^^ ^ ^ ''^r ' 7"" °^ ^^^ thA influence of contairinn r^^A ; <• ..■ . °™®- -Exposure to thLpearanc/oTetT^^^ If-^^^ ;«ain,r.nd, on healthy having communication with tKck Bva t^T '" P""''^* *•"« part of the stock proorietor of thJ ■ ^ ^^^ pursuance, on the of medication and management, calculated to reatoi A« . !T' uf *^''"*' the most hitional. la the fi«.f nio^.t .• . '°"' ^®*'*'»^ *<"»e, ir , associate., into a loose bam oTsffh^'r^'^^^^^ i'" Glycerine Iodide of Potaasium, . . . . . . ^ *"""*• Tinotnre of Lobelia, . . . 1. " draohmg. Podophyllnm, '...*.. * onnoe. Water __ 1 dnwhm. —m, an Jgive one^ixtb of this quantity morning and evening. Should the i'i ltt.Wlitl!-„.~ ^ ^ .'fevS . I " u' ^ J. „ \ "■ ■ 2iS DI8EASS8 OF OATTUt. wlion of the inteBtiaea appear to be tordy or inefficient, a relaxing and stimulating injection may be administered in the following proportionsT- I^alverized Lobelia weds i , Pnlverired Ginger * ] """f ' „. . . . 2qu»rtB. Mix, and inject. It iB a woeful error 'to reeort to blood-letting in this malady, for in the first place aUepmn^tic diseases are of a very proBtrating character, and in a bnef space of time generally commit the most fearful ravages, so that aU the blood uf «ie economy is needed ; some of it goes to repair the mischief oocftr- nnjj in the organs of respiration and elsewhere; and another quantum is needed to carry on the vital operations ; in fact there is no blood to spare. ' Prurigo VernaUs.—This is a disease peculiar to'the Spring of the year and characterized by extreme itchiness-the body being covered with in- flammatory spots, which discharge pus, and forms scabs that fall off and leave the parts bald, or without hair. , Treatment.— Give a dose of epsom salts, and fumigate the beast with sulphurous acid ^. (See Sulphurous Acid Gas, in article on Horse and Cftttle Medicines.) Give good feeding and good shelter. ' Plierpural Fever.— (See MilkFever.) Quarteyllvil.— (See Black Leg.) Red Water— ThU is a disease common amongst horned cattle and consists m the altered condition of the blood. The disease derives its name from the color of the urine passed while suflFering from it. Cause—Obscure, but assigned to local causes, such as the peculiar properties of certain herbs or grasses which the cow feeds upon : also from eating bad quality of roots, etc. Symptoms.- General derangement attracts the farmer's attention and upon obsetviag the urine which the animal has passed, it is seen to be' of a red, or rejdish brown, or claret color. The color increases in depth • other secretionrfare checked; the animal becomes hide bound, and the milk dries up. ApAtite and rumination are suspended : the pulse becomes feeble and frequent, ^he extremities cold, indicating the languid state of the blood's circaktion and the poverty of the blood iteelt OooasionaUy diarrhoea comes on, lasting for a day or two, followed by constipation. Treatment— Give one pint of raw liodseed oil, or if this is not handy give about one pound of epsom and one pound of common salt and half an ounce of gingw, dissolved in three qaurts of water, and give plenty of linseed tea to drink. To hasten recovery, give good and generous feeding, whioh wiU also assist inmaldng blood for that which h Typiius Contagiosus Boum-Contaglous Tvolina of r»««i» -Rinderpest Cattle Plague, etc.-This'^ i! o^Jl*^ *^"*^ diseases which have, at distant and different periods ^Sm^> ?• of the fibrous, serous tissue, or white membranes of th« „«.. .« ^mwnon ches^«.d i^tead of serum or fiuid ^i^, ,.Z I'^J l^^lZ'^Z X- !. T.!^''"^ PJ'"™"P°*'""°"''^ the membranes become let^ZZl portions become detached, and some partially adhere, but all dCZ 5 cornea d-«««>°«W which is gradually absorbed into the g^^^^^ lation. speedily followed by fermentation of the blood withrt^ kT' di;: a::^ '" rv:r" "•'"""'" --^^'^^-^ P".^hicr::::n 'r^akt^' dmcharge. Al of thu, « accompanied by sympathetic fever (typhus^ called^ gradual and progressive in its character, till the blood and Ce^f ^l^L"" T "^.f' *"''^ P"''P""°* '»'«' ^-^'^^^ animal SVn exhausted and m«erable object, in from a few days ^ one, two orTh^ weeks from the time of attack. . , "^ Cau.e8.-Certain conditions of the air and eart^ as heat an^Afetbw Z '^ fnT '■ ~''***^°°; '^''''' ""^ *« '^'^^ *»>« iSxcitirifS^useT' Homething Bt,) l h g»ag _wi»it o dmtho^yste . H of!rt|,e-rn immi to^rMle 0, 4^, i." *,lf ?■, "u Jy! h \ (> ,y 1 / '^i"^ p^ ^JHt „. JJ_t^ „ f f , #■"! I ,' **M^ 2.I5G DISEASES OP CATTtB. posing cause— as debUity, and a low standard' of general health. Indeed, the .conditions which sometimes exist in, and form pleuro-pneumonia, are capable of producing contagious typhus. This opinion is borne by Jessen, who among the discordant opinions and theories of Eun^, has declared the dUeas6 to be associated with pleuro-pneumonia. Dr. Greenhow says that contagious tphus existed side by aide with pulmonary disease in England in the middle of the last century. Symptoms.— The weeping^ye, the acrid drop from the inner corner of tl^e nostrils, together with slight rough sounds from the wind pipe, will tell the intelligent observer that something is wrong, and all this can be told from twelve to twenty-four hours from the time of atiuok. The husky oough, with dullness and prostration, follow the weeping eye and nostril. The beck is arched, appetite and rumination irregular, the rigor and thechUl tell that blood poison is present, and suppuration is going on as a remedial and natural measure, to get rid of the foreign and poisonous matter in the blood. The breathing soon becomes labored, the heat of the body is variablor while the skin and hair look unhealthy, and fever gets high. If the mouth and nose be examined, eruptions and sores will be seen; and these sometimes extend to the feet. All the foregoing symptoms are now speedily followed by dis- charges, from tha nose and eyes, of pus streaked with blood. Salivation and diarrhoea supervene, together with stupor,and all the phenomena of approach- ing death. In this disease, as in pleuro pneumonia, cows heavy with calf or otherwise dd>ilitated, die sooner, and do not bear up so well as animals in beWer condition. The intelligent and careful reader cannot fail to see several prominent and important symptoms common alike to this disease and epi- zootic pleuro-pneumonia. ► Treatment— Tlie correct method of treatment is appartbt from tha nature, symptoms and post-morte©, or ap'pearances after death^ App^ttces all indicate that the aiiimal is aflFected with fermenUtion of the bloo<^on- sequent upon inflammation afd deterioration of the fibrotis, serous tisftue of the body, accompanied with fever of a typhus type. Then the irst thing to be done is, to build up the system and arrest fermentation by elimination or/" neutralieation of the leaven, or /erment. For this purpose th»n, use the following poller : Powdered carbonate of ammonia, one ounce ; powdered sulphate of iron, or copper, three drachms ; powdered gentian root, half an ounce ; powdered ginger root, half an ounce ; mix, and make one dose. Give one dose of (ffl powder morning and-nigfat. In the middle of the day give one ounce of sulphite o£ soda daily. The animal must be fed well and in a' generous manner, bu^ no means to arrest digestion by 01^ feeding. * * V^er Diseases.— tfee Oai^t.) rine. Bloody— »S»Wl-^''&i[. 'Vti!,'».Mkii''.!^i^£&£tia,,>>aiii. iU>>'.' . > *HtitS^' .-py'ia^t l^i, Winter Care of Cattle, <>. <: ' for t.?"' '' ""' ''^ *^ "■"'* important subjects the farmer ha^ to consiHer for there are ,uore diseases that show themselves in ^ the spril contrrSi fro. uyud,c.ous management during the winter months tha^ fL a!;; ot3 ^ A great desideratum in this connection is the employment of good helo In the summer months patience and judgment in f Jing are not .o essin' Men have their idiosyncrasies and so have cattle, and peculiarities of temper must be born with and seemingly not noticed, f^r if a^m^ a I in capable of reasoning we need not expect them to give up their Cims aid P^uhant^es to meet the exactions of an arbitrary and ilf-tempeld " epe. N, man IS fit to have the daily turning out and in, the loosening andlir. up, and the feedmg and grooming of a,,y description of farm animl o does not natu^llyjike a domestic beast, and indine instinc": ;! 1 1 posable ca^ tVt the man m charge, under either mode of keep will, now and then, have occa^on to draw upd, his patience as well as upon that most Tsl . ^t.al charactensttc xn the i^ake up of a successful ca^taker of IZ nameb.. a wdhugness to pn^tice a little self^enial, when the 'sa^ orlt: fort of animals in h.s charge requires it. A night watch who sleeps Lr, post ,s of little value to the owner of property placed iu hi^ hTe ^^ hkew.se. a man, .f he .. fully adap ted to t>..p l^. .,„, .,.,S, ^' v/ .,.:.. • « •^ . WINTEB CARE OP CATTLE 253 quietly to the night quarters of the stock before soinff to if^ ■ * .u •• 2^;rL:onf\rh"^"^-''°-«^ ''' 4-^- t:z'::t fLi L th? ' ''""'""^ temperature, combined with such varices • food ai the growing season gives us. ^ supplymenting this with Z^ mea^, 0x1 cake, and the li^ ^e are in the most rapid maL«r enabled Tput flesh on our cattle and other stock preparatory to winter. The condtion favorable for gain will soon disappear, and it is the poorest kind of poty "o delay the gmng of gram or g*,und feed till the stock are finally pTaceJ n their s^lls for the winter. Specia^^tention should be paid to the lean kj Td^notrof^onr;' °" ''' ^^-'- ^"— " *^« -- ^"-' We are aware that a prejudice exists in some quarters against clover as a winter food owing to the difficulty in curing it and getting It into the barn or stack, but or aU that it is one of the b^t winter fofds that ca^^ <^ven to cattle. The clover plant draws from a much greater depth than any She" ^ve tadvan^gesnot possessed by the^grasses that are in-thisres^c scan ily supplied. Voelcker and other auAorities have never wearied in^Id vocating he claims of clover to cultivation. Tha. say it contains a l^rl amount of nitrogen-three times « much as in J ordinary crop of whj counting both the gi.in and straw. During the growth of dovefa Lr^t ' nitrates. Clover removes frmn the soil more potash.*>hosphoric acid lime etc., which enter into the ashes of our cultivated crops, than any other Top genen^lly cultivated. It is estimated t}iat the roots of clover contaitwhet dry. from 1} to 2 per cent of nitrogen. |^ "^n, wnen Moreover the value of well-preserved dover as food for cattle' is quite well indicated by its value to growing and fattening stock when conaumi Z the green and growing state. When it is borne in mind that in the curing process hay gives off nothing but water, this water being shown by careful Z^ZlT ""'°'^'*. «»«--*« °*-*"tion inherent in the plan from which It was evaporated, it will readily be seen that clover dried with- out damags mu.t necessarily coatain all the virtues of the crop when e^ten m the greep and growing state. . r "« ««*wn K* .^J\Pr""°*« •"•«»« i° Oe™»ny I'ave shown that the bx>ts and stubble -gM^g^frpm *" ac re of olovor i«^ i« ^ .u .ai . . ^ .^ ^. ■ . ""OQ j^ I i 1 1.' , fi.i ac re of obxor -i i od4aa.d» | 4h.of ten iiich l les, had ft we^t oF f «^ smm^i^'. -'- ' -JJ^s.' « '■X •» m ■ (1 254 WINTER CARE OF CATTLE. nearly 9,000 lbs.- Therein no other crop that compares wiih it in fP gard; hence, then, its great value as food for catTrd shL / . " under in the ereen Rtatn !« -a j , ^°®®P' *<"" turning w fh cl^ "' ^ ^"''^^ " "'^"^"'- ^^^P^'^*^'-^ ^ *»>« --ng I oflld weather, cattle require concentrated food subh as ia +}.« a.,,^ -f . t • waten^and washy. A moment's considerat on of the f^t Z^Z, "' ^""^ ' ^tandfng in value as seven to one, while the fo^ value « ^min "? -sa. onehundi^and fifty to ««;, wHl show tat^T llLri;!; ^t ' ..hedujK,n when strength and flesh need to be obtained without undLd^ lay. It IS intended to show by this statement of the relative values of IL ancles named, that seven pounds of oats ora?orn are equal in 2111 value tea hundred and fifty pounds of the rtts na" J Thl itTr^"? articles for use in connection with grains, but an animal cannrrbuilT^^o ' as IS required m the fall of the year, taking on such vitality L vSor " • will enable It it te resist the cold weather of the winter months on theSbe It 18 not only to the solid food of cattle in winter thaf J-^ T' York dealer, as narrated in the National Live Stock Journ«l .T .C7 herd of fifty-five cows preferred to walk a rl.Ttl^Zr' ^^^V^ ' ' ^He-Han take it at 32. At a i^ent largely atlrdCvU In of^ men, testimony was borne by many of those present to the benefit deriveT^v ' furnishing luke warm or tepid water to the herd in winter instead of co"d The tns^^ r tt;:^ tz'wr r -gir " ^^ . at thirty-two, ^d tl.t they woull ^tir^^rt^nrmormrw:::^ any mcfease of food, and that the milk wa^ quite as good ^d would IT cold water, a less quantity was given. ^ f^^ '^■!s5^ MR. BATES AND HIS SUORT-UOKNB. ,f >. * % M MR. BATES AND HIS SHORT ^ORNS. / ''(i ( The histories of improved breeds of cattle scarcely supply a parallel to 'Sr *1*' «rT "^^ '"'^^ "°'^*^'^"^ ---«. of the'eadCtl^ of Kirktevington Shorthorns. The founder of thnafl friK» . .u- of thefi^t Buehessor the first Red ^::^.t^r:^^.T.^l^^ Oxford Red Rose Waterloo. Wild Eyes, and Foggathor^ tri^s the ^ tmtt impress of h« own mind, (the hereditary charaoterrapproved W hS judgment and developed by his skUl). boH, a curiously contradicLy cha!lter In Mr. Bates, strength and infirmity, enlightened judgmei«||ind un ^asonable prejudice, were closely associated. T^e niost Irdf nSilLn of hxs own cat^e was coufi^^ith a crochet to which some of hXTl Short-horn breeder was in some mei^re discredited by his underlvaluation and sometimes unjust disparagement of the work of nfh„/ t blood for ever tamted and ruinfl> the only good ^traL. S j^ i„ ZT^ll a^m then«t br«.th. in apparently happy inconsUtencWe wouTdZ^s;' ^anif^ted itself . the evidenc^^fl^lX,;^:;^^^^^^^ " earnestness and integrity of purpose, were open to all ingenuous mndTth^ came in contact with lii, own mind. «i. iL labor reSlTe^^b hshmentof^sub^varie,yofShort.horn.thelikeof which has not bin 2n bw7'^K Tt^'^T '*«P-'-«°«*»»« -rit of Short-horns^ oZ; blood than that bf Mr. Bates, or even asserting that the Shorthorns of Mr |ates were, or that thei.^4escendant . a r, , Uh > .fae^ Short^h^s i^^fiig ^ No one who has the lea^ power of distinguishing t^TlTS^r!^^ f ' ittii ui-a-i ^y.. m^ .' \ Hi;' €f "u* 256 '' ^ if tyi^whether he likes or dfi^ it, is 1>n*^^ >emarkalMi%ecTa|y W t^erCare^tle descended tr^^oseofl^k^es, Jd SS es ea^ whiph faJ to inherit the ped«li«rities of m%tes.tirt>e. ^e&lXS^^ one, indeed, .would have 4n s^e^r as MrSMmi^KT. 1 *w^ •. heopuld ha4«en^eartheXls^:JtXS|S? ^ • recommehdation of l^is nameibillnsta.i^f l<^ »r wh^h l^,d«veloped dq rfotlberth^ q«iiL of t|io " ft t '*^'°' *°*^ *^ preserved by some of Jiis fol- ^Ison with other Shorthorn types, it may be Itself in con^pariaon mth otlje? breeds, that its r. The advocates of some otliw breeds maintain hhM^lntk. ---7-^?'^'^°™*'^ quality of beefi fij^advocates of the ^^ilortl (alttiough they may not concede so"much^ talt;;^ ^fch^.v .^ a th^ .£^, Shoi^-horn to improve all ^ean^^^S^^ tlulC >^pacitie^.m t^^^ „p„, ,„y^,^.^ ofsnperioritTflquaC of I^^hort-hotn beef. If the Short-horn, they say, has somLnes an exces inferSil breeds to insure in the crosses, the right proportions plfat and le.1 , and to impart that propensity to thrive and to ripen which aim nanTes 2 .^.hereditarytenden^to produce fat. " With argunLts of siX ^rt &rkleving^n typ. are not perf«,t show animals. On certain occasio^ we know Sixort-horns descended Exclusively from the herd of Mr. Bates have proved invincible Id show competition ; but the value of Bates blo^d for ex hibitors- purposes ha. consisted mainiy in its marked excellence as an element to mingle with other sti.U Where style, high blood, refinement a "^^ out-look, and superlatively mellow "touch " are wanting, " a dl 72^'' judiciously introduced, wiU give tliem all, to say nothSg of the rLhfess of ^ color often derived from the same source. Thus, the oaring ^faZ;/ logy, sleepy-looking, and somewhat harsWy-handling cows may derive from of coat, elasticity of skin, and prime quality of flesh which, ,with the sTd substance and compact frame of> the dams, go to make pri,-^' - highest class ; and when we come to questions of practica IB no doubt that the vigorous vitaUty, spiritj and activity^ the Bates type teftg|^^favor of the blood for genM cross oft6n giving Mm^ scale for flesh making; aS are Of iinportanc^^P«rantage over most other heal on theij- tehalf. That they hay4 extensiyely justified! doubt, when we see how Very miMiy of our most prlwDi tm tod how many of the oldest breeders in England, iH5 _^H^igJ"gh M ron t ^^ ^^ ths name o f Mr. Ba te . . ' * pnnera of the nltiess, there |>rt-horns of urposes"; the iry properties orns is claimed ijms. we cannot I after long > the tribes, I- , ^v V\,\ •^^:\•J •■\ THE BU8IH£S8 OF AOBICULTUttK. 257 '^ THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE. w* Vol The business of agriculture, in its various branches, is worked by the en^rgjes of ineu of very different elates jampng the*^ the class of men to whom the- growing of roots and cereals, or, often in a greater degree, the breeding of live stojk, is a pleasure which only the stock-breeder or the cultivator of the soil, whose love of hi^«#ing is deep and earnest, can tho ^ughly understand. By example it may be illustrated. For instance, the dViItivation of garden flowers, or of tender exotics under glass, the manage- ment of dom^tic poultry, keeping dogs, small birds, and other recreations drawn from either the vegetable or the animal orders of creation, may be made Purees of i^jexpressible delight, illustrating tliat of the genuine breeder of farm live stock, and of the grower of farm crops. There are also aZne tie classes of agriculture thbse who regard their work merely as thatS. the business wjiich they have chosen, and who desire to be successful,. SB the tradesmen of the town desires to be puccessful, partly for the means of living and of providing for a family and partly for credit's sake. No n,an, in war or peace, likes to bo vanquished baffled, unsuccessful; and the desire for self-maintenance, and for the power to support mope than self, i^ honorable. The man who starts in agriculture and stock breeding upon |},i^ lines has nothing to be ashamed of. If hacan carry otft his uftdertakiffgs creditably, and gather a profit, he wins his game ' For the instruments by which he wins, his crops, his stock, he has no mor6 warmth of regard than the grocer has for^is sugar or the shoemaker for his leather. Perhaps wo here do wrqpg to tl,e ktter article, as it comes, or is supposed to come, more intimately inlo connection with the craftman's mind than an article, like si#r, which merely . passes through the dealer's hands ' We h«ve seen a son of St. Crispin look lovingly upon a piece of choice leather and handle it with perhaps as much^ pleasure as the breeder felt in 'handling \ the Uving hide; of which that bit of dressed leather once formed part • but A^^^^i^^im^^' A^^^ !^^ mor al or s t atytory^ against ad aW io u, •re dul^observ^ is not, like the pair of boots, produced -^> the brain and \ • # •'" •^ ;, :;-■< J thd^if f:^. . l>,iiitm£ "> ^ 258 TUE BUSINESS OF AORICULTDBB. hands o£ him who supplies. The difference here pointed out may serve further to indicate our meaning, and the psychological reasons for the greater or lesser^^pth of interest that a man feels in the business pursuits of his life. The kind of breeder that we venture to call the genuine breeder (to distinguish nim, not invidiously as regards the other, frof# the breeder whose satisfactory bJilance sheet is his sufficient reward for honest industry), the ijenuine breeder, we say, while not ijidifierent to financial resaJts, is so heartily in harmony with his work, tliat a trivial pecuniary loss, if it com- prise the failure or abortive ending of aH'e'S^^eriment in breeding, is often much more keenly deplored than a heavier loss in money not so coupled with ^ dissappointment of an object of the mind. It is, for the same reason — fliat is harmonious employment of the mind upon the work — ^tliat the genuine breeder feels a degree of sadness and regret, ijot' felt by the other, a« life's work-ilay wanes. What, he wonders, will become of his stud, Tiis herd, his flock ? It will be dispersed, or mismanaged ; not managed as he would con- tinue to manage it ; and soon the impress of his Qwn mind will disap- pear. The painter leaves behind him work which he hopes may stand good for centuries ; the sculptor, work to stand for ages k the man of letters, if Owning the thirst for fame — " That last infirmity of noble minds " — at least hopes, and perhaps believes, that his words will be recalled by remote genera- tions to como ; but the poor stock breeder feels as one who has written his mind upon the sands of the sea, which the^ coming .tide, effacing his record, will print once more with ocean's hieroglyphics, the models of her,jwaves. He has done his wbrk with earnest pleasure, and done it well. Theripf is ; but, take away his lAind for a few years, and where is it 1 Gone ! As if he never had thought, nevef had worked, never had lived. There is some truth in this natural regre^. The drop which he Ul contributed may lose itself in the stFeam, but in all grobability. he has clone more lasting good than' he knouts. The dispersion of his stock is the dissemination of its influence for manifold good. Some seeds, surely, will fall on good ground, and become abundantly fruitful. If n6i indeed *he materials that he has given to the world, the principle* upon wRich he acted are more widely brought into ser" vice through his instrumentality. He has learned his lesson as a student of nature, and^of that which we may fairly call art, and perhaps by Words, per- haps silently, by example has passed on to younger minds some part of the knowle(|ge gained in the labor of his life. f \ - \ d: -if "O-r FROM PASTUBE TO WINTER QUARTERS. ) \ 269 THE YOUNG HORSE FROM PASTURE TO WINTER QUARTERS. i a # ^nwf^ !^ M r?^ ^''"''' ^"" °^ *'^'' ^^^^^'^t^ °f recuperation and forH "^""'^"'^ '^'''^'^'^'' *« --t the effect pf the mistakes in caring kTk. .'T"""'"*'°" ^^^'''^''^ is favorable to the growing hoof the we,ght be.ng d,v.ded between the outer >in> and the frogf thus Ls"w 4 c.rcular-grow,ng hoof; and the moist, soft footing gives guarantee of the af sence of fever.shnosB m the feet, and an abundant growth of horn. But in dZS O ^IT 'T'''"' "" "'"""" '"'^^ '^' '""^ --^"'^Ss are, very ante itl t ''T "''^^^ ^"''^ ^« '^ '^'^^ -«P. *'- boys or the hfred men are quite likely to put the young, growing things upon a full ration of corn twice daUy to compensate or the absence of grass. After the colt has been kept 'Standing upon the plank for a time, corn being freely given a careful ex ^ amination of the feet will show that the tenUture'ln these TsW, l; by severa degrees and tins change is the incipient and initiatory step towLds whqjt wiU, after a few accessions of this sort of feverishness, lay the founda- tion ?or gradual contraction at the heel and brittleness of the wall of the hoof. The season following a winter's treatment of this kind-will find the hoof brittle-more so than the season before-and it will be found evefti pasture, showing a tendency to break at the rim. Perhaps this will bi-bSl shght, but It is the forerunner to more permanent and serious trouble with the feet when thb horse is transferred to hard pavements and high gnuA feeding tlie year round, and is doomed to have the hoof unskilfully cut •» burned, and nailed twelve times during the year. ' ' ^ . ^""^^ **^^" ^'''"° P^*"™ ^^"""^^ ^ generously fed and kept growing tJ^ but tact is^agjred in doing this, that no impairment come to the system or .any part^^If by injudicious feeding and confinement, after the colt has spent hi»*^er.upon gnws, having the range of the pasture for exercise the digQ9ti«rf becomes a little impaired, this is likely to be nothing mofe than a functional trouble thatwill,with due care, entirely pass away. But troublearising within the feet is quite likely to be organic, permanently changing'the shape =flfthe^hQiL. This ^aaj^be^ligbfr white the wriniftl is yMa coTtTWtTt wHT ■y n '* 260 'UBB TO WltfTKB QUARTERS. grow apace 'p(tbecome each year more a trouble to be regretted, whea the animal «, after maturity, put to full work and kept on high feed, wearing shoes, the year round. o . » By iU means keep the young horgigrtigjfeing as vigorously in winter asm summer If i*,asible, thTo^x^0I^^B^^it^m^ny.t^m oi feeding. Exd^ssive feedmg, on rich, fat-making food,-and corn comes prominently forward ,n this class, the colt being tied up iu his stall much of the time- iM^ghtly bo hkened to firing up a locomotive till the steam gauge.phows -*^m u ''®^^'""®' *""* "'^" '^""^"S •* *° ^^"""^ ''^'y "P«« the track. There ^d bo exercise, and plenty of it, given to the young colt, that he may iwcrt-l^^off the superabundant animal heat generated by full feedin- This is „|Wquired for the good of his body, and also in an especial degree, for the , benefat of his feet. Exercise is required, not only that the feet may be kept a . . part of the time oflf the plank and permitted to have the cooling and soften- . , mg mfluenc'^which comes of^ contact with the moist earth, but equally tliaU ' the forward part of the bottom of tli«|hoof maybe kept duly worn down ' that the right angle of inclination of hoof and pastern be maintaineilfehere the weight is thrown upon the heel, the outer wall of the hoof, at™heel will be fo»ndto break over inwardly, towards spring, wliere unshod colts are Sit^jcept upon pfi|,l^ muqli of the time during winter. It will be' wise to let the ^ colt run put suffi^ntly to keep the feet properly J^veled up, and where this is not accomplished through exercise, the knife of the'smith should be brought into requisition, that the hoof nx^ maintain its upright position by W^h means only can the forward jj^f %^ foot be made- to bear its' portionof the weight of the body. l^^, #' The young h^uportgn^s is, \x iu health, atyays loose in his bowels This condition pr^^ fe^alihness of. Mtiier body or feet, and it is well to imitate^this conditiofi through giving suitable food. Oafs, with a little oil cake meal a^dedi once^ortwice daily, will meet 'this requiremonl. In the ^^bsence of the cake ii;|^P| even ih conj||ction withiftran may 1,e given .Mvith advantage. Young horses can be a*fi,ly kep^ in a good state ofLsh ^ ' and be made to grow during winter as weU a|d^'ri„g sHnimer.'C m^atoin' ' • . . ing the summer conditions. A reasonabl,^iPt^of tact and judgiflf t will .^enable any man to do this, but it Jjj^t be done Ly, carelessly feeding corn Vto the young stock, as is too com(g^B^tl»ei»se. i^ ^r S*. ■^ ue^se /# \ - -- . r* ■ ; ■-"• r ■^ ^. * %. ■«' J — r - '- - v:f , «" *i- Feedingr and Management of Cattle. selected an7wha^v«rf TT""''' ^^^^"^ upon it, whatever breed be the ba,, thalTn^tVrs? ;:^^^^^^^^^ "**»« -'^ -- o"t of to attempt to* keen too nZ. 7 J ' ^ " P^""" «co°o"y. therefore, generall/fie found t^t oZ "T" °' '^! *""""' °^ ''^^'^ «°« ^*« ' ^^^ ^t wil i tw* ordinarrcows C ^1?'' 7" '"' ""' "^" '^"^ "'" ''''' ^ "^^ both in labour and room 5 ^^'"'^ "^^ ' ^*»"« » «*^i°g " effected in «mmentrr tH« 1 ^^"''f ' '°^ ^" '^' '''^' °° ^'^^ ^^pital invested. If e°oX sav Z ?t T. °"'^ ^^' "P"'' ^•^^'^'^ 't '^an be put-^it i, stroXZ^!* thl ' '"'''"^'' "'^^ °' '"^'^'"S ™*'^"«- It is not too ™an;^rATrrn'f^i:rrurnirht^ whole Of his w and r^t^si'^ :zi::t:iJzz7 ^"' " ^^^ ^'^^ portiot^rLl^i^ry^^^^^ ent amount of nutrifive elernTl ^^^ ^ ^^ '''' ''''^Mm'^^ than straw, and grains thanTooL 'V^^^^ '"'"P''' '""« "*«««- to fill up t^ a certain degree the orin 7^ °' ""'' P"~'^ * HiHKient received full beTfit of L fooV f ^'^''''°" °^ '^' ''^'^'''^■' ""d. to iftheatomachisnotsuffi^ntMt^ T"? "^ "'f ^ -tisfied-since. and bi^ dburse many of the nut ittf n ' ?" u°' ''" P™P«''^ '^^g^"*^ peH^ti,,a^i.i,«tii;'ii\;r^p^;£^^,^^^^^^ more than^ is requisite. A nart of *h„ 7 / •!• , satisfied, and no oondition-and it the nnlrition of it.TJ? • T" . "• *° '""P "P "• .inumk,tc^lm;Ll2":Z^r4^ cattle on their, .in^orocrw^^^pl,^ nourtiBea, they require about one-thi^ r"* '^^ w. :\\v iK'^ I v», -■\^ Mv' it: m Hi 'i I) ''II "„'.' , ' "\.' J)'' ,".,,', 'i ''■;. j ( i ., /' tances, lM*d four-tt,urtieth)^Jii ^aW ,»rjbt!»r liquid contained Y^he exQ<4 oYriHbiiiv6foo^^i£)ver aiS^ above', •y hat is nefeesaary '\.L 'f ^ :A\ ijfi thai t 'T^ut^T' '^i**^'"** ««'". g« t*ke«. itt c^Wtt^on wiiU *J1 'Sier^nrincipK„: , V "ST^^^T"''^"'' >rhe^rppo,:^tiori iai^r^bably nd^fnifprX appli^ ' ! of thi^Jne breeds ,„The idea of s^ celebrkt^;^fcp,ck.rai8l;# baa' feeeii thai th^ quantity of food ^required depends Mt^ upon the shape of fearrel • ahd ; 1^ 18 ^^ell known that an animal of a:^08b^ coriipj^itV w^tounded barrel wiU 4. consum^^ leflB than one of an opposite niakft' ' '\, ^^.^ ^ ,^v ^^ » /i/ 1 ^y^^lS^T '" '''^^^ ''^"'^"'^ cow*^e,c|u8ed mo A the vadlaQiW; ^ ' :°.**'*'.3^^''^ ^'*'"*"^ oJtheirfood than br'lMoh»nge„of tffe fo^k in whicW' It 18 givP A pow, kept through m winter oS m^iSe atriw, will >Aa^6 to give " ^,.mx^k; aqd, whenf«J,^in spring gf^en forage;WljI giy^ a fair quantity of "'•■ V , ^B"\«^««^ tte <=«««atW »ttd restoration of taiBecretion,r«*liW^^^. "'-, timely, to the diminution and incrrt^ of her nourishmentj, and not ftt aU t»^\ i' the^hange of form, or<^<,utward su%n6d in which the nutrito^nt/is admi- - v niste?^ Let cows K^qeiv^e tWough wW nearly as large a riroportion of " ''- nutntlv^ matter as i« conUibed in the ^I^Juoerne, and fresh^gttws which '""< they^atin sumfljer, apd. no jnatter in what precise substance or miiS^Hhat ' matte^be^Dtained,they will j>^eld Printer's prodiife of AUk quite as nU " jpr caserne an%butj«racebu8 ingredi^im^asthe summer's produce, and far more ^ ample In quantity than almost any d^u^man with old-fashioned notions would unagihe t^ posftiWft. The great p%ical emg on thi& subject consists, not in giving ^ng k.n4«. o^food, but^^nc^.^omtioning and preparing t as" to render an average ration of it ecjhally ricip|e elements of nutrition and especially in nitrogenous eki^^^ts «.,«„ atl&ition of the green and auc- cnlent food of summer. .p ^^^Jm " "« oui. We keep^too much stock fcWj^ quantity of goed and nutritious food ; which we have for it ; and the consequence is, that cows are. in nine casesout 71 °' f «'• 7.^°*«r«l, and come out i^;the spring weakened, if not, indeed t^>sitively diseased, and a long time iii^^ A, bring them i^to ac^JS "i^i^f^ generofls quantity of milk. 'i,. K #lt is a iiard struggle for a cow reduced jiafl^l* and in blood to fill un the V^^&**"l''''V''^°°*^ ^Wch would otherwipp^have gone to the Lw- -Sv^ '"i*' '^ '•'""'""" ^'•^' ''^W housed, #^iHittered,»nd weUsnp. |M>^ge fresh witer, and with roots, or othe,.«f«rfood, and properly t^ted to tbe J^xury of a frequent carding, and oons^ kindri^, she comi . lii -^. -. ViO:' : % »» .,^\ ■'n?: \Nv \\^.^. «• <> yi 'h, 'Y « -.a;-' ■nti' /> »KKDING AND.MANAOEMEMTOF CATrLE. % \\ 263 •ttioT^^*^ °°°"°'"°" **** manufacture of milk under favourable circum- if J^t^I^"^^ '""''""'^^ i"^"^ •''"^'"■'"' ""«•»'' **»«"f°™. to be the motto ^d over th, p. n..room, and repeated to the boys whenever there is danger of t^^ rand faiW \ ^ ^"' ""^ °' "^^^^' ^ ""^^ '^^« ^^^ ^'-n ^„K '7«»."Pon 't Cowa in milk require mo«Nfood in propor- tion fc^hbir size and freight than e^her oxen or young cattljj "to Or^ to keep cows injnilk well and economically, regularitv io n«,f in mportanrto a full supply of wholesome and nutritirfo^i The lim^ stomach 18 a very^aic*chronometer,and it U of the utmost importance to observe regular hours xn feeding, clewing, and milking. This is a pdnt X in whkh Th7cS ""r ": "' ^-'^'-^-8 -J^-ever it happens to bTcon" ^ent whLTt*" "'"''^'P' in a restless condition, constantly expecting fooS when the keeper enters the bam ; While, if regular hours are stripy a5he«1 to they know exactly when they are to be fed. and they rest quietly UUt^e SlTT "' r' '"^ ""y well-regulated dairy establishment anhour ?cH>i lil ^1*"^' ?'r'"°'' ''"•* "^" •^^ likely to rise and se^e theS food with an avidity and relish riot to be mistaken whicT w-T""' T f" T"' °"'"' *" ^' P""'^^'^' °« ™'« <'°"W be prescribed which wo^rd apply to all cases; and each individual must be governed muoh ^circumstances, both regarding the particular kinds of feed aTd ffe enU^ ^^of the year, and the system of feeding. It has been found-S^^^y^ ^ted- n the practice of the most successful dairymen, that, in order Jen TtT H " rr' """'"'' '' '""'^ '" ^'^^^'i --. o- ot the b St cot,::; ^ u., to feed m the morning, either at the time of milking-which is nr!Z^ by ma„y-or immediately after, with cut feed, consisting of h ; oats ^ or cornsulks, mixed with shorts, and Indian, linseed, or cotto^Ied mtl Uioroughly moistened with water. If in winter, hot or wC wlt^r ^tl ^t^r t an cold. If given at milking-time. the c^ws will ge^i^r^; do^ their milk more readdy. The stalls and mangers should'first beXoug^ .xs sanctioned by the practice in the London mUk-daiL^ Trp;c^'of digestion goon best when the stomach is sufficiently distended LTT^K '^... t^ika^WM hiLiTi. 1^ :ii;"I ^r " " j»"H^y sromacn tnan otherwise. f^4tei»ws hzv^-bm, milkstimmve finished their cut feed, they ar« j\- '■■«.j ■-•o J.^ «. * w . i!-ti -i% ■t. :»sw • 264 FEEDING AND MANAGEMENT OT CATTLE. tTe etr wh"; r ' '°,r"'°-«««l '^-ri-a and then either watered in l„t !^"-^^.'"^' '•» ^i'y ««jf °' -tonny weather.k far preferaWe^or turned out to water m the yard. While they are out, if they arl let ouTTt ^Te stables are put m order; and. after tying them up. they are fed with iZ hay^d leftr to themselves till the next feeding time. This may Wt rf roote-such as cabbages, beets, cam,^ or turnips sliced-or of potatoes a peck or-.f the cows ,re very large-a half-busbd each, and cutC^; posSble.'^'""'^ " ^"^' *" '" *''' "°""« ' '^'^' ''^'^' *•*«' ^ *•»« "t^if thrivJt.l''' "°? "* «P08edt9 the coldin winter, the better. They eat less, ZX K , . i^ """' "" °° '^*'"^> ''here a herd of\ow^ which had of^n'obr 7P>!«<1 f - *'--6J»« and pipes in the stalls, were, on account Irj^ T ; 't P'P^"' "''"^^ *° »>• *»™«d out thric k day to be dav?^«T \"^. "'^^ ^"''"'**^ °^ "'"'^ '"^^'^""y '*«<'r««^ a°*in three ' iTtH °*'" •"" *''"*"' very considerable. After the pi|,e8 ;ere mended. turned. This, however, must be governed much by the weather ; foK in very mUd and warm days xt may b^judicious not only to let them out. but\ allow them to remain out for a short time, for the purpose of exercise. suit tr T r.^;'°^« *h« *»«'i^/«'- the several ptocesses named above, to suit himself; but, when once fix^^^it should be rigidly and regnlarly Vol- ' ^•t"1l ,1 T'" r^ ^"" '''^^^^ "^ "««'«^^ f- -«n a day^he yield ^milk will immediately decline, and it will be. veqr difficult to relre it It may be safely asserted, as the result of many trials and long practice, that a Z a h7b r''/°"''r ' '^°"P'«*« ^^l^"^ of regularity in this respect than from a higher feeding where this gystemU not adhered to On« prime object which the dairyman shouldJk constantly in View is* ^rlTy. rTfr ^«-'^'^*'^^ bealthy ciPon. With'out this! o profit ca^ be Expected from a milch cow for any ooSderable length of time • and; witlta view tp this, there should be an occasional change of fooJ, But' - m making changes, great caTe is requisite in order to supply the needfdl amoun of .our,shment, or the cow will fall off in flesli, and eventually in milj It should therefore be remembered that the food consumed goes not alone to thesecretKmofm,ll,but also to the growth and mainten^ of t^ C f T ril; t' ''' ""''' ''^ '**• *^^^'''"' ''"'^ *he hair, and ia exhalatioZ from the body. These parts of the body consist of diffeH,nt organic consiSe.r ■ fr; 7."'*' ■? "'^™6«°' «« the fi Vine of the blood and albumen ; others des* Uuteofrt as fat; some abound in inorganic salt., phosphate ofTm, anr ^Ita of potash. To explain hol^ the co«sUnt waste of *s non-nitrogenized. and mineral substances ; and these should b^ m,xed ^gether m theprof^ortion which experie"nce poi„t« ou^ as best for the differentkinds of animals, or the particularl,urpose for M they are kept "^ «f T' f/^tr*"''"^ °^"°"' ^'' ^"'•y P»^P°«««. Wilk may be regarded ;5S >1^ a material for the manufactufe of b^ter and cheese ' and acLli«/to th. ufacture of butter or the production of cheesp, the cow should be ^flWently -Butter contains carbon, oxygen,- and hy JJen, an^ no nitrogen. Cheese, ' 05 the contrary, IS t.ch in nitrogen. Fo6d wic^» contains much fatty n^atte^ ^ or substanees which inthe fei^ial system ar^««Wil, converted iato fa7 wiS* ^ tend to increase the proportion of cream in milk 0„ the oth^ h««d the "'^ TO"^°° «f <^\fl^ or cheesy matter in milk m mcre*^ by the use of *^ , -^ .^ighVitrogenizfed food. mse,.then, who desire n,„.h cream, or who pro-' * duce c.«fcm for the^anufactur« of but^r, select fool««^ w^,ich abound in Tegi,. '^ m.ne-a nitrogemzed organic compound, alWtostid^neiMJ in properties aTd composition wiUi cartHnA. nt- t.ho ..,k.*...„„ .-l-.-L *. «7,. '^ .*^ - -^ ««'m ,1 ^< ..►V\ i "^ yf •- .,«„ U -.»_ ^- r — f""""' <"""«»*. iuenugiu in properties and composition with cartnne, or tfie subsUnce which fcrmi tl* cunl^f milk- will be Belect|il. ^ k > . ' ^ # * ' '■ *• f \ %■ ..>!'■• f*b.«„; ... . . { !.v t '^ ^ > > 266 I 1 « FEEDING AND MANACMIJIENT OP CATTLE. on the kind of food consumed, and on the general 'health of the animal Cows fed on turnips in the stall always produce butter inferior to that of cows livme upon the fresh and aromatic grasses of the pastures. 8ucculentfood in which water abounds-the green grass of irrigated mea- ciows, green clover, brewers' and distillers' refuse, and the like-increases th^ quantity, rather thai, the quality, of the milk ; and by feeding these sub- stances t^e milk-dairyman studies fcis own interest, and makes thin milk without diluting It with water-though, in the opinion of some, this may be no more .egitimate than watering the milk. «"*. *fc^^gh the yield of mUk may be increased by succulent or watery iood. It should be given so as not to interfere with the health of the cow Food rich in starch, gum, or sugar, which are the respiratory elements, an .'Kc^ of which goes to the production of fatty matters, increases the butter in milk. Quietness promotes the secretion of fat in animals and increases thte butter. Cheesf will be increased by food rich in albumen, such as the legu- minous j)lant8. ■ ' ' * > . The most natural, *nd of course the healthiest, food for milch cows in sum- mer, is the green grass of the pastures ; and when these fail from drought or over-stocking, the complement of nourishment may be made up-fJith «reen clover, green oats, barley, millet, or corn-fodder, and cabbage-le^vea, or other succijlent vegetables ; and if these are wanting, the deficiency t:^A\' ■'.--,:.--- -Si 'f> ... f* .' *'.'•!..' :t: \ «'',■ :r .y jfia... -•«raiwj-x»r irxifA'dtarEWT ■of-oatti.e - stances to the ordinary kinds of feed, which contain a large quantity of yfege- dtliVtretr'^^' """ -.'-*-d^8-ti«>le. bu\Lerth'll T dispensable to the herbivorous animals, their digestive organs being adanted to a bulky food, has been found highly advantjgeou, in^^^tS^^^ Nel^r J^attrofThVt""'"*'? '7'^"'""^ ^^^« th7bestresul^ A certafntt mnation of the two presents the most advantages. Dmjngthe winter season, as lias been already remarked, a frequent change of food IB especially necessary, both as contributions to the gene^ heTth of - TX'J^^Zn\TZ'''T''''''' *••* digestiveorgans,'and thusrctl , "oVtp^^aTlv Ll^n • ^""^'"""-'^--^f-d and well moistened is now especial y beneficial, since concentrated food, whwh would otherwise b,. CuTriZfr°'*iT."''^ ^-itedwithlargerquabtitiesorcoZeranl less nutntive food, and tne complete assimilation of the whole be better «« kinds of food produce little or ao e^ect when they ar«4iot digested bv Z TalLtlfdt tr^' ^^' ' ^'' ''''''-' by'theWalCteL^td of Irr ♦ ^ ''*"°"' P"** °^ "'« Hy- Now, the normal functions of the digestive organs not only depend upoh the composition of the f^d bu also on ite volume Th, volume or bulk of the food cohtr bu e^7' the healthy action of the digestive organs, by exercising a stimulatreffecrnnon the nerves which govern them. Thus the ^hole ofganizatfon of rlT«^^^^^^^ animals necessitates the .upply of J^lky food.to kee^ the animaUnToS- the ^hest ,eid i^ t^^^ ^ ;:^.2:-;j:^ ^-^^^ ^^ that ThT """"" '"'*"« " ^'^ *'^"«' -'I «f^-*i»e« very , oHL ^ at '^ and variety of food a^^; ,,^i^"ta:f To^wai^l'^H''^ '^'^':'' ^°"^ "''''"^^ turmp,, and pan.n.|fe; furnishing ye.y ,iU^h aid in incr;a*in?the ouanS and ,„pr„,i„g ^,,, • ^^j^^, „f „jj^ ^ -^^ ^^^ seLon and S cows, the b*st dairymen prov de* tennlv of »w.pn fnrfA-- ; /"^""'«'»ne *m. ■'^Sfe . a f, , ••^f. fi^^Ai^u . . .. „. - >: I ■ • ^ - - , :■ _ : r 1 oi*..' '-■ix V ; ■■ ■ FKEDINO AND MANAGEMENT OF CATTLE. 269 Unless cut young, however, it^ stalk soon grown, wiU be greatly relished, becomes hard and unpalatable. triete wM of the All«-h.„,„ """'"='»» w Hie great graKng dis- »d .„tb^<,i.g, .ooo^liS^"^^ ""'* " """"•'^ ■"■"'■ "'»*- "^ common-sense farmer wS 070^1 'hey sometimes are, the practical, iB>.qui.edforjrut:h:yr'xi;ht^^^^^ -, .and use which they generally wceiv« frTth!l K*f ' .°^ ""* *"**^«"^ •< stock for which they arTil^r^^rf !t ''"''' *''' ^^^ "*™ «*" ^^^^ • perience from the an^imTtl tr X^^tfy a^ndTl ^t ' ""'' '^^ mentof stablhi^ feedino- «nA .11 .1. .1. ^ P"tty and plausible arrange- ment may^t^ goUip b^ an Ltni .r'^"™'^"'^ "* " *"*- -^''1>«^- '^ ' work ohtemingly L^ hrdiLtT, T r T"' ** '^' ^'"''^'' ^^ich wUl when subjecS'^r ex^ritett Til \ '."°^. '^"'*"'''^' ""'"«^ ' ''"' -«<"> t There ca^ no dlKTthe siml^ nl 'r '"'''"" '°^ P""'''"'*^ "^ " an economical e.pendltur:\rSe^'"o?^,^^^^^^^^ " \ -took, i,byfarth«.m(i^ preferable f««d for the consumption of . ^4,- ofth^t2"l!M"±i^"''rrrt^^^^ ukingcare;fth:r'%fiurstt::tp^^j^^^^ .: V ire a ton, at the barn, and straw and *.'9^; /. "-► ■ «'..„? •-. ■•-'■ ■ ,» "' i, -» .',1* _* '^■•■V!<* ■"». •s .;'.' / > ..r.r; .s'r>^,'i*q w^- ■0- 270 FEEDING J^T> HANAOEUENT OP. CATTLE. 1" coara^jgrauB in proportion, ind hired labour ten or twelve dollars a montte J Consequeiitly, th.- manager of this farm should use aU theeconomy in his power, bj the aid of cutting-boxes and other machinery, to make^htfleast amount of forage supply the wants of his stock ; and the internal economy of " ' S!:i u *°"^'^ ^^ arranged accordingly, since labouMs his cheapest item, and .food his dausst. Therefore, any contrivance by which to worJc up his forage the closesi^by way of machinery, or manual Jabour-sd that it shall serve the purposes of keeping his sto^k, is true economy 3 jind the making and saving of manures are items of the first importance. His buildings and their arrange mapts throughout should, for these reasons, be constructed in accordance with hw practice. ' , . . if, on the other hands, knd are eheap and produdti^e, and labour compara- tively dear, a diflFerent practice will prevail. The farme* will feed his hay from the mow without cutting. The straw wUl be stacked out, and the cat- tle turned to it, to pick what they like of it, and make their beds of the re- mainder; or, if it is housed, he will throw ft into racks, and the stock may aat what they choose. To do this requires but one-third, or one-half, of the labour which is required by the other mode, and the saving in this makes up: and perhaps more than makes up, for the increased quantity of forage con- oumed. ) ^5 Again, clinwte may equally affect the mode of winter-feeding the stock Ih? winters may be mild. The hay may be stacked in the fields when gathered, or put into small bams built for.hay storage alone ; and the manure scattered over the fields by the cattle, as they are fed from either of them may be knocked to pieces with the dung-beetle, in the spring, or harrowed and bushed aver the ground ; and with the very small quantity of labour re- quired in all this, such practice will b* more economical than any other which can be adopted. In latitudes, however, in which it becomes necessary to stall-feed during several months of the year; barns ar« indispensable. These should be warm and at the skime time wi-U ventilate^i. The barn should be arranged in a manner suitable to keeping hay and other fodder dry any sweet, and with referenc^to the comfort and health of the animals, and the economy of labour and manure. The size and finish wUl, of course, depend on the wants and means^of the farmer or dairyman ; but luny little conveniences, it should not be forj^atton, can be added at comimratmly trifling cost. The \ost economical plan for nam in npng cattle in their stalla, is to bsten the w^pe or chain, whiche^w i. mtA-^vm wooden stanchion, or stanchel M U » eaUedj to open and shut, ^Iwnft tiai .iiiul by the neck, being ob- j8*Honable-into a ring, wiacfe . mc«mi by »*mnR staple into a poet. This prevents the catUe from Jmrntrnm^ with 6^1^ other, while a partition effec- tuaUy prevesta any contw^lrom th« animMs oileaoh side of it, in the »,pai»te 1U r *i- ■A , i^ .r '■■■•<% il . " FEEDING AND MANAtiBM^NT OP Cl^TTL^ , 271 There is no greater benefit for cattle, after coming mto" winter- quarters, ^ than a systematic regularity in e<^ry thing pertaining to them. EVery aninaal should have its own partipular stall in the dt^ble, where it should always be kept The cattle should be fed and watered at certain fixed hours of the' (iar, as near as may be. If let out of the stables for w|kt6r, unless the wefither is > very pleasaut-:-when th«y may be permitted to lie out for a short ttime— -they should be immediately put t>ack, and not allowed to r|^ng« about with the dut- , side cattla They arVmoro qiiiet and tontented ^n their stables than else- >, , where, and waste less, food than if permitted to run out ] besides bbiag in "^ every way more comfortable, if prop^r^ bedded and attended to, as everyone '«wiU find upon tr^ Tho.habit which many farmers have, of , turning their ^ cattle out of the stables in. th6 morning, in all weathers — letting them range about in a cold yard, hooking and annoying each other — is of no possible benefit^ unless it be to rid them of th^ trouble of cleaning the stables, which pays more than twice its cost jh the saving of manure. The outside cattle, , which occupy tl;^ yard — if there are any — -are all the better that th« stabled ones do not interfere with them. They become' habituated to their own quarters, as do the others, and sil are belter for being, respectively, in flieir proper placea ,, ., ^ '■''•' ■ y^ Milking. — The manner of milking exerts a more powerful aiid ia»ing influence on the productiveness of tlie oow. j^haa most farmers are aware That a fllow and careless milker soon dries lip the best of cows, evei^ practical, farmer and dairyman knows ; but a careful examination of the heautifGl » ' structure of the uddw will Serve further to explain the proper mode of milk- ing, in (»-der to obtain and keep up the largest yield. The udder of a cow consists of four glands, disconnected from each other, but all contained within oiie bag or cellular membrane ; and these glands are uniform in structure. Each gland consists of three parts : the glandular, or ' secreting part, tubular or conducting paili> and the Uats, or receptacle, or re- ceiving part. The glandular forms bj^ far the largest portion of the u^dder. It appears to the naked eye composed of a mass ^f yellowish graios ; bur^^Y~ ander the microscope these grains are found to consist entirely of minute bloodvessels forming a compact plexus, or fold. These vessels sscrete U)e milk from the blood. The milk is abstracted from the bloOd in the gkadular part ; the tubes receive aa .11 ,1 \ ,.t .■ tif4, ■ t- Q;'- .y .-• 272 FEEDING kND MANAGEMENt OF OATTI.E. C sorption tokes place more readUy in the smaller or more distant tubes it is nvanably found that the milk from these, 'which comes last into thTre^en Ucle IS much thicker and richer than what was first drawn off This 3 state of the tubes be permitted to continue beyond a certain time irious tZtl "'V""'''"". °"" ' ''* milk hecome,.Mo thick to flow & the tubes, and soon produces, fimt irritation, then Lammation, and Ltlv ■ reZZw.MT u^ ^'-ix^^^noe of emptying these smaUer tubes regularly and thoroughly, not merely to prevent the o"ccurrence of disease but actually to increase the quantity of milk ; for. so long as the sma^; read" T '' /"^"? " *'°"'''^"*'^ ^^^-^^ ' ^^^ -he'nevar.t has a, ready been mentioned they become gorged, the secretion of milk ceases untU n7o? heH^; ^'r "" '""'' '" '^ P'^^^' -- '^^ sphincrit Sf end of her teat, so a. to open it, and relieve the overcharged udder • neither lower parts of the bag, bei^g neither too short small nrH^ . flabby, and thick, but. perhaps about three ncTe^ n lenl Z'^'Z^ just to fill tjie hand. They should hang as if Ke „.f / """^.^^^''^ "« ; were equal in size, the f«,nl garters pro^Ung ^^ ZZ^^ fll "?'" ones a little m6re dependent.^Each qLtrr hLld «tLTal '. ^^ ^'"' .Ueaof milk . though m the belief o] some, t^^r.^ ir rX This is a popular error, for the mUk!:^L harnoTnni: tl'T °'T yet although the office of these ^io convey the ^0^ ^!^ ^j^ ^^ '\ \ fi^ , FEEDING AND MANAGEMKNT OV ( AtVlE. 273 ^ cates'nfr'^,'''?' 1 '""l inguinal vein, yet a large milkvein certainly indi- ::J^;anTt:rrcr:~^^^ Milking 18 performed in two ways, stripping and handling. Strivvina consist in seizing the teat firmly near the root befween the faceTf the thuZ ir fi . '"n'°^"' '"^ '**"«*'^ °^ *•>« *«''' P''««nl through the tlrl^'"'r "l."''"'"^'^''*"^ passes down the entire length of the teat, causing the milk to fly ouf of its point in a forcible stream. The act on , -«;«-«d> ag q„j „y ^j^^^^j^g ^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ e action hands are employed at the operation, each having hold of a diSsrent teat and beingmoved alternately. The two nearest teats a^ commonlyZ^'m U^^' "d the ore-finger like a hoop assisted by the thumb, which lies horizontally over the fore-finger, the ^est being also seized by the other fingers. MUk is dZn by pressing upon the entire lenglh of the teat in alternate jerks witrth* entire palm of the hand. Both hands being, thus employ dl' Set pr^ . m riun'd t':: """"'li '^^"""'"^ •'"'' °*^«^ *^^^' '•' alternate sLams*:^ milk sound to the ear hke one forcible continued stream. This continued ^eam IS also produced by stripping. Stripping, then, is performed by p'^ Uig and passing certain fingers aionfe the teat; handling, by the whofe h"^ ^tnl:i^''""^"^*'^'"*^^'*'"^^^ one place. 'hL the :IiS " H ^f '^^i^° "''•^''' ^^"'^""S ^' ^^^ P^«f««fc'«nce it is the more natural me ho^-imitating, as it does, the sucklin^he calf. When a c J Ukes a teat into its inouth, it majces th« tongu* a.^ pSate by which it se^es ^lay^upon the t«at by alternate pressures or pupations, while reUining" teat in the same posUion. It is thus obvious that handling is somewhat likl sucking, whereas stripping is not at all like it. It is said that stripptg U good for agitating the udder, the agitation of which isVonducive to the wfth! drawal of a large quantity of milk; but there i, nothing to Prevent tL ' ro7r'' T rrjr '""''' '^ ''' dairymaid\as.,lh1le^S;^^^ the other mode. Indeed, a more consUnt vibratio.^ could be kept up in th^ way by the vibrations of the arms than by stripping. Stripping" by using an " uncons rained pressure on two sides of the teat, is much Jore Ipti prefsTt unequally, than by grasping the whole teat in the^m of the hand while ' the fnction occasioned by passing the finger and thlSb firmly ov^* the out- side of the teat IS more likely to cause heat and irriutiou in it than a steady and ful gra^p of the entire hand. To show that this friction causes an un SnTn. .5 T "^ ?' ^'^'^'^^' '^' '' ""^^^^ to lubricate the teat ^equently with milk and to wet it at first with water ; whereas, the other ;node requires no such exnedients. And »^Mi>^i. , x,^ . jnode req^i^es no such expedients. And a mode of milking which may give £ain -WfiSOEe-feals^ah, clapped, with 8i.i^i^B^^ ler pcoof that stripping i« * -empioyed f7= •M t\ ' li '■ -it ■■% ^ :^ #•" "*-v";;„ i^if^ ■ 2U FEEDINQ AND MANAQEHENT OF CATTLE. The first requisite in the person that milks is, of coarse, the utmost cleanliness. Without this, the milk is unendurable. The adder should, there- fore^ be carefully cleaned before the milking commences. Milking should be done/ r" FEEDING AND MANAGEMENT OF CATTLE. 275 Of holding up or keeping back their milk. How it is effected has never been aatisfactonly ascertained ; but there is no doubt of the fact that when a cow becomes irritated, or frightened from any cause, she can withhold her milk. Of course, all cows are not affected in the same degree; but, as a proof how setsitire cows generally are, it may be mentioned that very few will be milked so freely by a stranger the first time, as b^ to whom they have been accustomed. > . ^Bf There is one side of a cow which is usually called the making s«/fi_that is the cow s left s.de-because, somehow custom has established the practice of milking her from that side. It may have been adopted for two reason, • one because we are accustomed to approach all the larger domesticated animaU by what we call the mar «ci.-^that is, the animal's left side-as bei'ng the most convenient one for ourselves ; and the other reason may have been that, as mos people are right-handed, and the common use of the right hand hal made it the stronger, it is most conveniently employed in milking the hinder teats of the cow, which are often most difficult to reach on account of the position of the hind legs and the length of the hinder teats, or of the breadth of the hinder part of the udder. The near side is most commonly used in this country and m Scotland ; but in many parts of En'gland the other side is preferred. Whichever side is selected, that should uniformly lie used as cows are very sensitive to changes. ' th.n ^" ^°'''"V* '? '"■' ''"'"^ ^ ''' " ''''' "•''^«'l by any other person rvLd^^T', ?^ T"""'^''^ commonly employed at it in this coun- try and «> England One never sees a man milking a cow without being impressed with the idea that he is usurping an office which does not becom! him; and the same thought seems to be conveyed in the terms usually ap- plied to the person connected with cows-a dairymaid implying one who milks cows, as well as performs the other duties connected with the dairv- a dairy-ma„ meaning one who owns a' dairy. There can be but little ques- tion that the charge pf thU branch of the dairy should generally be entrusted to women They are more gentle and winning than men. The same person should milk the same cow regularly, and not change from one to another utf- less there are special reasons for it . .