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Les diagrammes suivantn illustrent la methods. irrata to pelure, n A 1 2 3 32 X 1 2 3 4 6 e <% THE BATTLES OF THE WORLD; OK, CYCLOr.'EUIA OF 1 I BATTLES, SIEGES, AND IMPORTANT MILITARY EVENTS, Che (Dviflln m\ |(n,«tltutii)tt of jljlUUtara Cities, U, &c., ALl'IIAnETlCALLV AnUANOKD, AVITH AN AI«1?ICND1X. CONTAININU ! A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE, FROM TltK CllEATIO.N TO TUB I'llKSKNT UAY. DKUICATED IIY TEUMIHSION TO OKNICUAL 8IU JOHN MICllKL. 11 Y RRV. J. DOUGLAS BORTIIWICK, An-IIOII OK " CYCLOl'.KDIA Ol' IIIHTOllV AND (IKDdllAl'll V," " Till: IJItlll-'K AMl;iM( .>N HliADKIl," AM> "TUB IIAIU OK CANAAN," \> Sttonttcnt : I'l'IlLtSUKI) IIV JOHN MUIll; ANI> I'RINTED liV .lOlIN I.OVKI,!., ST, Nll'IIOl.AB HTUKKT, 1800. \i Kiitercd, uccoi'ding to Act of Provincial Purliainout, in the year oua thoii^iiiiil I'iglit iiuiulred luul sixty-six, by John Mum, in thi' Office of the Registrni of tiio Province of Cana in. '..0' 't. i *LC tlioiisiiiid Registrar CTommanlitng tFjc jForccs in A. a sn,„„ nurU of ro.poet to tl.o hl«host Military Authority ,„ tho.o Provineo. ,,,,1 ■■> token of ,.st..om for n„e of tl.o „en.rals of that Rloriou. arn.y which has fouKl,. .u„l co..,uerea in ovory n«o of It, country'^ hi.tory, and ia almost nvory climo.- Whoso ting has braved a thousand years Tlio battlo and thu broozo; And whoso uclons con.tituto not a Mnall portion of the -llattlo, of tho World.'' ffhlsi ivoth 1,0 rtcrtlcatcrt BV MoNTniiAt,, AllKiiyt im), Tlir, AITIIOU. PREFACE. i Within the last decade of the history of Great Britain, some very important books have been added to her literature, and espe- cially to that particular division which treats of her wars and splendid victories, during the same period. " The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World," by Sir E. S. Creasy, Chief Justice of Ceylon ; " The Twelve Great Battles of England," inscribed to the British Volunteers of 1860 ; " England's Battles by Sea and Land," "Russell's Crimea and India," "Emerson's Sebastopol,"&c., are valuable in themselves, as describing those victories which have raised " Dear Old England " to the very first rank among the nations. But the object of the present publication embraces a larger and more extended field of research. It embraces the whole of the princi])al battles, by land and sea, that have ever taken place, from the earliest recorded action of which we have in "uis- tory any distinct and reliable information, to the very last evei. f military importance which has transpired previous to going to press. I need scarcely say here that that evont is the unprecedented and unheard of invasion of our country, by a band of lawless brigands and filibusterers, from the neighbouring Republic, yclcpod Fenians, who have shed blood, and wantonly invaded the territory of a friendly power. It gives me much pleasure to insert in tiie " Cyclopiedia of Battles" some account of how they were met by our brave Volunteers, at Ridgeway and Pigeon Hill ; for it proves that the Volunteers of Canada will compare favorably with those of the Mother Country : and lot it be borne in mind that one-half of the ."-^ vu PREFACE. i i men who greatly contributed to the Victory of Waterloo were recruits — raAV troops — drafts from the militia — soldiers who had never been engaged before ; and the same indomitable pluck — the same unconquered spirit — the same manly virtue of England's offshoot sons, was seen in the attack at Ridgeway, In the first general engagement in the Great Rebellion of the United States— which was fought at Bull Run— American Volunteers we)'e also for the first time under fire, but Avhat was the result ? A total pell-mell rout — a scattered army hurrying on— cavalry, artil- lery, and infantry — in one mighty, confused mass — treading down and overthrowing each other, in their eagerness to escape from the manly chivalry of the South. Our brave Volunteers charged with the " Spirit of their fathers," and gained the day. It has been said that Canada was neither a military nor a Utcr- ary colony. The events of the last few weeks fully proves to the contrary, regarding her military ardor. Her sons nobly responded to the government call ; and had necessity required, as fair and fully equipped an army Avould have trod the battle-field as ever stood arrayed before an enemy ; — and these sons of her's were scions of all stocks — from the son of the learned divine or lawyer, to tlie peasant's only boy. As regards her literary fame she has produced works which will compare favorably with sister colonies, and may rank side by side with the Mother Country. To refute the assertion, too, may bo hero remarked, what an agent for some of the largest publishers both of England an'^ the United States said not long ago ; " In the last three months he had sold twenty complete copies of one of the largest and best Encyclopaedias, and nearly double that number in parts," added to the hundreds of other publications which are being scattered broadcast over the country, prove that the Canadians ,,ro cultivating their minds as well as tlieir " broad acres." For my own individual i^art, I can boar ample testimony f n PREFACE. Vlli to the .^onerous patronage given to my publications. The first, published some years ago was rapidly sold. The second issued, was accepted by the unanimous voice and vote of the Council of Public Instruction as the standard School Reader for Lower Canada, and received the appi'oval of the Government. The whole edition of the third, issued last Christmas, was sold in two weeks. The present work bids fair to receive as large if not a larger circulation. To the people of Canada who hav5 advanced and are advancing literature, by subscribing to and supporting literary institutions and productions, I tender my sincere thanks for all the patronage hitherto bestowed upon my humble endeavours to elevate the literature of this, my adopted country, and to perpetuate, in book form, among the *' Battles of the World," Canada's Engagements with foreign foes — her battles by land and sea. J. Douglas Borthwick. Montreal, 24th July 1866. PosTsciiii'T. — Since the above Preface has been iu type events which were looked for, iiave transpired in Europe and by tlie acconnts received some battles have already been fought on Continental soil. As far as practicable, insertion will bo given to those of which we have received reliable information as regarding- statistics, &c. J. D. U. ■stiuiony m *' ..H^M I»-;'» , found his army no longer in a eoudition lur active operations ; for it had snllered so severely fnun dysentery, that when the sick ami wounded had been sent home, it did not count more than onohalf of its original number. In spite liowevcr, of the remonstrances of Ids council, Henry resolved to march with I v^ diminished force to Caliiis. He reached unoppo.^ed (he lord by which Kdward III had crossed the Somino, but tbuml it secured by linea of palisades, bohiml which troops wuro posted. All the other fords wero secured inliku manner, and tiie bridges were broken. At length linding a ford unguarded, the Knglisli passed over. Tlu' constable of l''ranee, who commanded the French army, fell back towards Calais, and having received orders iVoni his court to light without delay, he sent heralds to King Henry to ask which way ho intended to nnirch. Henry replied, by that which led straight to (Jaluin, and dismissed tlie heralds witii a present of 1(1(1 crowns. As til. Knglisli were advancing, the Puke of York, having ascended tin eminenci', descried the masses of the enemy. The troops were iiidtantly formed in line of battle, but the French would not advance to attack them, the experience of Cressy ami I'oitiers having inspired them witha dn>ad of the cloth yanl arrows of the I'lnglish. Ilul as their iirmy presented lui array of uO.tHM) horsemen, they had no doulit whatever of the victory ; ami though the night was dark and rainy, they assendiled round their banners revelling iind diseu^'sing thu uvc^nts id' the uiunitig day ; and such was their oonlldeiic(^ that they ovuu flxud thu ransoinx of nATTLK8 OF THE WORLD. 13 ip-i WiTO Ivaiu'o to iri'il tlii'iii I. ir army IISHi'lllltlod nnsiiiiiH 1)1' Kill}; TIciiry and liis barotiH. TIio Eiii^jHhIi, on t ho contrary, inadi; tlioir wills, and passi'd tlio night in devotion. Sickness, f'ainiiie, and the sniall- nuHs of their iuiinh(!rH, depressed their spirits ; but their courajxe roso when Ihey tiioujiht on Cressy and other victories, and on the gallant spirit of their king. TIenry himself visited all their quarters, and he ordered bands of music to play all through the night to cheer their drooping spirits. IJeforosunri.se, on tho 251)1 of ()ctol)er, 1115, biiing St. Cri.spin's day, the Hnglisli army, liaving beard mass, stood in order of battle. The king, wearing a helmet of polished steel, wreathed with a crown of spark- ling stones, roile on u grey pony from rank (o rank, inspecting and uncouraginir them. Hearing an ollieer say to another that ho wished a miracle would transfer thither some of the good knights who were nitting idle at home, he declared aloud that " he would not have a single man more, as if (iod gave them the victory, it would bo plainly due to ills goocbicss; if ho did not, tho fewer that fell, tiic less tiio loss to their coun- try." Three French knights now canio, suniinoning tJKim to surrender, Tlie king onUued tliem otV and cried out, " limners, advanoo." The archers fell on their kiiee.s on the ground, then rose and r.ui on with a shout. They lialted, and poured their hail of arrows on the lirst division of the Freneh ; and when they had thrown it into some confusion, they slung their bows behind *heir backs, and grasping thcur swords and bat- tle-axes, killed tho coiistablt; and his prineipsd olfieers, anil rouliMl tho whole division. They then advaiieiMl to attack the .si'cond division, led by the Duke of Alciu/oii. Hero tho resistance was obstimito. Alen(;on forced his way to tho royal standard, killed the Duke* of York, ami iileit the crown in the helmet of the king; but he was slain, and tlu^ division, turned and ll'd. Henry was advancing to attack the third division, when Word came that a large force was I'alling on the rear. The king guvo hasty orders to put the prisonurs to ih^ath, and numbers had jterished huforo it was discoverctl that it was a false alarm, caused by uii attempt of some peasantry to plunder the baggage. The slaughter was then stopped, but this cruel act tarnidied the victory which was already won, for the thinl division ollerod but a sliglit resistance. When Montjoy, the French king-at-arms, appeared, " To whom." said Henry, " doth the victory belong?" " To you, sir," " ,\nd what eastlo is that 1 see nt a distanet> ?" "It is called the castle of Agineouit." " Then,'' said the king, " be this battle known to posterity by thr name of tli«' battU) of A^inuourt." Tlu> prime nobility of Fratiuu weiv (akuti u CYCLOr.IlDIA OF THE i or slain, and 8000 knisilits and gentlemen lay dead on the field. The loss of the English was only the Duke of York, the Earl of Suffolk, and about 600 men. AGRA. — This celebrated city is called the Key of Ilindostan. It was surrendered, in the war of the 3Iahrattas, to the British forces, October I7th, 1803. The great Mogul frequently, before its surrender, resided here. It now exhibits the most magnificent ruins. AIDE-DE-CAMP,— (-P/Y)»i the French.) An officer whose duty is to receive and comumnicate the orders of a general or superior officer. AIX-LA-CHAl'ELLE, TEACE OF.— The first treaty signed hero was between France and Spain, May 2nd, 1GG8. The second, or the cehhmiid treaty, was between Great Uritain, France, Holland, Hungary, Spain and Geneva, October 7th, 1748. A congress of the sovereigns of Austria, Prussia and Russia, assisted by ministers from England and France, met hero, October 9th, 1818, and signed a convention. The sum settled by this convention as duo by France to the Allies, was 2(15,000,- 000 francs. ALlJinaiA oil ALBITIIEIIA.— This battle was fought May KUh, 1811, between the Kiigiish and French, The English and Anglo- Spanish army was commandi'il by Marslial, now Lord llercsford, and the Fri'i\eh by Marshal Suult. After an nhsthiate and sanguinary engagement, the allies obtaineil the victory, one of the most brilliant achievements of the Peninsular War. The Frenoli loss e.\coeded 7000 men, previously to their retreat; ])ut the allies lost an eijual number. On the side of the allies the ohiet brunt nl'thebatth-'lell on the British. " Colonel lnglis,2L'iiffieers, anil more tliiui IHI) men, out of 570, who had mounted a liill, fell in tiie 5Yth regiment alone; tho other regiments were scarcely better off, not one- tliird being left standing ; 1 MOO um wounded men, the remnant of 0000 uneomiuerable British soldiers, stood triumphant on this fatal hill." AI.DKRNKV, HACK OF.— Through this strait the Fremih made their t'suupo after their defont nt thi' battle of La Ilogue, by Admiral Rooke, in 1002. It is celebrated f(M' two mcmoralile and melunelioiy 1 vents : 1st. Here the only son (tf Henry I of Kngl;intl was ship\vre(>ked and drowned, with 110 youths of the liighest families in Fiiigland and Franco in 11 10. 2nd. Tho Briti-'li man-of-war Victory, of 110 guns jsmmmmi^Ktl^ I. The jlk, and tan. It I forces, rrcndcr, 3 duty is iliccr. y siijnud lid, or tin.' [Iun;j;ary, M'oipjus of ;laiid and The sum '2(15,000.- Iny KUh, d AuL^ltv I, andthi' a^cuiont, ntsof tho Id thoir tho allies 'J (llVll't'l'S, ■11 in tlu' not ono- ol' r.OOO .ill." nch niadi' Admiral lolanoholy jiwi'i'oki'd iland and 1 lU guns i BATTLES OF THE WORLD. 1.5 and 1100 men, was also wrecked here October 8th, 1744, when the Admiral, Sir John Balchan, and his crew, perished on the rocks. ALEMANNI or ALL MEN {i.e. x^Ien of all Nations). —A body of Sucvi, who were defeated by Caracalla, a.d. 214. On one occasion 300,000 of this warlike people are said to have been vanquished in a battle, near Milan, by Gallienus, at the head of 10,000 Romans. ALESSANDRIA.— This battle was fought. May 17th, 1799, between the Austro-Russian army, under Suwarrow, and the French under Moieau, when the latter were defeated with the loss of 4000 men. The French had possessed themselves of Alessandria the year before, but tliey w re now driven out. It was again delivered up to them after the battle of Marengo in 1800. The village and battlefield of Marengo lie oast of this town. ALEXANDRIA.— The battle of Alexandria was fought, March 21st, 1801, between the English and the French, the latter being commanded by Mcnou, and the former by Sir Ralph Abercrombie. It resulted in the defeat of the French, but the IJritisii general was mortally wounded, and after the retreat of Menou, he wlis carried to the admiral's ship, ami died on the 2Sth. The command devolved on Major-Geiieral Hutchinson, who bailli'd all the schemes of Menou, and obliged him to surrender, Sep- tend)er 2nd, following, the victor guaranteeing the conveyance of the French, exceeding 10,000, to a French port in the Mediterranean. ALFORD.— This battle was fought, .Inly 2nd, KM.*), between a largo body ol" Covenanters, under (ieneral Bailie, and the troops untler tlie Marcpiis of Montrose. There was discovered some years since, in one of the mosses near this place, a man in urmmir, on horseback, Hujjpusi'd to havo boon drowned in attempting to escape from this battle. ALCIKSIRAS, or OLD (IIIUIALTAII.— Ry this city tho Moors entered Spain A.l>. 713, and it was not recovered from them till I;il4. An engagement was fought here between a llrilish s(|uadron, under Sir James Sanmarez, and several French and Spanish ships ol'war, wliieli dosed in the destruction of two Spanish ships, each of 112 guns, and tho capture of tho tSV. Anfnnin, oi'li guns, July 12th, 1801. ALGIERS.— Tho Hritish llecf, nmhr Jiord Kxnumth, anchoring otV Algiers, bombarded the town, which returned the lire; but all the tintl- Ill 16 CYCLOPAEDIA OP THE fications and houses towards the sea were soon reduced to ashes, and the fleet in the harbour entirely destroyed, August 27th, 181G. The Doy was compelled to conclude a treaty by which he set the Christian captives free, and engaged to cease, in future, from reducuig Christians to slaves — a stipulation which, however, he did not afterwards strictly observe; so that the French took possession of the country and made it a colony with a governor, bearing the title of Regent of Algeria. Tiiis country is famous for the celebrated French soldiers, the Zouaves, of the late wars. ALIWAL, //i(Z«a.— This battle was fought, January 28th, 184C, between the British undo: Sir II. Smith, with 1200Qneu and 152 guns, and the Sikh army, under Sirdar Ilunjoor Singh Majoethea, 20,000 strong^ supported by 08 pieces of cannon. The contest was obstinate, but ended in the defeat of the Sikhs, who lost nearly 0000 killed, or drowned, in attempti\ig to rccross the Sutlej. This battle was named after the village of Aliwal, in the Indian language, UUccwal, near which it was fought. AIjIjIA. — This memorable battle, in the history of Home, was fought on the IStli lUily, ll.c. 300, between the Romans and the celebrated Urennus, king ol' the Clauls ; 40,000 of the Romans fell, and Brennus took and burnt the city of Rome. This day wa.-i always marked unlucky in the Roman calendar, and called Alliensis, AlililANCK, TRKATIKS OF,— Between the greatest European powert, wiiieh are most commonly referred to : Alliance of Leipsio April !), 10:51. " " Vienna May 27, 1057. •' The Triple Jan. 28, lOOM. " Thedrand May 12, l(iSi». « The Hague fan. 4, 1717. " The Quadruple Aug. 2, 1718. " The Germanic July 2;i, 17S.y " The Paris May 10. 171).'). AuMtrian .\llianee March 14, 1^12. AlliaiKv ul' T(.plitz Sept. !>, ISl!}. Tlir Holy Alliance Sept. 20. ISlT.. ALMA. BATTliK OF Til K.— Fought, Sei)tember 20tli, 1854. •' Lord Raglan waited j)atiently lor the development nf the French attack. At luiigth an aidu-du-uump cnmu tu him nud reported that the Freuuh had BATTLES OP THE WOKLD. 17 3, and the 3 Dcy was )tives free, slaves — a va ; so that iiy with a is famous 8th, 184G, 5 guns, and lOO strong, , but ended irowncd, in • the village I fought. was fought 1 celebrated rennus took unlucky in I'^uropcnn if i :nth, ISfvt. •m-h atlnck. Kiviiuh hatl crossed the Alma, but that they had not established thcuisolvcs suffi- ciently to justify our advancing. The infantry were, therelbrc, ordered to lie down, and the army for a short time was quite passive, only that our artillery poured forth an unceasing fire of shell, rockets, and round shot, which ploughed through the Kussians, and caused them great loss. They did not waver, however, and replied to our artillery manfully, their ,shot falling among our men as they lay, and carrying off legs and arms at every round. Lord llaglan at last became weary of this inactivity — his .spirit was up — he looked around and saw by his side men on whonj he knew he might stake the honour and fate of Great Britain, and anticipat- ing a little, in military point of view, the crisis of action, he gave orders for our whole line to advance. TTp rose those .serried masses, and j)assing through a feurl'nl shower of round shot, case shot, and sliell, thoy d;ished into the Alma, and floundered through its waters, which were litt'r.illy torn into foam by the deadly hail. At tiic other side of the river were a number of vineyards, and to our surprise they were occupied by Kus.-iiin riflemen. Three of the staff were hero shot down, but led by Jiord llaglan in person, they advanced, cheering on the men. And now came the turning-point of tho battle, . . . Lord Kagl.in duelled over the bridge, followed by his staff. From the road ovit it. inider the Uussian guns, lie saw the state of action. The lirilish line, which he had ordered to advance, was struggling through the river and up to the heights in masses, lirm indeed, but mowed down by thu mur- derous lire of the batteries, and by grape, round shot, shell, canister, c;ise shot, and mn.skt!try, iVoni .some of the guns of the central battery, and from an innnense and compact mass of Russian inl'antry. Then com- menced one ol' the most liloody and deton'niine'l struggles in the annals oi" war. The Second Division, led by Sir Do Lacy Evans in tho most dashing nnuimu", crossed tho stream on tho right. The 7th I'^usiliers, led by dolonel Vea, were swept ilown by fifties. The r).'ith, .'50th, and i)r)tli, led by Brigadier IVnnel'ather. who was in the thickest of the iiglit. elieering on ills men, again and again were checked indeed, but never drew back in their onward progress, which was marked by a tloroo roll of iMinie musketry; and Hrigadier Adams, with tho list, l^th, and IDtli, bravely clmrged uji the hill, and aided tliem in the battK'. Sir (ieorge llrown, eoiispiuuouH on a grey liorse, rode in front of his Light Division, urging them with voice and gesture, (lallant fellows! they were worthy of such a gallant chief. Tho 7tli, diminishi«d by oiui-half, fell l)ack to re-form their columns lost for tho time ; tho '23rd, with eight oHiccrs dead and B 18 CYCLOPiDDIA OP THE if I 1 four wounded, were still rushing to the front, aided by the ISth, 33d, 77tli, and 88th. Down went Sir George in a cloud of dust in front of the battery. He was soon up, and shouted, " 23d, I'm all right! Be sure I'll remember this day," and led them on again ; but in the shock produced by the fall of their chief, the gallant regiment suffered terribly, while paralysed for a moment. Meantime the Guards on the right of the Light Division, and the brigade of Highlanders, were storming the heights on the left. Their line was almost as regular as though they wore in Hyde Park. Suddenly a tornado of round and grapo, rushed through from the terrible battery, and a roar of musketry from behind thinned their front ranks by dozens. It was evident that wo were just able to contend against the Russians, favoured as they were by a great position. At this very time an immense mass of Russian infantry were seen moving down towards the battery. They halted. It was the crisis of the day. Sharp, angular, and solid, they looked as if they were cut out of the solid rock. It was beyond all doubt that if our infantry, harasscil and thinned as they were, got into the battery, they would have to encounter again a formidable fire, which they were but ill calculated to bear. Lord Raglan saw the diificulties of the situation. He a.sked if it would be possible to get a couple of guns to bear on these masses. The reply was " Yes ; " and an artillery officer, whose name I do not know, brought up two guns to fire on the Russian squares. The first shot missed, but the next, and the next, and the next, cut through the ranks so cleanly, and so keenly, that a clear lane could be seen for a moment through the s(|uare. After a few rounds, the columns of the square became broken, wavered to and fro, broke, and fled over the brow of the hill, leaving behind them six or seven distinct lines of dead, lying as close as possible to each other, marking the passMge of the fatal messengers. This act relieved our ini'antryofa deadly incubus, and they continued their magnificent and fearful progress up the hill. The Duke encouraged his men by voice and example, and proved himself worthy of his proud command and of tho royal race from which he comes. " Highlanders," said Sir Colin Campbell, ere they came to the charge, " 1 am going to ask a favour of you : it is, that you will act so as to justify me in asking permission of the Queen for you to wear a bonnet I Don't pull a trigger till you are within a yard of the Russians ! " They charged, and well they obeyed their chieftain's wish ; Sir Colin had his horse shot under him, but his men took llic battery at a bound. The Russians rushed out, and left multitudes of dead behintl 1 BATTLES OP THE WORLD. 19 ISth, 33d, in front of riglitl Be 1 tlie shock od terribly, ^on, and the eft. Their c. Suddenly iblc battery, s by dozens, ic Russians, an immense the battery, r, and solid, IS beyond all ■ere, got into le liro, which diihculties of lie of guns to illory officer, the Russian oxt, and the a clear lane few rounds, », broke, and von distinct larking the inliintry of a Irl'iil progress Ixaiuple, and 111 race from 11, ere they is, that you \n for you to I yard of the I'tain's wish ; lie battery at Idead behind them. The Guards had stormed the right of the battery ere the High, landers got into the left, and it is said the Scots Fusilier Guards were the first to enter. The Second and Light Division crowned the heights. Tiie French turned the guns on the hill against the flying masses, which the cavalry in vain tried to cover. A few faint struggles from the scattered infontry, a few rounds of cannon and musketry, and the enemy fled to the south-east, leaving three generals, three guns, 700 prisoners, and 4000 wounded behind them. The battle of the Alma was won. It was won with a loss of nearly 3000 killed and wounded on our side. The Russians' retreat was covered by their cavalry, but if we had hiid an adequate force, we could have captured many guns and multitudes of prisoners." The following graphic account is taken from Emerson's Svhnstopol : " On the 19th September the march commenced. Proceeding southward, tlie French army, under the command of Manshal St. Arnaud, with Canro- bcrt and Bosquet as generals of divisions, keeping the coast line ; the English on their left. The fleets accompanied the march, close to the shore, ready to render assistance should circumstances render it neces- sary. The English army comprised about 25,000 men, and was composed of the following regiments, led as under : — COMMANDER-IN-CIIIKP, LORD RAGLAN. Light Division. — Lieut.-Oeneral SirG. Brown. Generals of Brigade, Colonels Airey and Bullcr. 7th, 19th, 23rd (Welsh Fusiliers), 83rd, 77th, and 88th Infantry. First Dinision, — Lieut.-Gcneral H.R.H. the Duke of Cambridge. Generals of Brigade, Major-Gencral Bentinok and Major-General Sir Colin Campbell. Battalions, Grenadier Guards, Coldstream Guards, Scots Fusiliers; 42nd, 79th, and 93rd Highlanders. Second Diiu'sion. — Liout.-Gencral Sir De Lacy Evans, Generals of Brigade, Major-Generals Pennefatlier and Adams. 30th, 41 at, 47th, 49th, 5r)th, and 96th Infantry. I'hird Dioision. — Major-General Sir Richard England. Generals of Brigade, Colonels Sir.!. Campbell and Kyrc. 1st, 4th, 28th, 38th, 44th, 50th, and ()3rd Infantry. Fourth Division. — Lieut.-Gencral Sir George Cathcart. Generals of Brigade, (Jenerals Goldie and Torrens. 20th, 2lst, STlh. and G3rd Infantry ; 1st Battalion Rifle Brigade. 20 CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE Cavah'f/ Division. — Lieut.-Gcneral the Earl of Lucan. Generals of Brigade, the Earl of Cardigan and Major-General Scarlett. 8th and lltii Dragoons ; 17th Lancers. [The Scots Greys, the Enniskillens, the 1st Royals, and the 4th and 5tli Dragoon Guards, forming the Heavy Brigade, under General Scar- lett, did not land with the remainder of the army, hut joined it after the battle of Alma.] Artilkry, — General Strangways. Engineers. — General Tylden. On the evening of the 19th, the first actual encounter with the enemy occurred. A strong body of Cossacks hovered about our line of march, ;uk1 two or three i^uns opened fire upon our little force of cavalry from the heights on the river Bouljanak, the first stream we had to cross. The Earl of Cardigan gallantly charged the hostile troop, who evaded actual contact, and retreated until they had led our men within the range of the guns. Four of our dragoons were killed and six wounded in this skirmish. Two or three of our guns were speedily brought to bear upon the enemy, and Cossacks, gunners, and all were soon dispersed. Another dreary bivouac on the wet ground prepared the armies for the great contest which awaited them. At day break on the morning of the 20th of Soptomber — a day destined to receive an undying fame in our military annals, — the troops resumed their march. As they approached the river Alma, and mounted the heights to the north of that once obscure but now renowned stream, they saw tlie preparations which the Russians had made to repel the invaders of their territory. The Alma is a small river, rising in the mountains in the cast of the peninsula, and falling into the sea about twelve miles to the north of Scbastopol. The southern bank is formed of almost precipitous hills intersected by deep ravines. At the mouth of the river the cliffs are several hundred feet high, and almost porpiMulicular towards the sea. A large conical hill was the centre of the enemy s position, and here enormous batteries and entrouchments had been formed, while the crown of the hills was occupied by dense masses of inlinitry. On the side facing the Allies, a huge redoubt was constructed with two faces, mounting thirteen large guns, and connnand- ing the approaches to the summit and the passage of the rivor. Each side of the ravinis eiifilailing the hill had powerful batteries, mounting alto- gether twenty-live guns, and on the cliffs towards the sea an unfinished redoubt was placed, and a large force of infantry and artillery held the position. It was presumed by the Russian communders that the precipi- BATTLES OF THE WORLD. 21 Generals of 3 th and 11th the 4th and ieneral Scur- d it after the ith the enemy ,ne of march, cavalry from to cross. The evaded actual Q range of the ndcd in this t to bear upon sed. armies for the lorning of the fame in our y ai)proached t once obscure the Russians ina is a small I, and falling The southern deep ravines. foot high, and was the centre intreiichments pied by dense redoubt was md connnand- Each side iiounting alto- an unfinished illery held the lit the precipi- tous character of the hill was a sufficient defence to their left flank. In this expectation they were doomed to bitter disappointment, as the sequel will show. The immediate banks of the river were covered with vine- yards and plantations, affording excellent shelter for the Russian riflemen, who were stationed there in strong force. The bridge carrying the main road across the river was destroyed, and the village of Buvliuk, at its northern extremity, was in flames, to prevent its being made a point of attack by the Allies. The effect on our men was almost miraculous. The sight of the foe strongly entrenched, and determined to wait their attack, stimulated them in an extraordinary degree. Fatigued as they were by the labours they had undergone, — despondent from their five nights' melancholy bivouac on the wet earth, it seemed as if a new life were suddenly infused into- them. Diarrhtca and dysentery liad not quite departed from their ranks, and many had returned to the vessels, unable to accompany the march. But when they .stood on the hill- tops on that memorable morn, and saw the tents cf the Russian army, not a man but felt the strength of a giant, and burned with a fierce desire to cross bayonets with the enemy. Many a brave fellow, who had staggered thus ftir leaning on a comrade's arm, and ready to drop behind and perish by the wayside, begged for a draught of brandy, and tlien, forgetting his weakness, and deriving now strength from the occasion, shouldered his musket, took his wonted position among his comrades, and marched bravely to the encounter. Although the spot where they had bivouacked was only three milo.s distant from the river, it was mid-day by the time the allied armies had reached its banks, and were drawn up in battle array. It had been arranged by the generals that the French should commence the attack, and they occupied the extreme riglit of the extended line. The division connuauded by (Jenoral Bos({uet, including tho.sc renowned warriors, the African Zouaves, rested upon the sea, and the left of their army con- sisted of Prince Napoleon's division. Joining tiiis wing of our allies, the veteran Sir Do Lacy lOvans was posted with the Second Division, supported by the '1 bird Division under Sir Richard England. Sir (ieorgo Brown's Light Division came next ; and the Duke of Cambridge led his magnificent body of Guards and Highlanders to the extreme loft, as a support to Sir George Brown. Sir George Cathcart had the important hut less siiowy duty of acting as a reserve, and, in conjunction with the cavalry under tiu; Karl of Cardigan, guarding the attacking force.s from any sudden couji by the Cossacks, who were hovering in suspicious prox- imity to our n.'ar. 22 CYCLOPiEDIA OF THE Sucb was the army, composed of the choicest troops, and led by the most experienced commanders of France and England, which stood pre- pared to attempt the dislodgment of the Russians from their . strongly- fortified position. Prince Menschikoff, the Russian commander, — the same who, in his character of diplomatist, had been the agent through whom the first insult had been offered to Turkey, — now, by a singular destiny, was the first general upon whom it devolved to measure swords with the military champions whom that insult had called into the field. His army numbered about 54,0()(> men, so that numerically the opposing forces were very nearly matched ; but the Russians had the advantage of their almost impregnable position, to approach which a river must be forded, broken ground crossed, and steep iiills ascended. In addition, they were abundantly provided with guns, which were so positioned n>' to sweep the ground over which the attacking force must pass, while the Allies had but a small force of artillery. So confident was Menschikoff in his advantages, that he did not scruple to boast his ability to hold his pnsition for .at least three weeks against any foroe that could be brought iigainst him. A number of ladies and civilians from Sebastopol had also assembled on the heights to witness the defeat and utter rout of the invaders. The plan of the allied commas li:s was that the French should make a vigorous attack upon the Rd; -hm left, and when they hud succeeded in driving them in upon the luaiii body, the English, taking advantage of the confusion, were to cross the river, and endeavour to force the centre of the position. The enemy, we have already said, had considered that their left was sufficiently protected by the precipitous nature of the cliffs, which rendered them almost inaccessible ; but it appears they had not calculated on the activity of the troops to whom they were opposed. The steamers of the allied fleets, sliortly before ten o'clock, commenced a vigorous shelling of these heights, and soon drove back tlic small force of the enemy which occupied them. The mouth of th >i''v • v.'as very narrow, and Captain Peel had m m red .-i boat across t'-.,- -t,-' ■ '''ch materially facilitated the passage of the French soldier ' . Zluivos, thoroughly seasoned and trained to the emergencies of guerilla warfare in Algeria, stealthily crossed the river, and commenced the ascent of the {•htiosi perpendicular cliffs, clinging like goats to the rocks, and finding u pr''e..'iouH i'o')thold where probably no other .soldiers in the world coi'ld 1) 'V 'luintaincd thci'* position. While they were thus approach- ing ti'e p'.itoiUi ,!io main oody of the French army dashed through the BATTLES OF TVT. WORLD. led by the b stood prc- ir strongly- [inder, — the 3nt through y a singular sure swords to the field, he opposing e advantage ver must be [n addition, lositioned n>' ;s, while the MoiiscliikofF ' to hold his I bo brought ipol had also rout of the hould make succeeded advantage o force the considered iiture of the irs they had re opposed. )ninionced a small force 'i- \:nf very .■;'.. '••ii'oh . , Z(.ii:iVCS, ilia warfare iccnt of the and finding the world s approach- hrough the river, exposed to a galling fire froni the llus n riflemen, — who wore hidden in the vineyards and plantations, — and dosiR'r,it(>ly fighting, struggled up the hills. Meanwhile, the gallant Zouaves had reached the top of the cliffs, and, rapidly forming into line, charged the Russians, paralyzed by their sudden appearance, and drove them back. But in achicvin-j- tins desperate feat, they had separated themselves frum the ma'a body, and cut off the possibility of retreat. The unfinished - iHini't, 'luch we have already mentioned, now opened a. deadly fire on tliair ranlvS ; and had it not been for the timely arrival of General Bos- fj'Kt and the remainder of the division, who had succeeded in reacliiug th«j plateau, scarcely a Zouave would have remained to tell the tale of that gallant achievement. Prince Napoleon, too, had by this time cfORsed the stream, and arrived at the scene of action, and the indtf i- tigable French artillerists had succeeded, with immense difficulty, in dragging a few guns up tlic steep hill-side. Animated by these reinforcements, the brave Zouaves gallantly charged the Russian lines, now concentrated nearer the main body, and advanced towards the redoubt whose guns had inflicted such loss in their ranks. Two of their number, Lieutenant Poitevin and a sergeant, rushed in advance of their comrades, and leaping upon the works, planted the French flag on the redoubt. But they paid dearly for their temerity. The shouts of the French soldiers, hailing this gallant deed, had scarcely reached their ears, when they fell mortally wounded beneath the flag they had raised. Taken by surprise by this desperate assault upon his left wing, Prince ]Mcnscliikolf hastily detached considerable reinforcements from his main body to the succour of the embarrassed regiments yielding to the prowess of their French antagonists. Then the battle waged fiercely : the Frencli, with all the chivalry of their race, gallantly charged the Russian masses, an i at the bayonet's point forceil thorn to retreat. The enemy's artillery, liiwever, poured a tremendous tire into the ranks of our allies, and fur a time the issue of the contest seemed doubtful. Some French regiments of the line wore driven back, .so deadly was the fire to which they were e.xpo.sed ; and nothing but the unflinching gallantry of the troops wii'> were enabled to hold their ground, prevented them from being ignominiously precipitated from the cliffs they had so adventurously scaled . Marshal St. Arniud, alarmed for the safety of his soldiers, hundreds of whom were l^iug dead around him, so fatal were the volleys from the ; : i ii^ 24 CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE 'i Ilussiiin guns and so sure the aim of the riflemen, hastily dcspatclied an :iiile-do-c;imp to the English commander, calling upon him to bring his troops into action without a moment's delay. " Wo are massacred," was the message — certainly not the words which Napoleon, or Murat, or Nov, would have used when attacking an enemy considerably less in force than themselves ; for, be it remembered, Menschilcuft' still held the centre of the position with the main body of the army, which had not yet been brouglit into action. At half-past one o'clock the order to advance was given to the English army. The soldiers, who had been lying down, so as not to expose themselves unnecessarily to the fire of the enemy, sjn-ang to their feet, and rapidly formed into line. Sir G. Brown's Light Division, and the Second Division, under Sir Do Lacy Evans, were the first to dash into the stream, and tliningh a perfect shower of balls from tlu^ riilemen concealed in the gardens, and lieavic missiles from tlie batteries above, reached the opposite bank, Sinee the commencement of the French attack, our artillery had been throwing shot into the Russian redoubts, and under cover of this can- nonade, and the accuratt fire of the Rifle Brigade, whieli [irotected our .