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32 X

THE

BATTLES OF THE WORLD;

OK, CYCLOr.'EUIA OF

BATTLES, SIEGES, AND IMPORTANT MILITARY EVENTS,

Che (Dviflln m\ |(n,«tltutii)tt of jljlUUtara Cities, U, &c.,

ALl'IIAnETlCALLV AnUANOKD,

AVITH AN AI«1?ICND1X.

CONTAININU

! A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE,

FROM TltK CllEATIO.N TO TUB I'llKSKNT UAY.

DKUICATED IIY TEUMIHSION TO OKNICUAL 8IU JOHN MICllKL.

11 Y

RRV. J. DOUGLAS BORTIIWICK,

An-IIOII OK " CYCLOl'.KDIA Ol' IIIHTOllV AND (IKDdllAl'll V," " Till: IJItlll-'K AMl;iM( .>N
HliADKIl," AM> "TUB IIAIU OK CANAAN,"

Sttonttcnt :

I'l'IlLtSUKI) IIV JOHN MUIll; ANI> I'RINTED liV .lOlIN I.OVKI,!.,

ST, Nll'IIOl.AB HTUKKT,

1800.

Kiitercd, uccoi'ding to Act of Provincial Purliainout, in the year oua thoii^iiiiil
I'iglit iiuiulred luul sixty-six, by John Mum, in thi' Office of the Registrni
of tiio Province of Cana in.

'..0'

't. i

*LC

tlioiisiiiid
Registrar

CTommanlitng tFjc jForccs

A. a sn,„„ nurU of ro.poet to tl.o hl«host Military Authority ,„ tho.o Provineo. ,,,,1
■■> token of ,.st..om for n„e of tl.o „en.rals of that Rloriou. arn.y which has fouKl,. .u„l
co..,uerea in ovory n«o of It, country'^ hi.tory, and ia almost nvory climo.-

Whoso ting has braved a thousand years
Tlio battlo and thu broozo;

And whoso uclons con.tituto not a Mnall portion of the -llattlo, of tho World.''

ffhlsi ivoth 1,0 rtcrtlcatcrt

MoNTniiAt,, AllKiiyt im),

Tlir, AITIIOU.

PREFACE.

Within the last decade of the history of Great Britain, some
very important books have been added to her literature, and espe-
cially to that particular division which treats of her wars and
splendid victories, during the same period. " The Fifteen Decisive
Battles of the World," by Sir E. S. Creasy, Chief Justice of
Ceylon ; " The Twelve Great Battles of England," inscribed to
the British Volunteers of 1860 ; " England's Battles by Sea and
Land," "Russell's Crimea and India," "Emerson's Sebastopol,"&c.,
are valuable in themselves, as describing those victories which have
raised " Dear Old England " to the very first rank among the
nations. But the object of the present publication embraces a
larger and more extended field of research. It embraces the whole
of the princi])al battles, by land and sea, that have ever taken
place, from the earliest recorded action of which we have in "uis-
tory any distinct and reliable information, to the very last evei. f
military importance which has transpired previous to going to press.
I need scarcely say here that that evont is the unprecedented and
unheard of invasion of our country, by a band of lawless brigands
and filibusterers, from the neighbouring Republic, yclcpod Fenians,
who have shed blood, and wantonly invaded the territory of a friendly
power. It gives me much pleasure to insert in tiie " Cyclopiedia
of Battles" some account of how they were met by our brave
Volunteers, at Ridgeway and Pigeon Hill ; for it proves that the
Volunteers of Canada will compare favorably with those of the
Mother Country : and lot it be borne in mind that one-half of the

."-^

PREFACE.

i i

men who greatly contributed to the Victory of Waterloo were
recruits — raAV troops — drafts from the militia — soldiers who had
never been engaged before ; and the same indomitable pluck —
the same unconquered spirit — the same manly virtue of England's
offshoot sons, was seen in the attack at Ridgeway,

In the first general engagement in the Great Rebellion of the
United States— which was fought at Bull Run— American Volunteers
we)'e also for the first time under fire, but Avhat was the result ? A
total pell-mell rout — a scattered army hurrying on— cavalry, artil-
lery, and infantry — in one mighty, confused mass — treading down
and overthrowing each other, in their eagerness to escape from the
manly chivalry of the South. Our brave Volunteers charged with
the " Spirit of their fathers," and gained the day.

It has been said that Canada was neither a military nor a Utcr-
ary colony. The events of the last few weeks fully proves to the
contrary, regarding her military ardor. Her sons nobly responded
to the government call ; and had necessity required, as fair and fully
equipped an army Avould have trod the battle-field as ever stood
arrayed before an enemy ; — and these sons of her's were scions of
all stocks — from the son of the learned divine or lawyer, to tlie
peasant's only boy. As regards her literary fame she has produced
works which will compare favorably with sister colonies, and may
rank side by side with the Mother Country. To refute the assertion,
too, may bo hero remarked, what an agent for some of the largest
publishers both of England an'^ the United States said not long
ago ; " In the last three months he had sold twenty complete copies
of one of the largest and best Encyclopaedias, and nearly double
that number in parts," added to the hundreds of other publications
which are being scattered broadcast over the country, prove that
the Canadians ,,ro cultivating their minds as well as tlieir " broad
acres." For my own individual i^art, I can boar ample testimony

f n

PREFACE.

Vlli

to the .^onerous patronage given to my publications. The first,
published some years ago was rapidly sold. The second issued,
was accepted by the unanimous voice and vote of the Council of
Public Instruction as the standard School Reader for Lower
Canada, and received the appi'oval of the Government. The whole
edition of the third, issued last Christmas, was sold in two weeks.
The present work bids fair to receive as large if not a larger
circulation.

To the people of Canada who hav5 advanced and are advancing
literature, by subscribing to and supporting literary institutions
and productions, I tender my sincere thanks for all the patronage
hitherto bestowed upon my humble endeavours to elevate the
literature of this, my adopted country, and to perpetuate, in book
form, among the *' Battles of the World," Canada's Engagements
with foreign foes — her battles by land and sea.

J. Douglas Borthwick.
Montreal, 24th July 1866.

PosTsciiii'T. — Since the above Preface has been iu type events which were
looked for, iiave transpired in Europe and by tlie acconnts received some
battles have already been fought on Continental soil. As far as practicable,
insertion will bo given to those of which we have received reliable information
as regarding- statistics, &c.

J. D. U.

■stiuiony

m *' ..H^M I»-;'» <I W W T I WW HJWMi^igWW

1 ,

CYCLOPiEDIA

OF THE

BATTLES OF THE WOKLD.

ABDICATION OF KINGS-Numorous in ancient history.
The following are those of the most remarkable character and greatest
political importance :

Henry IV. of Germany a.d.

Baliol of Scotland "

Charles V. of Germany. ... "

James 11. of England "

Philip V. of Spain "

1080
130G
1550
1G88
172-1

Napoleon Ajiril 5, 1814

Charles X. of France. . .Aug. 2, 1830

Louis Philippe " Feb. 24, 1848

Ferdinand of Austria. Dec. 2. 1848

ABOUKIR,— Commonly called the Battle of the Nile. Fought between
the French and English fleets August 1st, 1798. (See Nile.)

ABRAHAM, HEIGHTS OF,— Commonly called the Taking uf
Quebec, or the Battle of the Plains of Abraham. Fought Septoui'oer
13th, 1759. (See Quebec.)

ACAPULCO SHIP.— This was the celebrated prize. A Spanish
goUeon, from Ac.ipuico, laden with gold and precious wares, and estimated
by .sonic annalists at .£1,000,000 sterling and upwards, taken by Lord
Anson, who had previously accjuired in his memorable voyage booty
amounting to .£(iOO,000. Admiral Anson arrived at Spithead, in the
Centurion, with his immense gains, after having circumnavigated the
globe, June 15th, 1744.

CYCLOIVEDIA OF THE

ACRE, ST. JEAN 1)'— imcicntly Ptulcmnis. This city was taken
by Kicliard I and other Crusaders in 1 192, after n siege of two years, with
the loss of G archbishops, 12 bishops, 40 carls, 500 barons, and i}00,000
soldiers. It was retaken by the Saracens, when GO, 000 Christians per-
ished, A. D. 1291. Acre was attacked by Bonaparte, in July, A. D. 1798,
and was relieved by Sir Sidney Sniith,who gallantly resisted twelve attempts
during- the uieniorablo siege of the French, between March 1st, and May
27th, 1799, when, batHed by the British srjuadron on tlie water, and tlie
Turks on shore, Bonaparte relintiuished liis object and retreated. St.
Jean d'Acre is a pachalic, subject to the Porte, seized upon by Ibrahim
Pacha, who had revolted, July 2nd, 1832, It became a point in the
Syrian war in 1840. It was stormed by the British fleet under Sir
Robert Stopford, and taken after a bombardment of a few hours — the
Egyptians losing upwards of 2,000 in killed and wounded, and 3,000
prisoners; while the British had but 12 killed, and 42 wounded,
Noveiiibor 3, 1840.

ACTIUM.— This battle was fouglit Sei)tember 2nd,ii.o. 31, between
the iK't'ts (if Octavianus Ca'sar on the one side, and of Marc Antony and
CleoiKitraon the other. The vielory ul' Oetavianus which followed, pro-
cured him the name of Augustus, the Veneralile, bestowed on him by
the Senate, and the commencement of the Roman Empire is commonly
dated from this year.

AlMUANOi'TilO.— This battle, by whicli Constantino the Great pro-
cured till' llonum iOmpire, was f lught July 3rd, A.l). 323. Adrianopli:
was afterwards taken by the Ottiiinans from the (Ireeks, in I3()0, and
contiMUfil to lie the seat of the Turkish Kiiijjire till the capture of Con-
stantinnpl,' in 1453. Mahomet H, one of the must distingui.shed of tho
Sultans, and the one who took Constantinople, was born liere in 1430.
Adrianoplo was taken by the Russians, who entered it, August 20th, 1820,
but was ri'stored to tlie Sultan at tho oIoho of the war, Septendier Mth,
the same year.

A1).IHT.\NT. — This muno is given to the officer, genernlly a lieuton'
ant, wliosc business it is to assist the superior ollioers, by reoeiving and
coinmunieating orders.

ADMTR.Mi.— This, tlm liighest title in the navy, does not appear to
have been adopted till about 1300. This title was lirst given in Mnglaiid

--i.iii».«»4«/.»i*H»l!«

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

I'lit pro-
i'iiiiiii]iK;
{CO, iiiul
ol" Con-
(1 of the
li:{0.
ISliO,
K!r lull,

lii'UtlMl'

.'iii^' ami

to William dc Loybournc, by Edward T, in 1297. The first Lord Tlinh
Admiral of England was created by Richard II in 1388. It is an office
which has seldom been trusted to single bands. Prince George of Den-
mark, consort to Queen Anne, was Lord High Admiral in her reign.
Since that time (1708) the duties were uninterruptedly executed by
Lords Commissioners until 1827, when the Duke of Clarence, afterwards
William IV, was appointed. He resigned August 12th, 1828, and the
office has ever since been vested in the Lords of the Admiralty.

AEGOS POTAMOS.— Tins place is famous for the victory of Lysan-
der over the Athenian fleet, on the KUh December, n.c. 405, in the last
year of the I'eloponnesian war. All the triremes of the Athenians, 180 in
number, were eithor lost or captured, without the loss of u single ship on
the side of Lysander.

AFGHAN WAR. — A fierce rebellion broke out on November 2nd,
1842, at Cabul ; Burnes and Macnaughten, the British ministers, with
otlier civil and military officers, were successively murdered, and the
whole country rose in anus under the treacherous Akl)ar Khan, the sou
of the deposed king, Dost Mohammed, who determined on the massacre
of tho whole British force. PuHillaniinity and indecision in the councils
of the goneral-in-chief. led to an immediate evacuation of the country.
•l.olM) fighting men, together with about 12,000 camp followers, besiileii
women and children, sot forward, through ice and snow, on their lament'
able retreat; and i\o sooner had they cleared (uit of their cantonments,
than the blood-thir.sty Afghans began to plunder the baggage, and fire
upon the .soldiery ; they continuccl withcmt ceasing their revengeful
assaults upon the bewildered and dt'sjionding multitude, till there was
nothing lel't to plunder, and noius left to kill. Out of a host of about
20,000 human beings, only a few hundreds wore rescued from death by
captivity. The ladies and tho wounded had been given up to the enemy
early in the nnuvh, and Mr. Urydoii was the oidy officer who made good
his retreat. In the Ibllowing year, h(»wi!ver, on the appoiutment ol' liord
Kllenbonuigh to the governor-generalship of India in tin- place of Liu'il
Auckland, the British national character was repaired, the honour of
their linns retrieved, and tho unfortunate prisom-rs rescued. General
i'ollick was despatched into Afghanistan with an invailing army; he
advanei'il on Cabul with all possible rapidity ; while, on the other side,
(leiieral Nott, who hail held out at Candahardnring the receutdiffieulties,
brought IiIm forces uImo to boar on tho capital. Victory ovorywhero

I!!

CYCLOIVBinA OF THE

ill

nttendod tlio nritish iirnin; and the Brili;<li officers and ladies, wlio liad
been taken piisoiicr.s, were also rescued, at I'taineean, on the road to
Turkit^tan. These disgraces havinij,' been so gloriously redeemed, it was
determined to cvacuiito a country which ought never to have been en-
tered ; the Ibrtilicalions and other works of Cabul having been destroyed,
the IJritish troops set tbrwjird, on their return home, and, after a niiirch of
about feu weeks, arrived safely on the banks of the Sutlej, December 17th,
1S42.

AlUNCOlIRT,— Fought on the 2r)tli of October, 1 115, between tlic
English and Freneli. Wiieu all his preparations were completed, King
Henry V end)arked at Soulliampti'ii with a gallant army of ■'{(1,11(10 men,
and landing at the mouth ol'the river Seine, invested the town of llar-
fleur. After a brave resistaneo ol" live months' duration, tlio town sur-
rendered ; the inhabitants were expelled like those of C'alais, and an
English garrisoii occupied it. To his moitifieation, Henry, at tlu- end of
the sieg(>, found his army no longer in a eoudition lur active operations ;
for it had snllered so severely fnun dysentery, that when the sick ami
wounded had been sent home, it did not count more than onohalf of its
original number. In spite liowevcr, of the remonstrances of Ids council,
Henry resolved to march with I v^ diminished force to Caliiis. He
reached unoppo.^ed (he lord by which Kdward III had crossed the Somino,
but tbuml it secured by linea of palisades, bohiml which troops wuro
posted. All the other fords wero secured inliku manner, and tiie bridges
were broken. At length linding a ford unguarded, the Knglisli passed
over. Tlu' constable of l''ranee, who commanded the French army, fell
back towards Calais, and having received orders iVoni his court to light
without delay, he sent heralds to King Henry to ask which way ho
intended to nnirch. Henry replied, by that which led straight to (Jaluin,
and dismissed tlie heralds witii a present of 1(1(1 crowns.

As til. Knglisli were advancing, the Puke of York, having ascended
tin eminenci', descried the masses of the enemy. The troops were
iiidtantly formed in line of battle, but the French would not advance to
attack them, the experience of Cressy ami I'oitiers having inspired them
witha dn>ad of the cloth yanl arrows of the I'lnglish. Ilul as their iirmy
presented lui array of uO.tHM) horsemen, they had no doulit whatever of
the victory ; ami though the night was dark and rainy, they assendiled
round their banners revelling iind diseu^'sing thu uvc^nts id' the uiunitig
day ; and such was their oonlldeiic(^ that they ovuu flxud thu ransoinx of

nATTLK8 OF THE WORLD.

ip-i WiTO

Ivaiu'o to

iri'il tlii'iii

I. ir army

IISHi'lllltlod

nnsiiiiiH 1)1'

Kill}; TIciiry and liis barotiH. TIio Eiii^jHhIi, on t ho contrary, inadi; tlioir
wills, and passi'd tlio night in devotion. Sickness, f'ainiiie, and the sniall-
nuHs of their iuiinh(!rH, depressed their spirits ; but their courajxe roso
when Ihey tiioujiht on Cressy and other victories, and on the gallant spirit
of their king. TIenry himself visited all their quarters, and he ordered
bands of music to play all through the night to cheer their drooping
spirits.

IJeforosunri.se, on tho 251)1 of ()ctol)er, 1115, biiing St. Cri.spin's day,
the Hnglisli army, liaving beard mass, stood in order of battle. The
king, wearing a helmet of polished steel, wreathed with a crown of spark-
ling stones, roile on u grey pony from rank (o rank, inspecting and
uncouraginir them. Hearing an ollieer say to another that ho wished a
miracle would transfer thither some of the good knights who were nitting
idle at home, he declared aloud that " he would not have a single man
more, as if (iod gave them the victory, it would bo plainly due to ills
goocbicss; if ho did not, tho fewer that fell, tiic less tiio loss to their coun-
try." Three French knights now canio, suniinoning tJKim to surrender,
Tlie king onUued tliem otV and cried out, " limners, advanoo." The
archers fell on their kiiee.s on the ground, then rose and r.ui on with a
shout. They lialted, and poured their hail of arrows on the lirst division
of the Freneh ; and when they had thrown it into some confusion, they
slung their bows behind *heir backs, and grasping thcur swords and bat-
tle-axes, killed tho coiistablt; and his prineipsd olfieers, anil rouliMl tho
whole division. They then advaiieiMl to attack the .si'cond division, led
by the Duke of Alciu/oii. Hero tho resistance was obstimito. Alen(;on
forced his way to tho royal standard, killed the Duke* of York, ami iileit
the crown in the helmet of the king; but he was slain, and tlu^ division,
turned and ll'd. Henry was advancing to attack the third division,
when Word came that a large force was I'alling on the rear. The king
guvo hasty orders to put the prisonurs to ih^ath, and numbers had jterished
huforo it was discoverctl that it was a false alarm, caused by uii attempt
of some peasantry to plunder the baggage. The slaughter was then
stopped, but this cruel act tarnidied the victory which was already won,
for the thinl division ollerod but a sliglit resistance.

When Montjoy, the French king-at-arms, appeared, " To whom." said
Henry, " doth the victory belong?" " To you, sir," " ,\nd what eastlo
is that 1 see nt a distanet> ?" "It is called the castle of Agineouit."
" Then,'' said the king, " be this battle known to posterity by thr name
of tli«' battU) of A^inuourt." Tlu> prime nobility of Fratiuu weiv (akuti

CYCLOr.IlDIA OF THE

or slain, and 8000 knisilits and gentlemen lay dead on the field. The
loss of the English was only the Duke of York, the Earl of Suffolk, and
about 600 men.

AGRA. — This celebrated city is called the Key of Ilindostan. It
was surrendered, in the war of the 3Iahrattas, to the British forces,
October I7th, 1803. The great Mogul frequently, before its surrender,
resided here. It now exhibits the most magnificent ruins.

AIDE-DE-CAMP,— (-P/Y)»i the French.) An officer whose duty is
to receive and comumnicate the orders of a general or superior officer.

AIX-LA-CHAl'ELLE, TEACE OF.— The first treaty signed
hero was between France and Spain, May 2nd, 1GG8. The second, or the
cehhmiid treaty, was between Great Uritain, France, Holland, Hungary,
Spain and Geneva, October 7th, 1748. A congress of the sovereigns of
Austria, Prussia and Russia, assisted by ministers from England and
France, met hero, October 9th, 1818, and signed a convention. The sum
settled by this convention as duo by France to the Allies, was 2(15,000,-

000 francs.

ALlJinaiA oil ALBITIIEIIA.— This battle was fought May KUh,
1811, between the Kiigiish and French, The English and Anglo-
Spanish army was commandi'il by Marslial, now Lord llercsford, and the
Fri'i\eh by Marshal Suult. After an nhsthiate and sanguinary engagement,
the allies obtaineil the victory, one of the most brilliant achievements of the
Peninsular War. The Frenoli loss e.\coeded 7000 men, previously to their
retreat; ])ut the allies lost an eijual number. On the side of the allies
the ohiet brunt nl'thebatth-'lell on the British. " Colonel lnglis,2L'iiffieers,
anil more tliiui IHI) men, out of 570, who had mounted a liill, fell in tiie
5Yth regiment alone; tho other regiments were scarcely better off, not one-
tliird being left standing ; 1 MOO um wounded men, the remnant of 0000
uneomiuerable British soldiers, stood triumphant on this fatal hill."

AI.DKRNKV, HACK OF.— Through this strait the Fremih made
their t'suupo after their defont nt thi' battle of La Ilogue, by Admiral
Rooke, in 1002. It is celebrated f(M' two mcmoralile and melunelioiy

1 vents : 1st. Here the only son (tf Henry I of Kngl;intl was ship\vre(>ked
and drowned, with 110 youths of the liighest families in Fiiigland and
Franco in 11 10. 2nd. Tho Briti-'li man-of-war Victory, of 110 guns

jsmmmmi^Ktl^

I. The
jlk, and

tan. It
I forces,
rrcndcr,

3 duty is
iliccr.

y siijnud
lid, or tin.'
[Iun;j;ary,
M'oipjus of
;laiid and
The sum
'2(15,000.-

Iny KUh,
d AuL^ltv
I, andthi'
a^cuiont,
ntsof tho
Id thoir
tho allies

'J (llVll't'l'S,

■11 in tlu'
not ono-
ol' r.OOO
.ill."

nch niadi'
Admiral

lolanoholy
jiwi'i'oki'd

iland and
1 lU guns

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

1.5

and 1100 men, was also wrecked here October 8th, 1744, when the
Admiral, Sir John Balchan, and his crew, perished on the rocks.

ALEMANNI or ALL MEN {i.e. x^Ien of all Nations). —A body
of Sucvi, who were defeated by Caracalla, a.d. 214. On one occasion
300,000 of this warlike people are said to have been vanquished in a
battle, near Milan, by Gallienus, at the head of 10,000 Romans.

ALESSANDRIA.— This battle was fought. May 17th, 1799, between
the Austro-Russian army, under Suwarrow, and the French under Moieau,
when the latter were defeated with the loss of 4000 men. The French
had possessed themselves of Alessandria the year before, but tliey w re
now driven out. It was again delivered up to them after the battle of
Marengo in 1800. The village and battlefield of Marengo lie oast of this
town.

ALEXANDRIA.— The battle of Alexandria was fought, March 21st,
1801, between the English and the French, the latter being commanded
by Mcnou, and the former by Sir Ralph Abercrombie. It resulted in the
defeat of the French, but the IJritisii general was mortally wounded, and
after the retreat of Menou, he wlis carried to the admiral's ship, ami died
on the 2Sth. The command devolved on Major-Geiieral Hutchinson,
who bailli'd all the schemes of Menou, and obliged him to surrender, Sep-
tend)er 2nd, following, the victor guaranteeing the conveyance of the
French, exceeding 10,000, to a French port in the Mediterranean.

ALFORD.— This battle was fought, .Inly 2nd, KM.*), between a largo
body ol" Covenanters, under (ieneral Bailie, and the troops untler tlie
Marcpiis of Montrose. There was discovered some years since, in one of
the mosses near this place, a man in urmmir, on horseback, Hujjpusi'd to
havo boon drowned in attempting to escape from this battle.

ALCIKSIRAS, or OLD (IIIUIALTAII.— Ry this city tho Moors
entered Spain A.l>. 713, and it was not recovered from them till I;il4.
An engagement was fought here between a llrilish s(|uadron, under Sir
James Sanmarez, and several French and Spanish ships ol'war, wliieli
dosed in the destruction of two Spanish ships, each of 112 guns, and
tho capture of tho tSV. Anfnnin, oi'li guns, July 12th, 1801.

ALGIERS.— Tho Hritish llecf, nmhr Jiord Kxnumth, anchoring otV
Algiers, bombarded the town, which returned the lire; but all the tintl-

Ill

16 CYCLOPAEDIA OP THE

fications and houses towards the sea were soon reduced to ashes, and the
fleet in the harbour entirely destroyed, August 27th, 181G. The Doy was
compelled to conclude a treaty by which he set the Christian captives free,
and engaged to cease, in future, from reducuig Christians to slaves — a
stipulation which, however, he did not afterwards strictly observe; so that
the French took possession of the country and made it a colony with a
governor, bearing the title of Regent of Algeria. Tiiis country is famous
for the celebrated French soldiers, the Zouaves, of the late wars.

ALIWAL, //i(Z«a.— This battle was fought, January 28th, 184C,
between the British undo: Sir II. Smith, with 1200Qneu and 152 guns, and
the Sikh army, under Sirdar Ilunjoor Singh Majoethea, 20,000 strong^
supported by 08 pieces of cannon. The contest was obstinate, but ended
in the defeat of the Sikhs, who lost nearly 0000 killed, or drowned, in
attempti\ig to rccross the Sutlej. This battle was named after the village
of Aliwal, in the Indian language, UUccwal, near which it was fought.

AIjIjIA. — This memorable battle, in the history of Home, was fought
on the IStli lUily, ll.c. 300, between the Romans and the celebrated
Urennus, king ol' the Clauls ; 40,000 of the Romans fell, and Brennus took
and burnt the city of Rome. This day wa.-i always marked unlucky in
the Roman calendar, and called Alliensis,

AlililANCK, TRKATIKS OF,— Between the greatest European
powert, wiiieh are most commonly referred to :

Alliance of Leipsio April !), 10:51.

" " Vienna May 27, 1057.

•' The Triple Jan. 28, lOOM.

" Thedrand May 12, l(iSi».

« The Hague fan. 4, 1717.

" The Quadruple Aug. 2, 1718.

" The Germanic July 2;i, 17S.y

" The Paris May 10. 171).').

AuMtrian .\llianee March 14, 1^12.

AlliaiKv ul' T(.plitz Sept. !>, ISl!}.

Tlir Holy Alliance Sept. 20. ISlT..

ALMA. BATTliK OF Til K.— Fought, Sei)tember 20tli, 1854.
•' Lord Raglan waited j)atiently lor the development nf the French attack.
At luiigth an aidu-du-uump cnmu tu him nud reported that the Freuuh had

BATTLES OP THE WOKLD.

3, and the
3 Dcy was
)tives free,

slaves — a
va ; so that
iiy with a

is famous

8th, 184G,
5 guns, and
lOO strong,
, but ended
irowncd, in
• the village
I fought.

was fought
1 celebrated
rennus took

unlucky in

I'^uropcnn

if
i

:nth, ISfvt.

•m-h atlnck.
Kiviiuh hatl

crossed the Alma, but that they had not established thcuisolvcs suffi-
ciently to justify our advancing. The infantry were, therelbrc, ordered
to lie down, and the army for a short time was quite passive, only that
our artillery poured forth an unceasing fire of shell, rockets, and round
shot, which ploughed through the Kussians, and caused them great loss.
They did not waver, however, and replied to our artillery manfully, their
,shot falling among our men as they lay, and carrying off legs and arms at
every round. Lord llaglan at last became weary of this inactivity — his
.spirit was up — he looked around and saw by his side men on whonj he
knew he might stake the honour and fate of Great Britain, and anticipat-
ing a little, in military point of view, the crisis of action, he gave orders
for our whole line to advance. TTp rose those .serried masses, and j)assing
through a feurl'nl shower of round shot, case shot, and sliell, thoy d;ished
into the Alma, and floundered through its waters, which were litt'r.illy
torn into foam by the deadly hail. At tiic other side of the river were a
number of vineyards, and to our surprise they were occupied by Kus.-iiin
riflemen. Three of the staff were hero shot down, but led by Jiord
llaglan in person, they advanced, cheering on the men.

And now came the turning-point of tho battle, . . . Lord Kagl.in
duelled over the bridge, followed by his staff. From the road ovit it.
inider the Uussian guns, lie saw the state of action. The lirilish line,
which he had ordered to advance, was struggling through the river and
up to the heights in masses, lirm indeed, but mowed down by thu mur-
derous lire of the batteries, and by grape, round shot, shell, canister, c;ise
shot, and mn.skt!try, iVoni .some of the guns of the central battery, and
from an innnense and compact mass of Russian inl'antry. Then com-
menced one ol' the most liloody and deton'niine'l struggles in the annals oi"
war. The Second Division, led by Sir Do Lacy Evans in tho most dashing
nnuimu", crossed tho stream on tho right. The 7th I'^usiliers, led by
dolonel Vea, were swept ilown by fifties. The r).'ith, .'50th, and i)r)tli, led
by Brigadier IVnnel'ather. who was in the thickest of the iiglit. elieering
on ills men, again and again were checked indeed, but never drew back
in their onward progress, which was marked by a tloroo roll of iMinie
musketry; and Hrigadier Adams, with tho list, l^th, and IDtli, bravely
clmrged uji the hill, and aided tliem in the battK'. Sir (ieorge llrown,
eoiispiuuouH on a grey liorse, rode in front of his Light Division, urging
them with voice and gesture, (lallant fellows! they were worthy of such
a gallant chief. Tho 7tli, diminishi«d by oiui-half, fell l)ack to re-form
their columns lost for tho time ; tho '23rd, with eight oHiccrs dead and

CYCLOPiDDIA OP THE

I 1

four wounded, were still rushing to the front, aided by the ISth, 33d,
77tli, and 88th. Down went Sir George in a cloud of dust in front of
the battery. He was soon up, and shouted, " 23d, I'm all right! Be
sure I'll remember this day," and led them on again ; but in the shock
produced by the fall of their chief, the gallant regiment suffered terribly,
while paralysed for a moment.

Meantime the Guards on the right of the Light Division, and the
brigade of Highlanders, were storming the heights on the left. Their
line was almost as regular as though they wore in Hyde Park. Suddenly
a tornado of round and grapo, rushed through from the terrible battery,
and a roar of musketry from behind thinned their front ranks by dozens.
It was evident that wo were just able to contend against the Russians,
favoured as they were by a great position. At this very time an immense
mass of Russian infantry were seen moving down towards the battery.
They halted. It was the crisis of the day. Sharp, angular, and solid,
they looked as if they were cut out of the solid rock. It was beyond all
doubt that if our infantry, harasscil and thinned as they were, got into
the battery, they would have to encounter again a formidable fire, which
they were but ill calculated to bear. Lord Raglan saw the diificulties of
the situation. He a.sked if it would be possible to get a couple of guns to
bear on these masses. The reply was " Yes ; " and an artillery officer,
whose name I do not know, brought up two guns to fire on the Russian
squares. The first shot missed, but the next, and the next, and the
next, cut through the ranks so cleanly, and so keenly, that a clear lane
could be seen for a moment through the s(|uare. After a few rounds,
the columns of the square became broken, wavered to and fro, broke, and
fled over the brow of the hill, leaving behind them six or seven distinct
lines of dead, lying as close as possible to each other, marking the
passMge of the fatal messengers. This act relieved our ini'antryofa
deadly incubus, and they continued their magnificent and fearful progress
up the hill. The Duke encouraged his men by voice and example, and
proved himself worthy of his proud command and of tho royal race from
which he comes. " Highlanders," said Sir Colin Campbell, ere they
came to the charge, " 1 am going to ask a favour of you : it is, that you
will act so as to justify me in asking permission of the Queen for you to
wear a bonnet I Don't pull a trigger till you are within a yard of the
Russians ! " They charged, and well they obeyed their chieftain's wish ;
Sir Colin had his horse shot under him, but his men took llic battery at
a bound. The Russians rushed out, and left multitudes of dead behintl

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

ISth, 33d,
in front of
riglitl Be
1 tlie shock
od terribly,

^on, and the
eft. Their
c. Suddenly
iblc battery,
s by dozens,
ic Russians,
an immense
the battery,
r, and solid,
IS beyond all
■ere, got into
le liro, which
diihculties of
lie of guns to
illory officer,
the Russian
oxt, and the
a clear lane
few rounds,
», broke, and
von distinct
larking the
inliintry of a
Irl'iil progress
Ixaiuple, and
111 race from
11, ere they
is, that you
\n for you to
I yard of the
I'tain's wish ;
lie battery at
Idead behind

them. The Guards had stormed the right of the battery ere the High,
landers got into the left, and it is said the Scots Fusilier Guards were
the first to enter. The Second and Light Division crowned the heights.
Tiie French turned the guns on the hill against the flying masses, which
the cavalry in vain tried to cover. A few faint struggles from the
scattered infontry, a few rounds of cannon and musketry, and the enemy
fled to the south-east, leaving three generals, three guns, 700 prisoners,
and 4000 wounded behind them. The battle of the Alma was won. It
was won with a loss of nearly 3000 killed and wounded on our side. The
Russians' retreat was covered by their cavalry, but if we had hiid an
adequate force, we could have captured many guns and multitudes of
prisoners."

The following graphic account is taken from Emerson's Svhnstopol :

" On the 19th September the march commenced. Proceeding southward,
tlie French army, under the command of Manshal St. Arnaud, with Canro-
bcrt and Bosquet as generals of divisions, keeping the coast line ; the
English on their left. The fleets accompanied the march, close to the
shore, ready to render assistance should circumstances render it neces-
sary.

The English army comprised about 25,000 men, and was composed of
the following regiments, led as under : —

COMMANDER-IN-CIIIKP, LORD RAGLAN.

Light Division. — Lieut.-Oeneral SirG. Brown. Generals of Brigade,
Colonels Airey and Bullcr. 7th, 19th, 23rd (Welsh Fusiliers), 83rd,
77th, and 88th Infantry.

First Dinision, — Lieut.-Gcneral H.R.H. the Duke of Cambridge.
Generals of Brigade, Major-Gencral Bentinok and Major-General Sir
Colin Campbell. Battalions, Grenadier Guards, Coldstream Guards,
Scots Fusiliers; 42nd, 79th, and 93rd Highlanders.

Second Diiu'sion. — Liout.-Gencral Sir De Lacy Evans, Generals of
Brigade, Major-Generals Pennefatlier and Adams. 30th, 41 at, 47th,
49th, 5r)th, and 96th Infantry.

I'hird Dioision. — Major-General Sir Richard England. Generals of
Brigade, Colonels Sir.!. Campbell and Kyrc. 1st, 4th, 28th, 38th, 44th,
50th, and ()3rd Infantry.

Fourth Division. — Lieut.-Gencral Sir George Cathcart. Generals of
Brigade, (Jenerals Goldie and Torrens. 20th, 2lst, STlh. and G3rd
Infantry ; 1st Battalion Rifle Brigade.

CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE

Cavah'f/ Division. — Lieut.-Gcneral the Earl of Lucan. Generals of
Brigade, the Earl of Cardigan and Major-General Scarlett. 8th and lltii
Dragoons ; 17th Lancers.

[The Scots Greys, the Enniskillens, the 1st Royals, and the 4th and
5tli Dragoon Guards, forming the Heavy Brigade, under General Scar-
lett, did not land with the remainder of the army, hut joined it after the
battle of Alma.]

Artilkry, — General Strangways.

Engineers. — General Tylden.

On the evening of the 19th, the first actual encounter with the enemy
occurred. A strong body of Cossacks hovered about our line of march,
;uk1 two or three i^uns opened fire upon our little force of cavalry from
the heights on the river Bouljanak, the first stream we had to cross. The
Earl of Cardigan gallantly charged the hostile troop, who evaded actual
contact, and retreated until they had led our men within the range of the
guns. Four of our dragoons were killed and six wounded in this
skirmish. Two or three of our guns were speedily brought to bear upon
the enemy, and Cossacks, gunners, and all were soon dispersed.

Another dreary bivouac on the wet ground prepared the armies for the
great contest which awaited them. At day break on the morning of the
20th of Soptomber — a day destined to receive an undying fame in our
military annals, — the troops resumed their march. As they approached
the river Alma, and mounted the heights to the north of that once obscure
but now renowned stream, they saw tlie preparations which the Russians
had made to repel the invaders of their territory. The Alma is a small
river, rising in the mountains in the cast of the peninsula, and falling
into the sea about twelve miles to the north of Scbastopol. The southern
bank is formed of almost precipitous hills intersected by deep ravines.
At the mouth of the river the cliffs are several hundred feet high, and
almost porpiMulicular towards the sea. A large conical hill was the centre
of the enemy s position, and here enormous batteries and entrouchments
had been formed, while the crown of the hills was occupied by dense
masses of inlinitry. On the side facing the Allies, a huge redoubt was
constructed with two faces, mounting thirteen large guns, and connnand-
ing the approaches to the summit and the passage of the rivor. Each side
of the ravinis eiifilailing the hill had powerful batteries, mounting alto-
gether twenty-live guns, and on the cliffs towards the sea an unfinished
redoubt was placed, and a large force of infantry and artillery held the
position. It was presumed by the Russian communders that the precipi-

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

Generals of
3 th and 11th

the 4th and
ieneral Scur-
d it after the

ith the enemy
,ne of march,
cavalry from
to cross. The
evaded actual
Q range of the
ndcd in this
t to bear upon
sed.

armies for the
lorning of the
fame in our
y ai)proached
t once obscure
the Russians
ina is a small
I, and falling
The southern
deep ravines.
foot high, and
was the centre
intreiichments
pied by dense
redoubt was
md connnand-
Each side
iiounting alto-
an unfinished
illery held the
lit the precipi-

tous character of the hill was a sufficient defence to their left flank. In
this expectation they were doomed to bitter disappointment, as the sequel
will show. The immediate banks of the river were covered with vine-
yards and plantations, affording excellent shelter for the Russian riflemen,
who were stationed there in strong force. The bridge carrying the main
road across the river was destroyed, and the village of Buvliuk, at its
northern extremity, was in flames, to prevent its being made a point of
attack by the Allies.

The effect on our men was almost miraculous. The sight of the foe
strongly entrenched, and determined to wait their attack, stimulated them
in an extraordinary degree. Fatigued as they were by the labours they
had undergone, — despondent from their five nights' melancholy bivouac
on the wet earth, it seemed as if a new life were suddenly infused into-
them. Diarrhtca and dysentery liad not quite departed from their ranks,
and many had returned to the vessels, unable to accompany the march.
But when they .stood on the hill- tops on that memorable morn, and saw
the tents cf the Russian army, not a man but felt the strength of a giant,
and burned with a fierce desire to cross bayonets with the enemy. Many
a brave fellow, who had staggered thus ftir leaning on a comrade's arm,
and ready to drop behind and perish by the wayside, begged for a draught
of brandy, and tlien, forgetting his weakness, and deriving now strength
from the occasion, shouldered his musket, took his wonted position among
his comrades, and marched bravely to the encounter.

Although the spot where they had bivouacked was only three milo.s
distant from the river, it was mid-day by the time the allied armies had
reached its banks, and were drawn up in battle array. It had been
arranged by the generals that the French should commence the attack,
and they occupied the extreme riglit of the extended line. The division
connuauded by (Jenoral Bos({uet, including tho.sc renowned warriors, the
African Zouaves, rested upon the sea, and the left of their army con-
sisted of Prince Napoleon's division. Joining tiiis wing of our allies,
the veteran Sir Do Lacy lOvans was posted with the Second Division,
supported by the '1 bird Division under Sir Richard England. Sir (ieorgo
Brown's Light Division came next ; and the Duke of Cambridge led his
magnificent body of Guards and Highlanders to the extreme loft, as a
support to Sir George Brown. Sir George Cathcart had the important
hut less siiowy duty of acting as a reserve, and, in conjunction with the
cavalry under tiu; Karl of Cardigan, guarding the attacking force.s from
any sudden couji by the Cossacks, who were hovering in suspicious prox-
imity to our n.'ar.

CYCLOPiEDIA OF THE

Sucb was the army, composed of the choicest troops, and led by the
most experienced commanders of France and England, which stood pre-
pared to attempt the dislodgment of the Russians from their . strongly-
fortified position. Prince Menschikoff, the Russian commander, — the
same who, in his character of diplomatist, had been the agent through
whom the first insult had been offered to Turkey, — now, by a singular
destiny, was the first general upon whom it devolved to measure swords
with the military champions whom that insult had called into the field.
His army numbered about 54,0()(> men, so that numerically the opposing
forces were very nearly matched ; but the Russians had the advantage
of their almost impregnable position, to approach which a river must be
forded, broken ground crossed, and steep iiills ascended. In addition,
they were abundantly provided with guns, which were so positioned n>'
to sweep the ground over which the attacking force must pass, while the
Allies had but a small force of artillery. So confident was Menschikoff
in his advantages, that he did not scruple to boast his ability to hold his
pnsition for .at least three weeks against any foroe that could be brought
iigainst him. A number of ladies and civilians from Sebastopol had also
assembled on the heights to witness the defeat and utter rout of the
invaders.

The plan of the allied commas li:s was that the French should make
a vigorous attack upon the Rd; -hm left, and when they hud succeeded
in driving them in upon the luaiii body, the English, taking advantage
of the confusion, were to cross the river, and endeavour to force the
centre of the position. The enemy, we have already said, had considered
that their left was sufficiently protected by the precipitous nature of the
cliffs, which rendered them almost inaccessible ; but it appears they had
not calculated on the activity of the troops to whom they were opposed.
The steamers of the allied fleets, sliortly before ten o'clock, commenced a
vigorous shelling of these heights, and soon drove back tlic small force
of the enemy which occupied them. The mouth of th >i''v • v.'as very
narrow, and Captain Peel had m m red .-i boat across t'-.,- -t,-' ■ '''ch
materially facilitated the passage of the French soldier ' . Zluivos,
thoroughly seasoned and trained to the emergencies of guerilla warfare
in Algeria, stealthily crossed the river, and commenced the ascent of the
{•htiosi perpendicular cliffs, clinging like goats to the rocks, and finding
u pr''e..'iouH i'o')thold where probably no other .soldiers in the world
coi'ld 1) 'V 'luintaincd thci'* position. While they were thus approach-
ing ti'e p'.itoiUi ,!io main oody of the French army dashed through the

BATTLES OF TVT. WORLD.

led by the
b stood prc-
ir strongly-
[inder, — the
3nt through
y a singular
sure swords
to the field,
he opposing
e advantage
ver must be
[n addition,
lositioned n>'
;s, while the
MoiiscliikofF
' to hold his
I bo brought
ipol had also

rout of the

hould make
succeeded
advantage

o force the
considered

iiture of the

irs they had
re opposed.

)ninionced a
small force
'i- \:nf very
.■;'.. '••ii'oh
. , Z(.ii:iVCS,
ilia warfare

iccnt of the

and finding

the world

s approach-

hrough the

river, exposed to a galling fire froni the llus n riflemen, — who wore
hidden in the vineyards and plantations, — and dosiR'r,it(>ly fighting,
struggled up the hills. Meanwhile, the gallant Zouaves had reached
the top of the cliffs, and, rapidly forming into line, charged the Russians,
paralyzed by their sudden appearance, and drove them back. But in
achicvin-j- tins desperate feat, they had separated themselves frum the
ma'a body, and cut off the possibility of retreat. The unfinished
- iHini't, 'luch we have already mentioned, now opened a. deadly fire on
tliair ranlvS ; and had it not been for the timely arrival of General Bos-
fj'Kt and the remainder of the division, who had succeeded in reacliiug
th«j plateau, scarcely a Zouave would have remained to tell the tale of
that gallant achievement. Prince Napoleon, too, had by this time
cfORsed the stream, and arrived at the scene of action, and the indtf i-
tigable French artillerists had succeeded, with immense difficulty, in
dragging a few guns up tlic steep hill-side.

Animated by these reinforcements, the brave Zouaves gallantly charged
the Russian lines, now concentrated nearer the main body, and advanced
towards the redoubt whose guns had inflicted such loss in their ranks.
Two of their number, Lieutenant Poitevin and a sergeant, rushed in
advance of their comrades, and leaping upon the works, planted the
French flag on the redoubt. But they paid dearly for their temerity.
The shouts of the French soldiers, hailing this gallant deed, had scarcely
reached their ears, when they fell mortally wounded beneath the flag
they had raised.

Taken by surprise by this desperate assault upon his left wing,
Prince ]Mcnscliikolf hastily detached considerable reinforcements from his
main body to the succour of the embarrassed regiments yielding to the
prowess of their French antagonists. Then the battle waged fiercely :
the Frencli, with all the chivalry of their race, gallantly charged the
Russian masses, an i at the bayonet's point forceil thorn to retreat. The
enemy's artillery, liiwever, poured a tremendous tire into the ranks of our
allies, and fur a time the issue of the contest seemed doubtful. Some
French regiments of the line wore driven back, .so deadly was the fire to
which they were e.xpo.sed ; and nothing but the unflinching gallantry of
the troops wii'> were enabled to hold their ground, prevented them from
being ignominiously precipitated from the cliffs they had so adventurously
scaled .

Marshal St. Arniud, alarmed for the safety of his soldiers, hundreds of
whom were l^iug dead around him, so fatal were the volleys from the

; : i

ii^

CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE

Ilussiiin guns and so sure the aim of the riflemen, hastily dcspatclied
an :iiile-do-c;imp to the English commander, calling upon him to bring
his troops into action without a moment's delay. " Wo are massacred,"
was the message — certainly not the words which Napoleon, or Murat, or
Nov, would have used when attacking an enemy considerably less in
force than themselves ; for, be it remembered, Menschilcuft' still held the
centre of the position with the main body of the army, which had not
yet been brouglit into action. At half-past one o'clock the order to
advance was given to the English army. The soldiers, who had been
lying down, so as not to expose themselves unnecessarily to the fire of
the enemy, sjn-ang to their feet, and rapidly formed into line. Sir G.
Brown's Light Division, and the Second Division, under Sir Do Lacy
Evans, were the first to dash into the stream, and tliningh a perfect
shower of balls from tlu^ riilemen concealed in the gardens, and lieavic
missiles from tlie batteries above, reached the opposite bank,

Sinee the commencement of the French attack, our artillery had been
throwing shot into the Russian redoubts, and under cover of this can-
nonade, and the accuratt fire of the Rifle Brigade, whieli [irotected our
.■ulvanee, the two leading divisions sueoeeded in crossing the stream,
tliiiiigh not without great lo.ss. The Russians had previously marki.'dout
the range of their guns, so tliat they were enabled to pour their volleys
into our brigades, as they advanced to the stream, with i'atal piveisioii.
The burning village of RurliMk, in front of the position neciipied by Sir
!>e iiaey Evans, necessitated the separation of his divisimi. (Jeneral
IVnnefather led the First Hrigado and a jj.irtion of the Second across the
river to the right of the village; the remainder, under General Adams,
crossing to tiie left. The Light Division struu':;led laanfnlly up tla; bank,
whieh was rugged and preeipitnus. The lord was ih'e|i iind dangijroiis,
and as the men, dreiieheil with water, scr.imbled up the banks, scores of
their number fell back into tho stream pierced by the fatal rifle bullet,
lliil the blood of tho gallant fellows was llnwing hotly in their veins!
tlnise who, in other limes, had liorne the shock ol'batlles, i'elt renewed the
olil ,>4pirit whieh had inaili^ them eoiupierors at N'imiera and at Waterloo ;
those who for the llrst time trml the fatal fli-ld, I'elt an indescriliablo and
fierce courage, which the sight of danger and oi' death infuHcs into numt
men. Si\ months of inietion and passive suH'eriiig were about to be jon-
HUinmaled by a glorious victory, which should erown them as eon(piering
heroes or iminortali/.e their death, 'I'liey had stoo(l long ' like grey-
houiida (111 the Klips, straining upon the start ;" now " tliegamo was afoot,"

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

ilcspntcliod
111 to bring
lassacred,'"

IMurat, or
bly less in
ill held the
cli had uot
10 order to
10 had been

the fire ol'
lie. Sir G.
;ir Do Lacy
;h a perfect
und heavic

ry had been
of this can-
rotected our
the .stream,
marked out
heir volloyH
1 precision.
.pie(l by Sir
1. (ieueral
(I across tho
I'ral Adams,
i|i the bank,
I danjijerons.
:n, scores of
lille bullet.
I heir veins;
renewed tho
I Wiilerloo ;
(M'ibablo and
tes into most

lit to )"• 'lUl

rt eomiueriii):

'^ like ^rcy-

10 was afoot,"

and tho old fire of English chivalry was rekindled, and burnt with as
glowing a flame as of yore.

Quickly forming into line, and opening a sliarp fire of musketry, the
gallant Light Division rapidly advanced towards the conical hill oi)positc
to which they iiad crossed, and iiuniediately beneath the guns of the great
redoubt. As they passed through the vineyards, the soldiers plucked and
eagerly ato large bunches of tho luscious Crimean grapes, which allayed
their burning thirst, and somewhat cooled the mad fever of their excite-
ment. Sir (ieorge Brown gallantly led the charge, and, mounted on a
wliitc hor.se, was a con.sj)ieuous mark for the enemy. The 7th Royal
Fusiliers and the 2;{rd Welsh Fusiliers were among tho first in tiie mad
cureor. " Hurrah for the lloyal Welsh ! Well done ! [ will remember
you !" .shouted Sir George Hrown ; and animated by his voice and
example, the gallant regiment d:i.slied up the hill. Then there (.peiied a
sliect of fire, and when the smoke lifted, the 7th was broken, and a long
line of dead marked tho path of the f'atid mis.siles. For u moment the
brave soldiers struggled onwards, and then, blinded and coiiluseil, fell
back to re-form. The Welsh Fusiliers, regardle.ss of the fierce volleys,
still pres.sed onwards. Once they paused, as Sir George iJrown fell at
their head, 'iiid rolled heavily on the blood-stained ground. In an instant
ho was up agiiin unhurt, anil cheering the men to the charge. His hor.si'
had fallen, pierced by eleven .'-liiits, but he was ifnhnrt ! They had rciehed
the lir,st stockade, had even planted their fi.ig upon the works, wlien a
shout was heard — '* Coaso firing; tho French are in front!" Their
gallant chief. Colonel Chester, rushing to the front, exclaimed, " No ! no I
on, lads !" As he spoke he fell mortally wounded. Then the j-egiment,
confused by the eoiid'ary orders, and disheartene(l, i/id fall back ; and the
llussians, nlurning to the guns from whieli the brave fellows had driven
then., opened a liro which left a long line of dead through their
eoliiinns. Nine oiVicers and about one hundred men were stretehoil upon
the field. The other regiments of the liiglit Hrigad.i, the IDlh, llltrd, 77lh,
and Syth, onuilateil the courage of the gallint Welshmen, who, after a
momont'H hreuthing-tiiuo, ro formod, luul joined oneo more in thu heroic
assanll.

Onward swejit that mairnifieent charge, olTicer.s and men vieing with
(vieh other who should be foremost to aven^'e their coiiiriules' death. Hut
In'fore they reached the giin.s, I'rinoe MeiiseJiikolV had inrmed a eomp.'iet
niasrtof J{nssian infantry on tho Bunimit of the hill, which now adviineed
with lovel b.iyonets iig.iinst our exhausted battalions. Hreatidess from

1 '

' i

CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE

r. '

I
I

their rapid charge up tlie hill, cliiiiinished in numbers, and f!iti};;uod from
their ahnost superhuman exertions, they were unable to resist the shock,
and, di's|)eratcly contesting every inch of ground, slowly yielded to tho
enormous weight of tho Kussinn columns. The gallant Biird, the Duko
of Wellington's regiment, displayed a prowess excelled by none. Their
colours were borne proudly to the last, and ever in tho spot of the greatest
danger. Tlie (Queen's colours, when the fight was o^er, showed fourteen
bullet-holes, and the regimental colours eleven. Nineteen sergeants fell
around their standards, defending to the last tho honour of their rcgi-
rucnt, and preserving the fame so identilied with tlio career of tho departed
warrior whose name it bore.

While the lierocsof the Liglit Division were thus nobly performing their
part, Sir Do Lacy Evans and (Jeneral England were gallantly bringing
their divisions into action. They had forced a passage, with groat dilR-
culty, and exposed to a most destructive tiro, somewhat to the left of their
cuniiiatri<its of Sir (leorge IJrowii's division, and, breaking tlirough the
obstacles which awaited them on the bank, rapidly advanced up tho
hill. The 55th and l)5th encountered a tremendous fire, which they
returnetl with vigour from their muskets, while our artillery did good
service by an energetic discharge of shot and shell into the enemy's
lines, .^I;ljor l{ose. Captains iJiitlerand Seliam, fell to rise no more, and
many otlur olhct'rs were severely wounded ; I'S.l killed and wounded wero
tho contribution of this regiment to tho day's slaughter.

As the !)5tii charged up the hill, one of the most alFecting episodes of
that lierco encounter — so full of incidents, of unsurpassed courage, and
pathetic scenes -occurred. Karly in tht^ charge, Captain I'lddington, a
young ofiietr, fell woundi'd, .a ball i)assing through his elicst. The regi-
inutit. unable to stand against tho scathing fire to which they wero
exposed, fell back to re-form, and left the wounded ollicer on the ground.
In full view of tlu- regimeiii. a ilnssian rifleman advaiiet'd. and kneeling
by his side, ajiprared to be diout to ofi'er his canteen to his lips. A
thrill passed thntngh the ranks, at the spectacle of a soldier exposing his
own life thus for tho purpose of allovialing the sufi'erings of a dying
enemy. No gun would have been pointed against that man, no bayoimt
levellid at his lile. It seemed om> of those liH'idents llial show the better
feelings of hull anity are mil ipiite extinguished by tin? bri'ath of war.
Hut what was tiieir horror when the riilemun, laying aside his canteen,
levelled ids piece ami (U>liberately blew (Uit the lirains of tho dying nnm!
Among thoso who witncHMcd tliiH cowardly a.isaHsinati(Ui was u younger

BATTLES OP THE WOULD.

gued from
tho shock,
JcJ to tho
the Duko
ic. Their
lie greatest
J four tee a
i;e!ints fell
their rcjfi-
depiirtod

ming their

tfront (lilR-
cft of their
irough tho
ed up tho
iliich they
y did ;4'o(id
enemy's
more, mid
iidod were

liModoH of

iiMuc, and

iiii^toii, a

riie rogi-

icy were

(' u'l'ound.

Lnet'liim

lipH. A

iniiij^ hit*

r a dying

o hayoiiofc

tiio ln'ttcr

111 of war.

s caiiti'i'ii,

iiil; iiiuii!

■i younger

brother of the captain who had recently exchanged into tlic regiment,
that ho might share death and danger with his brother, whom he ten-
derly loved. Maddened by tho spectacle of his brother's luurdcr. the
young lieutenant sprang forward, shouting with frantic energy to the
men to fitllow and avenge the deed. One loud yoll of execration burst
from the lips of the soldiers, and bounding onwards, they rushed after
their leader. Waving his sword above his head, the gallant young man
was a conspieuoufl mark, and in another moment fell headlong, pierced
by a dozen bullets. Thus the two brothers, so fondly attached yi life,
mingled their blood on that fatal hillside — among thousands of the slain
perhaps tho most generally and deeply mourned.

At lengtli Sir Do Lacy Evans, who had received a severe contusion on
liis .xhoulder, rallied liis men, and led them victors to the summit of the
hill, silencing one of the batteries which had done such execution upon
the gallant I'ellows of the Liglit Division. Sir Richard England's division
liad fought— to use the language of one who shared in that charge —
" like devils," and surmounting every impedimont, though not without
dreadful loss, joined their gallant comrades, Everywhere tin; Russians
were driven hack by the irresistible bayonets of the Ibitish, and the con-
(pierors literally marehcd tlirough paths of blood to victory.

As yet we have not detailed tho part borne by the niMgnilieont First
JJivision, — the very flower of tlit^ Hritish army. The Duke of Cambridgo
had led his (iiijirds and lliglilanders across the Alma, to tlu! left of the
liight Division, ami rapidly advanced to its assistaiiee. As they aseei'ded
the hill, tlity encountered Sir (loorge Urown's regiments slowly yielding
to tlie immense impetus of llie Russian charge. Opening ilieir ranks,
they allowed their eoinrades to pass and re-form in their rear, and then the
I'liemy for the lirst time was eonl'idiilcd with ilie most redoubtable infan-
try foldiers in the world, Then btgan the most disperute hand to-hand
conflict yet witnessed. Tho Scots Kusiliers had liuiried to tho reccuo
without waiting to form properly, and for a brief space wen' confused.
Kill the individual courage of the nu>nibers ol' that dislingiiisheil corps
never for an instant was found ilelicient. Siiriiiundi'd by I he enemy,
they fought with utidaunted valour. Viscount Chowton, a distinguished
young captain, who Inid gained renown in both servicos, Imving been
originally a niidshipnian. and having borne an honoui'Mble part in thi>
Indian CMmpaign, dashed I'm-ward, and, waving his bearskin, shouted to
them to advance. Thirteen other oflieers, with nekless bravery, followed
hi(» t'xumple. and in a few iiiinuloH olovun of their number wore wounded,

CYCLOPi'EDIA OF THE

The gallant Chcwton had his leg broken by a ball, and fell within fifty
yards of the redoubt, Before lie could be rescued, several llussians
attacked the fallen man, and beat him savagely with the butt-ends of
their muskets, others stabbing him at the same time with their bayonefM.
A strongman, he struggled desperately ; find when at length rescued and
borne from the fleld, his body was found to bo almost covered with_
wounds. lie lingered for a few days, and then expired. Two young
officers, Lieutenants Lindsay and Thistlethwayte, who bore the colours,
were surrounded by the enemy, and, except the four colour-sergeants,
isolated from their comr.uh's. The sergeants were one by one struck
down; and then the.'-e gallant young men, back to back, ke[)t the foe at
bay, and, almost miraculously escaping unhurt, cut their way through
and carried their colours safely to the top of the hill.

Meanwhile the Light Division had re-formed their lines, and now
returned to the charge, in the footstejis of the dauntless (luards. In
vain broad sheets of lire poured through the ranks — no man flinched.
The flag which the I'usiliers had planted on the redoubt was still there,
and pointed out the path they were to tread. Their royal leader proved
hini,<i'lf worthy of his charge, and encouraged by his example the valour
of his men. Tiie Itus.'-ians (piailed before the tremendous onset; and
when the nighhinders, who had reserved their lire, eanu; dashing up to
tiio fVo?it, and, after disclnirging a tremendous volley, charged at the
bayonet's point, the rout was complete. The enemy fled terror-stricken,
and the (luards and Highlanders together le;ip«d into the redoubt, the
gunners i)reeipitately hastening after their Hying comrades.

At tl

u! summ

it of the liill a brief stand was made, and it seemed as il'

tho contest wen; almut to be \

enewed

ml tl

li^'nlanuer.^i.

.iVelliuL

their bayonets, advanced at a r.'ipid pace, and the enemy, dashing
down their accoutrements and arms, fled, like frightened sheep, down the
declivity.

Meantime tlu! Freneh had driven back the Russian left wing upon the
main body, and now brought to boar, with deadly elVeet, their gtiim upon
the retreating fiie ; .ind the second and third divisions of our army arrived

upon the scene

he victory was eompli'ti

;reat army, mi a ])osition

of immense strength, had been igniiniiniou>ly defeated, in less than tlirei'
hour.'*, by tho i«he»'r vahmr of l']nglish and i'rencli soldiers. True, we
had paid ilearly for our victory; but the annalH of the Urilish army do
nut record a nobler achievement.

We were unable m pnrsui the fugitives — our cavalry was too weak in

BATTLES OF THE WOULD.

within fifty
al Ilussians
liiitt-cnds of
ii' IjayuucfK.
rescued aiitl
)vored with
Two young
tlie colour.".
ir-!rcrgeants,
one strucic
t the foe at
ay through

, and Mdw
uards. In
:M flinched.

still there,
ider proved

the valour
onset; and
liiiig up t(i

ed at the
ir-i-trirken.

Inubt, the

'UKid MS ir
Icvflling
dashiiif;

diiwii (lie

upon the
uiis Mp(in
y arrived
;i pd.-^itioii
iian three
True, we

army do

weak in

numbers to be detached from the main body of the army : had we been
stronger in that branch of the service, tlie victory of the Alma might
have been etjuivalent to the coniiuest of the Crimea, Wc afterwards
ascertained that Sebastopol was emptied of its garrison to strengthen the
;irmy, and had we been in a position to follow the retreating forces, wo
might have inflicted a blow on llussiun strength from which it would not
in all probability have soon recovered ; as it was, the Allies remained mas-
ters of the field, and the defeated Menschikoff fled towards Baktehi-Serai,
leaving behind liim, according to his own admission, 1,702 dead, and
2,72tl wounded. Russian assertions are not the most trustwortliy, espe-
cially when the circumstances are unfavourable to themselves, and the
probability is tliat the loss was really much greater. The English had
.'553 killed, and 1,012 wounded, many of whom afterwards died of their
injuries. Our allies lost 200 killed, and 1,0S7 wounded.

On the bloody field reposed the victors when that day's dreadful work
was done : amid the dead and dying — the lifebroath painfully passing
from the lips of wounded friend and foe — some of our bravo fellows, pil-
lowed on their knapsacks, skpt a fitful sleep; some crept among the heaps
of dying, searching lor i'riend or brother, and some sui)ported the droop-
ing bond and administered a draught of water to the fevered lips of
wounded comrade or dying enemy. The fight was over, the lust of blood
satisfied, and all (he better ipialities of manhood, mercy and I'orgiveiiess,
.appeared beneath that setting .-un. l^ometimes, as they stoo]»ed to assist ii
dying enemy, the Mu.scovite. trained to treachery, with ii final etlbrt,
would discharge a pistol at their heads; and then the old war spirit was
once more aroused, and with elubbed musket, or dc.adly bayont , tlio mal-
t!Volent Russian was sent to his aeeount, Tiie ,'^ailois, who had watched
the progress ol'the battle from the ships, when they saw that victory was
ours, swarmed ashore, and hurried to the scene of strife. There thoy
bore tho wounded to the surgeon's (|uarters, and to tin' ships, with the
temhirness ol' women, hit fie drummer-bnys might be .•^een among tho
prostrate heroes, comforting and rciidi'ring assistance with a core and zeal
beyond their years. A fatigue party was ordered on service to bury the
dead; and the surgeons, with bare arms and splashed with blood, strove
by tlii^ir skill ami energy to alleviate the suft'erings and save the lives of
the poor fellows bionght to tliem.

A frightlnl speclaele was that hill-siih' of the Alma, on tho e\ening of
tlie renowned 2(ltli of Septemlier, 1H54. Kngland's best and bravest lay
dead, thoir pale I'aces lit by the setting sun : some re'diied the exprosHion

CYCLOPiEDIA OP THE

of that intense energy which bore them fearlessly to the mouths of the
Russian guns; some, with Dices calm and beautiful as an infant's, seemed
peacefully sleeping, and smiling as they slept: others, with limbs con-
tracted, and features frightfully distorted, bore witness to the fierce
agonies of the death-struggle. Russian and English and French lay
commingled, as they fell in the deadly struggle ; and among the heaps of
corpses, many in whom the spark of life yet lingered, lay miseraMy groan-
ing, or faintly crawled with shattered limbs, in search of help. Some of
tiie bodies were headless, the brains scattered around the bloody trunk :
and others were so frightfully mutilated that it was difficult to recognize
any trace of humanity. While some of our men helped to bear the
wounded from the field, and bury the corpses of the slain, others hovered
about, and plundeied the dead of clothes, arms and such matters as could
be carried away; the sailors especially were active in securing tniphics of
war. Russian orders and crosses, Russian arms, juid even the black
bread from the soldiers' knajisacks, were eagerly sought ; the boots were
real prizes, and the seamen, who would heartily lend a hand to succour ii
wounded comrade, or even a foe, had no delicacy in appmpriating the
clothing of the dead. An expeditious mode of measurement, by which
they secured the articles which would best fit, caused some amusement,
oven at such a time, Jack,seatinghimself at the fcctof adoad Russian,
placed the sole of his foot against that of the corpse ; if they agreed in
size, the boots were at once ajipropriated ; if otherwise, the critical mariner
proceeded to another siileetion.

For two days tho Armies remained upon the field; liad they marched
at once, it is more than probable, nay, almost certain, they might have
entered Sebastopol with but little resistance. Marshal St. Ariiaud wished
to make an immediate advance; but Lord Raglan refused to leave his
womided untended on the Held. Thougii possibly we ultimately lost by
this delay, we can scarcely blame a general who showed such a fine liuma-
ulty even among tho horrors of warfare. Our Kiiglish courage is of tho
old chivalrio sort — wo fight as men, I'or great principles, not for tho lust
of ('oii(|uest : our soldiers are every one a treasure of immense value,
riu'litly usimI, not to be east away to perish when their first \ise is pa.ssed.
lluiiian lil'e is to Englishmen intensely sac rod ; wo cheerfully lay it down
when demanded, and in proportion do we honoiu' and cherish those wiio
have perilled it in our cause, A .single life will'ully snerifieed for ii mere
strategical advantage would have been a stain ou our lOnglisii honour,
which wo should not speetlily have forgiven.

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

iths of the
'm, seemed
iiubs con-

tlie fierce
'rench lay
e lieaps of
ililygroun-
Sonie of
dy trunk :

recognize
) bear the
r.s hovered
L's as could
rophies of
the black
boots were

succour a
iating the

by which
[uuscinent,

Ruissian,
irreod in
mariner

marched

ht have
d wi^ihed

i-ave his
lost by
10 huinu-
!-; ol' the

I III! lust
M' value,
jiatised.

it down
lose who
ir a nuTt'

ilnlliUir,

At early morning, on the 23rd of September, the Allies turned their
backs on the memorable heights. Two men, strong and unwounded,
remained upon the field, and watched their departure ; and in all that
proud array, flushed with victory, there were none who bore more heroic
hearts. Upwards of 200 wounded Russians still lay upon the field ; and
Dr. Thompson, surgeon of the 44th regiment, and his servart, volun-
teered to remain, and administer to their wants. Every moment increased
their loneliness and their danger ; for predatory bands of Cossack horsemen
still hovereil around the scene, against whose revengeful lances the plea
of mercy and Christian charity would have been but an inelFoctual shield ;
and yet these two brave men quailed not in their mission, and m;lny a
dying foe had his last pangs soothed, and parting agonies alleviated, by
the ministrations of these good Samaritans of peace."

ALMANZA.— This battle was fought, April 4th, 1707, between the
confederate forces under the Earl of Galway, and the French and
Spaniards, commanded by James Fitzjamcs, Duke of Bm-wick, the
illegitimate son of James II of England, when most of the English
were killed or made prisoners of war, having been abandoned by the
Tortuguese at the first ehargo.

ALMEIDA. — This was an important position, as a frontier town
of Portugal, in the Peninsular war. Massena laid siege to it Augu.«^t
inth, 1810, and the governor capitulated August 27th following. The
French crossed into Spain, leaving a garrison at Almeida, blockaded by
the British, April Gth, 1811. It was evacuated by the French, May
11th, of the same year. In the end Wi'llington compelled iNlassena to
retire from I'ortugal, but the route of the French was tracked by horrid
desolation.

ALNEV.— This wns rather a single combat than a battle, lutween
Edmund Ironside and Canute the Qroat, in sight of their armies. The
luttor was wounded, when he proposed a division of the kingdom, the
fiouth part falling to Edmund, A.D, lOlli; but this prince having been
murdered at Oxford, .shortly afler the treaty, acconling to some by the
treachery of Aldric Streon, Canute was left in the peaceable possession
of the whole kingdtun, .\.i». 1017.

A.MIU)YNA. — This place is celebrati'd fur the memorable massacre
of the English factors by the Dutch, February 17th, 1023; they were
cruelly tortured and put to deatii on an accusation of u conspiracy to

'ii

!'t

CYCLOPiEDIA OF THE

^^ , 1 fi,o two nations resided and

«pd the But* f.-. *«iBU-nd, *' ";,; „,,„,.«cdb,the

oLly *»rca i" «!'« W=' '™ ° f " tofod J Ac t,«t, of Amiens

i„lS03. It was .S»m »c,.»d W tl.c 1

„s restored »l .1.0 P--°"8"- „,,■„« ™d Amoricans.

I„ July, 1812, .'.« ;^rT:'„a ™ od *; Wo*n, distriot, where he
,.ro.«ed over ton. Helro.', »'"','■" ,,.,,„i, to iom hia standard. At

,„« tln.o the Brit,»h foreo »" * "™;„, B„„k hoard of this .uvns.on
„fa. uttlo resistance. As soon » Oo..u ^,^_,^^_^^^ ^^^^ j^

,„, ,,,„„,sucd the I'ar ......cn^, «- «"= ^^ A.nhersthnrg, where

westward. Uc "rived o„ the Uh 0^ „ ^^_ , ^.^ ,,„„toa

„„ „u,stcrcd ahout 330 '^^ l^ ^,.,,„ a,.d scndlns aw»y
Indians. Hull. »'■«»« ''>'°°' "° """"' ,^ ,,.„„ exceeded 800 offeet..e
: d tach...ents, is -aid at th.s *2^^.X^o^««. prop".-! "j' *"
1, retreated across the "««'•; 'f' ""';'' ;„ Detroit, .iceral Broek,
X; of A,»he.s.hnrs, ^-l »'"' '""^^."S.o fon and prepared for an
„ ;„„tly erossins over, jJ;" ~' , J™ j_ „„„red IVo... the w.l s, and

> «:>■■-"'""" i.t:: "«' '^" «'* — ^^^^^ ;: d s

lU c Ph.ints were '""^ ^^ ' „f "...cnned to he shot, hut was

'■ n * Tlritiiu UoUnnd, France
AMIENS, ,M.^(;K 0^-»;«- ^'-' "'"

,^,s.rKilo^^^-Cavi.;i;.n^*:;;'.;:;':;;t,,;i:oid::h.,

,.r''l. «> I f ''"':;„;:: slice, -, i8th. n»s.

•fhe Kre..ch wer ;'■;,,;' :'Nove...her, 1813.

The ...e.e..t BOvernn.e..t .esUnul ^^^^

,,,,,,.UUdt.U.-A,.*-.,^

P" « "^ '"? 'r:S t..i Arnold. 1 «ed Oe,..her.nd, 1T«..

«,,edi.i"..to.heA...u.un. ,, „r Malahar, ...ve-^J ''J

A.hniral Watson, and destroyed U..0.

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

csidcd and
izcd by t\\e
j of Amiens
, 1810, and

[ Americans.
• 2500 men,
,ct, -where ho
:andard. At
lul, a"«l could
this invasion,
jid proceeded
fslhurg, where

SIX hundred

scndin-; av/ay
,j HOO effective
ivoparcd for the
General Brock,
,vcp:ired lor an
u the walls, and
i'ovce, includinu;
•eal. Loud and

the conduct ot
,0 Hhot, but was

lolland, France

, to the Kinj^of
„\tholdor in \Ti'^-
v.ay IBth, n05-

ivitish army, taken
^liso from a ^^^^""^
October 2ud, HSO.

ulubar, invested by

ANHOLT, ISLAND OF.— Owing to the injury done by the Danish
cruisers to British commerce, this island was taken possession of by
England. The Danes made an attempt to regain it with a force of
4000, but were gallantly repulsed. The British force opposed to them
did not amount to more than 150 men, yet triumphed in a close and
desperate engagement, March 14th, 1811.

ANJ0U,OR BLAUGIll.— This battle was fought between the English
and French armies April 3rd, 1421. The French were commanded by
the Dauphin of Franco, who defeated the English, on whose side the
Duke of Clarence and 1500 men perished on the field; the Duko was
slain by Sir Allan Swinton, a Scotch knight, who commanded ;i company
at arms ; and the carls of Somerset, Dorset, and Huntingdon were taken
prisoners. This was the first battle that turned the tide of success
against the English in their first wars with France.

ANTOIGN. — This battle was fought between the central army of the
French and the Allies, August 13th, 1792, in which 4500 Austrians
and Prussians were killed, 3,500 taken prisoners, and GOO emigrants
shut up in Longwy ; 900 French were killed in the action; 30 pieces
of battering cannon and howitzers, with all the baggage of the oimbincd
army, were captured.

AQUILEO . — Li the first battle fought there, Constantine II was
slain by Constanir towards the close of March, a.d. 340, lu the sieond,
IMaximus was defeated and slain by Thoodosius, July 2Sth, A.n. 3SS.
In the third, Theodosius defeated Eugcnius and Arbogastos. tlie (laul,
and remained solo emperor of the Roman world. September (Uh, a.d.
394. Eugcnius was put to death, and Arbogastcs died by his own liand,
mortified by his overthrow.

AKBELA. — The third and decisive battle fought botwoen Alesatidor
tlie Great ai\d Darius Codomanus, king of Persia, which doeiduil the
fate of Persia, u.o. 331. Tlie army of Darius consisted of 1,<MHI,(Hii) of
foot and 100,000 horse; the xMacedonian army amounted to only 4li,<tO0
foot and 7,000 horse. The gold and silver found in the cities of Susn,
Babylon, and Persepolis, which fell into the hamls of Alexander, after
this victory, amounted to £30. (Kill, (1(10, and the jewels and ntlier jirecious
spoil, belonging to Darius, sulhoed to load 20,00(1 mules and "(.00(1
camels. At the battle of Arbela, the Persians lost 3tl0,000. or as some,

'I jit:

if! ■■

i^^

CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE

with greater probability, say 40,000, whilst the Macedonians had only
500 slain. Darius betook himself to flight, and was slain by Bessus,
Governor of Bactria, who was punished for his perfidy in the following
manner : — lie was taken and bound naked, hand and foot, and four trees
having been by main force bent down to the ground, and one of the
criniinars limbs tied to each of thorn, the t/ees, as they were suficrod to
return to their natural position, flew back with prodigious violence, each
carrying with it one of the limbs.

ABCOLA. — This battle was fought between the French, under
General Bonaparte, and the Austrian?, under Field-JMarslial Alvii.zy,
November 10th, 1790. The result of this bloody conflict, which rus
fought for eight'successive days, was the loss on the part of the A ii«tri.M.-; of
12,000 men in killed, wounded, and prisoners, with 4 flags and IS guns.

ARGENTARIA.— This battle was one of the most renowned of its
times, It was ibught A.u. 378, in Alsace, between the Allemanni and
the Romans, the former being defeated by the latter, with the loss of
more than 35,000 men, out of their whole army of 40,000.

ARKLOW.— This battle was fought June 10th, iT08, between the
insurgent Irish, amounting to 31,000, and asmallrcgular force of British,
which signally defeated them.

ARMADA. — Philip, king of Spain, after some years of preparation
in all the ports of his extensive dominions, had assembled in the river
Tagus a fleet of 130 large vessels, carrying nearly 30,000 men, and
the Prince of Parma had collected, in the ports of the Netherlands,
ships J\nd boats for the embarkation of an Cipial number of his veteran
troops. To resist the^e forniidiibK^ preparations, Klizubu'th had only a
navv of 34 ships, but the nobility and the seaports fitted out such a
number of vessels at their own expense, that there soon was at sea a fleet
of 180 vessels of all kinds, largo and small. The chief command was com-
mitted to Howard of EfTingiiam, Lord High-Admiral of England, and
Drake, Hawkins, and Frobisher held commands under him. The fleet
was stationed at Plymouth. A land army ol' 30,000 men was [tostod at
Tilbury, in Essex, under the command of Lord Leicester, for the protec-
U<in oftiie city of London, while another of e(|ual strength was destined
for the guard of the (Queen's jjerson.

On the liUlli ol' .M;iy, 15S8, thi; Invineible Armada (i. o, F/cit), as it
)va> proudly styled, sailed from the Tagus, but owing to a Btorui which it

III

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

liad only
)y Bcssus,
3 following
. four trees
one of the
sutt'erod to
)lenco, each

•

nch, u"^cr
lal Alvh.zy,
wliicli ."US
>iis;tri.ni-?of

nd lb g»»s-

owned of its
ilcinanni tind
1 the loss of

1 between the
•ce of British,

prepiiraLion
in the river

00 men, and
Netlu'rhuids,
f liis veteran

1 l\ad only a
1(1 out such a

iit sea a Hect
:uid was eoni-
Knglaud, and
u. ' The lleet
was posted at

n- the protec-

was

destined

Flnt), as it
iBtorm which it

encountered, it did not appear off the coast of England till the 19th of
July. On that day- it was descried near the Lizard point, in Cornwall,
by a Scottisli pirate, who made all the sail lie could to convey the intelli-
gence to Plymouth, and the Admiral got his fleet out to sea with as little
delay as possible.

As the Spanish Admiral had orders not to engage in hostilities till he
should have seen the Prince of Parma's army landed in England, betook
no notice of the English fleet, but steadily directed his course up the
Channel. The Armada sailed in the form of a crescent, of which the
horns were seven miles asunder. Its motion was slow, though every sail
was spread ; " The winds," says the historian, " being as it were tired with
carrying the ships, and the ocean groaning beneath their weight." The
English ships, which were smaller and more active than those of the
Armada, followed to harass it and out off stragglers, and during the six
days which it took to roach Calais, it sutTercd considerably from their
persevering attacks. At Calais the Admiral learned that the Prince could
not embark his troops for want of stores and sailors, and. while he waited,
the Armada narrowly escaped destruction from fire-ships sent into it by
the English. A violent tempest succeeded, which drove it among the
■shoals on the coast of Zealand ; ami a council of war determined that, as
it was now in too shattered a condition to attempt anything against the
enemy, it were best to return to Spain without delay ; but as the passauc
down the Channel was so full of hazard, it was resolved to sail round Scot-
land and Ireland. The Armada, therefore, set sail ; the English pur-
sueil it as far as Flamborough-head, where want of ammunition forced
them to give over the chase. Storms, however, assailed the Armada, and
several of the vessels were cast away on tlie coast of Ireland, where the
crews were butchered by the barbarous natives. The total loss was 30
large ships and 10,000 men. Philip received the intelligence with great
tran lillity, and ordered public thanks to God and the saints for the
calamity not having been greater.

In this u'reat dan_,er of herself and kingdom, Elizabeth bad .shown the
spirit ol' a heroine. She visited the camp at Tilbury, rode along the lines
mounted on a white palfrey, and cheered the soldiers by her animated
languMge. When the danger was ovt'r she went in utate to St. Paul's,
and pulilii'ly returned thanks to Heaven. She granted pensions to the
disabled .seamen, created the Admiral, Earl of Nottingham, and bestowed
honours and rewards on his ollieers. The sudden death of Leicester,
shortly a Tier he had disbanded his army, intercepted the favours she
uughl have tlesigucd for hiiu.

CYCLOPJEDIA OF THE

AR3IED NEUTRALITY.— A confederacy of the Northern powers
against England, commenced by the Empress of Kussia, in 1780. It
resulted in the destruction of the Danish fleet before Copenhagen, April,
1801. This gave England the acknowledged claim to the empire of the
sea. The neutrality was soon after dissolved.

ARMAGH.— This battle was fought a.b. 1318, against Edward
Bruce, who was defeated, taken, and beheaded at Dundulk, and with
him 6200 Scots lost their lives.

ARMISTICES, CELEBRATED.— The most celebrated armistices
recorded in Modern History are the following : — That of Leobon, in 1797,
was signed a few days after the victory of Tagliamento, gained by Napo-
leon I over Prince Charles. It was Bonaparte himself who pro-
posed it. This armistice was followed by the preliminaries of Leobon
and the treaty of Campo-Formio. The armistice of Stayer, concluded on
the 25tli December, 1800, took place after the battle of Holienlinden. It
was signod by Moreau, on the IGth January, 1801. Brunc signed the
armistice of Treviso, which delivered into the hands of the French the
fortitied places of Ferrara, Peschiera and Porto-Legnano. He waf
reproached witli not having demanded Mantua. In 1805, J^[urat con-
cluded an armistice at llollebrun, which saved the Russian army, and
was tlie cause of a severe letter written to him by the Em[)eror. On the
very evening of the battle of Austerlitz, the Emperor of Austria demanded
and obtained an armistice, which was preliminary to the peace of Pres-
burg. Another armistice, also celebrated, was signed after tlie battle of
Fricdland, and led to the peace of Tilsit. At Wagram took place the
armistice of Zoaim, which was the prelude to the peace of Vienna, 1809.
Lastly, un the 4th of June, 1813, after Bautzen, was signed the armis-
tice of Pleiswitz, which the Emperor Napoleon I himself considered a
fault.

ARTlJiI.ERY. — The first piece was invented by Schwartz, a German
Cordrlit'r monk, soon after the invention of gunpowder, in llj^O. First
used liy till' i']nglish by Edwiird 111 at the battle ol' Creey, in 134(3,
when that king hud 4 pieces ol'eanni'n, which greatly aided in hisgaining
the battli'. Brass cannon, first used 1G35 — improvements made by
Browne in 1728, and have continued ever since.

AS("AL()N.— This battle was fought A.D. 1192. Richard I of

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

u powers
780. It
:n, April,
ire of the

t Edward
and with

armistices
,n, in 1797,
lI by Napo-
wUo pro-
of Leobon
oncluded on
nilindcn. It
signed the
French the
He wap
;Murat con-
L army, and
lor. On the
|i;i demanded
ace of Pres-
the battle of
i,)k place the
ionna, 1809.
.,1 the arniis-
considered a

I'tz, a German
i;'<30. rirst

ley, in 1346,
in liisffuninj^

lilts made by

Richard I of

England, commanding the Christian army, met and defeated the Sultan
Saladin's army of 300.000 Saracens and other infidels. No less than 40,000
of the enemy were left dead on the field of battle, and the victorious
Richard marched to Jerusalem.

ASPERNE. — This battle was fought between the Austrian army
under the archduke Charles, and the French, on the 21st of INIay, 1809,
and two following days. In this most sanguinary fight the loss of tho for-
mer army exceeded 20,000 men, and the loss of the French was more than
30,000 ; it ended in the defeat of Bonaparte, who commanded In person,
and was the severest check he had yet received. The bridge of the Danube
was destroyed and his retreat endangered ; but the success of the Aus-
trians had no beneficial eiFect on the subsequent prosecution of tlie war.

ASSAYE.— Fought September 23rd, 1803, between the Duke of Wel-
lington (then General Arthur Wellesley) and Scindiah and the Rajah of
Berar. This was Wellinjjton'syirsi great battle in which he opposed a force
fully ten times greater than his own. In Stocqueler's Life of the " Iron
Duke" we have the following account of this battle : " Scindiah's army
having changed its position, occupied the whole space between the Kaitna
and Assaye, with a groat number of guns in front, and commenced a mur-
derous cannonade. The small number of British guns was quite incapable
of coping with this vast battery. General Wellesley, therefore, directed
his infantry to advance with the bayonet.

With the determined courage which had given them victory at
Seriiigapatam, in the actions with Dhoondia Waugh, and on the walls of
Ahmednuggur, the line dashed forward, carried the guns on the right,
and approached Assaye. At this moiueiit a cloud of Mahratta horse
had stolen round the village, and fell upon them — sabre to bayonet
— with characteristic fury. The 74th regiment wavered — the charge
was too much for them.

Colonel Maxwell of the 19th Light Dragoons saw that the critical
moment had arrived. Forward ! was the word. Falling upon the Mahratta
cavalry, the Dragoons gave the British infantry time to rally, cut up the
Mahratta horse, pushed through the Scindiah's left, and threw the whole
of that part of the army into confusion. In the meantime the enemy's
centre, wliieh had remained untouched, closed in upon the ground before
occupied by their left wing, and uniting with such of their infantry and
artillery as had been passed over unhurt by the British cavalry, formed
itself into a kind of crescent, with its right horn resting on the river

'id

CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE

.louali, and its left on tlio village of Assaye; thus presenting themselves
in nfrosli position on the flank of our infantry, on which, having collected
a considerable number of guns, they reconnncnced a heavy fire. The battle
was now t>> be fought over again, with this difference, that the contending
forces had changed sides, and had the enemy's horse behaved with the
least spirit, while our cavalry was absent in pursuit of their broken batta-
lions, there is no guessing what the consequences might have been ; but,
happily for General Wellesley, they kept aloof. To oppose the enemy in
their new position, the Sepoy battalion on the right was immediately
advanced against them, but without I'fl'ect, being obliged to retire. Another
was brought forward and e(juidly repulsed. The cavalry, having by this
time returned from the pursuit, and formed on the left, and the enemy's
horse having disappeared belbre them, tin General ordered the 7Sth regi-
ment and the 7th cavalry up, to head a I'resh attack against the enemy's
infantry and guns, which still defended their position with obstinacy. No
sooner, Imwovcr, had ho formed the 78th regiment in line, in directing
wliieh his horse's leg was carried ulV by a cannon shot, than the enemy
witliout waiting an attack, eummenced their retreat across the Jonah,
wliieh they passed in toler.able order before our troops could come up with
them. Previously to this last attack Colonel 'daxwell liad refpiested and
obtained permi.-sion to chargi" a consider!d)le body of infantry and gnns,
wliieh having formed pari ol'llie reserve, were scon retiring ingood order,
along (he right hank of the .louah.

'i'iie I'.Mh J)ragoon8 wore not long in coining up with the enemy, who
having formed with their left to the Jouali, uteadily waited their ap|)roach.
The charge was sounded. The J)ragoons advanced with rapiility, amidst
a shower of musketry and grape, ami had alreaily got almost within
reach ol' tiie bayonets oi' theeneniy, whoslill gullantly stood their ground.
" At this moment," writes nn officer engaged in the charge, " instead
iifdasliing among their ranks, I suddenly I'ouml my horse swept riutnd uh
it were l>y an eddy torrent. Away we galloped right slio\ilders foiwaril,
aloiiM (In; whole of the enemy's line, reciiving their lire as we passed, till
having turned our backs on them, wo took to our iieels manfully ; every
one called out //(/// / Jlull ! while nobody would set the e.\amplel till nt
hi'it a linmpel having sounded, we jmlled up, but in eomplele tlisorder,
driiLiodiis and native eaviiliy, pell inell. On this occasion ('olohel Maxuell
fell, pierced by a ^rape-shot, lie was gallantly li'ading the charge when
lio re(<elved his death blow. Having involuntarily checked his liorso and
thrown his arm back, when hu received his wouiul, the Holdivis immedi-

■%

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

isclves
llcctcd
3 battle
cu'liivj;
ith the
1 batta-
n ; but,
leiiiy in
I'tlintely
Another
; by this
I'nomy's
Mh ro^i-
oueiuy'a
i!\cy. No
Liiiecting
ic I'lunuy
I' Jduah,
i> up with
[>stcil niid
md ^iuns,
)od Older,

K'liiy, who
|i|iroaeh.
y, niuidHt
t witliiu
ir <^vii\iiid.
'' iiiHtead
round 118
(< I'liiward,
Ill-sod, till
y ; cvory
a".! till at
(liMiidcr,
Maxwell
I I'M' when
lini'HO and
iiuuiedl-

atcly behind him, not knowing the cause, mistook the gesture f(»r a signal
to retire, and did so accordingly. At least this was the reason afterwards
assigned for the failure, and if true, shows how the fate of armies, ;ind
even of nations, may depend on the direction of a single slmt." lloco-
vering from their disorder, the Dragoons renewed the charge with terrible
effect, and the enemy gave way in every direction.

Tims closed this memorable battle, one of the most bloody on record
to the victors. Out of about 4500 men in action, upwards of 20(10 wore
eitlier killed or wounded, the former amounting to more than one-third
of the whole number."

ASSYRIANS AND JEWS,— the Battles, &c., between— n.c. 71 C
These battles resulted in the total destruction of the army of Sennacharib,
so graphically described by the Sacred penman — and afterwards in tlie
destruction of Jerusalem, tlie overthrow of Solomon's Temple, and the
exile of the Jews to JJabylon, for 70 years.

ATTTliONM — The English army under General Ginekel stormed
Atlilone, then a town of prodigious strength — crossing the Shannon in
the face of the Irish army, yet not losing more than oO nu'ii. This liolil
and successful enterprise procured for Ginekel the title of Earl oi'
Athlono, ICUl. Sec Aiiglniin.

ATTIL A, — Surnnmed The .S^eoH/'g*! of God, ravaged all Europe, A.D.
417. ilo invaded the Koman empire with an army of 500,(10(1 Huns, and
laid waste all the jirovinecs at ('halons-sur-Miirne. Aotiiis, tlio Itoniaii
prel'irt, met him, and del'eated him with the loss of I'dtl.dOd nun.
Al'terwards he was aH signally defeated by Tiiorismond, King of the
GotliM, and died in the nudst of his career.

AUEHSTADT, HATTI/E OF.— In this most sanguinary eonlliet,
between the French and Prussian armies, October I Ith, iSdO, (lu-
I'russianH were routed on every side, having lost l!dO jiieees of cannon.
30 stiindardH, and liS.ddd prisioinTH, and leaving .'50,(1(1(1 slain on the
battle Held. JJoth tiie l^ing of Prussia and Napoleon comiuaMded at this
engagement. Tiio French Emjieror immediately afterwards entered
Berlin, fnun wliieh city lie issued his memorablo JKrlin J'eeiees,

AUG n RIM, UATriiK OF.— Near Athlono, in Irel.ind, This
battle was fought, July iL'th, ICiOl, between the Irish, headed by the
French General St. llutli, and the English under Generul (Sinekel, when

:i ';:i

CYCLOPiEDIA OF THE

■ ii

'' 1

t >

the former lost 7000 men ; the latter only COO killed and 9G0 wounded.
St. Iluth was slain. This enf^agcmcnt proved decisively fatal to the
interests of James II in Ireland, Giiickel was immediately created Earl
of Athlono; the ball by which 8t. Kuth was killed is still preserved sus-
pended in the choir of St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin.

AIJr.SBTTRG. BATTLE OF,— Fought between the Imperialists
and the Freneli army, the latter commanded liy Moreau; who obtained
so complete a victory, that Augsburg and Munich were opened to him.
It was fought August 2Gth, 179C ; Moreau, September 2nd following,
again defeated the Austrians on the Jun, and again, September 7th, at
Miiinburg.

Al'STEKLITZ, BATTLE OF.— Fought December 2nd, 1805,
between the French and Austrian armies; gained ])y tlio former. Three
Emperors commanded at this battle, Alexander of llussia, Francis of
Austria, and Napoleon of Franco. The killed and wounded exceeded
40,000 on the side of the "Allies, who lost l)esides, 40 standards, 1511 pieces
of cannon, and many thousands of prixmers. This decisive victory of
the French led to the treaty of I'resburg, which was signed December
20th sumo year.

1?A 15V liON.— This city was first taken by Ninus, ii.r. 205l>, then
by Ksar-haddon, it.c. 080. Both ])arius and Cyrus look tlie city, the
first through tlie fidelity of his officer Zojiyrus, who having cut off liis noso
nnd ears lletl to the Babylonians, and was admitted within tlie walls, and
ftiuiid means slmrlly afterwards to betray the city — tiie other by turning
the Course ni' the river Euphrates, and marching his soldiers up the dry
bed into the city.

BAPA.IOS. SIK(iK OF,— This imj.urtant frontier fortress had sur-
nndered to tlic l''reiieh, March lltli, isl 1, and wa.^ investeil ]iy tlio
Driti.>*h under Lord Wellington, on March Kith, 1812; and stormed and
tiikt^n on April foUnwing. The scigo is ono of the most ini|>ortant in tho
annals of warf.ire; for t'lo vietnry was nut only u glorious military
achievement in itself, but it nbliged the iM'eiicli, who had entereil I'orlu-
gnl I'nr llie purpose iif plinnhir, to commence a precipitate retreat from
that kin^'ilojii. For piirtioulnrs, soo Life of Wellington, and Napier's I'c-
iiinsiilttr War.

oundcd.
1 to the
ic(.l Earl
Ved BUS-

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

BADEN, TREATY OF.— Between France and the Emperor, Sep-
tcnilicr 7th, 1814. It was erected into a grand duchy of the lUioni.sh
Confederation in 180(5. Its territorial acquisitions, by its alliance with
France, was guaranteed by the Vienna Congress of 1815.

lerialists
obtained
to him.
olio wing,
sr 7th, at

J, 1805,
. Three
Francis of
e.\cocded
.50 pieces
victory of
.)eceniber

5t», then
city, the

|l" liis noHO
alls, and
■ tnrning

Ip the dry

had pur-
1 by tho
I'lned and
|nt ill tliu

military
id I'ortu-
leat iVotn
luer'n I'c*

BALAKLAVA, BATTLE OF.— Fought October 25th, 1854. If
the cxiiibition of the most brilliant valour, of tho excess of courage,
and of a daring which would have reflected lustre on the best days of
chivalry can allbrd full consolation for the disaster of to-day, we can
have no reason to regret the nielanclioly loss wliich wo sustained in a
contest with a savage and barbarous enemy.

9 I shall proceed to describe, to the best of my power, what occurred

under my own eyes, and to state the facts which I have heard from men

whose veracity is unimpeaehable, reserving to myself the exercise of tho

\ right of private judgment in making public and in suppressing the details

, i of what occurred on this memorable day. Before I proceed to my nar-

rative, I must premise that a certain i'eeliiig existed in some quarters that
our cavalry had not be<'n jiroperly liandled since they landid in tlie
Crimea, and tiiat they had lost golden opportunities from the indecision
and I'xeessive caution of their leaders. It was said that our cavalry ought
to linvo boon mancuuvrcd at Bonljanak ii\ one way or in another, accord-
ing to the fancy of the critic. IL was allimied, too, that the liight Cav-
alry were utterly useless in tho perfoniiaiiee of one of their most ininort-

I duties — (he eolieetion of supplies fortiie army — that they were " abovo
their business, and too tine gentlemen for their work ;" that our liorso
should have pushed on after the ilying enemy after the battle of tho Alma,
to tlu'ir utter eonfiision, and with tlie etTlaiiity of taking many guns nnd
prisdiiers ; and, above all, (hat at Mackenzie's farm lirst, and at tlie gorge
near Iiiki'rmann,snbse(piently, they had been improperly restrained from
rging, and had tailed in gaining great successes, which would liavo

ciia

ontitled them to a full share of the laurels of the eanqiaign, solely owing to
the liiiiidity of the officer in command. Tlie existence of this feeling was
known to many of unr cavalry, iiid they were indignant and exiisperalrd
that the fain(est sliade of susjiieioi should rest on iinv of their corps. With
tlie justice of these aspersions they seemed to think thoy had nothing to
do. nnd peihajis the prominent thought in their juinds was that they
would give such nn example of courage to the world, if the clianco oll'ered
itsell', as would shame (lieir (h'tnietors for ever.

Ill my last 1 inentioucd that Huvorul battalions of llussian infantry iiad

CYCLOP^-EDIA OP THE

■ ii

crossed tlio Tcl'.crnnya, and tluit tlioy tlircatcnod the rear of our position
and our conuiuuiication witli JJalak'hiva. Tlieir bands could be heard
playing at night by the travellers along the BMlaklava road to the camp,
but they " showed " but little during the day, and kept up among the
gorges and mountain passes through which the roads to Inkermann, Sim-
phrropul, and the south-east of the Crimea wind towards tlie interior.
The position wo occupied, in reference to Balaklava was supposed by moat
people to bo very strong — even impregnable. Our lines were formed by
natural mountain slopes in the rear, nKmg which the French had made
very formidable enfrtnehments. Ik'low those entrenchments, and very
nearly in a right line across the valley beneath, are four conical hillocks,
ono rising above the other as tlicy recede from our lines; the furthest,
which joins the chain oi' mountains opposite to our ridges being named
Canmbeii's Hill, from the meeting there of that General with Lord
Raglan alter the nnireh to Halakiava. On the top of each of these hills
the Turks liad thrown up earthen redoubts, dei'ended by U50 men each,
and armed with two or tlu'ee guns — some lieavy sliip guns — lent by us
to them, with one artilleryman in each redoubt to look ai'ter them. These
hills cross the valley of Ualaklava at the distance of about two and a half
miles from the town. Supposing the spectator, then, to take his stand
on one of tiie lieights forming the rear of our camp beiore Hebustopol, ho
would see the town of llalakliiva, with its s<'anty shipping, its narrow strip
ol' water, and its old forts on his right hand; immediately below he would
behold the valley and ])l,ain of e(iarse meadow land, oeeupied by our cav-
alry tents, and strcti;hing from the base of the ridgi? on which ho stood to
the foot of the formidalile heights at the other side; ho would si'ij tlio
French trenches lined with /iouiives a few fi'el beneath, and distant from
Iiim, on the slope of the hill; a 'I'urkish redoubt lower down, then another
in tlio valley, then, in a line with it, some angular eartliworks, then, in
fluccossion, the other two reihtubts up to Canrobert's liill. At the dis-
tnnoe of two or two and a half miles across the valley (hero is an abrupt
rocky mountain range of most irregular and pielures(|ue i'orn)ation,
covered with scanty brushwood here ami there, or rising into barren pin-
naclcH and /iditvauir of rock. In outline and appearance this portion of
the liindscape is wonderfully like the Trosachs, A patch ol' blue sea in
caught in between the overhanging elill'sof Halaklava as lliey close in tlio
ontraiiee to the harbour on the right. The eiunp of the Marines, pitched
on (he hill siilesmore (ban ItKMHi'et above (he K'Vt'lol'thc sea, is opposite
tu you an your back is turned to iScbas(opol and your right side towards

the
ad\
inn

Uos

BATTLES or THE WORLD.

position

Ijc heard

lie camp,

uoiiu' the

v\iu, Sim-

> interior.

ii\ by most

orim'il l)y

had miidc

, and vcvy

al hilloi'lvS,

i'urlliest,

'in}i named

witli Lord

• tiieso liiUs

) mon eaeh,

-IcJit by us

om. Tlu'f^o^

and a ludf

l^e bis Htiiwd

,.])UHtopul, llO

iiarriiw strip
iw be would
ly our cav-
i lio Blood to
,,uld see. tl\0
aistant IVoiii
tlion anotlier
„lvf*, tbon, in
A I llie diH-
is an alti'npt
- rorniiitioii)
,, barnn liii>-
iiK portion of
,r lil\u' i*eii \n
.y fbisf ill tbo
irines.pitebed
oa, is oppnultO
t hido towiirdi4

Balaklava. On the road leading up the valley, close to tlie entrance 6f
the town, and beneath tlicso Hills, is the encampment of the Dik'd Iligh-
laiKicrs.

The cavalry lines are nearer to you below, and are someway in advance
ofthu Ifiglilanders, but nearer to the town than the Turkish rednubts. The
valley is crossed hero and there by small waves of land. On your left the
hills and rocky mountain ranges gradually close in towards the course of
the Tchermiya, till at three or four miles' distance from Balaklava, the
valley is swidlowed up in a mountain gorge iuid deep ravines, above which
rise tiers after tiers of desolato whitish rock, garnished now and then by
bits of scanty herbage, and spreading away towards the cast and south,
where tliey attain the Alpine dimensions of the Tsehatir Dagh. Tt is very
easy lor an enemy at tlie IJelbek, or in command of the road ori^lacken-
zies's farm, Inkermann, Sinipheropol, in" Bakshiserai, to debouch through
these gorges at any time upon this plain *'rom the neck of the valley, or
to march from Sebastopol by the Tchernaya, and to advance along it
towards Balaklava, till checked by the Turkish redoubts on the southern
side, or by the lire I'rom the French works on the northern side — /. c,
the side which, in relation to the valK'y to Balaklava, forms the rear of
our position. It was evident enough that Menschikolf and (iortschakolF
hail been feeling their way along this rotite for several days past, and very pro-
bably at night tlic Cossacks had crept up close to our pic(pu'ts, which are
not always as watchful as might be desired, and had ooserved the weak-
ness ol'a position far too extended lor our army to defend, and occupied
by their despised enemy, tlu; Turks,

At lialf-p;ist seven o'clock (his morning, an orderly camt> galloping in
to the head-(|nar(ers eamji from Balaklava, with the news, that at ilawn a
strongeorpsofUussian lior.-e, supported by guns and battalions of infantry
had marched into the valley, ami had already nearly dispossessed tlio
Turks of (he redoubt No 1, (tliat on Cunrobert's Hill, which is fardiost
from o\ir lines), and (ha( (hey were opening lire on (lie redoubts Nos. 2,
3, and I, which would speeijijy be in their hands unless (lui Turks olfered
a Hdmler rt\sistauc(! (ban they had dmie already

Orders were despatched to Sir (leorgc Catlicart, and to II. H. II. (ho
Duke of (Cambridge, (o put their respeutivc division!^, tho Kourdi and
the l''irst, in motion for (lie scene (d' acdon ; and in(t'lligenee of tho
advance of tbo llussians was also furnished to General ('anroliert,
Immediately on rcceip( of (In' news, (he (iem>ral connnanded (icneral
Uosnuet to get tho Third Division under arms, and scut .i utrong body

CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE

of artillery and some 200 Chasseurs d'Afrlquc to assist us in holding
the valley. Sir Colin Canii)bcll, who was in connnand of Balaklava, had
drawn up the 93rd Highlanders a little in front of the road to the town,
at the first news of the advance of the enemy. The IMarincs on the
heights got underarms; the seamen's batteries and Marines' batteries,
on the heights close to the town," were manned, and the Freiicli artillery-
men andthe Zouaves prepared for action along their lines. Lord Lucan's
little camp was the scene of great excitement. The men had not had
time to water their horses ; they had not broken their fast from the
evening of the day before, and had barely saddled at the first blast of the
trumpet, when they were drawn up on the slope behind the redoubts in
front of their camp to operate on the enemy's squadrons. It was soon
evident that no reliance was to be placed on the Turkish infantry or
artillerymen. All the stories we had heard about their bravery behind
stone walls and earthworks proved how difi'erently the same or similar
people fight under difi'erent circumstances. When the lUissians advanced
the Turks fired a few rounds at thein, got frightened at \ le distance of
their supports in the rear, looked round, received a few shots and shell,
and then *' bolted," and flod with an agility quite at variance with rom-
mon-place notions of Oriental deportment on the battle-field. But Turks
on tlie Danube are very dilTerent beings from Turks in the Crimea, as
it a))piius that the Russians of Sebastopol are not at all like the ilussians
of Silistria.

Soon after eight o'clock, Lord Raglan and liis staff turned out and
cantered towards the rear of our positien. The booming of the artillery,
the spattering roll of musketry, were heard rising from the valley, drown-
ing tlu! roar til' the siege guns in IVonL before Si'l)astopol. As 1 rode in
the direction of the firing, over the thistles and large stones whieh cover
the undulating plain that stretches away towards Halaklava, on a level
with the summit of the ridges above it, T observed a French light infantry
regiment (the 'JTtli, I think) advancing with adniinrole earo and celerity
from our right towards the ridge near th(! telegraph-houst', which was
already lined by companies of Frencli infantry, while mounted tifiiccrs
scampered idong its broken outline in every direction.

General l{os(|net, a stout Holdierlike-looking man, who reminds one of
the old iji iin of l''reiicli (Icnerids as depieti'd at Versailles, I'ollnweii. with
his stafi'anil a small escort of Hussars, at a gallop. Faint while clouds
rose hero and there idiovo the liill from the oaniUJiiado below. Never did
the painter's eyo rest oa a more beautiful scene than I beheld from the

III I'l
heigi
arni>
were
advai

pOS.Hf

guns

UKIl

BATTLKS OF THE AVOIILD.

liolding
Yu, bad
10 town,
on the
uttcvics,
irtiUcvy-
liucan's
not liad
from the
i9t of the
ihnibtH in
wiis soon
fiintvy or
ry behind
or similar
iidvanccdj
Vist'.uicc of
uiul shell,
with eom-
But Turks
Crimen, as
ic Russians

i>d out and

\w iirtillery,

U._y,dr(iwn-

Is I rode in

Ivhii'b cover

on a level
lUt infantry
fuid e.'K'rity

whieh was

^t^(l (ilVlCCrH

jiiids one of

lowed, with

^liili' fltmds

Never did

|l,\ from tho

ridp;c. Tlio fleecy vapours still hung around the mountain tops, and
mingled with the ascending volumes of smoke; the patch of sea sparkled
freshly in the rays of the morning sun, but its light was eclipsed by the
flashes which gleamed from the massess of armed men below.

Looking to the left towards tho gorge, we beheld six compact masses of
Russian infantry, which had just debouched from tho mountain passes near
Tchernaya, and were slowly advancing with solemn statelincss up the
valley. Immediately in their front was a regular line of artillery, of at
least twenty pieces strong. Two batteries of light guns were already a
mile in advance of them, and were playing; with energy on tlic redoubts,
from which feeble puffs of smoke came at long intervals. Behind these
guns, in front of the infantry, were enormous bodies of cavalry. They
were in six compact squares, three on each flank, moving down en cchvlon
towards us, and the valley was lit up with the blaze of their sabres, and
lance points, and gay accoutrements. In their front, and extending along
the intervals between each battery of guns, were clouds of mounted skir.
niishers, wheeling and whirling in tho front of their march like autumn
leaves tossed by the wind. The Zouaves close to us were lying like tigers
at tlic spring, with ready rifles in hand, hidden chin deep by the earth-
works which run along tho line of these ridges on our rear, but the((uick-
oyed Russians wore ninnoouvring on the other side of the valley, and did
not expose their columns to attack. Helow the Zouaves we could see tho
Turkish gunners in the redoubts, all in eonlusion as the shells burst over
them. .)u>t as I came up, the Russians bad carried No. 1 redoubt, tho
farthest and most elevated of all, and their liorsemon were chasing the
Turks across tho interval 'vhich lay between it and redoubt No. 2. At
that moment tho cavalry, under J^ord Luean, were formed in glittering
masses - the Jjight Brigade, under Lord Cardigan, in advance ; tho
Heavy Brigade, under iirig:idier-(i jnenil Se;irlet, in reserve. They
wore drawn up just in front of their encampment, and wt »'o concealed Irom
the view of the enemy by a slight "wave" in the plain. Considerably
to the rear of their right, tlie \Khd Highlanders were drawn up in lino,
in front of the approach to Balaklava. Above and behind tlu'm, on tho
heights, tho Marines were visible through the ghusH, drawn up under
arms, and tho gunners oould bo seen ready in the earthworks, in which
were j)laced the heavy ships' guns. The (Kh'd liad originally boon
advanced .somewhat more into tlie plain, but the instant the Russians got
po.'-^ession ol (lie first redoubt I hey opened fire on thi'm f'rum imr own

guns which inflicted some injury, and Sir Colin Ciimpbell

reti'

his

uiuii to a better position. iMeantimo tho enemy advanced hi: valry

CYOLOPiEDIA OP THE

rapidly. To our inexpressible di«gust wc saw the Turks in redoubt No.
2 fiy at their iipproach. They run in scattered groups across towards
redoubt No. 3, and towards Balakhwa, but the horse-hoof of the Cossack
was too quick for them, and sword and lance were busily plied amonff the
retreating herd. The yolls of the pursuers and pursued were plainly
audible. As the Lancers and Light Cavalry of the Russians advanced
they gathered up their skirmishers with great speed and in excellent
order — the shifting trails of men, which played all over the valley like
moonlight on the water, contracted, gathered up, and the little piloton
in a i'ow moments became a solid column. Then up came their guns, in
rushed their gunners to the abandoned redoubt, and the guns of No. 2
redoubt soon played with deadly eil'ect upon the dispirited defenders of
No. o redoubt. Two or three shots in return from the earthworks, and
all is silent. The Turks swarm over the earthworks, and run in confusion
towards the town, firing their muskets at the enemy as they run. Again
the solid column of cavalry opens like a fan, and resolves itself into a
" Long spray " of skirmishers, it laps the Hying Turks, steel Hashes in
the air, and down go the jioor ^Moslem (piivering on the plain, split
through I'ez and musket-guanl to the chin and breast-belt. Tliere is no
supjxtrt I'or them. It is evident the [{ussians have been toocjuick lor us.
The Turks have been too (piick also, for they have not held their redoubts
long enough to enable us to bring them help. In vain the Turkish gun-
ners in the earthen batteries which are placed along the French entrench-
ments strive to protect their Hying countrymen; their shot fly Mide and
short ol'the swarming masses, The Turks betake themselves towards (lie
Highlanders, where they cheek their ilight and form into companies on tho
flaiiksol' the Highlanders, As the Uussian cavalry on the leftoftheir Ihie
crown till! hill across the valley, they perceive tiie Highlanders drawn up at
tlio distance ol'sonie half mile, calmly awaiting iheir approach. They halt,
nnd sijuadron after sipiadnni Hies up finni the rear, till they have a body
of some l.'jllH men along the ridge — Jinneers, and Hragoons, and Hussars.
Then they move vii ciJuloii in two bodies, with another in nserve.
The cavalry who luive bivn jmrsuing tlie Turks on tlie right aree(nning up
to tlie ridge beneath us, which conceals our cavalry I'roni view. The licavy
brigade in advance is drawn up in two lines, 'I'iic first line oounists of
the Scots (ireys, and ol' their old cnnipauiiins in glory, the Mnniskillens;
the second of the Itii itoyal Irish, of llie Titli |)ragoon (inards, and ol'tlio
1st Itoyal Hragoous, The Light (.'avalry Hrigadu is on their li'ft,in two
linos iilso. The silenco is oppressive ; between the cinnon bursts one can

n)ov(
insta
warn
the s
and
olliee
the SI
theal

was .s

they

least

them

BATTLES OF Till' ■" ^RLD.

ot No.

(Wiivds

ossack

ng the

plainly

vuucod

LCcUcnt

ley like

pclotou

;;uiis, in

I' ISO. 2

iidors of

rks, and

:)nl'uf'ion
A;^ain

If into a

laslicH in

liii, t^plit

lore is no

■k lor iw.
reddubts

ki>li i^un-

lentroneh-

Iwidc and
wards llio
ies iin the
their lino
|a\vn \\\) at
;iirvl::dt,
ivr ;\ hiidy
llus>arH.
Ii rrserve.
duiinii' up
riieliiMvy
onsi>ts (it
liskilleiis;
land (il'lho
lel't/m two
Us one oiiu

hoar the champing of bits and the clink of sabres in the valley below. The
Russians on their left drew breath for a moment, and then in one grand
line charged in towards Balaklava. The ground flics beneath their horses'
feet; gathering speed at every stride, they dash on towards that thin red
Htveiih topped with a line of steel. The Turks fire a volley at eight
hundred yards and run. As the Russians come within six hundred
yards, down goes that line of steel in front, and out rings a rolling volley
of IMinie muhkctry. The distance is too groat; the Russians are not
checked, but still sweep onwards tlirough the smoke, with the whole force
of horse and man, here and there knocked over by the shot of our batteries
above. With breathless suspense every one awaits the bursting of the
wave upon the lino of Gaelic rock ; but ere they come within two hundred
and iil'ty yards, another deadly volley flashes from the levelled rifle, and
carries terror into the Russians. They wheel about, open files rigl»t and
left, and flyback faster than they came. " ]}ravo Highlanders! well
done!" shout the excited spectators ; but events thicken. The High-
landers and their splendid I'ront are soon ibrgotten, men scarcely have a
moment to think of tliis fact, that the 93rd never altered their formation
to reeeive that tide of horsemen. " No," said Sir Colin Campbell, "I
did not thiiik it worth while to form thmn even four deep I" The ordinary
British line, two deep, was quite sufficient to repel the attack of these
IMuseovite cavaliers. Our eyes were, however, turned in a moment on
our own cavalry. We saw Brigader-Cieneral Scarlett ride along in I'ront
of his massive sijuadrons. The Russians — evidently corps (V elite — their
light blue jackets embroidered with silver lace, were advancing on their
left, at an easy gallop, towards the brow of the hill. A forest of lances
glistened in their rear, and several squadrons of grey-coated dragoons
moved up (juickly to support them as they reached the summit. The
instant they came in sight the trumpets of our cavalry gave out the
warning, blast which told us all that in another moment wo should see
the shock of battle beneath our very eyes. Lord Raglan, all his staff
and escort, and groups of oflieers, tlie Zouaves, Freneh generals and
ollieers, and bodies of Freneh infantry on the height, were spectators of
the scene as though they were looking on tho stage from the boxes of a
theatre. Nearly every one dismounted iind sat down, and not a word
was said. The Russians advaiitHMl down tlie hill at a slow canter, wliii'h
they eliiniged to a trot, and at last nearly halted. Tlieir first line wa:> at
least double the length of ours— -it was three times as deep. Hcliind
them was a similar lino, e(|ually strong and compact. They evidently

CYCLOPyEDIA OF THE

despised their insignificant looking enemy, but tlicii' time was come. The
trumpets rang out again tbrougli the valley, and the Greys and Ennis-
killenors went riglit at the centre of the llussian cavalry. The sjiace
between them was only a few hundred yards ; it was scarce enough to let
the horses "gather away," nor liad the men quite space sufficient for the
full play of their sword arms. The llussian line brings forward each
wing as our cavalry advance, and threatens to annihilate them as they
pass on. Turning a little to their left, so as to meet the lluKsian riglit^
the Greys rush on with a cheer that thrills to every heart — the wild shout
of the Euniskilleners rises through the air at the same instant. As light-
ning flashes through a cloud, the Greys and Enniskilleuers pierced
through the dark masses of llussians. The shock was but for a moment,
There was a clash of steel and a light play of swordblades in the air, and
then the Greys and the redcoats disappear in the midst of the shaken
and ([uivering columns. In another moment we sec them emerging and
dashing on with diminished numbers, and in broken order, against the
second line, which is advancing against them as fast as it can to retrieve
the fortune of the charge. It was a terrible moment. " God help them !
they are lost " was the exclamation of more than one man, and the
thought of many. With unabated fire the noble hearts dashed at their
enemy. It was a light of heroes. The first line of llussiaus, which had
been smashed utterly by our charge, and liad fled oiF at one flank and
towards the centre, were coming back to swallow up our handful of men.
By sheer steel and sheer courage Enniskillener and .Scot were winning
their desperate way right through the enemy's s((uadrons, and alrt'ady
grey horses and red coats had appeared right at the rear of the second
uiass, when, with irresistible force, like 3ne bolt from a bow, the 1st
Royals, the 4tli Dragoon (aiards, and the Sth Dragoon Guards rushed at
the remnants of the first line of the enemy, went through it as thdugh it
were made of pasteboard, and dashing on the second body of llussiaus
as they were still disordered by the terrible assault of the Greys and their
companions, put them to utter rriut. The lUissian Ilorso in less than
\i\c minutes after it met our dnignons was flying with all its speed luToro
a force certainly not half its strength. A cheer burst from every lip —
in the enthusiasm, officers and men took oil" their caps and shouted with
delight, and thus keeping up the scenic character of their position, they
clapped their hands again and again. Lord Kaglan at once despateiied
Lieutenant Curzoii, Aide-di'-Cainp, to convey his eoiigratulatidns to
Brigadier-General Scarlett, and to say " Well done." The gallant old

and

tlie

nificJ

operl

cavaf

grou|

day

clian

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

right,

soL'oml
the 1st
sht-a ;it
ioaiJ,h it
lu>^j^iini»
111(1 tlicir
ess tliiui

il lict'ol'O

.«v.Y lil' -
itod with
lion, tlioy
I'simtchod
ulitiiis to
iiUuiit old

officer's face beamed with pleasure when he received the message. " I
beg to tl .ink his Lordship very sincerely," was his reply. 'J'lie cavalry
did not long pursue their enemy. Their loss was very slight, about
thirty-five killed and wounded in botli afi"airs. There were not more tliaii
four or five men killed outriglit, and our most material loss was from the
cannon phiying on our heavy dragoons afterwards, when covering the
retreat of our light cavalry.

In the Iloyal Horse Artillery we had a severe, but I am glad to say a
temporary loss. Captain Maude, who directed the service of his guns
with his usual devotedncss and dauntless courage, was struck in the arm
by a shell which burst at liis saddle bow and killed his horse. To the joy
of all the army, it is ascertained that he is doing well on board ship.
After tlie charge. Captain the lion. Arthur Ilardingc came galloping up
to Lord Ilaglau witli the news of wliat the cavalry liad done.

At ten o'clock tlie Guards and Highlanders of the First Division were
seen moving towaids the plains from their camp. The Duke of Cam-
bridge came up to Lord Raglan for orders, and his Lordship, ready to
give the honour of the day to Sir Colin Campbell, who commands at
Balaklava, told his Iloyal Highness to place liimself under the direction
of the Brigadier. At forty minutes after ten, the Fourth Division also
took up tlicir position in advance of Balakalava. The cavalry were then
on the left front of our position, facing the enemy ; the Light Cavalry
Brigade was on the left flank forward ; the Heavy Cavalry Brigade tH
endivlun in reserve, with guns on the right ; the 4th Dragoons and 5th
Dragoons and Greys on the loft of the brigade, the Enniskillens and .'{rd
Dragoons on the right. The Fourth Division took up ground in the
centre; the Guards and Highlanders filed off" towards the extreme right,
and faced the redoubts, from which the llussians opened on tliem with
such guns as had not been spiked,

At fifty minutes after ten, General Canrobert, attended by his staff
and Brigadier-General Rose, rode up to Lord Raglan, and the staffs of
the two Generals and their escorts mingled together in praise of tlie mag-
nificent charge of our cavalry, wliile the chiel's apart conversed over the
operations of the day, wliieh promised to b'j one of battle. Tlie Russian
cavalry, followed by our shot, had retired in confusion, leaving the
ground covered with horses and men. In carrying an order early in the
day .Mr. Blunt, Lord Lucan's interpreter, and son of our Consul in Thes-
saly, had a narrow escipe. His horse was killed, he seined a Russian
charger as it galloped past riderless, but the horse carried hiiu almost into

CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE

i'r

the Hussian cavalry, and lie only saved himself by leaping into a redoubt
among a number of frightened Turks who were praying to Allah on
their bellies. At fifty-five minutes after ten, a body of Cavalry, tlie Chas-
seurs d'Afriquc, passed down to the plain, and were loudly cheered by
our men. They took up ground in advance of the ridges on our left.

And now occurred the melancholy catastrophe which fills us all with
sorrow. It appears that the Quartermaster-General, Brigadier Airey,
thinking that the Light Cavalry had not gone far enough in front when
the enemy's horse had fled, gave an order in writing to Captain Nolan,
15th Hussars, to take to Lord Lucan, directing his Lordsliip "to
advance " his cavalry nearer to the enemy. A braver soldier than Captain
Nolan the army did not possess. lie was known to all his arm of the
service for his entire devotion to his profession, and his name must be
familiar to all who take interest in our cavalry for his excellent work,
published a year ago, on our drill and system of remount and breaking
horses. I had the pleasure of his acquaintance, and I know he enter-
tained the most exalted opinions respecting the capabilities of the Eng-
lish horse soldier. Properly led, the British Hussar and Dragoon could
iu his mind break square, take batteries, ride over columns of infantry,
and pierce any other cavalry in the world as if they were made of straw.
He thought that they had not had the opportunity of doing all that was
in their power, and that they had missed even such chances as they had
offered to them, — that, in fact, they were in some measure disgraced. A
matchless horseman and a first-rate swordsman, he held in contempt, I
am al'raid, even grape and canister. He rode off with his orders to ]jord
Lucan. He is now dead and gone. Ciod forbid I should cast a sliadc
on the brightness of his honour, but I am bound to state what I am told
occurred when he reached his Lordship. I should premise that as the
Russian cavalry retired, their infantry It'll back towards the head of the
valley, leaving men in three «>f the redoubts they had taken, and abandon-
ing the fi)urth. They had also placed some guns on the heights over their
position on the left of the gorjrc. Their cavalry joined the reserve, and
drew up in six solid divisions, in an obliijuo line across the entrance to the
gorge. Six battalions of infantry were j'laceil behind them, and about
thirty guns were drawn up along their line, while masses of infantry
wore also collected on the Iiills behind the redoubts on our right. Our
cavalry had moved up to the ridge across tlie valley, on our left, as the
ground was broken in front, and had halted in the order I have already
mentioned. When Lord Lucan received the order from Captain Nolan

iiki

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

ivc, iiutl
ICO to the

(1 iibout

iiiiiiutry
lit. Our
ift, as tho

,! iilremly
liu Nolan

and had read it, ho asked, wo arc told, " Where are we to advance to ? "
Captain Nolan pointed with his finger to tlie line of the llussians, and
said, " There arc the enemy, and tlicro are the guns, sir, bel'ore tliem; it
is your duty to take them," or words to that eifect, according to the
statements mnde since his deatli. Lord Lucon, with reluctance, gave
tho order to Lord Cardigan to advance upon the guns, conceiving that
his orders compelled him to do so. The noble Earl, though he did not
shrink, also saw the fearful odds against him, Don (Quixote in his tilt
against tlio windmill was not near so rash and reckless as the gallant fel-
lows who prepared without a thought to rush on almost certain death.
It is a maxim of war, that " cavalry never act without a support," that
" infantry .should be close at hand when cavalry carry guns, as the effect
is only instantaneous, and that it is necessary to have on tho flank of a
lino of cavalry some squadrons in column, tho attack on tho flank being
most dangerous. The only support our light cavalry had was the reserve
of heavy cavaliy at a great distance behind them, tho infantry and guns
being far in the rear. There were no squadrons in column at all, and
there was a jjlain to charge over, before the enemy's guns wore reached,
of a mile and n half in length.

At ton minutes past eleven, our Light Cavalry brigade advanced.
The whole brigade scarcely made one effective regiment, according to tho
numbers of continental armies; and yet it was more than wo could spare.
As they rushed towards the front, the Russitms opened on them from the
guns in the redoubt on the right >ith volleys of musketry and rifles.
They swept proudly past, glittering in the morning sun in all the pride
and splendour of war. We could ^.-arcely believe the evidence of our
senses! Surely that handful of lan^n are not going to charge an army in
position ? Alas ! it was but too true — their desperate valour knew no
bounds, and far indeed was it removed from its so-called better part —
discretion. They advanced in two linos, quickening tlicir pace as they
closed towards tho enemy. A more fearful spectacle was never witnessed
than by those who, without the power to aid, behold their heroic coninry-
mon rushing to the arms of death. At the distance of 1200 yards tho
whole lino of tho enemy belched i'orth, from thirty iron mnuths, a *lood
of smoke and tlame, through which hissed tiio deadly "halls. I'heir
flight was marked by instant gaps in our ranks, by dead men and horses,
by steeds flying wounded or riderless across tho plain. The flrst line is
broken, it is joined by the second, they never halt or check their speed
an instant ; with diminished ranks, thinned by those thirty guns, which

CYCLOPiEDIA OF THE

the llupsifiiis liud laid with the most dciidly accuracy, with a halo of
flashing steel ahove their heads, and with a cheer which was many a
noble fellow's death-cry, they flew into the smoke of the batteries, but
cro they were lost from view the plain was strewed with their bodies and
with the earcasscs of horses. They were exposed to an ohli((Uc fire from
the batteries on the hills on both sides, as well as to a direct fire ol' mus-
ketry. Through the clouds of smoke we coul(| see their sabres flashing
as they redo up to the guns and dashed between them, cutting down the
gunners as they stood. We saw them riding through the guns, as I
have said ; to our delight we saw them returning, after breaking thnmgh
a column of llussian infantry, and scattering tliem like ehalf, when the
flank Are of tho battery on the hill swept them down, scattered and bnjken
as they were. Wounded men and dismounted troopers flying towards us
told the sad tale — dcmi-gods could not have done what we had I'ailed to do.
At the very moment when they were about to retreat an enormous mass
of Lancers was hurled on their flank. Colonel Shewell, of tiie Sth Hus-
sars, saw tho danger, and rode his few men straight at them, cutting his
way through with fearful loss. Tho other regiments turned and engaged
in a desperate encounter. With courage too great almost lor credence,
they were breaking their way thnuigh the colunnis which enveloped tli('m,
when there took place an net of atrocity without parallel in the nuMlern
warl'aro of civilized nations. The llussian gunners, when tho storm of
cavalry passed, returjied to their guns. They saw their own cavalry
mingled with the troopers wlm had just ridden over them, and, tn the
eternal disgrace of the llussian name, (he miscreants poured a murderous
volley of grapo nnd canister on the mass of struggling men and horses,
mingling friend and foo in one conimoii ruin. It was iia much iis our
Heavy Cavalry brigade could do to cover the retreat of tlie miserable
remnants of th.it band of heroes as they returned to the place they had
so lately (juitted in all the pride of lile. At thirly-flve minutes past
cloven not tv British soldier, except the dead and dying, was lel't in IVont
of these Itlooily IMuseovite guns,

(!aptaiii Nolan was killed by the lirst shot fired, as he rode in advnni'o
of the liussars, cheering them mi. Lord liucan was sligiilly wounded.
Lord Cardigan rceoived ii lance thurst through his clothes. Major
lialkett, of tlio4th Light Dragoons, was killed, hord Fil/gibbon of tho
Sth Hussars, was despeiately wounded, and lias since, 1 fear, died.

In our cavalry fight we bad l.'t ollieers ki'' d or missing, 15(1 men
killud or nassing: total ICJ; 21 ulIieerM wounded, 11)7 moii wounded;

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

total 218. Tntiil killed, wouiidud, and mishini];, 387. Horses killed or
missinii', 139-1 ; Imr.se.s wounded 12(J; total 520.

B.\LK.\N, PASSAGP] OF TIIK.— This iidvcnturous experiment
was ileenicd impracticable by a hostile army, until effected by tlid Kus-
sian iiriny under Diebitscli, who.se inarch tiirougli the Balkan mountains
is a memorable achievement of the late ureat Kussian and Turkish war.
Tlie passage was completed July 2iith, 1S29. An armistice was the
conse(pience ; and a treaty ol' peace was signed at Adrianople in Septem-
ber i'dllowinj:;.

BALLINAIIINCII, BATTLK OF.— This san-uinary on-aL-emcnt
was Ibu^ht, June l.lth, 1798, between the Karl of Mnii'a, al'terwards
Mar(|uis of llastingH, and a large body of insurgent Irish. In this
battle a largo part of tho town was destroyed and the royal army sullered
very severely.

BALTIC KXFKDITIONS.— There were three— 1st, under Lord
Nelson and Admiral Patton, April 2nd, 1 SOI, when Copenhagen was bom-
banh'd and 2S Danish ships taken or destroyed. 2nd, under Admiral
Oambier and Lord Calhcirt, July 27tli, IS(I7, where IS sail of llir line,
16 fiigates, and .'{I brigs and guidjnals surrendiired to the British. ,'!rd,
during tho Crimean wnr, under Admiral Sir Charles Napier, accompanied
by a Kreiich fleet, tlio bombardnnnt ol" Mummersund and burning Abo
were some of tho moro important actions ol' the expedition.

BALTIMOHK, BATTLE OF— F.mght September 12th, 1814,
between tlio Urilish army, under Oenoral Uoss, and llic .Vmerieans ; tho
British in making an attack upon thi; town were unsue.vssl'ul. and after u
desprrate engJigeiiHMitwere repulsed with greai lo,s,s. Tlu; gallant <ieneral
wlu> li'd the riitorpriso was killed,

HAXdALOUK, SIKdK OF.- This siege was commenced by tho
Urili'^li, under Imvd Curnwallis, .March tith, and the town was taken
INIareh 2lHt, 1791. Hangalore was restored to Tippoo, in 1792, when ho
dcHtroyed tho strong fort, deemed the " Hulwark ol' iMysoro."

BANNOCKUrilN, IJATTLK OF.—This battle is called the
"Marallion cd' Scotland." it was I'onght June 2r»lh, llJlt, brtwecn
King Uobert Uruce of Scotland and Kdward 11, of FiUuland. The an

CTCLOriEDIA OF THE

of Bruce consisted of 30,000 Scots, that of Edward consisted of 100,000
English, of whom 52,000 were archers. The English crossed a rivulet
to the attack, and Bruce having dug deep pits, which he afterwards covered,
the English cavalry fell into them and were thrown into confusion. The
rout was complete — the king narrowly escaped being taken, and 50,000
English were killed or taken prisoners.

BANTBY BAY.— A French fleet, with succors to the adherents of
James .11, was in this bay attacked by Admiral Herbert, May, 1G89.
Here a French squadron anchored for a few days, in December, 179G.
The mutiny of Bautry Bay is fnnious in naval history — 17 of the
mutineers were condemned to death, and 11 executed afterwards at
FortsnidUtli, January, 1S(I2.

BAlv HILLY, — India. — This place is famous in the great Indian
Mutiny. — Tlu' tollowing is a descrijition of the attack on the British
troops, by ii body of Ghazecs, or Fanatics, May 5th, 1859, from Dr.
Rusiiell's correspondence.

" As soon as tlie Sikhs got into the houses, they were exposed to a
heavy lire fmni a large bddy of niatclildckmen concealed anmnd them.
They either retired of their own accord, or were ordered to do so; at nil
events, they fell back with rapidity and disorder upon the advancing
Highlanders. And now occurred a most cxtraorditniry scene. Among
the ni.'iti'lilofknien, who, to the munber of seven or eight Iiundri'd, were
lying bi'liiiul the walls of the bonsi's, was a body ol' (iha/ecs, or Mussul-
man fmatics, who, like the Bomau Deeii, devote their lives with solemn
oaths to their country or their faith. Uttering loud cries, ' Bismillah,
Allah, dci'ii, deen I' one hundred and thirty of (hese fanatics, sword in
hand, with small circular Inielilers on the left arm, and gni'ii enninier-
bungs, rushed out after the Sikhs, and dashed at the lel'l of the riglit
wing of the Highlanders. Witli bodies bent and liends low, waving their
tulwars wiili a circular motion in the air, they came on with astonishing
rapidity. At lir-i they were mistaken for Sikhs, wliosi- passage had
ah< ady somew'wit disordered our ranks. I"'ortunateiy Sir Colin Campbell
waH close up rtitli the -l^nd ; his keen, (juiek eye detected the ease nt
once. " Hteady, men, Htoady ; close up tho ranks. Hayonet llieni as tlioy
oomo on." It was just in time; for these madmen, I'urioiis with liang,
were already among us, and a lio(l_\ ol' iheni sweeping around th<> left of
the right w'uvjl, got into tho rear of llie legiment. Tlie hlniugle was
ithort, but muiguiimry. Throo of them dashed hu r*iddeiily at Colonel

BATTLES or THE WORLD.

to a

tlioiu.

Id all

ncing

lining

were

iissnl-

I'liin

nil.

(1 ill

iiicr-

ri-lit

tlu'iv

liinn'

liiid

|.1m.|1

tlu'y

II of

was
iluiirl

C"."'")ron, that they pulled him off his horse ore he could defend himsi'lf.
His sword fell out of its sheath, and he would have been hacked to pieces
in another moment, but for the gallont promptitude of Colour Sergeant
Gardiner, who, .stepping; out of the ranks, drove his bayonet through two
of them in the twinkling of an eye. The thii'd was shot by one of the
42nd. Brigadier Walpolo had a similar escape; he was seized by two
or three of the Ghazecs, who sought to pull him off his horse, while others
cut at him with their tulwars. He received two cuts on the hand, l)ut
ho was delivered from the enemy by the quick bayonets of the 42ud.
In a few minutes the dead bodies of one hundred and thirty-three of
these Ghazees, and some eighteen o" twenty wounded men of ours, were
all the tokens left of the struggle."

BAllNKT, BATTLE OF.— This battle was fought between the
houses of York and Lancaster, when Edward IV gained ii deci>ive and
memorable victory over tlie Earl of Warwick, on Easter day, April 14lh,
1471. 'i '. ^'"''rl of Warwick, who has been styled in history "The
King Mak /• ' • i brother, the Martjuess of Montacute, and 10,000 uf his
army wor ,. .i..i. At the moment Warwick fell, ho was leading a eliescn
body of troops into the thickest of the slaughter, and his body was
found covered with wounds after the battle.

BARUA('KS. — This word is not found in our early dictionaries.
In the I)!cti(iii((!re tlv V Anulaine, it is thus defnied, '' J}tn(«2UC —
JJittlv (pic/oiit Ics sahlitts en t'dnijuujiic /laur sc nuttre <i couvtjrf,''

BAUROSA OR BAROSSA, BATTLE OF. -Fought betw.vn the
British army, commanded by Miijor (Jeneral (iralmni, afterwards liord
Lyncdoeli, and tlie Kreiieli, under Marshal Victor. After a lung cnnllict!
the British acliieved one of the most glorious triumphs of tli(\ I'eiiinsulMr
war. Although they fought to great tlisadvantage, they eomiielled the
enemy to retreat, leaving nearly !?000 dead, (5 pieces df eiiiinon and an
eiigle, the firs! that the Mritisli liad taken. The loss of the Bi'itl,'' ., .8
11(10 men in killed and wounded.

BASt^l'Ki ROADS,— This was (he |.laee of a heroic aehievemeiit by
the Hritisli. JMnir l''ri'neli ship/i oi' (lif liiu* were, while riding at anelidr,
attacked by Lord Gambier and Lurd ( 'oehriino, ami all, with ii number
of merchant ships, destroyed, April 12th, 1S01>.

BATAVIA.-Capltal of Java.— Forllllod by the Dutch in 1018—

CYCLOriEDIA OF THE

12,000 Chincso massacred hero in one day, 1740. — Taken by the Enjjlish
January, 1 782. — Again by the British under Gciicral Sir S. Auchniuty,
August 8th, 1811,

BATTERL.S.— Introduced, after the use of cannon, by the Englisb
along the (.'oasts. Perhaps the most celebrated batteries on v-jcord arc
those of the French at the siege of Gibraltar, September, 1782.

BATTERING-llAM.— This was the instrument by which tlio ancient
Romans levelled the walls of cities. It consisted of a long beam with a
head of iron, liketiiat of a ram, hence the name, and sometimes it was so
ponderous that ] 50 or 200 men at once worked it,

BATTLK-AXE.— A weapon of the Celtae.— The battle-axe guards,
or boaul'otiers, who are vulgarly called boef-cators, and whose arms arc' a
sword and lance, were tirst raised by Henry VII, in 1482.

BATTLEFIELD, BATTLE OF.— Near Shrewsbury, England.—
This engagement was fought between Henry IV and IVrey, surnamed
Hotspur. The victory was gained by Henry, whose usurpation of the
throne had lai i tire foundation of the factions of the houses of York and
Lancaster, and the civil wars that ensued. It was fought July 21st, 1403.

BAl'TZEN, BATTLE OF.— Between the allied army, under tho
Sovereigns of Russia and I'russin, and the French, commanded by
Napdleiin ; the allies were deleated, and this battle, followed by that of
Wurt/chen, compelled them to pass the Oder, and led to armistice,
which, h(»weviT,didn(»t produce peace. Fought May 20th, ISlIJ.

BAVLKN, HATTLK OF.— The French, consisting of 14,000 mm,
I'omniandi'il by (ionerals Dupoiit and Wedel, were defeated by the
Spaniards under l*ena, Compigny ami nthcr Gi'nerals, whoso Ibrcos
nmounted to 2r),000. Tiie French had nearly . '1000 killed and wounded,
and the division of JJupont, which eonsisled of about HOOO men, was
made prisoners of war. Konghtiluly I'Jlh, l^OS.

RAV<)N'NH. — in the neighbiiurliood of this town there was much
desperate li^ilitiiii; lirtweeii the Freni'li an ' English armies, Di'ci-uiber lOlli,
11th, and LJlli, I ><i;.l. llayonne was invested by the IJritisli, .lanuary
14tli, l'-*14, dining which the French made u sally and attacked the
English with success, but woro ut lengtii driven buck. The loss ol' tho

BATTLES or THE WORLD.

was

inu'h
(llh,

liiiry
thu
llir

British was consiilcrablc, and Licut-Gcneral Sir John Hope was wounded
and taken prisoner. It was here tliat tlic bayonet was first made, in or
about A.D. 1(570. Accordint; to the Abbo LanLi;let, it was first used by
the French in battle, 10!(3, "with great success against an enemy
unprepared for the encounter with so formidable a novelty." Adopted
by the Britisli, September 2(ith, 1G93.

BEACHY HEAD, ENGAGEMENT OF— Memorable for the
defeat of tlie.British and Dutch combined fleet, by the French. The
British, whoso ships were commanded by the Earl of Torrington, sutFered
very severely in the unofjual contest, June 30th, 1090. Tlio Dutch
lost two Admirals and 500 men, the English two ships and 400 men.
Several of the Dutch ships were sunk to prevent them from falling into
the bands of tlie enemy. The Admirals on both sides were blamed ; on
the Knglish side for not fighting, on the French, for not pursuing the
victory.

BWAGTTE, BATTLE OF.— In AdJou, France— Vow^U April 3rd,
1421, between the English and Fninch. — 'I'he former commanded by
the Duke of Clarence, the latter by the Dauphin of France, who was
aided by abody of 7000 Scots, under the Earl >>{' IJuohan. The English
wore defeated with the loss of 1500 men killed, and the Duke himself
was killed by a Scotch Knight.

BIHiGRADE, BATTLE OF.— Fought in 1450, between the Ger-
man and Turkish armies, in which the latter was defeated with the loss
of 40,000 men. Belgrade was taken by Solyman, 1522, and retaken by
the Impcriidists in 10SS, fmm whom it again reverted to the Turks in
lODO. Againtaken by Prince Eugene, in 1717, and kepttill I7'.i!>, whou
it was ceded to the Turks, after its fine fortifications had been denmlishod.
It was again taken in 17S'.), and restored at tho peace of Ueiehenbaeh,
1700. Tho Servian insurgents had possession nf it in ISOO. The most
memorable siege which it sustiiined was undertaken in May. 1717, by
I'riiiee Eugene. On August 5lh (4' tiiaf year, the Turkish army, 200,000
Strong, approached to relievo it, and a sanguinary buttle wuh fought, in
which the Turks lost 20,000; after the battle Melgrado surrendered.
This city is ealleil " Tlir Ivi/ of H.iHtn'ii C/in'sfanloin," and " jfVio
Jiiihritrk nf' Chn'^tiiin A'kmi^h'."

BELLA IK, UATTLE OP.— In Amurlou.— This town was attacked

I< '

CYCLOPAEDIA OP THE

by the British forces, under command of Sir Peter Parker ; but after au
obstinate engagement, in which the result was a long time doubtful, they
were ropulsed with considerable loss, and their gallant commander was
killed. August 30tli IPU.

BENDER.- 1- a:,.iiorabh as the asylum of Charles XIT of Sweden,
after his defeat at I-ultowa, by the Czar Peter the Groat, July 8tli, 1709.
The celebrated peace of Bender was concluded 1711. It was taken by
storm by the Russians in 1770, and again in »1789. — Restored by the
peace of Jasscy, but retained at the peace of 1812.

BERESINA, BATTLE OF.— Fought November 28th, 1812, and
resulted in the total defeat of the French main army, by the Russians,
on the banks of the Beresina, followed by their disastrous passage of it
when escaping out of Russia. The French lost upwards of 20,000 meu
in this battle, and in their retreat, which was attended by the greatest
diifieulty, calamity and suUering, the career of their glory was closed in
that campaign.

BERGEN, BATTLES OF.-Betwccn the French and alii.- ; the latter
defeated April 14th, 1751). The allies again defeated by the Freneli, with
great loss, September, 1799. in another battle, fought October 2nd, same
year, the allies lost 4000 men, and on the Gtli, tliey were again dei'eated
before Alkmaer, losing 5000 men. On the 20tli, the Duke of York
entered into a convention, by which he exchanged his army for 0,000
French and Dutch prisoners in England.

BEl{(n<:N-()P-Z0OM.— This place, tlie works of which were deemed
impregnable, was taken by the French, Srptomber lOth, 1717, and ugain
in 1794. Hero a gallant attempt wasmade by the IJritish under (^leneral
Sir T. Graham (afterwards Lord Lynedoeh) to carry the fortress by
storm, but it was di'feated, After forcing :in t ntranee, their retreat was
cut oil", and a dreadful slaughter ensued; nearly all were cut to pieces
or made prisoners. March Hth, IS 14.

BHULIN l>l'](M{KE. — A memorable interdict against the eonnnerco
of I'lniiland. It deelared the British Isles in a state of hloekiule, and all
Englishnn'U found in countries oeeupied by Kreneh troops were to bo
taken prisoners of war. It was issued by Napoleon from the court of the
Prussian King, shortly after tho battle of .Jona, November 2lHt, IHOO.

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

BERWICK. — Many bloody contests, were fought hero between the
English and Scots. It surrendered to Cromwell in 1648, and afterwards
to General Monk.

BEYllOOT.— This place is celebrated for the total defeat of tho
Egyptian army, by the allied English, Austrian and Turkish forces. The
Egyptians lost 7000 in killed, wounded and prisoners, and 20 canons.
Fought October 10th, 1840.

BirU]{TP01lE.—/«f?i(;.— Besieged by the British, January 3rd,
1805, and attacked five times up to March 21st, without success. Tho
fortress vas taken by General Lake, after a desperate engagement with
Holkar, April 2iid, 1805. The defeat of llolkar led to a treaty by which
the llajali of Bhurtpore agreed to pay twenty lacs of rupees, and ceded
tho territories that had been granted to him by a former treaty, delivering
up his son as a hostage, April 10th, 1805. This city was taken by
storm, by Jjord Couibermoie, January IStli, 182G.

BTDASSOA, PASSAGE OF JE.- -The allied army, under Lord
Wellington, effected tlio passage of this river, October 7th, lSi;{; and the
illustrious IJritish chieftain, having thus completed his glorious career iu
Spain and J*ortugal, pursued tho enemy into France,

BIT.BOA, BATTLE OF.— This place, whicii had been invested by
the Carlists under Villareal, and was in considerable danger, was deliv-
ered by the defeat of tho bosiogors by Espartero, assisted by British
naval co-operation. Espartero entered Uilboa in triumph next day,
Christmas day, December 25th, 1830.

BLACK HOLM (^F CALCUTTA.— Surajah Doulah declared war
against the l']iiglisli, from motives of personal resentment; and, levying ii
numerous army, laid siege to Calcutta— one ol'tlu; priiieipal Hritish I'orts
in IikIIm — but which was not in a state of strength to defend itsi'lf against
the attack even of barbarians. Tiie fort was taken, having been deserted
by the commander; and the garrison, to tho number of 140 persons, wore
made prisoners.

Tiiey exiiected the usual treatment of prisoners of war, and werothero-
foro tho less vigorous in their defence ; but they soon found what mercy
was to bo expected from a savage coni|ueror. Tiiey wore all crowded
together into a narrow prison, called the Black Hole, of about IS I'cist
P(juare, and received air only by two small windows to tlie west, which

CYCLOPiEDIA OF THE

by no means aifordcd a sufBciciit circulation. It is terrible to reflect on
the situation of these unfortunate men, shut up in this narrow place, in
the burning climate of the East, anJ surt'ocatin^ each other. Their first
eff"orts, upon perceiving the crtbcts of their horrid confinement, were to
break open the door of the prison ; but, as it opened inwards, they soon
found that impossible. They next endeavoured to excite the compassion
or the avarice of the guard by otfering him a large sum of money for his
assistance in removing them into separate prisons ; but with this he was
not able to comply, as the viceroy was asleep, and no person dared to
disturb him. They were now, therefore, left to die without hopes of
relief; and the whole prison was filled with groans, shrieks, contest, and
despair. This turbulence, however, soon after sunk into a calm still more
hideous! Their efforts of strpngth and courage were over, and an expiring
languor succeeded. In the morning, June 20th, 175G, when the keepers
came to visit the prison, all was horror, silence, and desolation. Of 14G
who had entered alive, 23 only survived, and of these the greatest part
died of putrid fevers upon being set free.

BLMXIIKLM, BATTLE OF.— I''ought between the Enjilish and
confederates, commanded by the Duke of iNrurlborough, and the French
and Bavarians, under Marshal Tallard and the Floctor of Bavaria, whom
the Duke totally defeated, with the loss of 27,01*0 men, in killed, and
13,00(1 prisoners — Tallard being among the number of the latter; the
Electorate of Bavaria l)ccanio a prize of the contiuerors. The nation testi-
fied its gratitude to tin. . >iike of Marlborough by the gifts of the honour
of Woodstock and hundred of Wotton, and erected for him one of the
finest seats in the kingdon, known as the domain and hou.se of llleuheim.
Tiiis great battle was fought on the 2nd of August, 1704.

BOlS-IiM-DrC, BATThh; OF — Between the British and tlie Fronoh
llepubliean army, in which the former were defeated, Heptemher llth,
17!)i. Captured by the French, October Gth, following, and surrendered
to the Prussian army under Bnlow, 1S14.

BOLOIJNA.— Taken by the French in 17!)G ; by the Austrians in
17!)'.); again by the French, after Marengo, tu 1800; und restored to
the I'opt', in 1815.

BOMBS. — Invented at Venlo in IIK.') ; came into general use in 1(134.
Tlie Shrapnel shell is a bomb filled with halls and ii lighted fuse to make

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

it explode before it reaches the enemy. A thirteen inch bomb-shell weighs
198 lbs.

BOMBARDMENT OF SEBASTOPOL.— /'i/si ^l«c?»^)^— " At
half-past six o'clock, on the morning of 17th October, a gun from the
English batteries boomed ominously upon the ears of the Eussians in
Sebastopol. It was the signal for tlie commencement of the bombard-
ment. It had been announced, on the previous evening, that the morrow
was to initiate the combat ; and already groups of expectant gazers thronged
every spot which promised to afford a view of the warlike spectacle.
For a moment after the signal-gun had despatched its messenger of death,
a breatliless expectation held the spectators in suspense; and then, from
the whole line of attack, from the Quarantine on the far left to the Inker-
man battery on the extreme right, a sheet of fire belched iurth, and a
volley of shot and shell was hurled upon the town. By this time the
Russian gunners were at their post, and bravely responded to tlie ehal.
Icnge. As far as the eye could reach, a dense volume of smoke hung
suspended in the air; and when it lifted, another and yet anotiier streak
of flame poured from the black earthworks, and lit up the white eliurches
and houses of the town. Tiie earth literally shook with the eoiieussiun of
the mighty conflict. Distinct amid the roar, a sharp whizzing sound,
swelling as it approached into "a crashing rush, like a railway train at
inexpressible speed, was heard, and a heavy blow upon the solid earth-
works told where had fallen the ball of the renowned Lancaster gun. In
ft CO'. pie of hours it was evident that the Round Tower, the most formid-
able of the Russian works, was seriously damaged. But little impression,
however, appeared to have been made on the mass of the enemy's works.
Their fire was splendid, and it was abundantly apparent that the victory
was not to be easily achieved. About ten o'clock, a shell fell into one of the
French magazines, which exploded, killing and injuring more than fifty
men. This was a serious blow; and fmin tlmttinie the guns ol'cmr allies
were evidently feebly served, and inadequate to bear their part ott'eetually.
For two hours more the terrific cannonade continued, spreading destruc-
tion in the ranks alike of the Russians and the Allies; and tlitni, at mid-
day, the tleets approached the scene of action, and prepared to take tlieir
sharo i'l the dangers and glories of the day. The French was the first to
take up their position. It had been arranged between tlie Admirals, with
the hearty cdncnrrence of the lain! forces, that the French sIhiuM engage
the I'orts on the south of the harbour, while tho English should attack

CYCLOPEDIA OF THE

Fort Constantine, and the batteries on the north. A semicircular line,
enclosing the mouth of the harbour, would represent the position occupied
by the allied fleets. The Vautour, a French frigate, had the honour of
opening the fire, and very shortly afterwards the Charhm.igne, 3Ionte-
heUo, Jean Bart, and others, joined in the fray. The siglit from the
land side now was of the most stupendous character, and the roar deafen-
ing and incessant. Enormous volleys from hundreds of guns of the largest
size rolled with never-ceasing impetuosity; and the air was loaded with a
dense smoke that hid from the anxious gazers the effects of the fire. Occa-
sionally a breeze lifted the murky canopy, and then the eye could catch
the prospect beyond the frowning earthworks of shattered buildings, and
not unfrequently a bright flame where the explosion of a shell had fired a
roof, soon to be extinguished by the active enemy. Then, in the far dis-
tance, rose the grim outlines of the massive forts, pointing seawards their
deadly array of guns ; and further yet, alineof noble vessels rapidly form-
ing into order of attack, finished the picture. But such glimpses were but
momentary. Again the crimson volleys thundered forth, a light smoke
poured from the sides of the French steamers, and the reply of the forts
sent forth a vaporous veil, which, mingling with the smoke from tho
earthworks, once more enveloped in obscurity alike the attack and tho
defence.

It was arranged that the English sailing-vessels should be taken into
position by the smaller steamers lashed to their sides. In this manner
they drew up before tho forts : the Queen, Britannia, Trafalgar, Ven-
geance, Rodney, and Belleroplion, with the Vesuvius, Furious, Retribu'
tion, lliglijh/er. Spitfire, Spiteful, and t^/c^w alongside, arrived at theii
appointed positions about an hour after the French had conunoncod firing.
The ships in advance were the magnificent steamer the Agamemnon,
bearing the flag of Sir Edmund Lyons, the brave second in connnand ;
tho Sanspareil, Sanqyson, Tribune, Terrihh, Sphynx, and Lynx, and
the -^bvoff gun-boat, accompanied by the sailing vessels, Albion, London,
and Arethusa, towed by the Firebrand, Xiger, and Triton.

Preceding this imposing force, a little steam-tug, the Circassia, eom-
rnanded by Mr. IJall, led the way, carefully sounding as it wont, and
marking out the position for the larger ships. Sir Edmund Lyons had
already settled the share he was determined to take in the day's adven-
ture, and had selected the enormous fort of Constantine as the objoct of
hii^ special attention. The Terrible and Sampson, dashing through tho
storm of fire from tho casemates of Constantino, anchored opposite two

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

very mischievous little batteries, one of which the sailors named the Wasp
from its power of anuoyanca in comparison with its size, and the other
the Telegraph, from its proximity to the signal station. In a few moments
a vigorous shelling was opened upon these two batteries, which briskly
replied. The Agamemnon now opened fire, and never was a cannonade
more briskly sustained, or exhibited greater precision of fire. Sir Edmund
had anchored his vessel at the very edge of the shoal, which extended
about 900 yards from the fort. At this distance the Russian fire was
most severe. For lour hours the gallant crew bore the galling shower of
missiles which cut through the rigging, pierced the hull, and sent many
a bravo fellow to his last account. The Albion and London boldly came
within range, but so deadly was the fire, that they soon withdrew, ter-
ribly crippled. The iSans2}arcil admirably seconded the efforts of the
Agamemnon, and maintained a telling fire upon the fort. At length that
too withdrew, and the dauntless Sir Edmund was left to bear the brunt of
the concentrated fire of the Russian guns. Ilis ship was riddled with shot,
the sails and rigging hanging in shreds, yet, with a bull-dog pertinacity,
ho clung to his opponent. Despatching his lieutenant in an open boat, he
summoned the BcU erophon to his aid. His message was characteristically

pithy ; " Tell them to come in ; these forts will sink me, and I'm d d

if I leave this." The Bdlcrophon (\mQk\y responded; and throwing a
volley into the big fort, passed on to where the Wasp and Telegraph forts
were showering their missiles on the gallant A/jamemnon, The Wasp
was soon silenced by the vigorous shelling of the Bdlr.vuphon ; and Sir
Edmund, freed from the annoyance it had caused, with unabated courage
hurled his fire at his huge antagonist. The Bdlcrophon, however, suffered
fearfully. A shell from the Russian batteries exploded in the fore part
of the ship, and set fire to the lower deck. For a few moments it seemed
as if unavoidable destruction was the fate of the gallant crew. The firing
was suspended, and all hands rushed forward to endeavour to extinguish
the flames. In this endeavour they were successful ; but then a new
luischanco awaited them. The anchor had dragged on the bottom, and
they were fast drifting towards the shoals beiicith the forts, where they
would have lain a helpless target for the Russian guns. In this emer-
gency, the Spifjire, seeing the critical position of the larger vessel, dashed
in, took her in tow, and safely brought her, though much danfhged, out
of the action.

The " saucy Arethum,^' and her little companion in arms, the Triton
steamer, which, lashed to the larger vessel, had boldly entered into tho

CYCLOPiEDIA OF THE

thick of the fight, bore a full share of the damage done that day. As
they arrived within the range of the fire, the small steamer, which was
then exposed, received a volley. Then, hauling round, the broadside of
the frigate was presented to the forts, and the Triton was, to some degree,
sheltered by the larger hull of her consort. The sailors from the steamer
hastened on board the Arctliusa, to assist in manning her guns, and a glo-
rious broadside was hurled at the llussian fort. Every shot vibrated
through the 7Viton, so great was the recoil of the frigate's guns. Broad-
side alter broadside was gallantly delivered, and as promptly replied to
by the cannon of the fort. Down went the rigging of the Aretliusa, ropes
hanging in tangled masses from her yards, and not unfrequent shots
striking her hull. Some passed beyond the frigate, and soon the Tn'toii^s
gear aloft, and fallen gaffs, stays, and shi-ouds attested the severity of the
enemy's fire. Two shots struck the paddle-wheel, and the commantler and
carpenter's mate were wounded by a shell while examining the extent of
damage done. At length the Arethusit, nearly sinking, her decks covered
with fallen rigging, her cockpit crowded with bleeding men, was compelled
to relinquish the contest. The Triton gallantly towed her out of range,
but in the act, a raking fire of shells was poured upon the deck, killing
and wounding all within range of their explosion. With twenty-two holes
in her funnel, she contrived to tow the frigate to Constantinople, to be
docked for repairs, so extensive were her injuries.

The Lahrador steamer had a narrow escape from entire destruction.
Towards fo'ir o'clock a shell burst in the captain's cabin, adjoining the
powder magazine, and set fire to some ropes. A cry of " fire " was raised,
the pumps set to work, and enormous quantities of water poured into the
magazine. The fire was fortunately extinguished in time to save the
vessel. She was, of course, compelled to withdraw from the attack, her
powder being rendered useless.

Admiral Dundas's flag-ship, the Britannia, which fired from a longer
range than the ones we have mentioned, received less damage, though she
did not escape quite scatheless. The enemy's shot ploughed up the water
around, and occasionally a shell or round-shot fell upon the dock or
crashed though the rigging. Fortunately, however, only two men were
wounded on board this ship.

The French vessels gallantly performed their part in the bombardment.
Our allies had adopted the same plan as the ]']nglish, and lashed small
steamers to the largo sailing-vessels to bring them into action. Two splen-
did steamers, the Pluton aud the Charlemagne, proudly led the way in,

iicr

Int.
all
.'11-

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

?»

.»

followed by the Montcbelh, the Jean Bart, and the rest of the squadron.
The enemy at Fort Alexander maintained an unflinching resistance, and
inflicted severe punishment on the attacking vessels.

Those who witnessed this tremendous bombardment, whether from
land or sea, will probably never forget the spectacle. No imaginative des-
cription could approach the mingled sublimity and horror of the scene.
A fleet of noble vessels, powerfully armed, poured forth sjiccts of flame
from every port-holo on the attacking side ; and the ponderous forts, from
hundreds of embrasures, vomited a death-dealing reply. The lunder of
artillery was deafening, and the sky darkened with the smoke. Thou-
sands of grim and tieroe-looking men, their faces blackened witli gun-
powder and sweat, moved about the decks, and pointed the gurs, amid
the crash of falling spars and the groans of their wounded messmates.
Beyond the town, a sullen roar was heard, which might have been the
echo of the sea-battle, but which the sailors well knew was the voice of
the guns on land, many manned by seamen from the fleets, and responded
to by a thousand of the enemy's pieces. The awful boom of the gun
grew in intensity as some fresli ship arrived on the scene, and contributed
her broadside to the attack.

On the land side the combat was an equal one. Volley replied to volley,
and no symptoms appeared to induce the belief that either party was
the stronger. Suddenly, about four o'clock, a mighty explosion occurred
in the Russian lines, which, for a moment, seemed to quell and subdue
the roar of the thundering cannon. The earth shook, and volumes of tire
sprang upwards and cast a lurid glare on every object. The very artillery
was paused, awe-struck by the catastrophe ; and the spectators watched
the result in breathless excitement. It seemed as if a subterranean fire
had forced its way throngh the surface of the earth to n 'U'' date the
presumption of competing man. Then the flame sank, the frightful
shock was passed, and a pillar of dust and rubbish took the jilace of the
mingled fire and smoke. The magazine in the centre >>f the Redan had
exploded, and for a brief space not a gun from thai great .work replied
to our volleys. Then the fire re-opened, and the Russian gunners, nothing
daunted, again hurled their shower of missiles against our works. Shortly
afterwards, a small powder-waggon, belonging to the English, was struck
by a shell and exploded, fortunately injuring none.

At length twilight warned the combatants to cease. At about six o'clock
the fleets drew oil, and shortly afterwards the batteries suspended their
fire. The naval attack, so far as damage to the enemy was concerned, was

CYCLOP.EDIA OF THE

a failure. Many Russian artillerymen were, doubtless, victims to the
accuracy of our aim, ,ind the undaunted pertinacity of our Gcanien. No-
tliinj^, indeed, could exceed the brilliiincy of the fire ; and our t^allant
sailors of all ranks nobly maintained their reputation. But when the
morrow came, the forts were found to be almost uninjured. Not a f:;un
the less frowned from their embrasures, not a stone seemed to bf dis-
placed. The blackened mouths of the casemates, and a multitude of
scars, as it were, where the fierce storm of iron had splintered the surface
of the i^ranito, were all the evidence afforded of that desperate assault.
The question between wood and f>;ranite had been fairly tried, and granite
was tlio victor. The forts were essentially unliurt ; but scarcely a ship
had escaped without serious damage to masts, sails, and rigging. The
Albion and Arethma were compelled to proceed to Constantinople to bo
docked ; the Rodnri/ got fast upon the reef, and her masts were soon
shattered l)y the Russian shell and shot— the little steamer Spltifii/ gal-
lantly towing her off, with considerable damage to herself and loss of men ;
and the Jl l/i.niphon had about lil'teen shots in her hull, and iier wheel
knocked away. Througliout the Knglish fleet, 44 men were killed, and
2C}C) wounded. The French loss was even greater. The Turkish vessels,
whic^Ii oe(nipi(!d the centre of the line, were too far removed I'rom th'-
intensity of the action to sustain any serious injury to the ships or loss to
the crew."

BOMllA IJDMKNT OF SEHASTOFOL — Kh^/ Attempt,— "Gono-
rals rdissier and Simpson had arranuvd to commence the assault at
noon on Saturday. The French were to commence by an attack on the
Malakoir tower. If they established themselves in that work, the Knglish
wore to throw themselves upon the C3reat Redan, while simultaneous
assaults wen- to be made on the right on the Little Ileilan, towards
Careening Hay, and on the extreme left on the Central i»a-tlion and
FlagslalV IJattery. (leneral Hosipiet was entrusted with the diiei'tlon of
the Malakotf attack, whii^h was to bo approached on the left flank hy
General iMaeMahon. with a jmwerfid corps of /ouiives. Chasseurs, and
reginuMits of the linn; the right attack on the liittle Uedan was ti> lie led
by (Jcneral Diilae. who had a strong' body of Chasseurs, ami four line le-
^inients, with another powerful fnrt'o in reserve, Oeimral De la Motto-
rouge, with flvo regiments, was to assault the middle of the curtain con-
necting tlitso tw<i works, (lenend I>i" la Salles conducted the assault on
the extreme lel't. Five regiments, composing Levaillant's division, wero

„.™.»i*ii«»»Wa^

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

in front of the Central Bastion and it-i lunettes ; while to its risht, Gene-
ral D'Autcmavrc, with Niel's and Breton's bripides, were to penetrate in
the track of Levaillant's divis^ion, and seize the Mast Bastion. The Sar-
dinians, anxious to share in the honors of tho day, contributed a brigade
under tho orders of General Cialdini, which was to attack in conjunction
with D'Auteniarrc's division. Finally, ten regiments, under tho coniniand
of Generals Bouat and Pate, with some troops from Kamirsch. were liold
in reserve, ready for immediate action. On each attack a competent num-
ber of sappers wore provided with materials to form bridges, and liimdy
tools ; and tho gunners had abundant implt>nients for the spiking of
guns; field artillery was also pnste'l in commanding positions to render
any assistance the fortunes of the day might r^ ider necessary.

The English storming party was comprised of detachments from the
Light and Second Divisions, (ieneral Codringt >n, of the Light Division,
assisted by General Markham, commanding the Second, iuid the direction
of the assault. Tho first stormers, 100(1 men, were selected in eipial
numbers from each division, Colonels fliiett and Windiiiim leading. Tho
Highland brigade and Guards wore ordered up to the post as a reserve.
General ITorbillon, commanding the French rorpn tVarDu'c on the Tehor-
naya, had miide every preparation to meet any attack which might bo
matle by the Unssian army of observation ; but tho enemy iiad experi-
oneed the prowess of the Allies in the open field too liitterly again 10
attempt defeat.