„H U^'l' ""IT'^ ''°*^'"^ troublesome on being milked; and the kicks more rM T?I ^^ "'"'"^ ""^'' '"' '^'^ restlessnes,. only render them IT T L.J '^«r'""'u ^' °""'°"^ ^y ^•'^'^°«««' thumps will never make them bet^r The truth is restless habits are continued in them bv the treatment which they receive at first, when, most probably, they have 'been dragooned into submiBsion. Their teats are tender at first ; but an unfeelin-. horpy hand tugs at them at stripping, as if the animal had been accustomed to the operation for year^ Can the creature be otherwise than uneasy t And ' how °'>°«'^°««<«P« tHe winc ing but by fli nging out her heel s 1-Taen hop, pler-«rep!w«*ott the hind fe^ocS. to^eep her heefiidown. the tail must ^ ~ l\ '•■■■ .Jl ■^ , \ '■■■1 /! ' - , i ^, % ;' .* i ' « ■ ■ — A — - — t 1* . " Bi « ' f > f t / , f \ !2*.tAv , t ^^fl^^^^^^ ..■■.■*. ^^^^^^ ^^^ / K '■• nv,."._v ■ . - ■• »i • ■ ^*w?'^ ■ 'ifm / ♦ ■ IMAdE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) LO I.I 11.25 MM U 11.6 / J ..*•■ «4fn *?v^ y> rtlulugicpiHJ Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STMIT WfBSTIR,N.Y. MSN (71«)t72-|S03 «• •• ,\ iV 4 ^< '^ *,t,p^ '.«iJt!p!.V.'."* '■ J" -l,ft, , ^^'f y. 276 FEEDING AND HANAOEMENT OF CATtIk. then be held by some one, whUe the milking is going on ; or the hair of ita tuft be converted into a double cord, to tie the taU to the animal's leg. Add to this the many threats and scoldings uttered by the milCer, and one gets a not very exaggerated impression of the " breakingin." Some cows, no doubt^,^^e very unaccommodating and provoking; but nevertheless, nothing but a rational course toward them, administered with gentJeness, will ever rendei* them less so. There are cows which are trouble- some to milk for a few times after calving, that become quite quiet for the re- mainder of the season ; others will kick pertinaciously at the first milking In this lost case the safest plan-^ instead of hoppling, which only irritetes-U for the dairy-maid to thrust her head against the flank of the cow, and while standing on her feet, stretch her hands forward, get hold of the teats the b^t way she can, and send the milk on the ground ;,and in this position it is out of the power of the cow to hurt her. These ebullitions of feeling at the first milking after calving, arise either from feeling pain in a tender state of the teat, most probably from inflammation in the lining membrane of the recep- tacle ; or they may arise from titilhtion of the skin of the udder and teat which becomes the more sensible to the affectlbn from a heat which is wear' ing ofil At the age of two or three years the mUking glands have not become fuUy developed, and their largest development will depend very greaUy upon the manivgpment after the first calf. Cows should have, therefore, the most mJlk-producing food ; be treated with constant gentleness; never struck, or spoken harshly to. but coaxed and caressed ; and in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred, they will grow up gentle and quiet. The hundredth had better be fatted and sent to the butcher. Harshj.ess is worse than useless. Be the cause of irritation what it may, one thing is certain, that gentle discipline wiU over- come the most turbulent temper. Nothing does so much to dry a cow np especially a young cow, as the senseless treatment to which she is too oflen subjected. The longer the young cow, with her fimt wd second calf, is made to hold out, the more surely wiU this habit be fixed upon her. Stop mUking her four months before the next calf, and it wiU be difficult to make her hold out to within four or six weeks of the time of calvbg afterward. Induce her if possible by moist and succulent food, and by careful milking, to hold out even "P ,*1 ,' *?* "^ "^""K. if you desire to milk- her so long, and this habit wi 1 be likely to be fixed upon her for life. But do not expect to obtain the full yield of a cow the first year after calving. Some of th^ very best cows are slow to develop their best qualities ; and no cow reaches her prime till the age of five or six years. The extreme importance of care and attention to these points cannot be overesUmated. The wUd cows grazing on the plains of South America, are ..Ipd^^ tQggMt m o ra than thrwror fou f i t wrt, « day^it the height cftKe" • t i^S^EIJ VKtHlSQ AND MANAGEMENT OF CATTLE. 277 l7Jf"r T^ *" °T°*' °^ '"«" *^*'^'' ^° 'r«"»' '' " «id» h" too little mUk for family use, and sometimes receives his supply of butter from the New Ifork market There is, therefore, a constant tendency in mUch cows to dry up; aiid It must be guarded against with special care, tUl the habit of yield- mg a large quantity, and yielding it long, becomes fixed in the young animal when, with proper care, it may easily be kept iip. ' Cows, independently of their power to retain their milk in the udder afford different degrees of pleasure in milking them, even in the quietest mood. Some yield their- milk in a copious flow, with the gentlest handling that ca« be given them ; others require ^eat exertion to draw the milk from them even m streams no larger than a thread. The udder of the former will be found to have a soft skin and short teats ; that of the latter wiU have a thick skin, with long rough teats. The one feels like vWvet ; the other is no more pleasvt to the touch than untanned leather. To induce quiet and persuade the animal to give down her milk freely, it is better that she should be fed at milkmg time with cut feed or ^oo^ placed within her easy reach. . If gentle and mild treatment is observed and persevered in, the operation of milking as a general thing, appears to be a pleasure to the animal, as it undoubtedly is; but, if an opposite course is pur«ued-if at every restless movement, paused, perhaps, by pressing a sore teat, the animal is harshlv spoken to-she will be likely to learn to kick as^ a habit, and it will be difficult to overcome it ever afterward. Whatever may be the practice on other occasions, there can be no doubt that, for some weeks after calving, and in the height of the flow, cows ought if possible to be milked regularly three times a day-at early morning, noon and mght. Every practical dairyman knows that cows thus mUked irive a larger quantity of mUk than if milked only twi nch ; and in young cows, no doubt, it h«^ tendency to promote the development of the udder and milk-veins. A frequent milking stimulates an mcreased secretion, therefore, and ought never to be neglected in the milk dairy, either m the case of young cows,jff very hu^ milkers, at the height of the flow, which will commonly be for two or three months afte* calvine There being a great difference in the quality a. well u in the quantity of the milk of different cows, no dairyman should neglect to test the milk of each new addition to his dairy stock, whether it be an animal of bis own raising or one brought from abroad. ^ lactometer-or instrument for testimr the comparative richness of different species of milk-i. very oonrenient for this purpose ; bat anyone can set the milk of each cow separately at first and giw It a thorongh trial, when the difference wUl be found to be great Economy wUl dictate that the oows least to the purpose should be disposed of and their places supplied with better onea. ^^ ' ij^Siii- .u^i. / J*f t .V i^^fc- 'j»*iV'' I- .'.. .n. ., 1 I* 278 THR OABE OF IflUC. THE CARE OF MILK. * — The STstem of setting milk for cream raising lias, within the pqst few years, undergone many changes, and great improvements in the' mode of handling the milk have been introduced which materiaUy lessen the labor incident to dlaking butter, as well as lending a valuable assistance towards msunng a uniformly better article than could be produced by the old pUn. Milk set in the old-fashioned way in pans and crocks, exposed to the air of the ceUar of spring house, is liable to become cgfltaminated by absorption of all the impurities that are constantly present a^^^tmosphere, particularly during the hot months of summer and the faMpvegetation passes through such rapid stages of decomposition ; all f«y,l o^ of whatever nature are readUy taken up and retained by mUk,^hfcn thus exposed to the opeanir This detracts from the quality of the buiter made (torn such milk, and no matter how great the care exercised in- other directions, or how neat and cleanly theliabits of the milker iAd the dairy maid may be, all is for nought if the surrounding atmosphere is impure, though ventilation of the mUk room is an absolute necessity, and to secure this the outside air must be introduced If the air was always pure, ventilation would be unattended with dangers! and the cream and mUk could be kept in a pure and sweet condition • but when the air is loaded with tainted odom from the pig-pen, the stable and the cesspool, or perhaps a dead carcass, undergoing decomposition, hLlf a mile or more away, the possibiUties of a fine article of butter, noted for "keep ing" qualities being made from the cream so exposed, are exceedingly doubt- ful. There is no escape from this impure contact by. the open-pan system of setting milk. The air carries with it everywhere foulness and impurities with which it comes in contact. These are rapidly and securely absorbed by milk and cream 'exposed to its influences, which produce decomposition and leaves a disagreeable and damaging taint to the butter tbA detracts creatlv from jts vidii^ ftfijl .ji^^^ '■: '^ ' J "*»*;, ; I ^: T^B, CjARE OF MILK. 279 A dairyman may be scrupulously clean and careful of his own premises in all the details of stable, milk roon^ and the utensils used in the business, and to have all objectionable objects that would taint the air with unpleasant odors, removed and controlled. Yet, by the carelessness of his neighbor, arising from neglected yards and stables, his milk room may i)e polluted with , foul ^nd tainted air, which will inevitably, and with certainty, wock disaster to high quality in his butter. Deep and cold setting by all the various plans introduced for the better production of the milk and cream, saving labor in handling the milk, and in scouring and cleaning the utensils, and for securing a better article of butter, more uniform in quality, is being gradually' intro- duced into all well-conducted dairies with great satisfaction and success. A few years ago it was the popular belief that; the cream would not all separaterf rom the milk unless it was spread but in a shallow vessel, and ex- posed tothe air, and thus left for twenty-four hours or more. Milk treated in this manner in the average dairy room will generally become sour at the end of a few hours, and by the time the cream is taken o% is thick and " clobbered," and its value greatly reduced for fe^ng young calves, for which purpose there is no substitute that will give anything like equal re- turns. By the deep-setting process everything is different, and the cream can be depihded to rise to the top, through a depth of eighteen inches of milk, with as much certainty as though it was but three or four inches deep ; the milk n^ay be removed at the end of twelve hours, and fed to the calves or pigs in a perfectly sweet condition. One can, as commonly used by this method, will hold as much as five or six ordinary crocks or pans, resulting in an immense saving* of labor in cleansing and wasihing smaller vessels, the labor of skimming and consequent mixing of the upper portion of milk with the cream, and ^ the impossibility of removing the creain entirely pure is avoided, the cans being so constructed that the milk is drawn off from under the cream through a faucet (placed at the bottom of the can) which can be shut off when' the line of separation reachies that point, as shown through a glass panel placed in the side of the can ; then the cream is drawn in a simi- lar manner into another vessel. These " creamers," as they ate called, comprise many different styles and ' patterns, but. all are constructed with a view to convenience and ease o^ cleanlines and purity — ^the common form being a box or tank for holdiijp water, in which the cans (usually eighteen inches deep and eight inches in diameter) are placed, the proper temperature being maintained by the use of ice, or with cold >acter flowing through the box. The secret o^ the rapid separation and rise of the cresun to the Surface is found in the proper oondi- tion of the temperature ; 44 to 46 degrees has been found to ph>duce best results. Of course, to reduce the ^mperature to this point the use of ice is indispensable in summer — ^the same end, however, can be aocomplisfcMl by employing the wBter from a oold wdl of IWOW, or from a runnmg streiSST" il *.^ ,^*f}^^:5*f'.'^?v-'^,rV*'-' ■'^''i%'^*^-^f^iH / ■•■ r • THE CARK OF MILK. When the temperature does not rise above 50 degrees. The colder the air or water at any point above fr^ezihg, to which the hot milk, fresh from the cow, « exposed, the more rapid will be the rise of cream, and the longer will the milJc and cream remain sweet. Pour hours, under the best conditions, will insure a thorough sedation of the cream from the milk of cows that ar« especiaUy adapted to the butter- "laking business ; in this respect milk will vary greatly, taken from the dif- ferent breeds of dairy animals-that from the Jfersey and Guernsey separating quickest and most thoroughly; the AyrshirJand the Holstein being larger milkers, and their milk adapted to ch6eS*^king, and being devoid of Se 01 s in large quantities found in butter, and the butter globules being smaller *i°T^!™*^ ^f''^**"' *''«<'™*™ *«ri««; but, with*he temperatur^ adjusted to » prope7 point, the cream from ahy cow's mUk will aU be tho- ,roughly separated at the end of twelve hours, and the/inilk can be given to the young animah. sweet, and with a confident feeUfag that the butter-pro- ducing element has all been extracted. / These creamers are made of (lifferent sizo«j adapted to the convenience of the family keeping but one or two cows as well as for use in dairies wher« a large number are kept, in either case the can system is very much superior to the old method, not only for the reasons mentioned, but because more cream can be qbtained from a given quantity of mUk, and from which a larger yield of butter will result ; the butter will be of finer quality, and if proper precautions regarding tempeiuture are observed will always be uniform in that quality. It matters very little whether thff cooling process to which the milk is subjected^m the creamer, or placed under the water entirely, as by the Cooley process, or merely surrounded by water to the top of the cans, with ventila- tion through the lid, or whether the same ends are accomplished by the use of Hardin's refrigerating box (an admirable machine), constructed with a shelf across the top inside for ice, with space under to accommodate the heighth of the cans, and which receive the drippings of the melting ice— this produces the desired effect of raising the cream rapidly and thoroughly, and keeping the milk sweet by the means of cold air, instead of water-results are the same in eacK oase-an infinite saving of labor in all' the details of dairy work, better butter, with less attention and skiO required in the man- agement of the milk, and an increased amount of profit and satisfaction generally. It has been clearly and satisfactorily proven that more butter can be made from the same amount of milk (the cream from which has been raiswi by the deep-setting plan) than from the shallow-pan system— numerous ex- periments having been authentically made and pubUshed, the balance always showing in tavor of the first-named plan. This ia exphiined partly on the .. ■ ' ' ' •xl- THK PARR OF MJLK. 281 pnnciple that cold t«inperature_which is always essential in deep-settinR- is more conducive to th^ thorough separation from the milk of aU substances convertible into butter, and the more rapidly this separation occurs, the more thorough It becomes. It often happens that milk in shallow pans in the open cellar or dairy-room wiU become soured long before the cream is all " up " caused frequently by electrical influences during a thunder-storm : this wDl prevent aU the cream from rising, and will, of course, result in loss. Again the cream that clings to the si4es of the vessels (when allowed to stand until Bour before being skimmed) aggregates in time to no inconsiderable quantity No amount of diligence or care wiU get it all on every occasion. This wa*te IS avoided by the deep-set^ system, because the milk and cream being always sweet and in a thin condittbti, no adhesion to the cans occurs, and the oreom is all Bav«d. In addition to the advantages gained by the deep^an 'system, as stated' the milk being covered, axlditiomU cleanliness is guaranteed against flies! mote^ dust, etc., that are ever present in the dairy-room, and which are sure to find a lodging phce upon the milk when exposed in open pans. t* -„ ^TZ-I^Z^ The Breeds of Cattle. «KorP OF ABESDEEHr-AIirGVS HEIFEK8. HIIlhoMt Farm, Compton. Qae., the home of the "black bnt oomely" group of Paria heifere, which b very aaggestive of the gregariou natare of the « Doddiee," ia not only wLl^* "^J 1*''°°*,* Pee|>Can«la. bat al«, one that ^iyala thegreateet in the New World. Cattle of nearly everf strain have been bred in ita paatarea. The blood that 7^ >5'.jr'f* '**"" ^^ ^'"^ ^ ^ "«»«* »' *»'*' ««»*«•* Pri« wtoner. in the world Neither time nor money ha. been ntared in bringing the farm to thia aome of perfection CatUe have gone forth from it. gate, to the greatest show, in America, and returned laden with the Ugheat honors that could be conferred upin them Paris 3rd, the sire of the bUok quintette, is Mr. Cochrane's excellent breeding buU and on whom they reflect credit. Pari. 3rd was fi«tprize bull at the Royal Northern Show in 1881, and was parohaMd from Mr. McCombie by hi. present owner for 1«) f'^'^u.?.'''^'^*^^"''''' '"' "'" °' ^' afcCombie'. famou. coUection at the Pans Exhibition, where he won the highest prize as d two-year-old. His dam. Proser- pine, was a prlze.winn,r herself, Iby Bachelor (690) ; 2nd dam Black Bess of Easter Skene, by Baronet of Drumin (637). He is a stoutly-built, beefy buU of great Male and substance. •The black polls are a very valuable blass of beef cattle, and wiU at an eariv day be very popuUr among breeder, of fat stock. A little time and a better knowledge "iS?,'"'^^ H. .] ! *; '""'^'^ *• guarantee the permanent popuUrity of the "Doddies" on this side of the ocean. / "• COaVETTE 4TH (3407>. The imported Aberdeen- Angus Coquette 4th i. a cow that has gained a leputotion upon both sides of the Atlantic, not only on account of her own merit, bnt that of her produce a. weU. Her show-yard cfu«er began in 1879, in Scotlaad, when she gaiMd third prise at Baabhire Agricultural Society*. Show at Banfli; fourth prise at Cmtnl Banfiahire Fkrmer.' Club at Keith, and third priie a. one of a pair of two-year-old. at Boyal Northern Agricultural Society*. Show at Aberdeoi, and at Mme «iOw in 1880 riie wa. awarded third priM a. one of a pair of breeding oowik In 1^ .he won Moond prin at Banff, and awsond prin at the Dirtriet Agrionltona Avooiation'. Show at IW- \--' ' / X THE BREEbS OF CATTLK. 283 ri£f. In 1883 ihe wm awuded flnt prize at Stirathbogie Farmers' Clnb at Huntlejf; •«»nd prize, a Mamooh, fint at Banff, first as one of a pair at Aberdeen, first at Turriff, and sUver pUte at Tiuriff for best Aberdeen-Angus cow and iito of her progeny-the lot oonsisting of herself , lier yearling daughter Coquette 11th (78S8), which wit in 1884 awarded the Smithfield Club (London) silver oup, in a class of eighlgrsix for best cow or heifer, open to all classes, ^d her buU calf Chancellor (2609), now also in possession of Messrs. AndersoD ft Pindlay, Uke Forest, 111. Since coming to the United Statu she has won several prizes, among which may be mentioned the foUowing at SUte fairs in 1884 : first at Iowa, flnt at lUiniois, and first at Wisconsin. She Is a regular ' and good breeder, her last calf, a heifer that promises to rival her own show-rihg record, hiving ^ready been awarded several honors, was droj)pea on board ship, while orossidg the Atlantic, durintt • terrific st«nn, and then received the name of Cyclone from the «iptain of the vessel, a n«me Which was accepted by iU owners. Her calf of 1883, ChanoeUor (2609), already mentioned, is a magnificent animal for his age, and promises to be a valuable stock-getter. He was awarded first prize for yevUngs at the IlUnob SUte Fair, the same at the Wisconsin State Fair, jind second prize at the Indiana State Pair. Coquette 4th was bred by the Ute Mr. Robert Walker, Montbletton. Scotland, but her present owners came into possession of her by purchase along with forty others from -Mr. John Strachan, Montcoffer Mains, Banff, Scotland. The Coquette family b of BallindaUoch origin, and id spoken of as follows in Sir G. M. Grant's, Bart., private catalogue of July, 1882: •' The ancestress of this family was bred at BallindaUoch in 1860, and was sired by Craigo (260), and was out of Dandy (794), a cow of the old BaUindalloch sort, and bred by the late Sir John Macphersdn Grant. The Coquettfts are a valuable mUking rjuje of cattle, and are allied to Sonthesk, TUlyfour, and the modem BallindaUoch strains. 1' POLLED ABERDEEN-ANftirS The origin of this famous breed of beef cattle is wrapped in obscurity. None of the learned writprs on the diffia«nt breeds of cattle that have become famous in the British Islands, and in Great BriUin especially, have been unable to trace thU famous Scottish breed satisfactorily beyond a oertein limit, and none of them been equal to the task of accounting for the loss of horns in the breed. Some contend that the polled cattle never had horns, but this contention is not borne out by the researches of anti- quarians and naturalute, for as yet no traces have been found to prove that at any period in ancient times a hornless race of catUe existed. The opinion generaUy held regarding the loss of horns in the breed exUting at the present time, is that it occurred in parti- cular place* spontaneously or accidently— if such a term can be applied to any of nature's freaks-and that this new feature was perpetuated by judicious breeding. There must have been some reason for preserving this peculiar oharact«rUtic of the breed, and the early history of the GaUoways furnuhes some light on the subject. At the time of the union of England and Scotland by the accession of James I to the British throne on the death of Queen Elizabeth, a brisk trade in oatUe sprung up between tiie two countries. The EngUsh buyers soon showed a preference for the hornless cattle, and as they were cash customers, this naturaUy h*d the effect of encouraging the thrifty Sooteh farmers to preserve and breed from thk hornless spaoimens. The first mention on record of a polled beast was made in 1752. In an pLd mano'script account book, belonging to Jfe J. B Simpw>o, Sraughty Fenry, Dundee, Scotland, the foUowing. among other oatUe ■m*- *t^$n ^^^i4iit.iai^^ifMi/^^jij^k..l.lJi w.~i *i. ord. average 20.061 Ibe. 7 o.. ten cow. wh^ v^,v^*i"^ "^^ "''°" ^"^'y "«- oz.. and twenty .ix cow. whoie ve.rlvM«^ ^ ^ ^°'^' •''•'^'' '^'^^ '»*• 7 1-5 elude. tw^.eltu« JJ^^^rtl^J^'^rZ.T' '"'- ^f ^•"' "** »- ye«-old.. Tea of the U.t a^e ofc^e^Lb^?* *''."^ *»'.';-«y«'o>d^ "d two- two ^ ''' " - t ' •- IMPORTED HOL8ETW €OW, EMPRESS MO. Emprew. 539, i. one of the moat famou. imnortwl H„hf«! ' ■ . record of 10,714 Ibe 4 oz of mUk in TOs^T ^^ " "**" "* •*"""^<»- Her toenth year and permanently lame in one hbdMeVf^m !^'. T '^'"« '° •"" *'"^- A wn of thl. oowVeired by BUly ^lyn ^ now ft I^^ ^ T /* J*"*'^'"' "" "'"P •^«^>- one of hi. fir.t tw^-year-ofd hl;Sl^^ ^r^l J^:^^^^^ «*"'• "'^ of butter in Mven d«i Th- 7 * , . ™'"' P*' ^"y- *'^ 12 lb.. 10 oz black-and-white blood, give, ample awurani thTt f K-T?^^ carrying the THE IMPORTED HEREFORD BVLhi PRIMCE EDWARD AWD ROYAL lOTH. (4740, out of 7002. a cTr'warZ'^w "y ^"^ ^ ^iT^d j'' """*"" **^' woHhy of hi. dUtinguished lineage. Bewa. hJbfllrTj t^^Zi^I^, 7"' minBters England, and wa. imported March. 1882 He h-all th. V^^..' ^" which «^ decidedly prominent in hi. get. In common with niTS'the wJ cl.« of WUton.. he poweMe. neatnew «.d finUh along with deen fl^hl.! ** »^*t«>- re-pecU the be.t of " The Old B„U>. " |.t. He wa. rwn at a'n^ L'^oflS.l ^ country the year of hi. iniporUtion, in hi. two vearold form .-j J ^*' St. Loui., first atLa Fayette, Ind.. ^nTjZ:lV^2XrjL^l'tl: ^ of the firet-prize Young Hereford Herd at Hlinoi. State Tir .Jd^'aT 8t^ f "f the Sweepetake. You.« Herd againat aU breed, at Crawro^TiJeXi Whtle'^ Ift^rkable .trength of the Hereford conUngent at aU the abov,.miZ«l Fai ^oM^ i. borne m mind, the importance of the above-mentioned triumph. iTt^ .h^t Jg ^1 ' W.*l.r<-a»*«ji^'"' 's^'^-^ '^ \ THK BREEDS OF'SATIXB. 287 will bo »pfirecl»ted. Mr. Henry's herd b oompoMd of aboat 100 inditlda*la junong which are repreaentaUvee of the moet popular atralna inoh aa Lord, WUton, Horace and the Longhoma, which were Chown for the foundation of a fine a herd aa U kno^ in ' America. Alpng with Prince Edward there atanda Royal 16th, 6459, bred by J. B. ft O. H. Grean, of England, from which country he waa imported, by hia present owner. This bull weighed, at 26 months of age, 2,010 lbs. and ia a smooth, vlfeorous, knd heavy fleshed animal. • > J' 1|»T DrKG OF HILLDALE. Wh«i Messrs. R. Huston & Son purchased the 7*b-^ches« of Hilihursit trora Col. LeO. B. Cannon she was in calf to the celebrated Shortfem bull 22nd Dl^f Airdrie. In July, 1881, at Vermont, prior to the shipment of the cattle to their weSem destin- ation, she dropped a red bull calf, which was caUed Duke of HiUdale, being the first of the line calved, the property of the^Messrs. Huston & Son, of HiUdale Farm, Blandina- , vUle, m., and i? fairly j*own in the foregoing illustration. HebeaA a close reienL blance to hu sire, the 22nd Duke, whose successful career as a sire fairly entitles him to rank with the 20th. 2.3rd, 24th, and 26th Dukes of Airdrie. His dam was a daughter of the fine cow, Airfrie Duchess 4th, said by Mr. Coohraa^ to have beeli ono^tof the beat milkers he ^er o^ed ; and her dam was that grand specimen of the breed, the pld 10th J)uchess of Airdrie, Who bred to the age of fifteen years, and whose descendants are said to have brought their Araiera an aggregate of over ^300,000 in the sale ring. J — / SND DVKE OF HILLDALE. . The Dnohe« bull 2nd Duke of HHldale, 61071.. was bred,by Me«r«. Rigdon Hus- ton & Son, of HiUdale Farm, BlandinsvUle, McDonough Co., III., from the 22nd Duke of Airdrie 1B695, and the red cow Duchess of Overlake, one of lot of Bates-bred Short- horns purchased from Col, LeG. B. Cannon, of Shelbume, Vt., in the summer of 1881 He was calved Jan. 24, 1883, and bought for the Forest Grove herd by Col. Moberley i^ the faU of 1884, at the long price of $4,000 ; the heifer Duchess of HiUdale (in calf to Mr. Alexander's imported 2nd Dbke of Whittlebury), being purchased at the same time for f7,000. The herd into which thesg animals have been intiodnced is of comparatively recent estabUshpient/ but has already assumed' high rank among thb variona ooUections of Short-horn cattle abonnd^g in the Blue-Grass country of Kentucky. - ; 8IB CHAMPION Xni. Th? snbjeo^ of this akbtoh. Sir -eiIamp{o& Xnt (320), iTas bred by Thoe. M. r Harvey, and is a son of Imp. Sir Champion (30) and Worthy Beauty (295), and at a few days short of sixteen months old weighed M4 lbs. He is regarded by Guernsey breeds ers and fanciers gonerallyas onei^f the richest and best buUs of the breed in America, "i a t t h e l a t e Dairy EaU^at Milwaakce was a prizewinner in oompetitioii wtth^tfitF t^ , ai. t."-. -vit- « ::Mi 2...jd^Mi^L'^^^^^^il^^t^^"^'S^t'-^-: ^^^ ../«, ■♦ I 288 TBJi BRBED8 OF CATTLK. Other famou.b«HKl of batter cattle from the Channel Llaad^ He wa. alao a nr.mi„.„ yearhng at «.e l«t exhibition of the Keno.ha Connty. (WU.rAgrio«rrafrio'ty Among the dairy breed, the Guern«,y i. rapidly taking hiirh rank VbH.!. ' tation i. bawd upon merit of the most .ubaUntkl Im U^tr^l ^t^ T '^.VTu.f'^'^ "' ^'^^''•' «"--^" otthe'^isrLSha^iTt;: THE JERSEYS. Th„ Tl* f'^oy* "«* t»ke rank a., amongst the mo«t famous butter catUe in the world Amenea-tUat of Mr. VaUncey E. Fuller, Hamilton, Ontario , Mr Oeorce J«ek«„n f/ne ST L'^'; """^ ""'. "^^ ^'"*'"'P«' ^"-' «"»• The je«7-w,i:ry Anne, of St. Lambert., owned by Mr. Valancey E. Fuller i. one of thL 7n™.t AYRSHIRE CATTLE. s^mTke'^-^rpr:;^^^^^^^^^ >e«r.tpH..atJe^frerge.[^roure,^^^^^^^^^ m' o7 hVLr r "•'. •'*' """ ^"^ P'^" °'^«^'«^ •* ""• Toronto Ind^trTal i„ 188-, for the be8t nulch oow of any breed, milk tested a. to quantity and qualit^ HOLSTEIN CATTLE. I HolUnd, the home of this breed of cattle, ha. for many hundred vears b«in nnt«H a. occupying the first place in the dairy product, of the world iTca^l^ havJ been •ok-owledged as the most perfect for the production of milk, butter Tel «d butter m thirty days, and there are eleven HoUtein cow. that produced over%lirhi^ tWnd pound, of mUk i, a year. «.d one nearly twenty-fo u'r thotLd^Sd.^ HoUteins as a breed ar* large, thrifty and handsome, uniformly black and white andremarkableforthoirdoellity. The average weight of the oow. is fouTinubd^ pounds and «.me of the bulU at three years old weigh twentyseven hundS Z^ For beef they cannot be excelled, the fat being weU distributi with i l^.'^ ^ vtag M much net beef to the one hundred pound. In well-fatt^i b^Z sTy oZ'b^- not losing over thirty-seven pound. U the h.nd«m^irt,M. The cattl. UlJsteaSd Sttis fl IM '^.ZU.^*. ■ u)(Jw^' if ■H^ 1^ ,^«i**^' 'J T^^^-v-^Sf.'-?^^ fig^-^ "? -^aapfV ^^r ^ *f I - i i. ^ >#-. tii-.rJ ft'i^ '-.V.^j«S-l- ,t I m. ^mr-'^i^m/ •8 O ,i«l :r 'Mi liiiil Till " ^ / I. g. ■a«i# »•»!?«■ f' i "t," ^-"S^-" F«St-\ «"" t vi r^^ iv 7i^ f; w } y ^ ■»/■■ 4^ V- •M JMfiitilf'f- -I Vi I ^AiU^.' <>>M-Jti>.iJ^@:u.« f »• <> i4P I # n a. \ V ■• ' "^ -t^t,'^ \-x.^L*y'.\ «M.j^\«, ^'f^/ £ s cd O m g. * W-r !->/.. l[« I ;»*- ^Lb,^ PM' '■" ilf,"'&Ja'5i;j'ii,i*j'L.iiijt.|(.'As.'>i.'i4.i, liyi ^'',i. > h v. S^P'W^^'t^S-iTiSS^*!!**! -J^i- V, ^.-.•5 3'd m S 1 3 S f ^^^i'^iiiji^'iii sl=& ■i-i.. / >. fc ^ jHSA^.ii ^ %, 4 ..w # ^ "Mm iw • - • 1 « ; ' I ' * ^ ' • ,'3V * ■ : V— , »- — - f t » • • ♦ " '■ ^A)*. ^ '^s^'j.&.sa^Ajiri.- 2n: 4- , m "^iife^ ./." / / ras^ f to- BJ I. ^£ n b^HnWi'JitiS.^ A "; / ifhi ' W Ix , : t- \ 111' I^MlSl* n-fitt 'A*-«.'^^.ki*j fVf' \ '' f.i- -tl ' \ r:^ / / ^ Cn5*a.'i '*''-• »" ^'i-jT^ i I5£"^ .=^^;^ ^ £?^, ^ ^ la e tn ft, -s yi jii '^^^ V ...^ r > « .it iuL^-^ ^^ Vii- ^, X *(* . J , U -^1^ ^^^..^^^ '- O jii.**''-:,^§&s^L«t»^-^ ^ A, i 4.5'tA.X'«Mijw;i*^ ,'» . . H ; f«*» I.. I !ill ■!'iii I!, ' ;, ll III' VT l.JkJ'^s^^'' ^v^-'V^ "'Wf, '^^WW- CD ^1^^^. 1 & 00 =5=r hJ P. f^ — « — . ^ •€ •9 ' 1^- J J4, ^ ail tf 02 s so S'S ■I 3 Pm CQ I OQ ;«iBy5fppw!»«s«|'*?«W!-.»« W * ■:*^' I I llf' I iKm- jS. ..^a r ..:.«.-. ■*c t> ^ak. h U^ ■ ^ -M'" fft- " ^ ift 'ff /- I'w^-- *■ yjl'^'t"' "■ '*r-v r^J'^'/r-'^i^Kf^-Vl^^ i p4 W I* 1 4> n ^4«e» 1,^ JE *.^«-i*i r I' -i i 1 1 f ' i it. iff 11 'i Utt^i .. Ai^Hiiwi^ '^9» It -■ . .«t- . »t"*r' ■■ ^'-'-r-'tf . ..* ! ■ ■n\ "iSSfao-ij B'- ■S'^'L ■<^. 'J' ■ll ^ V . £.rfSi41«''« !iA«44s«J*i Vt ')■. . >J»^«iSgBiJ«.i.i.-,.-W ^J "idi'-s. -■<•"•«, ••TR*^ «» . < sJjUt^ML:-. i4 %\ it^l: !£i.v, ''^a.' # ':^:"''>r%Y'- •"\' yV-iT^T.' ^^■^■^-^'■W V>'^-// ' <^1 - ■ "?^ '. I J N • ' • * ' / ■^ ^■.^ ,.A, • i m ^^^^^^ 'w^^' '«.l. - -.V i^l »i "jX .'»Wv a. ,i|.2«V- 1.' Jl'^S&.^ifc-K »(.<. -^":'-# f I r I . ii p 'J ■ l! I 'I II Mill ill :^ .•*ci^.-,. r J ,)# ^^H'. W*"' % ssm^asiMvL^.Y ut-iAi^ -.i-tr* A • V -r^^ ■ M " (^-'Hft i ;^SS5r m >^ o> J O So m ,ik^ ..,' ,11 / « 1 • . "n • • '-•v'-«!aS[ ^ (..i^^MjI^j-jc^iHi. •'« .i,^\ ,t <:iw.>A<»i>' ,j&... >A»'i» * 'ij. t A' . f ih Hi '^ -.:iit^^ii\^v.jiil^jj... :--^: .-I8H- I FV^ i ' ■ ii „ riiit:*' r'.i'i; • life 1-^ aq IS OS SB / m ':',:>i 5 ^ "^^ iS"^ 1 W < " ■A.) II *y ■ 1 1 Mir''' f I Hi'' 1 1 W"'' ■ ifi ' i ■'in ■ i' •: if, 1 Iff! I ^■. J Villi I mm r^ f 1; i I i' 1 - #- J KJ JHKWi i^ft^JTf ^ »- ' I / -/ III' ' !■' i \ '' 1 I i 09 OQ — O at ■>> CO «§ _•> 2 BE! Ah II I- ^ m £ 1 f 1 ',H!t -■^ip^-fPIWf pL,,p|yp|piip|ppp||| 'A<^ ^ > // Efc,., ^M^i^M^^i^^^^^^P^''^ ^'> ■ '^ iM •'I j^»j:i , ^ A ^i.^7 *■ . .'.-Ci - ,= "♦w w; *ir • 1 & f 4 ' • . • 1 • • * .-■Vf*,T!r:«f.iA :-.. ,;,. , ^1'' ■ a 1 ^D 1 . \ - • f • gtV.A.;,..,:,.., ' Stt . . >„»■ Mi.. iii if s^ ^ 'I till Ifiiiii! I I'll: ' iiiirii 'ij I' :l|l I II ' ill ^ I I!! I ^^ 1^ ^ I ^ & ,i^\K' ^-^-- ^ i \f- / W^' ii',::t!ili'|i!:i«i H t,:..., !.:;,;:lii:" I,:, lilll,! 11 ill I 'ill, » i m m n ■»•« 1 ^ 1 11 \ 1 K ■•>. mi "^ i*"W«s- \ \ ^-(^ " n ll < "^ ^ d*' / M # ^ , i \ \ «^ A J.. } \^ The Diseases of Sheep. In judging of the symptomi. of disease in the sheep, it is necessary to take intQ account the nature, constitutio.;, and habits of this animal. The dweasw of the sheep are numerous and more genenOIy fetal than those of o^er domestic ammala The digestive organs of the sh%are^ largely and powerfuHy developed, and its <*pacity for the productioXf blood is very great Yet its needs for this large supply of blood is not his reasoning-to the peculiarities of that animal, is too W^ '°*l#e*'* o* tt« vast surface of the stomachs of the sheep, the insensi- blB^ of n»uch of this surface, and the fact that medicine administered with the food or in solid form will Anost pfaobably.(^ll into the rumen, where it ,''!ji^^«^^''Ve. So. too, tl,e sl^erd, who consults veterinary works, ^l''^®*8led to a grei«:;extent, and^e induded to believe the too common idea that it is folly to phraicwsheep, and |i# best.'^reat^entirf to cut its throat at once. In tregdp.'hggp, purgatives ar^wful to r"Sduce fever, to lower inflftmma«€|^ a.mP^ restore tone to the g^mach and liver. They should always ^Hpn in a'liquMform. Of all the purgatives, Epsom salts and hhseed oil^Mrs r||^) are the most suitable and effective. The action of ^imftlants gn*^ riong with a purgative ^s always beneficial Stljpnulants, of which ginger, gentian, aiiiseed, and peppermint oil are the most usuil and useful, restore the tone of the stomachs and excite them to action, thus aiding in the operation of the purgative, which might otherwise still further enfeeble them. Bleeding, when it is necessary in the outset of inflammatory disorders i .i^,.. ^ v^ V - f"^ -;■ ■■'','i^' DISEASES OF SHEEP. 355 or local excitements, should be performed by operating on the veins under the eye or the ear; the inside of the forearm is a convenient place; when ft large quantity is to be taken, the jugular vein of the neck may be opened by first cutting off some of the wool, pressing the vein with the finger, and cutting It lengthwise— nawr crosswise— mth a sharp lancet. Never less than two ounces or a wine-glassful should be taken, and rarely more than half a pint In rfeferring to the diseases hereinafter treated of , as far as possible the causes to whicf they may generally be attributed, with the means of pre vention, will be given. The remedies mentioned will be those to be given to a full-grown animal, for lambs, one-half or less of the doses should be given, and for very young lambs still less should be given. The most prolific causes of disease are over-feeding, under-feeding, irregu- larity of feeding, want of water, drinking impure water, impure air, danjp and over-driving. If these were avoided there would be but little complaint of the frequent troubles, difficulties, and losses in keeping sheep. While they exist, medicine, at the best, is but a temporary expedient, effective only during the time in which extra care is used. When this care is allowed to relapse the trouble will infallibly recur. Catarrh is very common during the fall, winter, and spring. It will be found on close observation to be rarely absent in any flock. In our dry climate, subject, however, to sudden changes of temperature, caUrrh, or cold, w mostly due to exposure to damp in open yards, or to too high a temperatur^ m sheds or pens, rather than to exposure to the weather in open fields. Flocks that are more carefully tended and housed than usual, are found to be more subject to it than others. Of two flocks equally well fed, but one of which is oareffllly shut up every night and protected (?) ifejgery draft of fresh air, and another w}iose bed is the snow in an op^^J^SBm ya«l, it will be the first that will be troubled with cough and discipP^ the nose, while the latter will be free from it Fresh air, ample venrilation in partly open sheds, dry yards, and clean, dry bedding, and protection from chilling rainstorms in winter, with whatever protection may be needed immediately after shearing,? should the weather be cold and rainy, will generally be amply suflicient to prevent any trouble from this complaint Chasing by dogs and consequent over-heating, and over-driving, are certain causes, and these.^^hould be care- fully avoided. The judgment of the shepherd should be exeroised in excep- tional cases, acting always under the general rule that dry cold is rarely hurtful to sheep, while they suffer from wet or damp cold, and that moist, warm, 8t«amy, close atmosphere, especially when confined in stables, will inevitably produce cold or catarrh, which if not at once remedied will gene- " " aaar ji so r dera of the laaga. ^^rig diaeaw consists^f i n fl am- ~ ^- n V J^y - , ^. , ^ ^M . .. . j f^ ..,^„. (I i\ J' .. ""!.' y^ " ' *' ^^'^ " Dl/^tAsU OF aUEKP. ,, / , , . /' mation of the lining membran^pf Ae ihroat, windpipe, nostrils, and the sinuses of the head. It produces an increase of the secl^ti^n of mucus and conse- quent irritation and coughing. //When long continued the cough becomes dry M and deep-seated, showing that t^l)inip are ik vol ve4! The treatment consists in re^pval df the causes, good nursing, administer- ing slightly warm mucilaginous drinks, as datraeal gruel or linseed tea, along with a gentle stimulant, such as hal//a teamoonful of ground ginger. The antiseptic eflToct of a small quantity of clean(|)ine tar rubbed upon the sheep's nose, some of which the animal will li<* off and swallow, wUl be beneficial. If there is fever, and the nose is dry anid hpt, t^ following may be given, viz. : EpsomSaltg ...).,.'..!.'. jounce Saltpetre i, i 1 dr«m GroundGinger ^Z'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 1 dram. This should be mixed with molasses and placW. on the back part of % tongue with a long, narrow-bladed wooden knife or spatula. The animal's head should be held up until the whole is swallowed iA repeated small quan- tities. Or the dose may be mixed with thin gruef, and administered by means of a small horn. Brou l>enetit in this d.sd»^^8 it is in neariy every case avoidable by proper care and pre- caution, antHs rarely cured when once well seated, it will be far by the best policy to prevent its occurrence. Pleurisy, or inflammation of the membrane covering the lungs and the ImiDg of the cavity of the chest, is produced by the same causes as pneumonia, it frequently accompanies this latter disease. It most frequently follows the ■ areless washing of sheep or the ir exposure to cold winds witt wetHfleeees, or= y'i- J j4^i-4%i,%,iitA L vU , •« ' i-'jk . L ) - 1 I OKft - * ~ DISEASES OF SHE^F. » from ,1 severe^hill after having^een sheared. After an attack of this diJ- . heat often takes place which prevents the sh.ep from thriving and keejs them m poor concfition, from which they cannot Be. recovered. Widespread causes, chiefly those arising from the unfavourable 0h4ition of the weatZ^ some jmes affect the flocks of extensive districts, and lead to the supposition that the disease is epizootic or contagious. This, however, is not the case nh» ^'■"nf"'* ~*' ^'^^''*«""' ^'^ t° protect the sheep from sudden change of the weather at a time when they are more than usually exposed to its 11 effects; also from a too sudden change ^m housing to open pLturin^in V . the spring. All sudden changes in the- management of sheep should be made * with caution, a change, even from poor to rich feed, may produce this or other inflammatory diseases, and care must be exercised in this respect • "* The symptoms are similar to those of inflammation of the lungs • more pam IS experienced, and the sheep exhibits" more distress, sometimes moanin. m agony. After death, the cavity of the tjhest is found Klled with fluid • the surface of the lungs is highly inflamed, and cover<,^ with livid patche,! but ' .their substance is not affected. Generally no trace St disease is found else- \The treatment consists of copious ble.din^ as for pneumonia, buT blofilX may be taken with benefit. The following may be given : ' ;j # Powdered Digitalis J, - , . / " Nitrate of Potash .... '^ '■' * 1 scrupltc Nitrous Ether (Spirits of Nitre).' '.'.".'.. ..Idrftm Jfc^^. 10 be achnmistered m linseed-meal or oatmeal gruel twice a day forfoij favp days. When recoM«Ky begins, the following tonic may bo substituted^t^'C'S, Sulphate of Iron .. , ^^^v ., • ^■^>>"' Infusion of Quassia or Camoiii^HI' " !■•■•>..... * a*m Ground Ginger.,... .. WIt" i I'mt w^lK"' - -S dram. > ' .< , ' Clioklllg.-Sheep are not often troubled with pbstructiona of the guUet " » except when fed Upon cut or sliced turnips, gr permitted to cor^^Ume the . shells of turnips which have been scooped out by them in jtho tidd. -When a sheep IS thus choked, the head is held down, saliva flows' from the mouth breathing is difficult, and the stomach becotnes distended with L, or air swallowed m the efforts to dislodge th. obstruction. Wh*n this occurs, th. .- . ' sheep s head should be raised W held firmly betweefi one man •« legs, whil #. '' anodier pours 4 teaspoonful of linseed-oil or melted lard down the throat,' an**' ' " endeavours, by gehtly rnhnipulating'^the gullet, to ^ork the Obstruction downl •»" ' wards. If th|l IS ineffectual, a prb^ng should bo Used. This is a flexible thm rod, as the wash-rod of a rifle, or a pi^e^of light rattan or ofch'*- • > ' .* , ' Uet," » ' the* » 'n a ith, .>,' ... ,»* air ' > h \ ^ thii .- .. -» f V - hife » , * ■ and"** ' ■»" . wu- *, iblo , ^ gh, '^# ' ■'- ind ■ c«Hl •* ■ 1= disEasks of sheep. 3f$9 .downwards without violertfte, a few .gentle, but smart taps on the upper end with a light stick being generally more effedtke than continuous pressure. If tte Hning of the gullet-is injured in the ope>»*ion, and the sheep refuses to eat, gitt,yl or othe» liquid food should Be given until the soreness disappears. If the obstruction cannot be removed in this way, the sheep had better be slaughtered. If it is a valuable animal, an eflfort, which is frequently guc- , cessful, may be made to save it by cutting open the skin and the gullet upon ■ the obstruction, and removing it. The opening in the gullet is then closed by a stitch made with a surgeon's curved needle, and the w lumd in the skin closed separately in thp same manner. The sheep should be securely held during this operation. Soft food should be given until the wound is heated. (See Treatment of Wounds.) *■* Costivciiess— Stretches.— This complaint is more frequently a symptom of disease than a disease itself. Yet it frequently occurs when changing the flock from pasture to dry food. The dung then becomes dry, hard, aijd scanty, and is discharged irregularly.. The termination of the bowel is red and inflamed, and when voiding dung, the sheep grunts or moans as with pain. Care in changing the faod is a preventive, and a few ounces of Jinseed-cake meal d^ily will obviate the diffioulty. Injections of w»rm soap and water, or of one ounce of linseed oil, will relieve the bowels, ^nd one ounce of litiseed oil given by*the mouth will generally bring about a cure. When the costivenes|8 js of long oontinnance, from neglect, the sheen may be perceived stretching itself, sprcHding the feet apart, raising the head, Curv- ing the back, and extending the »bdq»jen. This may also oo»nv\ f\>^vu obstruc- tion of the bowels, which, howeve% is rare with sheep, but U most frequently caused by costiveness. A teaspoonful o( w\bl\|iied nulphui ^flowers ol sul- phur), ^ixed with a small iQ^ntity of m^xlasses oV lard, may be plaued on the- tongue to be swallowed, ox^N. day, foi a week. A regular allowance of -a mixture of four ounces ofciaulphur with one pound of salt, placed where the sheep can ha vft accJess to it^» will, is a sure preventiive otiK>sttv^esl. ; iViarrhoea, or HcoiirH, A lopsenen of the boWM without p«in^ fever, or other complications, frequonrfy Oiours when sheep are turned t'ofas- trtre in ths sprihig, or turned on to rich, wcculejijl greyi food, as clov^l-ap^ <^ turnips. It is sonigtimes perceivtHl when they are exposed to the hot jsun . in early spring ^itl^out shelter. It is not dangerous of itself, but as th» dis- ease very jpigkly interfere||>wflih the prpcess o! nutrit^o^'tke-'bloo^ i^soon affected and the more B^Wijs bloodl disorder, dysentery, sup^fyenes.' tHar- , rKoea may igenerally be prevented 4)y careful r^ulation of the food, aniL ^* avofding sudden changes, i^i^d the r4nJ»(v^i!!upply of salt. It-Is, quickl^ gubjjet to pr^pWf treltment, jrhioh ^nsigta of the adaanistpttrtfilSf astrip- ^ '% >-->■ •*- ^^■, "\^ H .>! » *u , ■ A , Mr A^ J 360 DISEASES OF SHEEP. T^t^Tz^Zk, s;'*:ir""'""°'^ "-"»'"■' Prepared Chalk. Catechu. " Ginger . . " Opium . ■ 1 ounce ' 4 drams ■ 2drainB 4 dram much to a lamb, always orevfolT/? ! ? °^ *'' * '^''^P' '^°«^ *>«" »« cake meal is both anTcejrnt o 'i nhak^ng the mixture well. Cot^onseed- a supply should be kept tlr H^a" "T\ '" ''" ^^'"P^'^''^*' ^' sheep. ^ -"^'^ .* P°"'^'^ "^ day «hould be given to a If any mucus or glutinous substan/ appears in the H„n„ ,-f the existence of irritating matter inZe intestLl a ,^ • * ^'"^^ °^ given previously to the above, '^l, "« ' "' "^ '•''^'"" «'^°"''^ ''^ Linseed Oil Fowdered Ginger Kpom Salts Ginger , Gentian '., or . . . 3 (>uncaB . • . 1 dram '■:\ 1 ounce dram dram to be given in infusion of linseed-meal. Hoveil, or distension of the rumen ih nnf „.,a„ which it is an attendant or a symptom In JT ■?■ . "^^ °^ or chem^l change of the alkLrrcretl^' h^u^r^; :^^^^ should be immediate, lest suffocation ensue An altli « J '"^tment the rumen frequently alleviates theTvrnf I """* ^""'^ '°*° maybe ^ ''"^^"'*"« ^''^ ^^•"Pto'^s and removes the trouble. This Ammonia Water ^^,»„ Ammonia-.) . ' ' Water ^ . 1 teaspoonful lipid mentioned may be poured infn *K- . T^P"***" ^he alkaline i k i ;:,f .)» 7 \ • 361 DISEASES ~0P SHSP.P. * %som Salts GingPr Water 2 ounces 1 dram I pint. *, 1 IJIIU. ^njater will tend to remove the gases generated by-the now decomposing " dZ of rrbll e of ' ' '"' ^''' '° '°™ ^ ^^"' »'-d with 0.6 of'^i::^ar;h:t:rit ;™T^^ ^:::t''' t °"^ r °^ '''-''- root of the tongue, or in^to tbe «! t rlJlrnTan::::^^^^^^^ ^^ phurxc ether .s sometimes give^n in doses' of two drLs each n ciZater t not b^lL'^'^R*'''''"""' '^'°"'' '*^^'°'^'°' ^'^'^^'^^ '°°d «hould be light and gradua,.Lfi. the ^..^jr^rjir::^::-''-^^-^ '-' ''-'' '^ ' herbs'lrXt^Tti::^^^^^^ a. tempted' to devour injurious ^uth .L .rita^ioLtf:^ -2:::: wS;;:n;:srt::r «heep are removed to a more wMblesome pasture. The sZn LrVlT ^ k.l or narrow-leaved kalmia, is eaten by sheep whicrhave act: to ?!: nours. lo dilute the mess of poisonous food, and to expel it from f »,„ ! as soon as possible is the proper treat.,ent. This marbellnebv ^ZT ounces o Epsom salts in a pint of ^rm water, and' rep^ t' dTse o^ wa^r without the salts in an houh Injections of warm'soapTud^wH IhHp to remove the injurious matter from the bovTels. To prevent th! I % .^soning by carefully ^moving all injurious p.^T ;^':r;:::Z: ^ , ■M •■» *■ •s* ■ •■^jf^r:-'^':- *';fi:AYr'''5' 362 t » I'ISKASES OF SOBEP. if Jnnotnliou. pastan, conibintd with bad- „ter in hot wialK.r •Cr . .. »(..„ very .„d*n, m.„, .heep lei. i„ .pp. Jt ^,a, .t nilhtteL ST'I ..ppi^rpit'w^it::'::;'"":"'*"''': '•"«" ■" •pp»~-.«.b.hd.nt: . t'f'^ or P»re water and a change of pasture should be Drx)viHp,1 f fz: ::'°:;' '^ ^^''^'''^'^' '^-^ --^^^-^ <^one that c.^ I'Zat the ^ : cumstances ^.pnvation in which tha.flock may be temporarily placed It i« ' not ep:zoptfc^ ,nd the removal of the causes will prevent the spr^d of . ' frompasture, Will beau Jul .r..Z:rT:.^::j:ZZ ^ bleeding from the jugular vein at th. first appearance of the disease Teed Zir^ '' ?" "' the .bdomen ha, also been prt^ctis^ with sacce«,. M Ud lu^T ,?• r "^ ^'""'"'^ •"■ *""'«' °" ^ Epsom salts-are useful aad shou d be foHowed by twice d.ily doses of one dpm of sulphU. (not suTpLtel ' tlT' T'y °^ '' -'^ •" '''"'I ""^i ^^'?^'-°*. «-^ "^B oatmeal Ce/ .n usions of l^eed or solutions of gVm Arabic. Except the animal is » v2y ^ ' valuable one. it will be hardly wortbWhile to attempt * cure^ I^Z ' serious character: «h th« ^on„<.,„ ;. _iV ^ .l" ... . P_a ca« of ,. " "— "V ""■<-« wuuu TO attempt a cure in senous character; ,.fc the t^ecovery i, slow, and the following debi ttself often fatal, ^tt^^ k a^-:*i„ «^j __l._- ^, . . * ". ... ' • -, ^-.f. "> o"",", auu me loiiowins de Itself often fatal, after H i^tlj and protracted courte of treatment. .U^isof, •fV", ■ fV- '_ . ^t " DISEASES OF BDEEP. 363 Foreign Bodies in the Htoinach.- -Sheep are sometimes observed to purposely swallow earth in small quantities. , In' jiasturing green fodder crops or roots, much earth, and sometimes small stones, are swallowed. In eating hay, or other dry fodder, foreign matter, such as nails, pieces of wire, or glass, will sometimes find their waj into the stomachs. All these matters cause much irritation, and sometimes death. The trouble is shown by a sus- pension of the appetite, the sheep lag behind the rest, stand for long periods • without moving, grind their teeth, poking out the nose, and depressing the ears. When the flank is pressed, a grunt of pain is heard, and tljgre is violent purg- ing. When these symptoms are observed and the sheep are known to have been in danger of ssrallowing any of f^se substances, this cause may be suspected. ' f J The only treaC^ent that^can be of use is to give daily doses of one ounce of Epsom salts, and feedlcalded br^or cornmeal in the shape of thick mush in order io remove the foreign matter with the food if possible. If this will not be taken, oatmeaUr cornmeal gruel' should be- given copiously with the horn. ^ , ' ■ » - ' Balls of wool- Pnd earthy ma%r are sometimes found after death in W; stomachs. Thete are gathered by the sheep nibbling themselves when irritated by lice, ticks, or scab. Generally they.exist without suspicion of their presence until death occurs,, knd in many cases without known ill effect on 'flie animal. It would bft safe to avoid possible danger in this direction by keeping the ffbck especially the'lambs, free from parasiiiU and irritating insects. Congestion of iiie LIver.-When sheep are highly fed upon stimu- lating food, and have butJittle or no exercise, the liver i^ apt to become -or^red wi||, blood. Xbis fulness of blood is termed congestion.; It is occasioned''bv ^uordefed digestion, and when it exists to a' serious- extent oc^a-sions further complicat^pns of tUs important organ. It produces constipation, dulnes.s nnd a yellowish tinge of the eyes. As soon ap this latter sign appears there should be no delay lest inflammation supervene. v \ The treatment consists in giving an active jburge, to be repeated every ' morni|ig until the bowels are in their usual healthy condition, the yellowness of the eyes has disappeared, and the appetite has returned. The .purge may be the following, given in molasses- placed upoq the tongue : . EpBom Salts Calomel .1 ounc9 - .3 grain*. < ^ ^ V «i»iUI». The putienttBhould be supplied with slightly warm drink soAn after swallow- ing the medicine. „ |nf|aninmjli5»n of tin? fctver.-By neglect, the disease last men tioned may result ■ in in flammation of the Ij v^-r, Whcii,aJ . i t ,bapt, u uu th> F ^ m. U ■ I «^-i :'^jk.:. :'^ A Wi 861 DISEASES OF SHEEP. '"•r^*' 4'' system becomes fevered ; the nose and mouth hot and dry ; the breath fetid • the ears cold; the eyes pale and glassy; the pulse is ir^^ ,Z^^^ J; r t '^P'"'*^*'"^ f"'" -^"d ^-^^-- ■' the dung ft dry, hard, black, Ld glaz d with a greasy yellowish-green mucus; the urine is highly coloured anty hot. and smells disagreeably. Pressure on the right L, near the short ribs, produces pain, and the aniraja moans. -h« 7n ' *''*'""°*^f°°«^«^ o*' purgatives and injections. For a purgative, -he followmg may U given twice a day in infusion of linseed, or gum arabic or m molasses, well mixed together and placed «j^$he tongue : " ' Sulphate of Potash , ' . « , Calomel ». * * *•♦ 2 drams Powdered Opium.. '' ••.••*. ■ 5 grains ' r ." . . »: 1 grain. freeTy ^^"^ ''**'' ""'^ ^*'*"' ^ ""^ ^' ^'''" "''*'' *^' ''°^"'« '^' When improvement occurs, and the appetite returns, great care in feed- ing should be observed, and only the most easily digested food should be given , Pulped sugar beet, scalded clover-hay chaff, linseedmeal. boiled malt, or sifted cornmeal, may be given with linseed tea for drink, or water acidulated with a few drops of aromatic sulphuric acid. \h. if'TT'" *'" f'*'' «»«»*>— The blood, being the very foundation of are at onl H "T .' '""'" '^''* '" " ''"'' °* P""^^' «' *•>« ^^*^^ ^""ctions are at once disordered. Anything, therefore, that vitiates the blood or unfits Ixdain! i ^T' Pf "^-"^"^^ °^ those functions which have been already explained, produce.s what is known as blood diseases, or diseases originating Is "itwT!""""''' '° """' "^'^"^ '^ '''' ''•°°'^' '^^«- -y be classified' nrn.pl: ^''''T ""'^"^ ^"""^ '''' '''^''^''^' '''''''^^' °' ^^'^^^ed function, or process, v,z. : rheumatism, plethora, anemia, scrofula, dropsy in. .fth V""!r ?u""' r.'~~"'" ''"'""'° *"'''"= ^'•°'" '^"''"''l P""'"^^. 0"Sin»t- . "Mr 1 !" ^' "•'"'' *''■ '^"'"'"-•-t^'l l>y the same poisons originating ^ ." other animals, v.z. : influenza, dysentery, red-water, heaving or after pains ^ navol.U in lambs, black-leg, or quarter-ill or anthrax fever ^ ' 3. Diseases arising from animal poisons of unknown origin, and which are highly cont^ous, and freely communicated, from one subject t« another N and lu-nce cai«d ^tWic d^eases, viz. : epizootic aphtha, small-pox. abln .n their co^,, «. ^y prevented by proper precaution and ordinary hy .-n.c or «niurr ««««» Also in the salt, sulphite of soda, we have a ^ jr^lil^^r '^'"'^"'^ '''''' -- '»»« -"- «^^'^<» ^" the .titutlJ^'ITJ^* i"'"*""^^'^ ^•'^"^ '" *''*"'*"* ^*'' considerable fever, con- stitutional disturbance, and the preaeaoe of acid omtten. in th« blood. It * r I "u..' - » 4 .^ ^ . ~ ■'.• . ,' ^ * DISEASES OF 'fenEEP. 36,') . > > . ■ *.