■ulvanee, the two leading divisions sueoeeded in crossing the stream, tliiiiigh not without great lo.ss. The Russians had previously marki.'dout the range of their guns, so tliat they were enabled to pour their volleys into our brigades, as they advanced to the stream, with i'atal piveisioii. The burning village of RurliMk, in front of the position neciipied by Sir !>e iiaey Evans, necessitated the separation of his divisimi. (Jeneral IVnnefather led the First Hrigado and a jj.irtion of the Second across the river to the right of the village; the remainder, under General Adams, crossing to tiie left. The Light Division struu':;led laanfnlly up tla; bank, whieh was rugged and preeipitnus. The lord was ih'e|i iind dangijroiis, and as the men, dreiieheil with water, scr.imbled up the banks, scores of their number fell back into tho stream pierced by the fatal rifle bullet, lliil the blood of tho gallant fellows was llnwing hotly in their veins! tlnise who, in other limes, had liorne the shock ol'batlles, i'elt renewed the olil ,>4pirit whieh had inaili^ them eoiupierors at N'imiera and at Waterloo ; those who for the llrst time trml the fatal fli-ld, I'elt an indescriliablo and fierce courage, which the sight of danger and oi' death infuHcs into numt men. Si\ months of inietion and passive suH'eriiig were about to be jon- HUinmaled by a glorious victory, which should erown them as eon(piering heroes or iminortali/.e their death, 'I'liey had stoo(l long ' like grey- houiida (111 the Klips, straining upon the start ;" now " tliegamo was afoot," BATTLES OF THE WORLD. 25 ilcspntcliod 111 to bring lassacred,'" IMurat, or bly less in ill held the cli had uot 10 order to 10 had been the fire ol' lie. Sir G. ;ir Do Lacy ;h a perfect und heavic ry had been of this can- rotected our the .stream, marked out heir volloyH 1 precision. .pie(l by Sir 1. (ieueral (I across tho I'ral Adams, i|i the bank, I danjijerons. :n, scores of lille bullet. I heir veins; renewed tho I Wiilerloo ; (M'ibablo and tes into most lit to )"• 'lUl rt eomiueriii): '^ like ^rcy- 10 was afoot," and tho old fire of English chivalry was rekindled, and burnt with as glowing a flame as of yore. Quickly forming into line, and opening a sliarp fire of musketry, the gallant Light Division rapidly advanced towards the conical hill oi)positc to which they iiad crossed, and iiuniediately beneath the guns of the great redoubt. As they passed through the vineyards, the soldiers plucked and eagerly ato large bunches of tho luscious Crimean grapes, which allayed their burning thirst, and somewhat cooled the mad fever of their excite- ment. Sir (ieorge Brown gallantly led the charge, and, mounted on a wliitc hor.se, was a con.sj)ieuous mark for the enemy. The 7th Royal Fusiliers and the 2;{rd Welsh Fusiliers were among tho first in tiie mad cureor. " Hurrah for the lloyal Welsh ! Well done ! [ will remember you !" .shouted Sir George Hrown ; and animated by his voice and example, the gallant regiment d:i.slied up the hill. Then there (.peiied a sliect of fire, and when the smoke lifted, the 7th was broken, and a long line of dead marked tho path of the f'atid mis.siles. For u moment the brave soldiers struggled onwards, and then, blinded and coiiluseil, fell back to re-form. The Welsh Fusiliers, regardle.ss of the fierce volleys, still pres.sed onwards. Once they paused, as Sir George iJrown fell at their head, 'iiid rolled heavily on the blood-stained ground. In an instant ho was up agiiin unhurt, anil cheering the men to the charge. His hor.si' had fallen, pierced by eleven .'-liiits, but he was ifnhnrt ! They had rciehed the lir,st stockade, had even planted their fi.ig upon the works, wlien a shout was heard — '* Coaso firing; tho French are in front!" Their gallant chief. Colonel Chester, rushing to the front, exclaimed, " No ! no I on, lads !" As he spoke he fell mortally wounded. Then the j-egiment, confused by the eoiid'ary orders, and disheartene(l, i/id fall back ; and the llussians, nlurning to the guns from whieli the brave fellows had driven then., opened a liro which left a long line of dead through their eoliiinns. Nine oiVicers and about one hundred men were stretehoil upon the field. The other regiments of the liiglit Hrigad.i, the IDlh, llltrd, 77lh, and Syth, onuilateil the courage of the gallint Welshmen, who, after a momont'H hreuthing-tiiuo, ro formod, luul joined oneo more in thu heroic assanll. Onward swejit that mairnifieent charge, olTicer.s and men vieing with (vieh other who should be foremost to aven^'e their coiiiriules' death. Hut In'fore they reached the giin.s, I'rinoe MeiiseJiikolV had inrmed a eomp.'iet niasrtof J{nssian infantry on tho Bunimit of the hill, which now adviineed with lovel b.iyonets iig.iinst our exhausted battalions. Hreatidess from J r 1 ' 1 ' i !l 26 CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE I r. ' I I their rapid charge up tlie hill, cliiiiinished in numbers, and f!iti};;uod from their ahnost superhuman exertions, they were unable to resist the shock, and, di's|)eratcly contesting every inch of ground, slowly yielded to tho enormous weight of tho Kussinn columns. The gallant Biird, the Duko of Wellington's regiment, displayed a prowess excelled by none. Their colours were borne proudly to the last, and ever in tho spot of the greatest danger. Tlie (Queen's colours, when the fight was o^er, showed fourteen bullet-holes, and the regimental colours eleven. Nineteen sergeants fell around their standards, defending to the last tho honour of their rcgi- rucnt, and preserving the fame so identilied with tlio career of tho departed warrior whose name it bore. While the lierocsof the Liglit Division were thus nobly performing their part, Sir Do Lacy Evans and (Jeneral England were gallantly bringing their divisions into action. They had forced a passage, with groat dilR- culty, and exposed to a most destructive tiro, somewhat to the left of their cuniiiatri of those liH'idents llial show the better feelings of hull anity are mil ipiite extinguished by tin? bri'ath of war. Hut what was tiieir horror when the riilemun, laying aside his canteen, levelled ids piece ami (U>liberately blew (Uit the lirains of tho dying nnm! Among thoso who witncHMcd tliiH cowardly a.isaHsinati(Ui was u younger BATTLES OP THE WOULD. 27 gued from tho shock, JcJ to tho the Duko ic. Their lie greatest J four tee a i;e!ints fell their rcjfi- depiirtod ming their tfront (lilR- cft of their irough tho ed up tho iliich they y did ;4'o(id enemy's more, mid iidod were liModoH of iiMuc, and iiii^toii, a riie rogi- icy were (' u'l'ound. Lnet'liim lipH. A iniiij^ hit* r a dying o hayoiiofc tiio ln'ttcr 111 of war. s caiiti'i'ii, iiil; iiiuii! ■i younger I brother of the captain who had recently exchanged into tlic regiment, that ho might share death and danger with his brother, whom he ten- derly loved. Maddened by tho spectacle of his brother's luurdcr. the young lieutenant sprang forward, shouting with frantic energy to the men to fitllow and avenge the deed. One loud yoll of execration burst from the lips of the soldiers, and bounding onwards, they rushed after their leader. Waving his sword above his head, the gallant young man was a conspieuoufl mark, and in another moment fell headlong, pierced by a dozen bullets. Thus the two brothers, so fondly attached yi life, mingled their blood on that fatal hillside — among thousands of the slain perhaps tho most generally and deeply mourned. At lengtli Sir Do Lacy Evans, who had received a severe contusion on liis .xhoulder, rallied liis men, and led them victors to the summit of the hill, silencing one of the batteries which had done such execution upon the gallant I'ellows of the Liglit Division. Sir Richard England's division liad fought— to use the language of one who shared in that charge — " like devils," and surmounting every impedimont, though not without dreadful loss, joined their gallant comrades, Everywhere tin; Russians were driven hack by the irresistible bayonets of the Ibitish, and the con- (pierors literally marehcd tlirough paths of blood to victory. As yet we have not detailed tho part borne by the niMgnilieont First JJivision, — the very flower of tlit^ Hritish army. The Duke of Cambridgo had led his (iiijirds and lliglilanders across the Alma, to tlu! left of the liight Division, ami rapidly advanced to its assistaiiee. As they aseei'ded the hill, tlity encountered Sir (loorge Urown's regiments slowly yielding to tlie immense impetus of llie Russian charge. Opening ilieir ranks, they allowed their eoinrades to pass and re-form in their rear, and then the I'liemy for the lirst time was eonl'idiilcd with ilie most redoubtable infan- try foldiers in the world, Then btgan the most disperute hand to-hand conflict yet witnessed. Tho Scots Kusiliers had liuiried to tho reccuo without waiting to form properly, and for a brief space wen' confused. Kill the individual courage of the nu>nibers ol' that dislingiiisheil corps never for an instant was found ilelicient. Siiriiiundi'd by I he enemy, they fought with utidaunted valour. Viscount Chowton, a distinguished young captain, who Inid gained renown in both servicos, Imving been originally a niidshipnian. and having borne an honoui'Mble part in thi> Indian CMmpaign, dashed I'm-ward, and, waving his bearskin, shouted to them to advance. Thirteen other oflieers, with nekless bravery, followed hi(» t'xumple. and in a few iiiinuloH olovun of their number wore wounded, I 28 CYCLOPi'EDIA OF THE The gallant Chcwton had his leg broken by a ball, and fell within fifty yards of the redoubt, Before lie could be rescued, several llussians attacked the fallen man, and beat him savagely with the butt-ends of their muskets, others stabbing him at the same time with their bayonefM. A strongman, he struggled desperately ; find when at length rescued and borne from the fleld, his body was found to bo almost covered with_ wounds. lie lingered for a few days, and then expired. Two young officers, Lieutenants Lindsay and Thistlethwayte, who bore the colours, were surrounded by the enemy, and, except the four colour-sergeants, isolated from their comr.uh's. The sergeants were one by one struck down; and then the.'-e gallant young men, back to back, ke[)t the foe at bay, and, almost miraculously escaping unhurt, cut their way through and carried their colours safely to the top of the hill. Meanwhile the Light Division had re-formed their lines, and now returned to the charge, in the footstejis of the dauntless (luards. In vain broad sheets of lire poured through the ranks — no man flinched. The flag which the I'usiliers had planted on the redoubt was still there, and pointed out the path they were to tread. Their royal leader proved hini,ly defeated, in less than tlirei' hour.'*, by tho i«he»'r vahmr of l']nglish and i'rencli soldiers. True, we had paid ilearly for our victory; but the annalH of the Urilish army do nut record a nobler achievement. We were unable m pnrsui the fugitives — our cavalry was too weak in BATTLES OF THE WOULD. 29 within fifty al Ilussians liiitt-cnds of ii' IjayuucfK. rescued aiitl )vored with Two young tlie colour.". ir-!rcrgeants, one strucic t the foe at ay through , and Mdw uards. In :M flinched. still there, ider proved the valour onset; and liiiig up t(i ed at the ir-i-trirken. Inubt, the 'UKid MS ir Icvflling dashiiif; diiwii (lie upon the uiis Mp(in y arrived ;i pd.-^itioii iian three True, we army do weak in numbers to be detached from the main body of the army : had we been stronger in that branch of the service, tlie victory of the Alma might have been etjuivalent to the coniiuest of the Crimea, Wc afterwards ascertained that Sebastopol was emptied of its garrison to strengthen the ;irmy, and had we been in a position to follow the retreating forces, wo might have inflicted a blow on llussiun strength from which it would not in all probability have soon recovered ; as it was, the Allies remained mas- ters of the field, and the defeated Menschikoff fled towards Baktehi-Serai, leaving behind liim, according to his own admission, 1,702 dead, and 2,72tl wounded. Russian assertions are not the most trustwortliy, espe- cially when the circumstances are unfavourable to themselves, and the probability is tliat the loss was really much greater. The English had .'553 killed, and 1,012 wounded, many of whom afterwards died of their injuries. Our allies lost 200 killed, and 1,0S7 wounded. On the bloody field reposed the victors when that day's dreadful work was done : amid the dead and dying — the lifebroath painfully passing from the lips of wounded friend and foe — some of our bravo fellows, pil- lowed on their knapsacks, skpt a fitful sleep; some crept among the heaps of dying, searching lor i'riend or brother, and some sui)ported the droop- ing bond and administered a draught of water to the fevered lips of wounded comrade or dying enemy. The fight was over, the lust of blood satisfied, and all (he better ipialities of manhood, mercy and I'orgiveiiess, .appeared beneath that setting .-un. l^ometimes, as they stoo]»ed to assist ii dying enemy, the Mu.scovite. trained to treachery, with ii final etlbrt, would discharge a pistol at their heads; and then the old war spirit was once more aroused, and with elubbed musket, or dc.adly bayont , tlio mal- t!Volent Russian was sent to his aeeount, Tiie ,'^ailois, who had watched the progress ol'the battle from the ships, when they saw that victory was ours, swarmed ashore, and hurried to the scene of strife. There thoy bore tho wounded to the surgeon's (|uarters, and to tin' ships, with the temhirness ol' women, hit fie drummer-bnys might be .•^een among tho prostrate heroes, comforting and rciidi'ring assistance with a core and zeal beyond their years. A fatigue party was ordered on service to bury the dead; and the surgeons, with bare arms and splashed with blood, strove by tlii^ir skill ami energy to alleviate the suft'erings and save the lives of the poor fellows bionght to tliem. A frightlnl speclaele was that hill-siih' of the Alma, on tho e\ening of tlie renowned 2(ltli of Septemlier, 1H54. Kngland's best and bravest lay dead, thoir pale I'aces lit by the setting sun : some re'diied the exprosHion 30 CYCLOPiEDIA OP THE of that intense energy which bore them fearlessly to the mouths of the Russian guns; some, with Dices calm and beautiful as an infant's, seemed peacefully sleeping, and smiling as they slept: others, with limbs con- tracted, and features frightfully distorted, bore witness to the fierce agonies of the death-struggle. Russian and English and French lay commingled, as they fell in the deadly struggle ; and among the heaps of corpses, many in whom the spark of life yet lingered, lay miseraMy groan- ing, or faintly crawled with shattered limbs, in search of help. Some of tiie bodies were headless, the brains scattered around the bloody trunk : and others were so frightfully mutilated that it was difficult to recognize any trace of humanity. While some of our men helped to bear the wounded from the field, and bury the corpses of the slain, others hovered about, and plundeied the dead of clothes, arms and such matters as could be carried away; the sailors especially were active in securing tniphics of war. Russian orders and crosses, Russian arms, juid even the black bread from the soldiers' knajisacks, were eagerly sought ; the boots were real prizes, and the seamen, who would heartily lend a hand to succour ii wounded comrade, or even a foe, had no delicacy in appmpriating the clothing of the dead. An expeditious mode of measurement, by which they secured the articles which would best fit, caused some amusement, oven at such a time, Jack,seatinghimself at the fcctof adoad Russian, placed the sole of his foot against that of the corpse ; if they agreed in size, the boots were at once ajipropriated ; if otherwise, the critical mariner proceeded to another siileetion. For two days tho Armies remained upon the field; liad they marched at once, it is more than probable, nay, almost certain, they might have entered Sebastopol with but little resistance. Marshal St. Ariiaud wished to make an immediate advance; but Lord Raglan refused to leave his womided untended on the Held. Thougii possibly we ultimately lost by this delay, we can scarcely blame a general who showed such a fine liuma- ulty even among tho horrors of warfare. Our Kiiglish courage is of tho old chivalrio sort — wo fight as men, I'or great principles, not for tho lust of ('oii(|uest : our soldiers are every one a treasure of immense value, riu'litly usimI, not to be east away to perish when their first \ise is pa.ssed. lluiiian lil'e is to Englishmen intensely sac rod ; wo cheerfully lay it down when demanded, and in proportion do we honoiu' and cherish those wiio have perilled it in our cause, A .single life will'ully snerifieed for ii mere strategical advantage would have been a stain ou our lOnglisii honour, which wo should not speetlily have forgiven. BATTLES OF THE WORLD. 31 iths of the 'm, seemed iiubs con- tlie fierce 'rench lay e lieaps of ililygroun- Sonie of dy trunk : recognize ) bear the r.s hovered L's as could rophies of the black boots were succour a iating the by which [uuscinent, Ruissian, irreod in mariner marched ht have d wi^ihed i-ave his lost by 10 huinu- !-; ol' the I III! lust M' value, jiatised. it down lose who ir a nuTt' ilnlliUir, At early morning, on the 23rd of September, the Allies turned their backs on the memorable heights. Two men, strong and unwounded, remained upon the field, and watched their departure ; and in all that proud array, flushed with victory, there were none who bore more heroic hearts. Upwards of 200 wounded Russians still lay upon the field ; and Dr. Thompson, surgeon of the 44th regiment, and his servart, volun- teered to remain, and administer to their wants. Every moment increased their loneliness and their danger ; for predatory bands of Cossack horsemen still hovereil around the scene, against whose revengeful lances the plea of mercy and Christian charity would have been but an inelFoctual shield ; and yet these two brave men quailed not in their mission, and m;lny a dying foe had his last pangs soothed, and parting agonies alleviated, by the ministrations of these good Samaritans of peace." ALMANZA.— This battle was fought, April 4th, 1707, between the confederate forces under the Earl of Galway, and the French and Spaniards, commanded by James Fitzjamcs, Duke of Bm-wick, the illegitimate son of James II of England, when most of the English were killed or made prisoners of war, having been abandoned by the Tortuguese at the first ehargo. ALMEIDA. — This was an important position, as a frontier town of Portugal, in the Peninsular war. Massena laid siege to it Augu.«^t inth, 1810, and the governor capitulated August 27th following. The French crossed into Spain, leaving a garrison at Almeida, blockaded by the British, April Gth, 1811. It was evacuated by the French, May 11th, of the same year. In the end Wi'llington compelled iNlassena to retire from I'ortugal, but the route of the French was tracked by horrid desolation. ALNEV.— This wns rather a single combat than a battle, lutween Edmund Ironside and Canute the Qroat, in sight of their armies. The luttor was wounded, when he proposed a division of the kingdom, the fiouth part falling to Edmund, A.D, lOlli; but this prince having been murdered at Oxford, .shortly afler the treaty, acconling to some by the treachery of Aldric Streon, Canute was left in the peaceable possession of the whole kingdtun, .\.i». 1017. A.MIU)YNA. — This place is celebrati'd fur the memorable massacre of the English factors by the Dutch, February 17th, 1023; they were cruelly tortured and put to deatii on an accusation of u conspiracy to f" 'ii r I !'t CYCLOPiEDIA OF THE ^^ , 1 fi,o two nations resided and «pd the But* f.-. *«iBU-nd, *' ";,; „,,„,.«cdb,the oLly *»rca i" «!'« W=' '™ ° f " tofod J Ac t,«t, of Amiens i„lS03. It was .S»m »c,.»d W tl.c 1 „s restored »l .1.0 P--°"8"- „,,■„« ™d Amoricans. I„ July, 1812, .'.« ;^rT:'„a ™ od *; Wo*n, distriot, where he ,.ro.«ed over ton. Helro.', »'"','■" ,,.,,„i, to iom hia standard. At ,„« tln.o the Brit,»h foreo »" * "™;„, B„„k hoard of this .uvns.on „fa. uttlo resistance. As soon » Oo..u ^,^_,^^_^^^ ^^^^ j^ ,„, ,,,„„,sucd the I'ar ......cn^, «- «"= ^^ A.nhersthnrg, where westward. Uc "rived o„ the Uh 0^ „ ^^_ , ^.^ ,,„„toa „„ „u,stcrcd ahout 330 '^^ l^ ^,.,,„ a,.d scndlns aw»y Indians. Hull. »'■«»« ''>'°°' "° """"' ,^ ,,.„„ exceeded 800 offeet..e : d tach...ents, is -aid at th.s *2^^.X^o^««. prop".-! "j' *" 1, retreated across the "««'•; 'f' ""';'' ;„ Detroit, .iceral Broek, X; of A,»he.s.hnrs, ^-l »'"' '""^^."S.o fon and prepared for an „ ;„„tly erossins over, jJ;" ~' , J™ j_ „„„red IVo... the w.l s, and > «:>■■-"'""" i.t:: "«' '^" «'* — ^^^^^ ;: d s lU c Ph.ints were '""^ ^^ ' „f "...cnned to he shot, hut was '■ n * Tlritiiu UoUnnd, France AMIENS, ,M.^(;K 0^-»;«- ^'-' "'" ,^,s.rKilo^^^-Cavi.;i;.n^*:;;'.;:;':;;t,,;i:oid::h., ,.r''l. «> I f ''"':;„;:: slice, -, i8th. n»s. •fhe Kre..ch wer ;'■;,,;' :'Nove...her, 1813. The ...e.e..t BOvernn.e..t .esUnul ^^^^ ,,,,,,.UUdt.U.-A,.*-.,^ P" « "^ '"? 'r:S t..i Arnold. 1 «ed Oe,..her.nd, 1T«.. «,,edi.i"..to.heA...u.un. ,, „r Malahar, ...ve-^J ''J A.hniral Watson, and destroyed U..0. BATTLES OP THE WORLD. 33 csidcd and izcd by t\\e j of Amiens , 1810, and [ Americans. • 2500 men, ,ct, -where ho :andard. At lul, a"«l could this invasion, jid proceeded fslhurg, where SIX hundred scndin-; av/ay ,j HOO effective ivoparcd for the General Brock, ,vcp:ired lor an u the walls, and i'ovce, includinu; •eal. Loud and the conduct ot ,0 Hhot, but was lolland, France , to the Kinj^of „\tholdor in \Ti'^- v.ay IBth, n05- ivitish army, taken ^liso from a ^^^^""^ October 2ud, HSO. ulubar, invested by ANHOLT, ISLAND OF.— Owing to the injury done by the Danish cruisers to British commerce, this island was taken possession of by England. The Danes made an attempt to regain it with a force of 4000, but were gallantly repulsed. The British force opposed to them did not amount to more than 150 men, yet triumphed in a close and desperate engagement, March 14th, 1811. ANJ0U,OR BLAUGIll.— This battle was fought between the English and French armies April 3rd, 1421. The French were commanded by the Dauphin of Franco, who defeated the English, on whose side the Duke of Clarence and 1500 men perished on the field; the Duko was slain by Sir Allan Swinton, a Scotch knight, who commanded ;i company at arms ; and the carls of Somerset, Dorset, and Huntingdon were taken prisoners. This was the first battle that turned the tide of success against the English in their first wars with France. ANTOIGN. — This battle was fought between the central army of the French and the Allies, August 13th, 1792, in which 4500 Austrians and Prussians were killed, 3,500 taken prisoners, and GOO emigrants shut up in Longwy ; 900 French were killed in the action; 30 pieces of battering cannon and howitzers, with all the baggage of the oimbincd army, were captured. AQUILEO . — Li the first battle fought there, Constantine II was slain by Constanir towards the close of March, a.d. 340, lu the sieond, IMaximus was defeated and slain by Thoodosius, July 2Sth, A.n. 3SS. In the third, Theodosius defeated Eugcnius and Arbogastos. tlie (laul, and remained solo emperor of the Roman world. September (Uh, a.d. 394. Eugcnius was put to death, and Arbogastcs died by his own liand, mortified by his overthrow. AKBELA. — The third and decisive battle fought botwoen Alesatidor tlie Great ai\d Darius Codomanus, king of Persia, which doeiduil the fate of Persia, u.o. 331. Tlie army of Darius consisted of 1, proudly styled, sailed from the Tagus, but owing to a Btorui which it ai SI III BATTLES OF THE WORLD. 35 liad only )y Bcssus, 3 following . four trees one of the sutt'erod to )lenco, each • nch, u"^cr lal Alvh.zy, wliicli ."US >iis;tri.ni-?of nd lb g»»s- owned of its ilcinanni tind 1 the loss of 1 between the •ce of British, prepiiraLion in the river 00 men, and Netlu'rhuids, f liis veteran 1 l\ad only a 1(1 out such a iit sea a Hect :uid was eoni- Knglaud, and u. ' The lleet was posted at n- the protec- was destined Flnt), as it iBtorm which it encountered, it did not appear off the coast of England till the 19th of July. On that day- it was descried near the Lizard point, in Cornwall, by a Scottisli pirate, who made all the sail lie could to convey the intelli- gence to Plymouth, and the Admiral got his fleet out to sea with as little delay as possible. As the Spanish Admiral had orders not to engage in hostilities till he should have seen the Prince of Parma's army landed in England, betook no notice of the English fleet, but steadily directed his course up the Channel. The Armada sailed in the form of a crescent, of which the horns were seven miles asunder. Its motion was slow, though every sail was spread ; " The winds," says the historian, " being as it were tired with carrying the ships, and the ocean groaning beneath their weight." The English ships, which were smaller and more active than those of the Armada, followed to harass it and out off stragglers, and during the six days which it took to roach Calais, it sutTercd considerably from their persevering attacks. At Calais the Admiral learned that the Prince could not embark his troops for want of stores and sailors, and. while he waited, the Armada narrowly escaped destruction from fire-ships sent into it by the English. A violent tempest succeeded, which drove it among the ■shoals on the coast of Zealand ; ami a council of war determined that, as it was now in too shattered a condition to attempt anything against the enemy, it were best to return to Spain without delay ; but as the passauc down the Channel was so full of hazard, it was resolved to sail round Scot- land and Ireland. The Armada, therefore, set sail ; the English pur- sueil it as far as Flamborough-head, where want of ammunition forced them to give over the chase. Storms, however, assailed the Armada, and several of the vessels were cast away on tlie coast of Ireland, where the crews were butchered by the barbarous natives. The total loss was 30 large ships and 10,000 men. Philip received the intelligence with great tran lillity, and ordered public thanks to God and the saints for the calamity not having been greater. In this u'reat dan_,er of herself and kingdom, Elizabeth bad .shown the spirit ol' a heroine. She visited the camp at Tilbury, rode along the lines mounted on a white palfrey, and cheered the soldiers by her animated languMge. When the danger was ovt'r she went in utate to St. Paul's, and pulilii'ly returned thanks to Heaven. She granted pensions to the disabled .seamen, created the Admiral, Earl of Nottingham, and bestowed honours and rewards on his ollieers. The sudden death of Leicester, shortly a Tier he had disbanded his army, intercepted the favours she uughl have tlesigucd for hiiu. 36 CYCLOPJEDIA OF THE AR3IED NEUTRALITY.— A confederacy of the Northern powers against England, commenced by the Empress of Kussia, in 1780. It resulted in the destruction of the Danish fleet before Copenhagen, April, 1801. This gave England the acknowledged claim to the empire of the sea. The neutrality was soon after dissolved. ARMAGH.— This battle was fought a.b. 1318, against Edward Bruce, who was defeated, taken, and beheaded at Dundulk, and with him 6200 Scots lost their lives. I M ARMISTICES, CELEBRATED.— The most celebrated armistices recorded in Modern History are the following : — That of Leobon, in 1797, was signed a few days after the victory of Tagliamento, gained by Napo- leon I over Prince Charles. It was Bonaparte himself who pro- posed it. This armistice was followed by the preliminaries of Leobon and the treaty of Campo-Formio. The armistice of Stayer, concluded on the 25tli December, 1800, took place after the battle of Holienlinden. It was signod by Moreau, on the IGth January, 1801. Brunc signed the armistice of Treviso, which delivered into the hands of the French the fortitied places of Ferrara, Peschiera and Porto-Legnano. He waf reproached witli not having demanded Mantua. In 1805, J^[urat con- cluded an armistice at llollebrun, which saved the Russian army, and was tlie cause of a severe letter written to him by the Em[)eror. On the very evening of the battle of Austerlitz, the Emperor of Austria demanded and obtained an armistice, which was preliminary to the peace of Pres- burg. Another armistice, also celebrated, was signed after tlie battle of Fricdland, and led to the peace of Tilsit. At Wagram took place the armistice of Zoaim, which was the prelude to the peace of Vienna, 1809. Lastly, un the 4th of June, 1813, after Bautzen, was signed the armis- tice of Pleiswitz, which the Emperor Napoleon I himself considered a fault. ARTlJiI.ERY. — The first piece was invented by Schwartz, a German Cordrlit'r monk, soon after the invention of gunpowder, in llj^O. First used liy till' i']nglish by Edwiird 111 at the battle ol' Creey, in 134(3, when that king hud 4 pieces ol'eanni'n, which greatly aided in hisgaining the battli'. Brass cannon, first used 1G35 — improvements made by Browne in 1728, and have continued ever since. AS("AL()N.— This battle was fought A.D. 1192. Richard I of BATTLES OP THE WORLD. 37 u powers 780. It :n, April, ire of the t Edward and with armistices ,n, in 1797, lI by Napo- wUo pro- of Leobon oncluded on nilindcn. It signed the French the He wap ;Murat con- L army, and lor. On the |i;i demanded ace of Pres- the battle of i,)k place the ionna, 1809. .,1 the arniis- considered a I'tz, a German i;'<30. rirst ley, in 1346, in liisffuninj^ lilts made by Richard I of England, commanding the Christian army, met and defeated the Sultan Saladin's army of 300.000 Saracens and other infidels. No less than 40,000 of the enemy were left dead on the field of battle, and the victorious Richard marched to Jerusalem. ASPERNE. — This battle was fought between the Austrian army under the archduke Charles, and the French, on the 21st of INIay, 1809, and two following days. In this most sanguinary fight the loss of tho for- mer army exceeded 20,000 men, and the loss of the French was more than 30,000 ; it ended in the defeat of Bonaparte, who commanded In person, and was the severest check he had yet received. The bridge of the Danube was destroyed and his retreat endangered ; but the success of the Aus- trians had no beneficial eiFect on the subsequent prosecution of tlie war. ASSAYE.— Fought September 23rd, 1803, between the Duke of Wel- lington (then General Arthur Wellesley) and Scindiah and the Rajah of Berar. This was Wellinjjton'syirsi great battle in which he opposed a force fully ten times greater than his own. In Stocqueler's Life of the " Iron Duke" we have the following account of this battle : " Scindiah's army having changed its position, occupied the whole space between the Kaitna and Assaye, with a groat number of guns in front, and commenced a mur- derous cannonade. The small number of British guns was quite incapable of coping with this vast battery. General Wellesley, therefore, directed his infantry to advance with the bayonet. With the determined courage which had given them victory at Seriiigapatam, in the actions with Dhoondia Waugh, and on the walls of Ahmednuggur, the line dashed forward, carried the guns on the right, and approached Assaye. At this moiueiit a cloud of Mahratta horse had stolen round the village, and fell upon them — sabre to bayonet — with characteristic fury. The 74th regiment wavered — the charge was too much for them. Colonel Maxwell of the 19th Light Dragoons saw that the critical moment had arrived. Forward ! was the word. Falling upon the Mahratta cavalry, the Dragoons gave the British infantry time to rally, cut up the Mahratta horse, pushed through the Scindiah's left, and threw the whole of that part of the army into confusion. In the meantime the enemy's centre, wliieh had remained untouched, closed in upon the ground before occupied by their left wing, and uniting with such of their infantry and artillery as had been passed over unhurt by the British cavalry, formed itself into a kind of crescent, with its right horn resting on the river 'id N 38 CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE .louali, and its left on tlio village of Assaye; thus presenting themselves in nfrosli position on the flank of our infantry, on which, having collected a considerable number of guns, they reconnncnced a heavy fire. The battle was now t>> be fought over again, with this difference, that the contending forces had changed sides, and had the enemy's horse behaved with the least spirit, while our cavalry was absent in pursuit of their broken batta- lions, there is no guessing what the consequences might have been ; but, happily for General Wellesley, they kept aloof. To oppose the enemy in their new position, the Sepoy battalion on the right was immediately advanced against them, but without I'fl'ect, being obliged to retire. Another was brought forward and e(juidly repulsed. The cavalry, having by this time returned from the pursuit, and formed on the left, and the enemy's horse having disappeared belbre them, tin General ordered the 7Sth regi- ment and the 7th cavalry up, to head a I'resh attack against the enemy's infantry and guns, which still defended their position with obstinacy. No sooner, Imwovcr, had ho formed the 78th regiment in line, in directing wliieh his horse's leg was carried ulV by a cannon shot, than the enemy witliout waiting an attack, eummenced their retreat across the Jonah, wliieh they passed in toler.able order before our troops could come up with them. Previously to this last attack Colonel 'daxwell liad refpiested and obtained permi.-sion to chargi" a consider!d)le body of infantry and gnns, wliieh having formed pari ol'llie reserve, were scon retiring ingood order, along (he right hank of the .louah. 'i'iie I'.Mh J)ragoon8 wore not long in coining up with the enemy, who having formed with their left to the Jouali, uteadily waited their ap|)roach. The charge was sounded. The J)ragoons advanced with rapiility, amidst a shower of musketry and grape, ami had alreaily got almost within reach ol' tiie bayonets oi' theeneniy, whoslill gullantly stood their ground. " At this moment," writes nn officer engaged in the charge, " instead iifdasliing among their ranks, I suddenly I'ouml my horse swept riutnd uh it were l>y an eddy torrent. Away we galloped right slio\ilders foiwaril, aloiiM (In; whole of the enemy's line, reciiving their lire as we passed, till having turned our backs on them, wo took to our iieels manfully ; every one called out //(/// / Jlull ! while nobody would set the e.\amplel till nt hi'it a linmpel having sounded, we jmlled up, but in eomplele tlisorder, driiLiodiis and native eaviiliy, pell inell. On this occasion ('olohel Maxuell fell, pierced by a ^rape-shot, lie was gallantly li'ading the charge when lio re( up with [>stcil niid md ^iuns, )od Older, K'liiy, who |i|iroaeh. y, niuidHt t witliiu ir <^vii\iiid. '' iiiHtead round 118 (< I'liiward, Ill-sod, till y ; cvory a".! till at (liMiidcr, Maxwell I I'M' when lini'HO and iiuuiedl- I atcly behind him, not knowing the cause, mistook the gesture f(»r a signal to retire, and did so accordingly. At least this was the reason afterwards assigned for the failure, and if true, shows how the fate of armies, ;ind even of nations, may depend on the direction of a single slmt." lloco- vering from their disorder, the Dragoons renewed the charge with terrible effect, and the enemy gave way in every direction. Tims closed this memorable battle, one of the most bloody on record to the victors. Out of about 4500 men in action, upwards of 20(10 wore eitlier killed or wounded, the former amounting to more than one-third of the whole number." ASSYRIANS AND JEWS,— the Battles, &c., between— n.c. 71 C These battles resulted in the total destruction of the army of Sennacharib, so graphically described by the Sacred penman — and afterwards in tlie destruction of Jerusalem, tlie overthrow of Solomon's Temple, and the exile of the Jews to JJabylon, for 70 years. ATTTliONM — The English army under General Ginekel stormed Atlilone, then a town of prodigious strength — crossing the Shannon in the face of the Irish army, yet not losing more than oO nu'ii. This liolil and successful enterprise procured for Ginekel the title of Earl oi' Athlono, ICUl. Sec Aiiglniin. ATTIL A, — Surnnmed The .S^eoH/'g*! of God, ravaged all Europe, A.D. 417. ilo invaded the Koman empire with an army of 500,(10(1 Huns, and laid waste all the jirovinecs at ('halons-sur-Miirne. Aotiiis, tlio Itoniaii prel'irt, met him, and del'eated him with the loss of I'dtl.dOd nun. Al'terwards he was aH signally defeated by Tiiorismond, King of the GotliM, and died in the nudst of his career. AUEHSTADT, HATTI/E OF.— In this most sanguinary eonlliet, between the French and Prussian armies, October I Ith, iSdO, (lu- I'russianH were routed on every side, having lost l!dO jiieees of cannon. 30 stiindardH, and liS.ddd prisioinTH, and leaving .'50,(1(1(1 slain on the battle Held. JJoth tiie l^ing of Prussia and Napoleon comiuaMded at this engagement. Tiio French Emjieror immediately afterwards entered Berlin, fnun wliieh city lie issued his memorablo JKrlin J'eeiees, AUG n RIM, UATriiK OF.— Near Athlono, in Irel.ind, This battle was fought, July iL'th, ICiOl, between the Irish, headed by the French General St. llutli, and the English under Generul (Sinekel, when :i ';:i 40 CYCLOPiEDIA OF THE ■ ii i '' 1 1 1 t > i: the former lost 7000 men ; the latter only COO killed and 9G0 wounded. St. Iluth was slain. This enf^agcmcnt proved decisively fatal to the interests of James II in Ireland, Giiickel was immediately created Earl of Athlono; the ball by which 8t. Kuth was killed is still preserved sus- pended in the choir of St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin. AIJr.SBTTRG. BATTLE OF,— Fought between the Imperialists and the Freneli army, the latter commanded liy Moreau; who obtained so complete a victory, that Augsburg and Munich were opened to him. It was fought August 2Gth, 179C ; Moreau, September 2nd following, again defeated the Austrians on the Jun, and again, September 7th, at Miiinburg. Al'STEKLITZ, BATTLE OF.— Fought December 2nd, 1805, between the French and Austrian armies; gained ])y tlio former. Three Emperors commanded at this battle, Alexander of llussia, Francis of Austria, and Napoleon of Franco. The killed and wounded exceeded 40,000 on the side of the "Allies, who lost l)esides, 40 standards, 1511 pieces of cannon, and many thousands of prixmers. This decisive victory of the French led to the treaty of I'resburg, which was signed December 20th sumo year. B 1?A 15V liON.