Fiai'ly in the morning, .s(|uadroiis of cavalry took position on the roads
leading from Halaklava and Kadikoi to the camp, to prevent str.iguiers
and spectators from crowding to the front, and impelling tlie movements
of the troops engaged in tho assault. I'jver> precaution, ton, was ob-
served to prevent the enomy from having Jiny intimation of the move-
ments of the snldiers. Parapets were lieiglitened, ami the regiments,
French and Knglisli, moved up bt'l'ore daylight, with such ]iroinptness
1 .secrecy that many even in tlio camp were unaware of the nature of

ani

seer

contemplated operations

The plan ol' attack had originally inelndeil the co-operation of tho
fieel, lint a brisk gale from lli(> northwest l'orbadi> them to leave their
aneliorage; and except some Freiieh ami I'lnglisli gunlmals, whieli did
^ood service in throwing sliells and rockets into the forts, the sailors
Were unwillingly mere Hpeelators of the fray,

l*reeisely at twelve o'eloek General MacMalion's division left tho
French trenches, whicii were within a lew yards of the .MalakolV tower,

CYCLOr^EDIA OF THE

and advanced rapidly up tlio rujigcd and stoop afscont. It provotl that
vory ^roat daniugo had boon iiiOictod on the tower, and nearly all tho
guns disnu»untod. In a few minutes, with the loss of only one man, the
French had leaped into the work, and tho tricolor waved triumphantly on
the summit of this great fort — tho key to tlie town. The Kussians con-
tested their ground with groat bravery, renewing again and again their
attacks, but every time repulsed with enormous loss. General Bosquet
was I'arly wounded, and retired from tlie field.

'Jho signal was now given by General Pelissier for the commencement
of the English assault on the liedan ; and the first stormors, led by ^lajor
Welsford of the !i7th, and Captain Grove of the 'Jdtli, dashed from the
trenches, Ibllowed by tho remainder of the troops. Tho great work was
distant about 2')0 yards, and tho ground was so broken that it was im-
possible to preserve order. The enemy, who liad been taken by surprise
l>y the suddenness of .he ]''rench attack upon the Malakoll', wore now
thoroughly aroused and manned every gun. Showers ol' grape and shell
poured among our men as they struggled noross the open space; General
Shirley, the brigadier of the Light Pivision, was compelled to retire, and
hundreds were shot dovn. When the foremost men reached the Hedan,
the ladders were too shmt to reach the breach ; but spile nf ovory obstaelo
our bravo fellows climbed tho broken walls, and poured into thesalieut
angle of the work. Major Welsford was shot down as ln' entered tho
Iledan. Colonel Windham, with his brigade of the Second Division, fob
lowed (|uickly after, and in a lew moments the triangtdar ape.x of the work
was thronged with men, Then a \h)\\ nbstacle preseiiti'd itself. An inner
work cominiindi'd the position, ami a terrible array of embrasures frowned
upon tiio assailii's. For tiie first time Knglish tnxtps t|uailed before an
I nemyV fire, and notwithstanding the daring courage of Colonel Windham
and tlu' othor ollieers, retreated to such cover as they eonid obtain, main-
taining an ineU'ectlvo fire from their muskets. In vain Colonel Wind-
ham hurried from side to side, crossing with ainii/.ing courage the lino of
lire, and endeavored to form his men for another assault. The few who
answered his appeal wito swejit away by the terrible lire of the enemy.
I'or nearly two hours was the little liMiid exposed to such u I'earfnl risk;
and from soino unaccountable remissness no riinibrcoinents were sent.
Three messengers wore sent by Colonel Windham, but all were wounded
in the at^(eni|it to reach (ienend Coijriiigton. .\l length the dauntless
Colonel resolved to go liiinsclf; and passing ucntss the opiii space, sue-
cuudcd ill obtaining the dosircd help. It wustuoliitu; thu men iiisiju

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

t;.i.

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the work, unablo lonjior to hokl their position, were in full retreat ; and
the Kus.siiius, pourini:; out of their cover, charged them witli the bayonet,
till the ditch was filled with tlie bodies of the English soldiers.

While the English attack was thus disastrous, the French assaults on
Mie Little Redaa and the Central Bastions were equally unsuccessful.
The division of Dulac and De la Motterouge three times carried the
works to which they were exposed, only to bo repulsed by tin; heavy fire
of the inner defences, and of the steamers, which ran up, and poured
their broadsides into the ranks, General Do la Salle.s, on the extreme
left, attacked with great energy the Central Bastion ; but the intense fire
to which his division was exposed, daunted his men, many of wlnMii were
fresh troops, unused to the stern realities of battle; and alter a sangui-
nary struggle, he was forced to abandon the attempt. CJencral I'elissicr
having obtained possession of the MalakofF, suspended farther attacks;
and, at length, night clo ;.d in, leaving the armies in anxious expectation
of the events of the morrow.

It was the intention of Oeneral Simpson to renew the assault on the
Rodan with the Highlanders and (Juards on tho next inorning. When
daylight broke, a few soldiers crept forward to seek for wounded euin-
rades, and iound the work was deserted! In a brief sjiaeo, flam(!s arose
from every tpiarter of the town; and Imig lines iA' liMops could be seen
passing to the north forts. Then tromendous explosions rent the air —
the great forts on the south side were exploded; and, covoreil by a eon
flagration which elVectually prevented pursuit, I'rinco (lortsehakolf evaeii
ated liie town, A lew hours later, and the ships in the harbor— the
steamers excepted (and a few days afterwards they, too, shared the same
fate) — burst into flames, or were scuttled, and sank slowly lnMUMth ilic
waters of the onoo crowded inlet of the .•«oil, where had ridd(>ii tlie fleet
with which llussia hopeil to rule the I'liixine, and from whieli had darted
forth the murderers ol' Siiiope.

In this linal assault the Kngli.sh lost no fewer than 2l> olVieers and .'intt
men killed, and 121 ollieers and 17l»2 men wounded ; I olViecr and 175
men wui'e missing; total of caMialties, 2117. The Kreneli sulVered a
loss of 5 generals killeil, I wounded, and (1 hurt; 21 superior ollieers
killed, 2t> wouiitled, and 2 missing; \\< subaltern olVieers killed, 221
wmiiided, and H missing ; 14SI) Hub-otUcurs and suldiers killed, VM)
wounded, and IKK) nil-ising ; total, 7.').") I, The lla-^sians admit a loss
on the last day of the assault of 2ti^<l killed, 72(1:1 wounded, and I'.'il
missing, llclweeii the balllc of the Teheniaya and the opeiiinu of the
final bombardment, they lost lS,tlOII men.

OTCLOi'iEDIA OF THE

Thus ilid Scbastopol fall ! The strongest fortress in the world, garri-
soned by the most colossal niilitury power, after a siege unexampled in
modern history had succumbed .j theeiforts of the armies of the "Western
Powers. Three great battles hu<i been fought beneath its walls, and
four bombardments of hither'o raknown ficrcei;:!ss had been directed
against its bastions. The siege occupied very nearly twelve months ; and
mo"e tlian Ifl0,0<l0 men must have peri.shed by wounds aud disease in
and before its walls.

The besieging army had, in its diifereut attacks, about 800 gun8
mounted, which fired more than 1,(500,000 rounds, and the approaches,
dug during 'SaC) ilays, of open trenches through a rocky ground, to an ex-
tent of fifty-four English miles, were made under the constant fire of the
place, and with incessant combats by day and night. Uuring the .siege
W'c employed no less than 80,000 gabions, 00,000 fascines, and nearly
1.000,000 earth bags.

To the French un((uestionably is due tlie honor of its captun! ; but
who can forget the courage which the English exhibited, the fortitude
they disjilayod, or the suiferings tliey endured ? The lirst victories of
that eventful year arc claimed by Uritish valour, and ii', at the last, they
iailed, let us remember there nro some tasks no ability can execute, some
dilTu'ulties no skill can surmount, and some opposition no valour can
subdue."

BniJODlNO.on MOSKWA. HATTLE OF.— This battle is one of
the most .sanguinary in the ann;ilsol'the world. It was fought Septenilier
7tli. ISlli, lirtwien the Krencluind Uussians, cdmmanded on llic one side
by Napnlemi aH<l on the (itlier by Kutu.solf, 240,000 men being cngagetl
in the battle. Each party claimed tho victory, because the loss of tho
others was so immense, hut it was rather in favour of Napoh'(f|i, for the
Ku'^siims suhse(|uently retreated, leaving iMoseow to its late. Among tho
prlneip.il persons of the llussians who fell on this sanguimiry field, may
be mentioned I'rinco Urugralion andtlencral Tonczkoff. Many Hussiau
gi'nerals were woundeil. Their loss nmoimted to the awful sum total of
iri.OOO men killed and more than :S0,00l) wounded. The iMendi wero
supposed to have at least 10,000 men killed and liO,0(MI wounded; of
these last few recovered. Tiiere wero H French generals slain, the most
distinguishetl of whom were Moiillnun and Caulaiinoourt, whoso brother
was till) grand eijuerry to Napoleon Uonaparto.

BollolKUI IIHIDOK, llATTIJC OK.— Fought between the Earls

BATTLES OF THE WOULD.

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of Hertford and Lancaster and Edward IF. Tho king, at the head of
30,000 nieu, pressed Lancaster so closely that he was taken, and executed,
1322.

BOSCOBEL. — Hero Charles II concealed himself in an oak tree after
the fatal battle of Worcester, September 3rd, 1651. The whole army
of tho Prince was either killed or taken prisoners by Cromwell, and
Charles ultimately escaped with great difficulty.

BOSTON. — Here tlio first resistance was made to the British authority
by the American Colonies, in 1773. Besieged by the British next year,
and two houses destroyed. In June 177"), the scene of a battle between
tho royal and the independent trotips. Finally evacuated by the King's
troops, April, nHj.—Scc Bunker's Hill.

BOSWORTH, BATTLE OF— This battle was tho thirtoonth andlast,
betwreii the liousos of York and Lancaster. — Foui:ht Auuust 22nd, 14S5.
The crown of Richard III was found in a hawthorn bush, on the plain
where the battle was fought, and so eager was Henry of Rielimond to bo
crowned, that ho had tho ceremony perlbrmed on the very spot, with that
very crown. "Richard advanced to meet his rival as lar as the town of Bos-
worth. Htiiiry, who had been joined by some of the Stanleys, and whoso
army now counted six thousand men, had reached the iieighbimring town
of Atherton, Next morning, the 22nd of August, 1485, both armies wcro
set in battle-array on tho moor called Redmore. Richard was dismayed
when he saw tho Stanleys opposed to him ; but he soon displayed his
wonted courage. Ohserviiig jiart of his troops inactive and others waver-
ing, ho resolved to make one desperate ell'ort and contiuer or fall, and
crying out " Treason, treason I" and giving his horse the spurs, he rushed
to where ho saw IJichmond. He killed his standard-liearer mid made a
furious stroke at ilniry hinisfll', wbicli was wanled oil' by Sir William
Stanley, and iliehardwas thrown from his hoise and slain. Jiord Stanley
taking up the erowii which he wore, placed it on tho head ol' Richmond,
and shouts of "Long live King Henry!" were instantly raised all over
the *'"ld. Tho loss on Richard's side in this decisive battle was tbreo
hiiiidieil, that on Henry's only one luiiidred men. The body of liiehard
was stripjied, and hi'iiig tlimwii across a liorse, was conveyed to Ijoicester
and there interred, and many years after his coflin could be wen used us
a hoisi>-ti"ongh." " <SVc traiiHi't yliiria muiidi,"

CYCLOPAEDIA UF THE

BOTTLOGNE.—FraHcc— Taken by the British in 1542, restoivrl 1 5o')
— attacked bj Lord Nelson, who disabled ten vessels and suul* tivc,
August 3rd, 1801. In aii' Uier att-nipt ho was repulsed v ith gre..f 'o.^a,
August ISth, foUowinjr. The flotiiui of Bon! gnc fonsisi' d oP lliO.OOO
men and 10,000 horses, with 1300 vessels and 17,i>00 sailoi Napo ■ on
aitemptod by it to invade England, but could not avuA'oed, and -il last gave
up the idea.

BOXTEL, BATTLE OF.— Fought P ptcmbcr TJUi, ! 7'.)4, between
the l^iJtish and allied annv, coniuianded by the Duke of York, aud the
(irny of th<' Fro?ioli I i ''public. The lattn- attacked the allie, and ubt.iincd
the victory after ii rbstii.ato ongagniieni, taking 2000 prisoners .'aid 8
pieces of cannon, and ilio I'uke rotr:>'ited across the Mouse.

BOYNE, HATTL:.. • i] • Till-;.— Fought July 1st, 108"j, between
thfi l*rincu of OiMng.^, .it'terward- William III of England, and .'■■nies II
of England. .James was defeated. " Early next morning, tii' 1st of
July, 1089, the Englisli prepared to pass the river iu three divisions.
The right forced the passage at the ford of Slaiio; the eoiitre Id by
the old warrior Duke ISchomlH'rg, passed opposite the Irish eamp; i' was
vigorously oppc sed, but it iiiially forced tlie Irish to full back to the
village of Doiiore, where James stood viewing the battle. William,
iDoantimo, had passed at the head of tlio third division, composed
01 avalry, and driven ntf the enemy's horse. The I'lvneh (ieiieral
Lausii'i immediately urged «lamrs to set out with all speed i'or Dublin,
lost ho shouM be surrounded. lie forthwith (quitted the field; the Irinh
army pou.od ihrough the pass of Duleek and formed at the other side, and
then retreated in good order, its loss hail been H'jOO men, that of the
victors was about 500, among whom were Duke Scliomberg, and Walker^
the brave (iovernor ol'Derry.'"

BHKCn KV.—.SVo^An*./.— I'M ward III luseiged it in i:{:{3. A battle
was fought here between (he forces of the Earls of lluntly andC'rawtbrd.
Tliu latter defeated in 1452.

BREDA.— Taken by Priiiee jMaurlee in 1500. \\y the Spaniards in
1025. By the Diiteli in 1037. By tlio French 1703, and again by tlio
Dutch in the munu yuiir.

BKMST. — Besii'ged by .Inlius Civsar li. r. 54, I'ossesseil by tho
English, A. 1). 1378, (Jiveu up 1301. Jjord Uerk"'ly and a Uritish

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

lUTJll

liliii,
Irish

), :iiul
thf

iilkor.

•iittlo
/t'onl.

till!

I'iliMli

force repulsed here, with terrible loss, in IfiO-l. Here was the French
fleet rendezvous, which was afterwards defeated by Lord Howe, 1st June,
1794.

BRETIGNY, PEACE OF.— Between France and England, ending
in the release of King John, who was then a prisoner in London, May
8th, 13G0.

BRIAR'S CREEK, BATTLE OF.— One of the battles between
the revolted Americans and the British, in 1779. The former, under
General Ashe, 2000 strong, were totally defeated by the English, under
General Prevost, March Uith, 1779. Again, i'rd May following, another
defeat happened to the Americans.

BRANDYWINE, BATTLE OF.— Fought between the British
roynlist forces and the revolted Americans, in which the latter (after a
fight, sometimes of doubtful result, and wliicli continued the entire day)
were defeated with great loss, and Philadelphia fell into the possession of
the victors, September 11th, 1777.

BRIOSLAU, BATTLE OF.— Between the Austrians and Prussians,
the hitter under Prince Bevorn, who was defeated, but the engagement
was most bloody on both sides; fought November 22nd, 17r)7. Breslau
was taken, but was regained the same year. This city was besieged by
the French and surrendered to them January 5th, 1807, and again in
1813.

BillENNE, BAT i'LE OF.— Fought February 1st and 2nd, ISM,
between the allied armies of Russia and Prussia and the Fnmeh. The
allies wcro defeated with great loss ; this was one of tlm last battles in
which tho French achieved victory previous to tho fall of Napoleon.

HlillMIE OF BOATS OF XEllXES.— This bridge was con.
nod ed from shore to shore in tho following manner ; They connected
voHsels of dilferent kinds, some long vessels of lifty oars, others three banked
galleys, to theiinmberoriWlO on the sid(! oi' the Ku.xinesea, and thirteen on
that ol'the Hellespont, When these vessels were tirmly lixed together they
wore secured by anchors of great length on tlu' upper side, because of
the winds wliich sot in IVoni the Kuxine; on tho lower toward the J'Jgean
sea, III! account of the .'<onth iind south-east winds. They left openings
in liiree places, suiTioient to atl'ord a passage Ibr light vessels whieb might

i I

I !

CVIiLOPiTlDIA OF THE

have occMsion to sail into the Euxinc or from it — havinj^ performed this
they extciuled cables from the shore stretehing them on large capstans of
wood. Then they sawed out rafters of wood making their lengtli equal
to that spiice required for the bridge — these tliey laid in order across the
extended cables and then l)Ound all last together. Tiieii tlii'y placed
unwrimght wood regularly ujion the rafters; over all they threw earth, and
fenced both sides in, that the horses and other animals might not be
frightened by looking down into the sea.

IJllIG ADE. — A party or division of troops or soldiers, whether cavalry
or infantry — regular, volunteer or militia, commanded by a. brigadier. A
brigade of artillery consists of six pieces, with usually about 140 men ;
a brigade of sappers consists of eight men.

IlKIdADIER. — A general ollicer who commands n brigade, whether
of h(irso or fool, and ranks next to a inajor-gcncral — commonly called a
brigadier-general.

BHIISSELS.— lJond)arded l)y Marshal Viileroy,in K'.Oo— taken by the
French 17 Ki. Again by J>umouriei!, in ITDlJ; near it is the celebrated
Held of Waterloo.

IMKIIIAIIKST, TUEATV ()l'\— A treaty of peace between Russia
and Turkey, signed May 2Stli, 1812.

BlIDA. — Once called the A'y/ of ChrisfuKhm. It was taken by
Soleyman TI at the memorable battle oi' Mohatz, when the Hungarian
King Louis was killed, and 200,0(111 oi' his subjcels carried away as slaves,
1520. J{uda was sacked a second time, and Hungary annexed to tho
Ottoman i'lmpire, 1540. Retaken by the Imperialists, and tho Moham-
medans delivered up to (he fury of the soldiers, 1G2U.

RIIINOS AYUES, HRTTlSrf i)l-:S(!ENT8 tTPON.— A Rritish
fleet ami army, under Sir Home I'opliam and (ieneral IJeresford, took (he
city, with slight riisistance, in iSOO, l)ut it was retaken Angns( I2tli, after
six weeks' possession. Monte-Vid(!o was (aken by storm by Sir Samuel
Auchmuty, February Urd, 1807, but evacuated July 7th following. Tho
liritish suli't'red a dreadful repulse here in an expedition of 8000 men,
under general Whiteloek (who was disgraee(l), Inly tith,1807. On en(cr-
ing (he town they were attacked by a superior force with musketry and
grape from every quarter, and perisluul ii-, grout numbers, but ut last thoy
wcro allowed to ro-cmburk in their voHsols.

BATTLES or THE WORLD.

lilisli
k tlio

al'ti!!'
Minicl
riio
moil,
iiler-
V ;iud

tlioy

BULL RUN. — This battle was fought between the Northern States of
America andtlic Confederate States of the South, July 21st, 1801. The
Union army was signally defeated, and fell back on Washington in con-
fusion. Their loss amounted to 481 killed, 1011 woundel, and 700 pri-
soners. The rebel or Southern loss was 2G9 killed and 1483 wounded.

BUNKER'S HILL, BATTLE OF.— Fought between the English
and her revolted colonists, June IGth, 1775. On the evening of that
day, 1000 men, under the command of Colonel Prescott, of Massa-
chusetts, Coldiiel Stark, from New-Hampshire, and Captain Knowlton,
from Connecticut, were despatched on this service. They were conducted,
by mistake, to Breed's Hill, which was nearer to the water and to Boston,
than Bunker's. At twelve o'clock they began to throw up entrenchments,
and by dawn of day had completed a redoubt eight rods square. As soon
as they were discovered, they were fired upon from a ship of war and
several floating batteries lying near, and from a fortiiication in Boston
opposite the redoubt. The Americans, nevertheless, encouraged by
General Putnam, who often visited them on the hill, continued to labor
until th((y ii.id finished a slight breastwork extending from the redoubt
eastward to the water. And in the morning they received a reinforce-
ment of 500 men.

The temerity of the provincials astonished and incensed General Gage,
and ho determined to drive them immediately from their position. About
noon, a body of .'WOO regulars, commanded by General Ilowe, left Boston
in boats, and landed in Ciiarlcstown, at the extreme point of the penin-
sula. Generals Clinton and Burgoyno tuok their stati^in on an eminence
in Boston, comiiiandiiig a distinct view of the hill. The spires of the
churehes. the roofs of Hie houses, and all the heights in the neighborhood,
were covered with j-ople, waiting, in dreadful anxiety, to witness the
appmaching battle.

The regulars forininij at tho place of hauling, marched slowly up the
hill, halting frequently to allow time to the artillery to demolish .the
wmks. Willie advancing, the village of Charlestown, containing about
400 houses, was set on fire by order of ( ieneral (^lage. The flames ascended
to a lofty height, presenting a sublime and niagnilicent spectacle. Tho
Americans reserved their lire until the British wore witl.in 10 rods of
the I'edoiilft; \lien taking a steady aim, they began a furious diseliargo.
Kntiiv ranks of the assailantw fell. Tho enemy halted and returned tho
fire i but that from the redoubt continuing iucessuut uud doing grout

CYCLOPEDIA OP TIIK

execution, they retreated in haste and disorder down the hill, some even
taking refuge in "leir boats.

The officers were seen running hither and thither, collecting, arranging
and addressing their men, who were at length induced again to ascend the
hill. The Americans now reserved their fire until the enemy had approached
even nearer than before, when a tremendous volley was at once poured
upon them. Terrified by the carnage around them, they again retreated
with precipitation, and such was the panic, that General IJowe was left
almost alone ou the hillside, his troops having deserted him, and nearly
every officer around him being killed.

At this moment. General Clinton, who had observed from Boston the
progress of the battle, feeling that British honor was at stake, hastened
with a reinforcement to the assistance of his countrymen. By his exer-
tions, the troops were a third time rallied, and were compelled by the
officers, who marclifd behind them with drawn swords, to advance again
towards the Americans. The tire from the ships and batteries was
redoubled, and a few pieces of cannon had been so placed as to rake the
interior of the breastwork from end to end.

The provincials, having expended their ammunition, awaited in silence
the approach of t'le regulars. The latter entered the redoubt. The former,
having no bayonets, defended themselves, for a short time, with the butt-
end of their muskets. From this unequal contest they were sodu com-
pelled to retire. As they retreated over Charleston Neck, the fire fruni
the floating batteries was incessant ; but a few only were killed. The
enemy had sustained too much injury to think of pursuit.

In this desperate and bloody conflict, the royal forces consisted, as has
been stated, of 8000 men, and the provincials of 1500. Of the former,
105-i were killed and wounded ; of the latter l.j^. This disparity of loss,
the steadiness and bravery disjilayed by tluir recent undisciplined levies,
occasioned among the Americans the highest exultation, and, in their
view, more than counterbalanced the loss of position.

BUllGOS. SIEGE OF.- -Lord Wellington entered Burgos after the
battle of Salamanca (fought July 22nd, 1812), on September lOtli. Tho
castK' was l)csieged by the British and Allies, and several attempts were
iiKide to carry it by assault, but tiie siegv was aliandoiu'd, Octolier 21st,
till.' same year ; tiie castle and fortifications were blown up by tlie French,
June 12th, ISlll

BURMESE WAR.— The first dispute with the Burmese took place

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

butt-
II eoiu-
fniiu
The

ftor the
1. Tho
ts wore
n-lilst,
'vouch,

k place

hi 1795, but it was amicably settled by General Erskine. Hostilities were
commenced in 182'1, when the British took Rangoon. After some time
peace was declared, February 24th, 182G, when the British received Arra-
can as a compensation. A naval force arrived before Rangoon, October
29th. 1851, and after the non compliance of certain British demands by
the viceroy, war was declared. On the 5th April, 1852, Martaban was
stormed by the British Indian army, and on the 14tliof the same month
Raugiion itself foil into their hands. Then followed the storming of Bassein,
May 19th, 1852, and the capture of Pegu, June 4th, 1852. On the 28th
December following, Pegu was annexed to the Indian Government by a
proclamation of the Governor-General.

BURLINGTON HEIGHTS, BATTLE OF.— Between tho British
and the United States' forces — an obstinate and memorable engagement,
contested with great valour on both sides. The Americans were routed,
and the British earned the heights, dune Gth, 1813.

BUSACO OR Bl^Z.\CO, BATTLE OF — This sanguinary engage-
ment was fought, September 27th, 1810, between the British, under Lord
AVellington, and the French army, coulmauded by Massena. The latter
was repulsed with grout slaughter, losing one general, and lOOU men killed,
two generals and about 3000 men wounded, and several hundred prison-
ers ; the loss of the British and their allies did not exceed 1300 in the
whole. The British subsequently retreated to the lines of Torres Vedras,
which were too strong for jMassena to attempt to force, and the two
armies remained in sight of each other to the end of tho year.

CABUL. — The following is ' succinct account of this expedition.

" Every' preparation was now completed for our march, and o i tho
12th of October, 1842, our force, divided into throe brigades, left Cabul,
the first under General Pollock, the second under General McC'askiU,
and the roar under General Nott. We had not proceeded more ihau
four miles, when we heard the explosion of the minos, which left the
renowned Cubul a vast region of ruins; and tlio Aifghans to judge the
spirit of the British as an avenging one. Cabul lies under the Hindoo
Koosli, and is bordered on tho one side by the Himalaya, and the rivers
Attook and Rozco : the people arc robust and healthy ; tiieir manners
amount to insolence and cruelty ; they are continually at war with each

CYCLOPEDIA OP THE

f ; '• '1

■" \

other ; and arc divided into tribes. Trade seemed to have abounded
greatly, and the country is generally in a flourishing state : the cities of
Cabul, Ghuznee, and Candahar, arc the principal ones of Affghanistan ;
the Persians form a considerable portion of the inhabitants of Cabul,
and the traffic with that country is somewhat extensive.

The divisions made a general move at daybreak, on the 12th Oj3tober,
to Thag IJakh, about six miles distant from Cabul; and on the entrance
to the Koord Cabul Pass, Ilcr Majesty's 9th and 13th Regiments, toge-
ther with six Native Corps of the 1st Division, manned the hills com-
manding the pass, to enable those in the valley below to move on unmo-
lested. On the morning of the 13th the troops entered the Pass which
led to Tczeen, about nine miles. The mountains were high and craggy,
and very dark, rendering the road extremely gloomy and sud j a torrent
ran in a serpentine direction from side to side, which reminded me of the
Bolun ; it had to be crossed twenty-eight times during about six miles.
We had scarcely got well into the jaws of this awful scene of romantic
vastness, whose hollow crags seemed to echo defiance to our intruding
tread, when a number of the enemy made their appearance in the rear,
but were kept in check. The very great height of the mountains, of a
dark, reddish colour, struck one with awe, and silence seemed to reign
oviM- all ; the nund was totally occupied in contemplating this fearful
sight of hidden deeds ; horror struck the feeling heart, when the eye fell
on the skeletons of our departed comrades, who lay in most agonizing
positions, indicative of their last struggle for life, Here a spot would be
strewed with a few crouched up in a corner, where they had evidently
fled to cover themselves by some detached rock, from the overpowering
cruelty of their foe, and had been rivetted by death. There couples were
lying who had died in each other's arms, locked as it were in the last cm-
brace of despair : numbers lay in every direction, devoid of every parti-
cle of clothes; sonic with the greater part of the flesh putrifie'd on their
bleaching bones — others were clean from having been devoured by tlio
vast number of carrion birds and beasts inhabitingthe.se terrible regions.
I at th'st attempted to count the number of frames as I went along,
but found them so numerous that I could not find time, iiid my inclina-
tion sickened from the awfulnes.s of the scene. The pass was no more
than thirty feet wide at this part, and so numerous were the moulder-
iug frames of these whose lives had been sacrificed during the last winter,
that they literally covered the road — and, in conseciuence, the artillery
and other wheeled carriages had to pass over them — and it was indeed

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

I'ogions.

illdllg,
luelina-
lo iHoro
loulJcr-
Iwintor,
Irtilli'vy

indeed

horrible to hoar the wheels cracking the bones of our unburied comrades.
It was ((uite easy to discover the Europeans by the hair on the skulls,
which still remained fresh. After a tedious, and indeed a painful march,
we reached Tczeen, which opens from the narrow Pass into a much wider
part, suihcient to enable us to pitch our camp. Here was a sad scene of
recent strife — scarce a tent could be pitched but a skeleton or two had
to be removed, just kicked aside as though it were a stump of a tree, in
order to leave clear the place for the interior of the tent, and there
remained uimoticed. It has often been a subject of deep reflection to mo,
to think how utterly reckless man can be made by habit: so used were
we to these sights, that it became a more commonplace matter to see such
relics of devastation and massacre. I remember walking with a friend
down the centre of the camp, and we had often to stride over skeletons,
without the least observation, further than I could not help heaving a
sigh, and reflecting in silence on their unfortunate end.

The next day took us thirteen miles on a road of extreme barrenness ;
thehigli, wild, rugged mountains, hemmed in the narrow deHle ; the skel-
etons of the massacred force still strewed the road in every direction ; no
signs of vegetation, or aught to relieve the eye from wildness — the nume-
rous hollow crags, as we passed, seemed to ring with echoing despair, and
afi"orded most formidable positions for the treacherous Afighau to use his
jezail or matchlock, without fear of opposition. The enemy, flnding we
had now entered the Pass, hovered about, and succeeded in murdering
an officer, and a few men of Pollock's force. The divisions marched one
day a-hcad of each other, and thus kept up a continued line of commu-
nication. I. with General Nott's, arrived at this ground on the 1-lth;
the road was equally extremely harassing the next day, as indeed, ever
since our entrance to the Pass. The ascents and descents are so numer-
ous, coupled with having to cross the water so oftonj and there being no
hold for the feet, on the loose flinty stones, made it very trying for both
man and beast. Upwards of twenty times had the gushing torrent,
dashing from side to side of the valley, to be waded througli, and num-
bers of bleaching frames of the victims of Akbar's treachery, lay exposed
in the midst of the rolling stream. In one part of tills day's march we
came to a place fifty yards in length, crowded with dead bodies oi' men,
horses, and camels, which were those of a troop of irregular cavalry, who
had all been cut up on this spot. About a mile from Sail Baba, our next
ground, stands a round tower, the ruins of an old fort ; it was now used
as a bone house, and was craiumod to the ceiling, with skulls, legs, arms,

CYCLOPiEDIA OF THE

and shattered frames, and numbers were heaped outside the door, and
rpund it, — placed tliere by the enemy, to form a glaring spcctiicle of their
bitter revenge. A large body of Afrglums were now seen covering the
hills in our rear, and opened a fire into the dreary abyss, on our rear
guards and baggiigo as they passed. The column had moved on some few
miles, but were lialted, and those of our troops in possession of the
heights commenced an attack, and succeeded in repelling them, iind
orcing them 'o retreai., ai. ', .vo reached camp with little loss, 'i'his place
is said to ho the burial j.Iaco of Lamech, the father of Noah, and if we
m;iy judge from its wild, dreary, stony, barren appearance, which looked
as if it liad been waslied up into a he;ip after the deluge, and so void of
all chances of fertility, that one could scarcely doubt the tradition.

Our next day led on to Kutta Sang, and of aU the roads I had ever
soon or traversed, as yet, this was the worst. The route led from hill
to hill, the ascents being ditRcult and stony, .md the descents in addi-
tion being very dangerous, as a fearful lu'eeijiice presented itseli' sIkiuM
you liJijipen to fall. These unwelcome views were many in number, iiiid
coupled witli the tedious progress of the cattle and biiggage, and the difti-
culty experienced in drugging the guns and loads up these many steep
hills, and nothing but a dreary road to Iriivel oinviird, made the march
bad indeed. After the main body resiehed ciimp, the rear guard wus
attackcil ; 11 ri'inibreement wns desii»tch('(l, and a smart skirmisli ensued;
the Aflghans seemed to delight in annoying us, and from their liidden
positions most peremptorily carried their plan into efl'eet ; we lost
few men eonipiireil with them, and the whole reiiched camp tibont
midnight. Still the poor soldier found misery di'stiiied lor liim in
every direolion. On arriving at a new ground, t\vi> regiments had to
mount duty on the sunnnits of tlie bills bordering the route, which
had to be asciiuled after the day's harassi""; nmreli, llius lt)rniiiig ti
second, \\\nv\\ more so. Tiie scanty, coarse meal, being nothing more
than a i|uanfity of nutat ami lirotli made tinin an allowance of a scarcely
lifeless earcMHH, ol' the hard-driven, skeletonized bullook, and tiiis ol' limcH
not prepared liel'oro the (Uiud hour of night; and then carried up to tiio
men cold and lastelesH. The bread or ea|;e made ol' coarse, hand ground
ilour, full of grit and snndl straw, hali'-baked and calculated to prndiico
disease by its use; ami eio this was well eaten, the muko would sound,
und the weary instrument of Ihitidn's safety would be wemling bis way
Ihrongh the dreary and unknown regions, 'mid almost perpemlicnlar rocks^
and pel dous tracks. Such was the road of the ne.xl day's miuoh, to Jug-

■

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

, and

their
i<j; the
L- rear
10 few
of the
11, find
s place
I If wo
looked
void of
1.

liid cvor
•din liil^
.11 ailili-

Kliould
ber, and
the iliiVi-
ny steep
c march
lard WHS

i'i\siu'(l ;
hiildi'ii

\Y(' liisl
Ijl •,\l)Ollt

liim in
liiid to
, wiru-h
■luiu;^ a
uu; iiioro
scarcely
of timoB

l|i to tllO

,l-i.\'omid

I HO\Uld,

liis way
liir ri>ck>«,
., to.lug-

duUuk Pass: this is by no moans the most dilHcult one to explore — tlio
sides not being near so high as those already traversed ; it ]i;id some
appearanco-of fertility, being studded with many small bushes. There were
innumerable small caves, or recesses in the rocks, and it was from those
dark-dons, form ing cover for the enemy, that they succeeded so well in out-
ting off our unfortunate brethren, whose skelotons here were very iinnior-
ously strowed about the path, and thus rendered the Pass more horrible
than it would have been; for the light sliono brighter hero than Wf bad
it for some time. Nay, so stupendous wore the mountaias, lioinming the
ravines wo liad passed, that it would be ollcn far advanced in tin- day
before tlio sun would be seen by those beneath.

Tiie unfortunate -l-lth made a somewhat successful stand in the
Jugdulluk Pass, and succeeded, ere they were ovorpowcreil, in slaying
many of their foes. The pass was narrow, and the Atlghans, who
had pi'oceded us some liours, with a view to intercept and balllo us, hail
forniod broaslAvorks acros.s the roail ; and, wouhl it be believed, tliat these
breastworks were forniod of skeletons of our own men and horses?
Not less than HMI frames could havo been bore piled up, whieli had
to be removed Itcforo we could pass on. About (llHI of the eiKMny made
their appearance hero, and in the iirst onset did coii.siderablc damam;,
—but a detachmont IVom the main body .soon disloilgcd tiiem. and put
them to tlu' ro\il ; it was common to see, lying on the road, bodies of mur-
dered Sopoys and couriers; and in fict to attomiit to enumorato the acts
of treacliery pra"tiNod on* us, wouM be next to impossible. Wo at Iciiuth
reached .>oorkab, At this ground was a cluster of line tall tn-ts, \\\w\\
rolioved tho oyo, and led us to hopo we were app'oaohing a land of the
living ; the camp was bordered liy the celeliratod lied River, a most beau
tH'ul crystal stream, rolling most mnsiodly over a jttony buttnin, and
under the ritlge of an immense mountain ; the continued bir/,/. kupl upby
tho murmuring torrent oohoing from the Icarl'ul crags, hilled tho weary
travellers in camp to sloep. ,\cross tliis river is a most splendid bridgo of
ono gigantic arch, which led by a deelivitous route from this Pass tn an-

other

on the right of this bridge, .hieh was erected by .Mexander. issued

a cataract roaring and dashing IVom the hills, which fed tlio stream, and
Ibrincdumost beautil'ul picture. It was (m tiiis !)ridge (hut a nnmlHrof
the Hth — I'rom tho extreme indemeny the weather, and the bit* rni'ss of
the IViist — were so lenumbod with cold that they were unable to use llicii.
arms when atlaeked on their retreat, Oh! when rellection is but called
Up, and lliu mi.scrablo cyiiditiou of Ibesu poor, oppressed creatures, oou-

OYCLOl'ilEDIA OF THE

sidoi'cil, it cannot but call forth a sigh of deep rc;j;rct, — bereft of^voi-y
^liance of cr-cape, or wherewithal to exist, — as they were. AVlicn wo
consider that somo of our nearest and dearest relatives or friends were
amongst the niunber — surely, if there is one spark of sympathy loft, it
will be kindled for those whoso lust struggle was for their country's
ctiuso.

Our next route led across the bridge tiirough the deiile already
described, and on the road were lying the bodies of two murdered Sepoys.
The ascents and descents were as usual ; and from the summit of these
intersecting hills, the eye would carry itself upon range after range of never
endiiJi;' elilVs and walls of mountains ; the dark aspect of the distiuit liovi-
zoM carried with it a volume ol' thoughts, wondering when the liack would
be onci' niori' turned on such dreariness. The moving mass below would
be seen wiiuling its serpentine length along the Pass, which from its mir-
rowiu'ss, being obstrueti'd by huge masses of detached rock having fallen
from the heights, and impassalile by other than taking a circuitous route,
were truly harassing to the men ami cattle. I may as well here mention
the great trials and dilliciilties exi'.erienced in dragging along the heavy
portions of the baggage, more particularly the celebrated Sonmautli gates,
which it will donl)tless be remendiered, were taken by direction of the
Governor (leneral, from the tomb of Sultan Mahomed at (ihn/.nee, Iheso
uati's. ii will doiibtlesH also bo reinembered. were the idolatrous trophy of
the Hindoos in the (iuzerat Peninsula. The (Seiu'ral directed a guard
ol' not liss than th(! wing of a regiment to mount over these gates, which
wert^ jilaced upon two platform carts, and drawn by six bnlloeks e;ieli.
The other castes of the native Sepoys wiaild not go neiir them, and the
lliniloos were comparatively few, and insuilieient to perform the iltity,
ami as these gates were to be taken to the jn'ovim-es Ibr the purpose of
being restcU'ed to that nice, s(t great was the care taken of them that they
were plnci'd next to the main body of the army on the march, antl nothing
WU)-) rmitted to go bellnv iheni. The eonsei|Uenco wiiH, that ol'tenliines^
owim: u> iho bullocks growing stubborn, the whole in the rear have been
del.i,i<d ; and »he uatcs hiivi lin<l to be dragged by latigne |»arlies of the
Kuro[caii- night li ■ sot in — the enemy have taken advantage of our
position, and have iiU(<co<hJ4!(I in cutting oil' numberH who otherwise w(nild
have been safe in cimip. Tiu' badness of tlio roiidd uhd durkness of tho
night, together with the incessant liitigue and conf<ei(uent loss occ.isioned
bv the iiroteeljiiii of these idolatrous bauhk's have caused nnu'h well-
grounded uuutruversy, and involved muuh dUutodit on tliu iiuttioriliuH.

BATTLES OF THE WOULD.

very
11 wo
wore
il't, it
iitry's

Iro'uly

those
' iiovor
it liovi-

; WOUUI

would
its nar-
r liillcn

r( VdUtO,
llU'lltiuU

n! lioiivy

til ^nitos,

11 of the

'llioso

nUiliy oi?

1 uuiinl

wliii'h

mill tlio
lu' duty,
r|iii>-i' t>t
|tli!ii (lu'y

linlllill|.(
jlrllti\ll0H,
invo Ik'OU
"U'S III till*

m> (d'our
iso would

HK Ol' tllO

ec;i!«io\icd
iioh woll-
itluniliop.

!Many aro the lives whicli Ikwo been lost by this — and lor what ? to restore
to a tribe of idolaters, an idol, that they initrht worship with the i^ruater
velienienee, as it had been recaptured for them; and all this, too, by
the representative of a Christian people. I need say iiothiii^ farther,
except that, owinL; to the threat (luestion raised relative to their restora-
tion, in our I'arliainent in 1 8115 and IHtl, and since the recall of Lord
Ellenb.)rou;j,h, they remain like so much lumber stored in one of the
station.s in Benj^al.

Hut to proceed to tin' march. A short distance from our camp, which
was (innibimuek, stands a small hill, where the remnant of llu! Hth
lUM^iment, aliout liOO, made their last stand, and fonnht most desperately
whilst their ammunition lastod, and were at length aiiiiiliilatcil : their
skeletons strewed the hill sides and summit ; about 2')0 soldiers, and
upwards of;}(l oHieers, I believi', loll on this hill, and a deplorable sij:;lit it
presente(l. We soon reached the eamp, where (ienerals i'dljuek and
31e(,'a,skill had halted ; this place had been formed into a depi'if tor grain
and forage (only < hopped straw), on I'ollock's advance on Cahul ; the
Passes from Peshawur, as ho passed through, hud boon kept by our trooiis;
thus in agrjat measure securing our route, We now refreshed oursi'lves
with a ilay's rest, and our cattle with a least of forage, such as it was;
and also in comparative eonlidenee, as we were now but a couple of day's
stage from Jellalabad. The mails IVom i'lurope for tli" army were
dospatelied fron» Calcutta and met us at lliis])lace, so that I'i in all it was
(juile a flay of pleasure, receiving news iVoin that deu ^ilace Home,
" which never was so sweetly felt as in sneh times as these," — eoiijiiiieti(M»
of the Divisions, and recognition of old comrades who bad escapeil tho
jierils of the few past days, and such like, — made tlio whole foel refreshed,
anil filled us with the utmost cheerfulness,"

CAIRO, «.ii (iUANI) CAIRO.— Hurnt to prevent its oceupaliou
by the Crusaders, in lL'20. Taken by the Turks fiom the Kgyptian
sultans, and llieir empire subdueil, l,')!!. Taken hy the Kreiicii \iiider
Bonaparte, .Inly lilbd, 17!IS, Taken by (lie Uritish and Turks, when
0(1(1(1 Krenoh capitulated, June 27th, 1SI»1.

CALAIS, — Taken by Kdwanl III, after a year's siege, Angii,it
4tl , l'M7, and held by Knglaml 'JIO year.^. It was retaken by Mary,
Jununry 7th. IftfiS, jind the losx of Calais so deeply loiiehed the (^ueen'a
honrt, historians say it oovasiuned her (Iv'utli. Calais was bombarded by
tho F.iglisb, tCiill.

CY0L0P7EDIA OF TUE

CALVI, SIEGE OF.— 'Bcsicgod by the British, Juno 12th, 1744,
and after a close investment of 59 days, surrendered on August Kith
fiiUowing. The garrison t)ien marched out with the lionors of war, and
wore convoyed to Toulon. It surrendered to the French in 1796.

CAM Ml? AY.— Taken by the Spaniards in 1595. It was invested
l\y ho ivustrians, August Sth, 1793, and the Republican (lonoral Declay
replied to the Imperial Hummons to surrender, that " he knew not how
i.j di f1i((t. but his soldiers knew liow to light." The French lierc were
defeated by the Duke of Yvrk, April 23rd, 1794. It was then siozod
by the British, by Sir Charles Colville, June 2ltb, 1815. This wa.« one
of the furtresseg occupied by the allied armies for live years after tlio fall
of Napoleon.

CAMDEN, BATTLES OF.— The tirst battle fought here was
between General Gates and Lord Cornwallis. The Americans wore
defeated August Itlth, 1780. The soeoiid battle was i'ought between
the ruvoltod Americans and the British, the former commanded by
General Greene, and the latter by Jjunl Uawdon. The Americans were
again defeated, April 25th, 1781. Camden was evacuated and burnt by
the British, May 13th, 1781.

CAM I'HH DOWN, BATTLI'; OF,— This was a meiuorablo ongago-
mont, oir Camperdown, botwoen the Mriiish fleet, under Admiral Duuoan,
and the Dutch fleet, commanded by Admiral De Winter. The Dutch
lost 15 ships, which were either taki'ii or sunk. It was fouglit October
Uth, 1797. This victoiy obtainwd the brave and good Admiral u
peerage.

CAMl'O FOUMK), TRKATV Ol'.-Cuneluded between Franco
and Austria, This memorable and humiliating treaty took phiuu on thu
I7th October, 17!>7. By this treaty .Vuslriiv had to yield tho low coun-
tries mid the Ionian Islands to Frunou; and MUun 1*^0., to tho Cisalpine
llepublic.

CANNAE. BATTLE OP. -This battlo, one of tho most celebrated
in ani'iiMit history, was fought bilwetii ilie llumans and Hannibal, The
forces (tf the AiVicans amounted in .Mt.UUM, while those of the Uomans
wcro eipial to 88,(MtO, of whom Id.iKlK were siain. Tim victor lunt
:S bushels of gold rings as a present to the (' irtliMgenian ladies, which
he had taken oil thu lingers of thu llomau knights slain in this mutuor-

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

mean,

•tuber
i\r;i\ u

ol>ratt"l
•riio

llciUIUllH

ilur lent
wliieli
moinor-

ablc cnn;agonient. So contested was tlic fight tliat neither side perceived
an earthquake, whieh happened during tl>c battle. Tlie phice is now
called " The Field of Blood." Fought 21st May, n.c. 21G.

CANNON. — Thoy arc said to have been used as early as 1338. First
used by the English at the siege of Calais, 1347. Used by the English
first in battle, that of Crccy, in 134G.

CAPE B [{ETON.— Discovered by the English 1581. Taken by
the French in 1(532. llcstorcd and again taken in 1745, and retaken
in 1748. Finally posses.sed by the English, when 500(1 men W(Mi> made
prisoners of war, and 11 ships destroyed, 1758. Ceded to England at
the peace of 1783.

CAPE ST. VINCENT.— I,s7 A^^/A'.— Admiral Rooke, with 20 ships
of war, and the Turkish fleet under his ciinvoy, was attacked by
Admiral Tourvillo with a force vastly superior to his own, off Capo St.
Vincent, when 12 Eiigli.sli and Dutch men of war and 80 morchantnieu
were captured or destroyed by the !'' reach, it was fought June 1 5th,
l(il)3.

2iiil llittir, — This second battle was one of the most glorious of
the British navy. Sir John Jiirvis, being in connnand df the Mediter-
ranean fleet of 15 sail, gave battle to the Spanish licet of 27 ships of
the line, aiiil signally defeated the enemy, nearly double in strength,
taking 4 ships and destmying several udicrs. F(iugh( Fdiruary lllli.
17l>7. For this victory Sir John Jurvis waa raised to the peerage under
tho title (if Earl St, Vincent.

CAPTAIN.— This title, derived from tho French . .»/ V.m'/(c, jterally
signillcH a hen I or chief ('l!tcer,- the officer who ctntnnands n i uinpimy.
In Turkey, tho Uaplain-lJa.shaw is tlir lligb .\dmiral.

th
I

CAUIilSl-E. -The castle founded hy WjlJiMin |I, In 101)2, wn8 made
he prison ol' ihr iiid'orlunato (^iieen of HcoIh, 15(18, Taken by the
•arlianumtary forces In UII5, and by tho Pretender in 1715,

CAUHlCKFKUdrS. This town iurrendered I-, the \)uh' of
Sohomberg, August 28lh, lUHO, William 111 landed here .Innc 1 Ith,
It'i'.IO, to n'lluro (he adherents of .lames 11. This jilnee i.s menmrablo
I'or (hi' I Apeilition of the French ,\ilmiral Tliurot, when its ea,«*tli' sur-
rendered ' > 'u« iWco of 100(( inch, in 17(10.

CrCLOPiEPIA OF THE

' k

CARTHAGE.— Founded by Dido. Taken by the Roman General
Seipio, and burnt to the ground 15. c. 14G. Tlie flames of tlic bununjj;
city raged for 17 day.s,and thousands of the inliabitants jierisiied in them
rather than survive the cahimities of their country. Afterwards it was
rebuilt, but razed by the Saracens, and now no trace of the city appears.

CA11TIIAGP]NA— A Coht»lh:a.—^YQs taken by Sir Francis Drake
in 1584. It was pillaged by the French of £1,20U,U0() in 1G97. It
was bombarded by Admiral Vernon in 174(1-1.

" When tho forces were landed at Cartliagcna, the commanders (jrcctod
a battery, wi*h which they made a breach in the prinei{)al fort, wlulo
Venion, who commanded the lleet, sent a nund)er of ships ii.to the
I: rbor to divide the fire of tlic enemy, and to co-operate with the army
on shore. The breach being deemed practicable, a body of troo]is were
eonmiaiided to storm ; but the Sp;iniards deserted the forts, which, if
possessed of courage, they might have defended with success The
troops, upon gaining this advantage, were advanced a good deal nearer
the eity ; but there they met a much greater opposition than they had
expected. It was found, or at least a.sserted, that the fleet could not lio
near inougli to batter the town, and that nothing remained bnt to
attempt one of the torts by .'■jaling. The leaders of the fleet and tho
army began mutually to accuse each other, each asserting tlie probability
of what the other denied. At length, Weiitworth, stimulated by tho
admiral's repmaeli, resolved tn try tiie dangenms experiment, and (n'dered
that fort St. l-azare should be attempted by .sealade. Nothing could be
more unlurtuntite tlian (Ids uiidertaking ; (he forcjs mnrching up to the
iittaek, the guides were slain, and they ndstonk tlieii- way. Instead of
attempting the weukent ptirt of tho fort, they advaticeil to wlieri> it was
the strongest, and where they wcTO exposed to the fire (d' the town,
(jiilonel (irunt, who commanded I he grenadiei was killed in the begin-
ning. Soon lifter it was found that their scaling ladders wore too short;
tlie nllieers were perploxod for want of order.s, ami tho troops stood
exposed fo tlie whole fire of the enemy, without knowing how to proceed.
After bearing a dreaful lire for some hours wi(h great iiitrepidily. they
at length retreated, leaving (iOO men dead on (he spot. The (errors of
(lie climate soon began to be more ilroadl'ul than thost of war; tlio
rniny swnwm came on with such violence, (hut it wus im|Hmsible lor (ho
troo)is to continue encamped ; and (he mortality of the season now begim
to a((ufk them in nil itw frightful vurioticM. To these calamities, sutfi-

nv&sm

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

tho

1(1 bo
U) tlio
■iul ..f
it WIV8

town.

M'^in-
slinrt ;

>lui)d

Mci'od.

t hey

Vi'l'.S llf

tho

l'(ir tlio

licixan

8, »ut!i-

cient to quell any enterprise, was aJdeJ tho dissension between the land
and sea coinniandcrs, who blamed each otlior for every failure, and
became frantic with mutual recrimination. They only, tiiereforc, at
last, could be brought to a<;'rec in one mortifying measure, which was to
re-embark the troops, and withdraw them as (piickly as possible from the
scene of slaujihter and contagion."

CASTIGLIONE, BATTLE OF.— One of the most brilliant victories
of the FreiK'li arms under Napoleon ajiainst the Austrians, commanded
by Tioneral Wiirmscx. The battle lasted i") days, from the 2nd to the
Oth duly, 17!H). The Austrian.s lost 70 iield pieces, all their caissons,
and between 12,000 to 15,000 prisoners, and 0000 killed and wounded.

CASTILLON, BATTLE OF.— //( Fruncc—Youiiht between the
armies of Enuland (llcnry VI) and those of Franco (Charles VII).
Tho EuLilishwere signally ilefeated, July 7tli, 1453, — Calais alone renmin-
ing in their hands.

CAST I.FB All, BATTLE OP.— Foudit between a body of French
troops and an insurgent Irish force, at Killala, on tho one hand, and the
King's royal forces on the other ; the latter, after a short contest, being
obliged to retire, August 28th, 17DS.

CA'i'A.MAltANS. — l''ire machines for destroyin-.r ships, inventi'il and
tried on tin; Boulogne itotilla of Napoleon. Sir Sidney Smi'.h attempted
to burn tho llotilla, but failed. August .'Ust, 1805.

C.VTAIMILTJ^], — Engines used by the ancient Bonians for throwing
Btones. Invented by Dionysius, the King of Syracuse, ii.c. IJDl*.

C.\TKAU. I'lO.VCl-: OF.-Concluded between Henry II of France
and IMiilip H of Spain, in 15!)!). A battle was fouglit here between tho
ttilicB, under (lie I'rinec of Cohourg, and tho French. The hitter were
defeated with a loss of 5000 in killed ami 5 pieces of cannon, March
28th, 175tl.

C.WVNI'OUK. — fn 'ndin. — I'unious in tlio flroat Indian mutiny,
which is llius described ;

" At C.iwnpore, a terrible disaster befe'l tho British arms. Sir Hugh
Whi'oler, a veteran offlcor of approved bravery, had entrenched himself
in tho barraokM with a forco of less than llOt) lighting nnii, and iipwards
of 500 Women and childroii, tho wives and faiuilioH of oiVicors and oivi-

CYCLOPAEDIA OF TTIE

'■:!

Hans, and of tlio Queen's 32d regiment, then besieged at Luckuow. Tlie
insurgents were commanded by Nena Saliib. or, rntlier, Dlinndoo Pant,
Rnjali of Bbitoor, the adopted son of tlic late I'eisliwali J?ajee Rabo.
Tbis man, under tbc mask of kindly feeling toward tlie Englisli, nurtured
a deadly batrcd ngainst tbc governnie'' L, wbieb bad rel'nseil to acknow-
ledge biri claims as tbc I'cisbwab'.s succonsor. lie liad long been addicted
to tbe most revolting sensuality, andbiid lo'^t all control over liis pjissions.
Wcai'iod and cnniged by tbc desperate resistance of tbis bandful oi' brave
men, lie offered tbem a safe passage to Allababad, if tbey would give up
tbeir guns and treasure. Tbe place, indeed, was no longer tenable; and
tbc survivors, diniinisbed in number, wero exliiiiisted by constant vigils
and want of food. In an evil moment, tbeii, tbey accepted tbc terms of
tbeir perfidious enemy, marebed down to tbe rive,', and embarked on
board tbe boats wbicb bad been prepared for tliem. Sudd(.'nly a masked
battery opened fire upon tbem, and crowds of borbC 'md foot soldiers lined
citber bunk. Many were sbot dead, stilLmore ^ven- drowned, and about
150 taken prisoners; four only escaped by swiunning. Tbe men were
instantly put to dcatb in cold blood ; tbe women and ebildrcn were
spared for a few days longer.

" General Ilavclock, taking tbe command at Allababad of tbc 7Stb
Iligblaiiders, tbe Queen's Gltb, tbe 1st IMadras Fusiliers, and tbe Teroze-
pore regiment of Sikbs, bad set out in tbe bopc of arriving at Cawnpore in
time to release Sir llugb Wbeeler and bis devoted comrades. After
marebing \2() miles, figbting four actions, and capturing a nundjerofguns
of biMvy calibre, in eiglit days, and in (be wmst season (.fan Indian
climate, be was yet too late to avert tbc terrible catastropbe. Tbe day
before be entered Cawnpore, Nona Sabib foully murdered tbe women and
ebildnn, wbo alone survived of tbc Cawnpore garrison, and caused tbem
to be Hung, tbc dead and tbc dying, into n well of tbc courtyard of tbc
assembly rooms."

Anotber account says : —

" (icneral Havcloek arrived before Cawnpore on tbe 18tb July, and so
ongor WiiM be to rescue tbc garrison (for bo was not yet aware of wbat
liad bappened), tbat bo .-ittaekiMl tbe Sepoy position witbont delay.
Ordering a eliarge, bis gallant baml rusiied to tbe onset. Not a word
wn« utten.'d until wben wilbiii I (10 yards nf tbe rebi'ls, thrrc (h-d/Dilng
ci«e)"H, — cbeoTH sucb as Knglisbnu'u only oun givis, rung out. Tlisii came
tbo crasli ; a nuirderouH volby of nuiskitry and tin' erasb of bayonets
soon dtovo tbe mutinoors back, and Cawnpore was taken; 1000 Mritisb

and

,■ 7Sth
V'uroze-
ijiorc in
Al'tcr
t'^'uns
luVuin
\o (lay
n and
tlicm
dl' tho

Miul SO

what
delay.

word
»/'. nliif)
II canio
aviiiu'ts

Bli(i:^ll

:!^ATTLES OV THE WORLD.

troops and 300 Sikhs had r ^l to flight fiOOO of the flower of the native
solf'"ery, with a native chief in c; nuand.

" When Havclock's soldiers entered the assembly rooms, the blood
Ciiiiie u|i over their shoes. There they found clotted locks of hair, leaves
of I'eligious books, and fragments of clothing in sickening array, while
into the well outside the bodies had been rudely thrown. The liorrors
of that scene will never be fully known. A terrible retribution fell on
tlif! nuitinoers. General Neil compelled the Brahmins to wipe out, on tlk ir
bended knees, the sanguinary traces of the outrages before he ordered
them to e.TRCution, and when the 78th Highlanders found the mutilated
remains ni' one of General Wheeler's daughters, they divided the locks of
hair among them, pledging each other in solemn covenant, that for every
hair thus appropriated, a mutineer's life and that alone could be the
atonement. The eldest daughter of ."^ir Hugh Wheeler is said to have
behaved in n most heroic manner; oneof tl e natives testified that she shot
five Scpoj/s with a revolver, and then threw herself into the well."

CAVALRY. — Of the ancients the Romans had the best cavalry. To
eacli legion there was attached 300 cavalry in ten turmae. The Persians
were famous I'or their horse troojis — tliey had 10,0"0 horse at the battle of
Marathon, u.c. 400, and 10,000 Persian cavalry at the battle of Issus,
B.C. 33i]. Horse soldiers were early introduced into the British army.
During the wars of Napoleon the strength amounted to 31,000 men. The
British cavah-y is divided into tho hou.'seliold troops, dragoons, hussars
and lancers. Since 1840 the number has continued, with little variation,
to the present day, at about 10,()(tO.

CMDAR RAPIDS, CANADA— Occupied by the Americans as a
mnill fort in 1770. Taken by a detaeliment of the British army, and
500 Indians, uiulor the celebrated Indian chief Brant, in'thout jin'iig a
gnn. Tiie Americans scut to its support were captured after a severe
engagement.

CENTniUON.— From the Latin Centum a hundre*-' An oflBcer who
commanded 100 men in the Koman army. There were OlHtO men in a
legion, and hence sixty eentiirions. 1 lo was distinguished fivm the others
by ft branch of vine which he carried in his hand.

CKVIiON, — Discovered by flie Portuguese, a.d. 1505. Colnmbo, its
capital, taken by tho Dutch, in 1003, recovered in KVJl ; again taken I(I6G.
Seized by tho British 1705. Ceded to (h'cni Britain by the Peace of

^*S^':'

.11 ii

i ■'

CYCLOPAEDIA OF TIIE

Amiens in 1802. The British troops were trcacherouf?ly massacred or
imprisoned by the Adigar of Candy, June 2Gth, 1803. The complete
sovereignty of the whole island taken by England in 1815.

CILEllONEA, BATTLE OF.— Fought between the Athenians
and Bieotians, n.c. -HT. Another battle, and the great one of history,
was fonght here between the confederate army of (Ireece of 30,000, and
that of the Macedonians, under Philip, amounting to 32,000, August 2nd,
338 B.C. Yet another battle was fought lierc between Archelaus, Lieute-
nant of ]\Iithridates and Sylla, ii.c. 86, whoa Archelaus was defeated and
110,000 Cappadocians slain.

CH.VMBLY. — x\n important nulitary post on the River Riclielieu,
Canada. It was often attacked by the Iroquois Indians. In 1775 it
was captured by the Americans, but retaken in 1770. It is now a small
military station.

CIIARLEllOI, BATTLES OF.— Great battles in several wars liavc
been fought near tlii." town ; the chief in llJOO and 1794. {Sec Ildtrus.)
Besieged by Prince of ( >range in 1G72, and again invested by the same
Prince, with (iO,(' '0 uu •, in 1G77, but he was obliged to retire. Near to
the place is Li;.'!;v — (wMch see) — memorable at the battle of Waterloo.

CIIAULESTOWxN.~.l/;(,s.srf(7(»,s(7/,s.— Burnt by the British forces
under (leneral (iage, Jannuary 17th, 1775. English fleet here repulsed
with great loss, June 2Sth, 1770. Taken by the British, May 7th. 1779.

CIIAHLI'ISTON— ^'<i»//i C'o•«//«»^— Besieged by the British troops
in iUareh 1780, and surrendered in May 13th following, with 0000
prisoners. Evacuated by (he British, April 14th, 1783. Famous during
the wars of Scces.sion. The South Carolina Convention as.sembled here,
March 20th, 1801. A battle was fimght here, and the rebels or Confe-
derates del'eated, August 19th, 1801, and after oxperieneing all the vicis-
situdes of war, it was evacuated February 17th, 1805. and next day sur-
rendered to Oeneral Gilmoro.

CllATEAFGUAY.— r<ni'f(/".— To ell'ect a junction with the army
ofdeiieral Wilkinson, on October 2(>tli, 1813, General ITanipton, with
3500 men pushed forward from Lake Champlaiu towards Montreal. At
the junction of the Ontario and C'hateauguay Rivers, be there met 400
Canadians under Colonel do Sahibcrry, who most bravely disputed his

c
k

g<
w
of

I !!

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

forces
)ulscd
1779.

troops

r.ooo

il liore,

Coiiib-

u' vicis-

;\y sur-

II' iiriny
11, with
At

let 1(10
Itoil Ills

advance. By skilful management and great bravery on the part of tlie
Canadian officers, Vigor and J 'oucet, the Americans were compelled to
retreat towards Phittsburg. Their loss was considerable, wliile that of
the Canadians was only two men killed and sixteen wounded. Gen.
Hampton returned to Plattsburg, his army ha\ Ing dwindled away by
sickness and desertion.

CHATILLON, CONGRESS OF.— Held 1
against France, Feliruary ,^)tli, 1814, but the lu
broken off, Marcli 19th following.

wers allied
peace was

CIIAUMONT, TREATY OF.— Between Great Britain, Austria,
Russia and Prussia, ]\Iarch 1st, 1H14, It was followed by the treaty of
I'aris, by which Napoleon abdicated, April 11th following.

CHERBOURG. — Famous for an engagement between the English
and French fleets. French defeated ; 21 of their ships burnt or destroyed
by Admirals Rooke and Russel, May 19th, 1G92. The tort, etc., destroyed
by tlie British, who landed August, 1758. Tlie works begun l)y Louis
X^T. and completed by Napoleon, are proof against any armament in
the world.

CHESAPEAKE, BATTLK OF THE.— Fought at the mouth of the
river of this name, between the British Ai.iuiral Greaves and the French
Admiral De Grasse, in the interest of the revolted States of America,
17S1. The Chesapeake and Delaware, blockaded by the British in 1812.
The American frigate of this name surremlered to the Shannon, British
frigate, after a very severe action, June 2iid, 1813.

CHILLIANWAIJ.AH, BATTLE OF.--yu Luila.— Tins memor-
able and sanguinary battle, between the Sikh forces and the British, was
fought tlanuary VM\, 1819. Lord Goiigh cnmmanded. The Sikhs were
coiii]iletely routed, but the British also suH'ered severely : 2G officers wero
killed and (It) wounded, and 731 rank uud lile wero killed and 1440
wounded. The loss of the Sikhs was IJOOII kill.'d and 4000 wounded. This
battle was followed fiy the attack on the Sikh eamp and the army under
Slieere Shing, in its position at Goojerat (which see) February 21st, 1840.

Cllll'PKWA.— On tlie uth duly, 1814, General Ball with 2100 men
gave battle here to 4000 Americans The Uritish fought bravely, but
wi're obliged to retire to Luiidy's Lnuo, or Bridgcwater, ueur the Falls
of Niagara.

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1.0

I.I

••25 1.4 1.6

•* 6"

►

0>.

Hiotographic

Sciences

Corporation

33 WIIT MAIN STillT
WHITIR.NV I4SI0

(7U) •79-4S03

CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE

'II I

CHRYSLER'S FATiM.— Will umshurg, CanaJa.-On the lltli Nov-
ember, 1813, the Americans, under General Wilkinson, in their passage
down the St. Lawrence to attack Montreal, being harassed by the Cana-
dian forces, resolved to land and disperse them. They were 2000 strong
and the Canadians 1000. After two hours of very hard fighting, in an
open field, the Americans were compelled to retire, with the loss of one
general, and 350 killed and wounded. Canadian loss 200. Medals were
granted to the victors of this battle by the British Government.

CHINA. — " The opening of the China trade to all British subjects,
by the abolition of the East Lidia Company's monopoly in 1833, gave
rise to a series of disputes with the native rulers, which at length led
to open hostilities. These disputes, relating at first mainly to the legal
rights and immunities to be enjoyed by the commercial superintendents
appointed by the British cabinet, came eventually to be merged in the
greater question touching the traffic in opium, wliicli hiid all along been in
some measure declared contraband by the Imperial Government. It was
not, however, peremptorily prohibited till 183G; and even afterwards,
through the connivance of the inferior authorites, an active smuggling
trade continued to be carried on till \8',i9, wlien the Imperial Coniuiis-
sioner Lin, determined on its forcible supproswon, seized tlio peisoiut of
the British merchants at Canton, and of Captain Klliot, the superin-
tendent. That functionary was then compelled, by throats of personal
violence to himself iind his fellow-prisoners, to issue iin order for the
surrender of all the opium on board thevesRels in the vicinity of Canton,
which, to the value of above .t2, 000,(100 sterling, was accordingly given
U|) to the Chinese, who destroyed it, — the superintendent at the same
time pledging the faith of the Knglish government for eompensation to
the nierehants. After various fruitlcsH attempts to obtain satisriiotion for
this outrage, or even an accommodation by wliicii thereguliir trade might
bo resumed, the cabinet of London resolved on hostilities. These, which
were vigorously prosecuted, gave tlu' Chinese a salutary lesson as to their
inferiority to Kuropeims in military seienee and <liseipliiie ; iiml llu-y
ended in a peace, signed August 2!ltli, 1SJ-, by whieh the Kinperor iigreed
to pay !i*2 1, 000, 000 by way of eompensation, to open live ol" his prineipal
ports to our commerce, and to surrender the iHliind of Hong-Kong to the
Uritlsli crown for ever."

The following is a brief mnratlvo from an Knglish journal of the war
of IHGO iu China:—" On tho 2atli of June, IHOO, the arrival of Sir

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

llthNov-
,r passage
the Cana-
00 strong
ing, in an
09S of one
i^dals were
t.

h subjects,
L833, gave
length led
:o the legal
rintendcnts
:ged in the
ong been in
;nt. It was
afterwards,
> sniivii^ling
iul Coniiuis-
i> persona of
he superin-
of personal
rder for the
y (if Canton,
iiigly given
lit the same
H'nsation to
isfuetiou for
!• trade might
Miese, whieh
111 MS to their
; and they
peror agreed
lis principal
Koiig to the

111 (if the war
irival of Sir

Hope Grant at Tahlien Bay completed the muster of the British
force in Northern China. General de Montauban reached Cheefoo at
the same time, but his tale of men was not full ; and as the Ambassadors
were not due for a fortnight, it was determined that our troops should
be landed. This was done, and horses and men benefited exceedingly by
their sojourn on the breezy slopes which look upon the northern and
.southern sides of the grand harbor of Tahlien-wan, chosen for our
rendezvous ; notwithstanding that the liottest month of the summer was
passed by the men in bell-tents, and by horses in the open.

On the 1st August, a landing was effected at Pehtang without opposi-
tion, much to our surprise and delight, for the only spot at which disem-
barkation was practicable is distant only 2000 yards from the snug-look-
ing forts which appeared to protect the town ; and even at this place
there was a mile of water at high tide, or of more difficult mud at low
water, to bo traversed, before the troops could reach anything which
might, by courtesy or conipari,son, be termed dry ground.

The 'Jnd brigade of 1st Division of British troops, and a French bri-
gade, formed the first landing party. A vigorous resistance had been
expected at this place ; and had a fair proportion of the means l.'ivishcd
on the defence of the Peil^o been expended on the Pehtang river, we should
have had great trouble, for by nature that position is certainly tlio
stronger. 'I'he forts on either side, and the town whieh adjoins that on
the riglit bank, are built on two molecules of solid ground, whieh have
turned up, one does not know how, at a distance of five miles inland
from the bar, which closes the entrance of tlie river, to even the smallest
gunboats, save at high water. The town is surrounded by a sea ol" mud,
impassable to horse or man, inundated at high tide; it is connected with
the comparatively higher country bordering the J'oihoby a narrow cause-
way, which a deterniined and skilful enemy could li.ild against any force
whatever, until driven successively from positions whieh might be estab-
lished on tilt! causeway at every liundred yards. We found, on the night
of the Ist August, that the forts were deserted, and that the guns with
which they bristled were but wooden " tiuakers." Next day we occupied
town and forts.

Large bodies of eavalry having shown themselves tn our front, a reoon-
naissaiiee was made on the ilrd August, covered, in the iibHenco of eavalry,
not yetlandtMl, by infantry and by two French 8-poundor guns, tlie only
artillery disi>niltarked. We diseoveied that our polite enemy had lel't the
causeway unoccupied, and that his force held no position nearer than K

rifli:

I ■>

CYCLOPEDIA OP THE

miles from the town we were in. The Chinese pickets opened fire upon
our troops, but were speedily driven back. The reconnaissance effected,
our force returned to Pehtang unmolested.

Meanwhile the Admirals had set to work, landing troops, horses, guns,
materiel, and stores. The navy worked famously ; and as everything had
to be brought into the river either in, or in tow of, the gunboats, whose
movements depended upon the tides, the work, under the active superin-
tendence of Captain Borlase, C.B., continued without regard to any
arbitrary distinction between day and night. During four or five of the
ten days spent in this tedious operation, the rain fell in torrents; and as
the interior of Pehtang is below high water-mark, the streets were knee-
deep in mud, composed, in addition to the usual impurities pertaining to
that substance, of flour, wardrobes, Tartar-hats, field rakes, coal, shutters,
oil-cake, chaff, china-cups, matting, beer-bottles, tin cans, and kittens,
being chiefly the contents of the dwellings oF the townspeople, which wcro
successively turned out of windows to make room for our troops. The
cavalry and artillery horses were picketed in the streets, whore alone space
was available ; and how they and we and everybody escaped death from
typhus fever or pi igue. Heaven only knows. The sanitary oificer was
outragiMl by the result. During this time, water /or the use of the troops
was obtained in boats filled by the inivy in the river above the influence
of the tide, and towed to Pehtang, whore the contents were landed in
barrels for distribution.

On the 12th August, after a delay of" on account of the French,
who at first were unwilling to advance ti' season changed, wo moved

out to attack the enemy's position ; General Michel with the l«t Division
and the French, along the causeway against the enemy's front, (Jeneral
JJapier, with thot'Jnd Division imd cavalry, by a track which diverged
from the causeway to the v,i^l,t at a short distance irom Pohtang, with
the view of turning the encuiy's left.

It will not bo easy for those who wcro not present to realise the
difiiciilties of this march, or to do justice to the troops who perl'ornied
it. The gun-waggons sank literally axle-deep, and their hinder parts had
to be left behind ; the heavy cavalry were greatly distressed in struggling
through the mud, and it occupied the trooj)H six hours to traverse four
miles, during which time the enemy remaiiuul In his position.

N'apii'r's division having reached moderately firm ground, advanced
upon the open Tartar flank and rear; whilst the Allied left cannonaded
bis front, which was covered by a formidable intrcnchmeiit. The Tartar

,..*«»iJl>,v,w!.^"jiri!»«i-.«fSB«f><*l.

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

•e upon
sffectcd,

iS, guns,
ling luvd
9, wUose
superin-

to iiny
ve of the
; and as
ero kncc-
aining to
, shutters,
;d kittens,
?hicii were
ops. The
ilone sp'A«o
kutli from
officer was

tlie troops
e iiiflucnco
huuled in

\e French,
we moved
»t Division
,i,t, (Seneral
ch diverged
jhtiuig, with

rcidiso tho

10 porfornied

x'Y piirtsliad

liii struiigling

Ira verso i'our

ind, advMi\ced

|( cannonaded

Tho Tartur

cavalry came out in great numbers to meet Napier, who opened on them
with Armstrong guns. At first tho Tartars seemed puzzled, but not dis-
turbed ; presently, seeing they were losing men, they rapidly extended,
and in a few minutes the 2nd Division stood enveloped in a grand circle
of horsemen, advancing from all points towards the centre. Napier's in-
fantry were speedily deployed, his cavalry let loose, and artillery kept
going ; and though tlio heavy ground was rendered more difficult for our
cavalry by ditches broad and deep, whoso passages were known to tho
enemy alone, yet, within a (juarter of an hour of their advance, tho Tartar
force was everywhere in retreat. Not, however, till a body of their horse-
men, whicli had charged Sterling's battery, had been gallantly met and
beaten by a party of Fane's Horse, inferior in nambor, under Lieutenant
Macgregor, who was severely wounded,

Tho Allied left then advanced along the causeway, and occupied tho
lines of tho intrenchments about Senho, which tho enemy deserted on the
success of our right.

Amongst some papers found after tho action, was a copy of a report
from tiie Tartar General San-ko-lin-tzin to tho Emperor, setting forth
that the physical difficulties in tho way of our landing at Fehtang, and
of advancing thence across a country which never is dry, rendered it
unneeoss try to dispute our disembarkation on that river ; and even if a,
landing shou' 1 bo effected, and our troops could bo got under weigh, the
general considered that nothing would bo easier than to destroy us with
his hordes of cavalry, so soon as wo got entangled in tho marshes.

At Senho tho Allied forces rested their right on tho Peiho river. Tho
Taku Flirts are about si.K miles lower down. Mid-way between Senho and
tho northernmost or nearest fort on tho left bank, stands the town of
Tungkoo, surrounded by a very hmg intrenchment, consisting of a for-
midable rampart and a parapet, covered in all its length by a double wot
dit<h.

(Jenoral do Montauban proposed to attack thi-< town the afternoon wo
reached Seidio, but Sir Hope (Jrant would not consent to do so until ho
had nc(iuired some knowledge of tho position.

Tho French Oommander-in-Chief llicri'on tletermined to take the plnoo
at once without the aid ol' our troops, Tiio French troops were led along
tho causeway eomnmnicaling between Senho and Tungkoo, wiiieh
appeared to bo the only moans of approach ; but so considerable a lire was
developed from the ramparts as to deter our Allies IVoni attempting a
('o(//»-(/(-Hnn"«, and they returned to camp after oannonuding tho place for
half an hour.

OYOLOPiEriA or THE

p.aa.Hy ai •i""'^''' . TUe MUM W f"'J "°\i„u tl,o enemy,
^ovk« a quarter ot a ^^^^^^ ^^ . ^^ ^^^^^p

b, very nmuoro.s and ^^ ^^^^^^ ^.^^^^,.

r""- ■ „„„tem*tion to all"* *«. »"* JpdK ami " bviaRO
It w»» in contemp . „ „„cl, .,dc ot t]'^ ' ^^ „

>neo»ly. V.IU a_f;-2 itxuctWn ae>« t'r.'!!!' :a overland

It w.» in »»"7"' . ■^.n.tinK on oaol. .\de o. ™« ' "■- j„j „

.„„eon,ly. V.IU "J^^X :,-'"" "« f rrX tn °d overland
^T "l-bW" 1^ V,rid:,e, .avo boat., W U^Ko », .,^' ,,^ ,„,„ „t
„11 Ibe ,uale.ial« ^^jj „„t ^ rarad. ' , „,„t open

ton. l'oMa"R. "» IP " «,ee, Qenov.l Nap.er I'"* J^'\,„ „,„ „,„,le.
„o.t laboviou, •■«"""■ rXeouU 1« "«*"' ''* '"' 'l; be inundated

::„:;v«:i..*-'';;rLrr.; n'l^.r.ed.n^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

at ecv.ai" V»l"'' ™,;' ^ „„inRoblalned l-^; '.l,,, i„ one

on tbe n"''\'''Xr ,: tbo li>.b, "«»'» -",•;'":' "Ju,,, U. an.ander-in-
pleket toward, ll.<" ; ,,„„ o,„„,,leted, and I r ,„t

lu^bt lire v.«.;»»;^ ;,,,,,, „wm.ii.oi;-'^--^:^,^^

Ibrt. SeeinS all "bntaelc ^^^^ ^_,,,, ,„,„,ne, a.

or-' '•"""'. i;x:: ■ bo i'r«"* «; '."t' :t: o--"' ""•"

tUo couHlvucUou ol UvUcno ,

BATTLES or THE WORLD.

a\\ cap-
of artil-
L by our
l?rencln
s, aa tbe
tUc field-
ic enewy,
hcBviUsb
vAtcrcd tbe
ir eutry at

to its camp
in reserve,

.raging-

9, intcv»ccted
into tlio saU-

y^ forta aimiil-
and a bridge
'enbo. Butus
veycd overland

Uo-y ^^■"^^'^

vovcd tluit oiicn
,„ tlio coiupi^-
, tbc inuud.vtod

. cvo>^si».4-rV'^«^'f

LuodiaU. attack •
L to tbi'ov? out a
U it, tlvat in one
I, Comu»andov-m-
Llsoftlvcu.'avcst
. *-;ir lli'PO
„,^a vutvusl^'d Ua
. ,.ry av.vH. to tin,

ut O.u''^"^ T\
L of tiu, '^O*^^ °
L tbo uirv north

fort at daylight of the 21st August. The fire of thirty^one pieces of British
and six of French ordnance gradually subdued the enemy's artillery ;
their magazine was exploded by one of our shells ; shortly before, that of
the further north fort, which supported it, was blown up by a fhell from
one of the gunboats, which were rendering such assistance as they could
give at a range of two thousand yards, the distance imposed by the stakes
and booms which were laid across the river. On the advance of the infantry,
the French crossed the ditches, upon scaling-ladders laid flat. ( )ur
engineers, who trusted to pontoons, were less (successful, and the French
had reared their ladders against the ramparts lor a (juartcr of an hour,
before our infantry, some by swimming and scrambling, others by follow-
ing the French, had .struggled across the ditches and reached the boriuc.
But so active was the defence that no French soldiergotinto the place by
the ladders, though several brave men mounted thom ; an entrance was
eveuiually made by both forces at the same time through embrasures,
which were reached by steps hewn out of the earthen rampart with axes,
bayonets, and swords.

"When the attack was delivered General de 3Iontauban was absent fi'om
the field, the French army being represented by General Collineau and
his brigade.

It had been intended to breach the rampart near the gate, and so secure
an entrance to the fort actually taken by assault; but our gallant Com-
mander-in-Chief became impatient of the process, and the more siterdy
means of escalade was resorted to, it is highly probable that the rapidity
of our success, and tho tremendous loss inflicted on the garrison of the
first fort, who had no time for eseape in any large nnmbi'rs, conduceil to
the surrender of the second fort and to the prompt alii)n<lonment of the
position. Our loss amounted to two Imndred and three Uritisli killed and
wounded; tho French loss was somewhat less. That of the Tartars was
estimated at two thousand i.ien, largo numbers of whom became inniates
of our hospitals.

The attack was gallant, so was the defence, and the success was perfii't.
Tho onciiiy immediately surrendered tlie further northern fort into our
hands, with two thousand prisoners; and before the evening the eiitiro
position on the Peilio, covering an area ofsix sipiare miles, and containing
upwards of si,\ hundred guns, was iibMndoiud by itsdt'l'enders.

Tlie attack on the forts had only been deferred nnlil provisions and
nnmitionH of war could bo drawn from I'ehtang, wliieh we liad f|nitlod on
tho 12tlj August, in as light marching order as possible. Since our arrival

i I

III

CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE

at Senho, our tents, packs, kits, ammunition, and baggage, had gradually
been brought through the mud to the front as speedily ,as the limited
means of transport would permit, but in the process many of the beasts of
burden perished. The state of the country would alone account for this ;
but further, as none of the commissariat waggons were at this time disem-
barked, it was necessary that everything should be carried upon the backs
of transport animals, many of which having just landed from Manilla,
Japan, and Bombay in sorry condition, were quite unfit for this service.
At this juncture the Chinese Coolie Corps, composed of men recruited at
Canton, became the only reliable means of transport. They were very hard
worked, but they performed their duty very cheerfully and well.

From the first landing at Pehtang until after the capture of the forts,
the arr ly was entirely dependent on sea-borne provisions, brought from
the fleet in gunboats and carried across from Pehtang ; fresh meat rations
were therefore rare. No sooner were the forts surrendered than the
Chinese peasantry hastened to establish markets ; and fruit, poultry, eggs
and sheep were offered for sale in profusion, at such moderate prices, that
on the march from Tungkoo to Tientsin, spatchcock fowls, savoury ome-
letes, and stewed peaches became the staple food of the British soldier.
On the 22nd of August, the day after the forts were captured. Admiral
Hope, with a squadron of gunboats, had pushed up the Peiho river to
Tientsin. Ho met with no opposition, and the townspeople threw them-
selves at his feet. The Ambassador, Commander-in-Chief, and a portion
of our troops, speedily followed in gunboats ; the remainder of the force
by land, so soon as transport could be organized. The last of our regi-
ments reached Tientsin, distant thirty-five miles from Taku, on the 5th
of September.

A convention for the cessation of hostilities was to be signed on the 7th,
and ground was actually taken for a review of all the troops, which was
to bo held for the edification of the Commissioners, after they should have
signed the treaty.

Suddenly the sky darkened; it was ascertained that " Kwoiliang" and
his brother Commissioners were not armed with the powers they asserted,
and ultimately, instead of parading on the 8th in holiday pageant, a por-
tion of our forces began that day the march towards Pckin. The Am-
bassailorH loft next day, in company with tlie Commandorb-in-Chief; the
forces were advanced as far as carriage could be procured; but the means
of the commissariat were insufficient to move the whole army to such a
dintanco, and to carry the necessary supplies. The draught cattle fur-

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

gradually
3 limited
beasts of
for this ;
ue disem-
the backs
. Manilla,
is service,
icruited at
I very hard
11.

' the forts,
ught from
eat rations
than the
lultry, eggs
prices, that
voury ome-
ish soldier,
d. Admiral
|ho river to
lirew thom-
d a portion
if the force
if our regi-
on the 5th

I on the 7th,
[which was
Ihould have

|linng" and
\y asserted,
^ant, a por-
Tho Am-
]lnef; the
the means
to such a
Icnttlo fur-

nished by the mandarins at Tientsin were spirited away at the first halting
place, and the 2nd division of the British army, which was to hare
brought up the rear, had to devote its carriage to the assistance of the 1st
division, and remain behind.

In this emergency the commissariat would have had the greatest diffi.
culty in feeding the troops in tho front, but for the measures taken by
Sir Robert Napier, who remained in command at Tientsin. By inducing
persistent efforts to push boats up the river Peiho, which runs parallel to
the road nearly up to Pekiu, but which had been pronounced unnavigable
by even the smallest craft, and by laying embargo on the truflBc of Tient-
sin, General Napier procured, and with tho aid of the navy organised,
large means of water transport, which afforded invaluable assistance.

As the Ambassadors advanced they were met by letters announcing
the appointment of " Tsai Prince of Ee" as Chief Commissioner to con-
clude negotiations in lieu of Kwciliang, who was pronounced to have
proved himself incompetent ; and on the 14th September, IMcssrs. Parkes
and Wade held a conference with the Commissioners at Tung-chow,
whereat, all preliminaries being settled, a letter was written to Lord
Elgin acceding in terms to all his demands.

It was arranged that Lord Elgin was to meet the Commissioners in
the wallod city of Tung-chow, eight miles short of Pekin, where he would
sign the convention, under escort of 1000 men ; and that he should
immediately afterwards proceed to Pekin, there to exchange ratifications
of the Treaty of Tientsin (1858), under similar protection. Our armies
meanwhile were to encamp four miles below Tung-el" .7

Notliing remained but to settle details, and tako up suitable (juarters
for Lord l^'lgin at Tung-chow. For this purpose Mr. Parkes, accom-
panied by Messrs. Loch (private secretary), De Norman (attached to
Shanghai mission), and Bowlby (^Times' correspondent), with an escort
of Fane's Horse, under Lieut. Anderson, went out on the 17th. Lieut-
Colonel Bcauclianip Walker accompanied tho party, for the purpose of
inspecting tho ground designated by tho Chinese for our encampment,
and Mr. Thompson (Commissariat^ was sent to guago the capabilities of
8up[ily of tho city of Tung-chow.

On arrival they were well received ; but in discussing affairs they wore
surprised to find objections raised on several points to which the Chinese
Commissioners had before consented. However, after a discussion of five
or six hours, the Chinese negociators gave way ; and having arranged
details, our party slept that uight in tho city, tho guests of tlio Commis-
sionera.

100

CYCLOPEDIA OP THE

Next morning Colonel Walker, accompanied by JVfessrs. Pnrkes and
Loch, and attended by a Chinese officer deputed by the Commissioners,
proceeded to examine the ground on which the British army was to be
encamped, leaving the larger part of the escort at Tungchow, where
Messrs. Bowlby and De Norman also remained, pending the return of
Parkes and Loch, who had yet to find a suitable residence for Lord Elgin
within the walls of Tung-chow. On the way out, the party found the
Tartar army in hurried movement in the direction of our forces, and on
reaching the ground proposed for encampment, discovered it to be entirely
commanded by the position which the Tartar forces, supported b^ a
numerous artillery, were then taking up.

Seeing this, Parkes turned round and rode back to Tung-chow to
demand a cessation of these hostile movements. Loch went on into the
British camp with a couple of men to report progress, whilst Col. Walker,
Thompson, and half-a-dozen dragoons, remained in the Tartar position, at
Parkes's request, until he should return. Having reported progress to
the Commander-in-Chief, whom he met advancing, about a mile from the
Tartar position, Loch returned towards the Tartars, accompanied by
Captain Brabazon, R. A., with orders to Parkes to come back at once.

Mr. Parkes, on reaching Tung-choW, was rudely received b^ the Prince
of Ee, iind was told that until the questions to which objections had been
made the day previous had been satisfactorily determined, peace could
not exist. Thereupon Parkes, with Bowlby, De Norman, and all our
people, loft Tung-chow for the British camp. Midway they met Loch
and Brabazon, who turned homewards with them, and all went on
together, preceded by a flag of truce.

Before they came in sight of Colonel Walker and his few men, Tartar
cavalry, blowing their matches, and making other iiostilc gestures, came
galloping along the high bank on either side of our people, who were in
a hollow way. Presently the party was summoned to halt; being sur-
rounded, and i} aorant of the ground, it was doomed advisable to comply,
both to insist on the sanctity of the flag of true, and to gain an opportunity
of discovering the best way out of their uncomfortable position. The
Tartar oilicor in command civilly told thorn, that as firing had com-
menced, he was unable to let them pass, without orders from his General,
to whose presence he would conduct IMr. Parkes. Parkes, Loch, and one
Sikh rode away with the officer. Suddenly turning the angle of a field
of maze, they found thoinsolves in the midst of a mob of infantry, whoso
uplifted weapons their guide with difficulty put aside. Further on stood

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

101

arkes and
missioners,
r was to be
ow, where

return of
Lord Elgin

found the
CCS, and on

be entirely
)orted bf a

iing-chow to
on into the
:;ol. Walker,
• position, at
. progress to
iiilc from the
nupanied by
;k at once,
bj the Prince
ons had been
peace could
and all our
iy met Loch
all went on

men, Tartar
2sturo,s, came
who were in
being sur-
)\c to comply,
^^ opportunity
Isition. The
ling had com-
his General,
Loch, and one
ic-lc of a field
kaiitry, whoso
Ither on stood

San-ko-lin-tzin, the Tartar General, of whom Parkes demanded a free
passage. He was" answered with derision ; and, after a brief parley, in
which San ko-lin-tzin upbraided Parkes as the cause of all the disasters
which had befallen the empire, at a sign from the General our men were
tossed of from their horses, their faces rubbed in the dust, and their hands
tied behind them, and so, painfully bound, were placed upon carts, and
taken to Pekin. Orders, were, at the same time, sent to capture the escort,
which had been already surrounded by ever increasing numbers. Some
of the troopers suggested the propriety of cutting their way through, but
Anderson replied it M'ould compromise the others, and refused to do what
his gallant heart desired.

Soon, however, the whole party was disarmed, and taken to Pekin on
their horses without dishonor. Next day they were removed to the
Summer Palace of Yuen-Ming-Yuen, where they were severally bound.
Their hands and feet tied together behind their backs, they were thrown on
their chests, and kept in the open air exposed to the cold at night, and
the still considerable heat by day, without food or water, for three days
and nights. From the first their bonds were wetted to tighten them, and
if they attempted to turn or move to rest themselves, they were cruelly
kicked and beaten. On the third day poor .Anderson's fingers and nails
burst from the pressure of the cords, which were not even then relaxed.
The wrist bones became visible, and mortification ensued; the victim
became delirious, and thus mercifully made unconscious of the horror of
his position, this gallant soldier died. During his sufferings his men made
efibrts to approach him and to gnaw his cords, but th6y were savagely
kicked away by his inhuman jailers. The condition of the survivors was
only ameliorated, aft I'r the lapse of three days, by the bonds on their
hands and feet being exchanged for heavy chains and irons, liut, from
this time, they were regularly, though most scantily and miserably, fed.

Poor liowlby died the fil'th day, in the same way as Anderson, then
Do Norman and several of the men. All appear to have kept i\oble
hearts, and to have cheered and encouraged each other, but no less than
thirteen sank under the horrors of this captivity. Brabazon and a
French Abbe, who wore taken with the escort, were, still unbound, seen
to leave the party, on the way to Pekin, saying they were going to the
Chinese Commander-in-Chief to procure the release of their companions.
Their mdurnfu! late was, we rejoice to know, less horrible. Tlioy wore
beheaded, by order of a Chinese General, on the 2lst September, in
rovongo for u wound he had received during the action of the day; but

102

CYCLOPEDIA OP THE

R i'

their bodies being then thrown into the canal, were unhappily never
recovered.

Parkes, Loch, and their Sikh orderly, had been taken off straight to
Pekin, and never saw anything of the rest of their party. Parkes was
known by sight and reputation, and his position and that of Loch was,
in a manner, recognised. Their cords were unbound after eight hours,
when they were heavily ironed, separated from each other, and each put
into ward with sixty prisoners — murderers and felons of the first class —
with whom they ate and slept and lived. By day they were allowed to
move about in their wards ; at night their chains were fastened to staples
in the prison roof. They represent their fellow prisoners to have behaved
uniformly with kindness towards them, sharing with them any little
comforts they possessed, and carrying their chains when they moved.
But they were treated with extreme rigour, and their allowance of food
was scanty.

After the 29th September a change of treatment was adopted. Parkes
and Loch were taken from prison, and confined together in a temple,
where they were treated with every consideration. Their dinner was
furnished by the Very of Pckin, and mandarins visited them, bringing
little presents of fruit. During this time the diplomatists were trying to
turn Parkes to political account. They wrote to Lord Elgin to say that
the prisoners then in Pekin were very well, and that the basis of a treaty
was being arranged with Mr. Parkes, which would no doubt be satisfactory
to all parties. And thus matters wont on until the joyful day came of
the prisoners' release.

The firing spoken of as the immediate cause of the detention of our
people, began thus : Colonel Walker and his party had been left in the
lines of the Tartars, who were at first rudely good-humoured, as ho moved
about and observed how completely the guns, now in position behind a
ridge of sandhills, covered the ground allotted by the Commissioners for
the encampment of our forces. Suddenly Walker's attention was attracted
by a cry uttered close to him. He saw a French ofiicer who had come
out of Tuug-chow during the morning, and had attached himself to the
English, in the act of being cut down and pulled ofi" liis horse by a
party of soldiers. Walker rode up to him, and catching liold of his hand,
essayed to drug him away. A mob closed round Walker ; some attempted
to lift him off liis horse ; whilst others, taking advantage of his right
hand being engaged, canted his sword out of its scabbard and made off.
A mortal blow was dealt to the poor Frenchman ; swords were drawn on

■[M^SSKk

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

103

all sides ; and Walker calling on his men to put spurs and ride, galloped
for his life towards our troops, now drawn up within sight, about half a
mile away. The party was pursued by cavalry, and fired on by Tartar
infantry and guns in succession ; but they reached our lines alive, with
one horse severely, and two men slightly, wounded.

An immediate advance was made by the Allied forces ; the enemy were
speedily driven from their guns, and their cavalry was swept away by
successive charges of our horse. All their guns, seventy-five in number,
their camps, and quantities of arms, were captured by our troops, who
occupied for, the night the walled town of Cliau-kya-wan, which gave its
name to the battle. That place is twelve miles from Pekiu, in a direct
line, and four from Tung-chow, which is the port of Pekiu on the Peiho;
and lies to the right of the direct road from Tientsin.

But the victory did not lead, as we had fondly hoped, to the immediate
recovery of the prisoners, victims of treachery so dark as to have been
unsuspected even by the experienced and wary Parkes. The night before
the foul plot was carried out, the Prince of Eo had cntertaiued our people
at dinner, and, smiling, had bidden them adieu. An officer, deputed by
the Prince, attended the p,arty in the morning, and it was perhaps not
unnatural for Parkes to believe that he could induce the Prince to
countermand the movement of ti-oops which ho then saw, and which he
supposed to be unknox^n to the High Cduimissioncr. The Prince's
reception of Parkes, of course, dispelled this expectation, and no time
was lost in returning to camp. Even then there was no aiipearance of
immediate danger to the party, unless from possible excitement of the
rude soldiery through whom they had to pass; for both Cliinosc and
Tartars had up to this time invariably shown the fullest conf.iioiice in the
protection of flags of truce, under which officers had freijuontly passed
between the Allied and Chinese camps during the war then waging.

The soldiers, however, possessed that reverence for the emblem of peace
which animates most other savages; and it was at the hands of San-ko-
lin-tzin, the commander-in-Chief of the Chinese army, and the apostle of
competitive examination, that the Chinese Governniont was degraded to
the last degree by the deliberate violation of a flag of truce, and by the
capture of the heralds whom it should have shielded.

Having ascertained that a considerable force of Tartars was encamped
between Tung-chow and Pckin, Sir Hope Grant advanced on the 2lHt
September to attack their position. Again the Tartars wore compbtely
beaten, their camps and guns all captured, and great loss inflicted on the

IHl Tll l l l i mW i

'1 i

)

ill
1 1

;, i
1

104

CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE

enemy by our cavalry. The King's Dragoon Guards made a c.ipita
charge ; and a squadron of Fane's horse, under Lieutenant Cattley,
attached for the day to the French, after driving the enemy into a village,
galloped quickly round it, and falling on the enemy's flank, as he emerged
on the other t«ido, inflicted signal punishment. The number of Tartar
troops on or about the field this day is estimated at 80,000 men, of whom
30.000 were actually engaged. The allied forces numbered G200 — viz.,
English, 3200 of all arms, and fifteen guns ; and French, 3000, with
twelve guns.

The action of Pa-li-chow left us in possession of the important strategic
point called the Pa-li bridge, whereby the paved causeway from Tung-
chow to I'ekin crosses the canal constructed between those places. It
fnrther gave us the line of the canal on which the enemy had rested, and
left the approach to Pekin open ♦o our troops.

Our success was immediately followed l)y a letter from the Princo
Kuung. bnither of the Emperor, and heir to the throne, announcing to
the Ambassadors that he had been appointed, with full powers, to conclude
a peace, in the rconi of Prince T.^ai.

After the light of the ISth, Sir Hope Grant had sent an express to
summon General Napier, with as much of the 2nd division as could bo
spared from Tientsin. The General had already succeeded in procuring
from the Chinese authorities carriage for his troops, which the Commis-
sariat was unable to fnmisli. The order I'onnd them ready to move, and
General Napier reached headijuarters on the 24th, having marched seventy
ni'les in sixty hours, with a supply of amnnniition, whic!i was much
rei|uired. escorted by a company of Uruwnlow's light-footed I'unjabees.

The army halti'd in the position it had won until siege guns had .arrived
by water from Tientsin ; fourteen days' snp|ily had been brought \i[i tlio
river, and all available troops had biien eolleeted. The I'orce in front was
strengthened by all the infantry of the garrison of Tientsin, which was
replaced ]iy thelDth J'uiijali Infantry from Tahlien Pay, and bynnirines,
whom the Admiral landrd from tlie ilei't.

Ailvaiieing from Pii 11 on the (Itli October, the Pritish took up position
on the itortliern road IcMding from the gates ol' J'ekin to Tartary, without
falling in with any ol'tlio enemy, o.\cept a picket, whieli retired with pro-
eipitatioii. The I'leneh who were to iiave operr' -d on the left between
our Hank and IVkin, marclu'd, through some nu.-innderstamling, across
our rear, and took possession ol' the imperi;!! palace of Yuen niing-Vueii,
"the Fountain of . Summer," six miles to the North of IVkin, and four

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

105

a capita
Cuttley,
a village,
emerged
f Tartar
of whom
)0— viz.,
)00, with

; strategic
m Tung-
liiccs. It
;sted, and

10 Priiico
)unciiig to
3 conclude

express to
I emild bo
priH'uring
Couimis-
move, and
|od seventy
ivas much
njaliiM's.
i>d arrived
Jil uii tho
I'nint was
which was
iiy mariuos,

l\)|i position
I'Y, without
]l with pro-
I't hotweoii
ling, across
irmg-Vui'ii,
\, and I'tiur

miles away to our right. We heard nothing of them all night; nut Sir
Hope Grant found them the next morning, wlicn arrangements were
made for the division between the two forces of the treasures which the
palace contained. But in the absence of any British troops the arrange-
ments broke through, and our prize agents, finding tho principal valuables
appropriated by tlic French, abandoned their functions. Thereupon on
the 8th indiscriminate plunder was allowed ; but as of the British ii few
oflScers only had access to the palace, and none of the men, our officers
were ultimately desired to give up uU they had brought away, and the
property they had collected was ultimately sold by auction ibr the boucfit
of tho troops actually present in the field before I'ekin.

A most spirited sale ensued of china, enamels, jade, furs, silk, &c.,
which realised £5000 ; and this sum, added to the amount of gold and
silver bullion which 1' "1 been brought in, enabled the prize agents at
once to make a distriiji.iion amongst tho troops, ranging from £\i for u
private soldier, to £G0 for a first-class field ofiicor. All our generals sur-
rendered their shares to the troops. The nrrangeniont made was perhaps
tlie fairest that could bo arrived at under the actual circumstances of tho
time ; but of a booty worth at least a million of money, belonging to tho
imperial crown — tiierei'oro prize of the fairest character — the British troops
have profited only to the amount of ,£25,000. Tiie balance has gone to ♦ho
French, who take tho broadest view of the question of halves, or to tho
Chinese peasantry, who jilundered as they pleased, after tho departure of
the French, on t!ie third day (if occupation.

On tiie 8th October, the first-fruits of our advance on I'ekin were
realised, in tho surrender to us, by the Chinese, of ^Messrs. I'arkes and
Loch, ami the fSikli orderly who had been taken with them. A French
savant and three men were given up at the siime time. Our poitr follows
looked wonderfully well; but M. d'Kscayrae's hands wore still cnntorted
by the prosurc to which they had been subjeeteil during the twenty hours
iu which ho was bound. The delivery of prisoners was the direct result
of an intimation sent to tho Chinese, on the 7th October, that unless nil
tilt' prisdiiors still in their hands were dvUvered up immediati'ly, a gate of
the city placed in our pos.Hession without oppusil ion, and eompetent persons
deputed li> eonelude a peace, l*ckin would be taken by assault ; lint if
all the prisoners wcrr given up, our troops would not be Mllowe<l to enter
the city, and tho lives and property of tlie inhabitants should benspccted.

Siitnrdtiy. the \',]\\\ October, at noun, was the jicriod iix(>d on fur com-
pliance with uur demands. Bel'ore the time elapsed, eleven of our 8ikli

I (

106

CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE

horsemen who had been prisoners, were delivered up alive, and tbo
remains of all who had perished (save poor Brabazon and the Abbd),
were received in coffins. On the 17th they were buried in the Russian
cemetery, with all the honour and solenmity that could be paid. The
Ambassadors of England, France, and Russia, the Commanders-in-Chief,
and the allied officers not on duty, attended. The Roman Catholic and
Greek prelates showed, by their presence, generous sympathy in the
untimely fate of our countrymen.

But as the complete fulfilment of the demands was still uncertain, bat-
teries were erected against the city wall at a distance of 150 yards, by
the British and French respectively, and arrangements were made for
opening fire at noon of the 13th, if the gate was not by that time given
up. Every one agreed in hoping that tliousands of inoft'onsive people
might be spared the misery of an assault ; but the 2nd Division must
have felt something like a pang when, at the appointed hour, they saw
their General ride with an escort through the gate, and found, by the
diffplay of the ensign from its top, that the Tartars had surrendered to us
the command of the Imperial city.

Yes, wo were there, masters of the capital of China — at the very end
of the map of the world — at the point which nppt'ars to schoolboy
minds the limit of creation. We held the ma.ssivc four-storiod keu[) which
frowns liko a line-c -battle ship above the Gate of Peace ; our troops and
field artillery were actually on the walls which connnanded the whole of
the inlt'rior of the city, and tlicy could move to any point along tho fifty
foot road which tho suniiiiii of the wall prosoiits. The walls and gates
adjoining, fogother with some few larger doublo-storled buildinj;s, wore
tho only objects visible from our po.sition varying the universal dun-colour
of the city houses and enlosing walls. The broad street which loads from
our gafo into tho oily was packed with a donsi; crowd, anxious to make
out tho foroignors, and indulging in sonorous " Ki Yaws" at ovory novelty
which mot their wondering eyes. Khictrified indeed wore tho Colosti.ils
when tho bands of a French rogiinent, ami of our (JTth and OOlh, struck
up within tho gateway, ami guards presented their clanging arms as tlio
(lonenils rode by; but tho cllninx was roaoheil when Deshorongh's guns
wore spurted up tho stoop stono ramps whieh load from the lia.so to tho
flummit oi' the wall, lii'ty foot in height, drawn by six horses of fabulou.s
stature, and driven by the torriblo barbarians who ent their enomios.

Th<» surrender was carried out in good faith; hut tho appoannico nn
tho walls of guns of heavy calibre, eviilontly reoontly moved into poHi-

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

107

and the
10 Abbd),
3 Russiiin
lid. The
!-in-Chief,
tholio and
ly in the

rtain, bat-
yards, by
luado for
time given
sivc people
isioii must
, they saw
ud, by the
lerod to us

lO vovy end
sclioolboy
vcrp which
troops and
wliulo of
v^ the lifty
and gates
linns, wcro
iliiM-Cdlonr
'calls from
IS ti) make
•ry novelty
« Ci'Wdalrt
bill, struck
lirnis as the
In^li's gnnn
Laso to the
III' I'abuloUHi
[icniit's.
•avance on
into posi-

tions whence our batteries were observed, spoke either of divided counsels
or of tardy resignation on the part of our enemies.

Still our success was insufficient. No retribution had been exacted
for the violation of the flag of truce, and for the murder of our country-
men, and no one seemed to feel certain whether a treaty was to be obtained
or not. It was useless to demand the surrender of the persons who had
instigated the barbarous treatment of the prisoners, for they were known
to be very near the person of the Emperor, and there was therefore no
chance of our getting the real offenders. An atonement in money, for
the iniquities perpetrated, though repugnant to our feelings, appeared to
be the only kind of demand with which the Chinese Government, humili-
ated and beaten as it was, could be expected to comply. Tlie readiest
means of obtaining a treaty was obviously to remain at Pekin until wo
got it ; but the French Commander refused positively to detain his troops
at the capital after the 1st November, and the English (Jeneral waa
greatly indisposed to incur the risk of keeping his force there through the
winter, in the absence of complete and timely arrangements for provlsion-
ment, which it was considered the advanced period of the season rendered
impracticable.

Accordingly, on the 18th October, an ultimatum was addressed by the
plenipotentiaries to Trinco Koung, rci|uiring him to reply by tlie morning
of the 20th, whether, after paying, as a necessary preliminary to further
negotiations, a sum of money in atonement for the murders committed, ho
would on an early day sign the convention already agreed upon? His
Excellency was told that the Summer Palace, which had been partially
plundered before the fate of tlio prisoners was known, wonlil now bo
entirely destroyeil, that its ruins might present a lasting mark of the
abhorrence of tlio Uritisli (Jovernment at the violation of the law of
nations which had been oominittod. He was also told, that in case of
refusal to comply with the demands now made, the Imperial Palace of
Pekin would he captured, [Sundered am' bnrneil.

In snjjport of the ultimatum, the 1st Division of the Hritish force, with
cavalry, proceeded on the li^th and lOtli to e(nnplete tlie plunder and
destruction of the Slimmer Palaoo, whose smoke, driven liy the northerly
wind, hung over Pekin, whilst its ashes were wafted into the very streets
of the oipital. The Kreiieh declined to take any p'lrt in this aet of
punishment -llrst, heeiuse tlu^y thought tliii puaee had alreidy been
destroyed on tlieir quitting it; and further, they feared that this demon-
stration would frigliten the Chinoso out of all iiopo of making any treaty
nt all. ,

iii,3-#^

I
'I

108

CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE

The result showed that not one-fourth of the Imperial pavilions which
constitute the Summer Palace had been even visited in the first instance,
much less burned ; and great booty was acquired by the troops employed
as well as by the members of the embassy, navy, and staff, who were
able to acconipany the force. And so salutary was the effect produced
on the advisers of the Imperial crown, that a letter acceding to all dcmanda
was received at daylight on the 20th, to the renewed disappointment of
the 2nd Division, who again were under arms for the assault.

On the 22nd, the atonement-monoy, amounting to £100,000, was paid j
and on the 2-lth, her Majesty's Plenipotentiary, accompanied by the Com-
mander-in-Chief, and escorted by a division of the army, entered in stato
and triumph the gates of the dim, mysterious city. The Ambassador was
received by a deputation of Mandarins, who accompanied Lord Elgin to
the hall, three miles distant, at tlie far side of the Tartar city, where the
Prince Koung, surrounded by the principal officers of state, awaited his
arrival.

At live o'clock that afternoon, ratifications of the treaty of 1858 wore
duly exchanged by the ropreseiitatives of the sovereigns, and a conven-
tion signed, which, commencing with a recital of the Emperor's regret at
the oeenrrences at the Peilio Forts in 1858, declares Tientsin a IVee port,
and thereby opens the Peiho to within seventy miles of Pekin I'or tho
traffic of the world. The provisions of tho convention permit free emi-
gration of Chinese, with their wives and families, to all parts of tho
world, and transfer a territory at Cowlonn, opposite lloiig Kong, where
our trooi)s were encamped in 18t)(l, to the J^ritish Crown. An indiannity
of three millions sterling to the IJritish is guaranteed; and sli|mlation is
made for the esinblishmcnt of a IJritish force at Tientsin, until tho terms
aio fullilled, A portion of the indemnity is to bo paid lUst. i)eeend)er,
l8(lll, whereon Chusan is to be evacuated by the Ihiglish and French
troops. iUil no provision is matle for tl'e evacuation of Canton, to which
tho French are at present understood to bo disinclint'd to agree. Tho
remainder of tho indemnity is to bo paid by periodical instaluients of
ont'-liflli of the gross revenue of the enstoms of China.

After signing the convention, Lord lOlgin expressed a hope that tho
treaty would inaugurate friendly relations between the powers. Prinoo
Koung replied that ho himself had boon about to utter tlio sanio words;
and aeknowli'dging tlnit foreign affairs iwul hitiierto l)eon greatly mis-
managed, observed, that as their ailministration wasnow exeln^ivi'ly placed
in his hands, he had uo doubt their future mainigement would be moro
satiiiluulory.

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

109

ilions which
rst instance,
ps employed
ff, who were
:ct produced
) all dcuiands
poiiitmcut of
It.

00, W119 paid ;
1 by the Coiu-
tered in state
iibassador was
jord El;j;in to
ity, where the
0, awaited his

of lsr)R were
and ii conven-
ror's regret at
lin a free port,
IV'kin for tho
nnit free eini-
purts of tho
Kong, whoro
An indemnity
sli|iulation is
mtil tlic terms
bit, l)i'cend)er,
I a\ul French
iiton,to which
) ngrec. Tlie
nstaliiieutH of

JKipo that tho

|.\vrr.-*, i'lineu

li- san\o words ;

li\ gnatly mis-

Uisivi'ly \ilaeed

kould bo more

T>he Franco-Cliincse treaty was ratified by Baron Gros and the Prince
Koung on the following day.

CINTRA, CONVENTION OF.— This disgraceful convention was
concluded b tweenthe British army, under Sir Hew Dalrymple and the
French under Marshal Junot. The latter were allowed to evacuate For.
tugal and to be carried home to France in British ships, taking with them
their ill-got gain ; signed the day of the battle of Vimeira, August 22nd,
1808.

CITATE.— Fought 5th January, 185-i, between Omar Pacha and
tho Turks, on the one side, and the Russians on the other.

" The army to which was allotted the first active operation was that
comnKindiMl by General Fishback, with Generals Engelliardt and licUe-
garde under liis orders. Tliis force was to occupy the extreme west of
the JluHsian line of attack, and to drive tho Turks from thcMr position at
Kalafat. By the time, however, that Fishback had reached (;itate, a vil-
lage within a few miles of his destination, he discovered that his furco
of about 15,000 men was inade(iuato to dislodge an ecjual number,
strongly intrenched, and in unimpeded communication with Wiildin, on
the opposite side of the river, whence considerable supplies of men and
ammunition could doubtless be obtained, lie resolved, therefore, to
postpone the assault until the 13th of .January (the Russian New Year's
day), by which time ho would bo in possession of tho re(|uisito reinforco-
monts, which he anticipated would raise his force to 45,000 men. Aoh-
mct and Ismail Pachas, who connnanded the ijfarrison at Kalafat. were
well aware of the plans of the Russian connnander, and determined to
forestall his action. At daybreak, on tho Gth of January, they sallied
from the town with fifteen field pieces, 10,000 regular infantry, 40(10
cavalry, and 1000 of the irregular troops, known as Baslii Bizouks,
Three thousand men fnun the garrison at Widilin crossed tlie river to
defend Kalafat from surprise ; and at Moglovitz, between that town and
Citate, a similar number were detached us a reserve. About nine o'clock
the Turks reacheil Citate, and opened a side fire upon the village, whilo
the infantry vigorously eharge(l in froat. After three hours of sangui-
nary street fighting, the nature of llie ground forbidding organized mili-
tary eomhinations, the Russians retreated t(» tho works tliey had .thrown
uj) beyond the village. The Turkish iield-pieeos were now brought to
bear \ipnn the intreiichmenls, and several vigorous assatdts were made and
as bravely repulsed. In tho midst oftli' confiiet, u large body of Uussiuu

110

CYCLOPEDIA OP THE

'i I

reinforcements arrived, and the Turks, who occupied the gardens* and
orchards round the village, were exposed to an energetic assault in tlieir
rear. Nothing daunted, and favoured by their position, the Ottomans
fought nobly, and succeeded in routing the newly-arrived reinforcement
of th" enemy, just as Ismail Pacha appeared upon the scene with the
reserve from Moglovitz. Concentrating tlicir forces, they now rushed at
the intrcnchments, and, beating down all opposition, drove the enemy
from the position they had held. Nearly 2400 Russians dead in the
streets and earth-works, a like number wounded, four guns, and the
depots of ammunition and arms which they captured, attested that day
the prowess of the Turkish arms. Their own loss was about 200 killed
and 700 wounded. For two days they held the place against the attempts
of the Russians to recapture it ; and then, emerging into the open field,
drove the Russians before them back to Krajova. Then, retiring in
triumph, they re-entered Kalafat, which, now mounting 250 heavy guns,
and garrisoned (including Widdin) by 25,000 men, might safely promise
a desperate resistance to any further Russian attempt."

CIUDAD RODRIGC— This strong fortress of Spain was invested
by the French, Juno 11th, 1810, and surrendered July 10th, follow-
ing. — Remained in the hands of the French till stormed gallantly by the
British, under Wellington, January 19th, 1812. — Loss of the British
and Portuguese 1000 killed and wounded, equal number of French, and
1700 prisoners.

CLONTARF, BATTLE OF.— Fought between the Irish an.l Danes
on (loiid Friday, 1039. Tiio Danes wore signally defeated, 11,000 of
them perished in battle, but the Irish had to deplore the loss of Bryan
Boiroimhe, the King, and many of the nobility.

CLOSTKllSMVKN, CONVENTION OF.-netween the Duke of
Cumberland, third son of George II, and tlio Duke of Richelieu, com-
manding the French ; 118,000 Hanovarians laid down their arms and
wore dispersed, — signed Weptomber 10th, 1757.

COAIilTlONM AOAINST FRANCE.

1st, l*ru.ssia is.Hued lier manilesto ilune 2tlth, 1792.

2nd. (Jroat HrilaiM, (iermany, Rus,sia, Naples, Portugal and Turkey

signed them, ilune 22nd, 17!)!».
3rd. Great Britain, Russia, Austria and Naples, August 5th, 1805.

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

Ill

fdens* and
It in their
Ottomans
iforceinent
) with the

rushed at
the enemy
e:id in the
5, and the
id that day

200 killed
ic attempts

open ticld,
retiring in
aeavy guns,
fcly promise

(vas invested
0th, foUow-
lutly by the
tho British
i'rcnch, and

nnd Danes
L 11,000 of
IsH of Bryan

110 Duke of

[olieii, ooni-

arms and

4th. Great Britain, Russia, Prussia and Saxony, October 6th, 1806.

5th. England and Austria, April 6th, 1809.

6th. Russia and Prussia, ratified at Kalisch, March 17th, 1813.

COLONEL. — This word is derived from the French, and means the
chief commander of a regiment of troops.

COMMANDERS-IN-CHIEF OF THE BRITISH ARMY

SINCE 1674:

Duko of Monmouth 1C74

Duke of Jlarlboroiigh 1090

Duko of Schoniburg lCi)l

Duko of Driuouil 1711

EarlofStnir 1744

Field Mar.'^lial Wndo 1746

Lord Lipoulcr •. . . . 1757

Marqiiuss of (j runby 1700

Lord Auiliortit 177S

Ucncral Seymour Conway 1782

Lord Amiiorst again 1793

Frederick, Duko of York 1795

Sir David Duiidas Marcli 2B, 1809

Frederick, Duko of York May 2'J, 1811

Duko of Wellington Jan'y 22, 1827

Lord mil, (.icu'l Commnndor-

In-Chief. Fcb'y 26. 1828

Duke of Wellington again. . . Deo. 28, 1S42

Viscount ll.irdiugo Sept. 25, 1S52

Duke of Cambridge July 15, 1856

Lnd Turkey

ih, 1805.

CONFEDERATION OF THE RHINE.— Tho League of tho
Germanic States formed under the auspices of Napoleon Bonaparte. By
this celebrated League the German States had to raise 258,000 troops to
serve in case of war. It terminated with the downfall of Napoleon,

CONFLANS, TREATY OF.— A compact between Louis XI of
France and the Dukes of Bourbon, Brittany and Burgundy. This treaty
put an end to the " War of tho Public Good," in 1408.

CONSTANTINE THE GREAT. -It was whilst preparing to cross
the Alps, to chastise the barbarians, that Constantino is said to have
witnessed tho supernatural appoaranoo which induced him to embraco
Christianity, and establish it heneerorth as the religion of the empire.
While meditating in his tent on the dangers that surrounded liim, and
praying for diviiio guidance and protection amidst them, there is said to
have appeared over against him in tho heavens a pillar of light in tho
form of a cro.ss, bearing this in.scrlption, " Uy this overcome." Those
who were attached to i»aganism looked upon this as a most inauspicious
onun, but it made a different impression on the i'lmporor. He caused n
royal standard to be made, like tlio apj)earai>eo lie had seen in the heavens.
Tins was always carried before him in his war as an ensign of victory and
celestial protection. Soon after this event ho embraced the religion of
Christ, and u little while after onuouutered Maxentius, his opponent,

112

CYCLOPiEDIA OF THE

^iii

whom he utterly defeated in a terrible battle — Maxentius himself having
been drowned while attempting to cross the river Tiber.

CONSTANTINOPLE.— Taken by the western crusaders in 1204.
Retaken in 1261. Comiucred by Mahomet II., who slew 6000 of the
people, A. D. 1453. Ever since possessed by the Turks.

COPENHAGEN.— Capital of Denmark. It was bombarded by the
English, under Nelson and Admiral Parker. Of twenty-three ships
belonging to the Danes, eighteen wore tikcn or destroyed, April 2nd,
1801. Again, after another bombardment of three days, the city and
fleet surrendered to Admiral Gambler and Lord Cathcart, September 7th,
1807. Immense naval stores and eighteen sail of the line, fifteen
frigates, six brigs, and twenty-five gunboats were captured.

CORNET. — An instrument of music of the nature of a trumpet. In
modern usage, a cornet is a commissioned officer of cavalry next below a
lieutenant wlio bears the ensign or colors of a troop.

CORONEA, BATTLE OF.— Fought between the Athenians and
Allies and the Spartans. The King of the Spartans, engaging the Allies,
completely defeated them, n.c. 394.

CORPORAL. — The lowest officer of a company next below a .sergeant.
The corporal of a ship of war is an officer under the master-at-arms,
employed to teach the sailors the use of small arms. Napoleon was
familiarly known among his troops by the name of the Little Corporal,
and as he used to say thire was just one step between the sublime and
the ridiculous, so opposite extremes are taken in his titles. Emperor I
Corporal I

CORUNNA, RATTLE OF.— Sir John Moore commanded the
British army of about 15,000 men, and had just accomplished a safe
retreat, when they were attacked by the Frencli with a force of 20,000.
They were completely repulsed, but the loss of the ilritish was immense.
Sir John Moore was struck by a cannon ball which carried (lif hi'^ loft
shoulder and part of his eolliir bone, leaving tlic arm dangling l)y tlie fii'sh.
Ho died immediately. In the evening of (he day of battle the remains
of the splendid Uritish avmy embarked at Cornnna, January Uitli,
1809. Previous to the battle, the army under tluiir illustrious leader,
had aeeoniplisiii'd an arduous yet honorable retreat, for many leagues
through un onomy'a country.

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

113

s bimself having

usaders in 1204.
.lew GOOO of tho

)ombardcd by the
wcnty-tbrco sbips
tvoycd, Apvil 2nd,
days, the city and
irt, September 7th,
f the lino, fifteen
iurcd.

2 of a trumpet. In
avalry next below a

the Athenians and
engaging the Allies,

icxtbelow a sergeant.

the master-at-arms,
nns. Napoleon was

the Little Corporal,
icn tho sublime and

.s titles. Emperor I

lore commanded tho
iiccomplislied a safe

tb a force of 20,000.

mritish was immense.

U carried off hi^ left
dangling by the iVsh.

Lf battle the remains
Lna, January 10th,
Lir illustrioijs leader,
lat., for many leagues

CRACOW.— It was taken by Charles XII, in 1702. Taken and retaken
several times by the Russians, and Kosciusko expelled the Russians,
March 24th, 1794, but it surrendered to the Prussians the same year.
Occupied by 10,000 Russians, September, 1831 ; seized by Austria, and
incorporated into that empire, November IGth, 1846.

CRESSY.— Fought between the English and French, August 26th,
1346. In the month of July in the year 1340, King Edward, at the
head of an army of 30,000 men, landed at La Hoguc, in Normandy.
He was accompanied by his son, the Prince of Wales, though only fifteen
years of age, and by his principal nobility. Having taken several towns,
he moved along the left bank of the Seine, which river he wished to
cross, in order to join an army of Flemings in Picardy. But he found
the bridges all broken, and King Philip, at the head of a numerous army,
followed his motions on tho opposite bank of tlie river. At length
Edward contrived to repair one of the broken bridges, and to pass over
unknown to Philip ; and he then marched rapidly till he reached the
river Somme ; but he there again found all the bridges secured, and
learned that Philip was at Amiens with l'iO,000 men. Being
informed that there was a ford near the town of Abbeville, which
might bo passed when tho tide was low, Edward set out for it at mid-
night; but when the English reached it, the waters were nut sufficiently
low ; and while they were waiting, a large body of French cavalry cauic
down to oppose their passage. The English horsemen, however, gallantly
l)lunged into tho stream, drove off tho enemy, and gained the oi)posito
bunk. The whole army was over when King Philip arrived, and the
rising of tlie tide obliged him to go round by the bridge of Ablioville.

Though the French army was nearly four times as numerous as his
own. King Edward resolved to give it battle. He drew up liis troops in
three divisions on an eminence behind the village of Creci or Cressy.
The prince of Wales, aided by the Earls of Oxford and Warwick, led tho
first, the King himself conniianded the last. At dawn (the day was tho
2Gth of August), Edward having heard mass and received the sacrament,
rode along the lines, cheering his men, and at ten o'clock they sat down
and took their breakfast in their ranks. The French, meantime,
advanced from Abbeville in eonfusioii and disorder. A >torm of thunder
and rain came on and kisted tluNnigha great part fif the day; luit at live
o'clock in the afternoon, the sky hecoming clear, Piiilip ordered a body
of (jcnooso cross-bowmon, in his service, to begin the battle. Tho

114

CYCLOPiEDIA OF THE

ill 5.

1 '
1

.1 I i

Genoese gave a shout, and discharged their bolts; the English archers,
who were posted in front, showered in return their arrows of a yard in
length ; and the Gdnoese, unable to re-charge their ponderous crossbows,
fell into disorder. The count of Alengon then charged the first division
of the English vith a numerous body of cavalry. The second line
advanced to its aid, and a knight was sent off to King Edward, who was
viewing the battle from the top of a windmill, to pray him to send more
help. " Is my son slain or wounded?" said the King. " No, sire."
" Then," replied he, "tell Warwick, he shall have no aid. Let the boy
win his spurs." When this message was brought to the English, it
redoubled their courage ; and the French were at length totally routed,
with immense loss. " Fair son," cried Edward to the Prince, as he
elapsed him to his bosom after the battle, " Fair son, continue your
career. You have acted nobly, and shown yourself worthy of me and the
crown."

The person of the highest rank who fell in this great battle was John,
king ol' Bohemia. This prince, who was blind from age, ordered four of
his knights to lead him into the thick of the battle. They interlaced his
and their own bridles, and rushed forward, and all were slain. The
crest of the King of Bohemia, three ostrich feathers, and his motto, Ich
dien, i. c. / serve, were adopted by the Prince of Wales, and still are
those of the heir-apparent of the crown of England.

CRIMEA, LANDING IN Tim.— Crimean Far.— The following
graphic description is from Emerson's Sebastopol : — " At length the
great fleet, nearly 400 vessels in all, on the 7th of September, 1854, a
memorable day thenceforth, set sail for its destination. What that
destination was none knew. Orders were issued to rendezvous off the
Isle of Serpents, near the Sulina mouth of the Danube. The scene,
when the immense flotilla was fairly under weigh, was of the most
exciting and animating character. Every ship bore on its side the
number of the regiment and nature of troops it conveyed, and carried a
distinguishing flag. As night closed in, lanterns signalling the division
to which it belonged were displayed, and an illumination, such as the
waters of the Euxine ne^er reflected, was witnessed by the sharers in the
daring adventure. No incident of these modern practical times, ])erhaps,
has partaken so largely of the character of romance as the departure of
this renownt'd expedition. The great armada, which taxed the energies
of the most powerful maritime nation of the sixteenth century, was a

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

115

li archers,
' a yard in
crossbows,
3t division
icond line
1, who was
send more
No, sire."
iCt the boy
Inglish, it
lly routed,
ince, as he
tinue your
lie and the

was John,
red four of
cdaced his
lain. The
motto, Ich
id still are

! following

cngth the

r, 1854, a

hat that

)UH off the

lie scene,

the most

side the

carried a

le division

ich as the

crs in the

, perhaps,

parturo of

energies

ny, was a

puny flotilla compared to the one we are now writing of. The largest
vessel of that celebrated fleet was a cockleshell to many of our noble
steamers, detached from their customary vocation of carrying on the
commercial intercourse of nations, and devoted to the service of war.
Resourcesof science, unknown before the present generation, and adapted
by skill to our naval requirements, were there in abundance, rendering a
single steamer more than a match for a dozen vessels of an earlier age,
and almost independent of the adverse winds and strong currents which
had dispersed many a gallant fleet and defeated many a deep-laid scheme
of conquest. Iron, naturally one of the densest of bodies, became, in
the hands of the scientific shipwright, buoyant as cork ; and vessels, each
large enough to carry a regiment of cavalry besides its proper crew, and
to which a Spanish brig-of war of the days of Philip might have served
for a jolly-boat, breasted the broad waves of the Euxine, freighted with
as brave and chivalrous warriors as menaced Troy, or did battle with
the infidel possessors of Jerusalem.

Brave and chivalrous indeed, for they sailed they knew not whither,
to encounter an unknown enemy. It might be that they were to force
a landing at once under the very guns of Sebastopol, and by sheer auda-
city achieve the capture of the renowned fortress. It might be that,
debarking at a distance from that spot, they would be exposed to toil-
some marches, in an enemy's country, harassed by clouds of Cossacks,
and opposed by great armies, in strong positions, infinitely outnumbering
their own force, when even continuous victory would necessarily be
almost entire annihilation. But, like the errant-knights of old, they
anticipated no difficulties, and bore a stout heart for any fate. English
and French, officer and man, seemed to have but one desire, that of
meeting all foes at all hazards, and winning gallantly or dying gloriously.

The general instructions furnished to Marshal St. Arnaud (who, by
reason of the French army being so numerically superior to the English,
and his military rank as marshal being higher tlian that of Lord Raglan,
assumed the rank of generalissimo of the expedition), and which wore
understood to have been drawn up by the Emperor Louis Napoleon
^.imself, though leaving to the discretion of the Generals the point of
debarkation on the shores of the Crimea, yet strongly recommended— so
strongly, in fact, as almost to amount to a command— the choice of
Kaffa as the most convenient spot. It was, wo cannot help believing,
exceedingly fortunate that the allied Generals resolved upon examining
for themselves the locality, and ultimately rejected the plans of the

* ■■

116

CYCLOPEDIA OF THE

Emperor. Kaffa, it is true, aifords the largest bay and the niost secure
anchorage in the Crimea, and, had they been the only requisites^ there
could have been little doubt that the imperial scheme would have been
adopted. But the fleet was only valuable in the expedition as an aux-
iliary to the army — as a basis of operations, a depot of stores, a means of
conveying reinforcements, an assistant in the actual bombardment, or a
medium of retreat in event of a disaster. For all practical purposes
Sebastopol was the Crimea ; and Sebastopol is on the western coast,
while Kaffa is on the eastern, at least 100 miles distant. Had the objecr
been to provide for the security and comfort of the fleet, it might as weii
have been in snug quarters at Spithead or Cherbourg, as at KcS'a, and
there it would have been about as useful. The plan of Napolc" : \y: . lo
seize the town of Kaffa, thence to march across the peninsula, taking
possession of Kuru-Bazar, Simferopol, and Baktchi-Serai, thus advancing
to Sebastopol, and securing the harbour of Balaklava, as a naval basis
near the scene of intended operations. But the Emperor, by some strange
oversight, seems to have forgotten his own previous caution not to sepa-
rate from the fleets, when he sketched out the march of an army, only
50,000 strong, encumbered with necessary ammunition and baggage,
along a road forty miles from the sea in some parts, through a moun-
tainous district, in ;m enemy's country, for a 100 miles, exposed to con-
tinued encounters v,iih immense armies, and necessitated to seize and
retain possession of, at least, three large towns, strongly garrisoned. It
is true, a force stationed at Kaffa might intercept reinforcements arriving
from Asia, or along the narrow strip of land bridging the Putrid Sea ;
but what was to hinder the arrival of the legions which should be poured
into the Crimea, through Pcrekop, the most direct and available route
from the very heart of the military strength of Russia, on the first intel-
ligence of the invasion ? Supposing, too, that a sufiicient force to hold
KatVa had been left in occupation there (and if it had not been, what
would have prevented the arrival of troci^ frfu Asia and the north
which would have followed the invaders, auu :n ''id them between two
fires ?) — that the three great towns had ■ f '•.i^ '-- 'i and cor-.v-quently
garrisoned — or where the utility of taking liioni ? — deduct the necessary
casualties of the march, and the inevitable results of the unavoidable
battles, even supposing them to have been victories, and how many men
could possibly have arrived before Sebastopol out of 50,000 ? The
expedition to the Crimea at all was romantic, and is said to have been
s:. mgly o^ posed by some of our most able Generals ; but this cou-

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

117

ost pecure
tes, there
have been
s an aux-
L means of
nent, or a
[ purposes
ern coast,
the objerr
;ht as Toli
Kc!-Y,u and
eou wti.i to
Ilia, taking
advancing
laval basis
me strange
lot to scpa-
aruiy, only
1 baggage,
fh a moun-
fscd to con-
seize and
soned. It
its arriving
utrid Sea ;
be poured
able route
first intcl-
rce to hold
jcen, what
the uorth^
etwceu two
juently
e necessary
inavoidablo
many men
iOO? Tho
have been
t this con-

templated march tl-rough a nii.aiitainous region, interposing iimumerabi*
obstacles to transit, in the fuce of a powinrnl enemy, far from as-istance,
cut ofl' from supplies of food or ammunition, with three fortified towns
to capture, at least several pitched battles to fight, and, as a finish to tlio
prospect, the most strongly fortified town in the world to reduce, was the
very absurdity of Quisoteism.

Fortunately, we say, the generals were wiser than their teacher.
When the ships collected at their appointed rendezvous, orders were
received to proceed to a spot about forty miles west of Cape Tarkan, in
the north of the Crimea; then, embarking in the Caratfoc, a small
English steamer, Marshal St. Arnaud and Lord Raglan, accompanied
by their seconds in command. Generals Canrobert and iJrcjwn, and Sir
Edmund Lyons, proceeded to survey the coast and .-elect the spot most
favourable to their purpose. They skirted the western shore, ran close
into Eupatoria, examined the coast thence to Sebasl.>pol (where a few
weeks previous, General Canrobert and Sir George Brown had closely
scanned the fortifications on a flying visit, penetrating under cover of
night even into the harbour, and not retiring until tl. ; grey light of
morning had revealed to them a considerable amount ol information),
passing almost within range of the guns, and coasthig roun 1 to the little
harbour of Balaklava; which having scrutinized, they retuiaud in sai j
to the fleets. Had any of tho large Russian steamers cros«jd the path
of the little Carndoc, and attacked it, u very different fate might have
awaited the Allies from that which they anticipated. But he Russian
Admirals little dreamed of the prize they might have secuiiil, and our
modern Agamemnous were borne back unscathed from thc^ perilous
cruise.

On the morning of Monday, the llthof September, the chicfV returned
from their trip and rejoined the fleet ; and the anxious e.xpecta :;on as to
thv. point of debarkation, which had agitated the minds of all o i board,
during the two days' teJious riding at anchor, was in soun degree
alleviated by the order to make sail, and rendezvous thirty mile^ west of
Sebastopol. Even then, uncertainty seemed to cloud the counsels of the
Commanders. The fleet was dispersed, the heavy sailing vessels having
failed to keep in company with their more alert fellows of the >team
fleet. At length, the English and French fleets, in one compact t! itilla,
approached the shore, and the town of Eupatoria, and the hills > t' tho
south-east, were presented to tho eager gaze of the soldiers, A -mall
steamer was despatched to summon the town to surrender at discretion,

118

cycloPjEdia op the

and a refusal being received, a small body of English and French marines
was landed, their appearance soon stifling any qualms of conscience the
local authorities might have felt at yielding up their trust to the enemy.
The fleet then shaping a course in a south-easterly direction, the plans of
the allied Generals became apparent. About eight miles from Eupatoria
the ships cast anchor at a mile from the shore, in the Bay of Kalamita,
near a place known as Old Fort. A narrow strip of level land was the
spot selected for debarkation, and the enemy exhibited no signs of oppo-
sition, or even preparation. It had been not unnaturally anticipated
that a formidable resistance would have been made to the expected
landing of the Allies, which could only then have been accomplished with
much loss. On the contrary, the only signs of Russian life apparent,
was the presence of a mounted Russian officer, who, attended by three
or four Cossacks, securely stationed on a neighbouring eminence, was
calmly sketching the scene.

It had been arranged that the ships of the Admirals should occupy the
centre of the bay, thus dividing the two armies. Had this determination
been carried out, the landing might have been effected with the least ima-
ginable difliL'ulty ; but the French Admiral, with an exclusive attention
to his own branch of the allied force, which subsequent events of the cam-
paign paralleled, thought proper to anchor his vessel at the extreme riglit
of the bay, thus throwing the vessels into considerable confusion. One
transport was grounded, and several Ibulcd in their endeavours to get into
their proper positions. In an incredibly short space of time, howcTeri
order was restored ; and, under the energetic superintendence of Sir
Edmund Lyons, the steamers and transports commenced to discharge
their living freights. The sea was literally covered with boats, laden with
soldiers in their varied uniforms, and bearing rations for tliree days, every
article that could possibly be dispensed with being left in the ships. Those
who landed lirst marked out with flags the spots to bo occupied by each
division and regiment ; and the sailors, standing knee-deep in the water,
lent hearty assistance to those wiio were less amphibious than thenisdves.
Nothing could exet'cd the delight of the sturdy seamen, as they lil'ted
their red-coated conq)atriotH from tlie boats, and placed tlieni dry-looted
on the shore ; or lent a hand, with more zeal than knowledge, to disem-
bark the horses. Frequently, a noble charger, startled by the novelty of
his situation, would roll into the water, half a dozen aiieit nt mariners
clin^ing to bis mane or tail, and sharing his immersion, — emerging nt
length, dripping with briuo, but' in a high ututo of jollity ut having roa-

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

119

eued their steed, and overwhelming him with caresses of a nautical fashion,
as they soothed his fears or indulged him witii a short trot on term Jinna.
The two or three Cossacks who had watched our landing now deemed it
prudent to withdraw, though not until a few shots had warned them of
the prowess of the English riflemen, and one of their number had received
a compliment from Major Lysons, of the 23rd, wliich would probably
render his sitting in the saddle, or elsewhere, exceedingly inconvenient
for some time to come. It so chanced, however, that even these few Cos-
sacks were very nearly inflicting a heavy blow on the Eii^dish army, by
the capture of one of its most distinguished officers. Sir George Brown,
general of the Light Division, had no sooner landed, than with character-
istic daring he mounted his horse, and advanced alone to gain a view of
the sunouuding country. Ho had ridden some distance, and had closely
approached the retreating party, quite unconscious of their noiglibour-
hood, when he was suddenly astonished by the unwelcome apparition of
throe ferocious horsemen, lance in hand, in full career towards him, and
at but a few yards' distance. Sir George, who was almost unarmed, was
too old a soldier to mistake rashness for courage, and wisely considering
the odds too great, discreetly put spurs to his horse andgalldjjpcd u{\\ fol-
lowed by his Cossack pursuers. A few of our men had fortuiiiitcly, how-
ever, followed in the steps of their loader, and when they .saw his danger,
hastened to the rescue. Half a dozen levelled rifles proved too strong an
argument for the valour of the Russian horsemen, and thoy, in their turn,
made a precipitate retreat. Sir George IJrown rejoined the main body,
and proved, when the time oanio, that ho could attack as bravely as ho
could retire discreetly,

By the time wlien the approaching darkness rendered it necessary to
suspend operations ibr the day, 2(1,0(10 I'lnglisii, with tliirty-sixguns, and
numerous hor.ses, had been landed, and the French in !d)ont ('(|ual Utrce.
Our men had left tlii'ir tents in the siiips, and officers and common sol-
diers were alike unprovided with moans of shelter. Their rations con.
sisted of provisions for three days; and in (his i'espect, those iiigh in
commMMd shared with theii- less distingMisiied lollowers. As night closed
in, torrents of rain began to descend, and in a Ijrief space of (line, the
narrow strip of land on which thoy stood, boiuided on the one side by the
Boa, and on the other by a salt lake, was a ilismal swamp Wrapping
themselves in their blankets, wiiich were thorongidy soaked in a few
minutes, tlio men lay down in the tiiiul, and endeavn\ired to sleep. A
moderate, and not very luxurious supper oi' cold pork, washed down with

120

CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE

a single sip of rum, was their first meal in the Crimea ; and then, officers
and men strove to drown in slumber the wretched aspect of affairs which
thus initiated their invasion. Sir Do Lacy Evans was fortunate enough
to possess a tent, which some considerate member of the veteran's staff
had contrived to bring on shore. An old cart, the property probably of
some Tartar peasant, friglitcned from his accustomed liibour, made, when
overturned, a canopy such as royalty seldom couches beneath ; but under
its welcome shelter the Duke of Cambridge pressed, no doubt for the first
time, the bare earth. The French were better provided. They had con-
trived to land a considerable number of tents ; and, moreover, many of
their regiments were supplied with the little tentes-abris, a portion of
whicli was borne by each soldier ; and several of these parts could bo
united into a small tent, sufficiently commodious to afford some protection
from the severity of the weatiier.

IIow little can the home-keeping public realise the feelings whicli must
have been predominant in the bosoms of the men during that melancholy
bivouac ! Soldiers arc, perhaps, less sensitive to hardships and exposure
than civilians ; and probably comparatively callous to the finer senti-
ments. IJut it is scarcely possible to conceive that, out of (>(»,(I(I0 men,
lying on the bare earth in an enemy's country, there would be many who
would not be keenly alive to the emotions their situations would natuialiy
suggest. Physically depressed by a day of extreme toil, poorly fed, and
drenched by the dese(>ndiiig torrent, the past would he inevitably jn-esent
to their iniMginations, and with the past the pnihahle future. iMaiiynien
will march duuntlessly to the cannon's mo\ith, and show no signs of fear,
but with cheerful voice, and light step, dash through the enemy's firo, and
over tho bodies of the dead. Mut in the stillness of the night, whon no
excitement warms his blood, the bravest will be despondent, and tho
strong nnin be moved with emotions as keen as those which agitali- the
breasts of tho tender woman or tho Bympathetic child. Oceans rolled
between them and all they had learned to lovo and value. No hand so
rough but hiid been pressed by some other hand on the day of dep;irt\ire ;
no nature so fierce ,md ungentle but had softeniMl into a better miinliuod
ns the clilVs of Kngland reee(hMl from the view. And now they lay through
tho long hours of that miserabh^ night, striving vainly cntnigh to drown
their remembrances in sleep, and gain renewed strength and courage for
the morrow — the morrow that might bring <leatli, nndeertainlv imminent
dangers. Ilefon^ them lay an unknown land a future of deadly uneer-
taluty. ituttles were to bo fought, ,<tliot and Htoel to bu uiiuuuntered ) uud

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

121

lure ;

110(1(1

iniij,li

I'dWIl

lor
|i('nt
Iccr-
laiid

who could tell who were destined to lie in the obscurity of death on that
foroif^n soil, and who to bear the tidings back to thousands of melancholy
homes ?

Thus was passed the ni,u;ht of the 14th of September, the anniversary
of the death of the great Duke of Wellington, who, two years before, end-
ed his career amid the universally expressed sorrow of a great people. Ho
was, wo had fondly hoped, the last great representative of the military
glory of this country. A new era had been, we believed, initiated, in
which the arts of peace supersede the operations of war. And now, but
two years after the concjueror of Waterloo had looked for the last time
upon the world, an English army had landed upon the shores of a hostile
territory, and was coininonciiig a warf ire of which no man could see the
termination, and which bade fair to involve every nation of Europe. The
chosen champion of England's military glory was quiet in his tomb; but
hiscompanions, pupils, and successors were prepared to emulate his deeds,
and strike as vigorously for the honor of their country, and the maintenanco
of the freedom of lOuropo."

CKOPllKADY, lUTTLE OF.— Fought between the forces of CharlcH
I of I'higland and the Parliament, Juno Gth, 1 (ill. It was a drawn battle ;
for both sides, in their respective accounts, claim the victory.

CUnSADKS.— The holy wars, waged by the Christians, to wrest tho
Sepulchre of Christ ainl Jerusalem, from the hands of the Saracens, conti-
nued for many years, and no important results were derived from tliem ns
regards territorial ae(|uisi)ion, but llu'y had un immense efVeet in civilizing
the west countries of Europe. There wore three principal ones.

ClIl)I).\li()llK.— 7«r//(f.— J'ossessedby the English in ICSi. Reduced
by the French, 1758. Keeaptured two years afterwards by Sir Fiyre Cooto.
Taken again in 17H1. Hesieged by tliu British under (jeneral Stuart in
1783.

(Mf 111 ASS. — A covering for protecting tlio body of cavalry from tho
weapons of opponents. Tho French had a body of soldiers covered with
them.

CUM.OMKN, HATTM-: OK.— Fought April lOth, 17-10, b(«t\vem
the Pretender and llic Dnkc of Cumlierhnd. The Scots lost LTtOt* men,
while the IOnu;li"<ii IohI oidv liOtl. A writer thus deserilies tlie battle; —

II T

Thus Car tlio atViurs of the rebel army socmod not uuprospurous ; but

122

CYCLOPiEDIA OP THE

||!

here was an end of all their triumphs. The Duke of Cumberland, at that
time the favourite of the English army, had been recalli'il from Flanders,
and put himself at the head of the troops at Edinburgh, whicli consisted of
about 14,000 men. With these he advanced to Aberdeen, where ho was
joined by several of the Scotch nobility, attached to the house of Hanover;
and having revived the drooping spirits of his army, he resolved to find out
the enemy, who retreated at his approach. After having refreshed his
troops at Aberdeen for some time, ho renewed his march, and in twelve
days he came up to the banks of the deep and rapid river Spey. This was
the place where the rebels might have disputed his passage, but they lost
every advantage in disputing with each other. They seemed now totally
void of all counsel and subordination, without conduct, and without unani-
mity. After a variety of contests among each otlier, they resolved to wait
thoir pursuers upon the plains of Culloden, a place about nine miles distant
from Inverness, embosomed in hills, except on that side which was open
to the sea. There they drew up in order of battle, to the number of 8000
men, in three divisions, supplied with some pieces of artillery, ill manned
and served.

" The battle began about one o'clock in the afternoon ; the cannon of the
King's army did dreadful execution among the rebels, while theirs was
totally unserviceable. One of the great errors in all the Pretender's war-
like measures, was his subjcctii»g wild and undisciplined troups to the
forms of artful war, and thus repressing their native ardour, from which
alone he could hope for success. After they had kept in their ranks and
withstodd the English fire for some time, they at length became impatient
for closer engagement; and about 500 of them made an irruption upon
the left wing of the enemy with their accustomed ferocity. The lirst line
being disordered ))y this onset, two battalions advanced to support it, and
galled the enemy with a terrible close discharge. At the same time the
dragoons, under Ilawley, and the Argyleshire militia, pulling down a park
wall feehly delendetl, I'ell among them, sword in hand, with groat shmghter.
In less than thirty minutes they were totally routed, and the field cov-
ered with their wounded and nlain, to the number of IIOOO men. The
French troops on the left did not fire a shot, but stood inactive during the
engagement, and afterwards surrendered themselves ])ris(iners ol' war. An
entire body of the clans marched ofi' the field in order, while the rest wero
routed with gr 'at slaughter, and tlieir leaders obliged with reluclanee to
retire. Civil war is in itself terrible, but much more ho when lieighlonod
by unnecessary cruelly. How guilty soever an onuniy may bo, it is tho

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

123

wnr-

to tho

wliich
and

ationt
upon

8t lino
.■mil

u) the
liark

tilitor.

cov-

Tlio

; Iho

, An

woro

iiv? to

liMlod

IH tho

duty of a brave soldier to remember that he is only to fight an opposer,
and not a suppliant. The victory was in every respect decisive, and
humanity to the conquered would liavo rendered it glorious. But little
mercy was shown licro ; tho conquerors were scon to refuse quarter to the
wounded, the unarmed, the defenceless ; some wore slain who wore only
excited by curiosity to become spectators of the combat, and soldiers were
seen to anticipate the base employment of tho executioner. The Duke,
immediately after the action, ordered thirty-six deserters to be executed.
The conquerors spread terror wherever they came ; and, after a short
space, the whole country round was one dreadful scene of plunder,
slaughter, and desolation j justice was forgotten, and vengeance aasumed
the name."

CUNNEllSDORF, BATTLE OP.— The King of Prussia with
50,000 men attacked the Austrian and Russian army with 90,000 men
(in their camp). At tirst ho gained considerable advantages, but pursuing
too far, tho enemy rallied and gained a complete victory. Tho Russians
lost liOO pieces of cannon and 20,000 men in killed and wounded. Pought
Au-iust 12th, 1759.

CnSTOZZO, BATTLE OP.— Pought Sunday, 24th June, 1866
between the Austrians and Italians. " The Italian army, divided into
three corps and a reserve, making up a force of from 80,000 to 90,000
combatants, after crossing the Mincio at (ilotto, and on tho other points, on
Saturday afternoon, .Tuiii! 28tli, 18(50, and h. tiding reoonnoiteriiig parties
towards IVsehiera and Verona, eneampod for the night at some placo
beyond Roverbolla, equidistant from tho two fortresses. On the ensuing
morning uu attempt was mado upon those high positions of Sonn, Somma
Campiiigna, and Santa Ciustina, which commands the fifteen miles rail-
way lino joining the two strongholds, positions which played a conspi-
cu(ms part in the campaign of 1818. The object of the Italians was
evidently to take possession of tho railway, so as to isolate Pcsehiera and
seoure a basis of operations against Verona. The Austrians, howovor>
who were massed in great force at Verona, sa!li(Ml forth Irom that place at
dayliroak, and, antici|i:iting the Italian movements, took up their ]iosi-
tion u[inn those iiills, wliieh are now everywhere liristling with bnstions
and rodoubts, and may be looked upon as mero outworks of tho two cita-
dels, extending from the gates of oi. ; to those of the other. After a severe
and Moody, (ir, as tho Italians describe it, " desperate struggle," wliieh
histod nearly the whole day — that longest of summer dayM--the Imperial

124

CYCLOPAEDIA OP THE

army was victorious along the whole lino. They stormed the summit of
Montcvcnte, whore the Itiili;ins held out the longest, and at the close of
the engagement, at five o'clock in the afternoon, they also carried the
position of Custozza, a spot fatal to Italian arms in their encounter with
Radotski, in July, 1848. The victors captured several guns, and
about 2000 prisoners, and behaved, as the Archduke Albert's bulletin
assures ua, and as we may readily believe, with even more than tlieir
ordinary bravery and endurance. On the same evening the Italian army
was obliged to re-cross the Mincio.

The Italian accounts of the engagement present no points of material
diffor.iico. According to them, the first army corps was sent forward to
occupy some positions between Peschiera and Verona, but being sur-
rounded by superior nuniber«, it " failed to ofl'oct its purpose," and the
description given of its losses in the contest leaves us littlo doubt that it
was all but anniliilated. The second and third corps, unable— it is not
said for what reason — to advance to its rescue, wore still in the evening
" almost intiict." It was also stated from Uroscia th;it the army had
maintained its position; but there is littlo doubt that it had to withdraw
across the IMincio later in the night. Tiio Italians had several uf their
Generals wounded, among others the King's second son, Prince Amadous,
wlio has arrived at Brc-^eia.

There is every probability, also, that thcltalians were, on thisoccasion,
outiuimbered by their eiieinios : for the Austrians have from litlO, 000
to 2")(MI((0 men in Venetia, and as they had in their hands the most for-
midable of all engines of modern warfare — tiie railway, they hadprnbably
massed three-fourths, at least, of their troops in Verona, ready for the
long-expected Italian inroad. The Archduke's bulletins, in fact, never
speak of garrisons, but tolls us that the " imperial army" was in the
field.

The Italians, we are assured, behaved with greatheroism, and, no doubt
although they lost the day, they came off without loss of honour. An
advance across the Mincio, right into the heart of tho tiuadrilatenil, is an
enterprise which no other Kurnpivm army would, under such eircum-
stanei's, have ventured upon, but a frenzy to do something seems to Imvc
possessed the wlmle Italian natinn, and tho men in command I'liuld think
of nothing bettor than dashing ♦heir heads against tlioso formidable stone
walls. There may be bravery in so dosporato an attempt to take the bull
by the hums, but we believe it wmild be impussilile for the king nr La
Marmora to say what results they expected I'roin their ill-conceived and

iiision,

iicvor
ill thu

iloubt

is an

ircuiii-

Imvo

iliiiik

sloiio

Inill

(I uikI

BATTLES OF THE WOULD.

125

worse-executed attempt. It was a battle in which they staked the very
existence of their army, while their enemies, in the worst event, ran no
other risk than that of a safe and leisurely retreat behind the shelter of
their bastions. The least that may bo said of it is, that like the Bala-
klava charge, " C'ctait beau mais ce n'ctalt pus la guerre." Ever since
1848 and 1849 the Austrians have strained every nerve to strengthen
these four citadels, and have extended their outworks, so that the lino
between Pcschicra and Verona, especially, is a vast intrenched camp."

CYZICUM, BATTLE OF.— Fought during the Peloponnesian
war. Plutarch states that Mindarus was sl.Mni in this battle. The Athe-
nians gained a complete victory over the Lacedasmonian fleet. Fought
B.C. 410.

DAMASCUS.— Taken by the Saracens, 033. Again by tho Turks
in 1000, and was destroyed by Tamerlane in 1400.

D ANTZIC. — It surrendered to the French, after a siege of four
months, May 5th, 1807; and, by tho treaty of Tilsit, was restored to its
former independence under tlio protection of Kussia and Saxony. It
was besieged by the Allios in 1812, and surrendered to them January Gth,
1814. By tho treaty of Paris it reverted to its former status.

DARDANELLES, PASSAGE OF THE.— This was achieved by
tho Hritish fleet under Sir John Duckworth, February 10th, 1807; but
tho admiral was obliged to repass them — which ho did with great loss and
immonstMlamage to the fleet, March 2nd following. The castles of Sestos
and Abydos hurled down rocks, each of many tons weight, upon tho
decks oi' the British ships.

DAllTMOUTII.— Burnt by tho Frcncli. in tho reign of Richard I
and Ucnry IV. Prince Maurice, took it in 1(1 1,'}, but it was retaken by
General Fairfax, by storm, A.u. 1010.

DKLllT.— Once the great capital of the .Mogul empire, Tn 1 7:W,
when Nadir Shah invaded Hindustan, he entered Delhi, and 100,000 of
the inhabitants were jiut to the sword. In ISOII, the iMahrattas aided by
tho French, got possession of ti\o place ; but tliey were afterwards defeated
by General Lake. Tliis city has been the soeno of much commotion in
tho course of its history.

«i^

126

CYCLOPEDIA OF THE

The following is a short account of the storming of Delhi, in the last
great mutiny :

" Until the latter end of August, the British troops before Delhi are
rather to be considered as an army of observation, than as a besieging
force. Their inferiority in numbers and artillery was barely counter-
balanced by their superior discipline, courage and physical strength. These
advantages enabled them, indeed, to maintain their ground, but not to
assume the oflFensive.

Toward the close of August, however, a re-inforcement of European
and Sikh troops, under Brigadier Nicholson, arrived from the Punjab,
and, on the 25th of that month, the rebels were defeated at Nujuffghur,
with great slaughter, and the loss of thirteen guns. A few days later a
heavy siege-train was received from Ferozeporc, and breaching batteries
were constructed on the north side of the city. The siege may be said to
have commenced on the 7th September, and by the evening of the 1.3th,
the engineers reported two practicable breaches — one near the Cashmere,
the other near the Water bastion. Arrangements were, therefore, at once
made for an assault, to take place at daybreak on the following morning.

The first column, commanded by Brigadier Nicholson, advanced under
a tremendous fire, and, applying their scaling-ladders, carried the
Cashmere bastion, and established themselves in the main-guard. Almost
sir " isly, the second coluuui, under Brigadier Jones, stormed the
Wat jastion, and eifecicd a junction with their comrades inside the
walls.

A third column, under Colonel Campbell, awaited the blowing open of
the Cashmere gate to join the assault. They had not long to wait. Lieu-
tenants Salkeld and Home, of the engineers, accompanied by three
sergeants carrying the powder-bags, walked up to the gateway in broad
daylight, and, while exposed to a heavy fire of musketry, coolly fastened
the bags to the iron spikes of the gate. In the performance of this heroic
exploit, Lieutenant Salkeld was severely wounded, and two of the sergeants
killed upon the spot; but the train was lighted, and the gate blown open
with a tremendous cruHli.

As the smoke cleared away, the storming party sprang through the ruins
with a British cheer; and the three columns uniting, made themsijlvcs
master of the whole line of works, from the Water bastion to the Cahul
gate ; and before nightfall wore in possession of Skinner's honsi!, the
Church, the College, and the adjacent grounds. Tiiis brilliant success,
however, was not achieved without great loss of life.

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

127

lie ruins

IlllSt'lvOS

Cul.ul
liisi-, tho

■5IIC00SS,

Of the European soldiery, eight officers and 162 rank and file were
killed, with 52 officers and 510 rank and file wounded ; of the Sepoys,
413 were placed horsde combat, of whom 103 were slain outright. The
total number of casualties thus amounted to 1145, or one-third of the
entire assaulting force. Among the mortally wounded was Brigadier
Nicholson, whose death was justly deplored as a national calamity.

Simultaneously with these main attacks, a diversion was made by a
fourth column, consisting of Sikhs, Ghoorkas, and Cashmerians, on the
suburbs of Kishenguuge and Pahareepore. But, in spite of their most
strenuous efforts, these troops failed to overcome the desperate resistance
offered by the enemy, and, in the end, were compelled to retreat, though
not ingloriously.

The day following the assault was consumed in shelling the palace, and
in battering the magazine. A broach was effected, and, at daylight on the
16th, a storming party dashed forward with such impetuosity that the
rebel artillerymen dropped their lighted port-fires and fled, leaving undis-
charged six guns of lari^e calibre commanding the breach and loaded
with grape On the 17th, the British troops became masters of the Bank,
formerly the palace of the Begum Sumroo, and shortly afterwards, of the
Junima Musjid, or principal mosque. Heavy guns Avere now brought to
play upon the palace and the bridge of boats, and, by the evening of the
20th, the rebels entirely evacuated the city and its suburbs. Then was
seen the extent of the damage sustained by tho former capital of the
Mogul dynasty. Whole streets liad been hiid in ruins ; dead bodies
tainted the air in all directions; the inhabitants, reduced to beggary, were
crouthing, terror-stricken, in obscure lurking-places. But the British
soldier is merciful in victory, as he is irresistible in battle. To armed
rebels, no mercy was shown ; but women and children, and the defenceless
citizens, were spared and protected.

Till! vonerablo descendant of Timour — venerable only by reason of his
gray hairs and extreme old age — uad fled, with his principal Begum, two
sons, and a grandson, to the tomb of his ancestor, Hoonuivoon, son of the
mighty Baber. He was discovered and seized by captain Hodsoii, of the
2nd ]'jUropcan Fusiliers. His own life, and that of his ([ueen, were
respected — but the princes were led out and shot, and their dead bodies
publicly exposed at the kotwalee, or mayor's court,

General Wilson, whose health failed liiiii in tho liour of victory, now
resigned the command to Brigadier Penny, (/.B., a veteran of approved
gallantry. Colonel Burn, whoso father .so gallantly defended Delhi against

128

OYCLOPiEDIA OF THE

.1 I;

I !

Jeswunt Rao Holkar, in 1803, was appointed military commandant within
the city, and measures were successfully taken to re-establish order, and
to afford protection to well-disposed and peaceful citizens. Two movable
columns, consisting each of 1600 infantry, 500 cavalry, three troops of
horse artillery, and eighteen guns, were told off, and ordered to follow
up the retreating enemy without delay. One of these, commanded by
Colonel Greathed, of the 84th, came up with a rebel force strongly posted
near Bolundshuhur, and, after a spirited engagement, utterly discomfited
them with the loss of two guns, a vast (quantity of ammunition, and 100
men."

DEMERARA AND ESSEQUIBO.— Founded r.y the Dutch but
taken by the British, under Major General White April 22nd, 1790.
Restored in 1802. Again surrendered to the Briti.<h, under General
Grinfield and Commodore Hood, September 20th, 1803. They are now
British colonies.

DENNEWITZ, BATTLE OF.— In this battle a remarkable victory
was obtained by Marshal Bernadotte, Prince of Denmark— who afterward
became Charles XIV of Sweden — ov :■ Marshal Ney, September Gth,
1813. The losr* of the French exceeded 16,000 men and two eagles,
while the loss of the opposite army was inconsiderable.

DETTINGEN, BATTLE OF.— Between the British, Hanoverian,
and Iletsian army, commanded by George II of England in person and
the Earl of Stair, on the one side, and the French army, commanded by
Marshal Noailles and the Duke of Grauimont, on the other side. Tho
English army amounted to. 52,000 men, tho French to 60,000 strong.
The French having passed a deiile which they should have guarded, tho
British and Allies bravely sustained the impetuous charge of thopFrench
cavalry, so that they were obliged to give way, and recross the Mayno,
with the loss of 6000 men. Fought June 16th, 1743.

DIEPPE. — In France. — This town was bombarded by an lilnglisli
fleet, under Admiral Russell, and laid in ashes, July 1694. Again
bombarded by tho British, September 14th, 1803.

DIZIER ST. — In ClKtm/xigne. — One of the most memorable sieges
in miidern history. This town sustaiiied a siege for six weeks against
the army of Charles V, Emperor of Germany, A.]). 1544. A battle was
fought here between tho armies of the Allies on tho ouo side, and tho

svithin
sr, and

loviible
oops of
follow
lied by
r posted
omfitcd
ind 100

tell but

1, 179G.

General

are now

victory
iftorwiird
ibcr Gth,
JO eagles,

noverian,
son and
uuled by

,e.

The

strong,
irdcd, the
lOfKvench
e Mayne,

English
Aiiaiu

IVile sieges
Is ugaiiist
l)i\ttli! was
uud the

BATTLES OP THE \SrORLD.

129

French, commanded by Napoleon in person, on the other, in which he
was defeated with great loss, January 27th, 1814.

DONNINGTON, BATTLE 0¥.—In Lincolnshire, England.—
Fought between the Royalists, commanded by Colonel Cavendish, and the
forces of the Parliament — the latter defeated, 1643. The battle of Don-
nington, in Gloucestershire, was fought in 1645, when the Royalists, under
Lord Aston, were defeated by Colonel Morgan. This victory led to the
surrender of the King's garrison at Oxford.

DRAGOON. — Name supposed to have been derived from dragon.
The first regiment of dragoons in England was raised a.d. 1681.

DRESDEN, BATTLE OF.— Between the allied army, under the
Prince of Schwarzenberg, and the French army, commanded by Napoleon
August 26th and 27th, 1813. The Allies were 200,000 strong. They
attacked the position of Napoleon, and the event had nearly proved fatal
to them, but for an error of G eneral Vandamme. They were defeated with
dreadful loss, and were obliged to retreat into Bohemia. Vandamme
pursuing them too far, his division was cut to pieces, and he and all his staff
made prisoners. In this battle. General Moreau received his mortal
wound, while in conversation with the Emperor of Russia.

DROGIIEDA. — In Ireland. — Cromwell took this city by storm, and
put the governor and all the garrison to the sword. August 14th, 1049.
More than 3000 men, mostly English, perished, one individual — a
lieutenant — alone escaping. Cromwell also murdered every man, woman,
and child of the citizens that were Irish !

DRUM. — A martial instrument — the invention of which is ascribed
to Bacchus. Being an oriental invention, it was introduced into Europe
by the Moors, a.d. 713.

DUMBLANE or DUNBLANE, BATTLE OF.— Called also the
Battle of Shoriffinuir. — Fought between the Royalist army, and the Scotch
rebels, November 12th, 1715. The Dukeof Argyle, who commanded the
Royalists, had in his army 4000 veteran troops ; the Earl of Mar, who
counnauded the rebels, 8000, but all newly raised. The loss was e(iual on
both sides, and each claimed the victory. Tho Highland foot behaved
most gallantly,

130

CYCLOPEDIA OP THE

DUNBAR, BATTLE OF. — Fought between the Scottish and
English army, in which John Buliol was defeated by the Earl of Warreune,
and Scotland subdued by Edward I, \pril 27th, 1296. Another battle
was fought here between the Scots and the English, under Cromwell who
obtained a great victory, September 3rd, 1650.

DUNDALK.— Edward Bruce, being defeated in his unfortunate
invasion of Ireland, was beheaded here, in 1318, and with him 6200
Scots, invaders, lost their lives. The walls and fortifications were destroyed
in 1041.