\ > . •■• " affects the serous membrai;ie, as the coverings of the joints, the substance oi the tendons and ligaments, the enveloping membranes of the heart, lung--, spinal marrow, bones,' muscles, and Hhe brain. As Jt has a disposition to change its locality almost insCantaneouBl^, *nd to pass from one joint to an- other, or one part to another (a process known as rmtaaialis), and affect;^! all.tjiese important parts of the body, the seriousness of the disease is evident. It consists in a peculiar inflammation of the parts afiect%d which causes acute pain when they Eite,tolled into action. When it passes from the acute to the 4chronic state, it causes serious changes in the structure of the joints afiected. - Its symptoqas are general uneasiness and stiffness, a diminished or capricious appetite, and, sometimes, suspended rumination. The dung is hard and scanty., and the urine is high-coloured and deficient in quantity. One of the joints is found hot anH swollen ; in an hour or two this is relieved, and another is found affected. It generally attacks in spring those animals which have been half starved or exposed to cold or damp during the winter. Rams, which have been overworked the previous season, are often affected. Young ewes are rarely troubled with it.' If not remedied by proper treatment, the animal suffers from continued fever, general prostrai^on, severe pain and emaciation, and eventually dies miserably. The treatment consists of a moderate purgative at first, such as : '^ Epsom Salts , ... 2 ounces Spirit of Nitrous Kther , /... .,.■4 drams Ginger ; 1 dram to be followed by Sulphate of Potash 2 drama Sulphuric Acid ' ' ' '. .20 drops Water j pint ' to be given dissolved in water night and morning. Protection from cold and damp, and soft, laxatite food are required. Linseedmeal, either solid or , made into gruel, is a useful addition t6 the food. As this disease is apt to become chronic, the patient should be fitted for the^ 'batata^ as soon as pos- sible. A rheumatic rain will beget rheumatic lambs. \ Plethora consists in a too rapid produCftion of blood, bV which tlie system is engorged, and important organs become ccmgested. Itfts caused by over-feeding with rich ' albuminous food, and is counteracted jby a simple pui^tive, or bleeding from a vein on the face or the jugular.' Its effects appear in a .Hushed condition of^the visiblis membranes, laboured breathing, staggering and 8leet)ine8s. It never occurs except in animals in high condi tion, such as those prepared for exhibition, and which in case of over-fatigue, or excessively hot and dapp weather, suffer greatly, and sometimes fatally, ^from engorgement of the vessels of the lungs or brain or both. 'Anwinia or Pining.— This term, " the bloodless condition," indicates t h e n a ture of tlie disea s e . T h a re i a a con d it i on tQ which ah e op "" > y H o hm^ght 360 DISEASES OP IhEEP. by the effects of dysentery; or by pai-asites in the lungs or intestines whio^ n,uch res^nbles this disease. But there is an abnorL llkte of the tod caused, by .n^perfect nutrition, which is in itself a disease, and hot a synjptoo,. . When from continued wet weather the pasture becomes rank and watery, the flock^appears at first in an excelled and thrifty state, but in a few days the andl '" 'T' '"'*'"' "r *'""P''^« ''^'^ -d ears, watery eyes, and the expression of the face misek^ble and painful. A few days afterwid b^n^K T^^^ ^""' '^' "°"' ^'*°™^^ "^ -^ P^'''^"" Wuish cast, the skin Tkv Hn /" T^'T ^^P^"^"''-'- ^he disease never appears on lep, whfch ar "/. r ^^IP'"^"™^^ - «»>-t and sweet, nc* on those pasture on and IT ' ^'* ^"'"*'''"'' ^""^ i^*«rmixed with coarse herbage ; nor rororobfbr ;. T.. ' T'"" "'" P^*^"^^ ^'^^ effect or not, as it. see^s .not probable tha the geological character of the soil has most to do^ith it. Bu whenj once a farm, a pasture, or a field, is fod^d to induce this aflment. Shecpkeepi^g may be abandoned upon it, unless the flock can be in,mediatei; changed to\8ome other part of it wlioreit wiU thrive ^ on '^*'^*''i''»--'F"*»«'-CUlosi8.-Thi8 disease is almost sui^ly fatal in c urse of ti^,e, although at first the sheep subject to it may be^rought.J^ manv sut 1 , " T'""'-' ''*" '^ "'^'^ "^^^'^^^^ ^ '-^. "ut ye many uch g. yearly to the butchers to be thus disposed of. it would • certainly seem^hat the use of such animals as food should be carefully avoided .nd the sale of their flesh prevented as injurious to the pi^lic K Jth. £r no taint IS more readily conveyed to the system than 2rafute. It isl^pposed to consist of a diseased condition of the blood, by ^ich .^e lymph or wtit^ . erous un«,bured portion of it is Unfit>,d to nourish properly the tissues tf ' he body ai^d to be buirt up into organiSd matter. Le'stLUumlrno thiMmperfec blood should embarrass the system, it is deposited in various parts where it is productive of least inconvenience and the nutritiL" the body goes on as well as it may. with the remainder of the blood thus sepall from Xhe usele^ and injurious portion. But it is frequently the ZeTat * hei. is not sufficient .eft to supply tee wast,, of the tLes.'and a^idua ' -falling ofi m e6ndxtK« occ^.^ The symptoms of " consumption," a 'rr' nuTsl Tk' r *'' "''■^'^^a^- ^"'•'-iy consumed, then'app;./ ^ LT f. ^ ' ^''^'PP^tiS^Jrregular. and a slight cough exists - caused by the eflorts to throw off the accumulating and offending ZL f om the lungs. In time, the glands of the body ^ecomc loadki with the deposi^d DISEASES OP SHEEP. 367 matter; those of the throat and neck, the parotid and flubmaxillary, being most commonly and extensively aflTected, and greatly swollen. The symptoms gradually increase in intensity, and there is much fever and emaciation, with discharge from the nose and eyes. The skin^is tight and pale, and the body appears almost free from blood, as in anteraia. 4t this period there is no help for the animal, for death is only a question of time. The treatment in the earlier stages is to administer some of the prepara- tions of iodine, such as the following : Iodide of Potassium . .Tl^X Sfirains n - or lodideoflron 10 grains to be finely powdered and mixed with molasses, and placed on the root of the tongue, so that it is swallowed. The above dose to be given daily. The latter preparation ia to be preferred. The swellings may be rubbed daily with, iodine ointment. No scrofulous animal should be used for breeding,' as the disease fc hereditary. High-bred sheep are the most subject to this disease, and " in-and-in breeding "tends greatly to produce it In some localities an enlargement of the glands of the nock, similar to "the disease known as ^o/^re in mankind, is frequent amongst sheep. This is supposed, doubtless with reason, to be caused by the prater drank, as in such cases the removal of the flock to distant pastures has led to the disappearance of the disease. The occurrence o£ the symptoms abovaCdescribed, howeyer, " will be sufficient to indicate th^^e character of scrofula as distinguished from any accidental swelling of the glands. -' .» I Dropsy consists in the efiuston of a watery or serous fluid ih the abdomen. It is accompanied with inflammation of the lining membrane of**" — —^ the abdomen, the peritoneum, from which the fluid is secreted ; it is caused by , I feeding upon rank, succulent, vijatery herbage, by which the blood is insuf- ficiently nourished. A change to dry food, or s^nty but more nutritious pas ture, alleviates the disease at once. A cure is generally effected by the use of ♦ diuretics, aperients, and tonics. 'The treatment will be the administering of the following, or such others as may produce the desired efiect : Nitrate of Potash •■••sg' .'.1 dram Sulphate of Soda. jfti.....'. «... '...;lounce Ginger ,....^....-: i .'...Idram, If the animal is in low condition, the sulphate of soda may be replaced by the following, viz : Linseed Oil ...V •!.,.-.« .'... ....... ..»2 ounces. % \ ,.,_■■' IhZOOtiC Af8Jea^^|Juflu<'UZi|.— This' disease, ^eing.due to causei . which occur over 4n ex^l^^Hbcality, is. 'liable to ^fiect a large number of ' animals at the same tiote^Hp^s erroneausly supposed to be infectious. It consi H tH of in flamma l i iii iWP^'^ a t Ja l t i nd bronchial pa ss age s , considerable « ' t ..- 'W ■ ■ r I ,; N 1 V ^ :^ v /■Stfig 0f » .«.ly .fcl.d .houM receive the iLl..^^Z '"°" Tincture of Aconite. , Solution of Acetate of Animonia! . 10 drops 1 ounce tob,giv,„ ever, tour to & '">■'". ^'^^'il^Zni^ ',t JlZ«, u„Ul of TOer. After recovery the feW sh„„IH k! I 1? '"''»»°'». ■■> one ounce .n„h...„d boiW^oete, 'r « Z'.t ':i'r:;tt,:° "f't"' ^ """ Dysentery may be distinguished from diarrh«.R bv Jf» symptom^s. there being much fever ; the duJl mL"rwith b 1 T '""' has a fetid smell, is discharged frequeritlv and L T, . '"''^ """"'• scanty ; it is also voided with pi "nd ^hTl ^'T ''• " '"' '""^^ -""'^ in its passages. The wool feel h";st and .^ '"'^'t ""^"^ off in handfuls. Sudden changes of ^Tsture 1^ . ."""^ ^ P""^'* to poor; dry. indigestible foodT^nTy or impl waL 3' T T "^^ Hamp weather, such as produces rust inUZdtt l^^, ^ -fp- DISEASES OF SHEEP. 3G9 chief causes. Where large flocks are kept on extensive ranges, the best course IS to remove to some other pasture where the water is good, the ground high and dry, and other favourable conditions abound. The treatment proper for this disease is to give a laxative iari| first instance, as follows': Linseed Oil .,./•'. w/f n , Powdered Opium .....2ounce8 •• ,. 2 grama • to be given in linseed tea or oatmeal gruel. The linseed or oatmeal should be continued several times during the next twenty-four hours, both as nutriment and for ite soothing qualities. The next day, and for several days, the opium should be repeated with one dram of ginger. An occasional dose of linseed oil may be given if thought necessary. It can do no harm, in any event, if given ■ every other day. The effect of a hot sun, in an unshaded pasture, is very aggravating to this disease. Sheep suffering from it should be kept, if ,os- sible, m a cool shed, and separated from the rest of the flock. A pasture that has been occupied by such sheep will certainly infe*ct others that may feed upon It during warm weather, the dung conveying the poison to tte herbage. Red-Water.-When sheep are suffered to pasture upon succulent green crops, such as rape, mustard, or turnips, late in the fall or in the early winter, and the fodder is covered with hoar frost or sleet, or when they are forced to scrape their food from l)eneath the snow, swallowing a large portion of snow with their food, or when the stock water is drawn from filthy ponds" or sloughs, they are subject to a peculiar disorder which often affects the majority of the flock quite suddenly, and is known as red-water In this country this disease is rare, being known chiefly in the Western States along with the last mentioned disease and some other disorders originating from exposure and unwholesome food or water, under the general name of murttin. The symptoms of this disease agree with those of a s<^called 'unknown and new disease" affecting sheep in the west, which has been ^described recently by correspondents of. the American Agricultural Depart! - ment The sheep affected appear dull and stupid, and stagger, carrying t\e l^ad upon one side, the eyes are staring and sometimes blind, and the bowels are obstinately costive. They die in a few hours. When opened the belly of the sheep is found filled with a red fluid wrongly supposed to be blood Ihere is also general congestion of the principal organs. As a preventive the use of salt is recommended, and a tablespoonful of pme tar given to each sheep every ten days has been found useful. A pound of Epsom salts dissolved in water with two ounces of ground ginger may be giyen to every ten sheep. The simple removal of the causes and a brisk pur- gative or Auretic would doubtless lead to a recovery if given in time. When inflammation occurs from neglect the bowels become affected, and death is _,fflgd^ Thepeculialr Jiature of 4|i«^flheep inakes treatment at this stage almosT^^ % '* i-i- r '7» ..- - (^ « M i ' - i--~ ' I A*- %, / # « • % V' - ^ • . 1 i b. k. • ^^1 ^^^H Hi ■■[ ■■■1 HHI /-■ ^, '/I / vf^^y .1 /a ^■iv- i."-' IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) hO l^|Z8 |50 ^^" 2.2 1.1 11.25 2.0 m U 11.6 k // .^/ ^ .^^ y. K r/. Sciences CorpQraliQni 33 WIST MAIN STRUT WfBSTIR.N.Y. I4SM (716) t7ar4503 . ijW JW^'L. )V ii>y,.fffc&t JJ » t^; 370 DISBA8BS OF 8BKBP. hopeless, but, if it ia attempted, that prescribed for inflammation of the bowels would be proper. 1 " , After-Pains in Ewesj or parturient apople:fy, arises in consequence of a feverish condition at the tip^ of lambing. It occurs about the second or third day, and its presence is shown by panting, sthiining, heaving of the flanks, a staring look, scanty add high-oolonreA and strong-smelling urine costiveness, and swelling and redness of the extenial hinder par^ which finally become purple and black. After death the wh^le system is congested and the veins filled with black blood- the uterus, oii womb, is charged with pus, the absorption of which, poisoning the blood, ia tlie cause of death. This disease is easily prevented by reducing the condition oif the ewes when it can safely be done. The safe Ume is some weeks before lambing, when a gentle purgative should be given and the food gradually reduck A bran mash with fifteen grains of saltpetre may be given daily for a fewdays. A very gradual courae of depletion only should be adopted. If, aftir lambing, trouble is anticipated, the appearance of the ewe should be closely watched. If the pains occur, the following sedative should be given«tit once : Cunphor „ , , ^'"'-"^ .^.::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::: (^fc. Theso are mixed with molasses and placed on the tongue ; the dose may be increased one-fourth for large ewes when the pains are excessive. Op*, oaftce of solution of acetate of ammonia may be given four hours afterwards, and repeated twice at equal intervahi. If a fetid dischar^ tekes place from the vafeina, a solution of one dram of chloride of lime to a pint of warm water may be injected. The food of the ewe should oomiist principally of infbsions of linseed or oatmeal gruel. Bleeding ia iiyurioua, a. are also violent purgatives. Black Leg, Quartern], or Anthrax Fever, is known as the black Bpaxdd" of the English shepherds, the chafbon of the French, and as one of the "murrains" of the western states, whor« it ia most frequent on this continent It afiects young and thrifty sheep, and is rarely found amongst old or poor stock. It appears in the spring or early summer, and aJso m the fall months; and mostly in wet se^ns, when the pasture, under the fervid heat ot the sun and unusual moisture, grows luxuriantly. Then the sheep, with vigorous appetite, gorge themselves to repletion, the digestive organs are overtaxed, the blood is disorganized, and befon, any ti^ble is sus- pected, the aheep drop and suddenly die. When the carcasses are examined and the wool, which leavea the akin at the leaat touch, ia removed, the body is found to be awoUen and blackened in large patches, chiefly on the forequarter the flank, or the hindquarter. Air ia gathered beneath the skin, and on opening the body, it is found decomposed and filled with black blood If the ...-P fi'i+.r^ttfc - p-<- DISBASES OP 8HKKP. ,-, prevent th . di«,Z^'uT„nl . ' *"""'• " «"""'• ''T "»' To reverse, "•-trentmeiil lAonld be ui immediate ourmtiv. Th. I.ii ■ ».7 be given i. „tme., ^ „ „, ^,„ ^^^ J:^^^ jf '-Jf »™« Sulphate of Soda. . . . Flowers of Solphur ■Powdered Myrrh. 3 ounces . 1 (funce 1 scruple. of »atu« alon/can b^depend^ on! '**'''' *'' """•'^" """^^^ -*'- Aphtha, or "foot and mouth dinniuw" ™i,j-.i, v the herds and flocks of EuroTt no^^; t. . ^""^"""'^ '^^^^ Fortunately our drier climat^T' " ^ u ^ "''''"°''° ^^ ^•"«"« , ^ "' "'^'"r Climate, or some other preservative inflii«n«. I.... „„. greatly circumscribed the course of this diseak It^Vnr!!' 1 E:^;r.^f7-°eS„-^^--Sr^^ hi«»k .nJ K-J r*^ appeal' on the mouth and tongui which 3 witl^ir^ Jh'ch break and become «,«, causing the inimal to walk with difficulty and shake its feet or kick or lie down nersiatintlv T„ ana rn. an,m.. , graduiiHyj «wHh n8TW«fe«SnRe>wm^ Other- MJSS^^M-^^'i. k. ' .t^ ii.V ^i i& ...tii ^-^'W^r-s^r^Aifti^ll^^Msw^-p^i^^liiliji^ 3"2 DISEASES OF SHEEP. ' wise the symptoms increaae in severity, the sheep lose condition rapidly, from inability to eat or move about ; the hoofs are sloughed off, and sometimes even the bones of the feet are cast off, leaving only a stump. Inlamb ewes, when affected, abort It is considered, wliere this disease is virulent, that the cheapest and most effective plan is to stamp i^ out by the slaughter and bcrial of every infected animal, and the removal of those that are well. In the simple form, a single brisk purgative, such as two ounces of Epsom salts, with a small quantity of ginger, gfenerally results ui a cure ; to repeat the dose is dangerous. The mouth should be washed in the following solution twice a day: Alugi in powder 1 ounce Tincture of Myrrh 1 fluid ounce Water 1 quart The feet, if affected, should be washed with soap and water, vor with a weak solution of sulphate of copper, then dressed with carbolic ointment, and afterwards bound up in a cloth so as to keep sand or dirt from irritating the sensitive surfaces. Sulphur should be burned in the sheds as a disinfectant and purifier, and the drinking water should be acidulated with one dram of aromatic sulphuric acid to a gallon of water. All sick animals should be isolated. r". Sheep-Pox, or variola, ia a formidable and fatal disease, which is very frequent in the central and eastern parta of £w|i|^and has recently been introduced into England by means of importatio;^^Hbeted sheep. Although unknown in its severe type in this country, y^^l^ave no security against its introduction at any day. It is recorded ^ a German publication that on one occasion every sheep in a whole distriarent reason, as though they had been poisoned. The only known preventive is arti%:ial inoculation by means of lymph taken from one of the mildest oases. These communicated cases are exceedingly mild. The practice of housing sheep is very productive of this disease, and it is when sheep are kept in small flocks and well supplied with fresh air and general good care that the disease makes no headway. Whenever our flocks shall be overcrowded, and poorly cared for, this disease may be apprehended. Sheep-pox is not identical with the human small-pox, but is yet of the same ^yP^i produced by the same causes, has very similar characteristics, and is equally contagioua , It cannot, like that of the cow, be communicated to mankind, nor to other animals than sheep, even by inoculation, and belongs exolQsively to them. It is a true blood poison, caused originally by the absorption of impure matter into the blood, probably through the lung^ and the course of the disease is an effort of nature to throw off the poison by the eruptions which appear on the skin. There is a period of incubation of the dia«ue, which lasts bine to eleven days after infection, »od auring which no 1 4*^ v> ■0 DISEASES OP SHEEP. 373 ^mptoms whatever appear. After this.the sheep sicken, refuse food and suffer from quickened breathinir a hof A^ At^ r,, . ' nmui «* *!.„ J "roaming, a Hot, thy Skin, an unquenchable thirst, red- ness of the eyes, and a discharge from the Nostrils. At this period the erun K>n occun, on the body just as in the human smali-pox. ^eCe skt unl; Ze to fh!^ T^.?* ^'^" "^'''^ ''^^'' "^"^ S""'"''"^^ «^*«r *hrL days ZL .K . r^ ^''^ °° " ^'•^*« appearance. It is at this stage of the disease that the matter is coWpiotjtA an^ ^. j « .. "i-jj" "i me tion Th« »^™ TM *'°"^*'*®** *"•* preserved for the purposes of inocula- «ull«« H ^ '^ T'. '^'°^'" "' *••" "*^«« •°«i *»>« sheep improve. The pustule^ dry up and form scales or scabs, which fall off and leave in their P^ "pits •' or marks. But it may be that these pimples run together or dt^-t;:tt;rovtx^ into dnnks and given warm, with a small quantity of sugS or molasses ard Tv^'for d^k."^ * ''" '~^ °' '^'"°"^*^'' «">P''"- -<^' -^-'^l ^ to™.^"^'"^ T' * V'"^ '^ '"''^ "' °°°«- I' •' '^' '"* «t««e the symp- toms become worse, and the pimples, instead of becoming brown and drying np. ulcerate and run together in chains, the animal should beiilled and buriel m a deep pit with plenty ^< lime thrown on the carcass. Every portion of he dead ammal will convey infection, and in no case should the wool be taken from jt, unless it be at once tubwashed in boiling hot soapsuds ^.Sl "^U ^^"''f' f "»« '^'"^ i"^ a neighbourhood, the unaffected .8 keptm botUes an^ diluted with water to the consistency of cream. A ne^le mounted m a wooden handle_a shoemaker's curved awl win amiwer the pur- poseexcellenUy-ui dipped into the fluid and is thrust beneath the skin of the fleshy p«^ of the t»il. This rar«ly fails to communicate the disease, which ui»o slight a« seldom to interfere with the feeding^ the flock.' In a p.per puWuhed in the Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, Vol XXV., Part 2. 1864. written by. genUoman who h«i had chafge of flocks of Mormoes varying from a few thousand up to twenty-five thousand, in Kuaria, and who always practised inoculation, the author states that although Ae dieep under his charge were con«t«itly exposed to contagion from neigh- bounng flocks, in which thousands died from neglect of this p««aution. yet l^n^ let a nnffhadiOt animal from the disea^^. In those countries where the disease prevails, every shepherd has an inoculating needle amongst the implements of his profesrion. t*-:^ ,^)aAhich the urine should have carried off, and a high condition of ievatxfs consequenUy produced. Male animals are more frequently affected than females, by reason of the peculiar structure and length of the urinary canal, already descriM. Fat- tening animals are especial^ subject to urinary disorders, and such need close inspection and great care. Inflammation of the Bladder is the most frequent of the urinary asea Feeding upon second growth clover, which often contains lobelia, St. John's wort, rag weed, and other irritating plants , or upon excessive quantities of cornmeal, or drinking hard water, are the chief causes. The acid and conse- quently irritating character of the urine inflames the inner coats of the bladder. The inflammation spreads to the muscular substance round the neck of the bidder, and this is contracted, closing the opening. * Retention of Urine is, therefore, the direct consequence, and this involves the serious complications already mentioned. The symptoms are uneasiness, constant lifting the hind feet and, stamping with them, spreading them out and straining in the endeavour to void urine. As the attempt is abandoned the tnimal moans in pain. There is general disturbance of the system, fever, and costiveness. The remedy is to bleed copiously from the neck, and to give the following to a large animal : Linseed Oil a „,_..„ i-"d-°m :::::::.::::::::::::::::::::: id^ni: For smaller animals the dose should be reduced proportionately. If there is no improvement the second day, the bleeding should be repeated from the other side of the neck, and qne ounce of linseed oil be given daily until relief is procured. Diuretics and' saline purgatives should be avoided. After im- provement the food should be light, and infusionB of linseed meal or of gum arabio would be useful. Sediment in the Urinary Canal.— HigUyfed sheep, or those fed on dry pastures, which are deficient in water, or those carelessly denied a full supply of water in winter, when they are fed grain in less or greater quantities— rams and wethers especially — are those which are subject to this disoi^ei'. Females, from the Urge capacity of the canal, are nev^r, or very rarely, affected. But in male animals the peculiar appendage, called the nr DII§EA8E8 OF 8IIKRP. 375 vmnito^, or wom-hke appendage, through which the canal finds its exit, being very small, an easy obstruction is offered to the passage and discharge of any sandy or muddy deposit of the urine. Small stony concretions are ten discovered attached to the wool or hairs around the vent on the belly of the sheep. When these are noticed, extra care should be exercised to give abundant water by which the deposit may be dissolved and carried away. When the deposits have been arrested in this mirrow passage, the urine is seen to pass drop by drop, and the animal exhibits great pain and uneasiness. AH the symptoms of retention ofuritu, then appear. The treatment is to place the animal on his rump, and draw the penis out of the sheath. It will be found mflamed and tender. It should be fomented with warm water, and the urethra or canal below it gently pressed with the fingers to force out the Tt*",. T '^ ^^^ "^''"^°'- " '*»" " successful even in part, some^weet oU should be applied to the parts, and a rather large dose of linseed «il .!« administered along with an antispasmodic to act on the neck of the bUdder VIZ. : ' UiweedOU Extract of Belladonna.. ■.■.■.". ,«"","*" „• •; 10 grainB. On the following day the urethra should be again examined, and the manipu- btion be again repeated. One dram of carbonate of potash should then be given, dissolved m water, three times a day. If fever is present the bella- donna may be repeated, but only in case of urgency. No saline purgatives »re to be given in affections of the bladder. If the sediment cannot be passed It will be necessary to remove it by an operation. A lengthwise incision is made with a small, sharp knife blade at the junction of the vermiform appen- dage with the urethra, on the lower surface, and the stone, or gravel are removed by pressure. It may be discovered in this manner that the obstruo- tions exist a.1 along the urethra, in which case there is no hope of recovery and the animal may be slaughtered. In case of wethers, the vermiform appendage of the penis may be out off at once. In rams it may be saved if possible, although it is not absolutely necessarv for successful stock-gettiuK It may be well, howeyer, to bo on the safe side, tod save the part out of respect to the generally accepted belief that it is needful. It is kiiown how- ever, that many rams which had lost the part by this opemtion did nJt lose tbeir usefulness in consequence. • IcuU, or stone in the bUdder. For thU di«Mue there is no remedy, after the fact has been ascertained by the previously described oper*. r m any other way, the animal may be killed. »!. ^'*'*JII.'' «»nwl»««.-This disease affects the sheath and penui of the ram. The first symptoms art. very similar to'those of sediment in the urethra. There w great pain in urinating, and the urine comes by a few M 1 • ■/■■ -^. m ^^^ DISEASES OP SHEEP. drops at a titao. In course of time a white acrid discharge escapes, and this, m case of neglect, causes ulceration, which may destroy the organ. Bunce 1 pound 3 quarts. K fjw , , , 3 quarts. The above to be m.xed and, when nei^rly cool, nine ounces of Spirits of tur- pentine a,^ to be added. The wji^ole is bottle^ in auart bottles for u^ Ind when adonnjstered should be well shaken to mix 2lgredienU I^^^Wv Infected sh^p^hould He kept from food all .ight. agj^on the following mormng before feedmg each should receive two ouncesTa winegirfurof the mixture by means of a horn. No food should be given for three hou.^ The medicine is repeated every fourth day for two weeka" ^ ' toleration "" ""^ '''"''' "^^'* ''"^ ^"'^^"^ «»- ""'y ^^ey can tolerate without serious injury is a question that will probably never beLtis factorily answered. It is proper that the shepher* should be alw.lys on his guard against them, for the rea«,n that this animal is now known to be native in this country as well as in almost the whole world. ' The Lung Strongle.-The " lung thread-worm " (Strongi,lus Jillria) ives in the windpipe, the bronchial tubes, and the tissues of the shells rS n" •^/';*«. f "ad-like worm, from one inch to three inphes I length. Its natural history IS supposed to be as follows. The worms present m the lungs breed and produce eggs, which contain fully developed voun«, : wound up in a spiral form in a thin shell. These embr^ros soon leave the shdl and move about m the tubes, causing great irritation and a secretioi^of mucus upon which they feed, and grow. It is not certainly knownas yet if the sh"; in the violent coughing cause4 .by the irritation expels any of the e«r«. or young worms and that thoy then pass a portion of their existence in the open air. finding their way into the lungs of fresh bearer, by the trachea in ^e fass^e of the food through the^mouth or gullet, or f^m th^stomach in the act of rumination; or if the worm completes its whole existence in the lungs of ito bearer. It is most probable that the farmer supposition is the true onf as It exphiins the fact that the worms are often found in young lambsTn such quantitie« as to cause suffocation. Besides, it is known that flocks wS foUow other sheep upon pastures, or which feed upon fields that have been manur^ with sheep's dung, have been attacked with this disease An iut.r. estmg case in point is stated by a Pennsylvania correspondent of 'the Coun^Z g.HUn,ano{M.rck 25th, 1875. Some ram lambs were pastur^ in 1 fi^ upon which th.ir dam.^had been kept the previous year, and which had ^n tppdresset^^ith manure from the sheep sheda Nineteen out of forty 4{ the / &f • DnKASKS or SUKKP. 381 h' • "^ lambs died. T^e following year twenty-three lambs died, and the post mortt^i of the physician showed the facVthat the larynx and trachea were covered ow their inner surface " with a frothy mucus, generally white„but h«re and there of a yellowish hue," also in this mucus were "see topdressed with sheep's manure, unless they are to be ploughed and sown to graiix crops, and^if a pasture is found to ^ infected, it should be ploughed ^p and re-sown. All sheep having the chaActe^istic V cough should be fattened and ^lled. The treatment proper in thisynse is the same as that, recommended for the liver fluke, and the mixture should be administered as there stated. Tur- pentine and salt are found tqJbe almost sunt remedies for internal parasites of all kinds, and extra feeding^ resist the draft ufton the system will be* useful. AydaUds «r Bladder-Worms.— The association of the-dog with the shMf) upon farms is productive of much mischief, in addition to the vast annual slaughter of the latter occasioned thereby, 'fhe great'majority of dogs are infested with tape- worms. The eggs of the- tape- worms discharged in the dung of the dog ujwn fields and pastures are swallowed by the sheep with the herbage, and the larval state of the worms is developed within their bodies, either in the lungs, the abdomen, or the brain, causing disease which is often fatal The larva of the tape-worm exist in the shape of i^tery bladders, or sacs, which contain the^ undeveloped ♦ormsr ' These peculiar freatures are known as bladder-worms or hydatids. One of these occupies the abdominal ' cavity of the sheep, and is called the Diving Bladder-worm, Cyaticereus temdcoUit at C. tania fnar- ginata, — These bladders are often free in the abdomen, are sometimes enclosed in th^ ftit, and somonmes are attached to the livec and intestines. They ara / pear-shaped, and in size from that of a^^alnui to that of ajien's or even a gooseys egg. These bladders, or cysts, when fed to a dog, have produced tha ' mature Ttmia mmryineUa upwards of three (oet in length in the coarse of three r-^ tJ s 5^H»*V*fjLi*'**^*'4<^«»* of-i"' ^.i ■ --frrtf* "gtwjIjA'ffrfexTa ■^ 382 DI8BA8E8 OP 8HEBl>. :> montha The eggs of thia tape-worm have been fed to lamh. . au neiroearers. 1 he most common of these hydatids is th« J*** "!?*'" Bladder-worm, or Ca>nurua cerebralis.-'IbiH produce. fl.ow.k J , »•" wr ovai Biita Anese slits are the SDota to whi*.). fl«k-shaped appendages are affixed within, and are the opeBtogs^^h il5t The natural h.sto.7 of this parasite is as follows : When the head oT^ IZ containing the bladder-worms of this species, is devoured by aX th« U are t^nsformed within him into tape-'wormk ^rw^m^^ ^ !tlZ •t maturity, or its eggs, being voided by the dog upon the gnJo^f Zu^^ tT«ilI :, !5f^ ***^''°P' """"i°« dormant, until chance favou™ their round again. Old dieep are rarely affected by this pan«ite ^ho llll^ suffer chiefly from tjem. One infested dog will void'thousa'TZf e^" ^ about and dropped in a multittide of places. I. '*/'*/'? '"V*!* "*"^ °' **^" P»"«if . it i« necewary only to prevent th« head, of affected sheep from being devoured by dogs or ho^ or to^^ V fc.m the pasture. Th, head. 6f .ha,^ dyi^ U^^ ISi L:^'!^^ . ^.&^4i JmIii ji^i^^iJS ^%l^^l3?^vy^3V>-i44.rk^Luti./^^ , T** 5"^r i^'yiTmif^^H *^^T»S'*''''«'«4'^ ■»*«?■ UISEASKS OF SHEEP. 383 fore be burned, and not thrown out. The treatment of sheep subject to the parasite consistB in an operation by whic^i the skuU is pierced and the bladder punctured, when the water in it escapes And is absorbed, leaving the wonli to parish. The pressure and irritation upon the skull causes some absorption of it^t^ubstanoe, and a soft spot is caused over the bladder. This may be easily felt by pressure of the finger. A curved awl may then be inserted through the skull and the bladder pierced ; or by means of a tubular saw (or trephine) a round piece of bone is out out of the skull, a flap of the skin first being laid back, and the bone being lifted,' the bladder is laid bare and removed. The skin is relaid and held in place by a stitch or plaster, and the wound heals. No other remedy than these iy»fe or certain, and these frequently fail This class of parasites posseti^Mme importance to the shepherd, not only from the loss occasioned amongltTis flock, but^from the danger of the results to the consumers of mutton. The farmer's or shepherd's own dog may be the means of injury to hi6 flock, and he should take means to free the dog from the tape-worms by means of proper medicines, of which the powdered areca nut IS the most efiective, as weU as to prevent vagrant dogs from stocking his pastures. The areca nut is administered as follows : previously, one scruple of jaiap, for a dog of twenty to thirty pounds in weight, should be administered, and a bnsk action of the bowels set up. This may also be procured by giving the ^°^ ' dog a quantity of butter, or any of the common purgatives. Im'mediately afterwards half an ounce of the powder of areca nut is to be given iq pills or m some acceptable food. Some locks of tangled wool dipped in grease or melted fat are given at the same time to be swallowed. The worm is killed or paralyzed by the areca nut, is entangled in the wool, and aU together are expelled by the pui;ge. The mass should be immediately burned, or buried at a perfectly safe depth in the ground. Applied to every dog at intervak of three months this treatment will free them from tape-worms, and prevent danger of the sheep becoming infested with them. « Tape-Worms (Tania plicata) in the intestinea The sheep them- selves are sometimes infested with mature tape-worma This is easily ex- plained by tl^b possibility of tiie sheep swallowing along with their pasture some of the eggs which may have been voided by any of the numerous bear- ers of these ^orms, both domesticated and wild. It has been stated that the intestinal tapp-worm is very rare, if not unknown, in sheep in this country. This would Seem to be erroneous. A correspondent of the National Live Stock JoumM of September, 1876, from iMissouri, reported hU lambs aU dying of a a^nge diseue, n which the first symptom was a falling off in condition, followed by a mild diarrhoea. This occured in June, and continued ^ ^ AugtiBt, when- thirty out of eUty wera^eadr sad nearly »lt gf t^™- .y ^ 4'^--^ i-^ "VV 384 DISEASES OF SUEEf. we a,«y very well concluSe that tape-worn T ^T^n. . ""^"' "^' "^"^ parasitical diseases that we have to coXT "" " °°' °' *^^ Generally the symptoms developed by the presence of f^n- voracity of appetite, alternating with a refu«3 ITT^ <»P«;worms are desire to swallow earth. ston4 sand, or Ih^- 1!^'°" f °"'^''"°°' niixed with mucus, which becomes at Jhe^tTlhe ver^ . . "'* '""«' very filthy condition ; and the evidenroflnter^ ^ %. .! ""*""« * dies greatly emaciated Tl.», • internal pain. The sheep finally ^ dipped' i;^r4 ^^rs^z:lr::'*''\'' *^« «^ -^ frequent the fields, lie tLtT^nf ? ^^ °*''^'' ''•'** '''^^'°»'« ^J^ich as Lows: ^' "^'"^"* '"'»*««-«" to administer turpentine Lin««ed Oil . Spirits of Turpentine .'.','.■ 2 ounces i to 1 ounce rpi. . ,, , jioiounce This should be repeated twice a week for two weeks If th' ■ effective, three ounces of the powdered root of n,«i * " " °°' dose to be repeated in one we^ T„ .f^! ' '™ ""^^ ^ 8^"«°- The purgative of Sled "u XuT^ given The"f^t 1^"^ -^-'-tered, a until the lost condition is Jto,^*' ^^' '*^ ^°"'^ '^ °' «>« »>««' kind Tape-worms, in any of their forms nf l.*« -«• ^ them. ^ '°*° *"'" becomes infested with Hair-worms In the IntPHfiiM^e a called from its peculiar forratiorrii * 7 '^""''' '*' "hair-worm." It infests the sLach andTnltl^ "^ L" "°* "''°°"'"°° ^ «»>««?• wasting of flesh. tTI worm^b "^w"^^^ "'''"^"^ ''•''"'"-' -'^ "P^'^ the organs, and suck oTt 1" ir Th '"i^^ -''" ""''"' """"^ submits to no treatment while th" remain a" 'T"""; '""''"*• -^-»' with the diarrhoea. Other sneci™ ^ . T"*** " °^*«" P«»»«°t along and producing the same1'Jurre;LTso%:fesuf ^"f ^''' ''^ ti^arly lambs and yearlings. Salt Tdol oft^ ! ""P' '"' "°™ P"" nate days with one drum dls of s^rphaTo iJ:^ h;iT'b*^"" "'^ '''*^'- one day and the iron the next, is a very Z^ Zlift .!• T* «''"' °" sit«|J and the disea^ which lult fZ IZ ^^L ^otZ''' ^■ debilitating effect of these parasites, the food shoZr'of I . ""' *^' and digestible character, and linse«l in so^ sC-h^uJl fol Z:^" -.J:??irrL"";!ras^LTt ^ir^/i ?« «««-0' the [ifS*}. J,.',™* JMnmOu^y yUtilsi&^^i^A^^J^ • Jx"^^ ,^. IL lD&^>^ ^^,iJ-i^T^- DI8EA8H8 OP SHEEP. 885 wiioh .He. .p.; zzz .S'ssr." *rs^", °' • «-- «"*'•«» to ancient shepherds and ,.n «vo TT ■ ^'^'^ "^^ *«" '^'^o'^'i in his ^«o™ It ; ll^rr' '^rr^'"'" -'^g'ven by the poet Virgil in his tin>rBut ui to a verT ' 'f'',^"'","- ^^^^ - being veiy virulent correctly known YouatfrwoT' T' f' "^""^ '' *^« ''"-- -" -t ■ English^^Society f^^Zl^^^t^^^'r ''''' '^ ^^« «^ ..d otber <.?r.T:ciw:7' >'°'': "'^"" "^ •»"' '"" 'oppression oj t/ie perspiration. obserl^S;trwii?L;?:;1 "^ '""^"°^" ^"'^ ""«-^"-' -'^ '^^ on tie hrst appearance of the^JT""' '"^"'^ '"^'^ ^"*^^ ^^^^^ «">«« pn,gresses. Jshe^Z fot^rTb^ '""'T'*^^ '•"'• ^ '"^^ ^^- nibbling amongst their wo^P 'i" 7 T '"?''"« *'^'"«*''^^«' «' ^'""^ - parts rubbed of bitteT u\.^- '°" '''""''^ *''^" ^^ 'li'««=*«» *«' »>« colour and of a thtker teLui th 'T"*' ^''^ ^'" ""' "^^ "^^ «"* -»>'*« '" yeilow exudation Uter^hl? ^ " ''''' """^ °'°"* ">' ^^^^^ -i^h * off or beco.es l^se If a tlkTtr '"Tf '^^^^ ^'"''' ""^"^ '^« -«' ^''"« paper, the n.ites will be sein wUh ^' J". '"' "^"'^ "^ «»"««* °* -'""^ If the disease is negll^d Z' I! . T'^'^"* '^^' «" ^''^^ <^™-' f™- if. the wool appears r^g'd all oveTlj ?T ":'"''' *"' ^"^^'^ ^ »"-»'-. spots dense brownTyellow IT ' °^ '" ^''''"'- ^pon these bare or a post the scabs are'tbLr^TtiUhrb.r,' "iT ^'"^ *"" ^^''^ '^ '-- -ion Of the sheep falls o.^Ca^Tt ^^a t^TePo,!^^ ^ scab iJcrrbe^i^^^ ^" vr .^^^^^ --*™- - --« ^e many preparationTused frthlT^' "'''"'' P"^"" *•»« '""^t- There are account of the r po^i:?'" P:!"-"' «"- °' "''"^ "« objectionable on pounds, and which'a™ no I^ET; tin tr H^ "'^^ °^ "'"''^^•'' -"- '' This consists of tobacco and s^Inhnf A "°'''°« P"'"'«^-*'y «'« o°^- first, and one of the ^rd to th " 'n *''%P"'P°'*'°'>« «>' ^ur ounces of the a boiling heat, and thTTuc!^ J "" °' ^''**''- '^^' ^'^'^^ » brought to equally UXltlTb^tn;t'S:ir"" '^'^"P '«^' °' -*^'' -'^'»' are temperature to 120 dc^ees, it is rZjto^^" ThT ^""^ "'""" '"^ immersed in the liqaid so th^t th. »^i • . ® "°®*P "" entirely fj with tmnt ths ^^1. t.. ii:: . . r y— - ™ '' "^'^'■'^■ " ■ ^■'^^^^SS^'iAg^ pt;.«»s^n4.»>'i'i '■ ijju-'t 5°8 DISEASES OP SHEEP. . may be completely freed from this peat, and it will never appear if the sheep are dipped twice each year as a preventive. The gain in the growth of wool and in it improved quality will more than repay the cost of the ojwration. The Sheep Tick (Mdopkagm ovinus) has been already referred to ; if the process of dipping, just described, is regularly practised this parasite will be easily vanquished, and its annoying presence prevented. This insect propagates only by single eggs, or rather the perfect pupa is expelled singlf from the female, which is therefore termed pupiparotis ; it does act, there- fore, increase very fast, and is easily kept under. It is too weU known to need minute description, its dark red, tough, leathery-skinned body being a most conspicuous object when the wool of almost any sheep in the country is examined. The Sheep Loose (Trichodectes ovis), is known as the red sheep louse. Its head is of a red colour, and the body pale yellow, marked with dark bands! It is found on the side of the neck of the sheep, and the inner parts of the thighs and arms. It causes much irritation, by which the sheep is impelled to thrust its head between the bars of gates or fences, or to kick and stamp with its legs. Occasionally sheep are found strangled by becoming fixed in their attempts to rub their necks, or with their logs broken in attempts to rub them upon rails. Lice are rarely found on the yolky woolled sheep, but on the drier fleeced breeds they often cause much unsuspected mischief. Those sheep which are regulariy dipped are also free from this pest. To rub the parts mentioned with the following preparation is generally an easy remedy. Lard , , Flowers of Sulphur ""... "•• J Pound ^uropeu One pint of sweet oil may be substituted for the lard. The Sheep Gad Ply ((Estru, ovis).— Thia is a most troublesome pest, caui^tfg much discomfort to the sheep. It is a fly with two wings spreading tftrer one inch, aud a stoat body over half an inch in length. S the summer months they disturb the sheep in the pastures by the efl^orta they make to deposit their eggs upon the animal's nostrila When they succeed in their efforts, the sheep often becomes half frantic, and races violently over the pasture, sometimes seriously injuring itself by becoming overheated Where the fly abounds, the sheep crowd together and stop feeding, holding their noses to the ground, and stamping with their fore feet. The grub when hatched from the egg, orawla up the nostril and lodges in the ainnsea of the head, where it remaina, feeding upon the muons secreted by the membimnes, qntU the following spring. In entering the noatrila tad in le>Ting them they • DISEASES OP SHBBP. ggy and fat.1 to the em »""»»'"'«■• This u both dietiatefol to He a, the noses ^f T. 1% XTLT: S '' *'\"^^*"'«' ^^ ""-^"« opened gate, every n>orning auZ^yt^ZII "1 ^ one through a half- be spared much annoyance w7 u ^ ^ *"** August , the sheep will in spring, the/nrra^kirH T f L\"' *''""''"« '^°^'* '^« nostrils early nJth^ughlpr^ ' ''^'"•'^'^"^ '^'''°"'"« *«^''<'- -oke into the (i/«.caC7«»«r),andthemttflv/ir^^'^ '"T"^^' '^' ^'"^^"'^ % eggs or living L. upLTeLyL^gt^lrrtlT' wLl' t^' '^^°^' '''^ by accident, or allowed to h*.pLf « i ^ T ° ^^^^^ *" wounded eggs or lar:» are de^si^ ^t ^^W ^ ?^*^. ^^J ^'-^''-' *^- ;>A.l^. having been found to conti n 20 o^'e'I T'" °' ! ""«'* '''''•"■ active, and spreadinir fmn. *u • . ^^' ^^^ "aggots soon become and cJuse torr^;:'a srstid'"tr:r V '''^- '''f "^'^ '"'^'^ suppurates and wistes awl vl ^ ^"^ " P'®'"*'*'*^' "** **»« fl«8b which crawl ul U In w^,' ^' ^"^ "^ ^^ '^« '""'"^''^^ «' "maggots prevent them K nece^ Jt Tn, *'' "'"'"' " ^^^^^ increased '\o so that filth may 17^1^ ^'-fnlj remove the wool from about the tail warm wet wZer foftl'.^T^ '7 """^ ''^^'^'-' -°"-«l J *nd in deposit egg. Tie' VmCl alf fo" n7tLr ^t' "^^ ''^ ^'^ than common crude petroLm^whl 1 7^^^ wmI T"""'"' ■^e beginy^ bot h l^ n g^ ^^ niik.in^,m Tb^c^tWm d^^ ^ IW^ , 't ~^'^!^t^'"^^ 388 DI8KA8E8 OF SHEEP. <;» tougher than the sole, which is soft and elastic, like, India rubber. As the foot wears down by contact with the ground, the crust is worn off to a sharp edge upon the outer margin ; when the wear and growth balance each other, the foot is in perfect condition ; but when either is greater than the other, the conditions of disease are at once established, and unless removed by proper treatment, lameness occurs. Another peculiarity of the sheep's foot is the interdigital oaual, which coii^mences In a small opening about one inch above the foot, passes down- wards and backwards between the toes and ends in a pouch which is curved upwards upon itself. -The canal is covered with hair, and is studded with glands which secrete an oily fluid. This fluid overflows at the opening, and moistens the skin between the toes, preventing chafing and soreness. The peculiar structure of the foot of the sheep, under unfavourable circumstances, gives occasion to several serious diseases. Of these the most frequent and important is Foot-Rot. — This disease is contagious, and may spread through the flock, if preventive measures are not taken. It consists of an inflammation of the whole hoof, the formation of blisters upon the heels and between the toes, which break and form discharging surfaces, and, in a few days, ulcers, which suppurate and excrete fetid matter. The fore feet are the most usually affected. When this happens the sheep may be observed to go around feeding painfully upon their kneea If no attention is given, the hoof is lost in course of time, and a wounded stump only is left It is caused at first by wet pastures in which the feet become foul, the horn becomes detached under the sole, and harbours filth which softens the sole, and influences the vascular tissue beneath it. Neglect completes the conditions under which the disease urs. The treatment should be immediate on the appearance of the first labieness, for when the ulcerative, stage has arrived, the cure is long and dilfi* -"• ^ generally and flavoured with ginger, may be fed with a spoon or given ^ith a horn It ' « tf^poor, lean, badly kept eu^ which ^ffer ,npst in lambing; those in good 'ondUu>n, or even fat, rarely experiaxce^nydiffiovity. \ '^' *"" ^°'"* Parturient Fever rarely attacks o6r native sheep, but imported lambing. The first symptoms are refusal of food, twitching of the hind le« ^1T"'. :Z *°' '*"P''''^ ' '''' ""^^ " -"'«d dow„,'the eyes are Lu closed, and a dark coloured discharge flows from the vaginl If theirmb s pow d^ped it IS dead, but the ewe. if kept quiet and Z nursed, wil gej rally recover m two or three days. IJut if the lamb is not then expelled Te symptoms grow worse, the ewe sufl^ers from fever, and moans withTin 'and hlV^TaJ? »ve;7 offensive. Tl,e Jamb, if expelled at this sta/e is'i„ a high state of putrefaction, and the ewe falls into a condition of coZse fL which she rarely recovers. If the lam}, is not expelled, the eweX , .^«*"atment should consist of the removal of the ewe from the flock to a quiet pen.^n the first appearance of sickness. She should ^e well led fot^ and fed with warm gruel of lins^ or oatmeal. As soon as the d«^kcluS duK^hanje occurs, the lamb is almost certainly dead, and beginning to dim Poland lU removal is necessaiy. The vagina should be w'LS^wUhtl" water, and the finger, smeared with the extract of belladonna, should be in^ duced mto the p^sage every three houn, until it is suTciently dHa^t albw of tje BxpaJsion of the lamb. Two tablespoonfuk of th^ foS medicine- should be given twice a day. viz. : »ouowu,g Calomel ;.., Extract of Hyosoyamus Linaeed Tea .8 grains ■ 1 dram ■ ipint ,ifc; .1* ^ '■ pp. ' . \. ~"- ■V"r.-nr*-y^^ Jlii*=^ UISKASKS OF 8HBKP. ggj '^;^^tz^ °' " ''"' °' "" '°"»«'"« ■'■™"' >» «i- "-• Epsom Salte ^ y ■>, Nitrate of PotMh .-; . .. '/^ 8 ounceM - ' Carbonate of Sod* ....!.L! i ounce Water...' "' \ 2 ounces The .bove mi«or«i .b««ld be ,h.km op before giving tb,™ ° • and d^n^'t"*"' ^° "^"^ "^ ">- "'^'- - -".^l Nitrate of Pota«h , , Carbonate of Soda . . i ""nee Camphor "> ■ • ■ ' ounce . Oum Water. ...'...'... '.."~ ', 'liS ' ' ' * ''''"'' • "*.,, •^... 8' ounces. frii ." ^'f *° *^ ^^'"^ *"'** '^ '•'^y- *« «-« ^°«W be f;d chiefly upon thin oatme»L«ruel and milk, or infusion of linseed. Aftor the kmb has b«an expelled, the uterus should be injected with wann milk and Jaw' ^ If there is a very offensiye discharge, one drum of chloride of lime dissolved .n?a pmt of warm ^ater, should be injected instead of the milk a^ wa^ occur^*^i;"r'T^f ^'"T '" "°* '"">"'"* '"°°"8 sheep, and when it w2u . T ''''"'^' ^ '"""^ **» *''« ^^'^''^^ ^^ of roots in cold Zl^I: 7 / '''V'' •''"'^^ "''^ ^*"''- ^' '"" •*>«" ^^ tnown to occur in comK^taence of. or after, the heavy dressing of turnip or mangel land with ^CTc^ so the Ph^phate The distension of the stomach with cold, wateiy food sp greatly reduces the temperature of the abdotainal viscera as " t^J^' "'" °' *'^ '''''"'' "'•'^^ " P--»'--> «P«»e^. with alUhe disagreeable consequ^ces to. the ewej described in the pr^eding parag^lh Chasing by dogs is a very freqfitet caiise. P»«grapii. , The treatment is preventive and alleviativa Caution in feeding of roots to in-lamb ewes in any but small quantities, or in ^voiding fright, exces- sive exertion and ^orr^ing wU prevent its occurrence. When it has hap- pened, the following may be given with &me nourishing liquid food. viz. : Epsom SalU i ' \ Laudanum '. ," jounce N Powdered Camphor '^ 1 dram i dram. The latter two only may be repeated the second day. Oarget.-ThU disease consists of inflammation of the udder or milk glwds. It rarely ooouns except in th«« ewes which have lost their youn^ and are not supplied with' foster lamS or when tbo teats are not open^ • readUy by the new-born lamb, or at w«.ning time. If^ the ewe is i^^^^ condition, and hiu • large flow of milk, which is not drawn off. the udd^ becomes gorged, inflamed, and finally festers and suppurates. In this wav / m =rRi ai.c'A* i^H^Ja&K !.IU .-.' -^ i. V ^ :^. ■^v 394 .. DISEASEa OP BIIKKP. "X^ ^i «.mo ewes may lo-e part or the whole of the udder, and their usefulne^ as bre.de« bo destroyed. It . ...o occasioned by allowing a nursin. ewe t^l^ m wet and cold in the pasture or the yards. In the suLner Umf whU t le and .f neglected. «ay become a victim to myriads of maggots whLh wui breed m the f«,tering udder. Ewes are thus lost occasionally^ Itl obvil fever that may exist. This may be the following : ■ Epsom Salts .... Nitrate of Potash Ginger , 2 ounces 2 drams 1 dram '' t W?L "" ' "^ "P"'*^ '"^ twenty-four hours. The udder should ^e^t^h" """ r^^-^ * -»"«- of -donate of soda be injected in o the teats by a small metal syringe, and afterwards milked out The dislw^ TfLTt" '^\P«'— 'J°J"y of the udder, or the closing of one orTS of the teats, in which case the ewe should be discarded as a breeder. Inversion of the Uterus piay occur in cases of severe labour when ZZ "ITk. J'' T' " *'"^°"^ ^"^''^^ °"^ -^ P-'-des from th^ body as a red bladder. From ignorance this is sometimes cut off Th T ewe destroyed The parts ^ be gently washed i:" ^ ^^^^^^ .cle«^d frem all foreign maST The ewe should then be held so tttThe hinder parts are raised, and with a small hand well greased with sweet-oil. or pure fresh lard the womb should be returned, gently working it into its natural position by the thumb and fingers. The finger nails should be closely pared lest they may wound the tender parts. A needl. with a strong linen thread or fine catgut should then be pass^ threugh the skin upon botV ides o the vagina, and tied so as to forta a loop across it which will prevent the TZ »!!" "**'" P~*''"ding ; twenty to thirty dreps of tincture ot opium should be given m some warm griiel. and the ewe left to re«t ulon a soft bed m perfect quiet, with her hind part, nuaed abpve the level of her head for several days. .j^ ^^< "w»u, tor Ophthalmia.— Thid is ^J^homo of t^e eye '-bmB^^'- Irl or by grazing in stubble fields whto the straws of tlfflfflPSBbcL'Z' , ally wound the eyes It is ^reeived at once by the tenderness and rednes^ of the oi^an, flow of teare, and a discharge of pus from the comer of the eye . It ffl rt«dily cnred by washing the eye with a solution of four gnuns of sul" l^A "°° "" *" *"*"'* **' ^'^ '^^'' '^^ "^"Ping the sheep in a dark stable • " - twa Jf the eye ia seriously inflamed and the sheep distressed I dow^f an ounce of Epsom salts dissolved in water, and If Uad«aap may be added to the linc solution above mentioned DI8KASK8 OF 8UERP. 395 r '(hi ^ '# €uMtratlon.-Thi8 necessary operation should be performed as early as C ^* u '"* ";'"**"'»« o' '»»« «"«*"» " a continuation of that of the ^rT Z "»^*""''*'°" '«>>1«*« the,operation.it is readily commu«i. m^ to the abdomen, and peritonitis, or inflammation of the membrane linintf »»e cavity an* enveloping the bowels, remits, and this is generally faUl. A amb a week old may be deprived of th.whole scrotum and testicles, by one stroke of a pair of shears, without any danger or the loss of mor« than a few dropsof bloi.K'4' I- K^^" £, <^\( «, ' J-^SS*- & ' <^ « 'i DISEASES OF SHEEP. '* . »eetii. luid it ~v.. ^'*''°°-, '^''» '»0'i"«8 "hoold be won. three or tour Li«« i,«. . • -^^ excellent splint is made by soakine the wound is punctured and deep it should hT^ !. u ^'^^°^- ^^ syringe a few drops of con.pound7;ct« o tel^^^^^^^ f^'^ ^'^ ^ of lint or tow dipped in thesame. ThTs will kr?h/wr^* '" '' ' P'"« heals from the bottom. If allowed to elol 1# i . "^ °^'' "°"^ '' abscess will be formed, which tHr^n^r^^^ "^^e " ' t '' '" such a position Uiat the pus formed cannot e^^'lr^,; iLJ ,,T " '" twice a day by means of a feather or a .waT^riiZ at !« . ,"""'' suck, and the plug soaked in tincture of Izoi^Tserted If ani J ""'*" matter, such as a splinter of wood. ..mains in the wZd.1t .us rremo3 1 necessary by enlarging the wound, before it, can hea A wou^dThr ' tl^Ltrbvf 'f°'"^Vr ^°' -n^wnesaVimtrmadfl™ tra^Uble by bpen.ng and enlarging it at the top. Lace^ted wounds ^11 ZZ to be treated as both incised and punctured wounds. Where thTl . can b« brought ^gether. stitches' should be mad^ Z'Z^\^'ir^ separated from the surrounding tissue, the foments may be cut off The deeper part, should then be treated as punctured wounda Such wounds are long xn heahng. because skin is reproduced only from the edge, of ZZZ ■urface. A. many of the lacerated forUan, of .kin a. poLble TuM b^ U^'f-ff^'''^'^^ DISEASES OF UlIEKP. 397 brought together, so as to form edges from which the new growth may start , It will be a question if the value of the sheep in this case will repay the time - and labour spent in treating it. If not, to take its skin at the outset may be the most advisable course. To cure a large wound in the fly. season is a work of much trouble. Sprains are not uncommon accidents in a large flock. They are reduced very easily by rest and the use of a liniment such as "% Olive Oil , . Ammonia Water. . . i P'"' £ ounces. Diseases peculiar to Laiubs.-Lambs frequently fall victims to some diseases which seem to afiect them more virulently than they do grown- up sheep, or else the young animal, having less strength or vitality than the mature one, more easily succumbs to those diseases. In its earlier life it is also affected with some disorders peculiar to-its condition. These disease.s call for special treatment. The most troublesome ailments to which lambs are subject are those of the digestive organs, and chief amongst these is Diarrlicea, or <« White Scours.''