— This city was first taken by Ninus, ii.r. 205l>, then by Ksar-haddon, it.c. 080. Both ])arius and Cyrus look tlie city, the first through tlie fidelity of his officer Zojiyrus, who having cut off liis noso nnd ears lletl to the Babylonians, and was admitted within tlie walls, and ftiuiid means slmrlly afterwards to betray the city — tiie other by turning the Course ni' the river Euphrates, and marching his soldiers up the dry bed into the city. BAPA.IOS. SIK(iK OF,— This imj.urtant frontier fortress had sur- nndered to tlic l''reiieh, March lltli, isl 1, and wa.^ investeil ]iy tlio Driti.>*h under Lord Wellington, on March Kith, 1812; and stormed and tiikt^n on April foUnwing. The scigo is ono of the most ini|>ortant in tho annals of warf.ire; for t'lo vietnry was nut only u glorious military achievement in itself, but it nbliged the iM'eiicli, who had entereil I'orlu- gnl I'nr llie purpose iif plinnhir, to commence a precipitate retreat from that kin^'ilojii. For piirtioulnrs, soo Life of Wellington, and Napier's I'c- iiinsiilttr War. i oundcd. 1 to the ic(.l Earl Ved BUS- BATTLES OP THE WORLD. 41 BADEN, TREATY OF.— Between France and the Emperor, Sep- tcnilicr 7th, 1814. It was erected into a grand duchy of the lUioni.sh Confederation in 180(5. Its territorial acquisitions, by its alliance with France, was guaranteed by the Vienna Congress of 1815. lerialists obtained to him. olio wing, sr 7th, at J, 1805, . Three Francis of e.\cocded .50 pieces victory of .)eceniber 5t», then city, the |l" liis noHO alls, and ■ tnrning Ip the dry had pur- 1 by tho I'lned and |nt ill tliu military id I'ortu- leat iVotn luer'n I'c* BALAKLAVA, BATTLE OF.— Fought October 25th, 1854. If the cxiiibition of the most brilliant valour, of tho excess of courage, and of a daring which would have reflected lustre on the best days of chivalry can allbrd full consolation for the disaster of to-day, we can have no reason to regret the nielanclioly loss wliich wo sustained in a contest with a savage and barbarous enemy. 9 I shall proceed to describe, to the best of my power, what occurred under my own eyes, and to state the facts which I have heard from men whose veracity is unimpeaehable, reserving to myself the exercise of tho \ right of private judgment in making public and in suppressing the details , i of what occurred on this memorable day. Before I proceed to my nar- rative, I must premise that a certain i'eeliiig existed in some quarters that our cavalry had not be<'n jiroperly liandled since they landid in tlie Crimea, and tiiat they had lost golden opportunities from the indecision and I'xeessive caution of their leaders. It was said that our cavalry ought to linvo boon mancuuvrcd at Bonljanak ii\ one way or in another, accord- ing to the fancy of the critic. IL was allimied, too, that the liight Cav- alry were utterly useless in tho perfoniiaiiee of one of their most ininort- an I duties — (he eolieetion of supplies fortiie army — that they were " abovo their business, and too tine gentlemen for their work ;" that our liorso should have pushed on after the ilying enemy after the battle of tho Alma, to tlu'ir utter eonfiision, and with tlie etTlaiiity of taking many guns nnd prisdiiers ; and, above all, (hat at Mackenzie's farm lirst, and at tlie gorge near Iiiki'rmann,snbse(piently, they had been improperly restrained from rging, and had tailed in gaining great successes, which would liavo ciia ontitled them to a full share of the laurels of the eanqiaign, solely owing to the liiiiidity of the officer in command. Tlie existence of this feeling was known to many of unr cavalry, iiid they were indignant and exiisperalrd that the fain(est sliade of susjiieioi should rest on iinv of their corps. With tlie justice of these aspersions they seemed to think thoy had nothing to do. nnd peihajis the prominent thought in their juinds was that they would give such nn example of courage to the world, if the clianco oll'ered itsell', as would shame (lieir (h'tnietors for ever. Ill my last 1 inentioucd that Huvorul battalions of llussian infantry iiad r\ 42 CYCLOP^-EDIA OP THE 1 ■ ii crossed tlio Tcl'.crnnya, and tluit tlioy tlircatcnod the rear of our position and our conuiuuiication witli JJalak'hiva. Tlieir bands could be heard playing at night by the travellers along the BMlaklava road to the camp, but they " showed " but little during the day, and kept up among the gorges and mountain passes through which the roads to Inkermann, Sim- phrropul, and the south-east of the Crimea wind towards tlie interior. The position wo occupied, in reference to Balaklava was supposed by moat people to bo very strong — even impregnable. Our lines were formed by natural mountain slopes in the rear, nKmg which the French had made very formidable enfrtnehments. Ik'low those entrenchments, and very nearly in a right line across the valley beneath, are four conical hillocks, ono rising above the other as tlicy recede from our lines; the furthest, which joins the chain oi' mountains opposite to our ridges being named Canmbeii's Hill, from the meeting there of that General with Lord Raglan alter the nnireh to Halakiava. On the top of each of these hills the Turks liad thrown up earthen redoubts, dei'ended by U50 men each, and armed with two or tlu'ee guns — some lieavy sliip guns — lent by us to them, with one artilleryman in each redoubt to look ai'ter them. These hills cross the valley of Ualaklava at the distance of about two and a half miles from the town. Supposing the spectator, then, to take his stand on one of tiie lieights forming the rear of our camp beiore Hebustopol, ho would see the town of llalakliiva, with its s<'anty shipping, its narrow strip ol' water, and its old forts on his right hand; immediately below he would behold the valley and ])l,ain of e(iarse meadow land, oeeupied by our cav- alry tents, and strcti;hing from the base of the ridgi? on which ho stood to the foot of the formidalile heights at the other side; ho would si'ij tlio French trenches lined with /iouiives a few fi'el beneath, and distant from Iiim, on the slope of the hill; a 'I'urkish redoubt lower down, then another in tlio valley, then, in a line with it, some angular eartliworks, then, in fluccossion, the other two reihtubts up to Canrobert's liill. At the dis- tnnoe of two or two and a half miles across the valley (hero is an abrupt rocky mountain range of most irregular and pielures(|ue i'orn)ation, covered with scanty brushwood here ami there, or rising into barren pin- naclcH and /iditvauir of rock. In outline and appearance this portion of the liindscape is wonderfully like the Trosachs, A patch ol' blue sea in caught in between the overhanging elill'sof Halaklava as lliey close in tlio ontraiiee to the harbour on the right. The eiunp of the Marines, pitched on (he hill siilesmore (ban ItKMHi'et above (he K'Vt'lol'thc sea, is opposite tu you an your back is turned to iScbas(opol and your right side towards the ad\ inn Uos BATTLES or THE WORLD. 43 position Ijc heard lie camp, uoiiu' the v\iu, Sim- > interior. ii\ by most orim'il l)y had miidc , and vcvy al hilloi'lvS, i'urlliest, 'in}i named witli Lord • tiieso liiUs ) mon eaeh, -IcJit by us om. Tlu'f^o^ and a ludf l^e bis Htiiwd ,.])UHtopul, llO iiarriiw strip iw be would ly our cav- i lio Blood to ,,uld see. tl\0 aistant IVoiii tlion anotlier „lvf*, tbon, in A I llie diH- is an alti'npt - rorniiitioii) ,, barnn liii>- iiK portion of ,r lil\u' i*eii \n .y fbisf ill tbo irines.pitebed oa, is oppnultO t hido towiirdi4 Balaklava. On the road leading up the valley, close to tlie entrance 6f the town, and beneath tlicso Hills, is the encampment of the Dik'd Iligh- laiKicrs. The cavalry lines are nearer to you below, and are someway in advance ofthu Ifiglilanders, but nearer to the town than the Turkish rednubts. The valley is crossed hero and there by small waves of land. On your left the hills and rocky mountain ranges gradually close in towards the course of the Tchermiya, till at three or four miles' distance from Balaklava, the valley is swidlowed up in a mountain gorge iuid deep ravines, above which rise tiers after tiers of desolato whitish rock, garnished now and then by bits of scanty herbage, and spreading away towards the cast and south, where tliey attain the Alpine dimensions of the Tsehatir Dagh. Tt is very easy lor an enemy at tlie IJelbek, or in command of the road ori^lacken- zies's farm, Inkermann, Sinipheropol, in" Bakshiserai, to debouch through these gorges at any time upon this plain *'rom the neck of the valley, or to march from Sebastopol by the Tchernaya, and to advance along it towards Balaklava, till checked by the Turkish redoubts on the southern side, or by the lire I'rom the French works on the northern side — /. c, the side which, in relation to the valK'y to Balaklava, forms the rear of our position. It was evident enough that Menschikolf and (iortschakolF hail been feeling their way along this rotite for several days past, and very pro- bably at night tlic Cossacks had crept up close to our pic(pu'ts, which are not always as watchful as might be desired, and had ooserved the weak- ness ol'a position far too extended lor our army to defend, and occupied by their despised enemy, tlu; Turks, At lialf-p;ist seven o'clock (his morning, an orderly camt> galloping in to the head-(|nar(ers eamji from Balaklava, with the news, that at ilawn a strongeorpsofUussian lior.-e, supported by guns and battalions of infantry had marched into the valley, ami had already nearly dispossessed tlio Turks of (he redoubt No 1, (tliat on Cunrobert's Hill, which is fardiost from o\ir lines), and (ha( (hey were opening lire on (lie redoubts Nos. 2, 3, and I, which would speeijijy be in their hands unless (lui Turks olfered a Hdmler rt\sistauc(! (ban they had dmie already Orders were despatched to Sir (leorgc Catlicart, and to II. H. II. (ho Duke of (Cambridge, (o put their respeutivc division!^, tho Kourdi and the l''irst, in motion for (lie scene (d' acdon ; and in(t'lligenee of tho advance of tbo llussians was also furnished to General ('anroliert, Immediately on rcceip( of (In' news, (he (iem>ral connnanded (icneral Uosnuet to get tho Third Division under arms, and scut .i utrong body 44 CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE of artillery and some 200 Chasseurs d'Afrlquc to assist us in holding the valley. Sir Colin Canii)bcll, who was in connnand of Balaklava, had drawn up the 93rd Highlanders a little in front of the road to the town, at the first news of the advance of the enemy. The IMarincs on the heights got underarms; the seamen's batteries and Marines' batteries, on the heights close to the town," were manned, and the Freiicli artillery- men andthe Zouaves prepared for action along their lines. Lord Lucan's little camp was the scene of great excitement. The men had not had time to water their horses ; they had not broken their fast from the evening of the day before, and had barely saddled at the first blast of the trumpet, when they were drawn up on the slope behind the redoubts in front of their camp to operate on the enemy's squadrons. It was soon evident that no reliance was to be placed on the Turkish infantry or artillerymen. All the stories we had heard about their bravery behind stone walls and earthworks proved how difi'erently the same or similar people fight under difi'erent circumstances. When the lUissians advanced the Turks fired a few rounds at thein, got frightened at \ le distance of their supports in the rear, looked round, received a few shots and shell, and then *' bolted," and flod with an agility quite at variance with rom- mon-place notions of Oriental deportment on the battle-field. But Turks on tlie Danube are very dilTerent beings from Turks in the Crimea, as it a))piius that the Russians of Sebastopol are not at all like the ilussians of Silistria. Soon after eight o'clock, Lord Raglan and liis staff turned out and cantered towards the rear of our positien. The booming of the artillery, the spattering roll of musketry, were heard rising from the valley, drown- ing tlu! roar til' the siege guns in IVonL before Si'l)astopol. As 1 rode in the direction of the firing, over the thistles and large stones whieh cover the undulating plain that stretches away towards Halaklava, on a level with the summit of the ridges above it, T observed a French light infantry regiment (the 'JTtli, I think) advancing with adniinrole earo and celerity from our right towards the ridge near th(! telegraph-houst', which was already lined by companies of Frencli infantry, while mounted tifiiccrs scampered idong its broken outline in every direction. General l{os(|net, a stout Holdierlike-looking man, who reminds one of the old iji iin of l''reiicli (Icnerids as depieti'd at Versailles, I'ollnweii. with his stafi'anil a small escort of Hussars, at a gallop. Faint while clouds rose hero and there idiovo the liill from the oaniUJiiado below. Never did the painter's eyo rest oa a more beautiful scene than I beheld from the III I'l heigi arni> were advai pOS.Hf guns UKIl BATTLKS OF THE AVOIILD. 45 liolding Yu, bad 10 town, on the uttcvics, irtiUcvy- liucan's not liad from the i9t of the ihnibtH in wiis soon fiintvy or ry behind or similar iidvanccdj Vist'.uicc of uiul shell, with eom- But Turks Crimen, as ic Russians i>d out and \w iirtillery, U._y,dr(iwn- Is I rode in Ivhii'b cover on a level lUt infantry fuid e.'K'rity whieh was ^t^(l (ilVlCCrH jiiids one of lowed, with ^liili' fltmds Never did |l,\ from tho ridp;c. Tlio fleecy vapours still hung around the mountain tops, and mingled with the ascending volumes of smoke; the patch of sea sparkled freshly in the rays of the morning sun, but its light was eclipsed by the flashes which gleamed from the massess of armed men below. Looking to the left towards tho gorge, we beheld six compact masses of Russian infantry, which had just debouched from tho mountain passes near Tchernaya, and were slowly advancing with solemn statelincss up the valley. Immediately in their front was a regular line of artillery, of at least twenty pieces strong. Two batteries of light guns were already a mile in advance of them, and were playing; with energy on tlic redoubts, from which feeble puffs of smoke came at long intervals. Behind these guns, in front of the infantry, were enormous bodies of cavalry. They were in six compact squares, three on each flank, moving down en cchvlon towards us, and the valley was lit up with the blaze of their sabres, and lance points, and gay accoutrements. In their front, and extending along the intervals between each battery of guns, were clouds of mounted skir. niishers, wheeling and whirling in tho front of their march like autumn leaves tossed by the wind. The Zouaves close to us were lying like tigers at tlic spring, with ready rifles in hand, hidden chin deep by the earth- works which run along tho line of these ridges on our rear, but the((uick- oyed Russians wore ninnoouvring on the other side of the valley, and did not expose their columns to attack. Helow the Zouaves we could see tho Turkish gunners in the redoubts, all in eonlusion as the shells burst over them. .)u>t as I came up, the Russians bad carried No. 1 redoubt, tho farthest and most elevated of all, and their liorsemon were chasing the Turks across tho interval 'vhich lay between it and redoubt No. 2. At that moment tho cavalry, under J^ord Luean, were formed in glittering masses - the Jjight Brigade, under Lord Cardigan, in advance ; tho Heavy Brigade, under iirig:idier-(i jnenil Se;irlet, in reserve. They wore drawn up just in front of their encampment, and wt »'o concealed Irom the view of the enemy by a slight "wave" in the plain. Considerably to the rear of their right, tlie \Khd Highlanders were drawn up in lino, in front of the approach to Balaklava. Above and behind tlu'm, on tho heights, tho Marines were visible through the ghusH, drawn up under arms, and tho gunners oould bo seen ready in the earthworks, in which were j)laced the heavy ships' guns. The (Kh'd liad originally boon advanced .somewhat more into tlie plain, but the instant the Russians got po.'-^ession ol (lie first redoubt I hey opened fire on thi'm f'rum imr own guns which inflicted some injury, and Sir Colin Ciimpbell reti' his uiuii to a better position. iMeantimo tho enemy advanced hi: valry 46 CYOLOPiEDIA OP THE rapidly. To our inexpressible di«gust wc saw the Turks in redoubt No. 2 fiy at their iipproach. They run in scattered groups across towards redoubt No. 3, and towards Balakhwa, but the horse-hoof of the Cossack was too quick for them, and sword and lance were busily plied amonff the retreating herd. The yolls of the pursuers and pursued were plainly audible. As the Lancers and Light Cavalry of the Russians advanced they gathered up their skirmishers with great speed and in excellent order — the shifting trails of men, which played all over the valley like moonlight on the water, contracted, gathered up, and the little piloton in a i'ow moments became a solid column. Then up came their guns, in rushed their gunners to the abandoned redoubt, and the guns of No. 2 redoubt soon played with deadly eil'ect upon the dispirited defenders of No. o redoubt. Two or three shots in return from the earthworks, and all is silent. The Turks swarm over the earthworks, and run in confusion towards the town, firing their muskets at the enemy as they run. Again the solid column of cavalry opens like a fan, and resolves itself into a " Long spray " of skirmishers, it laps the Hying Turks, steel Hashes in the air, and down go the jioor ^Moslem (piivering on the plain, split through I'ez and musket-guanl to the chin and breast-belt. Tliere is no supjxtrt I'or them. It is evident the [{ussians have been toocjuick lor us. The Turks have been too (piick also, for they have not held their redoubts long enough to enable us to bring them help. In vain the Turkish gun- ners in the earthen batteries which are placed along the French entrench- ments strive to protect their Hying countrymen; their shot fly Mide and short ol'the swarming masses, The Turks betake themselves towards (lie Highlanders, where they cheek their ilight and form into companies on tho flaiiksol' the Highlanders, As the Uussian cavalry on the leftoftheir Ihie crown till! hill across the valley, they perceive tiie Highlanders drawn up at tlio distance ol'sonie half mile, calmly awaiting iheir approach. They halt, nnd sijuadron after sipiadnni Hies up finni the rear, till they have a body of some l.'jllH men along the ridge — Jinneers, and Hragoons, and Hussars. Then they move vii ciJuloii in two bodies, with another in nserve. The cavalry who luive bivn jmrsuing tlie Turks on tlie right aree(nning up to tlie ridge beneath us, which conceals our cavalry I'roni view. The licavy brigade in advance is drawn up in two lines, 'I'iic first line oounists of the Scots (ireys, and ol' their old cnnipauiiins in glory, the Mnniskillens; the second of the Itii itoyal Irish, of llie Titli |)ragoon (inards, and ol'tlio 1st Itoyal Hragoous, The Light (.'avalry Hrigadu is on their li'ft,in two linos iilso. The silenco is oppressive ; between the cinnon bursts one can n)ov( insta warn the s and olliee the SI theal was .s they least them BATTLES OF Till' ■" ^RLD. 47 ot No. (Wiivds ossack ng the plainly vuucod LCcUcnt ley like pclotou ;;uiis, in I' ISO. 2 iidors of rks, and :)nl'uf'ion A;^ain If into a laslicH in liii, t^plit lore is no ■k lor iw. reddubts ki>li i^un- lentroneh- Iwidc and wards llio ies iin the their lino |a\vn \\\) at ;iirvl::dt, ivr ;\ hiidy llus>arH. Ii rrserve. duiinii' up riieliiMvy onsi>ts (it liskilleiis; land (il'lho lel't/m two Us one oiiu hoar the champing of bits and the clink of sabres in the valley below. The Russians on their left drew breath for a moment, and then in one grand line charged in towards Balaklava. The ground flics beneath their horses' feet; gathering speed at every stride, they dash on towards that thin red Htveiih topped with a line of steel. The Turks fire a volley at eight hundred yards and run. As the Russians come within six hundred yards, down goes that line of steel in front, and out rings a rolling volley of IMinie muhkctry. The distance is too groat; the Russians are not checked, but still sweep onwards tlirough the smoke, with the whole force of horse and man, here and there knocked over by the shot of our batteries above. With breathless suspense every one awaits the bursting of the wave upon the lino of Gaelic rock ; but ere they come within two hundred and iil'ty yards, another deadly volley flashes from the levelled rifle, and carries terror into the Russians. They wheel about, open files rigl»t and left, and flyback faster than they came. " ]}ravo Highlanders! well done!" shout the excited spectators ; but events thicken. The High- landers and their splendid I'ront are soon ibrgotten, men scarcely have a moment to think of tliis fact, that the 93rd never altered their formation to reeeive that tide of horsemen. " No," said Sir Colin Campbell, "I did not thiiik it worth while to form thmn even four deep I" The ordinary British line, two deep, was quite sufficient to repel the attack of these IMuseovite cavaliers. Our eyes were, however, turned in a moment on our own cavalry. We saw Brigader-Cieneral Scarlett ride along in I'ront of his massive sijuadrons. The Russians — evidently corps (V elite — their light blue jackets embroidered with silver lace, were advancing on their left, at an easy gallop, towards the brow of the hill. A forest of lances glistened in their rear, and several squadrons of grey-coated dragoons moved up (juickly to support them as they reached the summit. The instant they came in sight the trumpets of our cavalry gave out the warning, blast which told us all that in another moment wo should see the shock of battle beneath our very eyes. Lord Raglan, all his staff and escort, and groups of oflieers, tlie Zouaves, Freneh generals and ollieers, and bodies of Freneh infantry on the height, were spectators of the scene as though they were looking on tho stage from the boxes of a theatre. Nearly every one dismounted iind sat down, and not a word was said. The Russians advaiitHMl down tlie hill at a slow canter, wliii'h they eliiniged to a trot, and at last nearly halted. Tlieir first line wa:> at least double the length of ours— -it was three times as deep. Hcliind them was a similar lino, e(|ually strong and compact. They evidently 48 CYCLOPyEDIA OF THE despised their insignificant looking enemy, but tlicii' time was come. The trumpets rang out again tbrougli the valley, and the Greys and Ennis- killenors went riglit at the centre of the llussian cavalry. The sjiace between them was only a few hundred yards ; it was scarce enough to let the horses "gather away," nor liad the men quite space sufficient for the full play of their sword arms. The llussian line brings forward each wing as our cavalry advance, and threatens to annihilate them as they pass on. Turning a little to their left, so as to meet the lluKsian riglit^ the Greys rush on with a cheer that thrills to every heart — the wild shout of the Euniskilleners rises through the air at the same instant. As light- ning flashes through a cloud, the Greys and Enniskilleuers pierced through the dark masses of llussians. The shock was but for a moment, There was a clash of steel and a light play of swordblades in the air, and then the Greys and the redcoats disappear in the midst of the shaken and ([uivering columns. In another moment we sec them emerging and dashing on with diminished numbers, and in broken order, against the second line, which is advancing against them as fast as it can to retrieve the fortune of the charge. It was a terrible moment. " God help them ! they are lost " was the exclamation of more than one man, and the thought of many. With unabated fire the noble hearts dashed at their enemy. It was a light of heroes. The first line of llussiaus, which had been smashed utterly by our charge, and liad fled oiF at one flank and towards the centre, were coming back to swallow up our handful of men. By sheer steel and sheer courage Enniskillener and .Scot were winning their desperate way right through the enemy's s((uadrons, and alrt'ady grey horses and red coats had appeared right at the rear of the second uiass, when, with irresistible force, like 3ne bolt from a bow, the 1st Royals, the 4tli Dragoon (aiards, and the Sth Dragoon Guards rushed at the remnants of the first line of the enemy, went through it as thdugh it were made of pasteboard, and dashing on the second body of llussiaus as they were still disordered by the terrible assault of the Greys and their companions, put them to utter rriut. The lUissian Ilorso in less than \i\c minutes after it met our dnignons was flying with all its speed luToro a force certainly not half its strength. A cheer burst from every lip — in the enthusiasm, officers and men took oil" their caps and shouted with delight, and thus keeping up the scenic character of their position, they clapped their hands again and again. Lord Kaglan at once despateiied Lieutenant Curzoii, Aide-di'-Cainp, to convey his eoiigratulatidns to Brigadier-General Scarlett, and to say " Well done." The gallant old A| and tlie nificJ operl cavaf grou| day clian BATTLES OF THE WORLD. 49 right, soL'oml the 1st sht-a ;it ioaiJ,h it lu>^j^iini» 111(1 tlicir ess tliiui il lict'ol'O .«v.Y lil' - itod with lion, tlioy I'simtchod ulitiiis to iiUuiit old officer's face beamed with pleasure when he received the message. " I beg to tl .ink his Lordship very sincerely," was his reply. 'J'lie cavalry did not long pursue their enemy. Their loss was very slight, about thirty-five killed and wounded in botli afi"airs. There were not more tliaii four or five men killed outriglit, and our most material loss was from the cannon phiying on our heavy dragoons afterwards, when covering the retreat of our light cavalry. In the Iloyal Horse Artillery we had a severe, but I am glad to say a temporary loss. Captain Maude, who directed the service of his guns with his usual devotedncss and dauntless courage, was struck in the arm by a shell which burst at liis saddle bow and killed his horse. To the joy of all the army, it is ascertained that he is doing well on board ship. After tlie charge. Captain the lion. Arthur Ilardingc came galloping up to Lord Ilaglau witli the news of wliat the cavalry liad done. At ten o'clock tlie Guards and Highlanders of the First Division were seen moving towaids the plains from their camp. The Duke of Cam- bridge came up to Lord Raglan for orders, and his Lordship, ready to give the honour of the day to Sir Colin Campbell, who commands at Balaklava, told his Iloyal Highness to place liimself under the direction of the Brigadier. At forty minutes after ten, the Fourth Division also took up tlicir position in advance of Balakalava. The cavalry were then on the left front of our position, facing the enemy ; the Light Cavalry Brigade was on the left flank forward ; the Heavy Cavalry Brigade tH endivlun in reserve, with guns on the right ; the 4th Dragoons and 5th Dragoons and Greys on the loft of the brigade, the Enniskillens and .'{rd Dragoons on the right. The Fourth Division took up ground in the centre; the Guards and Highlanders filed off" towards the extreme right, and faced the redoubts, from which the llussians opened on tliem with such guns as had not been spiked, At fifty minutes after ten, General Canrobert, attended by his staff and Brigadier-General Rose, rode up to Lord Raglan, and the staffs of the two Generals and their escorts mingled together in praise of tlie mag- nificent charge of our cavalry, wliile the chiel's apart conversed over the operations of the day, wliieh promised to b'j one of battle. Tlie Russian cavalry, followed by our shot, had retired in confusion, leaving the ground covered with horses and men. In carrying an order early in the day .Mr. Blunt, Lord Lucan's interpreter, and son of our Consul in Thes- saly, had a narrow escipe. His horse was killed, he seined a Russian charger as it galloped past riderless, but the horse carried hiiu almost into U \' 50 CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE i'r the Hussian cavalry, and lie only saved himself by leaping into a redoubt among a number of frightened Turks who were praying to Allah on their bellies. At fifty-five minutes after ten, a body of Cavalry, tlie Chas- seurs d'Afriquc, passed down to the plain, and were loudly cheered by our men. They took up ground in advance of the ridges on our left. And now occurred the melancholy catastrophe which fills us all with sorrow. It appears that the Quartermaster-General, Brigadier Airey, thinking that the Light Cavalry had not gone far enough in front when the enemy's horse had fled, gave an order in writing to Captain Nolan, 15th Hussars, to take to Lord Lucan, directing his Lordsliip "to advance " his cavalry nearer to the enemy. A braver soldier than Captain Nolan the army did not possess. lie was known to all his arm of the service for his entire devotion to his profession, and his name must be familiar to all who take interest in our cavalry for his excellent work, published a year ago, on our drill and system of remount and breaking horses. I had the pleasure of his acquaintance, and I know he enter- tained the most exalted opinions respecting the capabilities of the Eng- lish horse soldier. Properly led, the British Hussar and Dragoon could iu his mind break square, take batteries, ride over columns of infantry, and pierce any other cavalry in the world as if they were made of straw. He thought that they had not had the opportunity of doing all that was in their power, and that they had missed even such chances as they had offered to them, — that, in fact, they were in some measure disgraced. A matchless horseman and a first-rate swordsman, he held in contempt, I am al'raid, even grape and canister. He rode off with his orders to ]jord Lucan. He is now dead and gone. Ciod forbid I should cast a sliadc on the brightness of his honour, but I am bound to state what I am told occurred when he reached his Lordship. I should premise that as the Russian cavalry retired, their infantry It'll back towards the head of the valley, leaving men in three «>f the redoubts they had taken, and abandon- ing the fi)urth. They had also placed some guns on the heights over their position on the left of the gorjrc. Their cavalry joined the reserve, and drew up in six solid divisions, in an obliijuo line across the entrance to the gorge. Six battalions of infantry were j'laceil behind them, and about thirty guns were drawn up along their line, while masses of infantry wore also collected on the Iiills behind the redoubts on our right. Our cavalry had moved up to the ridge across tlie valley, on our left, as the ground was broken in front, and had halted in the order I have already mentioned. When Lord Lucan received the order from Captain Nolan As iiki BATTLES OF THE WORLD. 51 ivc, iiutl ICO to the (1 iibout iiiiiiutry lit. Our ift, as tho ,! iilremly liu Nolan and had read it, ho asked, wo arc told, " Where are we to advance to ? " Captain Nolan pointed with his finger to tlie line of the llussians, and said, " There arc the enemy, and tlicro are the guns, sir, bel'ore tliem; it is your duty to take them," or words to that eifect, according to the statements mnde since his deatli. Lord Lucon, with reluctance, gave tho order to Lord Cardigan to advance upon the guns, conceiving that his orders compelled him to do so. The noble Earl, though he did not shrink, also saw the fearful odds against him, Don (Quixote in his tilt against tlio windmill was not near so rash and reckless as the gallant fel- lows who prepared without a thought to rush on almost certain death. It is a maxim of war, that " cavalry never act without a support," that " infantry .should be close at hand when cavalry carry guns, as the effect is only instantaneous, and that it is necessary to have on tho flank of a lino of cavalry some squadrons in column, tho attack on tho flank being most dangerous. The only support our light cavalry had was the reserve of heavy cavaliy at a great distance behind them, tho infantry and guns being far in the rear. There were no squadrons in column at all, and there was a jjlain to charge over, before the enemy's guns wore reached, of a mile and n half in length. At ton minutes past eleven, our Light Cavalry brigade advanced. The whole brigade scarcely made one effective regiment, according to tho numbers of continental armies; and yet it was more than wo could spare. As they rushed towards the front, the Russitms opened on them from the guns in the redoubt on the right >ith volleys of musketry and rifles. They swept proudly past, glittering in the morning sun in all the pride and splendour of war. We could ^.-arcely believe the evidence of our senses! Surely that handful of lan^n are not going to charge an army in position ? Alas ! it was but too true — their desperate valour knew no bounds, and far indeed was it removed from its so-called better part — discretion. They advanced in two linos, quickening tlicir pace as they closed towards tho enemy. A more fearful spectacle was never witnessed than by those who, without the power to aid, behold their heroic coninry- mon rushing to the arms of death. At the distance of 1200 yards tho whole lino of tho enemy belched i'orth, from thirty iron mnuths, a *lood of smoke and tlame, through which hissed tiio deadly "halls. I'heir flight was marked by instant gaps in our ranks, by dead men and horses, by steeds flying wounded or riderless across tho plain. The flrst line is broken, it is joined by the second, they never halt or check their speed an instant ; with diminished ranks, thinned by those thirty guns, which 52 CYCLOPiEDIA OF THE the llupsifiiis liud laid with the most dciidly accuracy, with a halo of flashing steel ahove their heads, and with a cheer which was many a noble fellow's death-cry, they flew into the smoke of the batteries, but cro they were lost from view the plain was strewed with their bodies and with the earcasscs of horses. They were exposed to an ohli((Uc fire from the batteries on the hills on both sides, as well as to a direct fire ol' mus- ketry. Through the clouds of smoke we coul(| see their sabres flashing as they redo up to the guns and dashed between them, cutting down the gunners as they stood. We saw them riding through the guns, as I have said ; to our delight we saw them returning, after breaking thnmgh a column of llussian infantry, and scattering tliem like ehalf, when the flank Are of tho battery on the hill swept them down, scattered and bnjken as they were. Wounded men and dismounted troopers flying towards us told the sad tale — dcmi-gods could not have done what we had I'ailed to do. At the very moment when they were about to retreat an enormous mass of Lancers was hurled on their flank. Colonel Shewell, of tiie Sth Hus- sars, saw tho danger, and rode his few men straight at them, cutting his way through with fearful loss. Tho other regiments turned and engaged in a desperate encounter. With courage too great almost lor credence, they were breaking their way thnuigh the colunnis which enveloped tli('m, when there took place an net of atrocity without parallel in the nuMlern warl'aro of civilized nations. The llussian gunners, when tho storm of cavalry passed, returjied to their guns. They saw their own cavalry mingled with the troopers wlm had just ridden over them, and, tn the eternal disgrace of the llussian name, (he miscreants poured a murderous volley of grapo nnd canister on the mass of struggling men and horses, mingling friend and foo in one conimoii ruin. It was iia much iis our Heavy Cavalry brigade could do to cover the retreat of tlie miserable remnants of th.it band of heroes as they returned to the place they had so lately (juitted in all the pride of lile. At thirly-flve minutes past cloven not tv British soldier, except the dead and dying, was lel't in IVont of these Itlooily IMuseovite guns, (!aptaiii Nolan was killed by the lirst shot fired, as he rode in advnni'o of the liussars, cheering them mi. Lord liucan was sligiilly wounded. Lord Cardigan rceoived ii lance thurst through his clothes. Major lialkett, of tlio4th Light Dragoons, was killed, hord Fil/gibbon of tho Sth Hussars, was despeiately wounded, and lias since, 1 fear, died. In our cavalry fight we bad l.'t ollieers ki'' d or missing, 15(1 men killud or nassing: total ICJ; 21 ulIieerM wounded, 11)7 moii wounded; BATTLES OF THE WORLD. 53 ' total 218. Tntiil killed, wouiidud, and mishini];, 387. Horses killed or missinii', 139-1 ; Imr.se.s wounded 12(J; total 520. B.\LK.\N, PASSAGP] OF TIIK.— This iidvcnturous experiment was ileenicd impracticable by a hostile army, until effected by tlid Kus- sian iiriny under Diebitscli, who.se inarch tiirougli the Balkan mountains is a memorable achievement of the late ureat Kussian and Turkish war. Tlie passage was completed July 2iith, 1S29. An armistice was the conse(pience ; and a treaty ol' peace was signed at Adrianople in Septem- ber i'dllowinj:;. BALLINAIIINCII, BATTLK OF.— This san-uinary on-aL-emcnt was Ibu^ht, June l.lth, 1798, between the Karl of Mnii'a, al'terwards Mar(|uis of llastingH, and a large body of insurgent Irish. In this battle a largo part of tho town was destroyed and the royal army sullered very severely. BALTIC KXFKDITIONS.— There were three— 1st, under Lord Nelson and Admiral Patton, April 2nd, 1 SOI, when Copenhagen was bom- banh'd and 2S Danish ships taken or destroyed. 2nd, under Admiral Oambier and Lord Calhcirt, July 27tli, IS(I7, where IS sail of llir line, 16 fiigates, and .'{I brigs and guidjnals surrendiired to the British. ,'!rd, during tho Crimean wnr, under Admiral Sir Charles Napier, accompanied by a Kreiich fleet, tlio bombardnnnt ol" Mummersund and burning Abo were some of tho moro important actions ol' the expedition. BALTIMOHK, BATTLE OF— F.mght September 12th, 1814, between tlio Urilish army, under Oenoral Uoss, and llic .Vmerieans ; tho British in making an attack upon thi; town were unsue.vssl'ul. and after u desprrate engJigeiiHMitwere repulsed with greai lo,s,s. Tlu; gallant li'd the riitorpriso was killed, HAXdALOUK, SIKdK OF.- This siege was commenced by tho Urili'^li, under Imvd Curnwallis, .March tith, and the town was taken INIareh 2lHt, 1791. Hangalore was restored to Tippoo, in 1792, when ho dcHtroyed tho strong fort, deemed the " Hulwark ol' iMysoro." BANNOCKUrilN, IJATTLK OF.—This battle is called the "Marallion cd' Scotland." it was I'onght June 2r»lh, llJlt, brtwecn King Uobert Uruce of Scotland and Kdward 11, of FiUuland. The an ny 'M V 64 CTCLOriEDIA OF THE f of Bruce consisted of 30,000 Scots, that of Edward consisted of 100,000 English, of whom 52,000 were archers. The English crossed a rivulet to the attack, and Bruce having dug deep pits, which he afterwards covered, the English cavalry fell into them and were thrown into confusion. The rout was complete — the king narrowly escaped being taken, and 50,000 English were killed or taken prisoners. BANTBY BAY.