DUNGAN HILL, BATTLE OF.— In Ireland.—F ought between
the English and Irish armies. The former commanded by Colonel
Jones, who signally defeated the insurgent Irish, of whom 6000 were
slain, while the loss of the English was inconsiderable. Fought July
10th, lOiT.

DUNKIRK.— Taken by the English and French from the Spaniards,
June 24th, 1658. Sold by Chatles II, for £500,000, to Louis XIV,
in 1662. The English attempted to besiege this place, but the Duke
of York, who commanded, was defeated by Hoche, and forced to retire
with loss, September 7th, 1793.

DUNSINANE, BATTLE OF.— Celebrated by Shakespeare. Fought
between Macbeth, the thane of Glamis, and Seward, earl of Northumher-
land. Macbeth was signally defeated, fled, and was pursued, when he
was slain, 1057.

DURHAM, BATTLE OF.— Fought between the English and
Scottish armies, October 17th, 1316. See NcviU's Cross.

EBRO. — Scene of a signal defeat of the Spaniards, by the French,
November 23rd, 1808. Scene also of several movements of the allied
forces during the Peninsular War.

ECKMUHL, BATTLE OF.— Fought, April 22nd, 1809, between
the main armies of Franco and Austria. The French army was
commanded by Napoleon, and the Austrian by the Archduke Charles.
Napoleon, by one of his masterly movements, broke through the
Imperial army, and completely routed them.

CO;

ED(

the Iloj
in the
conimai
The Ei

foot fur
army lo;

W0Ull(l0(

thorn fr

ENSl
infantry
derived i

ENGI
the Brit
embourg
of the
the Prot
Louis XI

ENLIS

are to be i
and then i
bounty mo

ENNIS:
the army ol
met Gonem
loss of 300(
1C89. Th(

ESSLIN

armies of Fi
duke Charle
tinucd on tj
men— but tl
that Napolcc
very difficult

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

131

EDGEHLL, BATTLE OF.— Fought, October 23rd. UU2. between
thelloyalistsand the Parliament army, the first engagement of iuipurtance
in the civil war. Charles I was present in this battle. Prince Rupert
commanded the Royalists and the Earl of Essex the Parliamentarians.
The Earl of Lindsay, one of diaries' (ienerals, who eonini.uKk'd the
foot forces, was mortally wounded and taken prisoner. The King's
army lost 5000 men, dead on the field of battle, with vast numbers of
wounded and prisoners ; but the great loss on the other side prevented
them from making all they could of the victory.

ENSIGN. — A flag or banner. The lowest commissioned officer in an
infantry regiment — he who carries the flag or colors — hence the name;
derived from the French.

ENGHIEN, BATTLE OF.— Fought, August 3rd, 16;t2, between
the British, under William III, and the French, under Marshal Lux-
embourg, who were victorious. William had put himself at the head
of the confederate army in the Netherlands, and leagued himself with
the Protestant powers upon the continent against the ambition of
Louis XIV, and in the end he triumphed.

ENLISTMENT OF SOLDIERS AND SEAMAN.- None enlisted
arc to be sworn in before a magistrate in less than twenty-ibur hours,
and then they are at liberty to withdraw, upon returning enlistuient or
bounty money and 21s. costs. All enlistment is now voluntary.

ENNISKILLEN. — Ireland. — It made an obstinate defence against
theanny of Elizabeth; then against James II, 1GS9 — 1500 Enniskillens
met General McCarty with a force of GOOD men — defeated him, with a
loss of 3000 men, and took all the rest — losing only twenty men, July
1689. The Euniskillen dragoons were raised here.

ESSLING, BATTLE OF.— Fought, May 22nd, 1809, between the
armies of Franco and Austria, commanded by Napoleon and the Arch-
duke Charles,— a dreadful conflict, which began on May 21st, and con-
tinued on the 22nd. Napoleon was defeated with the loss of 30,000
men — but the Austrians lost 20,000. This was the most severe check
that Napoleon had ever yet experienced, which rendered his army's retreat
very diflicult.

132

CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE

EUPATORIA.—C/imerj.— Famous in the Crimean war. The
following is au account of its capture by the Allies:

" About 25,000 Turks, under Omer Pacha, the veterans for the most
part of the army of the Danube, had occupied the town, and strongly
outrcnohcd thonisfolvcs, assisted by a small force of English and French,
and supported by the presence of a naval squadron, under the command
of Captain Hahitings, of the C«ra^'o«. For some days previous to the
IGth of February, large bodies of Russians liad been observed in the
vicinity; and on the morning of that day, a strong force of artillery,
supported by bodies of cavalry and infantry, estimated at about 40,000
men, opened a smart fire upon the town, at a distance of 1200 yards,
subsequently advancing nearer. The small Sfjuadron, under Cajitain
Hastings, was enabled to do good service; the Valorous pitcliing shells
and shot among the enemy on the left ; and the Viper, an active little
gun-biiiit, smartly seconding her oflorts on the left. The enemy's infantry
aiiproached to the right of the town, through the cemetery. As they
advanced from the burying-ground, they were met by a vigorous fire of
musketry from the entrenchments, The Furious had detached a rocket-
jiiirty, which couiing round among the windmills to the right of the town,
uliet the advancing ilussians with a succession of volleys. The enemy
advanced to within twenty yaiuo of the ditch, and then fell into confu-
sion. Siilim Hey, the leader of the Egyptian contingent, seizing tlio
opportunity, tlnvw forward his brigade in a rapid charge with the bayonet
upon the diMinlered columns, but I'cll mortally wounded at the liead of his
nil 11. Unable to stand the terrific lire to which they were exposed, and
yielding before the vigorous charge of the Egyptians, the Russians gave
way, and the repulse was complete. The artillery limbered up their guns,
and with the eavalry, drew leisurely from i\w spot, The enemy's loss
must have been immense, considering the short time the skirmish lasted,
as the ground was strewed with the bodies of the slain, who were (piickly
despoiled by the ever ready Mashi-Razouks, and left stark miked in their
liloud. The loss to the diienders of the town was 10 1 killt;d, and 2S<!
wnundt.'d. The Turkish artillery suH'ered greatly IVom the «'neiny's fire.

niiietei'ii men being killed in one battery,
his canqiaigii in the ('rimoa."

Thus didUmer I'aelia initiate

EUHYMKDON, H.\TTLK OK.-One of the most celebrated liatlles
in (ii'iciiin histnrv. when Cinioii dcstioyed the fleet of the I'ersians at
Cypni-, and the land I'oiooti also ut the River Euryuiedou, U. 0. '170.

\ .

llilttluA
iails at
(0.

BATTLES OF THE WORLD. 133

EVESHAM, BATTLE OF.— Fought, August 4tl!. 1205, between
Prince Edward, afterwards Edward I, and Simon do jMontfort, Earl of
Leicester — in which the Barons were defeated, and Montford slain. This
victory broke up the confederation of the Barons against tlic King.

EXETEll.— When held by the Danes King Alfred invested and took
it A.D. 894. Sweyn besieged it 1003. Again besieged by William the
Conqueror, 1007. Surrendered to King Steplien, 1130. Besieged by Sir
William Courtenay, 1409. Lastly assaulted by Perkin Warbeck 1497.

EXPEDITIONS OP THE BRITISH. PRINCIPAL ONES.

Fnnico iiciir I'ort rorient October 1, 1740

ClicrboiirR AiitfU;^t 7, 17f)8

St. Mnlo ,S('iitfnibcr, 175S

Ostciid jrny, 17'.t8

Zuyilor Zoo Sciitciiibor, 17!ii)

EKyiit .Aliiii'b, iMii

('iipoiiliiiKCMi Si'iiti'iiibcr, 1^07

Wiik'biTcn July. l^'iO

llorgcu-up-Zonm Slnn'li, l^'U

EYLAU, BATTLE OF.— Fought, Febfuary 8th, 1807, between tlio
French and Russians. — It was one of the most terrible and blondy in
Napoleon's wars. Napoleon lost 15,000 men, and the Uussians L'n,(l(IO.
in slain alone. JJoth armies were dreadfully crippled by thi.s battle, and
both had to retire.

FALCZl, PEACE OF.— This celebrated peace was concluded
between Russia nud Turkey, July 2nd, 1711, — the Russians giving up
Azof and all their possessions on tiio BInck Sen to the Turks. In the
fdlldwing year the war was renewed, and at Inst terminated in the peace
of Constantinople, Ajtril lOlh, 1712.

FALKIRK, HATTliE OK.— First battle foiighl between Edward 1
of England, and the Scots under William WMllaee. .Inly L'2n(I. 12!"S;
und tiie second between the King's forces and Prince Charles Stuart, the
Pri'tender, January iSth, 174(!. Both uro described in tlio following
extracts:

" Edward had been in Scotland for about a month. He had advanerd
n» lar as Kirkliston, ten niilos west of Ediid»urgh. Symptom- of mutiny
began Itt appear among his hungry soldiers, lie was eumpelled to give

134

CYCLOPyEDIA OF THE

ti!«

onlcrs lor t\ retrout to Ediuburgli, meaning to wait there till liis fleet,
laden with provisions, should arrive at Leith, and then to advance again.

Things stood thus, when two scoundrels, the Earl of Dunbar and the
Earl of Angus, came at daybreak into the camp of the English, and gave
inforniation that Wallace lay in the forest of Falkirk, intending to attack
ihe Engli>]i in their quarters that very night. Edward was filled with
joy at the tidings. " Thanks be to (uxl," ho cried, " who hath hitherto
delivci'ed nie from every danger ! They shall uot need to follow me, fori
shall instantly go and meet them."

In an hour's time he had iiis army in motion for the west. That night
thoy eneaiiijiL'd on a moor near Linlithgow. Each man slejit in his
armour, each war-horse was kept ready bridled beside its rider. The king
himself slept on the bare ground, like the meanest soldier in his army. In
the middle vt' the night the sleeping king received n kick from his own
charger, by which two of his ribs were broken. As soon as morning
dawned the march was resumed. The king, wounded as he was, was
among the tirst to mount.

Passing through the town of Liidithgow, they continued their march,
and gaint'il a rising grouniVit some distance beyond. There they baited,
and the lighting Bishop olM)urham said mass. While the ceremony was
perl'urniing the sun rose, and liis rays, glancing upon the array of spvars,
biiowod them tho Scottish army taking their groiind on the slojteofa
small bill nm far from Falkirk. Wallace arranged his battle thus: His
main foio ■ l:iy in his infantry, wlio I'onglit with long sjiears, and carried
sliort daggers and axes for close battle slung at the girdle. They were
divided into four circular masses, or schlltrdiin, as they were called in tho
military language of the time. In these circles tho spearmen stood com-
pacly together, with tlieir long spears stretched out, aiul forming a ring
of steel. The spaces between circle and circle were occti|»ied by the
arclicrs, tall yeomen from the i'oresis of Selkirk and Kitriek. The
cavalry, amounting to lUOO heavy armed horso, were placed in tho rear.
Among tlicni were most of the nobli's who bad Joined Wallace; but the
jealiiusy which tiu'se proud barons I'elt Inwards him, ami their selfish fear
of losing tlirjr estates, matle Ihem less than liaH'bearted in the cause.

Tlie l')ng'ii>h came on in thrie divisions, each division as strong as tho
whole Hctittish army. At tlie llrft clash of spoar» tlie entire body of the
Scottish eavniry, led by tlio traitor lords, turned bridh', and rodo oH' tho
Held wilbiMit a blow Liivt'U or taken. Wliile the bailie raged against {]w
circle!! of fipcuriiien, tliu English hur.su charged thu tSculti.'nh arclicrs. Thu

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

135

brave foresters stood firm to meet the rush of 7000 of the finest cavalry
ever present on a stricken field. Hut what could they, lightly armed as
they were, do against mailed horse and steel-clad knights ? They defended
tlicmselvcs so bravely with their short daggers that the very enemy
admired them. But they died there to a man. After the battle the
conquerors remarked their tall and handsome forms as they lay dead on
the ground they had kept so well.

The lour circles of the Scottish spearmen remained yet entire, standing
up like a wall, with their spears, point over point, so thick and close
together that no living man could pierce tlirough. But the cloth-yard
arrows from the great bows of England fell thick and deadly among (hem.
The columns of archers advanced neai and discharged their shafts in
perfect security, the Scots having neither cavalry to scatter them by a
charge, nor archers to reply to tliem. Drawing their arrows to the head,
they shot with all their force into the circles, and quickly breached the
living walls. Through the gaps made by the archers the English cavalry
charged, and having once broken in made a dreadful slaughter. The
battle was lost. One duty alono remained to the Scottish leader, and
that was to save the remainder of his army from destruction by a retreat.
Well and soldierly he did it. Itetiriiig slowly, and himscH' with his best
knights defending the rear, he was able to draw oil' the broken remains of
his circles, md to gain the shelter of Torwood forest."

Sicoud JiiittU', — " Heing joined by Lord Prummond, I'rineo Charles
invested the castle of Stirling, commanded by (ieneral Hliikeney ; but the
rebel forces, being unused to sieges, consiiiiied niueh time to no purpose.
It was dining this attempt that (Jeneral llawley, who eomnwmded a con-
siderable body of IbrcoH near Edinburgh, undertook to raise the siege,
and advanced towards the rebel army as far as Falkirk. After two days
spent in mutually examining each other's strength, the rebels being
ardent to engage, were led on, in full spirits, to attack the King's army.
The I'retender, who was in the front line, gave the signal to eiigiige, and
the lirst lire put Ilawley's forces into confusioii. The liorse retreated
witli jiretipitation, and fell upon their own infantry; while the rebels,
following • p the blow, the greatest part of lint royal army lli'd with the
utmost precipitation. The> retired in confusion to Mdinburgli, leaving
the eoni|uerors lu possession of their tents, their artillery, and the field of
battle."

I'KIIOZKSIIAIl. IIATTLK ()!''.— Ai./m.— "Between the Sikhs and
British. The liritish attacked the entrenchments of the Sikhs, ami car-

V il

136

OYCLOPiEDIA OF THE

ried by storm the first line of works, December 21st, 1845. Night
coming on the operations were suspended till diiy-break next day, and
their second lino was carried and their guns captured ; the Sikhs advanced
to recapture the guns but were repulsed with great loss, and I'etreatcd
towards the Sutlej, December 22nd, and re-crossed the river unmolested,
December 27th.

FEREOL, BRITISH EXPEDITION TO.-Upwards of 10.000
British landed, August, 1800, near Ferrol, commanded by Sir James
Pultency. Dcsparing of success, though they had gained the heights,
they re-embarked and returned to England, by order of the General, and
in opposition to the wishes and advice of his officers.

FIELD OF THE CLOTH OF GOLD.— Henry VIII embarked
at Windsor to meet Francis I of France, at Ardrcs, May 31st, 1520.
So much magnificence was displayed on the occasion, that the field
received that name, by which it is now always known in history.

FIRE SHIPS.— Used first in the IGth century. The first use of
thorn, in the English n.avy, was by Lord Effingham, in the engagement
of the Armada, July, 1588.

FLAG. — Acipiirod its present form in the 0th century, in Spain;
introduced, it Is said, by the Saracens.

FLAT lUISlI, BATTLE OV.— Lr.ug hhnvf, . I Hin-mf. -Fought
August 27tli, 1770, between the I'.ritish lorees and Anu'riivni colonists,
when the latter, after a de.si)orafe engauement, were compelled to retire,
with the loss of 2000 men killed, and lOdO prLsonors.

FLEUUIS, BATTLK OF.— Fought, Juno, 17th, 17!ll, between the
Allies, under llie I'rinee of Cobonrg, and the French revnlutioiiary army,
commanded by Marshal Jourdan. The Allies had 10(1,(100 men, and
having mot tlio enemy on the plains ol' Fleuris, were signally defeated.
Between SOOO and 10,000 were killed, wnnnded and taken prisonern,
and ilonrdun was able t<t form a jniietinn with tiie Kreneh armies nf the
Moselle — the Ardennes and tbe nortii. In tiiis menuirabli< Imtlie, the
Freneii nnide u.so of a balloon to reconnoitre tho enemy's army - an experi-
ment which it is said very materially tended to their gaining tho victory.

FLODDEN. -Fought ou tho Uth September, IGKJ, botweeu tho

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

137

tho
[rmy.

iMtod.

I' tllO

tho

jury,
tliu

Enj?Hsh nnd Scots. Underneath is a graphic account of tho most dis-
astrous battle that ever befell tho Scottish arms.

" On tho 22nd of August, 1513, James IV of Scotland, at the head of
a gallant army, crossed the Tweed, for the purpose of revenging some
injuries which he conceived himself to have received at the hands of tho
King of Kngland, who was then pursuing hostilitca in France. Immedi-
ately on his crossing that river, he laid siege to the castles of Etel and
Ford, and spent much precious time in endeavouring to reduce those
fortresses.

Whilst such was the course pursued by the King, tho Earl of Surrey con-
centrating the strength of the northern counties, soon raised an army of
2G,()00 men ; and marching through Durham, received there tho sacred
banner of St. Cuthbert. He was soon after joined by Lord Daere, Sir
William Buhner, Sir Marmaduke Constable, nnd other northern Barons;
and on proeeeding to Alnwick, was met by his son, Lord Thomas Howard,
Lord Admiral of England, with a reinibrcement of HOOO nun. On
advancing with this united force, Surrey dispatched Rouge Croix Herald
to carry his challenge to tho King of Scots, which was euuehed in tho
usual stately terms of feudal deliance. It reproached him with having
broken his liiilh and lengue, which had been solemnly pledged to the King
of England, in thus invading his dominions — and offered him battle on
tho succeeding Friday, if ho would be content to remain so long in Eng-
land and accept it. Lord Thomas Howard added a message, informing
tho King, that, as High Admiral, and one who had borne a perwnial share
in tho action against Andrew Barton, he was now ready to justify tho
death of thatpirato.for which purpose ho would lead tho vanguard, whoro
his enemie.s, I'roni whom he expected as liltle mercy as he meant to grant
them, would bo sure totind him. To this challenge, James instantly replied,
that " lie desired nothing more earnestly than the encounter, and he would
abide tho battlo on the day appointed." As to th^i rude accusation of
broken hoiu)ur which had been brought ngainst him, ho desired his herald
to carry a broad denial of tho statement, " Our bond and promino," ho
observed, "was to remain true to our royal brother, so long as he nniin-
tained his laith with us. This he was thelirst to break ; we have d 'sircd
redress, and Iiavo been denied it ; we havo warned him of our intended
liostility — II courtesy which he has refused tons; nnd this is our just
(juarn'], which, with the grace ol' (iod, we shall defend." Tliese mutual
mes.sages jja.ssed on (he 4th of Si'ptember; and uii tho day ajipoiiited,
Surrey advanced against tho oiiuniy, J<y this time, tho distress for pro-

138

CYCLOPiEDIA OP THE

i ■•ti

visions, the incessant rains, and the obstinacy of the King in wasting
upon liis plo:isuros. and his observation of the punctilios of chivah-y, the
hours which might have been spent in active warfare, had created dissat-
isfaction in the soldiers, many of whom deserted, with the booty they had
already collected ; so that in a short time the army was much diminished
in numbers. To accept tlio cliallenge of his adversary, and permit him
to appoint a day for the encounter, was contrary to the advice of his best
councillors; and he might have recollected, tliat in circumstances almost
similar, two great masters in war, Douglas and llandolpli, had treated a
parallel proposal of Edward III with a sarcastic refusal. He had the
sagacity, however, to change liis first encampment for a stronger position
on the hill of Floddeu, one of the last and lowest eminences which detach
themselves from the range of the Cheviots ; a ground skillfully chosen,
inaccessible on both flanks, and defended in front by tlic river Till, a deep
Bluggish .stream, which ran between the armies.

On advancing and reeor.noitering the spot, Surrey, who despaired of
being able to attack tlie Scots without ex osing himself to the probability
of defeat, again sent a herald to recjuest the King to descend from the
eminence into the plain. He complained, somewhat unreasonably, that
James had " putte himself into a ground more like a fortress or a camp,
than any iiulilFerent field for battle to be taxed;" but JauKS would iu)t
even admit the messenger into his presence. So far all had succeeded
and nothing was required on the part of the King but patience. He had
chosen an impregnable position, had fuUilled liis agreement by abiding
the attack of the enemy; and such was the distress of Surrey's army in
a wasted country, that to keep it longer together was impossible. Ho
attemjited, therefore, a decisive measure, which would have appeariid
desperate, unless lie had reckoned upon the carelessness and iiiexjierieiico
of his oppmu'iit. Passing the Till on the Htli of September, he proetHnled
on its east side to IJarmoor wood, two miles distant from the Scottish
position, where ho encamped lor the night. His march was concealed
from the enemy by an eminence on tlio east of Ford; but the manaHivro
being executed withdiit observation ov interruption, evinces a shameful
negligence in tiie Scottish eommaiiders. Marly on the morning of the
Uth, lu! niiirehed from Uarnioor wood in a north-westerly direction ; and
then turning suddenly to the eastward, crossed tho Till with his van-
guard and artillery at Twisel bridge, not far from the conflueneo of tho
Till and the Tweed — whilst (he rear division, under Surrey >" person,
passed the river at a ford. Whilst those movements were taking place

wasting
airy, the
(1 (lissat-
tlicy had
ininishcd
■niit him
P his best
i3s ahnost
treated a

had the
r position
jh detach
} chosen,
11, a deep

paired of
robability
iVoiu the
ibly, that
ir a camp,
vould not
ucceeded
ile had
abiding
irniy in
ble. llo
appeared
Ixjieriinco
n'oei-HHled
Scottish
li'onoealed
laiiu'uvro
shaiiK'rul
iH' (>r the
ion ; and
Ills van-
ico of the
|i pcrf^oii,
ling pluco

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

139

the Scottish King remained unaccountably passive. His veteran officers
remonstrated. Thej showed him, that if he advanced against Surrey,
when the enemy were defiling over the bridge with their vanguard
separated from tlie rear, there was every chance of destroying them in
detail, and gaining an easy victory. The Earl of Angus, whose ago and
experience gave great weight to his advice, implored him either to assault
the English, or to change his position by a retreat, ere it was too late;
but his prudent counsel was only received by a cruel taunt. " Angus,"
said the King, " if you are afraid, you may go home ;" a reproach which
the spirit of the old Baron could not brook. " My age," said he, "renders
my body of no service, and my counsel is despised ; but I leave my two
sons and the vassals of Douglas in the field ; may the result be glorious,
and Angus's foreboding unfounded !"

The army of Surrey was still marching across the bridge, when Borth-
wick, the master of the artillery, fell on his knees before the King, and
solicited permission to bring his guns to bear upon the columns, which
might then be done with the most destructive effect ; but James com-
manded iiim to desist on peril of liis head, declaring that he would meet
his antagonist on equal terms in a plain iield, and scorned to avail him-
self of such an advantage. The counsel of Iluntly was e((ually ineffec-
tual ; the remonstrance of Lord Lindsay of the Byres was received by
James with such vehement indignation, that he threatened on his return
to hang him up at his own gate. Time ran on amidst these useless
altercations, and the opportunity was soon irrecoverable. The last divi-
sions of Surrey's ibrce had disentangled themselves from the narrow
brii'ge ; the rear had passed the ford ; and the Earl, marshalling his amy
with the leisure his enemy allowed him, placed his entire line bctwejn
dames and his own cou'.itry. lie was thus enabled, by an easy av.d
gradual ascent, which led to Flodden, to march upon the rear of the
enemy; and without losing iii. advantage for a n)oment, ho advanced
against them in full array, his army being divided into two battles, and
caeli battle having two wings. On becoming aware of this, the King
set lire to the temporary huts and booths of his encampment, and descended
the hill, with the object of occupying the eminence on which the village
of Brankston is built, liis army was divided into flvo battles, some of
Avhieh had assumed the form of K(|Uares, nonie of wedges; and all were
drawn \\\\ in lino, about a how-sliot distant from each other. Their march
waseonilucted in eonipleto silence ; and the clouds of smoke whieh arose
from the burning camp, being driven iu f' face of tho enemy, mutually

I' ''i'

III i

140

CYCLOPiEDIA OP THE

concealed the armies ; so that when the breeze freshened, and tlie misty
curtain was withdrawn^ the two hosts discovered that they were within a
quarter of a mile of each other. The arrangement of both armies was
gimple. The van of the English, which consisted of 10,000 men, divided
into a centre and two wings, was led by Lord Thomas Howard ; the
riglit "wing being intrusted to his brother, Sir Edmund, and the left to
Sir Marmaduke Constable. In the main centre of his host Surrey him-
self commanded ; the charge of the rear was given to Sir Edward Stanley ;
and a strong body of horse, under Lord Dacre, formed a reserve. Upon
the part of the Scots, tlic Earls of Home and Huntly led the advance ;
the King, the centre; and the Earls of Lennox and Argyle, the rear;
near whicli was the reserve, consisting of the flower of the Lothians, com-
manded by the Earl of Bothwcll. 1 he battle commenced at four in the
afternoon, by a furious charge of Huntly and Home upon the portion of
the English advance under Sir Edmund Howard ; which, after some
resistance, was thrown into confusion, and totally routed. Howard's
banper was beaten down; and he himself escaped with difficulty. Lrrd
Thomas Howard, dreading the consc<juencc.s of a defeat, dii^patched a
messenger to his fatlier. Lord Surrey, entreating him to extend his line
with all speed, and strengthen the van by drawing up a part of the centre
on its left. The manojuvro was judicious, but it would have recjuired
too long a time to execute ; and at this critical moment. Lord Dacro
gallojicd forward with his cavalry to the support of his advance. Nothing
could have been more timely than this assistance; he not only checked
the career of the Scottish I'^arls, but drove back the division of Huntly
with great slaughter ; whilst Home's men, imagining they had already
gained the victory, began to disperse and pillage. Dacre and the Admiral
then turned their attack against another portion of the Scottish advance,
led by the Earls of Crawford and Montro.«c, who met them with levelled
spears, and resolutely uithstood the charge. Wiiilst such was the state
of things on the right, a desperate contest was carried on between James
and the Earl of Surrey in the centre. In his ardour, the King forgot
that the duties of a commander were distinct from the indiseriuiiiiatc
valour of a knight: ho placed himself in the front of his lances and bill-
inon, surrounded by his nobles, who, whilst they pitied the gallant weak-
ness <if such conduct, disdained to leave their sovereign inisiipjiorted.
The tirst conse(|uence of this was so furious a charge upon the lOnglish
centre, lliat its ranks were broken, and for a while the standard of the
Eurl of Surrey was in danger; but by this time Lord Dacre and the

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

141

id the misty
,verc witlun a
th armies was
mien, divided
Howard; the
nd the left to
it Surrey him-
Iward Stanley ;
CRcrve. Upon

I the advance ;
o:yle, the rear;
iLothians,com-
i\ at four in the

II the portion of
liich, after some
itcd. Howard's
lifiiculty. Lrrd
;.it, dispatched a

extend liis line

lart of the centre
have required
ent, Lord Dacre
Ivanco. Nothing
not only checked
ision of Iluntly
they had already
. and the Admiral
Scottish advance,
hem with levelled
uch was the state
,„ 1,,'twecn .Tames
;, the Kin;^ t'"VS^)t'
tlio indii^criminate
lis lances and biU-
the |j;allant weaU-
■oi^n ui\snpported.
upon the Knulish
u, standard of the
,rd Dacre and the

Admiral had been successful in defeating tlie division led by Crawford
and jMontrosc, and wheeling towards the left, they turned their whole
strength against the flank of the Scottish centre, which wavered under
the shock, till the Earl of Bothwell came up with the reserve, and restored
the day in this quarter. On the right, the divisions led by the Earls of
Lennox and Argyle were composed chiefly of the Highlanders and Isle-
men, the Campbells, Macleans, Macleods, and other hardy clans, who
were dreadfully galled by the discharge of the English archers. Unable
to reach the enemy with their broadswords and axes, which formed their
only weapons, and not very amenable to discipline, their squadrons began
to rush fiercely forward, eager for closer fight, and thoughtless of the fatal
consequences of breaking their array. It was to little purpose that La
Motte and the French officers with him attempted by entreaties and blows
to restrain them ; they neither understood their language nor cared ibr
their violence, but threw themselves sword in hand upon the English.
The squares of English pikemen stood to their ground ; and though for
a moment the shock of the mountaineers was terrible, its force once
sustained, became spent with its own violence, and nothing remained but
a disorganisation so complete that to recover their ranks was impossible.
The conseciuoncc was, a total rout of the rigiit wing of the Scots,
acconqianied by a dreadful slaughter, in which the Earls of Lennox and
Argyle were slain. Yet, notwithstanding this defeat on the right, the
centre, under the King, still maintained an obstinate and dubious conflict
with the Earl of Surrey. No (juartcr was giv(>n on either side; and the
combatants were disputing every inch of ground, when Stanley, without
losing his time in pursuit of the Highlanders, drew back his division and
impetuously charged the rear of the Scottish centre. It was now lato in
the evening, and this movement was decisive. Pressed on the flunk by
Dacre and the Admiral — opposed in front by Surri'y, and now attacked
ill the rear by Stanley, the King's battle fought with fearful odds against
it; but James continued by his voice and his gestures to animate his
soldiers, till ho fell pierced witli an arrow, and mortally wounded in the
head by a bill, within a few paces of the English Earl, his antagonist.
The death of their sovereign seemed only to animate the fury of the
Scottish Nobles, who threw themselves into a circle round the body, and
defended it till darkness separated the combatants. At this time Surrey
was uncertain of the result of the battle; the remains of the enemy's centre
still held tlie field ; Home with his borderers hovered on the left; and the
commander allowed neither pursuit nor plunder, but kept a strict watch

142

CYCLOPvEDTA OF THE

I I

during the night When the morning broke, the Scottish artillery were
seen standing deserted on tlie side of the hill, their defenders had dis-
appeared ; and the Earl ordered thanks to be given for a victory which
was no longer doubtful.

The loss of the Scots, in this fatal battle, amounted to about 10,000
men. Of these a great proportion were of high rank ; the remainder
being composed of the gentry, the farmers and landed yeomanry, who
disdained to fly when their sovereign and his nobles lay stretched in heaps
around them. Among the slain were thirteen Earls — the King's natural
son, the Archbishop of St. Andrews— the Bishops of Caithness and the
Isles — the Abbots of Inchaffray and Kilwinning — and the Dean of
Glasgow ; besides fifteen Lords and chiefs of clans. The body of James
was found on the morrow amongst the thickest of the slain, and recognised
by Lord Dacre, although nmch disfigured by wounds. It was carried to
Berwick, and ultimately interred at Richmond."

FONTAINBLEAU, PEACE OF.— Concluded between France and
Denmark, in 1G70. Treaty of ditto between the Emperor of Germany
and Holland, signed November 8th, 1785. Second Treaty of ditto,
between Napoleon and the Royal Family of Spain, October 27th, 1807.
Concordat of ditto, between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII, January 25th,
1813. Entered by the Anstrians, February 17th, 1814. Napoleon
here resigned his imperial dignity, and bade farewell to his army, April
5th, 1814.

FONTENOY.— Fought, April 30th, 1745,- according to others.
May 11th, 1745 — between the French, commanded by Count Saxe, and
the English, Hanoverians, Dutch, aud Austrian?, commanded by the
Duke of Cumberland " The French entered upon the war with great
alacrity. They besieged Fribourg, and in the beginning of the succeed-
iiig campaign invested the strong city of Tourney. Althougli t le Allies
were inferior in number, and although commanded by the L;<'.c of Cum-
berland, yet, they resolved, if post^ible, to save the city by hazarding a
battle. They accordingly marched against the en .my, and to^^'. post in
sight of the French, who were encamped on an e ninenee, the village of
St. Autoin.o on the right, a wood on the loft, and the town of Fontenoy
before them. This advantageous situation did not repress the ardour of
the Englifih, who began the altack at two o'clock in the morning, and
pressing forward, bore down all opposition. Thoy were for nearly an
hour victorious, aud confident of success, while Haxe, a soldier of fortune,

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

143

•tillcry were
rs had dis-
ctory wliich

jout 10,000
remainder
nanry, who
led in lioaps
ig's natural
ess and the
le Dean of
ly of James
recognised
s carried to

France and
F Germany
y of ditto,
7th, 1807.
uary 25th,
Napoleon
my, April

others,
iaxe, and

by the
ith great
succeed-
H' Allies
of Gurn-
ard ill g a

post in
/ill ago of
''ontoiioy
rdour of
ing, and
early an
fortune,

who commanded the French array, was at that time sick of the same dis-
order of which he afterwards died. However, he was carried about to
all the posts in a litter, and assured his attendants that, notwithstanding
all unfavourable appearances, the day was his own. A column of the
English, without any command, but by mere mechanical courage, had
advanced upon the enemy's lines, which, opening, formed an avenue on
each side to receive them. It was then that the French artillery on the
three sides began to play on this forlorn body, which, though they con-
tinued for a long time unshaken, were obliged at last to retreat. This
was one of the most bloody battles that had been fought in this age ; the
Allies left on the field 12,000 men, and the French bought their victory
with nearly an equal number of slain."

FORT DU QUESNE.— £A«i<e(f ^/«<cs.— Famous in the French war
of Canada with the English. The following extract well describes the
expedition :

" BradJock, who had been recommended to this service by the Duke of
Cumberland, set forward upon this expedition in June, and left the
cultivated parts of the country on the 10th, at the head of 2200 men,
directing his march to that part of the country whence Major Washing-
ton had retreated the year before. Being at length within ten miles of
the French fortress he was appointed to besiege, and marching forward
through the forest with full confidence of success, on a sudden his whole
army was astonished by a general discharge of arms, both in front and
flank, from an enemy that still remained unseen. It was now too late to
think of retreating ; the troops had passed into the defile which the enemy
had artfully permitted them to do before they off"ercd to fire. The van-
guard of the English therefore, full back in consternation upon the
main body, and the panic soon became general. The officers alone dis-
dained to fly, while Braddock himself still continued to command his
brave associates, discovering at once the greatest intrepidity and impru-
dence. An enthusiast to the discipline of war, he disdained to fly from
the field, or to permit his men to quit their ranks, when their only method
of treating the Indit'ii army was by precipitate attack, or an immediate
desertion of the ficjld of battle. At length Braddock, having received a
musket shot tlr.ough the lungs, dropped, and a total confusion ensued.
All the artillery, ammunition, and baggage of the army was left to the
enemy, and the loss sustahied by the English amounted to 700 men. The
remnant of the army, in this emergency, was saved by the courage and

144

CYCLOPEDIA OF THE

,!: il

■I ii

ability of Washington, who first here appears conspicuously on the
theatre of this world's great events."

FORT ERIE. — Canada. — This fortress was taken by the American
General Brown, July 3rd, 1814. Defended by only 170 men, no wonder
it yielded to the Americans with 4000 strong. On the 15th August,
General Drummond tried to retake it, but failed. September 17th the
besieged made a sortie but were driven back, each side losing GOO men.
Evacuated by the Americans, who blew up to the fort November 5th,
1814.

FORT NIAGARA.— anwrffl.— Captured by Sir William Johnston.
In the war of lSi3 it was surprised and captured by the Canadians.

FREDERECKSHALL.— Rendered memorable by the death of
Charles XII of Sweden, who was killed by a cannon ball before its walls,
and while in the trenches leaning against the parapet examining the works;
He was found in that position with his hand on his sword and a prayer
book in his pocket. — December 11th, 1718. It is now generally believed
that some traitor shot the King with a pistol.

FRENCHTOWN.— Ca?j(w?a.— This town was taken from the
British by the American General Winchester, January 22nd, 1813.
Retaken by tlie British forces under General Proctor immediately after-
wards, when the American commander and the whole of his troops were
made prisoners of war.

FRIEDLAND BATTLE OF.— Fought, June 14th, 1807, between
the allied Russian and Prussian armies on the one side and the French,
commanded by Napeleon in person, who signally defeated them, with the
loss of ei;;hty pieces of ordnance and 50,000 men. This victory led to
the peace of Tilsit.

FUENTES DE ONORE, BATTLE OP.— Napier thus describes
this great battle: "On May 2nd, 1811, Messina crossed the Agueda
with 40,000 infantry, 5000 cavalry, and about thirty pieces of artillery, to
relieve Almeida. He expected every day to bo superseded in his com-
mand, and ho wished to make a last effort for his own military character.
Wellington could muster no more than 32,000 men, of which ibrce only
1200 were cavalry. He, however, determined to light rather than give
up the blockade of Almeida 1 after much lighting night came on uud put

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

145

asly on the

lie American
ti, no wonder
5 til August,
»er 17 til the
ig COO men.
jvember 5th,

m Johnston,
luadians.

ic death of
ore its walls,
ig the works;
and a prayer
•ally believed

from the
;2nd, 1813.
lately after-
troops wore

[)7, between
he French,
n, with the
tory led to

IS describes

^le Agucda

lu'tillery, to

lu his com-

I character.

i'orce only

, than give

[u and put

an end to the battle. Next day Messina was joined by Bessic^res, with a
body of the Imperial Guard, and on the 5th the enemy made the grand
attack. The battle raged throughout a vast plain, and in all the Peninsular
War there was never so dangerous an hour for England. The tight lasted
till evening, when the lower part of the town was abandoned by both sides
— the British keeping the chapel and crags, and the French retiring a
cannon shot from the stream." Fought, May 5th, 1811.

GALWAY. — Ireland. — In 1690, Galway declared for King James,
but it was invested and taken by General Ginckel, immediately after the
memorable battle of Aughrim, July 12th, 1G91.

GENERAL. — This rank has been given to commanders from very
remote antiquity. In the French army, Montmorency was tlic first
officer who was so called, in 1203. Cardinal Richelieu was the first who
took the title Generalissimo, having coined the word when he as>-ixmed
supreme command of the French armies in Italy, in 1629.

GENOA.— Bdtiibarded by the French, in 168-t, and by the British,
in 1688 ;i' 1 1745. Taken by the Imperialists, December 8th, 1746.
Sustaineil a siege from the British fleet and Austrian army, when it
capituiatt^d. May, 1800. Surrendered to the French, after the battle of
Marengo, Next surrendered to the combined English and Sicilian armies,
April Sth, 1814, but was transferred to the Kingdom of Sardinia, in 1826.
The city seized by insurgents, who, after a murderous struggle, drove out
the garrison, and proclaimed a Republic, April, 1850, but in the end the
insurgents surrendered to General Marmora.

GERMANIC CONFEDERATION.— When Napoleon determined
that the German or Holy Roman Empir ' should no longer exisit. but
that a Confederation of States slumld bo in its stead, the proposal was
adopted by the Allied Sovereigns, in 1815, which has continued ever
since.

GETTYSBURG.— f7"/^i•to?^^»^.s._This battle was fought between
the Confederates of the Southern States, and the Northern army.
General Lee was defeated by the United States' troops. This battle imme-
diately followed the surrender of Mcksburg to General Grant. Fought
on the 4th July, 1863.

■1 « I

t ■

.1 ft

146

OYCLOPiEDrA OF THE

GHENT.— Taken by tlic Duke of iMarlborough, in 1706. Several times
taken and retaken during the Napoleon wars. The peace of Ghent,
between Great Britain and America, signed here, December 24th, 1814.

GHIZNEE, BATTLE OF.— The British, under Sir John Kcane,
attacked this place, and Jiaving blown up the gates, forced their way into
tho city, and succeeded in fixing the British colors on the towers, July
2;)rd,lS;59. Ghiznee capitulated to the Aftghans, March 1st, 1842. The
following account gives the items of General Nott's enteriiig it, Septem-
ber 7th,' 1842 :

" Ghiznee is situated on thobaso of a hill, which supports its rear or
main jtost, and onniniands a most extensive plain, and it is in the midst
of a rich, fertile country ; it has ever held the most noble rank as a
e;ipit:d, and is cainiblo of being rendered one of the most important forti-
fications in the Eastern nations; its adjacent hills arc great, and border
on Dera and Bameean ; it covers the routes of the latter, as well us
Loghar and Cabiml ; near the low hills which cmnmand the city, arc
f'lveral ecineteries, and ancient buildings ; at a short distance is llozah,
in which stands the great sepulchre, and shrine of JMahmood, the once
famed Emperor ol' Ghiznee ; andof wliom " Dow" speaks so much in his
History of Hindustan.

The fortress in itself is of great importance; the town iswidlcd round,
and contains .*ieveral thousand houses; the former principally of slime,
and the latter of mud. It is surrounded by a deep trench : the main
entrance, being llie one blown up by Sir Jolin Keane, is in ruins, and
another was made to the right. In the centre of the town stands the
citadel, wiiicli liad three tiers ; the lower one had been mueii improved
since w(! po,>isessed it, ami a parade gmnnd, or large siiuarc, had been
formed, as a imrk fur the ordnance. A river ran close by, which afforded
uood water, and rendered it almost complete. All remained (|uiet, (ill
within a short distance from them, furtuiiately for us, as it enabled us
to get up our baggage, and cattle; close to the rear of the column^
the road wuh very diflicult, being over extensive fields of long grass, and
tiie ditehes very numerous and wide, in crossing which tlio cattle were
eoiitinn!illy iMling, which greatly delayed us. (leneral Nott directed the
Liuht Hattalion to proceed with the(^inirter Master General, to take up
an ineanipment opposite to Ghiiinee, at a place some two and a half miles
from the fortress, known as Sir John Keano's garden. I accompanied
this body, and as we proceoued, wo discovered the enemy in the citatiel,

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

147

roral times
of Ghent,
1th, 18U.

in Kcano,
r way into
wcrs, July

1842. The
.t, Soptcni-

its roar or
, the midst
rank as a
rtant ibrti-
mtl hortlor
as well us

city, arc

1 is llozah,
, the once
uch in his

cd roiuiil,
of stone,
the main
urns, and
stands the
inijmivod
lad hi'on
I alVonk'd
ijuii't, till
•Malilt'd ns
■ column^
;rass, and
Ml tie were
reetcd the
III take up
hiiir miles
.'luniianied
10 citadel,

and a groat number outside, preparing to advance. The Quarter Master
General ordered a portion of his force to man a small hill, which
commanded their approach, and left it in charge of Captain Adamson, of
the 40th. The General dispatched, in another direction, the IGth Native
Infantry, under Colonel McLaren, who were met by the enemy, and a
smart action took place ; fortunately, however, after having rallied for
some time, the corps managed to get under cover, in a walled garden,
about a mile from the fort, and kept them off in fine stylo ; the Colonel,
finding the oiieniy so numerous, feared a serious result, as the chances
were, the (Jcneral could not send him a rc-inforcenient before the whole
of his ammunition would be expended, and a soldier without ammu-
nition is not in the most enviable situation. The Quarter jMastor
General's party was attacked, but effected a complete mastery over them,
and drove them back. The General, perceiving the situation dl'MeFiaren,
dispatched the Mrd Regiment Light Cavalry, and two of Amlerson's
guns, who got up just in time to save them, as they were getting short of
shot; at length came up the General with the main body ; the cavalry
made a grand eliargo after those outside the town, and we lost a great
numlier of our men, but notbel'oro leaving a greater number of the enemy
lying on the field ; during all this time those in possession of the citadel
wore not idle, but mado some excellent play with their guns IVom the
8(iuai'e I named, as being situated on the lower part of the citadel ; but
fortunately H us their knowledge of the art of gunnery was sd shallow
that they did little or no damage with their guns. One of the hills men-
tioned as adjacent to the fortress, was called Balloon Hill, i'rom its
peculiar form, and difficulty of ascent; this hill was literally crowded
with rebels, and their colours were planted in every tlireelidn ; they
now began to emerge I'rom the uates in great nunibtjrs, ami linding, after
the charge of the cavalry, that lliey had no chance (il'overpdwering the
frnni, Shooms-ood-l)ien uispatehed a large force round, to attack the rear
of our columns. The General had, however, taken the necessary precaution,
and ri'inl'oiced the rear guard lo 200(1 men, with six guns, including iho
heavy battery. I'erceiviiig the objict the enemy had in view, he let lly
a volley of grapo to meet them, which had the dcsirctl ilVcel. and left
numbers of them dead on the ground, and the rest immediately mado
oil"; the next thing to bo done was to get possession of liallnon Hill.
This hill was so situated that it commanded all around it, and iiuiic par-
ticiilarly the sipiare in the citadel, as it immediately covcri'd it. The
(Jbiieral directed tlio 4Uth auJ iC'lh to proceed at ouco and take the hill.

148

OYOLOPiEDIA OF THE

i:: 1|

S !

The order was in itself easily given ; my readers may imagine the
position.

The guns from the citadel were in full play, the hill was in possession
of, and covered by several hundreds of the enemy, both horse and foot ;
the ascont was considerable, and wo were nearly two miles from it.
However, it is not for Britons to look at difficulties in such a moment,
for had we done so we should never have accomplished it; we set forward,
and those in the fortress seeing our advance, opened a heavy lire upon us,
whicli. Providence bo thanked, showed us that they could not hit their
mark, anil we reached the foot of the hill with little loss. Those in posses-
sion leapt for joy, at the apparent opportunity of cutting us oft". We
conunenced the ascent, throwing out skirmishers in every direction ; our
fire was kept up steadily as on a parade, and every ball seemed to find
its desired billet ; numbers fell, of course, but not near so many as we
had been anticipating. We were obliged to halt halfway to gain breath,
and necessitated to keep up a heavy fire ; we again advanced, and the
enemy began to show syinptons of retiring, which greatly oneouraged us,
and we made a desperate I'll'ort, and sent a volley into them, chargod, and
ttt lengtii they retired; we followed, and at last gained the summit. They
rushed down the other side, and made off in the direction of (Jandahar,
where they were me£ by a brigade sent round by the General for that
purpose.

Having gained possession of the hill, those in the citadel began to
pour tlie fire of artillery into us, but as usual without suecfss, and in
order to get out of sight we were ordered to lie down, that tli(>y might
imagine wo had evacuated our position; as wo lay there, ihii balls wore
fast whistling over us, anil the liiree under the eominand nl'llio Ciemn'al
was milking a clean sweep uf all tlinso nutsiile the walls, wliieli, after ho
had vtlVcted, next repaired to the citadel. It was, however, foimd impraoti-
oablo to storm the fortress that day ; first, because the Sappers ami Minors
would not have filn^ to cDmplete their oporatiuns; and sirondly, in
consiMpu-nce of the fatigni'il state el' the truiips. The lllth was to be left
in charge of the hill, ami the lllth were ordered to return In the eneamp-
ment; this order was, if anything, even worse than tho first, becauso all
being comparatively 'piiet, wo should, mi retiring, bo tho only targets for
(hem to lire at, and onr ntler ile-tnietiun seemed inevitable ; wi>, how-
over, hail ti> obey, and as was expected, no sooner did we eomo under
cover of their guns than they opened a severe fire from all their piecoH,
but their llring wai always either too far, or too short; and thuH wo
reftchedeamp in almost safety.

L.^

CTCLOPiEDIA OP THE

149

lagine tho

possession
! and foot ;
)S from it.
a moment,
ct forward,
10 upon us,
)t hit their
in posses-
s off. We
action ; our
mod to find
liiny as we
jiiiu breath,
hI, and tho
(lurngod us,
hiirjj;ed, and
unit. They
' (Jimdaliar,
ral I'or that

1 bo^an to
ss, and in
V niit^ht
■Mh worn
It' Goneral
, after ho
iinjtraeti-
ihI Miners
iiiidly, in
to be left
V eneMni|>-
(leause all
t arrets for
we, how-
me under
cir pieces,
I thus wo

•II

Tho followers had been all employed in pitching the tents, and tho
cooks (natives) had prepared our scanty meal ; the IGth were left in pos-
session of the hill ; and the General ordered two guns, cither under
Captain Blood or Anderson, to proeced to the top of the hill, and dislodge
them in the citadel, which, after some difficulty, was effected, and most
ably did they accomplish their duty; they soon put a stop to them, and
by their superior arrnngemont and management of artillery, disabled
nearly all their guns. We had scarcely got well seated in our tents when
we were suddenly surprised by the whizzing of a ball over the camp,
which lodged in the officer's mess tent of the -list; after that camo
another and another, and they kept up a fine string of tliem, aiming
most admirably. Wo soon discovered that they had a sixty-eight poun-
der, which Ubforo had remained quiet.

These shots coming so fast, and lodging just in our midst, doing con-
siderable damage, although we were nearly two miles from it, compelled
the General to shift camp a mile further off, and wo were at last out of
the roach of the bull-dog ; they most certainly in this distance did put us
to the route. This piece was called " Chuppa Jung," of Persian manu-
facture, and as is usual in all tho forts of importance in Asia, was placed
in the citadel; and a most powerful piece it was.

Tho General now began to arrange his plans for storming and taking
the fortress; the engineers were all busily emjiloyed in preparing for tho
operation; and as the day began to draw to a close, orders were issued
for the troops to be in readiness to move just before daylight on the
morrow. The night at length came on, and lights were ordered to be
extinguished at eight. P.M.; and at that hour all was darkness, and
enveloped upwards of 20,000 souls.

All was at length prepareil for the attack, ai\d about lialfan hour
before tim day broke, the won! was passed from tent to tent, to form up.
Kaeli rose In sadness, and many shook the h uid ■ f his eoinrado as for tho
luRttlme; tho oattlo woro dispatched with ilie powder, to ensure tho
explosion, and platforms hiid been carefully planted for tho heavy battery
to eonimeiiee a breaeli. The troops were slowly and sil(>ntly advanced,
and arraiigi'd ready to storm immediately after the gates were blown up;
and daybreak was to bo the sigmil. At length the day dawned, and lo !
what Was our surprise when we saw floating on the highest tower tho
Kngl'"!' colors. Tin? sight relieved each heart as though we had a
fortune. The enemy h:id during the i>lght evacuated the citadel, having
rocuived cerlaiu orders to tliut elleot from Cubool. Colonel McLaren,

|l»H'i-.H»»l .,4.^:^.

150

cyclop;edia of the

who had kept the hill, finding they had left it. took immediate possession,
and pli'.ced " The Flag that braved a thousand years" on the highest
point. Thus did Providence prevent the inevitable loss of .some hundreds
of our I'orce, and never was a force more agreeably surprised than those
at Ghiznoo, on the Gth of September, 1842."

GIB It ALTAR. — A British fortress on the Straits of the same name.
From tlio circumstance of its immense strength and impropiiability, other
great I'liitressos have also received its name, as Quebec, whicli is called the
Gibraltar of America. The height of the wall is 1437 feet. Taken by
the S.'iracens, ' . 712. In 1402, the King of Castile took the fortress and
town from the Moors ; and the English, under Sir George Brooke, the
Prince of IT esse- Den mark, Sir John licake, and Admiral Byng, bravely
won it, duly 24tli, 1704. It was surrendered, after a dreadl'ul cannonade,
to the British by tlie Governor, the Mar(|uis do Sal-nos, and has ever
since oontiniied one of the most brilliant gems in the coronet of England's
Queen. Long may .she reign to wear it. The fnllowing are the dill'erent
attacks which have been made upon it since the British took it. On the
11 til October, 17<I4, the same year, it was captured by the Briiish, it
sustained a Hicgo from the Spaniards and French, who lost 10, 000 whiLst
the British lo.ss was only 400. Again the Spaniards attacked it in 1720^
but were repulsed with great loss. In 172S. they again attacked it but
were diiveu back with the loss of BOOO out of 2(»,0(Mt, while the Mngiish
lost ;]'I0. Al"ter this came the memorable sii'go of the Spaniards and
French, whose prodigious armaments astonished the whole of Knropo,
They wore the most stupendous up to that time ever brought before any
city or I'ortress The siege continued from tluly, 1770, to February,
17S;i. The allied army amimnted to 40,000 ihlmi. The Duke of Crilido had
12,000 of the best troops of France, 1000 pieces of artillery were brought
to bear against the fortress, besides which there wore ibrty-seven sail of
the line all three-deckers, ten great floating batteries esteemed invincible,
carrying 212 guns, an immense nuniber nl' frigates, .xi'lMMjUes, bonib-
ketches, cutlers, and gun and mortar boats; while small eraft literally
oovorod the bay. For weeks and weeks together 0000 shells woro daily
thrown into the town, and, on ono ninglo oecasiun, >S(l(Ml barrels of gun-
powder wen expended by the enemy, yi't in one single ui,L:ht were all
thesi! immense batteries destroyed by red hut cannon balls, and their whole
llnu of works aimihilated by a sortie of the garrison, commanded by
(loneral Klliot, November 27tli, 17Hl. The loss of the enemy in this
momorablu night alone, amounted to upwards of C2,Ot»ll,(IOO sterling.

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

151

possession,
;lio highest
ic hundreds

than those

snmo nauic.
bility, other
is Ciillcd the
Taken by
fortress and
liroolve, the
^ng, bravely
, cannonade,
1(1 has ever
)i'Kiij;land's
:lio dill'ercnt
it. On the
(^ Uriiisli, it
11,(100 whilst
! il in 1720^
ickod it but
ic Kiij;lisli
mianls and
r Knropo.
lirl'ore any
lA'liniary,
'(!iill(Miliad
'IV lirnnght
von sail of
iiivineiblo,
Ill's, bduib-
It Hi (Tally
, wi'ie daily
rols of i;un-
iht were all
llicir whole
im:iii(l((l by
ni_Y in this
Ml sterling.

The grand defeat by the garrison of only 700^ British, occurred
September 13th, 1782. Since then the British have remained in peaceful
posssession.

GISORS, BATTLE OF.— 7?i France.— Thought between tho armies
of France and England, in which the former were signally defeatt^d by
Richard I, who commanding in person, ant' whose parole for the day
was " Dieu ct Mon Droit," and from this it wis made the mottoe of the
Royal Arms of England, A.D. 1103.

GLENCOE, MASSACRE OF.— The McDonalds of (Ik'ncoc, were
cruelly massacred, May 9th, 1G91, merely for not surrendering in time
after King William's proclamation perpetrated by the Earl of Argyle's
regiment. 38 men besides women and children perished.

GOOJERAT, BATTLE OF.— /m/ia.— Fought February 21st, 1849.
Lord Goiigh with 21,000 men and 100 guns attacked tho enemy, num-
bering (>0,000 men, with 51) guns. The Sikh Chief was strongly
posted between two river courses which protected his Hanks, and yet allowed
him good maneouvring space to retire cither on thu east or west side of
tho town of Goojcrat, wliieh allorded shelter and protection to hits rear.
The battle began at 7 A. M. After a severe engagement of nine hours, at
4 l'..M. the enemy had been driven iVom every post and was in general
retreat, which the ilcld artillery nnd cavalry converted into a rout and
Hight. They wore pursued for 16 niilos, und next day another frcsii
force took up the direct pursuit. Some of the guns and the whole oT
tho anununition and cinip e(|uipage fell into the hands of tiie Uritish.
The Chief, Siicro-Singh, escaped with only SOOO men out oi" (Jo.OOO.
Tho loss on tho side of the British was lOU killed and 000 wounded.

GOREE.— Taken by (he Kiiglish .Vdiniral Holmes, in Kill:! - ee.h^d (o
France 1(;78. Again taken by tho British, 1758— 1779— ISOU— nnd
1804.

GOUKY, RATTLE OF.— Fought June llh, 179^, between the
King's troops und tho Irish rebels, in which, after a desperate lia((le,
(he King's forccH wero routed with groat slaughter. Tlioy lost sovoral
pieces of artillery, nnd retreated to Goroy nnd al'tcrwards to Arklow.

GOROKT. — An ancient breastplate, It was of great size, and gavo
riso to (he modern diiniiiulivo breastplate which was in cxistenco at tho
Ilestoration. It is now disused.

I i

'■^'-rfw.rft'^ikiiliny M, uM Mt

i 'i

152

CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE

GRAMPIAN HILLS, BATTLE OB' THE.— This was a celebrated
engagement between tbc Scots and Picts — the former under Galgacus, and

the latter under Agricola.

Fought A.D. 79.

GRAND ALLIANCE.— Signed at Vienna between England and
the States General — to which Spain and the Duke of Savoy afterwards
acceded, iMay 12th, 1G89.

GKANICUS, BATTLE OF.— Alexander the Great fought and won
this battle against the Persians— B. o. 334. The Macedonian troops
crossed the Granicus in the face of the Persian army, and totally
defeated them. Alexander's army was only 30,000 foot and 5000 horse
and the Persian 600,000 foot, and 00,000 horse.

GRENADES.— A kind of bombshell invented in 1594. It is a small
hollow globe or ball of iror,, two inches diameter, and filled with fine powder
and sot on fire by n fusee at a touch-hole. T)io grcn-iuiers were those
soldiers who were armed with a j'ouch of hand grenades — established in
France in 1()G7 — and England in 1085. The latter word is applied now,
according to Gay, to the tall soldiers — of which thoro is generally a com-
pany in every regiment.

(iROCHOW, BATTLE OV.~Xcnr Pmr,,x., Warsaw.— Vms\\i
February 20th, 1831, between the Po1i;h and Russians. After a bloody
battle, which continued all day and almost all the next, the Poles remained
masters of tho field. The Russians retreated, having lost 70,000 men,
and tho Poles, 2000.

GUADALOUPE.— Taken by the English, in 1750, and restored 1763.
Again taken in 1779, 1794, and 1810. At last, restored to Franco at
tho peace of 1814.

or All PS. — The custom of having guards was introduced by Saul,
King of Israel, ii.c. 1093. Bodyguards instituted by Henry Vll, 14S5.
Horse guards by Edward VI, 1550. The three regiments of the British
service, tho Ist, 2nd and 3rd Foot Guards, were raised in KKiO, and tho
eoinmand of them given to Colonel Hussell, General Monk, and Lord
Liniitligow. The Second, or the Coldstrciini, was the first raised. The
llorse (iicnadier Guards, first troop raised 1093, and second in 1702.

GrNI'OU'DER.— Invented l)y a Monk of Cologne, 1320. It has
entirely ri'volutidnized the art of war; consists of tlireo ingredients, vi«.,
oharooal, sulphur aud saltputro.

..^

X^:

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

153

IS a celebrated
Galgacus, and

England and
oy afterwards

ught and won
donian troops
, and totally
d 5000 horse^

It is a small
th fine powder
rs \soi'o those
estnblisbcd in
i appliod now,
lerally a com-

nw. — Fought
I'ter a bloody

ales roniained
70,000 men,

cstiircd 1763.
to Franco at

cod by Saul,
y Vll, 14S5.
the British
IKIII, and the
k, and Jiord
aised. The
in 1702.

20. it lias
L'diotits, vii.,

HALID9N HILL, BATTLE OF.— Fought July 19th, 1333.—
" The Scots were rash enough to attack the English as they held the
top of a bold hill, at the foot of which lay a marsh. The English
archers, posted on the face of the hill, shot down the Scots, almost at
their leisure, while they struggled heavily through the spongy ground.
Under the deadly arrow flight, the Scots dragged themselves through the
bog, and attempted, all breathless and exhausted, to charge up the hill
against the fresh troops of England. They were forced down with great
slaughter. Many more were slain as they struggled back through the
fatal bog. The bloody lesson, however, seems not to have been lost.
Once and again King Edward made the savage apparition of war to pass
through Scotland. But the Scots batlled him by following the wise
policy of Brure. lie traversed a country completely deserted and laid
waste, The inhabitants, with their cattle and all their property, had
retired to th inaccessible fastnesses of the mountains. Every advanced
column am' ;tach jd party of the English was assailed, stragglers cut off,
and alarms kept up. Famine and disease did the work. Captain Hunger
was more than a match for Captain Sword. Edward made nothing by
his invasions, though ho marched through the country as fur north as
Inverness. Ho was comnelled each time to fall back again on his own
territory, with great loss of men from hardships and misery, and tlio
harassing attacks of the Scots, who sallied out from every glen, forest, and
mountain defile."

HALVS, BATTLK OF.— This great battle was fought between the
Lydians and Modey, on the banks of the river Halys. It was inter-
rupted by an almost total eclipse of the sun. Fought, May 28th, n. c.
586.

IIANAN, BATTLE OP.— Fought, October 29th, 1813, between a
division of the combined armies of Austria and Bavaria, 30,000 strong,
under General Wrodo and the French, 70,000 strong. Tlio latter wore
on their retreat from Loipsic when eneounterodby the Allies, and sullered
severely, although at the end of the battle the Austriuns had to rotiio.

II.Vin.AW, BATTLK OK.-Fought, July 2-Uh, 1411, between the
Earl ol Miir, whoeommandetl the Uoyal army, and DoiiaM, the Lord uf the
Isles. Neitiior army gained tlio victory, it being a drawn battle. So
miiuy nobility and gentry woro slain in this ongagoment that u Scottish

!! ■ III

'i t 111

.IS!

ll.l

Jil

! !

154

CYCLOP^riA OF THE

historian declares, " more illustrious men fell in this one conflict alone than
had fallen in forcijjn wars during many previous years."

»
HASTINGS, BATTLE OF.— Fought, October 14th, 106G. In the
beginning of summer, William embarked his powerful army of 00,000 men
on board a fleet of 300 sail; and, after some small opposition from the
weather, landed at Pcvensey, on the coast of Sussex, tranquilly.

" Harold, who seemed resolved to defend his right to the crown, and
retain that sovereignty which he had received from the people, who only
had a right to bestow it, was now returning, fluslied with conquest, from
defeating the Norwegians, who had invaded the kingdom, with all the
forces he had employed in that expedition, and all he could invite or col-
lect in the country throuu;li which ho passed. Ilis army was composed
of active and valiant troops, in high spirits, strongly attached to their
king, and eager to engage.

On the other hand, the army of William consisted of the flower of tho
continent, and had long been inured to danger. The men of Britanny,
Boulogne, Flander.s, Poictou, Maine, Orleans, France, and Ni)rmandy,
were all voluntarily united under his command. England never before
nor ever since, saw two such armies drawn up to dispute its irown.

Tho day before the battle, William .sent an oft'er to Harold to decide
tho quarrel between thcui by single combat, and thus to spare the blood
of thou.sands : but Harold refused, and said he would leave it to the (Jod
of armies to determine. Both armies, therefore, that night pitched in
sight (if each other, expecting the daft'iiing of the day witli impatience.
The English passed the night in songs and feasting j the 2s'ormaus in
devotion and prayer.

The next morning, at seven a.s soon as day appeared, both armies woro
drawn up in array against each other. Harold appeared in the centre of
hi.-i i'orces, leading on his army (in foot, that his men might be nidro
encouraged, by seeing their king exposed to an cjjuaiity (if danger.
William, fought (in hdrseback, leading on liis army, that nidvoil nt
once, singing the s(.)ngH of lloland, one of the famous chiefs of llujir
country. Tlie Normans began to fight with their cross-bovs, which, at
first, galled and surprised the Kiiglish ; and, as tlieir ranks wcn^ closed,
their arrows did great execution. But soon they eame to closer fight, and
tho English with their bills hewed down their adversaries with great
slaugiiter. Confusion was spreading among the ranks, wlien William,
who found himself on the brink of (le.struelion, hastened with a select

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

155

ict alone than

DGG. In the
r 1)0,000 mea
ion from the

illy.

c cro^vn, and
)lo, who only
iKjucst, from
with all the
invite or col-
as conipoHi'd
hed to their

flower of the
of Britanny,
[ Normandy,
icver before
crown.

)ld to decide

I'o tlu' Mood

t to the <iod

pitched in

iiupatieucc.

Normans in

armies were

10 centre of
lilt he more

ul' daiii>'er.
nioveil at

l';^ of their
S which, at
Wi'vt: closed,

1 linht, and

with L,'reat

11 William,
ill n select

band to the relief of his forces. His presence restored the suspense of
battle ; he was seen in every place, endeavouring to pierce the ranks of
the enemy, and had three horses slain under him. At length, perceiving
that the English continued impenetrable, he pretended to give ground,
which, as he expected, drew the enemy from their ranks, and he was
instantly ready to take advantage of their disorder. Upon a signal given
the Normans immediately returned to the charge with greater fury than
before, broke the English troops, and pursued them to a rising ground.
It was in this extremity that Harold was seen flying from rank to rank,
rallying and inspiring his troops with vigour ; and though he liad toiled
all day, till near night-fall, in front of his Kentish men, yet ho still seemed
unabated in force or courage, keeping his men to the post of honour.

Once mure, therefore, the victory seemed to turn against the Nurnians,
and they loll in great numbers, so that the flerceness and obstinacy of
this memorable battle was often renewed by the courage of the leaders,
whenever that of the soldiers began to slacken. Fortune at length deter-
mined a victory that valour w:is unable to decide.

Harold, making a I'nrious onsiit at the head of his troops against the
Norman heavy armed inlantry, was shot into the brains by an arrow; and
liis two valiant brotlurs, lighting by his side, shared the same fate. He
fell with his sword in his hand, amidst heaps of slain."

HAVRE-DE-ORACE.— Defended for the Huguenots by the English
in ir)(12. Bomb.inled several tiihcs by the British Navy. Successfully
attacked for three days from July Oth to 0th, 1759. Again bombardod in
1704 and 170') — and again by Sir llichard Strachan in 1798. Declared
in a state of blockade 1803 ; and the attempts of the British to burn
the shipping here signally failed, August 7th, 1804.

IIEUAllA, BATTLE OF.— /» Amigon.— In this battle, Don
Carlos of Spain, in his struggle for his hereditary right to the throne of
that kingdom, encountered, at the head of rj,<IO() men, and dei'eated
General lUierens, who imd not hall' the number of the (Queen's troops.
The loss of iiuercns was about 1000 killed and wounded. Fought, August
24 th, 1837.

III'IUIMNOS, BATTLE OF THE.— Vcrtot says that this battle,
fought ill 1 I 'JO, received its name Irom the following ludicrous occasion.
The Duo (le nourhon, in attempting to intercept a convoy on the road to
the Knglish Camp, liel'ore Orleans, wasseverely beaten. It was a convoy
of salt-flsh — and this action has over since been called by theabovo na :o.

I i

« :

»■: ,

i^;'

156

CYCLOPEDIA OP THE

HOCHKIRCHEN, BATTLE OF.— Between the Prussian army,
commandoJ by Frederick II, and the Austrians, commanded by Count
Daun. The King was surprised in his camp and defeated by the Imperial
General. In this battle, an illustrious Scotsman, Field-Marshal Keith,
in the service of Prussia, was killed ; and such was the respect and admi-
ration wliich his name inspired, that Counts Daun and Lacy, the Austrian
Generals, shed tears on beholding the corpse, and ordered its interment
with military honours. Fou!J;ht, October 14th, 1758.

HOCriENLINDEN, BATTLE OF.— Fought Novembor 3rd, 1800,
between the Austrian and French armies — the latter commanded by
General Moreau. The Austrians were defeated with dreadful slaughter,
losing 10,000 men in killed and wounded, and 10,000 more in prisoners.
The forces of each army were nominally equal at the commencement of
the battle.

HOMELDEN, BATTLE OF.— Between the Scots, headed by the
Earl of Douglas, and the Percys, in which the Scots were defeated.
Douglas and many of the nobility were taken prisoners in this battle.
Fought in 1403.

HORATII AND CnRIATII, COMBAT BETWEEN THE.—

Fought li. c. GG9. Tlie forces of the two states met about five miles
from Kome. While the armies were awaiting the signal for the battle,
the Alban General, stepping into the space between them, proposed to
decide the dispute by single combat. To this proposition Tullus agreed.
There were in each army three twin brothers, all remarkable for their
courage, strength, and activity, and to them it was resolved to commit
the management of the combat. The Roman brothers were called Iloratii
and the Albans Curiatii. The champions met. Victory, wliich for a
time, appeared doubtful, at last seemed to decide against the Uoinans.
Two of their champions lay dead on the lield, and the third seemed, by
flight, to beg for mercy. Defeat was however only aj)parent. It soon
became evident that this flight of the surviving Roman was pretence in
order that, by separating his antagonists, ho might have an opportunity
of engiiging them singly. Turning suddenly upon the foremost of the
Curiatii, he laid him dead at jiis feet. Tiie second instantly uliaied his
fate. Kaligued and disabled by his wounds, the third sKiwly advanced to
ofl'er an easy victory. Ho was slain ahnost unresisting, while the con-
queror exclaimed " Two have I already sacrilieed to the Manes of my
brothers; a third will 1 olTor up to my country."

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

157

HUSSAR. — Tbis kind of soldier originated in Poland and Hungary,
and as they, being ligbt cavalry, were more suited for basty attacks than
a set battle, they are supposed to have taken their name from the
hizzds or shouts which they made at their first onset. Pardon says that
they were oddly clothed, having the skins of tigers, &c., hanging on
their backs, against bad weather, and wore fur caps, with a cock's
feather. Introduced into the British service in the last century.

INKERMANN, BATTLE (JF.— One of the most brilliant achieve-
ments in tlie history of the British Army. Fought on the 5th of
November, 185-i.

" Two days after the repulse of the enemy's sortie, by Sir De Lacy
Evans' division, General Dannenberg, with a large Russian reinforce-
ment, arrived at Baktchi-Serai from Odessa, which place he left on the
19th of October. In order that his men might reach the scene of action
with the greatest practicable rapidity, and in good condition, every
available cart and rustic conveyance was pressed into the service. They
were thus comparatively fresh and vigorous after so rapid a march. On
the 3rd of November, one division, under General Soimonoif,' entered
Sebastopol. The remainder, under General PaulofiP, encamped at Tchor-
goun, a short distance to the tnsi.

Strengthened by this considerable reinforcement, the Russian Generals
decided upon an attack upon the position of the Allies in such strength
that it should be scarcely possible to make an effectual resistance. The
Grand Dukos Michael and Nicholas, sons of the Emperor, had arrived at
Sebastopol, with the purpose of iMCouraging the garrison by tlu'ir pres-
ence, and witnessing the total defeat of the haughty invaders. On
Sunday, the 4th of November, solemn religious services were held in the
town. Patriarchs and Hishopsof the Greek Church addressed the soldiery,
urged upon them the importance of the trust which their good father the
Czar had thought proper to impose upon them, — assured them that death
in his service was only the road to a martyr's crown, and that the English
were monsters of cruelty, who committed the most atrocious barbarities
upon all prisoners of war. Finally, they said the British camp abounded
in treasure, one-third of which should bo the property of the soldiery.
Incited by these promises, — stimulated by extra rations of ardent spirits,
— and fanatically believing that the destruction of the English horeticB
would bo a work of acceptable piety, the Russian soldiers mingled shouts

lug

#11 i

'■f

B \ '

' 1

II !

I I

158

CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE

of devotion to the Czar and death to the Allies, and prepared themselves
for the encounter of the morrow.

The plan of attack, as decided upon by the enemy's commanders, was
shortly this: — The extreme right of the British position, near the bridge
which crossed the Tchernaya at Inkermann, was notoriously our weak
point. Sir De Lacy Evans, whose division occupied this position, had
repeatedly called Lord Raglan's attention to this vulnerable point ; but
so laborious were the duties devolving upon our men, and so extodcd
the line of defence, that it was impossible to spare either men or guns for
the establishment of works. The French, whose large immbers and secure
position on the western plateau left them a far smaller share of the duty,
had been early applied to for assistance, but had hitherto refused. Sir
John Burgoynls had called the special attention of General Biot to the
danger of leaving exposed such an avenue to the camp of the Allies ; but
the French connnander seems to have been at this time but little disposed
to relieve the English of any of the toil or danger they had so willingly
undertaken, but which proved too much for their etfectual performance.
At length the English, by Smost superhuman exertions, had erected a
small work on the brow of the hill, intended to carry two guns, but they
had not yet been mounted.

Towards this point, then, — of the unprotected nature of which the
Ru.ssians were perfectly well aware, thanks to the newspaper correspon-
dents, who, in their anxiety to satisfy the curiosity of tlie readers at home,
contrived (unwittingly, we believe) to aftbrd the omniy a very great deal
of valuable information, — the attention of the Russians was natur.'Uy
directed. It atlbrded a convenient access to the very ceiure of the
English lines, and would, in all probability, offer but a feeble resistance.
It was arranged that Gortschakotf should, at an early lumron the ninriiing
of the Otli, make a threatening demonstration in front of Biilaklava,
apparently renewing the attempt of the 25th of October. This would
have the effi'ct of drawing a considerable portion of the armies to the
defence of that important position, thus leaving the front eomparativoly
unprotected. On the extreme left of the lino, (n'lior.il Tiinol'cyor would
also make a feigned attack, occupying the attention ol' tlic Frcndi. The
actual assault was to be made by the recently-arrived army of General
Dannenberg. The two divisions already named, according to tln^ Russian
computatiiin (most probably understated), were of the fiUowing strength ;
General Soimonoff's corps consisted of three regiments of the KHh divi-
sion, three of the IGth, and one of the ITtli, amounting altogether to

■A

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

159

ed themselves

imanders, was
ear the bridge
isly our weak
position, had
le point ; but
1 so exter.ded
m or guns for
ers and secure
e of the duty,
refused. Sir
,1 Biot to the
le Allies ; but
little disposed
d so willingly
pevfornuince.
had erected a
uns, but they

of which the

er corrospon-
ers at home,
!ry great deal
IS uatur.-illy
litre of the
i) rot^istanee.
the nidiiiing
Balaklavu,
This would
luirs to the
iiiiparativi'ly
ifi'yor would
rincli. The
(if (Jcni'ral
the Russian
imstrenji'th :
Kith divi-
together to

16.2()0 bayonets, with twenty-two heavy and sixteen light guns; that
of General Pauloff, numbering 13,200 bayonets, was composed of three
regiments of the 10th division, two Chasseur regiments of the 18th, with
twelve guns. The two corps thus numbered 29,400 bayonets, ' fifty
guns. Soimonoff was ordered to march from the Malakoff Tcvc in a
westerly direction, until he reached the Kilen ravine, under cover of which
he was to penetrate into the English centre on the western side of the
ravine. Five o'clock in the morning was fi- jd as the time for the assault.
Pauloft's division was to cross the Tchcrnaya, force the English lines at
the unprotected point, and cutting their way throu'^h the second division
join SuimonofFin the main attack, when Gc n-al Dan :'mberg, v'th tho
remainder of the army, would appear upon the scene, and, it w. • fondly
imagined, give the couj) de grace to the invaders. Such was 'h plan of
the Russian Generals, carefully matured, and kept profoundly iiccret from
the Allies. We shall sec the result.

All night the bells of Sebastopol rang loudly. Ihe heavy November
mist ubscurcd the sound ; and most probably, the English soldiers, far
from considering the clashing from the belfries as the signal for the
gathering of troops, imagined that one of the multitudinous festivals of
the Greek Church was being celebrated with unwonted ostentation.
Towards morning the mist thickened, and it was impossible to discern
any object at above a few yards' distance. Taking advantage of the fog,
the Russians conveyed their guns to the lofty eminences beyond the
Tchcrnaya, facing the British position, and by almost incredible efforts,
in a very brief time, had established a formidable battery in a most com-
manding situation. About four o'c' "V in the morning, intelligence
arrived at head-quarters that Balakla, '■ a again threatened. General
Bosrpiet was immediately on the alert, with his French chasseurs, and
the indomitable Sir Colin Campbell was fully prepared to meet any force
which might be despatched againsi him. It was nn part, however, of the
enemy's tactics seriously to atfaclc this position. Ilis purpo.se was i'ully
served by the attention of the French being attracted to this point, and
the English being diverted from the real point of assault. About five
o'clock enormous bodies of Russian infantry, under cover of the heavy
fog, silently passed the bridge across the 'reliernaya, and stealthily crept
up the hill tdwards the weak point of the .JMiglish position at the newly-
erected two-gun battery. The pickets of tlie TiSth, on duty at this spot,
suddenly ftmnd themselves in presence of an over-whelming force of the
enemy. Desperately fighting, the courageous little band slowly yielded

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CYCLOPAEDIA OP THE

ground, contesting every step, and retreating up the hill towards the
redoubt. Their smart firing, in reply to the tremendous volleys of the
enemy's musketry, which were now poured into the handful of men,
aroused the camp, and indicated the real nature of the enemy's plans.
General Pennefather, who commanded the Second Division, in the absence
of Sir De Lacy Evans (who was compelled by the debilitated state of his
health to leave his active duties, and retire on board one of the ships in
the harbor), immediately hastened to the scene ; and the men of his
division, hastily shaking off their sleep, quickly responded to the alarm.
In a few minutes nil was bustle and activity. Officers and men, alike
liurricd forward, some half-dressed, all unbreakfasted, many suffering
from sickness, and none free from the effects of jtrivation and over- toil.
From the Second Division the intelligence of the attack was quickly car-
ried to the camps of the First, Fourth and Light Divisions, and the Duke
of Cambridge, Sir George Cathcart, and Sir George Brown, instantly
put themselves at the heads of their men, and lost no time in marching to
the scene of action.

When the pickets were driven in, they retreated to the little two-gun
battery, and fired through the embrasures at the masses of the enemy,
now advancing in dense columns to the attack. The Russian batteries
on the opposite hills opened a tremendous fire upon them, and tli" guns
of the town and the ships in the harbor threw enormous volleys of shell
and shot right into th'j camp of the Second Division, tearing up the
ground, and destroying the tents, For a few moments the gallant fellows
of the Slst held their ground, but no courage could long contend against
such fearful odds. In spile of their fn'o^ much too feeble to stay tho
advance of sueli massive columns, the Russians advanced at a rapiil pace
up the hill, the few shots of the undaunted defenders of tho redoubt toll-
ing latally in their ranks. Almost before tho English could reload, tho
Russians were swarming around tho battery, and leaping over the embra-
sure. iNIany were hurled baek again by the bayonets of the undaunted
picket, who at length, borne down by ihe weiglit of tho attaok, were
driven from the work, and retreiitod dt)wn the hill. The 41st and 41>lh
now came into tho action, and forming into line, charged the udvaneing
lv(jssi;ins, and drove them baek to the redoubt, Again was this little
work the semie of a trenii'ndous eontest, The two regiments disehargiiig
u brisk \olley from their niiiiio rlfies, levelled their biiyonets, and (l^ivin^
tho enemy pell-mell before them, hurled them out of tho buttery, and onoo
more tho Knglish were masters ol" the position. Tho retreating Russians

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

161

11 towards the
volleys of the
iidful of men,
meray'a plans.

in the absence
ted state of his
of tlie ships in
he men of his
i to the alarm.
;ind men, alike
many suffering
1 and over-toil,
as quickly car-
, and the Duke
own, instantly

in marching to

) little two-gun
i of the ononiy,
lissinn batteries
and til" p;uns
volleys of shell
earing up the
;allant follows
intend aniiinst
to stay the
it a rapid pace
10 redoubt tuU-
uld reload, the
er the enibra-
10 undaunted
attaok, were
list and mh
the advancing
was this little
ts dLseliargiiig
s, and driving
tcry, and ornio
ting llus»iuuM

were speedily met and reinforced by other columns of infantry, and then
doubled in numbers, again advanced to the attack. The Ore, too, from
their batteries, poured unceasing destruction into the thin ranks of the
English regiments. Already the dead and dying were lying thick
around, and many of the bravest and best among tiiem had fnlleii bonoath
the intense lire of the enemy. The llussian masses literally surged up
tlie hill, and hurled themselves once more iit the devoted little band. A
fearful struggle followed. Hand to hand was the combat waged, the
bayonet doing deadly havoc upon frieiid and foe. In vain the brave
defenders of their post struggled against the une(|ual odds; in vain the
officers heroically exposed themselves and encouraged tlieir men to the
desperate encounter; aiid in vain the men themselves emulated their
leaders' undaunted courage — the enemy, so immensely superior in num-
bers, drove them, after a san luinary defence, from the work, and pursued
them, di'sperately lighting iu their retreat, towards the camp of their
division.

The alarm had now spread throughout the entire camp, and even
reached llalaklava, rousing the sleepers on board the ships in the harbour.
The heavy booming of the cannon told how fierce was the contest. Sir
De Lacy Mvans forgot his sickness, and leaving the bed to wiiieli for
many days he had been conlined, insisted on being rowed ashore; and
mounting a horse, which he was almost too weak to guide, starttid for
tho held of battle. Lord iliiglan, with his staff, had by this time reached
tlie spot, and at once suw tlui citical position ol'the .Vllics; and s;iw, too
the blunder which the enemy had eominittcil. (ieneral Soimonoll', who
shotdd, upon issuing from the ravine near Careening liay, have turned
to the right and attacked tho centre of the Knglish line, weakened by the
tremendous assault on the extreme left of the position, mistook the direc-
tion and marched to the Icl't, thus reaching the ground ociMipicd by the
Seeoml Division, and embarrassing (Icneral I'auloff's operations hy permit-
ting tho concentration of the Knglish ftu'ces to repel his assault, instead
of diverting their attention by nn attack at a compariitively remote jioint.
For a (jcneral of Haglan's experience to take advantage of this hlumler
was an easy task, lie iinnu'diatdy ni.idc such arrangements of the small
means at his command as would enable him topri'scni twolVonts of ri'.sist-
mice on tho threatened points, while preserving tin; solidity of his
position,

The lilMh and ITlli regiments now arrived to tho assistnnco of the
giiUutit 'iLHli luid list, driven with such dreadful slaughter from tho two-

162

CYCLOPiEDIA OF THE

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gun battery. The brave Colonel Carpenter, of the 41 st, had fallen
pierced with many bullets ; and the blood-thirsty llus,«ians, with that
tiger-liko ferocity which has made the day of Inkcruiann so fearfully
mcmorabk', mutilated the senseless form of the grey-headed old warrior,
clubbing their nmskei.', and beating him on the face till it was almost
impossible to distinguish his featiires. Covered with blood, frightfully
mangled, and recognised only by his uniform, the colonel was at length,
when the enemy retreated, found by his men, and borne, still breathing,
from the field, to linger for a few diys in acute agonies, and then to
breathe his last. Amidst a luirrioaneof bullets from the liussian troops,
and exposed to a deadly storm of missiles from the enemies' batteries,
the 20th and 47th fearlessly charged the opposing masses, and endea-
voured to take the redoubt. Tiiey were successful in the attempt. The
llussian lines trembled before their impetuous onset, The levelled
bayonets, borne onwards by the resistless vigour of Englishmen, now
maddened by the excitement of battle, cheered by their oflieers, and with
the memory of Alma, swept down the hordes of irresolute Muscovites,
and wilii a ringing cheer, the victorious Britons were once again in the
earthwork. Tiicic, indeed, was a sight to rouse their hearis — if, indeed,
furtlitr stimulant were needed — to deeds of vengeance. Not one of those
who in the previous attacks hud fallen wounded was now alive. The
remorseless Russians — assassins rather than soldiers — had bayonctted
every one who showed ^igns of lifi-. The little- buttery was choked with
heaps of dead. Knglislinnii and IJussians lay as they I'ell still' in their
blood, and disfigured by tiie agonies of death. Not one was left to tell
his victorious comrades, who leajjcd shouting into tiie redoubt, how
bravely their companions in arms had disputed itn po,sseHsion, how dearly
the enemy had purchased a temporary success, or bow basely tliiit sueccBB
had been eons\'minateJ by the most brutal nairder of wounded and
unarmed men. Hut the llus^ians were not disposi'd to sid)mit to the loss
of this importnnl position wliieh they had made so many eft'ortsto retain.
Frosh legions were lannelu'il against the two reginuMits who had been thus
far sueeesslul ; and in irresi>til>le strength, still another attempt was mado
to regain the post. Against such munbers it was impossilile to contend
Huceessl'ully. The brave holders of the redoubt fought desperately, with
thiit imyiilding pertinacity for which tho Hritish inliuitry, beyoi\d iiny
soldiery in the world, is distinguislied. Hut the shot from tlie batteries
on tlie hills beyond tlu> river swept through tin'ir lines ; on every hand
brave fellows I'ell pierced with bullets, or numgled by exploding sltulls.

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

1G3

:1st, had fallen
ians, with that
lun so fearfully
lied old warrior,
11 it was almost
lood, frightfully
:1 was at length,
!, still breathing,
ics, and then to
I Russian troops,
leniios' biittcrios,
bses, and endoa-
attempt. Tho
t. The levelled
Englishmen, now
uflieers, and with
)lule Muscovites,
)nce again in tho
caxts — if, indeed.
Not one of those
now alive. The
-had hayonettcd
was choked with
I'ell stilVin their
w was left to toll
le redoubt, how
ssion, hi)W dearly
insely that huccohb
)[' wounded and
submit In the loss
elViuts to retain,
ivbohad been thus
iitliMnpt was mado
iii'^sible to contend
t'sperately. with
mtry, beyond tiny
V.iin the batteries
n ; on every band
f oxpli'ding shells.

The enemy was tenfold their number, and swept on like a torrent
against their feeble del'ence. After a brief but most heroic struLr";le, the
noble remnant of the gallant 20tli and -ITth yielded to a fjrce tiiey eould
no longer withstand, and retreated to the main body, leaving the Rus.siaus
for tho third time the mayters of the two-gun battery.

The masters, it is true; but not the undisputed masters. A yet
bloodier contest was to bo waged for its possession — a contest wliieh
should make that small uniini.shed work, on which as yet no gun bad
been mounted, renowned throughout Europe. By the time that the lioth
and dls't had been driven back, as wc liave just recorded, tlii' Duke of
Candjridge had reached the scene of action with the brigade of Cinards
— those renowned soldiers who.se bayonets had carried the heights of
Alm:i, and whose prowess was a theme of terroi in the Kussiun campR.
No soldier who had shared in or witnes.scd that tremendous fight could
forget the terrible onslauglit of those bear-skinned warriors, when the
choicest troops of the Czar were trampled underfoot, or scattered like
chaff before their irresistible charge. The Coldstreams, no lunger the
magnilicent battalion which a few mouthn before Itift the shores of
England, but reduced by the CMsualties of war and sickness to u few
hundred badly fed and lui.serablyelotbed men, tbniigh retaining all the
ancient courage, heightened, indeed, by the luirdsliips tlu'y bad endured
and tlie memory of their former aehit^vements, — advanced in elo.se ranks,
at a rapid pace and with fixed bayonets, against the living wall of the
Russians, who held tin; crown of the hill. Though the enemy weri' ns
ten to one, they yielded and broke before that matcliles> (in.sct. Se itter-
ing the foe befiuv them, the valiant (Juardsmen swept like a hurricane
into tho battery, and the defeated Russians were precipitated, a flying and
disordered mass, down the hill. The ('oldstrenmshad well avenged their
comrades' fall, but they had not yet gained an undisputed success. On
came fresh battalions of tho Russians. The flying regiments were ming-
led with, or Hougiit refuge behind the advancing legions. Again the
dense muss struggled up tho liill, and again did it devolve up(m English
valour to defend the post which iiad been »o dearly won, Not le.ss than
t'lOtlll Uiissians advaiu'ed in a compaet mass towards the two g\in baltify.
The defenders did luit muster more than as many hundreds. Nothing
daunted, th<7 lirod through thoembrusurcH and from the brow of titehill
Himirt volleys ; and when their unnnunition failed, as at letigtii it ilid,
many Inirled stunes at the oni'iny. Ilut moment by moment tho advan-
cing liost drew nearer mid nearer. Tho .sumniil of tho hill is ruuohud,

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164

CYCLOP.EDIA OF THE

they surround the fort, leap over the earthworks, and in an instant there
is a hand to hand strugglo, such as, perhaps, was never excelled in
mod', '• warfare. They arc repulsed — literally dashed down the hill.
Twice 'p tlie assault renewed ; the second time they are again defeated ;
th(j t\m\ time they r'-o once more in tlio battery. Bayonet crosses
baj ■not in rapid thrusts, fearful shrieks of agony are mingled with the
shouts and curses of infuriated men, the floor is cumbered with the fallen
and slippery with blood ; the gallant Coldstreanis are alone and unaided,
and every moment fresh foemen rush into the deadly nu'/tV. Hundreds
fall before the fatal bayonets of the dauntless Guards — their places are
supi>lied by hundreds more, fresh and unwounded. In front, on either
side, they swarm around, ferocious and malignant. Back to back, the
English heroes meet their tremendous charge. In all the Iiorrors <if that
scene, amid all the earnago which surrounds them, their high courage
never fails, their firm bearing is never relaxrd. Tlmugh many fall mor-
tally wounded, their comrades bestride their bodies, and there is still the
bristling clKriiiix-dc-frlsc of bayonets, against which the foe hurl them-
selves in vain, and only to I'all in hundreds, thrust to the heart by the
fatal steel, wielded by the hands of the most determined soldiers in the
world. At leiigtii the limit is reached beyond which resistance is impos-
sible, and slowly yielding t(t the immense superiority of numbers, the
(iuards give ground, and prepare to leave the battery once more in the
hantls of the enemy. They retreat from the spot, and then see that their
path is barred by another and fresh force of the onemy, Peath appears
inevitable; other soldiers might l.iy down their arms, and few wouhl
douiit their courage, .«o great is the disparity oi' strenglli. Hut the
Guards are not dismayed even then. Struggling into line, with rapidity
gained only by tlieir j)erfeot discipline, th y level their bayonets, charge
the fresh foe. and in nn instant arc among them, Down go tiu^ Uussiau
inlaiilry, stabbed and trampled on. A biief strngnle, .and the invincible
Coldstreams have cut tliroui:li the masses of the foe, and sweeping all oppo-
sition from their path, liave rejoined the main body of their comrades.

While this deadly contest was waging, the battle on the hit of the
position was rivalling it in intensity. SoimonoH's army had attacked,
and the greater portion of tlit! Second Mivision were bravely opposing
their advance, The Mnglish artillery were orderi'd up to tiie siipjior!,
iiiid taking position on the hill, did good service, ami sent nniny ii Russian
to his great account. Hut at length tlieir nmmimitioii was e,\liaur<ted,
uud the enemy advancing tti great fm'ce, after a stirring combat, in whiuh

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

165

nstant there
excelled in
wn the hill,
ill delbivtcd ;
■onet crosses
;led with the
ith the fallen
and unaided,
Hundreds
cir places are
jnt, on cither
c to hack, the
iorrors nt' that
hij^h courage
uany fall nior-
lore is still the
Ibc hurl theni-
) heart by tho
soldiers in the
itance is inipos-
r nnnil)ers, tho
ce mure in the
II see that their
)i'ath apiiears
imd tew would
in;lli. Hut tho
, with rabidity
a^^oiiets, ehar^'O
j_r,, the Unssiau
the iiiviiicilile
(rpin^^allopiH)-
ir I'dinrades.

tlui hl'l "t'*l'"
hud attaelvod,
lavoly upjiosinn
to the sninmr',
many a Unssiau
was cvlianhted,
lUibut, in whicli

Major Townsend, a gallant and experienced officer, was killed, and pro-
digies of valour were performed, succeeded in capturing four of our guns.

The battle liad now assumed tremendous proportions, The wliole of
the Second and Fourth Divisions were engaged, as well as portions of tho
First and Light Divisions, about 80(10 nuMi in all. Including the fresh
regiments which Danncnberg now brought into action, not loss tiian
00,000 Russians were in the field. Against this overwholining force the
English bravely held their ground. The brigade of(^iuards, gallantly led
by their royal commander, had again united, and waged a despirate war-
fare against unecjual odds. In front, the Light Division and a piu'tion of
tho Second preserved a firm bearing, and opposed themselves fearlessly to
tho shock of the advancing battalions. On the left, Soimouotrs mrps
cVdrmht was met by the remainder of the Second Division, who bore the
assault of the enemy, inspirited l'\ tlicir success in driving back the artil-
lery and capturing tho guns. Their exultation was fated to be of brief
duration, for the gallant Second, having repulsed their first attack, now
assumed the offensive, and eliarging the llnssian columns, after a sangui-
nary struggle, drove tiieui back, and recaptured the guns.

Tho ground to which the struggle was now confined was hilly and
covered with thick brushwood, sloping towards tho harbour, the ships in
which, moored so as to command the Knglish lines, poured a destructive
fire into our r.iidvs. Tiie brigado of (Juards, forced by the eiiorniouH
odds to quit the Two g,in Battery, al'ter sueli a terrific contest, were now
engaged in hand-to-hand confiiot with nearly ten times their number of
the enemy. It was impo,ssible, from the fierceness of the contest and tho
nature; ol'the ground, to preserve military order. The battle was a scries
of detached groups, sometimes a few dauntless (iuardsmen, bari'lu'aded
and back to back, disputing every inch of ground, and with tlieir
bayonets inflicting terrible execution on the eiuMiiy ; sometimes .a young
(illiecr, rallying a liiW of his meu around him, dashing with a \ingiiig
cheer at a iijialanx of the foe, and as their (len>e mass was liroken by tho
impetuosity of tho attack, falling pierced l)y a dozen Imllets, with his last
breath cheering on l.i,: men to the elnirgo. So fell Lieut, -Colonels .^lack.
innon and Cowell; ho fell Sir Robert >' 'wnnui ; and so fell \nany imother
brate soldier ami good man, The Duke of Cambridge, ailleied almost to
tears by the sight of so many lying in tlfir blood, was ever\ wlieri' in tho
tliielv nf the light, urging on his ini'n, and setting them an example of the
most daring courage, Almost alone, he dashed info the /jk'/iV, amid a
shower of bullets from tho Uussiun rifies. Oiico ho hud nearly fulleu u

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OYCLOPJEDIA OF THE

victii)! L) bis own enthusiasm and contempt, nf J anger. C-^i^picuous by
his uiiiTorm and fine person, be presented ;■ p.-'ubinept mn:\ for the aim
of the ambushed enemy. Reckless of (]ie dungjr, he disdr. ii' ! oven ordi-
nary pi( cautious. In 'Ms eii.t>rgencj Di. W'l'.on 11x1"))^ r lend his
profi'ssioial service- to ihe womulo'l, saw the peril of the l.'.ko, and col-
lecting ii 'landful of lu^n, disper-.d the eu uiy's riflemen, and rescued the
too I'lring leader. Not' sing could exceed the deadly nature of the com-
bat. Tiie (.fuards fought as only men can Hght, when utterly desperate.
There seeuicd but small prol.ibilit) that one oY thuc noble brigade
would leave tlu ground unhurt. Tiio llussiau^, F*rong in their numbers,
in.^pirited by intoxication and (Un.iiicism, imurcK lOir legions in vain
a<.ainst the resistance of such anquoiicliabio heroism. Heaps of dead
covered the ground, and the assassin Muscovites, unable to subdue the
living, wreaked a miserable venge.uice on the fallen, bayonettiiig and
madly disfiguring with their clubb. 1 muskets every prostrate antagonist.
Wlion the battle was over, many a lirave fellow, who had fallen wounded,
was found an unrecognisable mass of mangled flesh and blood. Rendered
nearly mad by the sight of such de\i:i<h atrocity, the survivors redoubled
their almost surpernafural efforts, ;,ud though ])ressed on every side,
maintained the struggle with unfailin ■ valour, still the same invincible
Guardsmen, so terrible at Alma, so hciuio at the fight for the Two-gim
Battery.

The Light Division meanwhile maintiiinod its reputation in the vigorous
struggle in whieii they were now engaged. Hir George Urown, their
General, was severely wounded, and borne from the field, bis white hair
streaming in the wind, and his face deadly pale, from the acuteness of his
sulfering. A five-gun battery, under the direction of Sir Thomas Trou-
bridge, Major of the 7th Fusiliers, did good service against the advancing
colunms of the enemy; but tho h ■ ■•!• follows who maniuul it suifered ter-
ribly fitim the fire fnmi the battorios of tlic town. Sir Thomiis himself
liad his right leg and left foot earri' d away by a tiiirty-nine pounder
from the Round Tower, or MalakolT. Notwithstaiuling the severity of
th.( injury, and the excruciating agony he nnist have endured, he rei'used
to permit his men to earr} him to tiic rear; but ordered them to lift him
to a gun-carriage, whence, streaming with blood, ho continued to give tho
word of command, nor i|uittod his pont till tiio enemy were routed.

Seeing tho desperate nature of flic contest. Sir (ileorgo Cathcart con-
ceived the idea that hy deseending the sid<' ol' the hill, he might take tiu)
enemy in flank, and so rulievu the (hiards from the uiiet^ual struggle iu

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BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

167

^oM^picuous by
,ik for the aim
iti' il even ordi-
ons t lend his
i.'ako, and col-
[ind rescued the
are tif 1 he com-
;iurlv dewperate.
nOkjle brigade
I their niuuhers,
ityions in vain
Heaps of dead
3 to subdue the
juyonctting and
rate antagonist,
fallen wounded,
lood. llendercd
vivors redoubled
on every nide,
same invincible
or the Two-gnu

in in the vigorous
j;o Brown, their
il, his white hair
i; acutoncss of his
r Thonius Trou-
iHt the advancing
h1 it sniVerod ter-
TlioniaH iiiniself
ity-nine pounder
V the Hcverity of
lured, ho rol'iised
them to lift him
inued to give the
I'ro routed.
•ge Oathcart oon-
w might take the
I'ljual struggle iu

which they were engaged, lie despatched General Torrens, with por-
tions of the 4Gth and G8th regiments on this duty. They advanced
rapidly, but from either hand rained the bullets of the llussian riflemen,
concealed in the brushwood. The horse of General Torrens fell pierced
by five bullets, and on every side, the number who were struck down
attested tlie severity of the fire to which they wore exposed. Torrens
himself received a ball through his lungs, and was carried senseless from
the field. Sir George Cathcart, seeing the fierce opposition which his
brigade sustained, innnediately dashed forward with the remainder of
his men, and fearlessly charged the enemy. Too late ho saw the error
into wliich he had been led. He was perfectly surrounded by the enemy,
who held the high ground commanding the valley into which he had led
his brigade, in the liopcs of making a vigorous flank attack. For some
time, his little b:ind returned sharp volleys to the enemy's rifles. Then
a cry was raised that their cartridges were exhausted. There was no
retreat, and the fiorco fire poured like hail into their ranks. " You have
got your bayonets ! " shouted their dauntless leader, and dashed forwards
followed by his men. As ho raised himself in his stirrups, a bullet
pierced his brain, and the heroic Cathcart, the subduer of the Cape
savages, fell lu'adlong from his horse, quite dead. IJy his side fell
Colonel Seymour, Adjutant-General of the Fourth J)ivision, sharing his
leader's i'ate. lie was wounded bifore Sir George, but concealed his
hurt. Wiien the General fell. Colonel Seymour dismounted to render
him assistanci'. The brigade had swept on, unable to pause in tlieir
career, and then the enemy rushing on the wounded Seymour cruelly
murdered him, as he stooped over the body of his friend, and consum-
mated tiieir infamy by basely stabbing with their bayonets the inseihsible
body of the noble Cathcart.

It was now eleven o'clock, and it seemed impossible that the Knglish
could mueii longer withstand the terrible assault. They were driven
back exhausted hy the long struggle ; hundreds of their best and bravest
had I'lillen lieniiealiy ; and the enuniy was still pouring fresh legions into
the fray. The tug and driz/.hiig rain obseuretl tlie .'-eene of aelion, so
that it was impossible for the Generals to concert a scheme of operations,
or even to know accurately tlie state of all'airs; it was rather a series of
buttles than one action. Lord lliighin and his stafl' were uiigerly watch-
ing the fray, but unable to control (he movements of the troops. No-
thing eonld save the entire army but tlie si'll'-de\otioii and valour of the
iu«m : tactics wore unavailable, and generalship useless. Now, however,

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I :•

|!|

camo the crisis of the struggle. General Bosquet had by this time diico-
vcrccl thnt the threatened attack on Balaklava was but a feint ; and
warned by the thunder of cannon and the roll of musketry of the real
point of attack, hastened to, the rescue. Two troops of horse-artillery
were speedily despatched, and took up u position whence they could
effectively play upon the llussian guns. Hastening to the spot, with his
dashing regiments of Zouaves and Chasseurs Indigenes, ho precipitated
himseli' upon the left flank of the llussian hordes. General Canrobert,
too, at the same time, ordered up several French regiments of the line to
llie assistance of the Englisli Second Division, on the left.

Wearied, wounded, and almost disheartened, tJK: English heroes were
gradually giving ground to the foe, when their ears caught, above the din
of battle, the rapid tread and loud shouts of advancing troops, and per-
ceived through the mist the forms of massive colunnis, moving at a rapid
pace, whether friends or foes they scarcely knew. In a few moments, a
joyous '' Ilnrrah ! " rang from the broken lines, and a mighty cheer was
echoed through the fog : then they knew the French were there to help
them. A new life seemed to animate them; no longer they retreated,
but summoning up the last flashes of their failing lire, charged tlie foe
anew. The Russians, staggered by the fresh assault, surprised by the
sudden appearance of the warriors of Africa, hesitated and gave way.
Then, uniting their ranks, the English and I lie L'roMch, with mingled
shouts, loud " llnrridis I " and "Vive rEmpereurl" dashed into the
paralyzed columns, and drove the bayonets home through many a Hnssian
breiist. The Zduaves leaprd through the tangled l)rush\viMii|, and,
with wondrous activity, scattered the coufused and retreating battalions.
Then came the tremendous fire from the ships in the harbour, and the
guns from th(! lieighls, which almost >wept them from the field, and
forced them for a brief space to pause in their career. It was but for au
instant. Renewing their charge!, English and French once more dashed
at the Hying foe, and at the bayonet's point, with fearful slaughter, drove
them, a disorderly mob, down the hill-side.

The moment iiad now oonie when ijoni llaglanoould effectively exhibit
his geiieralshiji; for hours he had sat in his saddle, in a most exposed
situation, uindjlo to control the flnctuating fortunes of the day. Ihidor
his direction. General Strangways had opened a heavy Arc of artillery
upon the Russian guns upon the opposite hills, with the hope of silencing
their I'atid volleys. Tlii^' was all he had been enaliled to perform for the
succour of tlio troops engaged. Many I'ell around him, but the brave old

I
1
■it

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

169

tliis time (li.-co-
t a feint ; and
>try of tlu! real
f horse-iutillery
nee they could
D spot, with his
he precipitated
icval Canrohcrt,
its of the Une to

lish heroes were
it, above the din
troops, and per-
oving at a rapid
few moments, a
lighty cheer was
ere there to help
■ they retreated,
charjit'd tlic foe
siu'iiri.-rd l)y the
1 anil ,i;avi> way.
Ii, with mingled
hished into the
many a Itus.sliiu
Drushwooil, and,
•atinir battalions.
,iarbour, and the
11 the Held, and
t was but for nu
nee more dashed
1 slau>,'liter, drove

[H'cetively exhibit

a most exposed

lie day. rmler

liro (if artillery

hope ol' silencing

I perform for the

Intthobmvo old

General refused to move from his exposed situation, anxious for the time
to arrive when he might be enabled so to mantcuvre his forces as to drive
back the enemy. General Strangways was within a short distance of the
Commander-in-Chief, when a shot, which had actually passed betwion the
legs of Lord Kaglart's horse, shattered his leg, and he fell to the ground.
Ho was borne carefully to the rear, whrve, in a few moments, the gallant
old man, who had survived the dangers of Leipzig, and a fearful wound
at Waterloo, breathed his last; meeting his fate with a calm lieroisni that
affected to tears many a brave man fresh from the honours of that sangui-
nary field. The llussians had left on the field two 18-poundcr guns, and
Lord liaglan now ordered them to be brought up to the front. Colonel
Dickson had already anticipated the order, and the guns had been drai^ged
by main strength to the litting position on a ridge front of the Second
Division. Assisted by Captain D'Aguilar, a well-aimed fire was poured
into the llussian batteries; the guns were overthrown, the gunners killed,
and the fire ibr an instant (juelled; but the fertility of the enemy's
resources did not fail them even now : fresh gunners supplied the places
of those struck down by the English fire, and the deadly duel was
resumed. Tlicn came the retreating infantry — a headlong mass, and the
fiery Zduavi^s and reanimated British in hot pursuit. Tliree times were
the artillerymen '^wept away from their guns; as many times their places
were supplied. Then, under cover of fierce volleys from the town and
shiiis, th(!y succeeded in carrying off their guns. The French batteries
now advanced to the crown of the ridge, and opened fire on the retreating
masses, flying pell-mell towards the heights. Hundreds fell beneath the
deadly vollcy.s — the thunders of the deaMi-dealing artillery drowned alike
the shrieks and groans of the wounded and the triuniphant shouts of the
victors, and the battle of Inkermann was won I

Aliont 8000 English and 0000 French had thus utterly defeated
more than no.tKIO dl'the enemy, with the disadvantage of being taken by
suriuise. The English were enfeebled by sickness, imperfeetly fed, and
inade(iuately provided with necessary equipments and ammunition. The
llussians were mostly fresh troops, prepared for the attack, and supported
by the tremendous batteries of the town and ships. It is to the French
un(|nes(iiinably that we were indebted for the victory: no human courage
could nineh longer have withstood such disproportionate odds. Tho
gallant l{os(|uet, by his promptitude and the dashing valour of his African
soldiers, saved not only the fortunes of th. day, but the very existence of
the English army. Our loss was 102 killed, including -lI) ofhcers, 11)52

-fT

! ;l

""""'""■i"'"'';; '

m""'" TP-r'°"-*™i

t' i

170

CTCLOP^DIA OF THE

wounded, and 198 missing; giving a total of 2612 casualties. Three
generals were killed — Cathcart, Goldic, and Strangways; anc three —
Brown, Torrcns, and Bentinck — ^wcre Avounded. If we reckon that only
about SOOO were engaged, these numbers show that nearly every third
man was killed, wounded, or fell into the hands of the enemy. The
Russians admit a loss of 2909 killed, of whom 42 were olEcers ; and
5791 wounded, including 206 officers ; giving a total loss of 8760.
There can be no rational doubt that their real loss was nearly double,
and the number of Russians killed or wounded was at the least equal to
the entire English and French forces engaged in the battle. Our
brigade of Guards alone lost twelve officers killed on the field, besides
many wounded. Truly the daring courage of the English gentleman has
not deteriorated in these latter days ! The chivalric valour which placed
the officers in the very front of danger was nobly seconded by the
unquenchable spirit of Oae men whom they led; tlicy were mostly fasting,
when they hurried to the scene of conflict, and for ten long hou/s were
engaged in one of the deadliest struggles the military lu:-torian has ever
recorded. Some were sick, all wore gaunt md emaciated. It was 7\gin-
court once more. The starved legions met and overthrew five times their
number. Such was the bloody battle of Inkermann 1"

IPSUS, BATTLE OF.— Fought n.c. 301. Between Seleucus and
Antigonus, King of Asia. On the side of Antigonus was his son,
whilst Ptolemy, Lysimachus and Cassander were ranged on the side of
Seleucus. The army of Seleucus consisted of 70,000 foot, and 10,000
cavalry, with 7r» elephants. Theotherarmy amounted to 61,000 infantry,
and 10,500 horse, witli 600 elephants and 120 chariots, Antigonus and
his son were signally defeated.

IRUN, BATTLE OF.— Between the British auxiliary legion, under
General Evans, and the Carlist forces. It was fought, May 17th, 1837.
On tiio lOtli, the legion marched from St. Sebastian to attack Trun, which,
after a desperate resistance, they carried by assault. Great exertions wore
made by tln' Britisii officers to save the lives of the prisoners from the
fury of the -oldiers of the legion, their minds having been exasperated by
the fre{|neMt masr^acre of such oi' their comrades as had from time to
time fallen into the hands of the enemy. The town was pillaged.

TSLE-AUX-NOIX.— Ai the Rlchcb'eti Ri'rrr, Lower Coinida.—
Commands the entrauce to Luke Champlain. Fortified by the French, in

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

171

ualtios. Three
s; anc three —
reckon that only
arly every third
ic enemy. The
ere officers; and
,1 loss of 8760.
IS nearly double,
the least equal to
he battle. Our
the Held, besides
sh gentleman has
lour which placed
seconded by the
ire mostly fasting,
1 long liou;s were
liiistorian has ever
id. It was Agin-
:w five times their

ecn Seleucus and

lus was his son,

ed on the side of

foot, and 10,000

04,000 infantry,

Antigonua and

iary legion, under
:May 17 th, 1S:J7.

tiacklrun, which,

reat exertions were
viponers from the

xn exasperated by
Kid from tiuio to

s pillaged.

fjowcr Cannda. —
by the French, iu

1759. Captured by the English, in 1760. Taken by the Americans, in
1775 (from which place they issued their proclamation to the Canadians).
It rendered important service in the war of 1812-1814.

ISLE OF FRANCE.— Taken, with six French frigates, and many
Indiamen, by the British from the French, December 2nd, 1810. The
British retain possession of it, and it is now a freed colony.

ISMAEL, SIEGE 0¥.—Iii Bessarahin.— After a long siege by the
Russians, who lost 20,000 men before the place, the town was taken by
stern., December 22nd, 1790, when the Russian General, Suwarrow, the
bloodiest and most merciless warrior of modern times, put the brave
Turkish garrison, consisting of 30,000 men, to the sword — every man
was butchered. Not satisfied with this vengeance, the General ordered the
tiwn to be pillaged by his ferocious soldiery, and 6000 women were
iiiurdered in cold blood.

ISSUS, BATTLE OF.— Alexander the Great completely defeated
Darius in this battle, fought u.c. 333. The Persian army, according to
Justin, amounted to 400,000 foot and" 100,000 horse, of which 61,000
foot and 10,000 cavalry were left dead on the field, and 40,000 were
taken prisoners. The Macedonians lost only 300 foot and 150 horse,

according to Diodorus Siculus.

JAFFA. — Celebrated in Scripture as Joppa. Taken by Napoleon, in
February, 1799. The I'^rench driven out by the British, in June, the
same year. Here, according to the account of Sir Robert Wilson, Napoleon
massacred 3800 Arab prisoners of war ; but this 's reasonably doubted.

JANVILLIERS, BATTLE OF.— Between the French and Pru3-
sians, which, after a severe engagement, Blucher, who commanded the
latter army, was driven back to Chalons with considerable loss. Fought)
February 14th, 1814.

J.VRNAC, HATTLE OF.— The Duke of Anjou, afterwards Henry
III of France, defeated the Huguenots, under Louis, Prince of Conde,
who was killed in cold blood by IMontesquieu. The victor was but
seventeen years of age, and on account of his successes and his triumph
at Moncontour, the Poles chose him for their king ; he had his arm in

172

CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE

a sling, and a moment before the battle, his leg was broken by a kick
from a liorse. Fought, March KJth, 1569.

JAVA. — This island capitulated to the British, August 8th, 1811.
The sultan dethroned by the English and the hereditary Prince raised to
the throne, June, 1813. Restored to Holland, in 1814.

'S'l

JEMMAPPES, BATTLE OF.— This was one of the most obsti.
Date and hard-fought battles in modern times ; 40,000 French troops
forced 28,000 Austrians, who were entrenched in woods and mouTitains,
defended by forty redoubts and an immense number of cannon. The revo-
lutionary general Dumfniriez, was the victor in this battle, which lusted
four days. According to the most authentic accounts, the loss on the
Austrian side was 10,000 men killed, and that of the French 12,000.
Fought, November 5th, 1792.

JENNA, BATTLE OF— One of the most bloody battles fought in
the Napoleon wars, between the French and Prussian armies ; the former
commanded by Napoleon — the latter by the Prussian King. The latter
was signally defeated with the loss of 30,000 slain, and 30,000 taken
prisoners, and 200 field pieces taken. After this Napoleon advanced to
Berlin, October 14th, 180G.

JERUSALEM.— Taken by the Israelites B.C. 1048, and by Nebu-
chadnezzar ]!.c. 587. Razed to the ground by Titus A.D. 70, after
one of the most awful as well as remarkable sieges recorded in history
and predicted by our Blessed Lord. More than 1,100,000 Jews perished
on this occasion. Rebuilt by Adrian a.d. 130. Taken by the Persians
in 014 ; by the Saracens in 030; and by the Crusaders in 1099, when
70,000 infidels were put to the sword. A new kingdom was then
founded, and lasted eighty-eight years. Again taken from the Christians
by Saladin, in 1187, and by the Turks in 1217. Lastly taken by
Bonaparte, in February, 1799.

JUGURTIIA, THE WAR WITH.— A memorable war, of which
the Roman historian, Sallust, has written an account, commenced n.c.
Ill, and continued five years. Metellus was first sent against him, then '-^
Sylla and Marius — the latter of whom took him prisoner, and at last he ^
died in prison, at Rome.

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

173

3rokcn by a kick

ugust 8th, 1811.
y Prince raised to
4.

)f the most obsti.
00 French troops
(Is and mountains,
sannon. The revo-
attle, which lasted
ts, the loss on the
e French 12,000.

y battles fought in
n-mies; the ibrnicr
[ King. The latter
and aO,000 taken
poleon advanced to

KAFFIR "WAR. — There was an invasion of the Kaffirs, or Caffres,
in the vicinity of Grahamstown, Cape of Good Hope, in October, 1831;
The invaders fell upon tlie settlers, murdered them, burnt their houses,
destroyed their crops, and carried ofi' their cattle ; this irruption was
eventually suppressed by the colonial authorities. Other, but slighter
annoyances to the colonists took place occasionally, up to December, 1850,
when Sir Harry Smith, the then Governor, proclaimed martial law,
and ordered the colonists to rise en mumfe for the defence of the frontier;
the Kaffirs had previously defeated the British troops, and had committed
many murderous forays on the villages. Then followed several disas-
trous operations in the Water Kloof, and Colonel Fordyce and several
officers and men of the 74th Regiment were killed, November Gth, 1847;
Captain Oldham, and others, had just before this fallen into an ambuscade
and been killed. The wreck of the Birkenhead with re-enforcements
from England, took place February 2Gth, 1852. General Cathcart, at
last, on the 20th December, 1852, attacked them with 2000 British
troops at Berea, where they numbered GOOO cavalry. In this action
Captain Tanner and 38 men were killed, and two other officers and 15
men wounded. The Kaffirs suffered severely, and at last were obliged to
sue for peace.

48, and by Ncbu-
tus A.D. 70, after
ecorded in history

)00 .lews perished
en by the Persians
crs in 1099, when
ingdom was then

•oni the Christians
Lastly taken by

ible war, of which

it, commenced u.c.

against him, then

>ncr, and at last he

KALITSCH, BATTLE OF.— Fought, February 13th, 1813,
between the Saxons, under the French Genm-al Regnier, and the Russians
under Winzingerode. An obstinate engagement in which the French
were defeated, with the loss of 2000 killed and some thousands taken
prisoners.

KALUA'GA, FORT.— //i the 7i'«s/ /«(?(Vs.— Unsuccessfully attacked
by the East India Company's forces, and General Gillespie killed, Octo-
ber olst, 1814. Again unsuccessfully attacked, November 25tli, fol-
lowing, and evacuated by the Nepaulese on the 30th November, 1814.

KAllS, THE BATTLE OF THE HEIGHTS OF.— "On the 29th
September, 1855, about 3.30 a.ji., the Russians were seen advancing up
the Sluirak valley in dense masses, but in what order could not then, on
account of tlio darkness, bo ascertained. Our troops were in a moment
under arms, and at their posts. General Kmcty, with one battalion of
infantry and seven companies of chasseurs, was stationed in Sheshanegee

^^iif.naixaMi„^ex^ufMam

«lr

.:. i

I ■ '' i'-'i
i

J li
1 '

?% I

174

CYCLOPiEDIA OF THE

Tabia ; Mnjor Tcosdalc, with one battalion of infantry, in Yuksck Tabia ;
and Hussein Pacha, with tlio Arabistan Corps, in Tahmasb Tabia, where
he was soon joined by Kerini Pacha, the second in command of tlie army.
Baslii-bazouks were also dispersed tluouuliout the difterent works, and
the Laz held a small work called Yareni Ai Tabia, in front of Yuksek
Tabia. General Kniety was the first to open lire with round-sliot on the
advancing battalions of the enemy; he was inmiediately answered by two
guns ]iiaced in position on a height forming the north-west boundary of
tl'i SJKirak valley. In a vew minutes the whole visible force of the
Russians eha.;^ed up the hill with loud cries; they were received with a
terrific fire of grape and musketry, which mowed down whole ranks at
every volley, General Kmety's position was attacked by eight battalions
of the enemy; they advanced very gallantly t(i within five paces of the
work, when so heavy a lire was opened on (he head of the colunni tliat
the whole corps wavered, halted, then turned, and fied down the hill in
the greatest confusion, leaving 850 dead. Tliey did not renew the
attack there.

'I'alimasb Tabia Itore the brunt of the battle; about 1(1 battalions,
with many guns, were lirought up against it , but il> garrison was undaunted,
and I'or a long time the Kussians could not eve!" get possession ol' the
breast-work forming the lel't wing of tliat battery ; \-nt, at lengtii, iin
overwheliuing force obligcil (lie Turks to retiri' witliin tlio redoulit. A
scene ol' carnage now ens-ned perfectly terrible to behold. As llie Rus-
sians came over the brow of the hill within the Itreastwork, to take the
battery in rear, Tchim and Tek Tabias and Foit Lake opened on iheni
with 21-pound shot, wliieh tore tliruugr tiieir ranks, but they did not
seem to heed this. Tluy eliariied Talir ;!,'^b Tidiia. wbieh was one sheet
of fire, over ami over again, and so resolute were their assaults tbat many
of the Russian olVicers were killed in ihe battery, but they could imt suc-
ceed in carrying it.

General Kmety,aft' r having repulsed (he RusHiatis, went forward with
four eompaiues of ehasseiirs to Vnksek Tabia, wliieli was sorely pressed.
Major Teesdide pointed out a battilion of Russian (I nsseurs whieli lay
liidden behind Yarein Ai Tabia (this work having been abandoned by
till" Laz at the conimeneenn'Ut of tb.e battle), and begged that thoy
might lie dislodged. 'I'he (ieneral at ohi'c determined to carry tlu'Inttery;
so, forming up Ids men, lie charged and drove (lie ItnssianM down (ii(>hill;
leaving ii c(nnpany to defend (lie work, lie returned to Yuksek Tabia, from
whence perceiving n battalion of the on»niiy trying to turn the right wing

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

175

sok Tiibia ;
abin, where
f tlioavuiy.
work^, luid
of YuUsck
-sliot oil the
crod by two
boundary of
[orce of the
civod with a
ole ranks at
it b:\ttaUons
pacoN of the
joUuim that
u tlio hill in
t renew the

batliilioiis,
isuiulauiited,
>hion of the
it lenglii, !ni
rotioubt. A
As tlu' UuH-
t(i laki: the
lu'd oi\ tlieni
h(_v did not
wiiH one >hcct
ts that many
mild not Mio-

iurward with

(iii'ly ]ir('ss('d.
uiM wliii'li lay
il,;indonod by
,.1 tli!it Ihoy
jytlu'lnttery;
down tbo hill;
k TahiaJVoui
lio right wing

of Tahniasb Tabia, he reinforced his corps with three companies from
Major Teesdale, and charged the Russians; here, too, he was successful.
In tiio nioautinio reinforcements were sent up from below; these formed
bcliind the tents of the reserve, and watched their opportunity in attack-
ing the llussian columns, when driven back from an assault on the
batteries. For seven hours this went on; reserve after reserve of the
enemy was brought forward, but only to mc-ft death. Nothing could
shake the tinnness of our troops, till at Icngtii the Russians, wearied and
dispirited, at eleven A.M., turned and lied down the hills in a confused
mass, not one single company keeping its ranks. The army was followed
in its flight by the townspeo[)lo and IJaslii-hazouks, who brought down
hundreds as they Ik'd. While tlie iniantry were engaged in this conflict,
the Cossacks tried to penetrate into the Icnts of the re.'^erve, but they were
soon driven back by the townsi)eople and infantry reserves with heavy
loss.

One battalion of Russian infantry attempted to march round the
position, and take a small battery sitnatfd in a commanding position on
the roail leading to a village called Tehakmak. It eomnicnerd its march
in splendid order, hut ere it went Ot»0 yards it was broken and in great
disorder, and so tcrrifled, that fifty or sixty of our chasseurs drovo the
broken mass down the Tehakmak valley like a floek of slice]). The cause
of the terror was the terrible lire opened upon it by Yuksek Tabia, the
guns of Slieshanegee Tabia and Tort Lake.

A column of eight battalions, witli 10 guns atid three regiments of
cavalry, attacked the English lines at halfjiast live A.M. This line of
fortilieation was at the time very weakly a:arrisoned ; the breastwork was
carried in a few minutes, the batteries Tcesdale, Tiionijison, and /olnali,
successively fell into the enemy's hands, and the men who formed their
garrisons retired into Williams Pacha Tabia. The Itussiuns then brought
up iheir artillery into po^ilion in front I'f /(dirai.i Tabia, and began tiring
upon Kort Lake and shelling the town, but Fort hake (under the able
sujierintendeiiee of the gallant oflieer whose name it bears), Aral) Tnbia,
and Karadagh, ojiened so heavy a flro on them with' 24 pounders, that
tlit^y were eom)H'lled to withdraw their artilloy altogether. The Hiissian
infaiitiy then chaiged Williams I'ncha Tabia, but weri' repulsed by a
flanking tin' iimn Fort hake and a severe lire of mn^k^ try from the
defenders of the battery attacked. They retired into Zohrab Tabia,
ro-formed, and again assaulted ; a I'ody of tliei- diasseurs was at the samo
time sent forward to within BOd yards of Fort liake, to take a small open

tp'

Ml *l

176

CYCf.0PiT31)IA OV THE

work called Churehill Tabia, wliicli was cloinj;; the enemy witlinut the
lines much harm. This was occupied by two companies of our chiisseurs:
they turned to receive the attack of the enemy; and, after retiring a short
distance halted, and kept the Eussians at bay. While this wasjioing ou,
Captain 'rhonijison, who had charge of the batteries of Karadagh and
Arab Tabia, sent over the r)tli regiment of infantry I'mm Arab 'I'alna to
retake the English Tabius of Teesdalo and Thompson, and i'mm below
two battalions of the 2nd regiment came up to lecapture Ziihrab Tabia.
The forces commenced the attack together IVdm each end uf the line, and
drove the iUissians out of the Ibrts and breastwurks at the iioint of the

em.

bayonet. Once out of the lines, they did not attcmjit to retake tli
Unfortunately the enemy had time, while in possession of the batteries,
to take awtiy live guns, and to spike three, but they abandoned tiiree of
tlie captured guns at a .short distance from the redoubts, .<(t that wc only
lost two. As the enemy retreated our long guns iigain played on their
columns, and they retired as speedily as po.s.Hiblc.

iSomc cavalry attempted to

I'UU'agc^

tlie battery above tlie vill

lU'c

Tchakmak, but again the (crribleguns of Fort Lake drove them oil', ily
lO.;iU A.M. the I'lnglish Tabias were silent.

Such WIS the dreadful battle of '' The Heights of Kar.^." This is but
a very lame account of the glorious fight. I havo not the time to enter
into greater details, but it will give an idea of what our men did and had

ocnduri

luri

le forces of the enemy e.xcciM

led:{(l,()0(», wl

iile ours, en

;e(,

re below S(HK». Not oi

le OI OI

ir men had tasted aiiylliiiig since tho

previous aftermion ; hungry and thirsty, they remained undaunted, and
ro})nl,M'd column after cobiinn of (he llu^sians; at last their lieroiMu was
rewarded with perhaps the most brilliant victory that lias been gained

im this war,

duri

The Held of battle wns u niglil Ion horrible ever to be forgotten by mo;
the (lead lay in vast heaps in every dircctinn around the I'orls the ditches
wore full of mutilated bodies — the touts wero torn to nigs — arms, elol lies,
broken ammiiiiilioii-lio.xcs lay strewed al'Oiit. I'|)warils oflilllill Uus.sians
fell, and more than -ItliM) niii.-<kels havi: been eoilceled, and If)!) pri minora
taken. The total loss to tile enemy in killiul and wounded must ha\u
been very near, iinot more th.in, iri,(MM(. Soveral (lenerals were killed
t;r wounded; iiinongHt the former, reports say, Oeneral iireunier, tho
•ucond III omniapd ; and (ieiicrai liaklannl)', wlio commanded tlie attack
on (-'.ihly Tallin on the Till "i' lant August. 'I'lioiisands ol' carts havo
buoti Muiit tu (iuuiri (Alcxaudropolij with wounded.

Wl
pr

BATTLES OF THE WOULD.

177

itlinut the

n\y^ ti short
iHfioing ou,
I'udiiuli mid
lb Tal/ui to
iVoui below
bv;il) Tiibia.
ho lino, iiud
jioilit of tho
.etiiii<- theiu.
lie butteries,
nod thrco of
thiit wr only •
yod on their

lie villii;.?'' of
hem olV. »y

'IMiis is but
time to enter
aid iiiiil hud
urs,en;j,;i;;od,
sineo tho
;uiMlt'il, iind
lieroiMii W!i»
lieen liiiined

gotten b\,niei
. iheditchos

iirms.elothoB,
KliiO lliis^iiinf^

l.')*! jiri^mera
0(1 iiHist liiivo
ills were Killod

llreumer, tho
I, led the nttiiek

ul' carlM luivo

lUI

Our list of casualties is but small, about 1000 in killed and wounded.
Dr. Sandwith, the Inspector of Hospitals, had made his arrangements,
and, thanks to his abilities, tho hospitals arc in good order.

For this great victory, Turkey has to thaidv General Williams; during
the past four months his exertions to get things into order have beeu
astonisliing; night and day he lias laboured. He has had many and
tijroat obstacles to overcome, but nothing could break his energy. On tho
memorable 2!Uh he directed tlic movements of the troops; the reini'orcc-
ments always reached tlieir appointed position in time. The great results
of the day prove how well his operations were conceived.

Tlie loss inflicted on tho enemy I'ully .shows how well the positions of
the redoubts were cho.sen by Colonel Lake. All tho batteries flanked
eaeli other, and the liussians were unable to bring uj) guns to command
any of our positions. The troo[)s kiss the batteries, and say that the
Miralai Bey (Ooloncl) was " Chok akill" (very wise) when he mado
them work.

Captain Thomjjson aided greatly in recapturitig the English lines.
He directed, by order, the nuns of Arab Taliia anil Ivaradagh, and sent
tho troops over to attack the Russians.

Major Tce.sdale was in the hottest Are, and acted with great coolness
and bravery. He is the admiration of the Turks. He showed them
how I'iiiglish oflici rs be]i;ive in b;i(l!(^

All the Turkish olHeevs did their d\ity nobly. Kerim Paelia was
slightly wouiuled, and liad two lior.»<es killed under iiim ; Hussein I'joha
was hit; two Colonels, and many other ofii. ' r<, wore killed."

Anuthor account thus graphically de.^eribi. the fidl oi' Kars ; —

" Omer Pacha, gradually overcomini,' the dilV.culties ol that dilicieiioy
in transports found himself at the head f»f about I'l.ddO troi.jis in
Abasia, a good many of these being his own trustworthy vetiriins.
lie bad gradually odged them down towards redoubi Kaleh, which
he fixed on as his basis of operations. On the HOtii iSheniscrai wns
secured, and, having driven in the llussiim onljimts iVoni Snudidi
iind endeavonred to open relations with Sehamyl. while coneiliatinu tho
Princess Pidian and the (Muistian popnhilion in his own neiyhbour-
lu.od, ho iiiovod inland in a south-easlern direction. Hut, owini: to ilio
diOieultiesof the coiMitry, which is an entanglement ol' woods interspersed
with very rich but negleeleil furm lands, imd owinii still nion tn tho
preearioustiess and uncertainly (A' any supplies from the inhabitant-, \\\n
progress was extremely slow. He did all tlmt lay lit hid power, iiuiehus-

178

CYCLOPEDIA OF THE

inp: provisions ill evcrj^ direction, and organizing, as his principal resource,
ii regular coniiuissariut at Redoubt Kaloli. Tlio river Phasis, which
flows ij'oni tlie Caucasus to the Euxine, is navigable for nearly a hundred
miles from the sea; and ho had hoped to have availed himself of this
channel for important manoeuvres. His plan was this : — The first strong
Russian post was at Kutais, where the great higli road — by Gori, into
(ieoi'uia, and down to Tifiis — would take his advancing coluiiins over the
celebrated Soorem Pass. Once master of Kutais, and with his com-
munications well secured upon the Rlack t»ea along his rear line, he
hoped either to be abk; to defeat all the local Russian garrisons and posts
between Soorem and the capital of the fertile province lying beyond and
below it, or else to recall by the terror of his progress the army of Oeue.
rnl ^louravicff, thou menacing Armenia, and beleaguering Kurs. In
either case a great blow would be struck, and the liard-pressed troops of
General Williams relieved. Then, should it even prove too late to
advance periiKiueiitiy that yi'ar beyond AUngielia, he eould at least
strengthen himself in Kutais, make it his new centre lor I'ufuro opera-
tions, and call up, meantime, additional forccH for the campaign of
spring. General MouravieiV would then be jiressed fmm the side of
Armenia, where ho was now acting offensively, ;ind from the side of
Imeietia, on which he would be Ihrnwn also upon tlie defensive. Hut it
was already too late; and the Russian chief know it. \\ ClI inlbmied of
the true state oi' the Kars garrison, ho never disijuicted hinisell', or in the
slightest alteiH'd bis plans, in eonsc(jU(>ner of Omer I'acha's diversion,
^fhiiuld the Muehir i'ven beat the militia which now guarded the iiorlheni
gorges of Georgia, ho felt sure that it would all come to tlio Hiiuio result,
Tile souMoii, the flood.s, scarcity, would compil the victor to retreat ; much
nn're would wiieh beenute bis necessity if. in tlie interim, he, G.'ieral
MnuvaviefV. sliMiild 'ueeeed in reducing Kars, and, while thus liberaliiig
his own army i'H an eiicnuiiter willi tlu' Ollonian, slmuld iuli the latter
of the chief motive which proinptid ibis \ciitiirouH advance by depriving
it til' its character nn a iHrd'xliiii. Indeed, in such u contingency, the
further Oinor might have pciKtratcd, the worxe, iKihaps, wmild l»e his
situiition ; cince General MouravitiV, by not retuiiiing directly tuwardu
Titiis (which would lie rather better able than Wars had been to stand u
Hiege in it« turn and to bold any assailant in play ), Imt by moving
dlaumially, nmlh-easl by nurth, along the excellent Russimi line from
Alcxandrnpol to Akha/ik, would biniselt' take Omer I'aclia in Hank and
rear, shatlir his lim of communication, overwhelm hiw detached suppoilB,
audi cut liiui uli fium the suu.

I resource,

iis, which

u hundred

elf of this

first strong

Gori, into

lis over the

:h his coiu-

lar line, ho

18 nnd posts

beyond and

my of (Jeue.

; Kurs. In

cd troops of
too Into to

mid at least

Inture (iporu-

canipaign of

1 the m\o of
thi^ !-idt' "f
i\i'. Hut it
1 iiil'unned of
hiir, or in the
ii'n diversion,
the uorthirn
Hanie result,
trciit ; much

uis lil.er;iling

1, tlif liilter

l,y dipriviuK

itinnenoy, the
wuuld he his

Tctly t-'WiUds
,11 to h'taiid a

lit hy moving
all line f>'om
in tliink and
'hed suppoitK,

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

179

For these reasons, General Mouravieff tranquilly nnd steadily persisted
in the bloekado of Kars ; and never for a mome it showed any inclination
to turn aside to face the Turkish inviider. A month and seven days had
now elapsed since the assault on Kars was repulsed so gloriously, when
Onier I'aelia at length brought his labouring cdUiinns throngli the miry
woodlands as far as the Ingour. There he saw, for the lirst time, a
regular stand prt'pared by the enemy, about 12,U0O stmiig, intreneiied
on the opposite bank, and commanding the passage by batteries. Tlioy
were ehieily the llussian militia of Georgia and were und(4>' the command
of General JJragatiou-Makniusky. The Turks had some 2t),0()0 men.
The stream was barely I'ordable in half-a-dozen places, by whieh the
enemy's intrenchments conld bo turned. The Tnrks passed it, up to
their armpits in water, holding thoir muskets aloft; our countrymen —
Colonel Mallard, (^iptain Dynisek, and otliers — showing a splendid
exampKi worthy of Kiiglish ollieers. The engagement lasted live hours,
wlieii tlie llussians iled, leaving behind them GO prisoners, live gun-
carriages and ammunition carts, und 100 killed. They appear to have
carried otV their wounded. Omer I'aclia hud 220 wounded and OS
killed. I'res.sing on the track of tiie fugitives he eannt up with them
hellire the end ("f November, within ,»ight of Kutais, and obtained
another advantage, liut the floods had come; the I'hasis iiad assumed
the dimensiona of a torrent ; great forest trees were swept down the
stream as if they were reeds— now engulfed out of sight in the eddies,
now reappearing on tlu> nnrface lor a moment as tiiey were borne away;
the load.s were inipii.-'sable to artillery, and almost to infantry; (he
whole country was transformed into an alternalion of mm'a^s and lagoon ;
a day's march was the work ol" a week ; the troops wore broken up and
islnuded, as it were, into helpless detaehmrnt.i , the eommissariat eonld
n<tl ae( ; the siipplk'H arrivid with griMiler irregularity, ineerlitnde. and
insutlicieney from day !<* day ; tlio whole army w..s sullering incredible
hardships and privations; it was threatened with annihilation unless a
retrograde r. .ouient wore promptly made ; and, tiinilly, came tho news
Kars had .-.iceunilied at lii»t. The eimi|uerins, therefore, rt^lircd,
nnpur-ued, and gradu;illy straggled Ihh |. to Redoubt Kaleh, where
(hner I'aeha soon Nncceeded In ruiitoring their tone und refie.shing theii
enorgloH,

Ho ended the war of IHSriwith flnssia; for this was really its lant
incident. General MouravielVliaving already dismantled the fort ifu-a lions
of Kars, and wiliidnoNn ihu liulk of his forces lu Gumri. it was on tho

. 1

1-wrf— '^

III

180

CYCLOPiEDIA OF THE

I : I

28th of November that General Williams at last surrendered to him the
stubborn Armenian fortress. The heroic ^'arrison had long been macer-
ated by the failure of rations and by disease. Even ilicir anuiiuviition was
expended. In another assault on the day of their surrender tliey would
have had no means of firing half-a-dozcn rounds from their guns, and
they were completely past the power of personal resistance as a body,
being unable to wield thoii^ weapons, and hardly able to stand erect.
Tiiey had borne literally tlie fiercest extremities of famine. They were
now 11 corps of spectres, with scarcely the strength to speak. Yet these
men had furnished indi.-criniinately the sentinels wlio had mounted
•_'uard over the little pile of lialf-ro'u, n farina which was to be doled out
in a biscuit u day for each ; an 1 the trusty sentries never touched the
food which was the sole remaining common stick. Under such circum-
stances it was that General Williams rode on; with a flag of truce, and
told I'rince Mouravieif that he would sui'render Kars provided all the
courtesies and honours of war wero cimced 'd to the garrison. Goiu>ral
Kmety and some lew attendants iiad tried a diil'erent expedient — they
stole out and cut their way through the leaguer on the only serviceable
horses left,

.Mouravielflistened with attention to General Williams, who threateiunl,
if his various sti|iiilatiuns were not granted, to burst every gun and
deslniy every military trophy still extent in Kars. Tlie Uussian cliief
replied with ciiivalrous warmth and visible emotion as he looked at tho
emaeiated hero, that all was granted, and that he was prnud as an enemy
to testily that (Jeiieral Williams and those under him h.nl immortalised
tluMnselves. Nothing, in short, could snrpa.-s tiie iiol)ility of sentiment
dis])layed (both then and in tho su))se(pu'nt treatment of tho prisoners)
by Prince Mouravielf and the llussiini army.''

KKICrClI, — An expedition luidertaken against liiis ]ilaee during the
late Ku'<siaii war was completely sneeessl'ul. " Notwillistanding tho
rcciill of tho expeditioo to Kertoh in tlui early part of tiie month, tho
Allied Generals wcro .esolved to carry out die project of a doscent ui)on
that pirtof tln^ coast; ami. on llio IJUnd oi' May, another ex|iedilioii
departed: the Kiiglisl' I'oroe under Sir (ieorge Urown, and the Frdieh
under (ienoral D'Aufomarre. Tho two Admirals, Sir Kdmund Lyons
and llrnat. accompanied tho land form's. Tiio tJ"u(»|M oiiga«iHl tiuiubercd
Ifj.OUO, with live battorios of artllli'ry. It was a|',prelietideil tliat a
serious rcHistanco wmild proljably be mido at Kortpb, and that the Heets

. ('

BATTLES or TUE WORLD.

181

him the
en macer-
iiition was
hey would ■
l^uuH, iin<l
IIS a body,
Mild erect.
They were

Yet these

1 mounted
< doled out
ouched the
iieh cii'cum-
■ truce, and
ided all the
11. General
dient— they
If serviceable

1 threatened,
y liun ;nid
ussian chiel'
,nkod at the
us an enemy
iinniortaliHod
if seiitinient
10 prisoners)

dnrini;; the

-tniidiuii the

luuiith, the

.loHcont upon

•r os]>edition
,1 (liu Frinch

nnind liVonH

M d numbered
ended thai a

that the fleetB

would have diflBculty in forcing the straits into the Sea of Azov, if they
were exposed to the fire of the powerful batteries of Kertch and Yenikale.
In order, then, that the town might bo attacked from the land side, Sir
George Brown landed his force at Kamiesch Bonrnu, a few miles to the
south (if Korteh. and advanced overland. The enemy, however, had no
intention of risking a contest, and evacuated the town, destroying the
magazines, and blowing up the fortifications. When the troops entered
Kertch, they found it deserted by nearly all the inhabitants ; and the
ships ill the straits hurredly endeavouring to escape into the Sea of
Azov. In this attempt tliey were frustrated by the activity of the allied
fleets; and the Admirals, finding the depth of water more than they had
anticipated, started in full pursuit, capturing iuid burnin^f every vessel
they could approach. W'liikale was, like Kertcli, deserted by its garrison ;
and ill a few Iioius the Allies were in undisturbed and bloodless posses-
sion of the two towns commanding the outlet of the Sea of Azov, and
tile fleets were in full chase of the Russian navy in those waters."

KIEL, TREATY OF,— Between Great Britain, Sweden and Den-
mark, signed January llth, 1814.

KILCUIiLEN, BATTLE OF.— Fought May 2:{rd, 1798. between
a vast body oi" insurgent Irish and the British forces, commanded by
General Duiulas. Tlio latter were defeated. General Duiidas, however,
rtubse(|iieiilly beat the rebels near Kilcnllen bridge, when IJOOO were slain,
and iuiii(li\!ds wounded and taken prisoners.

KI liDAUE.— Tlie groat rebellion eoinineiicod here in May 2'b'd, 179ft.
On that night liieuteiiant (JilVoril, ol" Dublin, and a, number of gentlemen
were murdered, (fuelled in the (ollowiiig year.

KlLiiALA.— A Freneh loreo landed here, AmiuHt 22iid. 179S,
Tiiey were Joined by the Irisli insurgents, and the actions of Cast lobar,
Colooneyaiid l{allyiiannack followed. At the battle of Killala the insur-
gents wore defeated with great alauglitor, by tiie Royalist forces, Soptom-
bor 'Ji:{rd, 179H.

KlIiLfEOII.VNKIK, U.VfTLM OF.— Fouglit duly 17th, KISD,
between the lorces ol" William 111 and the adhereutH of James II.
'• (ieneral Maokay, Mk; ollicer sent against ("laverhouse, liad about .'UIUO
foot and Home eonipanies of horse under his command. Hut tliey wore
mostly all raw rocruits, and ontiro strangers tu tlio llighlaml way of

182

CyCLOPiEDIA OP THE

fighting. At the licad of the wild and gloomy pass of Killiccrankie,
Mackay found liinisolf in front of tlio rebels. He drew up his men, three
deep, along the side of the narrow valley into which the pass opens. The
Highlanders ocoun'"'' the hill on the north side of the valley. At this
time, the bayo et .screwed into Hie muzzle of the musket, so that troops
could not fir J with bayonets lixcd. fhe Highlanders, in dense nuissoa
broke down from the hill. Firing their guns once, they dropped thein,
and then with target on the left arm, and flashing broadsword th-^y
rushed, wildly yelling, on the enemy. Mackay'h troops fired a volley,
which did little harm to the loose array of their leaping, bounding foes,
and before they could .«crow in their bayonets, the Higl)l,inder,s were
among them. An ehipty musket without a bayonet could do little against
the sweeping broadsword. A panic seized Mackay'sraw levies, and they
broke and fled, pursued and cut down by the .savage Highlanders.

Clavorhouse never kno. that he had won a victory. He fell at the
beginning of the action, piovced by a musket ball which entered beneath
his arm. When one in a pack of hungry wolves is killed, the rest turn
upon liiin and cat him up. Oaverhnuse's own men, true to their savage
instinct of plunder, stripped his body, and left it naked upon the field,
where it was with difficulty distinguished from the other bodies of the
fallen!"

KOLTN, OR KOLLIN, BATTLE OF.— In this engagement the
famous Austrian General J)aun, gained a celebrated victory over Fred-
erick the Great of Prussia, June ^Hth, 1757. Next year he obliged the
Prussians to raise the seige of Oluiutz and to retreat to Moravia.

KONIAH, BATTLE OF.— Fought on the plains of Koniah,formc.-ly
Jornium, between the army of the Sultan of Turkey ami the Pacha of
Egypt, in which, after a most bloody action which continued all the day,
the Turkish army was defeated, and the Grand Vizier himself wounded
and taken prisoner, December 31st, 18.'{1J.

KOWNO, BATTLE OF.— Fought l)et ween the French and Rus-
sian armies, in which the French were defeated with gniat slaughter,
and the loss of upwards of (idiK) prisoners, 21 pieces of cannon ; many
thousands on both sides wore slnin. Fought, December 14th, 1812.

KHASNOI, BATTLE OF.— Fought l)rtween the French under
Davuust, and the Ilussiuu aruiy coiumundod by Kutu.solF. In tiiis

liccvankie,
men, three
wns. The
r. At this
that troops
!nse niassoa
ppocl them,
Isword they
3d a volley,
amlin.ii; toes,
aiulerd were
little against
ics, and they
mdcrs.
c fell at the
erod beneath
the rest turn
) tlu'ir savage
\m\ the tield,
bodies of the

>n"cment the
over Vrod-
(ibligcd the
I'avia.

li'ihjfovrac.'ly

the Pacha of

,1 all the day,

usolf wounded

u'h and Rus-

n«at sbniu;hter,
-;i\ii\(in ; many
.ltb,lSl2.

Vi-onch under

msoir. I" tl>i8

BATTLES or THE WORLD.

183

bloody battle Davoust ^vas entirely overthrown, and his army dispersed,
thousands uj.on tliousmids being left dead on the field, November IGth,
1812.

KUNNERSDORF, BATTLE OF.— One of the most bloody battles
on record, and fought between the Prussian and Russian armies. The
King of Prussia, after a groat slaughter of the enemy for up',vards (pf six
hours, had gained many advaijtages and had nearly lU'complished victory ;
but too eager in pursuing the retreating enemy, the latter rallied, raid in
the end the Prussians were defeated with the loss of 20,000 men and
200 pieces of cannon, August 12th, 1750.

LACOLLE MILL, RATTLE OF.— Operations were commenced
early in tlio spring of 1814. An American army, commanded by Gene-
ral Wilkinson, and amounting to upwards of ;30()() men, entered Lower
Canada on the western shore of Lake Champlaiu. They attacked and
completely invested Lacolle Mill, which was defended by Major lland-
oock, of the ll^th regiment, and about 180 men. TMiey were vigorously
repulsed from this little fortress and driven back to the United States.

LA IIOGUE, BATTLE OF.-netween the English and Dutch
combined ileets under Admirals Russel and Rooke, and the French
under Tourville. The Allies gained a complete victory, burning thirteen
shij)s of the French, and destroying eight more, and foixjing the rest to
fly, and so preventing the threatened invasion of England, 3Iay 19th,
1002.

LA BOTIIIErvE. BATTLE OF.-Betwccn the French. conmianded
by Napoleon, and the Prussian and Russian armies, wliieh were dei'eated
after a desperate engiigenicnt witli the loss of some thousands slain, and
3000 prisoners and ,'{0 pieces of .innon, February 1st, 1814. This was
about one of the last victories of Nap jlcon.

TiA Vi<:Nl>EIO, WAR OF.— Many battles in this war wcro Ibught
between the Froncli Roy.alists of La Vendee and the Republican armies
in 1703-4. The war terminated .lanuary 10th, 1800.

LAKKS CUAMPLALV, ElUE. AND ONTAIUO.— Thorns lakes
wovo the scene of nuuiy ongagonionts between the English and American

1)<4

CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE

If }

'II

colonists in the War of Independence, nnd -itso in the war of 1812-15,
the chief of which was the capture of the JJritish fleet by the Americans
after a severe action, September 11th, 1813.

LAXDEN, BATTLE OF.— Between the Allies and French, in
which William III of England commanded. Owing chiefly to the
cowardice of the Dutch horse, this sanguinary engagement ended in the
defeat of the Allies, July 19, 1(593. The Duke of Berwick, illegitimate
sou of James II, who wa^i fighting on the side of France, was taken j ri-
soner in this battle by Brigadier Churchhill, afterwards the great Duke
of IMarlborough.

LANCISIDE, BATTLE OF.— Fought, May. 13th, 1568, between
the forces of Queen Mary of Scotland and the Regent. " Many pi)wer-
ful Barons called their vassals to their banners, and hastened to support
the Queen. In a few days her camp at Hamilton contained 0000 men.
The Jiegent had with difliculty mustered 4000, but he determined to
bring the Queen's army to battle at once. She broke up her camp at
Hamilton, and marched towards Dumbarton. The village of Langside
lay on her line of march, and her troops must puss through a narrow
lane leading up the face of the hill on which the village stood. Moray
posted his hag-butters, or matclilock-men, among the cottages, and lined
with them the garden-hedges on both sides of the lane. The Queen
took her station on an eminence half a mile distant, from which she had
the battle full in sight. She saw her troops press up the hill, and
endeavour to force the passage of the lane. She saw them reel under
the close and deadly fire of the hagbut-men who lined tlie hedges. She
saw them come on again stoutly, and meet the shock of Moray's spear-
men. She saw the mass of combatants swaying to and fro in doubtful
conflict. And then she saw her troops swept down the liill, broken and
scattered, the K. 'gent's men fiercely pursuing and spearing the wretched
fugitives.''

•

LAON, BATTLE OY—fn iVaxce.— Between the Allies, chiefly tlic
Pru.«.sian army, and the French. This battle or rather succession of
actinus, V. as fought under the walls of the town, and ended, after a
sanguinary and obstinate contest in the defeat of the latter with great
lose, 3Iarch 9th. 1814.

LAIUJS, BATTLE OF.— Foirght between the ancient inhabitants
of Scotland and the Northmen. A bloody battle, fought 30th September,

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

185

1812-15,
\.uiericans

?rencli, in
fly to the
ided in the
illegitimate

I taken pri-
jvcat Duke

58, between
[any power-

II to support
I GOOO men.
jtci'uuned to
her camp at
of Langside
tgh a narrow
)od. IMoray
es, and lined

The Queen
liich she liad
le hill, and
m reel under
ledges. She
oray's spear-
in dimbtt'ul
J brciken and
the wretched

los, chiefly the
Isucccssion of
ided, after a
lor with great

lit iiihaliitants
[h [September,

12G3. The following description is from the pen of an eminent Scottish
modern writer :

" It was about the middle of August when the fleet of Haco, which
counted IGO ships, rounded the Mull of Cantyre and entered the Frith
of Clyde. Time is everything in war. Haco should have landed imme-
diately. Every day was brin :ing the storms of Autumn nearer, and
every day was giving time to '' "■■ of Scotland to increase his forces.
Haco was a veteran who hti ' ■•■• of Norway forty-six winters.

Alexander was a young mai d fewer than half tlic years

that Haco had reigned. Bu fairly outwitted the veteran.

He. sent an embassy of barefooted liiur- on board of Haco's ship to pro-
pose terms of peace. The barefooted envoys camo and went between
the two kings, and the timp was spun out in neg(jciations till tlie weather
began to break ; the fleet was running short of provisions, and the 8cots
in formidable numbers were assembling on the sliore.

" It was now the last day of September. At night there came on a
storm 30 sudden and so wild that the Norwegians believed it to have
been raised by tlic spells of the Scotch witches. The ships were torn
from tlieir anchors and ran ashore, or dashed against each other in the
pitchy darkness. Haco ordered the attendance of his priests, took to his
boat, and landed on the island of Cumbrae, where, amid the howling of
the storm, he had mass performed. In stranger circumstances, surely,
mass was never said or sung. Unluckily for Haco, the strong-winged
tempest heeded it not. It continued with uuab'ited fury all night and
all the next day. The fleet drove up the channel, sputtering the sea with
wreck, and the shore with stranded vessels. Tlij heights above the
coast wore covered by a multitude of aimed peasants, who watched their
opportunity and rushed down to attack the stranded ships.

" When the second morning broke, and the violence of the tempest
had somewhat abated, Haco, by means of his boats, landed with a largo
force to protect his stranded vessels from the armed peasantry, and if
possible to tow them oft". While the Norwegians were engaged in the
operation of floating oft' their ships, the sun rose, and his level rays
caught the surrounding hills. Through the grey sheet of morning mist
which covered the landscape, flashes as of Are were seen. It was the
sun's rays glancing upon the j)olishcd armour of the Scottish army.
They advanced rapidly, and the Norwegians could soon discern tlieir
pennons and banners waving above their wood of spears, and the knights
and leaders, blazing in complete steel, marshalling the line. They were
commanded by King Alexander in person.

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OYOLOP^DIA OF THE

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" They attacked with fury, and drove back the advanced body of the
Norwegians. It seemed as if the whole force of the enemy was about to
be swept into the sea before the fierce onset of the Scots. But the
Norsemen, who fought entirely on foot, threw themselves into a circle
with their long spears pointing out to the foe, like a huge hedgehog with
prickles of steel. All day long the battle raged around this ring of
spears. The storm had renewed its violence, so that it was impossible
to send help on shore. Again and again the Scottish horse repeated
their furious charge. The circle of steel was slowly forced back along
the shore, but it could not be broken. A Scottish knight. Sir Piers de
Curry, rode round and round it brandishing his spear and chnllenging
any Norse captain to single combat. Ho wore a helmet, inlaid with gold
and set with precious stones ; his mail was gold-embossed ; his sword-
belt studded with jewels. A leader of the Northmen accepted his chal-
lenge, and stepped out from the circle of spears. The Scottish knight
spurred his horse and rushed down upon him with levelled lance. The
Norseman with his great sword parried the spear-thrust, and as the
knight passed him in his career, smote him with his whole strength
upon the thigh. Tiio sword cut sheer into the saddle t'arough steel and
bone, so that the limb was separated from tlio body, and the proud
knight fell dead beneath his horse.

" A re-inforcemcnt from the ships at length succeeded in landing
through the surf ; and with the aid of these fresh troops the Norwegians
bore back the Soots from the shore. Niglit fell upon the woiiry comba-
tants, and under cover of the darkness the Norwegians got on board
their ships."

LAYBACII, CONGRESS OP.— Attended by the Soveroigns of
Russia, Prussia, and Austria, and resulting in two circulars, stating that
Naples should bo occupied with the Austrian troops, May Gth, 1821.

LKdllORN. — Entered by the French revolutionary army, July 'i7th,
179(t, but tiie inunenso amount of HriliHh property in the city luul boon
previously removed. Evaeuated by the FnMich in 17DU, and retaken
the next year. The Austrian took the uity May 1 2th, lH-19.

LKmON.— A Roman body of soldiers, about OnOO men. The 10th
legion was a favourite one with Ciusar. Ancient Britain was generally
protected by three legions.

.,.^

/■

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

187

3ody of the
'as about to
. But the
into a circle
Jgchog with
this ring of
s impossible
I'sc repeated
I back along
Sir Tiers de
challenging
id with gold
; his sword-
ited his chal-
jttish knight
lance. The
, and as the
lolo strength
igh steel and
d the proud

in landing

Norwegians

weary coniba-

rot on board

Sovereigns of
stating that
1th, 1821,

»y, July 27th,
•ity had l)eon
\ iind retaken

The 10th
was generally

LEIPSIC, BATTLE OP.— This battle, fought, October 16th, 17tb,
and 18th, 1813, between the allied army of Russia, Prussia, and Austria
on the one side, and Napoleon on the other, was one of the greatest)
bloodiest, and most decisive of modern times. The French numbered
160,000 men, and the Allies 200,000 strong. This great battle was lost
by the French, chiefly owing to the seventeen German battalions, then
Saxon allies, turning upon them in the heat of the action; 80,000 perished
on the field, of whom more than 40,000 were French, who also lost sixty,
five pieces of cannon and many standards. This victory of the allied
army was followed by that of the capture of Leipsio, and the rear guard of
the French army next day. The King of Saxony and his family were
also made prisoners.

LEPANTO, BATTLE OF.— The great naval battle between tho
combined fleets of Spain, Venice, and Pius V, and the whole niaritimo
force of the Turks. Don John of Austria comnmndcd tlie ailicd fleet,
which consisted of 200 galleys and J]0,000 men. Tlie Turks luid 200
galleys. After a dreadful engagement they lost 150 galleys, and 30,000
men in killed and prisoners. Fought, October 7th, 1671.

LEUCTRA, BATTLE OF.— One of tho most famous in ancient
history, fought July 8th, 371 b.o. In this battle 4000 Spartans, with
their King, were slain, and not more than 300 Thebans. After this
battle the Spartans lost tlieir position in (j recce, which they had hold
for BOO years.

LEWES, BATTLE OP.— Between Henry III of England and
Montlbrt, Earl of Leicester. Fotiglit, May 14th, 12G4. Tlio Royal
army was overthrown, and tho King, his brother and son Prinoo
Edward, were taken prisoners.

LEXTNOTON, BATTLE OF.— The first battle fought l)etwoon
Groat llritain and h'jr revolted colonies of America ; g.iiiuid by tho
Britisli, who destroyed the stores of tlio colonists, but they lost in buttio
273 men killed and wounded. Fouglit, April lOtli, 1775.

LEYDKN, STEGK OP. — A memorable siogo sustained against tho

armies of Spain ; 6000 of tho inlinhilants died during tho siogo, of

famine and pestilonoo, A.D. 1574. A University was afterwards founded
'va commemoration of this event.

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188

OYCLOPiEDIA OP THE

LIEUTENANT. — An oflScer who supplies the place of a superior
in his absence. In military aifairs the second commissioned oflScer in a
company of infantry, cavalry or artillery. In ships of war, a lieutenant
is next in rank to the captain.

LIGNY, BATTLE OF.— Fought, June 16th, 1815, just before the
celebrated buttle of Waterloo, between the Prussians under Bluoher,
and the French commanded by Napoleon. The Frcuch gained the
victory.

LINCELLES, BATTLE OF.— Between the allied English and
Dutch armies and the French, in which the French were defeated
August 18th, 1793. In this battle. General Lake commanded the 3rd
battalion of Foot Guards, who so much distinguished themselves. Colonel
Bosville, of the Coldstrcams, was killed; the French lost 11 cannon.

LINCOLN, BATTLE OF. A battle was fought at Lincoln

betAvccn the armies of the Priiico.«s Maud and King Stephen of England.
Stephen was defeated and captured, February 2nd, IIU. Another
battle was fought here between the Dauphin of France and Henry III
of England. This was a bloody engagement, in which the French and
their English adherents were completely defeated, and Louis withdrew
his pretensions to the English crown, May 19th, 1217.

LINLTTriGOW-BRIDGK, BATTLE 0^ -Between the forces
of the Earl of Angus, and the forces of Lenox, ought to get posses-

sion of the person of James V, then a minor, i^j-iox was slain by Sir
James Hamilton, 1625.

LTIM'STADT, BATTLE OF.— One of the most bloody battles over
fought in the world. Called also Lutzcn, which see.

LISLE, SIEGE OF.— Hi'sieged by the Duke of Marlborough and
the Allii'.'<, and taken after tlirce months, in 170S. llo.stored at the
treaty of Utreeht, 1713 — this siege is accounted one of the most famous
in modern times. It also sustained a severe bombardiuont by tho
Austriatis in tho revolutionary war, but they were obliged to raise the
siege, October 7th, 1792.

LISSA, HATTF.E OF— This battle, fought December 5th, 1767,
closed the campaign, in which tlio King of Prussia van<iuished Princo

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

189

a superior

officer in a

a lieutenant

it before the

Icr Blucher,

gained the

English and
irore defeated
tnded the 3rd
jlves. Colonel
LI cannon.

t at Lincoln
Ml of England.
U. Another
nd Henry III
ic French and
jouis withdrew

cen the forces
t to <fct posses-
as hlain by Sir

Lly battles over

|iirlbor(»u<!;h and
joHtorod at the
(ho most famous
Irduiont by the
,1 to raise the

Ibor r)tli, 1757,
(luishcd Trincc

Charles of Lorraine ; COOO Austrians were slain. Laid in ashes by the
Russians in 1707.

LODI, BATTLE OF THE BRIDGE OF.— One of the earliest of
Napoleon's victories. Fought in Italy, May 10th, 1796. Napoleon com-
manded the French army, which was opposed to the Austrians, under Gen-
eral Beaulieu, and obtained a splendid victory after a bloody engagement,
in which several thousands of the Imperialists were slain, and many thou-
sands made prisoners. Napoleon nearly lost his life at this buttle, and
was wounded in the hip with a bayonet. One of his great Marshals in
this battle, a sergeant, saved him, and was commissioned on the spot.

LONDONDERRY, SIEGE OF.— Memorable for a siege during the
reign of James II, of England. James' army, under the French General
Rosene, retired with the loss of 8000 men, after having practised almost
unparalleled cruelties upon the inhabitants of the surrounding villages,
April 20th, 1G89.

LONGBEARDS or LONGOBARDS.— Hence Lombardy. The
Longobarda or Longbeords, who had overrun and taken possession of the
great plain of the basin of the Po, retained to some extent tlioir separate
independence even under the empire of Gernjany. They liad tlieir own
laws and customs, and w to in the habit of crowning the emperor, or
whoever else was acknowledged, as king of Lombardy. Hence, too. Napo-
leon wore the iron crown of their kings. This famed symbol of kiii<;ship
was deposited in the Cathedral of Monza ; it is a broad circle of gold, set
with large rubies, emeralds, and sapphires, and was secured in an orna-
mented cross placed over an altar, closely shut up witliin folding doors of
gilt brass. The crown is kept in an octagonal aperture in the centre of
the cross. It is composed of six &\vn\\ pieces of beaten gold, joined
together by close hinges, and the jewels and embossed gold orii;imeMtsare
set in a grouml of blue and gold emmiel, interesting as exhibiting an
exact resend)lanco to the workmanshiji of the enamelled part of a gold
ornament now in the Ashmolean Mus(!um, which once belonged to King
Alfred. But for those wlio have an appelito for relics, the must impor-
tant part of this crown is a narrow iron rim, which is attaelied to the
inside of it all round. The rin> is aliont three-eighths of an ineh broad,
ami a tenth of an inch tliiok, made out of one of the nails used in thu
Orucillxion. The crown is said to have been presented to (^onstnutine
by his mother ; and the sacred iron rim, from which it has its name, wuh

:' I

Ii<5

' i

I I

I':

190

OTOLOPJEDIA OF THE

to protect him in battle. And, although this iron has now been exposed
more than fifteen hundred years, there is not a speck of rust upon it.

LONG ISLAND, BATTLE OP.— Between the British troops under
Sir William Howe and the revolted Americans, who suffered a severe
defeat, after a well fought action, losing 2000 men in killed and wounded
and 1000 prisoners. The Americans were pursued to New York, but
were saved by a thick fog, which enabled them to escape. Fought,
August 27th, 1776.

L'ORIENT, BATTLE OF.— Lord Bridport achieved a memorable
victory over the French fleet, June 23rd, 1795. The British squadron
actually engaged consisted of 10 ships of the line — the enemy's, of
12 ships of the line, 11 frigates, and some smaller vessels. After an
action of three hours the French got into port, leaving three sail of
the lino in the possession of the British. The loss of the French was
severe.