-In the un weaned lamb diarrhau tftkes the form generally known as " white scours." This appears as a lioui.l discharge of a whi^ cplour. which is simply the passage through the bowo s of undigested milk. It is caused by a change in the quality of the ewe s milk, which IS not coagulated in the lamb's stomach, and remains as an irri tative agent, exciting the bowels to undue action, by which the u...k is dis charged soon after it is swallowed, almost without change. The food of the ewe probably has much to do with this, as the trouble is most frequent when the owe u fed upon rank, succulent, watery herbage, or an excess of roots When this cause does not exist, it arises from a disordered condition of the lamb's stomach. When the former cause is suspected the ewe should be treated. The food should be changed to other kindsXof a more solid and nutritious character. A poorer pasture should be provhled, or hay be given for a few days, along with some crushed oa«» and corn, or m^iageed cotton- seed meal, bran, or pea& The lamb should receive the following^Snwintil recovered, viz. : z^***-.^ Linseed Oil , . Esgence of Gimrer iteaspoonful ,.,, odrops. When the cause exists within the lamb, two teaspoonfuU of the following jtftringent mixture may be given night and morning, after the before men tioned has operated, viz. : Prepared Chalk Powdered CatMhn 1 ounce Powdered Ginger .; H"^' Powdered Opium 2dram» Peppermint Water •••■••■'• .'."'.'.".'.".*.'."."'!!.'.*". ''.■.■ lit" -to-bo mixed. . gbalw before adm in irt^ring. -■ ' - —-^ ==^^^ ■ ii'J»fc ^^ftifiS." t fS' A It&i.^^^Am 398 ' DISEASES OP 8BBBP. Linseed Oil I' ■•'* Powdered Opium . '.'.',..', » 1 ounce *. Starch ......'.,'. 3 grains . J . 1 ounce u« given twice a day. The above to be repeated the second day Aftnr th^ irritation of the bowels is removed give the following . - Linseed Oil Spirits of Turpentine......* .',','! I,'; 2onnce« *« u„ i J . . - 4 drams to be repeated weekly for a month if considered necessary. Constlpatl«n.-When this occu™ the dang is scanty anH »f I intervals passes in lumps, which are glazed and hafd ^^^' . J times of discharge, which is evince ^' the a^hlgt thltTanTpetlt but expressive actions of the lamb. The treatment consists in inLC" :rr^;.^' ^'^"' -^ ^ •-- ^^ - way.roui^t-r^ la„.h^T'"*^*f ^"J'* '"^"•^ "^^""^ P*^' "«'""•"« in paroxysms The lamb alls and struggles, or remains with eyes fixed, as if convulsT" It^! generally an accompaniment of constipation, and always of bSt^n. tZ treatment is to gire the following mixture, viz. : indigestion. The Tincture of Rhubarb Carbonate of Soda I dram Warm Water MreetenedwithMoiaMM"! 1 dram , 2 ounoes. This should bo administered slowly with a spoon. After the spasms an relieved give half an ounoe of linseed oiL P*raly8ls.-Thi8 disease may occur through a severe ohUI or exposure to ■-> -i^^y DISEASES^OF SHEEP. imilar to in excessi ounds in r of the drooped, be given followed hich the lould be meaning, sence of sis. In mucus. • 399 should ftor the it long at the Bcniiar ions of nervals 3tened en bjr The It is The i are ire to »-V^ cold mns. or as a symptom of chronic indigestion from inaction of the stomach The latter ,s to be suspected when the appetite is depraved, and sand ear h and coarse matter is eagerly swallowed. In the former case 1 warm b^h wSi fnctxon upon the sp ne with spirits of turpentine or ammonia water, folioJed by a few days' nursmg. may be found useful. In the latter case the symp toms a^d post mortern appearance sho^ that the base of the brain, the spine, and the nervous system proceeding to the stomach are affected. The lamb suffers severely as ,f in great pain. It is unable to rise upon its hind 1^^ and ,s convulsed with spasms; the teeth are ground together and th brltt Z"tr; " n 'T'' '"^' ^'^''' ^^''^"'"^ ^-"^*«- ^t only definite dTrt ^ h!l I '"v ° :l *'•' ''"' '^'^'' '' '" "^"«'^' '^°** *« P«>-<1« B-h food as ^shall keep it in a thnv.ng condition. Poverty of blood being the direct cTuse any treatment that wm avoid that condition wiH be helpful. \ smXanr^y and untU the first winter is past. Lambs of rapidly growing breeds canno endure stinting in food; the demands of their constitution must be sul.L to Its fulcapacity or the health suffers, and instead of becoming sim^ly'po:^^ and stunted, they become diseased. Disease thus induced cannot be expecLd r^t o^^s::^:.'^^' ^^^ ''- -'^ -'^-^ -^^ ^« ^^^ - ^ «pp"" - ...I''^^.?^^'^* ?"'**' Verminous Bronchitis—This disease consists in the presence of worms in the air-passages of lambs. These prtxluce great irritetion and violent coughing. The interruption thus resulting to the aeration of the blood m the lungs causes general disturbance of the system «!rK.!il "• ^^V^""'''*^^'' '•"Pid'y 'alls off. and ana>n.ia, "pale disease," or the bloodless condition," takes place, beneath which the lambs rapidly sink. How the worms, in large numbers, find their way into the air-passagi of so young aijimals is a query which as yet cannot be satisfactorily solved They are there, however, and that fact must be sufficient for the shepherd These worms a/e a species of strongylus or thread-worm, closely akin to the fatal gape-worm (also ^strongylus), which destroys so many young chickens. It 18 the same species which inhabits the lungs and brobchial tubes of the sheep^ The lamb being less rx,bust, is carried off with greater ease by these attacks than the full-grown sheep. Prevention is the best remedy. Lambs should not be allowed to follow sheep upon the same pasture, nor to pasture upon meadows that have been topdressed with manure from the sheep stable or yards. No medicine can reach the lungs except through the blood, and bat few aff«5t them in this way. Sulphur, turpentine, and assafoetida are in part exhaled through the lungs, and these medicines alone can be depended upon to reach these parasites. m.i W«^^l ^4\.j« .-iitHa^.M*\„ .^V^»_f^>^' . ti ^-t .^ i' /'*( * ~ M^i a-' u 400 DISEASES OP SHEEP. '''l^T "*=°"""^°'^«'^' *••-«*-. i« toadiiniBto.. the following, viz. Lineeed Oil > Spirits of Turpentine.' Awafatida . ] ounce I dram 20 gruina Molasses or Honey blowers of Sulphur. 1 pound ... .4 ounces One ^biespoonful to be given every morning for ten days. -eans of a horn t the ^K ' J *''«,'^PP««t« ^t^rns. should be given by corn.ea,. swt^j:,; "g^: «' «^"^' ^ ^^^~ "^ oat.eal. lifseed. o'r TABLE OF APPROXIMATE EQUIVALENT aiEASURES. gi J„ following table of approximate equivalent measures is here FLUID MEASDBKS. One teaspoonful = One fluid dram. upon a foot, and provided wiH. . r T . '"^ " * '=°"'«»' S'^" oated by do!I ^ sUnds T's^ruXtd'^^^^^^ -^^ ^^ «-- indi- ^ being indicated by numerals ta7r^. 1 ' **»« °»'n»>er of each either. ^ ^ '°"*'^"'« ''»« Bignj Ss is used for half of »v 4. Management of Sheep. .oc^^ret zr ris:'"- 1 r r r r ^-^-^^ '-- ^^^^ flock most rapidly nor to nro^ !"i. u • ®^*°"^ ''"'^ *" ^"^""^se the involved. In ^me Jll^T" T T""'' ''' ''"' «P«-d'*«« "^^ labour .one,tha.tj:;thTXtitriie:^^tH:rH^^^^^ lambs, it is evidently the most profiteWeT k Jn K T " " T^'' '""^ them in such a way as will nrrvl„L?K T . ^ *"°'* sheep, and to keep is the most proaZ; thTre S ? ^*''''' ""^^ ^""^^ ^'^^^ ""^to^ quentlyad^rrro^t^^^^^^^^^ object, still another' different cour^ will brchZn w. u """'^ " '''* gained, the care of the breeding eZ, and th« .^^ ^ - ""^ " *" "^ solicitude. But what would hf ! ^ """■ *^ * ""^J^"' «' ""^h all p«.per in another TfewtneraT or' "T "^ ""' "" "°"''^ '^''* ^ *' ment of ewes and Umbs^rhi!h 'm fi ^^T^ ! *" '""^'^^ '" *« """»»««- management propel ^I^jLlh "' f ""'' '''""■ ""*'•' *^« '^^^ The periL S gestation of 1;;,^ ^50 'to 153^ l" '^ r ''^'^• round numbers may be taken as th! 1" \^ ° ^^^ ^^'''^ '°°'»*''« »« lamb. The coupling of tte ew^and Z h mT "'"' *'^ ^"« «'™- * may be dropped' at'the ItTeslabi?^:^^ A " tf !^' ''^ """'«' large, active lamb, that is a gJ nurse^r. .K^ ' *"' ^"^""^ » «''«' lamb, or that roa« twins sucSully T k, "*" ' P™^''^'^ •""'^«* flock so long as she romain^^p^^; s Jh " t "^"r ' "^ "**''^ '"^ '''^ twelve, or even sixteen years old anTf. ^ ^7 >•? *''*° "^"P* "•»«' ^^n. kind is very necessary wh" the g'rTl profit .K k ""'^ * '^' °' *»»•« especially in those cases when the Tl^l, k " ^' "''•'''' '°"«''*' *'>«^ "o^e incroaseLflockra^,^tt:rn\t;;:;: 1^^ ^ . one ram in any sea^n. unless ho be a full grown rear/ '^.*PP°'*'°''«d to and it would be well to observe the rule, faTj dow„ • "" T""" ^"^'^ especially devoted to breedinir for thl T " » ""^^^^'-g chapter IfTe ram is equal to tZwork fiftJer'^T* °' *'* ~"' "* *•>» »«««»• ter to err on the „f, 2 ZiL^ LZTTL^^^^T .*^ »'-• ""' ^^ » bet- W^ «^»»fr«y«»work simply inoans^yj^ s*Wf-.. 402 HANAQKHENT OF SHEEP. ewes and loss of lambs. . At the breeding season the ram should be smeared upon the brisket every day with a fhixture of raw linseed oil and red ochre, 80 that he will leave a mark upon each ewe that may be served. As the ewes are served they are to be drafted from the flock and placed in a field or yard by themselves. Two rams should not be kept together in a small breeding flock, as quarrelling and fighting are certain to result, and great damage may occur. If two rams are necessary, each may be used on alternate days. Wethers are a nuisance in a flock of ewes at thi? season, disturbing them, and keeping them and thepselves from feeding. A plan follow t,^ e n . P ^ '"^8 time faleondition. The;:co7sSiTwtrZ^^^^^ time they should be removed into a part of thll' K. u "'"'' "e*'' their each one can have a small pe^ to hle» T W '" " ^^5 """"• "'^" that light can be shllt out if desiild Here th^ ^ ""''^ ^' °"^^« '" lambs in perfect ,uiet; b, thisT.! ZZl:':^ !ZTt2 ;''l ^'1 no Iambs will be lost by creenin„ inf^ * j , '*®"^ '^^^S' ^^^^ The pen should not be ^anTxl Zt Tj °"'.:' ^ '^^^ P'^^^"- and the ewe has owned and licki it and Lt Tl '' ^' '"'"'' " ^'''^^' ger, except from gross carelessne^. s'pa^sea Thtew" Tr^'^'' '^" '""^■ by a drink of slightly warm. thin^atZT grue^ te^Jtl Tl' K '^f be benefited by a teasnonnf,.! «» . -if ^'^^ ^''e lamb wil evacuations doUpt:::1re1r?ir^^^^^^^^^^ ^Y- ''''"' sticky, and. by adhering to the wool to cZ tb« u /""^ ^•"''''°"' ^'^'^ removed Warm water'should C:^l1^L^r.t:^::T^'^ "^ fons. The anus and surrounding wool should then ^ T ''°""'""'"- castor oil. If the lamb is not sufficient^tr^lg o I'hlTat "''.' '"r it should be assUted once or twice Anv ]nT f , *' *°** '"'=''• that may be in the way. shourbe Z^ uTZt'^'7''''' spoonful of a mixture of one pint of peppermin watr and 1 " ' f *"" day. she is helpless, and if the lamb is liveTy it til I " f "^-"""^ *^' of food. The ewe should be -.leasl aT^^ "C^^^^^ ^P'.^ often sufficient to bring in obstinate ewe to reason. ^ "^nfinement is A twin lamb, or one deprived of its dam, that may need t^ k. ^" ""'""^6*. "Ssa/^Cm. 404 UANAaKMBNT OF 8HKEP. Ui of cows' milk wiU make it more palatable to the lamb. At Brst not more than a quarter of a pint of milk should bo given at once. The milk should ^freshly drawn from the cow, and waroied up to 100 degrees before it is fed. A convenient method of feeding milk to a lamb ia to use a small tin (»n with a long spout, such as is used for oil An air hole is punched in the cover or cork, and a piece of sponge covered with a cloth is tied upon the end of the spout. The flow is thus Aade easy and equal, and the lamb sucks in a natural manner. A very short time is sufficient to famUiarize the lamb with this kind of foster-mother. To encourage the flow of milk in the ewe and the corresponding growth of the lambs, the food of the ewes should be of the best character. Closer hay, bran, and crushed oats, with some peameal, are the most preferable foods, producing a rich milk in abundance. The ewes must not be allowed to fall off in condition, or the lambs will fail During mild weather, sugar beets may be given in moderate quantity with advantage, but mangel* or Swede turnips (ruta- bagas), should be avoided as too watery and deficient in nutriment, and productive of aconn in the lamb. In cold weather roots are apt to reduce the temperature of the animal too suddenly if given in any but small quanti- ties, and consequently decrease the flow of milk. Pea straw is a favourite and nutritious food for sheep, but it will be found profitable to give only the very best at hand tQ nursing ewes. The after growth and condition of the lambs wUl greaUy depend upon the maintenance of a thrifty and con- tinuous growth during the first three months of their existence. At the age of a week the operations of docking and castrating the male lambs may be safely performed. At this age the young animal suffers but little ; there is no loss of blood, and the wounds heal by the first intention. The rough and ready method of clipping off the tail an inch from the rump first drawing the skin upwards, and of clipping off the scrotum and testicle^ altogether with a pair of sharp sheepshears, will be found perfectly safe if done before the lamb ia two weeks old. The nerves being very slightly sensi- tive stthU time, the painful and, when later performed, dangerous opera- tion of emasculation is only slightly felt, and within an hour a lamb bereft of tail and generative organs will frequently be seen skipping playfully in the sunshine. To^^ock an older Umb is a more troublesome operation. To do this with facility, a block of wood about a foot high, a sharp, broad chisel, and a wooden mallet are required. The operator stoops with'bended knees, the block being in front of him, takes the lamb with ite head between his knees and its tail in his left hand, holding the chisel in his right hand. Backing the lamb's rump up close to the block, he lays the tail upon it, and drawing back the skin of the tail up to the rump, holds the chisel lightly upon the tail dose to and below the fingers of the left hand. When all is ready he directs an asiSi|stant to strike the chisel smartly with the mallet L HANAOEUENT OP 8BEEP. 405 by which the tail is instantly severed about two inches from th. \ a the testicle, and not into the ^UnH k/ \ u ^ '"° *°'* '''^^ °' to the aniLl. The gtnd^^^ l^tl'tJ"''' T' "' P"" -pared bottom of the sctu.. auows^K;od'^dr;7n.':^a! ,r;s " tt wound, to escape freely. It might probably be LS f • ^^ Plu^of tow in tho wound. proJecLgVu^otit^ st^ d^lXre:" the fcdges from healing until the inflammation has subsided Sis metL nf operation is a safe one. and if it is neatly done, the 1 Js ne J not^l pe Tthod frequently three lambs out of five may be lost by any oth^:: w JS' vu ^"""^^ ""^ '*"' ''''^ ^^' "^««' "^^d »'t»»o"gh the ewes may be wel ed with a special view to the thriftiness of the lambs, vet bZ^I ^f additional food for the latter will be of great advantage ^1^ Tarnish cha«.ter « to creaU, a sturdy, thrifty, strong constitutioned animal that w" be prolific m reproduction and long lived. To advance the maturity of an animal is also to lengthen its life, for it matters not at which part of ite pro duc^ve ^reer we add a year, it certainly, so far as profit is Icerne^ .f;;, a year longer for us. If a yearling ewe can be made to produce aT^;hfuT strong lamb, or a lamb can be brought by cai. to maturity for 1 mrrLt at eighteen months instead of thirty months, this result is simply equal tl a profit of 40 per cent And feed is the agent by which this profit .^s^ured of course made available by proper care in selecting flie breeding JLT ' be gradually increased, unless they can be removed to a good pasture of short .tender grasa The weaning should be very gradually done. The 1.^5^^ ^moval of the lambs from their dams is injX to bot^ "it ^^^t deprives the lambs of their most easily digested and most agreeabTf^^^ " and suddenly arrests their growth, both by a stinting of f,id and K L7Z"rr7"T"Ar° *^'^ "'°''«° deprivation. The dams, in '^^^^^^^^ bidder, wi th th^naeqaent congestion^ aU the organs cona^sSL- ^-\ ^uHSIff ' w H i Hi 406 MANACKMENT OB SHEEP. therewith. This shocic is very iiijurions, and frequently produces il^ktmna- tory disorders of the blood or garget. To avoid these ill effects o^^the ^den change, it is well to r. move the lambs to a distant pasture, along with some ■'hy ewfes or wethers for company. The no^l experience of a fresh pa^ure will cause them to forget their dams, and they will utter ntf complaints nor manifest any uneasiness. At night they should be turned int6 the fold with the ewes, whose full udders they will speedily relieve. By withdrawing any extra feed hitlierto given to the ewes, somewhat gradually, (in no cas^ ia^t wise to make a sudden change in the management of sheep), their supply of milk will gradually decrease, and in two weeks the whole of the latnWmay be weaned with perfect safety to themselves and the ewes. l? After having been weaned, the lambs should have the first <^W of pasture and the best and tenderest cuttings of the fodder crops. Many farm^ have found it advantageous in every way to turn newly wedned lambs into a field of corn in the month of ^ugust. The com is too fa> grown to be injured, the suckers only will be nibbled by the lambs, and th^ weeds which grow up after the corn is laid by. will be eaten closely. The lambs also have the benefit of a cool shade, and where such 4 fieldcan be conveniently applied to this purpose, there are several reasons why it might.wdl be done. The condition of the ewes- must not be neglected kiiis time. The chief danger is in regard to those that are heavy milkers. "Sqoh «heep should b.- closely watched, and the milk drawn by hand* from those whose udders are not emptied by the lambs. The first approach to hardness or heat in the udder should be remedied by an immediate dose of an ounce of Epsom salts dis- solved in water, and mixed with a teaspoonful of ground ginger. The next two days twenty grains of saltpetre should be given, each morning and evening t6 increase the actrou of the kidneys. These remedies will generally relieve the udder, and will tend to greatly {educe the secretion of milk. If hay is given in pUce of gra-ss, and the ewe confined in a cool, darkened pen, the dryin«*UD of the milk will be hastened. J s f As the improvement of the flock can bo better made from within than by giving the sole attention to bringing new blood from without, it will be very important to select the best lambs, both of rams and ewes, for breeders The selection should be made chiefly in reference to the purposes for which the flock 18 k.pt ; and strength of constitution, rapidity of growth, size, tendency to fat, fineness, length, or quality of wool, and prolificness and certainty of breeding in the parents as well as, so far as can be judged of, in the lambs themselves, should be made the tests by which the selection is determined If the production of early Iambs for market is the object, the produce of those ewes which bring single Iambs of large size and quick growth^ will be chosen to increase the flock; if the production of mutton sheep, then tliose Iambs from ewes which drop twins, and are good nurses, ought to be kept ; and if r »i 'i., jfv^ji-'ijiJw/jM&iis^stf m c\ ilANAORMENT OP SIIBEP. ;^ / 407 wool spring is well advanced, and the pressure upon the shepherd becomes lighter. As a rule they are poor nurses, and if the season is cold, will lose many lambs. If they are not allowed to have lambs until April or May, so much the better ; it IZ then be necessary to keep them from the ram until November and December Difiiculty m parturition is sometimes experienced with young ewes, and assistance is often needed This shoifld be given with the utmost gentl ness and tenderness. VVhen the presentation is all right and natural, anfthe fore feet appear, but difficulty occurs in ejecting the head, a very slight and slow drawing upon the feet may help the ewe in expelling the lamb Sometimes m her nervous struggles the head maybe turned backwards, and does not appear when the fore legs have protruded. In this case the lamb should be gently for^ backwards, and the hand or fingers, well oiled with linseed oil and the finger nails, being closely pared, are inserted, and the head gently brought into poeitioD. when it wUl be expelled without further trouble For ^ \i .»^%^K.-M*. ,. J- -wsfi*"'* ; ' V > " *^ '7"'-' ' :M; ^mt^tm ii ^ ii ^ l yi»li^«rt»My»^^^|^|>p|.i; I r'":r- •"-' HANAOEUKNT OF 0HtfBP. Wore difficult and abnormal presentations, the- services of an experienced shepherd will be needed, but such cases are very rare, and will very seldom occur if the flock has been carefully attended to,- and has not been overdriven, or worried by dogs, or knocked about by horned cattle. When k ewe loses her Umb it is best to make her adopt Xne of another ewe's twina ^ This may be done by rubbing the skin of the live lamb with^he dead one, remov- ing the-dead one, and shutting up the e*e and the live Iamb together in a dark pen. When a lamb loses her dam, it may be given to a ewe that has ' lost her lamb, or from^which her lamb has b^n taken, or with care it may be bnought up by hand without difficulty. In every considerable flock it will pay to liave a fresh cow on hand at the lambing 'season, to fill the place of '^ foster-mother to disowned or abandoned, lambs, or to assist those whose daiiis for any reason are short of, milk. The diseases to wliich lambs are subject are b>|t few, and those are mainly the result of carelessness in their management. The lamb, which appears So delicate and. tender an animal, is really hardy, and resists much ill treatment, else with so little consideration as they usually receive, the race would soon become almost extinct. Damp and qold are .especially to be guarded against in the spring, and filthy yards at all seasons, With clean pens and dry, clean bedding, they will resist the severe dry colds of a northern January, and thrive and grow while snowstorms rage, if only well sheltered. Sunshine has a remarkable efiect upon lambs, and the warmth of the sun will often revive and strengthen a weak lamb that appears past relief. Extremes of damp and impure air in close pens, and bad drinking water, will produce diarrhoea and paralysis, and these are the chiefly fatal disorders to which they are Subject. Constipation is produced by want of proper laxative food, and permitting them to feed on dry, withered herbage that has lost its nutritive qualities beneath the storms of a winter. If the directions as to their treatment here- tofore given are followed, there will rarely be any need of remedial meawres, and prevention will b« found better than any amount of cure. If, notnith- standing all possible care, some weakly Umbs are found to require treatment, the simple. purgatives already mentioned in this chapter, viz. : a teaspoonfol of castor or raw linseed oil will be found effective, after two or three doses, in removing the troublesome matter from their intestines, and restoring the bowels to healthful action. If in any case, a stimulant seems to be needed, as ^'M>^6J^ great weakness and prostration are present, the safest is a teaspoonful o' P^i given in a little warm water with sugar. A still more gentle Btimi|- lant and anodyne, but one very effective in prolonged diarrhoei, is prepar^ by adding to a pint of peppermint water one ounoe of prepared chalk, a tea- spoonful each of tincture of opium and of tincture of rhubarb ; it is worthy of the name given it by shepherds, viz. : " lamb's cordial," and at the lambing season no shepherd should be without a supply of it The dose is a teaspoon- Il»«^' UANAOi:UK.VT OV 8IIEEP. 409 •ful for a lamh a ^ew days old, up to a Ublespoonful for one of a month Exposure to oold rains should be specially guarded against, and if by inadvertence a lamb is found chilled and rigid from such exposure, it may generally be restored by means of a bath of warm water and a teaspoonful of warm sweetened gin and water. After the bath the lamb should be gently dned, wrapped in* warm flannel, and placed near a fire or in a wooden box .n a gently heated oven of a common stove. Where the flock is large and the kitchen IS not within reach, the shepherd should have the conveniences of a shed and an oFd cooking-stove in which he can keep.a fire sufficient to heat a water bath, and provide a warm bed in the oveir for any lamb that may need such attention ; if tha flock numbers several hundred head in all, there will seldom be a day m our changeable spring seasons when there will not be one or more patients to be treated. , J^ .;!»« ««f on progresses, and shearingtime for the ewes has passed, the kmbs W.1I be found covered with ticks, unless care has been exercised to free . the Jock from this tormenting pest. These ticks are wingless, broad, plump dark red insects, about a quarter of an inch in length, and covered with a very tough and leathery integument. The legs of the tick are short and stout and It adheres with great tenacity to the wool. By means of a proboscis a^ long as Its head, it pierces the skin and sucksthe blood of its victim to such an excess that when numerous, they have been known to almost entirely empty the veins and deprive a lamb of life. The draft upon the vitality of lambs infested with ticks is very great, and sufficient to arr^t their growth altogether. To rid the flock of these pests is therefore a necessary labour in the spring or early summer, and if need be, again in the autumn, the easiest remedy is to dip both sheep and lambs, as soon as the sheep are shorn and again in August or September, in a decoction of tobacco mixed with sulphur Coarse pbg tobacco, or tobacco stems, which are cheaper than the leaves and equally efiective. are steeped in water at a boiling heat, but not boiling, at the rate of four pounds to twenty gallomi of water. One pound of flowere of sul phur IS then stirred in the liquid, which is brought to a temperature of 120 degrees, and kept so daring the dipping by the addition of fresh hot liquor During the dipping, the mixture is kept stirred to prevent the sulphur from subsiding. The dip may be conveniently placed in a troiigh or tub large enough to allow of the immersion of the sheep or the lamb, which is taken by the feet by two men and plunged into the bath at the temperature mentioned wtere it is held for a minute or two until the wool is thoroughly saturated* The animal is then placed in a pen with a raised floor sloping on e.^h side to a trough in the middle, along which the superabundant liquor escapes into a pail or tub placed to receive it The method of dipping is calculated for small flocks, or for a few hundred lambs. For larger flocks, a lareer tank is provided, twelve feet long, three feet wide, and four feet deep. A fenced :il i-.iilfei J» ^ite . , -'*' \«B [J ->it: ■Xi5 410 MANAGEMKNT OF SHEEP. pUtform leads from a pen, in which the sheep are gathered, up to the edge of the dipping tank, and the sheep are taken one by one from the pen, led up the platform and pushM into the tank in which the dip is sufficiently deep to cover them. As the sheep plunge into the dip, they are seized, and kept beneath it, except the head, which alone is suffered to emerge above it. If in their struggles a little of the dip should enter their nostrils, no harm results, but the hot tobacco water is, on the contrary, often beneficial to those sheep which are affected by catarrh or grub in the head, and the violent sneezings which follow may help to free them from these troublesome parasites which o ten inhabit the nasal sinuses. There is no greater satisfaction to the owner of a flock, who cares for his sheep, and takes pleasure in their welfare, and in a measure loves the geptle kindly animals, and is interested in managing them so that they r.jay enjoy all the comfort possible for them, than to know that, so far as any efforts of his ai-e concerned, nothing is left undone that can add to their contentment, and that they are spared every discomfort and pain that it is possible to prevent. '> \ V 't\ _ >! . ■^««-i(«4Ili,' I (^ 5 1 1 m cq se -3 ^^^^^^^^ s ^^^s^- ^ Q to ^^&_^ - e § ^^^^^S"*^ M 53 ^^^t^^x.- ;p % j^a^^^-.-rf' « ^^Bt-r"' s. |ILF.^3ji^^^ ~f o 1 ^^K £ ^ 1 ^B ^B # s « ''"''•. .'f/^v ill!' i:3j?:r'"-v^=^«^ 5P-V? 5.-^^ ^%^i m ^ i,^v^ 'if! n. h ■^ ttHiU.l'UL^tl-,-' > J i .1 ?■<« »,» ai O PL| as - ;> to 5^ 5 " 00 oo ^ s a^ .s S I V « GQ 4 s*- « • ^' ^i M f ^*^ •• . 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'^ 'I i^^'^i'i .iiu(a?\a,>«^ TSr :"-■,' .;v'i 'f^i ^-"^?-4i'»v-v?* cr*' T^i *- "■I , •' fX ■ ■ ■• • TUK BRESDS OF SHBBP. 426 THE SOUTHDOWN SHEEP. ThU handaome breed of sheep needs no introJuotion— for wherever symmetry in ontUne utd perfection in detail are appreciated, the Southdown stands the peer of domertio animab of any bnsed. With an origin Iwyond the sweep of history, its merits as a flesh-prodncing animal have had special recognition for oAre than a century, dur- ing which time it has been so bred within its own blood as to perfect and intensify its best features, while being employed for the improvement of many other types claiming popular favor. Its flesh lias long been deemed thie synoliym of perfection in its line— the ambition of fanciers of other types rarely extending beyond the stondard of South- down mutton. As a m«at producer the Southdown has in ito favor all of the recognized requisites. 1. Precocity— its deep chest and rounded rib insuring the fullest play of the vital organs. 2, Proliflcaoy— flocks wherein the lambs outnumber the ewes being by no means nncommon. 3. Propensity to thrive under average conditions— being ready for market any time from six weeks old to maturity. 4. Prepotency— its lonjc years of pure breeding having so intensifled its charaoterUtios as to insure them promi- nence when crossed with other breeds. 6. HauKneSs— it being found to thrive well under such treatment as the average farmer usually devotes to his stock. Our illiltration represents specimens from one of the best flocks of Southdowns in America— that of Hon. D. W. Smith, of Bates, Illinois. The trio in our illustration consists of imp. Baron Thetford, bred by Lord WaUingham, Merton, Thetford, England, got by Bristol prize ram and out of a Walsiogham ewe. The two ewe lambs are Penelope 4th and Belle of Boskymead. THE OXFORD DOWBi' SHEEP. The breed originated from crossing the Cotswold rams upon Hampshire Down ewes, in 1830. The result of the cross was an animal heavier than the dam, and which re- sembled in fleece and size the large aire, but the wool was much finer and firmer than that of the Cotswold. The rams and ewes from this cross were bred together, and by careful selection the meritorious was preserved. Thirty-two years after, the breed having become distinct in its characteristics, it was classed by the English authorities on sheep as a separate long-«ipol breed. In appearance the Oxferd shows its origin. Its head is similar to that of the CoU- wold, having a tuft on the forehead, but it inherito the dark legs and face of the Hamp- shire. lU fleece is curly and thick set, while the body is compact and placed on firm, short legs. - Its haiujUome form, intelligent countenance, and activity, at« pointo that render it easily recognized by those who have inspeoted the Mverid breeds. The head is moderately small, b^ad between the eyee and nostrils, the orown being well covered with good wool . The faoe la brown or gray (but not spaoked or white) witlTgmy ^ot oh the end of the nose. The ears are broad, moderately long, thin, and oovmkd with short brownish hair or wool. ^ The Oxford Down ram, Coloaans lat, of Wayne, and group of Oxford Down aheap, both the property of Mr. W. V. R.-Powta, Wayna^ lU., are einrflwit ■p ««lm«iyt ^f tM,_ popular breed. ij^Li^'ir^'EVa... ^i 426 THB BREEDS OF SHEEP THE LINCOLN KAM, LORD CHANCELLOK. ThU celebrated specimen ii owned by Mr. Richard Gibson, Delaware, Ont. He carried off first prize at the Provincial Exhibition of Canada held at Hamilton in 1872, and was awarded simiUr honor at the New York State Pair at Elmira the same year. He comes from a very famous strain, and is own brother to the winner of first prize at the Meeting of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, held at Manchester and Oxford, and first as shearling in a olass of fifty-two competitors at the LinoolnshiM Show. THE MERINO SHEEP. The finest specimens of this ntihef brought to America have been procured in Spain. The two excellent specimens of the breed which are illustrated on the foregoing pages are magoificent sheep. V'engeance is owned by Mr. H. V. Pagsley, Platts- burg, Missouri. He was bred by H. S. Brooking, RiohvUle, Vermont, in 1881, and was sired by Rip Van Winkle, the heaviest shearing ram ever in Vermont, he shearing is 1882, 35g pounds; in 1883, 38 pounds; in 1884, 38 1-16 pounds. Paymaster is owned by Mr. R. T. Scott, of Pawnee City, Nebraska, and was pur- chased from Mr. H. V. Pugsley of Plattsburg, Missouri. He was bred by Messrs. C. H. & J. A. James, of Cornwall, Vt., in 1882 ; sired by Eureka, dam bred by H. W. Jones, of Vermont. He is a well marked ram with very oily fleece, of medium length, well covered every where, and as a stock getter was remarkably successful, getting ewes that could be equalled in style, fleece and quality by the get of few noted rams. Pay- master's second fleece, at about 360 days growth, was 27} pounds. H!! I THE SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. Undoubtedly one of the most popular breed of sheep in Great Britain at the present moment is the Shropshire. It is held in very high estimation alike in England, Scotland, and Ireland, and is found to be adapted to the varying climates of all three countries. Thb Shropshire is clearly composite or mixed in their origin, and it is only recently that it has been recognised as a distinct breed, and it was not until 1861, at Leeds, that it made its first impression en the minds of the agricultural public as one possessing special merit and value. In 1818 the br«ed was christened the ".Shropshire," by Mr. W. O. Preeoe, of Shrewsbury, who has rendered yeoman service in establishing and spreading the fame of his favorites. Our engraving of this popular breed representoa famous trio of the Eastwood flock, the property of T. G. Pattewn, Esq., of Vanstittart House, Eastwood, Oat This gentleman's flook is one of the finest in America, and from all seotions of the continent breeders am in the habit of looking to Eastwood for choice speoimena. The Shropshire* being both hardy, prolific, and long lived, rank high in the estimation of Canadian farmers, and Mr. Patteson's grand flook oflers them the opportunity of proenr' '"■■^"fti loei^owu Qoors mm pnresi otooa~ra^ainevlua« ^ ■ ~" " '1^-^ e"^ <" f f ^T" Diseases of Swine. Apoplexy.— «IU this is a disease which is chiefly induced by plethora, laziness, w^jj^^xercise, high feeding, and such like causes, it is not to be wondered JHH^ W frequent among swine ; and in by far the majority of oases it is ^^^for either the animal dies suddenly without any precursory symptoms, or the progress of the attack is so rapid that before help can be obtained or remedies administered all is over. Where, however, the apoplexy does not destroy its victim in a short space of time, it may be subdued and the animal temporarily cured ; but only for a while : it invariably dies soon afterwards of inflammation of the brain. Sometimes apoplexy will run, like an epidemic, through a whole piggery, and where this is the case-the causes of it must be diligently sought out and carefully removed. The precursory symptoms which prognosticate apoplexy are dulness, disinclination to move, heaviness of the head, an uncertain and staggering H^t, wildness and inflammation of the eyes, with apparent loss of sight, no appetite, and general numbness. The treatment must b« prompt and ener- getic : bleeding from the palate, Epsom salts and sulphur as purgatives, or emetic tartar dissolved in water to induce vomiting. Strict attention to diet will be requisite for some time afterwards. No stimulating food should be given ; the water should be slightly nitrated, and the animal bled at least every three months. Inflammation of the Brain.— Inflammation both of .the sub- stance and^ of the membranes of the brain is by no means of unfrequent occurrence, and almost invariably follows an attack of apoplexy. It is also indnced by heating or exciting or indigestible food, as an overfeed of grains, or new com, eta The precursory symptoms are dulness, redness of the eyes, and disinclination to move ; but as the inflammation beoomes more intense the animal runs wijdly to and fro, seems blind and UQconscious where he is going, runs against every thing ; the pulse is small and rapid ; and the breathing is riightly accelerated. The first thing to bs done is to bleed, from the palate if poaaible ; if not, or if suffijoient blood oaanot be obtained from there, let in- /* -<^-^ be ipade iir tbe OBr^ anr-tiren rapa^clly waffieff with warm watei-r W^^ 428 DISBASES OF SWINI. ♦ .' which materially inoraasea the bleeding. Magnesia Sulphite with ginger , should be given internaUy as a puigative. ' Enemas (dystprs) have also a beneficial effect, and then the animal should have repeated cooUng doses of sulphur. Castor oil and jalap have been given as purgatives j and the sys- , tern stimulated by the application of a blister to the throat PhrenltlS.— This is a disease very much resembling the last men- tioned, and is often called brain-fever or frensy; it rises pretty much from the same cause; all excitants of the system, all things which tend to drive the blood to the head, will induce it. The symptoms are prostration of strength, blindness, frenzy, and often convulsions. The treatment must con- sist in copious bleedings and strong purgatives, which should he followed up by ^oses of sulphur to keep the bowels open. Oroton oil with tincture of ginger has been given in extreme oases, and with beneficial effects. The dose for a moderate-sized animal is about two minims ef croton oil and one dram of tincture of ginger. /, * - ^ , Spinal Cord.— Next to the diseases of the brain follows a considera- tion of those arisingjrom the spinal cord.*^ This proceeds from the bram to the tail, and is dividld by a central line on the uppftr and under surface , throughout its whole extent, forming it into two separate columns, each of which has been proved to possess a distinct and separate function, the inferior , surfaces being connected with voluntary motion, and the central ones on the upper surface with sensation. ?^' Epilepsy.— The pig occasionally exhibits all the symptoms of epilepsy in their most frightful intensity, and whoever has carefully marked the habits of swine when not confine^'to the sty will easily be able to accoiint for this • for, obtuse and stupid as it is the custom to denominate them, there U more' excitability and nervousness in these animals than in many that have the crbdit of being more delicately organized. Note the manner in which they are affected by the approach of wind or storms— how they run aboud in a . state of highly nervous excitement with straw in their mouths ; note the empathy and terror a whole herd will exhibit while one of them is under- going the operation of spaying or ringing, how they squeak in oonoert with his cries ; see them at a fair under the irritation of strange scenes and noises, " and we shall find sufficient indications of a susoeptibUity of impression to account for swine being peculiarly subject to epilepsy. The prognostics are constant granting, rMUenneo, aooeleration of breath- ^ ing, pallor of the skin, and a staggering gait Then the anim^ suddenly fttlU as if struck by lightning, and for a few moments Uee perfeoUy motionless; after which convulsions come on gradually, inoreaiuig in intensity ontU they *" ^"*'^* *^ behold ; the conntenanoe m djatortad, t ' ,. . t H .'Atf-k. •, DI8BA8K8 Or BWINS. ' 429 direetion, And the legs Alternately, drawn up to the body, and extended with momentarily increasing rapidity. The eyes protrude, the pupils are distended, tiiad the balk roll about The tongue is protruded and fixed between the • clenched jaws; the teeth grind together, foam and saliva flow from the motith. The pulse is wiry and small at first* then hard and bounding, a!kd, as the intensity of the fit decreases, irregular and intermittent. Throughout the whole of the tit the animal remains perfectly unconscious, and as he recovers gets up, tries to hide himself in the litter or in a corner of the sty, an4 looks terrided and wild ; then gradually the impression passes away, and ■ he creeps out and begins to eat again. The seizure of one pig is often but a prelude to that of the greater humber of those contained in the sty. The fits often succeed each other rapidly, two or three occurring in one day ; and the cries uttered by the animals while in them are distressing in the extreme. Medical treatment can only be resorted^to in the intervals between the fits, and is seldom successful. It consists of cold afi'usions applied to the head, bleeding, and energetic purgatives, followtd up by I'ow diet, perfect quiet, and ooolipg medicines. The best way of keeping (he head cool is to tie^ a piece of cloth about it, and then keep this constantly wet A very efficient cold lotioii for this purpose may be compimed of a pint of vinegar to two ' quarts of water, and one ounce of sal ammotMo. Salts and calomel may be given as purgatives. , - " . ' ,/ It is often' difficult to determine what are the precise causes of epilepqy ; * the immediate one is generally some excitant or stimulant acting on a system predisposed by cerebral inflammation, or by intestinal irritation arising from worms, or other sources, to take on disease. We quote a case communicated by Mr. Cartwright, of Whitchurch, U> whom we are indebted for much useful information relative to the di8ease4< of' swine ? — *■ In 1825, I saw a pig that was taken illln the following manner : He was a little stupid and dull, and now wandered about the sty unconsciously for a few minutes, and then appeared to be quite well ; but in a few days after he became worse : he would move forwards until he came to one wall,* and ihon retreat backwards until he came to the other wall; and made a \ grunting and squealing noise all the time the fit was on him, which was ^ usually a few minutes, and sometimes longer; and he ha^ihem every,qntirter of an hour, and even oftener. His fits continued to inchwne ; ,when he had been thus for about five days he began, aft^ so backing himselfi to fall down at full length, stretch out his legs and tumble about, uid appear as k dying, and make a shrieking noise as if in great, pain, and aeem to be blind. hL polM ynk very quick and full daring the fits, but subsided • great deal when they were over. He ate at intervals between the fits when food was pvit to --hhkh - H« Mt^Bsed ia^ihte^lilMiir bRhatatr for tl^w w^loar days, and gofT' - .'•^ S, yi rf. f . ■> 'V 4 ■ ''■^Vff:m i30 DI8KA8K8 OF '-8WINE. well in a few days after. I gave him salts and CEdomel daring hifi illness, bled him in the tail and ears, and between his claws ; but little blood, I fancy, was obtained from" all the places ; and I kept his head wet with oold water. " About the same time a miller in this neighborhood lost five or six in a similar way, but I had not an opportunity of opening any of them/' Palsy or Paralysis. — This is by no m^ans a disease ofj frequent occurrencetn our own country. ' It is treated of by French writers, who attribute it to low, marshy situations, bad or damaged food, or the avarice of the pig-owner, who, in order to. fatten the animals more rapidly, gives them highly stimulating food, which irritates the intestinal canal, and through it the spinal cord. Eric.Yiborg, an authority quoted by Hurtrel D'Arboval, recommends wholesome food, clean straw, a dose of common salt as a purga* tive, and drenches of common salt and gentian. But there is a kind of partial palsy which is caused by the presence of parasites peculiar to the pig. M. Dupuy gives th^ following case which came under his. observatipn : " ^ "Palsy of the hind limbs, with 16ss both of mottion and feeling, was observed in a pig eighteen months old. On carefully examining him after death, the muscles were discoloured and softened. There were in'the psoas muscles numerous cysts inclosing parasites. These parasites are also found in the lungs, the liver, and the cortical substance of the kidney& " Between the internal 'surface of the cyst and the hydatid was a fine white powder, resembling pulverized bones. The spinal marrow wa^ softened about the lumbar and sacral regions, and the membranes were sli^tly red- dened, particularly about the roots^of the lumbar nerves." It is generally the hinder parts of the pig which are paralyzed, either wholly or partially ; in the former case the animal is totally unable to rise, in the latter he totters inJiis gait and falls when attempting to walk. Para- lysis frequently accompanies chronip disease of the digestive organs, aiid is attended with -loss of appetite, acceleration of the pulse, and swelling of the tongue. This disease is seldom obstinate ; a removal of the predispo^ng c&use, -good nourishing food, a clean and well-ventilated sty, moderate exercise, and gentle purgative or cooling medicine, will generally restore the animal tp perfect health in a short space of time. \ Tetanus, or Lock-Jaw* — This disease, which is commonly denomi- nated^ XocM-^/au;, is by no means an unfrequent malady among pigs. The symptoms are at first spasmodic motion of the head and of one or more of the extremities, grinding the teeth and rigidity of the jaws. This is soon followed by stiffness of the neck and greater part of the frame, and an unnatural upraised position of the head. The castration of young pigs will frequently Itrndncft this disease, especial l y if the animal is too well fed for a few days ■■> a.^f' Vi.'< '<<^^ V \ • ' ^t "T^ i^'^iif^'^r^ 'y't^HJie' »ff^'"^^J5^ DI8KA8EB OF SWINB. 431 •fter the operation. It also often appears among pigs that are driven far to market, especially if when heated by travelling or exposure to the sun, they are suflTered to roll themselves in ditches or streams, as they will endeavour to do. Bleeding, warm baths, lotions, etc., friction with stimulating oils, purgatives if they can be got into the mouth ; if not, enemas and anodynes are the most efficient remedies. But the disease is too often' fatal, and runs its course very speedily ; if the animal survives the first twelve or eighteeu hours, some hopes of his eventual recovery may be entertained. Rabies.— Swine are by t^o means exempt from this frightful disease ; there are numerous cases on record in which they have been inoculated -by the bite of rattid dogs, and Hiibner relates a case of inoculation from the bite of a rabid fox. The symptoms of rabies in the hog are peculiarly interesting at times, from the resemblance msny of them bear to those of the human bein". At first there is dulneas and indisposition, and the pig is continually licking the bitten part. Subsequently, some are exceedingly ferocious, snapping at everybody, gnawing everything which comes in their way, dashing themselves against walls, or leaping over all obstacles. " Others, again, are dull, stupid, refuse their food, stagger when they attempt to rise, and are paralyzed in the hinder parts. There is no absolute dread of water, but evident inability to drink. An animal that we saw went to the trough, snjelt at the food, and brought his nose nearly in contact with it, then started back, trembled violently, and elevated hU snout high in the air. Once or twice he attempted to take portions of meat or vegetable from the wash, but the attempt was always accompanied or followed by universal rigor and shuddering, during which the food was dropped frota the mouth, evidently proving that the organs of deglutition were powerfully affected. The animal is in a highly nervous state, and the sensibility of the skin is " BO excessive |ihat even if his mother licks him he screams with agony, and buries himself in the litter, uttering shrill squeaks on the approach of any one, or springs up into the air if he hears a loud noise, and falls down again in convulsions. Therp is in general no great secretion of saliva in these animals, and the delirium which characterizes rabies in the dog is rarely seen, or when met with is less evident and distinctive. And yet this disease has been but little stuS^ed in pigs. Mr. Pritchard, V.a, of Wolverhampton (Eng.), gives the following interesting account ot some cases he met with : " A rabid dog entered the farmyard of Mr. George Strongitharm, of Calderfield, near Walsall, on the 27th of December, 1835, and attacked some pigs, which, making a considerable noise, aroused Mr. Strongitharm and his 8«Tvaiits from their beds, and they proceeded with their guns already loaded, — «l+rrf..,-nHl hiuii Slid fluoeeeded in destroying lim. Two oF the pigs had^ < 432 DISBASn OF 8WINK. evidently received wounds in their noses from the dog, which soon got well no curative or preventive measures being had recourse to, and without.mnch< imtation or swelling taking place. After a fortnight had elapsed, nothing outward being observable in them, they were again turned into the yard to their old companions. „ "/■ '**^ *"' *''" *"*"■' *"" ***• *"*''"''' "*• «^»« **»''«>^ to the pigs all caide and partook of it except the two that iSd been bitten. One of these was found dead in the litter, with a quantity of froth and slaver about his mouth ; the other, in coming out of his bed into tha air,. immediately jumped up on all four legs like the bound of a deer.ti yard at least from the ground '^nd threw from his mouth a portion of thicl^ slaver tad froth. Upon being again placed in his sty he was much convulsed, and made a shrill squeaking noise; his mouth was filled with saliva, and held continually open, nearly halfan-mch, except when champing his under jaw, which he frequWly did with considerable twitching of the superficial musclaii He refused to eat or drink, gradually got worse, and died on the thik-d da^. M Three weeks after, «iother of the pigs was taken ilL The symptoms were much the same. The eflTect of water was tried, and upon being thrown upon him caused him considerable distress, so that he leaped into the air and dashed his head against the wall, appearing quite delirious. He died on the second day. Not long afterwards another pig was attacked, the symptoms being similar to those in the former cases, only more violent; he died twenty-four hours Mterwards, nothing having been done to disturb him None of the pigs ate or drank anything after they were first taken ill." And the case we are now about to quote was communicated by Mr Hea- ton. a human surgeon : ^ - • " About May, 1829, while visiting a patient I was told that in a sty at the bottom of the yard there was a mad pig. Thither I repaired, when I was informed by its owner that the animal had been bitten about three weeks before by a strange dog, which bad passed through the yard, and who was at the time, by thoiie who saw it, declared to be mad : the dog appeared to be greatly alarmed and proceeded with swiftness ; if was afterwards seen for the last time m some fields at the outskirts of the town. From the statement of the man it would appear that, on the morning of the day previous to that on which I saw the pig, the animal began to exhibit symptoms of great oppres sionat the prjBcordia; tothis succeeded gradual inability to sttad fearful cnes, tad general uneasiness when disturbed, foaming at the mouth and a disposition to eat whatever came in the way, etc. At sis o'clock 'in the afternoon of the second day I first saw it, covered with straw and apparently quiet, until the rattling of the sneck of its door seemed to aVkken the most painful apprehension, and ite mental agony seemed almost insnflTerable The '-■t f^ / M^ ' - lA'-i 're^>" ' ^w vj"),"! ■jo'/g^* UI8EA8E8 OF 8WINK. 433 dl™ '.*^"'.f~°'"Pl«»?«^ '' became somewhat tranquil, and wis conatanUy riZTh T^**''.'"™"'''*'**" It- eyes had the suspicious flT^ eff^rto l'5Tn° '"k ""'• '*" '"'*'''^« "" pretematurall^quick. th«^h..f /^ ^^°"^*'^'"*'""- I?**»i««t*t«itcontiduedtwohours. when half a pint of tram oil was attempted to be poured into its mouth. tS ^W part being wasted, and the animal instantly expired. I regret that «^ approaching night, and the man's desire to bury the Lcass. restrkted the post-mortem exammation. which merely went to show that^on the division thorax, and being cut into, poure^ forth a frothy mucus, resembling in with the ma ters above described to have been eaten, not however impacted. L^SVr?.. ' ^""**"" '"^''•- ' '"^^ ""•« '^-t'* from th.'^mp- c^^ would r^ thoexamination gonesofar, the vessels of the brain and spinkt cord would have been found injected. The splash of water certainly caused doubtful whetW aversion to fluids existed ; and yet the circumstance of death instantly following the oU-draught would warrant the belS thl^splin ofthe muscles of deglutition, with the temporary closure of the I^Z occasioned suffocation fcjttd death." , g'oiw", Among all the nume^us cases of rabies which we have met with in the ooufse of our practice, we have never had the Opportunity of examining the post-mortem appearance of a rabid pig ; but it seems to be generally admitted ICr T 'T '::.''''' ''»'" " •"^"•*'''y inflammation about ^e glottu^ and very considerable inflammation of the villous ooat of the stomach especially about the pylorus, towards the cardia. and on the surface of the two rug« ; in some parts the inflammation had almost merged into mortification. The stomach "generally filled with every kind of filth and rubbish, and the bladder distended with urine. The disease generally appears in the third or fourth week after the ani Incision of the part and the application of the cautery as soon as possible after the animal has b^n bitten ar« the only preventive means : cu^e t ITfaTlibr"". "T "" ""^* '*" "P'^^'^'^*"' -** *•>«- -ho rely o^ the infalhble nostrums of some learned «• pig-doctor" will find themselv^ ^^p^inted ; the symptoms may be alleviated by certain drugs, but rabies Z K .