— A French fleet, with succors to the adherents of James .11, was in this bay attacked by Admiral Herbert, May, 1G89. Here a French squadron anchored for a few days, in December, 179G. The mutiny of Bautry Bay is fnnious in naval history — 17 of the mutineers were condemned to death, and 11 executed afterwards at FortsnidUtli, January, 1S(I2. BAlv HILLY, — India. — This place is famous in the great Indian Mutiny. — Tlu' tollowing is a descrijition of the attack on the British troops, by ii body of Ghazecs, or Fanatics, May 5th, 1859, from Dr. Rusiiell's correspondence. " As soon as tlie Sikhs got into the houses, they were exposed to a heavy lire fmni a large bddy of niatclildckmen concealed anmnd them. They either retired of their own accord, or were ordered to do so; at nil events, they fell back with rapidity and disorder upon the advancing Highlanders. And now occurred a most cxtraorditniry scene. Among the ni.'iti'lilofknien, who, to the munber of seven or eight Iiundri'd, were lying bi'liiiul the walls of the bonsi's, was a body ol' (iha/ecs, or Mussul- man fmatics, who, like the Bomau Deeii, devote their lives with solemn oaths to their country or their faith. Uttering loud cries, ' Bismillah, Allah, dci'ii, deen I' one hundred and thirty of (hese fanatics, sword in hand, with small circular Inielilers on the left arm, and gni'ii enninier- bungs, rushed out after the Sikhs, and dashed at the lel'l of the riglit wing of the Highlanders. Witli bodies bent and liends low, waving their tulwars wiili a circular motion in the air, they came on with astonishing rapidity. At lir-i they were mistaken for Sikhs, wliosi- passage had ah< ady somew'wit disordered our ranks. I"'ortunateiy Sir Colin Campbell waH close up rtitli the -l^nd ; his keen, (juiek eye detected the ease nt once. " Hteady, men, Htoady ; close up tho ranks. Hayonet llieni as tlioy oomo on." It was just in time; for these madmen, I'urioiis with liang, were already among us, and a lio(l_\ ol' iheni sweeping around th<> left of the right w'uvjl, got into tho rear of llie legiment. Tlie hlniugle was ithort, but muiguiimry. Throo of them dashed hu r*iddeiily at Colonel \ BATTLES or THE WORLD. 66 to a tlioiu. Id all ncing lining were iissnl- I'liin nil. (1 ill iiicr- ri-lit tlu'iv liinn' liiid |.1m.|1 at tlu'y II of was iluiirl \ C"."'")ron, that they pulled him off his horse ore he could defend himsi'lf. His sword fell out of its sheath, and he would have been hacked to pieces in another moment, but for the gallont promptitude of Colour Sergeant Gardiner, who, .stepping; out of the ranks, drove his bayonet through two of them in the twinkling of an eye. The thii'd was shot by one of the 42nd. Brigadier Walpolo had a similar escape; he was seized by two or three of the Ghazecs, who sought to pull him off his horse, while others cut at him with their tulwars. He received two cuts on the hand, l)ut ho was delivered from the enemy by the quick bayonets of the 42ud. In a few minutes the dead bodies of one hundred and thirty-three of these Ghazees, and some eighteen o" twenty wounded men of ours, were all the tokens left of the struggle." BAllNKT, BATTLE OF.— This battle was fought between the houses of York and Lancaster, when Edward IV gained ii deci>ive and memorable victory over tlie Earl of Warwick, on Easter day, April 14lh, 1471. 'i '. ^'"''rl of Warwick, who has been styled in history "The King Mak /• ' • i brother, the Martjuess of Montacute, and 10,000 uf his army wor ,. .i..i. At the moment Warwick fell, ho was leading a eliescn body of troops into the thickest of the slaughter, and his body was found covered with wounds after the battle. BARUA('KS. — This word is not found in our early dictionaries. In the I)!cti(iii((!re tlv V Anulaine, it is thus defnied, '' J}tn(«2UC — JJittlv (pic/oiit Ics sahlitts en t'dnijuujiic /laur sc nuttre . BATAVIA.-Capltal of Java.— Forllllod by the Dutch in 1018— 66 CYCLOriEDIA OF THE 12,000 Chincso massacred hero in one day, 1740. — Taken by the Enjjlish January, 1 782. — Again by the British under Gciicral Sir S. Auchniuty, August 8th, 1811, BATTERL.S.— Introduced, after the use of cannon, by the Englisb along the (.'oasts. Perhaps the most celebrated batteries on v-jcord arc those of the French at the siege of Gibraltar, September, 1782. BATTERING-llAM.— This was the instrument by which tlio ancient Romans levelled the walls of cities. It consisted of a long beam with a head of iron, liketiiat of a ram, hence the name, and sometimes it was so ponderous that ] 50 or 200 men at once worked it, BATTLK-AXE.— A weapon of the Celtae.— The battle-axe guards, or boaul'otiers, who are vulgarly called boef-cators, and whose arms arc' a sword and lance, were tirst raised by Henry VII, in 1482. BATTLEFIELD, BATTLE OF.— Near Shrewsbury, England.— This engagement was fought between Henry IV and IVrey, surnamed Hotspur. The victory was gained by Henry, whose usurpation of the throne had lai i tire foundation of the factions of the houses of York and Lancaster, and the civil wars that ensued. It was fought July 21st, 1403. BAl'TZEN, BATTLE OF.— Between the allied army, under tho Sovereigns of Russia and I'russin, and the French, commanded by Napdleiin ; the allies were deleated, and this battle, followed by that of Wurt/chen, compelled them to pass the Oder, and led to armistice, which, h(»weviT,didn(»t produce peace. Fought May 20th, ISlIJ. BAVLKN, HATTLK OF.— The French, consisting of 14,000 mm, I'omniandi'il by (ionerals Dupoiit and Wedel, were defeated by the Spaniards under l*ena, Compigny ami nthcr Gi'nerals, whoso Ibrcos nmounted to 2r),000. Tiie French had nearly . '1000 killed and wounded, and the division of JJupont, which eonsisled of about HOOO men, was made prisoners of war. Konghtiluly I'Jlh, l^OS. RAV<)N'NH. — in the neighbiiurliood of this town there was much desperate li^ilitiiii; lirtweeii the Freni'li an ' English armies, Di'ci-uiber lOlli, 11th, and LJlli, I >>{' IJuohan. The English wore defeated with the loss of 1500 men killed, and the Duke himself was killed by a Scotch Knight. BIHiGRADE, BATTLE OF.— Fought in 1450, between the Ger- man and Turkish armies, in which the latter was defeated with the loss of 40,000 men. Belgrade was taken by Solyman, 1522, and retaken by the Impcriidists in 10SS, fmm whom it again reverted to the Turks in lODO. Againtaken by Prince Eugene, in 1717, and kepttill I7'.i!>, whou it was ceded to the Turks, after its fine fortifications had been denmlishod. It was again taken in 17S'.), and restored at tho peace of Ueiehenbaeh, 1700. Tho Servian insurgents had possession nf it in ISOO. The most memorable siege which it sustiiined was undertaken in May. 1717, by I'riiiee Eugene. On August 5lh (4' tiiaf year, the Turkish army, 200,000 Strong, approached to relievo it, and a sanguinary buttle wuh fought, in which the Turks lost 20,000; after the battle Melgrado surrendered. This city is ealleil " Tlir Ivi/ of H.iHtn'ii C/in'sfanloin," and " jfVio Jiiihritrk nf' Chn'^tiiin A'kmi^h'." BELLA IK, UATTLE OP.— In Amurlou.— This town was attacked I< ' 58 CYCLOPAEDIA OP THE by the British forces, under command of Sir Peter Parker ; but after au obstinate engagement, in which the result was a long time doubtful, they were ropulsed with considerable loss, and their gallant commander was killed. August 30tli IPU. BENDER.- 1- a:,.iiorabh as the asylum of Charles XIT of Sweden, after his defeat at I-ultowa, by the Czar Peter the Groat, July 8tli, 1709. The celebrated peace of Bender was concluded 1711. It was taken by storm by the Russians in 1770, and again in »1789. — Restored by the peace of Jasscy, but retained at the peace of 1812. BERESINA, BATTLE OF.— Fought November 28th, 1812, and resulted in the total defeat of the French main army, by the Russians, on the banks of the Beresina, followed by their disastrous passage of it when escaping out of Russia. The French lost upwards of 20,000 meu in this battle, and in their retreat, which was attended by the greatest diifieulty, calamity and suUering, the career of their glory was closed in that campaign. BERGEN, BATTLES OF.-Betwccn the French and alii.- ; the latter defeated April 14th, 1751). The allies again defeated by the Freneli, with great loss, September, 1799. in another battle, fought October 2nd, same year, the allies lost 4000 men, and on the Gtli, tliey were again dei'eated before Alkmaer, losing 5000 men. On the 20tli, the Duke of York entered into a convention, by which he exchanged his army for 0,000 French and Dutch prisoners in England. BEl{(n<:N-()P-Z0OM.— This place, tlie works of which were deemed impregnable, was taken by the French, Srptomber lOth, 1717, and ugain in 1794. Hero a gallant attempt wasmade by the IJritish under (^leneral Sir T. Graham (afterwards Lord Lynedoeh) to carry the fortress by storm, but it was di'feated, After forcing :in t ntranee, their retreat was cut oil", and a dreadful slaughter ensued; nearly all were cut to pieces or made prisoners. March Hth, IS 14. BHULIN l>l'](M{KE. — A memorable interdict against the eonnnerco of I'lniiland. It deelared the British Isles in a state of hloekiule, and all Englishnn'U found in countries oeeupied by Kreneh troops were to bo taken prisoners of war. It was issued by Napoleon from the court of the Prussian King, shortly after tho battle of .Jona, November 2lHt, IHOO. BATTLES OP THE WORLD. 59 BERWICK. — Many bloody contests, were fought hero between the English and Scots. It surrendered to Cromwell in 1648, and afterwards to General Monk. BEYllOOT.— This place is celebrated for the total defeat of tho Egyptian army, by the allied English, Austrian and Turkish forces. The Egyptians lost 7000 in killed, wounded and prisoners, and 20 canons. Fought October 10th, 1840. BirU]{TP01lE.—/«f?i(;.— Besieged by the British, January 3rd, 1805, and attacked five times up to March 21st, without success. Tho fortress vas taken by General Lake, after a desperate engagement with Holkar, April 2iid, 1805. The defeat of llolkar led to a treaty by which the llajali of Bhurtpore agreed to pay twenty lacs of rupees, and ceded tho territories that had been granted to him by a former treaty, delivering up his son as a hostage, April 10th, 1805. This city was taken by storm, by Jjord Couibermoie, January IStli, 182G. BTDASSOA, PASSAGE OF JE.- -The allied army, under Lord Wellington, effected tlio passage of this river, October 7th, lSi;{; and the illustrious IJritish chieftain, having thus completed his glorious career iu Spain and J*ortugal, pursued tho enemy into France, BIT.BOA, BATTLE OF.— This place, whicii had been invested by the Carlists under Villareal, and was in considerable danger, was deliv- ered by the defeat of tho bosiogors by Espartero, assisted by British naval co-operation. Espartero entered Uilboa in triumph next day, Christmas day, December 25th, 1830. BLACK HOLM (^F CALCUTTA.— Surajah Doulah declared war against the l']iiglisli, from motives of personal resentment; and, levying ii numerous army, laid siege to Calcutta— one ol'tlu; priiieipal Hritish I'orts in IikIIm — but which was not in a state of strength to defend itsi'lf against the attack even of barbarians. Tiie fort was taken, having been deserted by the commander; and the garrison, to tho number of 140 persons, wore made prisoners. Tiiey exiiected the usual treatment of prisoners of war, and werothero- foro tho less vigorous in their defence ; but they soon found what mercy was to bo expected from a savage coni|ueror. Tiiey wore all crowded together into a narrow prison, called the Black Hole, of about IS I'cist P(juare, and received air only by two small windows to tlie west, which GO CYCLOPiEDIA OF THE by no means aifordcd a sufBciciit circulation. It is terrible to reflect on the situation of these unfortunate men, shut up in this narrow place, in the burning climate of the East, anJ surt'ocatin^ each other. Their first eff"orts, upon perceiving the crtbcts of their horrid confinement, were to break open the door of the prison ; but, as it opened inwards, they soon found that impossible. They next endeavoured to excite the compassion or the avarice of the guard by otfering him a large sum of money for his assistance in removing them into separate prisons ; but with this he was not able to comply, as the viceroy was asleep, and no person dared to disturb him. They were now, therefore, left to die without hopes of relief; and the whole prison was filled with groans, shrieks, contest, and despair. This turbulence, however, soon after sunk into a calm still more hideous! Their efforts of strpngth and courage were over, and an expiring languor succeeded. In the morning, June 20th, 175G, when the keepers came to visit the prison, all was horror, silence, and desolation. Of 14G who had entered alive, 23 only survived, and of these the greatest part died of putrid fevers upon being set free. BLMXIIKLM, BATTLE OF.— I''ought between the Enjilish and confederates, commanded by the Duke of iNrurlborough, and the French and Bavarians, under Marshal Tallard and the Floctor of Bavaria, whom the Duke totally defeated, with the loss of 27,01*0 men, in killed, and 13,00(1 prisoners — Tallard being among the number of the latter; the Electorate of Bavaria l)ccanio a prize of the contiuerors. The nation testi- fied its gratitude to tin. . >iike of Marlborough by the gifts of the honour of Woodstock and hundred of Wotton, and erected for him one of the finest seats in the kingdon, known as the domain and hou.se of llleuheim. Tiiis great battle was fought on the 2nd of August, 1704. BOlS-IiM-DrC, BATThh; OF — Between the British and tlie Fronoh llepubliean army, in which the former were defeated, Heptemher llth, 17!)i. Captured by the French, October Gth, following, and surrendered to the Prussian army under Bnlow, 1S14. BOLOIJNA.— Taken by the French in 17!)G ; by the Austrians in 17!)'.); again by the French, after Marengo, tu 1800; und restored to the I'opt', in 1815. BOMBS. — Invented at Venlo in IIK.') ; came into general use in 1(134. Tlie Shrapnel shell is a bomb filled with halls and ii lighted fuse to make BATTLES OP THE WORLD. 61 it explode before it reaches the enemy. A thirteen inch bomb-shell weighs 198 lbs. BOMBARDMENT OF SEBASTOPOL.— /'i/si ^l«c?»^)^— " At half-past six o'clock, on the morning of 17th October, a gun from the English batteries boomed ominously upon the ears of the Eussians in Sebastopol. It was the signal for tlie commencement of the bombard- ment. It had been announced, on the previous evening, that the morrow was to initiate the combat ; and already groups of expectant gazers thronged every spot which promised to afford a view of the warlike spectacle. For a moment after the signal-gun had despatched its messenger of death, a breatliless expectation held the spectators in suspense; and then, from the whole line of attack, from the Quarantine on the far left to the Inker- man battery on the extreme right, a sheet of fire belched iurth, and a volley of shot and shell was hurled upon the town. By this time the Russian gunners were at their post, and bravely responded to tlie ehal. Icnge. As far as the eye could reach, a dense volume of smoke hung suspended in the air; and when it lifted, another and yet anotiier streak of flame poured from the black earthworks, and lit up the white eliurches and houses of the town. Tiie earth literally shook with the eoiieussiun of the mighty conflict. Distinct amid the roar, a sharp whizzing sound, swelling as it approached into "a crashing rush, like a railway train at inexpressible speed, was heard, and a heavy blow upon the solid earth- works told where had fallen the ball of the renowned Lancaster gun. In ft CO'. pie of hours it was evident that the Round Tower, the most formid- able of the Russian works, was seriously damaged. But little impression, however, appeared to have been made on the mass of the enemy's works. Their fire was splendid, and it was abundantly apparent that the victory was not to be easily achieved. About ten o'clock, a shell fell into one of the French magazines, which exploded, killing and injuring more than fifty men. This was a serious blow; and fmin tlmttinie the guns ol'cmr allies were evidently feebly served, and inadequate to bear their part ott'eetually. For two hours more the terrific cannonade continued, spreading destruc- tion in the ranks alike of the Russians and the Allies; and tlitni, at mid- day, the tleets approached the scene of action, and prepared to take tlieir sharo i'l the dangers and glories of the day. The French was the first to take up their position. It had been arranged between tlie Admirals, with the hearty cdncnrrence of the lain! forces, that the French sIhiuM engage the I'orts on the south of the harbour, while tho English should attack 62 CYCLOPEDIA OF THE :. Fort Constantine, and the batteries on the north. A semicircular line, enclosing the mouth of the harbour, would represent the position occupied by the allied fleets. The Vautour, a French frigate, had the honour of opening the fire, and very shortly afterwards the Charhm.igne, 3Ionte- heUo, Jean Bart, and others, joined in the fray. The siglit from the land side now was of the most stupendous character, and the roar deafen- ing and incessant. Enormous volleys from hundreds of guns of the largest size rolled with never-ceasing impetuosity; and the air was loaded with a dense smoke that hid from the anxious gazers the effects of the fire. Occa- sionally a breeze lifted the murky canopy, and then the eye could catch the prospect beyond the frowning earthworks of shattered buildings, and not unfrequently a bright flame where the explosion of a shell had fired a roof, soon to be extinguished by the active enemy. Then, in the far dis- tance, rose the grim outlines of the massive forts, pointing seawards their deadly array of guns ; and further yet, alineof noble vessels rapidly form- ing into order of attack, finished the picture. But such glimpses were but momentary. Again the crimson volleys thundered forth, a light smoke poured from the sides of the French steamers, and the reply of the forts sent forth a vaporous veil, which, mingling with the smoke from tho earthworks, once more enveloped in obscurity alike the attack and tho defence. It was arranged that the English sailing-vessels should be taken into position by the smaller steamers lashed to their sides. In this manner they drew up before tho forts : the Queen, Britannia, Trafalgar, Ven- geance, Rodney, and Belleroplion, with the Vesuvius, Furious, Retribu' tion, lliglijh/er. Spitfire, Spiteful, and t^/c^w alongside, arrived at theii appointed positions about an hour after the French had conunoncod firing. The ships in advance were the magnificent steamer the Agamemnon, bearing the flag of Sir Edmund Lyons, the brave second in connnand ; tho Sanspareil, Sanqyson, Tribune, Terrihh, Sphynx, and Lynx, and the -^bvoff gun-boat, accompanied by the sailing vessels, Albion, London, and Arethusa, towed by the Firebrand, Xiger, and Triton. Preceding this imposing force, a little steam-tug, the Circassia, eom- rnanded by Mr. IJall, led the way, carefully sounding as it wont, and marking out the position for the larger ships. Sir Edmund Lyons had already settled the share he was determined to take in the day's adven- ture, and had selected the enormous fort of Constantine as the objoct of hii^ special attention. The Terrible and Sampson, dashing through tho storm of fire from tho casemates of Constantino, anchored opposite two BATTLES OP THE WORLD. 63 very mischievous little batteries, one of which the sailors named the Wasp from its power of anuoyanca in comparison with its size, and the other the Telegraph, from its proximity to the signal station. In a few moments a vigorous shelling was opened upon these two batteries, which briskly replied. The Agamemnon now opened fire, and never was a cannonade more briskly sustained, or exhibited greater precision of fire. Sir Edmund had anchored his vessel at the very edge of the shoal, which extended about 900 yards from the fort. At this distance the Russian fire was most severe. For lour hours the gallant crew bore the galling shower of missiles which cut through the rigging, pierced the hull, and sent many a bravo fellow to his last account. The Albion and London boldly came within range, but so deadly was the fire, that they soon withdrew, ter- ribly crippled. The iSans2}arcil admirably seconded the efforts of the Agamemnon, and maintained a telling fire upon the fort. At length that too withdrew, and the dauntless Sir Edmund was left to bear the brunt of the concentrated fire of the Russian guns. Ilis ship was riddled with shot, the sails and rigging hanging in shreds, yet, with a bull-dog pertinacity, ho clung to his opponent. Despatching his lieutenant in an open boat, he summoned the BcU erophon to his aid. His message was characteristically pithy ; " Tell them to come in ; these forts will sink me, and I'm d d if I leave this." The Bdlcrophon (\mQk\y responded; and throwing a volley into the big fort, passed on to where the Wasp and Telegraph forts were showering their missiles on the gallant A/jamemnon, The Wasp was soon silenced by the vigorous shelling of the Bdlr.vuphon ; and Sir Edmund, freed from the annoyance it had caused, with unabated courage hurled his fire at his huge antagonist. The Bdlcrophon, however, suffered fearfully. A shell from the Russian batteries exploded in the fore part of the ship, and set fire to the lower deck. For a few moments it seemed as if unavoidable destruction was the fate of the gallant crew. The firing was suspended, and all hands rushed forward to endeavour to extinguish the flames. In this endeavour they were successful ; but then a new luischanco awaited them. The anchor had dragged on the bottom, and they were fast drifting towards the shoals beiicith the forts, where they would have lain a helpless target for the Russian guns. In this emer- gency, the Spifjire, seeing the critical position of the larger vessel, dashed in, took her in tow, and safely brought her, though much danfhged, out of the action. The " saucy Arethum,^' and her little companion in arms, the Triton steamer, which, lashed to the larger vessel, had boldly entered into tho G4 CYCLOPiEDIA OF THE thick of the fight, bore a full share of the damage done that day. As they arrived within the range of the fire, the small steamer, which was then exposed, received a volley. Then, hauling round, the broadside of the frigate was presented to the forts, and the Triton was, to some degree, sheltered by the larger hull of her consort. The sailors from the steamer hastened on board the Arctliusa, to assist in manning her guns, and a glo- rious broadside was hurled at the llussian fort. Every shot vibrated through the 7Viton, so great was the recoil of the frigate's guns. Broad- side alter broadside was gallantly delivered, and as promptly replied to by the cannon of the fort. Down went the rigging of the Aretliusa, ropes hanging in tangled masses from her yards, and not unfrequent shots striking her hull. Some passed beyond the frigate, and soon the Tn'toii^s gear aloft, and fallen gaffs, stays, and shi-ouds attested the severity of the enemy's fire. Two shots struck the paddle-wheel, and the commantler and carpenter's mate were wounded by a shell while examining the extent of damage done. At length the Arethusit, nearly sinking, her decks covered with fallen rigging, her cockpit crowded with bleeding men, was compelled to relinquish the contest. The Triton gallantly towed her out of range, but in the act, a raking fire of shells was poured upon the deck, killing and wounding all within range of their explosion. With twenty-two holes in her funnel, she contrived to tow the frigate to Constantinople, to be docked for repairs, so extensive were her injuries. The Lahrador steamer had a narrow escape from entire destruction. Towards fo'ir o'clock a shell burst in the captain's cabin, adjoining the powder magazine, and set fire to some ropes. A cry of " fire " was raised, the pumps set to work, and enormous quantities of water poured into the magazine. The fire was fortunately extinguished in time to save the vessel. She was, of course, compelled to withdraw from the attack, her powder being rendered useless. Admiral Dundas's flag-ship, the Britannia, which fired from a longer range than the ones we have mentioned, received less damage, though she did not escape quite scatheless. The enemy's shot ploughed up the water around, and occasionally a shell or round-shot fell upon the dock or crashed though the rigging. Fortunately, however, only two men were wounded on board this ship. The French vessels gallantly performed their part in the bombardment. Our allies had adopted the same plan as the ]']nglish, and lashed small steamers to the largo sailing-vessels to bring them into action. Two splen- did steamers, the Pluton aud the Charlemagne, proudly led the way in, \ .i iicr Int. all .'11- \ BATTLES OF THE WORLD. 65 ?» .» followed by the Montcbelh, the Jean Bart, and the rest of the squadron. The enemy at Fort Alexander maintained an unflinching resistance, and inflicted severe punishment on the attacking vessels. Those who witnessed this tremendous bombardment, whether from land or sea, will probably never forget the spectacle. No imaginative des- cription could approach the mingled sublimity and horror of the scene. A fleet of noble vessels, powerfully armed, poured forth sjiccts of flame from every port-holo on the attacking side ; and the ponderous forts, from hundreds of embrasures, vomited a death-dealing reply. The lunder of artillery was deafening, and the sky darkened with the smoke. Thou- sands of grim and tieroe-looking men, their faces blackened witli gun- powder and sweat, moved about the decks, and pointed the gurs, amid the crash of falling spars and the groans of their wounded messmates. Beyond the town, a sullen roar was heard, which might have been the echo of the sea-battle, but which the sailors well knew was the voice of the guns on land, many manned by seamen from the fleets, and responded to by a thousand of the enemy's pieces. The awful boom of the gun grew in intensity as some fresli ship arrived on the scene, and contributed her broadside to the attack. On the land side the combat was an equal one. Volley replied to volley, and no symptoms appeared to induce the belief that either party was the stronger. Suddenly, about four o'clock, a mighty explosion occurred in the Russian lines, which, for a moment, seemed to quell and subdue the roar of the thundering cannon. The earth shook, and volumes of tire sprang upwards and cast a lurid glare on every object. The very artillery was paused, awe-struck by the catastrophe ; and the spectators watched the result in breathless excitement. It seemed as if a subterranean fire had forced its way throngh the surface of the earth to n 'U'' date the presumption of competing man. Then the flame sank, the frightful shock was passed, and a pillar of dust and rubbish took the jilace of the mingled fire and smoke. The magazine in the centre >>f the Redan had exploded, and for a brief space not a gun from thai great .work replied to our volleys. Then the fire re-opened, and the Russian gunners, nothing daunted, again hurled their shower of missiles against our works. Shortly afterwards, a small powder-waggon, belonging to the English, was struck by a shell and exploded, fortunately injuring none. At length twilight warned the combatants to cease. At about six o'clock the fleets drew oil, and shortly afterwards the batteries suspended their fire. The naval attack, so far as damage to the enemy was concerned, was 66 CYCLOP.EDIA OF THE a failure. Many Russian artillerymen were, doubtless, victims to the accuracy of our aim, ,ind the undaunted pertinacity of our Gcanien. No- tliinj^, indeed, could exceed the brilliiincy of the fire ; and our t^allant sailors of all ranks nobly maintained their reputation. But when the morrow came, the forts were found to be almost uninjured. Not a f:;un the less frowned from their embrasures, not a stone seemed to bf dis- placed. The blackened mouths of the casemates, and a multitude of scars, as it were, where the fierce storm of iron had splintered the surface of the i^ranito, were all the evidence afforded of that desperate assault. The question between wood and f>;ranite had been fairly tried, and granite was tlio victor. The forts were essentially unliurt ; but scarcely a ship had escaped without serious damage to masts, sails, and rigging. The Albion and Arethma were compelled to proceed to Constantinople to bo docked ; the Rodnri/ got fast upon the reef, and her masts were soon shattered l)y the Russian shell and shot— the little steamer Spltifii/ gal- lantly towing her off, with considerable damage to herself and loss of men ; and the Jl l/i.niphon had about lil'teen shots in her hull, and iier wheel knocked away. Througliout the Knglish fleet, 44 men were killed, and 2C}C) wounded. The French loss was even greater. The Turkish vessels, whic^Ii oe(nipi(!d the centre of the line, were too far removed I'rom th'- intensity of the action to sustain any serious injury to the ships or loss to the crew." BOMllA IJDMKNT OF SEHASTOFOL — Kh^/ Attempt,— "Gono- rals rdissier and Simpson had arranuvd to commence the assault at noon on Saturday. The French were to commence by an attack on the Malakoir tower. If they established themselves in that work, the Knglish wore to throw themselves upon the C3reat Redan, while simultaneous assaults wen- to be made on the right on the Little Ileilan, towards Careening Hay, and on the extreme left on the Central i»a-tlion and FlagslalV IJattery. (leneral Hosipiet was entrusted with the diiei'tlon of the Malakotf attack, whii^h was to bo approached on the left flank hy General iMaeMahon. with a jmwerfid corps of /ouiives. Chasseurs, and reginuMits of the linn; the right attack on the liittle Uedan was ti> lie led by (Jcneral Diilae. who had a strong' body of Chasseurs, ami four line le- ^inients, with another powerful fnrt'o in reserve, Oeimral De la Motto- rouge, with flvo regiments, was to assault the middle of the curtain con- necting tlitso twi" la Salles conducted the assault on the extreme lel't. Five regiments, composing Levaillant's division, wero „.™.»i*ii«»»Wa^ BATTLES OF THE WORLD. 67 1 J in front of the Central Bastion and it-i lunettes ; while to its risht, Gene- ral D'Autcmavrc, with Niel's and Breton's bripides, were to penetrate in the track of Levaillant's divis^ion, and seize the Mast Bastion. The Sar- dinians, anxious to share in the honors of tho day, contributed a brigade under tho orders of General Cialdini, which was to attack in conjunction with D'Auteniarrc's division. Finally, ten regiments, under tho coniniand of Generals Bouat and Pate, with some troops from Kamirsch. were liold in reserve, ready for immediate action. On each attack a competent num- ber of sappers wore provided with materials to form bridges, and liimdy tools ; and tho gunners had abundant implt>nients for the spiking of guns; field artillery was also pnste'l in commanding positions to render any assistance the fortunes of the day might r^ ider necessary. The English storming party was comprised of detachments from the Light and Second Divisions, (ieneral Codringt >n, of the Light Division, assisted by General Markham, commanding the Second, iuid the direction of the assault. Tho first stormers, 100(1 men, were selected in eipial numbers from each division, Colonels fliiett and Windiiiim leading. Tho Highland brigade and Guards wore ordered up to the post as a reserve. General ITorbillon, commanding the French rorpn tVarDu'c on the Tehor- naya, had miide every preparation to meet any attack which might bo matle by the Unssian army of observation ; but tho enemy iiad experi- oneed the prowess of the Allies in the open field too liitterly again 10 attempt defeat. Fiai'ly in the morning, .s(|uadroiis of cavalry took position on the roads leading from Halaklava and Kadikoi to the camp, to prevent str.iguiers and spectators from crowding to the front, and impelling tlie movements of the troops engaged in tho assault. I'jver> precaution, ton, was ob- served to prevent the enomy from having Jiny intimation of the move- ments of the snldiers. Parapets were lieiglitened, ami the regiments, French and Knglisli, moved up bt'l'ore daylight, with such ]iroinptness 1 .secrecy that many even in tlio camp were unaware of the nature of ani tl lU seer contemplated operations The plan ol' attack had originally inelndeil the co-operation of tho fieel, lint a brisk gale from lli(> northwest l'orbadi> them to leave their aneliorage; and except some Freiieh ami I'lnglisli gunlmals, whieli did ^ood service in throwing sliells and rockets into the forts, the sailors Were unwillingly mere Hpeelators of the fray, l*reeisely at twelve o'eloek General MacMalion's division left tho French trenches, whicii were within a lew yards of the .MalakolV tower, 68 CYCLOr^EDIA OF THE and advanced rapidly up tlio rujigcd and stoop afscont. It provotl that vory ^roat daniugo had boon iiiOictod on the tower, and nearly all tho guns disnu»untod. In a few minutes, with the loss of only one man, the French had leaped into the work, and tho tricolor waved triumphantly on the summit of this great fort — tho key to tlie town. The Kussians con- tested their ground with groat bravery, renewing again and again their attacks, but every time repulsed with enormous loss. General Bosquet was I'arly wounded, and retired from tlie field. 'Jho signal was now given by General Pelissier for the commencement of the English assault on the liedan ; and the first stormors, led by ^lajor Welsford of the !i7th, and Captain Grove of the 'Jdtli, dashed from the trenches, Ibllowed by tho remainder of the troops. Tho great work was distant about 2')0 yards, and tho ground was so broken that it was im- possible to preserve order. The enemy, who liad been taken by surprise l>y the suddenness of .he ]''rench attack upon the Malakoll', wore now thoroughly aroused and manned every gun. Showers ol' grape and shell poured among our men as they struggled noross the open space; General Shirley, the brigadier of the Light Pivision, was compelled to retire, and hundreds were shot dovn. When the foremost men reached the Hedan, the ladders were too shmt to reach the breach ; but spile nf ovory obstaelo our bravo fellows climbed tho broken walls, and poured into thesalieut angle of the work. Major Welsford was shot down as ln' entered tho Iledan. Colonel Windham, with his brigade of the Second Division, fob lowed (|uickly after, and in a lew moments the triangtdar ape.x of the work was thronged with men, Then a \h)\\ nbstacle preseiiti'd itself. An inner work cominiindi'd the position, ami a terrible array of embrasures frowned upon tiio assailii's. For tiie first time Knglish tnxtps t|uailed before an I nemyV fire, and notwithstanding the daring courage of Colonel Windham and tlu' othor ollieers, retreated to such cover as they eonid obtain, main- taining an ineU'ectlvo fire from their muskets. In vain Colonel Wind- ham hurried from side to side, crossing with ainii/.ing courage the lino of lire, and endeavored to form his men for another assault. The few who answered his appeal wito swejit away by the terrible lire of the enemy. I'or nearly two hours was the little liMiid exposed to such u I'earfnl risk; and from soino unaccountable remissness no riinibrcoinents were sent. Three messengers wore sent by Colonel Windham, but all were wounded in the at^(eni|it to reach (ienend Coijriiigton. .\l length the dauntless Colonel resolved to go liiinsclf; and passing ucntss the opiii space, sue- cuudcd ill obtaining the dosircd help. It wustuoliitu; thu men iiisiju 1 BATTLES OP THE WORLD. 69 t;.i. work imcr iWllCtl ■0 1111 llMlll 1 1 a i 11- lU.l- 111' (if will) n'lny. risk ; sent, nilod 1 1 lean sue- iisido the work, unablo lonjior to hokl their position, were in full retreat ; and the Kus.siiius, pourini:; out of their cover, charged them witli the bayonet, till the ditch was filled with tlie bodies of the English soldiers. While the English attack was thus disastrous, the French assaults on Mie Little Redaa and the Central Bastions were equally unsuccessful. The division of Dulac and De la Motterouge three times carried the works to which they were exposed, only to bo repulsed by tin; heavy fire of the inner defences, and of the steamers, which ran up, and poured their broadsides into the ranks, General Do la Salle.s, on the extreme left, attacked with great energy the Central Bastion ; but the intense fire to which his division was exposed, daunted his men, many of wlnMii were fresh troops, unused to the stern realities of battle; and alter a sangui- nary struggle, he was forced to abandon the attempt. CJencral I'elissicr having obtained possession of the MalakofF, suspended farther attacks; and, at length, night clo ;.d in, leaving the armies in anxious expectation of the events of the morrow. It was the intention of Oeneral Simpson to renew the assault on the Rodan with the Highlanders and (Juards on tho next inorning. When daylight broke, a few soldiers crept forward to seek for wounded euin- rades, and iound the work was deserted! In a brief sjiaeo, flam(!s arose from every tpiarter of the town; and Imig lines iA' liMops could be seen passing to the north forts. Then tromendous explosions rent the air — the great forts on the south side were exploded; and, covoreil by a eon flagration which elVectually prevented pursuit, I'rinco (lortsehakolf evaeii ated liie town, A lew hours later, and the ships in the harbor— the steamers excepted (and a few days afterwards they, too, shared the same fate) — burst into flames, or were scuttled, and sank slowly lnMUMth ilic waters of the onoo crowded inlet of the .•«oil, where had ridd(>ii tlie fleet with which llussia hopeil to rule the I'liixine, and from whieli had darted forth the murderers ol' Siiiope. In this linal assault the Kngli.sh lost no fewer than 2l> olVieers and .'intt men killed, and 121 ollieers and 17l»2 men wounded ; I olViecr and 175 men wui'e missing; total of caMialties, 2117. The Kreneli sulVered a loss of 5 generals killeil, I wounded, and (1 hurt; 21 superior ollieers killed, 2t> wouiitled, and 2 missing; \\< subaltern olVieers killed, 221 wmiiided, and H missing ; 14SI) Hub-otUcurs and suldiers killed, VM) wounded, and IKK) nil-ising ; total, 7.').") I, The lla-^sians admit a loss on the last day of the assault of 2ti^-ti"ongh." " 00 sailoi Napo ■ on aitemptod by it to invade England, but could not avuA'oed, and -il last gave up the idea. BOXTEL, BATTLE OF.— Fought P ptcmbcr TJUi, ! 7'.)4, between the l^iJtish and allied annv, coniuianded by the Duke of York, aud the (irny of th<' Fro?ioli I i ''public. The lattn- attacked the allie, and ubt.iincd the victory after ii rbstii.ato ongagniieni, taking 2000 prisoners .'aid 8 pieces of cannon, and ilio I'uke rotr:>'ited across the Mouse. BOYNE, HATTL:.. • i] • Till-;.— Fought July 1st, 108"j, between thfi l*rincu of OiMng.^, .it'terward- William III of England, and .'■■nies II of England. .James was defeated. " Early next morning, tii' 1st of July, 1089, the Englisli prepared to pass the river iu three divisions. The right forced the passage at the ford of Slaiio; the eoiitre Id by the old warrior Duke ISchomlH'rg, passed opposite the Irish eamp; i' was vigorously oppc sed, but it iiiially forced tlie Irish to full back to the village of Doiiore, where James stood viewing the battle. William, iDoantimo, had passed at the head of tlio third division, composed 01 avalry, and driven ntf the enemy's horse. The I'lvneh (ieiieral Lausii'i immediately urged «lamrs to set out with all speed i'or Dublin, lost ho shouM be surrounded. lie forthwith (quitted the field; the Irinh army pou.od ihrough the pass of Duleek and formed at the other side, and then retreated in good order, its loss hail been H'jOO men, that of the victors was about 500, among whom were Duke Scliomberg, and Walker^ the brave (iovernor ol'Derry.'" BHKCn KV.