LOSSES IN GREAT BATTLES.— The Military Gazette of Vienna
makes the Ibllowing comparisons of the forces engaged in the battle of
Soll'erino and in former great battles ; — At that battle there were more
than 300,000 ><oldiers in the field, and the losses must have amounted
to at least from 30,000 to 37,000. At the battle of Leipsic, which
lasted for three days, the 330,000 allies had against them 200,000 French ;
the latter lost 30,000 prisoners and 45,000 killed and wounded, and the
former 48,000 killed and wounded. After Leipsic, the most sanguinary
battle was that of Moscow, on the 7th of September, 1812. IMie Kus-
sians had 130,000 men and GOO pieces of cannon, the French 134,000
men and 587 cannon ; the former Umt 58,000 and the latter 50,(t()(l ; the
losses were, tliorelbro, 40 per cent. At Bautzon, on the 2l8t of May,
1813, there were 110,000 llussians and Prussians opposed to 160,000
French ; tlie latter lost 20,000 men and the ullies 15,0110, and not a
single cannon. At Wagram, on the 5th and 0th of July, 1809, wo had
137,000 men, and Napoleon 170,000 ; wo lost 20,000 men and tiie enemy
22,(»0O, At Ksling we were 70,0(»0 against 85,000 ; wo iiad 20,000
killed and wounded, tiio enemy 13,000 killed ; but he left in uur hands
33,000 prisoners, and was obliged to send 30,000 to Vienna to have their
wounds attended to, so that out of the 100,000 men engaged about ono-
lialf were put /i<ini dc conilnit. At Austerlitz there were 70,000 i^'ronch,
us many llussiaus, and 13,000 Austrians ; the losses wore 21,000 llus-

r(!
th

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

191

;en exposed
upon it.

roopa under
red a severe
nd wounded
w York, but
,e. Fouglit,

a memorable
ish sciivadron
3 enemy's, of '
Is. After an
three sail of
,0 French was

5e«cofVu-nna
I the buttle of
icre were more
lavo amounted
licipsic, which
iO,000 French ;
unJed, and the
u)st sanj2,uinary
The Uu9-
Orcueh 13-4,000
Iter 50,000; the
o2l8tof May,
,«od to 150,(100
l(HI(», and not a
1800, wo had
\n and the enemy
wo had 20,000
il't in ow hands
|jna to havo their
tiljjjod about ouo-
7(1^01)0 French,
ii-o 2l,0*»0 lluH-

sians, with 160 pieces of cannon, 5,800 Austrians, and 10,000 French.
At Jena there were 142,000 French against 150,000 Prussians, At
Waterloo there were 170,000 men, of whom 70,000 were French, who
lost 25,000 men and 250 cannon, whilst the Allies lost 31,000 men."

The following statistics of Mr. Haussener will complete the account of
the losses in Great Battles :

" The wars which have been waged from 1815 to 1864, have caused
the death of 2,762,000 men, of whom 2,148,000 were Europeans, and
614,000 from other quarters of the globe, which gives an average of
43,800 per annum. The figures do not include the deaths caused by
epidemics resulting from war. The most sanguinary hostilities of that
period are these : — The Eastern war of 1856, in which 508,600 men
fell in the following proportions : 256,000 llussians, 98,1)00 Turksi
107,000 French, 45,000 English, and 2600 Italians. The Caucusus
(1829-60) 330,000 men lost their lives. The revolt in India (1857-59)
cost 196,000 lives. The Russo-Turkish war (1820-29) 193,000. The
Polish insurrection (1831) 190,000. The whole of the French cam-
paigns in Africa (1830-59) 147,000. The Hungarian insurrection
142,000. The Italian war 129,870, of whom 96,874 died on the field
or from their wounds ; and 33,000 from various diseases. The total
number of lives lost in Europe during the wars from 1793 to 1815
amounted to 5,530,000, which gives for the twcnty-throo years an average
of 240,434 deaths per year."

LUCKNOW SIEGE OF.— Memorable in the Great Indian Mutiny.
The following account of the gallant defence of a few Europeans at the
Gateway, Luoknow, where General Ncill fell, September 26th and 27tli,
1857, is abridged from the Account of Dr. A. C. Home, contained in
'< The Mutinies of Oudo : "—

" There were present, including Dr. Home, nine sound men, two
wounded officers. Captain Beooher and Lieutenant Hwanson, and three
wounded men : toUil, fourteen. Private McManus kept outside the door-
way, sheltering himself behind a pillar, and killed so many of tho assailants
that at length he liad only to raise his piece to cause all tho enemy to
leave their loopholes. Tho bodies of the dead Sepoys round tho door
were, in fact, a defence. Ryan and McManus actually rushed out and
brought in a wounded officer who lay in a dhoolio in the adjoining street,
returning in safety, although tho ground was torn by musket balls about
thorn, Tho conduct of llallowell also was splendid. Ho always managed

192

OYCLOPJEDIA OF THE

\i'i

V '■'

!;. I

to kill an enemy at a most critical moment, and at length shot the leader.
Finally the Sepoys pushed a screen on wheels before them, to protect
themselves from the Mini^ rifle, and set the building on fire, when the
gallant little band retreated in good order to a shed at a short distance,
and defended themselves afresh. Their cowardly assailants took this
opportunity to massacre all the wounded in dhoolies near to the house
first defended. This small company of heroes kept the foe at bay during
the night. At daybreak, however, they heard firing, when liyan sud-
denly jumped up and shouted, ' Oh, boys I Them's our own chaps ! ' In
about three minutes Captain Moorsom appeared at the entrance-hole of
the shed, and they were brought off in safety."

The following is an account of Havelock's relief of Lucknow :
" It was tLus the 19th of September before General Havelock was in a
position to cross the Ganges for a third time, and to advance with an
efiicient force to relieve the long-beleaguered garrison at Lucknow. On
that day the army of relief crossed the river by a bridge of bouts, and
encamped on the other side. General Havelock's force consisted of about
2000 European infantry, the Sikh regiment of Ferozepore, three batteries
of field artillery, and a handful of volunteer cavalry. The rebels must-
ered above 40,000 strong, but their numerical superiority only served to
enhance the prowess of their conquerors. The first engagement took
place on the 21st of September, at the village of Mungarwar, and resulted
in the total defeat of the mutineers. Five field-pieces and guns in position
were taken, two of the former being captured by the volunteer cavalry,
led on to the charge by General Outrara in person. From this point the
army pushed on by forced marches, without encountering any organized
opposition, until it arrived before the city of Lucknow. Skirting ihe
suburbs of that once stately capital, General Havelock forced his way
through every obstacle, and, by the evening of the 25th, had relieved the
heroic garrison. The relief was opportune. Two mines had already
been driven under the chief works, and, in a few hours more, would have
been loaded and sprung. The besieged would thus have been placed at
the mercy of those who knew no mercy. The city, however, had still to
bo subdued. From several advantageous positions the enemy continued
to fire upon the fort, and were only finally dislodged after a series of
determined assaults. In those operations the loss of the British was
very severe. General Neill, the brave and energetic saviour of Benares,
and the inexorable avenger of the massacre at Cawnporc, was among the
slain. With him fell major Cooper, in command of the artillery, and

sanii

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

193

lie leader.
protect
when the
, distance,

took this

the house
aay during
Kyan sud-
liaps I ' In
incc-hole of

3ck was in a
,ncc with an
cknow. On
oi'boAts, and
sted of about
hvco batteries
. rebels niust-
pnly served to
liTCUicut took
-■, and resulted
,ns in position
hteer cavalry,
this point the
ny organized
Skirting ibo

L-ced liis Wf^y
Id relieved the
had already
[c, would have
been placed at
W, had still to
hmy continued
Iter a scries of
\o British was
|ur of Uenares,
Ivas among the
1 artillery, and

many other gallant spirits. Even now much remained to be done.
Taking courage from their overwhelming numbers, the enemy soon closed
again around the army of deliverance, and cut oflF their communications
with Cawnpore. Encumbered with not less than 1000 women and chil.
dren, and sick and wounded men, it would have been hazardous if not
impossible to have attempted a march across a difficult country. Under
these circumstances Sir James Outrara, who had assumed the chief
command, determined on remaining at Lucknow, and awaiting the
arrival of re-inforcements. Sir Colin Campbell, the Commander-in-
Chief, left Cawnpore with a strong force, on the 9th of November, to relieve
Lucknow. He succeeded, by a well-conceived stratagem on the 1 2th, in
bringing away the garrison with the women and children, and marched
for Cawnpore. On the third day after leaving Lucknow, General Have-
lock died from the effects of dysentery, brought on by excessive fatigue
and anxiety. In December, Cawnpore was attacked by 25,000 rebels
with fifty guns, and Sir Colin Campbell was summoned from the neigh-
bourhood of Lucknow for its defence. He arrived in season to save the
place, after a severe action with the enemy. Sir Colin remained at
Cawnpore, collecting a large force for the final siege of Lucknow. During
the time which was thus occupied, several actions of minor importance
took place; but it was not till the 17th of March that Lucknow was
recovered, after a short but active siege. After its fall, the kingdom of
Oude, of which it was the capital, was speedily restored to obedience and
comparative tranquillity."

LUNEVILLE, PEACE OF.— Between the French Republic
Emperor of Germany, concluded February 9th, 1801.

tho

LUTZEN, BATTLE OP.— Betwoen tho French, commanded by
Napoleon, and the combined armies of Russia and I'russia, commanded by
General Wittgenstein, May 2th, 1813. This bloody battle opened tho
campaign of that year, and though each side claimed the victory, it was
manifestly on tho side of Franco. Marshal Duroo was mortally wounded
in this battle.

LUTZENGEN or LUTZEN, BATTLE OF.-Oustavus Adol-
phus, King of Sweden, fought this battle against tho Emperor. In this
sanguinary engagement Gustavus was basely killed in the victory,
November Gth, 1032. This Gustavus was tho most illustrious hero

, 1

194

CYCLOPEDIA OP THE

of his times, and tho chief support of the German Protestants, and an
ally to Charles I of England.

LUXEMBURG — Considered the strongest fortress in the world,
taken by the French in 1543 ; then by the Spaniards in 1544 ; again by
the French in 1084— restored to Spain in 1697. Again taken by the
French, in 1701, and given to the Dutch, and ceded to the Emperor at
the peace of 1713, During last century it also sustained a long and
memorable siege, June 17tli, 1795. The garrison surrendered to the
French, and were liberated on parole.

MAESTRICHT.— Taken by the Prince of Parma in 1579; reduced
by the Prince of Orange, in 1632. Lewis XIV took it in 1675. Wil-
liam, Prince of Orange, invested it in 1676 ; restored to the Dutch
ia 1078 ; besieged by the French, in 1748. In 1793, attacked by the
French, who took it the following year ; but In 1814, it was delivered up
to the allied forces.

MAGENTA, BATTLE OF.— Fought June 4th, 1859, between the
French and Austrians. The French gained a splendid victory, the Allies
losing 12,000, tho Austrians 15,000. The latter rapidly retreated and
evacuated Milan. The battle of Magenta was begun by the Austrians,
who, allhougli in full retreat towards Pavia, were ordered to change their
front. Mild attack the advanced guard of the Allies, who had crossed the
Ticino at Buftalora. Suddenly 25,000 Austrians attacked a battalion of
Zouaves, together with two battalions of grenadiers ; a close and deadly fire
was now exchanged. Then the Austrians charged with the bayonet. At
12 o'clock the French were retiring, having lost General Lcclere, a colonel,
a lieutenant colonel, and 12 officers, when reinforcements appearing on
their left, they ralli d and forced tho Austrians to withdraw. Tho bold
assault of General McMahon decided the victory; and for his brave
conduct and cflicient generalship, Napoleon conferred on him the rank of
Marshal, with the title of Duke of Magenta. General Guyalai brought
into tho action 120,000 men ; ho left 20,000 of them wounded or dead on
tlio battle-field : 7000 were taken prisoners; 5 flags, 4000 knapsacks,
1l;,000 muskets and 4 guns, fell into the hands of tho French.
During the battle of Magenta the bridge and tho village of Magenta were
taken and retaken seven times. It was only at half-past eight at night
that tho Austrians withdrew. Their retreat was slow and orderly."

3Ia

heai

perc

divii

Gun

onab

who

thee

jstants, and an

in the world,
544; again by

tals-en by the
;he Emperor at
tied a long and
endered to the

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

1579 ; reduced
in 1675. Wil.
1 to the Dutch
attacked by the
was delivered up

?59, between the
ictory, the Allies
lly retreated and
y the Austrians,
d to change their

had crossed the
ted a battalion of
)se and deadly fire
the bayonet. At
Lcclore, a colonel,
nts appearing on
draw. The bold
nd for his brave
1 him the rank of
1 Guyalai brought
)undcd or dead on

4000 knapsacks,
1 of tho French,
e of Magenta were
ast eight at night
and orderly."

MAIDA, BATTLE OF v

Stuarl. The French were nearivdoubie I T *'""=™' «■• J-ta
'bo latter gained a most gloriou/vil„ t\T'^' "^ ""' »''«*. Jet

4th :80e. IheBritiah commapdcr ftomTj ""' "'■'' S«'. Jrij
-»ed the „.„ „f .,, „ 3^„ /:i,f »/^'; «-,, „a, h^t^Hoa,,;

anfaXtv'^i II!;: Sen" 'it ^"^° » ^'■-'-"' C»io„e,
above r„„l ,„ „ s^.,J^^ J~' - one rt„ eo„„„„ j, , ,.^^^^^ »ol

MALAKOPF AND RpniK .m

b-ed Cri. ... The S.t?.t?, ^^^. ^.^^-^^ the cele-
^eneral Pelissier divided hi. n ! ." •^'^^^"Pt'oa of the attack •
;-bering altogether about^td ^f '"aIT, ^"^ ^''^ oolu'i
ran, was to assault the extreme left Tf ti.. 7/ ^'"'' ""'^^^'" <^«"«'al May
he centre, led by General Brun l' '! ''"^T"" ^""' '' ^'^ «^°0"d, t
left ; while the third, under Gen '^Td A T' '''' ^^'^^'^^'f^ on its prop ^
"s "ght. The Imperial GuaTd w^helt i T""' "" ^« ^^-^te^up'on
artillery occupied the 3Iamclon Th l .?'''"' '"^"^ *^^'« '^'^"erie of
rockets fired from the Lancas L- ba e f . '^ "'^"""^ "^'^^ ^o be t r^e

^"d, mowed at „„ ,■„(„„„, „„„„~7 .°f 'bo"- Gonoral, da,l,ed for-
opened fire from their batterie, „„I7 ''°"' """f- '-fbeu thoBu,.i,„,
; 0" a.™ted t„e career ofrbtv'r:::; ""' VT""'"" "^ *»' -
Majran, paid the penalty of hi. J"!!, ^^?' ' ""'' «"•■"■ I'adcr, General
bead. Oe„™| Peli^ier W o"''! °' ""'"« ■"-'»% 'vonnded at l"
P™ ving „„ ^, one^ „Se;:rrei?r "'" *'"« °'' "««""- d

*v.».o„, whieh, strengthened by ll JIf ""T';'' '° ""= ""-"L.ed
Guard .„„e regiments of the li„ ,L' T"..", "'° ™"'«™« of the
enabled to „„i„,„i„ ,,, ° °°. and a battalion of grenadiera, was

wbo sueeeeded to tho eom, °d If, °"'°" '"' «""™l ^e 14^

«'o oneo,y fro. advancing fle'^thlUr^ ^^^ "'° ^""^'^ "^ ^

Jnc centre eoluniu, under Oe„o,^

':i-

I ;,

K 'i .:'

^^i .rill I

Efffl'i

CYCLOPEDIA OP THE

Brunei, had little better success than the other divisidn. In fact, the
unlucky mistake of Mayran, in precipitating the attack, had disordered
the entire plan of advance, and aroused the Russians, and enabled them
to concentrate their strength for defence. General Brunei himself was
struck in the chest by a musket-ball ; and his division was forced to retire
to the trenches with great loss. General D'Autemarre, who commanded
the left attack, no sooner saw the preconcerted signal, than he gave the
word to advance, and the 5th Foot Chasseurs and the first battalion of
the 19th regiment of the line, deploying to the left, along the crest of the
ravine which there enters the town, carried the entrenchment which con-
nects it with the MalakofiF, and succeeded in entering the fortification,
The sappers who accompanied the advance immediately planted ladders,
the remainder of the regiments hurried forward, and the eagles of the
French army waved aloft, encouraging the repulsed troops of the other
divisions to renewed exertions.

While the French were thus straining every nerve against tremendous
odds, and with fearful loss, to perform their parts in the achievements of
the day, the English were none the less eager to win their laurels before
the Great Redan. Sir George Brown, just returned from the Kertch
expedition, was intrusted with the direction of the assaulting party, com.
posed of detachments of the Light, Second, and Fourth Divisions. The
plan of attack was, that the force should be divided into three columns ;
the Light Division to storm the right of the Redan at the re-entering
angle ; the Fourth Division was to attack the left flank of the fortification
at a similar position ; while the Second was to storm the apex of the
Redan, as soon as the other divisions had establishpd themselves in the
work. • Colonel Yea, of the 7th Fusiliers, led the storming party of the
Light Division, composed of the 7th, 23rd, 33rd, and 34th. Colonel Shir,
ley held the 19th, 77th, and Both in reserve. The troops advanced in
good order from the trenches, preceded by a covering party of Rifles, and
dashed forward to the attack. They had, however, several hundred yards
of broken ground to cross ; and the enemy, well prepared for their rccep- j
tion, poured from every embrasure such a storm of shot and shell as effec-
tually broke their ranks. Colonel Yea and the regimental ofiicersj
gallantly endeavoured to animate their men to the assault, and led theml
fearlessly forward against the belching fire of the batteries. As the bravcl
old colonel was cheering on his men, a shower of grape swept along, anc
ho rolled in the agonies of death, struck at once in the head and stomach]
His brave companions fell around him dead or wounded ; and the regiJ

■.■„W-,;-»V^&i<J

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

197

1. In fact, the
had disordered
d enabled tbem
met himself was
18 forced to retire
vflio commanded
thanhei^ave tbe
, first battalion ot
ag tbe crest of the
3hmcntv?hichcon-
. the fortification,
[y planted ladders,
i the eagles of the
troops of the other

against tremendous

the achievements ot

1 their laurels before

led from the Kertch

ssaulting party, com-

Lrth Divisions, ine

into three columns -.
L at the re-entenng
nk of the fortification
torm the apex of the
' cd themselves m the
[forming party of the

1 34th. Colonel Shir.

,e troops advanced m
pg party of Rifles, and

several hundred yards

Lparedfortheirrecep-I

f shot and shell as effec-

L regimental officers

assault, and led them

batteries. As the brav J

crape swept along, anca

, the head and stomach)

,ouudcd ; and the vegi

ments, unable to face such a sheet of fire, fell back disordered to the
trenches, leaving nearly a third o'f their number on the field.

On the left attack, Sir John Campbell, with the Fourth Division, exhi
bited extraordinary courage, and led his men forward to the attack with
tremendous energy. Here again was the tragedy of the Light Division
repeated. The men were mowed down as they left the trenches, and Sir
John, like Colonel Yea, fell cheering on his men. The loss was terrific.
The Second Division, to whom had been reserved the duty of attacking
the apex of the Redan, seeing the failure of the flank assaults, desisted
from the attempt, and withdrew to the trenches, though having sufiered
considerably from the enemy's fire.

The only success of the day was that achieved by the Third Division
under General Eyre, who had been ordered by Lord Raglan to attack the
Cemetery Batteries, at the head of the ravine leading to the Dockyard
Creek. The brigade consisted of the 9th, 18th, 28th, and 44th regi-
ments. Four volunteers from each regiment, under Major Fielden, of
the 44th regiment, were selected to feel the way, and cover the advance.
The 18th Royal Irish formed the storming party. They possessed them-
selves of the Cemetery with but little difficulty ; and then four companies
of the 18th dashed forward, so eager were they for the fray, and actually
entered the town, and established themselves in the Russian houses-
They were followed by the 9th, under Colonel Borton. The enemy's
batteries now opened a fierce fire on the darint^ handful of men ; and
although they could not drive theui from their position, effectually pre-
vented their retreat, from four o'clock in the morning until eight at night.
During that time they sufi"ered terribly from thirst, and some of tlu; brave
fellows actually crawled from the houses, reached the English lines, and
returned with cans of water to their comrades. In this way a letter was
conveyed asking for reinforcements ; but General Eyre had already
retired from the spot, and the two gallant regiments were left unsup-
ported, to bear the brunt of the enemy's fire until nightfall, when the
remnant of them withdrew from their dangerous post, and rejoined the
main body.

The failure of the English attack enabled the Russians to draw from
the Redan reinforcements to repel the French under General D'Aute-
marre, who were so nearly redeeming the fortunes of the day at the
Malakoff. Unable to contend against the forces now brought against
them, the French were couipcUed to retire from the commanding position
they had obtained. General Pelissier sent reinforcements ; but it was

198

CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE

■' ' t,

i!.

i ' -':

impossible a single division, exposed to an appalling flank fire and an
immensely superior force in front, could long sustain such an unequal
contest. They fought bravely ; but on that fatal day bravery availed but
little, and they, too, added to the numbers of the defeated.

Such was the great disaster of the 18th of June, the anniversary of that
day when the two nations, now brothers in defeat, were opposed to each
other on the plains of Waterloo. Want of concert between the generals —
and to Pelissier the blame is mainly due — resulted in a most dishearten-
ing repulse, and the loss of thousands of brave men ; the lilnglish casual-
ties amounting to no less than 251 killed (including 21 officers) ; 70
officers and 1130 men wounded ; and 22 missing. The French loss
must have been greater."

MALPLAQIIET, BATTLE OF.— The Allies under the Duko of
Marlborough and Prince Eugene, gained this battle, September 11th,
1709, over the French, commanded by Marshal Villars. The armies of
each consisted of nearly 120,000 choice men. It was attended with
immense slaughter on both sides, the Allies losing is, 000 men, which ter-
rible loss was but ill-repaid by the capture of Mons, which followed the
victory.

MAMEIiON AND ()TTARIUES.— The capture of the Mamelon and
the action of the Quarrii -, took place in the great siege of Sebastopol.
The former was gallantly stormed and taken by our allies the French
and the action of the Quarries redoubted to the indomitable pluck of
British soldiers. The following is a good account of the action and
capture of the Ibrt .

" A third general bombiirdment opened on the Gth of June. At half,
past two o'clock in the iiftcrnoon, the firo of 157 English and U'H) French
guns and mortiirs siinultancously opisned upon the town. Tlie Russian
reply was feeble, and inflicted but little dMiiiiign upon our batteries. A
fierce cannonatle was maintained by tiie Allies during tiiat anil tiie llillow-
ing day, and toward-s ovoning, on the 7th, a grand condiined attack was
made by the Hnglish on the Quarries, and by the Freneli )n tho IMamo-
'on. The former of these works, iis the name iniplit'; , 'v 're pits from
which stone had I'nrnierly been excavated for the biiiMings in the town^
and occupied a position between the liead of our advanced sap ami tho
Groat lledan, the most formidable work of Uiissian defence, and which
in the general plan of attack had been apportioned to tho English. Tho

;*ffi>!3;,:.:

rc and an
1 unequal
ivailed but

ary of that
ed to each
generals —
iishearten-
lish casual-
icors) ; 70
i'rcnch loss

Duko of
ubcr 11th,
3 armies of
ended with
, which ter-
bllowcd the

iiniolon and
Scbastopol.

ic French
pluck of

action and

At half.

;(10 French

ii> Uus!<ian

ItcriciJ. A

tlio Hillow-

littack was

ho iMamo-

|iits from

the town,

and the

Ind w

hich
Tlie

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

199

Mamelon, as it xas specifically called — the general term 7namclon, a
rounded hill, describing its appearance — was the foremost of two similar
eminences, at a short distance from each other. The one nearest the
town was surmounted by the MalakofF tower and works, and was the
most elevated and commanding position of the cnen)y's line of defence,
the Mamelon, or IMamelon Vert, as the French designated it, had long
since lost all claim to tho latter name, being excavated into trenches and
rifle-pits, from which a most annoying fire was maintained upon the
French lines. Our Allies had already made a very gallant though un-
successful attempt at its capture; and it was under the cover of its guns
that the Russian sortie of the 22nd of March was made.

It was then absolutely necessary that an endeavour should be made by
the besieging army to carry these formidable woiks, which presented such
obstacles to their advance; am" ."xordingly the evening of the 7th of
June was fixed for tho assault. At about six o'clock, the French batta-
lions, chosen for the assault, consisting of the Algcrine Zouaves,
dotachmetitH of the (ilst, 7tli, and 50th regiments of the line, and of the
Chasseurs-;VJ*icd, and Imperial (iuard, about 1200 men in all, moved
up to tho front, closely followed by the reserve or working i)arty, to I'ollow
tho attacking column, and secure possession of tho works. Tins second
column, commanded by (Jeneral Urunet, comprised a battalion of tho
Chasseurs-a-l'icd, and the lltli, 21tli, G'Jtli, and 10th ngimciits of the
line. (Jeneral Bosiiuet was entrusted with the entire direction of tho
assault.

Our attacking force was composed of detachments from the Light and
tSecond Divisions. About -100 men from the IStli, 7tli, ITtli, IDlii, were
told oil' to lead tho assault, under the immediate ctminiand of Cdlunel
Shirley, of the 90tli regiment. Tlie working parties were selected from
rcuniining regimenl.s of the Jiight Division ; tiio nuiin body remaining
under arms in reserve.

Imniciliatcly I'le signal rockets took their tlight towards the town, tho
attacking columnn darted forward. The active Freiicli troops hwarined
up tho sides uf the Mamelon, and in a few moments were in hand-to-hand
contest with llii^ llnssian defenders. With an unusual Hnpineiiess tho
battta-ies of the town (id'ered no impediment to tho advance. It might
be that the fierce hmnb inlnienl to which for twenty-lour hours tliey had
been exposed, had temporarily silenced them. Whatever might be tho
cause, but little opposition was sustained by, and scarcily any loss inflicted
on tho attacking culunnis, who reached tho parapet on the crown of the

200

CYCLOPiEDIA OF THE

:^l

. H

} \ S

■I '

hill at a rapid pace. Here the enemy made a stand, and for a brief space
struiTgled bravely to maintain their position. It was, however, but an
ineflfectual effort. The French fought with the utmost daring ; and the
enemy giving way before the impetuous onslaught, retreated down the
hill, the French in eager pursuit. In the valley, however, the Russians
received large reinforcements from the Mulakoff Tower on the opposite
eminence, and a fierce fire was opened on the French from the batteries
of the Malakoff. Then the tide of battle turned ; and the hitherto
assailants, out-numbered, were driven up the hill, contesting every foot
of ground. Some of the Zouaves, with characteristic during, evading
the attacking force, pressed onwards, and, as on tlic previous occasion,
positively entered the Malakoff, and spiked some of the guns. Our
allies, unable to bear the vigorous charge and overwhelming numbers of
the enemy, who now pressed upon them, were i'orccd to relinquish the
hold they had obtained upon the IMamolon, and retreated over the brow
of the hill, reluctantly relinquishing the advantage they had gained.
The French, after a brilliant attack, were driven back by the reinforced
defenders of the hill, and the Russians were once more masters of the
Mamolon.

General Bosijuet, however, was not the man to accept a repulse as a final
defeat. Reforming the column in the trenches at the foot of tho hill, and
sending fresli troops to their nssistance, he prepared for a second iissault.
This limetho French, eager to I'otrieve their disaster, rushed forward with
emulous bravery, and again tho hill side was covered with the advancing
columns, pressing onwards to the attack. Trench after trench was carried
and in a few moments the assnilcrs again occupied the topmost parapet.
Tho Russians fought desporatoly; but no CDurjige could withstand the
fierce valour of tho Kronch. The enemy were hurled down tho hills, and
our allies, mad with excitement, rushed after tluMn, in a rapid bayonet
charge, covering the ground with tho killed and wounded, and driving
tho flying enemy to the refuge of the Malakoff. Meanwhilo Iho working
party in their rear had speedily thrown up i)arai)els and breastworks on
the "lussiansido; and although the guns from the town and the shipping
in the harbour i)layed vigoroiisly upoi» the hill, they wore enabled to hold
their important ac(|uisition.

Farther to the right, tho French had also attackeil and carried, after
considerable resistance, a lino t)f work.i leading to and delemling Careening
Hay, and eonneetod with the works of the Mamelon, known as the Wiiite
Works. A numbor of guns wuro taken, and tho French were thus iu

brief space
/er, but an
g; and the
I down the
10 Russians
he opposite
le batteries
le Iiitlierto

every foot
ig, evading
.3 oocasion,
;uns. Our
numbers of
iiquish the
ir the brow
ud gained.

reinforced
ters of the

e as a final
hill, and
id assault,
ward with
advancing
vnH carried
it parapet.
Htand the
hills, and
(1 biiyonot
id driving
lO working
itworks on
I' slii[)piiig
led to hold

riod, lifter
I'aivoiiing
Ihu White
re thus in

BATTLES OF THE WORLD

possession ofan access to the jrreatl, , ^^^

Xl r7''"^ '^^ '^'"PP^^r ' ""' ^""'^^^ *« t'^row up

I^et us Z tt: t! thrElni';;:^^^^^^^^^^^ 'r '"'^^ «^ ^^^ French attack
W'tli the advance of our a fc Co ! ? p" "^ ?'''''''''■ S'-ultaneout
he Russian works, experie ^i'!'! "^'^ ^'^^^ ^''^ «-., forcT nt
lating hnuseif upo„ ^^ ^o o.si Iv 'l ° "F''''''''' ""'^ ^'^ngra J
beyond the Quarries toward! he Rel t'"' '" "^J'^^^" ^^'-'1 „.
;;: ^"f !h '--ght oven have ontetd , i^"/'^ '" '^^^^^ ^^^ ^^ventur^
tl CO f, ^^^^ KussiansT:!^: b':lT >^^'^' ^ ^-"t was

r '"^ '^'^''" i" «»fficient force o 2 . """'^ "" "'« ^^J"'"elon
however, soon nm^torn,! fi • V """''"* «"ch a fbat Tl.n '

"" '"""«' "m of 11,0 s„lji„, , „/■ , 7'"' '!'» l)ult-o„d on,i, ,„„,;.„,

nu.k and (ilo. ''"""^'"^ ' ""^ ^'o «ntish, Jf, otfio.,,, ,„.j '^

MARSHAL FfKLD-Tr

'• ■'--=- t:s^^^^^^^^^

xs-^^

f ,

I I

'::)

202

CYCLOPiEDIA OP THE

mined to raise the siege. Both armies drew up on Marston Moor, to the
number of 511,000, and the victory seemed long undecided between
them. Rupert, who commanded the right wing of the Iloyalists, was
opposed by Oliver Cromwell, who now first came into notice, at the
head of a body of troops which he had taken care to levy and discipline.
Cromwell was victorious ; he pushed his opponents olF the field, followed
the vanquished, returned to a second engagement, and a second victory;
the Prince's whole train of artillery was taken, and the Iloyalists never
after recovered the blow."

MERIDA.— i« Spain.— Taken by the French in January, 1811.
Near hero the British army, under Lord Hill, defeated the French,
under General Girard, after a severe engagement October 28tli, 1811.
The British took Mcrida from the French, July 181'2, after a severe
encounter, — General Hill himself leading the combined armies of Britain
and Spain.

MILAN. — French expelled from it by Charles V, of Germany, 1525.
Seized again by the French,, 'une 30, 1790. lletaken by the Austrians
in 17111); regained by the French, jMay 31, 18(10. Napoleon crowned
with the Iron crown, at Milan, May 20, 1805. (See J^oiKjIina'ds or
Longohnvih), riiis city, colebnitod for the Milan decrees .-igainst all
continental intercourse with England, issued by Napoleon, Deeeinber
17th, 1807. Here an insurrection occurred against the Austrians, .March
18th, 1818, which resulted in a battle, and flight of the viceroy and troops.

MILITIA. — Supposed to have been introduced into England by King
Alfred. Tlio English volunteers mid militia, a splendid body of men,
who have more than once materiiilly as.sisted Oovornmcnt in times of
necessity. The Canadian V^olunters are a body of men almost equal to
the soldiers of the lino ; and during the late Fenian oxoitement, liavo shown
to tho whole world that a brave man delights to defend his he.'irth and
homo, and tlnit " dnicc est mori pio patriii.^'

MINDEN BATTLE OF.— Fought, August Ist, 1769, between tho
English, Hessians and Hanoverians, on the one side, and the I'^reneh on
the (itluT. The Allies were commanded by I'riiiei' Kerdiniiiid, and under
him liord George Saekville. The Alliis gained a eomplete vietory, and
pursued the Krenoh to tho very ramparts of Minden. Jiord Saekvillo,
who commanded the Allied cavalry, for Houiu disobudieiiuu of ordurii), on his

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

203

;o the
tweeu
J, was
\t the
ipline.
llowed
ictory ;
I never

, 1811.
French,
, 1811.
, severe
' BritaiQ

'>':

1525.

Vuslvians
crowned

\ifitrds or

i.!iinst all

)ecoiubcr

1\H, March

(\ troops.

1 by King

(if men,

times of

iMjiiiil to

[vc shown

invth and

Iwoon the
jionch on
liul uiulor

[,,iy, M\(\
"UfUvillo,

lis, on his

return to England was tried by court martial and dismissed the service,
but was afterwards restored.

MOCKERN, BATTLES OP.— Between the French, under Eugi^ne
Beaulmmois, and the allied Russian and Prussian army, which was
signally defeated with great loss, April, 1813. Tliero was another
bloodier battle fought here, October 14th, 1813, between the same
contending armies ; five times Mockern was taken and retaken during
this conflict.

MOHATZ, BATTLES OF.— In Hungary.— Ucrc, in 152G, Loui^
King of Hungary, was defeated by the Turks, under Solynian II, with
the loss of 22,000 men. Another battle was fought here between the
Christians, commanded by Prince Charles of Lorraine, and the Turks,
who were defeated with the loss of 10,000 men, a. I). 1687.

MOIIILON, BATTLE OF.— Between the Russians, under the
celebrated Prince Bagrution, and the French, under Marshal Davoust.
This was one of the most bloody engagements in the campaign of 1812.
The Russians were totally defeated ; with inuucuso loss in killed and
wounded; fought, July 23rd, 1812.

MOLWITZ, BATTLK OF.— Between the Prussians and Austrians.
The Prussians were commanded by Frederick III, who obtained ii great
and important victory. An immense number of killed and wounded on
the side of the Austrians was the result of this siinguinary battle.
Austria being at tiio time in alliance with (Jreat Britain, the conseipionco
of the victory seriously iilTeeted tlio interest of that country. Fought,
April 1 0th (March 3(lth), 1741.

MONTKBKLLO, BATTLE OF. -Fonglit May 20th, 1859, between
the Austrians and French. " On the 20th May, a severe action was
fought at Montebello, which lasted six hours. The Austrians
appear, in the lirst instance, to have taken Montebello from the French)
and to have been afterwards expelled by the French. A desperate iiiind
to haiul eonllict took place in the village, wiiicli iiad to be carried, liouso
after house. The Austrians, after the battle, evacuated Casteggio, aud
retired along the Creatisma road."

MONTKi VI HKO.— Taken by storm, by the British force, under Sir
Samuel Auchmuty, February 3rd, 1807, with a terrible loss of nearly

!li

.":

204

CYCLOPiEDIA OF THE

I! i!

two-thirds of his army. It was evacuated, July 7th, same year, in con-
sequence of the severe repulse of the British at Buenos Ayres.

MONTEREAU, BATTLE OF.-Fought, February 18th, 1814,
between the Allied army and the French, the latter commanded by
Napoleon himself. In this desperate engagement, the Allies were defeated
with great loss in killed and wounded. This battle was one of the last
ever gained by Napoleon. Four months after he was ruined at Waterloo.

MOODKEE, BATTLE OF.— In /»(/ia.— Between the British and
Sikhs. The advanced guard of the British was attacked by the Sikh
forces, but the latter were repulsed and driven back three miles, losing
great numbers of men and 15 pieces of cannon, December 18th, 1845.
Sir Robert Sale was mortally wounded in this battle, being in his sixty-
, fifth year. Lady Sale signalized herself during the two memorable
retreats from Afghanistan.

MORGARTEN, BATTLE OF,— Between the Swiss and Austrians.
The Swiss numbered loOO, the Austrians 20,000. Fought, November
15th, 1315. " The 15th November, 1315, dawned; the sun darted his
first rays on the shields and armour of the advancing host ; and this
being the first army ever known to have attempted the frontiers of tho
Cantons, the Swiss viewed its long lino with various emotions. iMontfort
de Tettnang led the cavalry into the narrow pass of iMorgarten, and soon
filled tho whole space between the Mountain (.Mount Sattel) and the
lake. Fifty men, on the eminence above Morgarten, raised a sudden
shout, and rolled down heaps of rocks and stones among the crowded
ranks. The confederates on tho mountain, perceiving the inipri',<sion
made by this attack, rushed down in close array, and fell upon the flank
of the disordered column. With massy clubs tliey dashed in pieces tho
armour of tho enemy, and dealt their blows and thrusts with long pikes.
Tho narrowness of the defile adnjitted of no evolutions, and a slight
frost having injured tho road, the horses were impeded in all their
motions; many leaited into the lake; all were startled; and at last tho
whole column ol'soldiersgavo way, and suddenly I'ell back on the inl'antry ;
and these last, as the nature of tho country did not allow them to open
their files, wore run over by the I'ugitivos, and many of them trampled to
death. A general rout ensued, and Duke Jieoixtld was, with much
diilieulty, rescued by a peasant, wiio led him to Wiiiterthiir, wlims tho
historian of thu times saw him urrivu iu the uveniug, pale, suUeu uud
dismayed."

BATTLES OP THE WOULD.

205

I con-

1814,
led by
jfeated
he last
Literloo.

ish nnd
lie Sikh
J, losing
.1, 1845.
is sixty-
iinorable

ustnans.
lovcniber
iivti'd bis
iunl this
s of tlio
Moutfort
md soon
iiiid the
li sudden
crowded
Hiri'ssion
10 Hank
K'cos the
|ii^ i>iko8.
a bU^jht
ill tlieir
last the
nt'autry ;
|i to open
niplod to
h luueh
lu'iv. tbo
Ulu and

MORTAR. — A short gun of an extraordinary large bore and close
chamber, used for throwing bomb shells. The mortar was first made in
England in 1543.

MOSCOW, BURNING OF.— Entered by the French, September
4th, 1812. " At length Moscow, with its domes, and towers, and palaces,
appeared in sight ; and Napoleon, who had joined the advance guard,
gazed long and thoughtfully on that goal of his wishes. Murat went
forward, and entered the gates with his cavalry ; but as he passed
through the streets, he was struck by the solitude which surrounded
him.

Nothing was heard but the heavy tranip of his squadrons as he passed
along, for a deserted and abandoned city was the niongre prize, for which
such unparalleled efforts had been made. As night drew its curtains
over the splendid capital, Napoleon entered the gates, and immediately
appointed Morticr governor. In his directions, ho commanded him to
abstain from all pillage. For this, said lie, you shall be answerable with
your life. Defend Moscow against all, whether friend or foe. The
bright moon rose over tlio mighty city, tipping with silver the domes of
more than 200 churches, and pouring a flood of light over 1000 pa-
laces, and the dwellings of 300,000 inhabitants. The weary army sunk
to rest ; but there was no sleep for Mortier's eyes.

Not the gorgeous and variegated palaces and their rich ornaments,
nor the parks and gardens, and oriental magnificence that everywhere
surrounded him, kept him wakeful, but the ominous foreboding that
some dire calamity was hanging over the silent capital. When ho
entered it, scarcely a living soul met his gaze, as he looked down the
long streets ; and when he broke open the buildings, he found parlors,
and bedrooms, and chambers all furnished and in order, but no occu-
pants. The sudden abandonment of their lionies, betokened some scorot
purpose yet to bo fuliilled. The midnight moon was sailing over the
city, when the cry of " Fire I" reached the oars of Mortier; and the
first light over Napoleon's falling empire was kindled, and the most
wondrous scene of modern time commenced, — the burning of Mo.scow.
Mortier, as governor of the city, iunnediately issued iiis orders, and was
putting forth .every exertion, when, at day-light. Napoleon hastened to
him. Afl'eoting to disbelieve the reports that the inhabitants were firing
their own city, ho put more rigid commands on Mortier to keep tho
Boldiers from their work of destruetiou.

I]
!i
ill

ill

206

CYOLOP-aiDIA OF THE

t, U

The marshal simply pointed to some iron covered houses that had not
yet been opened, from every crevice of which smoke was issuing like
steam from the sides of a pent up volcano. Sad and thoughtful, Napo-
leon turned toward the Kremlin, the ancient palace of the Czars, whose
huge structure rose high above the surrounding edifices.

In the morning, Mortier, by great exertions, was enabled to subdue
the fire. But the next night, at midnight, the sentinels on watch, on
the lofty Kremlin, saw below them the flames bursting through the
houses and palaces, and the cry of "Fire!" "Fire!" passed through
the city. The dread scene had now fairly opened. Fiery balloons were
seen dropping from the air, and lighting upon the houses ; dull explo-
sions were heard on every side from the shut up dwellings, and the next
moment a bright light burst forth, and the flames were raging through
the apartments. All was uproar and confusion. The serene air and
moonlight of the night before, had given way to the driving clouds, and
a wild tempest that swept with the roar of the sea over the city. Flames
arose on every side, blazing and crackling in the storm, while clouds of
smoke and sparks, in an incessant shower, went driving toward the
Kremlin. The clouds themselves seemed turned into fire, rolling in
wrath over devoted IMoscow. Mortier, cruslicd with the responsibility
thus thrown over his shoulders, moved with his young guard amid this
desolation, blowing up the houses, and facing the tempest and the
flames, struggling nobly to arrest the conflagration. He hastened from
place to place amid the blazing ruins, his face blackened with the smoke,
and his hair and eyebrows scared with the fierce heat. At length, the
day dawned, a day of tempest and of flame ; and Mortier, who had
strained every nerve for 36 hours, entered a palace, and dropped down
with fatigue.

The manly form and stalwart arm, that had so long carried death
into the ranks of the enemy, at length gave way, and the gloomy
marshal lay and panted in utter exhaustion. The day was one of tem-
pest ; and when night again enveloped the city it was one broad flame,
wavering to and fro in the blast.

The wind had increased to a perfect hurricane, and shifted from
quarter to quarter, as if on purpose to swell tlie sea of fire, and extin-
guish the last hope. The fire was approaching the Kremlin, and already
the roar of the flames and the crash of the falling houses, and the crack-
ling of burning timbers, were borne to the cars of the starthid Kmpcror.

Ho arose and walked to and fro, stopping and convulsively gazing

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

207

id death
tflooiny
of tcm-

d flame,

cd from
d cxtin-
iilrcady
crack-
inpcror.
gazing

on the terrific scene. Murat, Engine, and Berthier rushed into his
presence, and on their knees besought him to flee ; but he still clung to
that haughty palace, as if it were his empire. But at length tlie shout,
" The Kremlin on fire I" was heard above the roar of the conflagration,
and Napoleon reluctantly consented to leave. He descended into the
street with his staff", and looked about for a way of egress, but the flames
blocked every passnge. At length they discovered a postern gate, leading
to the Moskwa, and entered it, but they had only entered still further
into the danger. As Napoleon cast iiis eyes around the open space,
girdled and arched with fire, smoke, and cinders, he saw one single street
yet open, but all on fire.

Into this he rushed, and amid the crash of falling houses, and raging
of the flames, over burning ruins, through clouds of rolling smoke, and
between walls of fire, he pressed on ; and at length, half suffocated,
emerged in safety from the blazing city, and took up his quarters in the
imperial palace of Petrousky, nearly three miles distant.

Mortier, iclieved from his anxiety for the Emperor redoubled his
efforts to arrest the conflagration. His men cheerfully rushed into every
danger. Breathing nothing but smoke and ashes, — canopied by flame,
and smoke, and cinders,— surrounded by walls of fire that rocked to and
fro, and fell with a crash amid the blazing ruins, carrying dov with
them red hot roofs of iron, — he struggled against an enemy, that no
boldness could awe, or courage overcome.

Those I rave troops had heard the tramp of thousands of cavalry,
sweeping battle without fear, but now they stood in still terror, before
the march of the conflagration, under whoso burning footsteps was heard
the iuce!<sant crash of falling houses, and palaces, and churches. The
continuous roar of the raging hurricane, mingled with that of the flames,
was more terrible than the thunder of artillery ; and before this new foe,
in the midst of this battle of the elements, the awe-struck army stood
powerless and affrighted. When night descended again on the city, it
presented a spectacle, the like of which was never seen before, and which
baffles all description : the streets of fire, the heavens a canopy of fire,
and the entire body of the city a mass of fire, fed by a hurricane that
whirled the blazing fragments in a constant stream through the air.
Incessant explosions, from the blowing up of stores of oil, and tar, and
spirits, shook the very foundations of the city, and sent volumes of
smoke rolling furiously toward the sky. Hugo sheets of canvas, on fire,
came floating, like messengers of death, through the flames ; tlu; towers

I I

208

CYCLOPEDIA OF THE

'J}4

and domes of the churches and palaces, glowed with red-hot heat over
the wild sea below, then tottering a moment on their bases, were hurled
by the tempest into the common ruin.

Thousands of wretches, before unseen, were driven by the heat from
the cellars and hovels, and streamed in an incessant throng through the
streets. Children were seen carrying their parents, — the strong the
weak, — while thousands more were staggering under loads of plunder,
they had snatched from the flames. This, too, would frequently take
fire in the falling shower, and the miserable creatures would be compelled
to drop it and flee for their lives. Oh, it was a scene of woe and fear
indescribable I A mighty and close packed city of houses, and churches,
and palaces, wrapt from limit to limit in flames, which are fed by a
whirling hurricane, is a sight this world will seldom see. But this was
all within the city. To Napoleon, without, the spectacle was still more
sublime and terrific. When the flames had overcome all obstacles, and
had wrapped everything in their red mantle, that great city looked like
a sea of tire, swept by a tempest that drove it into vast billows.

Huge domes and towers, throwing off" sparks like blazing firebrands,
now towered above these waves, and now disappeared in their maddening
flow, as they rushed and broke high over tops, and scattered their spray
of fire against the clouds. The heavens themselves seemed to have
caught the conflagration, and the angry masses tliat swept it. rolled over
a bosom of fire. Columns of flame would rise and sink along the surface
of the sea, and huge volumes of black smoke suddenly shoot into the air,
as if valcanoes were working below.

The black form of the Kremlin alone towered above the chaos, now
wrapped in flame and smoke, and again emerged into view, standing
amid the scene of desolation and terror, like virtue in the midst of a
burning world, enveloped but unscathed by the devouring elements.
Napoleon stood and gazed upon this scene in silent awe. Thougli nearly
three miles distant, the windows and walls of his apartment were so hot,
that ho could scarcely bear his hand against them. Said he, years after-
wards, " It was the spectacle of a sea and billows of fire, a sky and
clouds of flame ; mountains of red rolling flame, like innnense waves of
the sea, alternately bursting forth, and elevating themselves to skies of
fire, and then sinking into the ocean of flame below. Oh ! it was the
most grand, the most sublime, the most terrific sight the world ever
beheld."

!Mtai!iimi,K*im

BATTLES OP THE WOKLD.

correspondenl, with He Prl^ ""■'' """ '"'■'•»»!»'«■ '«<. S.)

the.e battles : ^™"'' »™J, g-vos the f„IWi„, Jj™-^

Aus nans, who might be on the Mushel « ^^ "'^ ''*"'' •'^^^^•«>^. ^'^e

-^ off; To effect this double 06^^"'"^"^^ """' *^-"- ^"o^reat v «

of Wschew crosses the road from k^^u Tu7' ''^''''^y «^«vilh,ge
then to take the Austrians onl jS^. r,'^°''^'''' "* ^^i"'"- It w^

-^ «-•^o'^:^^ rxr ^^'---^^-o p-Jt'o:: ;:;iii;

village of Bossin and trfo^e^Z'^O l''''''''''^''' ^^*-
General Herwarth uas to advul f ?" rr ," "'' ''«''* ^•■'"'^' «l'the river
cross the Iser, and oecup, I 1""/"'^"™-- on Muncho , '
dms.on to his ioft, wh ch t Moh'ehr"?^" '''' "^ ^'^ «""- ^i; ^i
defenders of the Kaczowber/\I^."!^' '^'""'^ take in reverse ho

•"» »"»ok „.e iw J; :r„v'j.f ""-^.w. ,„ o,.„:: , x

"=-. A .,t™. di,i,i„„ „;™ * , Jv-™.. o„ ,h„ ,;,.,„ ,,^ ' «

"'"•""'"y to Ji„i„ i„ tho di,™ „'„ !,,''" r" '■""' '^'"'■"»'' t" ™ur
About OL'ht o'cloni- ,T- " "' Josoplistiidt,

v°'«-«o,.: ..::;:■:,■: ;:r;tr;"- ?»"™' -■«■ «« ■»! v„„

niastor-Genernl n„,. 1 ' "^ ^'^"^''"'KStuhltn.,!.! i • ' ' *^ on

210

CYCLOPEDIA OP THE

crossed the bridge, but not before an opening cannonade in the direction
of Munchengratz told that Bittenfeld was already engaged. On a hill
upon the northern bank there was a convenient spot from which to see
the whole theatre of the combat, and here the Prussian staff went to
watch the course of the action.

Attention was called towards Munchengratz, where the progress of
Bittenfeld's attack could be traced by the puffs of white smoke which
rose from the discharges of the artillery. The Prussian cannonade was
seen to be slowly advancing, and that of the Austrian to be rotirin:;,
while a heavy cloud of black smoke rising close beside the town sho'';' ri
that the Austrians had retired from the right bank of the river and had
burned the bridge. For a short time the fight was stationary, but in
about a quarter of an hour a bright flash of flame and a nmch heavier
smoke rising from the Austrian line told that an ammunition waggon had
exploded. Their battery then ceased firing and rapidly retired, while a
quick advance of the Prussian cannonade showed that Bittenfeld's
pioneers had quickly thrown their bridge, and that his corps was across
the Iser. But the Austrians did not go far, for in a short time they
were again in action in th direction cif the Jung Bunzlau Road, and
one biittory was drawing off towards Furstenbruck. It then seemed
that Bittenfeld had lialted ; the cannonade censed in this direction.
The heads of the Prussian columns were some way past the hill, and
were pushing steadily towards Munchengratz, when the well-known puff
of smoke rising from the dark firs on the Mushcy Berg plateau showed
that the Austrians had opened tiro upon them. The battery on the hill
did not appear to be more than four guns, and at first they fired slowly,
nor did tiicy do much execution. Tiieir shells, projected from so great
a height, went straight into the ground, and did not ricochet among the
troops; but they were well aimed, and in most :i os b;\rst at tlie proper
moment, and every now .'id then a man w^ent d > v A squadro" ^C
Uhlans was directed to pass close along the ft ' -.'i -i't >s<cihey Berg, so
that the guns on the plateau could not be depressed sufficiently to hurt
them, and were to gain a steep path which leads to the summit between
the highest point and Bossin, wliile an infantry brigade was to support
the movement; but before this plan could be carried into execution the
.':. vv^nth Division was heard engiigcd on the reverse side, and the Austrian
I3nttf t ;, .juickly timbered up and retired, Tiie guns were not intercepted
hj the Seventh Division; but here General Franscky made 000 priso-
nex'i from the infantry which was on the hill to support the battery.

RATTLES 01 THE WORLD.

211

direction
Ou a hill
cli to see
f went to

•ogress of
oke which
onade was
(C rotiring,
svn sho^VJd
ox and had
ivy, but in
ich heavier
raggon had
ed, while a
Bittenl'eld'a
was across
t time they
lload, and
hen seemed
s direction.
|io hill, and
•known puff
|cau showed
on the hill
lived slowly,
loni so great
among the
It the proper
[sciuadro:^ "<'
icy Berg, so
Intly to hurt
Iniit between
to support
[xceution the
the Austrian
intercepted
000 priHO-
;ho battery.

While the Seventh Division was still engaged behind the Mushey Berg,
four Austrian guns appeared on tuo summit of the hill, be' ween Bossin
and Wessely, and opened fire against the Prussian columns, who were
now again advancing over the plain. But Franscky was pushing towards
them, and his artillery threatened to enfilade them, so that they soon
had to retire. The Seventh Division then struck the road between
Munchcngratz and Bossin, and attacked the latter village. Bittenfeld
had already pushed towards it from Munchcngratz, and supported this
attack. The first round of Franscky's artillery set fire to a house,
which began to burn fiercely, and the flames were soon communicated to
the next, for most of the cottages in this country are built of wood,
which, dried in the hot summer sun, readily takes fire. After a sharp
skirmish, the Austrians were driven from the village and reared in the
direction of Furstenbruck, and they left here 200 prisoners ; and eneral
Herwarth von Bittenfeld had already captured 200.

With the occupation of the village of Bossin ended the ombat of
Munchcngratz, in which, by a series of strategic movements, with little
fighting, and slight losu — for the Prussian killed, wounded, and missing
do not number 100 — Prince Frederick Charles has gained abou- twelve
miles of country, and has taken 1000 prisoners, has turned the strong
position of the Kaczowberg, and has eSected his secure junction wuh the
corps of General Bettenfeld.

Tlie corps of General von Schmitt marched yesterda" from the neigh-
bourhood of PodoU to Sobotka, and there, striking the road from >lun-
chengratz to Gitschin, General von Schmitt changed the direction ol his
march to the left, and advanced towards Gitschin. He moved with his
two divisions at some distance apart — that of General von Werder. or
the Third Division, as it is named in the muster-roll of the army, led the
way. \'on Werder's advanced guard consisted of the 2iid battalion if
Jagers, and the 3rd battalion of the 42nd Regiment. In rear of thct^e
followed the three battalions of the regiment of the late King of Prussia,
the two remaining battalions of the 42nd, and one battalion of the 14th
Re'.:inient, with one six-pounder and two four-pounder field-batteries.

A strong Austrian force held the wood behind the first ravine, with its
sharpshooters hidden behind the trunks of the fir-trees, with the view of
compensating for the inferiority of their rifle to the Prussian needle-gun.
B( hind eacli marksman two soldiers were placed, whose only duty was to
load their rifles and hand tliem to the picked men to whom the firing was
intrusted. The Austriau urtillery was placed behind the wood, so that

212

CYCLOPEDIA OF THE

it could bring a cross fire on the opening in tlio front through which the
dianssie passes, and strike heavily on the Sobotkabunk of the ravine and
the open country beyond, As the Prussian advanced guard approached
the ravine, the Austrian batteries opened fire upon thoni, and the marks-
men from behind the trees also soon commenced a biting fire. The Jagers
and the men of the 42nd quickly spread out as skirmishers, and, regard-
less of the withering fire to which they themselves were exposed, showered
bullets from their quickly loaded arms against the defenders of the wood,
whilo some of their artillery (juickly brought into action tried to silence
the Austrian guns. But the fight was unequal, the sharpshooters behind
the trees could rarely be seen, and the fire of the Prussians did not tell
much upon their concealed enemies, nor were their guns in sufficient
force to eni^age successfully the more numerous Austrian pieces. The
Ja"crs from among the trees were aiming well ; the men of the 4'2nd
wore fallin" fast, and it seemed that the defenders would be able to hold
the wood. IJut the rest of the Prussian division was coming up ; more
artillery was already in action ; and the Austrian gunners began to fire
with less effect. The regiment of the King of Prussia soon arrived. The
Prussian soldier.s, unable to make much impression ^vitii their Uro«on tlio
riflemen in the trees, wore already anxious to come to close (juarters, and
then Gcncrul von Werder sent his men forward to take the woods with
the bayonet. They were carried, but not without loss, for the Austrians
retired I'rom tree to tree, and only when pressed beyond the last skirt of
the wood retired under cover of their guns and reserves to take up a
position on the further briiw of the next ravine. The musketry lire
recommenced. The opponents stood on either bank of the hollow, and
IKiured volley after volley into each other's ranks, while the artillery,
fidiu [lositions on the ilanks of both lines, sent their shells truly among
tlu'ir adversaries' Infantry. Hut here the needle-gun had more success,
for the Austrians stood up clear against the sky, and soon the white uni-
forms be"-an to go down (|uiekly. No troops so ill-armed eouid have stood
before the murderous lire wliieli the I 'russians directed against the nppo-
site lino. The Austrians did all that men could do ; but, after losing
fearfully were obliged to fall back and take up their third position in the

village of Jjochow.

lt\vas now about seven o'cloek in the evening; the eomltat had already
lasted almost two hours, but here it was renewed more fiercely tl.aii ever.
The rrussians, encouraged by their Nuccess— bravo wtldiern niul bravely
led— eagerly camo to the attack. With hearts as bigimd with officers us

BATTLES OF THE WO'i!,l).

213

ll alromly
|,;in cvor.
iMiively
llViuurii UM

devoted, tlio Austrinns stood with a desperate calmness to receive them.
On botli sides the fighting was hard ; but at any distance the Austrian
rifio had no chance against the needle-gun ; and at close ((uartcrs the
boyish soldiers of the Kaiser could not copo with the broad-shouldered
men of Pomcrunia, who form the corjis iVunnie, one division of which
was liero engaged. Yet for three-quarters of an hour the little village of
Lochnw was held, and the continuous rattle of the rifles and the heavy
cannonade of the guns remaining almost stationary told the determination
of the assault and the stoutness of the defence. But the Austrians were
slowly forced from house to house and from orchard to orchard, and had
to retreat to their last vantage ground on the top of the CJitschin bank of
the fourth ravine.

And here both sides re-engaged in the fight with the utmost fury. The
defenders felt that this was their last standing-point, and on its mainten-
ance depended the possession of (^litschin ; the assailants knew tliat suc-
cess hero would almost certainly bring them to tiie object of all their
exertions. The Prussiun line soon formed on tlie top of the opiiosite
bank to that held by the Austrians, and then began to fire rapidly against
the brow where the Austrians stood. The latter returned the fire, but
from necessity more slowly ; still their guns smote the Prussian troops
luuivily, and the shells, bursting in front of the assailants' lino, caused
many casualties, Hut the Pomeranians were highly exeitod, and it is
said that a heavy nuiss of the Prussians dashed down the road and rushed
up the opposite slope with their rifles at the churgo. There a fierce
struggle ensued. The strongmen of Ponierania pressed hard again^it
their lighter opponents, and ])uslied tlieni beyond the brow of the slope
on to the level plain ; yet the lithe and active Austrians fought hard, and
strove to drive their bayonets into the faces of tli(>ir taller antagonists ;
but strength and weight told, lor their more powerful ailversaries urged
them back ibot by foot till a gap was elearly opened in tln^ defenders'
lino. The musketry bullets had also told sharply on the Austrians. and
they were obliged to retire. Tliey drew oil' across the plain towards
Gitsehin, but not in rout. Slowly and sullenly they drew l>aek, sulVering
awful loss in the open plain when" the needle-gun had i\ I'air range ; but
they fought for every yard of ground, ever turning to send among the
advaneing Prussians shots which wero often truly aimed, but which
formed no sulVieient return for the showers of bullets whieh woro rained
up(n\ themselves. l'V)r long the plain was the scene of the advaneing
combat, and it was not till ne.ar midnight that (leneral von Werder oceu-

I :

214 CYOLOPiEDIA OF THE

pied Gitschin. In the town the Austrians did not stand; they held some
houses at the entrance for a short time, but these were carried, and then
they retired rapidly towards the south. In their haste they left their
hospitals ; and liere, as well as iu Lochow, Von Werdcr's division took a
large number of prisoners."

MUTINY : — A memorable mutiny in the British

lleet, for an advance of wages April 15th, 1797 ;

Of the Nore Juno, 1797;

Of Admiral Mitchell's fleet at Bantry

Bay December, 1801 ;

Great Indian mutiny, begun ...March 27th, 1857.

MYCALE, BATTLE OF.— Fought, September 22nd, 479 B.C.,
between the Greeks and Persians. Tiie J'ersiuns consisted of about
100,000 men. They were completely defeated, many thousands of them
killed, their camp burned, and the Greeks triumphantly embarked their
troops, and sailed to Sumos with an immense booty.

NAAS, BATTLE OF. — A desperate engagement between a body
of the King's forces, consisting of the ancient Britons and the Armagh
militia. The insurgent Irish, who had just begun the Great Rebellion
of 1798, were .'5(100 strong, and wore defeated with the loss of 300 killed
and some hundreds wounded. Fought, May 24th, 1798.

NAUVA, BATTLE OF. -This was tlie celebrated battle in which
Peter the Great of llu.ssia was totally defeated by the renowned Cliurlcs
XII of Sweden. Fought, November .■{(Itli, 17(MI. The Hussians
nmounted to 70,000 men, while the Swedes had only 20,000. Tiio
enemy lost 30,000 in killed, whilst as many surrendered to the con-
queror.

NASKHV, BATTLE OF.— Between Charles I of England ami the
r\irliam(Mitary army, under Fuirl'ax and Oromwell. The main body of
the lloyal army was eommandiMl by Jjord .Vsllcy. I'rinee lUipert led
the right wing. Sir .Marmmluke Langdale (ho left, and the King hiimself
headed the body of reserv(\ Tiu^ forces of the Parliament gained the
victory, the lluyalists being obliged to abandon the Held, losing all their
eannon and baggage and 5000 men made prisonern. Fought, Juno 14tli,
1GI5.

EtOEastai:ECLat2t3Eia£

~v,'--ii!Vt ■t,i': ',1 liiHrfiyvra

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

215

Arin!ip;h

bellion

killed

III winch
ClmiioH
ussiiiiiH
The
10 oou-

imhI tlio
liody (if
H'I't led
niiiiMili'

•U'll till)

ill tliuir

■I

NAVY OF ENGLAND.— What the British Navy has dono, and
the number of vessels captured by it, is shown in the following table : —

In the French War, ending 1802.

In the French War, ending 1814.

FOBCU.

a
o

■s

a
t

a
u

OftlioLlno

KlftiOH

45
■2

101

25
1

83
3
11)1 i
201

77
188

124

FrifftVtcK

31
32

20
55

148

SIooDS, &c

288

Total

341

89 ljil_

26_

54n

_342^

127

(i4

17 1 li)

500

llh,

NAVARINO, BATTLE OF.— Fought on the 20th October, 1827.
*' The iitrocities which luarkcd the warfare between the (iroeks and
Turks were bo shocking to humanity, that the Sovereigns of Europe felt
themselves bound to interfere, and a treaty lor the pacification of Greece
was signed in London, on the Gth of July, 1S27, by the representatives
of England, France, and Russia. Li eonseiiuenco of this, the allied
fleets in the Mediterranean prepared to ibrco the combatants to consent
to an armistice, and blockaded the Turkish lloet in the harbour of Nava-
rino. Ibniliiin I'acha, the Turkish coiiimaiukr in the Morea, paying
but little attention to the remonstrances ol' the allied Admirals, the
united fleets sailed into harbour, on the 2(>tli of October, under the com-
mand of Sir Edward Codringtun, to intimidate iiim into submission.
A shot fired by a Turkish vessel was the signal for ii general engagement,
which lasted lour hours. It terminated in tla^ almost utter annihilation
of the 'I'urkisli lleet, with comparatively little hiss to the allied sijuu-
drons. The independence of Greece was virtually achieved by tliis
brilliant victory, and was I'urther secured by the arrival of a small
military force from France; the Turkish govenimeiit, however, refused
submission, and war was eoinmeneed against llussia. The events of
this war, though not properly belonging to i'lnglish history, demand u
brief notice; in the flrst campaign the Turks made an obstinate resist-
uiico, and gained somo advantages over their opponents ; but in tho
following year (182!l), the ilussian arms were everywhere siieeessl'iil ;
the passages ol' the llalkin were forced; Adrianople, the second city in
the empire, was captured, and the Sultan forced to consent to terms of
peace, dictated almost at tho gates of (Joiistantinople. The demands of
Russia were, huwuvur, less uxhorbitant than might liavo been expected

.'n

i '

• 1

216

OYCLOPiEDIA OP TUB

under the circumstances, but there is reason to lelievo that this modera-
tion was inspired by a dread of provoking the jealousy and resentment
of En-land."

. NEVILL'S CROSS, BATTLE OF.— Fought October 17th, 1346,
between the Scots and English. More than 15,000 of the Scots were slain.
" Philippa, Edward's Queen, took upon her the conduct of the field,
and prepared to repulse the enemy in person : accordingly, liaving made
Lord I'orcy general under her, slio met the Scots at a place called
Nevill's Cross, near Durham, and oiforcd thom battle. The Scots King
was no less impatient to engage ; ho imagined that ho might obtain an
easy victory against undisciplined troops, and headed by a woman. But
ho was miserably deceived. His army was ((uiekly routed ; nd driven
from the field. 15,000 of his men were cut to pieces ; and lie himself,
with many of liis nobles and kniglits, were taken prisoners, and carried
in triumph to London, a.d. 13-46."

Another historian says : —

" Some years after his return liomc, King David burst into England
at the head of an army. Kdward was absent in France, and J)avid
thought to avail himself of the opportunity. It turned out a dear busi-
ness to him. Marching southward as far as Durham, he laid waste tho
country with fire and sword. At a place called Nevill's Cross, an
English army came up. A Scottish knight, seeing tlieir archers gather-
ing in a vast cloud, and knowing well the bitter sliowor which that cloud
would disclinrge, said to the King, " (iive me but 100 horse, and I will
disperse them all." The conceited and headstrong King gave no hoed.
Tho archers commenced their deadly practice without interruption.
Three hours of the arrow sleet, three hours of furiiuis charging Ity the
English horse, ami the Scots were a rout of fugitives. Tlieir King
was taken prisoner and conveyed to London. Mounted on a fall black
horse that ho might bo hccu by all tho people, tho son of llobert tho
Brueo was conducted to tho Tower."

NICWAUK, BATTLE OF.— This battle was fought March 21st,
1611, between flic army of tin* i'arliament and the lloyal forces, under
I'rinee ilnpert. lie was defeated, and hero alterwards Charles I put
himself into tlu' liands of tho Scotch army.

NEWHUllY, llATTLES OF.-The first battle, fought, September

».A i' . ii !n i ii. i .'. ii j'i;. ii Mwwe

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

217

David

ir busi-

i.sto tho

OSS, an

atlicr-

cloutl

I will

lioeil.

|)tion.

•_Y tlio

King

Mack

It tho

2lHt,

undor
I put

iiibor

20tli, 1643, was between the Parliamentary array and that of Charles I.
It lasted till midnight, and among the slain was Lucius Carey, Vis-
count Falkland. A second battle was fought here next year, October
10th, and the result, as the first, was equally dubious, both sides claiming
victory.

NEW ORLEANS, BATTLE OF.— (See OrUana.)

NIAGARA l^OWT— Upper Qmada.—" The Fort of Niagara was a
place of great importance, and served to command all the communication
between the northern and western French settlements. The siege was
begun with vigour, and promised an easy conquest; but General Pri-
deaux was killed in tho trenches by the ])ursting of a mortar, so that the
whole command of the expedition devolved upon General Johnson, who
omitted nothing to pusjh forward the vigorous operations of his prede-
cessor, to which also he added his own popularity with the soldiers under
him. A body of French troops, who wert^ sensible of the importance of
this fort, attempted to relieve it; but Johnson attacked them with intre-
pidity and success •, for in less than an hour their whole army was put
to the rout. The garrison soon after perceiving the fate of their coun-
trymen, surrendered prisoners of war."

NTC0P0LI8, BATTLE OF.— Between the Christian powers, under
Sigismund, King of Hungary, and the Turks This battle, fought A.D.
Il51)li, is celebrated as tho lirst fought between tho Cross and Crescent.
The Christians triumphed ; tho Turks lost 20,000 in slain, and 20,000
in wounded and prisoners.

NILK, ilATTLE OF THE— Fought, August 1st. 1798, between tho
fleets of Kngbnd and France. Tiio Freneii iliM-t arrived at Alexandria
August 1st, 171KM, and Admiral Hrueys, not being able to enter port,
which time and neglect had ruined, moored the ships in Aboukir Hay, in u
strong and compact line of battle ; the headmost vessel, according to his
own aceount. being as close as possible to a shoal on the nurth-west, and
the rest of the flei t I'orming a kind of curve along the lino of deep water,
80 as not to be turned by any means in the south-west.

Tho advantage of numburs, both in ships, guns, and men, was in I'avour
of the iMench. They hud 13 ships of tho lino and 4 frigates, carrying
HOC) guns, and II,2.'H)men. The Eiiglish had the same number of
BhipH of the line, andonoDOgun ship, carrying 1012 guns, and 8008 mon.

,»- -.,(.

< ii>i

.'I ! (V

218

OYCLOPiEDIA OP THE

The English ships were all seventy-fours; the French had three 80 gun
ships, and one three-decker of 120.

During the whole pursuit it had been Nelson's practice, whenever cir-
cumstances would permit, to have his captains on board the Vanguard,
and explain to them his own idciis of the different and best modes of
attack, and such plans as he proposed to execute on falling in with the
enemy, whatever their situation might be. There is no possible position,
it is said, which ho did not take into considerati )n. His officers were
thus fully acquainted with his principles of tactics ; and such was his
confidence in their abilities, that the only thing determined upon, in case
they should lind the French at anchor, was for the ships to form as most
convenient for their mutual support, and to anchor by the stern. " First
gain your victory," he said, " and then make the best use of it you can."
The moment ho perceived the position of the French, that intuitive
genius with which Nelson was ciidowod displayed itself; and it instantly
struck him that whore there wsis room for an enemy's ship to swing there
was room for one of ours to anchor. The plan which he intended to
pursue, therefore, was to keep entirely on the outer side of the French
line, and station his ships, as far as he was able, one on the outer bow
and another on the outer quurter of each of the enemy's. Captain Berry,
when ho comprehended the scope of the design, exclaimed with transport,
" If we succeed, what will the world say ? " " There is no if in the case,"
replied the Admiral ; " that we xJiall .succeed is certain — who muy live to
tell the story is a very diiferent (juestion."

As the s((uadron advanced, they were assailed by a shower of shot and
shell from the batteries on the islam!, and the enemy opened a steady
fire from the starboard side of their whole line, within half gunshot dis-
tance, full into the bows of our van ships. It was received in silenco;
the men on board every ship were employed aloft in furling sails, and
below in tending the braces, and making ready for anchoring; — a miser-
able sight litr the French, who, with all their skill and all their courage,
and all their advantages of number iind situation, were upon that element
on which, when the hour of trial comes, a Frenehnian h;is no hope.
Aibniral Hrueys was a brave and able man; yet the indelible chiiractor
of his country broke out in one of his letters, wherein ho delivered it as
his private oi)inion that the Knglish had missed liini, because, not being
superior in I'nree, they did not think it prudent to try their strength with
him. The moment was now eome in whieli he was to be undeeeivid.

A French brig was instructed to decoy the English. By manamvring

ii,M^aim)am&il^M^,

■liitittiiiiiiMi

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

219

)ort,

ISO,"

ivo to

lit and
(vady
t dia-
nce;
imd
iniser-

hopo.
iiotor

it lis
hoing

with
d.
ivi'ing

so .18 to tempt tlicm towards a shoal lying ofiF the island of Bcguieres ;
but Nelson either knew the danger, or suspected some deceit, and the
lure was unsuccessful. Captain Foley led the way in the Goliath, out-
sailing the Zealous, which for some minutes disputed this post of honour
with him. He had long conceived that, if the enemy were moored in
line of battle in with the land, the best plan of attack would bo to lead
between thera and the shore, because the French guns on that side were
not likely to be manned, nor even ready for action. Intending, therefore,
to fix himself on the inner bow of the Guerrier, he kept as near the edge
of the bank as the depth of water would admit ; but his anchor hung,
and, having opened his fire, he drifted to the second ship, the Conqenint,
before it was cleared, then anchored by the stern, inside of her, and in
ten minutes shot away her masts. Hood, in the Zealous, perceiving this,
took the station which the Goliath intended to have occupied, and totally
disabled the Guerrier in twelve minutes. The third ship which doubled
the enemy's van was the Orion, Sir J. Saumarcz ; she passed to windward
of the Zealous, and opened her larboard guns as long as they bore on the
Guerrier ; then passing inside the Goliath, sunk a frigate which annoyed
her, hauled toward tiie French line, and, anchoring iuajdo between the
fifth and sixth ships from the Guerrier, took her station on the larboard
bow of the Franklin and the quarter of the Pcuplc Souverain, receiving
and returning the fire of both. The sun was now nearly down. The
Audacious, Captain Gould, pouring a heavy fire into the Guerrier and
the Conquirant, fixed herself on the larboard bow of the latter, and when
that ship struck, passed on to the I'euple Souverain. The Theseus,
Captain Miller, followed, brought down the Gtierrier's remaining main
and niizen ujasts, ilion anchored inside the Sjnirtiate, the third in the
French line.

While these advanced ships doubled the French lino, the Vanguard
was the first that anchored on the outer side of the enemy, within half
pistol shot of their third ship, the S/)arti((te. Nelson had six colours
flying in difTeront parts of the ritrging, lest they should be shot away —
that they should be struok,'no British Admiral considers as a possibility.
Ho veered half a cable, and instantly opened a tremendous fire, under
cover ol' which the other four ships of his division, the Minotaur, liclle-
roi>hiiii, Ih'finee and J/ri;/(.s7("c, sailed on aheatl of the Admiral. In a lew
minutes every man stationod at the first six guns in the lore part of the
VitiKjuard's deck wj.s killed or wountled — these guns were three times
eleured. Captain Louis, in the Minotaur, anohorod next ahead, and took

T IS,

■f '

220

OYCLOPiEDIA OF THE

off the fire of the Aquilon, the fourth in the enemy's line. The Bellero-
pJion, Captain Darby, passed ahead, and dropped her stern anchor on the
starboard bow of the Orienty Reventh in the line, Bruey's own ship of one
hundred and twenty guns, whose difference in force was in proportion of
more than seven to three, and whose weight of ball, from the lower deck
alone, exceeded that from the whole broadside of the Bcllevoplion. Captain
Peyton, in i]ie Defence, took his station ahead of the vi/t«o<(ii<r and engaged
the Franklin, the sixth in the line, by which judicious movement the
British line remained unbroken. The Majestic, Captain Wescott, got
entangled with the main rigging of one of the French ships astern of the
Orient, and suffered dreadfully from that three-decker's fire ; but she
swung clear, and closely engaging the Heurcux, the ninth ship in the
Btai'board bow, received also the fire of the Tonnant, which was the eighth
in the line. The other four ships of the British squadron, having been
detached previous to the discovery of the French, were at a considerable
distance when the action began. It commenced at half-after six, about
seven the night closed, and there was no other light than that from the
fire of the contending fleets.

Trowbridge, in the Cidloden, then foremost of the remaining ships,
was two leagues astern. He came on sounding, as the others had done.
As he advanced, the increasing darkness increased the difiiculty of navi-
gation, an(' ""di ly, after having found elcveii fatiioms' water, before
the load cou. aovo again, he was fast a-ground ; nor could alibis own
exertions, joined to those of the Lcandcr and Mniiiie brig, which came
to his assistance, get him oft' in time to bear a part in the action. His
ship, however, served as a beacon to the Alixandtr and Sivlftsitrc, which
wo'ild else, from the course they were holding, have gone considt^rably
further on the reef, and must inevitably have been lost. Those ships
entered the bay and took their stations, in the darkness, in a n\aniier still
spoken of with admiration by all who remember it. Captain Hallowell,
in the Sivtftxure, as he was bearing down, fell in with what seemed to be
a strange sail. Nelson had directed his ships to hoist four lights hori-
zontally at the mizen peak as soon as it became dark, and this vessel had
no such distinction. Hallowell, however, with great judgment, ordered
his men not to fire. " If she was an enemy," he said, " she was in too
disabled a state to escape; but, from her sails being loose, and tlie way
in which her head was, it was probable she might be an English ship."
It was the /i(7/(.'*Yy;//o?(, overpowered by the huge Orient. Her lights
had gone overboard, nearly two hundred of her crew were killed or

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

221

navi-
bcfore
sown
ciime
His
tvhicli
;r;ibly
ships
V still
|o\vcll,
to be
liori-
Ihad
idorcd
|in too
Wiiy
lip."
lliij;lita
cd or

wounded, all her masts and cables had been shot away, and she was
drifting out of the line towards the loe-side of the bay. Her station at
this important time was occupied by the Sivi/fsurc, which opened a steady
fire on the quarter of the FranJdin and the bows of the French Admiral.
At the same instant Captain Ball, with the Alexander, passed under his
stern, and anchored within sight on his larboard quarter, raking him, and
keeping a severe fire of musketry upon his decks. The last ship which
arrived to complete the destruction of the enemy was the Leander.
Captain Thompson, finding that nothing could be done that night to get
oft" the Cidlodeii, advanced with the intention of anchoring athwart-hawse
of the Orient. The Fmnldln was so near her ahead, that there was not
room for him to pass clear of the two ; he therefore took his station
athwart-hawse of the latter, in such a position as to rake both.

The two first ships of the French line had been dismasted within a
quarter of an hour after the commencement of the action ; and the others
in that time suffered so severely, that victory was already certain. The
third, fourth and fifth wore taken possession of at half-past eight. Mean-
time Nelson received a severe wound on the head from a piece of lang-
ridge shot. Captain Berry caught him in his arms as he was falling.
The great efi'usion of blood occasioned an apprehension that the wound
was mortal. Nelson himself thought so ; a large flap of the skin of the
forehead cut from the bone, had fillen over the eye ; and, the other being
blind, he was in total darkness. When he was carried down, the surgeon,
in the midst of a scene scarcely to be conceived by those who have never
seen a cockpit in time of action, and the heroism which is displayed
amid its horrors — with a natural but pardonable eagerness, quitted the
poor follow then under his hands, that he might instantly attend the
admiral. " No !" said Nelson, " I will take my turn with my brave
fellows." Nor would lie sutVcr his own wound to bo examined, till every
man who had been previously wounded was pniperly attended to. Fully
believing that the wound was mortal, and that he was about to die, as ho
bad ever desired, in battle and in victory, ho called the chaplain, and
desired him to deliver wiiat he supposed to be his dying remembrance to
Lady Nelson ; he then sent for Captain Louis on board, from the Mino-
taiir, that ho might thank him personally for the groat assistance ho
had rendered to the Vanguard; and, ever mindful of those who deserved
to be his friends, appointed Cajitaiu Hardy from the brig to the com-
mand of his own ship, Captain Berry having to go home with the news
of the victory. When the surgeon came iu duo time to examine the wound

■I '

222

OTCLOPiEDIA OF THE

(for it was in vain to entreat him to let it be examined sooner), the most
anxious silence prevailed ; and the joy of the wounded men, and of the
whole crew, when they heard that the hurt was superficial, gave Nelson
deeper pleasure than the unexpected assurance tliat his life was in no
danger. Tiie surgeon requested, and, as far as ho could, ordered him to
remain quiet; but Nelson could not rest. He called for his secretary,
Mr. Campbell, to write the despatches. Campbell had himself been
wounded, and was so affected at the blind and suffering state of the Admi-
ral that ho was unable to write. The chaplain was sent for ; but before
he came, Nelson, with his characteristic eagerness, took the pen, and
contrived to trace a few words, marking his devout sense of the success
which had already been obtained. Ho was now left alone ; v.uen sud-
denly aery was heard on the deck that the Orient was on tire. In the
confusion he found his way up, unassisted and unnoticed; and, to the
astonishment of every one, appeared on the quarter-deck, where he
immediately gave order that boats should be sent to the relief of the
enemy.

It was soon after nine that the fire on the Orunt broke out. Brueys
was dead ; ho liad received three wounds, yet v,-oi'.ld not leave his spot ;
a fourth cut him almost in two. He desired no. to be carried below, but
to be left to die upon deck. The flames soon mastered his ship. Her
sides had just been painted, and the oil-jars and paint-buckets were
lying on the poop. By the prodigious light of this conflagration, the
situation of the fleets could now bo perceived, the colours of both being
clearly distinguishable. About ten o'clock the ship blew up, witli a shock
which was felt to the very bottom of every vessel. Many of her officers
and men jumped overboard, some clinging to the spars and pieces of wreck
with which the sea was strewn ; others swimming to escape from the
destruction which they momently dreaded. Some were picked up by our
boats; and some, even in the heat and fury of the action, were drauged
into the lower ports of the nearest British ships by the British Sailors.
Tiio greater part of lior crew, however, stood the danger to the last, and
continued to lire from the lower deck. This tremendous explosion was
followed by a silence not less awful ; the firing immediately ceased on
both sides ; and the first sound which broke the silence was the dash of
her shattered masts and yards falling into the water from the vast height
to which they had been exploded. It is upon record, that a buttle
between two armies was once broken off by an cartlKjuake: — such an
event would be felt like a mirucle : but no incident in war produced by

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

223

pallors.
3t, and
)ii waa
Iscd on
laxh of
I height
battlo
liich an
ucd by

human means, has ever equalled the sublimity of this coinstantancous
pause, and all its circumstances.

About seventy of the Orient's crew were saved by the English boats.
Among the many hundreds who perished were the Conimodore, Casa
Bianca, and his son, a brave boy only ten years old. They were seen float-
ing on a shattered mast when the ship blew up. She had money on board
(the pluTider of Malta) to the amount of six hundred thousand pounds
sterling. The masses of burning wreck which were scattered by the
explosion, excited for some moments apprehensions in the English which
they had never felt from any other danger. Two large pieces fell itito the
main and foretops of the Swi/fHtn-c, without injuring any person. A
)ort-firo also fell into the main-royal of the Alexander; the fire which it
iccasioned was speedily extinguished. Captain Ball had provided, as far
human foresight could provide, against any such danger. All the shrouds
and sails of his ship, not absolutely necessary for its immediate manage-
ment, were thoroughly wetted, and so rolled up, that they were as hard
and as little inflammable as so many solid cylinders.

The firing recommenced with the ships to leeward of the centre, and
continued till aboui three. At daybreak the Guillaumc Tell and the
GMreuse, the two rear ships of the enemy, were the only French ships
of the line which had their colours flying : they cut their cables in the
forenoon, not having been engaged, and stood out to sea, and two frigates
with them. The Zealous pursued; but^ as there was no other ship in a
condition to support Cuptain Hood, ho was recalled. It was generally
believed by the ofiicers that, if Nelson had not been wounded, not one of
these ships could have escaped; the four certainly could not, if the
Cullodea had got into action ; and, if the frigates belonging to the
squadron had been present, not one of the enemy's fleet would have left
Aboukir Hay. These four vessels, however, were all that escaped ; and
the victory was the most complete and glorious in the annals of naval
history. "Victory," said Nelson, ''is not a name strong enough for
such a scene;" he called it a conquest. Of thirteen sail of the line, nine
were taken and two burnt ; of the four frigates, one was sunk ; another
the Artemisc was burnt in a villainous manner by her captain, M. Estan-
dlet, who having tired a broadside at the Theseus, struck his C(jlours,
then set fire to the ship, and escaped with most of his crew to shore.
The British loss in killed and wounded amounted to 895. Westeott was
vhe only captain who fell; 3105 of the French, including the wounded,
were sent op shore by cartel, and 6225 perished.

! i

224

CYCLOPEDIA OP THE

Thus ended this eventful battle, which exalted the name of Nelson to
a level at least with that of the celebrated conqueror, whose sur-
prising success at the head of the French annies had then begun to draw
the attention of the civilized world. The first words of his despatches
on this memorable occasion prove bis gratitude to that Providence which
had protected him: — ^^ Almighty God has blessed his Majesty's arms."

NISBET, BATTLE OF.— Fought, May 7th, 1G02, between the
English and Scotch armies, — 10,000 of the latter were left dead on the
field and in the pursuit.

NORTHALLERTON, BATTLE OP.— Or the Standard.— A
furious engagement fought in Yorkshire, England, August 22nd, 1137,
between the Scottish and English armies. This battle received the
latter name from a high crucifix which was erected by the English on a
waggon and was carried along by the troops. (Sec Standard, Battle of)

NORTHAMPTON, BATTLE OF.— Fought between the Duke of
York and Henry VI of England. Henry was defeated, and made
prisoner, after a bloody fight, which took place July 19th. 14G0.

NOIR, BATTLES OF.— First, fought, August 15th, 1799, between
the French army commanded by Joubert, and the Russians, under Su-
warrow. The French were defeated with immense slaughter, — 10.000
being left dead on the battlefield, among whom was their General,
Joubert, and several distinguished officers. A second battle was fought,
January 8th, 1800, between the Aus^trian and French armies, when the
latter a second time were signally defeated.

NUMANTIA, SIEGE OF.— Celebrated in the life of Scipio Afri-
oanus. He besieged the city with 00,000 men, the Numantines had only
4000 able to bear arms, but for 14 years it bravely witlistood all
attempts, till at last it fell, and every soul preferred to perish rather than
fall into the hands of the Romans.

ORLEANS.— i-Vancc-Besicged by John Talbot, the Earl of Salis-
bury, October 12th, 1428 ; relieved, and the siege raised by the Maid
of Orleans — Joan of Arc— from which circumstance she received her
name.

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

225

,000
icval,

the

Afri-
ouly

A all
tliau

SiiUs-

Muid

Id her

ORLEANS NEW.— The British made an attack on New Orleans,
December, 1814 ; they were repulsed by the Americans, under Genera^
Jackson, with great loss January, 7th, 1815. The American trcops
were entrenched behind a large number of cotton bales, and the British
were obliged to advance in an open and exposed plain for more than
a mile, during which they were literally mowed down by the shot from
the cotton batteries. Some of the bravest Peninsular hereos fell here
and met a soldier's grave.

ORTIIES, BATTLE OF.— Fought, F-bruary 27th, 1814, between
the British and Spanish armies, on the one side, and the French on the
other. The Allies were commanded by Wellington — the French by Soult.
In this memorable engagement the Allies gaiucd a complete victory.

OSTROLENKA, BATTLE OP.— Between the Poles and Russians.
It was one of the most sanguinary and desperate battles fought between
the two countries, and took place May 2Gth, 1831. On both sides
the slaughter was immense, but the Poles remained masters of the field.

OTTERBURN, BATTLE OF.— Fought, July 31st, 1388. The fol-
lowing is a graphic account of this engagement : —

" One of the Scotch inroads into England, in the time of Robert II,
led to the famous battle of Otterburn, or " Chevy Chase." This was
considered, by the judges of fighting in those days, to have been the best
fought, and, for the numbers engaged, the most severe of all the battles
of that age. There was not a man, knight or squire, that did not acquit
himself gallantly, fighting hand to hand with his enemy. It was about
the time of Lammas, when the moor men were busy with their hay har.
vest, that the Earl of Douglas rode into p]ugland to drive a prey. The
warders on the walls of Newcastle and Durham saw, rising in all dircc.
tions, thick columns of smoke. This was the first intimation of the
presence of the Scots. In their return homeward they halted three days
before Newcastle, where they kept up an almost continual skirmi,«h. The
Earl of Douglas had a long combut with Sir Ilonry Percy, and took his
pennon. " Hotspur, I will carry this pennon into Scotland," said the
Douglas, " and fix it on the tower of my castle of Dalkeith, that it may
bo seen from far." '' That shall you never, Earl of Douglas," said Hot.
spur ; " bo assured you shall never have this pennon to boast of." " I
will fix your pennon before my tent," said Douglag, " and shall sec if you
will venture to take it away."

22G

CVCLOPiEDIA OF THE

The Scots resumed their iiiiucli hoiiioward, Tlicy eiicaiiipcd at Otter-
burn, "upon the bent so brown," and Doughis dechircd his resolution to
wait there for two or tlirce days, and see if tlie Percy would conic to
recover his pennon. On the evening of the second day the Scots were
supping, some, indeed, had gone to sleep, when a loud shout of " Percy !
I*orcy 1" was heard, and the English were upon them. Jtwas a sweet y

moonlight evening in August, clear and bright, and the breeze blew soft
and fresh. The Scots, though somewhat taken by surprise, rose to the
fight cool and " siccar," as at Bannockburn itself. The lances crossed,
and many on both sides went down at the first shock. Douglas, shouting
his war cry, ordered his banner to advance. Percy, eager to encounter
the Douglas, advanced his banner also. The two banners met, and many
valiant deeds of arms were done around thcni. But the English were
three to one, and the Scots were beginning to be i'orecd back.

Seeing this, the Earl of Douglas seized a battle-axe with both hands
nnd dashed into the midst of the enemy, his men following close. He
struck right and left, and cut a lane de('[i into the battalion of the
English. At last three spears were thrust against him all at once. One
struck him on the slioulder, one on the breast, and the stroke glanced off
his armour down into his groin ; the third struck him in the thigh.
With these three strokes ho was borne to the earth, and as snon as he fell
a battle-axe licwed deep into his head. The English marched over him
without knowing who lie was.

Sir John Sinclair, cousin to the Earl, knelt beside him, supported his i

bloody head, and asked, '* Cousin, how fares it with you ?" " Indiffer-
ently," said ho. " Thanks be to God, there arc but fuw of my ancestors
who have died in their l)cds. I bid you revenge my death, fur my heart
grows every moment more fainl. liil't up my banner, which is on the
ground, IVom the death of the valiant s(|uire who bore it. Shout ' Dou-
glas r and tell neitlier friend nor foe but what 1 am with you," Having I
spoken thu.s he expired. Jlis orders were obeyed. They cast a mantle
over his body, look his lianner fnim tlu* deail hand ol' the s(|uire, riiiseil ^|
it, and sliouted, " houglas!" Tlie Scots came thrtmging up to the cry.
They levelled their lances, and pushed with such courage that the English
wore soon driven beyond the spot where the Douglas lay. Again the
filiout of " Douglas!" rose more vehement and loud. The Scots in a
dense mass renewed the onset, bore the enemy bel'ore them, and broke
thoni so completely that they never rallied again. J'erey himself was [
made prisouer. Ho nnd his pennon, too, had to go to Scotland. ' ,

1.1

at Ottcv-
lution to
come to
cots were
" Percy!
s a sweet
Llcw soft
)sc to the
s crossed,
, shouting
eiicountor
!ui(l luaiiy
i^lit^h were

loth haiuls
ih^o. He
ion of the
nee. One
j;laMced off
the thijrh.
IS he fell
iver him

irted his
1 luViffer-
aiicestors
iiy heart
is on tho
lit ' Dou-
Uavinsj;
a mantle
ire, raised
(() the cry.
le Knulisli
A^ain the
Scots in 11
and broke
imself was

r 1

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

227

Thus the dead Douglas won the field. Tho Scots laid tho body of
their leader in a coffin, which they placed on a car, and began their
inarch home. They came without interruption to Melrose, and there,
in the fair abbey, the Douglas was laid. The banner, about which his
dying charge had been given at Otterburn, was Imng above the place of
the warrior's rest.

OUDENAllDE, BATTLE OF.— Fought, July 11th, 1708, between
the Allies, commanded by Marlborough, and Princo Eugene and the
French. The French were defeated, and completely routed, with great
loss. The result of this victory was, that the French King entered
into a negotiation for peace.

OULAllT, BATTLE OF— Fought, May 27th, 1798, between abody
of 3000 Irish insurgents and the King's troop, a small number. In this
engagement tho North Cork Militia were cut to pieces — tho Lieut.
Colonel, one Sergeant and three I'rivatcs alone remaining.

OUllIQUE, BATTLE OF.-Fought, July 25th, 1139. Alfonso,
Count of I'ortugal, encountered five Saracen Kings and an immense army
of Moors on thejilains of Ourique. After a glorious victory, ho was hailed
King by his soldiers on the spot, lie afterwards enterofi Lisbon in
triumph, and overthrew the Moorish dominion in Portugal. This was,
perhaps, the greatest battle recorded in tho History of Portugal.

PALESTRO, B.\TTLE OF.— Fought, 2nth May, 1850, between
tho Au.'itrians and tho French.

" On tho 29th May, was fought the battle of Palestro. The Austrian
avant-garde, 1500 strong, occupied the village^; of Palestro and Vinzaglio.
They wore carried )iy tho Allies at tho point of tho l)ayonct, and two
cannons, tho first captured since the opening of tho war, were taken. Tho
next morning tho Austrians advanced to retake Palestro. I faring
caimonaded the village, a body nf Austrians advanced to cut ofi' the
communication between tho Picdmontesc troops and the river. I'erceiving
this, tho Zouaves, who had arrived during tho night, threw themselvcH,
in spite of a murderous fire, on the Austrians, take oiglit guns and put
tho /Xustrians to fiigiit. |)uring this engagement tlio King of Sardinia
headed an attack on u buttery. Tliu Euipuror of the French, a fbw dayu

rfl I

228

CYOLOPiEDIA OF THE

afterwards, complimenting liim on his bravery, told him that if he wished
to bo King of Italy, he must take rather more care of his august person ►
This engagement inspired the Austrians with a great dread of the
Zouaves, whom they call the quei tcrribiU zuai."

PAMrELUNA, BATTLE OF.— Taken by the Frcfich on their
invasion of Spain ; invested by the British ; hence very bloody engage,
ments, July 27th and 29th, 1813. It surrendered to the British same
year.

PARMA, BATTLES OF,— The confederates, England, France and
Spain, fought against the Emperor of Austria, June 29th, 1734. Both
sides claimed the victory. A second battle, called the great battle of
Parma, in wliich the French, under ^Marshal McDonald, were defeated by
the celebrated Suwarrow, with the loss of 20,000 men and four Genoralf,
July 12th, 1799.

PATAY, BATTLE OF.— This batUc was fought, Juno 10th, 1429.
Joan of Arc was present in Ihis battle. The French bij;nally defeated
the English ; the consequence of which was that Charles VII of Franco
entered Ilheiuis in triumph, and was crowned July 17th, same year-
Joan of Are a(<!<iHtirig in the ceremony in full armour and holding tho
sword of state.

PAVIA, BATTLE OF.— Fought, February 24th, 1525, between
the French and Imperiiilists, wliun the former were del'cated and their
King, Francis I, after liglitiiiL;' with lieroio bravery and killing seven men
with his own hand, was obliged to surrender himself a prisoner of war.
lie wrote to his mother a letter ac(|uuinting her with the melini(li(»ly
news in these expressive words — " Tout vnt perdu, Muilamc, liors I'kon-
iicnr."

PKAFFKXnOKF, BATTLE OF.— Fought, August ITMh, 1700,
between the Imiieriiilists ami I'russiaiis; tho Austrians were totally
del'eated by the King of Prussia, who, by Huh victory, prevenled tho
Austrian army from forming a junction with tiie Russians.

PII.VLANX. — This word origin.illy signified n battalion or wpiadron.
Tho Greek l'halaii.\ consisted of HOIK) men, in n sijuare lialtalioii, with
sliield)* joined and si)ears eros.xiiig each other. The celebrated Phalanx
o\' KpaminondaH, ortho Theban Phalanx, was wedgo shaped, and by it ho

..-X

lie •wished
st person ►
ad of the

i on their
dy engage-
itish same

France and
'34. Both
xt battle of
defeated by
ir Gencralp,

10th, 1429.
illy defeated
1 of Franco
nuie year —
holding tho

Tn, between
^l and their
1;; seven men
liu>r of war.
iiu'lanrholy

/(lies /7lOH-

,r)tli, ITtlO,

Iwi'ro totally

•evented iho

lir Mnuadron.
Ittalion, with
lod Phalanx
(and by it he

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

229

achieved his two great victories. The modern square is based on the
Grecian Phalanx, which was itself as well as the Honian Orb, taken from
the Thcban. The renowned 3Iaccdonian Phalanx of Alexander tho
Oreat's father, Philip, was instituted B.C. 3G0. Thisconsisted of 16,000
picked men divided into four equal parts of 4000 each. They performed
their evolutions upon tho cnomoty or single (ile, whether it were re(iuired
to extend or deepen the line, and there was an interval between every two
sections for tho convenience of mana>uvring.

PIIAIISALIA, BATTLE OF.— Fougbt, ^^ 'ly 12th, 48 u.c, between
Julius Ca3sar and Poinpey.

" The battle conunenccd about daybreak, and before noon the army
ofPompeywas utterly defeated. I'onipey himself, early in the battle,
.seemed entirely to have lost liis presence of mind, and fled in despair to
his tent, there to await the result. Civsar, determined to make the most
of his advantage, notwith.standing the weariness of his troops, did not
permit the jnirsuit to slacken till the army oi' Pompey was entirely
•scattered. A considerable body of them had taken rel'uge in an adjacent
mountain. By cutting off all hope of succor, Coesar induced them to
surrender. Jle received their submission with the greatest gentleness, and
forbade his soklierL IVom oUering violence to their van(juished countrymen.
This was tho most eomplote victory Cicsar ever obtained. His loss did not
exceed 200, while that of Pompey was 15,000, and 24,000 surrendered
themselves prisoners of war. On ])assiiig over the })attle field, so thickly
strewn with Bomans, Csesar is said to have been ail'eeted even to tears,
while lie exclaimed to one near him, " 1'liey would have it so."

PIllIillMM UATTLH OF.— Fon-hl, October, 42 n.c, between
Octavius Ciesar and Mare Antony, nn tlie one side, and Brutus and
Cassius on tlie otiier.

" Tn tho nuMiiitime, Brutus and Caseins, (lie principal cnnspiratorH
against Cncsar, ha\ing retired into (ireece, persuaded the Boman studont8
at Athens to deelau' I'or the cause of freedom. In Syria and Macedonia
ihey succeeded in raising large armies, and soon iliuml themselves in ti
oondition to support a contest on which the empire ol' the world depended.
While at Sardis, Brutus and Cassius arc said to liavo had a serious mis-
understanding, tlie ell'eet of n jealousy which liatl been industriously raised
between them. But no bad cdnsequeiiees arose from it, liir immediately
joining their armies, tliey liaslencd to oppose Antony and Octavius, wlio

■

:;?^i':»a*»*~.

230

CYCLOPAEDIA OP THE

' 1

were rapidly advancing to meet them. Once more the empire of the
world was about to be decided by a single battle. It was a time of fear-
ful suspense. Should the arms of Brutus be successful, the Roman
people might again form a free republic. On the other liand, should
Octavius triumph, they had to fear a worse tyranny than ever had been
exercised by Julius Caesar. Brutus and Cassius took their station each
on a little hill near the city of Thilippi. Behind them was the sea, by
which they might obtain supplies, "and between them and the plain ou
which the Triumviri had encamped their army, was an impassable morass.
In this lavorable position, it was (heir policy to delay a battle as long as
possible. On the contrary, the Triumviri, not being able to obtain sup-
plies by sea, and conscious that their army could not long be sustained by
the resources of the surrounding country, were eager innnediately to
engage. A road was constructed by them through the morass which
separated the armies. The tall reeds of the morass having concealed the
soldiers while making the road, Brutus and Cassius were in .some measure
taken by surprise wiien the enemy advanced over it, and the impatience
of their own soldiers prevented a longer delay.

A battle therefore ensued. Antony led his forces against tiuit part of
the army commanded Ity Cassias, and in a short time put his cavalry to
flight. Cassius did all that the courage of a single man could do to rally
his troops, but in vain. Suppo.sing the battle to be entirely lost, and
determiiu'il not to fall into the hands of the enemy, he returned inte
his tent and killed himself, llrutus still kopt possession of the camp,
and did all in iiis power to enciMivago his men. Still ho determined lor
the present to avoid .'teeking another battle. His design was to starve
the enemy, whom ho know to bo in great want of provisions, After
a re'<pito of twenty days, he was, lunvever, forced to give in to
the impatience of his men, and try (he late of a battle. In the
engagement (liat followed, wherever IJrutus commanded in person, lie
liad (ho advantagi'. Uut the troiips of Cassius being seized witli
a panic, communii-ated (heir (error to (ho rest, and soon the wholo
army gave way. In the midst of his bravest oflicers Hrutus fought
widi undaunted courage. TIk! son of Calo, and (he brodier of Cassius,
fell lighting at his side. At hist, however, yielding to tho nece,«si(y of
tho case, Brudis Hod. Octavius and Antony, secure of (he vic(ory,
(bought oidy of ge(ting ihutus into (heir power. He was on (he point
of being overtaken, when Ijueilitis, his friend, deteriiiiiied to save his lift!
by the sauritiee of his own, (living liinisell up (o a band itf Thraeiaus,

Tin vffTTiinrf If

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

231

I'c of tha
ic of fear-
c Roman
id, should

had been
ation cacli
lie son, It^
3 plain oii
)lc moras!*.

as long as
ihtain sup-
istained by
edlatcly to
rass which
iccalcd the
lie measuro
impatience

hat part of
cavalry to
do to rally
lost, and
rned into
10 camp,
rmiucd for
to starve
After
live in to
In tho
person, hi)
i/i'd with
till! whiilo
tus fon;j;ht
il" CussiuM,
ii'ci'ssily of
111' victory,
the point
liivo his life
lirucians,

ho told them he was Brutus, and requested to bo e )nducted into tho
presence of their General. Antony seeing tho Thracians approach, and
being informed of the prisoner's capture, prepared himself fur an inter-
view with his enemy. But Lucilius, advancing with a cheerful air, said,
'' It is not Brutus that is taken. Fortune has not yet had the power to
commit so great an outrage upon virtue. As for my life, it is well lost
in preserving his honor. Take it, for I have deceived you." Antony,
struck with such lidelity, pardoned him, and gave him his friendship.
Meanwliilo Brutus, with a lew friends had escaped over a rivulet, and
night coming on, they concealed thomselves under a rock. An oihcer
whom Brutus had sent out to ascertain the extent of their defeat, did
not return, and he rightly judged that ho had fallen into the hands of
tho enemy. Before the first battle, Brutus had told Cassius that if ho
was defeated, ho would not fall alivo into the power of Octavius, and he
now prepared to end his misfortunes with his life. After calling to mind
with great tenderness many of his friends, who had fallen in tho battle,
ho bade farewell to all present, one by one, saying aloud, that he was
happy in never having been betrayed by any one whom ho had trusted as
a friend. Soon after, falling upon his sword, ho expired in tho forty-
third year of his age."

PKiKON HILL. — Fanions as tho scene of a skirmish between the
British llegnlars and Vohinteers and too Fenian bandits, who attempted
to invade Canada during the past summer. The f tllowing gives linniir
ti) whom honor is due, and is written liy a gentleman who can be relied on :

" If any evidence were reipiired, more than wo possess, of tho essentially
weak and contemptible character of the Fenian organization, tho circum-
stances attending tho operations of Her ^Majesty's I'orees and our own
volunteers on Satui'ilay, .luiio Dth. in the neighborhood of I'igeon Hill,
would furnish it. As one who accompanied tiiat expeilition, and had an
ojiportunity of observing all that passed, I shall bo happy to furnish you
witii !i few details. I arrived at St. Arniaiid's Station between 11 and
I'J o'eloek. just at the moment that two waugons from I'igeon Mill arri ed,
bringing liv.' l'\'ni:ui prisoners, who had been taken that morning by
dilVereut parties, whoso names I need not mention, us I cannot givo u'l
with accuracy. I must confess that my astonishment was great when I
saw them. Threo were little soam[H — such as ono sees about tlie streets
of all great eities, as news-boys, \e. On* was a tolerably slout, resohito
looking-fellow, tho other a mild-looking young man, much bolter dressed,

232

CYCLOPJEDIA OF THE

♦

who, T am sorry to say, stated himself to have been born in Yorkshire,
though haiUng from Montpelier, Vt. Shortly after they were lodged in
the guard-house, another prisoner, an able-bodied hard-looking customer,
about 28 or 30 years of age, was brought in. He had a tremendous
black eye, which he told me he received in a brawl with his own companions
the night previous. Leaving these in the custody of the St Armand
volunteers, the column of attack started for Pigeon Hill about 2 P.M.
The Grauby and Waterloo volunteers, commanded by Captain Millar,
formed the advance guard, being followed by two 12-pounder Armstrong
guns of Captain Balfour's battery, with their complements of artillerymen,
commanded by Captain Phipps, 11. A. These were followed by two compa-
nies of the Eifle Brigade, under ^lajor Nixon, who, I understand, com-
manded the whole column, and two companies of the 2r)th regiment —
another company of that regiment Ibrming the rear guard. Between the
main body and the rear guard, the supply waggon and a farmer's waggon,
carrying the Surgeon's apparatus and medical 'iomforts,'wcrc placed.

The officers and men were in the highest spi its, only fearing lest the
redoubtable Fenians .should seek shelter too promptly in Uncle Sam's do-
minions, the line being only half a mile from their camp. The day was very
fine, a bright sun, tempered by a cool breeze, having dried up the rotids,
and made marching pleasant. And I may here remark a circumstance
creditable to the pluck and training of our volunteers, that, although .■se-
veral soldiers of the line and rifles were knocked up, and obliged to fallout,
the volunteers, though forming the advance guard and obliged to keep in
advance of the powerful artillery horses, had noi a man who manifested the
least fatigue. vU Holt's Corner a short halt took place, and a prisoner was
brought up from the south road, leading to Highgate, by a firmer I un-
derstood, of the name of Uoynolds, who with his son and hired man, had just
captured him while reconnoitering. He was mounted upon a handsome
horse, and had rather a gentlemanly and refined appearance. Ho was
speedily dismonntiul, being suecoiMled in his s;idillo by Captain Hallowcs
of the 2f)th Ifegimont, and conducted to the rearnn eharge of a guard from
that regiment. Another prisoner was met squatted in a single waggon
between tho foot of two farmers of Staiibridgo who had captured him — a
very low and unintelloetual typo of humanity, .lust before the column
reached Pigeon Hill there was a cry, " Incline (o the right," and that
splendid body of horsemen, thetiuides, under ('aptaiii D. L. Maedougall,
dashed pa.st in single file, and took tlieir place in front. Tiiey had no
opportunity that day, more is tho pity, to " flcih thoir maiden swords''

M^kriiiiHMiai

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

233

orksliire,
odged in
lustomcr,
meiulous
npanions
Anuaiid
.t 2 P.M.
11 Millar,
riustrong
llerymen,
CO compa-
and, com-
giment —
tween the

acod.

g lost the
Sam's do-
y was very
the roads,
!uuistance
lough se-
tall out,
keep ill
tbstod the
;onor was
uer I iin-
, had just
haiidsouio
lie was
Uallowcs
\i!>ril IVoiu
,0 waggon
d him — n
Ic column
and tliat
licddugull,
>y had no
swords''

upon any considerahle body of the Fenians. But they rode round by the
Cook's Corner road, and thus, at a later period of the day, cut off the
retreat of some who would have escaped, and took two of the scoundrels
prisoners. If the Fenians had a good sight of them, they must liave felt
inclined to keep out of their way. In turning to the right at the tavern at
Pigeon Hill, tlic whole column descended the liill on the road leading
directly to the line — the artillery taking tlie lead. The guns were placed
in position on a high point overlooking the whole valley, and about half-
aniile within the line. One company of the 25th remained with tlie
guns, and the remainder of the infantry, in two lines, with the rifles thrown
out in front as skirmisliers, descended into the valley in the direction of
the woods, which were about three-fourths of a mile distant. The last
red coat disappeared among the trees, and we remained in anxious expec-
tation awaiting the result. Meantime the farmer's family before whoso
door the guns were placed, and who had suffered sore annoyance for
several days from the constant demand of the ragamuffins for food, gladly
brought to their deliverers such simple refreshment as could be hastily
prepared. Presently a single rifle shot was heard, echoing loudly through
the woods — two more Ibllowed, then a dropping fire of twenty-five or
thirty shots and all was silent.

At the first report the whole party sprang to their feet, the gunners
placed themselves by their pieces, and the officers of artillery prepared to
point them upon any body of the enemy that might break cover. And
much were all disappointed when tlie firing ceased.

Presently the red coats emerged from the woods, marclied across a
small clearing and disappeared in the woods beyond. After waiting
some time longer and the sun bo^inning to approach the horizon, the
hoivses were put to the guns and waggons ami jtropaiations were made for
returning to St. Armand. One company ol' the 25th regained their
comrades on the hill. The rest o ' the I'orce made their way l)y the
Cook's Corner road back to Pigeon II ill, with the exception of one
company of the Kifles, which was detached towards Frolighsburg. The
rest of the force reached St. Arinand's Station between il and 10 o'clock
at night.

The result of this expedition was unsatisfactory, though all concerned
did their duty with the utmost alacrity and zeal. Hut when there was
really no enemy to fight, no groat victory could bo achieved,

It was generally sujiposed (hat 2 Fenians only were killed and 1(!
captured, but I have boon since informed '\nt 4 bodies wore found
in the woods on Sunday.

234

CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE

Thus ended most ingloriously to those concerned in it this base attempt
to desecrate, by unlawful invasion, the soil of Canada, and to detach from
their allegiance to their rightful Sovereign a conttnted, haj^j^i/ andloyal
people. I may add, in conclusion, that the inhabitants were most active
in searching for and arresting straggling Fenians and bringing them into
head-quarters."

PINKEY, BATTLE OF.— Fought, September 10th, 1547, between
the English, under the Earl of Hertford Protector, and the Scots, when
the latter were totally defeated. Few victories have been achieved with
less loss to the victors ; the English loss was no more than 200, whilst
the Scots lost the enormous number of 20,000.

PISTOL.— The smallest sort of fire arras. First used by the
English cavalry, a.d. 1544.

PLAINS OF ABRAHAM.— &e Quebec.

PLASSY, BATTLE OF.— Fought, Juno 23rd, 1757, between tho
British, under Lord Clive, and the native Hindoos, under Surajah
Dowlah. The Hindoo army consisted of 70,000 men, whilst the British
did not exceed 3000, yet tho Surajah was signally defeated. This battle
laid the foundation of the British power in India.

PLAT.EA, BATTLE OF,— Fouglit, September 22nd, b. o. 470,
between Mardonius, General of tho Persians, and the Lacediomonians and
Athenians under Pausanias. The Persian army consisted of 300,000
men, 3000 of which only remained alive after the battle. The Grecians
lostonlyOl Spartans, 52 Athenians, and 1<> Tegcans. Pausanias received
one-tenth of all tho innneiiso plunder for his unconunoii valour, and
tho rest were rewarded each according to his respective merit.

PhATTSBlIJlG, EXPEDITION TO.— Tho British squadron
against IMattsburg, on Lake Champlain, was designed under General Sir
George Provost, but it was abandoned, after a severe defeat of tho naval
squadron of England on tho Lake, Soptembor 11th, 1814.

PODULTZ, BATTLl'] OF.— Fought, Juno 2Sth, 1800, between tho
Austrians and tho Prussians. Tho I'russians every where wero victorious.
Tho needle gun of their army was decidedly superior to any other
weapon used. The fullowiiig is the Tiniis account:

" On the northern side of Gitsehiii and on tho Turuau road tho Aus-

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

23i>

iccn the
itoriou.s.
y othoi'

110

Aus-

trians had taken up a position to cover the town against the Prussians,
advancing from the direction of Turnau. As the Prussians advanced they
saw the vilhige of Podultz close to the road, and on their right, standing
at the top of the gentle ascent by which the road rises to the top of the
lower spur, on the other side of the road and about 300 yards from
it, nearer to the advancing division by 200 yards than Podultz, the
village of Diletz, lying in the plain, while high on their right they could
see the chimneys of Brada above the thick fir wood which, lying on tho
hill side, in front of that village, runs down nearly to Podultz, and traced
by the difforent colours of the foliage the ground occupied by its orchards.
The three villages and the fir wood were held by Austrian and Saxon
troops, supported by seven battalions of artillery, which were placed both
on the spur and on the Brada Hill, while behind the spur were hidden
three of Austria's finest cavalry regiments — the Hussars of Radetzky, of
Lichtenstein, and of the Austrian Regiment the King of Prussia. As
soon as the Prussians came within range the Austrian batteries opened
upon them ; the Prussian guns replied, and, under cover of their artil-
lery, the columns advanced to the attack of the position. The 8th and
48th llogimcnts advanced against the village of Diletz, which was garri-
soned by the 1st, 2d, 3u, and 4th Saxon battalions, and where, as the
prisoners report, the King of Saxony himself took part in the fight. The
12th and 18th Rcgii.ients advanced against the village of Podultz. Both
attacking columns were exposed to a very hot fire, but after a severe
struggle both villages were carried, though that of Podultz, set on fire by
a shell, was burning when the Prussians occupied it. General Edelshoini,
who connnanded the Austrian cavalry, with a desperate valour, attacked
the burning village, but tho horses would not face the flames, and the
Prussian infantry, from behind tho blazing houses, fired on tho disordered
squadrons and killed many troopers. After taking Podultz, the 12th and
18th Kegiments pushed past Brada, leaving it to their right, and made
for the Loehow Road, in order to cut oil' tho retreat of the Austrians,
who were retiring from Loehow ou Cutschiii. The Austrian cavalry
charged tho advancing Prussians, but the latter received them without
forming square, and the horsonion recoiled, broken by their steady five.
The Austrian troops in Brada, and the Saxons and Austrians in Diletz
were »[uito separated by tlio capture of tho village of Podultz, and the
former were almost entirely taken ; tho latter were cut off from retreat
in largo numbers, for Von Worder was pressing towards Gitschin, the
roads were crowded, and tho little river formed on tho right of the-

23G

cvclopjEdia of the

I'i

broken allies a v/ide extent of marshy ground, which it was almost
impossible to cross. The loss of the Saxons between Diletz and Gitschin
was tremendous; they fell thickly, and the ground was covered with
corpses. The Prussians suffered much, but they fought most bravely,
and, with only four regiments, and half as many guns as their opponents,
carried a very strong position held by a much superior force ; for the
Prussians had in the field but 16,000 men, and the allied strength is esti-
mated at 30,000. Under a crushing fire they advanced to the attack of
Podultz and Diletz, and the vacancies in the muster-roll show how
fearfully they suffered ; but every man who fell on the Prussian side was
trebly avenged, and a long bi'oad track of fallen enemies marks the lino of
march of the four regiments who so well fought and won Diletz.

The field of Diletz is almost more thickly strewn with killed and
wounded. Here the Prussians lie more thickly than at Lochow, for the
more numerous artilleiy of the defenders ploughed with terrible effect
through the dense columns of the iffesailunts as they advanced to the
attack. But between Diletz and Gitschin the ground is covered with
broken arms, knapsacks, shakos, and fallen men, who are mostly cither
Saxons or Austrians, lor here the ncedlegun was more used than artillery.

The Prussians took 7000 prisoners in the two combats, and many
officers : and the Austrian loss in killed and wounded is estimated at
301 0, so that yesterday evening has withdrawn 10,000 soldiers from
under the Austrian colours."

POICTIEllS, 135G.— " Ten years after the victory of Crecy, a
similar event took place i:i one of the south-west districts of France, at
Poicliers, the capital of I'oitoiiu. Edward " the Black Prince," now in
the prime of his early manhood, regarding his country as at war with
France, sallied forth from the Gascon province in the sunnner of 135G,
on a ravaging expedition, to do his enemy all the damage in )'" ;ower.
lie left JJourdeaux with about 12,000 men; ascended t!;c Garonne
as fur as Agon, and then, turning to the left, entered central France*
and overran the fertile provinces of Jiimousin, Quercl, Auvergne, and
Berri. It was harvest-time, and everywhere the harvest was seized, the
towns jilunderod, and all captives able to pay a ransom were carried to
Bourdoaux. One account states that the Hnglish army sent off no fewer
than 5000 cartloads of plunder to Bourdoaux. This employment
doubtless hud its attractions for the army; but its commander seems
to have forgotten that he was invading and exasperating a powerful

-A^^

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

2BT

almost
Gitschin
•ed \Titt
, bravely,
pponents,
.; for the
;tli is csti-
, attack of
sliow how
n side was
the line of

, killed and
low, for the
vrihle effect
Lccd to the
ovcrcd with
lostly cither
nan artillery.
s, and many
estimated at
Idlers from

of Crecy, a
of Trance, at
incc," now in
, iit war with
,nueroft35G,

ii. 1 ■•" : owcr.

the Garonne
cntral France,
Auvcrp;ne, and
was seized, the
were carried to
,cnt off no fewer
is cmyloynumt
inmandor seems
ling ft ro^'''^'"^"^

kingdom, whose people and sovereign might be expected to take ven-
geance for such an inroad as this.

Philip of Valois was now dead, and John, his son, a high-spirited but
indiscreet prince, had succeeded him. Hearing of young Edward's
performances in Limousin and Berri, " ho instantly declared with an
oath," says Froissart, " that he would forthwith set out after him, and
would fight him whenever he could find him. He therefore issued forth
a general summons to all his nobles and vassals of every kind, that they
should set forth to meet him on the borders of Touraine and Blois,
for he was determined to fight the English."

He soon marched from Paris, having with him a considerable body of
troops, and went to Chartres to be nearer the enemy, and to gain quicker
intelligence of his proceedings. Here he rested some days, and *' great
crowds of knights and men at arms daily joined him, from Auvergne,
Borri, Burgundy, Lorraine, Hainault, Picardy, and other provinces."
But as yet neither of these two Princes seems to have been well informed
of the other's movements.

** The Prince," says Froissart, " having with him 2000 men-at-arms
and 6000 archers, rode on at his ease, having all things at his command.
They found Auvergne, which they were now overrunning, very rich and
teeming with abundance; and when they entered any town, they
rested there for some days to refresh themselves, consuming what they
pleased, and destroying the rest, whether of corn, wine, or other provi-
sions." " They kept advancing, and found plenty everywhere, for
the provinces of Berri, Poiteau, Touraine and Maine," says Froissart,
" were very rich, and full of provisions for an army."

At Bourgcs they were stopped by the strength of the place ; having
no means of besieging a fortified town, they passed on, and came to
another town, the name of which Froissart does not give, but which, ho
says, had groat plenty of wines and provisions. This thoy carried by
storm, and here they remained three days.

And now tidings were brought to the Prince that the King of France
was at Chartres with a If.fgo army, and that all the passes and towns on
the north of the Loiro were manned and well defended. He therefore
held a council of war, in which it was resolved to return at once to Bour-
deaux, doing the enemy what damiigc was possible on the road. But the
castle of Romorontin delayed their retreat, the Prince making it a point
of honour not to be foiled by so small a place, and wasting thoreforo
three days before it. This delay enabled the French army to reach him.

■

1
1

! 'l

. i i

•

'238

CYCLOPAEDIA OP THE

The King of Franco, having now a largo forco, had set forward from
Chartrcs, had crossed the Loire at Blois, and was rapidly marching on
the city of Poictiers. Both of the chiefs seem to have been in the dark
as to the exact position of the other — John, imagining the English to be
fiir before him, and Edward similarly deeming the French to be in his
rear. At last, at Chauvigny, on the Vienne, the two armies came in
sight of each other, or rather, learned each other's proximity by an
encounter of outposts. A party of French knights flilling in with two of
Edward's captains and a party of sixty men, pursued them until tlioy
came to the main body of the English, and hero, not retreating, the
greater part of the assailants were either slain or captured. From the
prisoners, the Prince learned that the King of France was close by with
his army, and that he could not retreat without fighting him. He called
in immediately all foragers; and ordered every man to keep under his
standard. Four experienced Captains, with 200 horse, were sent out
to reconnoitre the French positions. They were not long before they fell
in with it, and captured some stragglers. They soon perceived the whole
plain to be covered with troops. Their approach alarmed the French,
who, instead of entering Poictiers, turned towards the English army,
and as it was late encamped for the night in the open fields. The Eng-
lish detachment returned to the Prince, and told him that the French
*' were in immeiiRe numbers." The Prince replied, " God help us! wc
must begin to consider how we can best receive them."

The next day was Sunday. The French king ordered a solemn mass
in his pavilion, and he and his four sons communicated. There then
assembled around him the groat Lords, the Duke of Orleans, the Duke of
Bourbon, the Earl of Ponthiou, the Constable of France, the Marshal of
France, and a great body of Lords and famous knights. Tlicy were luug
debating; at last it was resolved " that each Lord should display his
banner, advance into the plain, and push forward in the name of God and
St. Denis." It is already tolerably clear, that this great army had no
General.

" Then might be seen all tho nobility of France, richly dressed out in
shining armour, with banners and pennons gallantly displayed ; for all the
flower of the French nobility was there." By the adviqp of tho Con-
stable and marshals, the army wai^ divided into throe battalions, each
consisting of 1(5,000 men-at-arms. Nearly 50,000 spears then, a large
proportion doubtless mounted, were arrayed against 2000 English lances,
and 4,000 archers, with a few irregulars. Michelet says : " There were

■i

4
1

■

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

239

the King's four sons, 26 Dukes or Counts, and 140 knights-bannerets —
a magnificent spectacle ; but the army was none tlie better for all that."

The King sent forward three knights to reconnoitre the English array.
They returned, and Sir Eustace Ribcaumont said, " Sir, we have
examined the English closely; they amount, according to our estimate,
to about 2000 mon-at-arms, 4000 archers, and 1500 footmen. They
are posted very strongly; and have fortified their position as well as
they can. They are on a hill, which is only approachable by one road or
lane ; so narrow that only four men can ride abreast."

The French were now on the point of moving forward to the attack,
when the Cardinal de Perigord came up at a full gallop, and making a
low reverence, entreated the King to listen to liim a moment. " You
have here," he said, " all the flower of your kingdom against a mere
handful of English ; you may have them on other terms than by a battle.
Let me go to the Prince, and remonstrate with liim on the dangerous
situation he is in." The King said, " It is very agreeable to us; but
make haste back again."

The Cardinal set of at full speed ; and was admitted to the Prince,
whom he found on foot in the midst of his army. lie said, " Fair son,
if you have well considered the great army of the King of France, you
will allow n.r ( • uiakt- up matters between you, if I possibly can." The
Prince said, ■ Sir, save my own honour, and that of my army, and I will
agree to any reasonable terms." The Cardinal then returned to the
French cani|», and saw the King ; and all that day he rode from one army
to the other, trying to bring about an agreement. Many proposals were
made: the Prince oflfered to give up all the towns and castles which he
had taken ; to release all his prisoners without ransom ; and to engage not
to take up arms against the King of France for the next seven years."
But John refused the offer ; demanding that Kdward, with an hundred

- prisoners.

(( T

The Prince

to accept any sucli condi-
esclaimed, " England shall

of his knights, should surrender themseh
and his army," says Froissart, *' disdainei
tions." Another account says, that I'Mwar
never liavc to pay a ransom for me !"

Thus Sunday was spent; and the buttle was necessarily deferred till
the morrow. The English, however, had well employed their time in
still further strengthening their positions. But they were short of
provisions; and could the French have stooped to defer the attack, and
to be content with cutting off all supplies, Edward and his whole force
must have submitted themselves before the termination of another week.

240

CYCLOP/EDIA OP THE

But such a course would have been humbling to the pride of Franco. A
certain triumph seemed in the power of the French commanders, and
they could brook no delay.

Edward, therefore, made up his mind for a struggle for life cr liberty
on the Monday morning. lie remained en the defensive ; except that
ho detached a body of 300 men-at-arms, and as many archers, with or-
ders to make a circuit, and get into the flunk and rear of the Duko
of Normandy's battalion ; the position of which he could survey from
his hill.

" And now," says Fruissart, " the whole army of the Prince, includ-
ing every one, did not amount to more than 8000 ; while the French
had upwards of 00,000 combatauis, among whom were more than 15000
knights. The Prince, seeing all hope of an accommodation at an end,
addressed his captains and men, saying : —

" Now, my gallant fellows ! what though wo be but a small body wheu
compared with our enemies; let us not be cast down on that account;
for victory is not always with the greater numbers, but God gives it to
whom he pleases. If the day shall he ours, great will bo the honour of
it: if not, I have a father, and you all have friends, who will bo sure to
avenge our deaths. Stand last, therefore, and light like men; and if it
please God, you shall see me play the part of a true kniglit."

And now came on the French, and soon it was seen that here, as in
many other l)attles of the time, the Fnglish bow was a most formidable
weapon. The battalion of tlie French marshals entered the lane by
wliieh the Fnglisli position must be approaelied ; ami now the archers
began to ply their weapons " in siieh sort that the horses, smarting under
the pain of their wounds, would not advance, but turned about, threw
their masters, and creatcil a general eoiifiision. Ami if a few of tho
Kreneh struggled throU'^Ii and eauK? in sight of the I'rince's battalion, n
sm!ill party or two of Hnglish knights, who waited for them, instantly
attacked them and .slew Ihcni, or made them prisoners.

Thus, in a short time, this battalion of the marshals was defeiiteJ.
The front line was driven back in confusion on the division immediately
behind it. This, unable to advance, began to give ground, impelled by
tho crowd oi' fugitives pressing back upon it. Hut in retreating, this
battalion fell baek upon the Duko ■ !' Normandy's and soon confusion
and tenor spread tiiroiigh the whole army. The delaehmeiit "<hieh tho
I'rinee had placed over night on the Hank and rear of the Duke of Nor-
mandy's battalion, now cumu forth from their ambuscade, and fell vcho-

'iijim tiaiifcM

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

241

includ-

lahoi), II
iistimtly

ii'H.hI by

k', this
LifiisiDit
liicli tlio
lot' Nor-
11 vuho-

«iently upon the already disordered ranks of the French ; " and, in
truth," says Froissart, " the English archers shot so thickly and so well,
that the French did not know which way to turn themselves to avoid the
arrows." And now, this battalion, which was broad enough in the front,
grew thin and scanty in the rear, for the news of the repulse of the mar-
shals had spread, and the men began to escape in crowds. Meanwhile the
English on the hill, perceiving that the first battalion was beaten, 'and
that the Duke of Normandy's was in great disorder, gave the word, and
the knights and men-at-arms wore in a moment in their saddles.

" The day is ours," said Sir John Chandos, and, giving a shout, the
2000 horse pushed down the hill, charging with vchcmcnoo the disor-
dered battalion.

" Let us make for the King himself," said Sir John to the Prince,
" for T know that he will not fly, and we shall have him — if it please
€iod."

And now the battle grew hot ; the French were so numerous, and in
such disorder, that it was an arduous task that still remained. Edward
charged the division of the Duke of Athens, broke it, and drove it before
him; — then the battalion of Germans, under the Count of Salzburg,
which was soon overthrown and put to flight. Meanwhile " the ICngliah
archers, advaneing with the cavalry, shot so well that none dared to
stay within their reach."

And now three of the King's sons, the Duke of Normandy, the Earl of
I'oictiors, and the Earl of Tourainc, with 800 lances which had never
j)ut npear in rest, took flight and rodo ofl" the field.

The King himself stood firm. " If one-fi)urth of liis soldiers," says
Froissart, " had beliavcd -^s well as ho did, the day would have been his
own." Again ho says, " King .lohn himself did wonders, ho fouglit with
a battle-axe, with which he defended Iiini.-elf bravely." The English
knew the valvie uf such a prize, and they directed their chief cfl'orts to
Ills capture. The Earl of Tanearville was made prisoner dose to him,
as wore the Earl ttf Ponthieu, and the Earl of Eu. A littlo further on,
the Lord Charles d'Artois and many other knights were captured by
the flank attack. " The English and Gascons poured so fast upon tho
King's division that they bmke all its ranks," and now tlio last show of
order was lost, and the whole field was one confused mass. Every one
was pressing forwards, eager to seize tho King; at Inst a young I'Vcnch
knight, who liad been banished and had entered tho Knglish service,
entreated the king to surrender or lie would lose his lifo. " To whom

242

CYOLOPiEDIA OP THE

am I to surrender ?" said John, " where is my cousin the Prince of
Wales ? Who are you ?" " I am Denis de Morbeque, knight of Artois,"
said the Frenchman, " surrender yourself to me and I will lead you tO'
the Prince." " Well," said the King, giving him his glove, " I surrender
myself to you."

Sir John Chandos, who had remained by the Prince's side all the day,
had now advised him to raise his banner on an elevated point, and to
pitch his tent, for there was no longer any French army in sight.
Accordingly, the banner was raised, a small pavilion was pitched, wine
was brought, the Prince took oflf his helmet, and the trumpets began to
sound. But now the Prince addressed the Earl of Warwick and Lord
Cobham, saying. " I pray you to mount your horses, and ride over the
field, that I may know, if possible, what has become of the King." These
two lords immediately rode forth, and they soon perceived a great crowd
of knights and men-at-arms, all striving with a great noise. More thaa
ten knights were loudly claiming the honour of having taken the King.
" The two lords tlicn pushed through the crowd by main force, and
ordered all to stand aside. Thoy cominaridcd, in the Prince's name, all
to keep tlieir distance, on pain of death. Thoy then, dismounting,
approached the King with profound reverence, and conducted hinj peace-
ably to the Prince of Wales." Edward received the King witli a low
obeisance, and comforted him as well as ho was able, ordering wines and
retVeshments to be brought, which lie presented to tlic King with his own
hand. " In the evening a supper was spread in the Prince's pavilion ;
and the King, his son IMiilip, with IJourbon, Artois, tiie Karl of Tanear-
villo, Mstanipes, (irunvilio, and others, were seated at an eleviitod table,
while the Pnnoo served the King with liis own hanils. The French
princes, struck with Kdwunl's eourtesy, deelarfil that ho would bo one
of tlie most gallant knights in Christendom, if it please (Jod to grant
him life."

Meanwhile, the English horse continued its pursuit of the fugitives,
up to the very gates of I'oictiers. " There was suoh an horrible spectacle
of men slaughtered and trampled down, as it is wonderful to think of.
Tlie fiightened Freiieli, in tMowds, surrendered the moment they caught
sight of an Kngiishniiin. '

The report now given in to the Prince, showed that the King and ono
of hid sons, and 17 Marls, besides a great number of Jiarnns and
knights, were prisoners ; and that from ilvu to six thousand lay dead on

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

243

ince of
^.rtois,"

\ you to-

irrender

tbe day^

t, and to

in sight.

icd, wine

began to

and Lord

c over tho

." Tlicso

eat crowd

kloro than

the King.

force, and

A name, aU

amounting,

liiiu pcace-

Iwith a low
winoa and

|ith liiH own

s pavilion J

„1' Tancar-

;itod table,

riio French

louUl be one

,(l to tyrant

|io ni^itivcf",
il,- Hin'i'taelo
to think of.
Itln'V cauglit

\\\))l and one

IllaronH '""^

, lay dead oi\

the field.* But tho victors were troubled what to do with the crowds of
captives of all ranks, who were twice as numerous as themselves. They
concluded, at last, to ransom them on the spot, and even to take the
pledges of those who had no money. As for the booty, it was immense j
" there being quantities of gold and silver plate, rich jewels, and trunks
full of gold and silver ornaments. As to fine armour, that was in such
abundance as to be little regarded."

The prince and his little army, now undisturbed, continued their
march, and in a few days passed the Garonne, and arrived safely at
Bourdeaux. " Great was the dismay at Paris, when tlio fugitives brought
word that there was no longer a King nor Barons in France, but all were
killed or taken."

England, very naturally, ri\joiccd through all her coasts. The Prince,
after a short stay, embarked for Eni^land with his illustrious prisoner, to
whom, for greater case and comfort, he assigned a .separate vessel. Ho
entered London with kniglitly courtesy, riding a small black horse, while
the King of Franco, royally mounted on a white charger, rode by his
side. The palace of the Savoy was made tlio residence of the captive
monarch, and there king Edward and his Queen fro{iuently visited him.
John, however, was long detained in England, tlie enormous sum of
3,000,(100 of gold crowns being demanded from Franco for his ran-
som. He iinally consented to tliose hard terms ; but on returning to
his own kingdom, he found so nmeh dilTieulty in persuading his pcoplo
to raise tliis great ransom, that lie finally resolved to return to his prison
in Westminster. As true as he was bravo, he iiolily answeivd liis council,
wiio tried to jwrsuade him to Iks guilty of a breach of his engagement,
that " if honour were banislied from every other aliode, it ought at lea«*t
to find a home in the breast of Kings." He returned to liis home in
tlie Savoy ; wluiv, a lew iiionihs al'ter, he dieii. iwanl 1 1 1 ordered
his obse(|uies to be performed with royal magnillceneo, and sent his

* lit lliu Iit-nisti'i' of llin ConvtMit dl' till' I'liiirs Miiiorn in I'oictit'r;*, llipro
ni»pcur llu' niuiu'S of tlit> knf({lil« niul Kruiit iiioii huriuil thi-ro after liiia luiltlo.
Anions tlirso wo tiiul, tliu CoiistiiliU' of Fn\iici>, tlio HlslKip (if (Jliulons, tho
Vl<i'()iml of ('liinivijifii.v, llu' liiu'iU of .Mailly, v( UmlfiiKnidt', of Uoi'lR'clii'nilrP,
uf (Mmmnont, of lIuK, of (<orl)UM, nml a tjiuut iiuiiiIxm' of kuiKliii). la tlu> rlnircli
of till' Fii)n'.s I'rt'tu'luMirs llicii" wcro Iniiioil tlin Diiku of liouilinii, tlii» Maislml
do Clonuoiii, tlio VlHcoimt ilo l{ociiiH'liounrt, llio Iioiil do Ja Fnyotlo, tliu
Vliouuiil d'Auninle, tlie Lurtl Ht. Ollilurt, niid luuru tbnn tifty kiilgliti,

244

CYCLOP.«DIA OF THE

■pse, with a splendid retinue to Fraiico, where it found a place in the
burial-place of the Kings, in the abbey-church of St. Denis."

POLOTSK, BATTLE OF,— Fought, July 30th, 1812, between the
French Marshal, Oudinot, and the llussians under Wittgenstein. The
llussians were defeated with great loss.

PONDICHERRY.—/;u^:rt.— Settled by the French in 1G74; taken
by the Dutch in 1G93 , besieged by the British in 1748, and taken by
our forces in January, n 01, but restored in 1763. Again taken in October,
1778, and restored in 1783. Again captured by the British, August
23rd, 1793, and finally in 1803.

PORTOBELLO.— *S^o!'^/i America.— Taken from the Spaniards by
Admiral A''ornon, November 22nd, 1739. Again taken by the British,
who destroyed the fortifications, in 1742.

PRAGA, BATTLES OF.— Fought, October 10th, 1704, between
the I'olcs and Russians ; 30,000 Poles were butchered in this battle by
the nioroiless Suwarrow. A second battle, fought March 3l3t, 1831,
between the same countries, resulted with defeat of the Russians who lost
400(1 killed and wounded, and tiOOO prisoners and 1 2 pieces of cannon.

PRESCOTT, BATTLE 0¥.—Ui>pcr Cnnmh. —Vouaht, November
27th, 1838, between the Canadian Rebels and the British, under Major
Young, and on the following day by Lieut.-Colunel Dundas, who, after
a dospcr:ite resistance, succeeded in dispersing the insurgents, several
of whom were killed and many taken prisoners ; the troops also suflered
considerably. After the attack the remainder of the rebels surrendered.
Li these engagements the rebels wcro aided by the Americans, who
invaded the Oamidian territory in great numbers.

PRKSTON, BATTLIC OF.— Fought, November Pith, 1715, between
the Scotch insurgents, under Forstcr, and the Hrilish, under General
Willis. The fir.st aitiick was successful, n» the side of the Jacobins, but
the Royal forces being augmented by tlio arrivid of General Carpenter,
Preston was invested on every side, mid the Soots at length laid down
their arms, and their nobles and leaders were scoured. Sonic were sliot as
deserters, and others sent oil' to London, pinioned and bound together, to
frighten their party.

^^.Miumtumim

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

245

1 in the

iveen the
n. The

t; taken
taken bj
1 October,
I. August

iniarda b/
10 British,

4, botweou

is battle by

Ist, 1831,

ns who lost

cannon.

November
mler Major

who, ul'lcr
iits, Hovoral

so Hufl'orcd
>nrroiiJoroil.
riciuis, who

'ir),bctwoon
(U'r General
ucobins, but
1 Carpenter,
1 hiid down
I were shot n8
together, to

PRESTON-PANS, BATTLE OF.— Fought, September 21st, 1745,
between Prince Charles the Pretender and the Royal forces.

" In the meantime Sir John Cope, who had pursued the rebels through
the Highlands, but had declined meeting them in their descent, being
now reinforced by two regiments of dragoons, resolved to march towards
Edinburgh and give the enemy battle. The young Adventurer, whose
forces were rather superior, though undisciplined, attacked him near
Preston-l*au3, about twelve miles from the capital, and in a few minutes
put him and his troops to flight. This victory, by which the King lost
500 men, gave the rebels great influence ; and had the Pretender taken
advantage of the general consternation, and marched directly for England,
the consequence might liave been fatal to freedom. But ho was amused
by the promise of succours which never came; and thus induced to
remain at Edinburgh, to enjoy the triumphs of an important victory^
and to bo treated as a monarch."

PULTOWA, BATTLE OF,— Fought, July 8th, 1709, between
Charles XII of Sweden and Peter the Great of Russia. In this cele-
brated battle the Czar entirely defeated the Hero of Sweden, and forced
him to flee to Turkey. This battle was loft on account of Charles having
been wounded just before, being obliged to issue his orders from a litter,
his soldiers thus having no opportunity of seeii\g their loved commander.

PULTUSK, BATTLES OF.-Ono between the Saxons and Swedes,
in which tho former were defeated, 1703 ; and the other between tho
French, under Napoleon, and tho Russian and Prussian armies.
Both sides claimed tlio victory, but it inclined in favour of tho French.

VY RAMIDS, BATTLE OF THK.— Fought between tho French and
Turks, 1798. " Tho sight of the Pyramiils, and tho anxious nature of
the moment, inspired tho French General with even more than usual
ardour ; the sun glittered on tlioso immense nuissos, which seemed to
arise in height every step tlio soldiers advanced, and the army, sharing
his enthusiasm, gazed, as tliey marched, on the everlasting monuments.
" Remember," said he, " that from tho summit of those Pyramids forty
centuries eontemplato your actions."

With liis usual sagacity, the General li id taken extraordinary precau-
tions to ensure success againut tho furniidable cavalry of tiio Desert.
Tho divisions were all drawn up as before, in hollow s(|uare« rIx deep,
tho artillery at tho angles, tho general and baggiigo in the centre. When

■i

246

CrCLOP^DIA OF THE

they were in mass, the two sides advanced in column, those in front and
r T oved forward in their ranks, but the moment they were charged,

.» whole were to halt, and face outward on every side. When they
were themselves to charge, the three front ranks were to break oflF and
form the column of attack, those in the rear remaining behind, still in
square, but three deep only, to constitute the reserve. Napoleon had no
fears for the result, if the infantry were steady ; his only apprehension
was, that his soldiers, accustomed to charge, would yield to their
impetuosity too soon, and would not be brought to the immovable firmness
wliich this species of warfare required.

Mourad 13cy, no sooner perceived the lateral movement of the French
army, than, with a promptitude of decision worthy of a skilful gonoral,
he resolved to attack the columns while in the act of completing it. An
extraordinary movement was immediately observed in the Maueluko
line, and speedily 7000 horsemen detached themselves from the
remainder of the army, and bore down upon the French columns. It
was a terrible sight, capable of daunting the bravest troops, when this
immense body of cavalry approached at full gallop the squares of infan-
try. The horsemen, admirably mounted and magnificently dressed, rent
the air witii their cries. The glitter of spoarn and cimeters dazzled the
sight, while the earth groaned under the repeated and increasing thunder
of their feet. The .soldiers, impressed, but not panic-struck, by the sight,
Btood firm, and anxiously waited, witli their pieces ready, tho order to
fire. Desaix's division being entangled in a wood of palm-trees, was not
completely formed when the swiftest of the Mamelukes eanie upon them ;
they were, in conse'|iionce, partially broken, and thirty or forty ol the
bravest of tho assailants ponetratoii, and died in the midst of the sijuarc,
at the feet of tho officers: but before the mass arrived tho movement
was completed, and a rapid fire of musketry and grapo drove them from
the front round the sides of the column. With matchless intrepidity,
they pierced through tli(^ interval between J)esaix'8 and llegnier's divi-
fiions, and riding round both sipiares, strove to find an entrance ; but an
incessa!\t fire from every front mowed them down as fast as they poured
in at the opening. I'urious at tlu! unexpected resistance, they (lasiied
their horses against the rampart of bayonets, and threw their pistols at
tho heads of the grenadiers, while many who had lost their steeds crept
along tlie ground and cut ut the logs of tho front rank with tlieir cimo-
tars. In vain thousands succeeded, and galloped round the flaming walls
of atoi'l; multitudes perished under the rolling lire whieh, without inter-

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

247

mission, issued from the ranks, and at length the survivors, in despair,
fled towards the camp from whence they had issued. Here, however,
they were charged in flank by Napoleon at the head of Dugua's divi-
sion, while those of Vial and Bon, on the extreme left, stormed the in-
trenchments. The most horrible confusion now reigned in the camp ;
the horsemen, driven in disorder, trampled under foot the infaiitry, whoj
panic-struck at the rout of the Mamelukes, on whom all their hopes
were placed, abandoned their ranks, and rushed in crowds towards the
boats to escape to the other side of the Nile. * Numbers saved themselves
by swimming, but a great proportion perished iu the attempt. The
Mamelukes, rendered desperate, seeing no possibility of csc.ipc in that
direction, fell upon the columns who were approaching from the right,
with their wings extended in order of attack ; but they, forming square
again with inconceivable rapidity, repulsed them with great slaughter,
and drove them nnally off in the direction of the Pyramids. The in-
trenched camp ith ill its artillery, stores, and baggage fell into the
hauijs of the victors. Several thousands of the Mamelukes were drowned
or killed ; and of the formidable array which had appeared iu such
splendour in the morning, not more than 2508 escaped with Mourad
Bey into Upper Egypt. The victors hardly lost 200 men in the ac-
tion ; and several days were occupied after it was over in stripping the
slain of their magnificent appointments, or fishing up the rich spoils
which encumbered the banks of the Nile."

PYRENEES, BATTLE OF THE.— Fought, July 28th, 1813, be-
tween the British army, commanded by Wellington, and the French,
commanded by Marshal Soult, The French were defeated, with great
slaughter. After the battle of Vittoriu, fought, June 2l8t, Napoleon
sent Soult to supersede Jourdan, with instructions to drive the British
across the Ebro ; a duty which ho could not iiecomplish ; for ho was obliged
to retreat into Franco, which was entered by the British, and he lost
20,000 men, in a series of engagements in tlie Pyrenees, which separate
France from Spain, from July 25111 to August 2nd, same year.

QITA15TRE BRAS, BATTLE OF.— Fought, -u"^ 16th, 1815,
between the French and Knglish. The French were eominnndod by
Marshal Noy, and tlie British by the Duke of Brunswick, the Prince
of Orange, and Sir Thomas Picton. It was fought two days before

248

CTCLOPiEDIA OP THE

Waterloo. The British fought, to maintain their position, with wonderful
intrepidity, notwithstanding their inferiority in number, and the fatigue
of marching all the preceding night. The gallant 42nd Regiment of
Scotch Highlanders, or the Black Watch, suffered very severely in
pursuit of a French division repulsed early in the morning, by cuiras-
siers being posted in ambush behind growing corn as high as the

p-jif B runswick

shoulders of tho c allost m e n. — la this battl e

fell, whose death is alluded to in the well-known lines of Byron on the

field of Waterloo.

l!l,i' : ?l

I :,

.-;i ■ ! ,

.! 1

QUEBEC— Has been five times assaulted. Founded by the French
in 1G05. Reduced by tho English, with all Canada, in 1C26, and restored
in 1632. Besieged again by the English, but without success, in 1711,
but was taken, under Wolfo, September 13th, 1759. The following is
a good account of the capture of the city, under the immortal Wolfe.
Quebec was again besieged by the American General IMontgomery, who
was slain before it, December 31st, 1775, and the siege was raised early
next year. Appended is also an account of tho siege and death of
tho American General. '

" Wolfe's army, amounting to about 8000, was conveyed to the vicinity
of Quebec by a fleet of vessels of war and transports, and landed, in two
divisions, on the island of Orleans, on the 27th of June. The Marquis
de iVontcalm made vigorous preparations for defending Quebec. His
armed force consisted of about 13,000 men, of whom six battalions were
regulars, and the remainder well disciplined Canadian militia, with some
cavalry and Indians. He ranged these forces from the River St. Charles,
to the Falls of Montmorency, with tho view of opposing tho landing of
the British.

" Wolfo first attempted the entrenclimont of Montmorency, landing
his troops under cover of the fire from the ships of war, but ho was
gallantly repulsed by the French. In consequence of this repulse, he
sent disjiatclies to England, stating that he had doubts of being able to
reduce Quebec during that campaign. His prospects, indeed, we) J not
encouraging : the great stronghold kept up an incessant fire from its
almost inaccessible position, bristling with guns, defended by a superior
force, and inhabited by a hostile population. Above tho city, steep
banks rendered landing ahaost impossible ; below, the country Ibr eight
miles was embarrassed by two rivers, many redoubts, and watchful
Indians. A part of tho fleet lay above tho town, tlio remainder in the
north channel, between tho island of Orleans and Montmorency.

•mmtmm

BATTLES OP THE WORLD,

249

onderful
e fatigue
iment of
yercly in
)y cuiras-
h as the

; rnnswick

)n on tlie

le Frencli
d restored
1, in 1711,
lUowing is
•tal Wolfe.

mery,

who

aised early
I death of

he vicinity
d, in two
Marquis

bee. His
ions were

with some

t. Charles,
nnding of

cy, landing
mt ho was
repulse, he
ling able to
d, WC1 J not
•0 from its-
a superior
city, steep
•y for eight
d raitchful
nder in the
oy.

" Soon after this repulse, however, Wolfe roused his brave and vigor-
ous spirit, called a council of war, and proposed, it is generally said, at
the instigation of his second in command, General Townsend, to gaia
the heights of Abraham behind and above the city, commanding the
•weakest part of the fortress. The council acceded to this daring pro-
posal, and their heroic commander commenced his preparations ; in the
_Bi£anwJ i'1e, mnlfing guch aotivc dsniGr.str n tluiiS u^ giuat luoiiiuaim s posi-~
tion, that the French still believed it to bo his main object.

"On the 11th of September, the greater part of the troops landed,
and marched up the south shore opposite Quebec,— forded the river
Etchemin — and embarked on board the men of war and transports
which lay above the town. On the 12th, the ships of war sailed nine
miles up the river, to Cap Rouge. This foint deceived Montcalm, and
he detached Do Bougainville, who, with his array of reserve, proceeded
still farther up the river to prevent the English from landing. During;
the night, the English troops dropped silently down the river, with the
current, in boats, and at four o'clock in the morning began to land.

" It is surprising how the troops contrived to land, as the French had
posted sentries along the shore, to challenge boats and give the alarm.
The first boat was questioned, when Captain Donald M'Donald, one of
Frazer's Highlanders, who was perfectly well acquainted with the French
language and customs, answered to " Qui vine ?" which is their chal-
lenge, the word " Ld Fnincc " — when the sentinel demanded " A quel
Hgiment ?" the captain replied, " Do la Jicinc," which he knew by
accident to bo one of those commanded by De Bougainville. Tho
soldier took it for granted that it was an expected convoy, and saying
" Puxne," the boats proceeded without further question. One of the
sentries more wary than tho rest, running down to the water's edge
called out, ^' Ponnjuoi cst-cc que vous nc pdrJcz pus phis haul?" to
which tho captain answered in a soft tone of voice, " Tais-toi, nous
serous aitciidus." Thus cautioned, tho sentry retired, and tho bents
proceeded without further altercation, and landed at the spot now cele-
brated as "Wolfe's Covn."

" General Wolfe was one of tho first on shore, and on seeing tlie
difficulty of ascending tho precipice, observed familiarly to Captain
M'Donald, " T don't believo there is any possibility of getting up, but
you must do your endeavour." Indeed the precipice hero was so steep
that there seemed no possibility of scaling it, but tho Highlanders,
grasping tho bushes which grew on its face ascended tho woody precipice.

250

CTCLOPiEDIA OF THE

with courage and dexterity. They dislodged a small body of troops
that defended a narrow path-way up the bank ; and a few more mount-
ing, the General drew up the rest in order as they arrived. With great
exertion they reached the summit, and in a short time, Wolfe had his
whole army drawn up in regular order on the plains above.

" Montcalm, struck with this unexpected movement, concluded, that
unless Wolfe could bo driven from this position, Quebec was lost.
Hoping probably that only a detachment had as yet reached it, he lost
his usual prudence and forbearance, and finding that his opponent had
giiincd so much by hazarding all, he, with an infatuation for which it is
difficult to account, resolved to meet the British army,

" He crossed the St. Charles on the 13th, sallying forth from a strong
fortress without field artillery — without even waiting the return of Bou-
gainville, who, with 2000 men, formed a corps of observation, — before he
could concentrate his forces, advanced with haste and precipitation, and
coiinnenced a most gallant attack, when within about 250 yards of the
English line. The English moved forward regularly, firing steadily,
until within thirty or forty yards of the French, when they gave a
general volley which did great execution. The English had only a light
cannon, which the sailors had dragged up the heights with ropes. The
sabre, therefore, and the bayonet decided the day. The agile Scotch
Highlanders, with their stout claymores, served the purposes of cavalry,
xind the steady tire of the English Fusiliers compensated, in some
degree, for the want of artillery.

Tlic heroism of Montcalm was as conspicuous as that of his illustrious
opponent,— both headed their men, — both rushed with eagerness where
the battle raged most fiercely. Often by their personal prowess and
example did they change the fortune of the moment. Both were
repeatedly wounded, but still fought on with enthusiasm. And, at last,
both these gallant commanders fell mortally wounded, whilst advancing
to the last deadly charge at the head of their respective columns.

Wolfe was first wounded in the wrist. Ho immediately wrapped a
handkerchief round his arm, and, putting himself at the head of his
grenadiers, led them on to the charge. He was then struck with a
second bull, but still pressed on, when, just as the enemy were about to
give way, ho received a third ball in the breast and groin, and sank.
When they raised him from the ground, ho tried with his faint hand to
olear the doath-mist from his eyes. He could not see how the battle
went, and was sinking to the earth, when the cry " Thei/ run /" " Thci/

.'.smik.Mmm&mi'

':Mi

^SSSm

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

261

y of troops

lore mount-

Witli great

'olfe had his

icluded, that
ec was lost,
ed it, he lost
)pponent had
)r which it is

From a strong
iturn of Bou-
n, — before he
ipitation, and
yards of the
ring steadily,

they gave a
d only a light
1 ropes. The

agile Scotch
ics of cavalry,
ted, in some

his illustrious
gcruess where

prowess and
Both were

And, at last,
list advancing
lumns.

sly wrapped a
head of liis
struck with a

were about to
oin, and sank.

faint hand to

low the battle
They

run I

»" II

run ;" arrested his fleeting spirit. " TFAo run f" asked the dying hero.
" The French," replied his supporter, " they gioe way everywhere."
" What/" said he, ^' do they run already f now God be praised; I die
happy !" and so saying, the youthful victor breathed his last. Such
was the death of Wolfe, at the early age of thirty-five, when but few men
begii> even to appear on the theatre of great events."

DEATH OF GENERAL MONTGOMERY, ETC.

" The first Congress of what is now called " The United States,"
met in Philadelphia, on the 5th of September, 1774. It is remarkable
that one of tlicir first objects, after obtaining their own independence,
was to attempt to seize on the country they had assisted England to
conquer. It is a singular fact that the money, which it was endeavoured
to levy upon the New Englanders and their fellow-colonists, and which,
in a great measure, caused the rupture, was for the express purpose of
defraying the great expenses incurred h^ England in the capture of
Canada.

" Having resolved to invade Canada, the Americans entered it in the
fall of 1775, in two directions — by Lake Champlain and by the sources
of the Kennebec Ilivor. The first division, under General Montgomery,
was very successful. After obtaining possession of Ticonderoga, Crown
Point, and St. Johns, he advanced towards 3Iontreal. His force was
very considerable, while there were but few British soldiers in Canada.
General Carleton, who succeeded General Murray in the military com-
mand, had been repulsed at Longueuil ; so tliat Montgomery had only
to take possession of the city, which he did on the 19th of November.
The naval force in the river, and all the military stores ami provisions,
were surrendered into his hands, and General Prescott, with the volun-
teers and soldiers, became prisoners of war. Finding plenty of woollen
cloth in the city. General Montgomery took tiie opportunity of new-
clothing his troops, who had suffered much from the severity of the
weather. The second division of the American army, under General
Arnold, reached the St. Lawrence on the 9th of November. They had
traversed, with dreadful fatigue, the forests and swamps in the histrict
of Maine, and arrived at Point Levi, opposite Quebec, worn out and
dispirited. Quebec wivs at this time defenceless ; and had General
Arnold been able to cross the river, that capital, aid with it tlie territory
of Canada, must have passed into the hands of the Americans. For-

\ fi

■Ig^^'WBBB—'a*"

252

CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE

■ I

i i

tunately all the shipping had been removed to the other side, and it was
not until the 14th that he was able to cross over. He landed 500 men
at Wolfe's Cove, and waited near that place in the hope of being joined
by Montgomery from Montreal. General Carleton, the British Governor,
was at this time occupied, with his troops near Montreal, in endeavouring
to repulse Montgomery. The latter wished to effect a junction with
General Arnold, that they might unitedly attack the fortress. Per-
ceiving that the safety of the country depended upon the possession of
Quebec, Carleton effected a masterly movement to reach that place. In
this, he was assisted by Captain Bouchetto, R.N., who conveyed him
through the American forces by night, in a canoe with muffled paddles.
He arrived at the citadel of Quebec on the 19th, whilst the Americans
thought him busily engaged with Montgomery, near Montreal.

General Carleton's arrival at Quebec was hailed with great joy by the
Canadians, who vied with the oldest British soldiers in preparations for
defence. The force under his command amounted to only 1800 men.
Not more than 350 were regulars — of whom 230 were Frazer's High-
landers, who had settled in the country, and were re-embodied under
Colonel McLean. The remainder were 450 seamen, and a gallant band
composed of Canadian militia and artificers. The American Generals
had now effected a junction of their forces, and summoned the fortress
to surrender. This was at once rejected. After pushing the siege
during the month of December, without any prospect of success, Mont-
gomery determined upon making a night-attack. This intention soon
became known to General Carleton, who made every preparation to
defeat the enemy. The Governor, with the officers and gentlemen off
duty, took up their quarters for several days at the Recollet Convent,
where they slept in their clothes. During this month's siege, the
American riflemen kept up an unintermitting fire upon the sentinels,
and threw from forty to fifty shells every night into the city. The
inli:^bitants became so accustomed to the occurrences of a siege that they
ceased to regard them with alarm, all joining cheerfully in bearing arms
and performing the duty of soldiers. Two strong parties were formed
on the 31st of December — one under ^lontgnmery, the other under
Arnold, whose local knowledge of Quebec was accurate. They were to
advance from opposite sides and meet at the foot of Mountain street ;
then force Prescott gate and reach the Upper Town.

The besiegers approached the city with the most careful silence, aided
by the raging of a furious storm. Advancing by the road which winds

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

253

, and it was
ed 500 men
)eing joined
sh Governor,
ndeavouring
unction with
L-tress. Per-
possession of
it place. In
onveyed him
ffled paddles,
ic Americans
eal.

iat joy by the
jparations for
ly 1800 men.
^razer's High-
ibodied under
\i gallant band
ican Generals
the fortress
ing the siege
uccesfl, IMont-
ntcntion soon
■oparation to
gentlemen off
oUet Convent,
s siege, the
the sentinels,
city. The
icgo that they
bearing arms
were formed
other under
They were to
antain street;

silence, aided
1 which winds

round the face of the rock, the army was crowded into the narrow pass
which led to the gate. Notwithstanding every precaution the confusfid
noise of the approaching troops rose above the conflict of the eleract:).
and struck the watchful ear of the outer sentinel, who, receiving no
answer to his challenge, roused the British guard. The party who
defended the battery, consisted of Canadian militia, with nine British
seamen to work the guns. They kept a close watch, and, as sion as the
day broke, discovered the troops marching in the snow. Orders were
given to make no movement; and the Americans, having baited at the
distance of fifty yards, sent forward an officer to reconnoiu-e. On I'ts.
return the troops marched forward with a quickness and pre'*i'= 3;:
deserving the highest praise. The English then opened a tremcjidous
fire from the artillery which commanded the path; thf ,"ans which
succeeded plainly revealed the enemy; and it was not un:il every sound
in answer to their fire had died away, that they ceased their cannonade.
The enemy having retired, thirteen bodies were found in the snow.
Montgomery's orderly sergeant, desperately wounded, but yet alive, was
found and brought into the guard-room. On being asked if the General
himself had been killed, he evaded the question by replying that he bad
not seen him for some time. This faithful sergeant died in about an
hour afterwards. It was not ascertained that the American General
had been killed, until General Carleton, anxious to learn the truth, sent
to inquire if any of the prisoners would identity the body. An officer
consenting accompanied the aide-de-camp to the " Pres dc Ville " guard,
and pointed out the body, pronouncing o\v ■ '.: a glowing eulogium on
Montgomery's bravery. His two aides-dec .'up were also recognised
among the slain. This brave man had fought by the side of Wolfe on
the Plains of Abraham ; but, marrying an American lady, the daughter
of Judge Livingston, he imbibed the politics of his father-in-law's family,
and jointd the cause of the color istd against the Mother Country. The
excellence of his qualities and disposition procured him an uncommon
share of private afl'ection and esteem. After his death the Continental
Congress ordered a magnificent cenotaph to be creeled to his memory in
St. Paul's Church, N.Y. Thither his remains were removed in 1818,
by the desire of his widow, and with the permission of the then British
Governor, Sir John Sherbrooke. In the meantime, Arnold, who had
been repulsed at the opposite side of the town, took the command, and
attempted still to maintain his ground ; but the dispirited state of his
men rendered him unable to keep up more than an imperfect blockade

254

CYCLOPEDIA OP THE

at a distance of three miles, whieh he at last abandoned. In the whole
attuck upon Quebec the Americans lost about 100 killed and wounded,
anu Bix officers of Arnold's division, inclusive of the loss at Fres de
Villc. The British had one officer and seventeen men killed and
wounded. The number of those who surrendered was 426.

QUEENSTON.— %)er Cannda.—Thm town, on the River Nia-
gara, was taken by the United States troops in the American war of 1812,
October 13th, but was retaken by the British, who defeated the
Americans with loss. The following is a succinct account of the battle
and death of general Brock, the Hero of Upper Canada :

WAR OP 1812 AND DKATII OP GEN. BROCK.

" The American Government assembled at the Niagara frontier a force
of 6300 men; of this fo.3C, 3170 (900 of whom were rc'ular troops)
were at Lcwiston, under the comuiaud of Ceneral Van Rat, sselaer. In
the American reports this army is set down at 8000 strong, with 15 pieces
of field ordnance. To oppose this force Mtijor Oenenil Brock had part of
the 41st and 4nth regiments, a few compaiiios of militiii, and about 200
Indians, in all 1500 men; but so dispersed in difl'crent posts at and
between Fort Erie and Fort (Jeorge, that only a smiill number was avail-
able at any one point. JJefore daylight on the morning of the 13th of
October, a large division of (lonenil V^an Rensselaer's army, numbering
between 1300 and 1 K)0, innU'r Brigadier (Jorieral Wadsworth, elfvotod a
landing at the lower end of (lie village of Qneeiistou (opposite Jifwiston),
"nd made an attiick upon the position, whieh was defended with the most
determined bravery by the two Hank companies of the 4l)tii regiment, com-
niainled by Captains Pennis and Williams, aided by ,suel\ »if the militia
iorees and Indians as could be eolleeti'd in the vicinity. Captain Dennis
marched his company to the Linding place opposite Lcwiston, and was
soon followtul by the light eonipiuiy of the dOtli, and the few militia who
could be hastily assembled. Here the attempt of the enemy to effect a
passage, was for wonie lime siicecssfully resisted, and several boats woi'o
either disabled m' sunk by the lire from the one gun btrtlcry or> tho
heights, and tliat from the masked battery, about a mile below. Several
boats also were, liy tho firo from tliis battery, so annoyed, that falling
before tho landing place, lluy wer(^ compelletl to drop down with rlui
enrriMit iind neross to the Amorieaii side, \ eonsiilerable force, however,
elfectod a landing some distance above, and suooeided in gaining tho

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

255

summit of the mountain. No resistance could now be offered to the
crossing from Lcwiston, except by the battery at Vromont's Point, half
a mile below, and from this a steady and harassing fire was kept up, which
did considerable execution.