^t^ r* *T ''I*' "*'*'" *"" *^" *^° ■^""-'^ to be communicated by the bite of a pig. but Julian Palmarius states that he has seen hoZToS «i^ptecome rabid fr«n ^^ng^ef^^ in which «Hd^^ lam J and Dr. Shackmann corroborate the faot * 434 DISKA8K8 OF SWIVB. It has been a much disputed point whether or not the flesh of animi|ls which have dfed rabid can be eaten with safety. ' Two eminent soientifio men in Paris ate of such flesh without experiencing any bad effects. The carcass of an ox that had been bitten by a rabid dog, and had exhibited all the symp- toms of rabies, was cut np and sold, bat it did not appear that any of those who ate of it experienced t^e slightest inconvenience. Again, at the Koyal . Veterinary School at Alford, the tongue of a rabid horae was given to a dog ; the animal devoured it, and lived on in perfect health. But the opposite party bring forward aa many authenticated facts in' support of the contrary opinion, and the one with which we now have chiefly to do is narrated by Schenkios : " A tavern-keeper in the duchy of Wurtem- berg served up the flesh of a pig that had died rabid to some customers who were dining at his inn. All those who partook of it were shortly afterwards attacked with rabies." Pierre Borel records a very similar case. We should most strongly urge the prudence of abstaining from the flesh of all rabid animals, and not only of abstaining from it ourselves, but putting it out of the reach of other animals ; and the best way to do this is to bury the carcass six or ejght feet under ground, and cover it carefully and closely up. Nasal Catarrh.— We have already spoken of the formation of the nose or snout of the pig, and will now proceed to describe a disease vulgarly called the snuJlM, or mi^. It is characterized by defluxion from the nose in the first plap^ and its advance is so gradual as to be almost imperceptible. Bnt it gains ground daily— attacks the respiratory passages cough and sneezing come (m- there is evident difficulty of swallowing, and the respira- tion is impeded by the mucUs formed. After some tinle the membrane of the nose becomes thickened, the nostril swelled and deformed, and the snout drawn on one side. Blood is often discharged from the nostril, and when this has been the case all the symptoms are abated, and the animal seems relieved for awhile. But it too frequently happens that this discharge or hemorrhage returns ag^in and again, each time in increasing quantities, until the strength of the anil al becomes so undermined that, notwithstanding the utmost care and the m st nourishing diet, he dies of exhaustion, or perhaps, as it may be more prop irly termed, consumption. This ^isease, which strongly resembles glanders and distemper, is, like them, hereditary, and may be communicated from either the male or female parent. It also results from exposure to damp or cold. Emetics and tonics are the best means of combating it A solution of sulphate of copper in doses of from three to Ave grains morning and night will sometimes eventually effect a cure, assisted by strict attention to diet and regimen. But in by far the majority of cases the disease runs its course and t' rminates fatall y, for it has generally gained ]the upper hand before much noticd is taken of it ' ~~ Z '^^'^ ^^^tf: -i.i.i'dfee.5*^ i'4 .■Y>£J-^S'^T^i-; > ■ ■\ ^ .p^rjf~ ^ » f TT" y' DI8RABB8 6V BWIIfB. 435 \ The Larynx.— This instrnment of voice consists of five cartilages anited to one another by a ligamentous substance, by distinct articulations, »nd l^ a seemingly complicated but really simple muscular apparatus. In form it is an irregular oblong tube, exceedingly flexible^^md capable of adapt- ing itself to all the natural or morbid changes of the re8i)iratory process, and to the production of all the various intonations of sound or voice by which the animal expresses his emotiona It u placed a^ the top of the windpipe, guards the exit from the lungs, and prevents the passage of food i^ito the respiratory canala The cricoid caHilaga constitutes the base a«d support of this organ, and serves in great measure as a bond of union to the rest Placed above and resting upon this, are the arytenoid cartilages, pro- longations of which rest upon the ehordw vocalet, and influence their action. The vocal ligaments take an oblique direction across the larynx in the pig instead of a straight one, so that the angle is at a considerable' distance from the thyroid cartilage. They have also a Xjurious slanting direction, the anterior angle being depressed and the arytenoid portion elevated. About the middle of the chordae vocales, and immediately above them, are two sacculi, which are generally supposed to be concerned in the act of grunting. From the anterior parts of the larynx springs the epiglottis, a heart shaped cartilage placed at the extremity of the opening into the windpipe, with its back" opposed to the pharynx ; its use is this : food passing from the pharynx «» Its way to the oesophagus presses down the epiglottis, which, closing the aperture of the larynx, prevents any portion of the food from entering it. As soon as the food has passed, the elasticity of the epiglottis, assisted by that of the membrane at its base, and still more by the power of the hyo-epiglottideua muscle, enables that cartilage to,jrise up and resume its natural position. The thyroid cartilage envelops and protects all the rest, and shields the lining membrane of the larynx, which vibrates under the impulse coiumuni- cated by the passage of the air, and gives the tone or voice. In the larynx of the hog we find that beautiful adaptation of means to the end. The space between the arytenoid cartilages is less, comparatively speaking, than in the horse or dog, speed not being required in swine. The epiglottis, too, is krger than in the ox^jjjeep. or horse, and diflerently con- structed; it is more flexible, from the cellular ligamentous substance at the base of it being looser : and from its increased size, and the curved direction of its edges, it not only covers the opening into the windpipe, but in a man- ner embraces the arytenoid cartilages when pressed down by the passage of food, a formation admirably suited to ad animal which is constantly plunging hia nose and muzzle into the mud or dirt, and which, by blowihg into his food in the peculiar way pigs are apt to do in order to stir up the sediment,' would ..ot t wrwiag hQj jMstantlj^ge^^^ i mtatiag^amfcaoxioBs mat te r a int c Huf — .1 iift.»»,,.jir_i C ^x\ :w: 4S6 OI8BASK8 OF BWINK. windpipe. The inferior coma of the tbjroid bone is comparatively more developed in the hog than in other domesticated animals. The Pharynx. — The pharynx, to which we just now alluded, is a membianouB, muscular, funnel-shaped bog, extending from the root of the tongue to the larynx and oesophagus, wide in front and becoming gradually narrower until it terminates in the cesophagus. Its office is to con- vey the food from the mouth to the upper part of the gullet, and this it per- forms by means of its lining muscles. Properly speaking, we ought perhaps to have noticed it when speaking of the digestive system, but as we are pro- ceeding from the head to the neck we have included it in this division of our subject The Os Hyoides. — This is a body which embraces the thyroid car- tilage of the larynx, and gives support and protection to it, and also affords attachments to the hyo-gloania longua muscle, or that which draws the tongue into the mouth ; the hrevxa, which fulfils a similar office ; the hyo-pharyngevM, which dilates the pharynx j the anterior constrictor pliaryngeus, which con- tracts the pharynx, and several others. This bone in the human being is supposed to resemble the Greek letter Upsilon ; in the horse it may be compared to a spur, but in the,s^fne it is different. This animal requires a freer use of the tongue. J^e' diorter oornaa are stronger than in the horse, or even the ox and dtjig'; -the ^tiral one is less developed, and the longer comua is thin and in8igtdS(fitnt% A'^^^re is also considerably less ligament interposed between this bond ii^^^wC^^roid cartilage, which it almost closely embraces. • We will now ft&s^tfM'A, con- sideration of the diseases of the throat and neck. Strangles or Quinsy.— These diseases are of very frequent — ^ , rence, and aa^they are rapid in their progress, generally exceedingly fatal. They chiefly attack fattening hogs. ^■- ' '■ y The glands under the throat begin to swell, and thus affect not only the respiratory organs but the act of swallowing ; impeded respiration, hoarseness, and debility then supervene : the palae becomes quick and unequal, the head to a certain extent palsied, the neck swells, tumefies, and rtipidl^ goes on to gangrene ; the tongue hangs from the mouth, and is covered witk slaver, i^nd the animal gradually sinks. In the commencement of the disease very simple treatment, as cooling medicines, attention to diet, and cai^ and warmth, will often suffice to check it ; but when the swelling, impeded respiration, and difficulty of swallowing have come on, recourse must be had to more energetic treatment Bleeding and purgatives are first indicated ; setons and puncture of the swollen glands have also been recommended, and in extreme cases there ja no reason why we should not have recourse to blisters and external stima- Imta M- Qonnter-irritanta. * ' #'-J. liiV^Si \.r DI8BA8RS OF SWINE 487 / ■// A diseased aDimal should never be aDowed to remain among healthy , ones, as this makdy is so infectious that it may almost be regarded as an epizootic. " Mr. Cartwright, veterinary 8urg«»n, of Whitchurch, who has paid nraoti' attention to the di8easeii' // 4S8 DISEASES OF SWINB. falls if compelled to rise ; the flanks heave, the mouth is hot and full of slaver, the tongtfe red and inflamed, the lower jaw convulsed, and the conjunctiva injected ; the animal utters plaintive moans, and, if not speedily xelieved, diet of saSocation, from the effects of the pressure of the ttynor upon the aL" passages. D'Arboval attributes this disease to the irritation caused in some of the outical tissues by the abnormal growth of the tuft of hair, which, uniting with some internal sympathetic irijtation induced by heating food, damp litter, hot, ill- ventilated styes, or such, like prejudicial influences, acts locally and determines this disease of the glands. Other French writers believe it to be epizootic and to arise from certain miasmatic influences. Tonics, acidulated drinks, warmth, cleanliness, strict attention to diet, and the application of actual cautery to the root of the evil — the tuft of hair — is the treatment prescribed. The Chest or Thorax. — in the human being this constitutes the superior, and in quadrupeds the anterior portion of the body ; it is separated from the abdomen by the diaphragm. This latter is of a musculo-membranous nature, and is the main agent in respiration ; in its quiescent state it presents its convex surface towards the thorax, and its concavity towards the abdomen. The anterior convexity abuts upon the lungs, the posterior concavity is oc- cupied by a portion of the abdominal viscera. The diaphragm of the pig resembles that of the ox and sheep. T)^ chest is divided into two cavities by a membrane termed the medi- astinum, which evidently consists of a duplicate of the pleura or lining mem- brane of the thorax. The pleura is a serous membrane possessed of little or no sensibility, and acted upOn by but few nerves. It is smooth and polished ; co^rs the bony wall of the thorax from the jpine to the sternum, end from the first rib to the diaphragm, anddAting and forming a kind of. bag which spreads over and oontains the whole of the lung. M The lungs form two distindi^ bodies, the right being somewhat larger than the left one ; they are separated from each other by that folding over of the pleura termed the mediastinum, and hehce may be said to be inclosed in separate ba^ or to have distinct pleuras. Each lung is subdivided. The right one consistffW three unequal lobes, the smallest of which is again sub- divided into numerous lobules, diflering in number in different swine. The left lung oonsist&pf two lobes, and the soissure between these is not very deep. ^ Beneath the left long the heart is situated and partially enolosed in another membranous bi[||p termed the pericardium, which oifsely invests, supports, algl protects it. The^eart has two sides, the one devoted to the oiroolation of the blood throu^ the lungs, and the other to it8 cirouladon ■*"' - ..md^-' ap DI8EA8K8 OF 8WIKB. 439 throngh the frame generally. Each aide is divided into two compartments, the one above the other below, whj^h are termed the auricles and ventricles. The right auricle as well aa the ventricle ia larger than the left, and its parietes are thinner. The longitudinal tendinous cords of t^ ventricle are more firm and distinct in the pig than in the ox or 8hee[^lnd the fleshy prominences shorter. The tendinous cords of the left ventricle are few in number, large, and ill-defined. The aorta of the pig separates almost immedi- ately after its commencement into two trunks, the smaller of which leads forward, and gives forth those arteries which in other animals arise from the ' cross of this artery ; and the other, which is longer in diameter, inclines backwards : these'are nsuaUy termed the anterior and posterior aorta. The beating of the heart may be felt on the left side, whence also the pulse may be taken, or from the femoral artery which crosses the inside of the! thigh in an oblique directioa In swine in a state of health the pulsatilons are froin seventy to eighty in a minute. diseased VdlVes of the Heart.— This appears to be a more I commbn malaidy than is generally suspected, for in repeated cases of sudden death, where a post-mortem examination has been made, there have been #ound fleshy excrescences or tumors on the tricuspid valves. We believe Mr. Cartwright, whose name we have already mentioned, was one of the first persons who drew attention to this disease. The only marked precursory symptoms appear to be inappe<9bncy and very shortly before death difiiculty of breathing and evident distress. In one pig that died thus suddenly, Mr. Cartwright found several uneven watery excrescences, some as large as marbles, growing from the edge <^ the auricula-ventricular valves of the left side ; also several small papillary growths, all of which served three parts to close up the ventricular opening. In another case he found a loose, jagged, watery excrescence growing from the whole surface, of the tricuspid, valves, dosing up in a great measure the ventricular opening, and projectingf at least half an inch into the left auricle^^ In a third the valves of the left auricle were thickened, scirrhous,, and presented a ragged uneven surface. The orifice of the ventricle was almost closed up by this diseased substance, and a portion had forced its way into the aorta. This disease was alwayp found in the left side of the heart, and in no case did it extend beyond the circilmferenoe of the valves ; the lining membrane of the heart always remained intact Bronchial Tubes. — Swine are very soaoeptible to bronchitis, and also liable to worms in the bronchia, both of which affections manifest them- selves under the form of (fough, inappetenoy, and loss of flesh. The former ^may be subdued by bleeding and cooling medicines, as su^>hur, cream of tartar, or pulv. antimoniiJis : the jatter almostJnvarUblj ginse the death of the 1 ) *>.., 440 DI8EA8BS OF 8WINK. animal from the irritation they create and the inflammation which is thus set np. Inflammation of the Lungs.— This disease is perhaps more gene- rally knovn under the term of rising of the lights; it is one of the most prevalent and too often the most fatal of all the maladies that infest the stye. It has been supposed by some persons to be contagious, by others to be hereditary, but there doeq not appear to be any actual foundation for either of these opinions. By far the most probable supposition is that it arises fronf some atmospheric influences or agencies which create a tendency to pulmonary affections, and these, acting upon a system heated and predisposed to disease by the mode of feeding adopted in most piggeries, giye a serious and inflam- matory character to that which would otherwise be merely a simple attack of catarrh ; or it may arise from some irritating influence in the food itself, V)r from damp, ill-ventilated styes : whatever be its cause, it generally r\n. through the whole piggery when it does make its appearance. The promin^nl indications of disease are loss of appetite, inoestiant and distressing oough, and\ heaving at the flanks. As soon as the first symptoms are perceived, the animal should be bled ) the palate perhaps will be the best place in this case to take blood from : purgatives must then be given, but cautiously ; Epsom salts and sulphur will be the best, administered in a dose of from two to four drams of each, accord- ing to the size of the animal. To these may succeed sedative medicines : digitalis, two grains; pulv. antimonialis, six grains ; nitre, half a dram ; forms a very eflScient and soothing medicament for moderate-sized pigs, and will often produce very satisfactory effects ; cleanliness, warmth, and wholesome, cooling, nutritious food, are Ukewise valuable aids in combating this disease. But whatever measures are taken, they must be prompt: for inflammation of the lungs runs its course with rapidity and intensity, and while we pause to consider what is best to be done saps the vital energies of the patient Plenro-Pneumonia.— This disease often breaks out among pigs as well as horses, cattle, and sheep, and commits great devastation. We shall quote some accounts of its progress, treatment, and post-mortem appearances given by English and foreign veterinarians, by whom it is classed under the head of « ' EpidemICSi«r-M. Saussol narrates that during the summer of 1821 nearly all the swine in the neighbourhood of Mazemet were attacked by a violent and mortal disease th^t spared neither age nor sex, fat nor lean. H* rat«e its ravages at about one-fifth of every four hundred patients. The first symptoms were inappetency, thirst, dulness, groaning, and seek* ing of moist places ; then followed hardness of the belly, heat of the skin, — " ■ : — ■ U ■ "^"^ Ift^^-I? ' m DIKKASK8 OF SWINB. 441 oonstipation, diminution of the urine, difficulty of rj^spiration, heaving of the flanks, and short cough ; the eyes were full of tears, and the m|ikous mem- 'branes inflamed. All these symptoms came on in the course of twelve hours. If the disease continued, the su^eeding symptoms were still more alarming ; the animals began to stagger about, the limbs were stretched out in an unnatural position, rattling in the^hroat came on, they supported themselves against the wall, and only fell to die a few minutes afterwards. Death usually came about the third day, and was in some cases preceded by convul- sions of the face and extremities. -, Treatment. — Copious bleedings from the sacrococcygean arteries and veins, or,* if these did not yield blood en*igh, amputation of the tail, hot baths, a seton covered with blistering ointment inserted in the chest, cam- phorated and laxatjive drencnes, and a decoction of borage, mallows, and lettuces, slightly acidulated, to drink. Causes. — Exposure to the h^t of the sun, want of water, feeding on dry plants ; returning home in the evening exhausted, receiving a hearty feed, , and being then shut up in ill-ventiIa(Ml styes without drink until morning. Preventive treatment. — Troughs of acidulated nitrated water placed in the styes and frequently renewed ; non-exposure to the heat of the day, means of bathing, bleeding, cleanliness, and' ventilation ; moderate feeding, and gentle exercise after the sun had set. These precautionary measures, M. Saussol says, arrested the progress of the disisase. Post-mortem appearances. — The thoracic cavity was filled with bloody limpid fluid ; the lungs much inflamed ; the^leura thickened, inflamed, and injected ; the diaphragm covered with black patches of the size of a shilling ; the mucouF coat of the intestines slightly inflamed ; the windpipe and bron- chial tabes full of reddish froth ; thf brain covered jlith reddish serooity. The next account we come to gives a description of a somewhat difier«nt epidemic which occurred in Aveyron i^d its environs, attacking both the respiratory and digestive orgajis, and running its co^jae with astonishing vigour and rapidity, frequently sweeping ofi* all the inhabitants of a piggery in from twelve to fourteen hours, and in the more virulent cases in less than half this time. «^ Symptoms. — In the worst cases these are sudden iMs of appetite^ small and frequent pulse, haggard eyes, the conjunctiva inflamed, the mouth open, red, and filled with foam, the respiration laborious, plaintive cries, convulsions, palsy of the hind limbs, and involuntary discharge of highly fetid fteoes. Deatii here is the inevitable termination, and that in a short time. But where the progress of the disease is less rapid, the symptoms assume a milder form, and medical aid is available and often beneficial. Pregnant sows escape the attack of this malady, but as soon as they have farrowed they lose this immunity and they and their young take it It ahw seem^ to spare leprona ^ « ^ip* J^tiLA,^>^ 1^ * Ak'l I'liipti'si-iiii' I'f ;t'r- V . < 1, „*.".'1j^J JSF-"' •■ f^-'^ ]^t " h^^-% 1""" I'W^j^ /"* 4*9 DI8KA8E8 Of 8WINB. K JR. Bwine. It appears at all seasons of the year, but is most mali^ant in the summer and at the commencement) of autumn. There can be no doubt as to its contagion, and from some experiments made, it can be reproduced in other animals by inoculation, particularly in sheep. The flesh of pigs that have died of this disease has been given to dogs and eaten by them without pro- ducing any bad effects, i Causes.^UnwholesQrae iFood, ill-ventilated styes, want of attention to . cloanliness, exposure to heat, wet, ?or cold, are the predisposing causes f and probably some miasmatic influence develops, the diseasa Treatment-.-In the most virulent cases almost all modes of treatment are unsuccessful ; or, if they do succeed in rescuing the animal from death, he generally falls into a state of marasmus, t>r becomes paralytia In the milder cases the following means hive often proved efficient :— Seton in the chest ; a decoction ^ sorrel, with camphor, nitre, and calomel, as a drench ; emollient injections, slightly acidulated ; stimulating frictions of the dorsal and Itfmbar regions, or bathing these parts with hot vinegar ; and water thickened vHth oat or barleymeal as the sole diet and drink. Venesection is here dangerouls, tending only to undermine the strength of the patient, this disease being ' evidently one which alters, decomposes, and vitiates the blood; Acetate of ammonia, ^ministered in doses proportionate to the size of the patient, has b»Bn of service. Purgatives should be avoided, as they are of very uncertain b^efit. Directly an animal is atfacked he should be removed from the others, and placed in some comfortable place. ^ Prevention.— Strict attention to diet, cleanline^, ventilation, and com- fort ; and a plentiful supply of clean water, both for the animals to drink and bathe themselves in. In cold and rainy weather they should be kept in their styes ; and during the heat of the summer their drink should be slightly nitrated, acidulated, or salted. Whey is an excellent thing for those that are weakly. Sm^U doses of camphor and nitre, with ,f he addition of a few grains of calomol, administered in some cooling vegetable decoction, is a useful pre- ventive. If one pig is- attacked he should be removed, and the others taken out while the sty is well fumigated. In 18.38 we have accounts of an inflammatory epizootic among pigs, rapid and fatal in its course, and attacking by preference store pigs rather than those put up to fatten. Symptoma— Prostration of strength, difficulty of breathing, discharge from the mouth and nostrils, constant cough, and reddish hue of the skin. These went on increasing in intensity until death put a period to them, which usually ooouiTed in from three days to three days and a half after the eom- menoement of the attack. Treatment.— Bleeding and laxative medicines, stimulating frictions" of the trachea and parietes of the thorax, seemed to be the most efficient remediea ' ■>•*»; >'■*■• DI8BA8E8 OF SWI 443 Doses of; tartarized antimony and hydrarg. sub. mur. in three grains of each, ; •- ^ admiitistered every twelfth hour, produced voniiti'rfg, and appeared to give ease. , Sulphate of magnesia relieved those oases in whic'h there was constipation. • The causes seemed obscure. The epidemic prevailed in the summer; but whether i^ arose from the warmth of the weather, from want of a suffi- cient supply of Water, o^- from dry and heating food, was not at all evident. . Paulet has described a vfery similar epidemic among- swine, which freqjiently preyails in one or the other h( the arroTulissemerUs of the South of France. He describes it as highly inflammatory, Aidly going on to gangreSi, and exceedingly contagious, but is at a loss to what cause to attribute it. % The precursory ayqnptoms are, accordiiig^to him, restlessness, cough, loss of appetite, dulness, and weak tottering gait. These gradually go on increas- .ing in intensity until the seventh or eighth day, when they have become very marked. Then alternations of heat and coldness of the body come on ; the ears droop and are cold, the head is heavy, and the tongue becomes discoloured ; • the breath is fetid, and there is a copious discharge of mucus from the nostrils. The skin is tinged with red, but the hue is not very evident excepting under the belly : the animal appears to be in great suffering, and cries out pitifully. This general inflammation of the integuments rapidly goes on to gangrene, which alteration is evidenced by the livid violet hue of the diseased surfaces. Death then tepidly follows. ^ H% too, prescribes bleeding, and from the ear» and veins of the bfelly, while many authors condemn it as debilitating. The only thing he recommends besides is thin oatmeal gruel, acidulated with white-wi^e vinegar; for he appears to consider the malady to be so fatal that medical treatment availg nothing against it Here, however, we cannot but deem him wrong: ; many of the most Virulent, and, if neglected, fatal of the diseases to wU||^our domesticated animals are subjflfijj .^ill yield to the influence of a j^Sons course of treatment, and ^aay ^%alnable animal has b^ saved by the skill and attention of a veterinary surgeon. We. should recommend laxative drenches, stimulating frictions, warmth, and cleanlftiess, and a seton in the chest. In the epidemic which prevailed in l^^^^Jiroughout the greater part of ^ £ngland, swine were affected, as well as hlrtes, cattle, and 8^||p, and often took it before aqy of the rest of tHe stock but in genend had nHtre mtldl^. This malady was of a highly contagious, inflammatory charactei^nd affected chiefly the mucous and secretory tissues. Wheil once it entered a farmyard, it spread rapidly until every ox, sheep, or pig was infected, and in some .. instancea it passed to the human being. Damp, wet weather appeared most ^ favourable to its development; and from all aooounts, it seems to have arisen from some atmospheric agenoj. * ~ Symptoiita — Lamenels of one or more of the feet, accompanied with heat around the hoof and lower part of the leg ; discharge of ki^livaJ roj aH,^ , i i.yiijtSiS!l.&li.i!*#4t1,.. ( . niviJSi. , .-•;„• ,'b ,..*-■ HMi 444 '% G ^BABBS OF 8WIN§. 1' 4^ mouth and* nostril j chainping|iir' grinding o| ^^ lower '|Mr ; ulo mouth' and tongue, extending i^ to the^<«ip|kj dulneaii.^n^p stipa{tio^, rapi^' emaciation, and cotjo^. • 'ki^*^ Treatment.— The ulcerat^|«yi^iions of th*'f4^ andth^deta9l]^fjece8|^*>^; .should be^^refuUy pare^, wA the parts da^^wiifed'iyiC^polutioli.'di '^ vitriol, or iliigareKdhfith ^arm tW^, also dreife^ \»|ih ftJtroila s^ji^bi,^!' '^eji'^i^'pn ~- ',r— — ' - — .^.ft^i^roilgs^j^ and a hair to two ounces of Cmublji^iS EbIts,;^|isaolv| lir foodi 5 Where tW madacJf ww jtWlfi^ its' is s«lB|cc(i' to produce convalescence iq from four- :S ^"^ * 1.— Thert wer* patched of infl^m^a^on through- ■iiies, both externally and intiwaally ; the liver .^^ .,. y, 5- , . ,f J. and soft ; the fungs shrivelled, flattened, and di^xifttWwa So wife half th^i' natural size, and in some cas^/iepatized ; the diaphragm, pl«Mfai and bronchial tubes of a greenish hjMiand evidently g|Dgir4iiou8. ■ ''>^ ,'V '- ^'^ ■ ' ■ •' ^f Phe flesh Of pigs that had died of this epidemic was 4a^n by some P«""«'™^*'^o"t their sufiering aay ill eflectsj nevertheless th^, ©xpenment . „ Tlie GuUel.—Tbe gullet, or asop/iagiu, is a musculo-membwnous tube, dommencing at the pharynjt, jpassing down the throat on the left' side of the windpipe, entering the chest in company with that tube, penetrating thrgugh Ihe folds of the diaphragm, and terminating in the stomach through an orifice termed the, cttrdia. , Tlia Stomach.— TYiQ stomach of the hog is a much more simple apparatus that of the ox and sheep; it is a truly omnivorous one, and beautifully ; adapted by its pyramidal applfendage and glandular structure, as well as by the • villous mucous membrane with which it is lined, for the digestion of the [ .,4 heterogeneous food which it is destined to.receive, being, perhaps, more analo- X -y^ous to that of the horse than to any othpr anifnaK In form jt is globqlous. ; Its large blind cavity is very voluminous, .and is surmounted in front by a ^ hood-like appendage. The narrow long portioiji which abuts on the pylorus ^ greatly resembles this hood-shaped appendage. On each side pf the cardia are two transversal folds, and the cardia itself U half-way betwetn ^"^yltorus and the large cavity. The stomach has three coats— the outenpost, or perito stitntes the common ^M^ring of all the intestines; odat, which acts upoifflU, mingles the food, and pri - apd the mucous or xiu||Poat, which is peculiarly devl into which '(MMn the mouths of nuineroul little vessels, jniceto the semi-digested food, and by its action oonveyin fluid^ommonly called chyme. '-~ ___^ lich yson- oir flbrous digestion ; le pig, and the gastric ipltaceous S^M *^" ' M DISBAaES OF. 8WINK. 445 V, The IrUealines, — The intestines of the hog bear a stronger resemblance to those of the human being than we find in any other anitn&l. They are sixteen times the length of the body of the animal, and the proportions of the stuall intestines to the large a^ as three to one. They are composed of four ooats or layers. The outer or peritoneal one is formed of that membrane which inveiats and retains in its proper position every portion of the contents of the belly>» The second layer is muscular, and by its action propels, the contents of the'Btoti^h gradually onward. The office of the third is to lubritate the innermost coat, and for this purpose, it is supplied with numerous glands surrounded by cellular tissue. The fourth or lining coat is soft, villous, and, in a healthy qjate, always covered wjth mucus. The' food, having been siiffi; ciently converted into chyme by the Motion of the stomach, is gradually pro- pelled through the pyloric orifice by the duodenum, or first intestine, where it is submitted tothe influence of two fluids, the one secreted by the pancreas, the other by the Kver, and the combined action of which s«parate^ the nutri- tious from the worthless portion, causing the formar to assume the appearanceof a thick whitish fluid, and the latter that of a yellow pulpy substance. It next passes into the jejunum and Ileum, where it u^n^rgoea still further alteration, and whence a considerable portion of it is takftn up by the lacteal vessels which open into these two small intestines, ai^ conveyed away to nourish the frame, and become mingled with |;he blood and supply the waste in it These intes- tines are of equal diameter in the pig throughout their whole extent, and the termination of the jejunum and commencement of the ileum i» by no means distinctly defined ; the' latter is, however, longer than the former, and opens into the coecum, with a valvular oj^ening close to the aperture into the colon. The coecum is a kind of bag supplied with numerous secretory glands, which furnish it with a fluid which once more acts upon those purtions of the digested food which reach it, extracting from them any nutritive portions which may chance still to remain. The matter, having reached the base of this intestine, is returned by the muscular action of its coat, afid being pre- vented by the valve from re{!ntering the ileum, passes into the colon, the largest of the large intesUne&|«ppe of the convolutions ot which equal the stomach in si^, whil^*othe|V mo as small as the small intestines. Here the watery parts of the mass are extracted, and the residuum or hard feecal portion ib retained for awhile, and finally expelled through the rectum. It will be i«adily imagined that this complicated and beafutiful process must occasiq^ally become deranged by various causes, ahd thai hence will arise diflerent. diseases of a more or less serious i0ure. This is, however, leas tfie case in swine than inmost of our other domesticated animals, from the circumstances o{ their stomftohs and intestines being prepared iby the softening power of their highly muoons villous lining for the reception and digestion of a heterogeneous mass nt tntiA^ wMoh to Othgr a p i im ala would be- a ctu a lly poisM i oas j r en deri n g it„ w^J^ m-:m ' i '\ ■^ ■: 'f^ l&ffl^^ ijSAAaiOS^gi' ^ ^t/'. / -1 M 5 '■j! » ! rfli. J (itfi^^ 1 <■ A a'v»'.hi<4 * i. *^ . il3 .t^ ^ ' i," ■ *sf«*'i; ^ 446 DISEASKa OP 8WINB. evident th«^ although the hog in a state of nature is a herbivorous animal he was also destined to become omnivorous for the service of wn. Enter||ls.-Thi8 disease consists in inflammation o««,ne or more of the coats of the m^tines, and is capable of being produced by various irritating causes, as the foul air of badly ventilatedUes, unwholesome food, etc The symptoms are dulness, loss of appetite, constipation, spasms, or con- vulsions, continued restless motion, either to and fro, or round and round staggering gait, evident symptoms of suffering. ' TJ«n«>8tsuccessful treatment is warm baths, dry. litter, and generJil warmth and comfort; and internally, purgatives and enemai CasSr oU calomel, or rhubarb are the best purgatives for cases of this nature, and the enemas should be of an emollient oleaginous nature. The diet should be restricted to the simplest and lightest fcSbd ; oatmeal porridge. skim-S or ^ whey are the best thinga, r » , ui miiK, or ari«5'?"*'~'^K'?"'*" frequently attacked by this m^ady, which generally anjes from unwholesome food, cold, or wet. filthy styes' and is evidenced by restlessness, cries of pain, rolling on the ground, etc. A dose of castor ofl proportionate to the sue of the patient, with perhaps a little ginger in it. and administered in warm milk, will generally give speedy relief ; or if the first . should not, the dose must be repealed. Some piLtition:rs reJmmend Si Jf " .!T r ^' ''°* "' ''""'^'' °'"'S^'^°"« P"'-**"-^ ^ best adapted for attacl^i of colic. ' ' DiaiTll«ea.-This is » disease very c«»inon among all our youn» domesticated animal/and one that is also re;rtedly met w^ in oZr one^' l!r^ ^ r*""^ "" un^oleaome food will produce, it. as will ahn, ove^ feeding,.or too nutritious diet It consists in a frequent discharge of the f^l matter in a thm or slimy .state, but not actually altered, and arises from inflammation or oongestion-bf the mucous lining of the intestines. What we conceive to be an attack of diarrhcei is often only an effort of nature to throw off some offensive mattem. and will cease of itself in the course of twenty-four hours, but where It goes on for any length of time it must be taken sJously in hand, as it will otherwise weaken the animal and impair its valu7 The best remedy for it is the compound commonly called calves' cordial viz.- prepared chalk, one ounce; powdered catechu, half an ounce/ bowdet«d rind' gcr, two drams ; powdered opi^m, half a dram, mixed and dissolved in half a \ pint of peppermint water. From half an ounce to an ounce of this mixture according to the size of the animal, should be given twice in the day • and strict attention paid ta the diet, which should consist as much as possible of dry, farinaceous food ^ ^ .._.„.^,.,„_ _..„^..„._ „... t DI8BA8K8 OW 8WINB. ) 447 \, Garget of the Maw.— rhis in • disordeir arising from repletion, and ii found 'alike in older animals and in saoking-pigs. Its symptoms strongly resemble those of oolia The remedies, too, are purgatives. Epsom salts is Sere, perhaps, as good a thing as can be giveuf in doses of from a quarter of an ounce to an ounce. It might as well be termed indigution, for such it actually is, the stomach being overloaded with food. ' In sucl^ing-pigs it nsoally arises from the coagulation of milk in the stomach. The Liver. — This organ in swine does not appear to be so subject to disease as it is in most of' qur oth^r domesticated animals ; we haye only, therefore, to glance at its use and anatomy as we pass. It is smaller In swine than in sheep, and larger than we find it in the dOg, in accordance with that anatomical law, which seems to be in force in all aniqaals, namely, that the size of the liver shall be in inverse proportion to that of the lungs. It is situated in the anterior part of the abdomeui and itfi upper surface rests against'the concavity of the diaphragm. Its oflSce is to receive the blood that is returned from the intestines, separate from it and scwrete the fluid termed bile, and then forward the residue of the blood onwards to the lungs, where it undergoes the usual aerating process, and becomes transmuted into wcterial blood. The fluid or bih thus secreted, when in a healthy state and not in undue proportion, stimulates the mucous membrane, and increases the peristaltic motion of the intestines, excites the secretion of that mucus requisite to preserve these parts in a healthy state, hastens the process of separating th& nutritious/from the innutritions parts of the food, and facilitates the escapo of fffical matters. It also acts chemically upon the various substances which are devout^ed by the animal, and is the chief agent in neutralizing the acidity which some of these would otherwise create. The liver of the pig has four distinct lobes. m, % . - The Spleen.— In the hog the spleen is very long, and nearly of a uni- form breadth ^Mid thickness throughout its whole extent It lies on the left side of the abdomen, and is attached to the stomach by the folds of the epiploon. Its texture is almost like that of a sponge in appearance; consisting of aerable cells of every size and form, yet it is firm to the touch. In jpp reddish brown. There hasJ ^ MBuph dispute as to the functions and use of this organs Some persons, vmmg Ihrom its situation, contend that it is a powerful agent in the procesii (Sfdigestion ; but this is strongly negatived by the fact that it has been removed from some animals which have existed for a considerable time afterwards, without apparent injury to that function. Others again, and with more 4i Kbability, ttasume ^atjt has to^ do, , with/ Ihg^oolonring^aTtd . t m: otflour it is a darl r -o % 4i6 DISKASBS or SWINB. «S conversion of the chyle into blood as it puses through the mesentery, where it becomes mixed with, the red <:°<^8oI»%JMUM|||iei|id to them, probably from their symptoms being somewhat objure ; ivertl^eless, diflTerent morbid affections of the spleen are by no means ^Knon among the lower domesticated animals. This viscus is often rup-. , distended with blood, inflamed, or softened, from the effects of different s, hut chiefly of damp, heat, or foul air. -, 4 Splenitis. — Swine suffering under this malady are restless and debili- .tated, shun t|feir Companions, and bury themselves in the litter. There is , loss of appetij» and excessive thirst, so e||pes8ive that they will drink up any- ^ thing that odmes in their way, no matter how filthy. The resping|b is short ; they cough, vomit, grind the teeth, and foam at the mouthj the groin i« wrinHed, and of a pale brownish hue, and the skin of the throat, i^est, and bell^(Fhich latter is hard aifel4ttcked up) is tinged with black. J The EemedieiifMre copious blood-letting, gentl^urgatives, as Epsom or Glauber's salts, followed up by cooling medicines. CoW lotions of vinegar and water, to bathe the parts in the nei|Abourhood of the spleen, or a cold sho^M^ bath applied by means of a wa(pfing%)t, are also efl^ioas in these casea Columella, in his quiet style, thnSr treats of this-disease : ired spl9en use* to plague them ; the which ices to be great droughts, and, as the Bucolic r ' , atw«. . " Also the pair chiefly happens whei poem speaks — , , , 9M aides the apples scattered lie, ^^ ' f' ' ■ „ ■. y '^ . ■ ^ 'o,'*. ,, «, '■ ' & ■ ioT it is an insatiable cattle the swine, which l^qfi^'all i^easurei^l^erlyieek after that which is sweet They Ubopr aqUJpriliected in the sum^ and .early autumn with a swelling or , 'mieved if troughs be made of tan water, a^d set before th^m when wood being swallowed with t' swelling." J The great difficulty h^re, is, how troughs can be made of the mtumt (butcher's brdom). In all probability the true meaning is that the trough should be lined with the branches of this plant ; and the tatnariakt signifies doubtless the tamarictu "e trunco mentioned by Pliny, lib. xxiv. 9, where he speaks flf canals and troughs being made of the tamarix. Translators am givcm occaaionally to make similar mistakes or alteration of text. ,of >the spleen, from the which they are i Kt^lnUcher'a broom, and filled with tre tiSnty ; for the medicinal juice of ;drink puts a stop to their intestinal I , DI8EA8K8 OF 8WINB. «* 449 Veteri- Rapture of the Spleen.— We quote thk oas^ from the nariantoT 1841 : " A pig belonging to Mr. Roberts, of Whitchurch, died after having only been ULfor a day or so. and that unattended by any definite symptoma On post-mortem examination the spleen was found to be of about three or four times Its natural size, and completely, congested In one place there was a small rupture surrounded with coagulated blood. All the other viscera were perfectly sound." ' ^^ Absorption of the Spleen.— This case is also derived from the .me source, and we present it to our readers as a testimony of the diflerent forms of disease which occur in the spleen of the awine. "A fat pig, weighing fifteen score, was killed, and upon cutting it up, the spleen was foqnd to be almost entirely absorbed. It was of the usual length, but not ab^ve half an inch in width or the eighth of an inch in thick- ness in any part, &d weighed but seven drachms. What there was of it, »>wever, appeared to be perfedUy sound, and was surrounded by a consider- '"portion^f adepa" rltoneum.— This portion of the contents of the abdomen is com- posed^of pJWar tissue, and amply supplied with absorbent vessels ; its office M to sepaM the diflerent viscera from each other, to envelop them, and to attach them^. and support them in their proper position. It is subject to attacks of inflammation, technically termed Peritl^nltiS, the symptoms of which closely resemble those of splenitis; and the causes, too, are very siiin'ilar, being chiefly improper food, repM^ or exposure to extremes of tempemtura Oleaginous purgatives are he>?5 only ones which are admissible, and AmoUient clysters ; great attenti^ ' ' also be paid, to the diet, and nothing of an acrid or indigestible nat„ to the animal This disease is too often fatal, gradually wasting I^y'ite victim. The post-mortem appearances- are as follows : the intestines have become saadherent to each other that it is scarcely possible to believe that any false membranes were ever interposed ; the peritoneal surfaces present evidences of ih&mmation, and are often covered with confluent ulcerations resembling those seen in glanders of the horse; there is considerable inflamv mation of the muscular coat of the intestines, and the whole of these parts^ are thickened and corrugated. . Worms In the Intestines.- These entozoaria are very troublesome in swine, and often exceedingly fatal. The spiroptera strongylina is of the kinds most common to the hog, but the aacarideg tasnia and eehmorhmc are -likewise of tm foqttd-itr / II l^ H: ^.' ■/.' 450 PI8EA8E8 OF 8WINB. The presence of wormB may be inferred when the/)ktiinMil ««ta voraoiowifly and yet continues lean and out of conditipn ; coughs, runs restlesllly aboiJCt, uttering squeaks of pain, becomes savage, snapping a^ his cpmpanions, and destroying all rabbits and poultry that come in his way< Th/s excirements are generally hard and highly coloured, the eyes sunken, the anin|ial becomes daily more debilitated, and frequent attacks resembling colic tend still (further to weaken him. Too often he dies; for before these symptoms have been noticed the evil ha^ generally attained to such a height as to be beybhd the ,t)^wer of medicine ; for these parasites, and the eohinorhino especially ,yiiMjn^ly with incredible rapidity. ' ' Drastic purgatives constitute the most efficient means of combating worms ; but they must be cautiously administered, as they are but too i^pi to dissolve and force away with them the lining mucus of the intestinal canals. Turjpentine is exceedingly destructive to worms, and although to many of ouif domesticated animals a dangerous medicine, it may be administered with pf^- feet safety to the hog. Common salt may i)e also given with advanta^^, and should be mingled with the food. Nor must it be supposed that because no worms are seen to come away from the animal the treatment may be dis- continued, or that there are none ; hundreds of them die in the intestines, and there become digested and decomposed, and go through the same processes as the food. The Bladder. — This organ seems to be but little subject to disease in swine. Its position beneath the rectum and genital organs Vcontained in the pelvic cavity protects it, in all animals from external injuries; and the pig not being exposed to those causes which render the horse and dog peculiarly liable to disease of the bladder, namely, speed, long and fatiguing exercises, etc., seems to be oompai-atively exempt from it. There is, however, ',a case narrated in the Veterinarian, by Mr. Reid, y.S., whicli we shall quote. TesifAl Calculi. — "A barrow-pig that to the seventh month hud manifested perfect health, from that period fell rapidly away (although its appetite remained unimpaired), so much so in fact that in two months more it was a mere bag of bones, and the owner had it destroyed. He attributed this decline to a difficulty in passing its urine, which distressed the animal to such a degree that every time it wanted to stcdl it quite moaned with pain, rolling upon its back, arising, and again posturing itself for stalling, arehing its spine and making violent efforts, which too often were ineffectual. At other times, and indeed of tenest, he, after much straining, succeeded in passing a little urine, but this was speedily followed by fresh efforts. Occasionally, after having rolled about and laid on its back, it obtained relief by a flow of urine in a full stream. The urine was at all times perfectly clear." • ./ DI8BA8K8 OP 8WINB. 451 This aocount was sufficient to draw Mr. Reid's attention to the presence of vesical calculi. He regretted that he had not been called in during the life of the animal, that he might have made it the subject of operation, and requoated permission to examine the carcass. Afe bladder was half-full of limpid urine, in which floated^the stona The internal coat of the bladder about the inferior part ezh^p«d slight blushes of inflammation. All round the neck it was deeply inflamed, and thence the reddening spread about an inch into the urethra. The peritoneum also exhibited a light tint. Inversion of the Bladder.— A sow littjsred in the morning and brought fortfesten pigs without any apparent difficulty, and immediately afterwards something resembling the bladder, and which apooared to be about half full, came out The owner, seeing that it did not come away, became alarmed, and sent for the pig buteher, who said it was the womb, and that it must be put back, which he accordingly endeavoured to do, and having passed two or three stitohes of small twine across the labia to retain the parts, left the animal Mr. Neale, V.S., of Burbage, happening to hear of the obcar- renoe, called to ^ the sow. He found the vsgina considerably protruded, or at least that tyt^te was a prdtrusion of the size of a man's fist, and in a sloughing sta^ there. She appeared, however, in good condition, got np witlwot apparent pain or difficulty, and was suckling her young well. The urindVas flowing drop by drop. As the owner declined having anything done to her, Mr. Neale ordered the parts to be bathed with a decoction of bark. Four months afterwards she was killed for bacon, and weighed 160 lbs. Upon opening her the uterus was found to be perfectly healthy, the vagina as clean as possible, and the tumor reduced by sloughing to the size of a lemon ; the bladder was completely gone. The kidneys were full of white purulent matter of about the consistence of cream. The uterus led directly from the kidneys to the protruded part, at the inside of which, and just b6low the anus, was a formation of matter about the size of a h^n's' egg There was not the slightest traver- spreads, and can with difficulty be separated from the layer below it. Its purpose appears to be\ to protect the terminations o{ the bloodvessels and nerves of the ekin, wfa^ch it in a manner envelops w covers. This layer determines the colour of the body and of the hair. The third and undermost part is the ctttia vera or true 8ki% an elastic textu'reF' composed of innumerable- minilte fibreii crossing each other in. all directions, fitting closely to every part of the frante^ yielding by its elasticity to all the motions of the body, and interpoAig its dense,' firm structure between the more Vital parts of the system and external iQJMfft| Innuniei^l)l& blood- vessels kpd nerves pass through it, and apfSef r upoHHNurface in the form of papillee ; it is in fact far more sensitive than the muroles or flesh. The itua varies in density in different breeds of swine. In some fii the large, old breeds it ia thick, coarse, tough, and almost as impeQetra{>ie, ia compariBon,'a8 the hide of a rhinoceros ; while in many of our smaller breeap^ and particularly in those which have a considerable admixture of Asiatic blood, and in the Chinese pigs themselves, it is soft, fine, and delicate, and bears no slight degree of resemblance to the skin of the human- toeing. It is not to be wondered at that a structure so delicately organized as the otie we have been describihg should be subject to ^isease. Ir^.the hog it is peculiarly so ; many of the most serious maladies to which he is subjept have their seat in the skin : it w^re a point will worthy of study to i}),quire into the reason of this f»ct ; but as the present work is devoted to practice rather than theory, we must leaye it tb abler hands, and pass onw^jrds to a consi^eratiota of dome of the most prevalent diseases of the skin in swine. ' .^ '' Bncly i^oken it. and often GanKrenoUH Bry8l|»eIa8.^Thi« disease, which is of by tlfe »ncient writers as prevailing to a greater or less e; t ( .■-^0 ■t ^Y' xi* DISEASES OP SWINE. rare wici 453 almost as an epidemic among sheep and swine, is now of rareWurrence. Poulet thus describes the sjriuptoms :„.. "The first of these, wj&ich last some five or six days, are uneasiness, inquietude, depression, loss of appetite, and inertness. About the seventh or eighth day these gradually increase in intensity ; the Umbs totter, Uie body IS alternat^^ hot and cold/ the ears drop and are cold, the head appears heavy, the tongue is discoloured, the breath fetid, a thick mucus fl,-^ from the nostrils, and the whole of tfee skin becomes tinged with^an erysipaja- Wpus redness, which is m«st evident Ander the belly ; the animal utters alr^TOt incessant screams of paia This inflammatory stete of the integuments rapidly merges intoidfecide^ gangrene, and the whole of the diseased surface becomes of a livid blue or violet hua The skin is ^rst covered with blisters containing a thin reddish watery fluid ; and as these break, the gangrenous, dark coloured scabs are form^ The disease is, however, by no means of se fatal a character in swine as it is in sheep, probably from the former being the stronger animals. A lltfle blood should be taken from the ears, o4e at ■«ny rate, and the bleeding should be repeated if it appeal, at ^1 necessaiy. A doso or two of Epsom salts, cooling, prinks slightly acidulated, and" strict attention tft diet and cleanliness, are gener&Hy all that will be requisite Should the^kin appear to be very irritable, a little sweet oil may be rubbed oyer it, or some sulphur mad#into a'kinci of oiijLtraent with swept oil or palm -oil ; but local applications are not generally requisite," . ; Exposure to great heat or cold, or any sudd«p trjinsition from one e^rem§ of temperature to another, is sdpposed by smne authorti to »»e the cause bf this disease ; while others, and we think with iu^Hve, aUvihut,* it to unwholesome or putrid food, and to general inattention and n«^lect. Lice.— Pigs, when allowed to waUow in tfe mire, and to dwell in filthy styes, are very^pt to engender th.ese disgusting vermin, which eat int^ the , skin and render it scabby and «ilcerated, and b^ tb* irntAtion they keep ui^ " wori^r and fatigue the aniftials, an^ eflectually prevout them from thriving. Er«s Yifeorg states that these vatmin sbmetima, burrow tteir way into the ^flcfh" an(iflome out tHrtrougli thg" ey0s, nostrUs,Qr mouUi. ot have even been * ,*^knownto'tie voided, in the urine. • ,. \^.. The first step to*b« taken towards efectisg » cure is thoh)aghk to cleansft*the skin from every particle of i^t,' 4nd-Xo<*clean out and wbitewash -the'styes and put in fresh drylitter. v* '- . ' "' Mercurial ointmflftt, turpefi^ine, or tobacoxl is poison to them." He considers that a free access ta water for bath- ing, aod also occAsional exposure to heavy rain, is not only necessary to the general health of swine, but a most excellent preservative against vermin. Leprosy. — This disease has apparently existed in swine from the remo- test periods, and Tacitus^ves it as his opinion that it was because the hog was subject to leprosy that the Jews Were forbidden to eat of its flesh. It' consists in the development of certain vesicles, or whitish granulations, in all parts and portions of the cellular tissue ; which vesicles have been proved to be neither more nor less than a species 6f worms termed the oysticercus c^llu- losa, i^pposed by some French authors to be of the same species as that found in the brain of sheep. There are, however, considerable differences ^Itiween these two. The cystioercus is found in all the cellular tissues and soft parts throughout the whole of the body ; in the fat, in the adipose fatter, in the interstices between the muscles, in the viscera, and, in short, in every crevice into which they can insert themselves. The thigh or ham has been mentioned by some authors as the principal se^t of these vesicles, but they are also found on the shoulders, around the jaVSj^along the neck and belly, and even underneath and around the root of the tongue, where alone can any out- ward lesions indicative of leprosy be in general discovered'; and even here they are not constant, but are chiefly evident in those animals in which the disease has attained to a great height The progress of leprosy is very insidious, and the early symptoms so little marked that a practised eye only can detect them. In the onset all that is observable is a certain marked stupidity or obstinacy in the animal ; a state of languor and ^apparent geniiral debilitv ; an evident thickening of tile skin ; a slight .adhesion of the bristles ; a tendency in the hair to fall off, caused by th*' development of a greater or less quantity of those vesicles of which wo have spoken, as being scattei^ in diAdLit pitrta of the fatty tissanither ott ita surface or in the ilteratioes of tH^MpIea ; under the coats oAhe viscera, or on the sides of the tongue. ^^k In its successive progress this disease, attacks the animal economy m not, however, ap|)ear to be genenJIy and /. ^J,:;-^,P.