—.SVo^An*./.— I'M ward III luseiged it in i:{:{3. A battle was fought here between (he forces of the Earls of lluntly andC'rawtbrd. Tliu latter defeated in 1452. BREDA.— Taken by Priiiee jMaurlee in 1500. \\y the Spaniards in 1025. By the Diiteli in 1037. By tlio French 1703, and again by tlio Dutch in the munu yuiir. BKMST. — Besii'ged by .Inlius Civsar li. r. 54, I'ossesseil by tho English, A. 1). 1378, (Jiveu up 1301. Jjord Uerk"'ly and a Uritish BATTLES OF THE WORLD. 73 lUTJll liliii, Irish ), :iiul thf iilkor. •iittlo /t'onl. till! I'iliMli force repulsed here, with terrible loss, in IfiO-l. Here was the French fleet rendezvous, which was afterwards defeated by Lord Howe, 1st June, 1794. BRETIGNY, PEACE OF.— Between France and England, ending in the release of King John, who was then a prisoner in London, May 8th, 13G0. BRIAR'S CREEK, BATTLE OF.— One of the battles between the revolted Americans and the British, in 1779. The former, under General Ashe, 2000 strong, were totally defeated by the English, under General Prevost, March Uith, 1779. Again, i'rd May following, another defeat happened to the Americans. BRANDYWINE, BATTLE OF.— Fought between the British roynlist forces and the revolted Americans, in which the latter (after a fight, sometimes of doubtful result, and wliicli continued the entire day) were defeated with great loss, and Philadelphia fell into the possession of the victors, September 11th, 1777. BRIOSLAU, BATTLE OF.— Between the Austrians and Prussians, the hitter under Prince Bevorn, who was defeated, but the engagement was most bloody on both sides; fought November 22nd, 17r)7. Breslau was taken, but was regained the same year. This city was besieged by the French and surrendered to them January 5th, 1807, and again in 1813. BillENNE, BAT i'LE OF.— Fought February 1st and 2nd, ISM, between the allied armies of Russia and Prussia and the Fnmeh. The allies wcro defeated with great loss ; this was one of tlm last battles in which tho French achieved victory previous to tho fall of Napoleon. HlillMIE OF BOATS OF XEllXES.— This bridge was con. nod ed from shore to shore in tho following manner ; They connected voHsels of dilferent kinds, some long vessels of lifty oars, others three banked galleys, to theiinmberoriWlO on the sid(! oi' the Ku.xinesea, and thirteen on that ol'the Hellespont, When these vessels were tirmly lixed together they wore secured by anchors of great length on tlu' upper side, because of the winds wliich sot in IVoni the Kuxine; on tho lower toward the J'Jgean sea, III! account of the .'umouriei!, in ITDlJ; near it is the celebrated Held of Waterloo. IMKIIIAIIKST, TUEATV ()l'\— A treaty of peace between Russia and Turkey, signed May 2Stli, 1812. BlIDA. — Once called the A'y/ of ChrisfuKhm. It was taken by Soleyman TI at the memorable battle oi' Mohatz, when the Hungarian King Louis was killed, and 200,0(111 oi' his subjcels carried away as slaves, 1520. J{uda was sacked a second time, and Hungary annexed to tho Ottoman i'lmpire, 1540. Retaken by the Imperialists, and tho Moham- medans delivered up to (he fury of the soldiers, 1G2U. RIIINOS AYUES, HRTTlSrf i)l-:S(!ENT8 tTPON.— A Rritish fleet ami army, under Sir Home I'opliam and (ieneral IJeresford, took (he city, with slight riisistance, in iSOO, l)ut it was retaken Angns( I2tli, after six weeks' possession. Monte-Vid(!o was (aken by storm by Sir Samuel Auchmuty, February Urd, 1807, but evacuated July 7th following. Tho liritish suli't'red a dreadful repulse here in an expedition of 8000 men, under general Whiteloek (who was disgraee(l), Inly tith,1807. On en(cr- ing (he town they were attacked by a superior force with musketry and grape from every quarter, and perisluul ii-, grout numbers, but ut last thoy wcro allowed to ro-cmburk in their voHsols. \ BATTLES or THE WORLD. 75 lilisli k tlio al'ti!!' Minicl riio moil, iiler- V ;iud tlioy BULL RUN. — This battle was fought between the Northern States of America andtlic Confederate States of the South, July 21st, 1801. The Union army was signally defeated, and fell back on Washington in con- fusion. Their loss amounted to 481 killed, 1011 woundel, and 700 pri- soners. The rebel or Southern loss was 2G9 killed and 1483 wounded. BUNKER'S HILL, BATTLE OF.— Fought between the English and her revolted colonists, June IGth, 1775. On the evening of that day, 1000 men, under the command of Colonel Prescott, of Massa- chusetts, Coldiiel Stark, from New-Hampshire, and Captain Knowlton, from Connecticut, were despatched on this service. They were conducted, by mistake, to Breed's Hill, which was nearer to the water and to Boston, than Bunker's. At twelve o'clock they began to throw up entrenchments, and by dawn of day had completed a redoubt eight rods square. As soon as they were discovered, they were fired upon from a ship of war and several floating batteries lying near, and from a fortiiication in Boston opposite the redoubt. The Americans, nevertheless, encouraged by General Putnam, who often visited them on the hill, continued to labor until th((y ii.id finished a slight breastwork extending from the redoubt eastward to the water. And in the morning they received a reinforce- ment of 500 men. The temerity of the provincials astonished and incensed General Gage, and ho determined to drive them immediately from their position. About noon, a body of .'WOO regulars, commanded by General Ilowe, left Boston in boats, and landed in Ciiarlcstown, at the extreme point of the penin- sula. Generals Clinton and Burgoyno tuok their stati^in on an eminence in Boston, comiiiandiiig a distinct view of the hill. The spires of the churehes. the roofs of Hie houses, and all the heights in the neighborhood, were covered with j-ople, waiting, in dreadful anxiety, to witness the appmaching battle. The regulars forininij at tho place of hauling, marched slowly up the hill, halting frequently to allow time to the artillery to demolish .the wmks. Willie advancing, the village of Charlestown, containing about 400 houses, was set on fire by order of ( ieneral (^lage. The flames ascended to a lofty height, presenting a sublime and niagnilicent spectacle. Tho Americans reserved their lire until the British wore witl.in 10 rods of the I'edoiilft; \lien taking a steady aim, they began a furious diseliargo. Kntiiv ranks of the assailantw fell. Tho enemy halted and returned tho fire i but that from the redoubt continuing iucessuut uud doing grout 76 CYCLOPEDIA OP TIIK execution, they retreated in haste and disorder down the hill, some even taking refuge in "leir boats. The officers were seen running hither and thither, collecting, arranging and addressing their men, who were at length induced again to ascend the hill. The Americans now reserved their fire until the enemy had approached even nearer than before, when a tremendous volley was at once poured upon them. Terrified by the carnage around them, they again retreated with precipitation, and such was the panic, that General IJowe was left almost alone ou the hillside, his troops having deserted him, and nearly every officer around him being killed. At this moment. General Clinton, who had observed from Boston the progress of the battle, feeling that British honor was at stake, hastened with a reinforcement to the assistance of his countrymen. By his exer- tions, the troops were a third time rallied, and were compelled by the officers, who marclifd behind them with drawn swords, to advance again towards the Americans. The tire from the ships and batteries was redoubled, and a few pieces of cannon had been so placed as to rake the interior of the breastwork from end to end. The provincials, having expended their ammunition, awaited in silence the approach of t'le regulars. The latter entered the redoubt. The former, having no bayonets, defended themselves, for a short time, with the butt- end of their muskets. From this unequal contest they were sodu com- pelled to retire. As they retreated over Charleston Neck, the fire fruni the floating batteries was incessant ; but a few only were killed. The enemy had sustained too much injury to think of pursuit. In this desperate and bloody conflict, the royal forces consisted, as has been stated, of 8000 men, and the provincials of 1500. Of the former, 105-i were killed and wounded ; of the latter l.j^. This disparity of loss, the steadiness and bravery disjilayed by tluir recent undisciplined levies, occasioned among the Americans the highest exultation, and, in their view, more than counterbalanced the loss of position. BUllGOS. SIEGE OF.- -Lord Wellington entered Burgos after the battle of Salamanca (fought July 22nd, 1812), on September lOtli. Tho castK' was l)csieged by the British and Allies, and several attempts were iiKide to carry it by assault, but tiie siegv was aliandoiu'd, Octolier 21st, till.' same year ; tiie castle and fortifications were blown up by tlie French, June 12th, ISlll BURMESE WAR.— The first dispute with the Burmese took place BATTLES OF THE WORLD. 77 butt- II eoiu- fniiu The ftor the 1. Tho ts wore n-lilst, 'vouch, k place I 4 I hi 1795, but it was amicably settled by General Erskine. Hostilities were commenced in 182'1, when the British took Rangoon. After some time peace was declared, February 24th, 182G, when the British received Arra- can as a compensation. A naval force arrived before Rangoon, October 29th. 1851, and after the non compliance of certain British demands by the viceroy, war was declared. On the 5th April, 1852, Martaban was stormed by the British Indian army, and on the 14tliof the same month Raugiion itself foil into their hands. Then followed the storming of Bassein, May 19th, 1852, and the capture of Pegu, June 4th, 1852. On the 28th December following, Pegu was annexed to the Indian Government by a proclamation of the Governor-General. BURLINGTON HEIGHTS, BATTLE OF.— Between tho British and the United States' forces — an obstinate and memorable engagement, contested with great valour on both sides. The Americans were routed, and the British earned the heights, dune Gth, 1813. BUSACO OR Bl^Z.\CO, BATTLE OF — This sanguinary engage- ment was fought, September 27th, 1810, between the British, under Lord AVellington, and the French army, coulmauded by Massena. The latter was repulsed with grout slaughter, losing one general, and lOOU men killed, two generals and about 3000 men wounded, and several hundred prison- ers ; the loss of the British and their allies did not exceed 1300 in the whole. The British subsequently retreated to the lines of Torres Vedras, which were too strong for jMassena to attempt to force, and the two armies remained in sight of each other to the end of tho year. 0. CABUL. — The following is ' succinct account of this expedition. " Every' preparation was now completed for our march, and o i tho 12th of October, 1842, our force, divided into throe brigades, left Cabul, the first under General Pollock, the second under General McC'askiU, and the roar under General Nott. We had not proceeded more ihau four miles, when we heard the explosion of the minos, which left the renowned Cubul a vast region of ruins; and tlio Aifghans to judge the spirit of the British as an avenging one. Cabul lies under the Hindoo Koosli, and is bordered on tho one side by the Himalaya, and the rivers Attook and Rozco : the people arc robust and healthy ; tiieir manners amount to insolence and cruelty ; they are continually at war with each 78 CYCLOPEDIA OP THE f ; '• '1 ■" \ other ; and arc divided into tribes. Trade seemed to have abounded greatly, and the country is generally in a flourishing state : the cities of Cabul, Ghuznee, and Candahar, arc the principal ones of Affghanistan ; the Persians form a considerable portion of the inhabitants of Cabul, and the traffic with that country is somewhat extensive. The divisions made a general move at daybreak, on the 12th Oj3tober, to Thag IJakh, about six miles distant from Cabul; and on the entrance to the Koord Cabul Pass, Ilcr Majesty's 9th and 13th Regiments, toge- ther with six Native Corps of the 1st Division, manned the hills com- manding the pass, to enable those in the valley below to move on unmo- lested. On the morning of the 13th the troops entered the Pass which led to Tczeen, about nine miles. The mountains were high and craggy, and very dark, rendering the road extremely gloomy and sud j a torrent ran in a serpentine direction from side to side, which reminded me of the Bolun ; it had to be crossed twenty-eight times during about six miles. We had scarcely got well into the jaws of this awful scene of romantic vastness, whose hollow crags seemed to echo defiance to our intruding tread, when a number of the enemy made their appearance in the rear, but were kept in check. The very great height of the mountains, of a dark, reddish colour, struck one with awe, and silence seemed to reign oviM- all ; the nund was totally occupied in contemplating this fearful sight of hidden deeds ; horror struck the feeling heart, when the eye fell on the skeletons of our departed comrades, who lay in most agonizing positions, indicative of their last struggle for life, Here a spot would be strewed with a few crouched up in a corner, where they had evidently fled to cover themselves by some detached rock, from the overpowering cruelty of their foe, and had been rivetted by death. There couples were lying who had died in each other's arms, locked as it were in the last cm- brace of despair : numbers lay in every direction, devoid of every parti- cle of clothes; sonic with the greater part of the flesh putrifie'd on their bleaching bones — others were clean from having been devoured by tlio vast number of carrion birds and beasts inhabitingthe.se terrible regions. I at th'st attempted to count the number of frames as I went along, but found them so numerous that I could not find time, iiid my inclina- tion sickened from the awfulnes.s of the scene. The pass was no more than thirty feet wide at this part, and so numerous were the moulder- iug frames of these whose lives had been sacrificed during the last winter, that they literally covered the road — and, in conseciuence, the artillery and other wheeled carriages had to pass over them — and it was indeed BATTLES OF THE WORLD. 79 I'ogions. illdllg, luelina- lo iHoro loulJcr- Iwintor, Irtilli'vy indeed horrible to hoar the wheels cracking the bones of our unburied comrades. It was ((uite easy to discover the Europeans by the hair on the skulls, which still remained fresh. After a tedious, and indeed a painful march, we reached Tczeen, which opens from the narrow Pass into a much wider part, suihcient to enable us to pitch our camp. Here was a sad scene of recent strife — scarce a tent could be pitched but a skeleton or two had to be removed, just kicked aside as though it were a stump of a tree, in order to leave clear the place for the interior of the tent, and there remained uimoticed. It has often been a subject of deep reflection to mo, to think how utterly reckless man can be made by habit: so used were we to these sights, that it became a more commonplace matter to see such relics of devastation and massacre. I remember walking with a friend down the centre of the camp, and we had often to stride over skeletons, without the least observation, further than I could not help heaving a sigh, and reflecting in silence on their unfortunate end. The next day took us thirteen miles on a road of extreme barrenness ; thehigli, wild, rugged mountains, hemmed in the narrow deHle ; the skel- etons of the massacred force still strewed the road in every direction ; no signs of vegetation, or aught to relieve the eye from wildness — the nume- rous hollow crags, as we passed, seemed to ring with echoing despair, and afi"orded most formidable positions for the treacherous Afighau to use his jezail or matchlock, without fear of opposition. The enemy, flnding we had now entered the Pass, hovered about, and succeeded in murdering an officer, and a few men of Pollock's force. The divisions marched one day a-hcad of each other, and thus kept up a continued line of commu- nication. I. with General Nott's, arrived at this ground on the 1-lth; the road was equally extremely harassing the next day, as indeed, ever since our entrance to the Pass. The ascents and descents are so numer- ous, coupled with having to cross the water so oftonj and there being no hold for the feet, on the loose flinty stones, made it very trying for both man and beast. Upwards of twenty times had the gushing torrent, dashing from side to side of the valley, to be waded througli, and num- bers of bleaching frames of the victims of Akbar's treachery, lay exposed in the midst of the rolling stream. In one part of tills day's march we came to a place fifty yards in length, crowded with dead bodies oi' men, horses, and camels, which were those of a troop of irregular cavalry, who had all been cut up on this spot. About a mile from Sail Baba, our next ground, stands a round tower, the ruins of an old fort ; it was now used as a bone house, and was craiumod to the ceiling, with skulls, legs, arms, 80 CYCLOPiEDIA OF THE and shattered frames, and numbers were heaped outside the door, and rpund it, — placed tliere by the enemy, to form a glaring spcctiicle of their bitter revenge. A large body of Afrglums were now seen covering the hills in our rear, and opened a fire into the dreary abyss, on our rear guards and baggiigo as they passed. The column had moved on some few miles, but were lialted, and those of our troops in possession of the heights commenced an attack, and succeeded in repelling them, iind orcing them 'o retreai., ai. ', .vo reached camp with little loss, 'i'his place is said to ho the burial j.Iaco of Lamech, the father of Noah, and if we m;iy judge from its wild, dreary, stony, barren appearance, which looked as if it liad been waslied up into a he;ip after the deluge, and so void of all chances of fertility, that one could scarcely doubt the tradition. Our next day led on to Kutta Sang, and of aU the roads I had ever soon or traversed, as yet, this was the worst. The route led from hill to hill, the ascents being ditRcult and stony, .md the descents in addi- tion being very dangerous, as a fearful lu'eeijiice presented itseli' sIkiuM you liJijipen to fall. These unwelcome views were many in number, iiiid coupled witli the tedious progress of the cattle and biiggage, and the difti- culty experienced in drugging the guns and loads up these many steep hills, and nothing but a dreary road to Iriivel oinviird, made the march bad indeed. After the main body resiehed ciimp, the rear guard wus attackcil ; 11 ri'inibreement wns desii»tch('(l, and a smart skirmisli ensued; the Aflghans seemed to delight in annoying us, and from their liidden positions most peremptorily carried their plan into efl'eet ; we lost few men eonipiireil with them, and the whole reiiched camp tibont midnight. Still the poor soldier found misery di'stiiied lor liim in every direolion. On arriving at a new ground, t\vi> regiments had to mount duty on the sunnnits of tlie bills bordering the route, which had to be asciiuled after the day's harassi""; nmreli, llius lt)rniiiig ti second, \\\nv\\ more so. Tiie scanty, coarse meal, being nothing more than a i|uanfity of nutat ami lirotli made tinin an allowance of a scarcely lifeless earcMHH, ol' the hard-driven, skeletonized bullook, and tiiis ol' limcH not prepared liel'oro the (Uiud hour of night; and then carried up to tiio men cold and lastelesH. The bread or ea|;e made ol' coarse, hand ground ilour, full of grit and snndl straw, hali'-baked and calculated to prndiico disease by its use; ami eio this was well eaten, the muko would sound, und the weary instrument of Ihitidn's safety would be wemling bis way Ihrongh the dreary and unknown regions, 'mid almost perpemlicnlar rocks^ and pel dous tracks. Such was the road of the ne.xl day's miuoh, to Jug- ■ i BATTLES OP THE WORLD. 81 , and their ick>«, ., to.lug- na duUuk Pass: this is by no moans the most dilHcult one to explore — tlio sides not being near so high as those already traversed ; it ]i;id some appearanco-of fertility, being studded with many small bushes. There were innumerable small caves, or recesses in the rocks, and it was from those dark-dons, form ing cover for the enemy, that they succeeded so well in out- ting off our unfortunate brethren, whose skelotons here were very iinnior- ously strowed about the path, and thus rendered the Pass more horrible than it would have been; for the light sliono brighter hero than Wf bad it for some time. Nay, so stupendous wore the mountaias, lioinming the ravines wo liad passed, that it would be ollcn far advanced in tin- day before tlio sun would be seen by those beneath. Tiie unfortunate -l-lth made a somewhat successful stand in the Jugdulluk Pass, and succeeded, ere they were ovorpowcreil, in slaying many of their foes. The pass was narrow, and the Atlghans, who had pi'oceded us some liours, with a view to intercept and balllo us, hail forniod broaslAvorks acros.s the roail ; and, wouhl it be believed, tliat these breastworks were forniod of skeletons of our own men and horses? Not less than HMI frames could havo been bore piled up, whieli had to be removed Itcforo we could pass on. About (llHI of the eiKMny made their appearance hero, and in the iirst onset did coii.siderablc damam;, —but a detachmont IVom the main body .soon disloilgcd tiiem. and put them to tlu' ro\il ; it was common to see, lying on the road, bodies of mur- dered Sopoys and couriers; and in fict to attomiit to enumorato the acts of treacliery pra"tiNod on* us, wouM be next to impossible. Wo at Iciiuth reached .>oorkab, At this ground was a cluster of line tall tn-ts, \\\w\\ rolioved tho oyo, and led us to hopo we were app'oaohing a land of the living ; the camp was bordered liy the celeliratod lied River, a most beau tH'ul crystal stream, rolling most mnsiodly over a jttony buttnin, and under the ritlge of an immense mountain ; the continued bir/,/. kupl upby tho murmuring torrent oohoing from the Icarl'ul crags, hilled tho weary travellers in camp to sloep. ,\cross tliis river is a most splendid bridgo of ono gigantic arch, which led by a deelivitous route from this Pass tn an- other on the right of this bridge, .hieh was erected by .Mexander. issued a cataract roaring and dashing IVom the hills, which fed tlio stream, and Ibrincdumost beautil'ul picture. It was (m tiiis !)ridge (hut a nnmlHrof the Hth — I'rom tho extreme indemeny the weather, and the bit* rni'ss of the IViist — were so lenumbod with cold that they were unable to use llicii. arms when atlaeked on their retreat, Oh! when rellection is but called Up, and lliu mi.scrablo cyiiditiou of Ibesu poor, oppressed creatures, oou- 82 OYCLOl'ilEDIA OF THE sidoi'cil, it cannot but call forth a sigh of deep rc;j;rct, — bereft of^voi-y ^liance of cr-cape, or wherewithal to exist, — as they were. AVlicn wo consider that somo of our nearest and dearest relatives or friends were amongst the niunber — surely, if there is one spark of sympathy loft, it will be kindled for those whoso lust struggle was for their country's ctiuso. Our next route led across the bridge tiirough the deiile already described, and on the road were lying the bodies of two murdered Sepoys. The ascents and descents were as usual ; and from the summit of these intersecting hills, the eye would carry itself upon range after range of never endiiJi;' elilVs and walls of mountains ; the dark aspect of the distiuit liovi- zoM carried with it a volume ol' thoughts, wondering when the liack would be onci' niori' turned on such dreariness. The moving mass below would be seen wiiuling its serpentine length along the Pass, which from its mir- rowiu'ss, being obstrueti'd by huge masses of detached rock having fallen from the heights, and impassalile by other than taking a circuitous route, were truly harassing to the men ami cattle. I may as well here mention the great trials and dilliciilties exi'.erienced in dragging along the heavy portions of the baggage, more particularly the celebrated Sonmautli gates, which it will donl)tless be remendiered, were taken by direction of the Governor (leneral, from the tomb of Sultan Mahomed at (ihn/.nee, Iheso uati's. ii will doiibtlesH also bo reinembered. were the idolatrous trophy of the Hindoos in the (iuzerat Peninsula. The (Seiu'ral directed a guard ol' not liss than th(! wing of a regiment to mount over these gates, which wert^ jilaced upon two platform carts, and drawn by six bnlloeks e;ieli. The other castes of the native Sepoys wiaild not go neiir them, and the lliniloos were comparatively few, and insuilieient to perform the iltity, ami as these gates were to be taken to the jn'ovim-es Ibr the purpose of being restcU'ed to that nice, s(t great was the care taken of them that they were plnci'd next to the main body of the army on the march, antl nothing WU)-) rmitted to go bellnv iheni. The eonsei|Uenco wiiH, that ol'tenliines^ owim: u> iho bullocks growing stubborn, the whole in the rear have been del.i,i-i' t>t |tli!ii (lu'y linlllill|.( jlrllti\ll0H, invo Ik'OU "U'S III till* m> (d'our iso would HK Ol' tllO ec;i!«io\icd iioh woll- itluniliop. !Many aro the lives whicli Ikwo been lost by this — and lor what ? to restore to a tribe of idolaters, an idol, that they initrht worship with the i^ruater velienienee, as it had been recaptured for them; and all this, too, by the representative of a Christian people. I need say iiothiii^ farther, except that, owinL; to the threat (luestion raised relative to their restora- tion, in our I'arliainent in 1 8115 and IHtl, and since the recall of Lord Ellenb.)rou;j,h, they remain like so much lumber stored in one of the station.s in Benj^al. Hut to proceed to tin' march. A short distance from our camp, which was (innibimuek, stands a small hill, where the remnant of llu! Hth lUM^iment, aliout liOO, made their last stand, and fonnht most desperately whilst their ammunition lastod, and were at length aiiiiiliilatcil : their skeletons strewed the hill sides and summit ; about 2')0 soldiers, and upwards of;}(l oHieers, I believi', loll on this hill, and a deplorable sij:;lit it presente(l. We soon reached the eamp, where (ienerals i'dljuek and 31e(,'a,skill had halted ; this place had been formed into a depi'if tor grain and forage (only < hopped straw), on I'ollock's advance on Cahul ; the Passes from Peshawur, as ho passed through, hud boon kept by our trooiis; thus in agrjat measure securing our route, We now refreshed oursi'lves with a ilay's rest, and our cattle with a least of forage, such as it was; and also in comparative eonlidenee, as we were now but a couple of day's stage from Jellalabad. The mails IVom i'lurope for tli" army were dospatelied fron» Calcutta and met us at lliis])lace, so that I'i in all it was (juile a flay of pleasure, receiving news iVoin that deu ^ilace Home, " which never was so sweetly felt as in sneh times as these," — eoiijiiiieti(M» of the Divisions, and recognition of old comrades who bad escapeil tho jierils of the few past days, and such like, — made tlio whole foel refreshed, anil filled us with the utmost cheerfulness," CAIRO, «.ii (iUANI) CAIRO.— Hurnt to prevent its oceupaliou by the Crusaders, in lL'20. Taken by the Turks fiom the Kgyptian sultans, and llieir empire subdueil, l,')!!. Taken hy the Kreiicii \iiider Bonaparte, .Inly lilbd, 17!IS, Taken by (lie Uritish and Turks, when 0(1(1(1 Krenoh capitulated, June 27th, 1SI»1. CALAIS, — Taken by Kdwanl III, after a year's siege, Angii,it 4tl , l'M7, and held by Knglaml 'JIO year.^. It was retaken by Mary, Jununry 7th. IftfiS, jind the losx of Calais so deeply loiiehed the (^ueen'a honrt, historians say it oovasiuned her (Iv'utli. Calais was bombarded by tho F.iglisb, tCiill. 84 CY0L0P7EDIA OF TUE CALVI, SIEGE OF.— 'Bcsicgod by the British, Juno 12th, 1744, and after a close investment of 59 days, surrendered on August Kith fiiUowing. The garrison t)ien marched out with the lionors of war, and wore convoyed to Toulon. It surrendered to the French in 1796. CAM Ml? AY.— Taken by the Spaniards in 1595. It was invested l\y ho ivustrians, August Sth, 1793, and the Republican (lonoral Declay replied to the Imperial Hummons to surrender, that " he knew not how i.j di f1i((t. but his soldiers knew liow to light." The French lierc were defeated by the Duke of Yvrk, April 23rd, 1794. It was then siozod by the British, by Sir Charles Colville, June 2ltb, 1815. This wa.« one of the furtresseg occupied by the allied armies for live years after tlio fall of Napoleon. CAMDEN, BATTLES OF.— The tirst battle fought here was between General Gates and Lord Cornwallis. The Americans wore defeated August Itlth, 1780. The soeoiid battle was i'ought between the ruvoltod Americans and the British, the former commanded by General Greene, and the latter by Jjunl Uawdon. The Americans were again defeated, April 25th, 1781. Camden was evacuated and burnt by the British, May 13th, 1781. CAM I'HH DOWN, BATTLI'; OF,— This was a meiuorablo ongago- mont, oir Camperdown, botwoen the Mriiish fleet, under Admiral Duuoan, and the Dutch fleet, commanded by Admiral De Winter. The Dutch lost 15 ships, which were either taki'ii or sunk. It was fouglit October Uth, 1797. This victoiy obtainwd the brave and good Admiral u peerage. CAMl'O FOUMK), TRKATV Ol'.-Cuneluded between Franco and Austria, This memorable and humiliating treaty took phiuu on thu I7th October, 17!>7. By this treaty .Vuslriiv had to yield tho low coun- tries mid the Ionian Islands to Frunou; and MUun 1*^0., to tho Cisalpine llepublic. CANNAE. BATTLE OP. -This battlo, one of tho most celebrated in ani'iiMit history, was fought bilwetii ilie llumans and Hannibal, The forces (tf the AiVicans amounted in .Mt.UUM, while those of the Uomans wcro eipial to 88,(MtO, of whom Id.iKlK were siain. Tim victor lunt :S bushels of gold rings as a present to the (' irtliMgenian ladies, which he had taken oil thu lingers of thu llomau knights slain in this mutuor- I BATTLES OF THE WORLD. 85 mean, •tuber i\r;i\ u ol>ratt"l •riio llciUIUllH ilur lent wliieli moinor- ablc cnn;agonient. So contested was tlic fight tliat neither side perceived an earthquake, whieh happened during tl>c battle. Tlie phice is now called " The Field of Blood." Fought 21st May, n.c. 21G. CANNON. — Thoy arc said to have been used as early as 1338. First used by the English at the siege of Calais, 1347. Used by the English first in battle, that of Crccy, in 134G. CAPE B [{ETON.— Discovered by the English 1581. Taken by the French in 1(532. llcstorcd and again taken in 1745, and retaken in 1748. Finally posses.sed by the English, when 500(1 men W(Mi> made prisoners of war, and 11 ships destroyed, 1758. Ceded to England at the peace of 1783. CAPE ST. VINCENT.— I,s7 A^^/A'.— Admiral Rooke, with 20 ships of war, and the Turkish fleet under his ciinvoy, was attacked by Admiral Tourvillo with a force vastly superior to his own, off Capo St. Vincent, when 12 Eiigli.sli and Dutch men of war and 80 morchantnieu were captured or destroyed by the !'' reach, it was fought June 1 5th, l(il)3. 2iiil llittir, — This second battle was one of the most glorious of the British navy. Sir John Jiirvis, being in connnand df the Mediter- ranean fleet of 15 sail, gave battle to the Spanish licet of 27 ships of the line, aiiil signally defeated the enemy, nearly double in strength, taking 4 ships and destmying several udicrs. F(iugh( Fdiruary lllli. 17l>7. For this victory Sir John Jurvis waa raised to the peerage under tho title (if Earl St, Vincent. CAPTAIN.— This title, derived from tho French . .»/ V.m'/(c, jterally signillcH a hen I or chief ('l!tcer,- the officer who ctntnnands n i uinpimy. In Turkey, tho Uaplain-lJa.shaw is tlir lligb .\dmiral. th I CAUIilSl-E. -The castle founded hy WjlJiMin |I, In 101)2, wn8 made he prison ol' ihr iiid'orlunato (^iieen of HcoIh, 15(18, Taken by the •arlianumtary forces In UII5, and by tho Pretender in 1715, CAUHlCKFKUdrS. This town iurrendered I-, the \)uh' of Sohomberg, August 28lh, lUHO, William 111 landed here .Innc 1 Ith, It'i'.IO, to n'lluro (he adherents of .lames 11. This jilnee i.s menmrablo I'or (hi' I Apeilition of the French ,\ilmiral Tliurot, when its ea,«*tli' sur- rendered ' > 'u« iWco of 100(( inch, in 17(10. nt 86 CrCLOPiEPIA OF THE ' k CARTHAGE.— Founded by Dido. Taken by the Roman General Seipio, and burnt to the ground 15. c. 14G. Tlie flames of tlic bununjj; city raged for 17 day.s,and thousands of the inliabitants jierisiied in them rather than survive the cahimities of their country. Afterwards it was rebuilt, but razed by the Saracens, and now no trace of the city appears. CA11TIIAGP]NA— A Coht»lh:a.—^YQs taken by Sir Francis Drake in 1584. It was pillaged by the French of £1,20U,U0() in 1G97. It was bombarded by Admiral Vernon in 174(1-1. " When tho forces were landed at Cartliagcna, the commanders (jrcctod a battery, wi*h which they made a breach in the prinei{)al fort, wlulo Venion, who commanded the lleet, sent a nund)er of ships ii.to the I: rbor to divide the fire of tlic enemy, and to co-operate with the army on shore. The breach being deemed practicable, a body of troo]is were eonmiaiided to storm ; but the Sp;iniards deserted the forts, which, if possessed of courage, they might have defended with success The troops, upon gaining this advantage, were advanced a good deal nearer the eity ; but there they met a much greater opposition than they had expected. It was found, or at least a.sserted, that the fleet could not lio near inougli to batter the town, and that nothing remained bnt to attempt one of the torts by .'■jaling. The leaders of the fleet and tho army began mutually to accuse each other, each asserting tlie probability of what the other denied. At length, Weiitworth, stimulated by tho admiral's repmaeli, resolved tn try tiie dangenms experiment, and (n'dered that fort St. l-azare should be attempted by .sealade. Nothing could be more unlurtuntite tlian (Ids uiidertaking ; (he forcjs mnrching up to the iittaek, the guides were slain, and they ndstonk tlieii- way. Instead of attempting the weukent ptirt of tho fort, they advaticeil to wlieri> it was the strongest, and where they wcTO exposed to the fire (d' the town, (jiilonel (irunt, who commanded I he grenadiei was killed in the begin- ning. Soon lifter it was found that their scaling ladders wore too short; tlie nllieers were perploxod for want of order.s, ami tho troops stood exposed fo tlie whole fire of the enemy, without knowing how to proceed. After bearing a dreaful lire for some hours wi(h great iiitrepidily. they at length retreated, leaving (iOO men dead on (he spot. The (errors of (lie climate soon began to be more ilroadl'ul than thost of war; tlio rniny swnwm came on with such violence, (hut it wus im|Hmsible lor (ho troo)is to continue encamped ; and (he mortality of the season now begim to a((ufk them in nil itw frightful vurioticM. To these calamities, sutfi- f m nv&sm BATTLES OF THE WORLD. 87 tho 1(1 bo U) tlio ■iul ..f it WIV8 town. M'^in- slinrt ; >lui)d Mci'od. t hey Vi'l'.S llf tho l'(ir tlio licixan 8, »ut!i- 1 cient to quell any enterprise, was aJdeJ tho dissension between the land and sea coinniandcrs, who blamed each otlior for every failure, and became frantic with mutual recrimination. They only, tiiereforc, at last, could be brought to a<;'rec in one mortifying measure, which was to re-embark the troops, and withdraw them as (piickly as possible from the scene of slaujihter and contagion." CASTIGLIONE, BATTLE OF.— One of the most brilliant victories of the FreiK'li arms under Napoleon ajiainst the Austrians, commanded by Tioneral Wiirmscx. The battle lasted i") days, from the 2nd to the Oth duly, 17!H). The Austrian.s lost 70 iield pieces, all their caissons, and between 12,000 to 15,000 prisoners, and 0000 killed and wounded. CASTILLON, BATTLE OF.— //( Fruncc—Youiiht between the armies of Enuland (llcnry VI) and those of Franco (Charles VII). Tho EuLilishwere signally ilefeated, July 7tli, 1453, — Calais alone renmin- ing in their hands. CAST I.FB All, BATTLE OP.— Foudit between a body of French troops and an insurgent Irish force, at Killala, on tho one hand, and the King's royal forces on the other ; the latter, after a short contest, being obliged to retire, August 28th, 17DS. CA'i'A.MAltANS. — l''ire machines for destroyin-.r ships, inventi'il and tried on tin; Boulogne itotilla of Napoleon. Sir Sidney Smi'.h attempted to burn tho llotilla, but failed. August .'Ust, 1805. C.VTAIMILTJ^], — Engines used by the ancient Bonians for throwing Btones. Invented by Dionysius, the King of Syracuse, ii.c. IJDl*. C.\TKAU. I'lO.VCl-: OF.-Concluded between Henry II of France and IMiilip H of Spain, in 15!)!). A battle was fouglit here between tho ttilicB, under (lie I'rinec of Cohourg, and tho French. The hitter were defeated with a loss of 5000 in killed ami 5 pieces of cannon, March 28th, 175tl. C.WVNI'OUK. — fn 'ndin. — I'unious in tlio flroat Indian mutiny, which is llius described ; " At C.iwnpore, a terrible disaster befe'l tho British arms. Sir Hugh Whi'oler, a veteran offlcor of approved bravery, had entrenched himself in tho barraokM with a forco of less than llOt) lighting nnii, and iipwards of 500 Women and childroii, tho wives and faiuilioH of oiVicors and oivi- 88 CYCLOPAEDIA OF TTIE '■:! Hans, and of tlio Queen's 32d regiment, then besieged at Luckuow. Tlie insurgents were commanded by Nena Saliib. or, rntlier, Dlinndoo Pant, Rnjali of Bbitoor, the adopted son of tlic late I'eisliwali J?ajee Rabo. Tbis man, under tbc mask of kindly feeling toward tlie Englisli, nurtured a deadly batrcd ngainst tbc governnie'' L, wbieb bad rel'nseil to acknow- ledge biri claims as tbc I'cisbwab'.s succonsor. lie liad long been addicted to tbe most revolting sensuality, andbiid lo'^t all control over liis pjissions. Wcai'iod and cnniged by tbc desperate resistance of tbis bandful oi' brave men, lie offered tbem a safe passage to Allababad, if tbey would give up tbeir guns and treasure. Tbe place, indeed, was no longer tenable; and tbc survivors, diniinisbed in number, wero exliiiiisted by constant vigils and want of food. In an evil moment, tbeii, tbey accepted tbc terms of tbeir perfidious enemy, marebed down to tbe rive,', and embarked on board tbe boats wbicb bad been prepared for tliem. Sudd(.'nly a masked battery opened fire upon tbem, and crowds of borbC 'md foot soldiers lined citber bunk. Many were sbot dead, stilLmore ^ven- drowned, and about 150 taken prisoners; four only escaped by swiunning. Tbe men were instantly put to dcatb in cold blood ; tbe women and ebildrcn were spared for a few days longer. " General Ilavclock, taking tbe command at Allababad of tbc 7Stb Iligblaiiders, tbe Queen's Gltb, tbe 1st IMadras Fusiliers, and tbe Teroze- pore regiment of Sikbs, bad set out in tbe bopc of arriving at Cawnpore in time to release Sir llugb Wbeeler and bis devoted comrades. After marebing \2() miles, figbting four actions, and capturing a nundjerofguns of biMvy calibre, in eiglit days, and in (be wmst season (.fan Indian climate, be was yet too late to avert tbc terrible catastropbe. Tbe day before be entered Cawnpore, Nona Sabib foully murdered tbe women and ebildnn, wbo alone survived of tbc Cawnpore garrison, and caused tbem to be Hung, tbc dead and tbc dying, into n well of tbc courtyard of tbc assembly rooms." Anotber account says : — " (icneral Havcloek arrived before Cawnpore on tbe 18tb July, and so ongor WiiM be to rescue tbc garrison (for bo was not yet aware of wbat liad bappened), tbat bo .