At this juncture Sir Isaac Brock p.rrivcd. lie had for days suspected
this invasion, and on the preceding evening he called his staff together
and gave to each the necessary instructions. Agreeable to his usual cus-
tom he rose before daylight, and hearing the cannonade, awoke Major
Glcgg, and called for his horse Alfred, which Sir James Craig had pre-
sented to liim. He then galloped eagerly from Fort George to the scene
of action, and with two Aides-dc-Camp passed up the hill at full gallop in
front of the light conipany, under a heavy fire of artillery and musketry
from the American shore, On reaching the 18-pounder battery at the
top of the hill, they dismounted and took a view of passing events, which
ill that moment appeared highly favourable. But in a few minutes a
firing was heard, which proceeded from a strong detachment of American
regulars under Captain Wool, who, as just stated, had succeeded in gain-
ing the brow of the heights in rear of the battery, by a fislicrman'6 path
up the rocks, which being reported us impossible, was not guarded. Sir
Isaac Broek and his Aides-de-Camp had not even time to remount, but
were obliged to retire precipitately witii tiie twelve men stationed in the
buttery, which was (|uickly occupied by the enemy. Captain W«x)l having
Bent forward about 150 regulars, Captain Williams' detaelinient of about
100 men ailvanecd to meet 'hem, personally directed by the General, who,
observing the enemy waver, tirdered ii charge, which was promptly execu-
ted ; but us the Americans gave way, the result was not ocjual to his
expectations, (.aptain Woul sent a reinforcement to his regulars,
notwiUii^taniling wliieli, llie whole Wiis driven to the edge of the
bank. Hero some of the Amerie;m oilicers wiTe on the point of hoisting
It white lliig with an intention to surrender, when Captain Wool tore it off
and reanimated his dispirited troops. They now opened a heavy fire of
musketry, and, conspicuous from his cross, his hi'ight,and the enthusiasm
witii which he animated his littli- band, the Hnilish ConinKiiider was soon
singled out, and he fell alioul mi hour after his arrival.

The fatal bullet entered his right brenst, and passed throuiih his h[\
side. He had but that instant said, " I'tisli mi ihv. Yi,rk Vttlnntu i'n !''
and he HvimI only long ("mnigh tore(Hiest thiit liis fall might not be noticed,
or prevent the iidvunee of iiis hrave troops, adding a wish whieh eonld not
bu distinctly understood, tiial some token of remonibranee should be tnins-

I \

256

OYCLOPiEDIA OF THE

niitted to bis sister. He died unmarried, and on the same day, a week
previously, he liad completed his 43rd year. The lifeless corpse was
immediately conveyed into a house close by, where it remained until the
afternoon, unperccived by ii^o enemy. His Provincial Aide-de-Camp,
Lieutenant Colonel McDoncll, of the militia, and the Attorney General
of Upper Canada, a fine promising young man, was mortally wounded
. soon after his chief, and died the next day, at the early age of twenty-
five years. Although one bullet had passed through his body, and ho
was wounded in four places, yet lie survived twenty hours, and during a
period of excruciating aguny his thoughts and words were constantly
occupied with lamentations for his deceased connuander and friend.
He fell, while gallantly cliarging up the hill, with 190 men, chiefly York
Volunteers, by which charge the enemy was compelled to spike the 18- ,
pounder in the battery there.

THE DATTLE OF QUEEN.STON IIEIGIITS.

At this time, about two in the afternoon, the whole IJritish and Indian
force thus assembled was about 1000 men, of whom GOO were regulars.
in numbers tho Americans wore about equal — courngo they liad, but
they wanted the confidence and discipline of IJritish Soldiers. After care-
J'ully roconnoiteriiig, Oeneral ShoalTc, wlio had arrived fronv Fort George,
and who had now assumed the C(iniiiia:\il, commenced tho attack by an
advance of his left flank, composed of the light company of the 41st, under
Lieutenant IMcIntyrc, supported by a body of militia and Indians. After
a volley, the bayonet was ros^irtcd to, and tho American right driven in.
The main body now advanced under eoviT of tho fire from tiie (wo
3-pounders, and after a short conflict forced tho Americans over (lie first
ridge of tho lioights to tho road leading from (iueenston to t!io i''alis.
Tlie fight was maintained on both sides with courage truly heroic. Tho
1^'ilisli regulars and militia charged in rapid succession, until they suc-
ceeded in turning tiio left flank of the enemy's column, wliich rested on
the summit of tho iiill. Tho Americans who attempted to oscapo into
<he woods were (|uiekly driven back by the Indians ; and many cut oflf in
tlieir return to tlie m:iin body, and terrified by the siglit of these exas-
perated warriors, flung tlienist'lves wiliUy over the clifl's, and endoavmired
to cling to tlie bushes whieli grew upon them ; but mime, lusiiig (hcii liold,
wore dashed friglit fully on tlu! rneks beneath ; while others, who reached
the rivor, perislied in their attempts to swim across It. Tho event of tho
<lny no longerappeared doubtful.

■i

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

257

5 day, a week
s corpse was
incd until the
Lidc-de-Camp,
Drney General
;ally wounded
ijre of twenty-
body, and he
, and during a
rero constantly
r and friend,
n, chiefly York
,0 spike the 18-

,tishand Indian
) were ro,ij;ulars.
they had, but
ra. After carc-
,m Fort George,
10 attack by an
the Ust, under
Indians. After
right driven in.
■0 IVoni the two
iiiH over tlii> first
,1, to the i"'iilU.
!y heroic. The
until thoy HUO-
which rested on
il to escape into
many cut off in
t of those cxaB-
niid cndoavdurod
iiisiiit!; tlii'ii iKtld)
<rs, who reached
I'hc event of tlio

Major-General Van Rensselaer, commanding the American army,
perceiving his reinforcements embarking very slowly, recrossed the river
to accelerate their movements ; but, to his utter astonishment, lie found
that at the very moment when their services were most required, the
ardour of the unengaged troops had entirely subsided. He rode in all
directions through the camp, urging his men by every conbideration, to
pass over. Lieutenant-Colonel Bloome, who had been wounded in the
action and recrossed the river, together with Judge Peck, who happened tit
bo in Lewiston at the time, mounted their horses and rode through the
camp, exhorting the companies to proceed, but all in vain. Crowds of the
United States militia remained on the American bank of the river, to
which they had not been marched in any order, but run as a mob ; not one
of them would cross. They had seen the wounded recrossing , they had
seen the Indians ; and they had seen the " Green Tigers," as they called
the 49tli, from their green facings, and were panic struck. There were
those to be found in the American ranks who, at this critical juncture,
could talk of the Constitution, and the right of the militia to refuse cross-
ing the imaginary line which separates the two countries. General Van
Rensselaer having found that it was impossible to urge a siiifjle man to
CYix-i the rivtjr to reinforce the army on the Heights, and that army
liaviug nearly expended its ammunition, boats were immediatuly sent to
cover their retreat; but a desultory fire whicli was maintained upon the
ferry from a battery on the bank at tlic; lower end of Quecnston, com-
pletely dispersed the boats, ari<l many of the boatmen relanded and fled
in dismay. Brigadier-General Wadsworth was, therefore, compelled, after
u vigorous conflict had been maintained for some time upon both sides, to
surrender himself, all his officers, and 'JOO men, between three and
fouro'cliiok in the afternoon. The loss of the Hritisli army was llJ killed
and 0'.^ wounded ; while that on the side of the Aiuerieuns Wiis not less
than IH)0 men, made prisoners, and one gun and two colours taken, and
90 killed and about 100 wounded. But amongst the killed of the
Hritish army, the government and tli(> country had to deplore the loss of
one of thi'ir Itravesf and most zealous Ociifrals, in k^ir Isaac Brock, and
one whose memory will long liv<' in tlie warmest affections of every Canu-
nadiun and British subject. The country had also to deplore tlnj loss of
the eminen* services and talents of Lieutenant-Colitnel McDonell, wli08U
•jalantry and merit rendered him wortliy of his chief.

The gratitude ul' the people of Canada to the memory of Brock
wati mauifusted iu an euduriug form, They ijosired to perpetuate the

I II

258

CYCLOP/EDIA OP THE

memory of the hero who had been the instrument of their deliverance,
and they . ^re not slow in executing their design ; and whilst his noble
deeds were ''tiU fresh in the memory of all, the Provincial Legislature
erected it loft • column on tbo Quconston Heights, near the spot where
he fell. The height of the monument, from the base to the summit,
was 135 feet; and from the level of the Niagara River, which runs
nearly under it, 485 feet. The monument was a Tuscan column, on
rustic peJcstiil with a pedestal fur a statue ; the diameter of the base of
the column was 17^ feet and the abacus of the capital was surmounted
by an iron railing. The centre shaft, containing the spiral staircase,
was 10 feet in diameter.

On Good Friday, the 17th of April, 1840, a vagabond of the namo of
Lett, introduced a quantity of gunpowder into the mo/mment with the
fiendish purpose of destroying it, and the explosion, effected by a train,
caused so much damage as to render the column altogether irreparable.
Lett had been compelled to fly into the United States for his share in the
rebellion of 1837, and well knowing the feeling of attachment to the name
and memory of General Ilrock. which pervaded all olasscsof danadians, he
sought to gratify his nialiciuus and vindictive spirit, and at tho same
time to wound and insult the people of Canada by this atrocious deed.

lie afterward mot with some meed of his deserts in the Sttito Prison
at Auburn, Now York.

After the first moiiuniont had remained in the dilapidateil condition, to
which it was roduood, for some years, a new and beautiful colunni was a
short time ago raised on its site. It is thus describod : |' Upon the solid
rock is built ii foundation 40 foot S(|uare ami 10 feet tiiiek of massive
stone; upon this, the structure stands in n grooved plinth or sub-base-
moiit 3M feet S((uare and 27 loot in hoigiit, and has an oasiern entrance
by a massive oak door and bronze pateras, forming two galleries to the
interiin* 114 tect m extent, round the inner pedestal on tho North and
South sides of wliioh, in vaults under the ground floor, are deposited the
remains of (lum-ral Uroek, and tlioso of his Aide-de-("amp, Colonel
Mol)oiiell, in nnis.sive stone sarcophagi. On the exterior angles of the
Bub-basenientaro placed lions rampant 7 feet in height, supporting sliiolds
with the armorial bearings of the hero: The column is of tho iloman
composite order, 05 foot in beiglil, a lluted sliaft, 10 i'eet diameter at ibr
base; tho lol'iicst column known of this style ; the lowr part «'nrieliod
with laurel leaves, and the flutes terminating on tho base with palms."
Tho height from the ground to tho top '»f tho stutuo is 100 fool,

BATTLES or THE WORLD.

259

ir deliverance,
hilst his noble
lal Legislature
tlic spot where
to the summit,
jr, which runs
can column, on
r of the base of
was surmounted
spiral staircase,

,1 of the nauK^ of
mment with the
[cctcd by a train,
other irreparable.
)r his share in the
iment to the name
,«nf('i>na(lianH,ho

auil at the same

atrocious deed,
the State Prison

;(UHlcmuUtion, to
tifvil (.ulumn was a
; '< Upon the solid
;t thick of massive
,linth or Hub-basc-
,„ (sisieni cntranci'
two j^alleries to the
. nn the North and
,, ,i,.o dci">Hiti"<l <»>'•
.,,U'-('anip, t'olnnol
Ltorior aii'^les of the
t, Hupp"VtinK shii'lds
,u i« ()f tho Uoniaii
;oi-,t diuiueter at the
ow..r part i-nrichcd
Initio with pahuH."
slatuo iH U'O f^'«».

exceeding that of any monumental column, ancient or modern, known,
with the exception of that on Fish-strcct Hill, London, England, by Sir
Christopher Wren, architect, in commemoration of the great fire of 1666"
202 feet high, which exceeds it in height by 12 feet."

QUESNOY, BATTLE OF.— Fought, September 11th, 1773, between
the French and British, in which tho British were defeated, with some
loss. Taken by the Austrians in 1793, but recovered by the French the
following year. It surrended to Prince Frederick of the Netherlands,
after the battle of Waterloo,

QUIBERON BAY.— A British force landed here in 173G, and was
repulsed. In this ]'>ay Admiral Ilawkc gained a complete victory over
the French, under Conflans. This mo>t perilous and important action
defeated the Frcucli invasion, November 10th 1758. Taken by some
French regiments in pay of the Britit-h, July 3rd, 1705; but on July
21st, retaken by the French Republicans. About 900 of the troops
and near 1500 Royalist inhabitants effected their escape on board tho
ships.

RAMILIES, BATTLE OF— Between the English and Allies, com-
manded by iMarlborough, on the one side, and the French, commanded by
the Elector of Bavaria and the Marshal de Villoroy. Thu French, having
no confidence in their Commander, were soon siozed with a panic, and u
general rout ensued. About 4000 of the Allied army were slain. Fought
on Whitsunday, May 2Gth, 17<U).

" Tho year Ibllowing tho victory of Hlenhelm was, for tho most
part, wasted in tho struggles of Marlhorougii with his oncmies at
home, and with tho dilatory and uncertain course of tho allies of
England abroad. lie succeeded in forcing tho French lines in Flan-
ders; but tho fruits <>f this great acliiovonieiit were snatched from
him by the constant backwrdnesH of the Dnteh (Jenorals, who opposed
every measure which was urged by him, >^i> grieved was he by their
continual oppo.sition, that on one occasion, when the opportunity of a
brilliant success was thus lost, ho exclaimed, " I feel at this moment ten
years older tbiin I was fdur years ago." In fact, towards the end of
what lie had hoped to iiiaki> a glorious campaign, but which tlirougli this
oppdMition liad been hist in disputes, he M\ seriously ill, and was obliged
V) retire for a time from uctive employment.

:60

CYCLOPiEDIA OF TIIK

. ' if

Meanwbilo the Imperial government had hey. an lo sbow f-lins of
jealouiy and uneasiness that this great General -hoald be empliyvi in
Flanuors, and in the defence . f Holl.^ad, ins. oil of x<\ i\rr'. tg (i.c « iS-
trian possessions on the Rbine, inul liberaiing Lorraine. J/.Ttding
applications we;o made that the Duke, Mstead n!' prosecuting the war in
Belgium, \vould reiurn to the- 'loselle, and co-operate with the Imperial
forces in that quarter. Taking his departure f^o?n the army at ih'; end
of October, 1705, Morlborougb net ^v. i for ''''ienna, whicli h: .oachtii on
the 12'i!i of November. Here tlie Emperor Joaeph i reatod Liu.' a Prince
of the i mpiro, and conferred on him the lordship of Mii.'clhcini. But
which gave hira far more satisfactio:), he succcL'tod in roconciling all
'lil!\ ^tices, oiui in ceuicntiug the alliance, which seemed in danger of
ii>>oluu"ou, between Austria, Prussia, ami the Netherlands, against the
riii bitious 'lesigns of France. Ho then ^'turned to the Hague, which he
reached on the 11th of December, proceciling thence to London, which he
reached early in the new year.

On the 25th of April, 1700, he agaii. .irrived at the Hague for the
active duties of the approaching campaigL. This year's warfare began
at an earlier period than the previous ones, \or the French General, with
commendable zeal and activity, took the fi' 1 in the spring, forced the
German lines on the Motter, ruilucud Dreisenheim and Hagenau, and
threatened the Palatinate. The Duke, thenrorc, left the Hague on the
9th May, the Dutch being now anxious to retain him with them, and
offering him uncontrolled power over their forces. Accompanied by
Ovcrkirk, he passed through Ilimcmont, and reached Maestricht on the
12th. Here he reviewed the Dutch troops, and began to take measures
for an attack on Namur. But Villeroy received order.s from Paris rather
to risk a battle than to give up this important place. Hence, in the
third week in May, the two armies began to approach each other.

\ lUeroy and the Elector of Bavaria passed the Dyle, and approached
Tirlemont. Their combined forces amounted to about 02,000 men.
Tho Duke, with his English, joined the Dutcli at Bilsen on the
20th of May, and on the 22nd ho had intelligence of tho arrival of the
Danish contingent, which raised the slrength of liis army to about
00,000 men. His first desire, now, was to learn tlio position of the
enemy, and how best to come in contact with them. Tho field of battle
ultimately proved to bo in an elovated partof tlio plain of Brabant, lyinj.^
between Maestricht, liouvain, and Namur. The village of Ramilie-
itself is but a few miles to the cast of Wavre, the position of Marshal
Bluchcr ou tho morning of the day of Waterloo.

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

261

£bow piras of
bt emp >)) 'vl in

ruine. r.-'tsing
iting the Nvar in
ith the Imperial
amy nt th': end
Lv'li he .oachtd on
,t.ed Uiv a Prince
;,^»c.lhciiii. But
in roconciUng all
iiued in danger of
lands, against the
c Hague, which lie
) London, which he

the Hague for the
car's warfare began
•cuch General, with
5 spring, forced the
imd liagenau, and
t the Hague ou the
liim with them, and
Accompanied by
A I^lnestricht on the
in to take measures
ri^from Paris rather
lace. Hence, in the
ih each other.
)ylc, and approached
about 02,000 men.
. at Bilseu on^ the
:)f the arrival of the
his army to about
the position of the
The field of battle
|lain')f Brabant, lying
village of llamilie^
position of Marshal

On the 23rd of May, then, in 1706, the English, Dutch, and Danish
army, commencing their march early in the morning, came in sight, about
eight o'clock, of the Franco-Bavarian outposts. A fog for some time made
everything obscure, but about ten o'clock the two armies stood in presence
of each other. The French commander had formed his order of battle
with the skill which experience generally gives ; but he was opposed by
a greater commander, whose eye speedily detected the weaknesses of his
position.

The French and Bavarians were drawn up on ground which, by its
nature, gave their order, of battle a concave form. Thus the attacking
enemy would have the advartage of being able to bring his men more
rapidly from one side to the other, as required. The left wing of the
French, also, though strongly posted, was in a position from which it
could not easily move. Marlborough, therefore, was not long in forming
his plan, which was, to turn the enemy's right wing ; to seize an elevated
position in the rear of that wing, and from that position to outflank the
whole army.

He therefore began a feigned attack, by his own right wing, upon
the left of the French. Villoroy immediately met this, as Marlborough
intended, by sending for fresh troops from his centre, and by weakening
his right. Pausing in his apparent attack, Marlborough promptly moved
to the left nil the infantry that were out of sight of the French, and fell
upon the enemy's right wing, which was posted in Tavieres.

The attack succeeded, and Tavieres was carried. Villcroy, finding
out his mistake, hurried his squadron of dragoons to the succour of his
right wing ; but these squadrons were met by the Danish cavalry emerg-
ing from Tavieres, and they were all cut to pieces, or driven into the
Mehaignc.

And now Ramilies itself, in the centre, became the object of attack.
The Duke ordered up from his own right wing every available squadron,
and exposed himself much in leading the attack. He was, at one mo-
ment, thrown from his horse, and in danger of being made prisoner.
While ho was remounting, a cannon-ball killed his equerry. Captain
Bingliold, who was assisting him.

But now the allied cavalry had reaeliod tlie height of Ottomoad, in the
rear of the French position, and the .success of the attack was secured.
The French were in utter confusion in all parts of the field, and Ilamilies
itself was carried. There remained only the left wing of Villcroy 's
.irmy ; and this, attacked now by the reserves on Marlborough's right,

262

CYCLOPEDIA OP THE

■If

and by the victorious troops which had cleared Ramilics, gave way as
evening drew on, rushed in crowds down the descent behind their position,
and fled for Judoigne. The cannon and baggage fell into the hands of
the victors, who pursued the flying French and l»;ivarians until two
o'clock in the morning. The allied army did not halt in its pursuit till
past midnight, when it had advanced to Sleldert, five leagues from the
field of battle, and two from Louvian.

This battle cost the Franco-Bavarian army 13,000 men, in killed,
wounded, and prisoners : among whom were the Princes of Soubise
and ilohan, and a son of Marshal Tallard. The spoils of the day con-
sisted of SO colours and standards taken from the French ; nearly all
their artillery, and all the baggage which was in the field. The loss of
the Allies was 106G killed, and 2507 wounded. The vast difference
between this, and the loss sustained at Blenheim, shows that the victory
of llamilies was giiined by the Duke's masterly manoeuvres ; and was not
owing merely to the courage of the soldiers.

The results of the battle of llamilies were very great. Louvain
instantly surrendered ; Brussels received the Duke with open arms on the
28th. Mechlin, Alost, and Lierre, ({uiekly followed. All Mruhiuit wms
gained by this one victory. Nor was this all. Flanders caught tin;
infection. Ghent opened its gates on tho 1st of Juno ; and Vntwerp
surrendered a few days afterwards. Osteud fell on tho Gth of July ; and
in its harbour were taken two men-of-war, and 45 smaller vessels."

RATTIMINES, BATTLE OF.— 7/1 //Wcv?.— Colonel Jones, Gov.
ernor of i'ublin Castle, made a sally, August 2nd, 10-19, and routed the
Manjuis of Ormond, killed 4000 men and look 2517 prisoners, with their
cannon, baggiige and animunitioii. This battle, and other successes, com-
pletely discomfited the rebels hi this part of Ireland.

RAVENN.\, BATTLE OF.— Fought, April 11th, 1512, between the
French, under tho great Gaston de Fni.x, Duke of Nemours, and nephew of
Li)uis XI f, and the Spanish and Papal aruiii.s. De Foix, gained this
memorable buttle, but perished in the moment of victory, and the French
fortunes in Italy were thus closed. The confederate army was cut to
pieces. Tho Duke had porlnrmed prodigies of valor, but being too eager
in his 1 .M'suit of tlio Spaniards, who wer-j retiring in go^d order, ho was
ulain.

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

263

, gave way as
their position,
) the hands of
ans until two
its pursuit till
icrues from the

nen, in killed,
jes of Soubise
)f the day con-
uoh; nearly all
1. The loss of
vast difference
that the victory
■cs ; and was not

great. Louvain
apen arms on the
I All Hruhaiit was
idcrs caught the
and Vntwerp
th of July; and
or vessels."

mel Jones, Gov.
and routed the
luers, with their
er successes, com-

512, between the
irs, and nephew of
Foix, gained this
y, and the French

army was cut to
ut V)ein|2; too eager
rood order, ho was

REVOLUTION.— The Great Revolution which overturned the old
Monarchy of France occurred at the close of the last century, ^ue 2nd,
the one here described sent Charles X into exile and was somewhat
like that of 1848 which also exiled Louis Philippe.

SECOND FRENCH REVOLUTION.

The political history of 1830 commenced on March 2nd, by a speech
from the throne, announcing war against Algiers for the insults offered
to the French flag, and a wish for a reconciliation with tlie Bragazana
family.

This caused great di.s,satisfactiou ; the funds fell, the Chamber
of Deputies were against the measure, and on the 19th were convoked
till August 3rd, and several fires took place, evidently the work of
incendiaries.

On the 25th July, Polignac addressed a report to the king on " legiti.
mate power," and which formed the ground-work of three memorable
ordinances, wliich were signed on that day by Charles, and countersigned
by the mini.stors.

The first ordinance abolished the freedom of the press; the second
dissolved the Chamber of Deputies ; and the third abrogated the most
important rights of the elective franchise.

On the publication of the J/o^/^cio-on the following morning, all Paris
wa.s astounded by the mystifying report of the ministers of Charles X
and the king's arbitrary decrees. The Jicntes fell, and the bank stopped
payment.

All work was now abandoned, every manu'actory closed, and detach,
ments of artisans with large sticks traversed tlie streets. Troops of gen-
daru'CH patrolled the streets at full gallop to disper.se the accumulating
crowds. The people wore silent; and at an early hour the shops were
closed. 1'larly on the 27th, troops of the royal guard and soldiers of the
line came pouring in. The people looked sullen and determined. The
chief points of rendezvous were the Palais Royal, the Palais do Justice,
and the J{nurso. Here were simultaneous cries of " Vlmdii ChurtcV —
" Down with the absolute king 1" but no eouvcrsatiou — no exchange of
words with each other. The King was at the Tuilleries. In the Place
Carousel there was a stiiion of several thousands of the military,
including the lancers of the royal guard, with r. j;roat number of cannon,
At the Place Vendomo a strong gu.ird of infantry was stationed
around the column, to guard the ensigns of royalty upon it from

"^^-Sfc-i-klNta,.

.feVMU —-- i*i ■-•j.iTJ.'^Jm

k <'^

ill

264

CYCLOPEDIA or THE

being defaced. Crowds of people assembled, and several skirmishes
took place.

On Wednesday morning, July 28th, the shops of Paris were closely
shut, and the windows fastened and barred, as if the inhabitants of the
city were in mourning for the dead, or in apprehension of approaching
calamity. The tocsin sounded, and the people flocked in from the faux,
bourgs and different quarters of the city. That determined enemy to
oppression, the press, had been at work during the night. Handbills
were profusely distributed, containing vehement philippics against the
king and his ministers, and summoning every man to arm for his country^
and to aid in ejecting the Bourbons. Placards were constantly posted
up and eagerly read. During the preceding night an organisation of the
people had been arranged. All the arms that could be found at the
theatres, and remaining in the shops of armourers that had not been
visited the evening before, were seized and distributed. Every other
kind of property, however, was respected.

Strong detachments guarded the diflFerent hotels of the ministers.
Loud cries and shouts were constantly heard, of "Down with the
Jesuits !" — " Down with the Bourbons !" Death to the Ministers ! " Each
man strove to provide himself with a musket, a pistol, a sword, a pole with a
knife, or some cutting instrument to form a weapon of offence. Troops
continually arrived from St. Denis, St. Cloud, and other military stations.
Rude barricades were hastily thrown up in different places, to prevent the
attacks of cavalry. ScvcimI telegraphs, including that on the Church des
Petits Peres, were disunnuitcd. Groups of the people, armed with sticks,
bayonets, pikes, and muskuts, removed or effaced all the insignia and
emblems of royalty. A red flag was hoisted on the gate of St. Denis,
amidst the shouts of the people. Tri-colourcd flags were promenaded in
the streets, and tri-colourcd cockades and breast-knots were worn, not
only by the French, but by the English and foreigners of all nations. The
royal arms, and other ensigns of the government of Charles X. that were
moveable, were burned in tlu; Place Publique. All Paris was in insurrec-
tion. Every inovouicnt of the people portended a terrible conflict. The"
government reposed in security upon a blind and implacable dignity.

31. liafitte had an interview with PoHgnac, who said "that the min-
isters could enter into no conipromisi' or concession." " Wo have, then,
civil war," said Lafitte. The prince bowed, and Lafitto retired.

As soon, however, as Polignac' - answer was niadejknown, that " min-
isters would enter into no compromise or concession," war, and war to

hi t

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

265

il skirmishes

1 were closely
bitants of the
)f approaching
rotn the faux-
ned enemy to
it. Handbills
,cs against the
■or his country?
istantly posted
anisation of the
e found at the
, had not been
Every other

the ministers.
)own with the
uistei-s ! " Each
)rd, a pole with a

)ffence. Troops
nilitary stations.
!S, to prevent the
the Church des
mod with sticks,
lie insignia and
te of St. Denis,
e promenaded in

were worn, not

nil nations. The
rles X. that were
s was in insurrec-

e conflict. The'

iblo dignity.

<' that the min-

'Wo have, then,

retired,
luwn, that " niin-

war, and war to

the knife, commenced ; and never were witnessed more heroic acts of
personal bravery, and more generous disregard of selfish feelings, than
were displayed by the citizens of Paris on this memorable day and night.
The drums of the national guards soon beat " to arms !" The populace
answered the call amid the incessant ringing of the tocsin, and the
struggle began in earnest. About two o'clock a cannon on the bridge
near the Marche aux Fleurs raked with grape-shot the quay, while the
troops were resolutely attacked by the people, and numbers of the guards
led off, ki'led or wounded.

There was a tremendous conflict in La Hallo, the great market-place
of the Rue St. Denis. The royal guard were early in possession of it.
All the outlets were speedily closed by barricades, from behind which,
from tlie corners of the various streets, and from the windows of the
houses, the people fired on the guards, and there was a terrible slaughter
on both sides. The hottest engagement seems to have been in the Rue
St. Honors, opposite the Palais Royal, where the military were assenijled
in great force, and the people resisted their assailants with desperate
determination.

At the Place de Griive they fiercely contended with the household
troops, the Swiss guards, and compelled them to fly with great loss. In
the Rue Montmartre an attack was made by the duke of Ragusa in
person. During part of the day the Place des Victoires was occupied by
some troops, among whom was a part of the fifth regiment of the line,
who had gone over to the national guards established at the Petits Peres.
About two o'clock the duke de Ragusa arrived at the place at the head of
fresh troops. He »Irew them up opposite the Rues du Mail, dos Fosses,
Montmartre, Croix des Petits Champs, and Neuvo des Petits Clianips.
He immediately commanded a charge, and on both side^ linnOreds of men
were killed. The marshal directed his troops dowi' the Rmo du Mail,
and they scoured the Rue Montmartre without much difficulty till they
reached the Rue Joquelet, where the people were prepared. Each house
was armed and guarded. The black flag was displayed on the Porte St.
Denis and other edifices.

As soon as the firing ceased, the people made preparations for the next
day by strengthening the barricades and increasing their number. They
were assisted by women and even children. The remainder of the after-
noon and evening, and the whole of the night, was spent in raising these
important obstacles to the evolutions of cavalry. Excellent materials
were at hand in the paving-stones ; they were dug up and piled across.

I 'I

II I

•J

Wilf

U !

266

CTCLOPiEDIA OF THE

the Streets in walla breast high, and four or five feet thick. These walls
were about fifty paces distant from each other. Hundreds of the finest
trees were cut down for blockades. Nothing could be more efiective for
the defence of a large open town like Paris, traversed in every direction
by long narrow streets, overlooked by houses of six, seven, and eight
stories, than such barriers, scientifically constructed. All the means that
industry and ingenuity could devise, in so short a time, were carried
into execution, for the energetic stand and assault determined to be
made against the military in the morning.

At day-break on Thursday the tocsin sounded " To arms ;" and the
people began to assemble rapidly ana in great crowds. The military,
whose guard-houses had been destroyed, were chiefly quartered at the
Louvre and the Tuilleries, the Swiss and the royal guards being posted
in the houses of the Rue St. Honore and the adjacent streets. At the
same time, the students of the Polytechnic School joined the citizens
nearly to a man ; they then separated, proceeding singly to dificrent
parts to take the command of the people, and nobly repaid the confidence
reposed in them. The garden of the Tuilleries was closed. In the
Place du Carousel wore three squadrons of lancers of the garde royale, a
battalion of the third regiment of the guards, and a battery of six pieces,
also belonging to the guards.

About one o'clock in the afternoon, a party of the royal guards and of
Swiss, to the number of nearly 800 men, appeared on the Place de
Greve. A brisk fire commenced, but the national guards not being in
sufficient strength, were obliged to give ground and to suffer the royal
guards to take possession of their post. The royal guards had scarcely
made themselves masters of the Hotel de Ville, when they were assailed
on all sides with a shower of bullets from the windows of the houses on
the Place de Greve and in the streets abutting on the quay. The royal
guards resisted vigorously, but were ultimately compelled to retreat along
tlio quay ; their firing by files and by platoons succeeding each other
with astonishing rapidity. They were soon joined by fresh troops of the
royal guard and of Swiss, including 100 cuirassiers of the guard and four
pieces of artillery, each of them escorted by a dozen of artillerymen on
horseback. With this terrible reinforcement they again advanced on the
Hotel de Ville, and a frightful firing began on all sides. The artillery
debouching from the quay, and their pieces charged with cannister shot,
swept the Place de GrCve in a terrific manner. They succeeded in
driving the citizens into the Rues de Matriot and du Mouton, and entered

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

267

guards and of

for the second time that day into their position at the Hotel de Ville.
But their possession of it did not continue long ; for they were soon again
attacked with a perseverance and courage which was almost irresistible.
Their artillery ranged before the Prefecture of the Seine and the Hotel
dc Ville threatened death to thousands.

Hundreds of the constituiionalists were killed by the fire of the Swiss
guard from the windows of this edifice. It was erected in 1600, and
though it does not appear to possess any of the characteristics of strength
in a military sense of the word, yet its gates, being of immense thickness,
furnished a good defence from the musketry of the attacking parties.
The Hotel de Ville was afterwards employed as the head-quarters of La
Payette and the provisional government.

The Rue St. Honord, for two days, was a perpetual scene of slaughter.
The Louvre, except the picture-gallery, was on all sides attacked and
defended at the same moment, and for hours. In the court of the Louvre
a field-piece was planted, which commanded the Pont des Arts, being
exactly opposite the Institute. Here the fighting was so dreadful and
so maintained, that the front of the building of the Institute was com-
pletely covered with muskets and grape shot. One cannon ball smashed
a portion of the wall, and from its elevation did dreadful execution in
sweeping the bridge. The attack on the Tuilleries was over in two or
three hours. A young man marched with a tri-coloured flag at the head
of the attacking bourgeois. A thousand balls, fired from the front of the
chateau, whistled by him without touching him. He continued to march
with perfect sangfroid, but with, at the same time, an air of importance,
up to the triumphal arch, and remaii.ed until the end of the battle.

While the people and the military were combating at the Place de
Greve, the Louvre, and the Tuilleries, troops were arriving by the
Champs Elysees. A great party of the people, and many national guards,
with two pieces of cannon, were hastening along near the Place Louis
XVI towards the Barrier St. Etoile, wluni a large troop of dragoons
arrived, made a desperate charge, and cut down the people without mercy
who made a very bold stand. Many of the soldiers solemnly vowed that
they would not continue to obey orders to massacre their brothers and
sons. Their numbers were thinned, they were fatigued, disheartened,
discomfited, beaten, and fled. At Chaillot, a district of Paris, verging
on the route to St. Cloud, the inhabitants, though few in number,
sustained the fire of five regiments of the guards, who attempted to
effect their retreat by the barrier of Passy. At length, all the royal

]i I

! i

JBBWmMi'liiir'ii

268

CYCLOPiEDIA OF THE

troops left the capital by the way of the Champs Elysecs, and in their
retreat were fired upon by the people.

At night, part of the town was illuminated, particularly the streets of
St. Denis, St. Martin, St. Jacques, and the neighbourhood of the Hotel
de Ville. Perfect tranquillity prevailed throughout the city. Strong
patroles silently paraded the streets, passed gently from barricade to bar-
AcuC. , and disnrmed individuals whom fatigue and the heat of the
we,, her, more than wine, had rendered incapable of employing their
weapons usefully.

' A deputation from Charles X at St. Cloud, arrived at the Hotel dc
Ville early in the morning. It consisted of the marquis de Rastoret,
chancellor of France; M. Scmon ville; and count d'Argout, peer of
France. They announced tliat Charles had named the duke de Morte-
mart president of the council, and that he was willing to accept a min-
istry chosen by him.

At eleven o'clock, the deputies and peers then in Paris assembled in
tlieir respective lialls, and established regular communications with each
otlier. The duke do Mortemart was introduced to the chamber of
deputies, and delivered four ordinances, signed, the previous day, by
Charles X. One of them recalled the fatal ordinances of the 2r)th ;
another convoked the chambers on tl o 3rd; the third appointed the
duke de Mortemart president cf the council, and the fourth
appointed count Gerard minister of war, and M. Casiniir-Pericr ministc*
of finance. The reading of tiicse ordinances was listened to with aic
greatest attention. At the termination profound silence continued ; —
no observation was madi; ; — the ileputies passed to other business. — The
dnkc do Mortemart returned to ae(juaint his master that he was no longer
acknowledged as king of F' nco. Tho manner in which the duke and
his communications wore received by the deputies, was an announeumcnt
that Charles X had ceased to reign.

On the iUst, the deputies published a proclamation, declaring that
they Inid invited the duke of Orleans to become Licutenant-Qcnoraloftho
kingdom. At noon of tiio same day, Louis Philippe d'Orleans issued a
proclamation, declaring tliat ho Inid hastened to Paris, wearing the
" glorious colours" of France, tn accept the invitation of the assembled
deputies to become liieutonant-Oenerul of the kingthnn. A proclamation
of tho same date appointed provisional commissnrieH for tho dili'erent
departments of government. Tho king, witii his family, escaped to St.
Cloud.

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

269

and in their

the streets of
of the Hotel

ity. Strong

•icadc to bar-
heat of the

ploying their

the Hotel do
de Rastoret,
;out, peer of
kc do Morte-
iccopt a min-

nssemblcd in

)na with each

5 chamber of

'ious day, by

>f tho 2r)th;

ipointi'd the

the fourth

rior minister

to with die

ontinuod ; —

inc'tis. — TIic

ivJiH no Ioniser

u' dnko and

H.iunoomont

'olnrinij; that
oiioralorthe
ans iHsiu'd n
wearing the
10 nHNcMubli'd
[iroclamaliim
kill) diU'eiont
leaped to St.

On the 3rd of August the chambers met, when the abdication of
Charles was announced ; and on the 9th, Louis Philippe, having taken
the prescribed oath, was created king, under the title of " King of the
French."

Thus terminated this desperate struggle for popular rights, and which
has no parallel in the annals of history. The Parisians left their homes
to fight, without organization and almost without arms, against some of
the best troops in the world ; — and for what ? Were they a rabble
driven by hunger, or a rebellious nobility endeavouring to wrest new
privileges from tlie monarch? No: they were men who, animated with
an ardent desire to be free, would not sutFer themselves to be stripped of
their civil rights, but firmly and manfully defended them with tiieir
lives. It was in this respect a groat moral revolution, and forms a brilliant
cpoeii in the annals of the world."

RETREAT OF THE GREEKS.— Whoever has read the beautiful
descriptions of Xeuophon, has read of the memorable retreat of the 10,000
Greeks. It happened u. c. 401, after the battle of Cunaxa; Xenophon
was eb.oscn commander. lie rose superior to danger, and though under
continual alarms from the sudden attacks of the Persians, he was enabled
to cross rapid rivers, penetrate througii vast deserts, gain the tops of
mountains, till he could rest secure for a while, and refresh his tired
companions. At last they returned homo, after a retreat of 1155 para-
sanga or leagues, which was perlbrmed in 215 days, — and after an absence
of 15 months.

UIDGEWAV, BATTLE OF, oa LIME RIDGE.— Fought, Satur-
day, Juno 2nd, 18GG, between th'3 Canadian Volunteers of Toronto and
llaniilton, and the Fenians, a lawless band of predatory scoundrels, who
wantonly invaded C;inada, and were driven back by Canada's brave sons.
The li.llowing succinct account is from the pen of the Rev. D. Inglis,
l).l>., of Hamilton, who was present i:» the ongngemont.

'' llov. Mr. Burwush and myself wore appointed by a number of the
ministers of this city to join the l.'Uli Battaliun of Hamilton volunteers,
and to re.uier them such assistanoo as migiit bo in our power. The
shadows of night had just given wuy to the brij^lit light (if that Juno
morning when wo reached Port Colborno and joined the battalion in the
oars, a few minutes before the train loft for Ridgoway. Much has been
written on the proper rations and oiiuipmonlu for tho men, and I only

270

CYCLOPiEDIA OF THE

refer to this with the view of noticing the want of shouldcr-strnps with
which to fasten the overcoats on the back of the soldiers, and the fact
that they were obliged to roll them up and sling them ovr their right
shoulders, under tliejr loft arm-pits, an expedient which aftr rwards greatly
impeded thorn in aiming and firing, and caused them tc abandon their
overcoats when going into battle.

The train proceeded slowly to Ridgeway, whore the mon left the cars
and were drawn up on the Stevensville road. The Queen's Own were in
the front, then came the likh Battalion, and a company of riflemen from
Caledonia forming the rear-guard, The men were in good spirits, and 1
could not look without admiration upon the coolness and intrepidity with
which these volunteer soldiers, mimy of them mere lads, prepart'd for
the advance. The ammunition was distributed to the men, the order
given to load with ball cartridge, and then followed an interval of sus-
pense and waiting. The sensation of relief was great when after some
minutes of anxiety (ind imputienco the ( rdor to advance was given. The
position assigned to the waggon cuntaiiiing the ammunition, iS:e., in
which Mr. Lurwash and myself were riding, was immediately behind the
main body, ard in front of the rear guard. Wlicn about a milo and u
half from llidgcway several companies of the (Jueon's Own wore ordered
into tho fields and woods to elear tlieiii of Keniuiis — and in a short time
the fust shot was fired — and tiien in a rapid wueeession we saw small
clouils of blue smoke issuing from the woods, tolling us of a rapid dis-
charge of musketry before the reports reached our ears. The sergoants
in eharge eoiieluded to halt witli tlieir waggon, and Mr. Hurwash and
myself liurried on in the rear of our main body. The Fenian skirmishers
fell back upon the main body of their force, who wore drawn up in an
ontronched position along tho Fort Krio road. Tliey had converted a
stoiowall and the ordinary snako-l'enoi's into barricades, and holdastrong
position; but on the advaiu'(! of our forces, fouriiig lest our skirniisli'-rs
Bhould out-llank tlicm, tlmy retired in good order, and amid rapid firing, to
a slightly elevated piece of ground eovored with thick woods, somo distanoo
III tlicir r(!ar. It was in this advance that Kusign 'MeFaeliren was moi tally
Woniidiil It haH been stated that Colonel Hooker rushed to the roar
cnllini^ tor a .'iirn;oon, I am in a position positively to deny this; the
cry forw>urgij(m was hoard by me, but it did not come fnnu tho Colonel.
Mr. MeKaehrou was boriio to tho roar by some men of hi" nmpany,
accompanied by the Captain, ii nubln fellow, whofco naiuo I . know,

♦o whom I lit onto introduced niysulf as u minister, and o orou to do n\\

^i|<

'V-

er-straps with
, and the fact
nt their right
(•wards greatly
abandon their

in left the cars
s Own were in
f riflemen from
il spirits, and 1
ntrepidity with
s, prepared for
men, the order
interval of sus-
hen after some
ms given. The
nition, iS:e., in
iitoly behind the
ut a mile i\nd u
vn w«ro ordered
in a Bhort time
u wo saw small
.i (if a rapid dis-
The Hergoant8
Hurwash and
iiian skirmisherH
i;i\vn up in an
;\d converted a
lid held a strong
iiir skirmisli"rs
dnipid tiling, to
s, some lUstuuco
rcn wnsmoi tally
hod to the rear
deny this; the
1(1111 the (.%>lonel.
iif hi- "inpany,
T ^ know,

yrou to do all

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

271 \

I could for hia friend. He thanked me with tears in his eyes, and has-
tened back to the post of danger. Dr. May was in attendance ; but a
glance at the wound shewed that it was mortal — and it fell to me to
inform him of the fact. He received the intolligcnco as a Christian sol-
dier — informing me that his faith rested in the Lord Jesus Christ. I
prayed with hiin, and after a few moments' conversation I mentioned Mr.
Burwash's name, and finding that he was an old parishioner of Mr.
Burwash, I left him mainly to his care — though I several times spent a
few moments with him afterwards, I then returned to the battlc-fleld
to sec if I could be of use there. Our forces had advanced, throwing out
their skirmishers right and loft of the skirmishers — Queen's Own — to the
extreme right — 13th battalion — the dii^taiico was probably a little more
than three-quarters of a mile. Not a Fenian was to bo seen, but as our
brave soldiers advanced, nearer and nearer, there came again first a single
shot, and then a rapid discharge of fire-arms along the whole line. From
thcii elevated position, or from what other cause, I know not, the shots
went over tlio heads of our men, and I could see them striking tho field
behind. T hastened back to tho hospital witli feelings of admiration for
tho bravo follov/s who, exposed to a terrible fire from an unseen foe, so
nobly stodd their ground, while tlic sharp erack of their rifles assured mo
that the gallant follows wore doing their duty amidst those showc rs of
bullets, in spito of all the manifest dlsadvar' ;'s of their position ; but I
could not rid mysolf of a feeling of doprossioii ad anxiety when I thought
of tho result.

In tho hospital 1 found a few mon slightly wounded. Ono of them
told mo thoro were no litters with whieh to bear tho wounded from the
field. I sot tho mon who wore on yuurd to work to make litters with
some poles which we fouiul near — and such sheets and blankets as I could
lay my hands on — anil returned to tlio field with tho men carrying tho
litters. I took my old imsition, fr im which T hiid a full view of the
whole field, ami was startled to notice strange movements going on
among our men. Tlioy had hiiltod — the whole lino tremblo'J — I do not
mean th 't tho bravo men trembled, but there wasa movomont olong their
line which I find no other word to describe. Tho order to receive cavalry
was given, and an olfort was inudo t(ioln>y it. TIkmi nnotlu r mid nnotiior
order. The only one which tlu' men sooined eager to obey was the ono
to advance, and tu^n o«m> the fital bugle's notes that told them to retreat,
and our mon bonan to fall Imrk. I hurried to tho ho.Hpital and told tho
Poctor and Mr. Hurwash that 1 feared iln- day was airainst u». but Naid

iji' rr
I'

f» '1

I I

970

CYCLOPiEDIA OF THE

I would return to the field while they made the necessary preparations
to remove the sick and wounded from a place which should soon be the
very centre of the battle. When I again reached my old post of observa-
tion a shower of Dullets fell around mo, and before I got back to the
hospital, a number of men belonging to the Queen's Own had got
between me and the house. These were quickly followed by a large
number of the 13th Jiattalion, and I was Ibrced to leave without again
communicating with my friends. I soon found, however, that the Doc-
tor and his wounded men, as well as Mr. Burwash, had got safely out of
that terrible fire.

Tlie descriptions given of the retreat, are, for the most part greatly
exaggerated. Some men, it is true, ran away in terror, but the main
body, though in confusion, were not panic-stricken. The feeling was
one of vexation, and at the very moment when they expected victory,
uU had unaccountably gone wrong with them. Tears were shod, but thoy
Avere tears wrung from hravo men at the bitter thought of being called to
retreat before their foes, lu the rear, Major Skinner, with a number
of men belonging to the l.'Uh and the Queen's Own, kept in good order,
and so effectually covered our retreat, that the enemy wore unaware of
the disorder in which the main body wore retiring. Beyond all doubt,
vc were at this point sa\od irom further disaster by the coolness and
steadiness of Major Skinner, and the officers and men who were with

liim.

At llidgcway the confused and scattered mass of men who got into
order through the exertions of a Toronto offioor whose name I have lioon
told is Captain Arthurs, and who certainly discharged his duty in a way
that marked him out as a man able to control and lead others.

I hnvo refrained from all criticism of the conduct of the officers 111
wh tm the responsibilities of this matter Ho. 1 know nothing of military
tactics, and it does not become me to say anything of why (Ids little
band of volunteers should have been led into » conflict with su|H!rioi
uumbera of trained and veteran soldiers without support IVom artillery
or the regularu — it is not my part to say what the comuiandinj.', officer
•houM or shoultl not have done. This only 1 am bound to say, that the
officers and men of the Queen's Own and I'Mi Battalion, beliavtwl
lliroughout tlie battle with eo(*lness and gallantry — and oven the niifcr
Innate retreat only brnui:;ht out more clearly timt, with few exceptions,
thej wore men of unHinehing courage. The hospital, no loss than tlie
battlcQcld proved the noble courage of our men, and it would have moved

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

273

ry preparations
lid soon be the
post of observa-
rot back to tlie
'Own had got
,wcd by a large
-c without again
.r, that the Doc-
got safely out of

iiost part greatly
or, but the main

The feeling was
expected victory,
ere shed, but they
of being called to
r, with a nuniljcr
opt iti good order,
y were unaware of
Beyond uU doubt,

the coolneas and
;ii who were with

men who got into
. uiune I liavo boon

his duty in u way
|l niln-rs.

I oi the officers 'O
notiiing of nnlitary

of why this Uttle
Itlict with c^upo-riov
Lort from artillery
Icommnnding officer
[md to nay, that the

Uattulion, bchavc«l
|nd even the \uif<'r

ith low cxooptionf^,
ll, no lost* than the
lit would have movotl

the stoutest licart to tears, to sco those boy-heroes suffering as they did,
without a murmur or a groan.

Major Gilmorc, of the Queen's Own, and Major Skinner, of the 13th,
tlistinguishcd themselves greatly, their words of conmiand inspiring their
men with courage — while they themselves were steady as rocks under
the hottest fire. Indeed, but for Major Skinner's coolness and power
over the men under his command, the retreat of Hidgeway must liave
resulted in fearful conse(iuenccs."

IIIFLE PITS, CONTEST AT TUE.— Crimean war. "The
bombardment was rc-opcncd on Easter Monday, the 9th April, soon after
daybreak. Heavy rain fell all day, and the dense atmosphere prevented
our men fmm observing the offcct of the lire. This time the fleets did
not share in the bombardment. At the close ol' the day, it was evident
that our weight of metal, though greatly superior to that employed on the
occasion of the first bombardment in October, was yet inadc(iuato to the
task of destroying the colossal works of the enemy. In vain our artillery
pounded the iuirthwurks and batterie- In vain showers of shell were
poured into the town. The llussian engineers proved then'selves con-
summate masters of tlieir art, and every morning fresh guns poured forth
a deailiy reply from the repaired enihr'isures. Tlieir resources seemed
lit(<rally inexhaustible, and their courage was fully oijual to the occasion.
For more than a week the IrrniemJous bombardment continued, and
notwithstanding tlio intensity of the fire from tlio French and English
batteries, eomparnlively little effect was produced. In the meanwhile
both armies worked assiibiously at the trenches. The French succeeded
in carrying their jtarallels yet nearer to the Mamelou, a large rounded hill
in I'ront of tho Mdakoff Tower, and covered with riile pits and cnrth-
works; while tl.t lingllsh gradually extended their lines towards the for-
midable lledaii. Their great iliffn-nlly hiy in forming a trench wl.'ch
shouM oonnoot the zigzags leading on the right towards tlie Malakoff,
and on the loft towards I he lledun. In order to obstruct the formation
of this work, the onowy estftbllshud n scries of rifie-pits which oufiladod
tlio new parallel, and whence considerable loss was inllietod upon our
working parties. In addition to the fire from the ritle-])its, tlio enemy
brought down ii 12-pouiidor gun which swept our trenches, and etl'ec-
tually hindered the progress of the work. It became nocossnry, thoroforo,
to attempt to drive the ilussians from their vantage-ground ; nud ou iho

i^htoftho lUth of April, Colonel Egerlon, at the head of 2G0 men of

■ M

'■'■I i.

274

CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE

' ill

ifii

the Light Division, attempted the exploit, dashed from the breastwork,,
and, tukinir the cucmy by surprise, drove him out. The successful
English immediately established themselves in the pits, but the Russians
were too sensible of tlio value of the position to permit the advantage to
remain undisputed, and marched down a column 1000 strong, to attempt
the recovery of the pits. Our troops met them with a well-directed
volley, which shook their ranks and +hen closed with them in a deadly
contest. The enemy was, after ar ( I snnatc tight, completely routed, and
the British had secured an important advantage, though not without the
loss of the gallant Colonel. On the followir ' ; light, the st-cond line of
rifle-pits was also carried, after a feeble refinance ; and our working
parties were thus enabled to pursue their i; 'hours without annoyance, and
in comparative security."

ROADS, LORD COCIIRANP] AT BASQUE.—" Our fire-ships
were sent in, each conducted by a lieutenant and five men ; the
ships were si.Ktoen in number, and some very heavy. When they got
in, the French fhips cut and slipt, nine sail of the line got on shore o»
the Isle of Aix, and the next morning we discovered them : the fire-ships
having done little ^'ood, the small craft and frigates were ordered in to-
attempt to destroy them. The place where they lay was like Portsmouth
harbour, under the fire of the two batteries, each of which had three tiers
of guns, of twenty-nine each, all heavy metal: the navigation to get at
I hem wa.M very difficult, In some places there being only four fathoms-
water. Just as wo were hitting down to dinner on board the Reveugo,
our signal was made to go in and assist the gun and mortar vessels; our
ship was cleared for action in fifteen minutes, and in half an hour we
were alongside ui' three sail 'if the line, when we ojiened u dreadful
oanniinade on them, hich continued I'or an hour and a <iuarter, the
Warsaw, a fine HO-gun ship, and the Aquilon, struck to us. We wore
niiw in a very critical state ourselves, being in only five fathoms water,
which was ebbing very fast; the butteries onshore, haviiiLr L:nt our length,
struck UM almost every shot for tlie last (juarter of an liour; luckily, a
breeze springing up, wo got off into deeper water, and out of reach of their
guns, when we anchored a.:ain, and -^ent our boats to take out the
prisoners, and set them on fire, about seven, p. m. At nine they were
ill in liauicH, and at two in the morning they bhfw up with a tremendous
explosion ; tlio French set firo to the Tonntore, and the Imperieuso to the
Calcutta; three other ships of the lino were on shore, very much mauled

he breastwork,
The successful
it tbc Russians
he advantage to
:otig, to attempt
a "wcU-cUrected
hem in a 'I'^adly
itely routed, and
I not without the
le second line of
and our working
It annoyance, and

nOur fire-ships

id five men; the
When they got
got on sliorc otv
hem ■• the firc-shipe
^or.! ordered in to
.iis like Portsmouth
luchhad three tiers
aviyation to get at
only four fathom*
board the lU'VCUgo,
mortar vessels ; our
lin half an hour we
oy,eaed a dreadful
;„ul a »iuartcv, the
i;lc to us. Wo wore
tivo fatlioms water,
Iviuir got our length,
.ju hour ; luckily, n
out nf roach of their

Its to tttko out the
\t nine they were
Ip ^ilh i» tri«i»e"dou»
ihoIm\K'viousotothc

,«, very tnuo*' mauled

BATTLES OF TUE WORLD.

275

by the frigates and boom-ships ; some of them were on their beam-ends,
and but little chance of getting off again. The captain of the Warsaw
was on board our ship ; he said, they were bound out to relievo Marti-
nique with troops and provisions, I wont on board his ship after she
struck, and the decks were strewed with dead and dying, a most dreadful
slaughter. We also lost several killed and wounded, and our ship was
much cut up in sails and rigging.

Lord Cochrane caused about 1.500 barrels of gunpowder to be started
into puncheons, which were placed end upwards : upon the tops of these
were placed between 3 and 400 shells, charged with fuses ; and again,
among and upon these were between 2 and 3000 hand-grenades. The
puncheons wore fastened to each other by cables wound round them, and
jammed together with wedges ; and moistened sand was rammed down
between these casks, so as to render the whole, from stem to stern, as
solid as possible, that tlie resistance might render the explosion the more
violent.

In this tremendous instrument of destruction, Lord Coclirane committed
liimself, with only one lieutenant and four seamen ; and after the boom
was broken. Iris lordship proceeded with this cxplosionsliip towards tho
enemy's line. Let it be recollected, that at this moment tho batteries on
shore were provided with furnaces to fire red-hot shot, and then his lord-
-liip's danger in tliis enterprlzo may bo properly conceived.

The wind blew a gale, and the tide ran throe knots an hour. When
the blue lights of the fire-ships were discovered, one of the enemy's line
made tho signal for fire-ships ; which being also a blue light, tho enemy
i'ell into great confusion, firing upon her with very injurious effect, and
directly cut their cables.

When lord Cochrane had conducted his oxplosion-sliip as near as was
possible, tho enemy having taken tho alarm, ho ordered his bravo little
crew into tlie boat, and followed thoni, after putting fire to tho fuse,
which was calculiitod to give thoni fiftoon miinites to get out of reach of
tlio explosion. However, in eonseiiuence of the wind getting very high,
tlie fuse burnt too ((uiekly; so that, with tho most violent exertion
iigainst wind and tide, this intrepid little party was six minutes nearer
than they culculat'.'d to bo, at tlio time when tho most tremendous explo-
sion thiit luunnii art over oontrivod took place, followed by tho bursting
at once in tlio air of nojirly UMI .hIioIIh and .'UXK) hand-grenades, pouring
down a shower of castmetal in every direction, iiut fortunately our
second Nelson was spared, the boat having reached, by unparalleled

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276

CrCLOPiEDIA OF THE

exertion, only just beyond the extent of destruction. Unhappily, this
efifort to escape cost the life of the brave lieutenant, whom bis noble
captain saw die iu the boat, partly under fatigue, and partly drowned
with waves that continuallv broke over them. Two of the four sailors
were also so nearly oxhau^ted, that their recovery was for some time
despaired of

The repetition of his explosions was so dreaded by the enemy, that
they apprehended an equal destruction in every fire-ship, and, immediate-
ly crowding all sail, ran before wind and tide ho fast, t'.^at the fire-ships,
though at first very near, could not overtake them, before they were high
and dry on shore, except three scvonty-fours, besides the Calcutta, which
were afterwards engaged, taken, and burned.

Lord Coclirane now turned his attention to rescue the vanquished
from the devouring elements; and in bringing away the people of the
Ville do Varsovic, be would .;:' allow even a dog to be abandoned, but
took the crying little favourite up into his arms and brought it away.
But a still greater instance of goodness was displayed in his humanity to
a captain of a French seventy-four, who came to deliver his sword to
Lord Cochiiine, and lamented that all he had in the world was about to
bo destroyed by the conflagration of liis ship. His lordship instantly got
into the boat with him, and pushed off to assist his prisoner in retrieving
some valuable loss ; but in passing by a seventy-four, which was on fire,
her loaded' guns began to go off; a shot from which killed the French
captain by Lord Oochrano's side, and so damaged the boat, that she filled
and the rest of the party were nearly drjwncd.

RODNEY'S, ADMIRAL, VICTORIES.— This renowned Admiral
fought, near Cape St. Vincent, the Spanish Admiral Don Langara, whom
ho defeated, and made prisoner, destroying cirrht of his ships and taking
four, January IGth, 1780. On April 12th, 1782, he encountered the
French fleet in the West Indies, connnanded by Count do Grasfie — took
10 ships of the 11". J, and .sent the French Admiral prisoner to England.
The enemy lost also one ship, sunk, and three blown up.

ROSAS, BAY OF.— Brilliant naval action by the boats of the Tigre,
Cumberland, Volontaire, Apollo, Topaz, Philomel, Scout, and Tuscan,
commanded by Lieutenant Tailour, which ended in the capture or
deatruction of 11 armed vessels in the bay. November 1st, 1809.

ROSBACII, BATTLES OF.— In the first battle fought at Rosbach

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

277

appily, this
II bis noble
;ly drowned
four sailors
some time

enemy, that
, immediate-
he fire-ships,
3y were high
cutta, which

vanquished
)eoplc of the
andoncd, but
ight it away.

humanity to
his sword to
was about to

instantly got

in retrieving
1 was on fire,
I the French
that she filled

(Viicd Admiral
langara, whom
ps and taking
countered the
Grasi'e — took
r to England.

s of the Tigre,
t, and Tuscan,
he capture or

!l, 1809.

'hi at Rosbaoh

40,000 rebel Flemings^ under the command of the Duke of Burgundy, the
King Charles \X vi France being present, fell November 17th, 1382. A
|j^ second battle between vhe Prussians, commanded by their King and the

combined army of the French and Austriaus, in which the latter sustained
a severe defeat. Many thousands were slain on both sides, November 5th,
1757.

ROSES, WARS OF THE.— These wars arose out of a cor:test for the
throne, between the two houses of York and Lancaster. It was termed
the War of the Roses, from the badge of the York party being a white,
and that of the Lancaster a rod rose. It arose in complicated disputes
about the succession among the descendants of Edward IIL The feud
thus arising was not concluded until Henry VII asserted the ascendency
of the Lancaster party, on the field of Bosworth, and united the two, by
mirriage with a daughter of the York party.

King Richard was killed at Bosworth and the Crown conferred upon
the Earl of Richmond, and an end put to the wars between the two
houses of York and Lancaster, begun upon the intrusion of king Henry
IV, and continued till the death of King Richard III. There were
fought 12 pitched battles, and 2 kings, 1 prince, 10 dukes, 2 marquesses,
2-t carls, 27 lords, 2 viscounts, 1 lord prior, 1 judge, 139 knights, 4-41
esquires, and 84,998 private soldiers were slain ; which, being added to
the G38 of superior quality, there appears to have been killed in tho
quarrels between the two roses, 85,625.

ROSS, BATTLE OF.— /h Ldaml—TPon'^ht, Juno 4th, 1698,
between the Royal troops and the insurgent forces, when, after the most
obstinate contest, the latter were defeated losing more than 2600 killed on
the field.

ROXBURGH. — Tho f allowing describes the razing of this fortress
A. D. 1460 : " Ever since tho captivity of David II, a period of more than
a hundred years, the castle of Roxbi;i''^h had been in possession of tho
English. James laid siege to it. He liad j,unc with several of hi'^ nobility
to watch the effect of n battery of cannon whicli had begun to play or the
fortress. One of the pieces, a large gun of Flemish manufacture, formed
uf iron bars hooped together, burst ii» firing. A heavy fragment siruck
tho King on die groin, and killed him on the spot. A liolly tree in tho
park of Flours Custlo still marks tho place where James of tho Fiery
Face, not yet 30 years old, oiune to his untimely end. On hearing

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278

CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE

the lamentable tidings, the queen came immcuiately to the camp. She
appeared in the midst of the army, leading by the hand her little sou,
now the King, The spirited woman exhorted the soldiers to spend no
time in vain regrets, but to show their regard for the dead, by gaining
the victory which ho had so much at heart. Catching ardour from
her appeal, the army renewed the attack and carried the castle by
storm that same day. The ruins of the stronghold, which cost Scotland so
dear, are still to be seen on the tongue of land where Tweed and Teviot
join, -a little way above Kelso Bridge.

SACRED ^YAB,.—S'(cnnn BcUum.— The first, about the celebrated
temple of Delphi, took place ii.c. 448. The second occurred also at the
same place, when it was attacked by the Phoenicians, B.C. 35G.

SADOWA, BATTLE OF,— Fought, July 3rd, 186G, between the
Prussians and Austrians. Dr. Russel thus writes: —

" In spite of the sombre morning and of the grey clothing, relieved
'm\y by the darker but livelier green of ihe Jagers and their plumed
Ji.itf!, rhe effect of the whole host wheeling, deploying, advancing, taking
.;;roU!id to the right or left, or marching Wi 1 mgthoned column, was so
b"i...''it that it was difficult to believe they all, horses and men, had been
sleeping out under the veiled stars of heaven, and were still dank and
heavy with the night dew and the rain of the morning. But there
could be no mistake about the reality of the work in which they were
engaged, for the Austrians ou the brow of the slope to the right were
pounding away fiercely at the invincible enemy iu the valley. That
there was an enemy was plain enough, for the earth flew up on the
slope as the answering shells glanced upwards, and then exploded among
the infantry in the roar. This was about 8.30 A.M. At nine o'clock a
heavy shower obscured the field, and when it drifted northwards three
Austrian batteries were still busy on the slope, r.nd several columns of
infantry, depldving on its side, moved up around it and disappeared into
the valley, wluneo there soon came masses of curling smoke, and then
the batteries limbered up and moved over also, showing that the enemy
were falling back. Tiie second line on the right made a slight move-
ment to the right and upwards, but it did not seem as if the Austrians
concerned themselves much for the ground between the rear of Imilovitz
and the river. The cannonade which had all this time been going on

» I'

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

279

of hills and valleys and

h had been turned into

re 10 o'clock a thicker

age on the right. " Jly

towards the right now extended towards the middle or centre ; a line of
batteries moving on or halting to fire could be seen on the plateau to
the right of Klum, and it was evident that the enemy was in great force
iu that direction. It looked as if the Prussians had attacked the posi-
tion almost simultaneously from left tu right, for no sooner had the
action developed itself on the centre 'lan it rolled back from Nechanitz
on the left, and before 9.30 the ^ nuc

slopes for nine miles and more waf-
snow wreaths agitated in a wintr
and darker cloud rose from the tree.-
God, Imilovitz is in flames," exclaimed th guardian of the tower.
The officers said " Ja so .'" " IIcvi .'" and uttered various other sounds
of varied import possibly, smoked their cigars, and looked on. Imilovitz,
indeed, blazed up furiously after a time, and in about a quarter of an
hour more the Austrian batteries which had gone down the slope toiled
up again, unlimbered, and fired from the brow. Puffs of smoke high in
the air or rising from the ground showed where the Prussian fire was
plying the Austrians on the right ; but their guns replied vigorously,
and all through that day, though sometimes ill-placed, the Austrian
artillery behaved most gallantly. It was difficult to ascertain why the
Austrian corps on the right were so unsteady, and why so many men
were leaving the ranks of regiments still invisible ; but after a time
another sponge-like rain-cloud wiped away everything, and left it all
like a clean slate, from behind which there issued .i rolling fire of cannon
as close as the volleys of a feu de joic. When the shower passed away,
the cannonade on the right near the tree had sensibly diminished, and
the Austrians seemed to have the advantago all along tlie front,' judging
by the advance of their guns and infantry, except near the left centre
and ridit of their line. On the extreme left another black cloud now
rose up, licked by flames at the base. " Gott in Ifimmcl .'" exclaimed
the guardian of the tower, " Sadowa burns now 1" And so it was.
The pleasant little village, snug church, hospitable mill — all were burn-
ing. It was with surer divination of the coming woe than we had that
the poor people had fled in tears, or remained in hopeless sorrow in their
homes. The heat of this great battle burned up whatever it touched,
and sent forth the lava which destroyed as it flowed on all sides.
Between the big tree and Klum, in the centre and far away towards the
second ridge, the fight was raging with extraordinary fury from 10
o'clock till 10.30 — and that half-hour seemed an age. IJut still the

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Austrinna advanced. One grey mass of men followed another into the
smoke, and was lost there. Towards Sadowa and Nechanitz on the left
they also wore gaining ground, and before 11 o'clock their columns
had gone out of sight into the valley or undulations, and the Prussians
could bo seen by their firo to have fallen back on the opposing slopes of
the second range of hills.

An animating and magnificent feature was now added to the terrible
spectacle by the forward movement of the heavy cavalry near the Prague
road and towards tiio centre. These great scjuares of white, spreading
out slowly, obliterated tho cornflolds. The very colour of the ground
was changed and darkened under tho trampling of horses. One column
went towards tho Nechanitz road, tho other two moved towards Klum ;
but after a few formations they halted again, and some of these regiments
dismounted and stood by their horses. Tho Saxons, readily to bo dis-
tinguished by their light blue, also advanced parallel with tho I'raguo
road towards the top of the slope. This was some time after eleven
o'clock, when the Prussian left and centre had visibly given way, though
fighting with extreme tenacity and fervour. The light cavalry, at tho
same time, or part of them, advanced towards Khun in tho centre,
awaiting tho moment to deluge the plain with an exulting flood. But
the time was not come. The Prussians, reinforced, or calling in their
second lino and reservos, oame with a desperate impetus up tho slopes on
the left and centre, and also developed a new attack on tho left of tho
Prague road, which looked like a black riband now and thou as thosmoko
was driven off by the wind. They were intent on turning our left if
possible, but they met witii a stubborn and successful resistance at that
point. Soon afterwards, in the midst of a heavy fall of rain, tho cavalry
made another advance, and when it cleared the Austrian infantry were
Bcen to havo moved still furtlicr to the left and centre, while tho sound
of tho cannonade grow so deiifuniiig thiit tho Prussians must havo been
driven biiek beyond (he position they occupied when they began tho
action. Between half-past eleven and twelve o'clock tho Austrians wero
to all intents successful on the centre and on its flanks, although tho fury
of tho eimnonade and the incessant rattle of musketry all along tho front,
from tho front of Neeliaiiitz to the plateau beyond Klu.n attested tho
severity of the struggle and the obstinate resistance of the Prussians.
Probbis, anotlier pretty village, was now in flames; three villages burning
nt once, farmhouses adding their contii.gents to the fire ond hmoko^
caissons blowing up, shells bursting, and tho slopes and hill tops covered

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

281

u ntid biuoke.

with grey and blue specs — each a man in agony or in death. Again the
cavalry moved onwards. This time one division, in three bodies, crowned
the ridge and formed near the front lino under the church, on the left
of Klum, in the centre and lefl of the position, and there they waited
once more. But now on the right the action awoke again, and, to our
surprise, a very heavy fire of muakciiy, comparatively close at hand, came
from the direction of Smirlintz ; the Austrians on the crest of the ridge
movod uneasily, while many more stragglers than one cared to see pressed
down towards the railroad. Whatever the cause of the agitation, tho
Prussians on the centre and left pressed their attack with renewed
vigour, and the contest which ensued was of exceeding fierceness ; but
still tho enemy did not prevail — the Austrians not only held their ground,
but repulsed the enemy advanced aguinut them, took their ground, and
made prisoners. From the left of Klum to tho Prague road, and beyond
it, all was fire and smoke. Tho tumult of voices was dreadful, and such
as is never to be heard save in such awful agony of battle. The Aus-
trians again advanced a little nearer tho big tree, and two batteries of
reserve artillery could bo seen driving fast to the left to strcngtlon the
attack. But tho Prussian roscivos were once more called upon, and from
12.30 till nearly 1 o'clock there was an artillery fire from centre to left
for six miles or more, which could not well have been exceeded in any
action of which history makes mention. That ammunition was becoming
needed in tho advanced position was evident from the motion of the trains
of supply and reserve, and wo watched tho cavalry with intense interest,
as it seemed to bo the time for them to make an impression. Tho Prus-
sians were wavering. At 1 o'clock tho Prussians, I.owcver, recovered
some of the ground on the right near tho big tree. The Austrian artillery
began to fall buck over the brow of tho hill, and again battalions of
infantry came in si<jht and moved away oblifjuely towards the centre.
Still, no Prussians appeared in that direction, l>ut they wore certainly
forcing tho Austrians back on the right. It might have been expected
that tho reserves to the right would have been sent up to hold tho top of
tho slope, but I could not seo it was so. Many stragglers now appeared
on the railway, the tields were spotted with tliem ; and now and then a
shell bursting in or over the infantry miircliing along tho slope or tho
reserves, struck them, or \i£t a little pile of dead or struggling men in tho
voids which the opening eolunins displayed. 1 confess the advance of tho
Prussians in this direction appeared to me inexplicable and very serious ;
for, although tho left and centre of tho Austrians might be victorious,

282

CYCLOPEDIA OF THE

i: \ '

this movement threatened, by forcing back their right, to cut them oflf from
Konigsgratz — so, at least, was the situation as viewed from the tower ;
but it is strange how different a field of action appears from different
points of view, as any one may find out by riding from place to place on a
field-day. However, a General who saw what was visible to those in the
tower would have felt uneasiness and have turned his attention to fill the
gap in his line at the centre, and to drive back the Prussians who were
doubling up his right.

While the centre advanced slowly, but surely, a space seemed to be
left between the ground they had occupied and the left of the Austrians,
who were continually retiring there. The houses burning fiercely in
Klum emitted volumes of smoke, which were swept away towards the
right. Another village lying apparently to the left of Prague road,
named Gres Biaritz, or Hiaritz, as well ns I could catch the name, was
now in flames. More tumbrils blew up in that direction, so that there
were now six or seven villages and linmlets on fire from left to right.
The battle was assuming a more awl'ul and tremendous aspect, and the
faint rays of sunshine which f^hot at intervals through the lifting clouds
only gave the scene greater terror. Horses without riders careered
among the wounded, who were crawling all over the plain, dismounted
dragoons dragged thcniselvcH to the rear, and men came crawling along in
such numbers that they api>onred like a broad fringe to the edges of the
battle, The rolling of mu'<kotry iu the hollows beyond smothered the
voice of the cannon. At last the reserves behind were pressed forward
with energy. Their artillery uulinibering opened from jixteen guns into
the dense blue columns which were driving the Austrians before them,
and cheeked tlicir advance, till the Prussian artillery, getting upon the
small ridpo and firing down so as to get a slight enfilade, began to knock
over horses and men. The Austrians, however, here, as elsewhere, stuck
to their pieces admirably, and it was not till the Prussian infantry, get-
ting into a clump of timber, opened a sharp firo on their flank that they
limbered up, leaving more than one blaek heap to mark the position they
had occupied. Meanwhile tlie Austrians on the left pursued thoir onward
career. The Saxon reserves pushed up the hills in the direction of Noc-
hanitz ; and a great body of cavalry sweeping round between the left and
Centre, dashed in wavelikoeolunins through the smoke towards the Prus-
sians, and menaced their artillery, against which some thirty or forty
pieces in lino wore directing a steady and rapid firo. Prussiati prisoners
began to arrive at intervals between the convoys of wounded, winding

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

288

their way along the Prague road. Jlost of those men belonged to the
€th and 31st regiments, to judge from the numbers on their shoulder-
straps ; and among them was an officer of great stature, with red mous-
taches and whiskers, who bore his captivity with great sang froid, an'
walked along like a conqueror. As the Austrian left and centre gained
ground, the right yielded, and column after column of Prussians came
upon the ridge, firing as they advanced, while their guns on the flanks
swept the slowly retreating, but not disorderly, Austrians with shrapnel
and shell. At times the Austrians halting opened a brisk fire ; once or
twice several regiments formed square to receive cavalry, but I could not
see any Prussian horse on the slope near them. There was a hesitation,
both in the Austrians and the enemy, which was not intelligible, and
several times the officers at the head of the Prussian columns riding for-
ward, fired over their horses, heads, and stood up in their stirrups as if
to SCO into the hollows. A shell burst close over one of them, and when
the smoke cleared away, man and horse were down, and never stirred
again. The folds of the ground must have hid most of the Prussians
from the Austrian artillery as they got near the big tree, for the gunners
principally directed their pieces against the Prussian guns, which received
accessions rapidly, and occupied their full attention. At last the Prus-
sians wero perceived, and five battalions of Austrians from the reserve,
coming from the extreme right, tried to chock their advance by a flanking
fire. The Prussians halted, and in an instant a firo of surprising volume
and sharpness flew along their front. The Austrians for a few minutes
replied steadily, but they fell fast, and at last two battalions, with great
vigour, charged up the hill, but wore broken in the run, were shaken by
a rolling volley and by several rounds from the artillery in flank, and
retreated in some disorder towards tiie loft, bohiiid a spur of the ridge.
The enemy pressed on anew, and soon gained the platenu close by the
big tree, where they dipped into an undulation only to reappear at the
other side, and thou formed up in compaot Hi|Uiiro-liko formations, pushing
out linos of skirmishers towards Klum, from which they were about a mile
distimt. The Austrians below them and iioaror to Konigsgrata halted
and faced round to meet anew enemy, for the Prussians now showed near
the railway, and a sanguinary encounter took place nround some houses
ill a wood, in which artillery and musketry raged for a (juartor of an
iiour in a perfect tornado. A range of buildings near a large fiotory
chimney on the very banks of the Elbe, as it seemed to mo, was the
scone of another very sevoro struggle. Another village, Trothina, burst

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284

CYCLOPisEDIA OF THE

into flames, and from under the very smoke appeared the Prussian skir-
mishers on the very extreme right, followed by more infantry. The
enemy were, indeed, quite inexhaustible in number, though still he could
not hold his own on the left. Suddenly an Austrian battery, galloping
from the left centre, began to mow down the Prussians on the right.
They were retiring behind the burning Trothina. But their artillery
was at hand again. From a lane above the village a battery opened on
the Austrians, and, at the same time, another battery, wheeling over the
slope below the big tree, crossed its fire on the devoted Austrians. " Ein
Krcuz fetter? Ein Kreuz/eiier? " exclaimed the oflBccrs. " Good God!
where do they come from ?" "Where, indeed ! This combat now assumed
larger proportions. The Prussian right showed in great force, and the
hills were covered with their regiments advancing in the most perfect
order. All over the field were hundreds limping away, and piles of dead
lay in rows along the lanes and in the thick corn. The enemy, whose
strength had been hidden from us by the hills, now displayed numbers,
which accounted for the retreat of the Austrians on the right.

The Austrian gunners could not hold up against the cross fire, and the
weight of pieces opposed to them. What avail was it that they were
winning on the centre ? Through the glass they could bo seen pressing
on from point to point in a tempest of smoke and flame. It was now
near two o'clock. On the left and centre there could bo no hesitation in
declaring that the Prussians were all but beaten. It seemed as if a charge
eu »ui8sc of the horse deployed for miles on the jj?a^cau could roll up their
centre on their left, or crumble the left into pieces. The fire at Klum,
in the centre, which had died out, broke forth with fresh violence, and
all the village began to burn. The Prussians in the centre made another
grand effort, and it would only be a repetition of adjectives, utterly feeble
at the strongest, to endeavour to give the smallest conception of the roar
of cannon which announced and met this fresh attempt to change tho
fortunes of the day. Tho strong wind could not clear away tho smoke,
which poured in banks aw agitated as tho sea itself over tho battle-field,
now contracted to tho centre and right, for all towards tho Prague roud
tho fight had apparently ended in the disoonifituro of tho Prussian left.
As it contracted it heated up, and the caissons and tumbrils blow up
repeatedly. Tho uiovemoiits of the Austrians from tho right centre to
oppose tho last effort of the Prussians increased tho open interval between
the centre and tho extreme right resting on tho lower ground near tho
river, but tho Austrians did not perceive it, or if they did, could not pre-

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

285

Prussian skir-
fantry. The
still he oould
ery, galloping
on the right,
their artillery
ery opened on
Bcling over the
trians. " Ein
"Good God 1
t now assumed
force, and the
) most perfect
d piles of dead
enemy, whose
layed numbers,
ght.

OSS fire, and the
that they were
30 seen pressing
e. It was now
no hesitation in
odas if a charge
)uld roll up their
10 fire at Klum,
sh violence, and
re made another
oi«, utterly feeble
)lion of the roar
it to change tho
iway tho smoke,
• tho bnttle-fiold,
tho Prague road
10 Prussian left,
iimbrils blow up
right centre to
interval between
ground near tho
id, could not pre-

vent the advance of the enemy along the plateau by the big tree towards
Klum. The Austrian right and reserves become more unsteady, but
their artillery contests every foot of ground. Suddenly a spattering of
musketry breaks out of the trees and houses of Klum right down on the
Austrian gunners, and on the columns of infantry drawn up on the slopes
below. The gunners fall on all sides — their horses are disabled — the fire
increases in intensity — the Prussians on the ridge press on over the
j)lateau ; this is an awful catastrophe — two columns of Austrians are led
against the village, but they cannot stand the fire, and after three
attempts to carry it, retreat, leaving the hill-side covered with the fallen.
It is a terrible moment. Tho Prussians see their advantage ; they here
get into the very centre of the position. In vain the staflF oflScers fly to
the reserves and hasten to get back some of the artillery from the front.
The dark blue regiments multiply on all sides and from their edges roll
perpetually sparkling musketry. Their guns hurry up, and from the
slope take both the Austrians on the extreme right and tho reserves in
flank. They spread away to tho woods near the Prague road and fire
into the rear of the Austrian gunners.

Thus a wedge growing broader and driven in more deeply every instant
was forced into the very body of the Austrian army, separating it at tho
heart and dividing its loft and centre from the right. Tho troops in the
centre and left are dismayed at hearing the enemy's guns in their rear,
and are soon exposed to the fire which most of all destroys the morale of
soldiers already shaken by surprise. The right, previously broken up
and discomfited, hurry towards tho Prague road in something like con-
fusion, and spread alarm among the reserves of the centre and loft. The
regular linos of tho columns below are gradually bulging out, and are at
last swallowed up in disordered multitude. Ofllcera gallop about trying
to restore order. Some regiments liold together, though they are losing
men in hoaps every instant. Tho left wing is arrested in its onward pro-
gress. The Prussian Generals in front of them and on tho centre, seeing
their enemy waver, throw their battalions against them, and encourage
their artillery to fresh efforts ; but tho formidable Austrian cavalry pre-
vents any hasty or enthusiastic demonstrations on tho part of the Prussian
right, whom long continued fighting and heavy losses must have some-
what enervated.

Even yet there was hope for tho Austrians I There, on the Prussian
front, wheeled a force of horse with which a Murat or a Kellcrraan or a
tSeidlitz could have won a battle and saved an empire. There, still

286

CYCLOPEDIA 01' THE

unshaken, were at least 49,000 men, of whom scarcely one had ever fired
a shot. The indomitable Austrian artillery still turned hundreds of muz-
zles on the enemy's guns, and girt their men in a band of fire. To let slip
that cavalry on both sides of Klum, to crash through infantry and guns,
seemed really worth doing, though failure would have made the difference
between a defeat and a rout. It would ht^e been a supreme deed fit for
such a force to accomplish or to perish in attempting. And there were
no natural obstacles visible from the tower to a grand charge. The Prus-
sian right, separated from its centre and left, would have been rolled down
into the valley among the Austrians, and utterly crushed, and the Austrian
centre and left have been liberated to continue their contest with the enemy.
Moments were precious. The Prussian fire became more severe, the
wavering of the Austrians greater. The falling of trees on the Prague
road, the rush of fugitives, the near approach of the Prussian shells to the
place, some of them bursting over the railway station, were awful warnings
of the state of the battle. All the roads were blocked up with retreating
trains and waggons. Men were throwing down their arms and wading
through the inundations. The Austrian gunners on the causeway began
to catch a sight of the Prussians near at hand in the woods, and opened
on them with shrapnel and shell. It was now somewhere about 2.30 ;
but it was not possible to note time when such things were going on so
near. Scarce could the glass be directed to one point ere an exclamation
from a bystanding officer or an awful clamour carried it to another.
Seconds were of inestimable value — not only that hundreds were falling,
but that they were falling in vain — that all the issues for which an empire
had summoned its might and the Kaiser his people to the field were being
decided^ and that the toils of generations of Emperors, warriors, and
statesmen were about being lost for ever. The genius of the Prussian
was in the ascendant.

The spirit of Bismark or his genius ruled the battle-field. While the
Austrian was hesitating, the Prussian was acting. The lines of dark
blue which came in sight from the right teemed from the vales below as
if the earth yielded them. They filled the whole back ground of the
awful picture of which Klum was the centre. They pressed down on the
loft of the Prague road. In sfjuaro, in column, deploying or wheeling
hither and tliithcr— everywhere pouring in showers of deadly precision —
penetrating the whole lino of the Austrians ; still they could not force
their stubborn enemy to fly. On all sides they met brave but unfortunate
men, ready to die if they could do no more. At the side of the Prague

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

287

id ever fired
,reds of muz-
To let slip
ry and guns,
he difference
te deed fit for
ad there were
,. ThePrus-
n rolled down
I the Austrian
Ith the enemy.
:e severe, the
u the Prague
,n shells to the
wful warnings
vith retreating
ts and wading
auseway began
Is, and opened
•e about 2.30 ;
ire going on so
an exclamation
it to another.
Is were falling,
hich an empire
Seld were being
warriors, and
the Prussian

d. While the
lines of dark
vales below as
ground of the
3od down on the
ng or wheeling
idly precision —
lould not force
but unfortunate
of the Prague

road the fight went on with incredible vehemence. The Austrians had
still an immense force of artillery, and although its concentrated fire
swept the ground before it, its effect was lost in some degree by reason of
the rising ground above, and at last by its divergence to so many pointS'
to answer the enemy's cannon. Many Austrians must have fallen by
their own artillery. Once an Austrian column, separating itself from the
great multitude below, with levelled bayonets, led by its officers in front
waving caps and sabres, went straight at the wood around Klum and
drove back the Prussian Tirailleurs, but were staggered by fearful volleys
of musketry. Their officers were all killed or wounded. They fell
suddenly back. Down came the Prussians, but they were received on the
bayonet point and with clubbed muskets, and were driven back to the
shelter of the wood, and some were carried off prisoners in the retreating
column. Indeed, handfuls of Prussians were coming into the town behind
us all the day, showing how close the fight was, and a considerable body
of the 27th Regiment, with some officers, are now in the Grosser Ring.
Chesta and Visa were now burning, so that from right to left the flames
often villages, and the flashes of guns and musketry, contended with the
sun that pierced the clouds for the honour of illuminating the seas of
steel and the fields of carnage. It was three o'clock. The efforts of the
Austrians to occupy Klum and free their centre had failed, the right was
driven down in a helpless mass towards Konigsgratz, quivering and palpi-
tating as shot and shell tore through it. " AUes ist vcloren t " Artillery
still thundered with a force and violence which might have led a stranger
to 'such scenes to think no enemy could withstand it. The Austrian
: Iry still hung like white thunder-clouds on the flanks, and threatened
the front of the Prussians, keeping them in square and solid columns*
But already the trains were streaming away from Konigsgratz, placing
the Elbe and Adler between them and the enemy. The grip of the
Prussians could not bo shaken. Word was brought to me to leave at
once, for the city gates were about being closed, and the gunners on the
walls were laying their pieces to cover the inundations and the causeways,
One more glance showed a very hell of fire — cornfields, highways, slopes,
nud dells, and hillsides covered with the slain — the pride and niititlit of
Austria shattered and laid low. What happened more I can only tell
from hearsay. But I am told that at the last the Austrian horse saved
all that was not lost, and in brilliant charges rolled back the tide of Prus-
sian infantry ; that the gunners threw their pieces into the Elbe and into
the inundated fields as they retreated ; that men were drowned in

(

til ■

Vj}

i ■

•

i i I

1l"'l ;

KM-.i

-1..

288

CYCLOPEDIA OF THE

hundreds as they crowded over pontoon bridges hastily laid and sunk or
burned ere the columns could cross over ; that luggage-trains, reserve
ammunition, guns, and prisoners, the spoils of that enormous host, fell
into the hands of the victors, who remained masters of that hard-fought
field, covered for nine miles with myriads of the slain. Well might
Benedek exclaim, " All is lost but my life I Would to God I had lost
that too ! "

There is no account of our losses, estimates varying from 10,000 to
25,000. If prisoners be included, I am inclined to think the latter
number correct. The loss in guns is reckoned at 150 to 180.' It would
not astoni^ih me to hear it was more.

INCIDENTS OP THE BATTLE.

Incidents of the battle are furnished by several other correspondents
•of the London papers. The following are selections : —

In the Austrian ranks some striking instances of inhumanity have
been exhibited. Yesterday, a prisoner was brought hither loaded with
■chains, to suffer well-deserved punishment. He was a Croat, and was
taken in the very act of cutting off his own wounded captain's fingers to
get quicker at his rings.

In the knapsacks of the fallen Austrians were found spare suits of
regimentals that had never been worn ; and, according to the prisoners,
those uniforms were intended to bo worn at the solemn entry into
Berlin.

One correspondent was informed by an Austrian officer, a prisoner,
that in Konigsgratz, on the 2nd July even, there were 7000 wounded
Austriaiis. But — disgraceful as the fact may seom- -three days after
the battle of Skalitz, wounded Austrians — such is the testimony of Priis-
sian officers and surgeons — were found with wo'unds still bleeding on the
field among the dead bodies.

At 1.5 the staff galloped off to see the position on the right, passing
through the 6th Corps, which was in reserve. As the green plumes were
seen rapidly advancing, the bands broke into the National Anthem, and
the men cheered their commander as he passed with no uncertain note.
Faces broke out into broad smiles; Jager hats were thrown into the air;
p.U seemed joyous in the anticipation of an approaching triumph.
Benedek, however, waved to them to ccaso shoating in his peculiar tone
of voice, always clear and distinct, " Not now — wait till to-morrow, my
children."

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

289

ad sunk or
ins, reserve
IS host, fell
bard-fought
Well might
I had lost

Q 10,000 to
k the latter
); It would

)rre8pondents

imanity have
• loaded with
roat, and was
lin's fingers to

Bpare suits of

le prisoners,

in entry into

er, a prisoner,
7000 wounded
ree days after
imony of Pr"9-
eeding ou the

right, passing
)en plumes were

Anthem, and
uncertain note,
m into the air;
shing triumph.
,3 peculiar tone

to-morrow, my

By half past four o'clock the whole army was in full retreat ; its rear,
liarassed by the enemy, was protected by the artillery and cavalry, who
are said to have made many desperate charges, and to have been more
than decimated. The bridges across the Adler and the Elbe are few
and narrow, and the several columns meeting at such points becaine con-
fused and intermixed. Guns that could not be carried away, were thrown
off their carriages into the river ; many were lost in this manner, but it
is said that comparatively fev^ are taken. A captain of artillery, who
heard me asking about the loss in guns, said, " Out of my whole battery
I have but one gun and seven horses left, and many others are in like
condition." Another said, " We have no artillery." Every head was hung
down, every spirit depressed. It was not merely a battle, but an empire
lost, unless diplomatists can at last unweave the net which baffled them
before, and which the sword has failed to cut. The soldiers knew no-
thing of all this ; their only trouble was the fatigue from which they
suffered, or the thought that the day's battle would have to be fought
over again before they could reach the pleasant plains and reap the
benefits held out to their imaginations in Benedek's proclamation issued
but a few days ago. The night was chilly, and bivouac fires lined the sides
of the road at intervals. Had it been an advance instead of a retreat,
we might have enjoyed the picturesque scene. Round fires of firwood,
flaming high above their heads, stood or sat the brave fellows who had
laboured so bard and fought so gallantly on that day. Some stood warm-
ing themselves by the blaze which lighted up their bronzed faces to as
red a glow as that of the pine stems that towered over them ; others sat
resting a wounded arm or leg on the bed of branches plucked for them
by their more fortunate comrades; others, again, lay about in every
attitude of exhaustion."

SAGUNTUM, SIEGE OF.— Like Numautia, one of the most impor-
tant in history, occurred B.C. 219. The citizens, after sustaining the
siege for eight months, with heroic bravery, to prevent themselves falling
into the hands of Hannibal, buried themselves in the ruins of their city.
They burnt their houses and all their effects, and thus reduced the city
to ashes.

ST. ALBANS, BATTLES OF.— The first fought, May 22nd,
1455, between the houses of York and Lancaster. The second between
the Earl of Warwick and Queen Margaret of Anjou, who conquered.
Fought, February 2nd, 1-161. This battle was fought on Shrove-

290

CYCLOPEDIA OP THE

Tuesday, and resulted in the death of the Earl. " The Earl of Warwick,
who now put himself at the head of the Yorkists, was one of the most
celebrated generals of the age, formed for times of trouble, extremely
artful^nd incontestably brave, equally skilful in council and the field j.
and inspired with a degree of hatred against the Queen that nothing
could suppress. He commanded an army, in which he led about the
captive King, to give a sanction to his attempts. Upon the approach of
the Lancastrians, he conducted his forces, strengthened by a body of
Londoners, who were very affectionate to his cause, and gave battle ta
the Queen at St. Alban's. In this, however, he was defeated. About
2000 of the Yorkists perished in the battle, and the person of the King
again fell into the hands of his own party, to be treated with apparent
respect, but real contempt."

U i-

ST. CHARLES.— On the 6th of November, 1837, a riot occurred at
Montreal, but no lives were lost. On the 10th, Sir John Colborne, the
Commander of the Forces, removed his head quarters from Sorel to
Montreal. On the same day, a detachment proceeded to St. John's
under the command of Captain Glasgow. He found a large body of
people popted on the opposite bank of the Richelieu, and the cavalry
proceeded to take possession of the bridge, in order to prevent them from
crossing. On the 16th, warrants were issued for the apprehe:ision of twenty-
six of the chief leaders. As a party of volunteer cavalry, newly organised,
who hud charge of two prisoners, were returning to Montreal, a large
body of peasantry firediipon them from behind the fences near Longueuil,
and compelled them to abandon their prisoners. Colonel Wetherall,
with a coiisiJorable force, proceeded immediately from Chambly in the
direction of St. Charles, fur the purpose of dispersing a large body of
people who hud assembled there, and fortified their position. At some
places the insurgents fled on the approach of the army, but at St. Charles
the defenders were so obstinate that the Colonel was obliged to storm
and curry the works, burning every house but one. The slaughter was
great on the side of the unfortunate and misguided people, but slight on
that of the troops. Another party of troops, who were marching from
Sorel up the course of the Richelieu to efiect a junction with Colonel
Wetherall, were not so successful. At St. Denis they met with such a
strong opposition, that they were compelled to abandon their intention
and march back to Sorel. This success on the part of the insurgents
was only of short duration, for, on the winter roads being formed, the

)f tbe most
J, extremely
d the field;
hat nothing
,d about the
approach of
y a body of
rave battle to
Ited. A-bo^*
I of the King
with apparent

iot occurred at
I Colborne, the
from Sorel to
to St. John's
large body of
vnd the cavalry
event them from
jiaionoftwenty-
[ucNvly organised,
ontreal, a large
nearLongueuily
[lonel Wetherall,
Chambly in the
a large body of
litvon. At some
,ut at St. Charles
obliged to storm
'he slaughter was
pie, but slight on
re marching from
Ition with Colonel
met with such a
Ln their intention
of the insurgents
being formed, the

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

291

same party marched through the country without opposition. Having
captured St. Charles, and dispersed a considerable body collected for the
purpose of cutting off his return, Colonel Wetherall came back to
Montreal, bringing with him the pole and cap of liberty, which had
been reared at St. Charles, and twenty-five prisoners. Four or five
battalions of troops were raised in Montreal, and upwards of 50 corps
of various kinds in other parts of the country. One of the most tragical
events which took place at this time was the murder of Lieutenant.
Weir. This young officer had been sent overland to Sorel with a despatch
directing the officer in command to prepare a force to accompany Colonel
Gore, who was to leave Montreal in the afternoon in the steamboat.
The roads were so bad that travelling was almost impossible, and he
could not r.nh Sorel by land until half an hour after Colonel Gore and
his division had crossed the St. Lawrence and marched on their route to
St. Denis. Taking a fresh caleche, he hastened to join his troops; but,
mistaking the road, he passed them and arrived at St. Denis before
them. Here he was made a prisoner, closely pinioned, sent forward to
St. Charles, and on the road was barbarously murdered by his brutal
guardians. The fact and the circumstances attending it were only
ascertained on the second expedition to St. Denis. The body was found
in the Richelieu, and was brought to Montreal for interment. The
funeral took place with military honours, and so solemn and imposing a.
sight was never before witnessed in the city.

Martial law was proclaimed in the District of Montreal on the 5th of

Deceiuber, and Sir John Colborne invested with authority to administer

it. Immediately after this the attention of Government was called to

the preparations making at the Lake of the Two Mountains, at St.

Eustache, St. Benoit and St. Scholastique, where the most active and

able leaders of the revolt had fortified themselves in a formidable manner.

On the morning of the 13th of December, Sir John Colborne, with

about 1300 men, advanced towards the district from Montreal along the

left bank of the Ottawa. On the 14th the army crossed the river and

invested the village of St. Eustache. The attack was completely

successful, though attended with much destruction of life and property.

The handsome church was set on fire as well as the preshyUre and about

60 of the principal houses. One of the leaders was killed near thft

church, and a large number burnt or suffocated from the flames; of the

troops only one or two were killed and a few wounded.

The next day, as the troops marched forward to St. Benoit, His

M I

292

CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE

Excellency was met by delegates bearing a flag of truce, and stating that
the insurgents were prepared to lay down their arms unconditionally.
Almost every house exhibited something white; and, on arriving at St.
Benoit, 250 of these misguided men were found drawn up in a line and
suing for pardon, stating that their leaders had deserted them. They
were immediately dismissed to their homes and occupations. With the
return of the troops from the county of the Two Mountains the military
operations, connected with the first in.surrection in Lower Canada, may
be said to have terminated.

ST. DIZIER, BATTLES OF.— In f^mnce.— Between the Allied
armies and the French — one of the engagements being ^o nmanded by
Napoleon himself. The French sustained in these battles, as in several
precceding, severe defeats, and led the way by which the Allied armies
entered Paris. Fought, Jauuary 27th and March 2Gth, 1814.

ST. JEAN DE LUZ, BATTLE OF.—" Soult had a strong position
on the NivoUo from St. Jean do Luz to Ainhoc, about twelve miles in
length. General Hill, with the British right, advanced from the valley of
Baztan, and attacking the French on the height of Ainhoe, drove them
towards Cambo, on the Nivc, while tiic centre of the Allies, consisting of
the English and Spanish troops, under Bcresford and Alton, carried the
works behind Sarro, and drove the French beyond the Nivelle, which the
Allies crossed at St. I'e, in the rear of the enemy. Upon this the French
hastily abandoned thdtr ground and works on the left of the Nivelle, and
during the night withdrew to their entrenched camp in front of
Bayonnc. Wellington's headquarters were established at St. Jean de
Luz, November 10th, 1813."

ST. QUENTIN, BATTLE OF.— IMiilip II, of Spain, assisted by
the British, defeated the French here, August lOtli, 1557.

ST. SEBASTIAN, BATTLE OF.— The fortified works, through
whielj ran the high road to Ilornani, wore curried by the English
Auxiliary Legion, under (Jencral Evans, after very hard fighting. The
British naval wjuadroii olT the place, lent, under Lord .John Hay, very
groat aid to the victors. Fought, May 5th, 18.'}G. Again, on the Istof
October, snino year, a vigorous assault was made on the lines of General
l)c Lacy Evans by the Carlists. Botli sides fought with groat bravery,
but the CarlistB were repulsed oftor suffering sovercly. The Anglo-

I'i

stating that
londitionally-
rriving at St.
ia a line and
tbem. They
s. With the
s the military

Canada, may

ecn the Allied
:ovQmanded by
58, as in several
5 Allied armiea
18U.

I strong position
twelve miles in
torn the valley of
Lc, drove them^
ics, consisting of
Itcn, carried the
ivellc, vrhich the
a this the French
^theNivoUo, and
mp in front of
ftt St. Jean de

pain, assisted by
.57.

;,\ works, through
by the English
vrd fighting. The
d .lohu Hay, very
.jrain, ontholstof

10 lines of Oonoral
vith groat bravery,
rely. The Angl"-

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

293

Spanish loss was 376 men, and thirty-seven officers killed and wounded.
The General was also wounded.

ST. SEBASTIAN, SIEGE OF.— By the British and Allied armies,
under Wellington. After a short siege, during which it sustained a heavy
bombardment, and by which the whole town was nearly laid in ruins
it was stormed by General Graham, and taken, August 31st, 1803. The
loss was almost all on the British side in the storming — the Spaniards
losing few.

ST. VINCENT, BATTLE OF CAPE.— Between the Spanish and
British fleets off this Cape. The latter was commanded by Admiral Sir
John Jarvis, who took four line of battle ships, and damaged considerably
the rest of the Spanish fleet, February l-4tli, 1797. His own fleet
consisted of 15 sail of the line only — whilst the enemy's fleet was 27
sail, 7 of which carried from 112 to 130 guns each.

ST. VINCENT, CAPE.— Admiral Rooke, with 20 men of war, and
the Turkish fleet, under his convoy, was attacked by Admiral Tourvillo
with a force vastly superior to his own, when 12 English and Dutch
men of war, and iO merchant men were taken or destroyed by tho
French, JunolGth, 1G93. Here, also, Admiral Rodney destroyed several
Spanish ships, January IGth, 1780.

SALAMANCA, BATTLE OF. — Fought July 22nd, 1812.—
" Lord Wellington bud fought tho battle of Talavcra in less than tlirco
months after he had marched out of Lisbon, and in only three months
and six days after bis landing in Portugal. Ho had soon some kind of
iiction and enterprise to bo absolutely necessary. It was demanded by
Knglund ; it was expected by Spain and Portugal. Hence ho first drove
the French out of Oporto and out of tho Portuguoso dominions, and
then, in conjunction with a Spanish army, marched upon Madrid, and
fought u battle with tho French.

But these three months sufficed to show him, how utterly valueless
was tho aid proftered liim by tho Spaniards. They loft liini without
provisions; thoy furnished hini with no means of transport; and when
tlu-y placed an army by his side, that army could do nothing but run
away, and spread alarm and consternation on every side. Hence, so
Hoon as ho fully understood the real condition of athiirs, lio wrote homo
to tho British government in these plain terms :

" Spain has proved untrue to her uUianeo because she Is untrue to

294

CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE

ii 'I

i'i '

?! 'i

herself;" " and until some great change shall be effected in the conduct
of the military resources of Spain, and in the state of her armies, no
British army can attempt safely to co-operate with Spanish troops in
the territories of Spain."

Having arrived at this conclusion, Lord Wellington soon withdrew his
army from Spain, retired into Portugal, and began to concert measures
for the effectual defence of that kingdom. At home, party spirit, as
usual, led to injustice. The opposition in the British parliament ques-
tioned the whole of his conduct of the past campaign. Sir W. Napier
tells us, that " his merits, they said, were nought ; his actions silly,
presumptuous, and rash ; his campaign one deserving not reward but
punishment. Yet he had dolivered Portugal, cleared Galicia and Estra"
madurn, and forced 100,000 French veterans to abandon the offensive
and concentrate about Madrid !"

Ho now calmly submitted to the British government his views of the
defence of l*ortugal. Ho assigned to Mjuvhal Bcrcsford the organiza-
tion of the l*ortuguoso army; he rof|uirod only 13,000 British troops to
be permanently maintained ; and with this fitrce he expected to be able
to defend Portugal, at least until Spain should be thoroughly subdued
by the French ; so as to allow of the concentration of their whole force
on the work of subjugating Portugal.

The wisdom and expediency of this eniploymenl of English troops and
English revenues in foreign war, was abundantly evident.. For, when
the Continent should have been wholly confjuercd by Napoleon, ho would
then, as he plainly declared, attempt the invasion of England. Hence,
to keep his armies employed in the Peninsula, was the way plainly
pointed out by connnon sense, as likely to jiostpone or wholly avert a
French invasion of the British islands. To dofrnd J'ortugal, therefore,
was Wellington's first object ; for Portugal had become a sort of outwork
of England.

Tlie Spanish government, meanwliile, with equal imbecility and self-
sufliciency, chose to rush into inevitable drl'eat. Tliey iiad starved the
English army ; whieii, in a whole month, got only ten days' bread ; and
which lost 1000 horses from mere want of provender; and had thus
forced Lord Wellington to retire into Portugal. They now choose, with
nil army of 50,000 men, to give battle to the French at Oeana; whore,
on the 12th of November, lluy sustained such a total defeat, that ten
days lifter tho buttle not a single battalion kept the field. No fewer
than '20,000 of the Spaniards laid down their nnns, and tho rest wore
utterly scattered and dis[)ersed,

lie conduct

armies, no

li troops in

rithdrew liis
>rt measures
ty spirit, as
iiiment qucs-
tr W.Napier

actions siUyi
t, reward but
;ia and Estra"

tUe offensive

s views of tlie
I tiic organiza-
ritisii troops to
ictcd to be able
.Uiihly subdued
cir w'liole force

\ish troops

and

nt.

Vor, wlieu
olcon, lie would
land. Hence,
,0 way pliii»^y
wholly avert a
UL'al, tbcrefore.
sort of outwork

\,ocility and t^elf-
luid Htnrved the
„ys' bread ; and
,. ; n,»d bad tbu^
„ow cboose, with
utOeanai wbero,
I defeat, that ten
Hold. No fewer
„„a the rest wore

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

295

At the opening of 1810, Napoleon resolved to complete the conquest
■of the Peninsula. He augmented his armies in Spain to 360,000 men.
One army, consisting of 65,000 men, under the command of Soult, was
charged with the subjugation of Andalusia ; and another, of 80,000 men,
under Massena, was to move to the west, and reduce Portugal. Now,
therefore, must Wellington's plans for the defence of Portugal be brought
to the test.

The actual force of Massena's army in ISlay, 1810, is shown by French
returns given by Sir W. Napier, to have been 86,847 men.

On the 1st of June the French commander invested Ciudad Rodrigo,
which capitulated on the 11th of July. Almeida surrendered on the
26th of August, and thus the road to Lisbon was opened to the French
army. Wellington would gladly have fought a battle to save these for-
tresses; but if he engaged 80,000 French, with 32,000 English and
Portuguese, and did not signally defeat them ; what would then have
become of Portugal ? Still, when on Portuguese ground, and engaged
in the defence of Portugal, he thought it right, on September 27th, to
make one stand at Busaco ; where he inflicted on the French a loss of
4500 men, at a cost, to his own army, of only 1300. Massena then
began even to think of retioating into Spain ; when a peasant informed
him of a mountain-pass by wliich ho might carry his army into a position
from which he could threaten Wellington's left. This compelled the
English (leneral again to make a retrograde movement; and on the 15th
of October the whole British and Portuguese army was collected within
the lines of Torres Vcdras.

Those now famou.>s linos, which Wellington had long been silently con-
structing, were so little thou Jit of either in England or in France, that
ruilitary instructions wore actually given in England commencing thus :
" As it is probiiltlo tho army will embark in September." And the
French cnmiuandor on his part, found his way suddenly stopped by an
insurmountable obstacle, of the existence of which ho had never before
heard.

Lord Wellington had observed that on tho land side (and tho French
hud no I'orco upon tho water) Lisbon coulil bo oomplotoly defended bv n
series of cntronolunents properly maimed. Silently, therefore, during
many months past, ho had been at work on these lines. They wero
now complete, mounting 0()t» guns and when manned by 6<>,000 men
they might have detled Nnpolcon himself at the head of one of his largest
■armies.

296

CYCLOPiEDIA OF THE

i i

Massena, astonished, employed several days in examining these lines
on every side, but at no point could he find an attack to be feasible.
One or two attempts were made, in which his troops were roughly
handled, and one of his Generals killed. At last, altogether perplexed,
he sent off General Foy to Paris to ask of Napoleon what was to be done.
But Napoleon himself had no remedy to prescribe, and hence, after
remaining before the lines for one whole month, until utter starvation
menaced his army, the French Marshal commenced a retreat. Ho first
retired to Santaren, where he remained until the following March. He
then finally retreated out of Portugal, having lost, in the short space of
seven months, not fewer than 45,000 men, chiefly by exposure, disease,
and starvation. Lord Wellington followed him, and at once invested
Almeida. Massena ventured on an engagement at Fuentcs d'Onore.
but failed, and Almeida capitulated to the English on the 12th of May,.
1811.

This campaign had greatly raised the hopes and the confidence of
England, and had placed the character of her General on an unassailable
elevation. Portugal had been defeated, and a French Marshal with a
noble army had been driven back in defeat. Lord Wellington now^
therefore, resolved to begin offensive operations in Spain, and he sat
down before Badnjoz. But Napoleon had at last awakened to the real
character of this great struggle. He resolved that Badajoz should not
be lost, Ho therefore earnestly and strenuously increased his forces in
Spain, until, in Septenibor, 1811, they again amounted to 3G8,000 men.
Soult and Marmont received their orderH, and approached Badajoz with
00,000 men. Lord Wellington retired, but in July ho threatened
Ciudad llodrigo, when again tho two French Marshals marched to its
relief with a greatly superior army. And now, as the winter approached,
both armies wont into cantunmeiitH, and tho campaign of 1811 ended.

But with January, 1812, conuuenccd that career of triumph which
only ended at Waterloo. In 1810, Wellington had saved Portugal; in
1811, ho had threatened and disiiuieted tho French armies in their pos-
session of Spain ; but tho opening year was not to close until that pos-
BCBsion was very seriounly endangered.

Silently, all November and December, WollingtonV preparations wcro
going on. Soult iniaginc(l that ho was about to renew the sii'ge of
Badajoz, but suddenly, in the carlioHt days of January, a bridge wan
thrown over tho Agueda, and tho Kiiglish army crossed tho river and
invested Ciudad llodrigo. Tho siego commenced on tho 8th. and on

ttmMmtm

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

297

bese lines
3 feasible.
e rougbly
perplexed,
,0 be doner
ence, after
■ starvation
Ho first
[arcli. He
ort space of
lire, disease,
ICO invested
tcs d'Onore.
L2tb of May,

confidence of
1 unassailable
[arsbal witb a
lUngton now,
1, and be sat
icd to tbc real
joz sbould not
bis fcjrccs in

308,000 men.
1 Badajoz witb

he tbrcatcncd
Inarcbcd to its

icv uppr'^'^c^^^'^'

[iSll ended.
:riun»pb wbicb
I Portugal; in
L in tlieir pos-
uutil that pos-

eparations wero
|\v tbc siege of
ft bridge wtt»
Id tbc rivor and
\\\Q Hlb, ftud on

the 19th the place was stormed and carried. It had cost the French a
siege of six weeks to take it from the Spaniards two years before. On
hearing of its capture in twelve days, Marmont wrote to Napoleon,
saying, " On the 16tb, the English batteries opened their fire : on the
19th the place was taken by storm, and tell into the power of the enemy.
There is something so incomprehensible in all this, that until I know
more I refrain from any observation."

Badajoz, a far stronger place, was next invested, on the ITtbof March,
and on the 6th of April it was taken by storm. And here, too. General
Lery, a French engineer, expressed his astonishment, writing thus : " I
think the capture of Badajoz a very extraordinary event, and I should
be at a loss to account for it in any manner consistent with probability."
These two great strongholds, the border-fortresses, had now been taken,
and the way was thus opened into the heart of Spain. All Europe saw
with astonishment that a little English army, seldom amounting — even
with the aid of the Portuguese, — to more than 40,000 men, could coun-
teract the efforts of the best armies of France, led by Napoleon's most
trusted Generals.

After these exploits, Wellington gave his army some rest until the
harvest should grow up, and provisions bo more easily obtained. But
in May he sent General Hill to storm the forts at Almarcz on the Tagus,
when the French works, with all their artillery and stores, fell into the
hands of the English, who lost only 180 men. By thia able manoeuvre
the two armies of Marmont and Soult were separated.

On the 13th of Juno, the rains having ceased, and the field nif^T''zine8
being completed, Wellington passed tho Agueda, and on the 17th he
entered Salamanca, the people shouting, singing, and weeping for joy.
Tho forts, however, wore still held by French garrisons, and wero not
taken until tho 27th.

On tho 8th of July, Marmont, tho French General now opposed to
Wellington, received a reiuforeemont of GOOO men, and both lio and
Wellington began to prepare for a battle. On the 15th and IGth, Mar-
mont, who had previously made several deceptive movements, concen-
trated bis beautiful and gallant army between Toro and the Horniju
rivers. Then began n series of luananivreH, continued I'or several sucoos-
sive dayn, until, on the 20th, the two armies wero in sight, marching on
parallel lieights within musket-sliot of each other in the most perfect
array. Tho strength ot each army amounted io from 45,000 to 48,000
men; but of Wellington's force n considerable portion consisted of I'or-
tugueso troops.

V. i'v

l/C I.!!

H ' 1

■298

CVCLOP-?EDIA OF THE

In two or three days more, Marmont would have been joined by two
other French corps, augmenting his force by nearly 20,000 men. But
then he apprehended the arrival of either King Joseph, or Jourdan, the
senior Marshal then in Spain, either of whom would have superseded him
in the command. His object, therefore, was either to force the English
to retreat from Salamanca, or else to fight a battle, and if possible gain
a victory, before either of his superiors in command could arrive.

On tlic 22nd of July, some change of position on the part of the
English army gave Marmont the impression that Wellington was about
to retire towards Ciudad Kodrigo. Eager not to let the English thus
escape him, the French General ordered Maucune's division, which formed
his left, to march forward so as to fall upon the flank of the British
in their expected retreat. They did so ; but in so advancing a chasm
intervened between them and the division of Bonnet, which formed part
of the French centre. Word was brought to Wellington of this move-
ment. " Starting up, he repaired to the high ground, and observed
their movements for some time with stern contentment. Their loft
wing was entirely separated from the centre. The fault was flagrant, and
ho fixed it with the stroke of a thunderbolt." Turning to the Spanish
General Alava who stood by his side, he exclaimed, " Mon cher Alava,
Marmont est perdu !"

" A few orders issued suddenly from liis lips like the incantations of a
■wizard, and suddenly the dark mass of troops seemed animated by some
mighty spirit. Rushing down the slope of the mountain, they entered
the great basin. And now, after long coiling and winding like angry
serpents, the armies suddenly fastened together in deadly strife.

" IMannont saw the country benoatli him suddenly covered with
enemies when he was in the act of making a eoni;)licatcd evolution ; and
when by the rash advance of his left, his troops were separated into three
jiarts, each at too great a distance to assist the other. In this crisis,
despatching oflicer after othcer, some to hasten up his troops from the
forest, some to stop the march of iiis luft wing, ho still looked for victory,
till he saw Pakenham with his division penetrate between his left and
his centre; then hope died within him, and he was hurrying in person
to the fatal spot, when an exploding shell stretched him on the field,
with two deep wounds in iiis side.''

This naturally augmented the confusion of the French; but they still
fought manfully. It was just five o'clock when Pakenham fell on 3Iau-
<iuno, who, little thinking of such an onset, expected to see, from the

di
gr
«n
Er
fell
the
whi

Sp,

m^'i

i» '

ttiiSUfiiliiiil

L by two
n. But
fdan, the
eded him
! Englisli
jible gaia

70.

art of the
was about
igUsh thus
Ach formed
the British
ng a chasm
formed part
f this movc-
Qd observed

Their left
flagrant, and

the Spanish
1 cher Alava,

intations of a

[ivtod by some

they entered

jig like angry

Irifc.
covered with

■olution; n"d
Ivtcd into three

In this crisis,
jroops from the
.cd for victory,
.n his left and
•ying in person
lu on the tield,

I ; but they still
xm fell on Man-
J) see, from the

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

299

summit of a hill he had just gained, the Allies in full retreat. Still, his
gunners stood to their guns, and his cavalry charged ; but both were
killed or repulsed ; the infantry endeavoured to form a front, but in the
midst of its evolution it was charged and broken. The British cavalry
fell upon the rear, while Leith, with the fifth division, bore down on the
Tight flank. For awhile, the French veterans maintained some kind of
order, but at last the cavalry broke them ; Thomiere, one of their
Generals, was killed, 2000 of the French threw down their arms, and the
whole division was utterly routed.

The next portion of the French line, Clausel's division, while warmly
engaged with the English under Cole and Leith, had to sustain a charge
from 1200 British dragoons. The whole French divisbn was broken in
an instant. Five guns and 2000 prisoners were taken in a few minutes.
The entire of the left wing of the French army was now only a helpless
mob of fugitives. In the centre the struggle was a more arduous one.
The French still held a strong position on a hill — the Arapiles. Two
attacks by the Portuguese and English were repelled. Beresford, Cole
and Leith, were all wounded, and the English centre for a moment was
shaken and in danger. But Wellington, whoso eye was always where
the peril was greatest, inmiediately ordered up Clinton's division from
the rear, and restored the battle. The ridge of the Arapiles was regained,
" And now the current once more set in for the British. Pakenham
continued to outflank the French left ; Foy retired from the ridge of
Calveriza, and the Allied host, righting itself like a gallant ship after a
sudden gust, again bore right onwards, holding its course through blood
and gloom." •

There remained only the division of Foy, which formed the extreme
right of the French line, and still maintained a gallant fight. It seemed
diflicult for this General to extricate his division, but he did it with
great dexterity. Just as the darkness fell, he increased his skirmishers,
and brought forward some cavalry, as if for a charge. But when the
English had prepared themselves for a real encounter, the skirmishers
fell back, and the English pursued ; but when tliey reached the top of
the hill, the main body of the French had ose;ipcd into a forest hard by,
whore darknesd gave them safety.

Another failure on the part of a Spaniard, here, again, favoured the
French. The oastlo of Alba, on the Tornies, was garrisoned by a
Spanish force, under Carlos d'Espana, This, if maintained, would have
stopped the French iu their flight by the main road, and have forced

Mf'l'i

Vil

300

CYCLOPAEDIA OP THE

them to take the fords. But d'Espana, without informing Wellington,
had withdrawn the garrison, and left the road open ! " Had the castle
of Alba been held," says Napier, " the French could never have carried
ofif a third of their army." But by this piece of Spanish folly or
cowardice, they were permitted to escape.

As it was, their loss was enormous. They went into action with .
43,800 infantry and 4000 cavalry. Three weeks after, their General,
Clausel, who succeeded Marmont in the command, wrote to the Minister
of War at Paris, " The army consists of 20,000 infantry, and 1800
horse." So that, by death or wounds or capture, it had lost more than
half of its numbers. On the part of the Allies, the loss was 3176 British,
2018 Portuguese, and eight Spanish. One General was killed, and five
were among the wounded. Wellington himself was struck in the thigh
by a spent ball, which passed through his holster. This was one of the
last incidents of this great battle; in which the English leader, to use a
French ofiicer's expression, " defeated 40,000 men in forty minutes."
" Late in the evening of that great day," says Sir William Napier, " I
saw him behind my regiment, then marching towards the ford. He was
alone ; the flush of victory was on his brow, his eyes were eager and
watchful, but his voice was calm and even gentle. More than the rival
of Marlborough, — for he had defeated greater Generals than Marlborough
ever encountered, he seemed with prescient pride to accept this victory
only as an earnest of future glory."

The French fled with such celerity, that their headquarters, on the
following night, were nt Florcs d'Avila, no loss than forty miles from
the field of battle ! The English army, on the other hand, entered Madrid
on the 12th of August, amidst a scene of the wildest ecstasy. " No
words can express' the enthutsiasm which prevailed when the English
standards were seen in the distance, and the scarlet uniforms began to
be discerned through the crowd. Amidst a countless multitude, wrought
up to the highest pitch of rapturous feeling ; amidst tears of gratitude
and shouts of triumph, the British army entered the Spanish capital, not
as concjucrors, but as friends; not as oppressors, but deliverers." As
for Wellington, " with tears aivl every sign of deep emotion, the multi-
tudes crowded round hlii horse, hung by his stirrups, touched his clothes,
and throwing themselves on their knees, blessed him aloud." The
intrusive King, with about 12,000 men, had fled out of tho city a few
days previous.

Tho Rotiro, tho largest arsenal which tho French possessed in Spain,

It
in
as

Mtmiamaii

Hiillll

^1^

ington,

e castle

carried

folly or

lon 'witb. .
General,
Minister
md 1800
uore than
6 British,
I, and five
the thigh
one of the
jr, to use a

minutes."
Napier, " I
d. He was
je eager and
tan the rival
ylarlborough

this victory

kers, on the
L miles from
[ered ^ladrid
3tasy. "No
the English
Irms began to
ludc, wrought
of gratitude
capital, not
ivcrcrs." As
[n, the multi-
Id his clothes,
aloud." The
[ho city a few

99cd in Spain,

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

301

still had a garrison 1700 men. But it surrendered on the 13th, and the
British found in it, 180 pieces of cannon, 20,000 stand of arms, and
immense stores of all kinds. Meanwhile, " the French affairs in every
part of the Peninsula now exhibited that general crash and ruin which
80 usually follows a great military disaster, and presages the breaking up
of a political power."

Nor were the mighty results of this great battle limited to Southern
Europe. At the very moment when it took place. Napoleon, at the head
of 450,000, was entering the heart of the Russian empire. The news of
the defeat of his forces in Spain, reached him on the evening preceding
the great battle of Borodino. It doubtless reached the Emperor Alex-
ander also ; and the news must have greatly aided the Russian Monarch
in forming that remarkable resolve, " I am immovable ; and no terms
whatever shall induce me to terminate the war, or to fail in the sacred
duty of avenging our country." And, in a general order, issued shortly
after. General Kutosoff, Alexander's chief commander, said, " The hand
of God is falling heavily on Napoleon : Madrid is taJcen.^' Still, when,
in October, Wellington, from the want of battering-artillery, failed in
carrying the castle of Burgos, faction again raised its head in England,
and Ovuu dared to question his skill and talent as a General ! It was
with reference to some of these attacks that Wellington took the follow-
ing review of the results of the year.

" I fear that the public will be disappointed at the results of the last
campaign: and yet it is, in fact, the most important and successful
campaign in which a British army has been engaged for the last century.
We have taken by siege Ciudad Rodrigo, Badajoz, and Salamanca, and
the Retiro has surrendered. Since January, this army has sent to
England little short of 20,000 prisoners ; and it has taken and destroyed,
or wo now possess, little short of 3000 pieces of cannon."

More wonderful achievements, occupying a scries of years, never were
wrought out by a British army. Sir William Napier justly traces the
triumph of Salamanca and other victories to the forethought of Welling-
ton, in having laid such a foundation as he had provided in Torres
Vedras. " This strong post was of his own planning, — he had chosen
it, fortified it, defended it, and now, knowing its full value, he was avail-
ing himself of its advantages. The tree wa. olanted to bear such fruit
■ as was i^athored at Salamanca, and the value Oi his combinations must be
estimated from the general result. He had only G0,000 disposable troops,
and 100,000 wore especially appointed to watch and control him ; yet

■L ...... , .j.-..-.:w.-i.i.-i.*>s«.^«««-«.->.^-.i,,»,y-f|^,..^^,.^.,^ ..^ >.:j-.^,f.j,.«;.^..v„.^^, ^.^-.vaa.-M-j.^t.ya

302

CTCLOP^DIA OP THE

he passed the frontier, deflated 45,000 men in a pitched battle, and drove
20,000 others from Madrid in confusion, without diflSculty and without
risk. No General was ever more entitled to the honour of victory."

SALAMIS, BATTLE OF.— The Persians defeated by the Greeks
in this great battle, October 20th, 480 b.o. Themistocles, the Greek
commander, with only 310 sail defeated the whole fleet of Xerxes, con-
sisting of 2000 sail. One of the greatest naval engagements in ancient
times.

SALDANHA BAY.— Near the Cape of Good Hope.— Earn a Dutch
squadron was captured by Admiral St. George Keith Elphinstone, with-
out resistance. Five men of war and nine frigates surrendered, and St.
George was in consequence of this bloodless victory, which was executed
with wonderful judgment, created Lord Keith, August 17th, 1796.

SANTA CRUZ.— Here, April 25th, 1657, the renowned Blake
totally destroyed 16 Spanish ships, secured with great nautical skill,
and protected by the castle and the forts on the shore. This was thought,
at that time, one of the greatest feats ever accomplished. The Earl of
Clarendon, speaking of this exploit, says, " It was so miraculous, that
all who knew the place wondered that any sober man, with what
courage soever endowed, would have undertaken it; and the victors
could hardly persuade themselves to believe what they had done,
whilst the surviving Spaniards thought that they were devils and
not men who had destroyed their ships so." Here also, in an unsuccess-
ful attack made upon this place by Nelson, several oflicers and 141 men
were killed, and the brave Admiral lost his right arm. July 24th, 1797.
It is remarkable that Captain Freemantlc, the great friend of Nelson, and
a companion of his in most of his groat and brilliant achievements was
also wounded in the arm immediately before Nelson had received his
wound in the same limb. The following laconic note addressed to the
lady of Captain Frecmantle, (who was on board with her husband at the
time he wrote) has been preserved, as being the first letter written by the
glorious hero with his left hand :

Mv Dear Mrs. Freemantle,

Tell mc how Tom is? I hope he has saved his arm.
!Mine is otf; but, thank God, I am as well as I hope he is.

Ever Yours,

HORATIO NELSON.

the I
II

Luc

exc(

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

303:

id drove
without

tory."

e Greeks
ae Greek
rxes, con-
io ancient

re a Dutch
ione, \vitli-
ed, and St.
IS executed
1796.

med Blake
lutical skill,
was thought,
;rhe Earl of
culous, that
with vrhat
the victors
had done,
devils and
in unsucccss-
ind lU men
24th, 1797.
f Nelson, and

ivcmcnts was
received his

ircssed to the
usband at the

Irittcn by the

laved his arm.

NELSON.

SARATOGA, BURGOYNE'S SURRENDER AT.- General
Burgoyne, commander of a body of the British Army, after a very severe
engagement with the American Provincials in the American War of
Independence, October 17th, 1777, surrendered to the American Gene-
ral Gates. No less than 6791 men laid down their arms. This was the-
greatest check the British suflfered during the war.

SCOPOLO. — On July the 5th, 1808, a desperate action was fought
oflF the island of Scopolo, between a large Turkish frigate and corvette,,
and the Seahorse thirty-eight guns, captain Stewart, exhibiting the skill
and gallantry of the latter against a great disparity of force, by which
his own ship was so well preserved, while that of his opponent was ruined.
The action began at half-past nine in the evening, the Turks under easy
sail, a little oflf the wind, and continually endeavouring to board. At
ten o'clock, after a quarter of an hour's hot fire, the small ship was silenced ;,
the large ship, which had during this time fallen a little to leeward, and
thus been prevented from assisting her consort, recovered her position ;.
the action was recommenced ; and the resistance of the Turks was ;^so
obstinate, that it was not till a quarter past one she was rendered a
motionless wreck. As they would neither answer nor fire, captain Stew-
art, knowing the character of the people, conceived it most prudent to
wait for daylight to send on board her. At daylight, observing her
colours upon the stump of the mizenmast, the Seahorse poured a broad-
side into her stern, when she struck. She was named the Badere ZafFer,
of fifty-two guns, with a complement of 500 men, commanded by captain
Scanderli Kichuc Ali, who had been prevented by his own people from
blowing her up. Her loss was prodigious — 1G5 killed and 195 wounded^
The Seahorse had only five killed and ten wounded.

SEBASTOPOL.— The celebrated city besieged during the Crimean
war. See Bombardment, first and second (^Jinal) of Sebastopol; also,
Mamclon, Malakojf and Sortie.

SEDGMOOR, BATTLE OP.— Fought, July 5th, 1085, in which
the Duke of Monmouth was completely defeated by the army of Jiimes
II of England. The Duke, who was the natural son of Charles II, by
Lucy Walters, one his mistres.ses, was made prisoner, and soon afterwards
executed.

SEIDLITZ, BATTLE OP.-Fought, April 10th, 1831, between

304

CYCLOPEDIA OP THE

ft ;

the Poles and Russians. The Poles obtained the victory, after a bloody
battle, taking 4000 prisoners, and several pieces of cannon. The killed
«nd wounded, on both sVc:-, aaounted to many thousands.

SEMINCAS, li.VIiLi; *•£" .—Fought a. d. 938. One of the most
bloody battles evr: foyr.!.t. B>-tween the Moors and Ramirez II, King
of Leon, ai)' l)(e Austn^tiis. More than 80,000 of the infidels were slain,
the dead lyint;; in heaps for miles around.

SEMPACH, BATTLE OF.— Fought, July 9th, 1386, between the
Swiss and Leopold, Duke of Austria. The heroic Swiss, after prodigies
of valour, gained a great and memorable victory over the Duke, who was
slain. By this battle they gained their independence, which they possess
xintil this day ; and they annually commemorate, with great solemnity,
t his victory.

SERGEANT. — The highest non-commissioned officer of a company.
This word enters into the title of di£ferent officers, as sergeant-major,
color-sergeant, &c.

SERINGAPATAM, BATTLE OF.— This first battle, called also
the Battle of Arikera, in which the British defeated Tippoo Saib, was
fought May 15th, 1791. The second, in which the redoubts were
stormed, and Tippoo reduced by Lord Cornwallis, fought February 6th,
1792. After this capture peace was signed, and Tippoo agreed to cede
one-half of Mysore, and to pay 33,000,000 of rupees, about £3,000,000,
sterling to England, and to give up his two sons as hostages. In a new
war the Madras army arrived before Seringapatam, April 5th, 1799. It
was y:''--^^ by the iJombay army, April 14th, and the place was stormed
and carried by Major General Baird, May 4th, same year. Tippoo was
killed in this engagement.

The following account gives the particulars of the Ist engagement
previous to the capture of Seringiipatam.

" On the 27th of March, 1799, at three o'clock p.m., the right wing
(of the British army destined for tlie capture of Seringapatam) moved
slowly off the ground of encampmeut, along a heavy sandy road, impeded
in their progress by the ponderous battering-train of guns, each 42
pounder being drawn majestically along by thirty, forty, and sometimes
fifty bullocks, harnessed four abreast ; imd even these numbers were
frequently found insufficient to extricate the wbculs of the carriages from

"&1
Cfluestj
f^eiidiJ

spear t|
au addil

bloody
3 killed

;\ie most
LI, King
ere slain >

■tureen tbe
. prodigies
e,\?bo vras
bey possess
; Bolemni^yi

a company,
rtreant-major,

le called also

poo Saib, ^^as

[edoubts ^ere

February 6th,

Leed to cede

^^ £3,000,000,

[es. Inaiievv
3tb,1^99- It
je \ya8 stormed
Tippoo v."i^

Ist engagement

Itberigbt^inS

Lpatam) x^ov^^
L toad, impeded
1 cuns, eacb 4-
I and sometimes
t numbers ^^ere
le carriages fto"^

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

305

the deep sloughs into which the} "^en sank, even up to the axles, when
the aid of elephants was required tiese sugacious animals would wind
their trunks or probosci aroand the > e and between the spokes of the
wheels, and thus lift gun and carriag Iroui the . impending difficulty,

whipped with leather thongs,
tiirward. It was indeed an

:i Si

he sagacity of these huge

to assist, if the weight was

11 trumpeting proceeding

1 this deficiency in strength for

call fivr another elephant, and

neou.«ly applying their whole

louu table difficulties ; though,

!p to the axles of the four

been required to lift the

' hich they had sunk.

i>ioa»en, were on the right

British as they advanced ;

uns, large bodies of these

rvals, cutting down the

' M' the whole parapher-

whilst the bullocks were being >. oaded .• 1
The ponderous machines were thn (lra\\
admirable and beautiful si;i;ht t( bservc
creatures; for when one oi: y was b ight
too considerable for its animal strength,
from its proboscis would instantly procla
the oltiect required, when the keeper \
then lie united power of the two, sit)
force, would speedily overcome almost i iisu
when guns and carriages were embeddc
wheels, i: veral of these noble animals 1
machines liodily from the tenacious clay i
Clouds of looties, '>r irregular predator
flank of the line, whi ared incessantly on tli
and when a stoppage occurred, to extricate ti.
looties would suddenly dash through the
artillerymen, uainiing the bullocks, and dosti
nalia of harness ; and this in spite of all the exin is of skirmishers to
keep them at a respectable distance. The fierce sun was almost intoler-
able, and many Europeans fell dead from coups-dc-soleil. Only three
miles and a halt 'ould bo marched from three o'clock until nearly twelve,
when the little mud-walled fort of Malleville was descried, with the
gallant 19th dra_'Oons, drawn up in close column under the walls, to
shelter them frou the enemy's brisk cannonade. At a hill fortress
(Amboor), previous to mounting the <lhauts and entering the Mysore
country, the British army had been joined by about 10,000 of the Nizam's
troops — a disorderly set of savage, undisciplined barbarians (clothed in
stuffed cotton jackets, covered with steel-chained armour, capable of
resisting a musket-ball), prancing and skirmishing about the country in
every direction, wielding their long lances with uncommon dexterity,
managing their horses with grace and ease, almost to perfection in the
equestrian art — sometimes casting their spears, and then, at full gallop,
bending the body so low under the horse, as to recover possession of the
spear that lay flat on the sand. This heterogeneous force was certainly

but, in a

an additional strength to the numerical force of the British,

HP"

306

CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE

military point of view, of tlubious advantage to tlic invading regular army,
whose movements they frcijucntly disconcerted, by dashing furiously
through tlio intervals between the columns on the line of march, and,
being often mistaken for the enemy's irregular liorso, were fired ut accord-
ingly, many of them perishing in this unprofitable manner; and had any
adverse fortune occurred in the campaign, confusion and defeat must
have ensued, as these disorderly masses would inevitably have incom-
moded, and rendered all military discipline abortive. Accordingly, to
protect them from absolute annihilation, the 33rd regiment of infantry,
under command of the hon. colonel Wellesley (the Duke of ^W'llington),
was attached to this disorderly crew, and acted with them during the
advance to 8eriiigapatam. The movements of the whole army was en-
tirely confided to the management of Colonel Barry Close, ii Company's
othcer, and adjutant-general to the forces — a man of extensive capacity,
who had displayed eminent talents in both civil and military departments
during his long residence in India, lie was an ornament to his profes-
sion, and, had ibrtune favoured him, might have proved a iirst-rate gene-
ral. For his amiable and conciliatory disposition, he was beloved and
esteemed by M who enjoyed the advantage of liis society.

During the march, the towns ;niil villages were involved in flames in
every direction, and not an atom of I'ood or Ibragc was anywhere procur-
able (every officer of the army was provided with three months' provi-
sion of biscuit, kc, borne on the backs of bullocks in various numbers,
according to the grade of tlw oUieer), and every tank or pool of water
was impregnated with the poison of the milk hedge, large (juantities of
the branches of which the enemy had industriously thrown in — so that
many horses, bullocks, and even, in some instances, men, fell victims to
the deleterious infusion.

As the head of the IJritish column passed the little fort of Malleville,
the (juarter-master-general was observed marking out the site for encamp-
ment on an extensive sandy plain in front of the fort. The booming of
distant heavy ordnance was plainly distinguishable. The lasoara had
commenced pitching the tents inid manjuees for the reception of the
exhausted troops, but were suddenly interrupted in their occupation by
tlie HUccesHive bounding of cannon-balls amongst them, when they preci-
jiitately (juitfed the dangerous situation, and fied for protection to the
rear of the approacliiiig troops. The enemy were posted on a command-
ing eminence about two miles distant, at the extremity of the sandy jilain,
BU})purted by u lung range uf uuuivrous heavy urtillery and strong impus-

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

307

army,
riously
1, and,
accord-
ittd any
it must
incom-
ii|j.ly, to
iil'iuitry,
ington),
viu^ tho
was eii-
lupany'a
capacity,
iiirtmonts
lis pvot'os-
i-ato licnc-
loved ami

flames in
I'o pvocur-
1,9' pntvi-

uumlicvs,
i\ „r water
ii\ulitios of
|„— so that

victims to

MaUeviile,
I'or oiicamii-
Itiumiiii;^ ol
jliis'-aiM had
lit ion of the
nipatiou hy
they pieei-
Ltioii to tiio
III command-

*andy l>li'>».
Irong impes-

ing bodies of regular cavalry. The English pickets, commanded by
Captain Macphcrson, of the 12th foot, pushed on towards the enemy's
left flank with two l2-poundcr galloppcrs, and the action became brisk
in that quarter — for, having ensconced themselves in a wood, tliey were
thus secure from the charges of hordes of cavalry surrounding, whom they
saluted with reiterated discharges of grape-shot from the galloppers. In
the interim, whilst this scone was agitating, the right wing of the British
army formed, on the intended ground of encampment, in contiguous close
columns, and in this form cautiously advanced tinvards tlic eminence in
front. I now, for the first time, became acquainted with the whirring,
hoarse noiso of cannon-balls — the phitz, phitz, of musket-bullets passing
close to the body — and the ping, I'iiig, of those flying distantly over head :
fortunately, the balls, rockets, i\:c., were ill-directed, and did little execu-
tion. As the colunms approuclied nearer the enemy's position, the heavy
guns were withdrawn behind the eminence (Tip])oo Saib fearing nothing
so much as the capture of his artillery, which he had invariably lost in his
former battles with lord C'uriiwallis, in 1782), and ultimately disappeared!
In this short advance. Captain Whitley, of the grenadiers of the 12th
{to which company I was attached), observing, 1 presume, the unaccus-
tomed paleness of my countenance, turned round and ofleredme a refresh-
ing draught of brandy and water fnim the contents of his canteen, or
leathern bottle attached to his side, which I gratefully accepted ; for at
eighteen we have not the nerves and stamina of u num of ftirty years old.
Untried individuals may sarcastically sneer at this ajiparent indication of
pusillanimity; but never, during all my service, did I observe soliliers
enter on a scene of aetion witii that calm, florid appearance, denoting a
sense of health and security : did man ever yet e.\ist exempt IVom the
couimon feelings of hunnin nature ? In jioint of fact, there is an evident,
pidpablo alteratitm of feature in every man, at the commencement of a
battle ; as it rages, this marked difl\'renee in the lineaments of tlio Cdun-
tciiance disappears, and the excitement of exertion Sdon produces the usual
efleet of renewed animation, with a spirit of recklessness indiil'erent to the
conse([nenccs of existing danger.

The advancing columns having approached within a few yards of tho
summit of the eminence, Imlled, and tleployed into line, and thus marched
on, when having reached the apex of the ascent, the formididile army of
tho redoubtable Tippoo Sail) appeared drawn \ip on the plain below in
battle array, with woods on both flanks, covered with tens of thousamls of
horsemen ; the lirst iiidioation of a serious nttack prococded from n body

i IB'

308

cyclopjEDia of the

of cavalry, who charging the light infantry skirmishing front, soon drove
them with headlong speed into the British line, wliere they rejoined their
battalions; this body of horse, of about 1500, was formed in a compact
wedge-like shape, with the front angle headed by two enormous elephants
(saddled with howdahs, filled with distinguished oflScers), having each a
huge iron chain dangling from the proboscis, which they whirled about
with great rapidity, a blow from which would have destroyed half a com-
pany of infantry ; at the first superficial view they were mistaken for the
Nizam's troops, but as they rapidly approached (firing their pistols and
carbines, which produced some trifling efiect) towards an interval of a
few yards extent between his majesty's 12th regiment and a battalion of
Sepoys on the right, it was soon obvious they intended passing through
this interval to the rear of the British line ; fortunately, at this momen-
tous crisis, a detachment of the Company's native cavalry suddenly gal-
loped from the rear, and completely filled up the space, when the enemy
edged off, and directed their whole column to the front of the 12th regi-
ment. Gi-'ueral Harris, the commander-in-chief, suddenly appeared in
the roar, vociferating aloud, "Fire, 12th! fire!" To their eternal
•credit, eoolness, and unexampled discipline, be it recorded, that although
standing with recovered arms, not a shot was fired, nor even a movement
made, that indicated indecision ; the men knew it was not the voice of
the colonel, who, however, thus pressed by the authority of his superior
• officer, now gave the command — "Steady, 12tii! and wait until these
fellows are within ten yards of you, — then singe the beggars whiskers."
This onler was implicitly obeyed. At the word " Fire ! " a volley was
clVeetually poured into the wedge of cavalry, followed by a rapid and well-
-directed file-firing, which produced the happiest efi'eet ; for on the smoke
clearing away, a complete rampart of men and horses lay extended on the
CiU'th, in front of this invineible old corps! The elephants, maddened,
with pain from their imiumcrable wounds, were sliutlling away with speed,
and swinging the enormous chains to right and left amidst tho retiring
cavalry, numy of whom were thus destroyed. The howdahs (from which
the leading chiefs had directed the eliarge) were dashed to atoms, and
several of these brave men's lieatls hung from the backs of the enraged
animals ; horses rearing, and crushing tho riders to death— other loose
and wounded horses scouring tlif plain on all sides— the scene was awfully
terrific! Just at this eventfid period, two !>-pounder field-pieces replaced
the cavalry in the interval alluded to, at once opening a destruelivc shower
of grapo-shot ou the disooujfitod horsemon, who wore attempting to join

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

309

[rove
their
apuct
liauts
acl) a
about
a, com-
or the
)ls and
I of a
lUon of
hrough
uomon-

nly S'tl-
I enemy
;th rcgi-
eared in
eternal
iilthough
ovenient
voice of
superior
til thcce
linkers."
u-y was
ami well-
ho smoke
l1 on the
iuldened •
[ih Hpced,
retirin'^
om which
toms, and
iM\ra|j;otl
,ther loose
UH awfully
Ih replaced
JVC sliower
|i\^ to ji'in

their main body stationed in the woods below ; these latter, perceiving
the entire defeat of the " Forlorn Hope," poured forth their tens of
thousands, scouring rapidly over the sandy plain, exposed to the exter-
minating effects of the British artillery. The battle now became general
along the whole line — infantry, cavalry, and artillery, all exerting their
utmost efforts of destruction. Unfortunately, a large body of the Myso-
rian cavalry outflanked and cut into the rear of the British line, destroyed
crowds of sick men and lascars, who were considered safe from such indis-
criminate and inhuman butchery. Many of these gallant fellows, although
in the last stage of human debility, crawled out of the doolies (rough
palanquins for sick men), and fought manfully to the last gasp. On the
extreme right of the line, tlie hon. colonel Wellesley was stationed, with
his majesty's 33rd regiment of foot, surrounded by the Nizam's cavalry.
The Mysorians at once charged the Nizam's horse, who as suddenly
scampered off. When the 33rd regiment were first observed by the
enemy, the usual cry of" Feringoe bong chute ! " (" Rascally English ! ")
was uttered, and Tlppoo's cavalry fled in confusion, leaving several batta-
lions of infantry to receive the dreadful charge of the British regiment!
One hurrah ! and the opposing infantry came in contact; several thou-
sands of the Mysorians were bayonettcd, the rest retiring in dismay,
followed by the IDth dragoons, who cut and slashed without mercy. The
right wing of the enemy being tiirown into irretrievable confusion, and
nil parts of their line wavering, the battle was .soon ended, Tippoo Saib
drawing off with all possible haste. The British lino now bcgon to
advance from their fighting position ; but so numerous were the dead
bodies of men and horsrs in front of the I'ith regiment, that some diffi-
culty was experienced in .sunnountiiig the obstiicle ! Two or three horse-
nun, in the attack of the wedge of cavalry, cut through the 12th rcgiu'ciit,
but were immediately shot in the rear. To givo nn idea of the temper,
sharpness, and weight of the swords of these men, who had all ilrugged
tlicmsclves with bang (a narcotic hcrli, resembling opium in its etVeetH on
till' iiuman frame), lor the attack, I have on!}' to UK'ntion, tliattlic barrel
of ono of the Kuropean's muskets was completely severed by one cut from
a Moorman's sabre, the blade of which was three and a lialf feet long
half an inch thick nt the back, and four inches broad, weiuhing fourteen
]>oun(ls I

It is now only ncoensnry to ndd, that the victory was in favour of the
British, who witli the riglit wing of their army (about 10,0(10 men) hnd
engaged the combined forces of the sultan, destroying sevc-al thousand?,

.suimamm

hi • i

310

CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE

witli tlie loss only of a few hundreds. No guns were captured on either
side. About six o'clock in the afternoon, the only indication of the
proximity of an enemy was Ihe distant booming of heavy artillery. The
British, on reaching their original ground of encampment, were congra-
tulated by the left wing of the army (just encamping, after a tedious hot
march) on the success of the engagement, expressing regret that they had
not arrived iu time to participate in the glory of the day."

SERINGAPATAM, OPENING THE TRENCHES BEFORE.-

" On the morning of the 5th April, 179!.(, the British army encamped on
their permanent ground for the siege of the celebrated fortress of Scringa-
patam ; and, after due deliberation, it was decided to open the trenches,
if possible, the same evening. In accordance with this determination,
two separate bodies of troops were ordered to parade, at six o'clock in the
afternoon — one destined to drive the enemy from the dry bed of a nuUuh,
or narrow river — the other to take possession of a small wood situated in
a lino on the right of the river, and rather nearer the encampment, which
had been occupied the night before by a detachment of flankers under
General Baird, and evacuated, the enemy having silently retreated from it
on the approach of the English. Both these positions were, on the 5th,
strongly occupied by select bodies of Tippoo's troops. To accomplish
these arduous enterprises, his Majesty's 12th regiment, with a proportion
of sepoys or native troops, consisting of about 2(MM) effective men, under
the command ol" lieutenant-colonel yiuiw (of the 12th foot), marched from
the British lines at a quarter past six o'clock, to take possession of the
bed of the rivor ; his majesty's IKJrd regiujcnt of foot, with a detachment
of sepoys, amiiuiiting, in toto, to 2(100 men. uiid(>r the command of
colonel Wollt'sley (now the duke of Welliny^Dn ), (|uitti'd camp aliout the
came time, to oeciij)y the tojio, or wood, on the right of the bed of the
rivor. The two posts were intended to be carried at or near the same
tinio as possible, for the mutual protection and security of both detach-
ments — as one jjoxitlmi was almost untonalili' without the occupation of
the other. The HritiMJi oncanipnient was silmiteil three miles from
Seriiigiipatiim, on arising ground gradiinlly sloping up from the fortress,
with the exception of partial undulations, which, liowever, did not pre-
vent a perfect view of tlio whole intermediate spaces. The two posts
(nullah and lop) wore midway between the oampaiid the besieged to ^n.
Scarcely had thcso two little columns ([uitted the camp, tlian they were
osaullod by showers of rockets nnd blue lights I'rom every direction in

I iiiiii-fcii ' '"liar

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

311

cither
of the
The
jongva-
0U9 hot
liey had

3BE.-

niped on
Scringa-
trcuchcs,
uivnation,
)ck in the
a nuUuh,
ituated in
jnt, which
;ors under
tod from it
In the 5th,
ncconiplisli
proportion
lion, under
ucliedfrom

;ion of t^i"
dotaciinient

mmiand of
ip uV)ont tiie
hod of the
ir liie Han\e
l)oth dotai'h-
.oupulion ol
inih's from
the forlro!*s,
,lid not pro-
L' two posts
Uioged to n\.
[in they were
airiHJtion ii»

front, which completely illumined the atmosphere, and exposed the
British to the fire of Tippoo's tiger sepoys ; heavy masses of whom poured
death into Shaw's force, with the most terrific efiect. Still this gallani
little body moved slowly on (as the night was exceedingly dark), although
more encumbered each moment with dead, dying, and wounded : the
rockets and musketry from upwards of 20,000 of tlic enemy were inces-
sant — no hail could be thicker ; with every blue light came a shower of
bullets, and several rockets passed through the head to the rear of the
column, causing death, wounds, and dreadful lacerations :^= the cries of
the wounded were quite awful. Not a shot did the IJritish fire, nor had
the men even loaded their pieces ; a caution from the brave old colonel
Shaw, that " <iU must he done with (he hai/omf," needed no repetition
to ensure obedience ; but scarcely had this caution been conveyed through
the ranks, when a tremendous peal of musketry was heard on the right
flank, in the direction of the wood, which caused Shaw's force to halt, as
the attack became so formidable irom the front, and both flanks, that it
would have been an useless sacrifice of the men's lives to stand up ; they
wore consequently directed to lie down for a few minutes, to avoid the
effects of the enemy's scorching fire, which now proceeded from a very few
yards' distance — the brilliant light of their tire-balls or blue lights exposing
Shaw's column to the full force of their musketry; and imagining, from
the reeumbont posture of the British, that tlie majority was killed, a largo
column of the tiger sepoys ventured an attack with the bayonet, and
drove in the battalion of the Company's sopoys, who were a few yards iu
advance on the right, and killing their major. The command, " i^ji,
12th and rhdi'ffc !" was no sooner given, that each man sprang up and
advanced to the charge in silence and compact order. The tiger sepoys
ptooil, until a very few yards intervened between the combatants, when a
general shout of '' Foringec bong chute!" ("the rascally English!")
was uttered, and the enemy dispersed on all sides in considerable confu-
tion ; but, shortly after, again threw out their blue lights, •'nd recom-

• Tho rockot consisted of an Iron tube, nbout two feet long, and throe inchei
In dinniotcr, attached to a bamboo caiio of lil'teon or twenty feci in length. The
tul)0 is lilicd witli conibiiHtiblo luiilter ; and tliid drcailfiil niisitilo cntoriiig tho
Load (if u Cdlunni, itiiSHOs tiiroii((ii ii tuitu :) body, and instantly ii'suniiM its
original force ; thin destroying or wounding twenty men, indoptMidpiit of innu-
miMiibU' Iftcorallona ciinsed by tho sori'i'nlinoniotion of tlio long bnnil)oo, which
in it4 irrcsistil)lo ])ro^i'css, Hpllntcrs to lUmn.", wlion tlia iron tube usauuieg a
rapid rotary motion, and bnries itself in the earth.

312

CYCLOPEDIA OP THE

I i}

u ''I

menced their murderous file-firing, which once more compelled the British
to resume their prostrate posture. It was now about twelve o'clock at
night, when the solemn trampling of a body of troops was plainly distin-
guished, approaching from the right flank in a hasty and rather tumul-
tuous manner. Once more Shaw's column were on their feet and pre-
paring to charge, when a few stragglers from the hon. colonel Wellesley's
force rushed in, and announced that the detachment had been repulsed
from the wood, and that the approaching trampling was part of the force
coming to join Shaw — that two companies of the 33rd, with their
colonel (Wellesley), were missing ! A few minutes after this report,
major Shea (second in command to Wellesley) joined Shaw's force with
the remains of that detachment ; he stated that colonel Wellesley, with
two companies of the 33rd regiment, had been either taken prisoners or
had retreated to camp ! As second in command, he had considered it his
duty to traverse the wood in search of him, which proving unsuccessful,
and the fire from the enemy becoming so exceedingly heavy, had induced
him to lead the remaining troops to colonel Shaw, for the purpose of
obtaining information, and receiving instructions how to act. Colonel
Shaw replied, ironically, " that he had better follow his colonel to camp"
— a hint that was implicitly and immediately complied with. Indigna-
tion here overcame prudence, as Shaw soon saw the enemy pouring in
from all sides, and the stoutest heart in his force predicted a fatal result,
from the united and concentrated efforts of so numerous an enemy. Largo
quantities of aniiiiunition were sent from camp during the night, for the
.supply of Shiiw's eolumn, as, from the tremendous tiring, it was naturally
apprehended that all thoir cartridges had been expended ; but these inces-
sant peals of musketry had all proceeded from Tip|.oo's troops (not a
sin^'le shot hud been returned by Shaw's eolunni). The oldest soldier in
camp declared they had never heard so tremendous a lire : in fact, it con-
tinued for twelve hours without iiiturniission, blue lights and rockets
illuiniiiating the air the whole time — beautil'ul, though terrilie. It was
generally imagined in camp that Shaw and his detachment must have
been inevitably Mnniliiiafed ; but this gallant old ollieer only waited the
dawn ol' day, to exhibit one of the most glorious and impressive speetaelea
that ever added histre to the annals of British Jiiilitary fame ! The appear-
ance of Wellesley in camp, Ibllowed by jiart of two compitnies of the .'{3rd
regiment, reporting tliat the remainder of his ditachmeiit had been eut
to pieces, inereased tlie [)robability of the inevitable destruction of the
other attacking column, and all was anxiety and commiseration, in camp,
for the fate of this devoted little baud.

BATTLES OF THE -WORLD.

313

ritish
3ck at
iistin-
tumul-
id pre-
lesley's
spulsed
le force
h their
report,
■ce with
3y, with
oners or
3d it his
icccssful,
induced
irpose of
Colonel
to camp"
Indigna-
luring in
Ital result,
l\y. Largo
lit, for the
niituruUy
iu'so inccs-
ips (not a
soldier in
cl, it con-
d rockets
It wns
must have
w;iited the
spue tildes
he iippeur-
A' the :53rd
jd been cut
Itiou of the
1, in camp,

At five o'clock on the morning of the 6th April, the fire of musketry
began to relax ; the whole were under arms, and generously anxious for
the safety of the column under Shaw's command : but scarcely had the
day. dawned, than a glorious and exhilirating scene was displayed: the
gallant old 12th, and the sepoys in line with them, were seen rushing on
the entrenched enemy at the point of the bayonet, and driving them from
the bed of the river, in spite of a heavy cannonade from the fortress of
Seringapatam, and the resistance of the numerous columns opposed to
them. Never did men more heroically perform their duty: the conflict
was excessively murderous and obstinate, as the tiger sepoys were brave,
numerous and well-disciplined. For some time the result of the attack
appeared most dubious, as a considerable body of French troops persevered
in most gallant style, in leading on Tippoo's sepoys. The rapid
charge of the 12th regiment, supported by the sepoys composing the
force, excited the admiration of the whole British army. General Harris
was heard to exclaim, "Well done, old 12th! why, they arc going to
take Seringapatam ! " The occupation of the bed of the nullah being at
length achieved by Shaw's column, it had scarcely secured itself under the
embankment of the river, from the thundering cannon of the fortress,
when the enemy in the wood (who had opposed and put Wellesley to
flight) opened a destructive fire from several field-pieces, which completely
enfiladed Shaw's post. A mound of earth was quickly thrown up on
the right flank of the 12th regiment, to protect them, as much as possi-
ble, from this fresh annoyance ; but this precaution could not have pre-
vented the British from being dislodged from the bed of the river, had
not several brigades from camp been observed advancing to support the
position of Shaw's post, and to drive the enemy from the wood. The
certainty of speedy support inspired Shaw's column with renewed ardour,
and a fire was for the first time returned, with a rapidity and efloct that
completely disconcerted the enemy, who retired in good order, ever and
anon facing about and firing ii volley of musketry.

They were not relieved until the close of the evening of the lith, as
the enemy's firing from the fortress of Seringapatam was so destructive,
that Baird's brigade was conipoUed to lialt and return to camp ; the
other brigade, under Wellesley, advanced and took possession of the wood
which the enemy abandoned, and thus relieved Shaw's post from an an-
noying enfilade of cannon and umskctry, from which they s\ifi'ered for at
least nn htmr and a half after daybreak, with the greatest constancy and
courage. Eleven oflicers and 180 rank and file were killed and wounded

314

CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE

:( ■ .V.

in this small force during the night and morning of the 5th and 6th
April. About seven o'clock in the evening of the latter day, the 74th
regiment relieved the 12th, who were right happy to break their fast
after twenty-four hours' hard fighting and fasting."

SEVILLE.— Surrendered to the French, February 1st, 1810; taken
by assault by the British and Spaniards, after the battle of Salamanca,
August 27th, 1812, when the French left it, at the general evacuation of
the south of Spain, in consequence of their signal defeat in that battle.

SHERRIFMUIR, BATTLE OF.— Fought, November 12th, 1715,
between the Royal army, under the Duke of Argylc, and the Scotch rebel
forces, who favored the Pretender, and commanded by the Earl of Mar.
The insurgents were defeated. Fought on the same day in which the
rebel forces were defeated at Preston.

SHREWSBURY, BATTLE OF.— Fought, July 21st, 1403,
between the Royal army of Henry IV, and the army of the Nobles, led by
Percy, surnamcd Hotspur, who ha.d conspired to dethrone Henry.
Each army consisted of about 12,000 men, and the engagement was most
obstinate and bloody. Henry was seen everywhere in the thickest of the
fight, while his valiant son, who was afterwards the renowned conqueror
of France, fought by his side, thotigh wounded in the face by an arrow,
still kept the field and performed astonishing deeds of bravery. On the
other hand, Hotspur performed prodigies of valour ; 2300 gentlemen
were slain, and about 6000 private men. Hotspur was killed by an
unknown hand, and his death decided the fortune of the day.

SHROPSHIRE, BATTLE OF.— In which the Britons were com-
pletely dcleatcd, and Caractacus, their leader, taken prisoner and sent to
Rome; fought a.d. 51.

SIECiES.— Numerous in History; the following are the most impor-
tant :—

Acre, 1799, by Bonaparte; siege nii.scd after sixty days, open trenches.

Algiers, 1816. Sec this miiclc.

Almeida, August 27th, 1810.

Antwerp, 1576, use of infernal machines; also besieged 1583, 1585,
1706, 1792, and 1814.

7i,u^(»y'()^, March 1 1th, 1811, but raised June 9th. Taken by esca-
lade on the night of April 6th, 1812.

sieges,

iSiil(

Sun

firjiphic

1808, ,

reduce

■llilliiliTTTfiriBri'-"'"-

id6tli
e74tli
sir fast

; taken
imanca,
latiou of
battle.

b, 1715,
tch rebel
I of Mar.
fbicb tbe

at, 1403,
les, led by
ic Henry,
it was moat

(kest of tbe
conqueror
an arrow,
On tbe
.j;cntlemen

lied by aQ

were com-
I and sent to

liuost iuipor-
Icn trenches.

|l583, 1585,
ten by caca-

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

315

Bagdad, 1248.

Bayonne, 1451.

Berwick, 1293. See this article.

Bommel, 1794; the invention of the covert-way used here.

Burgos, September to October, 1812, raised ; the French in their
retreat blew up the works, June 13tb, 1813.

Calais, 1347 ; British historians aflSrm cannon first used bere at this
siege. See this article.

Candia, 1667; the largest cannon then known in Europe, used here
by the Turks.

Carthagena, 1706.

Chalons, 1199.

Cherbourg, 1650.

Ciudad Rodrigo, 1706, July, 1810 ; January, 1812. Sec this article.

Constantinople, 1453.

Copenhagen, 1700, 1801, and 1807. Sec this article.

Cracow, 1772.

DimJdrk, 1646, 1793.

Frederichshall, 1718, Charles XII killed here.

Gibraltar, 1704, 1799*, and 1782; red hot cannon balls used here to
burn the French fleet. See this article.

Ismael, 1790. See this article.

Kars, 1855. See this article.

Londonderry, 1689. See this article.

Mons, 1572, 1691, 1709, 1740, 1792, and 1794.

Mothe, 1034 ; the French taught by Mr. Muller, an English engineer,
first practised the art of throwing shells.

Xaplcs, 1381, 1435, 1604, 1557, 1792, 1709, and 1806.

Orleans, 1428, 1563.

Philipsburg, 1644, 1675, and 1688; first experiment of firing artillery
iVricohet here, also besieged 1734 and 1795.

liomorcntin, 1356; according to Voltaire, artillery first used hero in
sieges.

St. Sebastian, September, 1813.

SaUunanca, Juno, 1812.

Saragossa, oftencr spelled Zaragosa, — appended to this article Is a
gniphic account of the 2nd siego. It was besieged three times, in 1710,
1808, and 1809, the t,vo last were dreadful sieges.

Schwcidnltz, 1762 and 1807. Here was the first experiment to
reduce a fortress by springing globes of compro->iou.

!
i
1

316

CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE

S€hastoj}oI, 1854 and 1855. See tJiis article rtnder the heads of
Bomhardment of SebastopoJ, JUamelon, Quarries, Rifle Fits, Sortie, dc

Seville, 1096, 1247, 1248, one of the most memorcible sieges men-
tioned in Spanish history.

Silistria, 1854. See this article.

Stralsund, 1675, 1713, and 1807; the method of throwing red hot
cannon balls first practiced here with certainty.

Tar if a, December 20th, 1811.

Toulon, 1707 and 1793.

Tournuy, 1340, 1312, 1581, 1G67, and 1709. During this siege the
host defence ever drawn from countermines was here practised ; also
besieged in 17G5 and 1794.

Tunis, 1270, 1535.

Valenciennes, May 23rd to July 14th, 1793. See this article.

Warsaw, September 8th, 1831.

Zutphen, 1572 and 158G.

SILISTRIA, SIEGE OF--In 1854.— The following is an admira-
ble account of the siege of this place :

" After the battle of Citato, so bitter a blow to the pretensions of Russia,
the enemy's Generals found it advisable to change their plan of operations-
Adopting Foktchani as their basis, they accumulated a large amount of
militai'y stores, and finding that the Turks were not to bo tempted into
crossing the Danube, calmly awaited reinforcements. When these had
arrived, it was, resolved to make a desperate effort to force the passage of
the river. Imperative orders arrived from St. Petersburg to press the
war vigorously, and at any cost. On the 13th of February they attacked
Giurgevo, on the Wallachian bank of the Danube, with a considerable
force, and after a vigon s resistance, the Turks were forced to evacuate
their position, though not without being able to etl'ect an orderly retreat
across the river, and establish thenisc'u'es firmly in the opposite town of
Rustchuk. The Russian Generals now resolved on concentrating their
strength, and making an irresistible advance into Bulgaria. With char-
acteristic promptness, however, Omor Pacha initiated the attack. Throw-
ing a small column across the Danube at Raliova, he assaulted and drove
back the outposts at Kalarasch witii considerable slaughter ; and the
Turks, after this dashing feat, retired in security to Rahova. Another
attempt was made by the extreme right of the Russian line, on the 11th
of March, to seize Kalafat ; but they were energetically repulsed by the

ils of
le, iic.
I men-

ed hot

the
;d; also

legc

n admira-

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

317

brave garrison of that renowned town. Four days later, Prin-" . Corts-
chakofF made a desperate effort to wrest from its Ottoman defenders the
island in the Danube between Tukurtai and Oltenitza, tvhich had been so
important a position in the battle at the latter place. The Russians were
again driven back, but some idea of the sanguinary nature of the struggle
may be formed from the fact that 2000 soldiers of the Czar left their
bodies on the disputed ground.

" Five days before this desperate attempt to force the passage of the
river at Oltenitza, General Luders had succeeded in crossing, at Galatz,
into the Dobrudscha. Gortschakoff, defeated as he had been, resolved
upon abandoning the position he had so disastrously occupied, and shifting
his ground farther to the east, effected a passage at Tultscha, beyond the
point where Luders had passed with his army. The two divisions were
now united, and numbered about 5000 men. By a curious coincidence,
the 23rd of March, the day on which Gortschakoff crossed the river, was
the same day in which Odessa was so successfully bombarded by the allied
fleets. Thus was the Russian success more than counterbalanced. Four
days later, England and France had oflficially entered into the struggle.
The great object of the enemy's movements now became apparent. Prince
Paskiewitch, the veteran General, the most celebrated commander of the
Russian army, was summoned from Poland to assume the supreme com-
mand, and Schildors, the most accomplished general of engineers, also
hastened to the scene of operations. The capture of Silistria, the strong-
est fortress on the southern bank of the Danube, and the key to Bulgaria,
was evidently the object of the Russians. So important was the possession
of this place deemed by the Czar, that the most imperative directions
were forwarded to accomplish it at any cost. The plan of operations was
this. Gortschakoff and Luders, having crossed the Danube, were to
advance towards Silistria, intercepting communications, and investing it
on the laud side ; while Paskiewitch was to throw forward the main body
of the army and vigorously assault it from the northern side. The gar-
rison of Silistria, commanded by Moussa Pacha, a General of great ability
and indomitable courage, did not number more than 8000 men.