-'^^\J^ DI8EASBB OF SWINE. 465 seriooaly ill. Far from losing his appetite, he is occasionally extremely vora- cious. He does not appear to sufier in the lungs ; his breath is not embar- rassed, nor is his voice hoarser than usual. Such is at least, what may be observed to take place when the leprous vesicles are not numeroua It is when they increase in quantity, and the dwease increases, that they begin to affect the health of the patient. He then bfecomes indifferent to every thing ; moves about slowly ; totters as he walks j his eyes are dull ; ^e biiccal membrane is pale, and sometimes strewed with violet spots. The expired air is fetid, the breathing slow ; the pulse small and irregular, the bristles easily plucked, and sometimes a little blood accom- panies them. Strength begins to abandon the patient ; he can no longer sus- tain >himself on his hind legs ; the posterior part of the trunk becomes paralyzed, the body exhales an unpleasant smell ; the skin is thicker, and the cellular tissue is raised in different parts, especially about the kernels of the neck. There is swelling about the roots of the hair, which often proceeds to ulceration ; the skin comes off in patches ; large tumors are developed ; the teeth are ground convulsively together ; the tongue is dark coloured, hot, thickened, and covered with slime ; the body swells ; the animal utters feeble cries of pain, and seldom survives many hours. , This is a very obstinate disease, probably from its ^ving usuJ^lly taken so great a hold of the system before it is suspected, af d numerous have been the medicaments recommended for it. Antimony, sulf hur, small and repeated doses of Epsom salts, and general bleedings, seem to1)e the course of treat- ment most likely to be attended with success ; and these most be aided by strict attention to diet and cleanliness ; cooling, whplipome food alone should be gifen, and wjkter, in which barleymeal has been d^olved. Nothing of a rich or heating nature shbuld be allo|tired .to comie withib reach t?f the animal.. As external applications, meudm-ial ointment may be moderately applied to the ulcerated parts, or the commo^ mange ointment composed of sulphur and antimony. ^ In all probability the reason why this and many other diseases of swine iave hitherto been regarded as incurable, is that men of science, edu(»ted veterinarians, have as yet given but little of their attention to these useful animals, and deemed the study of their diseases, and of the means of treating them, beneath their notice. Nor is the owner without his share of blame, fqr ' ' he too often either abandons the poor brute to its fate, or calls in the aid of the pig-butoher or some ignorant empiric. ^ There have been numerous opinions advanced relati^ to the predisposing causes of leprosy; aome authors attribute it to exposdre to the inclemency of the weather, insufficient food, and damp marihy localities; and 'urge in sup- port of their opinion that the disease w|w much more prevalent and fatal when awine were turned into the woods and forests during certain periods of Si .» ,./i1;...„ .■ ,,.;/. ,*^ *•'. ,./H- '>.■.*'#■' , U, lii »• . ■ 456 U18KASE3 OF 8WIN K»/ the year to seek their own food than it is now when they are comfortably lodged, and more care devoted to their feeding. Others have attributed it to some pernicious qualities in the water which the animals drink, or in the food which is given to them ; and with both these parties we are inclined to agree, and to attribute this disease in a great measure to vitiation of the blood. The wild l^ar appears to be eicempt from it ; nor is leprosy known in ' America, Russia, or Spain, if we may believe the testimony of various authors and travellers. - Some have assorted it to be hereditary; bt(t there are -numerous facts on record in which some of the progeny of a perfectly healthy boar and «ow have proved leprous, while a diseased sow haa"^ produced sound and healthy young. Another question has likewise been much discussed, namely, the pro- priety or safety of eating the flesh of pigs that have died of this > disease. These animals, however good condition they may appear to be in, are rather " bloated than fat ; the flesh is ^ffc and flabby, and tasteless, and will not keep ; the bacon pale in colour and wanting consistency. Soup made with such flesh is white, greasy, and insipid, and has been known to produce vomitiij^ and diarrhoea. ,VVe are not aware th%|^ there are any records of disease or other evil resultina from the eating of the flesh of leprous pigs ; nevertheless it stands to reason that it cannot 1;>e "wholesome, and should not be made use of, for although no immediate illefiects may follow the eating of it, we cannot tell what insidious evils such vLtiate(i and diseased food may engender in the - human frame. " ^J> . ' Mailge. — ^This cutsneouEf "^affectipn^ #jiich was formerly attributed*to want of cleanliness, or to some'pfnuliar state of the blood, is now generally admitted to arise from the presence of certain minute insects termed acari. It is identical with the scab in sheep, dtid the itch in the h^map being, which also were supposed to arise from corruption of the blood or acrid humour sub- • . sisting in it, or from filthiness, but which arise frdm this scabious insect. As far back as the twelfth century these acari scabiei were 'described by an ' Arabian physician ; subsequently they were noticed and described hy- several , German and Italian writers, and in 1812 and 1814 Herr Walz, a Oerman veterinarian, and , M. Oohier, an eminent French veterinary surgeon, found -^ . • these iufrects in, and gave drawings of, and described those ^nliar to, almost ~' all our dpmesticated atairaals. , , There is a very interesting translation from a pamphlet by Dr. Hertwig, ' given in the V^eriimrian for 1838, -iii' which' a detail , ' The hog does not appear to Bufferso mucb> frotb man|^ V BO^flkas the^ , ' ^ horse, sheep, and dog ; in swine the pu'stules ire trsually chiefly deviploped' >•'. .' -i" *,«•! .r^ M^>tfi';^'Vii'iiUTiymTyii^dffM/i\''WMi'fi'i^y^^ r.-',iini'i!^-''hii' \. ■l'.^'' ■■<'^' "* "T J. Ml " V ]•■ • • DISEASES OF SWINE. 457 #► ,v. under the amigits luid on tliu intcirior of the thighs. They at first couaist simplj of red spot^ vesicles, or''pimple8; but these gradually become con- nected together by minute burrows or furrows existing beneath the skin, and eventually unite in the form of large scabs, which the animal, irritated by the itchidg, rubs into large blotchy sores. Where the mange is recent a tolerably strong decoction of tobacco or digitalis will often prove an efficacious wash for the diseased parts, or a solu- tion of corrosive sublimate ; but if the eruption is of long standingf and has degenerated into scabs, a solution of arsenic in the proportioij^ one ounce .to a gallon of water, or, what is still better, sulphur and mercuml ointment in the proportion of an ounce of the toro^ to a dram of the latter,-" carefully and thoroughly rubbed into the skin, must be resorted to. A decoction of soot has also been recently disc6vered by an eminent French physician to be oj^ceedingly efficacious in cases of cutaneous disorders. Two fiandfuls of soot are boiled during half an ho^ur in a pint 6t water, the fluid, is then stralhed off, and the lotion, when cold, used two or three times fe the dajr. Creosote has also been used with success in the treatment of cutarieous eruptions. If th6 animal is in high condition, blood should be taken, ai^d 'two or thi-eo doses . of cooling physic given, or sulphur mingled with the food. Strict attention must be paid to cleanliness, and the animal* kept apart f Kom the rest of the herd. Mange is both hereditary and infectious. There are iMimerous instances of its having been communicated from one animal to afijl^icr of, a ditfurent species, and even to the human being. ^ „ In Austria, if mange appears in the hog within eight days after thesale, it is presumed to b^ve existed at the time of the said sale, and the" animal is returnable jbo tbe^Vend^; and wUbn it can be proved that he was aware of- the unsoundness, he not only has to return the purcbase-money, but also to indemnify the purchaser for hny loss or' inconvenience be may have sustained, besides paying a one-tenth of the value of the animal. . * That the &ctual disease, namely, the scab and the4rritatioq„ arises ' front iiib presence and |>roceedingS of the acari, there can be no shadow of doubt ; but th^ question is, ter..^B..mentBdeVhoC "Castration by simple division of the ^plrnKtic conl_If the pi,, is not mo.% than six weeks old, an incision is made at the bottom of the Ltum the testicle ppiAed out, and the oorc^cut ^thout any precautionary means w^^^^^ ^0^. But when the animal « older, there is reason to fear that hemorrhage /^a greater or less extent will supervene ; consequently it will be advS ^ to pass a ligature round the cord a little above tly, spot where the division is Ml tended to take place. «"uu lo ^ c DI8EAHK8 OF SWIXK. 461 "Castration by tearing the cord— Swine are thus operated on by some cutters : — An assistant holds the pig, pressing the back of the anitaal against . his chest and belly, keeping the head elevated, and grasping all tHte four legs togfether; or, which is the preferable way, one assistant holds the animal agiinst his chest, while another kneels down and secures the four legs. Th6 operator then grasps the scrotum with his left hand, makes one horizontaly incision across the base of it, opening both divisions of the bag at the samwfciiii^ Then laying down his knife, he presses the testicles out with his finger and thumb, grasps them between his teeth and tears them out. He then closds the wound by pi;o88ing the edges gently together with his fingers ; the tearing prevents all hemorrhage, and the wound speedily heals. This mode of operti- tion is sometimes performed on animals two or three years old. Some breal^ the spermatic cord without jtearing it : .tjiey^ twist it, and then pull it gentl^v and firmly until it gives way. " Castration by sawing or scraping.'^ — H!e)^e a portion of the base of the scrotum is cut off, the testicles forced out, and the cord sawn through by a somewhat serrated but blunt instrument. The hemorrhage, if any there be, is arrested by introducing ashes into the wound. The animal is then dis- missed, and nothing further done with him. Fromage de Feagre has castrated — many piga of three or four months old by dividing tfilmermatic cord in this way. This mode of operatmg, however, should onr^nM practised on very young animals. ,' ., " CMtration by lijgatnre. — Here 'a waxed cord" is passed as tightly as possible round the scrotum above the epididymis, wljich completely stops the circulation, and in a few days the scrotum and testicles will drop off. This mode of operating should never be performed on pigs^nore than six weeks /"old, and the spermatic cord should always be firpt of '^1 uncovered. *! We cannot approve of the tearing and gnawing^the ■ testicles with the" teeth ; it is a disgusting practice, and inflicts unneoes^ry pain on the patient ; the use of a blunt knife is far preferable, as this lacerates the part equally as much without so bruising it and rendering it p&inful ; and it is the laceration only we require, in order to prevent the subsequentr^^lorrhage whi^ would ^nr if the cord were simply severed with a sharp instrqment. The castration by ligature requires great nicety and skill, otherwise acci- dents will occur, and considerable pain and inflammation be caused. Too thick a cord, a knot not tied sufScieatly tight, or a port|ciQ of the testicle - : included in the ligature, will ^veht the success of the o|>ei'alion: ** The niost fatal consequei]^ Bi '^'^^'''^''i'^^^Aj^ViBt induced by the shobk communicated to the nervous system by theloMflKof the ^{Mfration. In ppaying the aow the animal is l'"(l^B|4t<> ^ft iide And firmly held Vy 01^6 o' ^^o assistants; an incision ^n^^^niade into the flank, t|ie fore-finger of the right hand introduced inti4t>i ^^ gently turned about /■' ^-. -xir- .*,;, ,' S.'' - t^,/:' ">.■ 462 DISEASES OF SWINE. until it encounters and hooks hold of the right ovary, which it draws through the opening ; a ligature is then passed round this one, and the left ovary felt for in like manner. The operator then severs off these two ovaries, either by cutting or tearing, and returns the womb and its appurtenancos to their proper position. This being done, he closes up the womb with two 6r three stitches, sometimes rubs a little oil over it, and releases his patient, and all generally goes on well ; for the healing power of the pig is very great, as the following facts will testify : Mr. Thompson, veterinary surgeon at Beith, N. B., was castrating a pig, and while cutting through the peritoneum, one of the assistants lost his hold, and the animal sprang up. The scalpel was plunged deep into the belly entered one of the convolutions of the ileum, and divided one of the guts almost through, besides making a wound in the mesentery. Mr. Thomson sewed up the place, and si of seeinj little ap Th with oil |tery with a fine needle and thread, and restored it to its side with firm stitches — not, however, with much hope -recover. But, to his surprise, two days afterwards ie matter, and in a short time the »&^imal was well, lent ia very simple. The animals should be well littered styes weather-tight aud thoroughly ventilated ; their diet sh(iuld be attended to ; sour milk or whey, with barleymeal, is an excellent thing to give at these times ; it is well to confine them for a few days, as they should be prevented from getting into cold water or mud until the wound is perfectly healed, and also from creeping through hedges or fences. The best age for spaying a sow is about six weeks ; indeed, as a general axiom, the younger the animal is castrated the better it gets over the opera- tion, which is seldom attended by fatal results. Some persons, however, have two or three litters from their sows before they operate upon them ; where this is the ct^e, the consequences are more to be feared as the parts have become more susceptible, and are consequently more liable to take inflammation. Lisle says : — " Where this is done, it is best to spay a sow two or three days before her litter of pigs are weaned, because then if harm follows the operation, the young ones will draw off the venom." Catching and holding the pig. — Swine are very difficult animals to obtain any mastery over, or to operate on or examine. Seldom tame or easily handled, they are at such periods most unmanageable, kicking, screaming and even bitidg fiercely. Hurtrbl D'Arboval recommends the following means of getting hold of them : — " Fasten a double cord to the end of a stick, and beneath the stick let there be a running noose in this cord ; tie a piece of bread to the cord and present it to the animal, and when he opiens his mouth to seize the bait catch the upper jaw in the noose, run it tight and the animal is fast." A Another means is to catch one foot in a running noose suspended from, ^ \\ ' DiHEASKa or gwiNjs;. 463 some place, qo aa.to draw the imprisoned foot off the ground ; or to envelop the head of the animal in a cloth or Back. .^ But, 80 far aa it can be, all coercion should be avoidflHbr the pig is natur- ally so averse to being handled that in his ftruggles he ^l^ften do himself far more mischief than the disease we seek to investigate or remedy would effect. Drenchinff. — Here again the observaCions with which we closed the preceding paragraph are applicable, for there are more instances than one on record in which the pig has, in his struggles, ruptured some vessel and died on the spot, or so injured him.wlf as to bring on inflammation and subsequent deatL Whenever it is possible, the medicine should be mingled with a por- tion of food, and the animal thus cheated or coaxed into taking it. Where this cannot bo done, the following is the best method : — Let a man get the head of the animal firmly between his knees, without, however, pinching it, while another secures the hinder parts. Then let the first take hold of the pig's head from below, raise it a little, and incline it slightly towards the right, at the same time separating the lips on the left side so as to form a hole into which the fluid may be gradually poured, not more being introduced into the mouth at a time than can be swallowed at once Should the beast snort or choke, the head must be released for a few moments, or he will be in danger of bein;; strangled. Hinging. — The operation of ringing is performed in order to counteract the propensity ^wine have to dig and furrow up the earth. The ring is passed through what appears to be a prolongation of the septum between the supplemental, or snout, bone and the proper nasal. The animal is thus unable to obtain sufficient purchase to use his snout with any effect without causing the ring to press so pain^lly upon the part that he is speedily compelled to desist. But the ring is apt to break, or it wear8 out in process of time and lias to be replaced. The operation is most painful, and the shrill squeaks of the animal undergoing it cause it to be a perfect nuisance to the neighbourhood, John Lawrence gives the following directions concerning this operation : " The snouts of pigs shotild be perforated at weaning-time, after they shall have recovered from castration ; and it will be necessary to renew the opera, tion as they become of large growth. It is too generally neglected at first ; but no pigs, young or old, should be suffered to roam at large unrung. It shoul^d be ascertained that the sow's rings are sufficiently strong previously to her taking the hog, on account of the risk of abortion from the operation be- ing renewed while she is in pig. Care must be taken by the operator that he go not too close to the bone, and that the ring turns easily." The far better mode of proceeding is when the pig is young, to cut through the cartilaginous and ligamentous prolongations by which the supplementary bone is united to the proper nasala The divided edges of the caictilage will never unite again, and the snout always remains powerless. r I' ' i I !■ A f « < *> I * \ • ft ^ *■ ■■ Jt ^ - '*■* ' a^- » - ' . • » • t :■:! : :'-^.,..^..'''g-/ % >. r^' •' ' . » > /^ i -^-'^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) *« // ^-^ // ..V rA ^ r.o I.I 1^12,8 12.5 £ lis |20 IL25 lllll 1.4 6" u& 1.6 HiolDgraphic _Sdeoces' Ccsporation 23 WIST MAIN STMIT VntSTMrN.Y. 145M (716) t7a-4S09 '^ t* u.> . .■>^^iabil3LM^^ • >< >^ *^ >ju«ii^l .J lk'Stf£l./ ^■' ! £?=* s 5 B 4 • s i ^ a £1 01 *:• ■ • ■''f^^ i^ssm^ *T^v»"-;-^< ^^ ^5^ ': ^B^ " i 1 " ■' ' ■•' ■■ wm □ ;.-%%Vv g S 4| « ^^---^^^ Poland-China Sow, FH The property of MeuriL J. W > J ■- ?*ifcHl Si - 1 ' a i^ * . - r> ► ;< <^ I jl ■4 u. 9 » Tl h 3 1 ■1 I 0. ^ « JS H -^X "•An,v,»'^^1 '^ii^'ik^ "*^J, Horse and Cattle Medicines. Acids.— Theie are derive-^- from the mineral, vegetable and animal kingdoms, and are of a sour taste— he ice the name acid. Sqme acids are solid, others fluid, and all are easily dissolved in water. Acids are mostly poisonous, except when highly diluted, or mixed with wat«r. Acetic Acid.— This acid is eight times stronger than ordfnaiy vinegar. Use.— Sometimes used in sprains, and for the destruction of the poison of insects, by adding one ounce of camphdr to four ounces of the acid. Pyrolionkous ActD— This is gotten by the distillation of wood, and sometimes sold in a dUUted form as white vinegar. It is used with salt by horsemen for sore backs and shoulders. Muriatic Acid.— I'his is commonly called the spirit of salt, Use.— A good tonic [n debilitating diseases in horses and cattle, and can be advantageously employed in pleuro-pneumonia in cattle, for it relieves tlfe quick breathing, and keeps up the strength. Dose.— Forty to sixty flrops given largely diluted, or mixed with cold water, and repeated three or four times in the day. Externally.— It is used for soy/ia the feet of horses, by pouring a fbw drops in the nail-hole or sore. TaiTdrops poured into the fistulous openings of jjoll-evil, orquittor in the foi^daily, ^metimes cures the disease. Nitric Acid, or Aqda ^rtis.— This, given properly, and largely di- luted, is an excellent tonic, andW used for the same purpose, and in the same doses as the preceding. Sulphuric Acid.— Possibly ^his acid is preferable to any other of the aoids for internal use, in Weakness 4nd debility. It is given in from forty to sixty drop doses, also largely dilute with water. Horses and cattl« wjjl MsnaUy 4riak water^when »cid i»in it\ In aHkinds rf kv^r.^ ■"'j^Bfic acid "^t It ■» 470 HORaE AND CATTLK MEDICINES. ia an excellent medicine to give. In mixing it, the acid ia to be added to the water, not the water to the acid. Pbusic Acid. — A highly dangerous poison. Uses. — Qiven in looked-jaw in the horse with considerable success. Aconite. — Aconitum Napdlxu — Wolfsbane — Monkshood. An active poison, and one of the garden plants of ^ts of Europe. .The tincture is that portion which is used in the diseases of horses and cattle. Tincture op Aconite Root. — One of the most powerful, certain and successful sedatives which can b<> used. It has done away with bleeding, blistering and physicking, which were formerly thought proper agents where- with to combat and cure disease. Nothing controls the circulation and action of the heart so promptly as aconite, ^he nervous centres of the body are no less ready lo obey its. action. Hence, its value in allaying fever, irritation excitement and pain, from whatever cause. How to use it. — Aconite should never be carried too far, or prostration and weakness will follow. Never give more than eight doses, when twenty drops are the dose, or more than six doses when twenty-five drops are the dose. In pleuro-pneumonia and other diseases, iron and the mineral acids should follow aconite. ^ Alcohol.— Spirits of wine entirely free from water, and is used for making tinctures of the various plants. It is the foundation of many lotions and liniments. Alcohol may be given to horses having a chill, in half-pint doses, mixed with a little warm water, not too hot. Aloes. — ^This is the expressed juice of se^^oral plants of the same name. Aloes are of several varieties : Barbadoes, Sacotorine, Cape, and Hepatic all of which differ in color, and some of them in strength. Barbadoes and the Socotorine are the varieties kept in the drug stores. Use. — Aloes is used aa a purgative, or cathartic, for horses only. Cattle do not respond to aloes, nor is it a proper internal medicine for those animals. Doae. — From six to eight drachms, made into a bolus, or ball, with two drachms of powdered ginger, and molasses, to cause them to stick together. Tincture of aloes is sin excellent application to a healthy sore. In the form of a compound tincture, which is composed of aloes and myrrh, it is preferred, by some persons, to the simple tincture. \ alumina ^am.— A compound salt, containing sulphuric acid, potash, and lina. Use.— It ia appliel to sorea, to arreat bleeding, and, in the form of H0B8K AND CATTLE MEDICINES. 471 r ^ burnt alum, is used to touch indolent sore* which are not diipofl«d to heal quickly. * Ammoilia. — Liquid ammonia is commonly called spirits of hartshorn. Use. — A diffusable stimulent, and is given in cases of flatulent coli'c,\ Formerly it was in much repute among farriers, mixed with oil.ls a liniment, but it is not now considered of much value, and is apt; to blom%. ! Dose. — Two drachms to half an ounce, as an antinspasmodic, in flatulent oolio. Carbokate of Ammonia. — A highly valuable medicine, when given in weakness, debility, and prostration from influenza, lung fever, bronchitis, etc. Dose. — From two drachms to half an ounce, which may be repeated three times in the day, and should be given, mixed in cold gruel, so that the latent, or hidden heat, will not be developed, as it would be if given in anything warm, thereby scalding the throat while drenching. Mdbiatb op Ammonia. — This possesses the same properties as the above, but is not so strong. \ Acetate of Ammonia. — Is made extemporaneously, by dissolving the carbonate in strong acetic acid, till effervescence ceases ; then, adding water to it, till' it is of the strength of ordinary vinegar. Use.— An excellent form of ammonia when given in weakness and debility. Indeed, ammonia, and its several preparations, need only to be used, to convince of their utility in supporting the vital powerd, and thereby curing disease. Anaesthetics. — Medicines which induce insensibility. Aniseed. — A warm carminative, and used in /conjunction with feuugreekr and cardamoms, in weed, and fevers in milch cows, and for indigestion and loss of appetite in horses. Dose. — For horses and cows : one to two ounces, given three times in the day. Anodynes. — These are medicines which allay pain. (See Aconite, Opium, Morphia, Chloroform, and Ether.) Antimony. — A metal. Many preparations of antimony are kept in the drug stores. Ter Ohloridb of Antimony. — ^This is a useful medicine for the diseases of the feet of horses, cattle, and sheep ; it owes its properties to hydrochloric acid. It is commonly called, by old farriers, buttyre of antimony. In foul claw, in cattle, and sores in the feet of horses, a piece of cotton should be moistened with it, and laid upon the sore. 472 B0R8B AND CATTLE MRDICINB8. Alltlseptlc«^Medicinefl which arrest decay and putrefaction. AlltlS|>asinoaiC8.-Medici&e8 capable of relieving gpasms, aa in colic Areca JTot, — An effective cure for tape-worm in the dog. Dose.— About two grains of the nut, to every pound of the animal's weight, and given in the form of a pill, or suspended in milk. Arnica Montana— Leopard's bane. TiNcruRB OF Arnica.— A valuable remedy for sprains and bruises A totionu. m«le as follows: Tincture of arnica, one ounce; water, two ounces Cloths, kept wet with it, should be laid on the part which is sore. Arsenica' — A well-known poison. Dose.— When given once a day, five grains will be a safe dose, for an ordinary sized horse. If given twice a day, two and a half grains will be enough. Arsenic should be given mixed in feed, in large bulk, such as cut feed^so as to protect the stomach as much as possible, whUst at the same time reaping its advantages. Tbese doses should be continued at least for two weeks, stop- ping at that time for one week, and commencing again as before. This will insure safety, with the benefits of the arsenic, and an improved condition in both wind and body. In Switzerland, and others parts of the world, arsenic is relied upon for the cure of heaves in the horse. Fowler's SoluiIon op Arskhic— Made as ordered by the colleges, con tains four grains of arsenic, to the ounce of the solution, or fluid. Asafcetida —This is a gum-resin, having a smell like onions. Asafoe- tida is a stimulant and vermifuge, and Isgiven to horses for loss of appetite, and to produce a fine silken coat upon them. It is given to dogs, to expel worms. Dose, for the horse and thd cow, two drachms, and for dogs, ten or twenty grains. Tincture.— Where the stimulant effact is wanted, the tincture is a good form, and is given in about the same doses as the gum, for all animals. Asarabacca.— This is used in horses where matter is lodged in the' nares of the nose, and it is desirable that it should be brought down • and also in sheep and calves, with /aUrta bronchi, or worms in "the air passages For horses, blow a drachm up each nostril, out of a cone of paper, taking care that the person does not inhale it himself. For a flock of sheep, or a num- ber of calves, confine them in a close shed, with sufficient air, and throw a considerable quantity among them, so the animals will inhale it Sneezing and snorting take place, followed by mucous, and smUl worms from the nose. This action is called errhini. aOBSB AND CATTLE MKUICINK8. *73 Astringento. — Medidnes which an oupable of drying up diaoharges, whether from the bowek, or from a sore. The .prinoipal medioines of thia olau are opium, tannin, alumn oak-bark and chalk. Atropine. — The active principle of BelladonnS. Belladonna- — Atropia Belladonna. « BellEidonna is used in veterinary practice for the same purpose as opium, > but is to be preferred to opium on account of its having no binding effect on'* the tiowels. The extract is the preparation used, and is prescribed in all animals,forcolic,rheumatism,coughs,8ore throat,bronchiti8, influenza aAdlocked- jaw. Doses, half a drachm to forty or fifty grains, dissolved in half an ounces of the sweet spirits of nitre, and repeated three times a day, in the diseases above mentioned. In diseases of the eye, it is considered valuable, as it has^ the power of contracting the iris of the eye, thus causing enlargement of the , pupil, and breaking up adhesions between the iris and the lens. It also far cilitates operations on the eye. Benzoin. — A gum-resin, the^ tincture of which is known as old Friars Balsam, and is an excellent applicatioi\ for sores, and unhealthy ulcers. <» Benzole. — This is a watery carbon, and is obtained from coal tar. It is used to destroy lice, and other insects in the skin of all our domestic animals. Bismuth, Subnitrate of. Use.— For dogs when affected with rnmitinj^tftl purging. Dose.-;— Five to fifteen grains, given on sugar^ J^ay be repealed. Bole Armenia- — Formerly in gte&t repute among old horse doctors, for many diseases of all the animals, and it entered into almost every mix- ture. It is not now considered of much value. Borax- — Or Biborate of Soda. A good application for ringworm, for which purpose dissolve half an ounce of toorax in eight ounces of water. Bromide of Potassium. « Use. — For arresting the growth of fibrous tumors so often met with ^ all animals. \ ■'" Doses — For horses and cattle, from one to three drachms ; and for dogs, five to ten grains, repeated three' times in the day, for a considerable period. Buckthorn. — A sympla^made of the berries, and kept in the drug ■tores, and is recommended as a mild pur^a^ve in dogs having distemper. ^> Calw WtP*^- — An impnrw carbonate of zinc, Oxide ot gino ahn uld be ♦ n J .A -utSJ^^.^^^ ^'.*- 474 HORSK AMD GATFLS MKDIOINKS. Maed »r substituted for it Used in the healing of wound8,^1x>th in^powder and ointment. . »^ Calcinm, or Unlckllme. * Use.— Lime is used in indigestion and acidity in all animals ; in tym- paptiS in the horse, iH hoven in cattle, and in the form'Sf lime-water. Mi^ei with hnseedoUin equal quantities, it makes the celebrated Carron oil, so ca^ from itjs constant use among the men employed in the Carron Iron Works, whpn any of them get burnt. Lime-water and calomel make the yellow wash, and corrosive sublimate and lime-water make the black wash ' . so highly recommended in unhealthy, and in ill conditioned ulcers and sores! It is used as a disinfectant in stables and bams. _ Dose.— QuickUme i8 given to horses and Cattle, in from one to >wo drachms. Lime-water is given in five ounce doses to horses ind cattle. For calves with diarrhoea, two ounces of lime water, a drachm of powdered 'gen- tuui root, and from three to five drops of the tincture of aconite root, given three tii^s a day, is an excellent remedy. Calomel.— Chloride of Mercury. Calomel should be rarely used in horse and cattle practice,' from the fact that animals are not so subject to scrofulous diseases and Uver complaint? <» man is, and these are the diseases chiefly calling for calomel, we can in vel emary practice do without it, so far as internal use is concerned. For ex- ternal appUcatidn, , in the form of the black and y«ifoip.wash, it is valuable Calomel sprinkled on unhealthy ulcers and sores is valuable, quickl^ changing their appearance. Calomel is sometimes used in thnish of the foot of the horse, inserted into the cleft of the frog. In cattle .with foul claw, and in sheep with sore feet, it can be used to great advantage. A dog can take as much aloes as will kill a man, but a man can. take as much calomel aa wUl kill several dogs. . , '*' ■ , ' Camphor.— Use.— Camphor is a slight stimulant, foUowed by calma- tive efiect. Hence, it is recommended in cases of irritation, and nervous ex- citement, and enters into all mixtures used in caaea of chronic cod^h. Three to five grains of camphor, and extract of belladonna «ve grains, rubbed down in a little whiskey or Wcbh^l, and mixed in three ounces of water, is an ex- cellent remedy in allaying irritation in dogs^having distemper. An excellent remedy can be made, with cugphor, one ounce; acetic acid. No. 8, four ounces. To allay irritation in a ^re, camphor and sweet qH it is a good Ippli- cation. ' ^ '» ■ ' . Doses.— Camphor is given to horses and cattle, in from two to ♦four draehms, repeating the dose three or four tynes a day. <^ ^1 ^ ' -;■■ f { J \ ' > --« ^ HOIM^ AMD CATTLE MKDICINUr. 475 \ ' v^ \ Cantharides.— (See Spanish Fly.) ' ^ Capeicam.— y merely washing or moistening those parts of th6 legs and bodies of horses, cattle, and sheep, chosen by the bot, horse or other flies to deposit their eggs, their htttching or ,' even deposit may be prevented. ^ . As a disinfectant in-stablea or building affected wit^ievers and all kinds of distempers it was found extremel;^ serviceable, in £aglan«^ in checking the ravages of the rinderpest, by washing the floors- and stalls ; and in adding a tablespoonful oftEe salution of the acid to a buckelAil of water, in white- washing the walls and ceilings. o ^ External Use. — Ffer sores and wounds, when unhealthy, a good application, may be made by adding one drachm of* the acid to one pint of water. This will destroy all putrefaction, and. induce the wound to take on a healthy " action. €ardamoillS.<^The seeds of a plant , Use. — Given to milch cows in case of loss of appetite and fevers. (Generally it is united with fenugreek ginger, or gentian root, mixed in warm ale or molasses water. This mixture will cure ephemeral or fevers of a day's duration, when other medicines have failed. > -> ■ Dose. — One or two ounces. ,_ , Caraway. — The seeds of a garden plant,' and used for the .same purposes as the preceding. Carbonate of Idme.— A chalk whi^ is sold in the drag 4tot«s under thS'name of creta preparata, or prepared chalk. ' Doses. — For hones and, cattle, one to two ounc(>s is the dose. For calves, ti^o to three ^roohms, given in wheat-flour gruel, with a drachm of ginger. Or caraway seed, for curing diarrhoea. ~ '^'^ CascarlUa* — ^The bark of a tree. ■ Use. — A bitter tonic, and resembles tpi some particulars that of quinine. i -r^otrh aa ea ^ -eikiiiaf^oaa^at^ira ounces^ mixed in g r uel. ~ — —■~ — — > ■ u/ ^^%^^' JttJtfl-^ ^ -. ..4 47G HORSE AND CATTLE MEDICINES. #.. Castor Oil* — The expressed oil of Uie saeds of Ricinua Communis. Usa — However, usefal cutor oil may be as a purgative in the human family, it is certainly a dangerous poison when 'given in sufficient quantities to induce purging, in either the hone, cow, or sheep. It produces irritation and inflamation of the coats of the bawels, without relief from jiurging. For the dog, castor oil may be a proper and useful purgative ; and for the pig, also. Aloes and linseed oil is the purgative for the hocae ; epsom, or glauber, salts for the ox, and the sheep. Whatever suits man, as a purge will answer for the dog and pig. Cassia. — False Cinnamon. Much cheaper than cinnamon, and may be given to horses and cattle, in powder, mixed in gruel, for loss of appetite. Dose. — One to two ounces, for horses or cattle. Jij Catecho* — An extract from a species of acacia. Use. — An astringent, binding the bowels ia diarrhoea, and is used in combination with chalk and opium. Dose. — For horses and cattle, two to five drachms. For sheep and swine, one to three drachms. For the dog, ten to twenty grains. For superpurgation in horses, and cows, the favorite combination is as follows : Catechu, two to fiv9 drachms ; prepared j>halk, one to two ounces ; powdered opium, ten to thirty grains ; mix, and drench with wheat-flour gruel. Chalk. — (See Carbonate of Lime.) Chamomile. — The flowers of anthemiB nobU». Use. — A very mild tonic, possibly too much so for the horse or cow. There are better ones, although, perhaps, not so well known. CharcoaL — Occasionally given to oows, in chronic diarrhoea. Dose. — Half an ounce to one ounce, given suspended in gruel, of any kind. ExternhUy, charcoal is very valuable, when applied to badly smelling wounds and ulcers. It immediately oorrects the foetor, and rapidly disposes theljp to heal. Charcoal and brewers' yeast are good cleansers of putrid sores . and ulcers, and are worthy of more extensive use. Chenopodlndl Alltlfelmilltleam. — Wormseed. An excellent remwily for wonna in dogs. Drop irom two to five drops of the oil in a little soup, or give tram t«n to twenty grains of the braised feed, for four successive nights, and thta follow wiih a dose of castor oil. Chlorine Gas. — Chlorine gas is prepared by pouring hydrpohloric acid on the black oxide of manganese, also by heating sulphuric, acid with common salt uid the mwDganeii^ " ~~ ' "7" 7~ '' -■"■•*;""'" '■'«?- T?M HORSE Aim CATTLE MEDICINES. 477 Use. — ^This gas ia a disiofectant, and for this purpose it is made'aad used as follows : Take an ounce '^r so (depending upon the size of the place to Iw disinfected) of black oxide of manganese, and hydrochloric acid of sufficient c^nantitv, carry them to the place where they are to be used, pour the one into the other, and close the doors, having first removed all the animals out of the place. A spirit lamp, placed under the bottom of the vessel holding the materials, wiH insure a greater volume of ga& (See Disinfectants.) Chloric Ether. — Ohloroform, dissolved in spiri^B wine. siqilar to chloride of soda, or Chloride of Potassium.— Is common salt. / Chloride of Lime. Use. — Aa a disinfectant, from its antiseptic and deodorizing effects, and is an excellent stimulant to unhealthy ulcers. Chloride of lime has been highly recommended in tympanitis in the horse, and hoven in cattle, arising from eating wet clover. Dose. — From two to four drachms, given mixed with cold water. As a disinfectant it may be. sprinkled on the stable or barn floor every morning ; but a good way would be to suspend it in a box, having many holes in it, and hung from the roof of the house, or more boxes may be used. It the house be large, two Chloroform. — Terehloride of Formyle. Use. — Chloroform is iin excellent stimulant, when given to horses having a chill or shivering fit, from congestion or from cold, and is equal to turpentine for the cure of colic. An excellent liniment is made, by adding< one ounce of chloroform to two of olive oiL ■^' . Dose. — Ohloroform is given to the horse and cow, in doses from one to two drachms, mixed in weak whiskey, and repeated every two or three hours or till the colic is relieved. Inhalation. — The inhalation of chloroform, by either horse or ox, is attended with risk, provided the animal be not secured or tied, so that it cannot get loose ; because some horses and cattle become completely wild, ■ when the effects of the inhalation commence to act upon the brain. On the other hand, some horses will quietly stan4 up, others as quietly lay down under it. Two to four ounces are sufficient to produce anasthsaia, or loss of sensibility. The usual way of giving ohloroform, by inhalation, is by pouring about two ounces of chloroform on a soft and moist sponge, whilst the jnimal ill tied down, and holding th» sp on g to one nostril only, covering the DOM loosely, with * large towel, to save Uie fumes of the chloroform, using m H ♦7S HORSE AND CATTLE HEDICIKE8. great care not to exclude the admission of pure air with the fumes of the chloroform. In all operations lasting any length of time, whether in the horse or the cow, humanity and fine feeling demand the outlay of a little chloroform. Jt is not necessary to completely destroy all feeling— just sufficient to blunt the sensibility of the nerve centres. CholgaoegaeS-— Medicines which increase the %>w of bile. Examples : Calomel, podophyllin, irridin, leptandrin, eta Cinchona. — Peruvian, or Jeiuit Bark. There are several barks of cinchona, used in medicine, and from which the sulphate of quinine is made. Cinchona, or its barks, are not used in horse and cattle diseases. Quinine is the 'only preparation u^ed ; bat its high price is against its general use in veterinary practice. Among valuable horses, it is frequently used to hasten recovery from influenza, lung fever, etc. Dose.— Twenty to forty grains, repeated from three to four times a day. Quinine is apt to be adulterated, as proved to be the case with many samples that were tested. Cochineal. — An insect used as a dye for ooloring tinctures and other medicines for the purpose of deception. Druggists color water with it, for filling the show bottles usually found in their store windows. Cod Liver Oil. — In all aniipals, cod liver oil increases fat and flesh. In diseases afi'ecting digestion and assimilation ood liver oil can be of no use. It materially relieves broken wind or heaves in horses. For hastening, or forcing animals intended for show, ood liver oil is just what is wanted, as it not only hastens the fattening process, but increases the quality and appear- ance of the meat Doee. — For swine, ifjta ounces daily. For small pigs, one ounce. Coichlcnm. — Mtado^ Saffron. The seeds and root are the parts usually employed in medicine, sometimes in powder ; but the best is in the form of tincture. Use. — Given in all rhuematic affections of the joints, and in lumbago and also in diseases of the eye of the horse, depending on rhuematism of that organ. Doee. — Of the crom or seeds in powder for horses and cattle, the dose is from one to two drachms, given in the animal's feed twice in the day, for a week or two. The wine of colchicum will answer for the dog, in from five to fifteen dmp doses, twice a day in a little water. Collodion — This is a solution of gun-cotton. ,, — trHF-^<^nodloii imwd^AR' itiwilng wotiMi jmd cnli^ Intiead of stToSIi^; — ^Jb rt^^^J^ usiS'^ '«,*i^c«(fe«iai''',«ita.. ;.i'!^/s>ts&AJ& '■as,i')itaJ/^V,"t-',3k* 1 wiM&.'.SSifSSi ^i_\->.A . ^ ».M^jtuSi>£«U^U .v: ►• ^^ H0B8B AND <3ATTI.E MBDICmES. 479 piaster, and is applied in the following manner : Clip the hair from the edgen of the wound, take a camel's hair pencil, or a soft brush, and paint the sur. face and edges of the wound well, and in a few minutes, the ether, which holds the gun-cotton in solution, evaporates, leaving dyer the sore a complete covering, resembling the gold-beater's skin, thus completely shielding the Sore from the action of the air. Hence, its value. Copper^ Sulphate Ot—Blue Vitriol This is one of the most useful articles that can be used in horse and cattle diseases, both internally and ex- ternally. Internally used, sulphate of copper is a powerful tonic and builder up of the system. Farcy, glanders, purpura, etc., in the horse, have, in several cases, yielded to its effects. Sulphate of copper should never be given alone, but should be combined with gentian or ginger. After the fever has passed off in cases of pleuro-pnenmonia, the sulphate of copper is an excellent medi- cine to support the vital powers, and prevent eflusions in the chest, which is the cause of death, in most cases, from this disease. Dose. — In horses and cattle, one to three drachms are the proper doses, given twice in the day. The external use of the sulphate of copper is often called for as a caustic in wounds and sores growing proud flesh, which are readily controled by it, simply by touching the parts with a piece of the crystal in powder, or in so- lution. I For diseases of the eye, I think it has no superior. For this purpose, use three grains of the powdered sulphate to an ounce of rain water, and apply with a soft feather, or what is better, a camel's hair pencil. For wounds which have no proud flesh in them, eight or ten grains to the ounce of water is a good and cheap application. QppPBR, Acetate or. — This is used only for sores in the form of an ointment. Take of the acetate or virdigris one drachm, and add to it an ounc j of the simple ointment. Sores have been known to heal from its use, which have 1)id defiance to almost every other application. Coriander. — The Seeds. This is a nseful article, and may be consid- ered an excellent medicine for young calves having weak stomachs. The bruised seeds should be given, in two drachm doser, in the milk which is given to the calf. / Creosote. — ^This is a peculiar smelling fluid derived from tar. Creo- sote has had the credit of curing glanders in man, and is a good remedy in plenro-pneumonia in cattle, but we have better onoL and not so costly. Ppse. — For horses and cattle, use from onifsii^me and a half drachms, —mada into a mass, with flour and mol asses, and tmn i rhole .crumb led down jnto some gni^l. Make a drench, to be poured down the throat. ..* y.. 480 HOBSB AND OATTLK HBDI0INB8. As an external remedy, it is of great advantage in mange, sores, ulcers, canes of the bones, canker, thrush in the horse's feet, and the foot-rot so troublesome in sheep. Indeed, the more the virtues of creosote are known to farmers, raisers and breeders of stock, the more will it be valued and the greater will be the advantages derived from it. Croton Oil. — A dangerous medidne when improperly used, but a useful one nevertheless, when hasty action of the bowels is wanted, as in jnilk fever in cows. J » Dose.— For the cow ten to fifteen drops, given along with epsom or glauber salts. Digitalis.— Dijrtfaifti Purpura. The action of this powerful medicine has been much sought for as a sedative in lung diseases ; b;it since we have become acquainted with the superior quality of aconite, digitalis is not now nearly so much used. Doses — For horses and cattle, twenty grains of the powdered leaves. Disinfectants —We have, in two portions of this book, referred to the importance of a better acquaintance on the ppt of farmers and stock raisers with this subject. Volatile Disimfkctants may be divided as follows : 1. Chlorine. 2. Xitroiu acid/unut. 3. Sulpuhrom acid. These diffuse themselves through the air of stables and bsms, and neu- tralize the poisonous gases which are given off from the excrement of animals, whether in health or disease. .. , • Fixed Disinfectants.— These are such as can be mixtd with the emrgta and decaying matter, without destroying them for manure. 1. Perchloride of irotu 2. Permanganate of jwtaah. 3. Gypmn^— Sulphate of lime. This is not a great one, but it is useful. 4. Charcoal. This, in fine powder, should be thrown into damp stables and barn-yards, as it will not only remove unpleasant smells, but will make good manure. Refuse tai^ bark, and other vegetable substances, made into charcoal is cheap, and of great utility as a disinfectant, and adds to the quan- tity and value of the manure. Fixed, but Ntoxiocs DisiNrEOTAiiTs.— These are disiafeotants which, when mixed with manure, render it valueless as such. 1. Chloride of Zinc. (Burnet's Disinfectant Fluid.) •\ ' ■ V ■ ■=3^ HORSE AND CATTLK MEDICINKS. 481 \ 2. Nitrate of Lead. (Ledoyer's Disinfectant.) 1 3. Sulphate of Copper, and Zinc Solution. (Larnaudes.) lOhlorinated Soda Solution may be mixed with manure, without destroying its qualities as such. Chloride of Lime. Solid, or in powder, does not destroy the manuring qualities of yegetal and other materials usually converted into manure. l^luretiCS. — Medicines which, when given to animals, increase the flew ojf urine. They are used in cases of swellings and dropsies of the body and lejgs of horses. Biecampane. — inula Helemum The root of this plant is highly thought of, and much used, by horsemen, in coughs and colds. Some make a tea of it, or decoction, and give it to the horse to drink. It is certainly a warm And grateful aromatic, and a good expectorant. The plant should be gathered when ths seed is ripening. Blm Bark.— Slippery. This bar^, when scalded with hot water, makes a useful poultice for irritable wounds, ulcers and sores. A decoction of the bark will answer every purpose for which flaxseed or linseed is used, or recommended, as in diseases of the kidneys and bladder, produced by the use o£ Spanish fly, and from over-dosing with rosin, and other diuretics. In diarrhoea, in all animals, slippery elm tea, or decoction, will serve a good purpose, by sheathing the covering of the bowelt^ which is so apt to become irritated and inflamed in violent superpurgation. Emetics. — Medicines which produce vomiting. Horses cattle, and sheep cannot vomit, whilst the stonaach remains entire. In cases of rupture of that viscus, however, vomiting is occasionally seen. Emetics are useful in diseases of the dog and swine. Tartar emetic, or sulphate of zinc, given in from two to five grain doses, will cause dogs and swine to vomit Bpgom Salts. — Sulphate of Magnesia. This is a valuable medicine, in diseases or cattle and sheep. No other purgative should ever be thought of, or given to either cattle or sheep. Even supposing other purgatives to be as good, none, certainly, can h^ so cheap as epsom and glauber salts, or the sulphate of soda. For all purgative purposes, the one is as good as the other. Salts should be highly diluted with water ; for the quantity of fluid given with them facilitates their operation. In domestic practice, half an ounce of salts, in a tumbler full of water, will operate as strongly as one ounce in half the quantity of water. Doses. — For ordinary sized cows, one to two' pounds is the dose, mixed with three to four quarts of cold water ; one ounce of ginger in powder, and the whole sweetened with molasses, or coarse sugar. For average sized -calvest^two to feureuBoeayfarihgep, twtr^fonr^onnces.- A fe w dropi of — 'i?SH^jj^ **t'kii' . . tj^S^'A^i^ 4iK i. •. "u t^ 4ati. fi^^U^i^'TA'^lifi^,\f,J'^T.Lt.4\aM-'i ^ "^ .til^ tl^ iu ^ ,^ ^i . X *■.-'• ■K!f^ —Wi •''•^ #. **"«?' 7»*\^''„S^'. 482 H0B8R AND CATTLK MBblOIKIS. commercial sulphuric acid — say twenty to sixty drops, will greatly improve the nauseous taste. Ergot* — Diseased Rye. This is a oarionsy m well as a valuable medi- cine. Use. — In the calving, lambing, and foaling season, it is sometimes of great service, but should be carefully handled ; as, for instance, if given to any animal about toi deliver her young, and'whea the mouth of the womb containing the young is not sufficiently opened, the administration of this remedy would be attended with extreme danger, as the womb, by the power- ful contraction set up, caused' by the ergot to expel its contents, would likely be ruptured, or torn, followed by the death of th« animal. When the animal seems to have exhausted its strength, and the passage is open, and the young is coming in a natural way, then only should the ergot be given. If there ^ should be a malformation in the youQg, or, fn the pelvis of the mother, it would be equally unwise to give ergot. Doses. — For a mare, or cow, half to one ounoe of the powder is the dose. For sheep, swine, and l%rge sized bitches, one draohm is the dose. Small bitches, ten to thirty grains. Essential Oils-— Volatile Oils. (See Oils.) Ether. — Sulphuric Ether. This is a valuable article of the veterinary maUria medica, and is used in diseases of all animals. Use. — It is used as a stimulant, and is given in weakness, fevers, and in colic, as an antispasmodic. Ether is scarcely strong enough to produce snasthsesia in horses and cattle. Dose. — For horses and cattle, one to two oances is the dose as a. stimu- lant, and antispasmodic. Ether should be given in cold water, to prevent its volatilization on its exposure to the air. Twice its own volume oS. alcohol added to it makes the spirit of sulphuric ether. Baptaorfoiuni. — A resinous juice, expressed from a cactus-like vege- table which grows in Morocco. Use. — This is only used for external purposes, and is among the very few articles in veterinary medicines capable of blistering the thick skin (A I the ox. / •'■" - / Expectorants. — This is a class of aaefnl medicines, which cause ^ separation of the mucus from the throat, and air passages, thereby relieving; cough and other symptoms usually attendant upon throat diseases. FebrlftageS- — Medicines capable of relieving fever. / fe pn yeek.— The seeds of this annwal pl«nt^ ^°°°4 y^ ^^j'S V^ *^* 1 -.win*- - -t. JcS^ RORSB AND CATTLE MBDIOIKKS. 48S wiath of Europe, is a useful cattle medicine, given in one ounce doees, for I6s8 of appetite, ephemeral fevers, etc. It is usually, however, combined with ginger, gentian, and other medicines of that class. / / Fern.— The Male. Asphidium Felix Mat. I Use.— Given to animals affected with worms. A good remedy. / Doses.— For the horse, one pound of the root in powder is the dose. For sheep, three to five ounces. For the dog, with tape worm, it is invaluable, destroying the worm in two hours. A purgative should be given next day.' ■War's Bateani. — Thi*' the compound tincture of benzoin, and is ap.^ excellent article when applied to sores and wounds, as the fluid soon vrt^o^ Q rates, and leaves a resinous covering over the wound, thus shielding it from the action of the air. (See Benzoin.) Galbannm.— A dried juice, having medicinal properties similar to asafoetida. - ' , * Galla — Niit Galls. These are rough excrescences on oak trees result- ing from holes being made in the bark by an insect. Use.— A powerful astringent, binding the bowels of all animals affected with dysentery and diarrhoea. Also a good application to the greasy heels of horses. Doses. — For Vrses and cattle, powdered galls are given in from fonr to six drachms. For sheep and swine, thirty to sixty grains. When exter- nally applied the powdered nut may be sprinkled on the sore. • ,f Gallic Add.— (See Tannin.) GamtMge.— This is a gum resin from a tree growing in the Island of Ceylon. Use.— A useful purgative for cattle. (See Epsom Salts.) Doses.