-ittaekiMl tbe Sepoy position witbont delay. Ordering a eliarge, bis gallant baml rusiied to tbe onset. Not a word wn« utten.'d until wben wilbiii I (10 yards nf tbe rebi'ls, thrrc (h-d/Dilng ci«e)"H, — cbeoTH sucb as Knglisbnu'u only oun givis, rung out. Tlisii came tbo crasli ; a nuirderouH volby of nuiskitry and tin' erasb of bayonets soon dtovo tbe mutinoors back, and Cawnpore was taken; 1000 Mritisb % and ,■ 7Sth V'uroze- ijiorc in Al'tcr t'^'uns luVuin \o (lay n and tlicm dl' tho Miul SO what delay. word »/'. nliif) II canio aviiiu'ts Bli(i:^ll 1 :!^ATTLES OV THE WORLD. 89 troops and 300 Sikhs had r ^l to flight fiOOO of the flower of the native solf'"ery, with a native chief in c; nuand. " When Havclock's soldiers entered the assembly rooms, the blood Ciiiiie u|i over their shoes. There they found clotted locks of hair, leaves of I'eligious books, and fragments of clothing in sickening array, while into the well outside the bodies had been rudely thrown. The liorrors of that scene will never be fully known. A terrible retribution fell on tlif! nuitinoers. General Neil compelled the Brahmins to wipe out, on tlk ir bended knees, the sanguinary traces of the outrages before he ordered them to e.TRCution, and when the 78th Highlanders found the mutilated remains ni' one of General Wheeler's daughters, they divided the locks of hair among them, pledging each other in solemn covenant, that for every hair thus appropriated, a mutineer's life and that alone could be the atonement. The eldest daughter of ."^ir Hugh Wheeler is said to have behaved in n most heroic manner; oneof tl e natives testified that she shot five Scpoj/s with a revolver, and then threw herself into the well." CAVALRY. — Of the ancients the Romans had the best cavalry. To eacli legion there was attached 300 cavalry in ten turmae. The Persians were famous I'or their horse troojis — tliey had 10,0"0 horse at the battle of Marathon, u.c. 400, and 10,000 Persian cavalry at the battle of Issus, B.C. 33i]. Horse soldiers were early introduced into the British army. During the wars of Napoleon the strength amounted to 31,000 men. The British cavah-y is divided into tho hou.'seliold troops, dragoons, hussars and lancers. Since 1840 the number has continued, with little variation, to the present day, at about 10,()(tO. CMDAR RAPIDS, CANADA— Occupied by the Americans as a mnill fort in 1770. Taken by a detaeliment of the British army, and 500 Indians, uiulor the celebrated Indian chief Brant, in'thout jin'iig a gnn. Tiie Americans scut to its support were captured after a severe engagement. CENTniUON.— From the Latin Centum a hundre*-' An oflBcer who commanded 100 men in the Koman army. There were OlHtO men in a legion, and hence sixty eentiirions. 1 lo was distinguished fivm the others by ft branch of vine which he carried in his hand. CKVIiON, — Discovered by flie Portuguese, a.d. 1505. Colnmbo, its capital, taken by tho Dutch, in 1003, recovered in KVJl ; again taken I(I6G. Seized by tho British 1705. Ceded to (h'cni Britain by the Peace of ^*S^':' I: .11 ii !| i ■' 90 CYCLOPAEDIA OF TIIE Amiens in 1802. The British troops were trcacherouf?ly massacred or imprisoned by the Adigar of Candy, June 2Gth, 1803. The complete sovereignty of the whole island taken by England in 1815. CILEllONEA, BATTLE OF.— Fought between the Athenians and Bieotians, n.c. -HT. Another battle, and the great one of history, was fonght here between the confederate army of (Ireece of 30,000, and that of the Macedonians, under Philip, amounting to 32,000, August 2nd, 338 B.C. Yet another battle was fought lierc between Archelaus, Lieute- nant of ]\Iithridates and Sylla, ii.c. 86, whoa Archelaus was defeated and 110,000 Cappadocians slain. CH.VMBLY. — x\n important nulitary post on the River Riclielieu, Canada. It was often attacked by the Iroquois Indians. In 1775 it was captured by the Americans, but retaken in 1770. It is now a small military station. CIIARLEllOI, BATTLES OF.— Great battles in several wars liavc been fought near tlii." town ; the chief in llJOO and 1794. {Sec Ildtrus.) Besieged by Prince of ( >range in 1G72, and again invested by the same Prince, with (iO,(' '0 uu •, in 1G77, but he was obliged to retire. Near to the place is Li;.'!;v — (wMch see) — memorable at the battle of Waterloo. CIIAULESTOWxN.~.l/;(,s.srf(7(»,s(7/,s.— Burnt by the British forces under (leneral (iage, Jannuary 17th, 1775. English fleet here repulsed with great loss, June 2Sth, 1770. Taken by the British, May 7th. 1779. CIIAHLI'ISTON— ^'tli, 1813, General ITanipton, with 3500 men pushed forward from Lake Champlaiu towards Montreal. At the junction of the Ontario and C'hateauguay Rivers, be there met 400 Canadians under Colonel do Sahibcrry, who most bravely disputed his M ^1 c k b S g< w of I !! BATTLES OP THE WORLD. 91 forces )ulscd 1779. troops r.ooo il liore, Coiiib- u' vicis- ;\y sur- II' iiriny 11, with At let 1(10 Itoil Ills advance. By skilful management and great bravery on the part of tlie Canadian officers, Vigor and J 'oucet, the Americans were compelled to retreat towards Phittsburg. Their loss was considerable, wliile that of the Canadians was only two men killed and sixteen wounded. Gen. Hampton returned to Plattsburg, his army ha\ Ing dwindled away by sickness and desertion. CHATILLON, CONGRESS OF.— Held 1 against France, Feliruary ,^)tli, 1814, but the lu broken off, Marcli 19th following. wers allied peace was CIIAUMONT, TREATY OF.— Between Great Britain, Austria, Russia and Prussia, ]\Iarch 1st, 1H14, It was followed by the treaty of I'aris, by which Napoleon abdicated, April 11th following. CHERBOURG. — Famous for an engagement between the English and French fleets. French defeated ; 21 of their ships burnt or destroyed by Admirals Rooke and Russel, May 19th, 1G92. The tort, etc., destroyed by tlie British, who landed August, 1758. Tlie works begun l)y Louis X^T. and completed by Napoleon, are proof against any armament in the world. CHESAPEAKE, BATTLK OF THE.— Fought at the mouth of the river of this name, between the British Ai.iuiral Greaves and the French Admiral De Grasse, in the interest of the revolted States of America, 17S1. The Chesapeake and Delaware, blockaded by the British in 1812. The American frigate of this name surremlered to the Shannon, British frigate, after a very severe action, June 2iid, 1813. CHILLIANWAIJ.AH, BATTLE OF.--yu Luila.— Tins memor- able and sanguinary battle, between the Sikh forces and the British, was fought tlanuary VM\, 1819. Lord Goiigh cnmmanded. The Sikhs were coiii]iletely routed, but the British also suH'ered severely : 2G officers wero killed and (It) wounded, and 731 rank uud lile wero killed and 1440 wounded. The loss of the Sikhs was IJOOII kill.'d and 4000 wounded. This battle was followed fiy the attack on the Sikh eamp and the army under Slieere Shing, in its position at Goojerat (which see) February 21st, 1840. Cllll'PKWA.— On tlie uth duly, 1814, General Ball with 2100 men gave battle here to 4000 Americans The Uritish fought bravely, but wi're obliged to retire to Luiidy's Lnuo, or Bridgcwater, ueur the Falls of Niagara. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I i& ••25 1.4 1.6 •* 6" ► 0>. % Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 33 WIIT MAIN STillT WHITIR.NV I4SI0 (7U) •79-4S03 h \ 1^ CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE 'I II 'II I CHRYSLER'S FATiM.— Will umshurg, CanaJa.-On the lltli Nov- ember, 1813, the Americans, under General Wilkinson, in their passage down the St. Lawrence to attack Montreal, being harassed by the Cana- dian forces, resolved to land and disperse them. They were 2000 strong and the Canadians 1000. After two hours of very hard fighting, in an open field, the Americans were compelled to retire, with the loss of one general, and 350 killed and wounded. Canadian loss 200. Medals were granted to the victors of this battle by the British Government. CHINA. — " The opening of the China trade to all British subjects, by the abolition of the East Lidia Company's monopoly in 1833, gave rise to a series of disputes with the native rulers, which at length led to open hostilities. These disputes, relating at first mainly to the legal rights and immunities to be enjoyed by the commercial superintendents appointed by the British cabinet, came eventually to be merged in the greater question touching the traffic in opium, wliicli hiid all along been in some measure declared contraband by the Imperial Government. It was not, however, peremptorily prohibited till 183G; and even afterwards, through the connivance of the inferior authorites, an active smuggling trade continued to be carried on till \8',i9, wlien the Imperial Coniuiis- sioner Lin, determined on its forcible supproswon, seized tlio peisoiut of the British merchants at Canton, and of Captain Klliot, the superin- tendent. That functionary was then compelled, by throats of personal violence to himself iind his fellow-prisoners, to issue iin order for the surrender of all the opium on board thevesRels in the vicinity of Canton, which, to the value of above .t2, 000,(100 sterling, was accordingly given U|) to the Chinese, who destroyed it, — the superintendent at the same time pledging the faith of the Knglish government for eompensation to the nierehants. After various fruitlcsH attempts to obtain satisriiotion for this outrage, or even an accommodation by wliicii thereguliir trade might bo resumed, the cabinet of London resolved on hostilities. These, which were vigorously prosecuted, gave tlu' Chinese a salutary lesson as to their inferiority to Kuropeims in military seienee and sniivii^ling iul Coniiuis- i> persona of he superin- of personal rder for the y (if Canton, iiigly given lit the same H'nsation to isfuetiou for !• trade might Miese, whieh 111 MS to their ; and they peror agreed lis principal Koiig to the 111 (if the war irival of Sir Hope Grant at Tahlien Bay completed the muster of the British force in Northern China. General de Montauban reached Cheefoo at the same time, but his tale of men was not full ; and as the Ambassadors were not due for a fortnight, it was determined that our troops should be landed. This was done, and horses and men benefited exceedingly by their sojourn on the breezy slopes which look upon the northern and .southern sides of the grand harbor of Tahlien-wan, chosen for our rendezvous ; notwithstanding that the liottest month of the summer was passed by the men in bell-tents, and by horses in the open. On the 1st August, a landing was effected at Pehtang without opposi- tion, much to our surprise and delight, for the only spot at which disem- barkation was practicable is distant only 2000 yards from the snug-look- ing forts which appeared to protect the town ; and even at this place there was a mile of water at high tide, or of more difficult mud at low water, to bo traversed, before the troops could reach anything which might, by courtesy or conipari,son, be termed dry ground. The 'Jnd brigade of 1st Division of British troops, and a French bri- gade, formed the first landing party. A vigorous resistance had been expected at this place ; and had a fair proportion of the means l.'ivishcd on the defence of the Peil^o been expended on the Pehtang river, we should have had great trouble, for by nature that position is certainly tlio stronger. 'I'he forts on either side, and the town whieh adjoins that on the riglit bank, are built on two molecules of solid ground, whieh have turned up, one does not know how, at a distance of five miles inland from the bar, which closes the entrance of tlie river, to even the smallest gunboats, save at high water. The town is surrounded by a sea ol" mud, impassable to horse or man, inundated at high tide; it is connected with the comparatively higher country bordering the J'oihoby a narrow cause- way, which a deterniined and skilful enemy could li.ild against any force whatever, until driven successively from positions whieh might be estab- lished on tilt! causeway at every liundred yards. We found, on the night of the Ist August, that the forts were deserted, and that the guns with which they bristled were but wooden " tiuakers." Next day we occupied town and forts. Large bodies of eavalry having shown themselves tn our front, a reoon- naissaiiee was made on the ilrd August, covered, in the iibHenco of eavalry, not yetlandtMl, by infantry and by two French 8-poundor guns, tlie only artillery disi>niltarked. We diseoveied that our polite enemy had lel't the causeway unoccupied, and that his force held no position nearer than K rifli: Hi I ■> CYCLOPEDIA OP THE miles from the town we were in. The Chinese pickets opened fire upon our troops, but were speedily driven back. The reconnaissance effected, our force returned to Pehtang unmolested. Meanwhile the Admirals had set to work, landing troops, horses, guns, materiel, and stores. The navy worked famously ; and as everything had to be brought into the river either in, or in tow of, the gunboats, whose movements depended upon the tides, the work, under the active superin- tendence of Captain Borlase, C.B., continued without regard to any arbitrary distinction between day and night. During four or five of the ten days spent in this tedious operation, the rain fell in torrents; and as the interior of Pehtang is below high water-mark, the streets were knee- deep in mud, composed, in addition to the usual impurities pertaining to that substance, of flour, wardrobes, Tartar-hats, field rakes, coal, shutters, oil-cake, chaff, china-cups, matting, beer-bottles, tin cans, and kittens, being chiefly the contents of the dwellings oF the townspeople, which wcro successively turned out of windows to make room for our troops. The cavalry and artillery horses were picketed in the streets, whore alone space was available ; and how they and we and everybody escaped death from typhus fever or pi igue. Heaven only knows. The sanitary oificer was outragiMl by the result. During this time, water /or the use of the troops was obtained in boats filled by the inivy in the river above the influence of the tide, and towed to Pehtang, whore the contents were landed in barrels for distribution. On the 12th August, after a delay of" on account of the French, who at first were unwilling to advance ti' season changed, wo moved out to attack the enemy's position ; General Michel with the l«t Division and the French, along the causeway against the enemy's front, (Jeneral JJapier, with thot'Jnd Division imd cavalry, by a track which diverged from the causeway to the v,i^l,t at a short distance irom Pohtang, with the view of turning the encuiy's left. It will not bo easy for those who wcro not present to realise the difiiciilties of this march, or to do justice to the troops who perl'ornied it. The gun-waggons sank literally axle-deep, and their hinder parts had to be left behind ; the heavy cavalry were greatly distressed in struggling through the mud, and it occupied the trooj)H six hours to traverse four miles, during which time the enemy remaiiuul In his position. N'apii'r's division having reached moderately firm ground, advanced upon the open Tartar flank and rear; whilst the Allied left cannonaded bis front, which was covered by a formidable intrcnchmeiit. The Tartar ,..*«»iJl>,v,w!.^"jiri!»«i-.«fSB«f><*l. BATTLES OF THE WORLD. 95 •e upon sffectcd, iS, guns, ling luvd 9, wUose superin- to iiny ve of the ; and as ero kncc- aining to , shutters, ;d kittens, ?hicii were ops. The ilone sp'A«o kutli from officer was tlie troops e iiiflucnco huuled in \e French, we moved »t Division ,i,t, (Seneral ch diverged jhtiuig, with rcidiso tho 10 porfornied x'Y piirtsliad liii struiigling Ira verso i'our ind, advMi\ced |( cannonaded Tho Tartur cavalry came out in great numbers to meet Napier, who opened on them with Armstrong guns. At first tho Tartars seemed puzzled, but not dis- turbed ; presently, seeing they were losing men, they rapidly extended, and in a few minutes the 2nd Division stood enveloped in a grand circle of horsemen, advancing from all points towards the centre. Napier's in- fantry were speedily deployed, his cavalry let loose, and artillery kept going ; and though tlio heavy ground was rendered more difficult for our cavalry by ditches broad and deep, whoso passages were known to tho enemy alone, yet, within a (juarter of an hour of their advance, tho Tartar force was everywhere in retreat. Not, however, till a body of their horse- men, whicli had charged Sterling's battery, had been gallantly met and beaten by a party of Fane's Horse, inferior in nambor, under Lieutenant Macgregor, who was severely wounded, Tho Allied left then advanced along the causeway, and occupied tho lines of tho intrenchments about Senho, which tho enemy deserted on the success of our right. Amongst some papers found after tho action, was a copy of a report from tiie Tartar General San-ko-lin-tzin to tho Emperor, setting forth that the physical difficulties in tho way of our landing at Fehtang, and of advancing thence across a country which never is dry, rendered it unneeoss try to dispute our disembarkation on that river ; and even if a, landing shou' 1 bo effected, and our troops could bo got under weigh, the general considered that nothing would bo easier than to destroy us with his hordes of cavalry, so soon as wo got entangled in tho marshes. At Senho tho Allied forces rested their right on tho Peiho river. Tho Taku Flirts are about si.K miles lower down. Mid-way between Senho and tho northernmost or nearest fort on tho left bank, stands the town of Tungkoo, surrounded by a very hmg intrenchment, consisting of a for- midable rampart and a parapet, covered in all its length by a double wot ditneo»ly. V.IU a_f;-2 itxuctWn ae>« t'r.'!!!' :a overland It w.» in »»"7"' . ■^.n.tinK on oaol. .\de o. ™« ' "■- j„j „ .„„eon,ly. V.IU "J^^X :,-'"" "« f rrX tn °d overland ^T "l-bW" 1^ V,rid:,e, .avo boat., W U^Ko », .,^' ,,^ ,„,„ „t „11 Ibe ,uale.ial« ^^jj „„t ^ rarad. ' , „,„t open ton. l'oMa"R. "» IP " «,ee, Qenov.l Nap.er I'"* J^'\,„ „,„ „,„,le. „o.t laboviou, •■«"""■ rXeouU 1« "«*"' ''* '"' 'l; be inundated ::„:;v«:i..*-'';;rLrr.; n'l^.r.ed.n^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ at ecv.ai" V»l"'' ™,;' ^ „„inRoblalned l-^; '.l,,, i„ one on tbe n"''\'''Xr ,: tbo li>.b, "«»'» -",•;'":' "Ju,,, U. an.ander-in- pleket toward, ll.<" ; ,,„„ o,„„,,leted, and I r ,„t lu^bt lire v.«.;»»;^ ;,,,,,, „wm.ii.oi;-'^--^:^,^^ Ibrt. SeeinS all "bntaelc ^^^^ ^_,,,, ,„,„,ne, a. or-' '•"""'. i;x:: ■ bo i'r«"* «; '."t' :t: o--"' ""•" tUo couHlvucUou ol UvUcno , BATTLES or THE WORLD. 97 a\\ cap- of artil- L by our l?rencln s, aa tbe tUc field- ic enewy, hcBviUsb vAtcrcd tbe ir eutry at to its camp in reserve, .raging- Aa 9, intcv»ccted into tlio saU- § :^ y^ forta aimiil- and a bridge 'enbo. Butus veycd overland Uo-y ^^■"^^'^ vovcd tluit oiicn ,„ tlio coiupi^- , tbc inuud.vtod . cvo>^si».4-rV'^«^'f LuodiaU. attack • L to tbi'ov? out a U it, tlvat in one I, Comu»andov-m- Llsoftlvcu.'avcst . *-;ir lli'PO „,^a vutvusl^'d Ua . ,.ry av.vH. to tin, ut O.u''^"^ T\ L of tiu, '^O*^^ ° L tbo uirv north i fort at daylight of the 21st August. The fire of thirty^one pieces of British and six of French ordnance gradually subdued the enemy's artillery ; their magazine was exploded by one of our shells ; shortly before, that of the further north fort, which supported it, was blown up by a fhell from one of the gunboats, which were rendering such assistance as they could give at a range of two thousand yards, the distance imposed by the stakes and booms which were laid across the river. On the advance of the infantry, the French crossed the ditches, upon scaling-ladders laid flat. ( )ur engineers, who trusted to pontoons, were less (successful, and the French had reared their ladders against the ramparts lor a (juartcr of an hour, before our infantry, some by swimming and scrambling, others by follow- ing the French, had .struggled across the ditches and reached the boriuc. But so active was the defence that no French soldiergotinto the place by the ladders, though several brave men mounted thom ; an entrance was eveuiually made by both forces at the same time through embrasures, which were reached by steps hewn out of the earthen rampart with axes, bayonets, and swords. "When the attack was delivered General de 3Iontauban was absent fi'om the field, the French army being represented by General Collineau and his brigade. It had been intended to breach the rampart near the gate, and so secure an entrance to the fort actually taken by assault; but our gallant Com- mander-in-Chief became impatient of the process, and the more siterdy means of escalade was resorted to, it is highly probable that the rapidity of our success, and tho tremendous loss inflicted on the garrison of the first fort, who had no time for eseape in any large nnmbi'rs, conduceil to the surrender of the second fort and to the prompt alii)nd arrived Jil uii tho I'nint was which was iiy mariuos, l\)|i position I'Y, without ]l with pro- I't hotweoii ling, across irmg-Vui'ii, \, and I'tiur miles away to our right. We heard nothing of them all night; nut Sir Hope Grant found them the next morning, wlicn arrangements were made for the division between the two forces of the treasures which the palace contained. But in the absence of any British troops the arrange- ments broke through, and our prize agents, finding tho principal valuables appropriated by tlic French, abandoned their functions. Thereupon on the 8th indiscriminate plunder was allowed ; but as of the British ii few oflScers only had access to the palace, and none of the men, our officers were ultimately desired to give up uU they had brought away, and the property they had collected was ultimately sold by auction ibr the boucfit of tho troops actually present in the field before I'ekin. A most spirited sale ensued of china, enamels, jade, furs, silk, &c., which realised £5000 ; and this sum, added to the amount of gold and silver bullion which 1' "1 been brought in, enabled the prize agents at once to make a distriiji.iion amongst tho troops, ranging from £\i for u private soldier, to £G0 for a first-class field ofiicor. All our generals sur- rendered their shares to the troops. The nrrangeniont made was perhaps tlie fairest that could bo arrived at under the actual circumstances of tho time ; but of a booty worth at least a million of money, belonging to tho imperial crown — tiierei'oro prize of the fairest character — the British troops have profited only to the amount of ,£25,000. Tiie balance has gone to ♦ho French, who take tho broadest view of the question of halves, or to tho Chinese peasantry, who jilundered as they pleased, after tho departure of the French, on t!ie third day (if occupation. On tiie 8th October, the first-fruits of our advance on I'ekin were realised, in tho surrender to us, by the Chinese, of ^Messrs. I'arkes and Loch, ami the fSikli orderly who had been taken with them. A French savant and three men were given up at the siime time. Our poitr follows looked wonderfully well; but M. d'Kscayrae's hands wore still cnntorted by the prosurc to which they had been subjeeteil during the twenty hours iu which ho was bound. The delivery of prisoners was the direct result of an intimation sent to tho Chinese, on the 7th October, that unless nil tilt' prisdiiors still in their hands were dvUvered up immediati'ly, a gate of the city placed in our pos.Hession without oppusil ion, and eompetent persons deputed li> eonelude a peace, l*ckin would be taken by assault ; lint if all the prisoners wcrr given up, our troops would not be Mllowed on fur com- pliance with uur demands. Bel'ore the time elapsed, eleven of our 8ikli I ( 106 CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE horsemen who had been prisoners, were delivered up alive, and tbo remains of all who had perished (save poor Brabazon and the Abbd), were received in coffins. On the 17th they were buried in the Russian cemetery, with all the honour and solenmity that could be paid. The Ambassadors of England, France, and Russia, the Commanders-in-Chief, and the allied officers not on duty, attended. The Roman Catholic and Greek prelates showed, by their presence, generous sympathy in the untimely fate of our countrymen. But as the complete fulfilment of the demands was still uncertain, bat- teries were erected against the city wall at a distance of 150 yards, by the British and French respectively, and arrangements were made for opening fire at noon of the 13th, if the gate was not by that time given up. Every one agreed in hoping that tliousands of inoft'onsive people might be spared the misery of an assault ; but the 2nd Division must have felt something like a pang when, at the appointed hour, they saw their General ride with an escort through the gate, and found, by the diffplay of the ensign from its top, that the Tartars had surrendered to us the command of the Imperial city. Yes, wo were there, masters of the capital of China — at the very end of the map of the world — at the point which nppt'ars to schoolboy minds the limit of creation. We held the ma.ssivc four-storiod keu[) which frowns liko a line-c -battle ship above the Gate of Peace ; our troops and field artillery were actually on the walls which connnanded the whole of the inlt'rior of the city, and tlicy could move to any point along tho fifty foot road which tho suniiiiii of the wall prosoiits. The walls and gates adjoining, fogother with some few larger doublo-storled buildinj;s, wore tho only objects visible from our po.sition varying the universal dun-colour of the city houses and enlosing walls. The broad street which loads from our gafo into tho oily was packed with a donsi; crowd, anxious to make out tho foroignors, and indulging in sonorous " Ki Yaws" at ovory novelty which mot their wondering eyes. Khictrified indeed wore tho Colosti.ils when tho bands of a French rogiinent, ami of our (JTth and OOlh, struck up within tho gateway, ami guards presented their clanging arms as tlio (lonenils rode by; but tho cllninx was roaoheil when Deshorongh's guns wore spurted up tho stoop stono ramps whieh load from the lia.so to tho flummit oi' the wall, lii'ty foot in height, drawn by six horses of fabulou.s stature, and driven by the torriblo barbarians who ent their enomios. Th<» surrender was carried out in good faith; hut tho appoannico nn tho walls of guns of heavy calibre, eviilontly reoontly moved into poHi- , i BATTLES OP THE WORLD. 107 and the 10 Abbd), 3 Russiiin lid. The !-in-Chief, tholio and ly in the rtain, bat- yards, by luado for time given sivc people isioii must , they saw ud, by the lerod to us lO vovy end sclioolboy vcrp which troops and wliulo of v^ the lifty and gates linns, wcro iliiM-Cdlonr 'calls from IS ti) make •ry novelty « Ci'Wdalrt bill, struck lirnis as the In^li's gnnn Laso to the III' I'abuloUHi [icniit's. •avance on into posi- tions whence our batteries were observed, spoke either of divided counsels or of tardy resignation on the part of our enemies. Still our success was insufficient. No retribution had been exacted for the violation of the flag of truce, and for the murder of our country- men, and no one seemed to feel certain whether a treaty was to be obtained or not. It was useless to demand the surrender of the persons who had instigated the barbarous treatment of the prisoners, for they were known to be very near the person of the Emperor, and there was therefore no chance of our getting the real offenders. An atonement in money, for the iniquities perpetrated, though repugnant to our feelings, appeared to be the only kind of demand with which the Chinese Government, humili- ated and beaten as it was, could be expected to comply. Tlie readiest means of obtaining a treaty was obviously to remain at Pekin until wo got it ; but the French Commander refused positively to detain his troops at the capital after the 1st November, and the English (Jeneral waa greatly indisposed to incur the risk of keeping his force there through the winter, in the absence of complete and timely arrangements for provlsion- ment, which it was considered the advanced period of the season rendered impracticable. Accordingly, on the 18th October, an ultimatum was addressed by the plenipotentiaries to Trinco Koung, rci|uiring him to reply by tlie morning of the 20th, whether, after paying, as a necessary preliminary to further negotiations, a sum of money in atonement for the murders committed, ho would on an early day sign the convention already agreed upon? His Excellency was told that the Summer Palace, which had been partially plundered before the fate of tlio prisoners was known, wonlil now bo entirely destroyeil, that its ruins might present a lasting mark of the abhorrence of tlio Uritisli (Jovernment at the violation of the law of nations which had been oominittod. He was also told, that in case of refusal to comply with the demands now made, the Imperial Palace of Pekin would he captured, [Sundered am' bnrneil. In snjjport of the ultimatum, the 1st Division of the Hritish force, with cavalry, proceeded on the li^th and lOtli to e(nnplete tlie plunder and destruction of the Slimmer Palaoo, whose smoke, driven liy the northerly wind, hung over Pekin, whilst its ashes were wafted into the very streets of the oipital. The Kreiieh declined to take any p'lrt in this aet of punishment -llrst, heeiuse tlu^y thought tliii puaee had alreidy been destroyed on tlieir quitting it; and further, they feared that this demon- stration would frigliten the Chinoso out of all iiopo of making any treaty nt all. , iii,3-#^ ft I 'I 108 CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE The result showed that not one-fourth of the Imperial pavilions which constitute the Summer Palace had been even visited in the first instance, much less burned ; and great booty was acquired by the troops employed as well as by the members of the embassy, navy, and staff, who were able to acconipany the force. And so salutary was the effect produced on the advisers of the Imperial crown, that a letter acceding to all dcmanda was received at daylight on the 20th, to the renewed disappointment of the 2nd Division, who again were under arms for the assault. On the 22nd, the atonement-monoy, amounting to £100,000, was paid j and on the 2-lth, her Majesty's Plenipotentiary, accompanied by the Com- mander-in-Chief, and escorted by a division of the army, entered in stato and triumph the gates of the dim, mysterious city. The Ambassador was received by a deputation of Mandarins, who accompanied Lord Elgin to the hall, three miles distant, at tlie far side of the Tartar city, where the Prince Koung, surrounded by the principal officers of state, awaited his arrival. At live o'clock that afternoon, ratifications of the treaty of 1858 wore duly exchanged by the ropreseiitatives of the sovereigns, and a conven- tion signed, which, commencing with a recital of the Emperor's regret at the oeenrrences at the Peilio Forts in 1858, declares Tientsin a IVee port, and thereby opens the Peiho to within seventy miles of Pekin I'or tho traffic of the world. The provisions of tho convention permit free emi- gration of Chinese, with their wives and families, to all parts of tho world, and transfer a territory at Cowlonn, opposite lloiig Kong, where our trooi)s were encamped in 18t)(l, to the J^ritish Crown. An indiannity of three millions sterling to the IJritish is guaranteed; and sli|mlation is made for the esinblishmcnt of a IJritish force at Tientsin, until tho terms aio fullilled, A portion of the indemnity is to bo paid lUst. i)eeend)er, l8(lll, whereon Chusan is to be evacuated by the Ihiglish and French troops. iUil no provision is matle for tl'e evacuation of Canton, to which tho French are at present understood to bo disinclint'd to agree. Tho remainder of tho indemnity is to bo paid by periodical instaluients of ont'-liflli of the gross revenue of the enstoms of China. After signing the convention, Lord lOlgin expressed a hope that tho treaty would inaugurate friendly relations between the powers. Prinoo Koung replied that ho himself had boon about to utter tlio sanio words; and aeknowli'dging tlnit foreign affairs iwul hitiierto l)eon greatly mis- managed, observed, that as their ailministration wasnow exeln^ivi'ly placed in his hands, he had uo doubt their future mainigement would be moro satiiiluulory. BATTLES OF THE WORLD. 109 ilions which rst instance, ps employed ff, who were :ct produced ) all dcuiands poiiitmcut of It. 00, W119 paid ; 1 by the Coiu- tered in state iibassador was jord El;j;in to ity, where the 0, awaited his of lsr)R were and ii conven- ror's regret at lin a free port, IV'kin for tho nnit free eini- purts of tho Kong, whoro An indemnity sli|iulation is mtil tlic terms bit, l)i'cend)er, I a\ul French iiton,to which ) ngrec. Tlie nstaliiieutH of JKipo that tho |.\vrr.-*, i'lineu li- san\o words ; li\ gnatly mis- Uisivi'ly \ilaeed kould bo more 5 T>he Franco-Cliincse treaty was ratified by Baron Gros and the Prince Koung on the following day. CINTRA, CONVENTION OF.— This disgraceful convention was concluded b tweenthe British army, under Sir Hew Dalrymple and the French under Marshal Junot. The latter were allowed to evacuate For. tugal and to be carried home to France in British ships, taking with them their ill-got gain ; signed the day of the battle of Vimeira, August 22nd, 1808. CITATE.— Fought 5th January, 185-i, between Omar Pacha and tho Turks, on the one side, and the Russians on the other. " The army to which was allotted the first active operation was that comnKindiMl by General Fishback, with Generals Engelliardt and licUe- garde under liis orders. Tliis force was to occupy the extreme west of the JluHsian line of attack, and to drive tho Turks from thcMr position at Kalafat. By the time, however, that Fishback had reached (;itate, a vil- lage within a few miles of his destination, he discovered that his furco of about 15,000 men was inade(iuato to dislodge an ecjual number, strongly intrenched, and in unimpeded communication with Wiildin, on the opposite side of the river, whence considerable supplies of men and ammunition could doubtless be obtained, lie resolved, therefore, to postpone the assault until the 13th of .January (the Russian New Year's day), by which time ho would bo in possession of tho re(|uisito reinforco- monts, which he anticipated would raise his force to 45,000 men. Aoh- mct and Ismail Pachas, who connnanded the ijfarrison at Kalafat. were well aware of the plans of the Russian connnander, and determined to forestall his action. At daybreak, on tho Gth of January, they sallied from the town with fifteen field pieces, 10,000 regular infantry, 40(10 cavalry, and 1000 of the irregular troops, known as Baslii Bizouks, Three thousand men fnun the garrison at Widilin crossed tlie river to defend Kalafat from surprise ; and at Moglovitz, between that town and Citate, a similar number were detached us a reserve. About nine o'clock the Turks reacheil Citate, and opened a side fire upon the village, whilo the infantry vigorously eharge(l in froat. After three hours of sangui- nary street fighting, the nature of llie ground forbidding organized mili- tary eomhinations, the Russians retreated t(» tho works tliey had .thrown uj) beyond the village. The Turkish iield-pieeos were now brought to bear \ipnn the intreiichmenls, and several vigorous assatdts were made and as bravely repulsed. In tho midst oftli' confiiet, u large body of Uussiuu 110 CYCLOPEDIA OP THE 'i I reinforcements arrived, and the Turks, who occupied the gardens* and orchards round the village, were exposed to an energetic assault in tlieir rear. Nothing daunted, and favoured by their position, the Ottomans fought nobly, and succeeded in routing the newly-arrived reinforcement of th" enemy, just as Ismail Pacha appeared upon the scene with the reserve from Moglovitz. Concentrating tlicir forces, they now rushed at the intrcnchments, and, beating down all opposition, drove the enemy from the position they had held. Nearly 2400 Russians dead in the streets and earth-works, a like number wounded, four guns, and the depots of ammunition and arms which they captured, attested that day the prowess of the Turkish arms. Their own loss was about 200 killed and 700 wounded. For two days they held the place against the attempts of the Russians to recapture it ; and then, emerging into the open field, drove the Russians before them back to Krajova. Then, retiring in triumph, they re-entered Kalafat, which, now mounting 250 heavy guns, and garrisoned (including Widdin) by 25,000 men, might safely promise a desperate resistance to any further Russian attempt." CIUDAD RODRIGC— This strong fortress of Spain was invested by the French, Juno 11th, 1810, and surrendered July 10th, follow- ing. — Remained in the hands of the French till stormed gallantly by the British, under Wellington, January 19th, 1812. — Loss of the British and Portuguese 1000 killed and wounded, equal number of French, and 1700 prisoners. CLONTARF, BATTLE OF.— Fought between the Irish an.l Danes on (loiid Friday, 1039. Tiio Danes wore signally defeated, 11,000 of them perished in battle, but the Irish had to deplore the loss of Bryan Boiroimhe, the King, and many of the nobility. CLOSTKllSMVKN, CONVENTION OF.-netween the Duke of Cumberland, third son of George II, and tlio Duke of Richelieu, com- manding the French ; 118,000 Hanovarians laid down their arms and wore dispersed, — signed Weptomber 10th, 1757. COAIilTlONM AOAINST FRANCE. 1st, l*ru.ssia is.Hued lier manilesto ilune 2tlth, 1792. 2nd. (Jroat HrilaiM, (iermany, Rus,sia, Naples, Portugal and Turkey signed them, ilune 22nd, 17!)!». 3rd. Great Britain, Russia, Austria and Naples, August 5th, 1805. BATTLES OF THE WORLD. Ill fdens* and It in their Ottomans iforceinent ) with the rushed at the enemy e:id in the 5, and the id that day 200 killed ic attempts open ticld, retiring in aeavy guns, fcly promise (vas invested 0th, foUow- lutly by the tho British i'rcnch, and nnd Danes L 11,000 of IsH of Bryan 110 Duke of [olieii, ooni- arms and 4th. Great Britain, Russia, Prussia and Saxony, October 6th, 1806. 5th. England and Austria, April 6th, 1809. 6th. Russia and Prussia, ratified at Kalisch, March 17th, 1813. COLONEL. — This word is derived from the French, and means the chief commander of a regiment of troops. COMMANDERS-IN-CHIEF OF THE BRITISH ARMY SINCE 1674: Duko of Monmouth 1C74 Duke of Jlarlboroiigh 1090 Duko of Schoniburg lCi)l Duko of Driuouil 1711 EarlofStnir 1744 Field Mar.'^lial Wndo 1746 Lord Lipoulcr •. . . . 