'' Now commenced one of the most memorable sieges which history has
ever recorded. Others have exceeded it in the number of men engaged,
in the length of time occupied, but none in heroic episodes and unflinching
constancy. On the 14th of April, batteries were thrown up on the north
bank of the Danube, opposite the devoted town, and a vigorous bombard-
ment opened, but without much effect. On the 28th the first assault was

11 !

1 1

!.,

MMI«l»«Mki

318

CYCLOPiEDIA OB^ THE

made, but so hot was the reception the attacking force met with, that
three weeks elapsed before they had sufficiently recovered to completely
invest the town. By that time 53,000 Russians had surrounded the
fortress, and batteries had been established, commanding the most impor-
tant points. On the south-west front, and consequently the land side of
the town, two very important earthworks were thrown up, known as Arab
Tabia and Illanli. The ground on which these works were situated rises
in a series of platforms, which virtually command the town. Their de-
fence, therefore, was of the utmost importance to the brave garrison.
Again and again, for the space of ten weeks, did the enemy precipitate
strong columns of men against these mounds of earth, and again and
again were they driven back with enormous loss. In vain the Russian
cannonade levelled the bastions and slaughtered the defenders ; others sup-
plied their places, and once more the works rose defiantly. The Russian
shells swept the ground, and the Turks burrowed in the trenches, till the
advancing columns of assailants rushed to the breach. Then the und.iun-
tod defenders sprang upon them, and hurled them back, covered with
defeat. Every attack was made with increased numbers, and made only
to be the more ignominiously defeated. Mines were stealthily advanced
towards the works ; but the Turks countermined, and the Russian sap-
pers were blown into the air. All this while an incessant bombardment
from the river batteries poured death into the town. But the undaunted
besieged never for a moment relaxed their resistance. Three master"
spirits guided their operations, and infused heroic courage into tlicir
ranks. Captain James Butler, a young Englishman, who had volunteered
for service in the army of the East, had joined the garrison, in company
with Lieutenant Nasmytli, another young officer, animated by similar
motives. Those two gallant men wore the very soul of the defence, and
aided by the brave Maussa Pacha, the Ottoman Commander, successfully
defied the power of the assailants, Butler, as the senior of the two
Englishmen, assumed a position readily acceded to him by his Turkish
allies, and to him they were indebted for the admirable construction and
disposition of the defensive works. Lieutenant Nasmyth proved himself
a most able seconder of his friend's exertions, and in the capacity of
" special correspondent '' of the Times newspaper, made all Europe
acquainted witii the details of this extraordinary siege.

" Straining every nerve, and exhausting every reisource, to become
masters of the place, the Russian Generals summoned to their aid tlie
larger portion of the right wing of their army, thus materially weakening

irrepi
head

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

519

, that
plctely
2d the
inipor-
side of
IS Arab
cd rises
lieir de-
ar rison.
2cipitate
;aiu and
Russian
hers sup-
1 Russian
s, till tbe
> unu.ain-
L«red witli
nadc only
advanced

ssian sap-
bavdment
judaunted
!C master-
into their
oluntecred
company
iv similar
t'encc, and
ACcessfuUy
if the two
Turkish
action and
cd himself
japacity of
ill Europe

to become
leir aid the
1 weakening

their power of opposing the Turkish forces to the westward of Silistria,
who, in consequence, obtuned some easy successes. On the 12th of May,
a tremendous assault was made by the besie<j;ers on the town, and repulsed
after a sanguinary struggle, in which more than 2000 Russians was
lost. Ten days afterwards another assault was attempted, and again was
the enemy defeated. With true Russian wiliness, overtures were secretly
made to Moussa Pacha to betray his trust, and for an adequate price to
deliver the fortress to the Czar. The 1^- "i so irnfuUy rejected the

proposition, and bade the enemy to . <^j could. Meanwhile,

Omer Pacha was anxiously endeavouring to succour the devoted garrison.
Obstacles interposed by the stupidity, if not traitorous connivance, of
officials in the ministry, had hiiherto effectually tied his hands ; but at
length, on the 5th of July, a detachment of Turkish troops effected an
entrance into the town after a smart skirmish ; and on the 8th, about a
thousand more literally cut their way through the Russians, and were
added to the '.garrison. Aided by those welcome reinforcements, the Turks
now assumed the offensive, and on the night of the 13th made a sortie,
!iud succeeded in destroying the Russian works, springing their mines,
and inflicting a terrible loss upon their ranks.

" It was now evident to the Russian Commanders that, if the town were
to be taken al, all, it must be by a couj) dc main, and a grand assault was
ordered for the 28th of June. But they had miscalculated the valour of
their soldiors. Daunted by the warm reception they had hitherto expe-
rienced, they absolutely refused to march again to the breach ; and nothing
but the threat of stopping their rations unless Silistria were taken the
next day, could induce these valiant warriors to perform their duty. On
the next day, the Russian Generals led their half-starved and unwilling
forces against the redoubts of Silistria. The Commanders, Prince Paskie-
witch, Count Orloff, Generals Schilders, Gortschakofl', and Luders, placed
themselves in the very front of the attacking force, anxious to stimulate
the soldiers by their own exposure. The assault was attempted, and
most triumphantly repulsed. The Russians were thrown into the utmost
disorganization, and fled precipitately from the well-directed volleys of the
garrison. Their leaders, too, paid dearly for their temerity. Paskie-
witch himself was severely wounded ; Schilders had both his legs shattered,
Luders his jaw shot away, Count Orloff was killed, and Gortschakofl'
received a serious wound. Nor did the brave defenders escape without
irreparable loss. Their gallant chief, Moussa Pacha, was struck on the
head by a round shot, and expired instantly ; and the noble Butler loll a

^♦yv^^^wiiM,-

320

CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE

♦ f

sacrifice to his undaunted courage The Turkish reinforcements outside
the garrison fell upon the rear of the retreating Russians, and completed
the rout their compatriots liad so gloriously initiated. Beaten on every
hand, the enemy dashed pell-mell across the river, in confused retreat
towards Foktchani. The siege was raised. More than 30,000 Russian
soldiers had pcrislied in the attempt to take Silistria, and the broken
remnant was now in full flight, owing its safety solely to the limited
number of the victorious Turks, which forbade pursuit.

" With th'j exception of the small force which still lingered in the
plaguc-strickcn plains of the Dobrudscha, not a Russian remained to the
south of the Danube. The mighty legions, precipitated so recklessly
across the Danube, were dead upon the Turkish bank, or flying igno-
minously from the scene. The despised Turks were the triumphant
con(iuerors, and the great Czar had received another and a greater blow
from the "sick man."

SLAUGHTER or MASSACRE.— Undor this head both Ancient
and Modern History abound wiili events which can be so called. The
following are among the most remarkable, as recorded by various authors :

The Carthagenians in Sicily who were totally slaughtered, 397 ii.c.

2000 Tyrians crucified and 8000 put to the sword by Alexander the
Great. 331 n.c.

The Romans throughout Asia, women and children not exempted,
cruelly butchered in one day, by order of Mithridatcs, King of Tontus,
88 11.0.

The massacre of Roman Senators, &c., 8G ii.o.

That of Octavianus Cifsar to tlio Manes of Julius Crosar, 41 B.C.

Jerusalem, 1,100,000 Jews cruelly put (<> the sword, A.l). 70.

Casslus slaughtered -10(1,000 of the inhabitants of Selueia, A.n. 107.

Eighty Christian Fathers by order of the JOinperor Gratian were put
into a ship which was set on fire and then driven out to sea, a.d. 370.

Relisarius massacred 30,000 citizens of Constantinople, a.d. 552.

That (if the Albigenses and WaUlenses, A.l». 1201».

The Sicilian Vespers— all the French in Sicily butchered without dis-
tinction of age or sex, the first bell for vespers being the signal, A.D.
1282.

That of St. Bartholomew's day throughout Franco, August 24th,
1572.

Ismael, 30,000 of tito inhubituuts old uud young alaiu, Docoiubor,
1790. »SVc hmad.

limited

n.c.

BATTLES OF THE Wonu,

oi^pcnded to this list. ^^^'' ^^^'"'«'^ ^^^ ISll. Sec account

Sinope during the Crimean wf,r, 1854.

^^Jassacres in ExoLisir IIxstorv
Of300nobk.« on Salisbury Plain ,1, ,7,
r Danes in England, Novon.bor'lSth loo^
J e Jews ,n England, A.n. 1189. ' ''-

-llio unoffending 3rcDon-il,I«nrrM

Massacres of f'awnmr,. 71 n •

^^um. of n.onoy an,ong tbeir chiefs "< '"' "^'^'" ^'^ ^''•^tributin.:

' • ^"•^^'""'»-'^' ^''--'t H>e Karl's d..i.n\; ," , ^''" ^''''"'■^ '^"•".^' .-"forn.ed of
- l'--t. of the n„.,K.y ; and ,vh n L "?''"^''''^'" '" '"•"-"• H,.
'••"^;' 7^ ' -xtravagan. den.ands It 1 r ' 1 , • "'"'' "■'"' "'"'"- "h7

; ^'«k "s vongoanc. on .hose who i'd , 'T' ' ""'' ^"«^^'vod to
;;;'-"ynnvartedhi.wn«i^^^^^^^ ^U

'•^'«' '"""aiirivat., .•ireunistancv wbl '■'''"^'^ whose opnositi,,,,

; "-ty .hat n^ardod the ;;" ' "fn ^" ,';"^'^ '""' ""' '''-o

"'"J" of iJroadalbane duri,.. „ ' ' '""""•■^''' '"'J I''""clered the

tlK' money whieh he w... ,.,„.,. / 1 ''•'■'^■'' ''■'"" <'"• other's si,

ever

ii(»t only refused

''""I'loyed to distr

ibute.

'^' "'Khiaiuh.r I

" '""y relusvd to aciuiesee in .1 '"="'"

r(> of

low-

ofl'

"'"' <li'Vo(e.I him to d

■''f''i«''iit', and.

his in/I

iienoo

'^fruotion, Kini; Will

1.1111 had. I

''''■•'d an indetnnilv to nil ♦! . ,

'". ';^^'»""K<', HroMdal.
•y I"'o('laMia(ion,

was

prolon

' ."ke the oathH li

I"'* against hi

'f I tu the close of I(;!II,,vi(I

•y " oortain (hiy

"I.

pro-
; "'id iIii'h

"""■*'"•""--■ --"■-":t'::;'t:r

322

CYCLOPiEDIA OF THE

McDonald, intimidated by this declaration, repaired, on the very last
day of the month, to Fort William, and desired that the oaths might be
tendered to him by Colonel Hill, governor of that fortress. As this
oflScer was not vested with the power of a civil magistrate, he refused to
administer them; and McDonald set out immediately for Invcrary, the
county-town of Argylo. Though the ground was covered with snow, and
the weather intensely cold, ho travelled with such diligence, that tlio
term prescribed by the proclamation was but one day elapsed when ho
reached the place, and addressed himself to Sir John Campbell, sheriff
of the county, who, in consideration of his disappointment at Fort Wil-
liam, was prevailed upon to administer the oaths tn him and his adhe-
rents. Then they returned to their own habitations in the valley of
Glencoe, in full confidence of being protected by the government, to
which thoy bad so solemnly submitted.

Urcadalbane had represented McDonald at court as an incorrigible
rebel, as a ruffian inured to bloodshed and rapine, who would never be
obedient to the laws of his country, nor live peaceably under any sove-
Tcign. lie observed, that he had paid no regard to the proclauiation,
and proposed thai the government should sacrifkH' him to the quiet of
tiie kingdom, in extirpating him, with his llimily and dopendants, by
military execution. His advice was HUj)ported by the suggestions of the
other Scottish ministers ; aud the King, whose chief virtue was not
humanity, signed a warrant ibr the destruction of those unhappy people,
though it does not appear that he knew of McDonald's submission. An
order for this barbarous execution, signed and counter-signed by hi*
majesty's own hand, being transmitted to the master of Stair, secretary
for Scotlainl, this minister sent particular directions to Livingston:, who
<;ommanded tlie troops in that kingdom, to put the inhabilantsof (Jlencoe
to tiie .'*word, chaiging him to take no prisoners, that tlie scene might
bo more terrible. In the month of February, captain Campbell of Glon-
lyon, by virtue of an order from major Dun nmson, mnrchcd into the
valley of (Ueneoe with a company of soldiers lieionging to Argyle's regi-
ment, on pretence ol' l('\ying the arrears of the land-tax and hearth-
money. When MeDonuld drmandcd whether tliey came as friends or
enemies, ho unswcrud ns friends, and promised, upon his honour, tliat
neitlier he nor his peoph; should Bustain the least injury. In conse-
(luencn of this declaration, lie and his nieii were recoivetl with tlie mo.st
conlial hospitality, ami lived fifteen days with the men of the valley in
nil thu uppciiruncu uf tho most uurcsurvuJ friendship. At length the

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

323

■ last
ht be
9 this
sed to

the

w,and
lat the
hen he
sheriff
Tt Wil-
is adhe-
iilley of
uient, to

iorrigiblo
never be-
any 80ve-
huimtion,

> (jviiet of
dauts, by
)us of the

> was not
py ]ieo|»ie,

idu. An
,i>d by bis
I, m>crctary
I. .no, who
ml" (lUmcoe
,.iM\o n\i^bl
.\l of Oleu-
a into Iho
•>;ylo's vo^i-
,ul lu-arth-
IVionds or
mour, tliat
In conHi'-
lli tho moM
110 valley i"
loujjth the

fatal period approached. McDonald and Campbell having passed the
day together, parted about seven in the evening, with mutual professions
of the warmest affection. As soon as Campbell had retired, he received
the following letter from major Duncanson, quartered at Ballachalis, a
place some distance from Glencoe. It is dated the 12th of February,
1692, and runs thus ; —

" Sm, — You are hereby ordered to fall upon the rebels, the McDo-
nalds of Glencoo, and put all to the sword under seventy years of age.
You are to have especial care that the old fox and his sons do upon no
account escape. This you are to put into execution at five o'clock in
the morning (Saturday, the 13th) precisely ; and by that time I will
strive to bo witli you, with a stronger party. If I do not come to you
at five, you are not to tarry for me, but to fall on. Secure all the
avenues, that not a man may escape. 71ils is hi/ the King's especial
comnuiiiil, for the good of the country, that these miscreants may be cut
off, root and branch."

This was instantly communicated to the officers and men under his
command, and immediate preparations mudo for carrying the inhuman
laaHsacro into effect.

The younger McDonald, perceiving the guards doubled, began to sus-
pect some trcaohory, and communicated his suspicion to his brother ;
but neither he nor tlio father would harbour tlie least doubt of Camp-
bell's sincerity ; nevertheless, the two young men went forth privately,
to make farther observations. They overheard the common soldiers say
they liked not the work ; that though they v/ould willingly liave fought
the McDonalds of the glen fairly in the field, they held it base to nmrder
them in cold blood ; but that their oll'ieers wore aiis "orable for tho
treachery. When tl\e youths hasted back to apprise their futlicr of tho
impending danger, they 8a\V tho liouso already surrounded ; they heard
the discharge of muskets, tlie shrieks of v.'omen and children ; and, being
Ueslltute of arms, secured tluir own lives by inimediate flight. Tho
mivage ministers of vengeance had entered the old man's chamber, and
shot him through the head. He fell down dead in tho arms of hia wife,
who died next day, distracted by tho Iiorror of her Imsband's fate. Tho
laird of .Vuehintrineken, McDonald's guest, who had, three months beforo
this period, Hubniittod to tlio government, and at this very time bad a
protection in liis pookei; was put to death without (juestion. A boy of
cigbt years, who fell at Campbell's feet, imploring mercy, and offering

m I

t*i

324

CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE

to serve him for life, was stabbed to the heart by one Prummond, a
subaltern officer. Eight and thirty persons suffered in tliis manner,
the greater part of whom where surprised in their beds, and hurried into
eternity before they had time to implore the divine mercy. The design
to butcher all the males under seventy years of age that lived in the
valley, the number of whom amounted to 200, was defeated by Duncan-
son not nriving in time to secure the passes, so that one young man and
woman had nearly succeeded in escaping, and were climbing the last
rugged height of their native place, when they were discovered, and
shots immediately sent after them. Struck by one of them the unfortu-
nate young man made u convulsive spring, and fell headlong into tlio
valley below. Ilis companion, alarmed by tlie report, lost her hold, and
tumbled after him. They were both killed by the fall.

Campbell, having perpetrated this brutal massacre, ordered all tho
houses to be burned, made a prey of all the cattle and effects that were
found in tho valley, and left the helpless women and children, whoso
husbands and fathers he had murdered, naked and forlorn, without
covering, food, or shelter, in the midst of the snow that eovereil th(> whole
face of the country, at the distance of si.K long miles from any inhabited
place. Distracted with grief ami liorror, surrounded with tiie shades of
night, shivering with cold, and appalled with tho apprehension of imme-
diate death from the swords of those who had sacriliced their frieiids and
kinsmen, they eiMiId nut endure such a eomplieatioii of e:ilamities, but
generally perislK'(l in the waste, before they could receive the least com-
fort or assistance. This barbarous massacre, performed under the sanc-
tion of King William's authority, answered tho immodiato purpose of tho
cdurt, by striking terror into the heartsof the Jacobite Highlanders; but
at the same time excited the horror of all those who had not renounced
every sentiment of humanity, and produced such an aversion to llie gov-
ernment, as all the arts of a ministry could never totally surmount. A
detail of the particulars was 'published at I 'aris, with many exaggera-
tions, and the Jacobites did not fail to expatiate upon every cirenmstance,
in domestic libels and private conversation. Tho King, nlarnieil at' the
outcry which was raised on this occasion, ordered an in(iuiry to be sot
on fiiot, and dismissed tho master of Stair Irom liis employment of secre-
tary ; he likewise pretended that ho had subscribed the m'der amiilst ii
lieap of other papers, without knowing i\\v. purport of it ; but as he did
not Hoverely punish those who made liis authority subservient to their
own cruel revongo, tho imputation uluek fast to his character; and tho

n I'

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

325

l.ut

InstiuiCC,
III iittho
Id ]m sot
Idl' Hrcro-
luuitlst t*
Is lio tlitl
I to tlioir
imd tho

Highlanders, tliouch tcrriflcd into silence and submission, were inspired
with tho most implacable resentment against his person and administra-
tion."

SLAUGIITEll OR MASSACRE OF THE MAMELUKES,
March 1st, 1811. — " It has been related, that one of the chief means
employed by Mahomet Ali in civilizinj^ l^cTP*^) oi' in improving tho state
of the country, was the destruction of the Manu'lukes— a class of hired
foreign soldiers, who, as usual in such cases, were opposed to all changes
in tho government. It was only by resorting to a barbarous stratagem
in one of his campaigns, that the sanguinary blow was struck. The
following is an account of this sanguinary affiiir :

" The chiei's of tho Mamelukes, with thoir adherents, being assembled,
by invitation from the Pacini of Egypt, within the citadel of Cairo, after
a time, according to eastern custom, coll'ee was brought, and, last of all,
tho pipes ; but at the moment when these were i)resontod, as if from
cticjuetto, or to leave his guests more at their ease, Mahomet Ali rose
and withdrew, and, .'ending privately for the captain of liis guard, gave
orders that the gates of the citadel should bo closed; adding, that as soon
as Siam Bey and his two associates should como out for the purj)ose of
mountiui', they should bo Gn

ipon

L?y uroppet

same signal the trudps posted throughout the fdrtress should lake aim at
every .Manielnko within their reach, while a corresponding order was
sent down at the sinne time to those in the town, and to such even as
wore encamped without, round tiie loot of the fortress, to pursue tho
work (tf extermination on all stragglers that they should lind, so that
not one of the proscrilied body might ese.ipe. Slam Hey, and his two

brotl

lers in connn

and, lindin"' that the I'aclia did not return to them,

and being inl()rmed by the attendant.s that ho was gmio into his harem
(an answer that precluded all farther imjuiry), judged it time to take
their departure, liut no sooner did they make their appearance with-
out, and were mounting their lior.-es, than they were suddenly fired
upon i'r mi every ((uarter, and all brcame at oiiee a scene df ecniiusion,
and disi lay, and horror, similar volleys being directed at all tho rest,
who were collected round, and preparing to return with thom, «o that
the victims drojiped by hundreds. Slam himself hiul time to gain his
Haddle, and liven to penetrate to one of the gates of the citadel ; liut till
to no purpdRe, for he found it olnsed like the rest, and fell there pierced
with innuiiierable bullets. Another chief, Aniim Hey, who was tho

'*W-Vt>.„,„,tA^

1 1

»■ 1

!"■

■

i.. .

1 1

*- 1

5 1

f i

326

CYCLOPEDIA OP THE

brother to Elfi, urged the noble animal which he rode to an act of
greater desperation, for he spurred him till he made him clamber upon
the rampart; and preferring rather to be dashed to pieces than to be
slaughtered in cold blood, drove him to leap down the precipice, a height
that has been estimated at from thirty to forty feet, or even more ; yet
fortune so favoured him, that though the horse was killed in the fall,
the rider escaped. An Albanian camp was below, and an officer's tent
very near the spot on which he alighted. Instead of shunning it, he
went in, and throwing himself on the rites of hospitality, implored that
no advantage micht be taken of him ; which was not only granted, but
the officer oflFered him protection, even at his own peril, and kept him
concealed so long as the popular fury and the excesses of the soldiery
continued. Of the rest of that devoted number, thus shut up and sur-
rounded, not one went out alive ; and even of those who had quietly
remained in the town, but very few found means to elude the activity
and greedy search that was made after them — a high price being set
upon every Mameluke's head that should be brought. All Cairo was
filled with wailing and lamentations ; and, in truth, the confusion and
horrors of that day arc indetjcribable ; for not the Mamelukes alone, but
others also, in many instances wholly unconnected with them, either
from mistake, or from malice, or for plunder, were indiscriminately
seized on and put to death ; so that great as the number was that
perished of that ill-fated body, it yet did not comprehend the total of
the victims. The strange fact of the leap and escape of Amim Bey, and
of his asylum in the officer's tent, reachi;! at last the Pacha's ears, who
sent instantly to demand liim ; and when the generous Albanian found
that it would be impossible any longer to shelter or screen his fugitive,
he gave him a iiorse, and roeommended him to fly with all speed into
Asia, where, in the palace of Suloyman Pacha at Acre, ho found safety."

8LAVE TRADE.— The following is a good description of this hor-
rible trade now nearly at an end : —

" On our return from Brazil, wo fell in with a slave-ship. She had
taken in, oti tiie coast of Africa, 33<! males and 2LJ(1 females, making in
all 502, and had been out seventeen days, during which she had thrown
overboard .'>;'). The slaves were all enclosed under grated hatchways,
between decks. The space was so low, that they sat between each
other's legs, and stowed so close together, that there was no possibility
of their lying down, or at all changing their position, by night or day.

act of
upon
1 to be
height
e; yet
bo fall,
r's tent
g it, he
■ed that
:ed, but
ept him
soldiery
ind sur-
quietly
activity
eing set
airo was
3ion and
[one, but
nther
inately
IS that
total of
cy, and
avs, who
I'ound
uifitive,
)ood into
afo»y."

this hor-

Slic had
lakiiig in
d thrown
iti'hways,
oon each
io8sibility
it or day.

:iii

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

327

As they belonged to, and were shipped on account of different indivi
duals, they were all branded, like sheep, with the owners' markt<, of differ-
ent forms. These were impressed under their breasts, or on their arras,
and, as the mate informed mc, with perfect indifference, " queimados
pelo ferro quento — burnt with the red-hot iron." Over the hatchway
stood a ferocious-looking fellow, with a scourge of many twisted thongs
in his hand, who was the slave-driver of the ship ; and whenever he
heard the slightest noise below, he shook it over them, and seemed eager
to exercise it. As soon as the poor creatures saw us looking down at
them, their dark and melancholy visages brighthened up. They per-
ceived something of sympathy and kindness in our looks, which they
had not been accustomed to, and feeling, instinctively, that we were
friends, they immediately began to shout and clap their hands. One or
two had picked up a few Portuguese words, and cried out, " Viva !
viva !" The women were particularly excited. They all held up their
arms ; and when wc bent down and shook hands with them, they could
not contain thoir delight ; they endeavoured to scramble upon their
knees, stretching up to kiss our hands ; and wo understood that they
knew we had come to liberate them. Some, however, hung down their
heads in apparently hopclcj-s dejection ; some wore greatly emaciated,
and some, particularly children, seemed dying. But the circumstance
which struck us most forcibly, was, how it was possible for such a num-
ber of human beings to exist, packed up and wedged together as tight
as they could cram, in low cells, three feet high, the greater part of
which, except that immediately under the grated hatchways, was shut
out from light or air, and this when the thermometer, exposed to tho
open sky, wm standing in tho shade, on our deck, at 89 deg. The
space between decks was divided into compartments, three feet threo
inches high ; the size of one was sixteen feet by eighteen, and of tlio
other, forty by twenty-one ; into tho first were craminiJd tho women and
girls ; into tho second, tlie men and boys ; 22G fellow-creatures were
thus thrust into one space 2S8 feet square, and 'S,Hj into another space
SdO feet s((uare, giving to tho whole an average of t»vjnty-three inches,
and to each of the women not more than thirteen inches, though many
of them were pregnant. We also found manacles and fetters of ditferent
kinds ; but it appeared that they had all been taken off before wo
boarded. Tlie heat of these horrid places was so great, and tho odour
so offensive, that it was (juito impossible to enter them, even had there
been room. They were measured, as above, whou tho bIuvcs had left

328

CYCLOPTEDIA OF THE

! ;l

!, r

them. The officers insisted that the poor suffi3ring creatures should be
admitted on deck, to get air and water. This was opposed by the mate
of the slaver, who, from a feeling that they deserved it, declared they
would murder them all. The officers, however, persisted, and the poor
bcinga were all turned vsp together. It is impossible to conceive the
efFuct of this eruption — 507 follow-ereaturcs, of all ages and sexes, some
children, some adults, some old men and women, all in a state of total
nudity, scrambling out together to taste the luxury of a little fresh air
and water. They came swarming up, like bees from the aperture of a
hive, till the whole deck was crowded to suffiacation, from stem to stern,
so that it was impossible to imagine where they could all have come
from, or bow they could all have been stowed away. On looking into
places where they had been crammed, there were found some cliildrcn
next the sides of the ship, in the places most remote from light and air ;
they were lying nearly in a torpid s^tatc, after the rest had turned out.
The little creatures seemed indift'orcnt as to life or death ; and when
they were carried on deck, many of them could not stand. After enjoy-
ing for a short time the unusual luxury of air, some water was brought ;
it was then that the extent of their sufferings was exposed in a fearful
manner. They all rushed like maniacs towards it. No entreaties, or
threats, or blows, could restrain them ; they shrieked and struggled, and
fought with one another, for a drop of this precious liquid, as if they
grew rabid at the sight of it. There is nothing which slaves, in the
middle passage, suffer from so much as tlie v/ant of watur. It is some-
times usual to take out casks Oiled with sea-water as ballast, and when
the slaves arc received on board, to start the casks and refill them with
fresh. On pnc occasion, a ship from Bahia neglected to change fhe con-
tents of the casks, and on the niid-passiigii I'ound, to their horror, that
they were filled with nothing but salt water. All tlie .'•laves on boanl
perished ! We could judge oi' the extent of their sull'erings from the
alllieting sight wc now saw."

SLUYS, NAVAL 15ATTLE OF,— In this battle Edward III
gained a signal victory over the French. The English had the wind of
tho enemy, and the sun at their backs, and began the action, which
was fierce "iiid bloody — (he English arclier,>< galling the French on their
approach; 2'M) Freneli ships wore taken ; IiO.tlOO JMonchinen were killed,
and two Admirals; English lo.ssinconsiderable.— Fought, June 21th, l.T4<l.

SMOLENSKO, UATTLE OF.— One of the most memorable bnttles

cliildrcn
and air ;
ued out.
nd when
er cnjoy-
jrouglit ;
a fuarful
alios, or
od, and
if they
in the
,s bonie-
d \Ylien
lu with
he con-
'or, tliat
n board
rom tl>e

ard 111
wind of
1, which
ou tlieir
•c killed,
|h, 134(1.

|e buttles

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

329

fought during the Eussian campaign of 1812, between the French and
Russian armies. Fought, August 17th, 1812. The French were three
times repulsed, but at last gained the victory, and on entering Smolensko,
found it in ruins, on account of their bombardment.

SOBRAON, BATTLE OF— In /ftrfia.— Fought, February 10th,
1846, between the British army, 35,000 strong, under Sir Hugh Gough,
and the Sikh force on the Sutlej. The enemy were dislodged after a
dreadful contest, and all their batteries taken ; and in attempting the
passage of the river by a floating bridge in their rear, the weight of the
masses that crowded upon it caused it to break down, and more than
10,000 Sikhs were killed, wounded or drowned. They also lost sixty-seven
cannon and some standards. The British lost 2383 men.

SOLEBAY, NAVAL BATTLE OF.-Betwecn the fleets of England
and France on the one side and the Dutch on the other ; the Allies com-
manded by the Duke of York. The Dutch were compelled to floe, having
lost three ships, but the English lost four. In this obstinate and bloody
engagement the Farl of Sandwich man-of-war blew up, and 1000 men
were either killed or wounded. Fought, May 28th, 1672.

SOLFERINO, BATTLE OF.— This great battle, one of the most
bloody ever fought, took place during the war of Italy and France
against Austria. Fought, June 2}th, 1850. The loss on botli sides
was tremendous. The Austrians mustered 250,000 men ; the Allies
150,000. The number slain and wounded ranged from 30,000 to
37,000. The result of this battle was the Austrians repassed the
JMincio, whilst the Allied headquarters were placed at Cavriana.

SORTIE FROM SEBASTOPOL.— The great sortie, during which
the good Captain Iledley Vicars was killed, is well described in the
following account :

" On the night of the 22nd of March, the enemy, about 7000 strong
made a sortie from the works of the Maniolon, which the French, as
already related, had so gallantly endeavoured to wrest from them. The
distance l)etween the advanced parallels of the opposing forces was not
more than sixty yards; and the Russians were fully alive to the neces-
sity of prevent iiiir, if possible, any further advance on the part of the
Allies. The French and English Generals wore equally nwarc of tho
importance of tho position, and not less than 0000 or 7000 French

1 ;■

ii - 1 '

330

CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE

soldiers ■were nightly marched down to the trenches ; our working and
covering parties numberih^' about 1500. Advancing stealthily in two
columns, the enemy attacked the head of the French sap, and were gal-
lantly met by a division of the 3rd Zouaves, under Chef de Bataillon
Balon. Three times was the attack made, and three times repulsed, not
without great loss both to assailants and defenders. Finding themselves
unable to force the French lines in this direction, the enemy changed his
front, and threw himself against the left of the French position; but
here, too, our brave Allies were equally on the alert, and a sharp volley
assured the adventurous Russians that but little success was to be hoped
for in that quarter. Rapidly extending their attack, they succeeded in
occupying the nearest English parallel, and thence poured a murderous
fire into the French lines. General D'Autemarrc, the officer in command,
seeing the fierce nature of the attack, now ordered up the 4th battalion
of the Chasseurs ii, Pied, who, in a vigorous bayonet charge, drove the
enemy from his position.

While this was going on in the i rench trenches, to the right of our
lines, our troops were also engaged in repelling an equally determined
attack. A portion of the Russian columns advanced under cover of the
darkness, and succeeded in approaching the English lines. The first
intimation our men had of the threatened attack was from the advanced
sentinels, who quietly fell back with the intelligence that a largo body of
the enemy was approaching our position. The English troops engaged
that night in the trenches consisted of detachments of the 7th, 34th,
77th, 88th, rOth, and 97th regiments, under the command of Colonel
Kelly, of the 34th. The advanced posts on the right nearest the French
lines were composed of men from the 77th and 97th, led by Captain
Vicars, who, hearing the approach oi'thc enemy, ordered his men to keep
silence. On came the Russians, and when within a few yards of the
English tn nches, they rusiied forward and leaped into the works. They
were ii.:/cliatcly met by the bravo defenders of the lines, who, hitherto
motionless, now made an irresistible charge upon the advancing foe, and
after a few moments of desperate hand-to-hand conflict, literally pitched
them from the parapet. Captain Vicars, who led his men with distin-
guished courage, met his death in this vigorous repulse. JMajor CJordon,
of the Engineers, who commanded the detachment on the right, was
severely wounded. Whila tiie attention of the defenders of the trenches
was thus drawn to the conflict in this direction, the enemy made anotiier
attempt to penetrate our lines firthcr to the left, where two mortars had

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

331

ing and
in two
vere gal-
Sat aillon
Ised, not
lemselves
inged his
tion; but
irp volley
be hoped
ceeded in
lurdcrous
iommand,
battalion
drove the

;ht of our
L'termined
vcr of the
The first
advanced
e body of
js engaged
til, 34th,
f Colonel
ic French
Captain
n to keep
\h of the
s. They
, hitherto
'oo, and
pitched
h dis<tin-
(iordon,
ight, was
trenches
e another
rtars had

been established for the defence of the trenches. Here they succeeded
in gaining a footing, notwithstanding a most brilliant resistance from a
few men of the 90th, who actually drove them from the battery, though
they were unable eflFectually to oppose their advance. The 7th and 34thj
under the command of Lieut.-Colonel Tylden, were now brought up to the
scene of action, and gallantly met the fierce assault. After a severe con-
test, the Russians gave way, and were precipitated from the works. A
general attack was now made upon the retreating masses, who fled utterly
beaten. The French followed them so far as to be enabled to destroy
some of the rifle-pits they had established on the slope of the Mamelon,
which had been the means of such constant annoyance to our Allies. In
this pursuit Colonel Kelly was killed. The Russian loss must have been
very great. On our side, the casualties were not more than 38 killed
and wounded; the French lost over 300,

On the next day an armistice, fur the purpose of burying the dead,
was requested by General Osten-Sacken, the Russian Commander. This
was granted, and for two hours, on the 24th, the guns ceased firing, and
the officers and men of the opposed armies enjoyed a brief respite from
their deadly contest. There was a natural desire on each side to
approach as nearly as possible the lines of the other ; and the soldiers
mingled freely in the open space between the Allies on the one side and
entrenched sides of the Mamelon in front. Burial parties were formed
and the dead and wounded of either army borne away by their comrades.
Meanwhile the officers chatted and exchanged cigars, and the men passed
equivocal compliments — such as their very limited acquaintance with
each other's language would permit ; the Russians making kind inquiries
as to when the Allies would favour them with a visit at Sebastopol ; and
our fellows requesting them not to trouble themselves with special prepa-
rations, as they intended to make themselves quite at home when they
did come. Tlic dead and wounded, in every variety of attitude, were a
frightful spectacle, even to those inured to scenes of strife and bloodshed.
At length the armistice expired, the white flags disappeared from the
parapet of the ^lamelon, the stragglers hastily ran to the protection of
their works, and in an instant the boom of hostile oannon again thun-
dered on the car, and clouds of white smoke again obscured the socne of
the brief truce."

332

CYCLOPiEDIA OF THE

-" The grand truth

:'\U

SOVEREIGNTY OF THE SEAS, THE.
embodied in the majestic lines —

" Let us be back'd with God, nnd with the seas,
■\Vhich he hath giveu for fence impregnable.
And with their helps alone defend ourselves ;
In them, and in ourselves, our safety lies.''

seems to liavc been a heartfelt conviction in the breasts of all true
Englishmen, long centuries before the poet was born.

King John, whom history has generally branded as a very unworthy
monarch, had some redeeming kingly qualities — not the least of which
was his determined assertion of England's sovereignty of the seas. He
ordered his sea-captains to compel all foreigners to salute his flag by
" striking " their own national flags, and, probably, by also lowering
their topsails (as was the practice at a subsequent period), in acknow-
ledgment of England's maritime supremacy. If any foreign ship, even
though belonging to a friendly power, refused compliance, it was to bo
seized, and adjudged a lawful prize. This and other facts lead to the
conclusion that John only enforced an ancient claim to dominion of the
seas, which had been asserted and enforced occasionally time out of mind.

Edward III, during his wonderfully long reign of fifty-one years, was
a most jealous asserter of his sovereignty of t' soas, uver which he
claimed a judicial power. Dr. Campbell says that Edward, " in his
commissions to admirals and inferior offic> i-s, fn^qucntly styles himself
sovereign of the English seas, asserting that hv derived this title from
liis progenitors, and deducing from thonc tho grounds of his instruc-
tions, and of the authority counnitted to thorn by these delegations.
His parliaments, likewise, in the preambles of their bills, take notice of
this point, and that it was a thing notorious to foreign nations that the
King of England, in right of his crown, was sovereign of the seas. In
old '' llakluyt's Voyages '' is printed a very curious poem, called " Po
politia conservativa maris," supposed to have been written in the time
of Edward IV. It contains a number of separate chapters, each of
which ig full of most valuable and instructive information concerning the
commerce of Kngland with various countries. The unknown author,
who must have been a man ot very extensive info, niation in his day,
urges most strongly his countrymen to maintain inviolate the sovereignty
of the seas, as the only means to preserve their prosperity and safety.

In the reign of Charles I. both the French and Dutch began to
oxpress great jealousy of the Uritish claim to dominion of the seas, and

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

333

Hugo Grotius endeavoured very learnedly to prove that Albion had no
better natural right than Holland, or an}' other maritime nation, to sueh
a title. Our own equally learned and eloquent Seldon retorted by his
celebrated treatise " Mare Chiusum." Wo need not quote any of his
arguments, which are generally profound, and, if not always impregnable-
to impartial criticism, are at any rate patriotic and singularly striking
and ingenious. Suffice it that the general (.onclusion towhicli he arrives
is conveyed in one very impressive sentence : " That they (the English)
have an hereditary, uninterrupted right to the sovereignty of their seas,
conveyed to them from their earliest ancestors, in trust for their latest
posterity." Mainly with a view to enforce his claim to the sove-
reignty of the narrow seas, did Charles I endeavour to piividc a naval
force sufficient to overawe both French and Dutch, and thei jfore issued
his writs for levying " ship-money " — a most fatal undertaking as con-
cerned himself ; for, as every reader knows, this arbitrary measure
(however honourable its original motives might have been) was the
begiuning of that deplorable alienation between the King and his sub-
i'^ots which resulted in the great civil war, and eventually cost the
hapless monarch both his crown and his life.

In 1G35 the King, by his secretary of state, addressed a long and
deeply interesting letter of instructions to his ambassador at the Hague,
in order to enable the latter to explain and justify to their " High
Mightinesses " his naval preparations, and their meaning and objects.
We will extract a few passages illustrative of our theme : " We hold it,"
saith King Charles, " a principle not to bo denied, that the King of
Great Britain is a monarch at land and sea, to the full extent of his
dominions ; and that it concorneth him as much to maintain his sove-
reignty in all the British seas, as within his three kingdoms'; because,
without that, these cannot be kept safe, nor he preserve his honour, and
due respect with other nations. liut, commanding the seas, he may
cause his neighbours, and all countries, to stand upon their guard when-
soever he thinks fit. And this cannot be doubted, that whosoever will
encroat^h on him by sea, will do it by land also, when they see their

time The degrees by which his Majesty's dominion at s-ea

hath of later years been first impeached, and then questioned, arc as

considerable as notorious But withal, considering that peace

must bo maintained by the arm of power, which only keeps down war
by keeping up dominion ; his Majesty, thus provoked, finds it necessary,
for his own defence and safety, to rc-assunie and keep his ancient and

334

CYCLOPiEDIA OF THE

umhuhted right in the dominion of the seas, and suffer no other prince
or state to encroach upon liim, thereby assuming to themselves or their
admirals any sovereign command, but to force them to perform due
homage to his admirals and ships, and to pay acknowledgments as in
former times they did."

The Trotoctor of the Commomvealth proved himself quite as jealous
of maintaining the power and privileges of the navy, as any of his kingly
predecessors, and he did what not one of them had ever effected, namely,
made a treaty with the United Provinces (the Low Countries), by which
it was solemnly stipulated '' that the ships and vessels of the United
Provinces, as well those fitted for war as others, meeting any ships of
war of the said Commonwealth in the British seas, shall strike their
flag and lower their topsail, in such manner as had been any time before
jiractised under any former government." This was in 1651. After
the restoration, Charles II renewed the treaty in 1G02, and in 1007, in
almost precisely the i-tame terms as the above ; and at the conclusion of
the Dutch war, in 1073, in the fourth article of the treaty of peace it
was expressly stipulated that if any "ships or vessels of war, or others,
or whether single or in fleets, shall meet in any of the seas from Cape
Finisterrc to the middle point of the land of N'anstaten in Norway, with
any ships or vessels belonging to his Majesty of (-reat Britain, whether
those ships be single or in greater numbers, if they carry his Majesty of
Great Britain's flag or jack, the aforesaid Dutch vessels or ships shiill
strike their flag and lower their topsail, in the same manner, and wiili
as niueh respect, as hiis at any time and in any place been formerly
practised." ko. The read(>r will bear in mind that the Dutch were at
that time the most powerful naval power next to (Jreat Britain. The
treaty appears to have confirmed the dominion of the latter bt^ond what
might proiK'rly \m called tin' " narrow," or " British seas," including,
us it dill, all from the south west ol' Purtugiil to a cape in Norway.

During the reigns of the four Stuiirt kings, as well as under the pro-
tectorate of Cromwell, the " Mariners of England,"

" Wlioso flag hail braved, a tliousund years,
Tlin battlu niid tlio brui'KC,"

(lid indeed jealously " gunrd our native sons," and assert and maintain
their country's sovereignty thereof, in l(ir)2, two fierce actions were
fouglit on this very seoK" ''On the lllh ol' May, Commodore Young
fell in with a Dutch convoy, CHOorted by three ships of war, from whom
Lo civilly demanded the usual honoitrt to be puid to the Kniflish jUuj.

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

335

wcro at
11. Tho
)iul wh;it

L^lUllilli',

I the i)ro-

laiiituin

MiH were

Young

hom

k\ w

f/t Jl>'9-

The Dutch commander positively refused to comply, giving as a reason
that he had express orders from tlie States-General not to pay those
honours which the English exacted from their ships in the Channel.
Commodore Young, on this refusal, fired into tho Dutch, which brought
on a smart action ; but at length the Dutch ships struck, and, nfter
paying the compliment, were allowed to proceed on their voyage." Only
four days later, Blake himself and Van Tromp liad a fUr more serious
encounter on the very same score. Van Tromp and his fleet stood
towards Dover, off which Blake was lying with fifteen men-of-war, and
paid no respect whatever to tho English Hag. Blake instantly fired,
from his own ship, three unshotted guns at the Dutchman as a reminder
of his want of respect. Van Tromp retorted with a broadside. " A
most furiou.s engagement instantly began. At lirst the whole of the
Dutch fleet directed their fire at tho English admiral, but ho was soon
bravely supported by the rest of the ships, and Commodoro Bourne
joining at tiie same time with eight sail more, obliged the Dutch to bear
away, though still superior in immlwr, and seek shelter at the back of
the Goodwin Sands, after liaving been most severely mauled. The
action lasted from four till nine at night. One of tho Dutch ships was
taken, and another sunk."

In a volume of the '' Naval Chronielo," for 1S07, the sovereignty of
the sea is described as being " an actual and peculiar use and enjoyment
of tho sea itself, and the porformaneo of all tho functions of a sovereigu
upon it; such as prescribing rules of navigation to those who fre(|uent
it, punishing deliiujiionts, protecting others, and receiving from all that
homage and advantage which are due to every lawful sovereign." The
writer proceeds to state that tho dominion of the sea entitles the " lawful
possessors" to sis several prerogatives. The first two refer to th'j right
nl'fisliing, i^e., and thi> residue we will give at length.

"3. To impose tribute and customs on all merchant ships ami fisher-
men fishing and trading within the limits of the sea that is subjectod to
any particular dominions.

" 4. The regular o.xeeution of justice for protecting tho innocent, and
punishing the guilty for all crimes conunitted within the extent of such
sea-dominions.

" 5. To grant free passage through any such sea to any number of sliips
of war belonging to any other prince or republic, or to deny tho samo,
according to the eireumstances and occasion of such ])ass»ge, in the same
manner as atiy prince or state may grant or deny frco passago to foruigti

336

cyclop.i:dia of the

troops tlirough their territories by land, even though the prince or state
to whom such sliips or hind forces belong he not only at jJeacc, hut in
alliance with the prince or republic of whom passage is desired.

" G. To demand of all foreign ships whatsoever within those seas to
strike the flag and lower the topsail to any ships of war, or others bearing
the colours of the sovereign of such seas,"

The latest example of an English commander insisting on a salute to
his flag, which we have been able to find, occurred in the month of June,
17G9, when '• a French frigate having anchored in the Downs, without
paying the usual compliment to the British flag, Captain John Ilolwell,
who was the senior ofliccr lying tliere, in the ' Apollo ' frigate, sent an
oflBccr on board to demand the customary salute ; the French captain
refused to con\ply, upon which Captain Ilolwell immediately ordered tho
' Hawk,' sloop of war to fire two shot over her, which being done, tho
French commander thourzl.! Tr>'^"r instantly to salute."

Many of the greatest ol ts have elo((Ut'iitly alluded to the -Joa-

sovereignty of their nativv ,.i, ramparted with tid:il waters. A\ ho
docs not remember the truly magiiilieoiit lines: —

" This precious stone set in tho silver sen,
Which serves It as tlio odice of a wiill,
Or ii.i II luoiit (k'lV'iu-iivo to ii house
Against- the envy ot' Ii'-h haiiipy himls I

Knghxnd, houml in willi the trinniiiliiuit sen, * .

Wiiose iHieliy siioie lieiils biu'lv liio envious siego
Of watery Neptune."

The popular strain of Thomson's " Rule Hritannia " gives an emphatic
assertion of Hritaiii's naval greatness. No poet, however, has so cele-
brated the floating bulwarks o\' liril.iin, and the " Ifeiirts of Oak " who
man tlu'm, as Campbell. His marvellou:<ly spirit-,>-tirring lyrio, '• Yo
MariniTs of Kngland,"-'- has no rival in its intense patriotism.

In conclusion, sufHce it that for a consid'rable time the claim of
England's sitven^ignty of th(> sciis, so far as it includes special honiago to
our flag, or anything resembling iv judicial supremacy over tlio shipH of

* It Is n eurioiK and luterestin^ literary fact, tluU Cunipl)ell wruto this in iv
fiirel(?ii liiml, viz., at l{uti-<l)c)ii, on IiiMiring of wiir hvluff ileiliiriMl iiKulnsl l»eti-
innrk. Homo |)ortioii of It U saiil to hiivo huen lu'ovlnnsly routtlily sitetclied
out, owing to ills adniirniion of tito niiisio of " Yu Gentlemen uf England."
Hll splendid lyric, " Tlie liattlo uf tho Dnltlc," loon fuUowud.

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

337

*•

other nations, within the limits of the narrow (or any other) seas, has
been a dead letter. But we can well afford to dispense with what was
at best a somewhat questionable sort of shadowy honour, for wo know
that wo yet retain the substantial maritime supremacy which alone
enables us to rank as the foremost nation of the world —

" Mistress, at least while Providenco shall please,
And triilent-beariiig Qiieeu of the wide sens 1"

to quote the noble lines of the patriotic and Christian poet, Cowpcr.
Well will it be for us to constantly bear in mind the vital truth that the
same great poet proclaimed : —

" Tlicy trust in niivics, and their navies fail :
God's curse can cast away tun tliousand sail !"

SPURS, BATTLE OF TIIE.-IIcnry VIII of England landed in
France, July, 1513, imd soon j^athercd an army of 30,000 men. He was
shortly after joined by tlio Emperor Maximilian, with a well-appointed
army of horse and foot. They laid siego to Terouennc, which they invested
with an army of 50,000 men ; and the Pnc de Longuevillo advancing to
its relief was signally defeated. The French were everywhere routed
in the battle. This battle of rjuiniipgatc was called the IJattle of the
Spurs, because the French made more use of their spurs than their
swords. Fought 18th, August, 1503.

STANDARD, HATTLE OF THE.— Fought a. d. 1135. The
following graphic account gives the reason why the engagement was so
called :

'' King D;ivid at once marched into England to strike for the rights of
his niece. Twice he ravaged Northumberland with merciless barbarity.
In a third invasion bo penetrated into Yorkshire. Sfephen was in the
south, hard pressed by the partizans of Matilda, and wa!< obliged to leave
the northern part of his kingdom to look to its own defence. There was.
a man in those parts who knew what to do. This was the aged Tliur^^tan,
Archbishop of York, lie assembled the llarons at York, held a solemn
fast, gave them absolution and his blessing, and delivered into their handrt
Ids erozier and the holy banner of St. Peter of 'York. He ordered pro-
cessions of the priests with crosses, banners, and relics in every parish.
H«^ enjoined all men ca])able of bearing arms to rise " for the defence of
the Church against the barbarians," To nil who nhould die In battle ho

838

CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE

I ,

promised salvation. He sent forth the priests to lead their parishioners
to battle. Sickness alone prevented him, a^ed as he was, from putting
on his own coat of mail.

The English standard was erected on Cutton Moor, near Northallerton,
The mast of a ship was set up on a liigli four-wheeled car. At the top
of the mast was a largo cross; in tlie centre of the cross a silver box con-
taining the consecrated wafer. Below the cross floated the banners of
three Saints, St. Peter of York, St. John of Beverley, and St. Wilfred
of Kipon. The idea of this car seems to have been taken from the great
standard oar which was used by the people of Lombardy.

The Scottish army was 2(i,000 strong, Men from the Lowlands of
Scotland were there armed with cuirasses and long spears ; archers from
the southland " dales," or valleys of the rivers that run into Tweed and
Solway ; troopers from the Border mountains, who rode small, but strong
and active horses; the tierce men of (Jalloway, who carried long pikes
niid wore no defensive armour; clansmen from the Highlands with the
email round target and claymore ; men of the isles, who wielded a long-
handled battle-axo. A strong body of knights and men-at-arms, sheathed
in complete mail, nde around the King.

'llie English placed their .standard in their centre. Their steel-clad
knights dismounted, sent their horses to the rear, and formed in a com-
pact mass round tho standard car. The Scots came on, shouting their
war cry, " Alhan ! Alban ! " Tln'ir fierce charge drove in the English
infantry, but they could not break through the dense array of mailed
warriors who surrounded the .''tandard, and received them on the points
of their levelled lances. Tiie long jiikes of the Galloway men wore
shivered against tho strong plate-armour of the knights In vain the
Highlanders tried to liew their way with tlu> ehiymore into the mass of
inju cased I'hivalry. The archers of Yorkshire, Nottingham, and Lin-
colnshire, with their great bows, and arrows of three feet in length,
ranged tiiemselvcs on both flanks of tho Soots, and kept up from cither
Hide n constant flight of their deailly shafts. On nmiiy another bloody
day the Scots were destined to know right cruelly the fatal force of the
cloth-yard arrow !

For full two hours the attack was niaintnined. At length tho Scots
began to recoil. An English soldier, cutting otV the liead of one of tho
Blain, raised it aloft, and cried, " The head of the King of Scots." Tlie
report that tlnir King was killed flew through the Scottish army and filled
them witli dismay. They broku und fled. Thu King, touring oif his

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

339

"jiiglish

• Soots

of Ihu

' Tlio

ml iillod

cir iiis

helmet to show his face, kept together a small body of troops around
himself, and was able in some degree to check the pursuit. On that
bloody moor he left 12,000 dead."

STIRLING, BATTLE OF.— Fought, a. d. 1297.

" Wallace was engaged in the siege of Dundee when tidings were
brought him that an army, fifty thousand strong, was on the march from
England to put the Scots down. They were liolding their course
towards Stirling. Wallace immediately left Dundee and advanced to
meet them. If he could reach the river Forth before the English, he
meant to make them pay for their passage. He marched swiftly, talking
over and arranging his plans with the good Sir John the Graham as they
rode. When they reached the hill above Cambuskcnneth, two miles east
from Stirling, no English were in slglit. It was not long, however, till
their banners •were seen approaching. The chief of tncir host was the
Earl of Surrey. But ho was old and in broken health, and the man who
really took the command was Sir Hugh Cressingham, Edward's Lord
Treasurer of Scotland. Cressingham was a priest, haughty and insolent,
who loved the corslet better than the onssock.

The English, three times more in number than the Scots, advanced
nnd took up their position on the banks of the Forth. Wallace occupied
the high ground to the north. The river, spanned by a Itiig and narrow
wooden bridge, J^owed between the armies. The towers of Cambusken-
ueth ii.bbey thiew their shadows slant and long as the September sun
sank behind lien Lomond. The glow of the watehfires lighted up the deep
nnd sluggish waters of the Forth, as the two armies lay under the silent
night, waiting for day, and what fortune (Jod might send.

Morning ciinic, but Surrey was in no haste to begin. The bridge was
80 narrow that only two men-at-aj-nis could pass it abreast. The attempt
to cross a deep river in the face of an enemy, by one narrow passage, wan
BO dangerous tiiat the English general hesitated to risk it. Hut the rash
and ncornfiil olun'olnnan, Cressingham, w^uld try it. 1I'> inslstiMl on
instantly attacking tlie Scots with tlie division under his commaud.
Surrey gave way to the taunts of tlie headstrong priest, and ordered the
tittnok.

A bravo knight, Sir Mariiiaduko de Twenge, led the advance at tho
head of a s(iuiulron of cavalry, lieavily sheathed in steel, both horse and
man. Cressingham with his division followed, Tlio Scots, posted on
high ground, kept their ranks uud allowed the English to delilo over tho

340

CYCLOPEDIA OP THE

bridge. Wait ! they know what they are about. Twenge has got his
division of heavy cavalry over to the opposite shore. Cressingham's
division are eagerly crowding along the bridge. Twenge forms his cavalry
and leads tliem up the hill against the main body of the Scots. Nearly
half the English army has crossed without interruption. But see that
strong force of Scottish spearmen who, fetching a circuit, and keeping
near the river, make swiftly for the head of the bridge. They dash across
the line of English as it issues from the bridge, and cut it in two.
Forming in a solid mass bristling with spears, they occupy the bridge-
head, and bar the bridge against all passage. Surrey looks on over the
water. In three minutes the old General shall see a sight to make his
white hair stand up I

The moment Wallace has waited for has come. Up then, and at them !
The Scots charge furiously down the hill on Twenge and his cavalry, and
liurl thcij b.ick in disorder on the squadrons of Crcssinghaui, great part
of which have not had time to form since they passc'l the bridge. The
English arc mingled, hor.se and foot, in desperate cor ion. Hundreds
of them go down before the fierce charge of the Scc...^. The long .spears
plough the thick, disordered mas.s Va.st numbers are driven back into
the river. The deep, still-flowing river swallows horse and man with
pplr.sh and gurgle. Multitudes madly plunge in, vainly hoping to strug-
gle to the other side, and the water is lashed into a foam by the drowning
struggles of thousands of men and horses. This is the sight which old
Surrey sees, sitting his warliorse on the safe side of the Forth.

He did wliat he could to send help to his reeling scjuadrons. The
royal standard of England, with its thnic gold leopards set on red, was
advanced ta the cry of " For (Jod and St. George ! " A .strong body of
knights attended it. Then came Surrey's own banner, of cheiiuercd blue
and gold, lullowed by a numerous force of his vassals. It was in vain-
They forced tlicir way over the bridge, but finding no room to form, they
only served to increase the eoiifusion and swell the slaughter made by the
Scottish siiearmen. Of all who ero.sscd that fatal bridge there returned
but three. Sir IMarmaduke Twenge with his nephew and armour-bearer,
spurring their steads, r«,shed into the midst of the Soots at the bridge-
head, cut their way through, and escaped unharmed. The haughty
churchman, Cressinglwun, lay dead on ,the field. A Seottinh sjioar had
pierced his mail like silk, and rim him through the body, till the point
stood out on the other bide. It was said that WuUaco's own hand drove
that sj'our home.

BATTLES OF THE -WORLD.

341

The

Surrey saw that the safe side of the Forth was safe no longer, for the
Scots were preparing to cross. He turned his horse, and fled without
drawing brii le to Berwick. His troops broke and scattered in all direc-
tions. The i'uce of the country was covered with a confused mass of
terrified fugitives, who threw away their arms and standards as they fled.
Keen and fierce the Scots pressed the chase, and their thirsty swords
drank much blood. The powerful host which a few hours before had
uarshalled so proudly beside Stirling Bridge was beatcu small and scat-
tered like chafi"."

STONY CREEK.— 6'«/i«(Z«.— Fought, June 5th, 1813. Between
the Canadians and Americans, the latter commaded by Generals Chandler
and Winder. The Americans had advanced as far as Stony Creek with
the intention of dislodging him, when Lieutenant Colonel Harvey, now
Sir John Harvey, conceived and executed a plan of surprising them in
the night. Before day ho entered their camp, consisting of 3000
men, with only 704 soldiers, killed and wounded a great number, and
captured two Generals and 120 prisoners. This affair so disconcerted
the Americans that they returned hastily to Fort George, leaving the
communication with part of Niagara frontier o[)eu to the British, and
perhaps eventually saving the whole of the Province.

STRATTON HILL, BATTLE OF.— Between the Royal army and
the forces of the Parliament, headed by the Poet Waller. The Parliament-
arians lost the battle, with numbers of killed and wounded, and Waller
was obliged to flee to Bristol. Fought, May IGth, 1013. Waller was
nephew to the great Hampden.

TALAVERA.— Fought, July, L'Tth and 'JSth, 180!), between the
English and French and Spanish armies. — "After the campaigns of Marl-
borough, the English army acquired little distinction in the field for more
than a century. The battles of Dettingen (1743), Fontenoy (1745), and
IMindon (1750), were affairs in which England was involved by her Hano-
verian alliances, and in which small bodicriot' English troops were engaged,
with little glory, and with but trifling results. It was not until the next
century had opened, and the talent ais' ambition of one of the world's
greatest coiuiuerors iiad almost reached the climax of universal dominion,
that England, for hor own preservation, and for the rescue of the Spanisli

342

CYCL0Pi5:PIA OF THE

peninsula from his grasp, was compelled to send an army into Spain ;.
which, under the guidance of one of the most consummate Generals that
the world has ever seen, chased the armies of France over province after
province, from Lisbon to Biscay, and ultimately drove them over the
Pyrenees.

The peninsular campaigns of the Duke of Wellington commenced with
the brilliant aiFair of Vimiera ; but we cannot dignify that engagement
with the name of a great battle, in which the forces on either side, did
not exceed thirteen or fourteen thousand men ; and the fruits of which
were snatched from the victor's hands by the sudden arrival of a superior
in command. It was on Sir Arthur Wellesley's second appearance in
Portugal, in the year following the battle of Vimiera, that the contest
really began ; and the three great battles which distinguished its successive
stages, were those of Talavcra, Salamanca, and Vittoria. The first
exhibited the power of Napoleon in Spain fliirly grappled with ; the
second nhowed that power defeated ; the third closed the struggle by its
absolute downfall and expulsion.

After his supcrccssion in 1808, on the very day of Vimiera, Sir Arthur
Wellcsley had returned to England ; but, happily, the indignation felt by
the English people at the convention of Cintra, by which the results of
that victory had been thrown away, warned the British government that
it was needful in times of great emergency to depart from the rule of
scniorit//, and to select a Coiniuander mainly on tlie ground of known and
proved talent and ability, llonce the victor of Vimiera was again called
into the field, and. on the 22nd of April, 1800, Sir Arthur Wellcsley a
second time landed in Portugal.

" The unexpected arrival of a victorious Commander," says Sir W.
Napier, " created the greatest enthusiasm: — the Uegoncy nominated him
Captain-General ; the people hailed* his presence, and an undefined but
powerful sentiment that .«oniotliing great would hi; achieved, pervaded tho
public mind," Still, somewhat surprising, and rather overweening, was
this confidence ; for Sir Artlmr Wellcsley commanded only 26,000
Engli.sh and German troops; — the Spmish and Portuguese armies were
of little worth, and the French Eniperor had at that moment in tho
Peninsula, a iorce of /iro /unidrril and scrinti/ thoKSdiul nun.

Sir Arthur lost no time in bringing his tro()[»8 into action. On tho
12th of May he crossed the Dcuiro, in the face of the French army, and
carried Oporto, Soult liad entered it two months before with 2.'), 500
men ; he (luitted It with 10,IjOO, having lost by the sword and by sick-

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

343

ness, by assassination and capture, 6,000 good soldiers. He had marched
into Portugal with 58 pieces of artillery, he quitted it without a gun ! Yet
Soult was perhaps the greatest of all Napoleon's Generals. Sir Arthur's next
object was, and indeed it seemed a necessity of his position, to seek the
French armies, and to fight them with the least possible delay. The
demand of the English, and of the Portuguese also, was to be led against
the foe. To raise the spirit of the people of Spain and Portugal, and also
of the governments of both countries, it was necessary to show that there
was an army and a General in the field, and that neither the army nor
the General were afraid of meeting the French.

At this period the Spanish Generals and the Spanish Ministers had not
fully proved their entire inefiiciency. They still boasted of their power
to " drive the French out of Madrid, and out of Spain;" and if the
English General had refused to co-operato with them, he would have been
charged with cowardice or with treacliery. On the 27tli of June, 1809,
therefore. Sir Arthur, at the head of 22,000 British troops, and with
30 guns, entered Spain, and bcvjan his march on Madrid. The Spanish
General Cucsta, with an army of 39,000 men, was to co-operate with
him.

This co-operation, however, proved to be nothing but hindrance and a
source of vexation. The two armies marched forward, Sir Arthur grieved,
day by day, by some failure of supplies, means of transport, or other
necessary aid. On one occasion a delay of two whole days was created by
the Spanish General's obstinacy. On the 24th of July Sii Arthur wrote
to Lord Castlereagh, " I am not able to follow the enemy as I could wish;
having found it impossible to procure <cr/( o)ic mule, "/• a cart in tSj>a!ii ;

My troops have been in actual want of provisions for the last two

days." Meanwhile the Spanish Government took care of its own troops,
and left the English to shift for themselves. " The French," writis Sir
Arthur, " can take wliat thoy like and will take it — while we cannot
even buy common necessaries,"

Joseph, tiie nominal King of Spain, was apprized of tlic approach of
the English and Spanish forces, and marched out of Madrid with
25,000 Frencli veterans, commanded by Marshals Jourdan and Victor,
to moot thoni. The two arniios camo into tlie neighbourhood of each
other about the 22nd uf July, 1809. Sir Arthur and Cuosta had agreed,
on that day, that Victor's corps, which had been I'ound detached from tho
rest of the French army, should be attacked on tho following day. But
when he English troops were getting uml .r arms the next morning, tho

i> f'»

» ' i

CYCLOPiEDIA OF TUE

old Spaniard was not up, and finally, he objected to any attack that day.
The fact was, that tlie French General had contrived to corrupt some of
Cuesta's staff, and thus difficulties were constantly thrown in the way.

Victor, whose discomfiture would have been easy on the 23rd, had now
escaped, and had joined Sebastiani and King Joseph. The whole French
army now amounted to 56,122 men, and, confident in their strength,
the Commanders resolved at once to nnrch upon Talavera, and to attack
the Anglo-Spanish army.

Two or three minor engagements preceded the general battle. On
the 27th, in the afternoon, Victor's advanced guards came upon the
British outposts, and immediately attacked them. The English troops,
some of whom then saw fire for the first time, were thrown into some
confusion, and Sir Arthur himself narrowly escaped being made prisoner.
A body of 10,000 Spanish which was posted near, took such an alarm,
that they broke and ficd, giving out tliat " all was lost." Sir Arthur,
with some difficulty, restored order, brought up fresh troops, and the
French were finally driven oft". Yet such was the efl'ect of this panic
among the Spanish troops, that they went into action the next day with
COOO men less than their previous number.

That same night Victor, encouraged by the effect of the suprise thus
narrated, made an attack after sunset on a hill which was the key of the
English position. For a moment the French attnek succeeded,, but
General Hill brought up the 4Sth regiment, and at last expelled the
French from the ground which they had gained. The British lost 800
men, and the French 1000, in this affair, wliich was not ended until long
after dark.

As soon, however, as the day dawned, the French renewed the attack.

Once more they ascended the hill, and .struggled hand to hand with
the English infantry. General Hill was wounded, and many officers fell
around him. But the French never gained the upper hand. After a
severe contest, they fell back ; and the English pressed down the hill,
after them, until the whole of the attacking column got into confusion,
aad finally rushed down the declivity in iieadlong rout. This single
attack, which lasted only forty minutes, cost the French nearly 1500
men.

A consultation was now held in the French cam[), as to the expe-
diency of immediately risking a general battle. Jourdan strongly urged
the taking up a position behind the Albercho, and there awaiting the
approach of Soult, who, with another army, was expected to menace the

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

345

English on their flank and rear in a few days. Victor was more con-
fident, promising to carry the hill on the English left, if Sebastiani would
attack the centre and right at the same moment. He added, " If such
a combination can fail, it is time that wo gave up war."

King Joseph hesitated ; when, at that moment, a despatch arrived
from Soult, stating that he could not reach the neighbourhood in less
than a week. This decided the matter, and orders were given to attack.

Meanwhile, many discouragements prevailed in the English camp.
Provisions were scarce, and the men suffered from hunger. Among the
Spaniards all was confusion and distrust. Such alarm was created by
Cuesta's conduct, that in the very midst of the battle, his own country-
man, the Duke d'Albuquerque, sent one of his staff to warn Sir Arthur
Wellesley that " Cuesta was betraying him." Sir Arthur received the
message while seated on the hill, intently watching the movements of
the French. He listened to it without even turning his head ; and
coolly replied to the officer who brought him the message, " Very well,
you may return to your brigade ;" and then quietly resumed his survey.

But now the battle began. The allied army was posted near Talavera,
having that city and the Tagus on its right, a hill already referred to on
its left, a sort of ravine and water-course in front ; and looking towards
the Albcrche, — a river which flows into the Tagus, — in front of which
lay the whole French army. " The British and Germans," says Sir W.
Napier, "wore somewhat above 19,000 sabres and bayonets, with 30
guns. The Spaniards were 33 or 34,000 men, with 70 guns. The
French advanced with 80 puns, and nearly 50,000 men. But what a
difference in the quality oi the troops ! The French were all hardy
veterans ; while the genuine soldiers of the allied army did not exceed
19,000.

Before one o'clock the French soldiers were seen to gather round their
eagles, and the rolling of drums was hetird along the whole line. Half
an hour later. King Joseph's guards, the reserve, and the fourth corps
were descried in march ; and soon the table-land and the height on the
French right were covered with dark and lowering masses. A'ictor gave
the signal for battle, and 80 pieces of artillery sent a tempest of bul-
lets before tlio light troops, who came on witli all the swiftness and
violence of a hailstunu, followed by the broad black columns in all the
majesty of war.

'* Sir Arthur Wellesley from the hill viewed the whole field of battle.
He saw the fourth corps rushing forwards with the usual impetuosity of

346

CYCLOPEDIA OF THE

■^ 1
■I' ■

French soldiers and falling upon Campbell's division, wliich held the
right centre, with infinite fury ; yet that General, a&sisted by Mackenzie's
brigade and two Spanish battalions, withstood their utmost efforts. The
British regiment met the advancing columns with loud shouts, broke their
front, lapped their flanks with fire, and at last pushed them back with a
terrible carnage. Ten guns were taken ; but as Campbell feared to break
his line by a pursuit, the French rallied, and made head for another
attack. Then tlie British artillery played vehemently upon them ; a
Spanish regimc.it of cavalry charged their flank ; they retired in disorder,
and the victory was secured in that quarter."

This was on the right of the English line. On the left, two difitrent
columns of French were seen advancing towards the hill, the key of the
position. Sir Arthur sent forward an English regiment of cavalry, and
the 1st German hussars, to charge the heads of these columns. A hollow
cleft, not before perceived, stopped the Germans ; some of the English
leaped it, in twos and threes, and in desultory manner fell upon the
French infantry. Some Polish lancers charged them while thus disord-
ered, and the regiment was broken, and lost 207 officers and men.

Meanwhile, one of the French attacking columns was actually contend-
ing for possession of the hill ; and at the same time a powerful muss of
infantry, crossing the ravine, pressed hard upon the English centre. The
French attack was at first driven back ; then the English Guards, in the
excitement of success, rushed after them with reckless ardour. The
French reserves ciiarged tlieni ; the Guards, disordered, wore broken ;
the German Legion, adjoining, got into confusion, and for the moment
the English centre seemed to be shaken and in disorder.

Bat when the Guards had made their rash charge. Sir Arthur, fore-
seeing the issue of it, had ordered up the 4Sth rogiuicnt ; and had also
sent for Cotton's light-horse. The French came on, pushing before them
the disordered foot-guards. Sir Arthur charged them with the 48t!'i,
brought them to a stand ; the Guards and the German Legion «p(odily
recovered their ranks ; and at last this terrible attack was defeated, and
the French were pushed buck over the raviiiu, carrying with them their
general, Lapisse, mortally wounded.

Meanwhile their attack on the hill had filled ; while ou the Spanish
part of the army, sutely posted behind redoubts in Talavcra, they had
made no as^<ault. And so closed the battle of Talavera. Both sides
remained in the position of the morning when night closed upon them.
But at day-break the French began their retreat ; and before six o'clock

held the
ickenzie's
rts. The
roke their
ck with a
d to break
)r another

them ; a
I disorder,

) dififereni
:cy of the
k'alry, and

A hollow
e English

upon the
us disord-
|en.

f con ten d-
il mass of
itre. The
ds, in the
ur. The

broken ;
I moment

liur, fore-
had also
fore them
:ho 48ti.,
I speedily
atod, and
leni their

Spanish
they had
3tli ,'iidc!^
on them.
X o'clock

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

34T

their whole army was safely encamped behind the Alberche. That day,
too, Sir Robert Crawford joined the British army, bringing with him the
43rd, the 52nd, and the 95th regiments ; which troops immediately
relieved the rest of the army of the outpost-duty.

The > 3 of the English in this terrible contest was 62G8 ; including
in the reckoning all the attacks, both on the 27th and the 28th. The loss
of the French was 8794, according to their own returns. They lost
also 17 guns, some tumbrils, and several hundred prisoners.

Sir Arthur Wellesley, as we have said, was obliged to fight this battle.
Had he refused to advance, the Spanish government and people would
have deemed hi^ presence useless, and would have upbraided him with
want oi cjuragc. And having advanced, the French Marshajs very
natu'-ni / looked upon him as their prey ; and attacked him, deeming his
defefc certain.

The reputati i gained by the victory was obviously that arising from
I fearless meeting of the attack of a fine French army of 50,000 men,
led by two celebrated Generals, with an Anglo-German force of 19,000^
encumbered with the merely nominal aid of Spaniards. A French
critic, General Jomini, thus speaks of the moral result: " This battle at
once restored the reputation of the British army, which, during a cen-
tury past, had declined. It was now ascertained, that the English
infantry could dispute the palm with the best in Europe."

Sir Arthur, too, had now seen, and his troops had seen and proved,
the value of the Spanish army ; and all illusion on that subject had ceased.
Their artillery wus well trained, and sometimes rendered good service ;
but their cavalry was wretched ; and their infantry was totally unable to
perform evolutions under fire without falling into confusion. The result
therefore naturally was, that the English General, retiring into Portugal,
commenced plans to be carried out by English and Portuguese force- in
which the Spanish armies bore little or no part.

The merits of the English Commander were promptly rr;o'^nized by his
own government. He was immediately created Baron Douro and Vis-
count Wellington of Talavera, and of Wellington in the county of
Somerset.

There is a remarkable similarity, in all its chief features, between this,
the first of Wellington's great battles, and Waterloo, his last. Doubling
the numbers on both sides, the proportions were nearly the same. The
French at Talavera had more than 50,000 excellent troops, — at Waterloo
they had almost twice as many. The great English General had about

348

CYCLOPEDIA OF THE

1%' I

19,000 good troops at Talavora, with the nominal aid of 30,000 worth-
less ones. At Waterloo, he had about 33 or 34,000 good troops, with
the addition of about as many unreliable ones. In both cases alike, the
French, confident of success, made the attack ; and in both cases they
were foiled and driven back by a British force of less than half their num-
ber. The one material difference between the two conflicts lay in this,
— that in the second great battle, just as Napoleon's last attack had
been repelled, a force of 50.000 Prussians broke in upon the retreating
French, and utterly dispensed and annihilated their already-beaten army."

TAllA, BATTLE OF.— This was one of the earliest battles in
Ireland in '08. Fought between the Royal forces, only 400 strong, and
the insurgent Irish, amounting to 4000, yet they were completely
beaten, and 500 slain. May 2Gth, 1798.

TARBES, BATTLE OF.— Fought, March 20th, 1814, between the
English and French. ^Marislial 8oult was forced from his position, with
great loss, by the Duke of Wellington. This engagement shortly preceded
that of Toulouse.

TARENTUM WAR.— One of the most celebrated wars in Roman
History. Undertaken by the iidiubitants of Tarentum, with the aid of
the reiiowncMl Fyrrhus, King of Epirus, which resulted, after many battles,
in their subjugation by the arinsol'the Jiomans.

TCIFERNAYA, BATTLE OF —One of the brilliant engagements
during the C'rinioan war. ronglit, .Vugiist Kith, 1854. Tlie enemy, in
(leMHc columns of infantry and cavalry, .supported by 1(10 guns, advanced
from the heights towards* the river, here crossed by two bridges, the larger
one being known as the Traktir Bridge. They carried pontoons, and
appliances iur crossing tlie stream ; and there were also several places in
wliieli the Tehernaya was fordahle. Favoured by the dim light of early
niiirning, they suieeeded in throwing several buttalions unobserved across
the river, and attacking the ilivision led by Ooneral Uamon, on tho
extreme left of the French line. Though taken by surprise, tho French
made a brave resislanee, and tlie Jlrd Znuuves and 50tli of the lino
assisted liy the H2nd, which attacked them in the fhink. .luceceded in
repealling them with considerable loss.

In their second attempt the Russians were somowhat more successful.
Thoy advanced noross the Traktir Bridge. The (ftr dii pmit was

IF i

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

349

0,000 wortli-
troops, with
ses alike, the
h cases they
If their nuui-
i lay in this,
attack had
be retreating
mten army."

; battles in

strong, and

completely

between the
xsition, with
tly preceded

3 in Eoniau
1 the aid of
any battles,

ngiigonionts

enemy, in
IS, advanced
H, the larger
itoons, and
al places in
gilt of cnrly
jrvcd across
lon, on the
tlio French
of tlio lino

uoccoded in

1 successful.
jiiinf was

guarded by the 20th regiment of the line, who were too weak to offer
any effective resistance. Tliey bravely disputed the ground, and bst
twelve officers before they would give way. The dense masses of the
Russians now thronged acros^s the bridge. In their train followed three
guns, which were promptly got into position to s-vecp the road along
which the French would advance. The infantry swarmed across the
bridge, or waded breast high through the stream. Quickly forming into
heavy columns, they advanced in gallant style up the hill in front of the
French centre. General Ilurbillon was fully prepared for the attack, and
the enemy was promptly met, ami, after a very animated contest, driven
back across the bridge by the ?nd Zouaves, the 07th of the line, and oiio
battalion of the foot Chasseurs. The slaughter was terrific ; the French
and Sardinian guns playing on the retreating mass, and the French pur-
suing them in a vigorous baytaiet charge.

The right of the French position occujiied some low hillocks, defended
in front by the river, and by the a(iuoduct used to supply the Turkish
army with water. Tlie Sardinian army was encamped on their right
pnd had manned a very etleetive battery. CIcneral raut'iiu.\ was the
French commander at this portion of the line, and a considerable body
of artillery was under liis command. While the Russians were attacking
the French centre, as already related, another column of enormous
strength advanced across the river ai\d aiiucduct, and attacked the
Fri'ucii right. The artillery and the riilcs o\' the Strdinlans made dread-
ful havoc in their ranks; hut the Kus>inn officers cheered on their nun
to the advance, and, in defiance of dreadful loss, charged gallantly the
French position. The Zouaves, who held the brow of the hill, ntircd
slowly to (he main body, which was jiartially liiddeii by the nature of the
ground, and the enemy came on with loud cheers, inrigining an easy
conijuest. Then the French suddenly formed up into line, and charging
forward with an impetuosity that delies description, literally crushed tho
enemy in their tremendous rush, and hurled them down the hill.
Many rolled into tho aijueduet and were suffocated ; others had their
limbs broken by the fall ; and the main body turnidaml lied precipitattly
towards tho bridge, As the broken and flying nuiss poured onwarda,
the butteries opened upon them, and a scene of fearful massacre ensued.
The bridge was choked with the troops endeavouring to pass across, utid
the river was crowded with the fugitives, Among them ptuircd the iron
hail of the Sardinian batteries ; ami when they struggled into the ojien
ground, hundreds more fell mortally wounded. Never was there n niuro
complete or ignominious defeat.

350

CYOLOPADIA OF THE

II:

Tlio remnants of the infantry withdrew beliind the cavahy, and
retreated to the hill ; the Russian artillery covering them by a heavy
fire against the French batteries. Prince Gortschakoff man(x?uvred his
cavalry for some time in sight of the Allies, hoping apparently to draw
our dragoons in pursuit among the hills, where a second Balaklava mas-
sacre would probMl)ly have awaited tlicm. General Scarlett, commanding
the English cavalry division, eagerly proffered the services of his splendid
warriors, but General Pelissier wisely declined to hazard such valuable
troops in such a perilous adventure.

Towards evening the Russians drew off, leaving about 3000 dead
upon the field, and their wounded could not have amounted to less than
6000. The French carried ofl" in their ambulances, 1(120 soldiers and
thirty-three officers, brsidos 400 pri.-oners. Among the dead was General
Head, a very distinguished Russian officer, upon wliose person was
found a plan of the attack. The' I'rench 'ost 9 officers killed and 61
wounded, 172 men killed and 1103 wounded, besides 14() missing.
The gallant Sardinians, besides the death of General the Count of Mont-
cvecchio, sustained a loss of 250 men. The Turkish battalions arrived
too late to take any part in the affair.

TKWKKSBUHY, RATTl.E OF.— Fought, May 4ib, 1171. The
very day of the battle of Rarnet, Queen .^Ia^garet landed at I'lymouth.
At the news of the defeat of Warwick she sank to the ground in despair;
but the arguments of her friends soon awakeneil her natural courage, und
ishe advanced to Hath. It was there rcsolvetl to try to effect a junction
with tlie Karl of rembroke, who had a large force in Wales ; but the
people of GloucestiT had secured tin; only bridge over the Severn, and at
Tewkesbury it was found that Kdward was at hand with a more numer-
ous army. The Tiancastrian leaders then drew up their i'oicos without
the town ; the Yorkists, led by the King's lirothor, the Duke of (Jloucester,
fell on them furiously, and after a short but gallant resistance, the lian-
Cftstriiins wore totally routed. Tiie Queen and I'rince were made pri.toners;
the latter being led into tiic royal tout, Kdward demanded of him what
had brought him ti> England. " To recover my father's kingdom and
heritage, from liis father and grandfather to him, and froni liiin to me
lineally descended," replied the undaunted youth, Kdward struck him
In the face with his gnuntlet, and Glouo<,if"tor, Ohirence, and pome othorn
despatched him willi their Hwords. Edward then set out for London,
and on the evening of Iuh arrival king Henry died in the Tower, of grief

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

351

as was given out, but there can be little doubt that he was murdered by
onlor of Edward. The guilt of the docd, though without any proof, was
afterwards laid on the Duke of Gloucester.

TEXEL, IJATTLES OF THE.— The vicinity of the Tcxel has been
the scene of some remarkable cngagcincnts, anions others a battle of three
days was fought here, between the English, under Blake and Monk, and
the Dutch, under Van Tronip and DeRuytcr, when the Dutch were
signally defeated and Van Tromp killed, Itlf)'}. Again Ruytcr was defeated
liere, August lltli, lti73. The Dutch fleet gloriously vanquished l)y
Lord Duncan, October 11th, 17i)7. Twelve ships of war and thirteen
Indiumen of the Dutch surremlered to Admiral Mitchell, who took them
without firing a shot, August 28th, 17!)9.

TlIEKMorVL/E, BATTLE OF.-Leonidas, at the head of 300
Spartans at this defile withstood the whole army of the Persians, until
of the ;500 heroes wlu) surrounded him, all were slain but one muii; 20,001)
Persians perished by the Irinds of the (Spartans, August 7th, 480 n. c,
This battle was one of the mo.st celebrated events in the aiuiMls ui' (Jreeco,
and efl'ectually, at last, gave a check to the invading Persian army. The
following is from Uollin's Ancient History.

* " Thernioj)yliu is a strait or narrow pass of mount (Eta, between
Tbcssaly and Phocis, but 25 feet broad, which therefore might be
defended by a small number of forces, and which was the only way
through which the P(>rsi;in laml army could enter Achaia. and advance
to liesioge Athens. This was the place wiiere the (ireuian army llionght
fit to wait for the onomy: the person who eonimamled it was Leonidns,
one of the two kings of Hparta.

f Xerxes in the meantime was tipon bis march : he had gi\en orderiii
for his Meet to follow him along the coast, and to regulate their motions
according to those of the land army Wiierover ho canm, ho found
provisiouH and lefroshments prepared iuforohand, pursuant to tlie orders
lie hud sent ; m.d every city lit! arrived at gave liini a magnilieent iMitor-
tainment, which cost inunense sums of money. The vast expense of
tliCM' treats gave occasion to a witty saving of a certain citizen of AbdeM
in Thrace, who, when the king was gone, said, they ought to tiumk tlio
gods, tliat )io ate but one mual a-day,

I III tho Baino country of Thruoo, thora was a prinoo who Miowod an

IIckmI. 1, vlLc. 175, 177,
llcroil. 1. vil, c, 103, Vii,

\ IbiU. l.Tili. 0. 110.

352

CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE

extraordinary greatness of soul on this occasion : it was the king of the
Bisaltcs. Whilst all the other princes ran into servitude, and basely
submitted to Xerxes, he bravely refused to receive his yoke, or to obey
hiiu. Not being in a condition to resist him with open force, ho retired
to the top of the mountain llhodope, into an inaccessible place, and
forbade all his sons, who were six *in number, to carry arms against
Greece. But they, either out of fear of Xerxes, or out of a curiosity to
see so important a war, followed the Persians, in contradiction to their
father's injunction. On their return home, tlieir father, to punish so
direct a disobedience, condemned all his sons to have their eyes put
out. Xerxes continued his march through Thrace, Macedonia, and
Thessaly, every thing giving way before him till ho came to the Strait of
Thermopylae.

* One cannot .see, without the utmost astonishment, with what an
handful of troops the Grecians opposed the innumerablo army of Xerxes.
We find a particular account of their number in I'ausanias. All their
forces joined together, amounted only to 11,200 men, of which number
4000 only were employed at Thermopyhv; to defend the pass. But these
soldiers, adds the historian, were all determined to a man either to
cnnfiuer or die. And what is it that an army of sudi resolution is not
able to eHeet?

•|- When Xerxes advanced near the Straits of Thormopylio, he was
strangely surpriseil to iind that they were prepared to dispute his passage.
lie had always flattered himself that on the lirst hearing of Iiis arrival,
the (irecians would betake themselves to tliglit: nor could he ever be
per.>'uaded to believe, what Demaratus had told him from the beginning
of his project, that at the tirtt pass he came to, he would Iind his whole
army stoj)ped by an handful of mi'n. lie sent out a spy before him to
take u view of the enemy. Tiie spy brouglit Iiim word, that he found
the liaeedivmnnians out ol' their intrencnmeiils, and that they were
diverting themselves with military exercises, and combing their hair:
this was the Spartan manner ol" preparing tiiemselves for battle.

X'M'xes, still entcrtnining some hopes of their flight, wr,;!"d four days
on purpose to give them time to retreat; |" and in thi.s interval of time
ho used his utnmst endeavours to gain liconiihis, by making him mag-
nificent promi.ses, and assuring him, that ho would make him master of

' f

• I'luu. 1, X. p. C45. t llprod. 1. vii c 207—231. Dlod, I. xl. p. 5—10.

t Pint, hi Iiitcoii. A|)(i|ili, p. Jli,').

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

353

ing of the
nd basely
or to obey
he retired
place, and
us against
uriosity to
n\ to their
punish so
eyes put
onia, and

Strait of

1 what an
of Xerxes.

All their

h number

But these

either to

:ion is not

io, he was

is passage.

is arrival,
ever be

uegiiining
lis whole
e him to
III' lliuiid
\t'y were
eir hair :

lour days
al i>i' time
liiii nui^-
master of

p, 5—10.

all Greece if he would conic over to his party. Lconidas rejected liis
proposal with scorn and indignation. Xerxes, having afterwards written
to him to deliver up his arms, Leonidas, in a style and spirit truly
laconical, answered him in these words, * " Come and take them."
Nothing remained but to prepare themselves to engage the Lacedaemo-
nians. Xerxes first commanded his Median forces to march against
them, with orders to take them all alive, and bring them to him. These
Medes were not able to stand t!ie charge of the Grecians; and being
shamefully put to flight, they showed, s ; Herodotus, f that Xerxes
had a great many men, and but few soldi>.»rf. riio next that were sent
to face the Spartans, were those Persians called the Immortal Band,
which consisted of 10,000 men, and were the best troops in the whole
army. But these had no better success than the former.

Xerxes, out of all liopcs of being able to force his way through troops
so determined to cont|uer or die, was extremely perplexed, and could not
toll what resolution to take, when an inhabitant of the country came to
him, and discovered a secret J path to the top of an eminence, which
overlooked and commanded the Spartan forces. lie (|uiekly dispatched
a detachment thither ; which, marching all nig!', arrived there at tho
break of day, and possessed themselves of that advantageous post.

The Greeks were soon apprized of this misfortune ; and Leonidas, see-
ing that it was now impossible to repulse the enemy, obliged the rest of
the allies to retire, but staid himself with liia 300 Laccdiemonians, all
resolved to die with their leader ; who being told by tho oracle, that either
LacedaMUon or her king m\ist necessarily perish, determined, without tho
least (liTiculty or hesitation, to saerilice himself for his country. The
Spartans lost all hopes either of con(iuering or escaping, and looked upon>
Thermopylic as their burying-phice. Tho king, exhorting his men to
lake some nourislnuent, and telling them at the same time, that tliey
should sup together with IMutu, they set up a shmit of joy a< if they had
been invited to a bamiuet, and full ol' ardour advanced vnth their king
to battle, The shook was exceedingly violent aiul bloody. Leonidas
himself was one of tho flrst that fell, The endeavours of tho Lacediu-
mouians to defend his dead body were incrodible. At longtii, not

• ' .\\>rrptt\pf, fiu^uv Aa/3r. \ On irnMm /nr afHinonoi titv, u?.i}in ih avAptf^

tjMiod tnulti liomliu's osscnt, piuici iiuti'in viri.

t Wlifii the (iiiuls 'JOO y«Mir!( at'uu' lliia, came to invade Greece, they poasi'sseil
tlicragelveg of tlie Strixlts of Tlieriuopyhn by juenus of the satuo hy-iuuh, wliich
tho Grcclnni had still neglected to eecurc, ''autnii. 1. i, p. 7. etH.

354

CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE

ii >

vanffiiiAed, but oppressed by numbers, tbey all fell except one man, wlio
escatiO't to Sparta, where he was treated as a coward and traitor to his
coui;li , Tnd nobody would keep company or converse with him. But
aooo :>}( ;rwards he made a glorious amend for his fault at the battle of
PlatiiCi), where he distinguished himself in an extraordinary manner.
Xerxes, C!\raged to the last degree against Leonidas for daring to make
head H'/ainst him, caused his dead body to bo Imng up on a gallows, and
II! .de hio intended dishonour of his enemy his own immortal shame."

THllASYMENE, BATTLE OF. — Fought, n. c. 217.— On a
circulir range of hills, near the lake, Hannibal disposed his army, and
Flaminius, the Roman General, took his station in the valley beneath.
A mist rising from the lake completely concealed the Carthaginians from
the Romans, while it left the view of the former unimpeded. The fortune
of the day was such as might have been expected — 15,000 soldiers fell
with Flaminius in the valley, and GOOO more were obliged to surrender
themselves prisoners of war. The following is from Rolliu's Ancient
History:

* " Hannibal being thus got, almost unexpectedly, out of this dangerous
place, refreshed his troops, and then marched and pitched his camp be-
tween Arrctium and Fesuhw, in the richest and most fruitful part of
Tuscany. Hia first endeavours were to ditscover the genius and character
of Flaminius, in order that he might take advantage of his foible, which,
according to Folybius, ought to be the chief study of a general. He
was told that Flaminius was greatly conceited of his own merit, bold,
enterprising, rasii, and fond of glory. To plunge him the deeper into
these excesses, to which he was lutUirally prone, r he iutlamed his impe-
tuous spirit, by laying waste and burning tlie wiiole country, in his sight.

Flaminius was not of a temper to continue inactive in his camp, though
Hannibal ishould have lain still. But when lie saw the territories of his
allies laid waste before his eyes, he thought it would retlect dishonour
upon him, should he .sull'er Hannibal to r.iii.sa.'k Jlaly without control,
and oven advance to the very walls of Rome, without meeting any resis-
tance.

Ho rejected with scorn the prudent counsels of those who advised him

• I'olyl). 1. iii. l>. 231-'.';JS.

t Appiircbal fi-rocitcr oiuuia nc privpropore ncturuni. Qiioquo pronior essct
in luii vllio, ftgitaro cum utiino iiiitaro I'a'iius pamt. Liv. 1, xxii. u. 3,

til y

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

355

) udvisud Iiiui

c jironlor esset

to wait the arrival of his colleague, and to be satisfied for the present with
putting a stop to the devastation of the enemy.

In the meantime, Hannibal was stiiradvaucing towards Rome, having
Cortona on the left hand, and the lake Thrasymene on the right. When
he saw that the consul followed close after him, with the design to give
him battle, by stopping him in his march ; having obser^'ed that the
ground was convt iiient for that purpose, he also begAn to prepare him-
eelf for the battle. The lake Thrasymene and the mountains of Cortoua
form a very narrow defile, which leads into a largo valley, lined on both
sides, with hills of a considerable height, and closed at the outlet by a
steep hill of difficult access. On tliis hill, Hannibal, after having crossed
the valley, came and encamped with the mam body of his army ; posting
his liglit-armed infantry in ambuscade upon the hills on the right, and
part of his cavalry behind those on the left, as far almost as the entrance
of the defile, through which Flaminius was obliged to pass. Accordingly,
this general, who followed him very esurerly, with the resolution to fight
him, being come to the defile near the lake, was forced to halt, because
night was coming on ; but he entered it Jie next morning at day -break.
Hannibal having permitted him to advance, with all his forces, above
half way through the valley, and seeing the lloniau van-guard pretty
near him, he sounded the charge, and commanded the troops to come out
of their an)buscade, in order that he might attack the enemy, at the same
time, from all quarters. The reader may guess at the consternation with
which the Konians were seized.

They were not yot drawn up in order of battle, neitlier had they got
their arms in readiness, when they found themselves attacked in front, in
roar, and in flank. In a moment all tJie ranks were put into disorder.
Flaminius, alone undaunted in so universal a surprise, animates liis
soldiers both witli his hand and voice ; and exhorts them to cut them-
selves a passage witii their sword.-* througli the midst of the enemy. But
the tumult which reigned everywhere, the dreadful shouts of the enemy,
and a fog that was ri.sen, prevented his being seen or heard. However,
when the llomans saw themselves surrounded on all sides, cither by the
enemy or the lake, and the impo.ssibility of saving their lives by uight, it
rou.sed their courage, and both parties began the light with astonishing
animosity. Their fury was so great, tliat not a soldier in eit) or army
perceived an earthquake, which happened in that country, and buried
whole cities in ruins. In this confusion, Flaminius being slain by one of
the Insubrian Gauls, the llomans began to give ground, and at last quite

356

CYCLOPiEDIA OP THE

ran away. Great numbers, to save themselves, leaped into the lake,v?hilst
others, climbing over the mountains, foil into the enemy's hands whom
they strove to avoid. Six thousand only cut their way through the con-
querors, and retreated to a place of safety ; but the next day they were
taken prisoners. In this battle 15,000 Romans were killed, and about
10,<I00 escaped to Rome, by different roads. Hannibal sent back tLe
Latins, who were allies of the Romans, into their own country, without
demanding tlie least ransom. He commanded search to be made for the
body of Flaminius, in order to give it burial, but it could not be found.
He afterwards put his troops into quarters of refreshment, and solemnized
the funerals of 30 of his chief oflBcers, who were killed in the battle. He
lost in all but 1500 men, most of whom were Gauls.

Immediately after, Hannibal dispatched a courier to Carthage, with
the news of his good success in Italy. This caused the greatest joy for
the present, raised the most promising hopes with regard to the future,
and revived the courage of all the citizens. They now prepared with
incredible ardour to send into Italy and Spain all necessary succours.

Rome, on the contrary, was lillt'd with universal grief and alarm, as
soon as the praetor had pronounced from tlie rostra the following wordsi
" we have lost a great battle." The senate, studious of nothing but the
public welfare, thought that in so great a calamity and so imminent a
danger ri'cniirsc must be hud to extraordinary remedies. They therefore
appointed Qiiintus Fabius, dictator, a person as conspicuous ibr his wis-
dom as his birth. It was the custom at Rome that the moment a dicta-
tor was nominated, all authority ceased, that of the tribunes of the people
excepted. M. Minucius was appointed his general ofhor.se."

TILSIT, PEACE OF.— Between France and Russia, whei Napoleon
restored to the Russiiin Mdnarclt niie-half his dominions, and Russia
reo()gniz'-'<l the confederatioi of the Rhine and the elevation of his three
brothers, Joseph, Louis, and Jerome to the thrones of Naples, Holland,
and Westphalia. Signc.l, July 7th, 1807.

TINCHEBRAY, BATTLE. OF.— Fought, HOG, between Henry I
of England, and Robert, Duke of Normandy. The two brotiicrs met at
this place, and Robert was defeated, and all Normandy was taken by
Henry, — Robert himself being thrown into i dungeon, and kept for more
than twenty-live years a prisoner.

TOPLITZ. BATTLES OF.— The first was fought between the
AuBtriuns and Prussiuns, tho latter dofuutod, In 17G2. Another battle

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

357

the lake, whilst
8 hands whom
irough the con-
day they were
led, and about
sent back the
ountry, without
DC made for the
d not be found,
and solemnized
1 the battle. He

Carthage, with
greatest joy for
ird to the future,
)W prepared with
jary succours,
•icf and alarm, as
; following words*
)f nothing but the
id so imminent a
?. They therefore
icuous for his wis-
le moment a dicta-
bunes of the people
horse."

isia, whc 1 Napoleon
inions, and llussi,*
evatiou of his three
)f Naples, Holland,

G, between Henry I
two brothers met at
andy was taken by
n, and kept for more

fought between the
G2. Another battlo

August 30th, 1813. Treaty of ditto, September 9th, 1813. Second
treaty of ditto, October 3rd, 1813.

T ORGAN, BATTLE OF.— Between Frederick II of Prussia and
the Ausifians, in which the former obtained a coQiplete victory. The
Austrian General, Count Daun, was wounded, November 11th, 1760.

TOULON, NAVAL BATTLES OF.— A memorable battle off this
port between the English, French and Spanish fleets, February 10th,
1744. The English lost the victory through a misunderstanding of their
Admirals. Another battle fought here, when Lord Hood took six ships of
the French fleet, and sunk one of very large force, and several others,
June 4th, 1794. While the two fleets were engaged, a large fleet of
Indiamen got safely into Brest harbour. As on this fleet depended the
means of the French carrying on the war, tliey claim the victory, notwith-
standing their loss in ships and men.

TOULOUSE, BATTLE OF.— This was the final battle of the
Peninsular war — one of the most bloody that was fought between the
French and English. The French were commanded by Soult, and the
English by Wellington. Wellington forced the French to retreat after
twelve hours of hard fighting, the battle raging from seven in the morn-
ing till seven at night. The English lost between 4000 and 5000 men,
that of the French exceeded 10,000. Fought, April 10th, 1814.

TOURNAMENTS, or TiLTS.— Every one has read of these
ancient modes of duelling. If not, let them read Sir Walter Scott's
" Ivanhoe," iS:c. The Arabs are very expert in their management of
horses at these tilts. The following will describe the whole : —

" The tournament field is oblong, and bordered by rows of spectators,
sitting cross-legged round the open space. The best riders of the tribe,
mounted on the most active horses, are then introduced into the arena,
the men being clothed with as D'uoh splendour as their means will pec
mit them, while the chargers are covered with largo silk housings of
difl^erent colours, reaching to the ground, and resembling those t f ancient
knights, as represented in Proissart, Some of the Arabs then commence
making their horses dance m the sound of drums and trumpets, whilst
men on foot occasionally rush forward and discharge their muskets
close to the horses' ears. Others dash forward at full speed along the
lino of seated spectators, ns close to their feet as they possibly can, with-
out actually trampling upon them : and every now and then suddenly

358

CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE

throwing tlieir horses on their haunches, spin them round on their hind
legs, and resume in the opposite direction their wild career. It is a
nervous sight to behold ; for you momentarily expect to see some person
or child crushed beneath the horses' hoofs ; but no accident ever hap-
pens, and men, women, and children, maintain their seats with the
greatest calmness and feeling of security, saluting any well-executed point
of horsemanship with loud and exulting shouts of approbation, whilst
the women accompany them with the usual but indescribable cries of the
quick-repeated lu-lu-lu lu ; in return for which they are covered with
clouds of sand and dust, which the impetuous coursers throw up behind
them. Three or four others dashing their sharp stirrups into the flanks
of their impatient steeds, rush madly along the length of the arena,
shouting forth their telchir, or '.;ar-cries, and whirling round their heads
the long and silver-adorned Arab guns, which they discharge at the
spectators when they have reached the farthest extremity of the lists.
Others engage with swords soldiers on foot, galloping round their adver-
saries in incredibly small circles, twisting their horses suddenly round,
and then circling to the other hand ; :ind I know not which most to
admire, the activity and suppleness of tiie rider or of his horse. Others,
whilst at full speed, will lean over, and without in the least reducing
their pace, pick up from the ground a piastre or any other equally small
object, thrown down for the purpose. These sports form, on tlic whole,
one of the gayest and mo«t animating scenes I ever beheld, incroused as
it is by the waving of many silken sanjaks of the brightest colours, by
the music, the report of fire-arms, tlie war-crie's of the performers, and
the shouts of tlie numerous spectators."

TOURXAY.— Taken by the Allies in 1709; taken again by the
French, November llth, 17l»2. A battle was fought hereby the Anglo-
Austrian army, against the Fronoh, in which they were defeated, May
8th, 171)3. Another buttle was fought between the English and French,
when the French were repulsed, losing 200 men and three held piece?.
Fought, iMay Gth, 1794.

TOURS, HATTLK OF.— One of the glorious victories of Charles
Martel, and that wliicli most established his fame ; gained over the
Saracens, near Tours, and from wliicli \w accjuired the name of Martel
or the Hammer, t^nmc historians declare that but for this victory, all
Europe, as well as Asia and Africa, would otherwise have become
Mahommt'dan. Fought, October 10th, 732.

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

359

on their hind

reer. It is a

some person

ent ever hap-

3ats with the

ixecuted point

ibation, whilst

e cries of the

covered with

•ow up behind

into the flanks

of the arena,

id their heads

ichargc :\t the

;y of the lists.

nd their adver-

uddenly round,

which most to

lorse. Others,

least reducing

iv equally small

1, on the whole,

Id, increased as

test colours, by

performers, and

1 again by the
c by the Anglo-
dcfoatod, May
ish and French,
irce Hold piece?.

ories of Charles
;ained over the
name of Martel
this victory, all
c have become

TOWTON, BATTLE OF.— This great battle is supposed to be
the most fierce and bloody that ever happened in any domestic war.
Fought, March 29th, 1461, between the houses of York and Lancaster,
to the latter of which it proved fatal ; more than 37,000 men of the
Lancastrians fell. Edward IV of York issued orders to give no quar-
ter, and a merciless massacre ensued.

TRAFALGAR, BATTLE OF.— The most glorious and splendid
naval engagement ever achieved by the British navy. The French had
18 and the Spaniards 15 ships of the line; the British had 27 ships.
Several of the enemies' Admirals were taken prisoners. The following
is Southey's fine 'lescription of the death of England's greatest naval
hero. He says : —

" Nelson having despatched his business at Portsmouth, endeavoured
to elude the populace by taking a by-way to the beach, but a crowd
collected in his train, pressing forward to obtain a sight of his face : many
were in tears, and many knelt down before him, and blessed him as he
passed. England has had many heroes, but never one who so entirely
possessed the love of his fellow-countrymen as Nelson. All men knew
that his heart was as humane as it was fearless ; that there was not in
his nature the slightest alloy of selfishness or cupidity ; but that, with
perfect and entire devotion, he served his country with all his heart, and
with all his soul, and with all his strength ; and therefore they loved
him as truly and as fervently as he loved England. They pressed upon
the parapet to gaze after him when his barge pushed off, and he returned
their cheers by waving his hat. The sentinels who endeavoured to pre-
vent them from trespassing upon this ground, were wedged among the
crowd; and an ofiicer who, not very prudently upon such an occasion,
ordered them to drive the people down with their bayonets, was com-
pelled speedily to retreat; for the people would not be debarred from
gazing till the last moment upon the hero — the darling hero of England !

* :N ;H ■■fi * li-

lt had been p?.rL of Nelson's prayer, that the British fleet might be
distinguished by humanity in the victory which he expected. Setting
an example himself, he twice give orders to cease firing on the Redoubt-
able, supposing that she had struck, because her guns was silent ; for,
as she carried no flag, there was no means of instantly ascertaining the
fact. From this sliip, which ho had thus twice spared, ho received his
death. A ball fired from lier mizcn-top, which, in the then situation of
the two vessels, was not more than 15 yards from that part of the

i';' I

360

CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE

deck where he was standing, struck the epaulette on his left shoulder,
about a quarter after one, just in the heat of action. He fell upon his
face, on the spot which was covered with his poor secretary's blood.
Hardy, who was a few steps frort him, turning round, saw three men
raising him up. " They have done for me at last, Hardy," said he.
" I hope not," cried Hardy. " Yes," he replied, " my back-bone is
shot through." Yet even now, not for a moment losing his presence of
mind, he observed, as they were carrying him down the ladder, that the
tiller ropes, which had been shot away, were not yet replaced, and
ordered that new ones should be rove immediately : then, that he might
not be seen by the crew, he took out his handkerchief, and covered his
face and his stars. Had he but concealed these badges of honour from
the enemy, England, perhaps, would not have had cause to receive with
sorrow the news of the battle of Trafalgar. The cockpit was crowded
with wounded and dying men, over whose bodies ho was with some diffi-
culty conveyed, and laid upon a pallet in the midshipmen's berth. It
was soon perceived, upon examination, that the wound was mortal.
This, however, was concealed from all except Captain Hardy, the
Chaplain, and the medical attendants. He himself being certain,
from the sensation in his back, and the gush of blood he felt momently
within his breast, that no human care could avail him, insisted that the
surgeon should leave him, and attend to those to whom he might be
useful ; " for," said he, " you can do nothing for me." All that could
be done was to fan him with paper, and frequently to give him lemonade
to alleviate his intense thirst. He was in great pain, and expressed
much anxiety for the event of the action, which now began to declare
itself As often as a ship struck, the crew of the Victory huivahed; and
at every hurrah, visible expression of joy gleamed in the eyes, and
marked the countenance of the dying hero. But ha became impatient
to see Hardy ; and as that officer, though often sent for, could not leave
the deck. Nelson feared that some fatal cause prevented him, and
repeatedly cried, " Will no one bring Hardy to me ? he must be killed !
he is surely dead !" An hour and ten minutes elap-sod from the time
when Nelson received his wound, before Hardy could come to him,
They shook hands in silence, Hardy in vain struggling to suppress the
feelings of that most painful and yet sublime moment. " Well, Hardy,"
said Nelson, " how -;oes the day with us ?" " Very well," replied
Hardy; " ten ships have struck, but five of the van have tacked, and
show an intention to boar down upon the Victory. I have called two
or three of our fresh ships round, and have no doubt of giving them a

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

361

shoulder,

11 upon his

ry's blood.

three meu

" said he.

ack-bone is

jresence of

er, that the

placed, and

at he might

covered his

lonour from

receive with

(vas crowded

h some diffi-

s berth. It

was mortal.

Hardy, the

sing certain,

ilt momently

ited that the

lie might be

.11 that could

im lemonade

lid expressed

,n to declare

ui railed; and

lie

eyes,

and

lue impatient
uld not leave
2d him, and
ist be killed !
rom the time
lome to him.
suppress the
rell, Hardy,"
veil," replied
I tacked, and
vc called two
jiving them a

drubbing." " I hope," said Nelson, " none of our ships have struck."
Hardy answered, " there was no fear of that." Then, anH not till then.
Nelson spoke of himself. " I am a dead man, Hardy," said he ; '•' I
am going fast ; it will be all over with me soon. Come nearer to mo.
Let my dear Lady Hamilton have my hair, and all other things belong-
ing to me." Hardy observed, that he hoped Mr. Beatty could yet hold
out some prospect of life. "Oh! no," he replied; "it is impossible.
My back is shot through. Beatty will tell you so." Hardy then once
more shook hands with him, and with a heart almost bursting, hastened
upon deck.

By this time all feeling below the breast was gone, and Nelson, having
made the surgeon ascertain this, said to him : " You know I am gone.
I know it. I feel someting rising in my breast," putting his hand on
his left side, " which tells me so." And upon Beatty's inquiring
whether his pain was very great, he replied, " so great that he wished
he was dead. Yet," said he, in a lower voice, " one would like to live
a little longer too I" And after a few minutes, in the same undertone,
he added : " What would become of poor Lady Hamilton if she knew
my situation 1" Next to his country she occupied his thoughts. Captain
Hardy, some fifty minutes after he had left the cockpit, returned, and
again taking the hand of his dying friend and commander, congratulated
him on having gained a complete victory. How many of the enemy
were taken he did not know, as it was impossible to perceive them
distinctly, but 14 or 15 at least. " That's well," cried Nelson, but
" I bargained for 20. " And then, in a stronger voice, he said :
" Anchor, Hardy, anchor." Hardy, upou this, hinted that Admiral
Collirrgwood would take upon himself the direction of affairs. " Not
while I live. Hardy," said the dying Nelson, ineffectually endeavouring
to raise himself from the bed : " do you anchor." His previous orders
for preparing to anchor had shown how clearly he foresaw the necessity
of this. Presently calling Hardy back, he said to him in a low voice,
" Don't throw me overboard;" and he desired that he might be buried
by his parents, unless it should pleaso the King to order otherwise.
Then reverting to private feelings : " Take care of my dear Lady
Hamilton, Hardy ; take care of poor Lady Hamilton. Kiss me,
Hardy," said he. Hardy knelt down and kissed his cheek ; and
Nelson said, " Now I am satisfied. Thank God I have done my duty !"
Hardy stood over him in silence for a moment or two, then knc't again
and kissed his forohead "Who is that?" said Nelson; ,nd being

Iltil

\ <

. 4.

362

CYCLOPEDIA OF TUB

informed, he replied, " God bless you. Hardy." And Hardy then left
him for ever. Nelson now desired to be tamed upon his right side, and
said, " I wish I had not left the deck ; for I shall soon bo gone."
Death was, indeed, rapidly approaching. He said to the Chaplain,
"Doctor, I have yiot been a gredt sinner;" and after a shurt pause,
" Remember that I leave Lady Hamilton and my daughter Horatia as
a legacy to my country." His articulation now became difficult ; but
h) was distinctly heard to say, " Thank God, I have done my duty !'
These words ho repeatedly pronounced, and they were the last words
which he uttered. He expired at thirty minutes after four, three hours
and a quarter after he had received his wound."

TllAKTIR BRIDGE, BATTLE OF.— Fought during tno Crimean
campaign, between the French and Sardinian forces, and the Russians —

" The garrison of Scbastopol having failed, on the 2nd of August, in a
desperate attempt to forces the Allied linos by the Worcnzoft" Road,
remained iiinetive only in apiienrancc. They were ready fur a new
Biilaciuvii and a new Likeniian all in one, so far as the strategic niovc-
ment is concerned. In August the Tchornayaisfordablo at many points,
well known, of coun^o, to tho enemy. On the IGth of that month they
debouched from the Teliouliou Heights, and descended to the Teliernaya,
in the neiglii)ourhood iif Traktir-bridgo. IJehiiul this bridge rise, at a,
little distance, the Fediukipj hills, on which rested the rear of tho French
army, wliich now faced i.bout. To their right rt'ero the l^ardinians, — to
theirs the Turks. Bevniid the river, ai\d under Tehouliou hills is a
valley, along whieli swiunied the lUissian masses, driving the outposts of
the Sardinian Bersaglieri, or sliarp-sliodters. About 15(1(1 /oiiaves and
Chasseurs guarded the bridge : they were attacked by 10,(1(10 Russians,
under General lU'ad. For an hour the 1500 l,old the 10,000 beneath tho
storm of artiilcrv whieli pound upoi. their dens(> eohimiis from ono
English battery and from the Sardinian and FriMieli artillery. At last,
tho .'{ussians swarmed over tho fords, forced tho bridge, and slowly puslied
the biuvo ZouavoH up tho hill ; but executed this m( vemeiit painfully,
out of breath, in disorthr, and rent by ordnance. At the hill's limw tho
main body of the iM-eneh reirived i\i their openings eonnades worthy of
Le'inidas, who, turning, and now baekeil by strong columns, eliarged
biyonota down tlio declivity. Twico tho onomy rnlliod, but in vain.
Tho Sardinians nml French made a final rush, and drove them with
oarnftgo uj)on their mipports, who were lluis disarrnyed. Tho artillery

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

363

iy then left
it side, and

bo gone."
> Chaplain,
lort pause,
Iloratia as
Ecult; but
my duty !''

Inst words
hrec hours

10 Crimean

tu.ssians —

ugust, in a

"•IF Head,

for a now

egic niovc-

iiiy points,

cnlli thoy

eliernaya,

rise, at ii

10 I'Viiich

li.'iii.s, — to

lilLs is n

iitpostaof

i.'ivcs iiml

uissiniiy,

•'.'iditho

inii ono

At In.st,

■ pllsl'Oil

liiil'iilly,

ii'dw tho

rlliy of

liar^ccl

II vniti.

III uiih

rlillorj

reopened, and the battle was won. General Scarlett's dragoons came up
at this moment, but General Pelissier deemed pursuit unwise. Tho
enemy retired on Mackenzie's Farm. He left on the field a quantity of
fasrines, planks, beams, ladders, and sappers' tools, destined to destroy tho
works of the besiegers. He left also 2500 dead; and 1620 of his
wounded were that night in the ambulances of tho French, who took, in
addition, 500 prisoners. They themselves lost 180 killed, and 810
wounded — chiefly on and near the bridge. This great battle occurred
the day succeeding the First NapoKon's natal anniversary, and tho fete-
day of the French Empire. It was on that very morning that the (Jueen
of England set out to pay the first Koyal visit ever made by Engl'sh
Monarch to a Sovereign of that warlike dynasty. It seemed ns if events
both in tho East and in the West wore conspiring to raise to tiio highest
point the glory of the Napoleon destinies at one and the same hour."

TREIUA, BATTLE OF.— Fought between Ilminihid and tho
Romans. Hannibal taking advantage of the well known impetuosity
of tho Romans, sent over at first a detachment of 1000 horse. Theso
pretending defeat, hastily recrossed the river, followed by tho main body
of tho Romans. By this means tho defeat of tho Ilonmns was insured.
Benumbed with wading rp to their armpits in ^aler, they beeanic an
easy prey to thoir enemies ; 2(J,000 were either slain, or drowned in
attempting to cross tho river.

TRINCOMAIiKK.— Taken from the iHitch by the English in

1782. Retaken by the Freiieh same year; restored to the Dulcli in

1783. Surrendered to tho British, uiuler Colonel Stewart, August 20th,
1795, and was oonflrmod by tho peace of Amiens in 1K02. Of n series
of actions i'nught olf 'Irincomali-e, bctwirn Sir Edward Hughes and tlio
French Admiral SulTrein, one was fought February IHth, i7i>2, tho
enemy having 11 ships and tho Rritish 9. On April iL'tli following,
thoy had 18 to 1 1 sliips, and on July (itli, same year, thoy had 15 to 12
sliips. Yet, in every ono of tlumo battles, tho French sulVorod sovcro
defeats.

TRIl'MO ALiJANCE.— This celebrated party nllianoe between
tlio States Oeneral ai'd Knt:lanil against France, was for tho protection
of tlui Netherlands (Holland and Belgium). Sweden afterwards joined
tUu ulliauoo, January 2b<th, lOtJH,

p >.

tt I

'iff

; J.

f a

1 i i

-t"

3G4

CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE

TRIUMPH. — On the day appointed, the General," crowned with
laurels, pronounced an oration to the soldiers and surrounding multitude,
relating his milii,ary achievements; then the march began with a long
procession, in which were carried inscriptions, containing the names of
the nations, provinces, or cities, he had conquered ; the priests assisted,
leading the beasts used for sacrifice. The conqueror, in an ivory car,
richly ornamented, closed the procession. lie was surrounded by his
friends and relations, bearing branches of laurel ; the procession stopped
at the Capitol, where they sacrificed to Jupiter, and deposited part of
the spoils. The lustre of the lloman conquests was often taruisUod by
their inhumanity to the conquered; their prisoners, if of high rank,
were only reserved to suflfer superior mortifications ; the captive Monarcha
and (Icneials were l)ound in chains, their heads closely shaven (u mark
of peculiar degradation), and they were thus presented u sad spectacle to
the gazing multitude.

TKOYES.— Celebrnte.l for the treaty, May 2-ith, 1420. The French
were driven from Troyes by the Allied armies, February 7th, 1814.
Retaken by Napoleon, February 28th, and finally occupied by the Allies,
March 4lh, sumo year.

TYRE. — A celebrated city in Asia Minor. Besieged by Nebuchad-
nezzar, H. 0. 572, and the city demolishod a year after its rebuilding.
Taken by Alexander the (ireat, who spent #ieven mouths in the siege,
August 2(ttli, .■{.'52 n. r. TliousundH of the inhabitants were crucified 1 y
Alexander, along the shore, for the bravery with which thoy Lad
defended their city.

rijM, llATTliE (.>F. — A fierce and Ijloody engagement between the
French and Auslrians, the latter <'i)inmanded by (Jeneral Mack, and the
French by Marshal Ney, Tlio French gained a complete victory, the
Austrians losing H(i,(U)0 men as prisonem, the fiower of their army, aud
an immense number of killed ami wounded. Fought, October 17th,
and rJtii, IHOQ.

ITNIFOIIMS.-Fir^t u^d in Franco hy Louis XIV in 1068,
julopted in Kugland not lon> after.

I'.MIIV^T. NAVAL RATTLE OF.— Botwoen tho British and

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

365

French fleets, when after an indecisive action of three hours, under cover of
the night, the latter withdrew in a deceptive manner to the harbour of
Brest. Keppel commanded the English fleet and the Count d'Ovillier the
French. A dispute occurring between the English Admiral and the
second in command caused the victory to be not so complete as it would
otherwise have been. Fought, July 27th, 1778.

UTRECHT, TREATY OF.— The Union of the seven Provinces
began here A. D. 1579. Celebrated treaty, April 11th, 1713. Surrendered
to the Prussians, May fitli, 1787. Possessed by the French, January
17th, 1795.

VALENCIA, BATTLE OF.-Takon by the Earl of Peterborough
in 1705, and soon again lost. Resisted the attempts of many, but was
taken from the Spaniards by the French, under Suchct, January 9th,
1812 ; all the garrison, 10,000 men, and imuieuse stores, surrendered.

VALENCIENNES, SIEGE OF.— Besieged from M;iy 2;]rd to July
14th, when the French garrison surrended to the Duke of York, 1793,
Retaken by the Freneli, on enpitulation ; tbegarrisuu and 1 lOd t'lnigrants
made prisoners, with inunon'^'i stores, viz. 200 cannon, 1,(100,0(10 pounds
of gunpowder, 8,000,0(10 tlorins in specie, 0,000,000 of livres, 1000 head
of cattle, &c., on August 30tli, 1794.

VALUK 01'^ P H INC KS.— £400,000 was the price paid to the Scots
for dflivering up to the English Charles I.

Margaret of Anjou wiis ransonr.'d for CI 'J. 500.

.t:i,0()0 olfcred by Parliament f(.r the head of Charles 11.

.C30,000 f(U' that of the I'retender.

Uiohard I. was ransomed for tlie largo sum of .£100,030 or 150,000
marks; he had before been sold by the Duke Leopold of .Vustria, to
th.' Eniporor Henry IV, for UlO.odo.

King Jolii\, of France, was to be redeomed by hia subjects for tho
enormous sum of 3,000,000 crowns, but they could not raise tho amount.

VAUNA, RATTLE OF.-Thc Hmi^eror Nicholas of Russia arrived
before Varna, the hrud (jUHrters of liis army, then besieging the place,
August 5th, 1828. The Turks made a vigorouii attack on tho besiegurn
August 7th; another on tho 2l8t, but they wore repulsed ; suirenJered to

OYCLOPiEDlA OF THE

the Russians, October 1st, 1828. Famous as the point ofrendezvous of the
Allied army, preparatory to the Crimean war. The cholera made dread-
ful devastation in both the English and French armies ; then a great fire
nearly destroyed the town, but purified the air ; and the news of the
Crimean invasion expedition dispelled the gloom and melancholy which
pervaded, to a very great degree, our troops.

VIENNA. — Besieged by the Turks, under Solyman the Magnificent,
with an army of 300,000 men, but forced to raise the siege having lost
70,000 soldiers. Again besieged in 1683, and the siege raised by the
celebrated Jolin Sobieski, King of Poland, who totally routed the Turkish
army of 100,000 men. Taken by the French, November 14th, 1805,
and afterwards retaken and taken for some time.

VILI.A FRANCA, BATTLE OF.— Engagement here between the
British cavalry, under Cotton, and (he French cavalry, under Sclt. The
French were defonted, April lOtli, 1812. When Napoleon heard of the
result he reproached Soult the first time in his life.

VIMEIRA, BATTLE OF.— Between tjie British, under Wellington,
and the whole of the French and Spanish forces, in Portugal, unJer
Marshal Ouinot, whom the British signally deftiated, August 21st, 1808.
The enemy's force were 14,000 men, of whom IGOO were cavalry. They
attacked the English at Vinnira curly in the morning. The princip.il
assault was on the English centre and left, with the view, according to a
favourite French expression of* driving the English Into the sea," which
was close in their rear. The attack was made with great biuvery but as
bravely repulsed. 1 1 wuh repeated by Kellorninn, ul I ho head of the French
reserve, wliieh \vn also signally repulsed, and the French luing charged
with the Uritish bayonet, withdrew on all sides in confusion, leaving many
prisoners, n (icneral Officer, and 14 cannon, wl<h ammunition, in tho
hands of the British. French Iosh, killeil ami wounded, 1800, English
720; only onu-h!ilt'>>r the Britlsli force was actually engaged.

VINEGAR nil.L, BATTLE OF —BetwMn tlw IhllWi troops and
the Irish insurgents, in 17'JS. The rebel- suffered a severe defeat, and
much blood shed on both sides Juno I'itli, 1708.

VITTOUIA, BATTLE OF.— fc'ought, Juuw 21st, 1813, bolwoon

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

367

the French and English. The following is a graphic account of this great
victory :

" The splendid achievements of the campaign of 1812 produced their
natural results. Even the torpid obstinacy of Castilian pride was at
last overcome, and by a decree of the Cortes of September 22nd, 1812,
the great English General was invested with the supremo command of
the Spanish armies. He repaired to Cadiz on the 24:th of December,
and on the 30th he was received by the Cortes in full assembly. The
news of Napoleon'.s overthrow in llussia had just arrived, and all hearts
seemed to expand with hope of the speedy expulsion of his troops from
Spain.

England herj^elf also now began to put forth efforts commensurate with
the crisis. At the opening of the year 1813 her land forces consisted of
228,000 men, besides 28,000 in India, 95,000 militia at liomc, and
32,000 foreign troops in the British service. And, besides tliesc, she
had 200,000 native troops in India, a local militia of 300,000, and a
yeomanry cavalry of 08,000, forming a grand total of 949,000 men in
arms; and her expenditure in the year amounted to £118,000,000 sterling.
Tims supported, her great Commander, of whom it may bo (juestioned
if liis equal in all rvspccls ever stood upon a field of battle, looked forward
with reasonable expectation tn a coming harvest ; to a campaign in which)
after lour years' toils and sullerings, the grand dlject of the linal expul.
flion of the French from Spain might be anticipated. And assun'dly the
means ho took to gain this end in the simplest and complotest manner,
were m irked by the most consummate skill and wisdom.

To be neaii'r to his supplies, and to relieve the wasted provinces of
Spain, Wellington had withdrawn his army into cantonments on the
Coa and tlio Agueda, tiiat is, in licon ami in Heira, or Northern Portugal.
All the Lusitaiiiun kingdom had long been free from the French, and
flu' campaign ol' 1S12 had compelled them to abandon all Andalusia,
Mureia, (Jranada, Asturias and Kstramadura. Tiie French army uow
occupied only central and eastern Spain, the bulk of the troops being
(|r,artered in New and Old Castile.

Wellington's chief attention was naturally devoted, during the winter,
to the task of reorganizing iiis furees lor the linal struggle of the opening
year. His own Hnglish army was the only fore i ho had which was at
nil in a condition to march against the enemy. Of the Spanish troops
ho found it necessary to glvo the Spanish Minister of War, in March
1813, the following description; — "There is not a single battalion or

368

CYCLOr.TlDIA OP THE

!, :

I i

squadron in the Spanish armies in a condition to take tJie field ; there
is not in the whole kingdom of Spain a depot of provisions for the support
of n single battalion for one day ; there is not a shilling of money in any
military chest. To move them forward at any point now, against even
inconsiderable bodies of the enemy, would be to insure their certain
destruction."

But by unceasing exertions these evils were, in a measure, overcome :
and Wellington found himself, in the month of May, 1813, for the first
time in a state approaching to an equality with the French. Their force,
which in furmer years h.ad often amounted to nearly 400,000 men, was
now reduced to 230,000 of which about 107,000 were present with the
eagles. Meanwhile Wellington's nominal force now amounted to 200,000,
and although only about one-half of this number were fit to take the field,
the remainder was still of use in maintaining the comniunicatione, guard-
ing convoys, and cuttinii; off the foraging parties of the enemy. His
principal army of English and Portuguese mustered about 75,000 men,
of whom about 44,000 were Engli.'ih. The efficiency of the Portuguese
troop." was advanced in a surprising manner; reinforcements, especially of
cavalry, had arrived iVom England ; and the Anglo-Portngueso troops,
conscious of an improved organization, were more ciuifidiiit than ever ;
while the French, hearing of the e.ilamitiesof their brethren in Russia, were
proportionably depressed. Even tlie Spaniards had, in .some numbers,
been bmnght into better comlition ; — Wellington had kept them fed and
clothed dnriiig the winter, and had now several efficient corps of native
troops, ready to act in Cdiijunetioii witli his own army. Hence, on the
22nd of May the great English General began his march, and when he
crossed tlH3 streum wliich divides Portugal from Spain, ho rose in his
stirrujis, and w.'iving his hand, e.xelaimed, " CJood bye to Portugal I"

The military skill and talent of a ctimmander is never more conspic-
uously seen than in tiiose mainxnivres by which an enemy is defeated
ivlfliunt (I li(tlll(. Such niaiuuuvres often resemlile the skill and power
with which an able and fearless horseman, even while on the gniuiid,
will control a powerful courser, forcing him liaekwards by a small leverage
upon his luoutli. In the present instance the Kreneh still hud a con-
siderable army and ublo Generals, and they occupied tiie centre of Spain,
defending the caj)itul, and ready to fight, if needful, a succession of
liiittles before they would relintiuLsh their prey. Hut flieir more able
antagonist forced tliem to retreat, stop by step, without fighting, until
there InHt und only stand was made nt Vitturia, almost in sight of France ^

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

369

field ; there
r the support
noney in any

against even
their certain

•e, overcome:
I, for the first

Tlieir force,
)00 men, was
sent with the
d to 200,000,
take the field,
atioiis, guard-
oneniy. Ilia
; 75,000 men,
le Portuguese
9, especially of
u;;uese troops,
lit than ever ;
n Russia, were
3me numbers,

them fed and
(irps of native
lliMico, on the
, and when he

le rose in his

'ortugal I"

UKire conspic-
uy is defeated
iill and power
111 the gnmnd,
. small leverngo
<till hud a con-
eiitru of Spain,
I succcsHion of
lu'ir more able

fi;j;litiiig, until

ght of Franco ;

and then delivering his attack, he utterly routed them, and chased them
over the Pyrenees. On the 22nd of May, as we have said, the English
army marched out of Portugal ; on the 21st of June it fought and L'ained
the battle of Vittoria ; and before the 1st of July the shattered remains
of the French army, with their King Joseph at their head, had fled over
the Pyrenees. Little more than a single month had sufficed to destroy,
uproot, and utterly abolish the French dominion in Spain, and that at a
time, too, when there were still 197,000 French soldiers in the field,
under many able Commanders.

A brave general of the ordinary kind would have marched in quest of
the French, lying in front of Madrid ; would have defeated them, and
taken the capital. All the smaller bodies of I'rench in Spairh would then
have been called round the King ; and in July a second battle would
have been fought in Arragon, or in front of Burgos. One more victory, —
a third, supposing the English to have been always victorious, might
have sent the French out of Spain ; but any mistake or mi-hap might
have prevetited this. But Wellington, by masterly tactics, always threaten-
ing to turn the cnenr s right wing and to get upon his communications,
backed his foe as a man backs a horse, till he could bring the opposing
army into a position fit for his purpose ; and then, delivering at once a
knock-down blow, he drove the whole mass, king and army, in four-and-
twenty hours, out of Spain.

King Joseph had reckoned, in the spring, upon a direct attack by the
great road of Madrid; but when it would come, or where it would full,
he could not divine, for Wellington kept him constantly in doubt, by a
variety of feigned movements.

At last, towards the end of jMay, he found that Wellington, send-
ing 40,000 men under (jraham through tho difficult passes of thd
Tras-OH-Montcs, and moving himself a week after on tlio Esla, had
carried his wliolc army, by the 4tli of June, over the Douro, and was now
in t'liil nnireh for Valladolid. If he should gain that place, .losepli well
knew that his communications would be out ott", r.nd iiis whole army
token, to use Napoleon's phrase, '^fhr/mnte drfido. ' Hastily, therefore,
Madrid was abandoned, the whole army put in rotnat; and now Joseph
would make his stand at Burgos.

Thus 100 miles of Spanish ground had been cleared of the
French without tiring a shot. And now, Joseph would fight for his
kingdom in this, his second position. But his Generals examiuiul tho
country, and disliked tlio prospect. Meanwiiile Wellington pushed on.

370

CYCLOPEDIA OF THE

conducting his operations continually on thn same principle, — pushing
forwards his left wing, aud v^ut-flanking aad nrning the French right.
Again perplexed. jph now abandoned his si,\,oi.d purpose, as he had
abandoned his fir Burgos must be given up, and the retreat mu«t be
continued on Yittarin. Into Vittoria there was poured, therefore, the
artillery depots of Madrid, of Valladolid, and of Burgos, and the baggage
and stores of several armies ; with the King's valuables, the archives, and
papers of the ^tate and of the army, and a large amount of treasure.

Vittoria is only 2G miles from Irun, on the French frontier. Here,
therefore, had been driven together, like a flock of sheep, the intruders
and plunilerers of Spain , and one vigorous assault only was needed to
rid the land of them altogether. It was not long delayed.

It was about the 15th of June when King Joseph found his army
assembled round Vittoria, reckoning, Napier tells us, from 60,000
to 70,000 men. Wellington had left his sixth division at Medina
do Poiniir, and therefore had (50,000 English and Portuguese, besides
some Spanish troops. In the number and calibre of their guns the
French had tiie advantage.

From the mountain-region through which the British army was
marching, the way to Vittoria lay over many a rugged stei-p, and through
many dangerous deliles ; but no difficulty was allowed to stop their
march. " Six days they toiled uneeasiiigly ; but on tlie seventh, swelled
by a Spanish reinforcement, they burst like raging streams from every
defile, and went ibaming into the basin of Vittoria."

The Frcmh army was drawn up round this basin, which is a small
plain about 1.0 miks in length, by S in breadth, through wliioh runs
the river Zadora. As this battle-tield was approached, by various moun-
tain-passes, We'lington resolved to enter it from three sides at once,
forming three distinct combats, (lencral (Iraliam, with a corps of about
20,000 men, was to attack from the British loft, and to pass the
Zadora at Ariaga, near the city of Vittoria, Hill wiis to attack from
the right with an equal force. Wellington stationed himseU' in the
centre, with a rather larger Ibrce, which was to descend from the moun-
tain ridges, to cross the Zatlora by various roads, and to m:\reli straight
upon Vittoria. In fact, the whule battle was merely an attack on a
Btrong army hemmed in, by an army eciually strong, and marching to
the attack on ♦brno sides at the same moment.

At daybreak the English began to move ; but the distance to Victoria
was Bcverul miles, and (very step was to be contended for. Hill readied

2, — pushing
rcnch right.
, as he had
eat must he
erefove, the
the baggage
rchives, and
roasui'8.
;icr. Here,
ic intruders
IS needed to

d his army
om G0,000
at Medina
eso, besides
ir guns the

army was
nd tluough
slop their
th, swelled
IVoni every

is a small

wiiioh runs

ious mouu-

les lit once,

ps (if about

(I pass the

itt.'H k Worn.

IS"' I' ill the

u the mrun-

ax'li f'traiglit

jittack on a

marcliing to

to Vittoriii
Hill reached

CYCLOPiEDIA OF THE

371

the village of Puebla about ten in the morning ; pushed on, fighting hard,
till he gained the village of Subijana de Alava, and so placed himself in
communication with the English centre. Graham had to make a march
of several miles to reach Ariaga, near Vittoria ; but about one o'clock his
attack began to tell. This was a serious one for the French ; for, if
successful, it would cut them oif from the great road to Bayonne. King
Joseph, finding both his flanks thus threatened, sent an order +o the
centre to retire. But the troops were fiercely engaged, and retreat was
difficult. Meanwhile, however, three attacks of the English, right, left,
and centre, were all succeeding ; and step by stop, the French were being
pushed back upon Vittoria.

" At six o'clock," says Napier, " the French reached the last defensible
height ill front of Vittoria. Behind them was the plain in which the
city stood, and beyond the city were thousands of carriages and arimuls,
and of men, women, and chiluren, crowded together in all the madness of
terror; and as the English shot went booming overhead, the vast crowd
started and swerved with a convulsive movement, while a dull a"d horrid
cry of distress arose ; but there was no hope, no stay for army or multi
tude, it was the wreck of a nation!" Still the courage of the French
soldiers was unquolled. Their artillery for a time kept the Allies in
check, but suddenly the fourth English division, rushing forward, carried
a hill on the left, and the heights were at once abandoned. Joseph
finding the main road so completely blocked up by carriages tliat the
artillery could not pass, indicated the road of Salvatierra as the line of
retreat, and the army went oif in a confused 1 yet eoinpact body on
that side, leaving Vittoria on its left. The tish inl'antry followed
hard, and the light cavalry galloped through town to intercept the
new line of retreat. All became disorder and cinifasion, the guns were
left, while the artillerymen fled with the horses. N'eheiuently and closely
did the British pursue, and nothing could stop their victorious career-
until night and the disai)pearaiiee of the flying masses iiad ended the
struggle, The French lost all their artillery, all tlieir baggage, all their
equipages, all their stores, treasures, and paper,'*, '• so that no man," says a
Fr .ich writer, "could prove even how much pay was duo to him.
Generals and subordinate officers were alike reduced to the clothes on
their backs, and many of them were barefooted."

" Never was victory more complete. The trophies were innumerable.
Marshal Jourdan's baton of command was brought to Lord Wellington,
who sent it to the Prince Regent, from whom he (piickly received one of

CYC:iOPiEDlA OF THE

«l ■,

J*'!

an English marshal in return. The l<>«s of the French was never ascer-
tained ; that of the Allies was 3,567 English, 1,059 Portuguese, and 550
Spanish. The spoil taken was enormous. " The soldiers of the army,"
wrote Lord Wellington, " have got among them about 1,000,000 sterling
in money, with the exception of about 100,000 dollars found in the
military chest. Rich vestures of all sorts, gold and sil' t plate,
pictures, jewels, parrots, monkeys, and children, lay scatten the

field amidst weeping mothers and wailing children. Jc- '^

narrowly escaped ; a squadron of dragoons pursued his carri;
into it."

All the remaining bodies of the French in Spain fell in the lall f
Vittoria. They escaped out of the kingdom by various roads as quickly
as possible. '' Joseph's reign was over, the crown had fallen from his
head, and after years of toil and combats, which had ratlier been admired
than understood, the great English leader, emerging from the chaos of
the Peninsular struggle, stood on the summit of tli^ Pyrenees a recog-
nized conqueror. From those lofty pinnacles the clangour of his
trumpets pealed clear and loud, and the splendour of his genius appeared
as a flaming beacon to warring nations."''^

Thus, in some five or «ix weeks, had a great kingdom been cleared of
its invaders and oppressors — not by the power of superior numbers, but
by the natural ascendency of a consummate military genius. "Here,"
remarks Napier, " was a noble army driven like sheep before prowling
wolves, although in every action the officers had been prompt and skilful,
and the soldiers brave, tirm, and obedient. The French troops were
•excellent and numerous, and the country strong and favourable for
•defence; but the soul of a great Commander was wanting; and lience,
the Esla, the Tornies, the Douro, the Pi*u(;rga, seemed to be all dried up,
the mountains to be levelled; and 00,000 veteran soldiers, willing to
fight at every step, were hurried with all the tumult and confusion
of defeat across the Ebro."

The deliverance of thg Peninsula, by a force so far inferior to that of
the French, must always roiuain one of Wellington's greatest glories.
The same French writer, whom we have already quoted, Jules Maurel,
remarks this surprising fact, lie says: " The truth is, that from 1808
to 1813, Wellington never had 30,000 English under his orders, event
at a period wh o n the Imperial armies deluged the Peninsula with no
fewer than 370,000 men."

1 I

• Napier, vol. v. p. 132.

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

373

never ascer-
lese, and 550
»f the army,"
1,000 sterling
Pound ill the
gilv.^r plate,
r, the

in the lull "f
ads as quickly
lUcn from his

been admired
I the chaos of
rencea a rccog-
angour of his

lius appeared

been cleared of
ir numbers, but
uus. "Here,"
before prowling
nipt and skilful,
ch troops were
fiivourablc for
n^; and lionce,
, bo all dried up,
diors, willing to
It and confusion

uferior to that of
greatest glories.

,d, Jules Maurel,

I, that from 1808
his orders, event

•eninsula with no

Nor were the results of this great day confined to the Spanish peninsula.
Like its predecessor, the victory of Salamanca, the battle of Vittoria shook
the whole continent of Europe. Napoleon himself, holding his ground at
Dresden, had, up to this moment, succeeded in withholding Austria from
any actual participation in the confederacy against him. He had even
succeeded, on the 30th r'' ' ie, 'n obtaining a convention for the restora-
tion of peace between 'ii.2.' ; ' "-ussia and Prussia. But the very next
day the news of the j; vl'xv ',>f the French from Spain reached Dresden,
filling Napoleon and »iis ministers with consternation, and giving new life
and vigour to the Russian and Prussian councils. The Allies regretted
that any cessation of arms had been agreed to, and they began to long for
its termination. The very moment it expired by lap> ■ of time, Austria
joined the Allies ; war was actively resumed, and tiie aut amn had not ended
before Napoleon had been driven across the llhine, and Germany freed
from the presence of the French armies.

The French writer from whom we have just filioted, Jules Maurel,
thus notices this remarkable passage in modern history :

" Scarcely had tlie armistice been signed when intelligence arrived that
the French had lost everything in Spain. In 40 days Wellington had
turned, one after another, all the positions occupied by the French armies
of the centre, of the south and of the north, and had crossed the Tonnes,
the Douro, the Esla, the Carrion, and the Ebro. He had reached Vit-
toria ; he had gained a decisive battle ; he had expelled King Joseph fr^ m
the Peninsula, and had planted his army on the Pyrenees. In the begin-
ning of May lie was in Portugal ; on the 2ord of June he was on the
frontiers of France. The defeat of Vittoria entirely neutralized the vic-
tories of Lutzen and Bautzen, and at once restoreu the coalition."

VOUGLE, BATTLE OF.— Fou^ f between Alaric TI and Clovis
of F>"auco. Alaric was entirely overthrown, and the whole country
subdued. Clovis afterwards maiV" Paris the capital, and became the
founder of the French Monarchy.

WAGllAM, BATTLE OF.— Fought, July 5th, 1809, between tho
Austrians and French, in which the fornuT were completely overthrown ;
20,000 wore taken by the French. The slaughter on both sides was
dreadful. The defeated army retreated into Jloravia.

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374

CYCLOPEDIA OP TUB

WAKEFIELD, BATTLE OF.— Fought, December Slat, 1460,
between Queen Margaret, the wife of Henry II, and the Duke of York,
in which the latter was slain, and 3000 Yorkists fell in the field. This
was one of the bloodiest battles between the houses of York and Lancaster.

WALCHEREN EXPEDITION.— This important expedition con-
sisted of thirty-five ships of the line, and 200 smaller vessels, and
40,000 troops, under the command of the Earl of Chatham. The fleet
was commanded by Sir Richard StracLan. A large number of the forces
died, and the whole expedition came to nothing, December 28th, 1809.

WARSAW, BATTLES OF.— ThePoles suffered a great defeat here
from the Russians, October 10th and 12th, 1794. Suwarrow, the Russian
General, after the siege of Warsaw, cruelly butchered 30,000 Poles,
November 8th, 1794. The battle preceding the surrender of Warsaw
was fearfully bloody; of 26,000 men, more than 10,000 were killed;
nearly 10,000 were made prisoners, and only 2000 escaped the merciless
fury of the Russian butcher. Another battle fought here, and the Poles
«gain defeated, September 7th and 8th, 1831.

WASHINGTON.— Taken, August 24th, 1814, in the war between
Great Britain and the United States, by General Ross, when all the
superb national structures were consumed, in a general conflagration —
tha troops not sparing the national library.

WATERLOO, BATTLE OF.— The greatest of all British engage-
ments, fought Juno 18th, 1816, between the Duke of Wellington and
Napoleon. TIjc carnage on both sides was iuunoiiso. The account of this
great battle is taken from the " Twelve Great Battles of England." The
following is a fine account of the visit of Scott to the field of Waterloo
after the battle, and also Alison on the defeat of the Old Guard :

WATERLOO AT NOON ON THE DAY AKTER THE UATTLE.

" On a surface of two square miles, it was ascertained that 50,000 men
and horses were lying! The luxurious crop of ripe grain which had
covered the field of battle was reduced to litter, and beaten into the earth ;
and the surface, trodden down by the cavalry, and furrowed deeply by the
<3annon wheels, waH strewn wltli many a relic of the tight. Helmots
and ouirasscH, sliattorod fire-arms and broken swords ; all tlie variety of
military ornaments; Lancer cups and Highland bonnets; uniforms of

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

376

er 3lBt, 1460,

Duke of York,

the field. This

: and Lancaster.

expedition con-
9r vessels, and
im. The jBeet
)er of the forces
28th, 1809.

■oat defeat hero
>w, the Russian
30,000 Poles,
er of Warsaw
) were killed ;
i the merciless
ond the Poles

war between

when all the

•nflngration —

•illsh ongagc-
illington and
count of this
,'land." The
of "Waterloo
lard :

TLE.

50,000 men
which had
to the earth ;
'ly by the
Ilolmots
variety of
iniforms of

«very colour, plume, and pennon ; musical instruments, the apparatus of
artillery, drums, bugles ; but, good God I why dwell on the harrowing
picture of a foughten field ? Each and every ruinous display bore mute
testimony to the misery of such a battle. * * * Could the melancholy
appearance of this scene of death be heightened, it would be by witness-
ing the researches of the living vuidst its desolation for the objects of
. their love. Mothers, and wiv^s, and children, for days were occupied
in that mournful duty ; and the confusion of the corpses, friend and foe
intermingled as they were, often rendered the attempt at recognising
individuals difficult, and in some cases impossible. * * * In many
place the dead lay four deep upon each other, marking the spot some
British square had occupied, when exposed for hours to the murderous
fire of a French battery. Outside, lancer and cuirassier were scattered
thickly on the earth. Madly attempting to force the serried bayonets of
the British, they had fallen^ in the bootless essay, by the musketry of
the inner files. Farther on, you traced the spot where the cavalry of
France and England had encountered. Chasseur and hussar were inter-
mingled; and the heavy Norman horse of the Imperial Guard were
interspersed with the grey chargers which had carried Albion's chivalry.
Here the Highlander and tirailleur lay, side by side, together ; and the
heavy dragoon, with Green Erin's badge upon his helmet, was grappling
in death with the Polish lancer, * * * Qq tiio summit of the ridge,
whore the ground wiis covered with death, and trodden fotlock-docp in
mud and gore, by the frequent rush of rival cavalry, the tliick-strown
corpses of the Imperial Guard pointed out the spot whore Napoleon had
been defeated. Here, in column, that favoured corps, on whom his last
chance rested, had been annihilated ; and the advance and rcpnlso of the
Guard was traceable by a mass of fallen Frenchnien. In \hn hollow
below, the last struggle of France had been vainly made; for the Old
Guard, when the middle battalion had been forced back, attempted to
meet the British, and afford time for their disorganised companions to
rally. Hero the British loft, which had converged upon the French
centre, had como up; and here the bayonet closed the contest."

DEFEAT OF THE OLD GUARD AT WATERLOO.

" The Imperial Guard was divided into two columns, which, advancing
from different parts of the field, were to con verge to the deelsivo point on
tiiu British right oeiure, about midway between La Ilaye Sainto and the
nearest euolosures of Ilougoumont. Uoillu oomiuanded the first column,

i. 4

376

CYCLOPEDIA OF THE

which was supported by all the infantry and cavalry which remained of
his corps on either flank, and advanced up the hill in a slanting direction,
beside the orchard of Hougoumont. The second was headed by Ney in
person, and moving down the chaussh of Charleroi to the bottom of the
elope, it then inclined to the left, and leaving La Haye Sainte to the
right, mounted the slope, also in a slanting direction, converging towards
the same point whither the other column was directing its steps. Napo-.
leon went with this column as far as the place where it left the hollow of
the high road, and spoke a few words — the last he ever addressed to his
soldiers— to each battalion in passing. The men moved on with shouts
of Vive VEmpereur I so loud as to be heard along the whole British line,
above the roar of artillery, and it was universally thought the Emperor
himself was heading the attack. But, meanwhile, Wellington had not
been idle. Sir Frederick Adam's brigade, consisting of the 52nd, Tlst^
and 95th, and General Maitland's brigade of Guards, which had been
drawn from Hougoumont, with Chasse's Dutch troops, yet fresh, were
ordered to bring up their right shoulders, and wheel inward, with their
guns in front, towards the edge of the ridge ; and the whole batteries in
that quarter inclined to the left, so as to expose the advancing columns
coming up to a concentric fire on either flank : the central point, where
the attack seemed likely to full, was strengthened by nine heavy guns;
the troops at that point were drawn up four deep, in the form of an
interior angle : the Guards forming one side, the 73rd and 30th the
other ; — whiie the light cavalry of Vivian and Vandoleur was brought
up behind the line, at the hack of La Haye Sainte. rationed close

in the rear, so as to be ready to make the most of ar._, vantage which
might occur.

It was a quarter past seven when the first column of the Old
Guard, under Reillo, advanced to tho attack ; but the effect of the
artillery on its flank was such, that tho i^avalry were (|uickly dispersed :
and tho French battalions uncovered, showed their long flank to Adam's
guns, which opened on them a firo so terrible, that tho head of the
column, constantly punliod on by the mass in the rear, never advanced,
but melted awny as it canio into the socno of carnage. Shortly after,
Ney's column approacliod with an intrepid step ; tho veterans of Wagram
and Austorlitz were th'.'re; no force on earth seemed capable of resisting
them ; thoy had decided every former battle. Drouot was besido tho
Marshal, who repeatedly said to liim tlicy were about to gain a glo-
rious viofory. General Frlant was killed by Ney's side : tbe Marshal's

vhioh remained of
slanting direction,
headed by Ney in
the bottom of the
aye Sainte to the
onverging towards
; its steps. Napo-.
) left the hollow of
T addressed to his
red on with shouts
(rhole British line,
light the Emperor
ellington had not
of the 52nd, Tlst,
, which had been
)s, yet fresh, were
nward, with their
whole batteries in
idvanoing columns
itral point, where
nine heavy guns ;
n the form of an
3rd and 30th the
leur was brought
il/ationcd close
vantage which

unin of tho Old
tlio cflfect of the
uickly dispersed :
i; flank to Adam's
t tho head of tho
f, never advanced.
Shortly after,
ferans of W'ngram
pftblo of rosistlng
^i was boHido the
lit to gain a glo-
le : the Mtirshal's

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

377

own horse was shot under him ; but bravely advancing on foot, with his.
drawn sabre in his hand, he sought death from the enemy's volleys.
The impulse of this massy column was at first irresistible; the guns
were forced back, and the Imperial Guard came up to within forty pace»
of the English Foot Guards, and the 73rd and 30th regiments. These
men were lying down, four deep, in a small ditch behind the rough road,
which there goes along tho summit of the ridge. " Up Guards, and at
them !" cried the Duke, who had repaired to the spot; and the whole,
on both sides of the angle into which the French were advancing,
springing up, moved forward a few puces, and poured in a volley so close
and well directed, that nearly tho whole first two ranks of the French
fell at once. Gradually advancing, they now pushed the immense column,
yet bravely combatting, down the slope ; and Wellington, at that decisive
instant, ordered Vivian's brigade to charge the retiring body on one
flank, while Adam's foot advanced against it on the other. Tho eflfec,
of this triple attack, at once in front and on both flunks, was decisive :
the 62nd and 7l8^, swiftly converging inward, threw in so terrible a
volley on their left flank, that tho Imperial Guard swerved in disorder
to the right ; and at that very instant the 10th, 18th, and 2l8t dragoons,
under Vivian, bore down with irresistible fury, and piercing right
through tho body, threw it into irrevocable confusion. Tho cry, " Tout
est perdu — la Garde rccn'o !" arose in tho French ranks, and the enor-
mous mass, driven headlong down tho hill, overwhelmed everything
which came in its way, and spread disorder through tho whole French
centre."

DESCRIPTION OP WATERLOO PROM THE TWELVE BATTLES.

"We have seen the throe several stages by which the Duke of Wellington
had conducted tho British army to that elevated position in which the peace
of 1814 loft it. Wo have soon how it had, first, on tho broad fields of
Castile, boldly encountered a French army of twice it« strength, and had
sent it back in defeat. Next, at Salamanca, meeting an army of cfjual
force, it had scattered it by an assault of a single hour, annihilating at a
blow one-half of its strength. And lastly, falling upon the iiitruNivo King
himself in his final position of retroat and defence at Vittoria, it had
driven his ontiro array, like a flock of frightened shcoi), over the Pyrenees.
After those triumphs, by which a whole realm of grout extent had boon
delivered from its invaders, there soemod scarcely any way by which tho
fame and lioiiour of tho British army and its iflustrious Commander
could bo enhanced, except by an event not to bo anticipated —an encounter

378

CYCLOPiEDIA OF THE

yiith the great conqueror of modern times, now an exile at Elba ; and a
triumph over him.

This event, however unlikely it might seem, was reserved for Eng-
land's soldiers and her General ; and it occurred in less than a year after
the apparent restoration of peace. Napoleon suddenly left his island-
home, reappeared in France, gathered his soldiers round him, and re-
entered Paris as once more its Emperor. Naturally enough, the Sove-
reigns who had compelled hia retirement, scarcely nine months before,
resolved to maintain their position ; and they covenanted with each
other to place armies amounting to 600,000 men on the soil of France
in the course of July, 1815. The British portion of this force was
collecting together in the months of May and June, under the Duke's
command ; when Napoleon determined not to wait for the attack,
but to carry the war into the allied territories; and, accordingly,
in the second week in Juno he entered Belgium. Before he had pro-
ceeded twenty miles he encountered both the English and the Prussian
armies, and on the fourth day, at a distance of about thirty miles from
the French frontier, was fought the great and decisive battle of
Waterloo.

This momentous contest will require of us a more lengthened descrip-
tion than wo have given of any of the great battles ; both because it
was an event of the highest possible importance to the fate of
England, of Europe, and of the world ; and also because it was, so to
speak, n succession of battles fought on one field, and on the same day.
In a former case we have seen " an army of forty thousand men defeated
in forty minutes ;" but hero the deadly strife occupied nearly ton hours.
The French opened the attack at eleven in the morning, and at nine
o'clock at night the lapt of their battalions had not yot quitted the
field. In the course of these ton hours four or five desperate and pro-
longed contests had taken pluoo ; each of which might have been justly
called a battle. It will be inipo-ssible, therefore, to give any fair or com-
plete idea of this long continued struggle, without occupying much
greater space than is required for an ordinary battle.

It is also a history which is tliickly strewn with oontrovorsies. The
defeated General himself was the first to open this wordy strife. The
loss of the fight of Waterloo was a fact to which ho never could
be reconciled. That battle hurled him, finally, from the throne on
whioh ho had for the second time seated himself, and sent him to wear
•out the few remaining years of his life on the rook of 5t. Helena. In

■*

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

879

it Elba ; and a

lerved for Eng-
lan a year after
left his island-
d him, and re-
)ugh, the Sove-
months before,
ited with each
) soil of France
this force was
ler the Duke's
for the attack,
1, accordingly,
bre he had pro-
d the Prussian
rty miles from
sive battle of

ihened descrip-
Jth because it

the fate of

it was, so to

the same day.

men defeated

rly ton hours.

and at nine

quitted the
rate and pro-
?e boon justly

fuir or com-
ipying much

prsios. The
strife. The
never could
3 throne on
liiiu to wear
loiona. In

that retirement he occupied himself, for the most part, in a series of
eflForts to resuscitate his extinguished '• glory." * In these attempts he
was hampered by no moral scruples; for, as Emerson has remarked,
" this, the highest-placed individual in the world, had not the merit of
common truth and honesty ; he would steal, slander, assassinate, as his
interest indicated." Any reasonable man, therefore, will read his " His-
torical Memoir," book ix, written at St. Helena, and published in Lon-
don in 1820, with that caution which is so plainly called for when a
document is confessedly an expartc statement, and written by one who is
known to bo of unscrupulous character.

Yet that document has been recoived in many quarters with a credulity
whicli is somewhat surprising. It is true that this credulity may be
accounted for in the case of the French historians — who, obliged to confess
that their defeat at Waterloo was " horrible" — a "massacre" — a " deluge
of blood" — are glad to have supplied to them, under Napoleon's own
hand, the apology that he was overmatched ajid greatly outnumbered ;
and that yet, after all, he would have proved victorious if one of his
Generals had not disobeyed his commands.

The latter of these two pleas has been generally rejected by English
writers— utterly denied as its truth has been by the party so accused.
But, strangely enough, although there was every probability that Napo-
leon's account of his own strength, and of that of his opponent, would be
wholly untrustworthy — several of our best English writers have given
entire credence of his statement of the real amount of his army ; even
while those statements are clearly refuted by abundant testimonies of
many Frenchmen. And this point is not an immaterial one. For if we
could admit the truth of Napoleon's final conclusion, that " On that day
C9,000 French beat 120,000 men, and the victory was only torn from
them between eight and nine o'clock at night by the increase of the allies
to 150,000 meu"f — what merit could we assign to the British soldiers,
or to their great commander, for such a viccory ? But, in sober verity,
of all the falsehoods deliberately put forth by Napoleon in the course of
bis life, this, probably, is nearly the greatest.

Lot us, however, now endeavour to arrange our narrative in its proper
order. The army which was assembling in Belgium under the Duke's
command, had reached, in the beginning of Juno, the respectable amount

• A Kroiioh writer tulUui, that whmiho liml diotnlod, at Parla, tim bullotlii uftliU battle,
ho IIiiIiIumI, by oxolalininK with a groan, " It whk luxt, and my glory with It I"
\ nut. MumolM, bui k U, p. 201).

'l
I :!

380

CYCLOPEDIA OP THE

of almost 100,000 men. It contained, however, far more Belgians, Hano-
verians, Brunswickers, and Dutchmen, than British troops, and far more
new levies, landwehr, and miUtia, than of experienced soldiers. The Eng-
lish regiments which had followed the Duke through all the fields of
Spain had been sent to America, and were now on the Atlantic, on their
return home. He had some of the Guards, and a few other regiments of
some standing ; but the largest portion of the British troops which had
yet reached Belgium were second battalions — new recruits drafted from
the militia — and the same observation would apply to the Hanoverians
and other auxiliaries.

It was a knowledge of this intrinsic-weakness of the Duke's army, and
of the fact that 10,000 or 15,000 of his old Peninsular troops would soon
join him, that decided Napoleon, as is frankly confessed,* to make a
suddea attack on the British and Prussian forces bafore they were fully
prepared to meet him. Silently, therefore, but with his usual skill and
rapidity, Napoleon brought togetlier a powerful army, and on the
morning of the 15th of June ho moved forward and entered Belgium.

And here we are mot by the most current of all the fictions which are
connected with this history. A variety of writers have repeated, one after
another — Napoleon himself setting thorn the example — the story that the
Duke never hoard of the approach of the French until eleven o'clock in
the evening of that day, while at a ball at Brussels. The facts, how-
ever, which are boyoud disputo, are these— that the French did not enter
Charleroi, the first Belgian town, until eleven or twelve o'clock on Juno
the 15th — that tidings of their luovoinent reached the Duke at Brussels
by three o'clock, and that between four and five o'clock that same after-
noon orders went out to every corps of the British army to move to tho
front, many of thorn beginning their march that same evening. There
was no surprise, then, nor was there tho loss of a single day. Tho French
had not marched thirty miles — had not entered any place of the least
importance, when, on the third day, they found the British army drawn
up across their path, and had to fight the battle of Waterloo.

* " Information which might bo depended upon bad made known the posi-
tion of the Allies in all parliculiirs. — Fleury, vol. ii, p. 101.

" To anticipate tlio Allie:*, an. I tc commonco liostilities he/ore they were ready,
it was necoaaary to take the tiuld ou tho 15th June."— //(«/. Memoir, Book ix,
p. DO.

" The period of the arrival of the English army from America was known.
Tho Allied armies could not bo in readiness to act simultaneously until July.''—
Gourgaud's Campaign, p. 29.

e Belgians, Hano-
»ps, and far more
Idiers. The Eng-
1 all the fields of
Atlantic, on their
»ther regiments of
troops which had
uits drafted from
i the Hanoverians

Duke's army, and
troops would soon
jssed,* to make a
e they were fully
3 usual skill and
ny, and on the
»red Belgium,
ictions which are
epeated, one after

10 story that the
eleven o'clock in

The facts, how-
ich did not enter

o'clock on June
Juke at Brussels

that same after-
ly to move to the
oning. There
ay. The French
place of the least
itish army drawn
arloo.

B known the poal-

re tkeij were ready,
Memoir, Book ix,

lorica was known.
U3ly until July."'—

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

381

They had, indeed, found their progress arrested still earlier. Entering
Belgium on the 15th, they were stopped the very next day at Ligny by
the Prussians, at Quatre Bras by a part of the English army. Marshal
Blucher being defeated, and retiring a few miles, the Duke fell back also,
and thus was enabled to draw up his army at Waterloo — a position which
he had before observed to be an advantageous one, and which was in all
respects well suited to the defence of Brussels.

It was on the afternoon of the 17th June that the Duke's army found
itself assembled on this spot. The French army, led by Napoleon him-
self, soon approached, but the day was too far advanced to afibrd time for
a general engagement. The two armies, therefore, took position, the
English on a rising ground called Mont St. Jean, about half a mile in
advance of Jhe village of Waterloo, and nine miles on the French side of
Brussels ; the French on a series of heights facing Mont St. Jean, having
the village of Planohenoit on the right, and looking down upon a small
valley which separated the two hosts.

And now we are naturally brought to a consideration of the question,
what was the respective strength of these two armies ? This is a point
upon which Napoleon has bestowed great pains in his " Historical
Memoir, Book iz," and on which he has succeeded in deluding many
English writers.

As to the strength of the British army, there can be no kind of doubt
upon that point, for the actual numbers present in each battalion and
squadron was carefully recorded; and these records were needed to
establish the respective rights of all present to honours and rewards. We
have spoken of a gross amount of nearly 100,000 men. But of tliose,
several thousands were required to garrison Antwerp, Ostend, Nic ^>(:t,
Ypres, Tournai, and Mons, — the loss at Quatre Bras had been 3000 or
4000, and a post of observation at Hal, consisted of nearly 6000. When
these deductions were made, not quite 70,000 men remained, to meet
Napoleon's attack ut Waterloo.

The British infantry in the field were 15,181, and the German Legion
infantry were 3301. The British and German cavalry were 7840, and
their artillery was 3493. Thus the whole reliable force of the Duke —
the force to which ho must look to stand the French attack — was not
quite 30,000 men. All this was well known to Napoleon, who, in his
" Book ix," says, " Victory appeared to be certain," for the French army
consisted of " good troops, while, in the enemy's army, the English only,
amounting to 40,000 at most, could be reckoned upon as such."*

* Hist. Memoir, Book 'x, p. 127.

382

CYCLOPiEDIA OF THE

The " Allied troops," who made up the Duke's array, consisted of
10,755 Hanoverians, many of whom were mere landwehr or militia, and
nearly 25,000 Belgians; Dutch, and men of Brunswick and Nassau.
Some of these fought gallantly, but others retreated whenever the French
approached, — some actually flying from the field. Hence Napoleon justly
says, " one Englishman might be counted for one Frenchman : — two
Dutchmen, Prussians, or soldiers of the Confederation, for one French-
man."

Adopting, therefore. Napoleon's own method of calculation, we may
say, that the Duke bad an array nominally amounting to about 68,000
men, really equal to something less than 50,000.

And now we turn to the other side of the account. Here we must, to
be safe, accept only French testimony. If we draw togetjier all the
credible statements of this class that we can find, we shall probably be
able to arrive at a just conclusion.

There was published at Paris, in 1815,' a volume by an oflScer attached
to the stafi^, which may be considered to be " the French account," at
the time and in detail, of this battle. In this volume, the whole army
which entered Belgium is stated to have been " 150,000 effective men of
whom about 30,000 were cavalry." It seems improbable that a staff-
officer should have greatly erred, or that a Frenchman should have exag-
gerated the strength of the beaten army. Reckoning, therefore, the gross
number to have been 150,000 ; and deducting 15,000 for losses at Ligny,
and at Quatre Bras, we may estimate the force detached under Grouchy
on the 17th, at about 38 or 40,000 men, and the strength of the French
army at Waterloo at something more than 90,000.

And this estimate precisely agrees with Napoleon's own statement,
written at Paris three days after the battle. In this bulletin he says,
"We estimated the force of the English army at 80,000 men. We
supposed that a Prussian corps which might be in line toward the right
might be 15,000 men. The enemy's force, then, was upwards of 90,000
men ; ours less numerous."

He is here speaking of the morning. But there was not a Prussian
soldier in the field until five o'clock in the afternoon ; and this Napoleon
well knew. Why, then, does he here introduce a " supposed " Prussian
corps ? Clearly, in order to bring up the allied force to 95,000 men, so
that he might be able to add, " Ours, less numerous.^' He had every
possible ii> live, as a beaten General, striving to make the best of his caie,
— for saying, if he had dared, — " The enemy was more than 90,000

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

383

ly, consisted of
r or militia, and
jk and Nassau,
lever the French
! Napoldon justly
renchman : — two
for one French-

iulation, we may
to about 68,000

lere we must, to
together all the
hall probably be

n oflBcer attached
ich account," at
the whole army
) effective men of
ible that a staff-
hould have exag-
lerefore, the gross
r losses at Ligny,
under Grouchy
th of the French

own statement,
bulletin he says,
),000 men. We
toward the right
jwards of 90,000

not a Prussian

id this Napoleon

Mjsed" Prussian

) 95,000 men, so

He had every

best of his caie,

i)re than 90,000

strong, but we had not quite 70,000." But he could not venture, in the
face of abundant evidence then existing, to say that his army was less
than 80,000, the force he assigns to the English. He therefore, by an
" ingenious device," augments the allied force to 95,000 ; and then he
can venture to assert that his own army was inferior in numbers. There
is clearly implied in this statement an admission that his own force waa
not greatly below 95,000.