- For cattle, six to eight drachms is the dose. For sheep, thirty grains, given in solution, should be given with other medieines of the same class. Gentian Il00t.-^^'«ii>< .£i 4^ H0R8K AND CATTLK MBDICINBS. it throe timw in the day. For sheep, one draclun. For dogs, five to tea g»ins. For horses and cattle, it is best given mixed in gruel, and in a drench out of a strong necked bottle. Gentian root should enter into all condition powders. -.s ^* ^"8®^ °'"<*®'" * tincture to be made, but the powder is all that is wanted in ^e treatment of horse and cattle diseases. ^ Ginger— Zitiffiberis. A well known root, and a useful article to have in the house. Use.— Ginger is given in cases of gripes, or colic, whether in horses or cattle, and should enter every dos^f purgative medicine given to all the animals. Ginger is useful in loss oT appetite in horses, and in calves'is an excellent medicine to give with chalk, and other things, in scours, or diarrhoea. Doses.— For horses and cattle, one to two ounces is the dose ; for sheep, two drachms; for calves of three months old, one draohm, and for younger ones, less. The essence of ginger, of the drug shops, is well adapted to use, as the active prinoiple of the ginger is given without so much inert or dead matter. Glauber's Salts.— Sulphate of Soda. A good purgatrve for cattle and sheep. (See Epsom Salts.) ,^ Glycerine. — ^A fluid which scarcely ever dries up, and is the saccha rine principle of fota. Use. — Many sores (m all animals readily heal by the application of gly- cerine, especially scratches, and sores about the heels of horses. Glycerine will be found invaluable for the use of companies, in all our cities, having horse railroads, where the authorities allow the use of salt on the streets, for the removal of snow. The slush so formed first chills, then scalds the skin of the heels, so that in a short time the skin cracks, and nasty sores are the rasult, which are difficult to cure. To prevent this condition of things, and to protect the heels of horses from the injurious efiects of the salt and slush the application of glycerine should be made to the heels morning and mid- day, whilst the salt, slush and snow are upon the streets. Guaiacnm.— This is a resin. TiworuEB OF GoAiACTM.— A valuable medicine in oases of rheumatism in old horses, and in rhefumatic lameness in .dogs. Dose.— For horses, the dose of the tincture will be half an ounce twice in the day, given in cut feed, or in a drench with cold water. For dogs, ten to twenty drops, given in a spoonful of cold water or soup. Gum Arable.— Gum Acacia. This is an importation from Alexandria, in ^ igg rpt. T h ere a re s ever al varieties of^n m. ' M^>i^«#^#y$!i^ ^!l IIORSB AND CATTLB UKDICINRS. dam Senegal— This is similar to the above. 485 ' tinm Tragacanth-— This is another variety of gum. U^se. — The gums are demulcents, emollient and soothing to an inflamed part, as the bowels in diarrhoea, the kidneys and bladder, when diseased and irritated. Doses. — For horses and cattle, from one two ounces. For calves and sheep, four drachms. Gum should be given, dissolved in warm wAter, and drenched out of a bottle or ox horn. Hartshorn- — This la an impure solution of ammonia. (See Ammonia.) Hellebore- — HelMrostu Niger. Use. — Recommended in poll-evil, wherein a piece of the root is to be inserted in the fistulous opening. No dependence should be placed in it. Better agencies are at hand. Hemlock. — Conium MaetUatum. Formerly recommended in inflam- mation. It is of benefit in the form of a poultice to cancerous sores. Iodine. — ^A chemical preparation manufactured from kelp or sea weed and used both rightfully ^nS wrongfully in many diseases. However, iodine ifself is, of little value as a medicine ; but when united chemically with iron copper, mercury, lead, arsenic and potassium, it certainly is one of the most useful and indispensable of medical agents, given internally, and applied ex- ternally. Dose. — ^Iodine is given to the horse and ox in from twenty to forty grains ; for dogs, use from three to six grains. An ointment of iodine is made as follows ; Take one part of iodine to eight parts of lard. This is a good ointment to apply to soft swellings on the body of the horse, and should'be applied by rubbing with the hand. Iodide of Potassium.— Hydriodate of Potash. This is a chemical union of potash with iodine, a costly remedy for horse and cattle diseases and in mostijaseS can be done very well without. Its action is that of an abflorbant, ^d it is, therefore, used in swelling of the glands, and other parts of the body.' Td get its full benefit, it should be given in syrup 6r molasses, so tliat the iodine will not be lost, leaving the water only behind. Dose. — ^From twenty to thirty grains for horses and cattle, repeated three times in the day. For the dog, five grains. loDiDB OF Absbnio. — Highly recommended buj^^me persons for gluL. ders, farcy and purpura in the horse. m Dose.— Five grains given once a day, in cut or mixed feed. Ili^SJv-c^i'^A' ■^■^^tmha^ ^ ^^i«iii^ttf^!r.tj# W«M Stftl^ ^'i e^ ^& ''K«.'3*'*»i ris^SS'^ "" ^ 4«6 H0B8B AND CATTLK MKDI0INB8. Iodide of Copper.— A valuable remedy, .but costly. It should be used only for valuable horses, in cases of debiUtf and loss of condition, mingled with out or mixed feed. Dose.— Prom one to two drachms, given twice or three times in the day. Iodide of Iron.— This U even more valuable than that of the iodide of copper, and is given for the same purpose, and in the same doses. To uto the iodide of iron once, will insure its use again. Its high price U the only drawback. ^ „ Iodide of Sulphur.— A valuable remedy in mange, and other skin diseases, which may pe given internally also, in the sam^ disease. Dose.—For hories, give two to four drachms in the animal's feed. For mangy dogs, give teflTto fifteen grains once a day. Give it at night, as , warmth assists its action very much. , Iodide of Lead.— Too weak for veterinai^ practice, but excellent for swellings on the body of man. It > only used externaUy. Iodide of lead is fit a beautiful yellow color. Iodide of Mebotry.— Bin-Iodide of Mercury— Red Iodide of Mercury, etc. This preparation of iodine is a medicine that the educated veterinary surgeon cannot do withoat in the practice of his profession ; for there is nothing which wiil so weU meet his wants. Iodide of mercury is not used internally, in any disease, as calomeJ contains the same internal action as that of the iodide. , Use. — It is used in all cases of induration and swelling of the glands of the neck ; tumors, whether of 6one or soft tissue ; splints, spavins, ring-bones, wind-galls, shoulder-jpint lam(i||iess, or thoroughpin, and will answer well for an ordinary blister, for whateibl' purpose. The only objection to it, as a blister over an extensive surface, is its painful operation. The iodide of jneroury is used as an ointment as follows : One part of the red iodide of mercury to eight parts of hog's lard, well mixed together. This ointment is to be well rubbed into the parts to be cnred ; swelling will follow its action, but will subside in a few days, if one application b^ enough —which will be known, if the enlargcfment has been broken or has disap- peared. If not, apply in from five to six days again, scarcely rubbing so hard as at the first application, as the skin is more easily acted upon at this time. But whether one, two^ or half a dozen applications be necessary, let sufficient time elapse before each succeeding application, so|Pb not to prevent the hair growing, thereby blemishing the part. Apply lard once a day be- tween each application, and occasionally wash the parts with water, not too ^ warm, and lard, or oil the part when dry. Th© horse's head should be tied up, so that he cannot get at the parts witl^ his month. A few hours will be ^toig enough Pkw pkm^oi soft bedding aader tfa« {ee<^ so that, by 8t»nip7-= \ ^.- ,. -f H0R8K AND OATTLK MROIOUTia. 487 ing or moving, the horse will not be liable to in any way break or injure his feet. Observe. — When, apparently, the tumor, gland, or other enlargement, dote not disappear, or go away at once, surprise is sometimes expressed to see it totally go away, as if of its own accord. Thus the red iodide of mercury exercises a powerful fnfluence, long after its use has been dispensed with. Iodide of "mercury, occupies, in external diseases, as prominent^ position as the preparations of aconite do in internal affections, whether in horses or cattle- Sevetal other preparations of iodine are made by the manuf&turing chemists; such as the iodide of golc^lEd^ver— rwhioh are of no use in horse ' and cattle diseases. k r Ip6Cacaanhtt*— C«pAa«{u Ipteaewxnka. In veterinary practice, ipeca- cuanha is only used for dogs, in fifteen to thirty .grains, as an emetic, when first attacked with distemper. Iron. — Ferrum. This is one of the most valuable medicines we have to recommend, in many of thoymost important diseases, of all the animals; a fact readily seen, when it is stated ^hat iron is a constituent of the blood of all warm-bloioded animals, andi' without iron being in proper ^luantity in the blood of an. animal, it cannot be healthy — is tmanMe^ or impoverished in blood. In fact, iron is an elerilentary principle^ essentisd to health. Metallic iron is rarely used in veterinary practice, except it be in the form of iron filings, given by some person^ in c|s^ of woAns in horpe«5--^he sulphate is Just as gpbd for this purpose. Iron fiii»*gs, called Ftrrum R$dac- tum, are much used ins the weakly and sickly female. To prevent the filings from oxidising, or rusting, they are put into a tube, similar to a gun barrel, at a strong heat, suid are then plui^^ into cold water, which give them a sky-blue color ; the finer the blue, the better the medicine, .^or the valuable dog, iron filingSrin this form, may be given, in from five to ten gfain doses- The following preparations of iron will be used for the horse and ox : , -CA^feoirrrR of Ieon. — FerrLCarbonat. This preparation of iron is only used in veterinary practice; for the dog, on account of its mildness. Sbsqdioxidk of Iron. — Rust of Iron— F«ru^o. This form of iron is only used by" veterinary surgeonsi in poisoning from arsenic, as an antidote, by . forming in the stomach an insoluble arsenite tof the protoxide of iron. SuLPHATK OF Irok.— F«T» StUpkot—Qnon Vitriol-Copperas. Thia'js one of the best, and cheapest preparations of this valuable metal, that can be used in diseases of horses and cattle. Use. In liedicinal doses the sulphaii of iron is tonic and ^tringent ; therefore, it is used in cases of weakness, want of condition, looseness of the bowels, swellings of the legs, bod y, sheath, breast, etc. It is i mpro ving, adding richness to the blood, and ^ving toifloity and health to itolbron^ >< if s^^imi^^>L\''^t^^j),%>i^^yi^}~j^^k^w. i<..'^^^-< ^> K. i ■. !">-,j- 4 ,4 i -, i''u. j^ it-j^. /. ^ .V v«,iv (^-•TJES-^"'- 488 UORSR AND CATTLB MBDH •*»*. e serous tissue, from .rhich the flui^ causing the swelling 'arises. In pleuro- pneumonia in cattle, after fever has abatdd, nothing will restore and prevent efiusions of serum, or fluid, in the chest, lik|B sulphate of iron ; and effusions in the chest of cdws, and neat (»ttle, is the cause' of very many deaths. The efiusions form connecting lihks between the Idngs and the side, from which adhesions take place in that disease, and fi^m which the animal can never be - restored to good health, although it may live for a year 'or two. How im- portant, th^n, is a medicine offering so much hope ! Jn addition to the diseases just named, sulphate of iron is the medicine "to be used in all cases where the powers of life are low and depressed. ' In red water in cattle, bleeding internally in all animals, dysentery, purpura, scarlatina, and in debilitating diseases generally, qo medicine o£brs so much hbpes of success as the sulphate of iron. Observe. — Sulphate of iron should not be given*'while, inflammation and fever lasts ; it is time enough to give ii after all irritation has subsided. It should always be combined with a vegetable tonic, such as gentian or ginger. Iron changes the dung to a green color, as if the an ii^l was At pasture. Doses. — ^for horses and cattle, the dose is twc^i||(Pkree dranhms, with the same quantity of powdered gentiai^ two to three tMes in the day, to be given, mixed in a quantity of cold water. Drench out of a bottle, if the animal does not eat it readily, mixed with cut, ot- soft feed. Pkrchlobidi of Ihon Whether in a fluid or solid state, this prepara- tion is valuable for bleeding wounds, to stop the flow of blood — which it will ' readily do, if properly applied, and the blood veesel that is wounded is not too large. It should be applied with a soft brush, or a pledget of soft, cloth or cotton , It is, in veterin4i^ practice, used, only as a purge for the dog,-in : twenty' to sixty" grains. , '* , Jlinlpei'^'Perriies.— Jump«ru Commuttu. — ^The Fruit. This medicine is valuable in J^t of appetite, anidoil Dose. — For to forty grains. Htno.— A diarrho^ in all aniMiils, ad cattle diseases, as a stimulant to the stomach in loss from debilitating diseases. I to tifo ounces is a dose. Dogs, twenty v^'ral plants.^jpniiu is used as |tn astringent in is considered more powerful than catechu. HopsSO* — The flowers of this plant are brought from ^yssinia. m s- -^ti-- - \ ««. A^. "« ^ I, » r^^.Wi^**^'^. y''i'^^'^^Wi^mr^^^rf^tF™^^^7'^'f^ » r* .0!^ / / IIORSB AND CATTLK, MBDICINE8. 489 ^•«- — To d»pel,^0r destroy tape woi»m in man, and the dog, and is pre- pared and asednl^thir following manner : — Take of kousso half an ounob, 6t ^a*™ yn^x^W^l^VpiltA. le* it stand till cool, and give it, flowers and all ; and givililBxr^illiy VwEe of castor-oil. V / I,— (See Opium.) itiye. — A mild purge. Leiul^-^xiDB or Lead, — This preparation of lead is used in the mana- factueY of common sticking plaster, or Diachylon. loDiDK OF LBAi>.-rr-(See lodine.) AcBTATB OF Lbad. — Sugar of lead. Solutiop^ of acetate of lead is known \^ the name of Goulard's Extract of Letul^, and was formerly, and is still by some persons reootnmended, and used in cases of sprains, and as a wash for diseased eyes. ,3etter and less ii\juriouB agents' are now used by the educated vjpterinary surged. , ^ ' Observe. — Ck>ulard's> Extract, or lead-water, shopld never be used in diseases of the eye, as it can do no good beyond what cold water can do,* but it duU& the eye, by making it hazy and opaque. Liin6- — Oxide of Calcium. Lime, Carbonate of— d'iA^M^k$iM,-l^iMx^''tifMt^.i^k^itM^ "i^ v^iuukj M^^&txi&ilM^'Mi^imfA HORSE AND CATTLE MEDICINES. 491 doses from ten to fifteen grails, given with a little ginger, and mixed with wheat-flour gruel. Iodide of Mebcury. — (See Iodine.) Bi-Chloride of Mercury. — Corrosive sublimate. A dangerous poison, and should never be given to any animak It is, however, used in solution, in some skin diseases, as in ring-worm and mange. When so used, only a small portion of the body should be washed with it in one day. For this purpose, take four grains of the sublimate to two ounces of rain water. For a dog, two grainy to the ounce, in water, will be strong enough. Nitrate of Mercury. — Ointment. This is the citron or golden oint- ment, and is a good remedy in ring-worm. Unfortunately, however, it spoils with long keeping, and not being made extemporaneously, it is often rancid and of little value. Oxide of Mercury. — Red Precipitate. Used in the treatment of un- healthy ulcers and sores, in the form of powder and ointment. It is the principle in the yellow-wash Already spoken of in connection with the sub- of lime. i^ * Sulphate of Mercury. — Turbith Mineral. A medicine of no use, which should be expunged from the books on horse and cattle diseases. Sub-Chloride of Mercury.— Calomel. In the form of the black-wash, and sprinkled upon sores, it is a good remedy. Calomel is recommended for thrush in the feet gt horses, and is inserted in the cleft of the frog. Mercurial INntment- — This is sold in the drug stores. The ointment of mercury is chiefly used in skin diseases, as mange in horses and dogs. But a better remedy will be ftiund in sulphur and its preparations which are not only more safe, but more certain of curing the case. - Mewron.— Daphne Meurum. A plant, from the bark of which an extract is made, and from the extract an ointment composed at one drachm to four parts of lard, which is used for the purpose of keeping up the irrita- tion of blisters. ' Morphia.— (Se^^Opium.) Muriatic Add.— (See Acids.) Mustard Seed- — Sinapu Nigra. Used as an irritant on parts of the body where the Spanish fly would be improper and dangerous. On the belly, and over the loin|L are the usual places where mustard is applied. In lum- bago, and sprains of the back and loins^ and in pain in the bowels, mustard JH useftil. T he mode of appli catio n of mu s tard is as follows i^ Tf fh« b °:i''';t.- the part be long, cut it oS, then foment the part with warm water, and im- ^ 492 HORaE AND CATTLB MEDICINES. mediately rub into the parts a handful of the best flour of mustard. This is more effectual than laying a paste or po^tice without rubbing. Volatile Oil of mustard makes a good counter-irritant, when a few drops are rubbed into the skin. Vinegar added to the skin does not, as is thought, produce a better effect. Warm water answers every purpose. Myrrh— A gum resin, used in the form of a tincture and a compound .tincture, for sores, and a good application in sore mouth, from the bit or other cause. Narcotics are medicines which act upon the brain, and thereby allay pam. Example : Opium and its preparations, aconite, and chloroform. beat's Foot OU— Used for skin diseases, and f^^-^^Wing the irri- tation^of blisters and keeping the skin from cracking. ^""^ arervlnes— Medicines relieving pain, without producing narcotism. JiitHe Acid.— (See Jcids.) * Jfitre — Saltpetre. Tl is medicine has long been used as a diuretic and as J febrifuge in low fevfere. Cheaper and better medicines are daily i^ use for this purpose. ' JTUX Yomlea—Strychnos Nux Vomica. An active poison in large doses, but a valuable agent in the cure of diseases in all animals. The pow- dered nut is uncertain in its effects, therefore the tincture, and the alkaloid should only be used. Use— A nervine, and used when the nerves are depressed and weak just as aconite is used when the nerves are strong and excited. The one medicine is used in depression, and the other in diseases with exalted sym- ptoms. Paralysis or palsy is the loss of power of the parts affected. There- fore, nux vomica is used in twitching of the muscles of all animals ; and in glass eye in the horse, depending upon the want of nervous ener^ in the optic, or nerve of vision. TiNCTORK.— Dose. For horses find <»ttle, the dose is from ten to twenty drops, repeated three to four times in the day. Stkychnine.— Dose. To torses and cattle, give one grain, onoe a day gradually increasing the dose till three grains are given in the day. To get the full benefit from it, it will have to be given for a week or two, if the beast has not got well by that time. In thf use of strychnine, care and good judg- ment must be exeroised, for it must be remembered that however useful a drug, or medicine may be, its abuse is readUy accomplished. Strychnine should be administered in feed, if the animal will eat it; if not, give it in gruel in the form of a drench. Twelve grains will kill a full grown horse. Oait B ark— «w. Thit »>» ipood ■strinpat toroMi^^^ I % l^■^§'*f^l.1l^Eii»^^ jw * '5w^\^ ^i-'swittj ""•.'*x:;"¥: BOB8E AND CATTLE UEDICINKS. 493 use, or for sores which discharge or run matter. The bark is boiled : Iialf an ounce to a pint of water. This decoction is an excellent remedy for drying up the moisture of greasy heels, so troublesome in horses« In diarrhoea in calves, given in four drachm doses, much good will result. J>1 Oil. — There are two varieties of oils used in medicine — fixed and vc4atile. Fixed Oils. — Castor, olive, linseed, croton and neat's foot oil. The uses I thi^ oils will be found treated of under their respective heads. ^"^ , ^^Iviuni- — Papaver Somniferum. The dried juice of the white poppy, ^•04 •• one of the most remarkable substances in nature. There are several * varieties of opium : Turkey, Egyptian, East Indian, Persian, and European opium. The medical preparations of opium are' several : Morphia, or Morphine, is the most important preparation of opium, and sold in the drug stores in the form of white crystals, as also in that of a " liquid — liquor morphia acetas, and liquor morphia sulphus. Either of these preparations of opium are much better medicines than the crude opium itself. Each fluid ounce contains one grain-of the morphine, or the true principle of the opium, and one grain of morphine is equal to three grains of opium, or to forty-five drops of the tincture of opium, commonly called laudanum. Use — Opium is a narcotic, or reliever of pain, and is especially recom- mended in milk fever in cows. Dose. — The dose of the acetate, sulphate, or muriate, in crystals, for the horse, is from twenty to forty grains. For the cow with milk fever, from forty to eighty grains. To a medical man, such large doses may seem enor- mous, for in man the dose is from half to one grain. Horses will scarcely show the least effects from the administration of from twp to four drachms of the powdered opium. On cattle, opium has even much less power than on horses. Cows can take one ounce, and sheep half a drachm of powdered opium, without suffering. The doses of crude, or powdered opium for horses, are from one to two drachms, and for cattle two to four drachms. In veterinary practice, opium is not now so much used, as aconite answers almost every purpose for which opium was given, and with, out in any Way binding the bowels. But in case of milk fever, opium, or its alkaloid morphia, is well worthy of a trial, and if taken in time, will scarcely ~4uappoint any one. NTinctubk of Opium. —Laudanom.— Every fifteen drops of the tincture contaiVone grain of opium. T^udanum is the most costly of all the prepa- rations of opiuu) ; and not only that, the large quantity of alcohol, or spirits of wine it contains, is a decided objection to its use in many diseases. Crude opium rubbe d down w ith a^ little water will be far better wliwn it; is tp be, used at once, or not kept for any time. Liaudanum is used in lotions and !,i4:x&^i:^A,f^i^!^^: ■^fX,,-:r.J 494 HORSE AND CATTLE UBDI0INE8. liniments for the relief of pain, and it enters into eye washes, for the same puipose. Wine of opium contains spices. Not much used. Codia, narcotine, narceine, paramorphia, papaverine, meconine, and me- comc a<;id, and the various constituents of opium, but they are not used in medicine, either in domestic or veterinary. Battley's sedative drops, so well and familiarly known throughout the world, wherever the English language is spoken, though a secret, are known to contain opmm, water and a little spirit, and are one-third stronger than laudanum. Pariera Brara.— A root which is to be sliced, and have one pint ol water added to one ounqe of the root. Boil, and strain when cold. This is a good tonic for horses. Mix with the feed, half a pint to the dose. Peach Leayes.— One ounce infused in the same way as tea^ with one pint of water, is an excellent appUcation for the skin of animals having the itch and skin diseases. PeVPermlnU—Mentfui Piperita. The essence of this garden plant is sometimes given to horses having colic, and given in doses of twenty drops. Dogs can have three drops for a dose, in the same disease. Pepper. — A plant and fruit of the genus Kper. Black Pepper.— Ptp«- Nigrum. Occasionally given to horses affected wjth colic. Jamaica PEPPKR.-Kmenta-All8pice. This is a valuable medicine for horses and cattle affected with fever, loss of appetite and indigestion. Doses—From three to five drachms, and given in combination with ammonia. CAPSICDM.-Cayenne Pepper. This is also used for the same purpose as the above, and given in from twenty to thirty grain doses. Pepsin,— The active prinfciple of the gastric juice of animals. Its cost prevents its use in calves having diarrhoea, when the discharges are like milk A good substitute for pepsin is rennet, which farmers should have about them, not only for cheese-making purposes, but for use in looseness, or scours m calves. It assists the stomach to digest the milk, which, in diarrhoea, lays upon the stomach, without being digested or changed. Hence, the white diarrhoea, so often seen in ^Ives. Petroleum.— Kook-oU. This substance was formerly higUy recom- mended in chest diseases, but it has been succeeded by more certain and suc- cessful drugs for this purpose. However, it is still occasionally used as an external appl i c n tion Jor^soreg, and^fag the dest r u ctioi mt liw, «te.^iirthe ste mr^ HQB8B.AKD OATTLB HEDIOINES. 495 Tt u apt to leave a blemish by causing the hair to fall off, and in some cases, in which it was used too extensively, the hair did not com© again. The better way to use coal-oil is to mix equal parts with some other oil having no acrid principle. niOSphoms. — An elementary substance resembling wax. There is, however, another resembling brick dust, when in a mass. The preparations , of phosphorus are numerous : Hypophosphate of ammonia, hypophosphate of iron, and the phosphate of lime, or bone, or earth, phosphate of soda, and of quinine. Phosphoric acid, diluted, is the one which should be used in veter- inary practice. Phosphoric Acid.— Is used in diseases of the bones of young colts. Doses.— For young colts, the dose will vary from ten to sixty drops, given diluted in cold water. Pitch.— Burgundy Pitch. The concrete juice of the abUi eaxelta. *ThiR is used in the composition of the plaster, formerly used over the loins, in weakness, sprains, lumbago, etc., in the horse. Not now recommended. Pomegranite Panlca.— Granatum. The bark of the root of this tree is used for the destruction of tape-worm, in all animals. Take of the bark, one ounce ; water, one pint ; and boil down one half. The dose for the dog will be a small wine-glassful. Poppies.- (See Opium.) Potasil. — Oxide of Potassium. Preparations of potash are many : CACsnq Potash.- Used, as its name indicates, as a caustic. Many persons object to it on account of its fluidity, which is considered to be its ' most valuable property; as, if it did not readily assume a fluid form, its caustic properties would not be so good. Indeed, according to its fluidity, when applied to a part, so is its caustic property. For the quick reduction of proud flesh, it has no superior. Oaebowatb op Potash.— This is sometimes used as an antacid, but is not much used in horse and c4ttle diseases. SuLPHDBBTOF PoTAH.— iSTepar Snlph. Liver of Sulphur. This is a valuable remedy when appUed to mange in all animals. Dissolve an ounce in a pint of water, first having rubbed the mangy part with fine sand, to ex pose the insect to the action of the sulphuret. SuLPHATB OP PoTABH.— ,j&^i ■w «* , \ 496 He purposes as the nitrate, and I the permanganate. HOBSK AND CAmB MBpiOINl Chlorate of Potabh. — Used for the in the same doses. The same may be said i Pmssic Add.— (^ Acid.) • Pumpkin Seeds. — An excellent ^medy for destroyii^ tape- worm. Purgatives.' — Medicines -which e^pty the bowels. Pyroxylic Spirit.— Wood Naphtha. Used to relieve chronic cough, '. and is given in half-ounce doses in gruel. 4|uinine.— (See Cmchona.) Rennet.— (See Pepsin.) » ■ Rhuharb.— Rheum Palmatum.—B,lm\Mrh i« a tonic and purgative in dogs, andiother carnivorous animaU, but in horses and cattle it has scarcely any effect whatever, further than improving the appetite. Better, and 'mbch more efficient and cheaper drugs are used in horse and cattle "diseases. The dose of the spiced rhubarb is from one to two teaspoonfuls, repeating it two to three timed a day. ,^ ' Rieinns Communis.— (See Castor-Oil.) Roclielle Salts-- A Tartrate of Potash and Soda. SalBron.^CroCTM Sativum. (See Colchicum.) Sagapenum.— This is a gum, and is used for' the same purposes as assafdBtida. , Sal Ammonia.- Cldoride pf Ammonia. (See Ammonia.) Salt— Table Salt. Chloride of Sodium, a valuable condiment, when v,- given with the food of animals. Salt is a laxative in horses, cattle and sheep, and is considered a preventive of sheep rot. Sal Yolatile.— This is the compound spirit of ammonia. (See Ammonia.) Sassafras— LaMHM Sassafras. This U a fevorite i«medy with farmers for their horses, and is given to them in the sprin^f the year, to strengthen and improve the appetite. Sassafras may be given to horses either in the form of a powder, or as a decoction, or tea, and mixed wi£h the food. Saracenla Purpura— Indian Cup or Pitcher Plant. This plant is found growing along the jcoast of Labrador, and' the shores of the Gulf of Mexico, on wet and marstiy land. UH0.-*Thi8 plant ha Vxecently proved to be one of thg moat useful in the %~ I H0R8B AND CATTLE MSDIOINES. 497 whole list of medicines, and from all accounts, it is, and will still be a bless- ing to thousands who may become affected vrith small-pox. For small-pox in cattle and sheep, it is not only a sure remedy, but also, as good a preven- tive for the disease. The form and manner of using this medicine is in that of a tea. The time,' however, will soon be, when the chemist will provide us with an extract, or an alkaloid of this plant, which will enable us to give the essence of the plant without any inert matter. Take from one to two ounces of the dried root, and slice in thin pieces, place in an earthen pot, or other vessel, and add a quart of cold water,, and allow the liquid to simmer gently over a slow fire for two to three hours, ao as to lose one-fourth of the quantity Dose. — Give to cattle half a ptnt ; and to sheep, two wine glassf uls ; re- peating the dose in six hours, when a cure will generally be affected. 8ayiD< — Juniperus Sabina. The oil of juniper is used in veterinary practice, for the purpose of destroying worms in all animals. Doses./ — For horses and cattle, the dose is from three to four drachms, and for the dog, three to five drops. An ointment of the dried savin tops is used for the purpose of keeping up the action of blisters. Take one part of the fresh tops, to sixteen parts of lard. J \ S6datly68* — Medicines which allay inordinate action of the heajrt. ^ ISenega, Polygala Senega. — Snakeroot. This, like other^of our native herbs, is often used by country folks in the spring of the year. They give a decoction, or tea of the snakeroot to their horses. It is an excellent remedy in coughs, bronchitis, cold, etc. Take one ounce, boil in a pint and a half of water, and strain through a sieve or strainer. Dose. — For a horse, half a pint, mixed in his feed, night and morning. » SlalagOKUeS* — Medicines which increase the secretion of saliva, such as aconite in large doses, and second crop clover, after it has been exposed to cold nights or a little frost. Silver, Nitrate of— Lunar Caustic. Used as a .caustic to unhealthy sores and ulcers ; and a solution, three to four grains to an ounce of rain or distilled water, is used to the eye in purulent ophthalmia. The nitrate of silver is too costly for general use. Tbie sulphate of copper, or blue stoqe, will, for most purposes, answer as well, and is very cheap. Soap- — ^A combination of fatty acid with an alkali. Soap Liniment. — Opodeldoc. A very useful application for sprains, bruises, and for stiff joints. Soda. — A mineral alkalL ■ s-. vV, .s \i f^'. i V 498 nORSB AND CATTLE MKDIOINES. Carbonate of Soda. — Useful as an antacid, in doses of from two to four drachms. Sulphate op Soda. — (See Glauber's Salts.) ^ Sulphite op Soda. — This is made b7 passing a stream of sulphurous acid through a concentrated solution of carbonate of soda. It is a valuable article in the treatment of diseases of horses and cattle. The sulphite of soda possesses the power of neutralizing the action of znmins, ferments, or leavens, when introduced into the circulation. Professor Polli, of Milan, has clearly demonstrated that this substance is capable of purifying the blood of noxious matter, and further, he has through his experiments upon dogs, claimed that glanders can be cured by it ; for he says, that forty-five grains of the virvx of glanders taken from the nares of the nose of a glandered horse, and injected into the circulation of a dog, after the disease had shown itself in the dog, was readily cured by the administration of the sulphite of soda. Upwards of seventy cases have thus been experimented upon by this distinguished pro- fessor — all going to show the value of soda, as a purifier of the blood, by its alterative efiects. Sulphite of soda is a remedy in all cases of eruptions on the skin, farcy, glanders and purpura in the horse, and in pleuro-pheumonia and rinderpest, etc., in cattle. Wherever pus is thrown out as a. product of disease, the sul- phite of soda should be given. Dogs with distemper should have it to keep the circulation pure of pus. The blood of the dog becomes contaminated in this way, and hence, the good dog falls a victim to this scourge of fine bred animals. Doses. — For horses and cattle, the dose is from half an ounce, to one ounce, given twicejfl. the day. For dogs, twenty grains given in camphor water. In farcy and glanders or other diseases, accompanied with debility, the soda should be combined with gentian and other tonics. Spanish Fly. — Lytta Cantharidea. An insect ground into powder, and mixed with lard or oil, making what is familiarly known as a blister. The Spanish fly is, besides its blistering qualities, a very valuable internal medicine, a powerful tonic and alterative. Dose. — Spanish fly is given to the horse in five grain doses once a day only, and mixed in cut or soft feed. Horses are more easily afiected by the Spanish fly than mares. Blisters of Spanish fly are made as follows : Pow- dered Spanish fly, one drachm ; hog's lard, dx, drachms ; mix, and apply by rubbing with the hand into the pai) to be blistered ; wash off the part the next day, oil or lard it for a week,^d the swelling will leave when the irri- tation has gone out of the part. The^tincture of Spanish fly was formerly used as the basis of the old sweating blister. An^ excellent application for the removal of n. aplin t, o r ^M^^^-^'J'j'i-'~t^'^:^'-lJl-f''. « ^U SeM&'U4.itL#£'^A ^>'^'%^bSLHI / V HORSE AND CATTLE MEDICINES. 499 soft tumors about the legs of horses, is made as follows : Tincture of Spanish fly, one ounce ; oil of croton, twenty drops ; well rubbed into the part, it acts like magic ; that is, if the tumor can be removed at all by any means. Specifics.- unknown. -Medicines which cure disease, but the manner of action is Spermaceti- — This is a solid crystalline fat, found in the large head of the sperm whale. There is a plan, however, by which it is said that sper- maceti can be made out of the muscles of a dead cow or horse, by enclosing the flesh in a box perforated with holes, and sinking it in a running stream of water for a nwnth or more, when the flesh will be converted into a mass of tough, solid UHRter. After which, it is treated with nitrous acid, poured over it to remove the offensive smell, and to separate the fat. Another plan is, to pour nitrous acid over the flesh without immersion in the brook, and which is said to convert the flesh in the short period dt three days, into a yellow colored spermaceti. Another plan is mentioned by Lord Bacon, in his work Sylva Sylvarium, in which he says that the flesh of an animal may be changed into a fatty substance, by cutting it into pieces, putting it into a glass vessel, covering with parchment, and allowing it to stand for six qr seven hours in boiling ^ater. Experiments of this kind mind might result in profit to those who would undei-take them. The use of spern^aceti in horse and cattle diseases, is for the making of ointments and salves, especially in hot weather, when lard cannot be conveniently carried without the risk, not only of losing a portion of the ointment, but of soiling the clothing, or other articles coming in contact with it. Spirits of Nitrous Etlier.— Sweet spirits of nitre is well known to personH as a good hoifsehold remedy for fevers, etc. In the treatment of diseases of horses and cattle, sweet spirits of nitre is used as a stimulant and antispasmodic. It is also, used in the case of a horse having a chill, and in colic. For colic, it was formerly given in combination with laudanum. Dose.— For horses and cattle, the dose of sweet spirits of nitre will be from one to two ounces, given in cold water to prevent loss. Spirits of Wine- — Alcohol. This is used for making tinctures for medicinal purposes, from the various plants in use. It is also a good stimu- lant ; much better than the whiskey which is so o^n poured down the throats of horses affected with colic. Sponge. — A valuable article for tne cleansing of wounds and sores. Starch- — A good remedy in diarrhoea in all animals, when combined itlMtfowgrains^opium^and a little grouiid ginger, or a £ew dFop&of thftr^ tincture, commonly called the essence. Mi«j4l*ia£4--'-- 5- 500 H0B8K AND CATTLE MUOICINKS. Styptics. — Substances having the quality of stopping bleedings from wounds. Examples : Perchloride of iron, cobwebs, tliie hot iron, and the * bandage. ' . ' Sudoriflcs.^ — Medicines which produce sweating. Sugar of Milk. — Much used by homoepathists, both domestic and veterinary, in the form of powder, but oftener in the form of globules or small pellets. Not recommended for the treatmeirt of any disease. Molasses is the best form in which to give sugar to animals, and it is useful in cases of sick cows, mixed in a drench. Sugar of Lead.— (See Acetate of Lead.) Sulphuric Acid.— (See Acids.) SulpllUr — Brimstone.— Sulphur is sold in the drug storei^ in three forms, flowers of sulphur, milk of sulphur, and sulphur vivum. ^ Use. — Sulphur is chiefly used for skin die^eases, in the form of aii%9fcfr-. ment. It is believed by many persons to be a great preventive of disSas^s, " and distempers in all animals, and is one or the ingredients of an incongruous mass extolled and recommended by the Hon. Isaacs Newton, CoitQmissioner of Agriculture, as a preventive of cattle diseases. Whatever may be the medical virtue passed by sulphur, it certainly has no prophylactic efiects mixed with tar, etc. The simple ointment of sulphur is made as follows : ■ One part of the flowers, or sulphur vivum, mixed with four parts of lard. In winter, when lard is hard, oil should be used instead, thus forming a liniment of sulphur more easy of application. iQoses. — Sulphur, as a laxative for horses and cattle, should be given in doses from one to three ounces, and administered in gruel, in the form of a drench. For dogs, the dose is one to two drachms. It is not recommended as an internal medicine. Sulpliate of Zinc— White Yitriol. This is a valuable article for healing wounds and sores. It is not ^ministered internally to any animal, except as an emetic to dogs. As an external wash for sores, one part of zinc to twenty of rain-water, will answer for most purposes.' For eye-wash, three to four grains to the ounce of water. This is one of the best applications whidh can be applied to the eye in cases of purulent ophthalmia. Tannate of Glycerine.— An excellent application for the eyes, in purulent ophthalmia, and for moist sores, wherever situated upon the body. Tannin. — This is the acid of barks, and is valuable, mixed with water, in running ulcers and sores, and in diarrhcea in all animals. The powder Hsprinkled upon bleeding sores^ will in many cases atop them. One drachm to^^^^ .\.. l(#pi(n^/*wOTfw,': ' / ^^*n.-^4 -^"'■.*^l^'- _ !^i %i^-t4.'|j'.r ■*i.V*-'Y ^ ■* A » \ U0B8R AND CATTI.I MRDI0INK8. 501 r a pint of cpia water makos/ii good eye-wash, and in many cases dries up the scum, and removes it altot|ether. It is certainly a cheap and useful remedy, and can do no harm to tKe eye. Doses. — For horses and cattle, in diarrhoea, the dose of tannic acid is from half to one drach6i, given in gruel as a drench. For calves with the same disease, give from ten to twenty grains aa a dose, mixed with wheat- flour gruel. Snuflfed up the nostrils by man, m bleeding from the nose, it will in most cases arrest it at once. Tar.— Ptas i; ~Xv^ •*^- ^* {■? ■<£ ^ JS'fD 504 HORSE AND CATTLE MEDICINES. I?" ^ treatment of horsd and cattle diseases, but chiefly in the form of extternal application. Oxide op Zinc. — This is a white powder, like wheat-flour, and is useful when applied as a powder in greasy heels and other sores which discharge a sanious fluid from them. Oxide of zinc is often used in the form of an oint- ment mixed with lard. An excellent ointment is also made by soap shaved down, moistened with a little water, and having oxide of zinc added to it. This is a good form for greasy heels and scratches on horses that have to work every day. It keeps down irritation and fever, prevents swelling of the legs, anl^ is easily washed off on -the horse coming into the stable for the night. Cabbonatr op Zinc. — This is used under the old name of calamine, eithei in the form of a powder or an ointment. The ointment is made by adding four parts of lard to one of calamine. It is good for healing sores. Sulphate op Zinc. — This preparation of zinc has already been described under the head of sulphate of zinc. Chloride op Zinc. — Butter of Zinc. This, as well as the other forms of zinc, is not used as an internal medicine, except the sulphate, which is occasionally given to the dog as an emetic. Chloride of ziirc is a powerful disinfectant and deodorizer, and is used in the healing of wounds and sores. The solution is the usual form of using jt. Two grains of the chloride of zinc to an ounce of rain-water, makes a good eye-wash. For ordinary sores, four to five grains of the zinc to one ounce of the rain-water, is a good application. One characteristic of the preparations of zintj when appli^^ to sores is, no proud flesh can or will arise during their us*. The chloride of zinc is used by some veterinarians as a caustic, but for this purpose better caustics, and cheaper ones, will be found elsewhere described. Acetate op Zinc. — This is made by dissolving oxide or carbonate of zinc in acetic acid. The cllief use of the acetate of zinc is for the healing of wounds. In European stables it is employed for the purpose of wetting ban- dages applied to old hunters and other horses, whose legs cannet be otherwise kept fine and free from swelling. The bandages usually employed in such cases are made of wash-leather, which is so extensively used for drying car- riages after bein||[ washed, and is called chamois leather. ZinKlberiS.— (See Oinger.) V . V Zyloldlne.— This is a white substance, which is insoluble, and is ob- tained from starch, concentrated nitric acid and cold water. Prescriptions and Preparations. Cerates. — Used for dressing sores and ulcers. Simple Cerate. — Take yellow or white wax, three ounces ; olive oil, two ounces ; melt them on a slow fire. Turkbb's Ckbatk. — Take simple cerate, five ounces ; prepared calamine, one ounce ; mix, and stir till cold. Cerate of Zinc. — Take simple cerate, six ounces j melt, and add oxide of zinc, one ounce, and stir till cold. Resin Cerate. — Yelloto Batilicon. Take yellow rosin and yellow wax, of each half a pound, then add eight ounces of olive oil or lard, melt together over a fltow fire, and strain through flannel cloth while hot. This is an old, but excellent, application for sores, scalds, burns, etc. Clysters. — For colic of all kinds, take warm water of about blood heat^ one stable bucket full ; four ounces of common table salt, soap sujBScient to make a good lather or froth ; of this, three to four quarts may bo injected in the rectum, every half hour, till the animal is well. For the expulsion of the fundaunent bots, ii^ections of flaxseed oil are an excellent and safe method. Tobaooo iimoke injections are sometimes used for their removal, as well as in cases of constipation. To give injections of tobacco spioke, an instrument having both force and suction is necessary. Tobacco smoke is not reooin- mended for either of these affections by the writer. Dreodies. — TJaed in cases of colic : Take sulphuric ether, half an ounce ; laudanum, two ounces ; flaxseed oil, one pint ; mix. Or, take spirits of turpentine, one ounce ; tincture of aconite root, twenty-five drpps ; aloes one ounce in solution ; mi ». Or, take warm ale, two pints ; groun d ging er, M half an ounce ; tincture of aconite root, twenty drops ; mix. Used in flata- >,Sj«J^«i!u94'n,»«sj9i4 >-».* 'jaku hW sti,, 'i-Ai-^A 'i^ilk,'. ' M 'fiL.l,.^ , 506 PBESCBIPTIONS AND .PREPARATIONS. lent colic, accompanied with swelling of the belly: Take laudanum, two ounces; aloes in solution, one ounce; chloride of lime, half an ounce; mix. Or, take tincture of aconite root, twenty drops; aloes in solution, one ounce; sulphite of soda, one ounce ; mix. Or, take spirits of hartshorn, three drachms \ ■ aloes in solution, one ounce-; water, one pint; mix. Eye Lotions and Washes.— Astringent Eye Lotion.— Take sul- phate of zinc, five grains; rain-water, one ounce; mix. Lotions fob Purulent Discharges from the Eye.— Take sulphate of copper, three grains; laudanum, ten drops; rain-water, one ounce; mix. For the Same— Nitrate of silver, four grains; rain-water, one ounce ; mix, and apply with a camel's hair pencil once in the day. Soothing Eye-wash.- Take extract of belladonna, half a drachm; rain- water, or distilled water, six ounces; dissolve, and strain. This is to be used warm, as a fomentation to the eye. Mild Astringent Eye-watj:b. — Alum, four grains; rainwater, one ounce; mix. Sedative Eye-wash. — Tal^ sulphate of atropine, three grains; rain or distilled water, one ounce; mix, and strain. The reader of this book will remember that belladonna, or atropine, when ajJfdied to the eye, will cause the pupil of the eye to dilate. Bye Salves,- Nitrate op Silver Ointment.— Take nitrate of silver, twelve grains; dissolve in as many drops of water; simple cerate, one ounce; mix. Pbbcipitatb Ointment. — Take red precipitate of mercury, three grains ; pure lard, two drachms; mix, and use when the eyes are red and oozing. Freezing Mixtures. — Take sal amonniac, five parts; nitre, five parts ; cold water, sixteen parts; mix. Or, take sal amonniac and nitre, of each five parts; Glauber's salts, eight parts; cold water, sixteen parts; mix. The article to be cooled should be placed in a tin vessel, which should be put in the mixture just as a -butter kettle would be placed in ice water. By throw- ing a handful of sal ammoniac,' or coarse salt or nitre, upon ice or snow, a low degree of cold will be produced, sufficient for all purposes. Freezing mixtures are of much benefit applied to sprains, when ice cannot be had. Liniments or Embl^OCations.-^These are external applications, and are used in the cure of- sprains, bruises, chronic swellings, etc. Linihbnt of AHHONFAd — Take solution of ammonia, two ounces; sweet oil, six ounces; mix. :^, Liniment of Cahphob. — Take ounphor, one ounce; olive or sweet oil, IGnie ounces ; ihtx. m j.';l>> i^.^te * 'i^U... PHKScaiPTioys and phepabations. 507 Liniment op Aconite.— Take tincture of aconite root, two ounces; olive or sweet oil, four ounces; creosote, one ounce; mix. This is one of the most valuable embrocations which can be applied to & painful bruise or sprain of whatever kind. It allays and relieves inflammation, irritation, and pain. Liniment op Lead.— Take soap, (castile), five ounces; camphor, one drachm ; Goulard's extract of lead, half an ounce ; boiling water, one pint. Cut the soap into thii pieces, and the camphor in fine powder, and stir them into the Goulard's extract, then pour in the boiling water. Soap Liniment.— Opodeldoc. Take castile, or even white soap, three ounces ; oil of rosemary, two drachms ; oil of thyme, one drachm ; camphor, one ounce; spirits of wine, one pint. The camphor is to be in fine powder, and the Soap in fine shavings. The cartipho'r, oils and soap are to be dissolved in the spirits of wine. Place the vessels holding these articles by the fire till the soap is dissolved. It should be kept in wide-mouthed bottles, of from four to six ounces' capacity. Observe.— The oils of rosemary and thyme, entering into the mixture, are not so much for their medical virtues as for their fine smell. In horse and • n^iAe practice, these oils can be dispensed wittf^ or, add the same quantity «r«}ive oil. Soap Liniment.— Common. This may be used instead of the opodeldoc. Take soap in shavings, four ounces ; camphor, in powder, one ounce; spirits of wine, one pint ; laudanum, half an ounce ; and dissolve. This is a cheap and useful liniment for sprains and bruises. Turpentine Liniment.- Take spirits, or oil of turpentine, two ounces ; olive oil, two ounces ; mix. Lime Liniment.— Take equal parts of Jime-water and linseed oil, and shake them well together till a white, thick, creamy, or saponaceous compound is made. This is used in cases of burns and scalds, whether in man or beast. Spread some of the liniment on a soft cotton cloth, lay it on the burned part, and when dry renew again. Carbolic Acid Liniment. -Carbolic acid, one drachm ; olive oil, eight ounces ; mix. Or, water alone may be used for ordinary sores instead of the oil ; but for scratches, the same quantity of glycerine will answer a. better purpose. Creosote Liniment.— Take creosote, one ounce ; oil of turpentine, one ounce ; olive oil, two ounces ; mix. This is a favorite liniment for sprains bruises, and sores, and gives relief from pain when rubbed upon the sprained hock -joint and stiff joints generally. Ointments.- Blistering Ointment.— Take of Spanish fly, in powder, »-4i upon strong cloth. Usea for sores of an unhealthy kind. LiNSEBD Mbal Poultice. — Take of boiling water one quart, stir in sufficient linseed meal with a wooden stick or spoon, and beat it well so as td have no lumps. To be spread on strong cloth or canvas, and applied. Yeast akd Charcoal Poultice.— Take yeast, one pint, and powdered .charcoal sufficient to give consistence to the whole when well stirred in. This is a valuable poultice, and is not as well known as it ought to be. Used in sores discharging a stinking matter, which it soon arrests. ' Spirits. — Proof Spirits. — Take rectified spirits of wine, three p^rts by measure j water, two parts by measure ; Mix. This is the proper strength for making tinctures. Keep the rectified spirits by itself till wanted, the water can be added when needed. Spirits of Camphor. — Take of camphor, two and a half ounces ; recti- fied spirits, one pint ; dissolve. Used for sprains, bruises and sores. Tinctures. — Tincture of Arnica. — ^Take arnica flowers, four ounces ; alcohol, one quart ; macerate, or steep for one week, and strain. Tincture of Aconite Root. — Take of the dried and bruised root, four ounces ; alcohol, half a pint ; macerate for two weeks and strain. This medi- cine no farmer can very well do without. Those who do without it, do not know its actual value. Twenty drops of the tincture of aconite root, under certain circumstances, is as valuable as the animal which may stand in need of its great curative virlues. Measured by its power in curing diseases, its weight in gold is not its value. -, Compound Tincture of Benzoin. — Commonly called Frtar's Balsam. Take of gum benzoin, one and a half ounces ; storax, one ounce ; balsam of tolu, half an ounce ; aloes, in powder, two drachms ; alcohol, one pint ; ma- cerate for one week, and strain or filter. Used f 3r healing sores. Tincture of Aloes and Mtrrh. — Take aloes, in powder, . one ounce ; saffiron, half an ounce ; tincture of myrrh, half a pint ; macerate for two weeks, and strain. Used for healing sores and wounds. TiNOTDRB OF loDiNE. — Take of iodine, half an ounce ; iodide of potas- sium, one ounce ; alcohol, one pint ; macerate for a day or so, and it is fit for use. Used as an- injection for abscesses and empty cavities. It is also used by some for enlargements, in the same way as it is used for erysipelas in man, by painting the .affected part. Water. — LiHE-WATBR. — Ta)ce a lump of lime or limestone, of about a pound weight, lay it on a soup plate and wet it with water, which will soon od'rivert the hard stoiie &to a fine ponder. Then put irinto a ^toue jar hold- -\- vt^V ^ . *■ \Ji ». .u 510 PBK8CBIPTI0N8 AND PRBPARATI0N8. a gallon or upwards, fill in one gallon of water, and cork it closely. It il *- now ready for use when panted. ' The same lime may fie used repeatedly, by pouring fresh water, as the other is taken out. This water is what the lime liniment is partly composed of. * Tar-water.— (Bishop Berkeley's Receipt.) i:our a gallon of cold >(^ater - on a quart of liquid tar ; stir, mix and work them together thoroughly, with a wooden ladle, or flat stick, for five "or six minutes. Then let the vessel stand, closely covered, for three days and nights. Garef ally skim the surface without moving the vessel, pour ofi-the clear solution, and keep it in bottles well corked for use. This is a useful medicine, for man and horse in chest diseases, and it would be well worthy «f a trial i^ chronic cough in the horse / TABLE OP DOSES ACCORbiNG TO AGE. If the dose is for a fall grown animal, of whatever kind, let it be one ounce. A colt of one year will require one-third of an ounce, \ A two year old will require one-half of an ounce. A three year old will require three-fourths of an ounce. The same proportion may be observed in cattle, from one year old and upwards. But a calf, a week or two old, wUl require another division of dose, still following the same rule. The dose f8r a one year old is one-third of the dose ot adult, or full grown ox. Then the dose for a calf of four weeks will be one-twelfth of that given to a one year old, and a two months old calf or colt, will require one-sixth of that of a one year old animal. For a one week old animal, the dose will be one-fourth of that of the animal aged four weeks. The rule and the dose are merely apprsximate, but it is the best and only plan we can offer as a rule or guide for a posological table. Some persons have advocated a decrease in the dose for old animals. This we cannot favor, as but few horses live to be so old that » full dose of medi- cine would be an injury to them. The great trouble with agedhorses,^ ia not from a^lailure of the constitution and the general system, but from de'fect in the teeth, whereby, in winter, they are nearly starved, because of inability to masticate what they eat. If their food oould be prepared, as is done for . old men, their lives and fisefulness would be prolonged ; then ih would be lime enough- tathink of ^miniiffiingtfiedoM^^ ' .'>4Wk !« f CU'^S&M&p^tfr W¥ ■^ , TABLES OF WBIQHTS AKD MEASDBES. 611 TABLES OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES APOTHECARIES' WRIGHTS. ir 20 grains make one scruple, 3 Aoruplea " drachm, a (iraciims " ounce, . 