1757 Marqiiuss of (j runby 1700 Lord Auiliortit 177S Ucncral Seymour Conway 1782 Lord Amiiorst again 1793 Frederick, Duko of York 1795 Sir David Duiidas Marcli 2B, 1809 Frederick, Duko of York May 2'J, 1811 Duko of Wellington Jan'y 22, 1827 Lord mil, (.icu'l Commnndor- In-Chief. Fcb'y 26. 1828 Duke of Wellington again. . . Deo. 28, 1S42 Viscount ll.irdiugo Sept. 25, 1S52 Duke of Cambridge July 15, 1856 Lnd Turkey ih, 1805. CONFEDERATION OF THE RHINE.— Tho League of tho Germanic States formed under the auspices of Napoleon Bonaparte. By this celebrated League the German States had to raise 258,000 troops to serve in case of war. It terminated with the downfall of Napoleon, CONFLANS, TREATY OF.— A compact between Louis XI of France and the Dukes of Bourbon, Brittany and Burgundy. This treaty put an end to the " War of tho Public Good," in 1408. CONSTANTINE THE GREAT. -It was whilst preparing to cross the Alps, to chastise the barbarians, that Constantino is said to have witnessed tho supernatural appoaranoo which induced him to embraco Christianity, and establish it heneerorth as the religion of the empire. While meditating in his tent on the dangers that surrounded liim, and praying for diviiio guidance and protection amidst them, there is said to have appeared over against him in tho heavens a pillar of light in tho form of a cro.ss, bearing this in.scrlption, " Uy this overcome." Those who were attached to i»aganism looked upon this as a most inauspicious onun, but it made a different impression on the i'lmporor. He caused n royal standard to be made, like tlio apj)earai>eo lie had seen in the heavens. Tins was always carried before him in his war as an ensign of victory and celestial protection. Soon after this event ho embraced the religion of Christ, and u little while after onuouutered Maxentius, his opponent, 112 CYCLOPiEDIA OF THE * hr ^iii I whom he utterly defeated in a terrible battle — Maxentius himself having been drowned while attempting to cross the river Tiber. CONSTANTINOPLE.— Taken by the western crusaders in 1204. Retaken in 1261. Comiucred by Mahomet II., who slew 6000 of the people, A. D. 1453. Ever since possessed by the Turks. COPENHAGEN.— Capital of Denmark. It was bombarded by the English, under Nelson and Admiral Parker. Of twenty-three ships belonging to the Danes, eighteen wore tikcn or destroyed, April 2nd, 1801. Again, after another bombardment of three days, the city and fleet surrendered to Admiral Gambler and Lord Cathcart, September 7th, 1807. Immense naval stores and eighteen sail of the line, fifteen frigates, six brigs, and twenty-five gunboats were captured. CORNET. — An instrument of music of the nature of a trumpet. In modern usage, a cornet is a commissioned officer of cavalry next below a lieutenant wlio bears the ensign or colors of a troop. CORONEA, BATTLE OF.— Fought between the Athenians and Allies and the Spartans. The King of the Spartans, engaging the Allies, completely defeated them, n.c. 394. CORPORAL. — The lowest officer of a company next below a .sergeant. The corporal of a ship of war is an officer under the master-at-arms, employed to teach the sailors the use of small arms. Napoleon was familiarly known among his troops by the name of the Little Corporal, and as he used to say thire was just one step between the sublime and the ridiculous, so opposite extremes are taken in his titles. Emperor I Corporal I CORUNNA, RATTLE OF.— Sir John Moore commanded the British army of about 15,000 men, and had just accomplished a safe retreat, when they were attacked by the Frencli with a force of 20,000. They were completely repulsed, but the loss of the ilritish was immense. Sir John Moore was struck by a cannon ball which carried (lif hi'^ loft shoulder and part of his eolliir bone, leaving tlic arm dangling l)y tlie fii'sh. Ho died immediately. In the evening of (he day of battle the remains of the splendid Uritish avmy embarked at Cornnna, January Uitli, 1809. Previous to the battle, the army under tluiir illustrious leader, had aeeoniplisiii'd an arduous yet honorable retreat, for many leagues through un onomy'a country. BATTLES OF THE WORLD. 113 s bimself having usaders in 1204. .lew GOOO of tho 3. )ombardcd by the wcnty-tbrco sbips tvoycd, Apvil 2nd, days, the city and irt, September 7th, f the lino, fifteen iurcd. 2 of a trumpet. In avalry next below a the Athenians and engaging the Allies, icxtbelow a sergeant. the master-at-arms, nns. Napoleon was the Little Corporal, icn tho sublime and .s titles. Emperor I lore commanded tho iiccomplislied a safe tb a force of 20,000. mritish was immense. U carried off hi^ left dangling by the iVsh. Lf battle the remains Lna, January 10th, Lir illustrioijs leader, lat., for many leagues CRACOW.— It was taken by Charles XII, in 1702. Taken and retaken several times by the Russians, and Kosciusko expelled the Russians, March 24th, 1794, but it surrendered to the Prussians the same year. Occupied by 10,000 Russians, September, 1831 ; seized by Austria, and incorporated into that empire, November IGth, 1846. CRESSY.— Fought between the English and French, August 26th, 1346. In the month of July in the year 1340, King Edward, at the head of an army of 30,000 men, landed at La Hoguc, in Normandy. He was accompanied by his son, the Prince of Wales, though only fifteen years of age, and by his principal nobility. Having taken several towns, he moved along the left bank of the Seine, which river he wished to cross, in order to join an army of Flemings in Picardy. But he found the bridges all broken, and King Philip, at the head of a numerous army, followed his motions on tho opposite bank of tlie river. At length Edward contrived to repair one of the broken bridges, and to pass over unknown to Philip ; and he then marched rapidly till he reached the river Somme ; but he there again found all the bridges secured, and learned that Philip was at Amiens with l'iO,000 men. Being informed that there was a ford near the town of Abbeville, which might bo passed when tho tide was low, Edward set out for it at mid- night; but when the English reached it, the waters were nut sufficiently low ; and while they were waiting, a large body of French cavalry cauic down to oppose their passage. The English horsemen, however, gallantly l)lunged into tho stream, drove off tho enemy, and gained the oi)posito bunk. The whole army was over when King Philip arrived, and the rising of tlie tide obliged him to go round by the bridge of Ablioville. Though the French army was nearly four times as numerous as his own. King Edward resolved to give it battle. He drew up liis troops in three divisions on an eminence behind the village of Creci or Cressy. The prince of Wales, aided by the Earls of Oxford and Warwick, led tho first, the King himself conniianded the last. At dawn (the day was tho 2Gth of August), Edward having heard mass and received the sacrament, rode along the lines, cheering his men, and at ten o'clock they sat down and took their breakfast in their ranks. The French, meantime, advanced from Abbeville in eonfusioii and disorder. A >torm of thunder and rain came on and kisted tluNnigha great part fif the day; luit at live o'clock in the afternoon, the sky hecoming clear, Piiilip ordered a body of (jcnooso cross-bowmon, in his service, to begin the battle. Tho H I 114 CYCLOPiEDIA OF THE ill 5. 1 1 ' 1 ? .1 I i Genoese gave a shout, and discharged their bolts; the English archers, who were posted in front, showered in return their arrows of a yard in length ; and the Gdnoese, unable to re-charge their ponderous crossbows, fell into disorder. The count of Alengon then charged the first division of the English vith a numerous body of cavalry. The second line advanced to its aid, and a knight was sent off to King Edward, who was viewing the battle from the top of a windmill, to pray him to send more help. " Is my son slain or wounded?" said the King. " No, sire." " Then," replied he, "tell Warwick, he shall have no aid. Let the boy win his spurs." When this message was brought to the English, it redoubled their courage ; and the French were at length totally routed, with immense loss. " Fair son," cried Edward to the Prince, as he elapsed him to his bosom after the battle, " Fair son, continue your career. You have acted nobly, and shown yourself worthy of me and the crown." The person of the highest rank who fell in this great battle was John, king ol' Bohemia. This prince, who was blind from age, ordered four of his knights to lead him into the thick of the battle. They interlaced his and their own bridles, and rushed forward, and all were slain. The crest of the King of Bohemia, three ostrich feathers, and his motto, Ich dien, i. c. / serve, were adopted by the Prince of Wales, and still are those of the heir-apparent of the crown of England. CRIMEA, LANDING IN Tim.— Crimean Far.— The following graphic description is from Emerson's Sebastopol : — " At length the great fleet, nearly 400 vessels in all, on the 7th of September, 1854, a memorable day thenceforth, set sail for its destination. What that destination was none knew. Orders were issued to rendezvous off the Isle of Serpents, near the Sulina mouth of the Danube. The scene, when the immense flotilla was fairly under weigh, was of the most exciting and animating character. Every ship bore on its side the number of the regiment and nature of troops it conveyed, and carried a distinguishing flag. As night closed in, lanterns signalling the division to which it belonged were displayed, and an illumination, such as the waters of the Euxine ne^er reflected, was witnessed by the sharers in the daring adventure. No incident of these modern practical times, ])erhaps, has partaken so largely of the character of romance as the departure of this renownt'd expedition. The great armada, which taxed the energies of the most powerful maritime nation of the sixteenth century, was a BATTLES OF THE WORLD. 115 li archers, ' a yard in crossbows, 3t division icond line 1, who was send more No, sire." iCt the boy Inglish, it lly routed, ince, as he tinue your lie and the was John, red four of cdaced his lain. The motto, Ich id still are ! following cngth the r, 1854, a hat that )UH off the lie scene, the most side the carried a le division ich as the crs in the , perhaps, parturo of energies ny, was a puny flotilla compared to the one we are now writing of. The largest vessel of that celebrated fleet was a cockleshell to many of our noble steamers, detached from their customary vocation of carrying on the commercial intercourse of nations, and devoted to the service of war. Resourcesof science, unknown before the present generation, and adapted by skill to our naval requirements, were there in abundance, rendering a single steamer more than a match for a dozen vessels of an earlier age, and almost independent of the adverse winds and strong currents which had dispersed many a gallant fleet and defeated many a deep-laid scheme of conquest. Iron, naturally one of the densest of bodies, became, in the hands of the scientific shipwright, buoyant as cork ; and vessels, each large enough to carry a regiment of cavalry besides its proper crew, and to which a Spanish brig-of war of the days of Philip might have served for a jolly-boat, breasted the broad waves of the Euxine, freighted with as brave and chivalrous warriors as menaced Troy, or did battle with the infidel possessors of Jerusalem. Brave and chivalrous indeed, for they sailed they knew not whither, to encounter an unknown enemy. It might be that they were to force a landing at once under the very guns of Sebastopol, and by sheer auda- city achieve the capture of the renowned fortress. It might be that, debarking at a distance from that spot, they would be exposed to toil- some marches, in an enemy's country, harassed by clouds of Cossacks, and opposed by great armies, in strong positions, infinitely outnumbering their own force, when even continuous victory would necessarily be almost entire annihilation. But, like the errant-knights of old, they anticipated no difficulties, and bore a stout heart for any fate. English and French, officer and man, seemed to have but one desire, that of meeting all foes at all hazards, and winning gallantly or dying gloriously. The general instructions furnished to Marshal St. Arnaud (who, by reason of the French army being so numerically superior to the English, and his military rank as marshal being higher tlian that of Lord Raglan, assumed the rank of generalissimo of the expedition), and which wore understood to have been drawn up by the Emperor Louis Napoleon ^.imself, though leaving to the discretion of the Generals the point of debarkation on the shores of the Crimea, yet strongly recommended— so strongly, in fact, as almost to amount to a command— the choice of Kaffa as the most convenient spot. It was, wo cannot help believing, exceedingly fortunate that the allied Generals resolved upon examining for themselves the locality, and ultimately rejected the plans of the * ■■ n :i . 116 CYCLOPEDIA OF THE Emperor. Kaffa, it is true, aifords the largest bay and the niost secure anchorage in the Crimea, and, had they been the only requisites^ there could have been little doubt that the imperial scheme would have been adopted. But the fleet was only valuable in the expedition as an aux- iliary to the army — as a basis of operations, a depot of stores, a means of conveying reinforcements, an assistant in the actual bombardment, or a medium of retreat in event of a disaster. For all practical purposes Sebastopol was the Crimea ; and Sebastopol is on the western coast, while Kaffa is on the eastern, at least 100 miles distant. Had the objecr been to provide for the security and comfort of the fleet, it might as weii have been in snug quarters at Spithead or Cherbourg, as at KcS'a, and there it would have been about as useful. The plan of Napolc" : \y: . lo seize the town of Kaffa, thence to march across the peninsula, taking possession of Kuru-Bazar, Simferopol, and Baktchi-Serai, thus advancing to Sebastopol, and securing the harbour of Balaklava, as a naval basis near the scene of intended operations. But the Emperor, by some strange oversight, seems to have forgotten his own previous caution not to sepa- rate from the fleets, when he sketched out the march of an army, only 50,000 strong, encumbered with necessary ammunition and baggage, along a road forty miles from the sea in some parts, through a moun- tainous district, in ;m enemy's country, for a 100 miles, exposed to con- tinued encounters v,iih immense armies, and necessitated to seize and retain possession of, at least, three large towns, strongly garrisoned. It is true, a force stationed at Kaffa might intercept reinforcements arriving from Asia, or along the narrow strip of land bridging the Putrid Sea ; but what was to hinder the arrival of the legions which should be poured into the Crimea, through Pcrekop, the most direct and available route from the very heart of the military strength of Russia, on the first intel- ligence of the invasion ? Supposing, too, that a sufiicient force to hold KatVa had been left in occupation there (and if it had not been, what would have prevented the arrival of troci^ frfu Asia and the north which would have followed the invaders, auu :n ''id them between two fires ?) — that the three great towns had ■ f '•.i^ '-- 'i and cor-.v-quently garrisoned — or where the utility of taking liioni ? — deduct the necessary casualties of the march, and the inevitable results of the unavoidable battles, even supposing them to have been victories, and how many men could possibly have arrived before Sebastopol out of 50,000 ? The expedition to the Crimea at all was romantic, and is said to have been s:. mgly o^ posed by some of our most able Generals ; but this cou- BATTLES OF THE WORLD. 117 ost pecure tes, there have been s an aux- L means of nent, or a [ purposes ern coast, the objerr ;ht as Toli Kc!-Y,u and eou wti.i to Ilia, taking advancing laval basis me strange lot to scpa- aruiy, only 1 baggage, fh a moun- fscd to con- seize and soned. It its arriving utrid Sea ; be poured able route first intcl- rce to hold jcen, what the uorth^ etwceu two juently e necessary inavoidablo many men iOO? Tho have been t this con- )i templated march tl-rough a nii.aiitainous region, interposing iimumerabi* obstacles to transit, in the fuce of a powinrnl enemy, far from as-istance, cut ofl' from supplies of food or ammunition, with three fortified towns to capture, at least several pitched battles to fight, and, as a finish to tlio prospect, the most strongly fortified town in the world to reduce, was the very absurdity of Quisoteism. Fortunately, we say, the generals were wiser than their teacher. When the ships collected at their appointed rendezvous, orders were received to proceed to a spot about forty miles west of Cape Tarkan, in the north of the Crimea; then, embarking in the Caratfoc, a small English steamer, Marshal St. Arnaud and Lord Raglan, accompanied by their seconds in command. Generals Canrobert and iJrcjwn, and Sir Edmund Lyons, proceeded to survey the coast and .-elect the spot most favourable to their purpose. They skirted the western shore, ran close into Eupatoria, examined the coast thence to Sebasl.>pol (where a few weeks previous, General Canrobert and Sir George Brown had closely scanned the fortifications on a flying visit, penetrating under cover of night even into the harbour, and not retiring until tl. ; grey light of morning had revealed to them a considerable amount ol information), passing almost within range of the guns, and coasthig roun 1 to the little harbour of Balaklava; which having scrutinized, they retuiaud in sai j to the fleets. Had any of tho large Russian steamers cros«jd the path of the little Carndoc, and attacked it, u very different fate might have awaited the Allies from that which they anticipated. But he Russian Admirals little dreamed of the prize they might have secuiiil, and our modern Agamemnous were borne back unscathed from thc^ perilous cruise. On the morning of Monday, the llthof September, the chicfV returned from their trip and rejoined the fleet ; and the anxious e.xpecta :;on as to thv. point of debarkation, which had agitated the minds of all o i board, during the two days' teJious riding at anchor, was in soun degree alleviated by the order to make sail, and rendezvous thirty mile^ west of Sebastopol. Even then, uncertainty seemed to cloud the counsels of the Commanders. The fleet was dispersed, the heavy sailing vessels having failed to keep in company with their more alert fellows of the >team fleet. At length, the English and French fleets, in one compact t! itilla, approached the shore, and the town of Eupatoria, and the hills > t' tho south-east, were presented to tho eager gaze of the soldiers, A -mall steamer was despatched to summon the town to surrender at discretion, 118 cycloPjEdia op the and a refusal being received, a small body of English and French marines was landed, their appearance soon stifling any qualms of conscience the local authorities might have felt at yielding up their trust to the enemy. The fleet then shaping a course in a south-easterly direction, the plans of the allied Generals became apparent. About eight miles from Eupatoria the ships cast anchor at a mile from the shore, in the Bay of Kalamita, near a place known as Old Fort. A narrow strip of level land was the spot selected for debarkation, and the enemy exhibited no signs of oppo- sition, or even preparation. It had been not unnaturally anticipated that a formidable resistance would have been made to the expected landing of the Allies, which could only then have been accomplished with much loss. On the contrary, the only signs of Russian life apparent, was the presence of a mounted Russian officer, who, attended by three or four Cossacks, securely stationed on a neighbouring eminence, was calmly sketching the scene. It had been arranged that the ships of the Admirals should occupy the centre of the bay, thus dividing the two armies. Had this determination been carried out, the landing might have been effected with the least ima- ginable difliL'ulty ; but the French Admiral, with an exclusive attention to his own branch of the allied force, which subsequent events of the cam- paign paralleled, thought proper to anchor his vessel at the extreme riglit of the bay, thus throwing the vessels into considerable confusion. One transport was grounded, and several Ibulcd in their endeavours to get into their proper positions. In an incredibly short space of time, howcTeri order was restored ; and, under the energetic superintendence of Sir Edmund Lyons, the steamers and transports commenced to discharge their living freights. The sea was literally covered with boats, laden with soldiers in their varied uniforms, and bearing rations for tliree days, every article that could possibly be dispensed with being left in the ships. Those who landed lirst marked out with flags the spots to bo occupied by each division and regiment ; and the sailors, standing knee-deep in the water, lent hearty assistance to those wiio were less amphibious than thenisdves. Nothing could exet'cd the delight of the sturdy seamen, as they lil'ted their red-coated conq)atriotH from tlie boats, and placed tlieni dry-looted on the shore ; or lent a hand, with more zeal than knowledge, to disem- bark the horses. Frequently, a noble charger, startled by the novelty of his situation, would roll into the water, half a dozen aiieit nt mariners clin^ing to bis mane or tail, and sharing his immersion, — emerging nt length, dripping with briuo, but' in a high ututo of jollity ut having roa- f BATTLES OF THE WORLD. 119 eued their steed, and overwhelming him with caresses of a nautical fashion, as they soothed his fears or indulged him witii a short trot on term Jinna. The two or three Cossacks who had watched our landing now deemed it prudent to withdraw, though not until a few shots had warned them of the prowess of the English riflemen, and one of their number had received a compliment from Major Lysons, of the 23rd, wliich would probably render his sitting in the saddle, or elsewhere, exceedingly inconvenient for some time to come. It so chanced, however, that even these few Cos- sacks were very nearly inflicting a heavy blow on the Eii^dish army, by the capture of one of its most distinguished officers. Sir George Brown, general of the Light Division, had no sooner landed, than with character- istic daring he mounted his horse, and advanced alone to gain a view of the sunouuding country. Ho had ridden some distance, and had closely approached the retreating party, quite unconscious of their noiglibour- hood, when he was suddenly astonished by the unwelcome apparition of throe ferocious horsemen, lance in hand, in full career towards him, and at but a few yards' distance. Sir George, who was almost unarmed, was too old a soldier to mistake rashness for courage, and wisely considering the odds too great, discreetly put spurs to his horse andgalldjjpcd u{\\ fol- lowed by his Cossack pursuers. A few of our men had fortuiiiitcly, how- ever, followed in the steps of their loader, and when they .saw his danger, hastened to the rescue. Half a dozen levelled rifles proved too strong an argument for the valour of the Russian horsemen, and thoy, in their turn, made a precipitate retreat. Sir George IJrown rejoined the main body, and proved, when the time oanio, that ho could attack as bravely as ho could retire discreetly, By the time wlien the approaching darkness rendered it necessary to suspend operations ibr the day, 2(1,0(10 I'lnglisii, with tliirty-sixguns, and numerous hor.ses, had been landed, and the French in !d)ont ('(|ual Utrce. Our men had left tlii'ir tents in the siiips, and officers and common sol- diers were alike unprovided with moans of shelter. Their rations con. sisted of provisions for three days; and in (his i'espect, those iiigh in commMMd shared with theii- less distingMisiied lollowers. As night closed in, torrents of rain began to descend, and in a Ijrief space of (line, the narrow strip of land on which thoy stood, boiuided on the one side by the Boa, and on the other by a salt lake, was a ilismal swamp Wrapping themselves in their blankets, wiiich were thorongidy soaked in a few minutes, tlio men lay down in the tiiiul, and endeavn\ired to sleep. A moderate, and not very luxurious supper oi' cold pork, washed down with 120 CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE a single sip of rum, was their first meal in the Crimea ; and then, officers and men strove to drown in slumber the wretched aspect of affairs which thus initiated their invasion. Sir Do Lacy Evans was fortunate enough to possess a tent, which some considerate member of the veteran's staff had contrived to bring on shore. An old cart, the property probably of some Tartar peasant, friglitcned from his accustomed liibour, made, when overturned, a canopy such as royalty seldom couches beneath ; but under its welcome shelter the Duke of Cambridge pressed, no doubt for the first time, the bare earth. The French were better provided. They had con- trived to land a considerable number of tents ; and, moreover, many of their regiments were supplied with the little tentes-abris, a portion of whicli was borne by each soldier ; and several of these parts could bo united into a small tent, sufficiently commodious to afford some protection from the severity of the weatiier. IIow little can the home-keeping public realise the feelings whicli must have been predominant in the bosoms of the men during that melancholy bivouac ! Soldiers arc, perhaps, less sensitive to hardships and exposure than civilians ; and probably comparatively callous to the finer senti- ments. IJut it is scarcely possible to conceive that, out of (>(»,(I(I0 men, lying on the bare earth in an enemy's country, there would be many who would not be keenly alive to the emotions their situations would natuialiy suggest. Physically depressed by a day of extreme toil, poorly fed, and drenched by the dese(>ndiiig torrent, the past would he inevitably jn-esent to their iniMginations, and with the past the pnihahle future. iMaiiynien will march duuntlessly to the cannon's mo\ith, and show no signs of fear, but with cheerful voice, and light step, dash through the enemy's firo, and over tho bodies of the dead. Mut in the stillness of the night, whon no excitement warms his blood, the bravest will be despondent, and tho strong nnin be moved with emotions as keen as those which agitali- the breasts of tho tender woman or tho Bympathetic child. Oceans rolled between them and all they had learned to lovo and value. No hand so rough but hiid been pressed by some other hand on the day of dep;irt\ire ; no nature so fierce ,md ungentle but had softeniMl into a better miinliuod ns the clilVs of Kngland reee(hMl from the view. And now they lay through tho long hours of that miserabh^ night, striving vainly cntnigh to drown their remembrances in sleep, and gain renewed strength and courage for the morrow — the morrow that might bring who were massed in great force at Verona, sa!li(Ml forth Irom that place at dayliroak, and, antici|i:iting the Italian movements, took up their ]iosi- tion u[inn those iiills, wliieh are now everywhere liristling with bnstions and rodoubts, and may be looked upon as mero outworks of tho two cita- dels, extending from the gates of oi. ; to those of the other. After a severe and Moody, (ir, as tho Italians describe it, " desperate struggle," wliieh histod nearly the whole day — that longest of summer dayM--the Imperial 124 CYCLOPAEDIA OP THE army was victorious along the whole lino. They stormed the summit of Montcvcnte, whore the Itiili;ins held out the longest, and at the close of the engagement, at five o'clock in the afternoon, they also carried the position of Custozza, a spot fatal to Italian arms in their encounter with Radotski, in July, 1848. The victors captured several guns, and about 2000 prisoners, and behaved, as the Archduke Albert's bulletin assures ua, and as we may readily believe, with even more than tlieir ordinary bravery and endurance. On the same evening the Italian army was obliged to re-cross the Mincio. The Italian accounts of the engagement present no points of material diffor.iico. According to them, the first army corps was sent forward to occupy some positions between Peschiera and Verona, but being sur- rounded by superior nuniber«, it " failed to ofl'oct its purpose," and the description given of its losses in the contest leaves us littlo doubt that it was all but anniliilated. The second and third corps, unable— it is not said for what reason — to advance to its rescue, wore still in the evening " almost intiict." It was also stated from Uroscia th;it the army had maintained its position; but there is littlo doubt that it had to withdraw across the IMincio later in the night. Tiio Italians had several uf their Generals wounded, among others the King's second son, Prince Amadous, wlio has arrived at Brc-^eia. There is every probability, also, that thcltalians were, on thisoccasion, outiuimbered by their eiieinios : for the Austrians have from litlO, 000 to 2")(MI((0 men in Venetia, and as they had in their hands the most for- midable of all engines of modern warfare — tiie railway, they hadprnbably massed three-fourths, at least, of their troops in Verona, ready for the long-expected Italian inroad. The Archduke's bulletins, in fact, never speak of garrisons, but tolls us that the " imperial army" was in the field. The Italians, we are assured, behaved with greatheroism, and, no doubt although they lost the day, they came off without loss of honour. An advance across the Mincio, right into the heart of tho tiuadrilatenil, is an enterprise which no other Kurnpivm army would, under such eircum- stanei's, have ventured upon, but a frenzy to do something seems to Imvc possessed the wlmle Italian natinn, and tho men in command I'liuld think of nothing bettor than dashing ♦heir heads against tlioso formidable stone walls. There may be bravery in so dosporato an attempt to take the bull by the hums, but we believe it wmild be impussilile for the king nr La Marmora to say what results they expected I'roin their ill-conceived and iiision, iicvor ill thu iloubt An is an ircuiii- Imvo iliiiik sloiio Inill (I uikI BATTLES OF THE WOULD. 125 worse-executed attempt. It was a battle in which they staked the very existence of their army, while their enemies, in the worst event, ran no other risk than that of a safe and leisurely retreat behind the shelter of their bastions. The least that may bo said of it is, that like the Bala- klava charge, " C'ctait beau mais ce n'ctalt pus la guerre." Ever since 1848 and 1849 the Austrians have strained every nerve to strengthen these four citadels, and have extended their outworks, so that the lino between Pcschicra and Verona, especially, is a vast intrenched camp." CYZICUM, BATTLE OF.— Fought during the Peloponnesian war. Plutarch states that Mindarus was sl.Mni in this battle. The Athe- nians gained a complete victory over the Lacedasmonian fleet. Fought B.C. 410. D DAMASCUS.— Taken by the Saracens, 033. Again by tho Turks in 1000, and was destroyed by Tamerlane in 1400. D ANTZIC. — It surrendered to the French, after a siege of four months, May 5th, 1807; and, by tho treaty of Tilsit, was restored to its former independence under tlio protection of Kussia and Saxony. It was besieged by the Allios in 1812, and surrendered to them January Gth, 1814. By tho treaty of Paris it reverted to its former status. DARDANELLES, PASSAGE OF THE.— This was achieved by tho Hritish fleet under Sir John Duckworth, February 10th, 1807; but tho admiral was obliged to repass them — which ho did with great loss and immonstMlamage to the fleet, March 2nd following. The castles of Sestos and Abydos hurled down rocks, each of many tons weight, upon tho decks oi' the British ships. DAllTMOUTII.— Burnt by tho Frcncli. in tho reign of Richard I and Ucnry IV. Prince Maurice, took it in 1(1 1,'}, but it was retaken by General Fairfax, by storm, A.u. 1010. DKLllT.— Once the great capital of the .Mogul empire, Tn 1 7:W, when Nadir Shah invaded Hindustan, he entered Delhi, and 100,000 of the inhabitants were jiut to the sword. In ISOII, the iMahrattas aided by tho French, got possession of ti\o place ; but tliey were afterwards defeated by General Lake. Tliis city has been the soeno of much commotion in tho course of its history. 11 «i^ 126 CYCLOPEDIA OF THE The following is a short account of the storming of Delhi, in the last great mutiny : " Until the latter end of August, the British troops before Delhi are rather to be considered as an army of observation, than as a besieging force. Their inferiority in numbers and artillery was barely counter- balanced by their superior discipline, courage and physical strength. These advantages enabled them, indeed, to maintain their ground, but not to assume the oflFensive. Toward the close of August, however, a re-inforcement of European and Sikh troops, under Brigadier Nicholson, arrived from the Punjab, and, on the 25th of that month, the rebels were defeated at Nujuffghur, with great slaughter, and the loss of thirteen guns. A few days later a heavy siege-train was received from Ferozeporc, and breaching batteries were constructed on the north side of the city. The siege may be said to have commenced on the 7th September, and by the evening of the 1.3th, the engineers reported two practicable breaches — one near the Cashmere, the other near the Water bastion. Arrangements were, therefore, at once made for an assault, to take place at daybreak on the following morning. The first column, commanded by Brigadier Nicholson, advanced under a tremendous fire, and, applying their scaling-ladders, carried the Cashmere bastion, and established themselves in the main-guard. Almost sir " isly, the second coluuui, under Brigadier Jones, stormed the Wat jastion, and eifecicd a junction with their comrades inside the walls. A third column, under Colonel Campbell, awaited the blowing open of the Cashmere gate to join the assault. They had not long to wait. Lieu- tenants Salkeld and Home, of the engineers, accompanied by three sergeants carrying the powder-bags, walked up to the gateway in broad daylight, and, while exposed to a heavy fire of musketry, coolly fastened the bags to the iron spikes of the gate. In the performance of this heroic exploit, Lieutenant Salkeld was severely wounded, and two of the sergeants killed upon the spot; but the train was lighted, and the gate blown open with a tremendous cruHli. As the smoke cleared away, the storming party sprang through the ruins with a British cheer; and the three columns uniting, made themsijlvcs master of the whole line of works, from the Water bastion to the Cahul gate ; and before nightfall wore in possession of Skinner's honsi!, the Church, the College, and the adjacent grounds. Tiiis brilliant success, however, was not achieved without great loss of life. BATTLES OF THE WORLD. 127 lie ruins IlllSt'lvOS Cul.ul liisi-, tho ■5IIC00SS, Of the European soldiery, eight officers and 162 rank and file were killed, with 52 officers and 510 rank and file wounded ; of the Sepoys, 413 were placed horsde combat, of whom 103 were slain outright. The total number of casualties thus amounted to 1145, or one-third of the entire assaulting force. Among the mortally wounded was Brigadier Nicholson, whose death was justly deplored as a national calamity. Simultaneously with these main attacks, a diversion was made by a fourth column, consisting of Sikhs, Ghoorkas, and Cashmerians, on the suburbs of Kishenguuge and Pahareepore. But, in spite of their most strenuous efforts, these troops failed to overcome the desperate resistance offered by the enemy, and, in the end, were compelled to retreat, though not ingloriously. The day following the assault was consumed in shelling the palace, and in battering the magazine. A broach was effected, and, at daylight on the 16th, a storming party dashed forward with such impetuosity that the rebel artillerymen dropped their lighted port-fires and fled, leaving undis- charged six guns of lari^e calibre commanding the breach and loaded with grape On the 17th, the British troops became masters of the Bank, formerly the palace of the Begum Sumroo, and shortly afterwards, of the Junima Musjid, or principal mosque. Heavy guns Avere now brought to play upon the palace and the bridge of boats, and, by the evening of the 20th, the rebels entirely evacuated the city and its suburbs. Then was seen the extent of the damage sustained by tho former capital of the Mogul dynasty. Whole streets liad been hiid in ruins ; dead bodies tainted the air in all directions; the inhabitants, reduced to beggary, were crouthing, terror-stricken, in obscure lurking-places. But the British soldier is merciful in victory, as he is irresistible in battle. To armed rebels, no mercy was shown ; but women and children, and the defenceless citizens, were spared and protected. Till! vonerablo descendant of Timour — venerable only by reason of his gray hairs and extreme old age — uad fled, with his principal Begum, two sons, and a grandson, to the tomb of his ancestor, Hoonuivoon, son of the mighty Baber. He was discovered and seized by captain Hodsoii, of the 2nd ]'jUropcan Fusiliers. His own life, and that of his ([ueen, were respected — but the princes were led out and shot, and their dead bodies publicly exposed at the kotwalee, or mayor's court, General Wilson, whose health failed liiiii in tho liour of victory, now resigned the command to Brigadier Penny, (/.B., a veteran of approved gallantry. Colonel Burn, whoso father .so gallantly defended Delhi against 128 OYCLOPiEDIA OF THE .1 I; I ! Jeswunt Rao Holkar, in 1803, was appointed military commandant within the city, and measures were successfully taken to re-establish order, and to afford protection to well-disposed and peaceful citizens. Two movable columns, consisting each of 1600 infantry, 500 cavalry, three troops of horse artillery, and eighteen guns, were told off, and ordered to follow up the retreating enemy without delay. One of these, commanded by Colonel Greathed, of the 84th, came up with a rebel force strongly posted near Bolundshuhur, and, after a spirited engagement, utterly discomfited them with the loss of two guns, a vast (quantity of ammunition, and 100 men." DEMERARA AND ESSEQUIBO.