Yet when Ney and others were dead, and the records, in all probability,
scattered or destroyed, the same man who wrote this bulletin, concocted
at St. Helena, four or five years after, a widely-different account. In his
" Book ix," p. 128, he puts forth an elaborate table, purporting to show,
that the whole force of the French army at Waterloo was only 68,650
men I And such has been the imposing effect of this table, that many
English writers, while they could detect the falsehood of other statements
in that same volume, still accepted, as an undeniable fact, the conclusion,
that Napoleon's army at Waterloo consisted of only 08,650 men ! Yet
only common prudence, and the use of a little careful scrutiny, was needed,
to prove that these same elaborate tables in "Bookix" were nothing
more than what is usually called, in railway language, " a cooked account."
The proof of this shall be given from French writers alone. And,
first, let "Book ix" refute itself, by its own self contradictions. At
page 71, it gives the second corps, 19,800 infantry; while at p. 95 — 97,
it states the same infantry, at the same moment, at 21,000. At page
128 it gives the first corps 16,500 infantry, and at table F it calls the
same infantry, 17,000. At page 128 the cavalry of the Guard and the
third and fourth corps of cavalry are stated at 10,000 ; while at pp. 168
and 173 they are twice called 12,000. At p. 35 we are told that " the
regiments generally had but two battalions; each battalion consisting of
600 men, present and under ar}ns.^' Yet in the principal table, F, the
regiments are always estimated at either 1000 or 1100 men, the battalions
at 500 or 550. Thus it is abundantly clear, even from the pages of
" Book ix " itself, that its writer is one who " plays at fast and loose
with figures."

But other refutations, from purely French sources, are abundant. We
have seen that Napoleon states, in " Book ix," p. 35, that his battalions
had 600 men ; but that he quietly puts them down in table F, as being
only 500 or 550.

Now in his portfolio, captured at Charleroi, and published at Brussels,
there was one report, made by an ofiicer named De Launoy, and dated

! I

CYOLOPiEDIA OP THE

.. Mo»..Umert, Ju->» ** " !^* if !„ 2 if»~«r of Ma, 28*, p>*-

arrived yesteraay , ^^ 9 forinea pan

battalions of veterans- ^^ Now tu _^ ^^^^^ ^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^et dowa

= ctnted in •' Book ix, p. ^ii . "

' u Viavp contained 23,04" , ^"''^ -u^j „«<« between 25,0OU

talions would ^^^''^ ^^ ^, .^curately described as be ^^^^^_

1564 artillery men, woui bis statement of theiorc« n,

oA Aftft «,pn But Napoleon, in nis bvu contradict-

o\ « find tbe infantry of tbe l^uaru Cbaboulon, hi8

secretary, botb concu ^^^^^^^ ^^^„^ t^at ^bxle r. P .^ ^^^^

r^^oXt horse " „ ^,_ ,^ .,.,. ,He «=rce ->;'•*'*„';*:,

Toourgftud, p. 38, J'"' -"

! !

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

385

aUon,720BtroTJg,
)f May 28th, pub-
waB given a letter

,n is entirely com-
, arrive : the 20th
, are expecting t^o
rt of the first corps,
are all set down as

in his letter of June
ken away from him
of «' between 25,000
returns in his pocket

ally consisted of 720
,en its thirty-two bat-
I to 1400 cavalry, and

as <« between 25,000
toftheforceatWater-
5 500; thuscontradiot-
B^ort found in his own
commanded thatcorpsl

Waterloo, (Book «, P-
down as being U.^^J^-
leury de Chaboulon, his
have been 14,000*
at while Napoleon, ^tihis

d 3000, or 10,000 m all,
.d at p. 173, as «' these

the force detached under

,„.panion at St. Helena
4,) calls this force 42,000.
.:;ters,butwholly French
ieon in forming his tables
Tt;ength at Waterloo by
,t statement, in his buUetiu

y, that his army was only

And to this conclusion a remarkable support is found, in the behaviour
of the two Generals on the day preceding the action. Wellington had
beaten nearly every one of Napoleon's Marshals;* — and could not but
feel a degree of exultation at the thought of meeting the master of them
all. Napoleon, on his part, had to encounter a General who had never
been conquered. .Supposing, then, the armies to have been nearly equal
in strength, what might have been anticipated, but a degree of eager
anticipation on Wellington's side, and of seriousness on Napoleon's ? In.
stead of which, what do we hear ? The Duke writes to Marshal Blucher,
that he will accept battle, 7/ the Marshal will assist him with one corps of
his army. Meanwhile, Napoleon's only anxiety is lest the English should
«scape him. " He was surprised," writes his secretary, Fleury, '• when
daylight discovered to him that the English army had not quitted its
positions, but appeared disposed to accept battle." " He returned to his
head-quarters (Book ix, p. 125) full of satisfaction at the great fault com-
mitted by the enemy's General." " He held this," says Brialmont, "to
be rashness, and a fault, exclaiming, 'At last, then, I have them,— these
English I' " Do not these views and anticipations, on the part of both of
the Generals, make it quite evident that each of them was fully aware of
the great superiority of the French army ; and of the temerity of which
the Duke would be guilty if, without any assurance of support, he ven-
tured on an engagement in the face of such odds ?

It is worth remark, too, that while several of the best English writers
have accepted with the most good-natured simplicity. Napoleon's own ac-
count of the force with which he foi'ght this battle — French historians,
even when admirers of Napoleon, show much less faith in his assertions.
Thus, Lamartine, having Napoleon's ixth Book before him, in which
the number, " sixty-eight thousand, six hundred and fifty men," is strouu-
ously insisted on — quietly disregards the fiction, and repeatedly speaks of
the French force as being "eighty thousand men,"f

But Napoleon's ^^ certainty of success," of which he speaks at p. 127
of his Book ix, rested more upon the superior quality of his troops than
on their superior numbers. He was thoroughly well aware, both of the
slight value of the Belgian and Hanoverian auxiliaries, and of the
excellence of his own troops. And the Duke, also, knew full well both of

* Junot, at Rolica and Vimiera ; Victor at Talavera ; Massena at Buaaco ;
Ney, after Torres Vedras ; Marmont at Salamanca; Jourdan at Yittoria; and
Soult in the Pyrenees, Toulouse, &c. &c.

t History of tlie Restoration, vol. ii, p. 377, 388.

1. U, p. 167.

' I

-i I

! i !

I f

■

386

CYCLOPiEDIA OF THE

these facts. On the 8th of May he had written to Lord Stewart, " I
have got an infamous army ; very weaic and ill-equipped ; and a very
inexperienced staff." And seven days after the battle, he repeated to
Lord Bathurst, that he had got " not only the worst troops, but the
worst-equipped army, with the worst staff, that ever was brought
together."*

On the other hand. Napoleon's army was, for its amount, the finest
that he had ever led into the field. Thus his secretary, Fleury, says,
** The whole anny was superb, and full of ardour." Laniartine speaks
of it as " his grand army of chosen men ; every battalion of which had a
soul equal to the utmost extremity." Napoleon liimself, in " Book ix,"
says : " The spectacle was really magnificent : the earth seemed proud of
being trod by such intrepid combatants." And at St. Helena he told
O'Moara : " My troops were so good, that I esteemed them sufficient to
beat a hundred and twenty thousand."!

Thus, as Brialniont remarks, whatever might be the numerical propor-
tion of the two armies, " when wo come to look nt the respective qualities
of the troops, the inferiority of the Anglo-Belgian army was euormous.
Not only was it composed of heterogeneous elements, but it consisted
almost entirely of young soldiers, a largo proportion of whom had never
been under fire. The Hanoverian contingent was made up of militia;
and many regiments wore fit only for garrison duty,"|

The evening which proccodod the memorable 18th of Juno was dark
and clouily ; the rain fell in torrents, and the men were dlteii ankle-deep
in water. But, however deplorable might be their outward condition, tlio
interest of this eventful moment rendered the combatants on either side,
almost insensible to physical sufferings. Every man in both armies know
that a great and decisive battle was to be fought on the following day.
With the opening morning, then, would begin what might prove the final
contest, — ending a strife of nations which had lasted more than twenty
years. The two greatest Generals of the ago were for the first time to be
brought into collision : the conqueror of Europe was to measure swords
with the deliverer of Spain. No two such leaders, it has been wel'
observed, had confronted each other, since Hannibal and Scipio met
at Zama.

Doubtless, and very naturally, the gn atest degree of confidence was
felt in the camp of the invaders. The French soldiers relied with ronsoa

DcBpntcbci, vol. vili, p. 108. f O'Meara, vol. I, p. 404.

t Urinluiuiit'i Wellington, vol, ii, p. 440,

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

387

rd Stewart, "I
3d; and a very
he repeated to
troops, but the
f was brought

ount, the finest
r, Floury, says,
niartine speaks
of which had a
in " Book ix,"
eeniod proud of
Helena he told
cm sufficient to

merical propor-
ective qualities
was enormous.
ut it consieited
iioni had never
up of militia ;

uno was dark
ten nnkle-deop
condition, tlio
Ml cither side,
1 armies know
bllowing day.
irovo the final

than twenty
irst time to be
easuro swords
has bt'cn well

Scipio met

mfidoncc Wfts
d with ronson

p. 404.

on the extraordinary talents of their great leader, victorious in fifty con-
tests, foiled in scarcely any. The men who stood by his side, too, were
the veterans who had marched triumphantly over many victorious fields,
and who now felt defeat, under such a Captain, to be scarcely possible.
They were confident, too, in their numbers. All of them had heard that
the Emperor had carried over the frontier a picked army of 150,000
men. They saw on the heights around them the first and second corps,
amounting together to nearly 50,000 men, with the sixth, loss numerous,
in reserve. The Imperial Guard was there, from 18,000 to 20,000
strong, — the finest troops that France had ever possessed, and the
cuirassiers, nearly G,000 in number. What could a mixed force of a few
English, joined with Belgians, TTunoverians, and Dutchmen, do against
such a power ?

Very naturally, therefore, we learn from Gourgand, that " the French
troops were full of enthusiasm. Such were the aeolamations of joy, that
they prevented the orders from being heard. "'f^ From Napoleon to liis
Generals, I'rom the Generals to the troops, the feeling had spread and
become universal. " Ah 1 we have them, then, — these Englisli !"

Tlie llritish troops had not the same ground ofeonfiilence. They knew
well that their own numbers did not amount to one-third of tho strength
of Napoleon's army, and that tho Hanoverian and Belgian landwehr, by
whom their line was to be filled up, were of very utieertain value. Many
of the battalions, both FjUglish and foreign, ha<l never been in action
before. Still, they had a great and well-founded trust in their C'um-
mander ; and with a spirit like his own, they meant to (/o thvir dutij,
and while they lived, to stand their grouiul.

The field of Waterloo, or the heights of Mont St. .lean, as the Kiiglisli
nnd the French respectively call this spot, is a piece of slightly-elevated
ground lying, as we have already said, about 1000 yards in advance of
the village of Waterloo. Brussel.s, in which Napoleon intended to sleep
that night, was about nine miles in the rear of the Knglish army, The
main road I'rom Charleroi to Brussels jiassed tlinmgli the French posi-
lion, de.scendel into the valley, and then ascended ^lont St. Jean, cutting
tho Knglish j)nxition at right angles near a furm-hou.se called La Haye
Sainte. Tlie Knglish line lay al)out liOO yards behind this fann-houso.
Here was the centre and left centre. In ailvaiiee of the right wing of
the Knglish army, and between it and the left wing of the French, stood
a larger house, surrounded by walled gardens and orchards, and called

* OourgftuU* Waterloo, p. 00,

i||!

1 1

' V

■

i '1

^1 1

1 1

■t i

■»

i,.

388

OYCLOPiEDIA OF THE

Hougoumont. As this place would have afforded great advantages to
the French in preparing attacking columns, the Duke placed in it some
companies of the Foot-Guards, with some Nassau and Hanoverian troops,
and enjoined its resolute defence. Well were his orders obeyed, for the
utmost efforts of a whole army corps of the French were ineffectual to
carry this position. The French lost 6 or 8000 men in the attempt, but
up to the very close of the day the English Foot-Guards maintained
their possession.

The position of Waterloo was deliberately chosen by the Duke, and
the choice is commended by all unprejudiced critics. Yet Napoleon,
ungenerous throughout, t^trives to depreciate his antagonist's judgment
in this particular. He says, in "Book ix :" — " The English General
had in his rear the defiles of the forest of Soignes, so that if beaten,
retreat was impossible" (p. 125). Upon which 31. Lamartino observes:
" In fighting on the borders of a forest fortified in all its approaches, as
well as by its own impenetrability, the Duke had every pledge of victory,
if victory was possible ; and of a secure retreat if defeat were unavoidable.
Waterloo was an admiraMe field of battle, and it is to be regretted that
Napoleon has not acknowledged this, but has ob.stinately striven to provo
that his con(iueror was unworthy of him. These are the littlenesses of
glory. The choice of Waterloo on Wellington's part was a further mark
of that genius, at once resolute, powerful, and prudent, which has char-
acterized all the caiiipaigns of this General."

It should bo added, that the Duke, during five years of constant war.
fiire with the French armies, had never once been beaten by them in u
pitched battle. Nor had ho any thought of retreating upon the present
occasion, or any di>iro to make a special provision for such an emergency.
In after years ho dropped the remark : " 1 knew that they could never
80 beat us, but that wo could have made good the forest against them."

And now the several divisions of the two armies wore placed in the
posi .ons which to the two commanders seemed suitable. On tlie left of
Napoleon's lino ho placed his second corps, whicii he himself states to
have consisted of 17,900 men, and which undoubtedly was nearer
20,000. This corps, to whicli his brother Jerome was attached, wa.^
ordered to seize upon Hougoumont, and then to attack the right of the
British army. Napoleon's riglit wing was formed of his first corps,
under Ney's conunand. This corps had not yet been in notion, and was
complete. Napoleon sots down its strength as 17,900 men ; but Noy,
who commanded it, dosoribos it as " from twonty-fivo to thirty thousand."

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

389

t advantages to
aced in it some
noverian troops,
obeyed, for the
ineffectual to
he attempt, but
rds maintained

the Duke, and
Yet Napoleon,
ist's judgment
nglish General
that if beaten,
rtino observes :

approaches, as
3dgo of victory,
re unavoidable.

regretted that
triven to prove

littlenesses of
a further mark
vhich has char-

r constant war.

by them in a
on the present

an emergency,
cy could never
agiiinst them."

placed in the
On the left of
niself states to
y was nearer

attached, was
10 right of the
lis first corps,
Jtion, and wus
en ; but Ney,
ty thousand. "

In the second line stood the sixth corps, consisting of 7 or 8000 men ;
the heavy cavalry, of about 7000 ; and in a third line stood the Imperial
Guard, which, of cavalry and infantry, had at least 18,000. The artillery
numbered more than 6000 men, with 240 cannon. The entire force
was probably described with truth in Napoleon's bulletin of the battle,
in which he calls it " less than 95,000."

Against these the Duke bad to place in position, on the opposite heights,
his 15,181 British infantry, his 3,300 infantry of the German Legion,
and about 28,000 Belgians, Hanoverians, and Brunswickers. Many of
these showed themselves, in the battle, unable to stand a French attack.
In the second line ho had 7,840 English and German cavalry, and about
4,500 Belgians, Hanoverians, and Brunswickers. His artillery (English,
Belgian, «&c.,) were 5,600 and his guns, 150. At Hal and Enghien, on
the road from Mons to Brussels, the Duke placed a detachment of 5,819
men to guard against any possible device in that quarter. These could
take no part in the battle, being lixcd by their orders at a distance
of several miles from it.

The Duke had slept for a few hours at his hcadfiuarters in the village
of Waterloo, and then rising before dawn on the morning of the 18th he
wrote several letters, in which ho expressed his confidence that all would
go well, but still gave specific orders for all that was to be done in Brus-
sels, Antwerp, &c., in the event of the success of the French attack. He
then saw to the distribution of the reserves of artillery, which had been
packed in the village, so that supplies should bo readily forwarded to
every point where they might be needed. He also personally inspected
the arrangements made for the reception of the wounded. Then mount-
ing his horse Copenhagen, he rode to llougouuiont, and thence down a
liine leading through the wood beyond it. Halting on the eastern slant
of the thicket, he narrowly surveyed all of the enemy's arraiij:enieiitH that
could bo Hi-en. Then giving some final orders at Hougouniont, ho gal-
loped back to tho high ground in the right centre of his position, where
he began to ehat with the members of his stall' with as much liveliness as
if they were about to take part in an ordinary review.

There was now a pause of considerable duration. This was one of tho
chief mistakes committed by Napoleon. Ho had before him, as he wel|
knew, an army exceedingly inferior to his own ; so inferior, in short,
that it was a matter of joyful surprise to him that the Duke had not
decamped in the night, But on his right he knew that there was Grouchy
with less than 40,000 men, opposed to Uluohur, who hud 80,000 or

890

CYOLOPiEDIA OF THE

90,000. It was obvious to every one that the Prussian general might,
and probably would, engage Grouchy with one or two corps, and
carry the rest of his army to the succour of the English. It was, then, a
great error not to use the present opportunity with decision and rapi-
dity. He accounts for the delay by the state of the ground ; but
when Grouchy justified his inertness atWavreby the same plea, Napo-
leon exclaims, in " Book ix," p. 153, " The dreadful state of the weather,
ridiculous motive !"

The village clock was striking eleven when the first gun was fired from
the French centre, and this great battle began, which only ended with the
darkness of night. There has never been a battle which was so distinctly
divided, like a drama, intofour or five acts. These were; 1. The attack
on Hougoumont and the English right ; 2. The attack on La Haye Sainte
and the English centre and left ; 3. The irruption of the French heavy
cavalry upon the centre of the English position; 4. The i'russian diversion ;
5. The charge of the Imperial Guard, and final defeat of the French army.
These several acts or stages in this great contest usually followed each other
at intervals of about two hours, i. c. at 11 , at 1 , at 3, at 5, and at 7 o'clock.
There cannot, therefore, be a better way of obtaining a clear idea of the pro-
gress of this tremendous struggle, than by passing in review these five acts
or stages, just as they occurred, and distinctly from each other.

ELEVEN o'clock.

Precisely at thin hour the French artillery opened fire upon the orchards
of Hougoumont, and Jerome, with his division, moved forward to the
attack. As wo have seen, Napoleon himself ashigns to his Hocond corps, to
whom this duty was as.signcd, a wtreiigth of 17,1)00 men; and, reasoning
upon his uniform practice of diniiuisliing his real numbers, wo may
safely estimate its real force at 20,000. This corps was to storm and
take Hougoumont, ami then, from this position, to annoy and perhaps to
attack with success, the Duke's right. Hut it never succeeded even in
its first object. The wliole power of these 1H,000 or 20,000 men
failed to carry a post which was never garrisoned by so many as
2,800. Thus, (lourgaud tells us that at noon " Prinoo Jerome with
his division took possession of (he wood ; ho was driven out, but
a new attack once more rendered him master of it. The enemy^
liowever, kept jxtssession of the large house in the centre." Again, at
half past four, ho says, " General Ueille supported the attack of Jerome's
division by Foy's division. (Maeli being r>,0()0 or 0,000 strong.)

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

391

general might,
vo corps, and
It was, then, a
sion and rapi-
ground; but
ne pica, Napo-
jf the weather,

was fired from
inded with the
s so distinctly
1. The attack
a Haye Sainte
French heavy
ian diversion ;
French army,
yed each other
d at 7 o'clock,
lea of the pro-
theso five acts
ler.

the orchards
•ward to the
Olid corps, to
d, reasoning
LTs, wo may
) storm and
l1 perhaps to
dod even in
-'0,000 men
SI) many as
ItTonie with
n out, hut
riie onomyj
Again, at
of .loromo's
)0 strong. )

Howitzers had set fire to the house and nearly destroyed it ; three-fourths
of the wood was in our possession ; the fields were strewed with the Eng-
lish guards, the flower of the enemy's army." But beyond this partial
success the French never attained. They never carried the chateau
itself, but in the attempt they lost from G,000 to 8,000 men, while
the killed and wounded of the defenders amounted to a few hundreds only.
This portion of the battle lasted from noon until night, and all that
the French could boast of, was, that with five or seven times the
number of the British, they obtained possession of " three-fourths of
the wood." * Napoleon says, in " Book ix," " The wood remained
in the possession of the French ; but the chateau, in which some hun-
dreds of intrepid English troops defended themselves, opposed an
invincible resistance." f

ONE o'clock.

But now, having commenced the battle by this vehement assault on
Hougoumont by his left wing. Napoleon prepared what ho admits to
be his main attack, on the Duke's centre and left, by Counfd'Erlon's
whole corps, led by Marshal Noy. This was the corps which had not
been engaged at either Ligny or Quatro Bras. Napoleon states its
strength at 17,900; but Ney more frankly describes it as between
" twenty-five and thirty thousand." This force was directed against
the centre of the English position. Throughout the day Napoleon seemed
to rely on men strength. lie knew that ho wan superior on every point,
in each branch of the service, and in every particular, and he had never
experienced the obstinate endurance of the Kngliwh infantry. Thus, as
the Duke afterwards said, " Ho did not maiuouvrcat all. lie just moved
forward, in the old style, in columns', and was driven off in the old stylo."

Oront were the expectations ba,sod on this attack. Napoleon himself
said to Noy : " This is a day and an action worthy of you ; I give you
the command of (ho centre; and it is you who are to gain the battle." I
But while all the French accounts admit the vast importance which was
'attached to this, the main attack, (hoy entirely forget to say wlint inm the
result of it. Thus (Jourguud writes: " Tiie Emperor directed Marshal

• 'I'lio first French nttiick was rrpnlscd about two o'clock : but Hoimparto
loiiowuU it live or six times, milil about sovcii o'clock in tlio evening.— .iui<riu«

t Hist. Memoir, book ix, p. 143. t I'iim«rtiuo, b. xxv, J 34.

392

CYCLOPEDIA OP THE

■U I

Ney to commence the attack, and to take possession of La Haye Sainte ;"
** Our infantry advanced ;" " The enemy's line, however, made no
manoeuvre ; it maintained its immobility. His cavalry made several suc-
cessful charges on the flank of one of the columns of the first corps, and
about 15 of our pieces of artillery, which were advancing, were driven
back into a hollow road. One of Milhaud's brigades of Cuirassiers ad-
vanced against this cavalry, and the field of battle was soon covered with
their slain. When the Emperor perceived that some disorder prevailed
on our right, he proceeded at full gallop." *

Napoleon says, in" Book ix," " Many charges of infantry and cavalry
followed it; the detuil of them belong more to the history of each regi-
ment, than to the general history of the battle ; it is enough to say, that
after three hours' fighting, the farm of La H.iyo Sainte was occupied by
the French infantry ; while the end which the Emperor had in view was
obtained." f

Thus, from the French accounts, we gain no intelligible information as
to the actual result of this attack of 26,000 men on the English centre ;
except, indeed, that Gourgaud's einglo phrase, " the enemy's line main-
tained its immobility," tacitly implies that the attack failed. We turn,
then, to the English narrators, and learn from t'nem what actually
occurred.

" Seventy-four guns" (" Book ix," snys eighty) were ordered forward
to a little elevation, so us to bring their fire to bear upon the English line
at a range of about 700 yards. Soon after, as two o'clock approached, the
Cdlujnns of attack, under Ney's command, were seen descending from
their elevated ground, cro.«sliig the valloy, and ascending the northern
slope. The British artillery gave thoni a warm reception ; but still the
columns pressed on, until they approached the Duke's lino, near the
centre and loft ccntie. Iloro were placed the brigade of Sir Thomas
Picton, about .3000 strong; and a Belgic-Diitch brigade unlcr Bylandt.
As the French columns drew near, with sliouti of " Vive I'Empereur!"
the cimrago of the Belgians gave way, and the whole brigade, amidst the
groans and hooting of the Britisli .soldiers, began a hasty movement to

• Oourjiftiid's Giuiiimign of Wtiterloo, \k 07.

] l'flK« ITil. This uttiick on tlm criiiro was made at one o'clock, and La
Uajo Hniiilo was not cvaciialid by tlie Eiit'""'' ''" »'* '" '''" evening. Of what
occurred in llic livo liours wliich intervened tiio French Recounts arc ominously
•llent.

laye Sainte ;"
ver, made no
ie several suc-
irst corps, and
y, were driven
Cuirassiers ad-
n covered with
>rder prevailed

ry and cavalry
f of each regi-
j;h to say, that
as occupied by
ad in view was

information as
English centre ;
tny's line main-
ed. We turn,

what actually

rdcred forward
ic English line

)proachod, the

!Hcending from

the northern

; but still the

line, near the

f Sir Thomas

mlcr Bylundt.

ri'iinporeurr'
x\c, lunidxt the
y niovcmcnt to

o'clock, and La
zoning. Of what
a aro omlnouslj

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

393

the rear, from which they could not be induced to advance during the
whole remainder of the day.

Left thus to himself, to sustain the whole attack of twice or three
times his numbers, the gallant Picton never hesitated. Forming his
little band two deep, he waited till the French column came within
charging distance. It then halted, and endeavoured to deploy into line.
Saluting it, at this moment, with a volley from his whole brigade, Picton
gave the word " Charge I" and his men sprang forward with the bayonet.
In an instant the whole French column was in confusion ; and before
they had time to recover themselves, Ponsonby's brigade of heavy cavalry,
the Royals, the Scots Greys, and the Enniskillencrs, broke in upon them,
and in a few moments the whole side of the hill was covered with fugi-
tives. The heroic leader of" the fighting division," however, the gallant
Picton, fell, shot through the brain in the moment of triumph. Another
fierce encounter was at hand. 3Iilhaud's Cuirassiers were close behind the
French columns, and they essayed to retrieve the fight. But the Household
Brigade met them, and after u desperate encounter — of the best horsemen
in England and the best in France — the whole mass of the French, horse
and foot, were driven back in confusion, leaving behind them the eagles
of the 45th and 105th regiments, and nearly 3000 prisoners. The grand
attack of Ncy on the British centre had failed ; and the first corps of the
French army was so seriously cut up and disorganized, as to be in no con-
dition to renew the attack. We now understand Gourgaud's confessions,
" The enemy's cavalry made several successful charges on the flank of one
of the colunms of the first corps ;" and, " when the Emperor perceived
that some disorder prevailed on our right, he proceeded thither at full
gallop."

It was now considerably past two o'clock. The principal attack had
been repelled : the Englisli position had not been forced, or even endan-
gered. " The enemy's line," 8a}s Gourgaud, " maintained its immo-
bility." But Napoleon's second corps had been beaten and nmch
damaged at Ilougoumont ; and now his first was crippled and nearly
disabled in front of La llaye Sainte. In this strait, either Ney or
Napoleon, or both of them, still confident in their superior strength, had
recourse to a desperate measure, which had, indeed, a probability of
success ; but which, if it failed, would involve a serious danger.

They had, still untouched, or nearly so, a reserve of what Napoleon
himself styles, " twelve thousand select horse," the two corps of Cuiras-
siers, the light cavalry of the Guard, and the horse grenadiers and dra-

ssmm

394

CYCLOPEDIA OP THE

;l|'i

lli,

ll'l

.'ii

goons of the Guard. There need be no dispute as to the strength of
this force, since Napoleon himself twice states it to have been 12,000.

THREE o'clock.

At this period of the battle, then, desperate at the two failures on the
left and on the right, either Ney or his master launched this enormous
mass of " select cavalry" against the centre of the British line. The
error, if it is one, is sought by Napoleon to bo charged on somebody
else. In his bulletin, written at the time, he says : —

" Our two divisions of cuirassiers being engaged, all our cavalry ran
at the same moment to support their comrades."

Gourgaud endeavours to cast the blame upon Ney, saying : —

" Marshal Ney, borne away by excess of ardour, lost sight of the orders
he had received ; he debouched on the level height, which was imme-
diately crowned by two divisions of Milhaud's cuirassiers, and the light
cavalry of the Guard. The emperor observed to Marshal Soult, " This
is a premature movement, which may be attended with fatal conse-
quences."

These accounts would represent Napoleon himself famous for his
rapidity and decision, to have had no command over his own troops.
They are, therefore, not credible.

But remembering that Napoleon was himself at this moment in a
forward position, and that the heavy cavalry placed in the rear as a
reserve force must have defiled past him, wo must at least believe
him to have permitted this movement. Gourgaud says that Ney
ordered forward Milhaud's Cuirassiers, and that " the emperor ordered
Kellcrman's corps to support him." Colonel Ileymes, aide-de-camp
to Miy, says, " That movement took place under the eyes of the
emperor, who might havn stopped it, but did not." Still as he afterwards,
in private conversation, charged the fault on Ney,* wo must suppose
that the marshal, in his desperation, called for the reserve of cavalry
and that Napoleon permitted him to employ them. However this might be^
it is certain that about three or four o'clock — the attack of the first corps
on the centre and left of the English having failed, the whole mass of the
" cavalry of reserve," was brought forward and thrown upon the centre
of the Duke's position. Sucb. an assault has rarely been made upon any
other army in modern times. Deducting the troops in Hougoumont, and

•Flcury, vol. il, p. 217.

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

395

3 strength of
u 12,000.

lilures on the
lis enormous
I line. The
)n somebody

cavalry ran

of the orders
I was imme-
ind the light
suit, "This

fatal consc-
ious for his

own troops-

loment in a
e rear as a
cast believe

that Ncy
iror ordered
lidc-de-camp
:'yes of the
afterwards,
ust suppose
of cavalry
ia might be
lo first corps
mass of the

the centre
upon any
umont, and

the losses from four hours' fighting, there could not have been at this
monipnt so many as 12,000 British infantry in the whole line. Yet
it is from Napoleon's own narrative that wc learn, that upon this weak
array there was launched a mass of 12,000 heavy horse, 6,000 of whom
wore armour, and who seemed, in their united strength, able positively to
ride down the insignificant force of resolute soldiers who still kept the
heights of Mont St. Jean.

The British accounts generally divide this tremendous onset of the
cavalry into two attacks, the first, between three and four o'clock, when
forty squadrons, twenty-one of them being composed of cuirassiers,
ascended the heights behind La Haye Sainte ; the second perhaps an
hour later, when the first assailants, having found it difficult to maintain
their ground were rallied behind thirty-seven fresh squadrons sent by
Napoleon to their succour. And this- agrees with Gourgaud's account
who tells us, first, that " Ney debouched upon the level height, with Mil-
baud's Cuirassiers and the light cavalry of the Guard," and then adds, a
nttle after, that " the Emperor directed Kellerman's Cuirassiers to
support the cavalry on the height lest it should be repulsed." It is clear,
therefore, that the first onset of 5,000 or 6,000 men had failed, or
was in danger of failing, when Napoleon sent forward a second until, as
ho himself says, the whole " twelve thousand select horse" were involvou
in the struggle.

How it was that this tremendous attack failed, it is not easy at tliis
distance of time to understand. The whole of the infantry in the British
line were quickly formed into squares ; the front ranks kneeling and pre-
senting fixed bayonets, and the second and third lines keeping up a con-
stant tiro of musketry. The artillery, also, saluted the intruders with
grape-shot ; but many of the British guns weie soon taken possession of by
the cuirassiers. The Duke, always prepared for every emergency, had
instructed the artillerymen that they should, on the approach of danger,
take off a wheel and retire with it into the nearest square of infantry.
Thus the cuirassiers, when they had seized a gun, found themselves
hampered with it, and while they were trying to carry it off, the mus-
ketry of the British squares thinned tlicir numbers.

Wellington, in describing the battle in a letter to Marshal Beresford,
said, "I had the infantry for some time in squares, and the French
cavalry walking about us as if it had been our own."

There probably never was sucli a trial of " pluck" as this part of tlio
contest presented. It was a hand-to-hand struggle, lasting two or three

396

cyclopjEdia of the

Tiours. Had a regiment of cuirassiers ever found courage enough tt>
throw themselves on the British bayonets, there can be little doubt that
some of the weaker squares might have been broken. But this never
once occurred. Gourgaud, indeed, says, " Our cavalry penetrated many
of the enemy's squares, and took three standards," but he must here be
speaking of the Belgian or Hanoverian troops, many of whom were
unsteady, and some of whom were scattered and cut up. There was, in
fact, no absolute reliance to be placed on any but the British troops, and
some of the best of the German. A whole Dutch-Belgian brigade, on
the approach of the cuirassiers, moved off without firing a shot. After
several charges of the British horse upon portions of the French cavalry,
Lord Uxbridge put himself at the head of Tripp's brigade of Dutch-
Belgian carabineers, and ordered them to charge ; and so they did, but
not until they had. first turned their backs to the enemy ! Somewhat
later, he ordered forward the Hanoverian regiment called the Cumberland
hussars ; but the colonel " did not see what good was to be done" by
moving him from his snug position, which was out of reach of the firing.
He added, that he could not answer for his men, for that they rode their
own horses, and could not afford to lose theml Receiving from Lord
Uxbridge the vehement reproof which might have been expected, he and
his men moved off to Brussels, where they spread the report that the
allied army was destroyed, and that Napoleon was advancing at the head
of his Guards I

Yet this tremendous attack failed, as the two preceding attacks
had done. And its failure was one chief cause of -Napoleon's
ruin. He had risked his cavalry reserve, and had lost it. For
it is a remarkable and wonderful fact, that, continuing this struggle
for two or three hours, this splendid body of " twelve thousand
select cavalry" was wholly destroyed. Individuals, and parties of fugi-
tives, doubtless escaped, and their nuniber in the aga;regate might bo
considerable ; but this arm of the service was utterly disabled. In his
Bulletin, Napoleon said, " For three hours numerous charges were made,
several squares penetrated, and six stiuidards taken; — an advantage
bearing no proportion to the loss which our cavalry experienced by the
grape-shot and musket-firing." Floury do Chaboulon, his secretary, says,
" Our cavalry, exposed to the incessant firing of the enemy's batteries and
infantry, sustained and executed numerous brilliant charges, took six
flags, and dismounted several batteries ; but in this conflict we lost the
flower of our intrepid cuirassiers, and of the cavalry of tie Guard." He

enough to
s doubt that
t this never
trated many
lUst here be
whom were
here was, in
troops, and
brigade, on
shot. After
;nch cavalry,
e of Dutch-
hey did, but

Somewhat
Cumberland
be done" by
of the firing,
ey rode their
<y from Lord
ictod, he and
)oit that the

at the head

ding attacks
•Napoleon's
it it. For
lis struggle
e thousand
tics of fugi-

ite might be
ed. In his
were made,
n advantage
cuced by the
rotary, says,
atterics and
5C8, took six
t we lost the
Jiuard." He

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

297

adds, that on reaching Paris, and describing the battle, the emperor
said, " Ney behaved like a madman ! — he got my cavalry massacred for
me." And it is the chief complaint of all the French accounts, that
when at the close of the day the English horse swept over the field, the
Emperor had not a single regiment of cavalry to oppose to them !* The
" twelve thousand select cavalry" had broken into the English position;
but, except as scattered fugitives, they never returned I

FIVE o'clock.

But the battle had now lasted six hours, and Napoleon had allowed
his opportunity to pass away. Five o'clock brought the Prussians ; and
after they had entered the field a decisive victory for Napoleon became
impossible.

Bent on his object of proving that he had been not so much beaten as
overpowered by numbers, Napoleon in his "Book ix," brings the Prut.-
sians into the field at nooti-day I In doing this he does not scruple to
employ the most direct and obvious falsehood. To give a single
instance, — Gourgaud, his aide-de-camp, in his account of the battk',
thus writes :

" It was half-past four o'clock, and the most vigorous fire was still
kept up on every side. At this moment General Domont informed his
Majesty that he observed Bulow's corps in movement, and that a division
of 8,000 or 10,000 Prussians was debouching from the woods of
Frisohenois."

Yet in " Book ix" Napoleon does not hesitate to say : At two o'clock
in the afternoon General Domont had given notice that Bulow formed in
three columns ; that the enemy appeared to him to be very numerous, —
he estimated the corps at 40,000 men."

But he does not even postpone their arrival until two o'clock : — two
pages earlier he insists upon it that he saw them, in the distance, at
»iooH.f Now as it is absolutely certain that, with the greatest exertion,
the earliest of the Prussian brigades were unable to reach the field until

•At St. Helena, he told O'Meara, " When the English advanced, I had not a
single corps of cavalry in reserve to resist them. Hence the English attack
succeeded, and all was lost," — O'Meara, vol. i, p. 465.

t " It was noon, the troops of General Bulow were stationary beyond the
extreme right : they appeared to form and wait for their artillery." — Hint.
Mem.b. ix, p. 160.

398

CTCLOPiEDIA OF THE

!i| III

' Si

half-past four, wc may be sure that at twelve o'clock they must have
been eight or ten miles off! Hence this passage in " Book ix' must
either be a downright fiction ; or else Napoleon must have discovered
on a distant hill a party of the Prussian staff who had ridden forward
to observe the position of aflfairs, and who must have been magnified by
his alarms into an army-corps I

The real time of the arrival of the Prussians is one of the most
clearly-defined facts of the whole history. All the witnesses agree upon
it. We have just cited Gourgaud's words, that " at half past four Gene-
ral Domont observed a division of 8,000 to 10,000 Prussians debouching
from the woods of Frischenois."

In strict agreement with which the Prussian official account says.

" It was half-past four o'clock The difficulties of the road had

retarded the march of the Prussian columns ; so that only two brigades
had arrived at the covered position which was assigned them. The gene-
rals resolved to begin the attack with the troops which they had at
hand."*

And General Drouet, who was at Napoleon's side during the action,
said, in .his speech in the Chamber of Peers on the 24th of June, 1815,
— " The Prussians began to attack us at about half-past five in the aftei"-
noon."

It is quite clear, then, uiul beyond all dispute, that the Prussians first
began to enter the field oi' battle, and to bo visible to the French at half-
past four in the afternoon ; that the Prussian commanders immediately
proceeded to make arrangements for an attack ; — and that their first
collision with the French troops took place about half-past five in the
afternoon.

But Napoleon had been forewarned of their approach ; for his flying
parties had brought in, he tells us, two or three hours before, a Prussian
hussar who was bearing a letter to the Duke of Wellington, announcing
that General Bulow and his corps were on their mr J.. 11' nc". Napoleon
had already set apart his sixtii corps, under Coun*' T.^U" ■ ;•> ; 'reive the
Prussians whenever they should make their appoa. .. '',

He introduces at this period many complaints of Marshal Grouchy,
who, he pretends, ought to have followed Bulow' s corps, and have taken
part in the battle of Waterloo. This is the very height of injustice and
ab)*rdity; since ho had employed Grouchy distinctly to follow and

*.';ieA';;T ; .in accoi/ut sivya " About five o'clock, the first cannon-shot of the
.VfU3s rt,i urniy was fix "i from the heights of Aguiers,'

ley must have
Jookix' must
ive discovered
•idden forward
1 mqgnified by

3 of the most
jea agree upon
)ast four Gene-
las debouching

iount sayf=.
)f the road had
y two brigades
em. 'rhe gcnc-
jh they had at

ing the action,
of June, 1815,
ive in the after-
Prussians first
Trench at half-
ivs imnicdiatoly
that their first
)ast five in the

for his flying
ore, a Prussian
, announcing
nc. Napoleon
; ' ! ■f.eive the

rshal Grouchy,
md have taken
jf injustice and
to follow and

nnon-shot of the

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

399

occupy the attention of the main body r.fthe Prussian army; and in
obedience to this command the miirshal was at that moment engaged with
the Prussian third corps at Wavre. But, on looking at Napoleon's first
bulletin of the battle, we see that this afc|jersion of Grouchy is an at'ter-
thought, — a mere device to lessen his own defeat. Wniiiii!: at the time,
and giving to France a full account of the battle, in that bulletin not one
wcrd of any default of Grouchy's appears.

This, of itself, is enough to show the hoUowness of the excuse for the
loL-M of the battle. .Grouchy himself, when the " ixth Book" made its
appearance, instantly wrote and published an indignant denial of its
statements ; and Brialmont remarks, that " Napoleon has so expressed
himself to make it clear that he was anxious to diaiiuishthe amount ofhifj
own responsibility by sacrificing the reputation of his subordinate.-. Thus
he pretends that he received on the night of the 17th a letter from Grou-
chy, which letter never could have existed."

But Gourgaud himself. Napoleon's own aide-de-camp, is the best \\ Itncss
in exculpation of Grouchy. He tells us, that in the afternoon, houriuir the
cannonade of Waterloo, General Excelmans urged upon Gvouchy tol uvo
following the Prussians and to march towards the uaanoaade. .>ut
Grouchy, " though he burnt with desire to take part in the great battle,
showed Excelmans his instructions, which were to march upon Wavre,
and said, that he could not take such a responsibility on himself." '■'•• It
is clear therefore, that up to the afternoon of the 18th Grouchy had no
other orders than those which bade him follow the Pruss^ians who were
in position at Wavre.

Grouchy then, was not at Waterloo, simply because Napoleon had sent
him to Wavre, a town some twelve miles distant ; and becaui-e he was
there engaged in a struggle with the third 'Prussian corps. But the
fourth Prussian corps was at Waterloo at five o'clock, because Blucher
had promised to send it there, and because Wellington expected it ; and
gave battle with inferior forces, relying on this assistance. Napoleon
ought to have foreseen the probability of all this, — and, foreseeing it, he
ought to have delivered his blows more rapidly so as to break the English
line, if that were possible, before the Prussians could enter the field.
But now that he had allowed his opportunity to pass, and now that
Bulow was actually beginning to take part in the battle, — what Was the
respective strength ranged on either side ? This question must be

• Gourgaud's Campaign of 1815, p. 113.

400

CYCLOPAEDIA OF TUE

1 ••

answered ; for Napoleon says, " The enemy's army had just been aug-
mented by 30,000 men, already ranged on the held of battle ; thus
placing 120,000 men against 69,000, or two to one." (p. 148.) And
then he immediately afterwards, adds " It was noon."

This statement, however, like most of Napoleon's other statements, is
untrue. The Duke's army had never amounted to 70,000 men, of
whom some 10 or 15,000 were merely nominal combatants, whom it was
impossible to persuade to fight. And Napoleon wilfully overlooks the
plain averment of the Prussian official account, that when their comman-
ders began the attack, — not at noon, but .some time after half-past four,
onfij two hn'ijadcs, had arrived on the field. Captain Siborne, who took
the greatest pains to ascertain every fact of the case, states that at half-
past four o'clock the Prussian force which had como up, amounted to
16,000 men ; which, added to the Duke's army of 68,000, made a joint
force of about 8-1,000 ; but, if the non-fighting part of the Duke's army
were deducted, — of .scarcely 70,000. Thus, even with the addition of
the newly-arrived Prussians, the allied force was still numoiically weaker
than Napoleon's army.

This diversion, however, which was caused so opportunely by
Bulow's arrival, naturally brought great relief to the Briti.sh line. It
drew off Count Lobau's corps, the sixth, of 7000 men, which might
otherwise have boon sent forward to attack the British centre. Tlio
remark, however, which is .sometimes made, that " the Engli.sh wi- o
saved by arrival of the Prussians," is singularly absurd. Bulow's arrival
was not an unexpected thing ; or a lucky clianeo ; — it was a part of the
Duke's plan. Ho had demanded this aid of Blucher, and h:id obtained
the prnmiso of it, and without this aid, his acceptance of battle would
have been an net of groat temerity. The arrival of the Prussians, .so far
from being unexpected, had l)oen ealculated on three hours earlier ; Blu-
cher having promised that they should be in the field by two o'clock.

And sorely had they been needed. The " thin red line" of the British
infantry had scarcely ever found it so difficult to mainti.in its ground.
At this moment, as wo have already riMnarked, there eotild not have
been so many as l-,<)00 of this branch of the Duke's army left in posi-
tion. Ami yet upon then> rested the whole burden of the battle. Somo
of the Ocrninn troops behaved gallantly ; but of the mixed mass of
25,000 Belgians, I l.inoverians, Dutchmen, iSic, a large jiroportiun were
unable to stand the French attack^. So soon as one of Napoleon's col-
umns approached thorn, they bocamo unsteady, and ofteu wont to tho

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

401

ist been aug-
battle ; thus
. 148.) And

stiitcmcnts, is
000 men, of
, whom it was
overlooks the
their comman-
half-past four,
ornc, who took
3S that at half-
p, amounted to
3, made a ioint
ic Duke's army
the addition of
iciioally weaker

:ippovtunely by
ritiwh line. It
which might
1 centre. Tiio
c English "Wi' ■')
IJulow's arrival
IS a part of the
lid had obtained
.1" battle would
'nisf^ians, so far
IS earlier ; lilu-
two o'clock.
," of the llritish
ti.in its ground,
could not huvo
rniy li'ft in poni-
i(> buttle. Some
mixed mass of
^irojtortiwii were
r Napoleon's col-
ten wont to the

rear. Meanwhile there still stood in front of the Duke's right wing, the
second corps ; and in front of his left wing, the first corps ; and all that
were left of Napoleon's " 12,000 select cavalry" were riding about the
British position, as if they were masters of it. This hour, then, or two
hours, from five o'clock till seven, must have been a most anxious one
for the Britiih General and his troops. The commander of one brigade
sent to the Duke to beg for some relief or reinforcement ; and the answer
he received was, " Tell him, that what he wishes is impossible. He, and
I, and every man here, must fight till we die on the spot where wo
stand." Some one asked for a general instruction, as to what plan should
bo followed if the Duke himself should fall. " My only plan," said the
Duke, " is to stand my ground here to the last man." Long after the
battle, he remarked, of this period of the day, " I looked oftener at my
watch than at anything else. I knew that if my troops could keep their
po.sition till night, I must be joined by Blueher before morning ; and wo
should not have left Bonaparte an army next day. But I wa.s glad, as
one hour of day-light slipped away after another, and our position was
still maintained." It is scarcely possible for words to imply more dis-
tinctly, that the Duke felt that he was standing his ground with an
inferior force ; relying on Blucher's aid, to enable him to strike a blow
in return.

Meanwhile, as ho was constantly calm, so ho was over hopeful and
high-mmded. An Italian officer in the French service, being taken pri-
soner afterwards described the dismay he felt, on observing the quietness
of the Duke'.s demeanour, and the calmness of his countenance; which
forced him to think that ho must have some concealed reserve, of which
the French generals knew nothing. His brief remarks, too, were always
cheerful and rea,s.>suring. A young I'iedmontose oilicer made himself
useful, in currying orders. " Were you ever in a battle before ?" a,sked
the Duke. " No, my lord." '' Then you are a lucky follow, for you
will never see such another I" was the ri\joinder. At another time, cnconr.
aging the D.'ith regiment, expecting a ciiarge of cavalry, he said, '' Stand
fast! ".•.')tli, we musn't be beat; wlint wo>ild they siiy in Knglandl"
Shortly after, when the French cavalry came on with threatening aspect,
ho said, " Never mind, we'll win this battle yet !" To a regiment exposod
to n brisk cannonade, ho remarked, ''Hard pounding this I let's soo
who'll pound longest I" Often ho was evidently the object of the enemy's
aim, and a tree under which ho sometimes took his stand, was repeatedly
struck. "That's good practice," said thu Duku; " I think thuy Uru

l-il

= lit'!

402

CYOLOPiEDIA OP THE

better than in Spain." But, as -we have said, he was ever high-minded ;.
and \»hen an officer of artillery came to the Duke to tell him, that he
had a clear view of Napoleon, and had several guns pointed in that direc-
tion, the Duke exclaimed, " No ! I'll not allow it. It is not the business
of oommandcis to be firing upon one another I''

At half-past five, according to Count Drouet, the Prussians first
came into collision wi.l) the sixth corps, which, with Domont's cavalry,
had been placed on Napoleon's right wing, specially to give these new
comers a warm reception. The contest soon became an earnest one on
this side ; I'lanchenoit, in the rear of Napoleon's right centre, was taken,
and retaken, and lie felt obliged to send some battalions of the Young
Guard to strengthen Count Lobau. In this new struggle an hour or
more passed, and seven o'clock, the last' hour of the day drew on.

Here Gourgaud stops to claim a triumph. He says, " 05 to 08,000
French troops had beaten 115,000 English, Prussians, itc." But then
he adds, " The Emperor was of opinion that this was the moment for
making a decisive attack, and ihtinnining the fate of the (liy." So that,
although the English and Prussians are assumed to be beaten, the " fate
of the day" remains " to be determined."

In fact, not one single step in retreat had the English army yet taken.
About six o'clock, indeed, the farm-house of La Hayo Sainte was aban-
doned by its Eiigli.sh defenders, simply because their ammunition was
expended, and without ammunition they could not defend the place.
This was the one solitary advantage gained by the French in the whole
day; and even this was not wrested by them from the English ; the post
was evacuated by the latter for the reason wo have stated. And La
Ilaye Sainte, it should be remembered, was about 200 yards in advance
of the liritish line. It was an outpost, and not a part of the main lino.
Its capture at an earlier period tnight have soriously endangered the
Duke's centre ; but at this late hour Napoleon had but one card lei't to
jilay, and in playing it the possession of La Ilayo Sainte did not greatly
aid him.

Up to "leven o'clock, then, this one poor outpost was the only foot of
ground gained l)y the French, in compensation for what Ney calls " tho
most frightful carnngft that I have ever witnessed." lie is not hero
speaking of the defeat of tho Imperial (luard, but of what preceded it.
He had led, at one o'clock, the attack by D'Erlon's corps on the centre
and lell of the English position, and at (hroo o'clock he had sent tho
heavy cavalry in among tho British battalions. It is of these two attacks

igh-mindcd ;.
dm, that he
n that direo-
tho business

russians first,
int's cavalry,
vo these new
most one on
ro, was taken,
)f the Young
Ic an hour or
!W on.

G5 to G8,000
." But then
3 moment for
ay," So that,
[en, the " fate

my yet taken,
ite was aban-
tnunition was
lid tlic phico.

in the wholo
lish ; the post

d. And La
ds til, adiHince

)u) main lino,
idaiigered the
u' card left to

id not greatly

le only foot of

ley calls " tho
is not hero

it preceded it.
on the centre
had pent tho

80 two attacks

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

403

that Ncy is speaking, and of the manner in which they were repulsed ;
and this veteran soldier, after witnessing Borodino, Leipsic, and twenty
other fields of slaughter, describes the defeat of the first corps, and the
destruction of the cavalry, as a " carnage" the like of which he had never
before beheld.

" The Emperor," says Gourgaud, " was now of opinion that tho
moment was come for making a decisive attack, and determining tho fate
of the day." Yes, the moment was come ; for, if tho matter had been
left as it stood. Napoleon's overthrow on the following morning would
have been made certain. " I knew," said the Duke, long after, " that
if my troops could keep their position till night, I must be joined by
Blucher before morning, and we should not have left Bonaparte an army
next day." To keep the English and Prussian armies apart had been
Napoleon's chief endeavour, but the sagacity and military talent of the
two Generals had defeated this purpose. The French army had only
crossed tlie frontier on the 15th, and here, on the 18th, were the twc
allied armies already uniting on tho same battle-field. When, therefore,
Gourgaud tells us, in lofty and decorous language, that " the Emperor
was of opinion that this was the moment for making a decisive attack,
and determining the fate of tho day," tlie real meaning of these dignified
phrast's is, that Napoleon saw that one chance only remained to him,
and that ho must break the British lino by tho whole force of tho
Imperial Guard, or retire from the field a discomfited commander ; to
sustain in his turn an attack iVom the united armies the very next day.
Ilis strongest army-corps, the first and second, had both been cut up and
crippled ; his splendid cavalry were at that moment being " massacred"
by tho English grapeshot and musket-liring; and tho only weapon of
power that remained to him was this noble body of men, who had
triumphed in fifty battles — his invincible phalanx, the Imperial Guard.

At seven o'clock, therefore, or about that hour, he turned to this, his
last resource, and ordered to tho front this chosen

and

tho right employment of which had ^iven him so many

favourite
iotorioa.

arm.

SKVE.N () CLOCK.

It !h not easy, amidst tho various and contradictory nocounts of tho
difl'erent French iiistoriaiis, to ascertain with exactness tho real fi)rce
emj)loyed in this attack. Tho Young Guard, under General Duhesnio,
bud boon partly employed in thu dufuucoofl'lauohenoit. The Old Guard|

\'h i

I
li •

t !

CYOLOPiEDIA OF THE

and the Middle Guard, had not up to this period of the battle drawn a
trigger. Their strength is stated by Gourgaud to have been on this 'lay
4400 and 4200, or, united, 8600 men.* This force far exceeded any
strength which the Duke could bring to bear upon any given point. In
fact the two brigades of General Maitland and General Adam had to
sustain this attack. The first, consisting of two battalions of Foot-guards,
had marched forth two days before 1997 strong. On the evening of
Waterloo it numbered only 1027 ; and doubtless, when this attack of the
Imperial Guard came, it had not more than 1100 or 1150 bayonets,
The other, General Adam's brigade, consisting of the 52nd, 71st, and
95th regiments, had been 2621 strong, but it was now reduced to about
2000. Such was the force on either side which was now to engage in
the last terrible encounter of this great contest.

But, while he was preparing for what he hoped would be the decisive
blow, Napoleon sent orders to both his wings to prepare for a renewed
attack, simultaneously, on Hougoumont and on the British left and
centre. The chateau defended itself bravely and successfully, as it had
done throughout the day. But the possession of La Haye Sainto gave
the first corps of the French army great advantages, and the pressure on
the British line at this point became fearfully severe. A German batta-
lion was cut up by a charge of French cuirassiers : a body of Brunswick
infantry, which the Duke had moved up to strengthen the line, gave
way, and retired about 100 paces, and it required all the Duke's personal
exertions to bring them to reform and stand their ground. The Prince
of Orange had been wounded, and the Nassau troops under his command
were with great diflSculty induced to keep their ground. The British
line had never been in so much danger of being broken as at tliis moment.
But scarcely an hour of the day now romiiincd, and the contest which
WHS just taking place on the right centre was to be decisive of the fate of
the day.

The grand attack of the Imperial Guard, to which Napoleon looked to
decide the fate of his empire, was now beginning. Captain Siborne states
the two columns of attack to have consisted often battalions, besides two
battalions left as a reserve!, If these baltp.lions consisted of 000 men
each, they would amount to 6(100; but if of 720 men each, they would
amount, on the whole, to 7200 men, and those were unriuostionably the
first soldiers in Franco.

* Thoy nre doicribod, both In Oount Druuot's gpoech and iu " Hook Iz," r«
" siiteen battftilous. " If the battalloui oonilstod of OOU men, this would give
total of 9000.

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

405

3 drawn a
n tUia 'lay
seeded any
point. In.
am had to
oot-guards,
evening of
ttack of the
bayonets.
, 71st, and
ed to about
) engage in

the decisive
' a renewed
ish left and
ly, as it had
Sainto gave
! pressure on
prniau batta-
f Brunswick
10 line, gave
io'is personal

The Prince
his connnnnd

The British

this moment,
onlcat which

of the fate of

con looked to
ilxirno states
, besides two
1)1' (UK) men
, they would

stionably the

" Hook U," M
hl8 would give

These columns were formed in front of La Belle Alliance, and began
their advance with that kind of mismanagement which had marked many
of the movements of the French leaders throughout the day ; they did
not advance simultaneously, but the first column preceded the second,
although the two took different courses. Neither did they assail that
part of the Duke's line which was the weakest, but threw themselves
upon two brigades of the British infantry.

Of the two columns, — one of which skirted the enclosures of Hougou-
mont, and aimed at the right of the British line, while the other made
its onset nearer to the centre, — the latter gained the precedence. As it
descended into the valley, and allowed the French artillery on the heights
behind an opportunity for action, the whole of these guns opened fire
with a rapidity and weight which had not been experienced before
throughout the day. Wherever a regiment was visible in the British
line, there the round-shot and howitzer shells rained death upon it. But
by degrees the attacking columns passed through the hollow ground, and
began to ascend the opposite heights. Now they became visible to the
British artillery, and the cannon-shot plunged into their masses with
tremendous effect. The horse of 3Iarshal Ney was killed ; General
Friant was wounded, and General Michel was killed. On the fall of the
latter, a battnliun of grenadiers Ciune to a halt; but another General suc-
ceeded in inspiring it with new courage. The column moved forward,
sorely shaken by its losses ; but at last it crowned the height, and to its
astonishment saw nothing before it but a small bat^Ty of field-pieces,
and a few mounted ofiicers in the rear. But one of these was the Duke,
and the next moment the word of coninmnd was heard, " Up, Guards,
and at them I" The British Guards, who had been ordered to lie down,
sprang to their feet, in a compact lino of four deep, and in a few seconds,
ft volley was heard, and then another, and a tliird ; and in tho first
minute 300 of the attacking column fell. Tho French ofiii;ers rushed to
the front, and called upon the men to deploy into line. Lord Saltouti
exclaimed to the English Guards, " Now's your time, my boys!" — and
the Duke exelaimed, " Chargo !' The lirigado sprang forward, with a
cheer, to 'the charge. All was disorder in the French rnnks. Many
flung down their arms and knapsacks and dispersed ; the muss, in dire
confusion, rushed down the slope, with the Kiiglish Guards in full pursuit-
Hut tho English wero instantly called b'lek, for now appeared in sight
the second column, wliicli, shrinking from the fire of tho batteries which
had Bu crushed the first, diverged to tho right, and by this mistakea

406

CYCLOPAEDIA OP THE

move, presented its flank to General Adam's brigade. The brigade of
Guards was formed in its front, while the 52nd and 71st regiments were .
on its flank. The three regiments poured such a fire into the mass, that
it melted like snow in the sunshine. Soon was repeated the order,
" Charge 1" and the two brigades assailing the devoted column at once
in its front and on its flank, swept it from the field. In a few moments
the hollow ground was crowded with fugitives ; Napoleon's last stake was
lost ; the battle of Waterloo was, practically, ended.

Of this terrible conflict, Lamartine rapidly sketches the progress, in a
few glowing lines, — a summary of various French narratives :

** These 6000 j^renadiers advanced with shouldered arms, amidst cries
of* Vive I'Empereur !' Wellington awaited them with forty pieces of
cannon, with the matches lighted. As they ascended and approached,
the battery fired a volley point-blank into the advancing mass, which, as
the smoke arose, was seen to waver for a moment ; then to close up and
advance as compact as eve(. On a second discharge the same oscillation
took place, the same closing up. On the third discharge the English saw
the column reduced to a block of men, decimated by grape-shot : — two of
the battalions had been struck down, the other two hesitated, and recoiled '
to seek another means of access to these impregnable heights. Napoleon
turned pale, and at length doubted of victory."

This may bo said to bo the language of a florid writer, depicting the
event long after its occurrence. But Count Drouet, who witnessed the
whole scene, thus described it in the Chamber of Peers, just six days
after the battle : —

" The (first) four battalions of the Guard, when they arrived on the
plateau, wore received by the most terrible fire of musquctry and grape.
The great numbvi' of wounded men who separate from the column, cause
it to bo believed that tlie Guard is routed. A, panic terror communicates
itself to the neighbouring (or second) column, which precipitately takes
flight."

Count Drouot, witnessing the repulse of both the columns, from the
height behind, might supjX)so that the dispersal of the second arose from
panic ; but in so thinking, ho did injustice to his countrymen. The
second column came into action as giillaiitly as tiio first ; but, although
it was the stronger of the two, it had to contend with two J]nglish bri-
gades instead of one ; and its ohanoo of sucooss was therefore propor-
tionally smaller. Clearly, it was bad genornlship to sond the two columns,
one after the other, to bo beaten separately. Had tlioy reached the

•J

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

407

brigade of
lents were .
mass, that
the order,
m at once
7 moments
; stake was

igress, in a

midst cries
' pieces of
pproached,
, which, as
ose up and
oscillation
Inglish saw
,t : — two of
nd recoiled '
Napoleon

picting the
ncssed the
jt six days

/ed on the
and grape,
umn, cause
imunicates
itoly takes

», from the
arose from
ncn. The
t, although
nglish bri-
n-o propor-
'0 columns,
jachcd the

British position at the same moment, they would have brought against
the two British brigades a force outnumbering them by two to one.
Gourgaud thus describes the fate of this second column : " The eight
battalions of the Guard which were in the centre, after having withstood
for a long time all the attacks of the enemy, and contended for every foot
of ground, were at last completely disorganized by the mass of the fugi-
tives, and overwhelmed by the numbers of the enemy."

With the failure of this, his last attack, Napoleon's hopes, and his
empire, ended. His fall, when it came at last, proved a crash which
left nothing for destruction to do. At the moment when the Imperial
Guards were sent back in confusion, the Prussians under Marshal Blu-
oher had come into action. His cavalry had supported the English left,
and two brigades of English cavalry, which guarded the extreme left of
the Duke's position, had been released from this duty, and had moved to
the support of the British centre. And now, the Prussian infantry of
the first corps, commanded by General Zieten,,rushed upon the villages
of La Haye and Smohain, and instantly carried them at the bayonet's
point. A third column renewed the attack on Planchenoit, which was
almost in the centre of the French position. The moment was come for
a general advance, and the Duke, with that wonderful perception which
distinguished his whole career, instantly seized it. He himself describes
this critical moment, in the account written the very next day. He
says: —

" Having observed that the troops (Imperial Guard) retired from this
attack in great confusion, and that the march of the Prussians on Plan-
chenoit had begun to tuke effect, I determined to attack the enemy,
and immediately advancv-J the whole line of infantry, supported by the
cavalry and artillery."

An eye-witness thus described the scene at the time, " The Duke, who
had been attentively observing what was passing in the French and
Prussian armies, suddenly shut up his telescope, and exclaimed to the
officers near him, ' Now, every man must advance !' "

Long had this order been eagerly expected. The British troops had
Stood for more than eight hours under a torriblo fire. They had seen
more than one-fourth of their numbers struck down by cannon-shot, and
they longed for one final struggle, whioh should end the whole contest.
The order flew to the right and to the left, and loud were the shouts
with which it was received. Everywhere the linos of infantry wore
formed, the cavalry mounted and rode on, and a scone of triumph and

« 1

t I

i' r

1 I

I I I

408

CYCLOPAEDIA OP THE

exaltation commenced, of which none who witnessed it could ever lose the
memory.

We have observed, a few sentences back, that only half an hour before,
two brigades of light cavalry, Vivian's and Vandeleur's, had been moved
from the extreme left of the English line, and brought nearer to the
centre. These six regiments, numbering about 2000 sabres, were now
of the greatest possible service, in driving before them the broken and
scattered French. They charged and dispersed various bodies of cavalry
which attempted to form and make a stand, and continued pressing upon
the fugitives of the infantry till the whole mass of Napoleon's army
melted into a chaotic crowd. And now were seen, on all sides, " unfurled
colours raised aloft, bands striking up, the soldiers cheering tumultuously,
as, with one simultaneous movement, they quitted the height on which
they had so long stood, and descended joyfully into the plain, over which
the French, on all sides, were now retreating in disorder."

Their great commander himself was naturally among the foremost in
this magnificent advance. Napier says, " The Duke, who was stationed
on the left of the guns and the right of the Guards, gave the order to
advance, and like lightning rode to the rear, and brought up the light
cavalry, cheering them on, with his hat off — his cheers most cordially
echoed by i"'^ brr. - fellows and myself" He rode in front of Adam's
brigade, chet , forward, speaking joyously to the men, and receiving

their hearty shouts of congratulation. At last one of his staff ventured
to hint to him that they were getting into the enemy's lines, and that
his life ought not to be thrown away. " Never mind," was the reply,
" the battle's won, and my life is of no consequence now."

Down the slope of their own heights, across the valley, up the face of
the enemy's hill, marched the British lino triumphantly. Here and there
a remnant of a French battalion or squadron offered a brief resistance;
but the cry of " Saiivc ijuipiut /" had been heard, and the French knew
that the buttle was lost, and that the Prussians were already in their rear.
Hence Fleury do Chaboulon, Napoleon's own secretary, thus describes the
close : —

" Wellington did not allow our grenadiers time to recollect themselves.
He caused them to bo attacked in flank by his cavalry, and compelled
them to retire in the greatest disorder. At the same moment the Prus-
sians carried the village of La Hayo ; and our cavalry, our infantry,
already staggered by the defeat of the Guard, were afraid of being cut
off, and precipitately retreated. The other troops of the right, seeing

d ever lose the

m hour before,
ad been moved
< nearer to the
bres, were now
le broken and
idies of cavalry

pressing upon
poleon's army
les, " unfurled

tumultuously,
iight on which
lin, over which

he foremost in
I was stationed
e the order to
it up the light
most cordially
ont of Adam's
, and receiving
staff ventured
ines, and that
(vas the reply,

up the face of
Here and there
ief resistance;
3 French knew
f in their rear.
IS describes the

cct themselves,
and compelled
nent the Prus-
our infantry,
.1 of being cut
} right, seeing

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

40»

some of our squadrons pell-mell, and some of the Guards running away,
thought all was lost, and quitted their position. This contagious move-
ment was communicated in an instant to the left, and the whole army
abandoned its strongest posts as eagerly as they had previously assailed
them. Soon the whole army was nothing but a confused crowd, which the
English and Prussians routed without eflFort, and massacred without pity."*

" Napoleon," says Lamartine, " saw that army which a few hour*
before was his only hope, jiow returning in broken fragments, and
exclaimed, ' All is lost !' For a moment he contemplated the disastrous
scene, turned pale, stammered, and shed some tears, the first he had ever
shed upon a field of battle."

On marched the English, seized at every step the artillery which had
so long poured its iron hail upon them, and driving before them the
crowds of dismayed and disordered French. Up the heights on which
Napoleon and his army had stood, they now exultingly pressed, and here
the two Generals met, with mutual congratulations. Marshal Blucher
had well performed his part, though the state of the roads had hindered
his arrival until the very close of the battle. In less than an hour he
had driven in the whole right wing of the French army, and now reached
the very centre of Napoleon's position, at the same moment when the
Duke had penetrated to the same point with his attack in front. After
a few moments of hearty rejoicing, the English commander gladly resigned
to the Prussian, the remaining duty of a vigorous pursuit. The British
troops, after a long day's work, were physically unable to chase their
enemies far. The Prussian General, therefore, to quote their own ac-
counts, assembled his officers, and gave orders to send the last horse and
the last man in pursuit of the enemy."

Well and earnestly was this duly performed. All night long were the
wretched French pursued. Nine times did they attempt to halt for rest,.
and nine times was the Prussian drum heard, and the flight was again
to be resumed. A French officer f thus describes the scene : —

" Near one of the hedges of Hougouniont, without even a drummer
to beat the rappel, we succeeded in rallying 300 men ; these were
nearly all that remained of our splendid division. Thither came also
a band of Generals. Here was Ileille, J D'Erlon, Bachelor, Foy, and

• Vol. ii, p. 192. t Colonel Lcmonnier de Lafosse : Memoirs, p. 385,

t Rellle hnd commanded the second corps, D'Erlon the first— each of which

had consisted of obout 20,000 men I Can there be a more striking proof of the

utter dissolution of the French army, than this fact, narrated by (v Trench

officer ?

:;i

410

CYCLOP-SDIA OP THE

others. All were gloomy and sorrowful. They said, one to another,
* Here is all that is left of iny corps, — of my division, — of my brigade ! —
I myself I'

" The enemy's horse approached, and we were obliged to retreat. The
movements of the English cavalry had demoralized our soldiers, who,
seeing all regular retreat cut oflF, strove each man to save himself. Infantry,
cavalry, artillery, all jammed together, were pressing along pell-mell.
Figure to yourself 40,000 men all struggling along a single causeway.
We could not take that way, so we struck across the fields. We were
humiliated, we were hopeless ; we walked like a troop of mourners.

" We passed through Thuin, and finding a little copse, we gladly
sought its shelter. While our horses grazed, we lay down and slej.^ We
rested in the little copse till noon, and sat watching the wreoki of our
array defile along the road. It was a soul-harrowing sight I

" We drew near to Beaumont, when suddenly a regiment of horso was
Been debouching from a wood on our left. The column that we followed
cried out, 'The Prussians! the Prussians!' and hurried off in utter
disorder.

" I was trying to return to General Foy, when another horde of fugi-
tives burst into Beaumont, swept me into the current of their flight, and
hurried me out of the town with them. I reached Landrecy, though I
know not how or when."

Such is the description given by one of the fugitives, and it exactly
corresponds with the official report of the Prussian General, Qneisenau,
who says, " The French army, pursued without intermission, was abso-
lutely disorganized. The highway presented the appearance of an im-
mense shipwreck; it was covered with an innumerable quantity of
cannon, caissons, baggage, arms, and goods of every kind. As soon as
the enemy heard the sound of our drums, they fled, while the moonlight
favoured the pursuit, for the whole march was a continued chase, whether
in the corn-fields or in the houses."

" At three o'clock Napoleon had despatched a courier to Paris with
the news that victory was certain : a few hours afterwards he had no
longer an army."

The French accounts, Gourgaud's, Napoleon's, &c., wiitt«n long after,
endeavour to diminish the defeat by representing that withiu a week as
many as 60 or 65,000 men were re-assembled at Laon. Some one
attempted to make a representation of this sort in the French Chamber
of Peers, on the 24th of Juno ; when Marshal Ney rose in his place, and

to another,
y brigade ! —

•etreat. The
oldiers, who,
If. Infantry,
ng pell-mell.
;le causeway.
I. We were
urners.
3, we gladly
d slep ^ We
recks of our

of horso was
i we followed
off in utter

orde of fugi-
r flight, and
sy, though I

id it exactly
Qneisenau,
in, was abso-
;e of an im-
[uantity of
As soon as

moonlight
use, whether

Paris with
he had no

1 long after,
a a week as

Some one
h Chamber
s place, and

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

411

declared all such accounts to be deceptive. • " It is a mere illusion to
suppose that 60,000 men can be collected. Marshal Grouchy, ' said he,
" cannot have more than 20,000, or 25,000 at the most."

Fortunately, however, the question is set at rest by Fleury de Chabou-
lon, Napoleon's secretary, who describes very vividly what followed
immediately after the battle. He tells us, how, in his flight, on meeting
Maret, " the Emperor could not repress his emotion ; a large tear, escap-
ing from his eyes, betrayed the efforts of his soul." Again he says,
The Emperor stopped beyond Rocroi to take some refreshment. We were
all in a pitiable state : our eyes swelled with tears, our countenances
haggard, our clothes covered with dust or blood." And, on arriving at
Paris, when one of his ministers spoke of the army, Napoleon exclaimed,
" 1 have no longer an army I I have nothing but fugitives 1"*

It was this absolute destruction of the French army which made
Waterloo one of the greatest and most important of all victories. Thus,
Jules Maurel, a French historian, says : —

" From a comparison of all the documents, it appears, that Bonaparte
was already beaten when the mass of the Prussian army appeared on the
field ; but the arrival of Bulow had powerfully assisted the British, and
the arrival of Blucher changed the defeat into an unparalhled disaster.^'

Lamartine, another Frenchman, adds : —

" This defeat left nothing undecided, — nothing for the future to do.
Victory had given judgmont : the war began and ended in a single battle."

But let us return for a moment to the great victor of the day. At a
road-side house, near Rossomme, he left Blucher, who gladly undertook
the pursuit, and after twelve hours of constant exertion, he turned his
charger's head once more towards Mont St. Jean and Waterloo. Darkness
now shrouded a thousand scenes of horror, over which it had been useless
to pause. At his quarters the Duke found assembled the survivors of
his staff, the representatives of the allied powers, and a few other friends.
All sorely needed rest and food, and the meal was ready. On leaving his
quarters in the morning, he had desired his domestics to have dinner
ready to place on the table " whenever it might bo wanted." and his cook
excited amusement by the confidence with which ho asserted, that " his
master had ordered dinner, and would certainly return to cat it." But
the thoughts which would throng into the conqueror's mind, at that
moment, must have been such as few men have ever experienced.

Fleury do Chaboulon, vol. ii, pp. 203, 206, 218.

I 'l

412

CYCLOPEDIA OP THE

The foremost considerations with the Duke of "Wellington always were,
his country, and his duty. But besides these there was a personal ques-
tion, little spoken of by him, but which could not be excluded from his
thoughts.

" I go to measure myself with Wellington," exclaimed Napoleon, when
he flung himself into his carriage, only a few days before, to join his
army on the Belgian frontier. The Duke spoke not of such matters, but
he could not possibly forget that the muse of history was waiting all
that day, to know which of the two great names was to take the highest
place among the many able commanders of the nineteenth century. The
one had defeated, in turn, nearly every general in Europe, except Well-
ington. The other had triumphed over almost all the Marshals of France,
but had not yet confronted Napoleon.

Captain Moyle Sherer thus writes : —

" Upon the night of that memorable battle, the words and emotions of
the conqueror will long be remembered by those who sat with him at
supper, after the anxious and awful day had closed. The fountain of a
great heart lies deep, and the self-government of a calm mind permits no
tears. But, this night, Wellington repeatedly leaned back in his chair,
and rubbing his hands convulsively, exclaimed, " Thank God ! I have
met him : Thank God! I have met him."* And, ever as he spoke, the
smile that lighted up his eye was dimmed by those few tears that gush
warm from a grateful heart.

" His many and deep anxieties; his noble desire to defeat his country's
implacable enemy ; his rational doubts of success against so great a
general ; — these and many other fears and hopes, undisclosed to any one,
all were now resolved and dissipated by a result more sudden, full, and
glorious than any expectation he could have formed, or any hope he could
have admitted. England was placed on the very pinnacle of glory; her
foe was prostrate, his legions fugitives, and her general might joyfully
look around and say, ' This work was mine I' "

But after necessary food, and the writing of despatches and letters,
came such rest as the excited mind and body could take. The Duke
threw himself, unwashed but exhausted, on his bed long after midnight.
He had desired Dr. Hume to bring him the report of the surgeons at

• The modesty, — the singular abstinence from a boast or ft vaunt, — which is
perceptible in this exclamation, is wonderfully characteristic of the man. The
same (juietness of manner distinguished him through life ; and it contrasts
strongly with the constant strut and proud assumption of Napoleon.

on always were,
0, personal ques-
cluded from his

Napoleon, when
ore, to join his
uch matters, but
was waiting all
take the highest
1 century. The
pe, except Well-
rshals of France,

and emotions of
3at with him at
he fountain of a
mind permits no
ck in his chair,

k God I I have
as he spoke, the

tears that gush

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

413

at his country's
nst so great a
oscd to any one,
iddcn, full, and
y hope he could
of glory; her
might joyfully

lies and letters,
IKo. The Duke
after midnight,
the surgeons at

vaunt, — which is
f the man. The
and it contrasts
alcon.

seven in the morning. The doctor was punctual, but the claims of
nature were not satisfied, the Duke's sleep was still sound. Knowing
that, with him, duty was paramount to all other considerations, the
doctor at once awtikened him. The list was produced, and the doctor
began to read ; but as name after name came forth — this one as dying,
that as dead — the voice failed, and Hume, looking up, perceived the
tears rapidly chasing each other down the victor's blackened cheeks ; —
he laid down the list and instantly left the apartment.

The British loss was indeed great. Of the Duke's staflF twelve were
killed and forty-six wounded. The number of British oflScers killed and
wounded in these three days exceeded 700, and of privates it was more
than 10,000, so that about every third man in the British ranks had
been struck down in this terrible battle. The loss of Dutch, Hanove-
rians, &c., had been 7,000 ; and that of the Prussians exceeded 6,000.
As to the French, their loss in killed and wounded never could be as-
certained; but it is certain that of 150,000 men who crossed the
frontiers, not 50,000 were ever re-assembled under their colours.

The utter loss of his army sent Napoleon back to Paris. But the
news of his total defeat arrived along with him. His fame, his " glory,"
and his power perished together. The Chambers rose in rebellion against
him; and his abdication was demanded. The English and Prussian
armies, meanwhile, rapidly advanced ; and on their arrival before Paris
the city capitulated ; the King returned to his palace ; and Napoleon gave
himself up to the Captain of an English ship of war. On the 15th o.'
June one of the finest armies that he had ever led into the field entered
Belgium to take advantage of the Duke of Wellington's unprepared
state ; — on the 3rd of July, just fifteen days after, Paris itself caiutu-
hited ! Such were the vast results of Waterloo.

Napoleon, indeed, had been in some peril, for the Prussian general
showed a particular anxiety to get hold of him, in order that he might
hang him I The Duke had no fondness for him, — always designating
him in his despatches, merely as " Bonaparte;" but the old Prussian
field-marshal, remembering the cruel treatment of his country by the
French in 1807, felt, and constantly expressed, sentiments of positive
hatred. The Duke, however, with that loftiness of aim and of feeling
which had forbidden his officers to fire upon Napoleon during the action,
firmly resisted Blucher'a desires on this point. General Mufiiing, the
Prussian commissioner, tells us, that the Duke said to him, " I wish my
friend and colleague to see this matter in the light I do : such an act

414

CYCLOPiEDIA OF THE

1^" i

would give our names to history stained with a crime; and posterity
would say of us, " They were not worthy to be his conquerors; the
more so, as such a deed would be useless, and can have no object."

In the same tone the Duke wrote to Sir Charles Stnart, telling him,
" I said, that as a private friend, I advised him to have nothing to do
with so foul a transaction ; that he and I had acted too distinguished
parts in these transactions to become executioners; and that I was
determined that if the Sovereign put him to death, they should appoint
an executioner, which should not he mc"

In a similar spirit, the Duke succeeded in preventing the Prussians
from executing other plans of vengeance, such as the blowing up the
bridge of Jena, pulling down the column of Austcrlitz, and the like. In
fact, had the old marshal been alone in these transactions, ho would gladly
have indulged his troops with tlie plunder of Paris.

Indeed, such an utter overthrow as France had received, and that in
the course of a few days, was hardly to bo paralleled in history. Sufficient
stress has seldom been laid upon tl-.at'wonderful working of the Di\iiic
Providence by which this great contest, expected by all men to be so
long, so desperate, and >io sanguinary, was suddenly brought to a close
on the fourth day after \\.^ coniniencement. All the great powers of
Europe liad agreed upon a united effort. They had pledged theii faith
to one another to place 0(10,000 men on the soil of France in July, 1816,

^11 at once, in the middle of Juno, while the bulk of these armies
were moving up from Poland, Bohemia, Hungary, and other distant lands,
they hear that the war is begun. And in four days after, they hear that
it ia/tnishi'd ! Such is not the ordinary course of human history.

All, ho\vcver,is easily accounted for. Najuileon saw in England the
most resolute, consistent, and indomitable of liis foes, and in England's
(Jreat (Jeneral, the only Captain whom he could hold in no light esteem.
Uc said, and not unwisely, " If the Anglo-Belgian army hud been
destroyed at Waterloo, what service could the Allies derive from the
number of armies which were preparing to cross the Khino, the Alps,
and the Pyrenees ?"*

Anil acting upon this oound view of the case, and knowing that one or
two more weeks would elapse before Wellington could have his veteran
batuilions around him, he resolved to throw liimselfliko an avalanche
upon tlio Duke's army in its unreadinesn; in the hope that a ciinipaign

* Iliit, Mvmuir, book iz, p. 303.

; and posterity
onquerors; the

object."

irt, telling him,
nothing to do
3 distinguished
id that I was
should appoint

; the Prussians
blowing up the
id the like. In
10 would gladly

2d, and that in
)ry. Sufficient
; of the Di\inc

1 men to be so
ight to a close
reat powers of
ged thei; faith
in July, 1815.

these arniios
distant lands,

they hear that

history.
ICiigland the
in England's

b light osteoui.

my had been
ive from tho

iiio, tho Alps,

|ig that one or
l?c his veteran
Ian avalanche
It a eiinipaign

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

415

beginning with a defeat of this his chief opponent would alarm England,
terrify the other powers, and so make peace, with his continued retention
of the throne of France, attainable.

This plan was a sagacious as well as a bold one. It grappled at onco
with the grand difficulty of the case. But the difficulty, when grappled
with, overmastered him. Still, the peculiar characteristics of this mcmeii-
tous struggle deserves to be carefully remarked. A judicious writer has
well ob8erve4, that : —

" Waterloo seemed to bear the features of a grand, immediate inter-
position of Providence. Had human judgments been consulted, they
would have drawn a diffi'rent plan. The Prussians would have joined
the English and have swept tho enemy before them; or, the British
would have been in force enough to have beaten tho French long before
the set of sun, &e., &c. But if the French had suffijrcd a common defeat,
with* consummate generals at their head thoy would have rallied ; or,
retiring in force, would have called in all available aids, and have renewed
tho struggle. So the conflict held on till the last moment, when they
coultl neither escape nor con((ucr. If they hail retreated an liour before
ii!j;atfall they might have been saved ; if they could have fought an hour
after it, darkness would have covered them. But the crash came on tho
very edge of dai'knoss. Tho Prussians camo up unfatigucd by battle and
fresh for pursuit. The night was to bo a niglit of slaughter. ' Tliou,
moon, in tho valley of Ajalon.' "

Such was one of tho grand events of modern history, — tho victory
which gave all Europe peace for forty years. Ascribing, as we most
unreservedly do, tho whole ordering of this momentous struggle to un
overruling Providence, it still semis a duty to add a few words on tho
respective merits, or demerits, connected with this trcnicndous contest, of
tho two groat commanders, who for the first and last time mot ot
Waterloo. Let us first glance at tho great deeds achieved, and tho
great mistakes committed, by Napoleon in the course of tlicso thrco
eventful days.

lie carried his magnificent army over tho frontier, and threw it tipnn
tho allied armies in a manner exhibiting tho most consummate skill.
Twenty years spent in tho practice of war had given him an oxjwrtnost*
in tho handling of largo bodies of troops which few generals have over
possessed, lie showed also on the lUth that he was ft bettor general
than Blucher, ond that his army was a better army than that of tho
Prussians. Hut hero our oommendatioii must close ; for a variety of

416

CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE

faults and errors have beeu pointed out by military critics, of which we
shall only mention a few of the chief Napoleon was guilty of two groat
miscalculations, and of three important practical mistakes. These were : —

1. He rashly and erroneously assumed that his appearance in Belgium
at the head of a fine army would force his opponents, Wellington and
Blucher, out of mere awe and terror, to fall back, to evacuate the country,
and so to give him a triumph at the opening of the campaign. In his
ixth Book ho seriously argues that they ought to have done, so : but this
was a strange miscalculation. When had either Wellington or Blucher
showed any alacrity in running away ? And what right had ho to
assume that a force amounting, when united, to nearly 200,000 men,
would act as if terror-stricken, on the mere appeuratjco of a French
army of only 150,000? Yet he constantly tolls us that they ought to
have retreated, and that his calculations always rested on tho presump-
tion that they certainly would retreat.

2. In like manner was he disappointed when ho sent Grouchy with
35,000 or 40,000 men, to occupy and keep employed tho whole Prussian
army. Again did he absurdly overlook the real character of Blucher,
who was not one to be easily duped. Napoleon might speculate, if he
pleased, on the chance of keeping Blucher at Wavro while he was
overpowering and crushing Wellington at Waterloo ; but Blucher was
equally at liberty to despise all such devices, and to leave Napoleon's
lieutenant in order to seek for Naiwleon himself This was what actu! lly
took place, and hence we see that again Napoleon is exposed to tho
imputation of having fatally miscalculated.

3. But as in his plans there were these two errors, so in actual execu-
tion wo u\-'l witli three ogrej^ious faults. Having found Wellington
with his weak army apart from Blucher, why did he allow several hours
to elapse bolore he seized the opportunity fur which he had been hoping ?
He spoaks of the softened state of the ground after several hours' rain.
But, as we have f^ocn, when Grouchy advances the same excuse for
inaction at Wavre, ho styles it " riilieulousl" and who can siy that the
movements which ho actually made at eleven o'clock, could not have
boon made at ton, or even at nino o'clock? Meanwhile, although
Napoleon was u'liltlnt/, the Prussians were miircliin</. They found tho
task (lijftculf, while he deemed it ini/tonxlhlr. In earlier days he would
liave replied that " there was no such word in liis vocabulary."

4. Again, to what strang«< hallucination was it owing, that, nil through
the day, attacks which might have boon made simultaneously wore only

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

417

of which we
of two great
hose were: —
in Belgium
Ellington and
! the country,
lign. In hia
3 so : but this
a or Bluchcr
t had ho to
100,000 men,
9f a French
hey ought to
the prcsump-

jrrouchy with
hole Prussian
r of Bluchor,
ccultttc, if ho
■liilo ho was
Bkichor was
Napoleon's
(vhat uctujilly
WHod to the

lotual execu-
AV^cllington
^oviTul hours
M hoping?
lours' rain.
! excuse lor
t*iy that the
hi not havo
although
bund the
ys ho would

'l'(!l

nil through
y wore only

discharged in succession ? Thus, at three or four o'clock, he sorely tried
the nerve and pluck of the English infantry by pouring in upon them
" twehe thousand select horse." It took them three hours to kill or
drive away these formidable intruders. And then, when the French
cavalry had been destroyed. Napoleon next attacked the English line
with six or eight thousand of his Imperial Guard. But what prevented
his moving this formidable column up the heights of Mont St. Jean,
while the cuirassiers were already in possession of the plateau ? They
had seized or silenced the English artillery; they had compelled the
infantry to throw themselves into squares. If a mass of the finest
infantry in France had then been thrown upon the JJritish centre, how
fearful would have been the. trial ? But Napoleon still delayed. lie
sent on his cavalry, unsupported by any infantry ; and then, when the
cavalry had been " massacred," he sent on a column of infantry, unsup-
ported by any cavalry. Will the greatest admirer of his genius hesitate
to admit that his practical generalship, his excellence as a leader in battle
was not conspicuous at Waterloo ? Yet, wherefore was ho less vigorous,
less audacious at Waterloo, than at Austerlitz or Jena? Ho was still in
the very prime of life. Must we suppose tliat the toils and troubles and
disappointments of 1812 — 1814 had prematurely worn out his mind •
and that he was already, at only forty-six years of age, mentally decrepit ?

5. The most singular exhibition of defect in generalship, however,
and of blindness to that defect, is seen in this, — that he could not lose a
battle without utterly losing his army also !

The general who can bear a defeat well, and can carry off his army
with only a moderate loss, is entitled to take a high rank ani(;ngst com-
manders, lie who cannot do this is only a fair-weather general.

The Prus.slun ciniimander was attacked on the IGth before his army
was all assembled. lie placed his men badly, — so badly that Wellington
predicted thfir certain defeat. Yet, when that dolcat fell uiwii him, he
rallied his army ui ;'. distance of a (juarter of a league, and was ready
and eager to light anoiher buttle on the second day after, It was thi.s
uneoiHjuerablllty which made Bluchcr ow of the most formidable unta-
gonlstH of his time.

But let U8 turn to Napiili>on, He invites us to do this, by the porti-
raelty wltli which he assails Wellington on this very jHiltit. Agalti and
again ho brings the ehargo vuhomently against him, that at Wuturluo ho

P ''!

CYCLOPAEDIA

,ad made no provision for a retreat,

418

OP THE

Thus, ia Book is, p. 124, be

says

He had in his rear tlie

ipossible.'

defiles of the forest of Soignes,

BO that, if

V,«oten retreat «'« "-r

Ini again, at p. 158- ^^^ ^,„y difficultxes the

field of battle he had chosen w

''And 'again, at p. 207-- ^^^^^^„_ The first requisite of

. The position of Mont St. Jean J^ .^^ ^^^^ ., ^^^ ^„j,aie.ous

„ field of battle, is, to have no deme ^^ible."

\ .0 of his field of battle, rendered all '^^^^^J^^ \ ? ^.t. AH mili-

nr/rpolconcballen..^^^
tary authorities are agreed t^ia be v.^^^^^^^ that the forest of

Icicc wUl.«»"'«"'P'™"»l'''y' /,'L l^^ Oo.na,tl.»t out of 50 WO
i',„ iucur »ucU .t >Uss.wl»l *'■•".", ,,„. here Mas one of tl.o
„„ged to incur ^_^^,j „ ,,„„k niter. But ho ^__^^^

„" .I- Euroro ■, und oven tl,o very d u, Uo. ^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^

:a ,„en «oro '" ''« ^'f,, J,d\,.. t,,o »..ur-o. in or,J..»n^^

»-' "'"'^"V'l t: b-to Wnt to ocn.uro „i„> o.,>«.«%. l-^--

1)„, „..« oFM« Br«t r,v. ""/""; ,,•„ ,Ml and t«lon^ ." 1815,

t : -aitti'to o,.n ..-0 — I'o.^';;:: ::;;«•.«« u„,- «itj«'

Wrio. Imd "rivod, and ll>u» o . ^,^^^ Ihrco jia •

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

419

is, p. 124, be
gnes, BO that, if

jy difficulties the

the way

of hia

XQ first requisite of
The injudicious

iible."

Y point. All inili-

,Ue on Wellington.

that the forest ot
; element of safety.

of ft provision for
bis own retreat was

An army of nearly

b,ve been kilWa or

rdc of fugitives. W«

.enerals, in 1809 ma-
;,,U.toutofBOOO

here was one ot the
leatoo.bythecon.iue.

,t,lo, not a single thou-
,vere utterly scattered
.Hsurance, in criticising
;,„ especiuUy, because

:trL>ukcofWelUngton

„Vill and talent m lfel&,
:,,,,,i,uwastoopcncnv

/,ectofNupo^^«"^'\"^"
; British troops irom
„^,i,„ himself without
;n.r these three day*,

weak army was making the best defence ho could. And, accordingly, at
"Waterloo, the Duke knowing the disparity of his force, could only hope
to " keep his ground " till the Prussians should arrive. He was in the
position of a small man attacked by a giant. Ho could only parry his
blows and allow the assailant to exhaust his strength, in the hope that,
at last, by a well-aimed thrust lie might lay his enemy prostrate. For
nine long hours, therefore, the Duke's whole business was to meet and
repel the powerful attacks of Napoleon; and he had to do this witb,
according to Napoleon's own admision, " less than 40,000 good troops.'*
In fact, his infantry, British and of the German Legion, were only
18,485, his British and German Legion cavalry 7,834, while Napoleon
had very nearly 70,000 excellent infantry, and more than 18,000 splendid
cavalry. Yet for these nine hours did tlie Duke meet and repel all his
assaults. This sort of soldiership is less showy than daring manajuvres,
but it is equally valuable ; and in the present instance, when the materials
the Duke had to work with arc considered, the merit of it is not at all in-
ferior. One of the best generals commanding under the Duko, when acknow-
ledging the thanks of the House of Counnons, said, •' An army hastily
drawn togetlier, composed of the troops of various nations, and amongst
which were counted several brigades of inexperienced militia, was the
force which the Duke had to oppose to one of tlie most formidable and
best-appointed armies that Franco ever produced. No other man living
could have rendered the .service which ho performed, with an army so
compo,scd."

The chief point, liowovor, in the character of a groat general is the
pOf\.ossion of that '' eagle eye" which enables him, amid all the din and
turmoil of a terrible contest, to porcoivo exactly the right moment for
vigorous action, and the right place at whicli to aim an attack. It was
this, especially, which gave the Duko his first signal victory over the
Frencli at Salamanca ; and it was this which turned the repul.so of the
French at Waterloo into a disastrous dofout.

Narrative-writers, collecting, long "after, the best available testimony
from all (juarters, and carefully oomparing anil .sifting the whole, are
able to arrive at probable conclusions as to the order and dale of the
leading events. But this sort of calm investigation is wholly difieront
from the horrible din, the ceaseless clamour, and the almost impervious
smoke which obscures everything on the battle-field. Wo, for instauoo
comparing the accounts of the French, the I'rusMlans, and the Austrians,
aro able to arrive at the conclusion, with absolute certainty that UoDcral

420

CYCLOPEDIA OF THE

Bulow's corps first showed itself on the right of the French line about
half-past four, and began to take part in the engagement about half-past
five. But it is quite certain that the Duke, fully occupied just then with
the French cavalry, who were riding round lii^ squares, knew nothing of
the actual arrival of the long-expected succour until long after. It was
nearly two hours after this, when, by carefully examining every part of
the left of his line, the Duke was able to perceive the rising of smoke
over Planchenoit. This was not until seven o'clock ; but it assured him
of this, that come part of the promised Prussian support had arrived, and
that more must be coming up. And this was sufficient to give him new
hopes of ultimate success, though he could be certain, as yet, of very little
more than that some aid was at hand.

It was shortly after this, and about the time of the movement of the
Imperial Guard, when news reached him from Marshal Blucher himself
that ho was then actually joining the extreme left of the British line. It
was this support which enabled the British light cavalry to move from
the left of the line, and to take a position nearer > he centre. And hence,
when the English and the Franch Guards had tried each other's mettle,
and the latter had retired in disorder, the Duke saw at one comprehensive
glance the arrival of that moment for which ho had been longing, — the
defeat and confusion of Napoleon's last reserve ; the presence of the long-
promised Prussian succours, at that last moment of daylight, which just
allowed time for one daring movement and no more. And the decision
and boldness with which the Duke seized this golden opportunity are
among the finest traits in the whole history of great military deeds. A
brief hesitation, if only of a quarter of au hour, would have allowed the
French, although beaten, to retire at leisure. A renewal of the contest
might have followed after the lapse of a couple of days, but how difierent
would have been the whole history of such a campaign from that of
Waterloo I It was this clear perception of the right moment for an
attack, and the fearlessness with which fewer than 30,000 men were
led forward to assault at least twice their numbers, commanded by Na-
poleon, Soult, and Ney, — it was this wonderful union of prudonco»
decision, and the highest kind of valour, which made the Duke of Well-
ington the first of all the generals of his day.

And, united with these lofty endowments, there was the patient,
enduring, untiring discharge of every duty of a commander. In this,
as in every other of his battles, the Duke was constantly wherever hia
proscuoo was needed. Thoro oould not bo a pressure fult at any portion

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

421

ench line about
about half-past
d juat then with
Luew nothing of
y after. It was
tig every part of
rising of smoke
t it assured him
had arrived, and
to give him new
yet, of very little

uovement of the
Blucher himself
British line. It
ry to move from
re. And hence,
Li other's mettle,
ne comprehensive
in longing, — the
euco of the long-
light, which just
ind the decision
opportunity are
litary deeds. A
lave allowed the
il of the contest
3ut how diiforcnt
n from that of
moment for an
),000 men were
nianded by Na-
jn of prudence)
Duke of Well-

iwa the patient,
andcr. In this,
ly wherever his
t at any portion

of the line, — there could not be an anxious moment when even the bravest
might look around him and begin to think of the possibility of an
overthrow, but presently the well-known chestnut- horse would be seen,
and the whisper would run through the ranks, " Here's the Duke ! stand
fast 1" This might seem to some to be merely a matter of course ; but it
is the being always in the right place at the right time ; it is the union of
the commonest dutiet, with the highest which fills up the outline of a great
character, and leaves to posterity not only a brilliant name, but a really
bright example."*

WAWZ, BATTLE OF.— Fought, March 31st, 1831, between the
Poles and the Russians. After two days of hard labour in fighting, the
Poles carried the Russian works, who were obliged to retreat, with the
loss of 12,000 men and 2000 prisoners. This triumph of the Poles was
shortly after followed by defeat and massacre.

WHITE PLAINS, BATTLE OF.— Between the revolted Ameri.
can Provinces and the British, under Sir William Howe. Fought,
November 30th, 1776. This was the most serious of the early battles of
that unfortunate war, and terminated in the defeat of the Americans,
who suffered considerable loss in killed, wounded, and prisoners.

WIGAN, BATTLE OF.— In the civil war of England, fought
between the King's troops and the Parliamentary forces. The former
were defeated, 1643. Another battle, between the same parties, was
fought here, 1651.

WITEPSK, BATTLE OF.— Between the French and Russians.
The former commanded by Marshal Victor, and the latter by General
Wittgenstein, The French were defeated, after a desperate engagement,
having lost 3000 men. Fought, November 14th, 1812.

• I cannot conchiile this article on Waterloo without Inserting tlio following :
Many years ago a prize iiocm on tiu> Duke of Wellington was announced at
cue of the English Universities, I forget whicli. The gainer took for his sub-
ject the life of Najiolcon, and linished an elaborate description of that great
commander, in the following couplet, which gained him the prize :

"So great a man, the world scarce ever knew,
Bcut to Tuv Gknus, Chief or Watbiiloo."

J. D. B.

422

CYCLOPEDIA OF THE

WORCESTER, BATTLE OP.— In the civil war fought between
the Royalist army and the forces of the Parliament, the latter commanded
by Cromwell, a large body of Scots having marched into England to
reinstate Charles II, Cromwell signally defeated them, and it afforded
to him what he called his crowning mercy ; more than 2000 of the
Royalists were slain, and of 8000 prisoners, nearly all were sold as slaves
to the American Colonies. Fought, September 3rd, 1651. The follow-
ing is an account of the flight of the young King, after the disastrous
day of battle : —

" Charles, in his progress towards Bristol, was pursued by a party of
the enemy to the new ferry over the Severn. He rode through Shire
Newton, and crossed the Severn at Chiswell Pit, on the Gloucestershire
side. The boat had scarcely returned, before a body of the republicans,
amounting to 60 men, followed him to the Black Rock, and threa-
tening them with instant death if they refused, compelled the ferrymen
to take them across. The boatmen were royalists, and left them on a
reef called English Stones, which is separated from the Gloucestershire
side by a lake, fordable at low water ; but the tide, which had just
turned, flowed in with great rapidity, and they were all drowned in
attempting to cross. Cromwell, when informed of this disaster, abolished
the ferry, and it was not renewed until the year 1748. The renewal
occasioned a law-suit between the family of St. Pierre and the guardians
of the Duke of Beaufort. In the course of the suit, documents were
produced which tended to confirm this anecdote."

WRECKS.— The most remarkable shipwrecks of British men of war
or transports, or of ships, connected with military events, are the fol-
lowing which have happened within the last 85 years :

A tremendous storm occurred in October, 1780, in the West Indies,
and the following vessels of war were all lost.

Thunderer, of 74 guns ; Stirling Castle, of 64 guns ; Phccnix, of 44
guns ; La Blanche, of 42 guns ; Laurel, of 28 guns ; Andromeda, of
28 guns ; Deal Castle, of 24 guns ; Scarborough, of 20 guns ; Barba-
does, of 14 guns ; Cameleon, of 14 guns ; Endeavour, of 14 guns ; and
the Victor, of 10 guns.

The Royal George — June 28th, 1782, — 1000 persons and bravo Admi-
ral Kenponfeldt perished by the sinking, or rather oversetting of this 100

fought between
itter commanded
into England to
, and it afforded
'an 2000 of the
ere sold as slaves
51. The folio w-
ter the disastrous

iued by a party of
de through Shire
he Gloucestershire
if the republicans,
Rock, and threa-
elled the ferrymen
<ad left them on a
the Gloucestershire
B, \Thich had just
re all drowned in
I disaster, abolished
48. The renewal
and the guardians
lit, documents were

Jritish men of war
2 vents, are the fol-

the West Indies,

ns ; Phcnnix, of 44
[18 ; Andromeda, of
f 20 guns ; Barba-
r, of 14 guns ; and

ms and bravo Admi-
orsettingofthislOO

BATTEE8 OE THE WORLD.

423

gun man-of-war. The guns on one side all rolled over to the other, and
with the extra weight immediately overset the ship riding at anchor at
Spithead.

i?ami7ics, of 74 guns, off Newfoundland, September 21st, 1782. 100
souls perished.

Pandora Frigate, on a reef of rocks, August 28th, 1791. 100 souls
perished.

Droits de V Homme — A British ship of the line, and the Amazon, a
frigate, lost off Hodierne Bay. Many hundreds perished, January 14th,
1797.

Nassau, of 64 guns, October 25th, 1799. 100 of the crew and marines
perished.

Queen, transport on Trefusis Point, January 14th, 1800. 369 souls
lost.

Queen Charlotte, of 110 guns, lost March 17th, 1800. This was the
flag ship of Lord Keith, commanding in the Mediterranean Sea, burnt
by accidental fire off the harbor of Leghorn. More than 700 perished.
The ship took fire just before day break. It was occasioned by a match
kept burning for the purpose of firing salutes, having communicated
itself to some hay, &c., and so rapidly did the fire rage, that nothing
could save the noble vessel. She burned rapidly to the water's edge, and
then blew up.

Invincible, of 74 guns, March 20th, 1801. 400 souls perished.

Apollo, frigate, lost April 2nd, 1804, in a heavy gale off Capo Mon-
dego. 61 of her crow and her commander, perished, and with her 40
sail of the outward-bound West India fleet, lost.

Venerable, of 74 guns, Nov. 24th, 1804. Crew saved.

Tartarus, of 74 guns, December 20th, 1804. Crew saved.

^ncas, transport, off Newfoundland, lost October 23rd, 1805. 340
perished.

Aurora, transport, lost en the Godwin Sands, December 21st, 1805.
300 perished.

I'll

i:ii

424

CYCLOPJEDIA OP THE

Athenienne, of 64 guns lost off Sardinia, October 20th, 1806. 347
perished.

Ajax — Lost by fire off the Island of Tenedos, February 14th, 1807.
300 perished.

Boreas, man-of-war, lost upon the Hannois Rock in the Channel,
November 28th, 1807.

Anson, frigate, lost near Land's End, December 29th, 1807. 125
persons drowned. ■'■

Magicienne, frigate, August 16th, 1810. She ran aground at the
Mauritius, and was abandoned and burnt by her crew.

Satellite, sloop-of-war of 16 guns, December 14th, 1810. Upset and
all on board perished.

Mlnotam, of 74 guns, wrecked on the Haak Bank, December 27th,
1810. Of 600 persons on board, about 480 were drowned.

Amethyst, frigate of 36 guns, lost in the Sound, February 15th, 1811.

5arAa»i, of 74 guns. Foundered July 29th, 1811, on the coast of
Corsica.

SifldanJia, frigate, lost on the L-ish coast, December, 1811. 300
souli perished.

St. George, of 98 guns, and the Defence, of 74 guns, stranded on the
coast of Jutland, and all souls perished, except 16 seamen, December
24 th, 1811.

ScdJiorsc, transport, near Tramore Bay, January 30th, 1816. 365
souls, chiefly soldiers of the 59th Regiment, and most of the crew, lest.

Lord Melville, and Boadicea, two transports lost near Kinsalc, Ireland,
when several hundred of the 82nd Regiment, and almost all the irew
perished, January 31st, 181G.

Harpoqiicr, transport, off Newfoundland, November 10th, 1816. 100
persons drowned.

Kent, Shuttered by a dreadful storm, February 28th 1825. After-

20th, 1806. 347

ruary 14th, 1807.

in the Channel,

29th, 1807. 125

n aground at the

1810. Upset and

k, December 27th,
yned.

)ruary 15th, 1811.

I, on the coast of

iber, 1811. 300

s, stranded on the
seamen, December

30th, 1816. 365
of the crew, lest.

tir Kinsalc, Ireland,
almost all the irew

• 10th, 1816. 100
:8th 1825. After-

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

425

wards she caught fire ; but the passengers and crew were providentially
saved by the Cambria. There were on board 301 officers and men of
the 31st regiment, 66 women, 45 children, and 139 seamen.

" The Kent, Indiaman, was making her way in the Bay of Biscay orv
the morning of the 1st of March, 1825, across the heavy swell common
in that stormy entrance to the Atlantic, when her progress was arrested
by a fatal accident. An officer, who was sent into the hold to see whether
the rolling of the vessel had disturbed the stowage, perceiving that a cask
of spirits had burst from its lashings, gave the lamp he had in his hand
to a seaman to hold, while he should replace the cask. Unfortunately,.
in the continued rolling of the vessel, the man let the lamp fall near the
spirits, to which it set 6rc in a moment. The flames spread ; attempts
were made to smother them by wet blankets and hammocks, but all was
in vain, and they soon assumed an aspect so tremendous, as to show that
it would be impossible to subdue them.

At this moment of despair, the man at the mast-head exclaimed that
a sail was in sight ; guns were fired, and a signal of distre^ hoisted..
The gale, however, was so heavy, that it was for some time doubtful
whether the strange vessel perceived the signals, or was likely to turn
aside from her course ; but this painful suspense was soon removed by
her approach. The boats of the Kent were now got out and placed, not
alongside, on account of the flames and the danger of staving the boats,
but a-head and a-stern. In the latter many got out from the cabin-
windows, but the chief part were let down from the bowsprit into the
boat a-head, and the men sliding down by a rope, while the soldiers' wives
were lowered into the boat slung three together.

The fire had burst out about ten o'clock, and about twelve the signal of
distress had been perceived by the strange sail, which proved to be the
Cambria, outward-bound to Mexico, with mining workmen and machinery,
shipped by the Anglo-Mexican company. It was two o'clock when the
Cambria received the first boat-load of passengers, consisting of ladies
and children, half clothed, and pale with fright and fatigue. The whole
afternoon was passed in exertions on board the one vessel in sending ofiF
the suflFerers, and in the other in receiving them. The Cambria had
amongst her passengers several stout workmen, who took their station i\t
the ship's side, and were ividei'atigable in hoisting the poor sufi'crcrs on
board ; so that, out of 642 persons in the Kent, no less than 547 were safe
in the Cambria before midnight. The remainder (95 in number) were
lost, chiefly in getting out and in of the boats, the swell of the sea being

h *ii'

In I

! I

I I

^ I

42G

CYOLOPiEDIi. OF THE

very great all the time. The captain of tlie Kent was the last man to
leave her. She blew up at a few minutes before two o'clock on Wednes-
day morning.

It may naturally be asked how the vessel could keep so long together
amid so destructive a conflagration ? She could not have kept together
two hours, had not the oflScers, to avoid one danger, encountered another
by opening the ports and letting in the water, when she shipped such
heavy seas as to become water-logged, which of course prevented her
burning downwards.

The Cambria, a vessel of little more than 200 tons, was previously
sufficiently filled, having goods in her hold, and about 50 persons in
passengers and ship's company. How great then must have been the
pressure and confusion caused by the influx which carried the total on
board to more than 600 ! The progress of the fire in the Kent had been
so rapid, as to prevent the suflbrers from saving any clothes, exOept what
was on their persons, and both officers and soldiers were thus ill prepared
to encounter the wet and cold of the deck. The cabin and the 'tween
decks (the space for the steerage passengers) were thus crowded beyond
measure, and most fortunate it was that the wind continued favourable
for the return of the Cambria to an English port. She reached Falmouth
in 48 hours after quitting the wreck, and landed her unfortunate inmates
on the 4th of March."

Lord William BentincJc, lost off Bombay ; 58 recruits, 20 officers,
and seven passengers perished. This lamentable occurrence happened
June 17th, 1840.

Abercrombie Robinson, and Waterloo, transports, in Table Bay, Cape
of Good Hope ; of 330 persons on board the last named vessel, 189, prin-
cipally convicts, were drowned, August 28th, 1842.

H. M. S. Fantome, of IG guns, lost ofi" Montevideo, June 25th, 1843.

The troop ship Albert from Halifax with the G4th Regiment on board
which was miraculously saved July 13th, 1843.

//. M. Fr!gateWilber/orce,\Q!it on the coast of Africa, February 2nd,
1844.

Birkenhead, troopship, from Qucenstown to the Cape of Good Hope,
with detachnientH of several regiments on board. She struck on a pointed
rock off Simon's Bay, and 454 of the crew and soldiers were drowned ;
184 only were saved by tlio ship's boat.

The Trent, and a grout number of other ships of all capacity, wrecked
off the Crimea during the war. A tremendous tornado swept the Black

as the last man to
)'clock on Wednes-

ep so long together
have kept together
ncountered another
I she shipped such
urse prevented her

3ns, was previously
bout 50 persons in
nust have been the
Barried the total on
I the Kent had been
clothes, except what
ere thus ill prepared
ibin and the 'tween
lius crowded beyond
lontinued favourable
le reached Falmouth
infortunate inmates

•ecruits, 20 officers,
)ccurrence happened

in Table Bay, Cape
Qcd vessel, 189, priu-

30, June 25th, 1843.
Regiment on board

frica, February 2nd,

[!ape of Good Hope,
struck on a pointed
liors were drowned ;

all capacity, wrecked
ado swept the Black

BATTLES OF TPE WORLD. 427

Sea and literally dashed many of the brave ships of England and France
to pieces.

WURTZCHEN, BATTLE OF.— One of the most bloody and
fiercely contested battles of the campaign of 1813. Fought between the
allied Russian and Prussian armies, and the French, commanded by
Napoleon himself. The carnage was dreadful on each side, but the Allies
retreated from the field. Fought, May 21st, 1813.

X AND Y.

XIMERA, BATTLE OF.— Between the Spanish army, under the
command of General Ballasteros, and the French corps, commanded by
General Regnier. The Spaniards were defeated with great loss ; the
French also lost very much. Fought, September 10th, 1811.

XERXES' BRIDGE. See Bridge of Xerxes.

YEAVERNY, BATTLE OF.— Between the Scots and the Earl of
Westmoreland. Fought, 1415. In this memorable engagement, 430
English discomfited 4000 Scots, and took 160 prisoners ; also called the
battle of Geteringe.

YPRES, BATTLE OF.— Between Henry IV of France, and the
Generals of the Roman r:iiholi' League, over whom he obtained a com-
plete victory.

ZAMA, BATTLE OF.— Between the two greatest Generals of the
age, Hannibal iud Scipio Africanus, The Romans lost 2000 in killed
and wounded, whilst the Carthaginians lost, in killed and prisoners, more
than 40,000. Fought B.C. 202.

" These two generals, who were not only the most illustrious of their
own ago, but worthy of being ranked with tliemostrtmnvned princes and
warriors that had ever lived, meeting at the place appointed, continued
for some time in a deep silence, as though they wi re astonished, and
struck with a mutual admiration at the sight of each other. At last
Hannibal spoke ; and, after having praised Scipio in the most artful and
delicate manner, he gave ? very lively description of the ravages of the
war, and the calamities in which it had involved both the victors and the
vanquished. He conjured him not to suffer himself to be dazzled by the

CYCLOPiEDIA OF THE

splendor of his victories. He represented to him, that how successful
soever he might have hitherto been, he ought, however, to tremble at the
inconstancy of fortune : that without going far back for examples, he
himself who was then speaking to him, was a glaring proof of this : that
Scipio was at that time what himself, Hannibal, had been at Thrasymeno
and Cannne : that he ought to make a better use of opportunity than
himself had done, and consent to peace, now it was in his power to pro-
pose the conditions of it. He concluded with declaring, that the Cartha-
ginians would willingly resign Sicily, Sardinia, Spain, and all the islands
between Africa and Italy to the Romans. That they must be forced,
since such was the will of the gods, to confine themselves to Africa ; whilst
they should seethe Romans extending their conquests to the most remote
regions, and obliging all nations to pay obedience to their laws.

Scipio answered in few words, but not with less dignity. He reproached
the Carth!i;^anians for their perfidy, in plundering the Roman galleys
before the truce was expired. Ho imputed to them only, and to their
injustice, all the calamities with which the two wars had been attended.
After thanking Hannibal for the admonition he gave him, with regard to
the uncertainty of human events, he concluded with desiring him to pre-
pare for battle, unless he chose rather to accept of the conditions that had
been already proposed ; to which he observed some others would be added,
in order topuniish tlieCarthiiginians for their having violated the truce.

Hannibal could \u>i prevail with himself to accept these conditions and
the generals loft one another, with the resolution to decide the fate of Car-
thage by a general battle. Each commander exhorted his troops to fight
valiantly. Hannibal enumerated the victories he had gained over the
Romans, the ucnerals he had slain, the armies he had cut to nieces. Scipio
represented to his soldiers, the ciUKjuestH of both the Spains, his succes-
ses in Africa, and the tacit eonfession their enemies themselves made of
their weakness, by thus coming to sue for peace. All this he spoke with
the tone and air (tf a c(ini|ueror. Never were motives more prevalent to
prompt troops to behave gallnntly. This day was to eonipk'te the glory
of the one or the other of the generals ; and to decide whether Rome or
Carthago was to prescribe laws to all other nations.

I shall not undertake to describe the order of the battle, nor the valour
of the forces on both sides. Tl reader will naturally suppose, that two
sueli experii'iieed generals did not forget any eirenmstaiuv whicii could
contrib'>io to the victory. The Carthaginians, after a very obstinate fight,
wore obliged to fiy, leaving L'0,n00 men on the field of battle, and the like

-Mi i

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

429

that how successful
er, to tremble at the
3k for examples, he

proof of this : that
been at Thrasymeno
of opportunity than
in his power to pro-
ing, that the Cartha-
(1, and all the islands
ey must be forced,
ves to Africa ; whilst
i to tho most remote
their laws,
;nity. He reproached

the Roman galleys
11 only, and to their
j) had been attended.
! him, with regard to
1 desiring him to pre-
; conditions that had
lers would be added,

violated tho truce,
these conditions and
x'iilo the fate of Car-

il his troops to light

lad gaint'd over tho

cut to pieces. Scipio
Spains, his succcs-

tlioiiisi'lvos made of
this he ,'<poko with

s uKirc prevalent to
complete tho glory
whether Homo or

lattlc, nor the valour

lly suppose, (hat two

iistiiiici which could

V( ry (tl)stinate figlU,

utile, and the like

number of prisoners were taken by tho Romans. Hannibal escaped in the
tumult, and, entering Carthage, owned that he was irrecoverably over-
thrown, and that the citizens had no other choice left, but to accept of peace '
on any conditions, Scipio bestowed great eulogiums on Hannibal, chiefly
with regard to his capacity in taking advantages, his manner of drawing
up his army, and giving out his orders in the engagement ; and he affirmed
that Hannibal had this day surpassed himself, although the success had
not answered his valour and conduct.

With regard to himself, he well knew how to make a proper advantage
of the victory, and the consternation with which he liad filled tlie enemy.
He commanded one of his lieutenants to march his land army to Carthago,
whilst himself prepared to sail the fleet thither.

He was not far from the city, when he met a vessel covered with
»trcamers and olive branches, bringing ten of the most considerable persons
of the state, as ambassadors to implore his clemency. However, he dis-
missed them without making any answer, and bid tiiem come to him at
Tunis, where he should halt. Tho deputies of Carthage, being 30 in
number, came to him at the place appointed, and sued for peace in tho
most submissive terms. Ho then called a council there, tho majority of
which were for razing Oarthage, and treating the iidiabitauts with tho
utmost severity. But the consideration of the time which must neces.sa.
rily be employed before so strongly fortified u city could be taken, and
Scipio's fear lest u successor might be appointed him whilst he should
be employed in tho siege, made him incline to clemency."

ZARAGOZA, SECOND SIKGE OF,— " Tiie sufferings of the gal-
lant Zaragozans, during the former siege, had not subdued the spirit of
heroic devotion by which they had been animated. Another tri il awaited
them, not less memorable and glorious, though less Ibrtunato iu its
result.

After tiio defeat of Tudela, I'alafox retired to Zaragoza, to make pre-
parations for a second siege. Ho was not present in the action, Tho
intelligence of its Issue came upon him like a thunderbolt ; and the refu-
sal of Castiinus to throw his troops into Zaragoza, instead of ri'trcating on
31adrid, put an end to those feelings of eonfidunce and frankness which
had hithei to »'xisted between the generals,

Tho multiplied disasters of the Spanish armien, however, so far from
shaking the resolution of I'alafox or the Zaragozans, appear only to have
stimulnted them to roduublud exertions in the service of their country.

.:'i

I'"!

It--: '\

i I

430

CYCLOPAEDIA OP THK

Proclamations were issued, commanding all women, old men, and child-
'ren, to quit the city. Every inhalntant was imperatively called upon to
make sacrifice, if necessary, of his life and property, in the common cause;
and the whole population were required, by their personal exertions, to
contribute to the completion of the fortifications of the city.

The approach of the enemy cut short the preparations for defence.
Neither women nor children left the place. Even these refused to seek
safety at a distance from their fathers and husbands, and preferred parti-
cipating in the danger and the glory which awaited them in Zaragoza, to
wandering unprotected through a troubled and a suffering country.

During the former siege, the defenders had been embarrassed by the
presence of French residents in the city. These had been strictly guarded,
with the double object of preventing any intercourse between them and
the besiegers, and of protecting them against the fatal effects of popular
suspicion, to which, without such precaution, it is more than probable
thoy would have fallen victims. In order to prevent the repetition of
such danger and inconvenience, Palafox determined that these unfortu-
nate persons should bo removed from the city to other places of confine-
ment. This was done, notwithstanding the Imstility of the populace,
though not until I'ulafox had issued a proclamation appealing to Spanish
honour and humanity, and imploring tlie gallant Zaragozans not to stain
the sacred cause of liberty and justice by the foul murder of these defence-
loss victims.

The aid of superstition was not wanting to strengthen the confidence
of' the Zaragozans. They relied on the miraculous protection of Our
Lady of the Pillar, who had made tlieir favoured city the seat of her
peculiar worship. The sueeessl'ul teriuinatiou of the former siege had
given strength to thiir belief in tlie beneficent regards of the patron
Baiut. Omens, too, had been observed in tl\o sky, Apjtroaehing victory
b'id been prefigured by unwonted conformations of the clouds; and
celestial voieos were heard in the elements, ottering divine promise of glory
and proteetion.

Forlunatt'ly, the Zaragozans were not induced, by their belief in these
flattering portents, to disregard any of the human means of safety in their
power. A continued line of exterior defensive works had been ])lanned
and exoeuted, as l':ir as time and circumstanets ju'riiiiftcd. Yet this,
linperfiTt as it was, added little to the real strength of the eity ; and, in
forming a just estimate of the zeal and eourago of the del'enders, Zara-
goza should almost be considered as an unfortified (own. Tho walls,

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

431

Id men, and child-
vely called upon to
the common cause ;
•sonal exertions, to
I city.

■ations for defence.
jse refused to seek
nd preferred parti-
icm in Zaragoza, to
ring country,
imbarrnssed by the
.Ml strictly guarded,
between them and
il cftccts of popular
ore than proljablc
t the repetition of
:liat these unfortu-
r places of eonline-
f of the populace,
pealing to Spanish
>(>z!iiis not to stain
r of those dofonco-

Mi tlie confidence

roti'ctlon of Our

ty tlio seat of her

>niier siogo had

Is of the patron

iroMcliiiig victory

till' clouds; and

promise of glory

•ir boliof in these
til'siifoty in their
lad boon plannud
tttd. Yet tills,
lie oily ; ami, in
ilolondors, Zara-
iVii, The walls,

originally built rather for the purpose of civic impost than defence, were
surmounted by 150 pieces of cannon. Large stores of provisions had been
formed. Arms and ammunition were in abundance ; and the town con-
tained upwards of 20,000 regular troops, besides 15,000 armed peasants.

All the houses within 700 toises of the place were demolished, and the
materials employed to strengthen the fortifications. The trees around
the city were cut down. The greatest activity reigned on all hands ; the
women were employed in muking clothes for the soldiers ; the monks
made cartridges : and all those not employed in labouring at the works,
practised the use of arms.

Measures were likewise taken for the defence of the city, in ease the
enemy, which was scarcely to bo doubted, should eff'oct an entrance.
Traverses were cut across the streets. The doors and windows on the
VI ' floor wore strongly barricaded. Communications were made
^■'i the houses ; and parapets were constructed on the roofs. Every

housclioldcr had in his dwelling an uniplo store of provisions, to enable
liim to continue his resistance when the enemy should gain possession of
the streets. Thus prepared, the Zarugozans awaited tlio approach of the
besiegers.

In the meanwhile, the corps of Marshal Monccy, which had been
ordered to blockade the city, remained at Alagon, collecting materials,
and awaiting the arrival of his heavy artillery from Pamplona. On the
19th of December it was joined by the corps of iMortier, and on the 20th
the united army appeared before Zaragoza. It consisted of about 35,000
infantry, and was acconipaniod by a battoring train of sixty pieces. A
corps of cavalry was stationed atFuentos, to keep the surroundingoouutry
in a state of subjection.

The city was approached on both sides of the Ebro. Oazan'a division,
having passod the river at Tausto, marohod, l»y tlio road > • .istojon, to
C'uora and Villa Nuovo. That of Siiehot t(K)k post on tlio right of the
Ebro, near a convent, about a league distant from Zaragoza, al'tor driv-
ing in the Spanish outposts.

l)uriiig the night, the enemy erected a lattery, which commanded the
Torroro, and, in tlio niorniiig, opeiiea fire on the fort. I'lifiirtuiiately, n
(|uuntity of ammunition was blown up, by the bursting of a shell, which
occasioned considerable disorder in the garrison. The French took
advantage of this. A cohmin crossed the canal by an aiiueduct, of whioh
on the evening before, they had become masters, and entering the fort by
the gorge, succouded in maintaining the place against the cfi'ortu ol the

432

CYCLOPEDIA OP THE

l^i

<^arrison. At the same time, a brigade of Morlot's division advanced up
tlie ravine of the Huerba, and, passing the canal under the aqueduct on
■which it crosses that river, gained possession of a work commanding the
sluices of the canal. Two guns were taken in this work. Three guns
and 1 00 prisoners in the fort. General St. Mark succeeded in withdraw-
ing the rest of the garrison.

On the 22ud, Gonoial Guzan advanced against the suburb, on the left
of the river. He was encountered by about 4000 of the garrison, posted
in the woods and gard'^ns, from which, after a warm contest, he succeeded
in dislodging them. Gazan then attempted to carry the suburb by a
coup-dc-main. In this ho failed. Repulsed in all his eflforts, after a long
and fruitless contention, he at length withdrew, pursued by the garrieon,
and with the less of near 1000 men. The chief loss of the besieged con-
sisted of a corps of Swi.ss, almost all of whom were killed or taken prison-
ers in a largo building considerably in advance of the suburb.

For several days all was quiet. The enemy were now aware that it
was necessary to make a regular investment of the place ; and the works
in all quarters, were pushed on with vigour. The besieged on their part
endeavoured, by incessant labour, to complete the works of defence;
batteries were constructed, to enfilade the principal approaches — the
magazines were rendered bomb-proof — every outlet was palisaded and
traversed ; and, thus prepared, they waited with culm fortitude for the
approaching struggle.

On the 30th, Marshal Monccy adUrcssed'a letter to Palafox, summon-
ing him to surrender the city, now entirely invested, and to spare tlio
effusion of blood which must necopsarily follow any further attempt at
hoj)oless resistance. Monccy likewise inl'orniod him that Madrid had
fallen; and that .Napoleon, at tlio head of a groat army, was then in the
uct of chasing the English to their sliips.

To thio ralalbx replied, that if Madrid had fallen, Madrid had been
sold. The works of Zaragozu were yet entire; but, were they levelled
with the gruund, the people and tlio garrison would rather be buried in
the ruins of their city, than disgraced by siirreiidor.

Til the meanwhile, General Guzan suuceeded iu efl'ccting the blockade
of the suburb.

On the 2!»th, the trenches were regularly opened against the Chateau
of the Inijuisition on the left, the bridge of the Iluerbu in the centre,
and the eoiivont nf St. Joseph on the right. The Inst of these was the
priiioipul object of the ououiy, bo«uuso tho worLs in roar wore destitute

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

433

sion advanced up

the aqueduct on

commanding the

)rk. Three guns

eded in withdraw-

juburb, on the left
be garrison, posted
itest, he succeeded
the suburb by a
efforts, after a long
cd by the garrison,
if the besieged con-
led or taken prison-
suburb.

DOW aware that it
ICC ; and the works
sieged on their part
works of defence;
il approaches— the
was palisaded and
11 fortitude for the

Pulafox, sunimon-
, and to spare ilio
■urthor attempt at
that Madrid had
ly, was then in the

Madrid hud been
Iworo thoy levelled
Vutlior bo buried in

Lting the blockade

lgain?t the Chateau

|rbu in the centre,

k of these was the

rear wore destitute

of a rampart, and it was intended to connect the attack with a simultane-
ous attempt to gain possession of the suburb.

The garrison, however, were not idle. The communication between
the convent and the city could not be interrupted ; and the garrison of
the former, being daily relieved, made frequent sallies, ^y which the
progress of the besiegers was materially retarded. On the 3i st, a general
sortie, supported by the whole guns of the place, was made against the
enemy's line. Though gallantly supported, it was unattended by any
successful result. The repeated attacks of the garrison were repulsed ;
and, baffled in their efforts, they again entered the city. The loss on
both sides was nearly equal.

On the 2nd of January, Moncey was superseded by Marshal Junot in
the command of the besieging army. The latter was the bearer of an
order to Mortier, to move on Calatayud with Suchet's division, in order
to keep open the communication with Madrid. This arrangement
occasioned a material diminution of the besieging force, but no cessation
of hostile operations. The works against the convent of Bt. Joseph still
went on, and between the 3rd and 6th of January the second parallel
was completed. Till the 10th no action took place; but on that day a
tremendous fire from thirty guns was opened on ihe convent. It was
soon rendered untenable. But, amid the ruins, the gunners covered by
bags of wool, still continued to exorcise their vocation, and fired on the
enemy, till the walls were levelled with the ground. Even then the post
was not relinquished without a gallant effort. At midnight a sortie was
made against one of the batteries, in ignorance that two guns had been
planted for its protection. The intention of the brave assailants was
thus defeated ; and, having suffered heavy loss from a murderous fire,
both in front and flank, they again rctreutod to the city.

Even in the dilapidated condition of the convent, it was not till the
evening of the next day that the enemy attempted to carry it by assault.
At the sumo time a luirty, having turned the convent, ."aeceeded, by
means of a wooden bridge which the besieged hud, omitted to destroy,
in effecting an cntrnnco ; and thus did tlie French at length become
masters of a heap of ruins, and of about 100 gallant men by whom they
were defended.

No sooner were the enemy in possession ol' St. Joseph, than thoy
employed thomsolvos in repairing the works, and completing the oommuni-
CBtion between the second and third parallels, the latter of whiolt they
established on the right and left of the convent. The garrison oa that

f'l.

hit

III

'I I

434

CYCLOPEDIA OP THE

side were now compelled to remain within their walls ; for the besiegers
were secured against their efforts by the double obstacle of a river and aa
' j,T nent eight feet high.

''n the 15th a second parallel was ope.ed against the town; and
batteries were commenced in it, to enfilade the defences of the Augustine
and Capuchin convents, and that of Sta. Engracia. Yet neither the loss
of their outworks, nor a tremendous bombardment, which the French
kept up for several days, had the effect of diminishing the ardour of the
inhabitants. The Zaragozans were not only actuated by that active and
living energy which stimulates to deeds of high enterprize, but they pos-
sessed, likewise, that calm and passive fortitude, that buoyant upbearing
of the spirit, which suffering cannot depress, nor misfortune overthrow.

But their cup was not yet full. The inhabitants of the part of the
city most injured by the bombardment, were driven into the other
quarters, where many of them took up their abode in cellars, T/hioh
afforded comparative security from the shells. The consequence was,
that these dark and miserable receptacles became the focus of infectious
fever. The disease spread rapidly among a crowded and redundant
population. Thus did death, on all hands, present itself to the unshrink-
ing Zaragozans ; and the greater part preferred exposing themselves on
the ramparts, to breathing the infected air which pervaded tho dark and
noisome retreats in which they had sought refuge from tho shells.

From the 17th to tho 21st, the besiegers were occupied in tho construc-
tion of new batteries to overcome the defences of tiio garrison ; and the
third parallel was extended to command two sides of the convent of Sta.
Engracia. In these circiunstnticcs, a sortie was made, in tho hope of
spiking the enemy's aitillcry. The Arc of a buttery of four mortars was
found peculiarly annoying : and eighty men, commanded by Don Mariano
Qalindo, volunteered to attack it. They boldly precipitated themselves
on the guard of tho third parallel, put them to tho sword, and succeeded
in entering the battery. At the same moment tho euouiy's reserve came
up. There was no retreat ; all perished except tho officers and a few
wounded soldiers, who were made prisoners.

The movements of the numerous bodies of armed peasantry, in the
surrounding country, occasioned great inconvenience to tho besiegers.
Bands wore formed on all hands; which, though unable to resist the
attack of disciplined troops, yet were sufficiently formidable to require
perpetual vigilance, and numerous enough to narrow the supplies of the
besieging army, in a very considernble degree.

:ii:ii

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

435

for the besiegers
of a river and an

t the town ; and
of the Augustine
et neither the loss
rhich the French
the ardour of the
oy that active and
irize, but they pos-
buoyant upbearing
irtune overthrow.
)f the part of the
en into the other
5 in cellars, T/hioh
! consequence was,
focus of infectious
led and redundant
lelf to the unshrink-
ising themselves on
^udod the dark and

the shellH.
lied in the construc-
garrison ; and the
the convent of Sta.
de, in the hope of
f four mortars was
cd by Don Mariano
ipitated themselves
ord, and succeeded
Kuny's reserve canio
officers and a few

1 peasantry, in the

to the besiegers.

liable to resist the

niidfiblo to require

the supplies of the

About this time. Napoleon, dissatisfied with the slow progress of the
siege, sent Marshal Lannes to assume the command. This officer directed
Mortier, with his division, to leave Calatayud, and to act on the left of
the Ebro. Mortier attacked the force of Francisco Palafox, and succeeded
in dispersing it with very considerable loss. Lannes, in order to depress
the hopes of the garrison of external assistance , addressed a letter to Palp-
fox, communicating this circumstance, and all the other disasters which
had befallen the Spanish armies. But the mortifying intelligence thus
conveyed, did not shake the firmness of the undaunted leader. He
rejected all compromise, and continued, with undiminished vigour, to
oppose every possible obstacle to the progress of the enemy.

All the outworks of the place had now fallen, except the castle of the
Inquisition, which had been subjected to no serious attack. The newly-
raised works of the Enceinte had been battered by fifty-five guns, and, on
the 27th January, three breaches were declared practicable. One was
near an oil-mill, which s' ^d witliout the walls of the place, though but
little removed from thr . The second was to the left of this, between
the convent of St. Joseph and the town. The third was in the convent
of Sta. Engracia. All these were attacked. At mid-day, a column
issued from the oil-mill, which had been occupied over-night, and, rapidly
clearing the short distance which divided it from the walls, entered the
breach, unbroken by the heavy fire to which they were exposed, and the
explosion of two /oiigaxscs. Having readied the summit, the assailants
found an interior retrenchment armed with two guns, which the garrison
had unexpectedly erected to obstruct their progress, They attempted,
without success, to surmount this obstacle, under a shower of grape,
musketry and grenades. Forced to retire, the besiegers took advantage
of the cover afibrded by the exploded /ot((jf«sscs to effect a lodgment on
the breaeli.

The breach in face of St, Joseph presented fewer obstacles to bo over-
come. The column of attack having roaelicd the summit, succeeded in
occupying the opposite house, which the artillery, in firing on the wall,
had laid open. The houses adjoining were then gained ; and on the
right of the breach they found a gate which afforded another entrance
ii;to the town. Here, however, their progress was arrested by a battery
of the enemy, oomnianding a court which it was necessary to pass. On
the left, ft double atpoiDiier, which the garrison had used to couauunioute
with St. Joseph's, was ropairod and lengthened to the breacli.

The attack on Sta. Engracia was yet more suocessful. After a sovoro

I ,\\Y

i ^ 'I I

hJli f

486

CYCLOPiEDIA OF THE

struggle, the assailants gained the breach of the convent, but in attempt-
ing to advance further, they met a spirited repulse. Another eflFort was
made, which terminated in their gaining possession of the building. The
curtain leading from Sta. Engracia to the bridge of the Huerbawas then
enfiladed, and, taking the tete-de-pont in reverse, the enemy at once
became masters of that important post". Here they were joined by fresh
troops, and, pushing on within the curtain of the convent of Mount
Carmel, made an effort to gain possession of it, which met with a repulse.

From thence they advanced rapidly to the Capuchin convent, putting
forty artillerymen, who constituted the whole of its garrison, to the sword,
The assailants then established themselves along the rampart, in order
to guard the posts they had been successful in acquiring.

A dreadful fire was soon opened on the besiegers from the houses
commanding the rampart. From this they in vain sought shelter among
the ruins of the half-demolished walls. Ketreat became necessary, and
the column was directed to retire on the Puerta del Carmen. The gar-
rison, by a bold attack, regained possession of the Capuchin convent ;
but two battalions coming up to reinforce the assailants, it was again
taken, and maintained, though at a dear price, by the enemy.

During the night, a strong but unsuccessful effort was made by the
besieged to regain possession of the convents of Sta. Engracia and the
Capuchins. The result of these oi)orations were the loss to the besieged
of fifteen guns and 200 prisoners, and that the enemy gained footing
in th' I'ity at two different points. The loss in killed and wounded,
by the French accounts, was nearly equal on both sides. It amounted
to about GOO.

The misfortunes of the Zaragozans were hourly accumulating. The
fever demon stalked through the city like a destroying angel, conquering
and to conquer. Tlie number of dead per day amounted to 350, with-
out including those who fell the more immediate victims of war. The
hospitals were too small to contain the host of patients, and the medicines
were exhausted. The burying grounds were choked with corpses ; and
largo pits were dug in the streets, into which the dead were tossed indis-
criminately. Heaps of bloated and putrescent bodies were piled bcioro
the churches, which were often struck by the shells ; and the maimed
and ghastly qarcasses lay dispersed along the streets, a frightful spectacle
of horror. Even under such evils the courage of the Zaragozans did not
quail.

The city was now open to the invaders, and the war, as formerly, was

, but in attempt-
lother effort was
} building. The
Huerba was then
enemy at once
5 joined by fresh
invent of Mount
et with a repulse,
convent, putting
ion, to the sword,
ampart, in order

from the houses
;ht shelter among
le necessary, and
xrmen. The gar-
ipuchin convent ;
,nt8, it was again
pnemy.

was made by the
5ns:racia and the
iss to the besieged
ly gained footing
id and wounded,
!S. It amounted

lumulating. The
.ngcl, confiuering
:cd to 350, with-
ins of war. The
md the medicines
'ith corpses ; and
were tossed indis-
Iwere piled be.orc
and the maimed
Prightful spectacle
laragozans did not

as formerly, was

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

437

carried on in the streets and houses. Not one inch of ground was yielded
by the besieged without a struggle ; and when finally driven from a
building, they frequently, by a desperate oflfcnsive effort^ recovered it ;
and an equal resistance had again to be encountered by the assailants.
Traverses were cut around the portions of the city occupied by the
enemy ; and at the sound of the tocsin, the garrison were ever ready to
rush to any quarter where hostilities had commenced.

Palafox, however, did not limit his efforts to obstructing the progress
of the enemy ; he made vigorous efforts to recover the ground already
lost, and drive the assailants from their stations. Two attempts were
made to regain the convent of the Capuchins. Both failed, A third
more powerful effort was made on the 31st. A breach was effected dur-
ing the day, and at night the assault took place. The besieged advanced
with signal resolution towards the breach, but owing to a ditch sunk by
the enemy, it was found impossible to mount it. They then threw
themselves on the floor of the church, and endeavoured to force it. In
spite of the fire from the windows, and the grenades showered from the
steeple, they maintained their ground, and forced the door ; but an
cpaulement within obstructed their progress ; and fresh troops being
brought up by the cnem.y, the project was at length renounced.

Priests and women bore part in these operations. The former carried
munitions, and gave ghostly succour to the dying, animating the soldiers
at once by their words and their example. The latter bore refreshments
to their sons, or husbands, or fathers ; and sometimes, when one of those
dear relatives fell by their side, they seized his arms, determined to
revenge his death or perish in the same glorious onnse. In truth, the
contest lay between skill and enthusiasm— mingled, indeed, with supersti-
tion, yet active, firm, vigorous, and unshrinking ; skill exerted in a
struggle as unjust and degrading, as any by which the pages of history
are contaniinutod and defaced.

Notwithstanding the utmost efforts of the garrison, the French gained
ground. The 1st of February was marked by the capture of the convents
of St. Augustin and St. ^loiiiea. Having been n>pclled in assaulting the
breaches, the a.ssiiili\nts sprung a mine, and by that means effected an
entrance, and took in reverse the works erected for their defence. A
deadly struggle took place in the church. Every chapel, every column,
every altar, bcoanio a point of defence— the pavement was strewed with
blood, and the aisles and nave of tlie church were covered with the dead.
During tliis terrific conflict, tiie roof, shattered by bombs, fell in. Thoso

mil

If t^

i ' ISi

438

CYCLOPiEDIA OF THE

who escaped, renewed the contest on the bodies of the dead and dying.
The French were at last successful, and adva^icing on the Rua Queniada,
gained possession of several houses. From these, however, they were
eventually compelled to retreat, with a loss of above 100 men.

At the same time, an attack was made on the houses near Sta.
Engracia. Two mines, one on the left, the other on the right, of the
convent, were sprung by the besiegers; after which two columns of
Polish infantry succeeded in gaining possession of the ruins caused by
the explosion. The loss of the besiegers was very considerable, and
General Lacoste, commandant of engineers, was killed. He was an
officer of great professional eminence, and untarnished character.

During four days, the besiegers were employed in constructing three
galleries to cross the Rua Quemada. Two of these failed. By means of
the third they succeeded in establishing themselves in the ruins of a
house which formed an angle of the Cozo, and of the llua del Medio. A
building, called the Escuelas Pias, commanded several traverses, made
for the defence of the Cozo. Aware of the importance of this post, the
assailants made several unsuccessful efforts to gain possession of it. They
then attempted the adjoining houses ; but in this also they failed. The
system of blowing up the houses, now adopted, was favourable to the
besieged ; for the enemy, who established themselves on the ruins, were
thus exposed to the fire of the surrounding buildings. In the meanwhile
the continual succession of formidable and unforeseen obstacles, which
presented themselves to the French soldiers, had damped their ardour;
while the spirits of the besieged, who had to contend against famine,
fever, and the French army, were yet unbroken.

The inner town is encircled by the Cozo, which reaches at both extremi-
ties to the river; and the French, in order to connect their operations
with those of Gazan, on the left of the Ebro, determined, at all risks, to
gain possession of it. The convent of St. Francisco, therefore, became
their immediate object. A mine was exploded, which brought down
part of the building ; and a severe contest ensued, which lasted for two
days. The Spaniards were at length driven out by the bayonet — the
superiority of physical, as well as of numerical strength, being on the side
of the assailants.

From the* tower of this building, the French now commanded the
street, for a musket-shot on either side. There, however, their progress
was for a time arrested. The buildings in the Cozo were large and mas-
sive ; and I'rom their construction with roofs of arched masonry, nearly

BATTLES OP THE WORLD.

439

! dead and dying.
^heRuaQuemada,
)wever, they were
)0 men.

houses near Sta.
1 the right, of the
I two columns of
e ruins caused by

considerable, and
led. He was an
I character-
constructing three
iled. By means of

in the ruins of a
lua del Medio. A
ral traverscH, made
iCe of this post, the
ession of it. They
I they failed. The

favourable to the

on the ruins, were

In the meanwhile

en obstacles, which

nped their ardour ;

id against famine,

ics at both cxtremi-
cct their operations
nod, (it all risks, to
, therefore, became
i(!li brought down

ich lasted for two
J the bayonet — the

, being on the side

w commanded the
ever, their progress
vcrc large and mas-
od masonry, nearly

incombustible. Experience had perfected the Zaragozans in their defen-
sive warfare ; and the contest was continued with, if possible, augmented
pertinacity. Three days were the French sappers successfully opposed
in their endeavours to cross the Cozo. The university was partially
breached by the explosion of two small mines. The besiegers then endea-
voured ^0 carry the building by assault ; but they were met by a fire so
destructive as to compel them to retreat.

Hitherto the suburb on the left of the Ebro had been exempted from
attack, since Gazan's failure on the first nit^ht of the investment. That
officer, availing himself of some ambiguity in his orders, had declined to
re-engage in active operations; nor was it till Lannes arrived, with
authority to enforce his orders, that Gazan was induced to resume the
ofiensive.

On the 7th, the convent of Jesus, on the left of the road to Lerida, was
attacked. Trenches were opened against it ; and twenty battering pieces
having eflfected a breach, it was carried with little loss, the building not
being considered by the besieged as of material importance. The enemy
then succeeded in establishing a lodgment to the right and left.

On the 18th, the suburb, after two unsuccessful efforts, was carried by
assault. A tremendous fire from fifty guns soon laid open the way to the
assailing columns. By mid-day a breiich was effected in the convent of
St. Lazarus, commanding the bridge ; and the defenders, after a strenu-
ous resistance, wore driven from the building. All communication
between the suburb and the city was now cut ofi"; and the French
advancing to the river, intercepted the retreat of about 1500 men, who,
enfeebled by disease and suffering, were made prisoners. The capture of
St. Lazarus necessarily involved that of the suburb, which was without
amunition or provisions, yet many of its del'ondcrs continued to wage a
fierce but hopeless war in the streets. The loss of the besieged amoui\tcd
to about 2000. The bravo Baron do Versagc, who commanded on the
Ebro, was killed.

The besiegers, imagining that the courage of the garrison had been
abated by this irreparable mislbrtuno, continued their operations with
vigour. By means of mining, two enormous breaches were nuido in the
university — botli of which were attacked and carried ; and the traverses
of the Cozo were at length abandoned by the Spaniards. In the mean
time, Palafox had been smitten with the dreadful disease, whose ravages
had been more widely spread than even those of famine and the sword.
This admirable and heroic lender, who, for above a month, had been

iii

if ^1

I In

'li'li

I I

hi I

liiil

440

CYCLOPEDIA OP THE

unable to quit the vault where he lay stretched on a bed of suffering, at
length saw the necessity of resigning the command.

On the 19th he transferred his authority to a junta, of which Don Pedro
Rio was appointed president. A council was immediately assembled, to
deliberate on the condition of the city, and the measures most proper to be
adopted. At this meeting it was stated, by the general of cavalry, that
only 62 horses remained, the rest having died of hunger. Of the infantry it
appeared there were little more than 2800 men fit for service. Ammuni-
tion was nearly exhausted ; and should a shell penetrate the Inquisition,
their only manufactory of powder would be destroyed. The fortifications
were stated, by the chief engineer, to have been almost utterly demolished.
There were neither men nor materials necessary for repairing them ; and
bags of earth could no longer be formed from want of cloth.

With regard to the measures to be adopted, the junta were divided in
opinion. Twenty-six voted for capitulation ; eight against it. The
latter were averse to surrender, while even a possibility of succour
remained. With proud gallantry of spirit, the opinion of the minority
was adopted by the junta. A flag of truce was scut to the enemy, pro-
posing a suspension of hostilities, with the view of ascertaining the situa-
tion of the Spanish armies ; it being understood, that should no immediate
succour be at hand, the junta would then treat for a surrender. This pro-
posal was peremptorily declined by Marshal Lanncs; and the bombard-
ment recommenced.

On the 20th, the garrison made a last and unsuccessful effort to recover
two guns which the enemy had captured on the preceding day. Aff^airs
were now desperate. The fifty guns which had been employed in the
attack of the suburb, now opened fire on the city ; and the streets of the
quay were laid in ruins.

Thus situated the junta ordered measures to be taken to ascertain the
sentiments of the people with regard to the situation of their city. Two-
thirds of it were in ruins. Fire, famine, and slaughter, had done their
work ; and from 300 to 400 persons were daily dying of the pestilence.
Unuci i'uch circumstances, the junta declared that thoy had fulfilled
their oath of fidelity — and that ZuiuujorM was destroyed, A flag of
truce was dispatched to the French hc!id-(iuarters, followed by a deputa-
tion of the junta, to arrange the terms of capitulation. . IMarshal Lannes
was at first disposed to insist on unconditional surrender. The proposal
was indignantly rojeetcd by the deputies; and Ric declared, that rather
than submit to it the Zaragozans would die beneath the ruins of their

BATTEE8 OP THE WORLD.

441

id of suffering, at

f which Don Pedro
itely assembled, to
3 most proper to be
ral of cavalry, that

Ofthe infantry it
jervice. Ammuni-
ato the Inquisition,

The fortifications
utterly demolished,
epairing them ; and
sloth.

inta were divided in
it against it. The
)ssibilit.Y of succour
ion of the minority
t to the enemy, pro-
ccrtaining the situa-
should no immediate
irrcndcr. This pro-

and the hombard-

Isl'ul effort to recover
Icding day. Affairs
[en employed in the
[id the streets of the

Ikcn to ascertain the
lof their city. Two-
Itcr, had done their
Ig of the pcetilencc.
°thcy had fulfilled
\troi/cil A flag of
)lowcd by a deputa-
ISIurshal Lanncs
[dcr. The proposal
cclarcd, that rather
the ruins of their

city. " I, and my companions," said this noble patriot, "will return
there, and defend what remains to us as best we may. We have yet
arms and ammunition, and if these fail we have daggers. Should the
Zaragozans be driven to despair, it yet remains to be proved who are to
be victorious."

In this temper of the garrison, Lannes did not think it prudent to
refuse granting terms. It was accordingly concede that the troops
should march out with the honours of war : that the heroic Palafox should
be suffered to retire to any place where he might think proper to fi x his
residence, and that all persons, not included in the gar-lson, sho'ild be
suffered to quit the city, to avoid the contagion.

On the 21st of February, 1809, the city was delivered up to the French ,
and thus terminated one ofthe most strenuous and extraordinary struggles
of which history bears record. The resistance continued for >i: layji
with open trenches; 29 of tliese were consumed by the c cmy in
effecting an entrance — 23 in the war subsequently carried on in the
streets and houses. By their own account, the French threw above
17,000 bombs into the city, and expended above 100,000 pounds
weight of powder. More than 30,000 men and 500 officers perished
in the defence, exclusive of a vast number of women and children. The
amount of loss sustained by the besiegers was studiously concealed — that
it was very great, cannot be doubted ; and the contemplated operations
on Leridaand Valencia, for which the army was destined, were in conse-
quence given up.

When the garrison quitted the city, only 2400 men were capable of
bearing arms ; the rest were in the hospitals.

Among the prisoners, was Augustiua Zaragoza, Wiio had distinguished
herself in the former siege. At the commencement, she had resumed her
station at the Portillo gate. When Palafox visited the battery, she
pointed to the gun she had formerly serve I with so much effect, and
exclaimed, " See, general, I am again with my old friend." Once, when
her wourfded husband lay bleeding at her feet, she discharp;ed the cannon
at the enemy, in order to avenge his fall. She frequently led the assault-
ing parties, and with sword in hand mingled in the daily conflicts which
took place in the streets. Though exposed, during the whole siege to
the most imminent danger, Augustina escaped without a wound. On
the surrender of the city, she was too well known to escape notice, and
was made prisoner. But she had already caught the contagion ; and
being taken to the hospital, she subsequently succeeded in effecting her
escape.

■i I]

442

CYCLOPEDIA OF THE

M i|

The terms of capitulatioa were shamefully violated by Lannes. Pala-
fox .; as sent a prisoner into France; and the city became a scene of
pillage and atrocity. Nothing was to be heard but the drunken shouts
and cries of the French soldiery. Even the convents were not spared ;
their gates were beaten in, the costly plate seized, and the decorations
torn down ; while the monk, with uplifted hand and scowling brow,
listened to the drunken revelry and obscene jests of the heavy mailed
cuirassier."

ZEALAND NEW.— Discovered by Tasraan in 1642. Captain
Cook planted several spots here in 1773. Great Britaia's right to this
island recognized at the general peace of 1814. Since then it has con-
tinued slowly developing its inland rcssources. A rather disastrous war
was waged against the Br'tish forces by the New Zcalandrrs not long
ago; but after some months of continual annoyance the Aboilgincs were
subdued and the island (quieted, with every prospect of commercial
development.

ZELA, BATTLE OF.— In which Julius Cajsar defeated Pharnacns,
King of Pontus, and sent the Senate the well-known laconic letter of
three words : " Veni, Vidi, Vici." Fought B.C. 47.

ZELICHON, BATTLE OF.— Fought, April Gth, 1831, between the
Poles and Russians. The Ilussiims were terribly defeated, with the loss
of 12,000 men, killed, wounded and prisoners, and Deibitsch, the Russian
General, narrowly escaped being taken prisoner in the rout.

ZEUTA, BATTLE OF.— Fought, between the Germans and Turks,
the former commanded by Prince Eugene.; and it is memorable for the
tremendous slaughter of the enemy, A.D. 1G97.

ZORNDORFF, BATTLE OF.— Fought between the Prussian and
Russian armies ; the Prussian oominandod by tlicir King. Tlioy gained a
groat victory over the forces of the Czarina of Russia— 21, 629 men being
lost to the Russians, while the Prussians lost 11,000. l^'ought, August
25th and 2Gth, 1768.

ZOUAVE (.11 ZOU-ZOU.— The gmnins of Paris, wo believe, first
applied to the world-renowned Zouaves the pot name of Zon-Zoua; and
France has confirmed the plcasunt diminutive. We know well enough
that Zou-Zou has certain faults ; but we also know that ho possuasos

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

443

by Lannes. Pala-
jeoamo a scene of
he drunken shouts
3 were not spared ;
id the decorations
id scowling brow,
the heavy mailed

I 1642. Captain
ain's right to this
3 then it has cou-
ther disastrous war
aalandrrs not long
he Abouginos were
cct of couimercial

Bfeated Pharnacns,
I laconic letter of

1831, between the
ted, with the loss
itsch, the Russian
out.

•niiins and Turks,
lioiuorablo for the

^ho Prussian and
Tlioy gained a
11,629 men being
I Fought, August

Ivo believe, first
IZdiiZohs', and
}w well oiiougii

it ho pOSSUHMOS

some estimable qualities. On the whole, we gaze at his scarred bronzed
face and long shaggy beard with respect, and do not shrink from cordially
clasping his horny brown hand, powder-begrimed though it be. Wo
read all about his valorous doings, and his somewhat ludicrous and not
unpardonable misdoings, during the late Italian campaign, as chro-
nicled daily by his own countrymen, and we sh.'ill now compile some
interesting examples of his exploits and racy peculiarities, which have
fallen under our notice.

When the Zou-Zous embarked at Marseilles, they leapt on board the
vessels as though charging u column of Croats, crying to their comrades,
" Come, gentlemen, take your tickets I r Austria!" Arrived at Genoa,
they received their fair share of flowers and kisses from the enraptured
signoras, and cmbracements and orations from their lords and fathers.

M. Achard visited the camp of the famous 3rd Zouaves, and gives us
a graphic sketch of the fire-eaters reposing. Wo must premise that they
had only arrived four or five days from Algeria. " It was," says ho,
" like a little corner of a groat war picture. Tiic canvuh town possessed
regularity, animated order, picturesque and lively movement, and one felt
tho presence of discipline, and a pleasing sense of gaiety and fearlessness.
Behold the little, narrow, short tents reserved for tho sub-ofBcors ; their
neighbours largo, and similar to a squab coffee-pot, for the captains and
oommandants ; others ample and conical, each for five soldiers, ranged in
ranks; groups of Zouaves round a eandlo, in a low tone chatting about
their Afrioim campaigns ; some silently smoking a pipe apart; two or
three lying on tho ground in corners, reading letters and dreaming, their
comrades singing tho chorus of songs ; the evening dies away and sleep
succeeds. Here and there, under the canvas, a little lamp gives light to
an officer, who writes in haste a last letter. Little noise, groat order ; each
battalion has its place. As tho darkness increases, we see red sparks in
tho air along the tents, Tho cigar enlivens the promenade, then the sparks
disappear one by one ; the bivouac fires are extinguished ; tho mules of
the regiment bito at each other, and endeavour to break their straps ;
close by, the Arab horses of the oflieers, digging the earth with their
h()t)ls, sniilliiig tho air, devoid of the warm odour of the desert, and shak-
ing their manes. '-^ ■^'- =t< 'flu. jioxt day, at seven o'clock in the morning,
tho regiment, containing tliroo battalicms on a war 8trength^2700 men,
exclusive of officers — was reviewed by Princo Napoleon. They looked
nuidols of hardy active soldiers. Their faces, which appeared cut out of
Florentine bronze, had the manly ardour and the confidence resulting

:jl

i
1

1 I

444

CYCLOPEDIA OP THE

from habitual acquaintance with danger. They were in marching order.
At eight o'clock they started^ cl'-ions at their head and tarbouch in front
for their first itapc de guerre, twenty-seven kilometres, and in the even-
ing they encamped in the mountain, at Toreglia, very near the Aus-
triansl"

We may remark that one great reason for the very singular celerity
with which the Zouaves encamp, provide their food, etc., is the fact, that
each company, or portion of a company, or " tribe," as it is culled by the
men themselves, is subdivided for what wo may term domestic duties,
each individual being charged with a distinct and special function ; and
constant practice naturally renders them amazingly export at doing what-
ever they are culled upon to daily and nightly perform.

The Zou-Zous, and their African friends the Turcos, uro suid to huvo
an iij vincible preference for figliting at close quarters with the bayonet.
A certain quantity of cartouches wore served out at tho moment of depar-
ture, but these cartridges wore not forthcoming at Genoa. Tho officers
were angry, and required tho production of tho missing aiiiuuinition.
" 13o aot troubled,' said the Zou-Zous; "leave us alone, and we will
return you ten for one at the first battle." A stubborn old sergeant
added, " Wo wish to see if the Austriuiis are Hko tho Kubylcs." In fact,
their point of honour is to churgo witli the buyonet, and to charge at a
swift run. 'riieir activity is incredible; and tiioy huvo boon ai)tly culled
"foitt cuvulry," which is hurdly u purudoxicul jest like our own time-
honoured sneer of " horse murines."

The Zou-Zous huvo a murvellous cupacity for physical endurance.
Some bluck eofVoe, and a biscuit or jiioco of hard unnnunition breud
stooped in it, generally fornicil their brciikfist, and thou tlioy wore ublo
und willing to niurch witii tlicir very heavy knapsacks a whole day in tho
broiliiiL' s\ui before dining. A Zouave's knapsack is full of a wonderful
variety ul' articles, and, wiion in inarching order, ho aetuully ourrios tho
enormous weight of sixty pounds! Hu', Zou-Zou is not un anchorite; ho
(loos not volunturily oiidnro hunger when ho cm lawfully, or (as some
whisper) even unlawfully, obtain an uppoti/ing addition to liis rations. At
I'alestro, t|io Zouaves drolly distinguished thomsolves, by ni irehin.!; with a
pleasing variety of edililo prizes secured about their persons, They boro
(|uartcrs of lunib, inniienso |iiecos of ruw niout, salad, cabbage, und all
kinds of vegetables; upon tho shoulder of one was perched an old cock,
tied by the foot by way of precaution I All tho world knows how omni-
vorous Zouaves are ; und, by wuy of illustration, wo will only mention

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

445

in marching order,
id tarbouch in front
es, and in the even-
ory near the Aus-

py singular celerity
stc, is the fact, that
IS it in called by the
m domestic duties,
)ecial function ; and
Xpert at doing what-
II.

!os, are said to have

3 with the bayonet,

ho moment of dopnr-

enoa. The officers

lissing ammunition.

alone, and wo will

ihborn old sergeant

Kubylcs." In fact,

and to charge at a

vo been aptly called

ike our own timo-

iliysical endurance,
ammunition bread
ii'u tlioy wore ablo
II whole day in tho
lull of a wonderful
actually oiirrios tho
it an ant'horito ; ho
wt'uUy, or (as somo
li to his rations. At
Iby m irchin.; witl) ii
Icrson^*. They bore
li, cabbage, and all
•relied an old cock,
1 1 knows iiow oimii-
will only mention

the astounding fact, that at Solferino they daintily feasted on fillets cut
from the backs of the horses killed in that tremendous battle !

The Austrians sent some daring spies into the Zouave camp, fully and
carefully dressed as Zou-Zous, speaking French, and aifecting in all
respects the habits and language of the men among whom they treacher-
ously stole. But, as an old soldier observed, " tho asses who wear lions'
skins arc recognized, not by the dress, but by the language." So it was
with these Austrian spies. The touch-stone which infallibly detected
them wasjthc Arab, or rather the Sabir tongue. Tiie Sabir is a dialect
used by the Zouaves and the Turcos, and is a singular mixture of French,
Italian, Maltese, Spanish and Arabian. Let us see what the Sabir can do
with the wicked hawk who has stolen into the Zouave dovecot, disguised
in innocent plumage like their own.

" A spy, dressed ^3 a Zouave, holding his cap behind him, accosts other
Zouaves, (true ones these). They talk of war, ambusciides, battles; they
drink and sing. An old Zouave addresses the spy : " Didou, camarade,
gib cl touchran; j'ai laisso mon sipsi dans la gitoun." This, in Sabir,
signifies, ' (^mirade, hand me .some tobacco ; I have forgotten my pipe in
the tent.' The spy, surprised, does not reply. ' Enta niachaehe narl el
Arabi? (Dost thou not understand Arabian?) eontiimes the Zouavo.
Tho same silence. Suspicious are aroused ; tho pretended Zouavo ia
closely (juestioued. lie is confused ; ho confounds Blidah with Orlt^aus-
ville; finally he is seized, and duly shot."

No body of men attracted more notice, on first landing in ftaly, than
the 3rd Zouaves. Nearly all the officers had risen from the ranks, or, at
any rate, all had been sub-officers, and had won their epaulettes and
cros,ses in Africa. Tiie men could reckon a number of years' service,
both in Al'rica and the Crimea. Their Hag was in tatters, and tied
together with shui'maker's thread.

At Pulostro, these Jlrd Zouaves performed a brilliant feat of arms. A
wounded Zou-Zou subsecjuently described it most grnphiiially. " Wo
were," naid he, " very traii'|uilly opposite a rivulet ; we beheld five m* six
horsemen upon an eminenci'; it was saiil tli.it they must be enemy's
hussars, watohing u", and the word pissed to propiro to havo u chat with
them, Uut all in a moment, and without a note of warning, a parcel of
1 ullets, accompanied by a hail of caution balls, salutod us. The rogues
iiad mounted cannon on the liills, and thoir tirailleurs skulked in the
jorn, whore one could noi, see them. Whilst we looked out, the mitrailln^

**' Mltraillo," grape iliot, with icraps of motal, and all surts of small miiilloa.

■li

44 6

OYCLOPiEDIA OP THE

mingled in the conversation. The colonel saw whence it came by
the smoke. T'.a oflSoera turned towards us. * Eh Zouaves !' cried
they, ' to the "innon!' Wo leapt in the stream. There was water up
to our elbowf, an<^ m our cartrid; o boxes took a bath ; wo were no longer
able to fire a bingle charge. From the stream to the batteries we had to
run about 300 metres. Ah, we already surpass the pas gi/mnastique I

The mitraiUe mowed the grass around our feet. In the twinkling of
an eye we carried the guns!"

Among the wounded Austrians taken prisoners, was a young man of
twenty-two, who had previously studied at Paris five or six years. He
fought at Palestro, and when he saw the Zouaves running and leaping
with bayonets in advance, he cried, " Comrades ! they are Zouaves 1
We are lost 1"

An Austrian oflScer related that General Jellachich, struck with aston-
ishment at sight of the Zouaves in action, exclaimed, " They are not men,
they are tigers I" And then he muttered, " They told mo so, but I did
not believe it." A good many others of his countrymen had reason to
think and speak very much the sumo. Yet, even among the Zouaves
there are some who pre-eminently distinguish themselves by their sur-
passing activity, daring, and successful valour.

Zdu-Zou has a humour of liia own even in the heat of battle — grimmest
of all grim humours ! I"]ndlc8s anecdotes are told of their strange
specL'hes and stranger deeds in the midst of the storm of battle. Many
of these would be painful to our readers, but the following give relief to
the stern cruelties of war. Would that the kindly or generous feelings
which tlioy record could be dispbyod on mor(> peaceful scenes!