12 ounces " pound. LIQUID MEASURES. 60 drops make one drachm. 8 drachms ' " ounce, 20 ounces " pint, 8 pints " gallon. ORDINARY MODES OP MEASURING LIQUIDS. A teaspoonful of liquid equals 60 drops, or one fluid drachm. A tablespoonful of do i ounce, or four fluid drachms. A desertspoontul of do 180 drops, or three fluid drachms. A wineglassi'ul of do 1| fluid oonceq. The doses vary in qaaatity in different animals. The amount to be given in any case will be found clearlj stated in the treatment of each disease, whe- ther of horse, cattle, sheep, or hogs-. An ox's horfa, cut sloping at the wide end, for drenching horses and cattle is much safer than using a glass bottle. B 'iJJmi^i^iti% h,-a«^i-'^,t -s. 'K^ * tj. Index of Symptoms. DISEASES OP HORSES. Wasting or Shrinking of the Muscles of the Shoulder, "20 Constant Desire to make Water ; Straddling with Hind Legs, 21 * Continuous, acute Pain in the Belly, Boiling and Pawing 23 Harsh Cough, Loss of Appetite, etc., ^ 24 Looks at his Side, Lies down suddenly. Paws, and Rolls upon his Back, .27 Shaking of the Head, Running Back ifrom the Collar or Bridle when being Harnessed, ^ 33 Eyelids Closed in the Morning, Dim and Clouded 34 Sole Injured by Naili, Bruises, etc 35 Alteration in the Shape of Back Portion of the Hoof, 37 Crack or Split in the Hoof, Brittle Condition, -etc., 3^ Ulceration of Navicular Bone 39 Undue Heat in the Foot, Lameness in Starting, 39 - Tight Condition of the Skin, Dull Appearance, 40 "vj^ Holding the Foot off the Ground, Swelling at the Coronet, 40 ' Diseased Condition of the Frog of the Foot, 40 Bruise on the Coronet, or Immediately Above the Hoof, 40 • Standing upon the Heels, Legs brought Under the Belly, 41 Thin, Transparent Discharge from the Nose, 44 Offensive Discharge from the Nostrils, Greenish, Yellow Color, 44 Swelling of the Legs, Redness of the Heels, .' .^ .... 45 Difficulty in Breathing, etc 47 Lowness, or Falling in of the Hip, 4g Dull, Languid Appearance, Staring and Dirty Looking Coat, and Generally a Cough, . . . ." k| Pain in the Region of Kidneys, Ears alternately Hot and' Cold, 54 A Chill, Occasional Cough, Accompanied with a Sigh or Grunt, 69 Uneasiness, Rubbing and Scratching, gg iie.Sboaldeiv ¥fll lown eaa of th e No ae , Eye »^mA^tfoot hpT-7-TT-r-r.--5€ ====^ i ,; , ,, ;„., ■ . ■ . . ■•,.,■.,. ■-"W'M. ■ (^ ^' , -^.r-' ■ ^ ,' vn-^t^vj^jTw-^ INDKX OF SYMPTOMS. 513 A ' ■ -'" Pad*. The Dilated Nbstril, The Fixed Ear, 57 Chill, Followed by Fever, Succeeded by .Cold Legs and Ears, : 58 Inflamniation ia the Region of the Poll, 64 Pain in the Legs and Joints, Sweats Profusely, Breathes Excitedly, 66 Horse Standing on his Toe, etc., 70 Drags the Toe, and Throws Leg out, etc., f 71 Horse Rubbing Himself Against whatever he can get at, 73 / Small Circular Patchea^r Scabs, Sometimes running Together, ......... 74^ Swelling of the Hock Jh^nt, ? i 76 * LAme^wjbien Started, and^hifting One Hind Leg after Another when in Stable, .....' .; 76 SmaU, Bony Enlargements, on Inside of Leg, oftener on front Legs, 78 Dullness, followed by Excitement aod Madness, 79 Keeping the Head in a Peculiar Position, Saliva running from Mouth, . . 86 Frequisnt Desire to Urinate, Passed in Small Quantities, and Bloody, .... 82 Quick, Spasmodic Jerking of the Hind Leg^, 82 Shivering Fits, Succeeded by Chills, Formation of Abscess, 83 "Wasting of Muscles of Shoulder, " : 84 Soft, Fluctuating Swellings on Hock Joint, > 85 Appetite gone. Tremors or Spasms show Themselves, Sometimes Loss of , .^"Plwer in Hind Extremities, * 87 Untl^rifty Coat, loss of Flesh after a run at Grass, 91 DISEASES OF CATTLE. ° >~ ,__-_—>—''*-' Page. Cow oflf her Feed, Belly Swelled and liabl^'TJrSt^ger, 226 Whiteness of Lining Membrane of Nose, Mouth and Eyes v. ., 228 Animal Restless, Constantly Trying to Urinate, Eyes Bloodshot, 228 Slight Husky Cough, Weeping from the Eyes, Labored Breathing, 229 Bull, Uneasiness in Urinating, Slight Mucous Discharges, ....;.. 230 Thin in Flesh, Unthrifty Staring, Coat dead Looking, 232 YoraoiouB Appetite in Calves, Swelling of Belly, with Occasional Pain, . 233 Feverish Condition of System, Painful Cough, Flanks Heave, Eruptions upon Mouth, Teats and Feet * 236 Husky Cough in Calves, Difficulty, in Breathing, Loss of Appetite, 237 In great Distress, Sides Swelled out — ^when struck sounds like a drum . . 238 Loss of Cud, Loss of Appetite, Quickened Breathing, accompanied with a Grunt, ^ ,238 tppetunuioe of Mose, McAitu ana-Eyaii ; ■ »-> » r « «■■■ ■■ ■, >■ » » t ■ ■ i ii i 8 89 — Lossof Appetite, Rumination ceases, Staggering Gait, Falls and cannot rise, 240 ./ y S14 INDEX or STHPTOMS. DISEASES OF SHEEP. Inflammation of the Nostrils, Consequent Irritation and Coughing, .... 356 Quick and Labored Breathing, Heaving of Abdomen— The belly, the Mvlty oontalninR the heart, Inngi, bowela, eto, Abnormal— ImgnUi, ooatttkX^o nature, nnnataral. < Abomtuumr—Tbt, lower or fonJih atomaoh of aU ond>«hewlng animala. Abortion— The expulsion of the foetus before iti natural tlmfc Abration—LouB of a portion of ikin ; lea^g a ra* rarfaoe. AbsetM—A oolleotion of puM in a oavity ; a tumor or awelling. ^ftsorftento— Applied to medicines which neutralise acidity in stomach, eto. ; also medi- cines used externally, to reduce enlargements when a blister would be too severe. Aconite— The common name of aconitiim. Action — The paces of a horse Actual- A term used to denote immediate effect. Acute-A disease which has a certain degree of severity, a rapid progress, and short duration, is said to be acute. Adamantine Substanee-Tbe enamel-of the teeth. ^dAwwce-Sticking oloae to, as the skin to the ribs when an animal is hide bound. Adipose Tissue— Vht held in the meshes of cellular tissue. ^rfipoiw-Hepatioa. Disease of the liver, caused by an accumulation of fat. This some- times obatruots the secretion of bile. Adolescenee— The period between puberty ancl that at. which the body acquires its full development. v Adult Age— The age soooeeding adolssoenoe and preceding old age. Adventitious Diseases-Tbtme which are acquired,aooidental,not inherent, oaanal, foreign. ^ther-A YolatUeUquor obtained by distillation from a mixture of alcohol and a con- centrated acid. JAffiatus— Any air that strikes the body and produces disease. Affluence— A flow, or determination of humors, and particularly of blood to • part 4^i«Wo»»-The pouring ^ ^MSj-XiS^;.**-^ &tsfcu fcv»V-A-.T '^^^-^■i. .\. i tH. . 916 VBTBRINARY DICTIONARY. i AlimenUUion—Th^'iiOl of nouruhing, jiving good diet, eto. Alter— A term lued iynonyiqouiiy with "to oMtrate." AUtrative$—Afp]ied to medjl^inei irbioh re-eatablifh the healthy funotioni of the lyttem withoat any Mneible'evi^iiatRm. Alum — Peraulplwte of ainm6||)jf and potaah. Am-au-rt>»U — Partial or total low of viaion from paralyaia of the retina, accompanied by dilatation, but ocoaaionally contraction o^ the iris, which ia freqn^lKtly paralyEed. Ambttlanee — A oonveyanoe in which a aick or wonnded animal ia carried. Amntonia — A oolorleaa, transparent, elastic gas ; it received its ^amt on aooonnt of being principally obtained from salaramoniac. When inhaled namised or ondilnted with common air, it instantly causes soffocation. ' Amphibious AnimaU — That can live on land or in water. . Amputation — The operation of ontting off a limb, eto. Anoimia—Tho opposite of plethora ; poverty of the blood, in which there are too few red corpuscles and too many white. Anandria — Impotence ; applied to mails that fail to be^t offspring ; steirlity. Anatomy — The dissection and knowledge of the lower animals is called comparative anatomy ; that of man, hnman anatomy. >, Afihury — A soft spongy tumor, about the size of a malberry, met with in horses and cows ; als6 little lumps produced by insects on the roots of vegetables. Aneuritm — A tumor produced by dilatiojt of an artery, but it has been extended to lesion of an artery as well as to dilations of the heart AiMdote — A remedy which has the power of combating, neutralizing, or rendering poison harmless. Anut — The extremity of the rectum, the fundament. Aorta — The large arterial trunk arising from thVlefV ventrlok of the heart, and giving origin to every artery, except the pulmonary il^ its ramifications. AperienlB — Medicines which gently open the bowels. Apoplexy — An effusion of blood, occurring suddenly, ihto thel substance of an organ or tissue, but generally used with reference to an effusida of blood into the substance of the brain. Jgua— Water. > A name frequently applied to nrlm. ' ^ "^ Arteries — ^Thoae vessels which carry the blood from the heart to Mi» varioua fwrti of the system. Articulations— The faatening together of the various bones of the skeleton in their natural situation ; also means joints. Asphyxia — Suspended animation ; cessation, or discontinuance of bl«athing. il««tmito(e—T» change the food into a substance like the body of the animal which eata it ; to convert it into nntrimenti or into blood, eto. Asthma — A disease attended with difficulty of breathing, and a sensation which pr^ dnoes wheeling, oonghing, etc. .^ Atrophy — Defect of nutrition ; wasting or emaciation, unaccompanied by fever. The word sweeny is frequently used to express atrophy; they are considered synonymous. Bach Galled— A swelling or sore cm the Iiorse's back, OMiaed by oareleu nse of the saddle or harness fialaftt(««— Inflammatfam of the gbuw penis, or extremity of the yard. £ar«— The bars of the hoof ue two ridges of horn, passing from the heels of the hoof toward the toe of the frog. Bar* qf the Mouth — Tranaveril ridges on the roof of a horse's mouth ; when these are swollen, the horse is saii to have lampas. '^{' ^iitjA^^tiueViW-XJ W'A* " VETERINARY DICTIONARY. »\iv«r. 5ir . Bile— A yellow, greeniafa, viaoi^, bitter, luuieoua flaid eeoreted by the^ver. It (t^It- tingnUhcd into hepatic and qfstie, according af it flows immediately into the ano- dennm, or gall bladder. ^ Blood Spavin— 8tt Spavin. Bog Spavin— 8m Spavin. Bolt— To maaticate imperfectly ; to iwallow without chewing. Boliu — A ronnd or cylindrical maaa ; aynonymons with ball. Bone— A eubatanoe coneisting chiefly of phosphate of lime and gelatine, forming the solid framework or siceleton in vertebrated animals. Bone Spavin— '^e Spavin. BoUa—A specie* of worm often found attached to the horse's stomach. Aouwb— Intestitaea. Braxy—A term applied to many fatal diseases of sheep, and espedally to a form of anthrax or carbnncnlar fever. Breath, OffenMve—A condition of the breath, usually dependent upon decayed teetb. Broken Wind — See Roaring. Bronchia— The first two branches of the windpipe.^ BronchMt — Inflamation of the bronchia. BronehoeeU—pM ipcfitlent swelling of the thyroid gland. CamU^A cJiiwHDU W affording passage to liquids or solids, or to certain organs. Canal, Alimentary— Tb« canal ex^nding from the mouth to the anna. Cancer^A disease that generally .consists of a livid tumor, intersected by firm, whitish divergent bandsi and occurs chiefly in the saoernent glands ; the pains are acnt» and often extend to other parts. Caniw. Teeth— the teeth between the lateral inolaors and small molars of each jaw. CanMaris— Spanish fly. M is much enqployed in medicine and is the moat common vesicatory ; given internally, and even when absorbed from the skin, it affeoto the urinary organs, exciting strangury. Ctqiped Hock— A swelling on the point of the horse's hook, occasioned ^y blows or kicking. Carbonic Acid — An aoid formed in the burning of charcoal, and very abundant in nature; it is often found in minea, dry wella, etc. Carie»—A diaeaae of bones analogoua to ulceration in the aofter parta. Camttioroiw— That whioh eata flesh. Any substance which destroys ezoreaoenoes Id wounds, ulcers, etc. Cartilage— A solid part of the animal body of a medium consistence between bona and j ligament. Castration— The operation of removing the testicles. Cataract— U an opacity of the crystalline lens or iU capsule, which prevents the pMMge of tiie rays of light, and precludes vision. Catarrh— A common c^ld in the head or chest ; likewise the mnoons fluid poured out byf^ the bladder under diaeaae of that organ. Co^AarliM— AppUed to medicinea whioh quicken or increaae evaonationa from the inte*- teatinea or produce purging. • ^ .. Catheter— A aui^oal instrument like a tnbe, aloMiii but with several small perforation* towards the extreihity, whioh ia introduced into the bladder through the uretha for the purpose of drawing oif the urine in oasea of retention, eto. Ob«t««e— In medidne denotea aaubatanoe which, by ita chemical propertiaa, deatroya the texture of organized bodies. CdMar Membrane— Tb» moat common of all organic tiaauea, oonatitu^ng the aHwork • eate^ miantaytttool moat - atrwtuw « f ^h^ body.—— m a yub a. ''Mm '„# ^ sft'te* 618 VBTBBINARY DIOTIONABT. ^ Cautery —The •ppUmtion of koanttia subsUnoe, or of a hot iron (aotoal). CeHtre$, Nervou»—The brain, spinal oord^ and aympathetio ganglia. Cerebral— Boionging or relating to tiie brain. CAofe— Bile. Ghorea—St. Vitna' Danoe. lAvoluatary and irregular motiona of one or more limba, and of the face and body. Chyle— £he milk-like liquor from Which the blood ia formed, ooonpying the lacteal vea- aela and thoracic dact. Ckyme—Tbo pnlpy hum formed by the food in ita first great change in the process of digestion. Cicatrix— A scar ; a seam ; a acar or formation of reddish color, afterwards whitish, and of a variable thickness, which takes place at the aurface of wounda or nloera after their core. Cireulation—Tbt vital action by which the blood is sent from t'le heart through the' arterica. Cly»ter—A liquid thrown into the large inteatinea by meana of a syringe, or bladder and pipe prop«Brly prepared, the nozile of the ayringe or pipe being introduceJ • into the anua. Co/ic— Acute pain in the abdomen, aggravated at intervals. So named from ita haviug beeri auppoaed to have ita aeat In the colon. Collapse— A atate of extreme depreaaion, or complete proatration of the vitaljwwers. Colon— TluA portion of the large inteatine extending from the cfficcun to the rectum. Coma— A atate of lethargic drowaineaa, produced by compreaaiqi of the brain and othqroanaes. ^J Comatote-^Btnbkg % conatant propensity to sleep ; full of s^ep.. Goneeplion— The impregnation of the ovum by the positij^jt^lptiMt of the male sperm, whence reanlts a new being. i Concocted— Brought to maturity^ ripe ; digested. Coueutsion of the Braln-A diseased state proda^imc alarming symptoms, caused by great violence offered to the head, though no ^^mro, fracture, or extravasation can be discovered. a Coni^Mtton— Accumulation of blood in an organ. It is an important symptom io febrile and other disorders. It may arise eithe»4wm an extraordinary flow of blood by the arteriaa, or from a difficulty, in the return of blood to the heart by the veins. PmudjaaUon^A state of the bowels'in which the evacuations do not take place regu- V IwLaijaic^ aa frequently aa osual^ are inordinately hard, and expelled with '.'^. ^ofutUution— In medicine means the «tateof all the organs of the body considered in regard to tLair special and relative arrangement, order, and activity. A good con- stitution is one in which every organ is wall developed and endowed with doe energy. Oon$umptUm—Aaf wasting away of the body. OoittagUm — The oommuDication of a disease by contact, or by inlialing the effluvia from one already affected. CoMtdflpioM— Applied to diaeaaes which are spread by contagion. OdMKracMM— A property by whi#]h the particles of bodies reanme their original poaition when the power applied to aepatate them is withdrawn. Alao that vital property which gives to certain parta (moacles, for example) the power of oontraoting, by meana of which the varigua tribe* of animala perform their motiona. ' Cbiriwtoi»— Injnry by an obtaae weapon, or vjolant coUisioa against a hard body, with- oai¥reM& of Um iiAaiptaiiDii V a'brn&Jt. Wftfa... - W^' V *i uiA j*i i^, I't, K/.( -?- ^^J^ ^JS^^^ '^^S^ VSTKBINiUlY. DICTIQNABY. S19 ConwUeseent-^" Orowing atrong ; " returning to fall health after a diiease is removed. Corns — A diseased condition of that part of the Joraard hoof, between the bar and quarter, nsaally on the inside. Corrosive — Eating away. Destroying the texture or substance of a body, more especially of a Uying body. Comtgatiott — ^The contraction of the surfMe of a body into wrinkles. Costa — A rib. The ribs 4re twenty -four in number in man ; in the horse thirty -six ; the spaces between them are called intercostal spaces. J Cough — A sonorous and violent expaision of air from the lungs. Counter- IrriteUion—'Sba application of a olister or other irritating snbstanoe to one part for thepurpose of relieving pi^ in another part, usually beneath or adjacent to the irritated surface. Coup de soliel — Sunstroke ; generally an affection produced by a scorching sun. <7oi0-/>oz— Postulus of a peonliar character, on the teats and mamary gland of a cow, from which the vaccine fluid derives its origin. Cramp — Spasmodic and involuntary contraction of muscles. Cranium— Tho skull, or npper part of the head containing the brain and its con- nections. Crepitus— Tho discharge of gas or flatus from the bowels. CrMuting, Cribbing— Va\» causes alteration of the teeth, which are worn away on the anterior edge, their dear, sniooth surface changingto more or less of yellow dentine- like substance. It is accompanied by wind sucking, which causes disorder of the digestive organs and loss of condition. Crisis — In a diMase that point or period which determines its favorable or unfavorable termination, or" its turning point." CrUieo/— Detennining the issue of a disease ; also applied to periods of life as decisive of certain changes of constitution, etc Cro;>— The first stomach of a fowl. The craw. Croup~A disease marked by labren«A— Liquid given by force through >he mouth by ^orn, bottie, etc. Duct — Any tube or canal by which a fluid or other substance is oonduoted or conveyed^ especially in the internal structures of animaU. Dysentery — Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the large intestine; the chief symp- toms of whioh are : fever more or leas inflammatory, with frequent mucous or bloody evacuation ; the evacuation being in part solid or lumpy, the remainder fluid. far— The organ of hearingj comprehending the external, middle and internal ear. SXmlliUcm—Tbe aot or state of boiling. Ecchymoma—A soft, blue swelling from a bruise ; extravasation of blood into the cel- lular tissue. i7cwma— A smarting eruption of small pustules, generally crowded together, without fever and not contagions. Slfhvescenee—Th* agitation prodnoed on mixing oertain substances, caused by the sud- den esoape of gas. -i^^ertfoiT-Tliraot^rTprooarof dtoehargliig aaythinfffroiB ih» bod y . %■:, VETKRINAKY DICTIONARY. 021 Emaseidatiott — The Mt of rendering impotent by injury or removal of the generative orgiuw.f Embrocation — A flald application for rubbing any part. Embryo— Thmt which grows within. The foetus in utero, before the fifth month ; alao the germ of a plant. EmeUe — A medicine which caoae* vomiting. ^motftent— Softening oraoothing an irritated surface, or one harsh from dryaess. Empyema — A oolleotion of puss in the cavity of the chest. Enamel—A. very liard, white substance investing the crown of the teeth. i?ncy«A break. A fracture is termed simple, when the bone is only divided ; com- pound, when, in addition, there is a wound of the integuments communicating with the bone ; comminuted, when (he'bpne ia^ broken into seveKl pieces. Fragment — One of the two portions onl fractured bone, one being termed th» superior, and the other the inferior fragment; properly speaking, a detatched portion or spicufk of bone. /Virtion^The action of rubbinii, for exciting the action of the skin, espioally hand- rubbing. Fumigaiion—An operation for filling a certain space with gas or vapor, with the inten- tion of perfuming or purifying the air. Futietidn — The action of an organ, or the power or faculty by the exei^iae of which the vital phenomena are produced. / - . FunctioncU—KttUiting to the function of an ot-gan. * Fundament— The anus. The aperture through which the solid portion of the excre- ments is expelled. * Fungus— The mushroom order of plants ; hence the terms fungus is applied to the tumors formed in the substance of the textures, without any external ulceration, as warts. OcUl-Nadder-A membranous reservoir containing the bile, situated on the lower surface of the right lobe of the liver. The bladder is absent in the horse. Gall— The bile or secretion of the liver. (See Bile). Oangrene—Tbe sUte of incipient mortification. WHeu attended with infiammation it is termed hot ; when inflammation is absent it is termed cold ; when the pakt affected contains more or less of deoomposM fluids it is termed humid. Oastrie — Belonging to the stomach. Gastric /uiee— The juice secreted in the stomach by the eflTect of which on ihe food di- gestion is carried on. J Gastritis — Inflammation of the stomach. i OelaUnout 7)M«ue«— Tissues which render to boiling water a substanoe, which on oooUng .forms* jelly. GeneraHtm, Organa od vessels, absorbents, and nerves, for leoreting or m hi I'OXf Wt^sJ^fiaJl^ "m- ^ff-". VETERINA>tY DICTIONARY. 523 Glamierg—Thia disease is' alik? fraitfiil of evil to tnan and beast. It ia altogether incar- able, and therefore a study of its symptoms only is necessary, in order to distingnish it' from ozoena, or ohronio catarrh, with wUoh it may be oonfoanded. When the '. ' owner has the slightest saspioion that his horse has glanders, he should without de- lay have his suspicions confirmed or removed by the experience of a veterinary sur- geon. This disease being equally destructive ot human and equine life, too much vigilance cannot be adopted. 'Oleet—A. thin matter issuing from an nicer, particularly applicable to nanl gleet in the horse. 6lobtUe—A small particle of matter of a spherical figure. . Oonorrlioea — A discharge of purulent matter from thfe urethra or vagina. CnciW— Calculous matter formed Jn the kidneys, passing off in the urine. /TauNcA— The region formed by Ihe lateral parts of the pelyis and the hip- joint Heart — The hollow, muscular bisons situated' betAreen the lungs and enclosed in tiie pericardium. Hectic — Relating to the constitution or habit. /' Hectic Fever — A slow, insidious fever. Hepar — The liver. \ • Hereditary — Derived from the parent. HirmaphrSdite— One having, the organs of generation too nearly rosombiing those of ^he '. opposite sex, or poaseasing the attributes of both sexes. Hernia — Rupture. A tumor formed by the protusion of 'fkoy of the-viifoera of the abdomen beyond its pariet«s- Hide-bound — A term used to demote the adherence of the horse's skin td the ribs, when the animal is diseased, in oimtradistinction-to its looseness and suppleness when in a state of health. It usually arises from a deficiency in the quality or qu^tity of food, and is commonly an attondtnt on lingering diseases^ „, ' Hidrotic — Causing sweat. ** Hipptu— An affection of the eyelids, in which there is a constant tendency to wink. i/M»)eru«— The shoulder. The junction of the scapula and humerus. Hybrid— Tht o&pring of two different speoite of animals. Hydrophobia— k disease so called because dread of water is one of its symptoms. It is caused by the bite of a rab d dig or other animal Hypordemie — A term for the appUoation of medicines under the akin. '. HypngUMit — ^The inferior part of the tongue adhering to the lower jaw. Impregnation — The act of making pregnant, or the rtat^ of being piquant. //lanttton-^Emptinaaa of UB body from want of food. . Incineration — T|h act of reducing animal or vegetable matter to ashea. . Indigestion— if tlb»,t« of the system i^ which the food is not properly assimilated. ; Induration-Jth» hardening of any part from the effect df disease. Infection— Ae communication of a disease by personal contact wttii thostiok, or by me^tuJof efiluvia arising from the body of the sick. Injlammation — A ihorbid process or alteration in a part in which there is perversion off nerve action. This prooess is ordinarily attended by pain, redlieas, heat, and swel- ling, and more or less disturbanoe of the general system. ■ .' Inflexed — Curved inwards. I^HtMU — So called beoanae the d is ea s e seems to reside in, or depend upon, some atmoa- pherlo inflaenoe. An epidemio d i s eas e oharaoteriaed by the saddeniieM of its attack, general drpression, heaviness of the eyes, and by a distressing fever. InkaUMon — Drawing of the air into the longs. Usually applied to this braatliing of me- /-x •^ .! i :^ki^kZ. £.#.»■ :: , 4, 524 VETKRINABY DICTIONABT. •"(h. /n/tMion — The aot of tteeping •ome ■nbtUnoe in water. Injection — Aivf^ medioAtod liqaor ttirown into a natonl or pnatamataral cavity, by meant onPkyringe; when intended for the rtJbtnm, it is termed a clyster. Inoculation — The Luertion of wti\u into any part of the body in order to oommaoicate a dioeaee. * Intontnia — Want of aleep. iMpiration — ^The aot of dratfing in the breath. . Inttinet — The power by which animal*, independently of 0zperienoe or inatraction, do what ia neoeaaary for the preaeryation of the individual or nu^. ^ Integument— The cuticle, rete muooanm, ctttia, and «ndipo«e tinne, together forming the covering of every part of the body, except the nail* or hoofs. Intermission — A temporary oetsation. Applied to fevera, etc. Intermittent Fever — A fever in which the paroxysm intermits and rnna at nearly regular intervals. * Intestines — The long, membranous tube continuing from the stomach to the anus in the cavity of the abdomen. Iris — A delicate, circular membrane of the eye, floating In the aqueous humor suspeoded vertically bBhinil the cornea, and perforated to Ibrm the pupil. Irrigation — The continual appUcatic^ of a lotion by dropi»ng water on the affected part. V Irritation— Th9 e|[oessive action of any stimulus producing an increase in the sensibility. Isolated — Separated from surrounding bodies. Issue — A small sore produced by art and kept open to relieve irritation or morbid action in a neighboring part. Jaundice— fA disease characterized by yellowneaa of the eyes, skin and urine, and by general languor and lassitude. < yatofrone— The bone of the jaw containing the teeth. Joint — The joining of two or more bones ; an articulation, as the knee. Jayal Segion — The region of the oheek-bone. Jugular — Relating to the throat. ' Kidney — ^Tbe kidneys are two glandular bodies, situated in the lumbar region, oonslstiiig of an external, and an internal or tubular substance. The office is to secrete the urine, and thus to carry off the superfluous fluid from the system. Kidney Horse shoe— A fatty conformation, in which the lower ends of the two kidneys are united by a transverse portion across the spine, thus forming a crescent or hpi]K- shoe. Knot, Surgeon't^A donhlo knot, made by passing the tiiread twioe through the same noose. Lachrymal — Beloh|^g to the tears. Lachrymal GantU—A duct extending from the lachrymal sao and opening into the inferior meatus of the nose. Lamina— A thin, flat part of a bone, as the plate of the ethmoid bone. LaminiUs— Thin disease consists of inflammation of the parts between the pedal or coffin, bone, and th^ sensitive lamina, whence the name. It is also oalled Founder. Aafij/uor— Aapeoieaof depreakion, or debility which generally oomeS on slowly. . Larynj/Ma— Inflammation of the larynx. <-' Latent — An epithet applied to certain diseases or states of disease, in which the symp- toms are *o concealed as to escape the observation of the physidaa, as latent inflam- mation. Lax — Diarrhoea. Laxative— A medicine whioh gentlyopens IXe^wiEi. \ a.il , < A iS- i^ '. i''.V^AW'<'^^4'>''^^'^ < \ VBTKKINARY DICTIONABY. 526 * Leap—iimovlu movement, by which the body ia detaohed from the mU by the forcible •ndwdden extension of the limbe. ^ Lethargy— A. oonetuit sUte of etupor, from which it ia difficult to moom the animal. Ligamentt—VibroiiM atructuree, uniting the bone*, and forming artionlationa ; hence the division into interoaaeoua and articular. Ligature— A thread of ailk, flax, or other anitable material, for tying arter^ea or'other parte. The bandage need tor phlebotomy. ^ ' Lmiment^An unotaona medidne, containing uanally oil or lard, employed externally by meana of friction. '■ ' . Lip— Th« lipa are compoaed of different mnaoular nervea, and veaaeb, covered by the akin and mucpua meqibraneof the mouth. i/t9U«/ae(ion— Transformation of a solid substance into a liquid. Z-itw— The largeat gland id the body. Ita office ia to aeoi:ete the bile. It is situated on the right-side of the abdominal cavity. By its clifU or fisaurea the liver ia divided into what are called ita lobea, of whioh diviaion there ia a great variety in the dif- ferenaspecieaof quadrupeds. In the horse this gland is constituted of two princi- pal lobes, right and left, united by a middle portion, and' two lobuli or small lobes. Lobe— A round, projecting part of an organ, i^ica/— Confined to a part, without implicating the general ayatem. " Loei-jaw—{8oe TtTASua.) Longevity— The propagation of existence fa> an advanced age. v Lotion— A fluid for external application. Lotions are ordinarily applied by wetting a linen in them, and keeping it on'the part affected. I Ziust6aj70— Rheumatism affecting the lumbar muscles. Lung»—Th« organs of respiration, occupying the, thorax or chest. , Lymphatic — Applied to veaaela conveying lymph.' Maceration— Tb« prooeaa of ateeping a S^bB^noe in water, to extract ita virtues. ^tfobina— Infeotuous effluvia from deaayed animal or vegetable matter. it a%iian<— Applied to diseases that endang^^ life, more especially to those that are characterized by their* violence. ' . Jfl^mo/— Having brea^ta or teats. Mange— A contagioua diaeaae o^^the akin, ariaing from poverty and neglect, and is cause^ by the presence of aoari or paraait^. JfarrQw— The fatty, oleaginouaafibf tanoe in the cavitiea of long, cylindrical bonea. - Mattication — The act or proceaa of chewing. .^ Mctximum—Tho greateat poaaible quantity or effect. Membrane— A akin-like tiaane compoaed of interwoven fibrea med to cover some part of. the body, apd sometimea forming a accreting surface. Jleninj^UM— Inflammation of the membranea of the brain. Miagm, Jltody ; aweat. Pettilenee—A oontagiooa or infectioiu diaeaw which ia epidemio.or endemic. Phl«gm-4Tbe thick, viaoid mnooa leoreted by the Inngs. Pi^— A\diMase of the veina at the eztoemity of the rectum, aronod the anna, aaiaih- ing a Icnotted or dnatered condition . j Pneumonia — Inflammation of the Innga ; the aymptoma boing fever, pain in the tl^ax, aggravated by coughing, quick and wiry pulae, and difficult of breathing, an^on- geation of the viaibte mneoua membranea, v Poiton— An animal, vegetable, or mineral anbatance, whicti, whep applied externally, or taken into the stomach or circulatory ayatem, causea auoh a change in the animal economy aa to produce death. They are claaaified aa irritant, narcotic, aedative, acro-narootic, and aoro-aedative. Poll Evil— A disease occurring on the summit of tiie head from pressure or a blow, either of which, if oontinned or repeated, causes inflammation, frequently reanlting in suppuration and the production of absoeasea round the attachments of the cer- vical ligamenta. Polypus— A tumor having numerous ramifications, situated in the noae, nterua or vagina. Postmortem — After death. Applied to the examination of a dead body. Pr^UsposUim— Any state of the system which disposes to the action of disease. Proud Fksh—Bwgna ; a redundant growth- of fleah on an ulcer^, or excessive granu- lation. Pu&ai»— Any throbbing sensation, resembling the beating of the pulse, a* the pulsa- tion of the heart, etc. P«&e— The beating of the arteriea following the action of the heart during contraction. Purgation— A purging or evacuation of the bowels. Pus— A cream-like fluid found in abaceaaea, or on the surface of aores ; matter. Putrijication—The spontaneous decompoaitica of animal or vegetable matter ; rottenness. ^tttor— A chronic absccM in the hoof, caused by a bruise or prick of the sole, by inflam- mation arising from neglected thrush, or from the oJk of one foot bdng pressed into the coronet of the other. Suppuration seto in, and from a difficulty in dis- charging pus, a fiatnla ia formed. Babies— A diseaae caused by the empoisoned saliva of dogs and some other animal* be- ing absorbed into the system through a wound, bite orsorateh.. In this disease the very sight of water, or other liquid, usually causes a spaam of the throat, accom. panied by a sense of suffocation, and an indescribable horror, whence the name hydrophobia, by which it is commonly known. Hash — An eruption of the skin, such aa nettle-rash, etc Beaction—Th» " acting again " of the vital powers after they have been greatly da- pressed. /?(/ri{)pmln^— Applied to medicines which cool the body or blood. if««4tten<— Applied to diaorders the symptoms of which abate considerably and then retom again and again until the diseaae ia overcome or proves fatal. J7e«o{t»n(— Applied to substances that scatter inflammatory or other tnmors. /7Mpira(ton— The /unction of breathing, including both inspirati(m and expiration. Respiratory JWurmur— The murmuring sound heard from the lungs of a healthy animal, produoed by the penetration of the air into the pulmonary' tisane and ita expglsion jrom-ifc- ■ — ■ ' — ■ — ' — ■ — — — T" %.. 628 TBTEBIHABY DICTIONART. Setention—Tbt stopiMga or kaaping httA. of uty of the ezoretion*. eapeoUlly the nrine. SeHna — Th« organ of visual peroeption, the mott internal membrane of the eye, being an ezpaniion of the optic nerve. Bigldily—SlAflaMt ; inflexibility. JiinffftoM— Ringbone oonaiate of ezoetoda, or the exoretoenoe of bony matter on the coronet bone, and the paatem bone. They an of three kinda, niperior orfalae, median, and inferior. Soaring— Tho diaeaae termed by all EngUfeh anthora " broken wind " ia in Canada called heaves, and the diwaae reoogniied here m broken wind ia named roaring in England. .. Uaing theaeterm8,'aa generally nnderatobd here, heave* ia due to mptore and en- largement of the air oella of the Innga ; broken wind, in a large majority, if not in all, caaea ia oanaed by conatriotion or deformity of the wind pipe. Broken wind and roaring are inonraUe diaeaae*, and can be only partially relieved by attention to the anitnal'a diet SuminatUm— Chewing the cod, or bringing up of the food ptevionaly awallowed into the month again to be properly maaticated. Supture — Apopnlar name for Hernia, which aee. ' ' 5a«eAanne— Containing augar. Saliva or SpiUU—Aa inodorona, inaipidi tranaparent fiaid;8eoreted by the variona glanda, and poured into the month by aeveral ducta. It aaaiata in the proceaa of digeation. Salutary— That which ia favoral^le to health. <9anj)ruin<— Abounding with blood. Sa^itarjf-ThtA which relate* to health. , iSal| othar, ao that tha affection oi tha «rat ia tranamitted aeoondarUy to tha othara, or to one of tha othera, by mewiB nnknown. aynovia—Tht, unotnona fluid aeoretlon of certain gknda in the Jointa, with which tha anrfacea of tha artionlating haada of bonaavara lubricated, and their mottooa fadliUted. 8jfri»g»—An inatnunent for injecting liquida into any vaaael or oaTity. Tmdim— A flbrona, white chord, genaraUy rounded, by wUoh a mnada ia attached to a bonas ' Tetanut-A diaaaaa in which tha muadaa of voluntary motion are apaamodioally con- tracted, canaing rigidity of tin parti affected. noroughj^—A bnraal enUrgaoient of tha upper and back part of tha hook. T»ni«A— An oifenaive diacharge from tha olaft of the frog, aooompaniad Ify daoompod- tion of the homy aufaatance. roirfM— Medioinea which produce a permanent, but aoaroely perceptible, excitement of all the vital functiona ; thna diSaring alike from atimolanto, whioh immediately and aanaibly excite, aa well aa from aedativca, which dtprett, TVoeAea— The windpipe. Tran$formationr-A change of aubatanoa or form, aa of the aoft parte into bone or cartilage. ^^ TVoMf/iMMM -The introduction of blood from the vaina of one living MiHtl into thoaa of another. TrkniM—A apeolaaof mbute entowMn fooad in the mnaolaa, aon^atinMa ~— ^n g th« death of an animal in which it ia found. llUereb— A email awelling in the aubatanoa of an organ. \ 7Vm{/ae(ton— An enlargement or Bwalling from any oauaa. \ Uktr—A dangeroua, mnninii aon. , I7re-Having power to expel worma. Vtrttbnt One of tha ba naa oonatitntim tha variahcai oolnm». or Uokbent. -rw%r^iMBlH|r , \ •m )tAfkjr^ St.i&fe^i%i««*>^ 530 VRTBRniART DIOTIONART. VtUrinary iltdkine—Thm haaling artM appltod to diwMM of horMi^ wttk, «to. VtriM— Poiaoa. Applied «o any nutter prodnoed by dlMM*. Mid MpkbU of prop»g«Uii# tlwt diaease by inoonUtion or oontagion. Finon— Sight ; the faoalty of seeing. ForocJoiu— DevooriDg; nvenona ; eztranely linngry. VorMi^L-OreedineM for food. Wheezing— A noisy reepintion. WindgalU—A. diatenaion of the aynovial ntombranea of the fetlook Jointa OMiaad by over-exertion or apraina. Withers {FiituloM)— See VohL Evil, to whioh it is aimiUr In avwy napect, exoapt location. )rorm«— Antmala which infeat the inteatlnea. ITotttid— A breach of the akin and fleah of an animal, oanaed by exteraal Tiolanee. Wry Neck— A. fixed, Involuntary inclination of the head tuwarda on* of the aooUera. -w ' ''.../>■ ?»>V EiS^k.>, ,> Inde ,/ DISEASES OP Page. Treatment of the Horse 13 The Pulse, Briaitliing, etc 16 Abscess 19 Accidents 19 Alteratives ^ ^^ 20 ■ Amaurosis f[^ji'20 Aphtha h 4"/^' Atrophy , \'l . 20 Baldness 20 Belly-ache 20 Big Head . 20 Bishoping 21 Bite of Mad Dog 21 Bladder Diseases 21 Bleeding , 2I Bloody Urine 22 Blood./, i.. 23 Boil^^.. . 23 Bots 23 Bowels, Disease of . 23 Breaking Down 23 Brittle Feet 24 Bronchi 24 Bronchitis 24 Broken Knees 26 ' Bums , 26 Capped Elbow 26 Capped Hock g. 26 Castration l.^.. 26 - Oo teHMXiv- . : ....... ' 26 -1 OBSB. Catarrh 26 Chest Diseases 26., . Chest Founder .' 26 ChUl .''26 Choking 26 f Co"S , ?6 i Congestion of the Lun|» 29 Constipation 29 Consumption 29 Contagion ...%^. 29 Contraction . . V 30 ***** * **^SMtM Corns aJ^ &a n Cough ^Wm Cow Hock 30 Cramp 3Q .. Crib-Biting , .^ 30 Curb 30 Diarrhoea 3 j Disinfectants 31 Distemper 32 Dropsies 32 Ear Diseases , 33 Emetics 33 Enema _ _ 33 Enteritis 33 Epizootic \\ 33 Eruptions 3^^ Eye, Diseases of the 33 5'aroy • • • 34 Ktty TiiinoF. V . . . . 7^ 4.> 533 INDKX. Page. Fever, Putrid 3^ Fever, Sympathetic i 36 Fever in the Feet ^35 Fistula ■••• 35 Fistula in the Foot 36 Flaxseed •• 36 Foot Disease 36 False Quarter 38 Founder ^'■ Fractures ^^ Frost Bites ^2 Gangrene ■ • • '*3 Glanders *3 Gleet.... ** Granulation ^^ Gravel in the Foot 45 45 46 46 47 47 47 47 Grease Gripes Grunter Gullet, Obstructions in the . Heaves • Heal Hepatic Diseases Hernia " Herpes. 47 Hereditary Diseases 47 Hide Bound 48 Hip-joint Disease 48 Hock, The 49 Horse Fly 49 Hydrothorax ' 50 Hydrocele • 50 Hydrophobia Hysteria. Inflammation . 50 50 50 Influenza ^ Infections Itch Interfering Jack ■df- JaondiorrTTVT- Jolnt Diseases . 53 63 63 63 =S3= i4g& Kidneys, Diseases of the 54 Knuckling ^^' Lameness 55 Lampas ^5 Laryngitis 56 Lice....^ .....56 Liver.... ^® Locked Jaw 57 Loss of Appetite 58 Lumbago ^° Lungs 58 Lymphangitis "" Mad Staggers 60 Maggots 60 Mange - ^0 Moon Blindness 60 Mouth, Diseases of the 60 Narcotics "^ Nervousness "^ Neurotomy "^ Open Joints 62 Ophthalmia 62 Overreach 62 Paralysis, or Palsy 62 Peritonitis 63 PhagadMa K 63 PoH-Evil 64 !., Pw4- 1 .iMU- i ■,g^ ^■'>VW~T' Saddle Galls Salivatioa , Sand Cracks .' . . , Scald Mouth Scarlatina Scratches Scouring Scurf Secretion Serum Serous Abscess Seton , . . . Shoulder Lameness '. . . Shoulder-joint Lameness Side Bones «-...... Skeleton of the Horse, Bones of Skin Diseases Slobbering Slough Sores Soundness Spavin Specks on the Eye Speedy Cut Spleen Diseases Splint'. Sprains Staggers Staked Stings from Bees.^ornets, etc . Strains Strangles Stranguary Stringiialt Sunstroke (Coup de Soleil) . . . Suppuration Surfeit Swelled Legs Sweeney . Sympathy Synovia . . .' . ~Tepauus .". INDEX. 633 Page. ^ I'as-e. , 68 Tetter 84 . 68 Thick Wind .. .^84 , 69 Thick Leg #84 69 Thiselo 85 69 Thoroughpin 85 69 , Threadworms 85 69 , Throat Diseases „. 85 69 I Thrush 85 69 j Thumps 85 69 I Tonics 85 69 Tracheotomy . 85 70 Transfusion 85 70 Tread ..86 71 I Trepanning 86 71 " Tubercles 86 71 Tumors 86 72 Tympanitis ^ 87 74 I Typhia—Typlunfa— Typhus... 87 75 j Typhoid 87 75 I kyphosis 87 75 j Ulcers 89 75 ; Urine, Bloody 90 77 Varicose > 90 77 ! Ventilation 90 77 j Vives 91 77 ! Warts 91 78 ; Warbles .... .'' 91 78 i Water Fgrcy 91 79 Weeping Eye ' 91 79 Wens 91 80 I Wheezing 91 80 ! Whirl-bone, a Sprain of the . . 91 82 Wind GSllls 91 82 Wind Sucking 91 82 Worms 91 83 Wounds . , 92 83 ! Wourli 93 83 . Yellows 93 83 j Yellow Water 93 84 j Zoology ^ 93 84 j In fluenza in Horses 94 84 I lixeroise of Horses lOl ). ii4i. Ai ...A, . Ul ^>Cl 634 INDKX. "^ Page. Ventilation of Stables 107 Function of the Lungs 109 Effects of Food HO Quantity of Food '. HI Rules, for Telling Horses' Ages 114 Horse Taming, etc 115 How to Get the Colt From Pasture 116 How to Stable a Colt 116 The Kind of Halter, and How to Put it on 117 How To Proceed After Hal- tering 118 How to Proceed if the Colt is Stubborn 119 How to Lead a Colt with a Broke Horse 119 To Lead the Colt into a Stable 120 The Kind of Bit to Use 121 How to Saddle a Colt .... 121 How toMoupt the Colt 122 How to Ride the Colt 123 Pw* To Break a Horse to Harness . 124 To Hitch a Horse in a Sulky . 136 Taming a Horse with Vicious Habits 126 To Make a Horse Lie Down. 127 Treatment After he is Down. 127 To Manage Balky Horses... 129 To Make a Hope Follow You 132 To Stand Without H(ildi9g.- 132 Pre/vent a horse from" Scaring 132 Hfivr to Develop Speed 134 Shoeing, Feeding, Watering. . 135 Teeth 136 Working Horses 137 Shoeing, Care after Work,^tc . 138 Faster Work. 140 The Sweat 141 Treatment After the Sweat . . 143 Toe Weights, etc 143 Harnessing and Driving, etc. 144 Thoughts on Shoeing, etc. . . . 147 Mc DESORIPnONS OF FAMOUS HORSES. MaudS 155 Jay-Eye^^ee 156 Phallas.^". '457 Patron 158 Harry Wilken 169 Lilde Brown Jug 161 Black Cloud 162 Alcantara Jr 163 Kentaoky Prinoe, Jr 164 IfMnbrino King 166 "KnoMii . ; ;." rr;T.T Tr.~v.^ '166 Young Boyd George .... . . 167 Mill Boy and Blondipe 169 H. B. Winship and Mate.. 169 Raven a 169 Minting 170 Freeland 170 Hyder Ali 170 Pontiao 171 Clydesdale Horses ..^ 171 Shire Horses ' 173 The P e r o h ero n Ilo m . . - ,-- . . 1T # .s;.AkV!J>.ki8 5: -»xrKi«' r tb 'fpf, I INDSX. «« # t- J. DISEASES OF CATTI#|:. #■■ ^ 4 v/ Page. Abortion 225 Abomasum 227 Angle Berries 228 Anemia.. 228 Aphtha or Thrush 228 Black Water 228 Bladder Diseases 228 Bladder, Prolapsus of the 228 Brain Diseases 229 ronchitis 229 Bull Burnt 230 Calving 230 Catarrh 231 Chicken Pdx 231 ' ....231 232 Choking Colic... Consumption 232 Cow-pox. .1 232 Cud, Loss <^f the 233 Diarrhoea. .|. 233 Dysentery .4 234 Epizootic A]i>htha 235 Fardel Bound 235 Fever 235 Foul Ckw 236 Garget Mammitis 236 Hnmaturia-Blood in the Urine 236 Hair Balls 236 Herpes '. . . 237 Hide Hound 237 Hoose in Calves 237 Hoven 237 Page. Hydatis in the Brain 238 „ ^^^[mpaction of the Omasum, or Third Stomach 238 JadiJtce 239 Kidney Disease . . . '. 239 Laryngitis 239 Lice ■ ; . 239 Liver Disease 239 Locked JaW 240 Lung Disease 240 Lymphangitis 240 Mange . . . / 240 Milk Fever 240 Mvuth Disease . ^ 241 Nephritis 241 Ovaria^ Dropsy 241 Ovarian Tumor # . . . . 242 Parasitic Lung Disease .... 242 Parturient Fever ., 242 t*leuri8y ^ 242 Pleuro-Pneumonia 242 Prurigo Venialis 246 Puerpural Fever 246 Quarter Evil 246 Ked Water .... 246 Reticulum 247 Rinderpest 247 Ringworm . . . . ^. 247 Rot ...,, 247 Rumen or Fftunoh 247 Rupture in Ca lves 247 Slinking the Calf 347^1^ % <*^ y 636^ INDEX. V Page. Sore Throat 247 Spaying 247 Splenic Apoplexy -. . 248 Spring Eruption 248 Stomach Staggers 248 Strangulation . . 248 Teats «. . . 248 Texan Fever 249 Throat Diseases 249 Thrush 249 Tabercle Diseases 249 Tympanitis ..0m. .. 249 Typhus Contagiosus Bouth . . 249 Contagious Typhus of Cattle.... 249 Rinderpest Cattle Plague.... 2^9 Udder Diseases ^50 Paco* Urine, Bloody .... .. .... 260 Vaginal Catarrh . . .... 261 Varicella Boum 261 Vertigo,.. •• 261 Warbles 281 Water ik the Chest 261 Wormh ,. .... .... 261 Winter Care of Cattle . . . . 262 Mr. Bates and his Short-horns 255 The Business 'of Agriculture . . 257 • From, the Pasture to Winter Quarters 269 Feeding and Management of CJi,ttle 261 Milk ,The Care.of 21^ DESCRIPTIONS OP CATTLE AND SHEEP. ml Page. Aberdeen-Angus Hdf^rs .... 282 Coquette 4th 282 Polled Aberdeen- Angus .... 283 The Holstein Friesian Cow, Lady Fay 285 Imp. Holstein Cow, Empress . 286 ^ Hereford Bulls, Prince Edward and Royal 16th.. 286 Ist Duke of Hilldale 287 ^•H 'iiid Duke of Hilldale 287 **" ^^fi' _ . ■ ■ » — '-""^^g. — ... - , » ■■ ■■>/•■ 'A. ..,; '. -7 ■ '- ' f. « Page. Sir Champion XIII 287 The Jerseys 288 Ayrshire Cattle 288 Holstein Cattle . .^ 288 The Southdown Sheep 424 The Oxford Down Sheep 425 Lincoln Ram, Lord Chancellor 426 The Merino Sheep 426 The Shropshire Sheep 426 Stii Ble Cat Brc Pn€ Plei Cho Cos Dia Hot Poit Infli For« Con Iafi< Disc Rhe Plet Ana Scro Droj InzQ Dysi Red Afte Bloc Aph Bhee Dioe Infla Bete r jiA^^l JiiJlfcW*..i'^..i'i'r4'lWi.i . ,-tjN a . J- tK-. INOSXk 537 t M D-ISEA^ES OF SHEEP. ' ^^'i^tj . ^ i:^irgatives . . , 354 Stimulailts 354 Bleeding 354 Catarrh .... : . . . . .^ 355 Bronchitis .... 356 Pneumonia 366 Pleurisy 357 Choking, 358 Costiveness 359 Diarrhcea 359 Hoven » 360 Poisoning '. 361 Inflammation ot the Bowels . . 362 Foreign Bodies in Stomach , . . 363 Congestion of the Liver 363 Inflammation of the Liver .... 363 Diseases of the Blood 364 Rheumatism 36^ Plethora 366 Anaemia or Pining 365 Scrofula— Tuberoulosts 366 Dropsy 367 Inzootio Diseases — Influenza. 367 Dysentery 368 Ked Water 369 After-Pains in Ewes 370 BUok Leg, Quarter-Ill 370 Aphthtu 371 8heep-Pox ., 37^ Diseases of Urinary Organs . . 374 Inflammation of the Bladder . . 374 Betention of Urine 374 i bednueiit in Urinary Canai . . 374 Calculi 375 Clap or Oonorrhoea sYS Diseases of the Brain 376 Inflammation of the Brain . . . 376 Paralysis — Trembles 377 Epilepsy 377 Lockjaw 378 Palsy 378 Parasitical Diseases of the In- testines .* 378 The Liver Fluke 379 The Liver Rot ; , . . 379 The Lung Strongle 380 Hydatids or Bladder Worms. 381 Diving Bladder Worm 381 ' iMiiiy-headed Bladder Worm. 382 The Brain Bladder Worm .... 382 Tape-WOTms ' 383 Hair-worms in the Intestines . 384 Parasitic I^Lles of the Skin 384 Tb^ Sheep Tick. The Sheep Louse The Sheep Gad |ly .- , . , 386 The Maggot 387 Diseases of the Feet 387 Foot Rot 888 Common Foot Rot or Gravel 390 Epizootic Aphtha 390 Inflammation of the Interdi- gital Canal 390 Cank er of the Foot . . 3$!. ■'i 1 I mmi ■t ■<* <: f '/'■. 'H «38 f MDBZ. ift> ^ «. ■ Pago. ■ Lamlnng pnU Diseases, etc.. |391 Parturienifcjfovbf . . .'. 392 Abortion. ,, i>Ji4, ^ Garget :%*f^'l* ,m . . . * Inversi^ {i{aKlitertiB\ . Ophthal Constipation j^ Co] . 'llv^Y Castration..' . ; . j.^iS^s, ^-^ Docking . ^.*1i;;^^. rTi^i ': Frac' WounSa Ispraina '.,% • • • . . . . 3W«% Mprainir y ;*)). . . . '^^•■fZ^Xr • • • ""T ' Disease l^fCuliar <»^1timlf^ SdT r^ Dianrhciw or White Scoifs .*yi§9? ^, Ii» pas^odio CoUo ......... '^^I^"' ' ' .ralysis . . . « . . .... ,... . i^9w^ ^ _ e Disea^ 'Husk, Veririin- 'i «, /^,.i*( ^onchitia 399 Measures 400 , ement of Siieep ..... ii SBASES OF SWINE. ApopleiMHt 427 liiflamUntkliiSrpf' tiie Brain . . 427 - PhrenitU....': ;. 428 Spinal Cord .' ,.. .. 428 -%^pii^y ..:..., ■..- 428 Pilsy tk Paifalysis : . 430 Tetanus or Lockjaw ,. , .... 430 Habies.. .... . .,. . .. ••* • •• 431 lifasal Catfeir%^ ... 434 The Larynx,..'. .. 436 The Ph^n* • ^^^ The (^Syoides 436 Stannglc^r Quinsy 436 : The Chest or Thorax 438 Diseased Valves of the Heart 439 Bronchial Tubes 439 Inflammation of the Lungs. . 440 Pleuropneumonia ......... 440 Epidemics .. J"-- i^4(r \ Enteritis , . '. • • 446 CoUo. .. .; .. .^ 446 Diarrhoea .1. «• ... 446 i^e laver . . », > 447 l%e Spleen ., .. ... 447 Splenitis ,. 448 Bttptai4 ot the Spleen 449 Absorption of the Spleen. .«^. 449 Fentoneom 449 Peritonitis... 449 Worms in the Intestines.. ., 449 The Bladder !. ....... 460 Vesical Calculi' ..... 1 460 Inversion of the ^ladder .... 451 Protrusion of the Be,^^ . .. . A.:A\«. \x- -'V. «„^1\ T".r -, r ^~j! ^7f^ INDiX. 539 HORSE AND CATTLE MEDICINES. i ' Aoidfl Alcohol Aloee , Alum Ammonia Amesthetics . . Aniseed , Anodynes Antimony . . . . . . Antiseptics ... . , Antispasmodics. . Areca Nut . . ... Arnica Moi^itana Arsenica ...... Assafoetida Asarabacca. \ . , Afrtiringents Atropine. . .' . . . Belladonna . . . . Benzoin Benzole'. . . . . . jpismuth, Subnitiftte of. BqIb Armenia ....... Borax V. .. . Bromide of Potassium . Backt]||||m Oi^amine .. Oaloium, or (Jojoklime , Calomel .. .[. Camphor .\. Oan t ha r Page. . 469 . 470 . 470 . 470 . 471 . 471 . 471 . 471 . 471' . 472 , 472 , 472 4X2 472 472 472 473 473 473 :y^73 ■ 473 ' '473 473 473^ 473^ 473^ 473 474 •474 474 Page. Capsicum 475 Carbolic Acid ..•" ; 475 Cardamoms . . .^ . .,, . ... !..'^."475 Caraway } 475 Carbonate of Ume 475 Cascarilla. .*..lr 475 Castor Oil ..... . 476 Cassia". 475 Catechu 476 Chalk : ...... 476 Chamomile . . . » , . 476 . Charcoal 476 Cftfenopodium Anthelminticum 476 Chlorine Gas 476 Chloric Ether.. 477 Chloride of Potassium 477 Chloride of Lime 477 Chloroform 477 pholgaflBgues .... 478 ^^mchona , 478 Cochineal , 478 >CodInver Oil..^. 478 Colchicum . . .„ 478 Collodion ..,,, 478 Copper, Sulphate of . . . .■> 479 Coriander..-.. ... ,..j 479 Creosote , . ....... 479 Orotbn 6il \ , •. . . . 480 Digitalis , . . ..... ^, .. 480 Disinfectants -< ■ ■' . .T. r . " 480 , — Binretics . r."-?r~ . . . v . .. - . . .Tia i"^ ■.: 1 ■'['■A:. iiifMi'irM ■ • . ;, '! « ■ >. v •* -^ }M ■' ■ ■♦ -■ , rsa /■ ^ h 64d INO£X. Page. Elecampane t,^. ■ 481 Elm Bark.. ./ 481 Emetics ' . . 481 Epsom Salts ^481 Ergot 482 Essential Oils 482 Ether . . . . 482 Euphorbium ; . . . . 482 Expectorants .4 '. . . . . 482 Febrifuges ; 482 Fenugreek 482 ■Fern 483 Friar's Balsam ....... 483 Oalbanum .t". .... 483 Galls 483 GaUic Acid 483 Gamboge ...... ". 483 Gentian Boot 483 Ginger 484 Glauber's Sajts .. 484 Glycerine v 484 •• Guaiacum 484 Gum Arabic 484 , Gum Senegal , 485 , Gum Tragacinth ' .... 48^^ Hartshorn........ ....... .. 485 Hellebore 485 Hemlock . . j^ 486 Iodine - . . 485 Iodide of Potassinm 485 Ipecacuanha 487 Iron :. \. 487 Jalap ^ 488 'Jhniper Berries 488 Kino ." 488 KouW 488 Laudanum 489 Laxative 489 Lead 489 Lime 489r lame, Carbonate df 489 Linseed ■ . 489 Page. Linseed Oil . . 1 489 Liquorice Boot 4by Logwood ftu Lunar Caustic J 49u Lupuline [ 490 Lytta-Cantharides 490 Magnesia 490 Manganese 490 Marsh Mallow 49U 'Marigold 490 lieccury '. . . . i. .. 490 Mercurial Ointment 49 ^ Mezeron 491 1 Morp)iia . .' 491 Muriatic Acid 49i Mustard Seed \. 491 Myrrh 492 Narcotics 492 Neat's Foot Oil 492 Nervines 492 ' Nitric AcTd . . . , V. 492 Nitre ' 492 Nux Vomica . . 492 Oak Bark .^, 492 OU ..' .....;... .M .. .... 493 Opium.. ,.\. .W. 493 T'ariera Brava. ,,, .. .' 494 Peach Leaves 494 Fepipermint ....... 494 Pep|>er 494 Petroleum . . . ." 494 Phosphorus 495 Pitch ...... . . 495 Pomegranito Punica 495 »Poppies 496 Potash 4)&i> Prussio Aoid 496 Pumpkin Seeds' 496 Purgative 496 Pyfoxylio Spirit 496 Quinine 496 Bennet v i^. . . 496 *^ Ceral , Olyst Dr«n Elye] Eyel Fredi Liiiiii Ointi Plast v .=jPeaU "S^ \. '. ■ ,«T ,. V- \ IHDBX. Page. Rhubarb '. 496 . Uicinus Communis 496 Rochelle Salts ,. 496 Saffron 496 Sagapenum 496 Sal Ammonia 496 Salt ;. .. 496 Sal Volatile 496 Saasafras^ 496 Saracenia Purpura 496 Savin 497 Sedatives *;;;;. ^497 Senega, Folygala Senega . . < . 497 Sialagogues . ... ^ 497 SUver, Nitrate of 497 Soap .„ .'. 497 ' Soap Liniment 497 Soda 497 Spanish Fly 498 Specifics 499 Spermaceti . .'. .' 499 Spirits of I^rous Ether .... 499 Spirits ' of Wine . ./. 499 Sponge ( 499 » Starch ). 499 PRESO RIPTIONS, PREPARATIONS, ETC. Cerates 6C Clysters. . ^. 6^5 Drenches ^^S-Y^^ Eye Lotions and WashQ||^Wfi06 Eye ^ves • TJW.. 5t6 Fre6n^ Mixtures . . ".'i-^. . . 506 liniments or Embrocations . . / 606 Ointments j|j. , . 507 Plasters.. '•^l/- ^^ Paal tic e s ^ . M . . 608 == .541 Pago. Styptics 500 Sudorifics ftOO Sugar of Milk 500 Sugar of Lead 500 Sulphuric Acid ,■•••-• ^00 Sulphur — Brimstone 500 Sulphate of Zinc 500 Ta^ate of Glycerine 500 Tannin 500 Tar 501 Tartar Emetic 501 Tobacco .' 501 Tragacanth .... 50 1 Turpentine 501' UrseUrsi 502 Valerian ' . . . . 502 Valerianate of Soda 502 Veratrum 503 Wax 503 W^lowBark .. 503 Y(^t 503 nc 503 ingiberis 504 Zyloidine .' 504 I Pag*. Spirits 609 Tinctures •. . . 509 Water 509 Table of Doses accordingto age 510 Apothecarie's Weights 611 Liquid Measures 611 Modes of Measuring Liquids . . 611 Index of'Symp^guirrT 612 Veterinary Dic^onavy . . 616 ' --r——^^1 ^ ^~~^— '"^ t , Ik J V ■•"-■ -■■-"^-"Yi' I 042 ..iV; ,, ,^, letUSTEATIONB. ENGRAVINGfS OF CELEBRATED HOI Madd S. Patron. , Jay Etb I Pballa Pancoas Black dkitiVD. Maubrina Kino. Alcantaea Jh. ^ Kentucky Pkincb JiT Minting. > Young Royal Oborob. Maratana. ■ Ratbn. 54&. Bbau Nabh. , - Dolphin and Stab. Marquis. Lord Colin. Pbincb William. Harry Wilkes. LiTTLB Brown Jug. Mill Boy and Blondin. H. B. WiNSHiP AND Mats. PoNtlAC.^ 'Hydbb Ah. Frbbland. .\ '^^^ ENGRAVINGS OP CELEBRATED CATTLB. ¥. %■-. ■laP^ Mary AW op St. Lahbbrt — Jbrsby. Princess op Way^ Sbd-^-Holstbin. Lady Pay — HolStein-Frbisian. EHPRES8-!-H.<^tSTBIN. " - Sir Champion XIII— Guernsey. "^ Group op HoLEiTj^iN Yearlings. * RqyB) — Herepobd. CoNStANTYNE— Hei^BU^bEISIAir. V Group op I^^pobd ^ws. Coquette 'flpP- Aberdeen- Angus. *" <2nD DUKB,!iP ^"^^^^ — SHOf T-HOBH. OlABBNCE ^^tKLBTINGTON— S^ORT^ORN. Canada's Pride — Short-horn Hbipbb. , IM DUKB OP HiLLDALE — ShOAT-HOBN. JusnCB-i-POLLED AbBRCBBN- ANGUS. Group (wAbbbdbiw-^Anqus Polled Cattlb. / AOIB 2nd— HoLSTEIN. ^^J' icrroBY — Jei^JIy. ^ "W. King op Ashantj£e;-^.^{B6by. NAiiToY Lbb & r!»iift,'i'[ifnnifY '" Lb BbqoAuis 'fl^^— jbrsky. Hazb^Hws— Jbrsbyl ' Barri^mP — ^I'^^ii'^^- Prinoi^IIdward — Herepobd. ^ Franoh^ — Red Polled. Gubta 4th — Aybshirb! Lady Abbrdbbn-Shobthobit. Abbbdbbn^Angus Hbipbbs. Abohibald — Herepobd Bull. Eabl op Oxford— Shobt-hobn. Lady — Herbpord Cow. Hamming — Holstbin Cow. ^^ «' .4- i '.<-ii>j^ \i i^ . Y'"^ -- ' ■' ^j'' '^i-w A jA'Sai,\s,'Ce'«"f-^^'i! •j2A'»<^i. -^^i! ,~^ KT(' ^ i U.LU8TBATI0NB. 643 m^ ENGRAVINGS OP CELEBRATED' SHEEP. \ Q*ODP OF SOCTHDOWN SheEP. Group of Oxford Shkep. . y ^jurawoLD »HEKP. Vengeance— Merino Ram. LoHD Chancellor— Lincoln Ram. ENGRAVINGS OF CELEBRATED SWINE. Gaoop OF Pola; 'VlE|BterA A«' First Choice— Poland-China Sow. 8 2l«>_SuALL YuRKSUIBK BoAB. CI #, ^ ^ — i^ '^ ^ ^Hm ^^^1 ■ mn m ^^t^^^ (I ^ ^^Hk. / .^^^^^1 1 % . 11 ''^ 1 ^ '■ A ^^K^"- « ' ■' ^ ^k A 1 1 ; > 1 ( f f 4 ,.< ' K * * r '§ ■a ; ^'' '> V 1 • •f -. / *■ ' • . < '-Is- • < (* ..rj ■"' '. '■■ ''•, ' - --■ ■'■-- .■.^..^....^-. - '•■ , ■ ■ ' ', ;.■■ , ■i"^/" .>\