During a bayonet tight, a Zouave fought against an Austrian, and
broke his thigh with a violent butt-end blow; the Austrian, in falling,
broke the arm of the Zouave. There they lay side by side, their mutual
fury extinguished. The Zouave, who had a smattering of Italian, said
to the Aiistrian, ^' Tlum art brave, and I will not leave tlice to die like a
dog. 1 have jot an arm and a pair of good legs, and I will carry thee to
the ambulance." He was as good as his word. When he arrived with
his burthen, ho said to the surgeon-majur. " You see, major, that wo
nre on a level ; euro us (ini<!kly, that wo may do our duty afrcih." Wo
will add, that the compassion and kindness nninifcsted after a battle by
the erewhilo fierce Zouaves towards their wounded enemies, is a lino trait
in their ehnraeter. Like our own mateliless seamen, the Zouaves, arc
lionH wiiilst tbo battle rages, and lambs after it is ended.

BATTLES OF THE WORLD.

447

icnce it came by
Zouaves !' cried
jre was water up
wo were no longer
(atteriea wo had to
I pas gymnastiquel
1 the twinkling of

as a young man of

or six years. He

nning and leaping

they are Zouaves!

I, struck with aston-
' They arc not men,
Id mo so, but I did
men had reason to
among the Zouaves
jclves by their sur-

of battle— grimmest
\ of their strange
lu of battle. Many
owing [j:i.ve relief to
or generous feelings
'ul scenes!

im Austrian, and
i\u,strian, in falling,
,y nidi', their mutual
ing i>f Italian, said
ve thee to die like a
I will carry thee to
|hen he arrived with
loe, major, that wo
duty afresh." Wo
,«d after a battle by
ii'micH, is a lino trait
n, the Zouaves, are
led.

Here is a touching incident. The day after the battle of Palestro,
the Zouaves buried their dead comrades in a great pit dug on a little
eminence. When the earth was levelled, they bid adieu, with emotion,
to their slain brothers-in-arms. " Comrades I" cried a sergeant, " may
God receive you t 'Tis your turn to-day — to morrow it may be ours !"
With these simple words the Zou-Zous left their dead brethren to repose
on the field of their victory.

And the wounded Zou-Zous, how bear they the agony of musket ball,
or bayonet thrust, or sabre gash, when the excitement of the actual com-
bat is over ? When Commandant de Bellefonds, of the Zouaves of the
Guard, was wounded at Magenta, his men wished to carry him to the
ambulance. " Remain in your place," said he. " Leave me, my friends ;
I forbid you to remove me : continue to fight." After the Austrians were
repulsed, tlie Zou-Zous sought their brave officer and bore him away.
He eventually recovered.

The Zouaves being by far the most popular and brilliant corps in tho
army, it is considered, both by officers and privates, an absolute privilege
to wear their uniform, and both sub and superior officers have been
known to refuse to exchange into line regiments even with prospect of
higher rank.

Some of tho Zouaves were themselves taken prisoners and sent to
Vienna, where they attracted extraordinary notice. On their arrival
they were surrounded by Hungarian and Polish soldiers, who examined
their uniform ard criticized their personaal ppcarance with lively curiosity,
making each poor Zou-Zou exhibit himself and explain the u?e of overy
portiuu of his Cijuipnients — which, it is said, he did with great good
humour. By way of contrast to the above, we present the following. A
number of Austrian prisoners arrived at Toulouse. A sub-oilicer of tho
3rd Zouaves, whose family lived there, and wlio was himself oi route to
Taris, happened to bo at tlie railway station when the prisoners arrived,
and he recognized three Austrians whom he had made prisoners at tho
battle of Magenta, where ho was woumied by one of them. Ho now shook
hands with his ex-captives, and having obtained permission to defer his
own departure, betook all three homo with him, and treated them with
tho utmost hoHpitality."

ZURICH, RATTIiKS OF.— Tho French wore defeated here, losing
4000 men, June 4th, 1709. Tlui Imperialists were also defeated hero
by the Frcipoh, under Messina, and lost tho great number of 20,000 men
iu action, tieptembor 24th, 170i),

<■■ I

.i^^ f?t<«W>.»^^.?«-

i^]

i!i

CHRONOLOGY.

Chronology is the science of computing and adjusting the periods of time.
It ascertains when events occurred, and assigns to each its correct date. Thus
"we learn from it that the world was created 4004 years before Cliriat, and that
the flood took place 1656 years after the creation ; and so of all other known
and a,scertained events, each one is placed in connection with its proper period
or year. Of the transactions between the Creation and the Flood, we know
nothing except from Scripture, and of many of those which occurred after the
flood, and before the time of Christ, we know nothing with certainty, except
from the same source ; but about 800 or DOO years before our Saviour's time, a
succession of profane historians arose, from whom, especially those of Greece
and Rome, numerous facts in Chronology havn been obtained. Various Krasj
Epochs, or methods of Chronology, have btun adopted by different nations. The
Greeks reckoned time by Olympiads of four years each, commencing from the
year 770 before Christ. In marking a date by this method, the year and Olym-
piad were both given ; for example, the year 1845 is the first of G56tli Olympiad.
The Romans reckoned time from the founding of Rome, 753 years before Christ.
Dates reckoned from this Era are designated by the inilals^ A. U. C. (ab urbe
condita ; tiiat is, from the building of the city). The year 1845 is the 2598th
year of the Roman Era. the Christian Era, now in use amongst all Christian
nations, was first introduced in the sixth century, but was not very generally
adopted for some centuries after. This begins 4004 years after the creation of
the world, and four years after the birth of our Saviour. Dates reckoned back-
wards are usually marked 1$. C, or before (Christ, but those reckoned forward
are distinguished by the prefix A. D., signifying Anno Domini, or in the year of
our Lord. The Mahoniedans reckon time from the Ilegira, or flight of Mahomet
from Mecca to Medina, in the year G22 after Christ; but they use the lunar
year of .354 days ; so that thirty-two of our years make thirty-three of theirs.
The year 1846 is the 1200th year of the Hcgira. Many other epochs or eras
have been used iu different countries, and at different periods. The Jews,
Egyptians, Tyrians, Uabylonian.s, Persians, and other ancient nations, have each
had their eras. Tlie Hindoos and Chinese of the present day have modes of
reckoning time which differ fron\ each otlier, as well as from our metiiod. In
the United Stales, public documents, proclanmtioiis, kc. have often, besides tlio
date in common use, the year of the national independence attached to them.
This is computed from July 4th, 177G, and henco may be reckoned a national
'uto, or chronological period.

il^ '•

I i

! I»

I i

'"•

450

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

ANCIENT CHRONOLOGY.

B.C.

From tb" Creation 4004 to the Deluge 1656,yr8

From the Deluge 2348 to the Call of Abraham. 427 yrs

■From the Call of Abraham 1921 to the Exodo from Egypt 430 yrs

From the Exodo 1491 to the Kingdom of Saul. 396 yrs

From Saul 1092 to the Captivity of Israel 607 yrs

From the CaptiTity C88 to Alexander the Great. 258 yrs

From Alexander the Great 330 to Subjugation of Greece 184 yrs
From Subjugation of Greece 140 to the birth of Clirist. . , . 146 yrs]

elapsed.-
elapsed.'
elapsed.-
elapsed.-
elapsed.-
elapsed.-
elapsed.-
[elapsed.-

-Antodlluvian P.*
-Dispersion P.
-Patriarchal P.
-Thoooratio P.
-Monarchical P.
-Persian P.
-Grecian P.
-Koman P.

MODERN CHRONOLOGY.

A, 6.

From the Birth of Christ to the Itelgn of Constantino tlio Great 306 years elapsed

" •• " to the Extinction of the Western Empire 470 " "

» " " to the lilght of Mahomet 622 " "

" " " to the Crowning of Charlemagne at lUaie 800 " "

'« " " to the Battle of Hastings 1066 " "

" " " to the Founding of the Turkish Empire 1299 " "

"V " " to the Taking of Constantinople 1463 " "

'• " " to the Edict of Nantes 1598 " "

" " " to the IK'uth of Charles XII of Sweden 1718 "

"' " " to the llattle of Waterloo 1815 " "

" " " to tho Present time 1866 "

♦P = Peiiod.

>'ll I

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

451

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

ised.— Antediluvian P.»
)8od.— Dispersion r.
psed.— Patriarchal P.
psod.— Thooorfttlc P.
peed,— Monarchical P.
psod.— Persian P.
psed.— Grecian P.
psed.— Itoman P.

A. D.

306 yoarflclnpsod

470

G22

e 800

1066

1299

1463

1698

mft

1816

1860

B. C.

4004 Creation op the World.

2944 Birth of Noah.

2348 The Flood or Deluge covers the whole earth — lasts about a year.

3347 Noah quits the Ark ; offers sacrifices of thanksgiving ; God appoints the
rainbow fis a pledge that he will never again destroy the earth by the
waters of a flood. (Gen. ix, 11.)

2300 The Tower of Babel built; confusion of languages; dispersion of man-
kind.

2233 Babylon founded by Nimrod ; Nineveh founded by Asshur; commence-
ment of the Assyrian monarchy.

2188 The Egyptian monarchy founded by jMizraim ; continues .1663 years.

2059 Age of Niniis and Serairamis, Assyrian monarchs.

2000 Sicyon founded — the earliest town in Greece; Sidon founded.

199(j Birth of Abram, in Ur of the Chaldecs ; 1998 Noah dies.

1U21 Cam, op Auram ; he leaves Ur ; comes to Haran, where his father, Terah,
dies, aged 205 years ; emigrates to Canaan, with Sarai his wife, and
Lot his nephew, and dwells at Shechem.

1920 Abram removes to Egypt ; returns tl;3 same year.

1912 Abram defeats Chedorlaomer and the confederate kings ; rescues Lot.

1910 Birth of lahmael, the son of Abram and Hagar. Gen. xvi. 16.)

1897 Destructionof Sodom, Gomorrah, &c. ; LotretirostoZoar; Abram's name
changed to Abraham ; Sarai's changed to :5arah.

1896 Isaac born at Beersheba; 1871 Offered up as a sacrifice by his father.

1830 Birth of Esuu and Jncob ; 1821 Abraham dies.

1800 Argos founded by vlie Pelasgiaus, under Inachus.

1750 Jacob rei ii'es to his uncle, Laban, in Padan Aram ; 1745 Joseph born.

1739 Jacob returns to Cauaan ; resides at Shechem.

1728 Joseph sold by his brethren ; 1716 Isaac dies.

1706 Jacob removes to Egypt ; 1689 his death.

1705 Joseph raised to distinction in Egypt; 1635 Joseph dies.

1600 Hyksos or shepherd kings conquer Egypt ; they oppress the Israolites.

1577 Age of Job; 1575, Birth of Aaron; 1571, Birth of Moses.

1550 Athens founded by Cecrops ; 1531 Moses leaves Egypt.

1500 Tyre founded ; Gades founded; 1493 Thebes founuud by Cadmus.

1491 Mo.ses returns to Egypt ; Exoilut or departurv of the Israelites from Egypt
cross the Red Sea ; law given on Mount Sinai.

1452 Death of Aaron, aged 123 years ; buried on Mouui. Uor.

if i

'If.

■ f

i 1

45?

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

i:ii;

1451 SihoQ defeated at Jahaz ; Death of Moses, aged 120 years ; Og defeated

at Edrei ; the Israelites cross Jordan; capture Jericho ; sun and moou

stand still at the command of Joshua ; 1445, 1444 the Land of Canaan

divided among the Twelve Tribes.
1443 Death of Joshua, aged 110 years ; 1423 Tribe of Benjamin destroyed.
1406 Age of Minos, the Cretan lavrgiver ; 1405 Othniel first judge of Israel.
1400 Troy founded ; Pelasgians expelled from Greece by the Hellenes.
1365 Age of Sesostris, king of Egypt ; a great conqueror ; built magnificent

cities in his dominions.
1329 Amphictyonic council established.

1300 Voyage of the Argonauts from Aphetae, in Thessaly, to Colchis, under the
• command of Jason ; Hercules, Theseus, and his other companions were

called Argonauts.
1290 Age of Moeris, king of Egypt ; he causes lake Moeris to be dug, to receive

the surplus waters of the Nile.
1285 Barak and Deborah defeat Jabin.
1245 Age of Gideon ; defeats the Midian-'.cs and Moabites.
1187 Jephtha, the tenth judge of Israel, sacrifices his daughter.
Illi4 Troy captured, after a seige of ten years; Age of Agamemnon, Achillies,

Diomedes, Nestor, Uly ises, Helen, Priam, Hector, jEneas, Andromache,

&c. ; vEneas sails for Italy.
1156 Age of Eli; 1155 Birth of Samuel; 1150 Ulica, in Africa, founded.
1124 JEolian colonies established in Asia Minor.
'il07 Age of Samson; judged Israel twenty years ; betrayed to the Philistines

by Delilah ; buries himself under the ruins of the temple of Dagon,

with a great number of his enemies.
1100 Salamis founded by Teucer.

1095 Saul first king of Israel; 1085 Birth of David ; 10G2 slays Goliath.
1055 Death of Saul ; succession of David ; 1048 crowned king of all Israel ;

1047 takes Jerusalem fi«)ra t)'e Jebusites.
1044 Settlement of the Ionian colonies in Asia Minor ; Age of Homer ; the cities

of Smyrna, Chios, Colophon, Salamis, Rhodes, Argos and Athens

afterwards contend for the honour of his birth.
1037 The Moabites and Ammonites conquered by David.
1035 Rabbath Animon taken by Joab ; Uriah killed at the siege,
1033 Birth of Solomon ; Age of Hiram king of Tyre.
1014 Death of David ; succeeded by Solomon ; Most flourishing period of the

kingdom of Israel.
1003 Temple at Jerusalem built ami dedicated by Solomon.
994 Dorians establish colonics in Asia Minor.

975 Death of Solomon ; Ilel.oboam succeeds him ; his tyranny causes a division
of the realm into the kingdom of Judah and Israel; Jeroboam king
of Israel ; Rehoboum king of Judah.
971 Shishak, king of Egypt, plunders the temple at Jerusalem.
907 Age of the poet Hosiod ; 000 Pygmalion, brother of Dido.

rears ; Og defeated
jho ; Sim and moo a
the Land of Canaan

mia destroyed,
.judge of Israel,
le Hellenes.
; built magnificent

Colchis, under the
ler companions were

to be dug, to receive

hter.

amemnon, Achillies,

Eneas, Andromache,

rica, founded.

ed to the Philistines
le temple of Dagon,

lays Goliath,
king of all Israel ;

of Homer ; the cities
Argos and Athens

siege.

rishiug period of the

nny causes a division
rael ; Jeroboam king

jalem.
)ido.

CHRONOLOaiCAL TABLE.

453

897 Ahab, king of Israel, slain ; Ahaziah, king of Judah ; Elisha taken up to
heaven ; 884 Jehu king of Israel.

880 Lycurgus, the Spartan lawgiver.

878 Carthage founded by Dido, a Tyrian Princess.

827 Ethiopians conquer Egypt; 825 Jonah visits Nineveh ; the people repent.

820 Death of Sardanapalus ; First Assyrian empire destroyed ; Median empire
founded ; Kingdom of Macedonia founded.

810 Uzziah, king of Judah, takes the cities of the Philistines.

800 Persepolis built ; 776 Era of the Olympiads begins.

772 Pul invades Israel.

75.^ Rome fouuded, April 20 ; 743 First Messenian war lasts 19 years.

740 Damascus taken by Tiglath-pileser.

732 Syracuse founded ; 730 Tarentura founded.

729 Samaria taken by Shalmanezer ; End of the Kingdom of Israel ; Captivity
of !he Ten Tribes.

713 Senracherib threatens Ilezekiah ; his army miraculously destroyed.

685 Second Messenian war ; lasts fourteen years ; Ira besieged eleven years ;
its capture ends the war.

057 Holofernes slain by Judith, near Bethulia.

650 Naval battle between the Corcyreans and Corinthians — the first sea-fight
on record.

041 Josiah king of Judah reforms abuses ; restores the worship of God.

630 Cyrene founded ; 727 Nabopolazzar king of Babylon.

616 Age of Pharaoh Necho; Tyrians in his service sail round Africa.

607 Nineveh taken by the Medes and Babylonians.

601 Age of Pittacus (general of Mityleiie); Sapplio (Greek poetess).

594 Age of Ezekiel.

591 Pythian Games begin ; Age of Tliales (philo.sopher) ; jEsop (fabulist).

588 Nebuchadnez/.ar takes Jerusalem ; End of the kingdom of Judah ; Begin-
ning of the Babylonish captivity; hi'l Nebuchadnezzar takes Tyre
after a siege of thirteen years.

57>> Voyage of Ilanno along the west coadt of Africa ; about *ho same time
Ilimilco sails to Britain.

560 Union of tlie Medes and Persians ; Cyaxares king of tlie iTede.«.

559 Persian eini>iro founded by Cyrus; Ago of Ana.ximan ior, inventor of
globes and charts.

548 Cyrus defeats Croesus at Tliynibra ; Takes Sardis; Conquers Lydia.

539 Maasilia founded ; .\gi; of Pythagoras (piiiiosoplier); Amicreon (poet).

638 Cyrus takes Babylon ; Age of Daniel ; 525 Cambyses conquers Egypt.

521 Ago of Darius Hyslaspes; 518 End of the ISiibylonish captivity.

510 Age of Artaxorxes Longimanus or Aiiasuerus ; Queen Estlier.

515 The Temple of Jerusalem rebuilt; 510 Sybaris, in Italy, destroyed.

509 Consular government estalilished in Rome.

604 Athenians burn rfardis ; Age of llcraclitn-; (naturalist) ; Democedea (physi-
cian) ; 600 Milesians emigrate from Spain to Ireland.

\'' ^ i

454

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

!' !

I'-:

600 First Persian war agninst Greece ; 490 Battle of Marathon ; the Greeks
commanded by Miltiades, defeat the Persians, under Dates and Arta-
plianes ; 480 Xerxes crosses the Hellespont at Abydos ; invades
Greece ; Battle of Thermopyloe ; Naval battles of Artemisium and
Salamis ; Age of Themistocles (Athenian statesman); Anaxagoras
(philosopher) ; Pindar (poet) ; -Eschylus (tragic writer) ; Corinna
(poetess).

479 Battles of Platasa and Mycale on the same day.

470 The Athenians, under Cimon defeat the Persians, on the Eurymedon
river, twice in one day, first on water and then on land.

465 Third Messenian war ; lasts ten years.

457 Battle of Xanagra ; Age of Pericles (Athenian statesman).

445 Age of Herodotus (historian) ; Phidias (sculptor).

431 First Peloponnesian war commences ; continues twenty-seven years ; Age
of Hippocrates (physician) ; Democrates (philosopher, &c).

424 Boeotians defeat the Athenians at Delium.

406 Naval battle of ..(Egos Potamos ; Athenian fleet defeated by the Spartans ;
Age of Protagoras (philosopher) ; Parrhasius (painter).

401 Battle of Cunaxa ; Death of Cyrus the younger ; Retreat of the ten thou-
sand under Xenophon.

400 Death of Socrates ; 396 Age of Zeuxis (painter) ; Aristippus (philosopher).

395 Veii besieged by the Romans for ten years.

394 Spartans defeat the Thebana at Coronafa ; Falerii taken by Camillus ; Age
of the Cyrenaic philosopers.

389 Battle of the Allia ; Gauls defeat the Romans ; burn Rome ; inhabitants
fly to Ctere or Agylla ; Gauls defeated near Cabii by Camillus.

379 Age of Plato (philosopher) ; Conon (Athenian commander) ; Epaminon-
das and Pelopidas (Theban gcneralst) ; Diogenes (Stoic).

371 Epaminondas defeats the Spartans at Lenctra; 370 builds Messene in
eighty-five days; Founds Megalopolis; Ageof Eudoxius (astronomer).

362 Battle at Mantinea ; death of Epaminondas.

360 Methone captured ; Philip of Macedon loses his right eye.

357 Phocian war begins ; lasts ten years ; 355 Alexander born.

351 Capture of Sidon by Artaxerxes Ochus.

343 Age of Aristotle (philosopher), Demosthenes (orator), Phocion (Athenian
general).

338 Battle of Chceronea; Philip defeats the Athenians and their allies.

336 Philip assassinated ; Archidamus, King of Sparta, killed in battle at
Mandurio).

335 Alexander the Groat destroys Thebes ; 334 conquers Greece ; begins his
Persian expedition ; battle of the Granicus ; 333 battle of Issus ; siege
of Tyre; 332 conquers Egypt; founds the city of Alexandria ; visits
the temple of Jupiter Ammon ; 331 crosses the Euphrates at Thapsa-
cus ; battle of Arbela ; fall of the Persian Empire ; death of Darius
Codomanus ; 326 Defeat of Poms by Alexander ; the latter afterwards

ih'i'i!

athon; the Greeks
it Dates and Arta-

Abydoa ; invades
f Artemisium and
man); Anaxagoras

writer) ; Corinna

on the Eurymedon
land.

nan),

ty-seven years ; Age
iher, &c).

ed by the Spartans ;

nter).

:eat of the ten thou-

;ippus (philosopher).

n by Camillus ; Age

Rome ; inhabitants

by Camillus.
lander) ; Epaminon-
Stoic).

builds Messene in
loxius (astronomer).

eye.
born.

Phocion (Athenian

id their allies,
killed in battle at

Greece ; begins his
}attle of Issus ; siege
f Alexandria ; visits

uphratcs at Thapsa-
ro ; death of Darius

the latter afterwards

CHRONOLOaiCAL TABLE.

455

descends the Indus to the sea ; bis Admiral, Nearcbus, navigates a

fleet from the Indus to the Tigris ; Age of Apelles (painter) ; Antipater

(Macedonian General, &c.)
323 Death of Alexander, May 21 ; his empire divided between Ptolemy, Cas-

sander, Lysimachus and Seleucus.
320 Samnites defeat the Romans near Caudium ; their army pass under the

Caudine Forks; Age of Praxiteles (sculptor); Demetrius (orator);

Phalerius Theopompus (historian) ; ApoUodorus (poet.)
312 Seleuc'is takes Babylon; dynasty of the Selucidas begins.
310 Pytheas, the navigator, sails from Gades to Thule.
301 Battle of Ipsus, between Antigonus and Ptolemy, Seleucus, Lysimachus

and Cassander ; Age of Zeno (philosopher).
292 The Sabines conquered by Curius Dentatus ; Age of Euclid (mathema-
tician).
284 The Pharos, or light-house of Alexandria, built.
281 The Achaean League formed, by the chief cities of the Peloponnesus, for

mutual defence.
280 The Romans defeated at Pandosia by Pyrrhus King of Eplrus ; Age of

Antiochus 1st, surnamed Soter, King of Syria.
274 Romans defeat Pyrrhus; 272, conquer Samnium, after a seventy years'

war.
262 First Punic war begins ; continues twenty-six years; 260 Duillius obtains

the first naval victory gained over the Carthaginians by the Romans ;

266 Regulus defeated by Xantippus ; Age of Diodatus.
251 Age of Eratosthenes (mathematician) ; Callimachus (poet).
249 Asdrubal defeated at Panormus, in Sicily, by Metellus.
246 Arsaces founds the Parthian empire ; Age of Hamilcar, a noted Cartha-
ginian General, and father of Hannibal.
242 The Romans defeat the Carthaginians at sea, near the .^gades islands;

ends the first Punic war.
231 The Romans take Corsica and Sardinia.
224 The Spartan king Cleomenes III defeated by Anligonus Doson ; Colossus,

at Rhodes, overthrown by an earthquake ; Age of Apollonius (poet),

Philoptemen (Achaean General.)
219 Hannibal takes Saguntum ; originates the second Punic war, which lasts

seventeen years ; 218 Crosses the Alps ; defeats the Romans, first on

the river Ticinus, then on the Trebia; 217 IJattle of Thrasimene — his

third victory ; 216 Battle of Cannae — his fourth victory ; 50,000 Romans

slain ; Capua declares in his favour.
212 Marcellus takes Syracuse, after a three years' siege; death of Archimedes,

the noted geometrician.
206 Asdrubal, the brother of Hannibal, defeated and slain by the Romans ;

Age of Syphax (Latin poet) ; Ennius (Latin poet) ; Masinissa, King

of Numidia.
202 Sicily becomes a Roman province.

ill

;(■■' '

456

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

: ^ '

■'

201 Battle of Zama ; Hannibal defeated by Scipio Africanus ; End of the second

Punic war,
200 Romans conquer Illyricum ; 197, defeat the Macedonians at CynoBcephalae;

196 Hannibal banished from Carthage.
190 Antiochus defeated by the Consul Acilius at Thermopylre ; Age of Cato

the elder.
187 Scipio Asiaticus defeats Antiochus I at Magnesia and Sipylum.
186 Scipio Africanus banished to Liturnum.
183 Death ^. Hannibal in Bithynia, by poison, aged sixty-five.
168 Ins. Tection of the Maccabees against Antiochus, King of Syria.
1C8 Paulus yEmilius defeats Perseus at Pydna; Macedonia becomes a Roman
province; Age of Ilipparchus (philosopher); Polybius (historian), &c.
167 Epirus conquered by the Romans ; 165 Age of Judas Maccabreus.
149 Third Punic war begins ; 146 Scipio destroys Carthage, Mummius destroys

Corinth ; Agatharchides (Greek geographer).
137 Demetrius Nicator defeated at Damascus by Alexander Zebina.
133 Numantia destroyed by the inliubitants ; Spain becomes a Roman province ;
The kingdom of I'ergamus bequeathed to the Romans by Attains, its
last king.
131 Tiberius (Jracchus treacherously slain at Potentia.
109 Jugurthine war begins ; lasts five years ; 106 Jugurtha betrayed by Boc-

chus to the Romans ; Armenia Major becomes a Roman province.
105 Aristobulus crowned king of tho Jows , loo l'omi)oy born at Rome.
10'2 Marius defeats the Cinibri and Teutones at Aquic Sextro ; 101 defeats tho

Cimbrl on the Raiidiiin Plains.
100 Ulrtli of Julius Cii'sar, July 12 ; this month was named aflcr him.
0- Bocohus sends Sylla i\ preacnt of 100 lions from Africa.
89 The .Mithridatic war begins ; lusts twenty-six years ; 86 Sylla defeats tho
consuls Carbo and Cinna; .Melellus (coiihuI); Sortorius (Roman
(leneral) ; 78 death of Sylla; 76 Calaguris besieged l)y Poinpoy ; tho
iniiabitants, reduced to extremity, feed on their wives and chlldron,
75 Bithynia bequeathed to the Romans by Nicumodes.
73 Sertorius assassinated by Perpnnna and oihors at Ksca.
73 Servile war begins ; Roman slaves revolt against Iheir nuiatera, under
Spartacus , defeated, two years aflerv.'anis, by Punipey und Craa-
bui,
72 Lucullus defeats Mithridates tlio fJreat at Cabira ; 69 dofnatu Tigranei ;
captures Tigrauocerta ; 68 defeats .Milhrldates at Zela; 66 again at
Nicnpolii,
67 Pomjiey takes CoraeeBlinn ; 6ri duthnmes Antiochus Asiiiticui.
64 I'ttnlus annexed to ihinu' ; i>eiitli of Mithriilntos the (Ireat.
03 Palestine conquered by I'onipey ; Catalino defeated and killed at PIb-

torla.
00 First triumvirate of Cii'sar, Pomjiey and (-rassuB ; Ago of Catullus (poet);
Olccro (orator) ; Sallust (higtorlan) ; liosolui (actor), Ac.

id of the second
, Cynoscephalte;
E ; Age of Cato

' Syria.

icomes a Roman
(historian), &c.
}aba;ug.
immius destroys

ibina.

loman province ;

) by Attains, its

ctrayed by Uoc-
n jirovince,
I at Homo.
101 defeats the

icr iilm.

ylliv defeats the
torius (Roman
I'oinpey ; tlio
ml children.

niintcrs, nndor
IK'V ii'id Cras-

'lita Tl|{ranei ;
II ; OU ajjaiu at

fUH.

killod at IMb-
'atulius (poet)}

CIIRONOLOaiCAL TABLE.

457

67 Gaul becomes a Roman province; 55 Ca-sar invades Britain.

63 Crassus plunders the Temple of Venus at Hierapolis ; his defeat and death,

by the Parthians, near Carrhoe.
51 Siege and capture of Pindenissus by Cicero.
50 Civil war between Cresar ond Pompey ; 49 Csesar crosses the Rubicon ;

takes Ariminum; 48 defeats Pompey at Pharsalia, July 30th, death of

Pompey.
47 Cajsar defeats Piiarnaces at Zola ; writes from thence his famous letter of

three words, " Ver.i, vidi, vici ;'' I came, I saw, I conquered ; 40 \'ic-

torious at Thapsus ; Death of Cato; 45 Battle of .Mup.da ; tlio last in

which Cresar commanded.
44 Coesar killed in the Senate-house, March 15th, by Brutus, Cassius, &c.
43 Antony defeats the Consul I'anaa, and is defeated tiie same day liy Hirtius',

Cicero murdered by order of Antony ; Age of Viuro (liisiorian and

philosopher) ; Diodorus Siculus and Pompcius (lilEtoriaus).
42 Antony and Octavius defeat Ik-utus and Ciissius at Philippi.
37 Ilcrod, an Klumean, placed on the Jewish throne.
31 Naval battle at Actium ; Octavius defeats Antony ; Kwls the Commoii'

wealth of Hume,
30 Deatli of Antony ond Cleopatra ; Egypt becomes a Roman province.
28 Roman Empire beiiinn.

27 Title of Augustus given to Octavius; Auguslin nge ; Virgil, Livy, Ovid,
Propertius (poets) ; Horace (historian) ; Dionvsius llalicarnassus

(anti(nuirian).
20 Roman standards taken from Crassus restored to August; s, by Phraatcs,

king of Parthiii ; d( ath of Virgil.

19 Noricum anu Pnnnonia cnnijiu'red by the Romans; Cundace, (|ucen of

Moroe, in Ethiopia, blind of on eye, invades Egypt, ImiI is repelled.
15 Rha'ti'iand Viiidelicia coiuinered by !)rusu8.

Arclii'louB, snrnomed Ilvrod, banished to Vienna, in Gaul.

•1 Jkbus CiiiiiHT, our Savi(ii:ii, boni four ycurs lieforc the vulgar era, Decem-
ber 25th.

2 MaSoacre of the Innocciiis nt liciiik-litiu, by ordi'r of ilcrod; his death ;
Archtdaiis sucrotds hlin.

.4. D. lirst i/enr of the Chrislian Era, WH years a/lti the Crcalioii,

2 811k first introduced into Komo.

6 Procurators or governors appointed overJudoa.

R riirisl, at Iwrlvc years <if ngo, is tliri'i' diivs iii the temple.

Amiinius or llerinon, a (lertun'i rliicf, dcBiroys lli« .rmy of Varus ; thij

defeat causes a great sensalinn at Rome; (Ivid banished tn Tumi.
14 Augustus dies Mt Nolii, nflcr a reign of foriy-Uvo yearn; succeeded by

Tiberius; Ago of OcrinaniouK (Konian general).

20 Jews expelled from Italy by Tiberius; 28 Ago of Htrabo (geographer).
2\) John tho tiaptlst conimeneei preachln|( : 30 i)aptl/.eN our Saviour.

;=*=rr!3

458

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

31 Our Saviour delivers the Sermon on the Mount.

32 Feeds the 6000 : his tranafiguratiou ; John the Baptist beheaded.

33 Our Saviour's death ; First Christian Church at Jerusalem.

37 Conversion of St. Paul ; Death of Tiberius; succeeded by Caligula; 40

Caligula assassinated.
41 Seneca l)anishcd to Corsica; is recalled eight years afterwards; Age

Poniiionius Mela (geographer).
43 Expedition of Claudius into Britain ; 61 Caractacus, British king, taken

as a prisoner to Rome.
52 Paul visits Athens ; 64 preaches the Gospel at Ephesus ; Ago of Persia^

(satirist) ; Ago of Lucan the poet.
00 St. Paul arrested ; C2 voyage to Rome ; 03 arrives in that city.
61 Boadicca defi.'ated by Suetonius Paulinus at Camulodunum.
(j8 Nero dies ; Joscplius (liistorian) ; Pliny (naturalist) ; PetroniuB (poet).
Ct> Galba slain ; Suicide of Otlio ; Vitcllius slain.

70 Jerusalem taken and destroyed by Titus, September 8th ; Agricola's
ileet stalls around Britain; Agricola promotes useful arts among the
Britons.
70 Agricola defeats Galgucus ot the foot of the Grampian Hills.
79 Uerculiineum, Pompeii, and other cities, overwhelmed by an eruption of

Mount Vesuvius ; Death of the elder Pliny.
81 Titus dies, agjd 40 ; Age of Martial (poet) ; Qiiintilian (rbotoriciau).
00 Domitian slain ; Age of Tacitus (historian) ; Juvenal (satirist).
103 Dacia conipiered by Tnijaii , 100 Age of Pliny the younger ; Plutarch.
117 Death of Trajan, at Selinus, in Cilicia; succeeded by Adrian.
120 Wall built by Adrian across Britain.

13U Death of Atlriau, aged 71 ; Antoninus (emperor); Ptolemy (geographer).
140 Wall built by Antoninus across Britain.
10!) Deai'i of I'olycarp the Martyr; Ago of Galon (physician).
180 Marcus .\urcliu3 (emperor) dies at Siiniium.
lO'J The Emperor Commodus slain ; Pertinax succeeds him.
1!>4 SoveruH (lelVats Niger al Issus ; becomes omjicror.
210 Wall builtncross Britain by Severus ; 218 Ileliogaliulus ompcror.
22G Artaxerxes founds second Persian empire ; Dynasty of the Sassanidoi

beglni'.
238 Maximiiius killed by his own soldlors before the walls of Aquiloia. This
emperor was a monster of cruelty, and of gigantic size uud strougtb,
being eight feet high.
tit Rnpor I captures the emiioror Valorlan, and (lays him aliro ; Odonatui king

uf Palmyra ; Qalllenus succocdt Vuleriau.
MT O'lcnntiia ilit;4 , Zoiiobbi, iiii wife, a.iituiinH tlio title of Queen of the East.
fltO Death urClHudiii!) , Aureliantaccceds; regards Zeiiobia as n usurper ; 272
defeats her m Antlooh and Rmeiu; 273 captures Palmyra; takci Zen*
obia prisoner ; pots r^ongiiiiiH, her lecretary to death.
970 Emperor Tacitus ; 282 Kmpcrur I'rubus killed, near Uirmlum.

CnaONOLOGICAL TABLE.

459

livn; Odonatui king

286
305

306

338

348

at city.

3G0

num.

367

Petronius (poet).

378

r 8th; Agricola'a

380

ul arts among the

305

IlilU.

403

by an eruption of

407

408

(rhetorician).

(satirist).

nger ; Plutarch.

441

Uriau.

•

4.M

lemy (geographer).

455

Ul).

470
489

400
620

(130
7'2

Age of the emperors Diocletian and Maxiraianus.

Both resign their authority to enjoy private life ; the first retires to Salona
in Illyricum, and the other to Lucanin.

Constantine the Great proclaimed emperor ; 313 establishes Christianity
as the religion of the empire ; 315 defeats Licinius at Cibalis ; 324
again at Adriauopolis ; 328 removes the government from Rome to
Hyzantium.

Death of Constantine ; succeeded by his sons Constantinus, Constantius
and Constans.

Sapor defeats Constantius at Singara; 360 Constantius sole emperor; 361
defeats Magnentius at Mursa ; 353, again at Mons Seleucus.

Julian the Apostate (emperor) ; 3G3 die.?; next year Jovian dies.

Age of Ausouius (poet) ; 375 Emi>eror tJratian.

Valens defeated by the Goths at Adriauopolis. This was the most dis-
astrous defeat experienced by the Romans since the battle of Canna;.

Age of St. Augustine, one of the fathers of the Church.

Thoodosius, emperor, divides the Roman empire between his sons Arca-
dius and Ilonorius, into Eastern and Western.

Stilicho defentedty the Goths at Pollentia.

The Alnus, Vandals and Sueves invade Oaul and Spain.

Alaric takes Rome first time ; 400, second time ; 410, third time ; the city
given u|) to plunder for six days ; Deatli of Alaric ; Kingdom of
Hurgundy founded.

Age of St. Patrick ; 448 Romans leave Ilritaln ; next jear Angles and
Saxons land under lletigist and liorsii.

Attila defeated at Durocatalaunum; 45'2 destroys Aquilcia; 453 Dies.

Rome captured by Gonseric, king of the V.widals ; ''• ttarchy established
in Itritain.

Romulus Augustulus, last emperor of the west.

F.Hil of the Itoman l-'mpire.

Odoacer, cliief of tiio Ileruli, becomes king of Italy ; Ostrogoths invAds
Italy and defeat Odoacer.

(Movis the Great, king of France ; Feudal r.ysleiu begins.

Ago of JuBlinian ; Kclisarius (Roman general).

Mahomet, ngod 63, flies from Mecca to Medina, which forms the first year
of the IFeglra or Mahometan Kra.

Death of .Mahomet ; Al)ubeker, his successor or first Cftliph.

Saracens conquer Kgypt ; destroy the Alexandrian Library.

The Moors invade Spain ; 713 comiuor the Visigoths.

Charli'iuague, son of Pepin the Kliort, born ; TM crowned king of the
Franks I 774 crowned king of Italy; 800 crowned emperor of the
West, by Pope Leo III ; 814 Charleniagiie dies, Clmrlcnrngne was
the most jiowerful Clirisiian moiinrch of Iho middle ages ; ho wiw »
renowneil warrior , ha als. encouraged learning and religion, and
collnot'.'d around him the most noted scholars of his time.

f-CS^T

f'l

460

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

827 The Heptarchy united under Egbert, king of England.

843 Kenneth Ma^alpine first king of Scotland.

849 Alfred, King of England, born ; 872 ascends the throne ; 001 dies. This

monarch rescued his country from the power of the Danes ; encouraged

learning and religion ; enacted wise laws, and laid the foundation of

the naval power of Britain.
853 T 'hes of oil England granted to the church.
856 The English crown first disposed of by will.
8G2 Winchester burnt by the Danes.
807 The monasteries ravaged by the Danes.
886 Ships first built to secure the coasts. Learning restored at Oxford, by

Alfred the Great.
890 Brick and stone first used in building. Time calculated by wax candles

marked.
897 A plague iiappened which caused great desolation among the inhabitants.
900 Alhclstan created knight, and tlie first who enjoyed this title in England.
937 A severe frost, which continued 120 days. The Itiblo translated into the

Saxon. Cok'brand, tl.ci Danisli giant, killed by (-Juy, Karl of Warwick.

944 A storm blow down 1500 houses in London.

945 The first tuneable bells in England wore this year hung in Croyland

Abbey.
940 Stealing first punished with death.
956 Kdrcd enjoyed the honor of being the first who was styled King of Great

Britain.
9C0 Laws to prevent excessive drinking. Wolves' heads made a tribute. Eight

princes rowed Edgar over ili" liver Dec.
979 Junes instituled.

082 A firo destroyed thi King's palace and a great part of London.
001 The land-tax Prat levied.

900 Danegeli first levied, to biHtii the Danes to leave tUo kingdom.
1002 Novtmbor 13, a geoeral massacre of the Danes began at Welwin in Hert-
fordshire.
1012 The priests first inhibitoil from marrying.
1014 Selling English children and kindred to [reland, prohibited.
1017 Ottnuto eaused the aasii.s.sina of Edmund, :ui I the traitor Edric who by a

plot of regicide had adviuoed iiim In tlie tluonc, to be inuigod.
1040 Macbeth murders Duncan king of Scotland.

1058 Edward the ('o;'t'es^<ir lieg«n to cure the Kiug'.s ovd. (Judiva rolipvoil
Coventry from some heavy taxes by riding mikod through tlio town-
1000 Tiio cross of Wailham erected.
lOtl.'i Th" .Siixoii laws wiiiten in '.ntln.
10(30 William l''ii:-,()slinrne erealed carl uf lloroforJ, being the ti'ii Barl created

In this kingdom.
1008 The lax of Danegelt was n-stabll.xhpd ; and the curfewbcll ordered ti
be rung at fight every evening, when the pooido wero obliged, on pkiu
of ('..'all), to cxtingulih their firo and candle.

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE

461

; 901 dies. This
nes ; encouraged
the foundation of

red at Oxford, by

id by wax candlea

ng the inhabitants.
is title in England,
translated into tlio
, Earl of Warwick.

hung in Croyland

Ued King o

f Great

vdc a tribute. Eight

iiidou.

«Kilom.
Ill Wclwln In Hert-

litod.

lor Edrio wiio by «
III! hanged.

(Jodlva rolioveil
ihroiigl' till' town-

ic li'H Karl created

ifow'holl ordered ti.
iTO obliged, on paiu

1072 Surnames first used in England.

1075 William was reconciled with his son Robert, who hud rebelled against

him. Waltheof, earl of Northumberland, was beheaded for rebellion
and was the first English nobleman thus executed.

1076 William refused to pay homage to the see of Home for the possession of

England, and forbade his bishops to attend the council that (Jregory
had summoned. He however sent to Rome the tribute of Peter-pence.
A great earthquake in England, and a frost from November to the end
of April.

1078 William laid Ihe foundation of London.

1079 The Norman laws and language introduced.

1085 Thirty-six parishes, containing a circuit of sixty miles in Ilumpshire, were
depopulated and destroyed without any compensation to the inhabi-
tants, in order to make New-Forest for William's diversiou of hunting.
The tyrannical laws of the Forest were made.

1087 A dreadful famine in England. William went to Franco and destroyed

the country with lire and sword, lie diod at Rouen by a fall from his
horse, and was buried at Caen, in Normandy, in the monastery he had
himself founded, but was denied interment by the proprietor till the
fees were paid.

1088 An cartlKiuake in London. A great scarcity this year, and corn not ripo

till the end of November. William lleinl)arked for Normandy, and made
war against his brother llobert. Will.iin returned to England; and
Henry his bioiiicr, was forced to wander wiliiout a residence.

1091 A tempest which destroyed TjOO houses. Great part of London consumed
by lli('.

1003 Miilcolm. king of Scotland, killed at Alnwick, by the Earl of Northum-
burland.

1094 Man uiul beast destroyed by a groat mortality.

1005 I'etir tiie hermit preached ii]i a crusade to the Holy Land.

1090 The Christian prinui'H raised 700,000 men, and began the holy war. The
lirst single combat for deciding disputes b'.ilwpen the no' ility.

1098 Tower su-roiinded with a wall. Westminster Hall built, lis dimensions
are 2'Jl feet liy 74.

1007 Tlio Voyage for t!ie /loly War, \\m fir.^t Undertaken. Huing a contrivance
of Pope rrlian, to c nipojo the divisions of the cImmcIi, the wliolo
Chri:4tian world being then at iliieaiil linoiig Ihemgelvcs, This war
lasted alnio.'<t three hundred yvntit.

1090 Joruialem taken ly stiuin, uud forty thousand Haranens put to the Bword.

1100 Godwin-Hands, the properly of Rarl Godwin, first ovrrllowed by the sea,
destroying four thotisiuMl ncre.x of land. King Henry married the lady
Vaud, daughter of .Margaret, late (pieen of Hoots, and niece to Edgar
Atheliug, deicended from Edmund Ironaldo. The uio of fire and candle,
after eight o'clock at night restored to the English.
1106 King Henry sulxluei Normandy, takes Robert prisoner, uud ordori Lit
eyei to bo put out.

!?■ Ifl

462

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

1109
1110
1112
1114
1116

1122
1123
1129
1132
1134

1136
1130

1139

1141

1148
1151

1163

1155
1157

1174

1170
1177
1185

Three shillings levied on every hide of land, which tax produced £824,000.

Arts and sciences taught again at Cambridge.

A plague in Loudon.

The Thames dry for three days.

A council called of the nobility, which is supposed by some to be the first

parliament.
The order of the Knights Templars founded.
The first park (Woodstock) made in England.
The revenue of the royal demesne altered from kind to specie.
London mostly destroyed by fire.
Duke Robert, having been imprisoned n id blinded tweuty-eight years,

ended his miserable existence. Wh ■.' sufficient to subsist 100 men

one day, sold at one shilling — a blieep 4d.
The distance from Aldgate to St. Paul's (include '\ lestroyed by fire in

London.
The Empress Maud besieged in Oxford, and n. de her escape from theuce

on foot, being disguised in white, vn a snowy night, to Abingdon.

The tax of Dancgelt entirely abolisiied. No less than fifteen hundred

strong castler in the kingdom.
The Empress Matilda lands at Arundel, and claims the crown. Makes

her natural brother, Robert, Earl of Gloucester, her general.
Stejihen taken prisoner at tlio battle of Lincoln, and confined in chains

by Maud, in Gloucester gaol. Stephen released.
A new Crusade undertaken.

Qratian of Hologna, the monk, collects tlie canon laws alter twenty-
four year's labour.
Agreed, between Henry and Stephen, that eleven hundred of the castles,

erected by permission of the latter, should be abolished. Ai)iieal8

■were first made to the I'ope, ond canon laws instituted. There was

no regular motle of taxation. Contending parties supported thera-

selves by plundering each other's teiumts. Tliere were more abbeys

built, than in tlie hundred years preceding.
The castles deuiolislied, agreeably to the treaty of 1163.
The Welsh, subdued, do homage, iiad swear allegiance. A sect, called

rul)licanH, rejecting baptism and marria^J(', came into England from

(ierni.iny. The bisliop? i)ronouuced them iierelics ; they were branded

in llie forehead and wi .|)ped.
Henry scourged for the .siip|)08ed murder of Reckot. The bishops and

abbots of Scotland swore fealty to Eiighiiul and its ciiurch. The

enrls and burona of Snoiland swore allsfrlaneo to Henry and bis sun.
London briilgo begun by I'eter (!olmar, a priest. It was thirty-three

years in building.
Glass window! in private liouHes first uiod. Uebasera of coin first aeverely

punished. A now coinn^c
A total eclipse of the sun ; und, at the same time, an «itrthquai(«, wbiob

d«8troyed Lincoln and other ohurchei.

reduced £824,000.

some to be the first

specie.

.weuty-eight years,
to subsist 100 meu

Icstroyed by fire ia

• escape from thence
light, to Abingdon,
than fifteen hundred

the crown. Makes
lT general,
^d confined in chains

laws alter twenty-

idred of tlie castles,

abolished. Appeals

itutcd. There was

;n supported them-

were more abbeys

ice. A sect, called
into England from
they were branded

Tlio bisliops and

ml its diurch. The

Henry and bin son.

It was thirty-three

of coin first sereroly

in iMirtliqualie, which

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

463

1186

1189

1190

1191

1192

1194

1197

1199
1200

iao4

Near Orford in Suffolk, was a sort of wild-man caught in a fisherman's
net. Trial by jury established, or the verdict of twelve men, to punish
offenders with the loss of a leg or banishment. Henry secreted hia
concubine (Rosamond, daughter of Walter, lord Clifford) in a laby-
rinth at his palace at Woodstock, who being discovered by his queen
Eleanor, was poisoned by her, and buried at Godstow nunnery near
Oxford.

The castles of Berwick and Roxburgh delivered up to William, king of
Scotland, who was, at the same time relieved from subjection to Eng-
land. Richard began, with Philip of France, his expedition to the
Holy Land. About this time were tliose famous robbers and outlaws,
Robin Hood, and Little John. Upon Richard's coronation-day, (3rd
September,) was a great slaughter of the Jews in London, who coming
to offer their presents to the now king, were set upon by the mob, ta
the loss of their lives and estates ; and tiie example of London was
followed by other towns, as Norwich, St. Edmunds-Bury, Lincoln,
Stamford and Lynn.

King Richard marries the Lady Bcrengera, daughter to the king of Na-
varre, and goes to the Holy Laud, having sold some of tlie crown
lands to raise the money for that expedition. In which voyage ho
took the Island of Sicily and Cyprus.

Richard obtained a great victory over Saladin, at Jerusalem, September 3.
Ho soon after defeated a Turkisli troop of 10,000, who were guarding
a caravan to Jerusalem, lln took, on this occasion, ,1,000 loaded
camels, 4,000 mules, and an inestimable booty which he gave to his
troops.

Multitudes destroyed by a raging fever, which lasted five months. Two
suns apiumred on Whitsunday, so resembling eacli otlier, that astro-
nomers could scarcely distinguish whicli was the centre of our sys-
tem, according to Copernicus.

Richard having bcpn absent four years, returned to Kngland, March 20.
Ho made war witli France, and liaving obtained a great victory over
tlie French at Gysors "Not wo" says he, " but /J(>« et mon Droit "
i. e. God and my Right, ha^ obtained tliis victory. Ever since, the
kings of Mugland have made it their motto. The kiiig of Scotland
carried tlio sword of state at the second coronation of Richard.

Robin Hood, being indifiposcJ, and desiring to bo blooded, was purposply
and treacherously bled to dcalli. In this reign, companies and socie-
ties were fir.st established in Loudon. Three lions passant first borne
in tlio king's shield.

Surnames first used.

The king of Scotland performed public homage to John, at the parliament
held in Lincoln. Assize of bread first appoiuteil.

The Inciuisition estubliahed liy Pope Innocent IIL Tlie most ancient
writ of parliament directed to the bishop of Salisbury. Five luuuut
seen at one time in Yorksliirc.

464

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

1206

1208
1207
1209
1210

1211
1212

1213

1216

1222
1226

1228
1236

124C
1251
1253
126S

1264

1269

1273
1275

A fish resembling a man taken on the coast of Suffolk, and kept alive six
monlhs.

Divine service tlirougbout the kingdom suspended by the Pope's interdict.

The first annual mayor and common council of London chosen.

Joiin excomraunico'^u.

Twenty Irish pi ji.es do homage to John at Dublin. The clergy taxed to
the aiiiouiit of £100,01)0.

Englaiiil absolved by (he I'opc froin its allegiance to John.

Great part of.London burnt down by a fire which began in Southwark in
Middlesex, and consumed the Church of St. Mary C^'ery, went ou to
the bridge ; and whilst some were quenching the flames, the houses at
the other end took fire, so that numbers were inclosed ; many were
forced to leap into tlie Thames, whilst others, crowding ii-.to boats that
ciime to their relief, were the cause of nearly 3,000 people perishing,
partly by water, and partly by fire:

John resigned his dominions to the Pope, and was absolved. In this
reign, sterling money waj '.'.:il coined.

Wheat was sold for twelvc-pouce a quarter, and beans and oats for four-
pence a quarter.

The ward-ship of lieirs and their lands was granted to king Henry.

The Pope demanded a sura annually from every cathedral church and
monastery in Christendom. This demand was refused. Thomas a
Becket's bones were enslirined in gold and precious stones. Two
imposters executed, the one for pretending to be the Virgin Mary, the
other Mary Magdalen.

The Jews obliged to pay a third part of their property to the king.

Water first conveyed to London with utility. The Pope's ambassador
going to Oxford, was set upon by the students, and his brother slain,
himself hardly escaping; whereupon the Pope excommunicated the
University, and made all the bishops who interceded in the Universi-
ty's behalf, and the students, go without their gowns, and barefooted
from St. Paul's church to his house, being about a mile, before he
would revoke the sentence.

Titles first used.

Wales entirely subdued and subjected to English laws.

Fine linen first made in England.

All possessing £15 per annum, obliged to be knigiited, or pay a fine. Ta-
pestry introduced by Eleanor, wife of prince Edward.

There, were 7(iO Jews slain in London, because one of thorn would have
forced a Christian to have paid more than two-pence, for the use of
twenty shillings a week.

About this time iogor Bacon, a diviteof Morton College in Oxford, was
imprisoned by the Pope, for preacl ing against the Romish church.

The Scots swear fealty to Edward, June 12.

Jews obliged to wear a badge ; Uaury restraiaed by the same act of
parliament, October 6.

d kept alive six

Pope'3 interdict,
hoseu.

e clergy taxed to

iin.

1 in Soutbwark m
>'ery, went on to
mes, the houses at
\osed; many were
ing ii'.to boats that
people perishing,

absolved. In this

19 and oats for four-

3 king Henry.
Uhedral church and
refused. Thomas a
cious stones. Two
Ihe Virgin Mary, the

y to the king.

Pope's ambassador
nd his brother slain,

ixcommunicaled Uio
ded in the Universi-
.wns, and barefooted

,t a milo, before be

vs.

•d, or pay a fine. Ta-

•iird.

I, of them would have
-pence, for the use of

lollego in Oxford, was
Ic Romish church.

I by the same act of

rURONOLOaiCAL TABLE.

465

1279 The first statute of Mortmain. 280 Jews hung for clipping and coining.
1282 The Rolls in Chancery-lane given to the Jews. Wales reduced, after
having preserved her liberties 800 years.

1284 Edward II born at Caernarvon, and created first prince of Wales, April 25.

1285 The abbey Church of Westminster finished, being sixty years in building.

1286 The Jews seized, and JE12,000 extorted from them by order of the king.

He likewise laid great fines upon his judges, and other ministers, for
their corruption ; the sum imposed upon eleven of them was 236,000
marks.

120 15,000 Jews banished.

1291 Ghaiing, Waltham, St, Albans, and Dunstable crosses erected, where the
corpse of queen Eleanor was rested on its way from Lincoln to West-
minster for interment.

1295 The Scots confederate with the Fnnch against the English.

1296 Baliol, king of Scotland, brought prisoner to London.

1298 40,000 Scots killed by the English at the battle of Falkirk. Sir William
Wallace defeated at Falkirk. Baliol released. Spectacles invented.

1301 PArliament declared Scotland subject to England.

1302 The treasury robbed of property to the amount of £100,000. Magnetic

needle first used.

1308 Crockery ware invented.

1314 The king defeated nt Bannockburn, in Scotland.

1319 Dublin University founded.

1322 Knights templar order aholislied. Under the accusation of heresy and other
vices, all the knights templar -rere seiztid by order of the king, in one
day. The knights templar were an order instituted by Baldwin, king
of Jerusalem, for the defence of the lioly City, and of the pilgrims
that travelled thither, and were afterwards dispersed through all the
kingdoms in Christendom. Tlioy wore so enriched by the supersti-
tious world, that they possessed no luss than 14,000 lordships, besides
other valuable lands,

1325 The queen and her adherents declared enrmios to the kingdom.

1326 The nobility renounce all fealty to Edward, Th'j king resigns his crown

to his son Edward III.

1327 The first general pardon granted at a coronatio", which was afterwards

imitated by succeeding kings.

1330 Gunpowder invented. The use of guns by Herthold Swartz of Cologne in

Germany, a monk, who being addicted to the study of Chemistry,
and making up a preparation of Nitre, and other things, a spark of
fire fell into it ami caused a quick and violent explosion ; whereupon
ho made a composition of powder, and inclosing it in an instrument of
brass, found it answer his iutoutiou, and by this accident camo the
invention of Guns.

1331 Tlio art of weaving cloth brought from T landers,

1340 Copper money first used in Scotland u' Ireland. Thomas Blanket and

*',' ' 'li

466

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLT;.

some other inhabitants of Bristol, set up looms for weaving those wool-
len cloths that yei. bear that name.
1341 Gold first coined in England.

1346 Gannon first used by the English at Cressj.

1347 So great a plague in England, that in one year there was buried in Lon-

don 50,000; and there succeeded a famine and murrain. August 3rd
king Edward took the City of Calais, which he filled with English
inhabitants ; and it remained in the possession of the Crown of Eng-
land 210 years afur.

The Order of the Garter instituted by Edward the Black Prince, April 3.
The plague destroyed one-half of the people.

The largest silver coin in England was groats.

Coals first imported into London.

Council obliged to plead in English.

Four kings entertained at one time, by Sir Henry Picard, lord mayor of
London.

The first champion at coronation. Orders to arm the clergy.

The plague in the north of England. In this year Greenland was dis-
covered.

f -ery person in the kingdom taxed, April 25.

I-' Is of Exchange first uaed. Wat Tyler's rebellion begun May 3. 1500
rebels hung, July 2.

The French land in Scotland, in order to invade England, whereupon
king Richard went to fight them, and put Edinburgh into flames, but
they refusing to fight, he returns.

Linen-weavers company first settled.

The first high-admiral of England appointed. William of Wickhani,
bishop of Winchester, and lord treasurer, and chancellor of England,
laid the foundation of the college in AVinchester, as a nursery for his
college in Oxford.

Bombs invented.

A great plaguc' and famine. Cards invented for the King of Prance.
Charles VI.

Thirteen counties charged with treason, and obliged to purchase their
pardons. Provision seized, without payment, for the army. Duke of
Lancaster landed, and declared his pretensions to the crown, July 4,
Richard -onfined in the tower, August 20. Resigned his crown, Sep-
tember 2'J. In this reign piked shoes wore worn tied with ribands
and chains of silver to the knees. Ladies began to ride on side
saddles, buforo which time they used to ride astride like men.

1399 Geoft'rcy Chaucer, the poet, died. A conspiracy formed to restore Richard.

1400 Richard II murdered in Pontefract Castle. Emperor of Constantinople

visited England.
1403 The battle of Shrewsbury, July 22, gained by Henry and the valour of his
sons.

1348

1352
1357
1362
1364

1377

1378

sUijI',

13HD

1386

1387

1388
1391

1392

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

467

aving those -wool-

as buried ia Lon-
rain. August 3rd,
lUed with English
he Crown of Eng-

ck Prince, April 3.

Lcard, lord mayor of

clergy.

Greenland was dis-

begun May 3.

1500

England, whereupon
irgh into flames, but

niliara of Wickham,
inncellor of England,
[r, as a nursery for his

I the King of France.

led to purchase their
fr the army. Duke of
i to the crown, July 4-
Lignedhis crown, Sep-
L-n tied with ribands
legan to ride on side
Iride like men.
Tned to restore Richard.
Lror of Constautiuople

ly and the valour of hia

1405 Great guns first used in England, at the siege of Berwick.

1407 A plague destroyed 30,000 persons in London.

1409 Wickliffe's doctrine condemned.

1414 King Henry sends his brother, the Duke of Bedford, Ac, with 200 sail of

-^et. unk 500 French vessels, and

il Harfleur, and so forced

iny thousands of the

.i loss of 10,000 men to

ships, who fell upon tli'' Frencl
took three great Carricks of Ge
the French to raise the siege. I
French were killed.
1415 The battle of Agincourt gained by :

the French, killed, and 14,000 prisouertj, October 25th. Henry sent
David Gam, a Welsh captain, to view the strength of the enemy, who
reported, " There were enough to be killed, enough lo be taken pri-
soners, aud enough to run away."

1418 Sir John Oldcastle burnt for heresy in St. Giles's fields.

1419 Vines and sugar-cane first planted in .Madeira.

1420 Henry assumes the title of King of France, on a new coin, April IStb..

Kings of France and England make a magnificent entry into Paris.

1421 The Duke of Clarence, making an inroad into Anjou, in an unhappy en-

gagement with the French, he and about 2,000 English were slain.

1422 The two Courts of England and France held at Paris, on Whitsunday :

the two Kings and Queens dined together in public. May 21st. In
this reign it was enacted that knights, citizens, and burgesses, should
be resident in the place for which they were chosen. The crown and
jewels were pawned to raise money for maintaining the war with,
France.

1422 The French King enlisted 15,000 Scots.

1424 The King of Scotland ransomed.

1430 Every person possessed of £40 per annum, obliged to be knighted.

143G Paris taken by the English.

1437 James, King of Scotland, murdered, February 19th. So great a deartli,
that bread was made of fern roots and ivy berries.

1447 The Bodleiun library at Oxford founded.

1448 Duke of York asserts his title to the crown.

1449 A rebellion in Ireland.

1450 The King and his forces defeated at Seven-oaks, by Jack Cade, In May.

Cade killed, and his followers dispersed, in June.
1453 The first Lord Jfayor's show. Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York, en-
counters the Queen's army, near Wakefield in Yorkshire, in which he
was killed, and his army routed. Edward Plantagenet, Earl of March,
hearing of his father's death, took upon him the title of Duke of York,
and in a battle, at Mortimer's-cross, near Ludlow, overthrew the Earls
of Pembroke, Orniond, and Wiltshire, and beheaded Owen Tudor, the
King's father-in-law. And in another battle with the Queen, he V" d
the Earls of Northumberland, and Westmoreland ; the Lords D ctC',
Wells, Clitl'ord, Beaumont, and Grey. This was the bloodiest ba.'.Io
that England ever knew, for there were killed that day 36,776 men.

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%°

468

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

1454 The king defeated by the Duke of York, at Barnet.

1459 Engravings and etchings invented.

1460 The King taken prisoner at the battle of Northampton.

1461 Edward, the Duke of York, proclaimed King. Richard Plantagenet,

brother to Edward IV, created Duke of Gloucester. Henry, Margaret,
their sons, and adherents, attained by parliament, November Cth.

1463 Woollens, laces, ribands, and other English manufactures, prohibited ex-

portation.

1464 Henry, in disguise, taken prisoner, and conveyed to tbe Tower,

1469 6,000 Welsh slain at the battle of Branbury.

1470 Warwick, being oflfended at the marriage of Edward IV, landed Septem-

ber 13th, with 60,000 men from Franco. Edward IV flies to the Duke
of Burgundy, his brother-in-law, ii Holland.

1471 King Edward, endeavouring to re-obtain tbe crown, encounters King

Henry in a bloody battle, upon Gladmore heath, near Barnet, and
King Henry taken prisoner a second time. On both fides were slain
10,000 men. King Henry's Queen, in a battle with King Edward,
was taken prisoner, 3,000 on her side were slain, and her son Edward
killed ; and soon after. King Henry himself was murdered by the hand
of the crook-back'd Duke of Gloucester.

1472 A pla^^ue in England destroyed more than preceding fifteen year's war.
1475 Margaret of Anjou, ransomed for jE12,500.

1481 James, King uf Scotland, caused one of his brothcrti to be murdered.
Thomas Parr born this year, and lived 162 years. A remarkable act
was passed in this reign, which enacted what sort of dress each class
of men should wear. Another enacted that no peaked shoes should
be worn.

1483 Gloucester conveyed tlio King to Northampton. Lords Hastings, Rivers,

and Grey beheaded. Tiie Lord Mayor, &c., at tiie instigation of the
Duke of Buckingham, offered the crown to the Duke of Gloucester,
who, with affected hesitation, accepted it, June I7th. King Edward V,
and his lirothor, the Duko of York, murdered in the Tower. Jane
iShore, concubine to King Kdward IV, and afterwards to Lord Hus-
tings, was obliged to do penance publicly in St. Paul's. She was
afterwards starved to death, no person being allowed to relieve her,
and died In a ditcli ; to whicii circumstance, Hltoroditch is said to owe
its name. Edward V was born in Westnilnstcr Abbey, Novonibor 4th,
I470 ; reigning two montiis and eighteen days, was murdered in the
Tower, and burled there privately. His remains were afterwards found
in 1074, and removed to Westminster, Richard, Duko of Gloucester,
(the English Ne i,) proclaimed King of England, Post-horses and
stages established. Earl uf Richmond landed nt Pool in DorHctsliire.
Being nearly surprised by Rlclmrd, ho embarked again, and returned
to Plcardy.

1484 Aane, tho Queen of Richard, died March iGth. Richard treats with

lard Plantagenet,
Henry, Margaret,
ovember (ith.
res, prohibited ex-

} Tower,

[V, landed Septem-
V flies to the Duke

I, encounters King
near Barnet, and
th fides were slain
rith King Edward,
nd her son Edward
irdored by the hand

ifteen year's war.

i) to be murdered.

A reniarlcablc act

of dress each class

caked shoes should

Hastings, Rivers,
instigntiuu of the
uko of Gloucester,

King Edward V,
the Tower. Jane
rards to Lord llai-

Paul's. She was
iwed to relieve her,
litch ia said to owe
boy, Novomlior 4th,
'US murdered in tlio
re afterwards found
luko of Olouoestor,
Fost-horsos and
'ool in Dorsctslilre.
gain, and returned

lohard treats with

CHRONOLOaiOAL TABLE.

469

Laudais, the Duke of Bretagne's prime minister, for surprising and
delivering up the Earl of Richmond. Richmond, escaping from Bre-
tagne, went to Angers, in Anjou.

1485 Lord Stanley raises 6000 men, and his brother 2000, with whom thej

joined Richmond. The sweating sickness, raged in London.

1486 King Henry, to balance the power of the Lords, found a way to raise that

of the Commons, which ever since has carried a much greater sway
than formerly in the government.
148? Lambert Simnel, who personated the Duke of York, was made a scuUioQ'
in the King's kitchen. The star chamber instituted.

1488 The King of Scotland, James III, killed by his subjects. Gape of Oood

Hope discovered.

1489 Maps and sea charts iirst brought into England by Bartholomew Colum-

bus.

1491 The Orcpk language first introduced into England.

1492 3rd August, Columbrs set sail from Palos, a port of Spain, and on the

12th of October, to his unspeakable gratification, ho made his first
discovery in the New World. This was one of the Bahama IslandSi
colled by the natives Onanahani, named by Columbus St. Salvador,
and afterwards, by some unpardonable caprice, called by the English
Cat Island. He landed the same day, took possession of it in the
name of the Spanish sovereigns, and assumed the titles of Admiral
and Viceroy, which had been awarded to him before he sailed from
Europe.

1493 IBth March. Columbus arrived in Spain after a stormy and dangerous

voyage, having talten not quite seven montlia and a-half to accomplish
this momentous entcrprize.

1494 Foyning's law, which enacted that the statutes in England, respecting

the English, should be observed in Ireland likewise, first instituted by
Sir Edward Poyniug.

1495 Cicely, Duchess ol" Yiuk, mother to King Edward IV, died, being very old,

who had lived lo see three Princes born of her body, crowned, and
four murdered.

1497 Perkin Warbock besieged Exeter, Tlie passage to the Indies by tlie way
of the Cnjio of (lood Hope di4covered. 3rd July, John Cnbot dis-
covered Newfoundland. Ho sailed from IhoJ Port of Bristol, In the
spring of 1407, and, on the 3rd of July, discovered the coast of Labra-
dor. The opiiosito island, now called Newfoundland, tlioy called St.
Johns, having landed tiiero on St, John's day. To tiio nialniand they
gave tiio name of 2'f >r(i /)ri»;irt rWd— or Primavista (first seen). The
Kngllsli navigators thus rracliod tlio continent of Nortli America only
five years after Columbus had discovered tlie West Indies, and more
tluin a year before he had landed on the continent or main land.

1409 Pcrltln Warbcck tulion and hung at Tyburn, and the la.it Karl of the
Plantagenet line was beheaded on Tower-hill, November aeth,

Hi I

470 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

1500 A plague in London, which destroyed 30,000 of its inhabitants. A mar-
riage was concluded between James IV, King of Scotland, and Marga-
ret, the daughter of King Henry VII, which afterwards united England
and Scotland under one King.

1506 Shillings first coined in England.

1513 Earl of Surrey gained the battle of Flodden-field, over the Scots, whose

King, James IV, fell in the contest. King Henry invadss France in
person, takes Terwin and Tournay, at the siege of which, the Emperor
Maximilian served under the King's pay. At which siege liicewise,
was fought that battle called the battle of Spurs, because the English
put some of the French troops to flight who made great use of their
spurs.

1514 Enacted that surgeons should not sit on juries, nor be employed in parish

offices.

1617 Oxford depopulated by stagnated waters. Martin Luther began the
reformation in Germany,

1521 King Henry derived the title to him and his successors of Defender of the
Faith, from writing a book against Luther. Musquets first invented.
Mexico city yielded, after a i)rolonged siege, to Oortez, in August.

1622 Magellan performed his voyage under the auspices of Charles V, of Spain.
He set sail from Seville, in Spain, in August, 1519. After spending
several months on the ct tst of South America, searching for a passage
to the Indies, he continued his voyage to the South, passed through
the strait that bears his name, and after sailing three months and
twenty-one days, tlirough an unknown ocean, he discovered a cluster
of fertile islands, which he named the Ladrones, or the Islands of
Tliicvps, from the thievish disposition of the natives, The fair weather
and ' "able winds which he exi)erionccd induced him to bestow on
this the name of the Pacific, which it still retains. Proceeding

from llio Ladrones, he discovered tlie islands which were afterwards
called the Philippines in honour of Philip, King of Spain, who sub-
jected tliem forty yeors after the voyage of Magellan. Here, in a
contest with the natives, Magellan was killed, ami the expedition was
prosecuted under other commanders. After taking in a cargo of
spices at the Moluccas, the only vessel of the squadron then fit for a
long voyage, sailed for Europe by the way of tlie Cape of Good Hope,
and arrived in Spain in iSeptember, 1522.

1530 The palace of St. James built.

)&35 Urasi cannon first cast in England by Julm Owen. Jacques Cartior dis-
covered the St. Lawrence on that Saint's day. Ho explored the north-
oast coast carefully, and, pasaing through the Strait of Uelleislo, tra-
versed the great Gulf of tlie St. Lawrence, and arrived in the Hay of
Ciialeurs in July, Ho was delighted with the peacoablo and friendly
conduct of the natives, " who," says Hakluyt, " with one of their
boats, came unto ui, and brought us pieces of seals ready sodden,

!, t

abitants. A mar-
tland, and Marga-
Is united England

r the Scots, whose
nvadss France in
hich, the Emperor
cb siege lllcewise,
scause the English
;reat use of their

mployed in parish

iUther began the

of Defender of the
iets first invented.
Bz, in August,
larles V, of Spain.
After spending
hing for a passage
h, passed through
hrec months and
juovcrcd a cluster
or the Islands of

The fair weather

him to bestow on

Mns. Proceeding

1 wore afterwards

Spain, who sub-
lan. Here, in a
lie expedition was
)g in a cargo of
ilron then fit for a
16 of Good Hope,

?(iucs Cnrtlor dis-
pUucd the north-

of Hollcisle, tra-
ved in the liny of
vbli' and friendly

ith one of their
lis ready sodden,

OHRONOLOQIOAL TABLE.

471

1636
1639
1640

1641
1643
1644
1646
1547

1648

1649
1661

putting them upon pieces of wood : then, retiring themselves, they
would make signs unto us, that they did give them to us." From, this
hospitable place, where the natives seem to have displayed some of
the politeness of modern society, Jacques Cartier proceeded to Ga8p6
Bay, where he erected a cross thirty feet high, with a shield bearing
the three fleurs-de-lis of France, thus taking possession in the name of
Francis the First. He carried off two natives from Gasp^, who were
of great use to him on bis succeeding voyage. It appears, however,
that it was with their own consent, as they allowed themselves to be
clothed in shirts, coloured coats and caps, and to have a copper chain
placed about their neck, " whareat they were greatly contented, and
gave their old clothes to their fellows that went back again." Cartier
coasted along the northern shores of the Gulf, when, meeting with
boisterous weather, he made sail for France, and arrived at St. Male
on the 6th of September. This celebrated navigator deserves especial
notice, inasmuch as he was the first who explored the shores of Canada
to any considerable extent, and was the very first European who
became acquainted with the existence of Hochelaga, and in 1535
pushed his way through all r bstacles till he discovered and entered
the village which occupied the very spot on which now stands the
city of Montreal.

376 monasteries suppressed.

Leaden pipes to convey water invented.

645 religious houses seized, and their property, amounting to £161,000,
given to the King. The number of monasteries suppressed in England
and Wales, wore 313, Priories 290, Friaries 122, Nunneries 142, Col-
leges 162, and Hospitals 129; in all 1148,

1st voyage to India by an English ship.

Mortars and cannon first cast in iron.

Pistols first used.

William Foxley slept fourteen days, and lived forty-one days after.

The vows of celibacy before taken by priests, annulled, and the commu-
nion ordered to be administered in both kinds. Evening prayers
began to be read in English in tho King's chapel, April 16th. The
Scuts refusing to marry their young Queen to King Edward (accord-
ing to their promise in his father's life-time), the protector enters
Scotland with an army of 12,000 foot, and COO horse, and fights them
in Pinkey-field, near Musselburgh, and kills 14,000 Scots, and taVes
1600 prisoners, having lost but sixty of his own men.

Some ceremonies were now abrogated, and an order of council against
the carrying of candles, on Candlemas-day, ashes on Ash-Wednesday,
and palms on Palm-Sunday.

Telescopes invented.

The Bweating-Qickni-BS broke out this year in England with inch conta*
gion, that 800 died in one week of it In London. Those that were

^IglpMfW^

472

CHRONOLOOIOAL TABLE.

taken with it were inclined much to sleep, and all that slept died;
but if they were kept awake a day, they gut well. A college founded
in Galway in Ireland. Common-prayer books established by act of
parliament. Monks and nuns allowed inheritances. Sternhold and
Hopkins translated and put the Psalms into yerse.
1553 There was so great a plenty of malt and wheat, that a barrel of beer with
the coek sold for six-pence, and four great loaves for one penny.
The King founded St. Bartholomew's Hospital, Bridewell, improved
the Hospital of Christchurch and St. Thomas' Hospital, Southwark.
Judge Hales, iu his circuit into Kent, required the justices to see to
the execution of King Edward's laws : for which he was committed,
and removed from prison to prison, and threatened so, that he
attempted to cut his own throat, and at last drowned himself.

1553 Spitzbergen, the White Sea, and Nova Zerabla, discovered by the English

1554 The laws against Lollards and Heretics were revived, aad the statutes o^

Mortmain repealed. There was at this time a discovery in London of
the imposter of the Spirit of the Wall, who, by the help of a whistle,
uttered several things relating to religion, and the state, through a
hole in a wall. It was found to be Elizabeth Croses, and one Drake,
her accomplice, who were both made to do penance for it publicly at
St. Paul's. Scory, bishop of Chichester, renounced his wife, and did
penance for his marriage. It is supposed there were 12,000 of the
clergy deprived for being married, and most of them were judged upon
common fame, without any process, but a citation.

1565 The church lands, in the Queen's possession, restored. Coaches first used
in England.

155G 300 Protestants burnt for heresy.

1567 This year began with a visitation of the Universities. Commissioners
were sent to Oxford, where they burnt all the English Bibles and
heretical books they could find ; and took up the body of Peter
Martyr's wife, who ti.ey said was a heretic, and buried it in a dung-
hill. And at Cambridge, they dug up the bodies of Uucer and Fagius,
two heretics, and tied their coffins to stakes, and burnt them and their
heretical books together. Cardinal Pole died November 15th.

1576-77-'78 Three voyages by Frobisher in search of a North-west passage.
Greenland ex])lored.

1680 Drake, the first English circumnavigator.

1684 Virginia discovered by Sir Walter Roleigh.

1587 Davios' Straits discovoroil by Davics, an English navigator. February
9th. Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, at Fothcringay Castle.

1B88 Destruction of the Spanish Armada,

1696 Falkland Islands, discovered by Hawkins.

1600 The first trading exi)cdltion to the East Indies.

1599 East India Company. Chauvin made two voyages to Tadousac.

1U03 Death of Queen Elizabeth on 24th March, and accession of Jnmei YI.

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

473

at slept died;
jllege founded
shed by act of
Sternhold and

el of beer with
for one penny,
[fell, improved
;al, Southwark.
istices to see to
eras committed,
3d so, that he
limself.

by the English
the statutes o'
ry in London of
elp of a whistle,
state, through a
and one Dnike,
or it publicly at
lis wife, and did
re 12,000 of the
ere judged upon

caches first used

Commissioners
lish Bibles and
body of Peter
it in a dung-
cer and Fagius,
them and their
)er 16th.
i-west passage.

itor. February
Castle.

}U8ac.
Ijamei YI.

1604 The pressnt translation of the Bible made.

1605 The gun-powder plot discovered. The channel for the New Kiver allow d

to be cut. 97,304 person died in London, this year, whereof 68,596
died of the plague.

1608 Virginia planted by the English. Cbamplain returned to Canada, and

Quebec founded 3rd July.

1609 East India company's patent removed. Chelsea college founded. Alum

brought to perfection by Sir J. Boucbier. Silk-worms first brought
into England.

1610 Thermometers invented. King Henry IV of France murdered at Paris, by

Ravillac, a Romish priest.

1611 Bartholomew Legat was condemned by the convocation for an Arian

heretic. Legat was burnt at Smithiield for an Arian.

1612 Edward Wightman of Burton, burnt at Lichtield for a heretic,

1614 Sir Thomas Overbury poisoned in the Tower. The New River brought to-
London. Champlain returned to France. An inundation of the sea
overflowed an extent of twelve miles in Norfolk and Lincolnshire.

1618 Sir Walter Raleigh is executed for high treason, at the instigation of the
Spanish ambassador. The poet Shakspeare flourished during the be-
ginning of this and the latter part of the preceding reign. Synod of
Dort began : who generally agreed to condemn the doctrines of Armi-
nius, concerning election, reprobation, and the universality of Christ's
death, and man's redemption by it.

1623 The fatal Vesfers at Black-Friars.

1625 A plague in London destroyed 35,417 of its people.

1620 The king raised money by sale of the crown lands, loans, and ship-money.

1628 Dr. Lamb murdered in the streets of London. The city fined for Dr.

Lamb's death, £6,000.

1629 Quebec surrendered to Sir David Kirkt.

1635 Thomas Parr, reported to bo aged 152 years, died November 15.
1G40 The fatal Long Parliament, began November 3. An act to abolish the
Star-chamber.

1641 The princess Mary married to William of Nassau, prince of Orange, at

Whitehall. The earl of StrnfTord attained, May 8 : executed May 12.
A bill passed for pressing soldiers.

1642 Edge-IIlll fight: the nutnbcr of the slnin amounted to above 6,000,

whereof two-thirds were conceived to bo of those of the parliament
party, and a third part of the king's. June 17lh, Montreal founded by
Champlain, In the year 1G40 the King coded the whole Island of
Montreal to the St. Sulpicians and in the following year M, do Malson-
nouve brought out several families from France, and was appointed
governor of the Island. On the 17th of Juno, l'!42, the spot destined
for the city was consecrated by the Superior of the Jesuits, tho
" Queen of Angels " was supplicated to take it under her protection,
and it was named after her " la Vlllo Marie." On tho evening of this

474

CHRONOLOaiCAL TABLE.

memorable day, Maisonneuve visited the mountain. Two old Indians
vrho accompanied him, having conducted him to the summit, told him
that they belonged to the nation which had formerly occupied the
whole of the country he beheld, but that they had been driven away,
and obliged to take refuge amongst the other tribes, except a few who,
with themselves, remained under their conquerors. The governor
kindly urged the old men to invite their brethren to return to their
hunting-grounds, assuring them they should want for nothing. They
promised to do so, but it does not appear that they were successful.
In the year 1644, the whole of this beautiful domain became the pro-
perty of the St. Sulpicians of Paris, and w.as by them afterwards con-
veyed to the Seminary of the same order at Montreal, in whose posses-
sion it still remains.

1644 York relieved by Prince Rupert, after which happened the fight on Mars-

ton-Moor, in which action about 7000 were slain, and 3000 of the
King's party taken prisoners, with all their baggage.

1645 The fatal battle of Naseby, in which 600 private soldiers were killed on

the King's side, and 4500 were taken prisoners ; 3000 horse, &c.
Montrose defeated the Scotch army at Ketsith, near Glasgow, in Scot-
land. Cromwell made lieutenant-general.

1646 The whole order of archbishops and bishops abolished, October 9th.
1646>'7 Charles delivered up by the Scotch to the English for the consideration

of £400,000, January 30th.
1648-0 The King sentenced to be beheaded aa a tyrant, traitor, murderer, and
public enemy.

1649 Oliver Cromwell made Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, August 13th.

1650 The Marquis of Montrose defeated in Scotland, taken prisoner, sentenced,

and barbarously murdered.

1651 Oliver Cromwell invaded Scotland, July 22nd. Charles II defeated at

Worcester by Oliver, September 3rd.
1653 Oliver chosen protector of England, December 16th. The Rump parlia-
ment turned out by the army, which had sat twelve years six months
and thirteen days. Scotland and Ireland united in one commonwealth
with England, April 12th. Jamaica taken by the English.

1655 Cromwell dissolved the parliament.

1656 Oliver would not suffer the French King to call himself the King of

France. .
1656-T A plot to destroy Oliver discovered.

1657 Doctor William Harvey, the first discoverer of the circulation of the blood,

died January 5th.

1659 The House of Commons shut up, and entrance denied its members. The

Rump sat again. May 7th. The Rump porliament turned out again by
Lambert, October 18th. The Rump parliament rc-admitted, Decem-
ber 20th.

1660 Oliver Cromwell's corpse hung at Tyburn, December 2nd. The Long

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

475

'wo old Indiana
immit, told him
y occupied the
8n driven away,
;cept a few who,
The governor
return to their
: nothing. They
were successful,
became the pro-
i afterwards con-
in whose posses-
he fight on Mars-
and 3000 of the

irs were killed on
3000 horse, &c.
Glasgow, in Scot-
October 9th.
r the consideration

itor, murderer, and

gust 13th.
risoner, sentenced,

kles 11 defeated at

The Rump parlia-
[o years six months
lone commonwealth

llngliah.

limself the King of

Illation of the blood,

its members. Th«
turned out again by
4e-admltted, Decem-

lur 2nd. The Long

parliament dissolved, and another called, to be holden at Westminster,
April 25ti].

1661 The body of the noble Marquis of Montrose taken up, and interred in

great state.

1662 152 slaves redeemed from Algiers.

1663 Laird Warreston executed at Ediuburgh, according to a sentence in par-

liament, on a gibbet twenty-two feet high.

1665 90,000 people destroyed by the plague in London.

1666 Great fire in London, September 2nd, when 13,200 dwelling-houses were

destroyed. The Dutch and English fleets fight for four days, neither
party having the advantage. They engage again, and the English
obtain the victory.

1669 Death of the poet Sir John Denbam.

1670 The church of Quebec constituted a bishopric.

1671 The exchequer shut for want of money. Blood attempted to steal the

crown from the Tower.
1674 King Charles received from France a pension of jC100,000 per annum.

Milton, the poet, and the Earl of Clarendon died.
1676 Carolina planted by English merchants.

1678 Statue at Charing-Cross erected.

1679 The meal-tub plot.

1683 The charter of London taken away by Charles. The Rye-house plot.

Lord Russel beheaded on a charge of high treason. Algernon Sidney
beheaded, for writing a libel never published, November 2l3t.

1684 The Buccaneers of America, about 100 in number, with the assistance of

some Indians, went into the South seas, and made a bold attack on
the Spaniards. Bombay, in the East-Indies, was surrendered to Sir
Thomas Grantham, for the use of the East-India company.

1685 Duke of Monmouth proclaimed King at Taunton Dean, defeated at Sedge-

more, taken and beheaded.

1685 Justice Jeffries and Gc cvkI Kirk exercise great cruelties on the adherents

of Monmouth.

1686 The Newtonian philosopliy published. Kirk, at Taunton, while at dinner

with his officers, ordered 30 condemned persons to bo hanged, namely,
10 in a health to the King, 10 to the Queen, and 10 to Jeffries ; but
one action the most cruel, was, a young girl throwing herself at his
feet to beg her father's life, ho made her prostitute herself to him, with
a promise of granting her request ; but having satisfied his lustful
desire, was so inhuman as out of the window to show the poor unfor-
tunate girl her father iianging on a sign-post : the spectacle so affected
her, that she went distracted. The King encamped 16,000 men on
Ilounslow heath.
1688 Seven bishops committed to the Tower for not countenancing popery. -
The city of London lent tlie Prince of Orange £20,000, January 10. The
parliament declared James's abdication, James escorted to Rochester

^iir— -

4ie

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

by a Dutch guard, and sailed to France. James landed in Ireland
with an army, and assembled a parliament. Brass monej coined by
James in Ireland. Bill of rights passed. Every hearth or chimney
paid two shillings per annum. King William and Queen Mary
crowned at Westminster, April 11. The Hanover succession first
proposed, May 31.

1690 The battle of the Boyne in Ireland, where James was finally defeated by
William, and obliged to embark for France, July 1.

1|69 1 William III took his seat as Stadtholder in Holland. The Queen issues
out her royal proclamation for the more reverend observing the Sab-
bath day, and against profane cursing and swearing. A terrible battle
between the Imperialists and Turks, near Salenkemen, in the principal-
ity of Sclavonia : in which the Imperialists had about V,000 killed
and wounded, and a great many good officers ; but the Turks lost
18,000 men, and almost all their officers killed, wounded, or taken pri-
soners. Five captains of Admiral Benbow's squadron in the West-
Indies, were tried on board the Breda, at Port-Royal, in Jamaica, for
cowardice and breach of orders, in an engagement with Ducasse. The
Irish defeated at the battle of Augbrim, in Ireland.

1692 The French fleet destroyed at La Hogue and other places by Admiral
Russell. A terrible earthquake in the island of Jamaica in the West-
Indies, which almost entirely ruined the town of Port-Royal, the best
of all the English plantations.

1692 37 cities, towns, and large villages, and about 130,000 people destroyed
in the kingdom of Naples, by an earthquake, February 11. The mas-
sacre of Glencoe, in Scotland.

1692 James's descent on England frustrated ; the destruction of the French fleet,

May 19.

1693 The English fleet defeated by Tourville.

1694 Queen Mary died of the small-pox. The bank of England incorporated.
1694-5 Discipline of the Church restored. Commissioners appointed to direcl

the building and endowment of Greenwich hospital.

1695 Duties imposed on births, marriages, burials, bachelors, and widowers.
1695-6 Guineas went at the rate of thirty shillings. Six-pence per month

deducted out of every seaman's wages, for the support of Greenwich
hospital.

1690 Czar of Muscovy, Peter the Great, came into England, ^n J remained incog-
nito. The window tax first levied.

1700 The New-Style introduced by the Dutch and Protestants in Germany.

1700-1 Earl John, of Marlborough, appointed General of the foot, June 1, and

Commander-in-Chief of His Majesty's forces in Holland. King James

II died of a lethargy at St. Germain's in France, in the sixty-eighth

year of hit age, September 0.

1702 King William died at Kensington in the fifty-second year of his age, and

the fourteenth of his reign, March 8.

ided in Ireland
jney coined by
rth or chimney
d Queen Mary
succession first

illy defeated by

Pbe Queen issues
serving the Sab-
A terrible battle
, in the principal-
out 7,000 killed
t the Turks lost
led, or taken pri-
on in the West-
,1, in Jamaica, for
th Ducasse. The

laces by Admiral
aica in the West-
rt-Royal, the best

people destroyed
ry 11. The mas-

f the French fleet.

d incorporated,
lipointed to direct

land widowers,
jence per month
[ort of Greenwich

Id remained incog-

ia Germany.
I foot, June 1, and
lind. King James

the sixty-eighth

lar of his age, and

CHRONOLOQICAL TABLE.

477

1T02 Captain Kirby and Captain Wade were condemned to die, and being sent
to England, were shot on board a ship at Plymouth, not being sufibred
to go on shore. Admiral Benbow, who had his leg shattered with a
great shot in the engagement with Ducasse, died of his wounds aeon
after he had the Captains condemned.

1703 The Earl of Marlborough chosen Captain General of Queen Anne's army.

A dreadful tempest in England. The old and new East-India compa-
nies united.

1704 Gibraltar taken in three days, by Admiral Rook. The battle of Blenheim

gained by the Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugene. The French
fleet defeated at Malaga, by the English.

1705 The colours and standards taken at Blenheim, hung in Westminster Hall.

The English take Barcelona from the Spanish.

1706 The battle of Ramillies gained by Marlborough. The colours and stand-

ards hung at Guildhall.

1707 England and Scotland united. An interview between the Duke of Marl-

borough and Charles XII. Sir Gloudesly Shovel shipwrecked on the
rocks of Sicily.

1703 The battle of Malplaquet gained by the Duke of Marlborough and Prince
Eugene. The French defeated at Oudenarde by Marlborough and
Prince Eugene. The first parliament of Great Britain met April 24.
Dr. Sacheverel impeached by the Commous for high crimes and mis-
demeanors.

1709 Charles XII defeated by the Russians at Pultowa.

1712 Robert Wulpole committed to the Tower for bribery. Richard Cromwell,
son of Oliver Cromwell, died, aged ninety.

1714 Mr. Steele expelled the House of Commons for writing the Englishman
and the Critic. £5,000 offered to apprehend the Pretender.

1714 George 1 arrived at Greenwich from Hanover.

1715 The Pretender proclaimed as James VIII in Scotland, by the Earl of Mar,

who assembles forces.

1716 The tide forced back by a strong westerly wind for one day and night,

and the Thames lay perfectly dry both above and below the bridge. A
dreadful fire happened in Thames street, near Bear-key, by the impru-
dence of a boy who was making squibs and rockets, which consumed
upwards of 120 houses.

1717 The Prince of Wales banished the court.

1718 James Shepherd, a lad of eighteen, executed for conspiring the King's

death. Charles XII of Sweden killed at the siege of Frederlckshall.

1719 The Pretender received at Madrid as King of Great Britain. The Missis-

sippi scheme at its height in France. The English and French invaded
Spain by land, and took the towns of Fontarabia, St. Sebastian, and
St. Antonio, and reduced the province of Gui Puocoa.

1720 South -sea stock rose 400 per cent, and continued to rise until July, when

it rose to 1,000 per cent.

478

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

1121 Several persons ruined by the South-sea stock falling to 1 50 per cent.
Several members of parliament expelled for being concerned in the
South-sea bubble, and their estates confiscated for the use of the suf-
ferers.

1725 The Lord Chancellor (Earl of Macclesfield) displaced, impeached, and
fined X30,000 for corruption. Jonathan Wild, a notorious thief-taker,
executed.

1727 The Spaniards besiege Gibraltar. Sir Isaac Newton died, aged 35.

1729 Deaths of Dr. S. Clarke, Sir Richard Steele, Congreve the poet, and the
noted John Law.

ItSl Deaths of Dr. Atterbury, and Defoe.

1732 Death of Gay, the poet and fabulist.

1737 A comet appeared. Death of Howe.

1739 Admiral Vernon takes Porto Bello.

1742 Sir Robert Walpole resigned, after holding his places twenty-one years.

1743 King George defeated the French at Dettingen.

1744 Admiral Anson returned with £1,500,000 which he had taken in the Aca-

pulca ship. Deaths of Pope the poet, and Roger Gale. Prague taken
by the King of Prussia.

1745 The Duke of Cumberland defeated at Fontenoy. Battle of Preston-Pans.

Death of Dean Swift.

1746 The rebels defeat the royal army at Falkirk. The Pretender totally

defeated by the Duke of Cumberland at Culloden. Several Lords and
others executed for rebellion.

1747 The French fleet defeated by Admiral Hawke.

1748 Death of Thompson, tlie poet.
1752 The style altered.

1755 General Braddock defeated.

1757 Admiral Byng shot for cowardice.

1758 100 French ships destroyed at St. Haloes, by the Duke of Marlborough,

called by his soldiers. Corporal John.

1759 The French defeated at Minden. Quebec taken by General Wolfe, and

death of Wolfe on the Heights of Abraham. Boscawen defeats the
French off Gibraltar, (Gabel-el-Tarifa) hence Gibraltar, which is also
called the Babel of Nations, and the Key of the Mediterranean. Gua-
daloupe surrendered to the English.

1760 General Lally defeated in the East Indies. Canada surrendered to the

English. — Capitulation signed 8th September.

1762 War declared against Spain. The Ilermione, a Spanish ship taken, valued

at near £1,200,000. .Manilla taken from the Spaniards. Havana taken
from the Spaniards. Preliminaries of peace between England and
France signed at Fontainbleau, November 3. Martinico and Guada-
loupe taken by the French.

1763 Peace proclaimed between England, France, and Spain.

1764 The longitude found at sea by means of Harrison's time-piece. The mas-

f to 150 per cent,
concerned in the
te use of the auf-

impeached, and
rious thief-taker,

1, aged 35.

the poet, and the

enty-one years.

taken in the Aca-
[e. Prague taken

I of Preston-Pans.

Pretender totally
Several Lords and

e of Marlborough,

eneral Wolfe, and
awen defeats the
Itar, which is also
iterranean. Qua-
surrendered to the

hip taken, valued
■ds. Havana taken
een England and
inico and Guada-

-piece. The mas-

CHRONOLOaiCAL TABLE.

479

sacre of Patna in the East Indies, where 4,000 of the garrison and

inhabitants were put to the sword.
1766 Otaheite discovered by Captain Willis.

1766 The American Stamp Act repealed. Gibraltar nearly destroyed by a storm.
1769 New Zealand explored by Captain Cook. Electricity of the Aurora Borsalis

discovered. Stratford Jubilee held in honour of Shakspeare.

1771 Falkland islands seized by the Spaniards.

1772 Negroes adjudged free, in England. Solway moss began to flow.

1773 A large quantity of tea belonging to the East India Company, destroyed

at Boston by the citizens.

1774 The port of Boston shut up by an act of parliament. Civil war commences

in America. A violent storm, by which 40 ships were lost near Yar-
mouth. Humane Society for the recovery of drowned persons insti-
tuted.
1776 Trade with America prohibited. The battles of Lexington and Bunker's
hill. The Americans invade Canada and besiege Quebec.

1776 America declared itself independent.

1777 General Burgoyne and his army surrender to the Americans at Saratoga.

1778 War declared against France. Pondichcrry taken from the French.

Admiral Keppel fights the French fleet off Ushaut. The Earl of Chatham
died, and interred in Westminster Abbey.

1779 Ireland admitted to a free trade. The Frencli make a fruitless attempt on

the island of Jersey. Their shipping destroyed in Ooncale Bay. An
American fleet totally destroyed off Penobscot. Pitch and tar made
from pit-coal at Bristol.

1780 Admiral Rodney defeats the Spanish fleet near Cape St. Vincent, and takes

their Admiral Laugara prisoner. Dreadful riots in London. War with
Spain and i.olland. Torture abolished in France. His Majesty^s ships
Andromeda, Laurel; Deal-Castle, Thunderer, Stirling-Castle, CameleoB,
and many others, lost in a dreadful hurricane in the West Indies.

1781 Lord Cornwallis and his army surrender to tlie Americans and French at

York-Town. Sir Eyre Coote defeats Hyder Ally. Ceylon taken from
the Dutch. Florida conquered by the Spaniards. Engagement between
Admiral Parker and the Dutch fleet off Dogger Bank. St. Eustatius,
St. Martin, and other Dutch settlements, captured.

1782 Batavia taken by the English. The memorable attack of Gibraltar by the

French and Spaniards ; — their gun-boats totally destroyed, and the gar-
rison relieved by a squadron of 33 ships of the line, under Lord Howe>
in the face of the combined fleets of France dnd Spain, consisting of 47.
Admiral Rodney defeats the French fleet in the West Indies j takes
Admiral Count de Grasse and five ships of the line. The Ville de Paris
and other French prizes lost at 9ea.

1783 Great Britain declares the United States of America independent. A new

planet discovered by Mr. Herschell, and called the Georgium Sidus.
A new island rose out of the ocean near Iceland.

480

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

, 1 -^

ft <

i 1 .)■

1784 The great seal BtoIeD. Mail coaches first established, by Ur. Railces, of

Gloucester. Slave trade abolished in Penusylrania, aad in New
England.

1785 Blanchard and Dr. Jefferies cross the English Channel, in a balloon, from

Dover, and land near Calais. M. Pilatre de Rosiere, and 11. Remain,
ascend in a biilloon, whicli takes fire and they are dashed to pieces.

1786 Margaret Nicholson attempts to assassinate the King. Frederick the

Great, King of Prussia, died. Convicts first sent to Botany Bay, and
Sierra Leone. The young Lord Gormadston clandestinely carried
abroad, in order to force him to embrace the Romish persuasion.

1787 Throe American priests ordained bishops by the Archbishop of Canterbuiy,

The house of Peers commenced the trial of Warren Hastings, Esq., on
a charge of high crimes, &c., committed by him in the East Indies, of
which he was impeached.

1789 The abolition of the Slave trade .proposed in Parliament. Beginning of

the French Revolution.

1790 War commenced in India with Tippoo Sultan.

1791 Riots at Birmingham.

1793 The Alien-bill passed in the British House of Commons. The English

evacuate Toulon.

1794 The Habeas Corpus Act suspended. Lord Howe defeats the French fleet

off Ushant.

1796 Mr. Hastings' trial ended by his acquittal. The Cape of Good Hope taken

by the British forces. Ceylon taken by tlie British.
179G The East India Company votes an indemuiflciUlon and recompense to Mr.
Hastings.

1797 A mutiny of tlie British fleet at Portsmouth and the Noro suppressed. The

Dutch fleet beaten and captured by Lord Duncan.

1798 Ireland in open rebellion. Lord Nelson totally defeated the French fleet

in the battle of the Nile. The French fleet defeated by Sir J. B. Warren.

1799 Soringapatam taken by General Harris and Sir David Baird, and Tippoo

Sultan killed. The French under Bonaparte defeated by Sir Sidney
Smith at Acre. The oxpcditiun of the British against Holland. The
British troops evacuate Holland.

1800 Vote of the Irish HiMiae of Commons agreeing to the Union of Great Britain

and Ireland. — Similar vote of tlie House of Lords. Malta taken by the
British forces,

1801 Mr. Pitt resigns, after being minister IR years. Battle of Alexandria,—

the French defeated and Sir Ralph Abercrombie killed. Battle of
Oopenhagen, *ho Danish fleet taken and destroyed by Lord Nelson.
Taking of Cairo and Alexandria, by the British troops.

1802 Definitive treaty with Franco signed nt Amiens.

1803 Execution of (Jol. Despard for high treason, Diisolution of the peace with

Franrn, May. Insurrecllon in Dublin ; Habeas ('orpus suHpcuded, and
Martial Law proclaimed, Dufoat of How Sclnda and Uurar Rojar at

Y lit. Raikea, of
a., and in New

1 a balloon, from
and 11. Remain,
lied to pieces.

Frederick the
3otany Bay, and
estinely carried
ersuasion.
p of Canterbuiy,
[astings, Esq., on
East Indies, of

t. Beginning of

3. The Euglisli

I the French fleet

Good Hope taken

icompensc to Mr.

supprcsaed. The

the French fleet
SirJ.U. Wivrren.
ainl, and Tippoo
by Sir Sidney
Holland. The

of Great Britain
ilta taken by the

>f Alexandria,^
llled. Bnllle of
ly Lord Nelson.

jf the peace with
HUHpi'iidud, and
llurar Uajnr at

CHRONOLOOIOAL TABLE.

481

Ajunty, by General Arthur Wellesley. The British troops enter Delhi
and the Great Mogul puts himself under their protection.

1804 Mr. Pitt resumes his situation as Prime Minister,

1806 The Spaniards declare war against Great Britain. Lord Nelson defeats
the combined fleets of France and Spain at Trafalgar ; takes twenty
sail of the line, and is killed in the engagement. Sir R. Strachan takes
four French ships of the line, off Cape Ortegal.

1806 Death of William Pitt ; his debts discharged at the public expense, and a

statue decreed to his memory. Admiral Duckworth captures and des-
troys five French ships of the line. Sir John Stuartdefeats the French
under Regnier at Maida in Calabria. Surrender of Buenos Ayres to
General Beresford and Sir Home Popham. French squadron of fire
frigates captured by Sir Samuel Hood. Death of Charles James Fox.
Rupture of a negotiation for peace with France, and return of Earl
Lauderdale. Recapture of Buenos Ayres by the Spaniards. The slave
trade abolished by act of Parliament.

1807 Copenhagen bombarded, and the Danish fleet surrendered to the British

under Lord Gathcart and Admiral Gambler. South America evacuated
by the British. The British troops evacuate Egypt. The island of
Madeira surrendered to Great Britain in trust fur Portugal.

1808 The French prohibit all commerce with Great Britain. Battle of Vimiera

in Portugal ; the French under Junot defeated by Sir Arthur Welles*
ley.

1809 The French defeated at the battle of Corunna ; Sir John Moore killed.

The French fleet in Basque roads destroyed by Lord Cochrane. Sene-
gal surrendered to the British. The battle of Talavera ; the French
defeated by Sir Arthur Wellesley. The 50lh anniversary of tiio King's
reign celebrated as a jubilee. The French fleet in the Mediterranean
defeated by Lord Collingwood.

1810 An attempt made to assassinate the Duke of Cumberland ; Sollis, the

Duke's valet, found with his throat cut. Murat's army in Sicily defeated
by General J. Campbell. Battle of Busaco ; the French defeated by
Lord Wellington. Capture of the lile of France by the British. Thii
island has over since remained in tiio hands of the British. Its other
name is Mauritius, famous for Peter Butte Mountain and its fine sugar.

1811 The Prince of Wales appointed Regent. Battles of Ba'osaa, Albuora, ko,

in which the French were beaten with great loss. Isle of Java capitu-
lated tu the British arms.

1812 Ciudad Rodrlgo taken by storm, by Lord Wellington. Rigiit Honorable

Spencer Pcrclval, prime minister of Great Britain, assassinated by John
Belllngham. Battle of Salamanca, and defeat of the French.

1813 Great battle of Vlttoria in Spain, in which Lord Wellington totally dofeati

the French under Joseph Monaparte and Marshal Jourdan. Defeat of
Marshal Soult, in Spain, with the loss of 1S,000 men, by Lord Welling-
ton.

482

OHRONOLOaiCAL TABLE.

1814 A fair on the Thames, it being frozen over above the London bridges,

Feb. 2. Bourdeaux surrenders to Lord Wellington. Peace between
England and France. The allied Sovereigns visit London. City of
Washington taken by the British army under General Ross. Treaty
of peace between England and America, Dec. 24. Joanna Southcott
an impostor, died ; and, with her, the hopes of the promised Shilob,
and all her other prophecies.
1B15 Bonaparte sailed from Elba, and landed with 1,000 men at Cannes, in
France. Bonaparte enters Paris, Maroh 21. An attempt made by
Margaret Moore to steal the Crown from the Tower. Memorable battle
of Waterloo, June 17, 18 ; Bonaparte fled ; the Duke of Wellington's
horse killed under him. Bonaparte sailed for St. Helena, August 7.
Submission of the island of Ceylon to Britain. Bonaparte landed at St.
Helena, October 16. The English repulsed at Xew Orleans, with the
loss of several thousand in killed and wounded, including several
generals. General Jackson commanded the Americans. General
Packenhau) was killed. A column of light appeared in the north-
east, so vivid as to alarm many persons. By the explosion of a coal-
pit near Newbattle, in tlie county of Durham, 70 persons perished.
Bonaparte resigns the government to a provisional council. In the
colliery ubove-mentioned at Newbattle, a steam engine burst, and 67
persons were k^led or wounded.

1815 Princess Charlotte of Wales married, to Prince Leopold of Saxe Coburg,

May 2. Sir Humphrey Davy invented a Safety Lamp to prevent the
accidents which happen in coal-mines from fire damp,

1817 The Princess Charlotte died in ciiild-blrth, having been delivered of a

Btill-born child. Steamboats generally adopted for river navigation iu
America and Europe. Tlio mnguctic needle, which had for many years
taken a western declination frum the meridian, returned towards the
north.

1818 The Queen of Great Britain, Charlotte of Mocklenburg-Strelltz, died Nov.

21. Two expeditions to penetrate the North-polo sailed, one to the
north-east, and the other to the north-west, but neither succeeded.
The kaleidoscope, a new optical instrument, invented by Dr. Brewster
of Edinburgh. Three systems of education in tills year claimed public
attention : tiiat of mutual instruction ])rop»gatcd by Dr. Bell and Mr.
Lancaster ; the interrogative or Intellectual system of qupstions without
answers ; and that of .Mr. Pestalo/.ziby oral questions. Belzoni trans-
ported from E^ypt to Kngland the statue of Meninon. The Duke of
Clarence married to the Princess of Saxe Mciningen ; and the Duke of
Kent to a Princess of Saxe Coburg. For two or tliroo days the metro-
polis, as well as the country round, wore enveloped in a thick impone-
trablo fog, which obstructed all travelling, and caused a number of
fatal accidents. The Duke of Kichmond died in Canada, ttom the bito
of a rabid fox.

OHRONOLOOIOAL TABLE.

483

e London bridges,
m. Peace between
t London. City of
eral Robb. Treaty
Joanna Southcott
le promised Shiloh,

men at Cannes, in
1 attempt made by
ir. Memorable battle
uke of Wellington's
. Helena, August 7.
naparte landed at St.
w Orleans, with the
d, including several
\merican8. General
peared in the north-
explosion of a coal-
, 70 persons perished,
onal council. In the
engine burst, and 67

pold of Saxe Coburg,
Lamp to prevent the
amp.

been delivered of a
(or river navigation in
ch had for many years

returned towards the

irg-Strelitz, died Nov.
lie sailed, one to the
lit neither succeeded,
untod by Dr. IJrewster
Is year claimed public
d by Dr. Uell and Mr.
Ill of qupstlons without
Btions. Belzonl trans-
emnon. The Duke of
gen ; and the Duke of

throe days the raetro-
ped in a thick impone-
d caused a number of

Canada, from theblto

1819 Messrs. Perkins and Co., of Philadelphia, introduced into London a mode

of engraving on soft steel, which, when hardened, will multiply fine
impressions indefinitely. Many distressed persons embarked, under
the sanction of government, to establish a new colony at the Cape of
Good Hope. Southwark bridge opened, making the sixth metropolitan
bridge over the Thames. Forty persons killed by the explosion of a
mine near Newcastle. A shoal of young whales appeared in Dungan-
nan Bay, forty taken by the fishermen. A whirlwind at Aldborougb,
Suffolk, carried up a quantity of barley from a field to a great height.
Another expedition was fitted out to try a north-west passage to the
Pacific Ocean. Field Marshal Prince Blucher died.

1820 Lieutenant Parry returned from his voyage to attempt the discovery of a

north-west passage : he reached the 10th degree of west longitude,
where he passed one winter in latitude 74, and returned for further
supplies. Lamented death of H.R.H. the Duke of Kent. Death, in
Windsor-castle, of George III, in the 82d year of his age, and 60th of
his reign. George IV held his first court in Carltin-house. Takes
oath to maintain the Church of England. Oaths of allegiance admi-
nistered. Cato-street conspirators arrested. Thistlcwood aud his asso-
ciates executed before Newgate. Regent's canal from Paddington to
Limehouse opened. Extraordinary solar-eclipse ; central and annular
in the interior of Europe. An Estadfod, or assembly of Welch bards,
in Wrexham, Nortli Wales. Lieutenant Parry returns from his voyage
of discovery in the seas on the north of North America.

1821 A Pedo-motive machine invented by Dr. Cartwright for travelling the

public roads without the aid of horses. A mammoth's bones found by
Captain Vetch, on the west bank of the Medway, near Rochester. Mr.
Kent of Glasgow, invented a machine for walking on the surface of
the water, at the rate of three miles an hour. A penknife, containing
2,01G blades, was presented to the Queen, by a ShcfUeld manufacturer ;
another was afterwards made containing l,Hai blades. Duel between
Mr. Scott, of the London Magazine, and Mr. Christie, of an Edinburgh
Magazine, in which the former was mortally wounded. Newsreooivcd
of a dreadful mnssacro in Manilla, arising from religious fanaticism. A
gambling-hoiiHe, in London, entered by the police, and about 70 indi-
viduals held to bail. The Discovery-ships sailed from Deplford, for
the American Arctic Seas. Sale of a collection of Pictures, by Sir
Joshua Reynolds, wliich iiroduced £16,000. A bog burst forth from
Kilnialady, in Ireland, and in an hour covered 100 acres from 20 to GO
feet deep ; it proceeded to a great extent, 200 yards wide, and 80 feet
deep, at the rate of two yards per hour. Roads and bridges were cov-
ered, communications cut otf, and great damage done. Queen Caro-
line died at Hammersmith, after an Illness of eight days. Loss of the
Juliana, Eait-Indiaman, in the Margate-roads, in which 38, out of the
40 individuals uu board, perished.

%\' ll

Jl'-i

', SI

:-i

484

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

1822 The King surrendered £30,000 per annum of the civil list. A coroner's

jury decided that publicans are legally bound to receive into their
houses all persons in extremity. Fifteen thousand Greeks massacred
in the island of Scio, by the Turks, A south-west gale so retarded the
flow of the tide in the Thames, that it was fordable at London bridge.
Subscriptions opened for the starving Irish peasantry, which amounted
to £300,000. Dreadful cases of misery and oppression published.
Upwards of 800 Greek virgins exposed in the slave markets, and 20,000
Christians slaughtered in various villages. The Marquis of London-
derry, cut his throat at his house. North Cray. Mr. Canning appointed
Secretary of State, in lieu of the Marquis of Londonderry. Grand erup-
tion of Mount Vesuvius, the most tremendous since 1794. Ponthill
abbey purchased by Mr. Parquhar, for JC330,000. Sir William Hers-
chell, the celebrated Astronomer, died. Canova, the celebrated Sculp-
tor, died. Madame Laititia Bonaparte, mother of the late Emperor of
France, died.

1823 George IV presented to the nation the library of his late father, at Buck-

ingham llousOjConsisting of 120,000 vols. An insurrection of theNegroes
at Martinique detected : several planters had died by poison. Two
hundred Negroes ordered for execution. Captain Parry arrived from
his exploratory voyage to the Polar regions ; he had failed in the chief
object of tlio expedition. Three grand Musical Festivals held within a
month, at York, Birmingham, and Gloucester, produced the enormous
sura of X30,500. By the melancholy accident from fire damp, at the
■\Villiam Pitt colliery near Whitehaven, 14 men, ICboys, and two girls,
lost their lives ; 17 liorses were also killed. Dr. Jenner, discoverer of
Vaccination, died. Mrs. Radcliflb, authoress of the Mysteries of Udol-
pho, &c., died. At Rochetts, Karl St. Vincent died. At Kincardine,
Admiral Lord Keith, died. At Rome, Pope Pius the Seventh, died.

1824 A subterraneous forest of oak wus discovered, on the shores of Iho Solway

Frith, beyond Brough, imbedded in a still' blue clay ; the trees were of
large dimensions, and the wood so perfect as to be scarce perceptible
from new timber, although it must have lain there many thousands of
years. Mr. Mantell discovered, in the iron sand-atone of Sussex, the
teeth of a herbivorous reptile of gigantic magnitude, being of the lizard
tribe ; from a thigh bono found, it must have equalled the elephant in
height, and been more tiian 00 foet long. The pictures of J. J. Anger-
stein, 38 in number, purchased by Government for £67,000 to begin a
national gallery ; Sir G. Beaumont liberally presented his collection to
the public for that purpose. The Ilecla, discovery ship, with Captain
Parry left hor moorings on a voyage of discovery to the Arctic region
Mr. Harris, acconi|ianieil by Miss Stocks, ascended in a balloon, when tbe
former was killed by being thrown from the car, The remains of Lord
Byron were conveyed IVoni London, amidst a concourse of people, for

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

485

Newstead Abbey. A copy of Columbus' letter to the King of Spain,
on tbe discovery of America, sold for 34 guineas. Particulars were
received respecting tbe death of the celebrated traveller Belzoni, at
Gato on his journey to Timbuctoo. Mr. Sadler, jun., the aeronaat|
was killed on descending in his balloon, near Blackburn in Lancashire.
The enormous timber ship, called the Columbus, arrived at Blackwall,
from the river St. Lawrence, being 300 feet long, 50 broad, and 30 deep.
Patrick Grant died, aged HI ; to this venerable Highlander, His Ma-
jesty had granted a pension of a guinea a week.

1826 In January, wool was exported from England to the United States of

America, being the first instance for two centuries. Organic remains of
antediluvian animals found in a cave near Chudleigh. Steam engines
in England, representing the power of 320,000 horses, equal to
1,920,000 men, managed by 3G,000only, now add to the power of our
population 1,884,000 men I A phenomenon observed on the coast of
Kent, being a cloud, resting part on the sea, extending as far as the
eye covld reach, reflecting two distinct images of every vessel passing
one inverted, the other in its proper position, apparently sailing in the
air. An earthquake happened in Algiers, when the town of Blida, was
totally destroyed, and, of a population of 15,000 persons, scarcely 300
wore left alive. j£2,000 granted to Mr. M'Adam for improvement of
the roads. The Tower of Fonthill- Abbey fell, and destroyed great part
of that elegant building.
182G London was visited by such a dense fog, in tbe forenoon, that candles were
burned in all tlio shops. The abduction of Miss Turner by E. G. Wake-
field. The death of the celebrated composer, Baron Von Weber, occurred!
being in his 40th year. Mr. Canning dined with the King of France,
and Sir Walter Scott with the King of England.

1827 Canal Excavation by the plougli in lieu of manual labour. It is remark-

able, that England, which usually sets the example to all Europe ia
the application uf machiuery as a substitute for manual Inbour, should
have been anticipated by the small state of Wurtemborg ; an extensive
line of canal having boon projected, and sanctioned by tlio Govern-
ment, an eminent engineer constructed a set of plouglis of various forms
to suit the nature of the soil to be ir.tersectod, whicli, by the aid of
from eight to twelve horsos, excavated tlio lino of canal, at less than a
fourth of the price which would liavo boon expended in manual labour.
Ills Royal llighuoss tho Duko of York expired. VVill of Mr. Rundel,
the silversmith, proved, whose personal property amounted to jE 1,200,-
000. Tlio steam vessel Goorge the Fourth left Portsmouth for Africa.
Mr. Canning appointed chancellor of the Exchequer, April 24. Mr.
Canning expired, Aug. 8. Lord Godorich appointed Promior, Death
of Dr. Good, F.R.S., author of various works on Science, kc. Death
of ilobocca Fury, of Falmuutli, Jamaica, agod 140. Clapperton's second
voyage to Africa, Parry's attempt to reach the North Polo ovtr the

MfUmmr

>.,*',

486

CHRONOLOGIOAL TABLE.

« t

ice without success. Lord Liverpool died, George Canning succeeded.
Intervention of England, Prance, and Russia in the affairs of Greece :
battle of Navarino. Premiership and death of Canning.

1828 Duke of Wellington premier. Russian invasion of Turkey. Capo d'Istria

President of Greece : a French army in the Morea. Don Miguel usurps
the throne of Portugal.

1829 The Russian Field-Marshal Diebitsch crosses the Balkan. Treaty of Adria-

nople. Independence of Greece recognized by Turkey. Catholic
emancipation in England.

1830 Accession of William IV. Algiers taken by the French. July 25th.

revolution at Paris : abdication of Charles X : Duke of Orleans called
to the throne, by the title of Louis Philippe, King of the French,
Belgian and Polish revolutions.

1831 The cholera appears in Europe. Polish insurrection suppressed, and the

kingdom of Poland incorporated with the Russian empire. London
conferences : Leopold of Saxe-Coburg chosen King of Belgium.

1832 Civil war in Portugal betwixt Pedro and Miguel. The French occupy

Ancona, and lay siege to Antwerp. Parliamentary reform in England.

1833 Meeting of the iirst reformed Parliament. Abolition of slavery in the

British colonies, with a compensation of £20,000,000 to the slave-
owners.

1834 Don Miguel expelled from Portugal. Civil war in Spain. Formation of

the German Zollvercin. Accession of Queen Victoria, Buckingham
Palace completed. Insurrection in Upper Canada. A meeting of the
Provincial Convention called at Toronto. Colonel Moodie killed.
McKenzie, Van Egmout and others invest Toronto. Rebels dispersed
and leaders flee to the United States.

1838 Second Insurrection in 1838. In Lower Canada, Mr. and Mrs. EUice of

Beauharnois, taken prisoners by the rebels at that place and given
over for keeping to the Curd. The Caughnawaga Indians take 64
prisoners and, tying them with their sashes and garters, send
them to Montreal. Affairs at Napierville and Laprairie. Colonel
Prince did, what should have instantly been done to the Fenian pri*
Boners in the late raid, viz., condemned some of the insurgents by
drum head Court Martial, and executed them forthwith. Quiet
restored.

1839 Treaty of peace betwixt Holland and Belgium. End of the civil war in

Spain.

1840 Intervention of England and Austria in the Egyptian question. Thiers

minister of Franco : apprehensions of a general war : removed by the
overthrow of Thiers : Guizot minister. Union of the ttro Cansdas.

1841 Resignation of Melbourne ministry. Peel becomes premier. Death of

Lord Sydenham in Canada. Fortification of Paris. Bonaparte interred
in Paris, 15th December.

1842 Affghan and Chinese wan : cession of Ilong Kong to England: opening

OHRONOLOQIOAL TABLE.

487

and garters, send

d of the civil war in

9 England: opening

of Chinese ports. Rising against the English at Cabul : murder of
Barnes and McNaughton : massacre at the Gabul Pass. General
Pollock forces the Ehugher Pass, 6th April. Ashburton Treaty with
the United States, August 9th. Great fire at Hamburg.

1843 Activity of the Anti-Corn Law League. John Bright returned for

Durham. Queen Victoria and Prince Albert visit the King of the
French and the King of the Belgians. Repeal meetings in Ireland
stopped by royal proclamation, and Mr. O'Connell and other repealers
arrested and tried for conspiracy and sedition.

1844 French hostilities with Morocco : Mogadore bombarded : King of the

French visits Queen Victoria at Windsor. Railway mania in England.
Campbell the Poet died, ISth June.

1845 Continued activity of the Anti-Corn Law League. Great bazaar at

London, where tl:e receipts amount to £25,000. Railway mania in
England attains its height : scrip issued to the nominal amount of
several hundred millions sterling. Annexation of Texas to the United
States. Steam established between Liverpool and New York. Sir
John Franklin set sail 22nd May.

1846 The Spanish double marriages. Mexico annexed, 25th August. Coolness

betwixt the courts of St. James and the Tuilleries. Abolition of the
Corn Laws, followed by resignation of the Peel ministry. Austria, in
violation of the treaties of Vienna, seizes on Cracow, and incorporates
it with her own dominions. Louis Napoleon escapes from the Castle
of Ham, in Normandy. Gregory XVI dies, and is succeeded by Car-
dinal Mastai Ferretti, who takes the title of Pius IX. Revolution of
Geneva, October 7th.

1847 Pope Pius introduces somu reforms into the Papal States : excitement in

the rest of Italy. Civil war in Switzerland : Sonderbund suppressed.
Abd-cl-Kader taken prisoner. The Duohy of Lucca reverts to Tus-
cany. Failure of the potato crop in Ireland.

1848 Upper California and New Mexico ceded to the United States. February

revolution in Paris : flight of Louis Philippe, 24th February : France a
Republic : Cavaignac : Revolution at Vienna 6th October, and Berlia
12th November : Schleswig-Holstein insurrection. Arctic ships deserted,
22nd April. Peace Congress at Brussbls, 20th September. Defeat of
Sikhs at Mooltan, 7th November. Napoleon III first elected Presi*
dent, 20th December. Smith Bi-!en defeated in his attempt to raise
a resurrection in Ireland.

1849. Death of Queen Adelaide. Punjaub war. Revolutions in Rome and
Tuscany : Mazzini : French invasion and occupation of Rome. Revo-
lutionary movements in Germany and Hungary. Kossuth. Revolution
in Baden suppressed by Prussia; in Hungary by Russia; and
Hungarians defeated by Hayman.

1850 Battle of Idstedt and suppression of the Sohleswig-Holstein insurrection.
Peace between Denmark and Prussia. Louis Philippe died 26th
August. Sir Robert Peel died.

488

OHBONOLOOICAL TABLE.

J:i'

1851 Great industrial exhibition in London in Crystal Palace. French coup
d'etat: National assembly broken up, and Napoleon declared President
of the Republic for ten years. Discovery of gold fields in Australia.

1862 The Earl of Derby forms a protectionist ministry, dissolves parliament,

but is soon forced to resign : Lord Aberdeen becomes Premier, On the
14th September, the illustrious Dulce of Wellington, the Iron Duke,
died at Walmar Castle near Dover, aged 83. Louis Napoleon pro-
claimed Emperor of the French, as Napoleon IIL Amazon steamer
burnt at sea, and 100 persons perished, 4th January. The steamer
Birkenhead with troops on board for the Cape of Good Hope wrecked
26th February, and of 638 persons only 184 were saved; 454 of the
crew and soldiers of the 12th Lancers, 2nd, 6th, 12th, 43rd, 45th,
60th Rifles, 73rd, 74th and 91st Regiments perished by drowning or
swallowed by sharks which were seen swimming around.

1863 Marriage of Napoleon III to Eugenie de Montejo in January. Fire which

broke out in Windsor Castle, extinguished March 19th. The Queen
of Portugal died November 15th. The Porte formerly declared war
against Russia, October 5th. Russia invades the Danubian principa-
lities, crossing the Pruth in July, destroys the Turkish fleet at Sinop^,
hence called the " Massacre of Sinopd. Battle of Silistria. Death of
Captain Butler.

1864 Great Britain and France declare war against Russia in March. The

Allies land at Varna. Dreadful attack of Cholera in both armies —
then the invasion of the Crimea. Battles of the ^\ma, Balaclava, and
Inkermann with all the minor sorties and engagements, and the scenes
of camp life, so graphically described by military and civil corres-
pondents. Bomarsund taken by the Baltic Expedition, August I6tb.

1855 Sardinia joins the Allies. South side of Sebastopol taken. Battle of

Tchernaya. Taking of Kertch and Kinburn. Battle of the Heights of
Kars. Fall of Sebastopol and Kars. Russia proposes peace. Napo-
leon visited England, April 17th. Crimean medals distributed, May
18th. Sebastopol evacuated by the Russians, September 9th. Dread-
ful storm in the Black Sea, during which the Prince, Resolute, &c.,
foundered. Insurrection at Madrid. Flight of the Queen Mother
Christina and dismissal of her favourites.

1856 Peace of Paris signed, March 31st. Victoria cross instituted, January

29th. Lord Dalhousie ceased to be Governor General of India, and
was succeeded by Viscount Conning. Wor in Persia, and capture by
the British of Bushire ; Persian King, obliged thereafter to suo for
peace. Great Britain involved in a war with China. Commissioner
Yeh made prisoner. Lord Elgin made Ambassador to negotiate a
settlement of difficulties. Seizure of Lorch, October 8th. English
Cathedral, Montreal, burnt.
1867 Sbakspeare's house bought. Kensington Museum opened. Victoria croat
distributed, and Victoria Asylum commenced. Indian Mutiny begun.

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

489^

February 28th. Massacre of Cawnpore, July 16th. Relief of Luck*
now, November 17th.

1858 Close of the Mutiny and re-organization of the country. Attempt on the

life of Napoleon III by Orsini and others. Orsini beheaded, March
13th. Princess Royal married to the Prince of Prussia.

1859 Revolution in Tuscany. Victoria Bridge opened, 19th December.

Earthquake at Quito, 29th March. A Southern Convention at Vicks-
burg, Miss., at which eight States are represented, passes resolutions
in favor of opening the slave trade. John Brown and fifteen white
men and five negroes seize the arsenal at Harper's Ferry and kill four
of the inhabitants. The militia and Federal troops arrive at Harper's
Ferry and besiege Brown and his men in the armory buildings. Th&
armory captured by Colonel Lee (now General). One marine and
twelve of Brown's men killed, Brown and four men taken prisoners,
and two escape, but are re-captured. The people of Oharlestown, Va.j
excited by the rumors of an attempt to rescue John Brown ; and
Governor Wise calms their fears by guarding the place with a
Richmond regiment. In the House of Representatives of South
Carolina a resolution is offered that " South Carolina is ready to enter^
together with other slave-holding States, or such as desire present
action, into the formation of a Southern Confederacy." John Brown
and two negroes hung. The medical students from Southern States
in Philadelphia colleges resolve to secede and join colleges in their
own States.

The following is a chronological table of the war in Italy. It is
taken from the Jouru. of Education and compiled by the esteemed
Superintendent of Education for Lower Canada, and will be found
valuable for History students.

" First body of French troops leaves Toulon ; Austrian ultimatum
dispatched from Vienna to Turin. It is received at Turin. The
limit fixed by the ultimatum (of three days) expires ; Count
Cavour declines the Auslriun conditions ; statement of the war
question addressed to the Corps Legislatif by Count Walewski ;
French troops first cross Mont Cenis. Revolution in Tuscany;
the Grand Duke retires : address of Victor Emmanuel to his
army. The Austrian declaration of war posted in Vienna; the Aus-
trians, under Count Gyulai, pass the Ticino ; Marshal Canrobert and
General Niel reach Turin and assume command of their respective
corps d'armde ; General McMahon arrives at Genoa ; death of General
Bouat ; appeal of Victor Emmanuel to the Italian people. The Aus-
trians occupy Novara ; the French ambassador quits Vienna ; revolt of
Massa and Carrara. King Victor Emmanuel leaves Turin to take com'
mand of his army ; the Austrians occupy Mortara ; their steamers seize
the Sardinian ports on Lake Maggiore ; three Austrian vessels repulsed
on the lake; the Duchess of Parma withdraws from the Duchy. Manifesto

490

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

of Napoleon III, addressed to the Corps Legislatif; the Austrians paas
the Po at Oambio ; they are repulsed in an attempted crossing at Fras-
sinetto ; they burn the bridge over the Scrivia at Piacenza ; the Aus-
trian vanguard reaches Tronzano. The conflict at Frassinetto con-
tinues ; the Austrians, passing the Po at Vacarizza, advance to Sale ;
a cannonade at Valenza. The Duchess of Parma returns to her
capital. General Oialdini, issuing from Casale, seizes a convoy of the
enemy. The Austrians repass the Po at Oerola. Imperial decree
establishing the Regency in France. The Emperor Napoleon III, and
the Prince Napoleon Jerome leave Paris for the seat of war ; the Aus-
trians complete a retrograde movement to t.e left of the Sesia. The
Emperor embarks at Marseilles ; the Austrians pause at Vercelli, and
return reconnoiteriug parties to the right bank of the river; they
occupy Rivergaro. The Emperor lands at Genoa ; issues an order of
the day to the army. The English declaration of neutrality published.
The Austrians occupy Bobbio, and push their advanced post to Gas-
teggio. The French Emperor arrives at Alessandria. The French
squadron of Admiral Jurieu-Gravier anchors before Venice ; the
Emperor visits the outposts at Valenza. The Austrians threaten the
bridge at Stella ; the Emperor visits the head-quarters of the King at
Occimiano ; the Austrians vainly attempt to take the bridge at
Valenza. The head-quarters of Count Gyulai transferred in retreat to
Gariasco. Speech of M. Kossuth on the war, delivered at London
Tavern ; battle of Montebello ; the Allies, numbering 6,300, under
General Forey, defeat 25,000 Austrians under General Count Stadion ;
the Emperor visits Casale. The Piedmontese, under General Oial-
dini, force the passage of the Sesia at Vercelli, routing the Austrians ;
Garibaldi with his corps, leaves Blella, and marches for Northwestern
Lombardy ; the blockade of Venice established. Death of the King
of Naples. Garibaldi, passing tlie Ticino at Sesto Oalende, defeats the
enemy and captures Varese. Garibaldi, attacked by the Austrians,
beats them; Colonel Christoforis, with a portion of Garibaldi's force,
beats the Austrians near Sesto Calende ; the Emperor at Voghera.
The Emperor arrives at Vercelli ; Garibaldi again beats the Austrians
at Malmate. Garibaldi marphes upon Gomo ; rapid movement of the
French army from the south to the north of the Po ; Montebello and
Casteggio, evacuted by them, occupied by the Austrians. Garibaldi,
beating the Austrians at San Fermo, occupies Como, Camerlata, and
Lecco ; Austrian vessels bombard Ganobbio, on Lake Uaggiore ; the
Valtelline rises in insurrection. Battle of Palestro ; the AUijs, com-
manded by Victor Emmanuel, attack the Austrians; the Emperor of
Austria, attended by Field-Marshal Baron Hess, arrive at Verona. The
Allies defeat the Austrians at Palestro ; General Niel occupies Novara ;
proclamation of the Emperor Francis Joseph to the Tyrolese. Gari-
baldi retiring before a powerful body of the enemy, attacks Laveno

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

491

unsuccessfully ; the Austrians attack the allied outposts at Robbio, but
speedily retreat ; the advance of the Allies, under McMahon, enters
Lombardy by the bridge of Turbigo. The Austrians hastily eracuate
Sardinia; severe action at Buffalora; Garibaldi again marches upon
Varese, beats the Austrians, and re-occupies it. The conflict at Buffa-
lora concludes in a splendid victory of the Allies at Magenta. Milan
rises upon the Austrians ; the garrison retires ; Victor Emmanuel
proclaimed King ; Lombardy annexed to Sardinia ; Grand Te Deum at
Paris for the victory at Magenta. The Emperor and King enter
Milan ; the Austrian's custom-houses on Lake Maggiore seized by
Garibaldi's corps. Garibaldi pursues the Austrians, who retreat
towards Monza ; proclamation of Napoleon III to the Italians. Mar-
shal Baraguay d'Hilliers attacks the Austrians at Malegnano, and after
a severe contest carries that post ; on the same day the Austrian Count
d' Urban is beaten by Marshal Oanrobert at Canonica; the Austrians
evacuate Laverno on Lago Maggiore. Garibaldi enters Bergamo ; the
Austrians evacuate Pavia and Piacenza; the Duchess of Parma
arrives at Verona. The Austrians evacuate Lodi; they also evacuate
Bologna and Ancona; resignation of the Derby Ministry in England ;
Lord Palmerston invited to form a cabinet ; head-quarters of the
French advanced to Gorgouzola. The vanguard of the French army
passes the Adda at Cassano ; the Sardinian army passes the Adda
at Vaprio ; the Austrians complete the evacuation of the Papal terri-
tory, and also withdraw from Modena; death of Prince Metternieh.
The Austrians abandon Pizzighettone ; Garibaldi at Brescia ; Cremona
and Brescia declare for the King of Sardinia ; the Allied army passes
the Sesia; General d'Urban retires from Coccaglia. The Duke of
Modena arrives at Mantua; d'Urban occupies Cavrlana, but eva-
cuates it the same night; revolt at Venice. Garibaldi repulsed
by an overwhelming force of the Austrians at Castenedolo ; he
retreats towards Lonato. General Count Schlick takes command
of the second Austrian army, replacing Gyula! ; the head quarters
of Napoleon III removed to Covo; the Austrian Emperor at
Travigliato. The Austrians occupy Montechiaro and Castiglione;
Kossuth leaves London for Italy. The Emperor and King enter
Brescia ; the Austrians occupy the pass of the Stelvio ; the Emperor
Francis Joseph reviews a portion of his army at Lonato ; he assumes
supreme command of the army. The third division of the Adriatic
fleet sails from Toulon. The Austrians abandon Montechiaro, Castig-
lione, and Lonato. The Emperor and King leave Brescia for the camp ;
the Austrians re-occupy Montechiaro and Castiglione ; Francis Joseph
fixes his head-quarters at Villafranca. The I< rench pass the Chinese at
Montechiaro, and push a reconnaissaace aa far as Goito ; the head-
quarters of Francis Joseph at Vallegio ; Kossuth arrives at Genoa.
The French Emperor and the King urge a reconnaissance as far as

492

CHEONOLOOTCAIi TABLE.

Vi'

: ■ %

[!*: < n

Desenzano ; the Austrians in full force repass the Mincio, and occupy
Pozzolengo, Solferino nnd Oavriana. Great battle of Solferino :
250,000 Austrians defeated by the Allies, numbering 160,000; the
Austrians repass the Mincio ; the allied head-quarters at Cavriana.
Prussia proposes in the Diet the mobilization of the Federal army ;
retreat of the French troops at Brescia. Kossuth arrives at Parma,
and after conferring with Prince Napoleon, proceeds to the Imperial
head-quarters. A portion of Garibaldi's troops, Awlev .Major Medidi,
occupy the pass of Tonal, between Val Canpt'i>-i mil tba Tyrol. The
Allies, crossing the Mincio, enter the Veri .an i:S<.Ue: ilie vanguard
of the Allies advances to Villafranca. The Imperial }!ead-quarter3
removed to Volta; the corps of Prince Nu^ A< ,r. Joins the main body
of the allied army at Yallegii' ; the '<.m Jiaians coDimence the siege of
Peschiera; the new British mini^! 17 ileclares in Parliament its deter-
mination to maintain an inviolable neutrality. The Emperor removes
his head-quarters from Volta, and, crossing the Mincio, fixes them at
Vallegio. Ten thousand French troops landed at Lussin-Piccolo, in
the Adriatic ; Grand Te Deum for the victory of Solferino at Notre-
Dame. The Austrians retire from Bormio, after a sharp action, in
which they are defeated by Garibaldi. Armistice concluc'.dd between
the two emperors at VillaFranca ; Zara bombarded by the French
frigate Impetueuse. Interview between Napoleon III and Francis
Joseph ; the war terminated by the peace of VillaFranca." Militia
Volunteer Association of England established I7th November.

1860 The principal events of this year are : General rising of the Sicilians,

March 16th. Annexation of Savoy and Nice to France, March 24th.
War in China and capture of Pekin. Insurrection at Palermo, April
4th. Great Eastern sailed for America, June 16th. Prince of Wales
at Qijebec, August 18th. King of Naples, Francis II, retired to Gaeta,
September 6th. Garibaldi entered Naples, September 8th. Ancona
taken, September 30th. Battle of Volturno, October 2nd. Victor
Emmanuel at Naples, November 7th. Abraham Lincoln elected Pre-
sident of the United States. A Secession Convention assembles in
Columbia, S.C, but adjourns to Charleston, in consequence of the
small pox. The Convention at Charleston passes the ordiu:iQce
carrying ;'>';i!t,!; (Carolina out of the Union. Attempted removal of
ordnance frooa 'Jc; .". "senal at ^'*'^burg, Pa., prevented by thi- citi-
zens. ^ '. •■ ¥ j'l ti ? . /acuated uj Major Robert Anderson, who retires
with hib tioops to Fort Sumter. Seizure by the citizens of the Arsenal
at Charleston, S.C.

1861 Duchess of Kent died, March 16th. Attack on Japanese Nussiei, Septem-

ber 23rd. The fearful colliery explosion at Hartley took place on tha
16th January of this year. King of Russia died, Jonuary 2nd. Tal-
tian gallery destroyed, February 5th. The principal events of th«
Great Rebellion this ;ear are given under In the order of occirreace :—

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

493

The Postmaster at Charleston refuses to make returns to the United
States Government. The Star of the West chartered and sent to Fort
Surater to reinforce Major Anderson. Mississippi secedes. The first
gun of the rebellion fired; the forts on Morris Island fire on the Star
of the West, aud she puts to sea. Major And'rson leaves Fort Sum-
ter in the Baltic, after having formally si >-»dered the fort and
saluting his flag with the honors of war; sev 'il men killed by the
explosion of a gill, while saluting; no Jives losi n the bombardment.
The Army and Navy Apropriation Bills j i ss Congf=s. Battle at Rich
Mountain, Va., iu which General McCleltan defe Peg. in. The
rebels evacuate Laurel Hill, Va. General Mv.t^'lellau I'uivies Beverly,
Va. ; Garnett defeated and killed at Carrick's ' >rd, Vi Pegram sur-
renders. Battle of Bull Run, Va. ; the Union ray deti ed, and falls
back on Washington in confusion ; Union i s, 48! killed, 10 U
wounded, and TOO prisoners ; Rebel los.s, 269 killed, and 1 -3 wounded.
General Dix take.^ command in Baltimore. Gen ^] ott's resig-
nation accept.^d by the President, who appoint ml McClellan
to the chief i jmmand of the armies. General ssues *n order
regulating the Maryland elections. Floyd defea >y Ro-:ecran3 at
Gauley Bridge. Battle at Belmont, Mo.; the n-l"* ider Sidney A.
Johnston defeate i by Grant. Naval engagement i t_ Royal Har-
bour ; the rebel "orts Beauregard and Walker ca d. General
Buell assigned to the Department of .Kentucky. Jai. '. Mason and
John Slidell, rebel Ministers *■> "Sngland and Franc- d onboard
the Trent, by Comnsodore WiUes, of the San Jacinto. -i defeated
at Piketon, Ky., by General Nelson. A general bomb .eiit of Pen-
sacola and the navy-yard by Colonel Brown at For 'kens ; the
town and navy-yard lestroyed. The gunboat C«ur de 'm runs the
blockade of the Potomac, and arrives at Fortress Munro. The Consti-
tution leaves Hampton Roads with General Phelps, first f»,. jf the
Butler expedition to Vew Orleans. General Scott return* .o New
York from Europe. Mr. Seward agrees to surrender Mason and Slidell.
1862 French army in Mexico, .'anuary 7th. Mausoleum at Frogmore com-
menced, March 15th. French Victories in Cochin-China, March 29th.
Garibaldi at Catania, / igust 20th. Battle of Aspromonte, August
29th. Mason and Slidel surrendered. Engagements at Port Royal
Ferry, S.C., and Pensaccia, Fla. General Mitchell occupies Hunts-
ville, Ala. Fort Puluski surrenders. The 8iep,o of Fort Macon, N.C.,
commenced. Pocahantos, Ark., occupied by General Curtis. New
Orleans surrenders to Commodore Farragut. Battle atWarwick Greek,
Va. General Banks evacuates Strasburg, Va., in con.iequence of the
advance of Jackson. Commodore Farragut shells Grand Gulf, Miss.
Battle at Lewisburg, Va. The President calls for 300,000 men.
Battle of Malvern Hills ; end of the seven days' fight. Battle of Cat-
lett's Station, Va., and retreat of Pope. General McDowell evacuates

*S»;Wv.i*ta*i«.4S*«iJ6iiH4«,^^-j^.^^

494

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

Fredericksburg, Va. General W. T. Sherman commences a movement
upon Yicksburg in tlie rear of Haine's Bluff. Stuart makes an unsuc-
cessful foray on Burnaide's army at Falmouth, Va.

1863 Captain Speke discovered the source of the Nile, February 23rd. Prince
of Wales married, March 10th. The President issues his Emanci-
paticn Proclamation. The rebels estimate their losses thus far at
20,898 killed, 59,615 wounded, and 21,169 prisoners. Total. 209,116.
Battles of Hunt's Cross Roads, Tenn., and Galveston, Texas.
Naval tngagement in Charleston Harbour ; the rebel rams attack
the fleet. National fast observed by order of President Lincoln.
Porter's squadron passes the batteries at Grand Gulf, Miss.,
and General Grant fights the battle of Branlinsburg, and lands his
troops. Battle of Chancellorsville, Va., commenced. Stonewall
Jackson mortally wounded. The tracks diverging from Gordonsville
destroyed by General Buford. General Stoneman destroys the rail-
road ut Columbia, Va. Second day of the battle of Chancellorsville,
Va. Battle of Nansemond, Va. ; Longstreet reinforces Lee. Frede-
ricksburg, Va., captured by General Sedgwick. Battle at Gettysburg,
Pa., commenced. General Roaecrans occupies. TuUahoma, Tenn., and
Wiuchcster the next ne.\t. Negotiations for tlie surrender of Vicks.
burg. Miss., opened. Vicksburg surrenders to General Grant. Lee
defeated at Gettysburg, Pa. Battle at Ileleno, Ark. Chattanooga,
Tenn., evocuated by the rebels. Naval engagement in Charleston
Harbour ; a naval attack on Fort Sumter repulsed . Union forces de.
fcated at Sabine Pass, Texas. Cliattanooga occupied by General
Crittenden. Cumberland Gap surrendered to General Burnside —
Union forces defeated at Tii)lon, Tenn. Culpepper, Va., occupied by
General Meade's advance. Engagements near Culpepper, Va., and at
Bird's Gap, Ga. General Hooker's " battle in the clouds " at Look-
out Mountain. Engagement at Wauhatchie, Ala. General Blair
occupies Tuscumbia, Ala. 181 Federal prisoners arrive at Fortress
Monroe from Libby Prison, in a starving condition. The oxciiango of
jirisoners stopped. General Butler takes coninianu of the Department
of Virginia at Fortress Monroe. A furious bombardment of Fort
Sumter. General Foster announces Longstreet in full retreat from
Tennessee, whereupon tiie I'rusident orders a Thanksgiving. General
Grant's captures during tlie war announced as A'12 cannon r^nd 90,000
prisoners.

1864 Tercentenary of Sliakspearo, April 16th. Great storm at Calcutta,
October 5th. General Sherman returns to Vioksburg from a siiccosi-
ful raiding expedition into Albania and Mississippi, having destroyed
over $2,000,000 worth oi property, and captured 8000 negroes and
4000 priioners. The rebels under General Forrest enter Padueah,
Ky. ; the rebels were repulsed and driven from tlie city. Severe gale ;
several vcsscli driven ashore along the coast. An expedition of Union

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

495

I morement
3 aa unsuc-

rd. Prince
lis Eraanci-
thu3 far at
tal. 209,116.
ton, Texas,
ams attack
nt Lincoln,
julf, Miss.,
d lands bis
Stonewall
Gordonsville
oys the rail-
ncellorsville,
Leo. Frede-
t, Gettysburg,
la, Tenn., and
er of Vicks.
Grant. Lee
[!liattanoogn,

II Charlestoa
on forces de.

by General
Burnside—
occupied by
, Va., and at
lis" atLook-
lencral lilair
lit Fortress
cxclianKo of
Drpartinent
lieiit of Fort
retreat from
ng. General
In :\nd 00,000

lat Calcutta,
Im a 8UCC088-
li^ destroyed
negroes and
[cr I'aducah,
ISovcro gale ;
Ition of Union

troops under Colonel Clayton to Mount Elba and Longyiew, Ark.,
captured 320 prisoners, 300 horses, about 40 wagons laden with camp
and garrison equipments, beside 300 contrabands, and killing and
wounding about 200 rebels. United States steamer Maple Leaf blown
up in St. John's River, Florida, by a rebel torpedo ; four of the crew
killed. Fight between rebels and Union gunboats at New Falls City,
near Shreveport, La. ; defeat of the rebels ; from 500 to 600 of them
killed or wounded. Fight with rebels at Grand Ecore, La. ; capture
of 2000 rebels and twenty cannon by Union troops. The rebels attempt
to blow up the United States frigate Minnesota, lying in Hampton
Roads, with a torpedo, but fail. Capture of Fort Pillow by the rebels
under General Forrest; all found in the garrison, except about 200,
massacred after they had surrendered — men, women, and children.
Steamer Golden Gate, laden with United States Gdvernmcnt stores,
captured by rebels near Memphis. Maximilian invested with his new
honours as Emperor of Mexico at his Castle of Meramar, Battle at
Mine Run between tlie rebels, under General Lee, and the army of the
Potomac, under General Grant; the rebels defeated and driven back;
Brigadier General Jas. S. Wadsworth and Brigadier Alex. Hays among
the killed. Dalton, Ga., occupied by Union troops under General
Thomas. Severe battle between tlie Union army under General Grant
and the rebels under General Lee, near Spottsylvania Court-house ;
Major General John Sedgwick killed, The gunboats of General Banks
and Admiral Porter's expedition up Red River succeed in getting down
over tlie Falls near Alexandria, tlirougli the engineering skill of Lieu-
tenant Colonel Bailey. Fight between Union troops under General
Butler and the rebels under the General Hill near Petersburg, Va. ;
the latter defeated. Anotlier tarriblo battle near Spottsylvania
Court-liouse, between tlio Union and rebel armies. General Siieridau
completes a successful raid in the rear of Lee's rebel army in Virginia,
recapturing 500 Union soldiers, and destroying eiglit miles of railroad,
two locomotives and three trains. Fight between General Butler's
troops and those of Oenerul Beaurcgiird, without definite results. The
rebel army in (Jcorgia driven by General Sherman to Buzzard's Rno^t
Mountain. Miijor Genernl Hancock captures 7000 rebels and thirty
guns in a battle near Spottsylvania, Va. Union troops evacuate
Little Washington, N.C, when rebels enter and burn all the houses
in the place except al)()Ut twenty; women robbed and turned adrift
without food or shelter. The outer lino of works of Fort Darling
carried by Union troops under Generals Gillmoro and Smith. General
Sheridan captures tlie oiiler lino of fortifications in front of I!ichinot\d.
Dalton, Oa., evacuated by the rebels under General Joe Johnston
and occupied liy Union troops under General Sherman. B(iml)ard-
ment of Charleston and Fort Sumter, S.C., renewed with vigour.
Reiaca, Qa., captured by General Sherman's army, with IL'oii pri-

-^—-CT!-

496

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

soners, ten guns and six trains going South for supplies ; Union loss
in killed and wounded 2700. General Sigel defeated at Rood's Hill, in
the Shenandoah Valley. Successful advance of General Grant's army
to Cold Harbour, Va. General Fitz Hugh Lee and 500 rebel cavalry
captured by General Butler's troops near White House, Va. General
Hunter defeats the rebels at Staunton, Va. ; captures 1500 prisoners,
3000 stand of arms and 3 cannon, beside a large amount of stores,
&c. ; the rebel General W. E. Jones, killed. The rebels attack the
Union troops under General Burnside, and are repulsed. General
Kautz, with his Union cavalry troops, charges the rebel works in
front of Petersburg, Va., and enters the place, but not being supported
by General Gillraore, is compelled to retire. Fight between Union
cavalry under General Sheridan and the rebels under General J. E. B.
Stewart ; defeat of the rebel troops and death of General Stewart ;
General Hunter burns the Virginia Military institute. Governor Let-
cher's house, and captures 6 cannon and COO horses, and a large
amount of stores. Maximilian makes a triumphant entry into the City
of Mexico; John Morgan, rebel General, captures Cynthiana, Ky.,
and two Ohio regiments ; General Burbridge, with Union troops, sub-
sequently arrives, defeats the rebels, captures 400 prisoners and 1000
horses. Expedition of 8000 Union troops under General Sturgis de-
feated by 10,000 rebels under Generals Forrest, Lee and Roddy;
wngun and ammunition trains lost. Desperate fight between rebel
and Union troops on the line of the Petersburg and Welddn Railroad ;
the Union troops driven from their position, but afterward regain it ;
a Union brigade gobbled up. Artillery fight in front of Petersburg,
Va. ; the town set on fire by shells from Union guns. Frederick, Md.,
evacuated by Union troops under General Wallace, and occupied by
rebels, who levy $200,000 on the citizens. Severe fight between the
armies of General Sherman and General Hood in front of Atlanta ;
severe assaults of Hood successfully repulsed. Peace Conference at
Niagara Falls ; Horace Greeley acts as President Lincoln's agent, and
ofiers the rebel Commissioners a safe conduct to Washington and
back. A mine exploded under the rcljol fortifications at Petersburg,,
Va., which are blown up with the troops In them ; a terrific battlej
ensues ; the Union storming column is re[)ulsed with fearful slaughter
Union loss, 0000. Severe fight between the rebels and Union troops!
under General Warren; the rei)cls repulsed; lUnion loss 2Hooj^
Marlinsburg, Va., rooccuplcd by rebel troops. Another battle on th<j
line of the Weldon and Petersburg Road, i)otwoen Union troops undej
General Warren and the rebels ; the latter repulsed, with fearA|
slaughter; Union loss about 3000, Forrest, with throe brigades
cavalry, attacks Memphis, and endeavours to capture Generals Waslj
biirno ami Iliirlbut ; iliey fail in tliuir object, and are driven out l|
Union troops. Fight between rebel and Union troops near Charle

««Vie8 ; Union loss

^ Btorea,

.rge amount of B

The rebe\3 attacs
Irepulsed. General
b! rebel wor^B m

::tnotbeingB«PPone*
Figbt between ^^^

\t;orrBtw'a..,

^'^' .TrOovernorLet-

^'^^'^'"' • aid a large
coo boraes, and
.pbantentryiatotue J

Mnrca Cyntbiaua, Ky.,
='^ run-ion troops, sub-
e.witbUmon ^^^^

""'^'\ Loe and Hoddy ;
l^TfiX between rebel

'""^^flward regain It-,
,„,butafterwa': ^^^^^g^

'•'«^»^--:rvteric.,Md.,

uion guna. -^ „„cupled by
•'^^^^"":Ctb"veentbe

l\"f^rJ::c:nt-e-ceat

uascd. l*^"^ Mn'a aR«n^' '^'"^

■'"'r.V'rw «-» "'

conduct p.ioraburg,

I fortiftcatlona at 1 ^ ^^^,^,

' ^"^^" ";;;; ie brigadcB of
l^orreat, wUb tb^ ^ ^^^^,.

-"''^"''TarHrWonoutby
objoct, and are ^^^^^^,.

,^ Union troop. "«"'

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

49i

vd,

I'c

town, Va., without deciaiTe reeults. The rebels make another des-
perotc eflfort to drive General Warren from the Peteraburg and Weldon
Railroad, but are again repulaed, with heavy loss. General Kilpatrick
returns from a successful raiding expedition ; tears up 14 miles of
railroad, captures 4 cannon and 200 prisonera. Atlanta, Ga., cap-
tured by Union troops, under Major General Sherman; 27 guns and
1000 rebel prisonera taken. Fight in the Shenandoah valley, near
Berryrille, Va. ; defeat of the rebels ; 20 wagons, 2 battle flags and
many prisoners captured. Fight with rebels at Greenville, Tcnn. ;
John Morgan, the notorious guerilla, killed, and his force dispersed.
Desperate fight with rebels at Opequan Greek, Shenandoah valley ;
the Union troops, under General Sheridan, capture 3000 prisoners,
15 battle flags and S guns. Some rebels capture the steamers Parsons
and Island Queen, on Lake Erie, and convert them into pirates. The
British Government order that no vessel belonging to the Confederates
or United States shall enter British ports for the purpose of being
dismantled or sold. General Sheridan gains a great victory at Fisher's
Hill, Shenandoah Valley ; captures 20 guns, beside caissons, horses
and 1100 prisoners; Union General Russell killed. Great battle in
the Shenandoah Valley, between Union forces, under General Sheri-
dan, and the rebels, under General Early ; defeat of the latter, and
capture of 43 guns, beside caissons, horses and prisoners. General
Blunt defeated by the rebels under General Price, at Lexington, Mo.
The rebel ram jilbcmarU blown up in Roanoke River by a United
States torpedo boat, under the command of Lieutenant Gushing.
Fight between General Pleasanton's Union army and General Price's
rebel army at Newton, Mo. ; defeat of the latter ; 2000 rebels and 7100
stand of arms captured. Fight between the Union forces under Gene-
ral Sherman and the rebels under General Hood ; defeat of Ibo latter.
Armed bauds of rebels appear on the Lakes and occasion great
excitement and alarm along the Northern frontier. Ilebol troops under
General Price attack Fnyettovllle, Ark., and are repulsed with a loss
of about 1000 in killed and wounded. The rebels under General
Breckinridgo attack the Union troopa under General Gillcm at Bull
Gap, and capture 400 Union troops. Severe flght between rebel and
Union troops at Strawberry Plains, Tenn., without dccisivo results.
Forty-flvo Union scouta captured by the rebel Oouoral Mosby, near
('liarlestown, Va. The Senate uuthorizos the ron»truciion of six
rovunuu cuttera for the laken. A bill uuthorixiug the President to ter-
minate the Uociprnoity Treaty, pasBos the House. The Canadian
Courts decide that they have no jurisdiction in Ihi' case of the St.
Albans and Lake Krie pirates, and release them. General Sherman
investing Savannah; Admiral I'ortor's oxpeditlon leaves Fortress
Monroe for Wilmington. Ilo-arreot ol onool liie St Albans' raiders in
Canada ; ru-actiou of suutiment.

■^'^'^"tmktttni.ij,.

lit'

_ !■■!;■

til

W -lis

li I

498

f'HRONOLOQICAL TABLE.

18G5 American Rebellion still continuing — Principal events in order of succes-
sion: — Columbia, S.O., captured by General Sherman ; Port Ander-
son, Capo Fear River, sliolled by our forces ; General Schofield ad-
vancing from SmitLfield, N'.C. Rebel dollar estimated by the rebels
as worth two cents in specie. Charleston evacuated. Sheridan pur-
suing Early and his body guard, all that is left of his army. General
Sherman leaves Fayettevillo, N.C., destroys the arsenal, and moves
on Goldsboro. General Sheridan's entire command arrives at White
House, Va. Johnston defeated at Bentonville, N.C. Goldsboro eva-
cuated, and the rebel forces fall back on Smithfield. General Steele
leaves Pensacola, Fla., to attack Mobile. Captain Kennedy, the spy
and incendiary, hung at Fort Lafayette. The rebels attack and carry
Fort Steadraan, but the fort is retaken by a vigorous charge of the
Ninth Corps ; the President witnesses the actjipn. General Granger
commences a co-operating movement against Mobile. General Sher-
man arrives at General Grant's head-quarters. General Stoneham
captures Boone, N.C. General Wilsou moves on Greenville, Ala. A
general advance made on Spanish Fort, Mobile Bay. The Stonewall
arrives at Lisbon, Portugal, having escaped from Ferrol, Spain, and
is ordered to leave the harbour, liattlo of Five Forks, Va. ; the rebel
riglit doubled up on the centre, and a portion of the wing cut off.
General Grant orders an attack on the whole lino, and, after desperate
fighting, both wings are rested on the Appomottox ; the South Side
Road is cut, and during the day and night Richmond and Petersburg
are evacuated, and Lee's army is in full retreat for Danville ; the rolicl
General A. P. Ilill killed. Selma, Ala,, captured by General Wilson's
cavalry, together with the greater portion of Forrest's and Roddy's
commands. Geueial Sheridan attacks Lee, West of Uurkosville and
routs iiim, oai)turing Kwell and a number of otlior generals. The news
of the capture of Richmond announced to Hlicrmau's army. General
Grant uigea Lee to surrender to save the further clfusion of blood ;
Loo a^ks for terms. Gonornl Luc surrenders the Army of Northern
Virginia to Oeucral Grant. The President and Mrs. Lincoln return
to Washiiigioii. .Mobile captured ; ;iO() guns ■itid ;iOOO prisoners.
General rejoicing all over the country. All the St. Albans raiders,
excejil Vouiig, relenfleil. The President issues a jiroclamation closing
certain Southern porta, The President makes a speech in which he
defines the States of the rebellion and hints at plan.'* for restoration,
lie iifHiies a |iroclaniHtion respecting treatment of our national ves-
sels in foreign |)orts, and threatens retalintion for discourtesy. A
Te Deuin chanted in Trinity IMiurch, Lynehburg, Va,, surrenders to
a Union scouting party. Practical emi of the War : — General Grant
arrives in Washington and advises that the draft lie stopped, that
recruiting cease, and that the military establishment be reduced. Leo
rcporteil to have luhi.^ed Julinjlou to surrender to Sherman, The

CIIRONOLOOICAL TABLE.

499

n order of succes-
an ; Fort Andor-
cral Schofield ad-
ited by the rebels
id. Sheridftn pur-
is army. Ocncral
rsenal, and moves
I arrives at White
'. Goldaboro eva-
i. General Steele
Kennedy, the spy
Is attack and carry
rous charge of tho
General Granger
ile, General Sher-
Gencral Stoneham
koenville, Ala. A
fvy. The Stonewall
Pcrrol, Spain, and
rks, Va. ; tho rebel
the wing cut off.
vnd, after desperate
X ; the South Side
)ud and Petersburg
auvillo ; the roliel
General Wilson's
rest's and Roddy's
of Uurkesvillo and
icrals. Tho news
d nniiy. General
Ifusion of blood ;
Army of Northern
ra. Lincoln return
;I000 prisoners.
Kt. Albans rai<lers,
)clamatiun closing
pecch in which iiu
t\u.< for ri'storation.
our nutionul vos-
ir iliscourtcpy, A
Vu., rturremlort' to
r —General Grant
bo stopped, that
it b(i riuiuri'd, Lee
Id Sherman, The

Europa arrives with tho news that the American Minister at Lisbon
has demanded satisfaction for tho outrage on the American flag. Tho
President assassinated in Ford's Theatre, Washington, by J. Wilkes
Booth, who escapes ; another assassin proceeds to Mr. Seward's resi-
dence and seriously stabs him in tho throat, also assaulting Mr. Frede-
rick W. Seward. Tho President dies about half past seven o'clock ;
Andrew Johnson becomes President of tho United States.
1806 Death of Lord Palmerston. The Fenian raid into Canada with the
affairs of Ridgeway and Pigeon Hill. The war in Europe, of which
tltp following is a complete table of principal events : — Federal execu-
tion decreed by tho Germanic Diet. Entry of tho Prussians into
Loipsic, Glessen and Cassel. Occupation of Loban. Entry of tho
Prussian General Vogel into tho Hanoverian capital. Occupation of
Maronthal, Ostritz and Lauban, in Bohemia, by two Pruesian regi-
ments, and occupation of Bernstadt by Prussian cavalry. Occupation
of Dresden by tho Prussians. Evacuation of Fort Wilhelm by tho
Hanoverian troops. Princo William of Hanau made prisoner. Cavalry
encounter between the Austrians and Prussians upon the Rumburg
road. Nixdorf occupied by 7000 Prussians. Occupation of Rumburg
by tho Prussians. Armistice between tlio Prussian and Hanoverian
troops. Action near Jungbunziau between tho Austrians and tho
Prussians. Tho Prussian troops occupied Roichenberg, Trautenau
and Aicha (IJohemia). Engagement near Turnau, The army of tho
Crown Princo of Prussia fought the battle of Nachod. Engagement
at Os(\iecim. Fight between the Prussians and Hanoverians near
Langcusalza. General Steiumetz throws back the Austrian corps
d'armue (Ramming) upon Josephstadt. Engagement of the same
corps with the 6th and Bth Austrian corps under the Archduke
Leopold. Action near Trautonau. Tho troopg of Princo Frederick
Charles engiigod near Munciiengratz. Tliu Hanoverian army surren-
dered at discretion. Capture of Gitachin by tho Prussian army.
Actions at Kort, near Turnau, and at t'hwalkowltz, between Kalitz
and Konigshof. An Austrian ariuy corps under General Clam-Gallas
ooni])elled to retire upon Koniggratz. Action at Qitschin. Arrival
of King William at Gitschin. Junction of tho Crown Prince's army
with that of Prince Frederick ('harles. The battle of Sadowa.
Tho laying of tho Atlantic Cable and the raising of the old one nearly
two years in wator and successfully 3i)lici'd and working, uniting the
two continents — tho OM and New World— lot it bo hoped, in tho
boniifl o{ cturnal fraternity.

Gl.DIlY TO (JOU ON lIKin, ANll IN HaIITII PEACE.— GoOI) W1I,I, TOWAIIDS MKN.

FINIS.

.'«

500 APPENDIX.

APPENDIX.

Effective Stbsnotu of the Fbbmoh Abmy at Watbbloo.

Infantry of the Line :—

First Corps 32 battalions

Second Corps (8 diviaiona) 281)attaIlon8*

Sixth Corpa(2 divisions) 12 battalions

72 battalions.
Which, at 720 each, (aocording to the statements in thu Afonitetir and in the

portfolio of Napoleon,) would amount to 51,840

14,000

4,600

4,aoo

7,400

O.GOO

88,440

4,aso

84,100

* Book ix. tolls ua, in Table F, that four of the regiments in this Corps bad throe
battalions.

11.

Epfbutivb Stuknoth of the Anolo.Allibd Akuy at Watekloo.

Iniltntry of tho Guard, stated by Uourgaud, p. 87, and Floury, p. 167, at. . . .

Cavalry of tho Guard, according to Floury, pp. 155 and 167

Cavalry of 1st, 2nd, and 6th Corps, aocording to Floury, p. 167 and Book ix. . . .

Kesorvo of Cavalry, 4 Corps, according to Book ix, p. 128

Artillery ditto ditto

Losses sustained on tho 16th, by these Corps, according to Book ix.

16,181

5,848

2,067

8,801

1,997

626

aoiiE

llunovuriau, Brunswick, and Nannau Inflintry 17,724

British Inflvntry

" Cavalry

" ArtilliTy

King's German Legion— InlAntry.
" '• Cavalry .

" " Artillery.

Total British and Gorman Legion .

Dutoh-Uolglan Inttentry .
" " Cavalry.

" Artillery

Cavalry..
ArUllory .

Total.

1,803

076

13,402

1,177

67,601

Deduct : Itotri'atod—

llylandt's llolgiau Brigade 3,238

i'rlpp'H Dutch- Belgian CnrnblninrB 1.237

Hanoverian ('umliorlaud llusiiars 490

U'Aubremo'8 Dutch- Belgian Brigade 3,181

Actual Combatants 59,513

• There was probably thu tiumu backwarUucBti iu a ibw other cauus; but tfutc are
distinctly recorded.

8,148»

AT WaTBELOO.

SabattaUoiiB

28i)attaIlon8*

12 battolionB

72 battalions.
mitmr and in the

61,840

i^'P-WT, at 14,000

4,600

and Book ix 4,200

7,400

0,600

88,440
** 4,250

84,190
ts in tliis Corps had thro«

' AT WatMULOO.

15,181

5,843

8,007

8,801

1,097

520

2mI5

17,724

1,803

075

18,402

8,206

1,177

07,001

8,338

1,887

490

3,181 8,14H.

60,613

lor 0R«08; but tfutsc aru