— Founded r.y the Dutch but taken by the British, under Major General White April 22nd, 1790. Restored in 1802. Again surrendered to the Briti.]i in their quarters that very night. Edward was filled with joy at the tidings. " Thanks be to (uxl," ho cried, " who hath hitherto delivci'ed nie from every danger ! They shall uot need to follow me, fori shall instantly go and meet them." In an hour's time he had iiis army in motion for the west. That night thoy eneaiiijiL'd on a moor near Linlithgow. Each man slejit in his armour, each war-horse was kept ready bridled beside its rider. The king himself slept on the bare ground, like the meanest soldier in his army. In the middle vt' the night the sleeping king received n kick from his own charger, by which two of his ribs were broken. As soon as morning dawned the march was resumed. The king, wounded as he was, was among the tirst to mount. Passing through the town of Liidithgow, they continued their march, and gaint'il a rising grouniVit some distance beyond. There they baited, and the lighting Bishop olM)urham said mass. While the ceremony was perl'urniing the sun rose, and liis rays, glancing upon the array of spvars, biiowod them tho Scottish army taking their groiind on the slojteofa small bill nm far from Falkirk. Wallace arranged his battle thus: His main foio ■ l:iy in his infantry, wlio I'onglit with long sjiears, and carried sliort daggers and axes for close battle slung at the girdle. They were divided into four circular masses, or schlltrdiin, as they were called in tho military language of the time. In these circles tho spearmen stood com- pacly together, with tlieir long spears stretched out, aiul forming a ring of steel. The spaces between circle and circle were occti|»ied by the arclicrs, tall yeomen from the i'oresis of Selkirk and Kitriek. The cavalry, amounting to lUOO heavy armed horso, were placed in tho rear. Among tlicni were most of the nobli's who bad Joined Wallace; but the jealiiusy which tiu'se proud barons I'elt Inwards him, ami their selfish fear of losing tlirjr estates, matle Ihem less than liaH'bearted in the cause. Tlie l')ng'ii>h came on in thrie divisions, each division as strong as tho whole Hctittish army. At tlie llrft clash of spoar» tlie entire body of the Scottish eavniry, led by tlio traitor lords, turned bridh', and rodo oH' tho Held wilbiMit a blow Liivt'U or taken. Wliile the bailie raged against {]w circle!! of fipcuriiien, tliu English hur.su charged thu tSculti.'nh arclicrs. Thu I BATTLES OF THE WORLD. 135 brave foresters stood firm to meet the rush of 7000 of the finest cavalry ever present on a stricken field. Hut what could they, lightly armed as they were, do against mailed horse and steel-clad knights ? They defended tlicmselvcs so bravely with their short daggers that the very enemy admired them. But they died there to a man. After the battle the conquerors remarked their tall and handsome forms as they lay dead on the ground they had kept so well. The lour circles of the Scottish spearmen remained yet entire, standing up like a wall, with their spears, point over point, so thick and close together that no living man could pierce tlirough. But the cloth-yard arrows from the great bows of England fell thick and deadly among (hem. The columns of archers advanced neai and discharged their shafts in perfect security, the Scots having neither cavalry to scatter them by a charge, nor archers to reply to tliem. Drawing their arrows to the head, they shot with all their force into the circles, and quickly breached the living walls. Through the gaps made by the archers the English cavalry charged, and having once broken in made a dreadful slaughter. The battle was lost. One duty alono remained to the Scottish leader, and that was to save the remainder of his army from destruction by a retreat. Well and soldierly he did it. Itetiriiig slowly, and himscH' with his best knights defending the rear, he was able to draw oil' the broken remains of his circles, md to gain the shelter of Torwood forest." Sicoud JiiittU', — " Heing joined by Lord Prummond, I'rineo Charles invested the castle of Stirling, commanded by (ieneral Hliikeney ; but the rebel forces, being unused to sieges, consiiiiied niueh time to no purpose. It was dining this attempt that (Jeneral llawley, who eomnwmded a con- siderable body of IbrcoH near Edinburgh, undertook to raise the siege, and advanced towards the rebel army as far as Falkirk. After two days spent in mutually examining each other's strength, the rebels being ardent to engage, were led on, in full spirits, to attack the King's army. The I'retender, who was in the front line, gave the signal to eiigiige, and the lirst lire put Ilawley's forces into confusioii. The liorse retreated witli jiretipitation, and fell upon their own infantry; while the rebels, following • p the blow, the greatest part of lint royal army lli'd with the utmost precipitation. The> retired in confusion to Mdinburgli, leaving the eoni|uerors lu possession of their tents, their artillery, and the field of battle." I'KIIOZKSIIAIl. IIATTLK ()!''.— Ai./m.— "Between the Sikhs and British. The liritish attacked the entrenchments of the Sikhs, ami car- I V il 136 OYCLOPiEDIA OF THE ried by storm the first line of works, December 21st, 1845. Night coming on the operations were suspended till diiy-break next day, and their second lino was carried and their guns captured ; the Sikhs advanced to recapture the guns but were repulsed with great loss, and I'etreatcd towards the Sutlej, December 22nd, and re-crossed the river unmolested, December 27th. FEREOL, BRITISH EXPEDITION TO.-Upwards of 10.000 British landed, August, 1800, near Ferrol, commanded by Sir James Pultency. Dcsparing of success, though they had gained the heights, they re-embarked and returned to England, by order of the General, and in opposition to the wishes and advice of his officers. FIELD OF THE CLOTH OF GOLD.— Henry VIII embarked at Windsor to meet Francis I of France, at Ardrcs, May 31st, 1520. So much magnificence was displayed on the occasion, that the field received that name, by which it is now always known in history. FIRE SHIPS.— Used first in the IGth century. The first use of thorn, in the English n.avy, was by Lord Effingham, in the engagement of the Armada, July, 1588. FLAG. — Acipiirod its present form in the 0th century, in Spain; introduced, it Is said, by the Saracens. FLAT lUISlI, BATTLE OV.— Lr.ug hhnvf, . I Hin-mf. -Fought August 27tli, 1770, between the I'.ritish lorees and Anu'riivni colonists, when the latter, after a de.si)orafe engauement, were compelled to retire, with the loss of 2000 men killed, and lOdO prLsonors. FLEUUIS, BATTLK OF.— Fought, Juno, 17th, 17!ll, between the Allies, under llie I'rinee of Cobonrg, and the French revnlutioiiary army, commanded by Marshal Jourdan. The Allies had 10(1,(100 men, and having mot tlio enemy on the plains ol' Fleuris, were signally defeated. Between SOOO and 10,000 were killed, wnnnded and taken prisonern, and ilonrdun was able t" person, passed the river at a ford. Whilst those movements were taking place wasting airy, the (1 (lissat- tlicy had ininishcd ■niit him P his best i3s ahnost treated a had the r position jh detach } chosen, 11, a deep paired of robability iVoiu the ibly, that ir a camp, vould not ucceeded ile had abiding irniy in ble. llo appeared Ixjieriinco n'oei-HHled Scottish li'onoealed laiiu'uvro shaiiK'rul iH' (>r the ion ; and Ills van- ico of the |i pcrf^oii, ling pluco BATTLES OF THE WORLD. 139 the Scottish King remained unaccountably passive. His veteran officers remonstrated. Thej showed him, that if he advanced against Surrey, when the enemy were defiling over the bridge with their vanguard separated from tlie rear, there was every chance of destroying them in detail, and gaining an easy victory. The Earl of Angus, whose ago and experience gave great weight to his advice, implored him either to assault the English, or to change his position by a retreat, ere it was too late; but his prudent counsel was only received by a cruel taunt. " Angus," said the King, " if you are afraid, you may go home ;" a reproach which the spirit of the old Baron could not brook. " My age," said he, "renders my body of no service, and my counsel is despised ; but I leave my two sons and the vassals of Douglas in the field ; may the result be glorious, and Angus's foreboding unfounded !" The army of Surrey was still marching across the bridge, when Borth- wick, the master of the artillery, fell on his knees before the King, and solicited permission to bring his guns to bear upon the columns, which might then be done with the most destructive effect ; but James com- manded iiim to desist on peril of liis head, declaring that he would meet his antagonist on equal terms in a plain iield, and scorned to avail him- self of such an advantage. The counsel of Iluntly was e((ually ineffec- tual ; the remonstrance of Lord Lindsay of the Byres was received by James with such vehement indignation, that he threatened on his return to hang him up at his own gate. Time ran on amidst these useless altercations, and the opportunity was soon irrecoverable. The last divi- sions of Surrey's ibrce had disentangled themselves from the narrow brii'ge ; the rear had passed the ford ; and the Earl, marshalling his amy with the leisure his enemy allowed him, placed his entire line bctwejn dames and his own cou'.itry. lie was thus enabled, by an easy av.d gradual ascent, which led to Flodden, to march upon the rear of the enemy; and without losing iii. advantage for a n)oment, ho advanced against them in full array, his army being divided into two battles, and caeli battle having two wings. On becoming aware of this, the King set lire to the temporary huts and booths of his encampment, and descended the hill, with the object of occupying the eminence on which the village of Brankston is built, liis army was divided into flvo battles, some of Avhieh had assumed the form of K(|Uares, nonie of wedges; and all were drawn \\\\ in lino, about a how-sliot distant from each other. Their march waseonilucted in eonipleto silence ; and the clouds of smoke whieh arose from the burning camp, being driven iu f' face of tho enemy, mutually I' ''i' III i IP 140 CYCLOPiEDIA OP THE concealed the armies ; so that when the breeze freshened, and tlie misty curtain was withdrawn^ the two hosts discovered that they were within a quarter of a mile of each other. The arrangement of both armies was gimple. The van of the English, which consisted of 10,000 men, divided into a centre and two wings, was led by Lord Thomas Howard ; the riglit "wing being intrusted to his brother, Sir Edmund, and the left to Sir Marmaduke Constable. In the main centre of his host Surrey him- self commanded ; the charge of the rear was given to Sir Edward Stanley ; and a strong body of horse, under Lord Dacre, formed a reserve. Upon the part of the Scots, tlic Earls of Home and Huntly led the advance ; the King, the centre; and the Earls of Lennox and Argyle, the rear; near whicli was the reserve, consisting of the flower of the Lothians, com- manded by the Earl of Bothwcll. 1 he battle commenced at four in the afternoon, by a furious charge of Huntly and Home upon the portion of the English advance under Sir Edmund Howard ; which, after some resistance, was thrown into confusion, and totally routed. Howard's banper was beaten down; and he himself escaped with difficulty. Lrrd Thomas Howard, dreading the conscn on either side; and the combatants were disputing every inch of ground, when Stanley, without losing his time in pursuit of the Highlanders, drew back his division and impetuously charged the rear of the Scottish centre. It was now lato in the evening, and this movement was decisive. Pressed on the flunk by Dacre and the Admiral — opposed in front by Surri'y, and now attacked ill the rear by Stanley, the King's battle fought with fearful odds against it; but James continued by his voice and his gestures to animate his soldiers, till ho fell pierced witli an arrow, and mortally wounded in the head by a bill, within a few paces of the English Earl, his antagonist. The death of their sovereign seemed only to animate the fury of the Scottish Nobles, who threw themselves into a circle round the body, and defended it till darkness separated the combatants. At this time Surrey was uncertain of the result of the battle; the remains of the enemy's centre still held tlie field ; Home with his borderers hovered on the left; and the commander allowed neither pursuit nor plunder, but kept a strict watch 142 CYCLOPvEDTA OF THE I I during the night When the morning broke, the Scottish artillery were seen standing deserted on tlie side of the hill, their defenders had dis- appeared ; and the Earl ordered thanks to be given for a victory which was no longer doubtful. The loss of the Scots, in this fatal battle, amounted to about 10,000 men. Of these a great proportion were of high rank ; the remainder being composed of the gentry, the farmers and landed yeomanry, who disdained to fly when their sovereign and his nobles lay stretched in heaps around them. Among the slain were thirteen Earls — the King's natural son, the Archbishop of St. Andrews— the Bishops of Caithness and the Isles — the Abbots of Inchaffray and Kilwinning — and the Dean of Glasgow ; besides fifteen Lords and chiefs of clans. The body of James was found on the morrow amongst the thickest of the slain, and recognised by Lord Dacre, although nmch disfigured by wounds. It was carried to Berwick, and ultimately interred at Richmond." FONTAINBLEAU, PEACE OF.— Concluded between France and Denmark, in 1G70. Treaty of ditto between the Emperor of Germany and Holland, signed November 8th, 1785. Second Treaty of ditto, between Napoleon and the Royal Family of Spain, October 27th, 1807. Concordat of ditto, between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII, January 25th, 1813. Entered by the Anstrians, February 17th, 1814. Napoleon here resigned his imperial dignity, and bade farewell to his army, April 5th, 1814. FONTENOY.— Fought, April 30th, 1745,- according to others. May 11th, 1745 — between the French, commanded by Count Saxe, and the English, Hanoverians, Dutch, aud Austrian?, commanded by the Duke of Cumberland " The French entered upon the war with great alacrity. They besieged Fribourg, and in the beginning of the succeed- iiig campaign invested the strong city of Tourney. Althougli t le Allies were inferior in number, and although commanded by the L;<'.c of Cum- berland, yet, they resolved, if post^ible, to save the city by hazarding a battle. They accordingly marched against the en .my, and to^^'. post in sight of the French, who were encamped on an e ninenee, the village of St. Autoin.o on the right, a wood on the loft, and the town of Fontenoy before them. This advantageous situation did not repress the ardour of the Englifih, who began the altack at two o'clock in the morning, and pressing forward, bore down all opposition. Thoy were for nearly an hour victorious, aud confident of success, while Haxe, a soldier of fortune, BATTLES OF THE WORLD. 143 •tillcry were rs had dis- ctory wliich jout 10,000 remainder nanry, who led in lioaps ig's natural ess and the le Dean of ly of James recognised s carried to France and F Germany y of ditto, 7th, 1807. uary 25th, Napoleon my, April others, iaxe, and by the ith great succeed- H' Allies of Gurn- ard ill g a post in /ill ago of ''ontoiioy rdour of ing, and early an fortune, who commanded the French array, was at that time sick of the same dis- order of which he afterwards died. However, he was carried about to all the posts in a litter, and assured his attendants that, notwithstanding all unfavourable appearances, the day was his own. A column of the English, without any command, but by mere mechanical courage, had advanced upon the enemy's lines, which, opening, formed an avenue on each side to receive them. It was then that the French artillery on the three sides began to play on this forlorn body, which, though they con- tinued for a long time unshaken, were obliged at last to retreat. This was one of the most bloody battles that had been fought in this age ; the Allies left on the field 12,000 men, and the French bought their victory with nearly an equal number of slain." FORT DU QUESNE.— £A«i-ixmed supreme command of the French armies in Italy, in 1629. GENOA.— Bdtiibarded by the French, in 168-t, and by the British, in 1688 ;i' 1 1745. Taken by the Imperialists, December 8th, 1746. Sustaineil a siege from the British fleet and Austrian army, when it capituiatt^d. May, 1800. Surrendered to the French, after the battle of Marengo, Next surrendered to the combined English and Sicilian armies, April Sth, 1814, but was transferred to the Kingdom of Sardinia, in 1826. The city seized by insurgents, who, after a murderous struggle, drove out the garrison, and proclaimed a Republic, April, 1850, but in the end the insurgents surrendered to General Marmora. GERMANIC CONFEDERATION.— When Napoleon determined that the German or Holy Roman Empir ' should no longer exisit. but that a Confederation of States slumld bo in its stead, the proposal was adopted by the Allied Sovereigns, in 1815, which has continued ever since. GETTYSBURG.— f7"/^i•to?^^»^.s._This battle was fought between the Confederates of the Southern States, and the Northern army. General Lee was defeated by the United States' troops. This battle imme- diately followed the surrender of Mcksburg to General Grant. Fought on the 4th July, 1863. K 1 ■1 « I t ■ m .1 ft 146 OYCLOPiEDrA OF THE GHENT.— Taken by tlic Duke of iMarlborough, in 1706. Several times taken and retaken during the Napoleon wars. The peace of Ghent, between Great Britain and America, signed here, December 24th, 1814. GHIZNEE, BATTLE OF.— The British, under Sir John Kcane, attacked this place, and Jiaving blown up the gates, forced their way into tho city, and succeeded in fixing the British colors on the towers, July 2;)rd,lS;59. Ghiznee capitulated to the Aftghans, March 1st, 1842. The following account gives the items of General Nott's enteriiig it, Septem- ber 7th,' 1842 : " Ghiznee is situated on thobaso of a hill, which supports its rear or main jtost, and onniniands a most extensive plain, and it is in the midst of a rich, fertile country ; it has ever held the most noble rank as a e;ipit:d, and is cainiblo of being rendered one of the most important forti- fications in the Eastern nations; its adjacent hills arc great, and border on Dera and Bameean ; it covers the routes of the latter, as well us Loghar and Cabiml ; near the low hills which cmnmand the city, arc f'lveral ecineteries, and ancient buildings ; at a short distance is llozah, in which stands the great sepulchre, and shrine of JMahmood, the once famed Emperor ol' Ghiznee ; andof wliom " Dow" speaks so much in his History of Hindustan. The fortress in itself is of great importance; the town iswidlcd round, and contains .*ieveral thousand houses; the former principally of slime, and the latter of mud. It is surrounded by a deep trench : the main entrance, being llie one blown up by Sir Jolin Keane, is in ruins, and another was made to the right. In the centre of the town stands the citadel, wiiicli liad three tiers ; the lower one had been mueii improved since w(! po,>isessed it, ami a parade gmnnd, or large siiuarc, had been formed, as a imrk fur the ordnance. A river ran close by, which afforded uood water, and rendered it almost complete. All remained (|uiet, (ill within a short distance from them, furtuiiately for us, as it enabled us to get up our baggage, and cattle; close to the rear of the column^ the road wuh very diflicult, being over extensive fields of long grass, and tiie ditehes very numerous and wide, in crossing which tlio cattle were eoiitinn!illy iMling, which greatly delayed us. (leneral Nott directed the Liuht Hattalion to proceed with the(^inirter Master General, to take up an ineanipment opposite to Ghiiinee, at a place some two and a half miles from the fortress, known as Sir John Keano's garden. I accompanied this body, and as we proceoued, wo discovered the enemy in the citatiel, BATTLES OF THE WORLD. 147 roral times of Ghent, 1th, 18U. in Kcano, r way into wcrs, July 1842. The .t, Soptcni- its roar or , the midst rank as a rtant ibrti- mtl hortlor as well us city, arc 1 is llozah, , the once uch in his cd roiuiil, of stone, the main urns, and stands the inijmivod lad hi'on I alVonk'd ijuii't, till •Malilt'd ns ■ column^ ;rass, and Ml tie were reetcd the III take up hiiir miles .'luniianied 10 citadel, and a groat number outside, preparing to advance. The Quarter Master General ordered a portion of his force to man a small hill, which commanded their approach, and left it in charge of Captain Adamson, of the 40th. The General dispatched, in another direction, the IGth Native Infantry, under Colonel McLaren, who were met by the enemy, and a smart action took place ; fortunately, however, after having rallied for some time, the corps managed to get under cover, in a walled garden, about a mile from the fort, and kept them off in fine stylo ; the Colonel, finding the oiieniy so numerous, feared a serious result, as the chances were, the (Jcneral could not send him a rc-inforcenient before the whole of his ammunition would be expended, and a soldier without ammu- nition is not in the most enviable situation. The Quarter jMastor General's party was attacked, but effected a complete mastery over them, and drove them back. The General, perceiving the situation dl'MeFiaren, dispatched the Mrd Regiment Light Cavalry, and two of Amlerson's guns, who got up just in time to save them, as they were getting short of shot; at length came up the General with the main body ; the cavalry made a grand eliargo after those outside the town, and we lost a great numlier of our men, but notbel'oro leaving a greater number of the enemy lying on the field ; during all this time those in possession of the citadel wore not idle, but mado some excellent play with their guns IVom the 8(iuai'e I named, as being situated on the lower part of the citadel ; but fortunately H us their knowledge of the art of gunnery was sd shallow that they did little or no damage with their guns. One of the hills men- tioned as adjacent to the fortress, was called Balloon Hill, i'rom its peculiar form, and difficulty of ascent; this hill was literally crowded with rebels, and their colours were planted in every tlireelidn ; they now began to emerge I'rom the uates in great nunibtjrs, ami linding, after the charge of the cavalry, that lliey had no chance (il'overpdwering the frnni, Shooms-ood-l)ien uispatehed a large force round, to attack the rear of our columns. The General had, however, taken the necessary precaution, and ri'inl'oiced the rear guard lo 200(1 men, with six guns, including iho heavy battery. I'erceiviiig the objict the enemy had in view, he let lly a volley of grapo to meet them, which had the dcsirctl ilVcel. and left numbers of them dead on the ground, and the rest immediately mado oil"; the next thing to bo done was to get possession of liallnon Hill. This hill was so situated that it commanded all around it, and iiuiic par- ticiilarly the sipiare in the citadel, as it immediately covcri'd it. The (Jbiieral directed tlio 4Uth auJ iC'lh to proceed at ouco and take the hill. 148 OYOLOPiEDIA OF THE i:: 1| S ! The order was in itself easily given ; my readers may imagine the position. The guns from the citadel were in full play, the hill was in possession of, and covered by several hundreds of the enemy, both horse and foot ; the ascont was considerable, and wo were nearly two miles from it. However, it is not for Britons to look at difficulties in such a moment, for had we done so we should never have accomplished it; we set forward, and those in the fortress seeing our advance, opened a heavy lire upon us, whicli. Providence bo thanked, showed us that they could not hit their mark, anil we reached the foot of the hill with little loss. Those in posses- sion leapt for joy, at the apparent opportunity of cutting us oft". We conunenced the ascent, throwing out skirmishers in every direction ; our fire was kept up steadily as on a parade, and every ball seemed to find its desired billet ; numbers fell, of course, but not near so many as we had been anticipating. We were obliged to halt halfway to gain breath, and necessitated to keep up a heavy fire ; we again advanced, and the enemy began to show syinptons of retiring, which greatly oneouraged us, and we made a desperate I'll'ort, and sent a volley into them, chargod, and ttt lengtii they retired; we followed, and at last gained the summit. They rushed down the other side, and made off in the direction of (Jandahar, where they were me£ by a brigade sent round by the General for that purpose. Having gained possession of the hill, those in the citadel began to pour tlie fire of artillery into us, but as usual without suecfss, and in order to get out of sight we were ordered to lie down, that tli(>y might imagine wo had evacuated our position; as wo lay there, ihii balls wore fast whistling over us, anil the liiree under the eominand nl'llio Ciemn'al was milking a clean sweep uf all tlinso nutsiile the walls, wliieli, after ho had vtlVcted, next repaired to the citadel. It was, however, foimd impraoti- oablo to storm the fortress that day ; first, because the Sappers ami Minors would not have filn^ to cDmplete their oporatiuns; and sirondly, in consiMpu-nce of the fatigni'il state el' the truiips. The lllth was to be left in charge of the hill, ami the lllth were ordered to return In the eneamp- ment; this order was, if anything, even worse than tho first, becauso all being comparatively 'piiet, wo should, mi retiring, bo tho only targets for (hem to lire at, and onr ntler ile-tnietiun seemed inevitable ; wi>, how- over, hail ti> obey, and as was expected, no sooner did we eomo under cover of their guns than they opened a severe fire from all their piecoH, but their llring wai always either too far, or too short; and thuH wo reftchedeamp in almost safety. 4 L.^ CTCLOPiEDIA OP THE 149 lagine tho possession ! and foot ; )S from it. a moment, ct forward, 10 upon us, )t hit their in posses- s off. We action ; our mod to find liiny as we jiiiu breath, hI, and tho (lurngod us, hiirjj;ed, and unit. They ' (Jimdaliar, ral I'or that 1 bo^an to ss, and in V niit^ht ■Mh worn It' Goneral , after ho iinjtraeti- ihI Miners iiiidly, in to be left V eneMni|>- (leause all t arrets for we, how- me under cir pieces, I thus wo •II Tho followers had been all employed in pitching the tents, and tho cooks (natives) had prepared our scanty meal ; the IGth were left in pos- session of the hill ; and the General ordered two guns, cither under Captain Blood or Anderson, to proeced to the top of the hill, and dislodge them in the citadel, which, after some difficulty, was effected, and most ably did they accomplish their duty; they soon put a stop to them, and by their superior arrnngemont and management of artillery, disabled nearly all their guns. We had scarcely got well seated in our tents when we were suddenly surprised by the whizzing of a ball over the camp, which lodged in the officer's mess tent of the -list; after that camo another and another, and they kept up a fine string of tliem, aiming most admirably. Wo soon discovered that they had a sixty-eight poun- der, which Ubforo had remained quiet. These shots coming so fast, and lodging just in our midst, doing con- siderable damage, although we were nearly two miles from it, compelled the General to shift camp a mile further off, and wo were at last out of the roach of the bull-dog ; they most certainly in this distance did put us to the route. This piece was called " Chuppa Jung," of Persian manu- facture, and as is usual in all tho forts of importance in Asia, was placed in the citadel; and a most powerful piece it was. Tho General now began to arrange his plans for storming and taking the fortress; the engineers were all busily emjiloyed in preparing for tho operation; and as the day began to draw to a close, orders were issued for the troops to be in readiness to move just before daylight on the morrow. The night at length came on, and lights were ordered to be extinguished at eight. P.M.; and at that hour all was darkness, and enveloped upwards of 20,000 souls. All was at length prepareil for the attack, ai\d about lialfan hour before tim day broke, the won! was passed from tent to tent, to form up. Kaeli rose In sadness, and many shook the h uid ■ f his eoinrado as for tho luRttlme; tho oattlo woro dispatched with ilie powder, to ensure tho explosion, and platforms hiid been carefully planted for tho heavy battery to eonimeiiee a breaeli. The troops were slowly and sil(>ntly advanced, and arraiigi'd ready to storm immediately after the gates were blown up; and daybreak was to bo the sigmil. At length the day dawned, and lo ! what Was our surprise when we saw floating on the highest tower tho Kngl'"!' colors. Tin? sight relieved each heart as though we had a fortune. The enemy h:id during the i>lght evacuated the citadel, having rocuived cerlaiu orders to tliut elleot from Cubool. Colonel McLaren, |l»H'i-.H»»l .,4.^:^. 150 cyclop;edia of the who had kept the hill, finding they had left it. took immediate possession, and pli'.ced " The Flag that braved a thousand years" on the highest point. Thus did Providence prevent the inevitable loss of .some hundreds of our I'orce, and never was a force more agreeably surprised than those at Ghiznoo, on the Gth of September, 1842." GIB It ALTAR. — A British fortress on the Straits of the same name. From tlio circumstance of its immense strength and impropiiability, other great I'liitressos have also received its name, as Quebec, whicli is called the Gibraltar of America. The height of the wall is 1437 feet. Taken by the S.'iracens, ' . 712. In 1402, the King of Castile took the fortress and town from the Moors ; and the English, under Sir George Brooke, the Prince of IT esse- Den mark, Sir John licake, and Admiral Byng, bravely won it, duly 24tli, 1704. It was surrendered, after a dreadl'ul cannonade, to the British by tlie Governor, the Mar(|uis do Sal-nos, and has ever since oontiniied one of the most brilliant gems in the coronet of England's Queen. Long may .she reign to wear it. The fnllowing are the dill'erent attacks which have been made upon it since the British took it. On the 11 til October, 17S(l(Ml barrels of gun- powder wen expended by the enemy, yi't in one single ui,L:ht were all thesi! immense batteries destroyed by red hut cannon balls, and their whole llnu of works aimihilated by a sortie of the garrison, commanded by (loneral Klliot, November 27tli, 17Hl. The loss of the enemy in this momorablu night alone, amounted to upwards of C2,Ot»ll,(IOO sterling. ^ BATTLES OF THE WORLD. 151 possession, ;lio highest ic hundreds than those snmo nauic. bility, other is Ciillcd the Taken by fortress and liroolve, the ^ng, bravely , cannonade, 1(1 has ever )i'Kiij;land's :lio dill'ercnt it. On the (^ Uriiisli, it 11,(100 whilst ! il in 1720^ ickod it but ic Kiij;lisli mianls and r Knropo. lirl'ore any lA'liniary, '(!iill(Miliad 'IV lirnnght von sail of iiivineiblo, Ill's, bduib- It Hi (Tally , wi'ie daily rols of i;un- iht were all llicir whole im:iii(l((l by ni_Y in this Ml sterling. The grand defeat by the garrison of only 700^ British, occurred September 13th, 1782. Since then the British have remained in peaceful posssession. GISORS, BATTLE OF.— 7?i France.— Thought between tho armies of France and England, in which the former were signally defeatt^d by Richard I, who commanding in person, ant' whose parole for the day was " Dieu ct Mon Droit," and from this it wis made the mottoe of the Royal Arms of England, A.D. 1103. GLENCOE, MASSACRE OF.— The McDonalds of (Ik'ncoc, were cruelly massacred, May 9th, 1G91, merely for not surrendering in time after King William's proclamation perpetrated by the Earl of Argyle's regiment. 38 men besides women and children perished. GOOJERAT, BATTLE OF.— /m/ia.— Fought February 21st, 1849. Lord Goiigh with 21,000 men and 100 guns attacked tho enemy, num- bering (>0,000 men, with 51) guns. The Sikh Chief was strongly posted between two river courses which protected his Hanks, and yet allowed him good maneouvring space to retire cither on thu east or west side of tho town of Goojcrat, wliieh allorded shelter and protection to hits rear. The battle began at 7 A. M. After a severe engagement of nine hours, at 4 l'..M. the enemy had been driven iVom every post and was in general retreat, which the ilcld artillery nnd cavalry converted into a rout and Hight. They wore pursued for 16 niilos, und next day another frcsii force took up the direct pursuit. Some of the guns and the whole oT tho anununition and cinip e(|uipage fell into the hands of tiie Uritish. The Chief, Siicro-Singh, escaped with only SOOO men out oi" (Jo.OOO. Tho loss on tho side of the British was lOU killed and 000 wounded. GOREE.— Taken by (he Kiiglish .Vdiniral Holmes, in Kill:! - ee.h^d (o France 1(;78. Again taken by tho British, 1758— 1779— ISOU— nnd 1804. GOUKY, RATTLE OF.— Fought June llh, 179^, between the King's troops und tho Irish rebels, in which, after a desperate lia((le, (he King's forccH wero routed with groat slaughter. Tlioy lost sovoral pieces of artillery, nnd retreated to Goroy nnd al'tcrwards to Arklow. GOROKT. — An ancient breastplate, It was of great size, and gavo riso to (he modern diiniiiulivo breastplate which was in cxistenco at tho Ilestoration. It is now disused. I i '■^'-rfw.rft'^ikiiliny M, uM Mt i 'i 152 CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE GRAMPIAN HILLS, BATTLE OB' THE.— This was a celebrated engagement between tbc Scots and Picts — the former under Galgacus, and the latter under Agricola. Fought A.D. 79. GRAND ALLIANCE.— Signed at Vienna between England and the States General — to which Spain and the Duke of Savoy afterwards acceded, iMay 12th, 1G89. GKANICUS, BATTLE OF.— Alexander the Great fought and won this battle against the Persians— B. o. 334. The Macedonian troops crossed the Granicus in the face of the Persian army, and totally defeated them. Alexander's army was only 30,000 foot and 5000 horse and the Persian 600,000 foot, and 00,000 horse. GRENADES.— A kind of bombshell invented in 1594. It is a small hollow globe or ball of iror,, two inches diameter, and filled with fine powder and sot on fire by n fusee at a touch-hole. T)io grcn-iuiers were those soldiers who were armed with a j'ouch of hand grenades — established in France in 1()G7 — and England in 1085. The latter word is applied now, according to Gay, to the tall soldiers — of which thoro is generally a com- pany in every regiment. (iROCHOW, BATTLE OV.~Xcnr Pmr,,x., Warsaw.— Vms\\i February 20th, 1831, between the Po1i;h and Russians. After a bloody battle, which continued all day and almost all the next, the Poles remained masters of tho field. The Russians retreated, having lost 70,000 men, and tho Poles, 2000. GUADALOUPE.— Taken by the English, in 1750, and restored 1763. Again taken in 1779, 1794, and 1810. At last, restored to Franco at tho peace of 1814. or All PS. — The custom of having guards was introduced by Saul, King of Israel, ii.c. 1093. Bodyguards instituted by Henry Vll, 14S5. Horse guards by Edward VI, 1550. The three regiments of the British service, tho Ist, 2nd and 3rd Foot Guards, were raised in KKiO, and tho eoinmand of them given to Colonel Hussell, General Monk, and Lord Liniitligow. The Second, or the Coldstrciini, was the first raised. The llorse (iicnadier Guards, first troop raised 1093, and second in 1702. GrNI'OU'DER.— Invented l)y a Monk of Cologne, 1320. It has entirely ri'volutidnized the art of war; consists of tlireo ingredients, vi«., oharooal, sulphur aud saltputro. ..^ X^: BATTLES OF THE WORLD. 153 IS a celebrated Galgacus, and England and oy afterwards ught and won donian troops , and totally d 5000 horse^ It is a small th fine powder rs \soi'o those estnblisbcd in i appliod now, lerally a com- nw. — Fought I'ter a bloody ales roniained 70,000 men, cstiircd 1763. to Franco at cod by Saul, y Vll, 14S5. the British IKIII, and the k, and Jiord aised. The in 1702. 20. it lias L'diotits, vii., H. HALID9N HILL, BATTLE OF.— Fought July 19th, 1333.— " The Scots were rash enough to attack the English as they held the top of a bold hill, at the foot of which lay a marsh. The English archers, posted on the face of the hill, shot down the Scots, almost at their leisure, while they struggled heavily through the spongy ground. Under the deadly arrow flight, the Scots dragged themselves through the bog, and attempted, all breathless and exhausted, to charge up the hill against the fresh troops of England. They were forced down with great slaughter. Many more were slain as they struggled back through the fatal bog. The bloody lesson, however, seems not to have been lost. Once and again King Edward made the savage apparition of war to pass through Scotland. But the Scots batlled him by following the wise policy of Brure. lie traversed a country completely deserted and laid waste, The inhabitants, with their cattle and all their property, had retired to th inaccessible fastnesses of the mountains. Every advanced column am' ;tach jd party of the English was assailed, stragglers cut off, and alarms kept up. Famine and disease did the work. Captain Hunger was more than a match for Captain Sword. Edward made nothing by his invasions, though ho marched through the country as fur north as Inverness. Ho was comnelled each time to fall back again on his own territory, with great loss of men from hardships and misery, and tlio harassing attacks of the Scots, who sallied out from every glen, forest, and mountain defile." HALVS, BATTLK OF.— This great battle was fought between the Lydians and Modey, on the banks of the river Halys. It was inter- rupted by an almost total eclipse of the sun. Fought, May 28th, n. c. 586. IIANAN, BATTLE OP.— Fought, October 29th, 1813, between a division of the combined armies of Austria and Bavaria, 30,000 strong, under General Wrodo and the French, 70,000 strong. Tlio latter wore on their retreat from Loipsic when eneounterodby the Allies, and sullered severely, although at the end of the battle the Austriuns had to rotiio. II.Vin.AW, BATTLK OK.-Fought, July 2-Uh, 1411, between the Earl ol Miir, whoeommandetl the Uoyal army, and DoiiaM, the Lord uf the Isles. Neitiior army gained tlio victory, it being a drawn battle. So miiuy nobility and gentry woro slain in this ongagoment that u Scottish !! ■ III 'i t 111 l[ .IS! I ll.l I Jil ! ! Hi 154 CYCLOP^riA OF THE historian declares, " more illustrious men fell in this one conflict alone than had fallen in forcijjn wars during many previous years." » HASTINGS, BATTLE OF.— Fought, October 14th, 106G. In the beginning of summer, William embarked his powerful army of 00,000 men on board a fleet of 300 sail; and, after some small opposition from the weather, landed at Pcvensey, on the coast of Sussex, tranquilly. " Harold, who seemed resolved to defend his right to the crown, and retain that sovereignty which he had received from the people, who only had a right to bestow it, was now returning, fluslied with conquest, from defeating the Norwegians, who had invaded the kingdom, with all the forces he had employed in that expedition, and all he could invite or col- lect in the country throuu;li which ho passed. Ilis army was composed of active and valiant troops, in high spirits, strongly attached to their king, and eager to engage. On the other hand, the army of William consisted of the flower of tho continent, and had long been inured to danger. The men of Britanny, Boulogne, Flander.s, Poictou, Maine, Orleans, France, and Ni)rmandy, were all voluntarily united under his command. England never before nor ever since, saw two such armies drawn up to dispute its irown. Tho day before the battle, William .sent an oft'er to Harold to decide tho quarrel between thcui by single combat, and thus to spare the blood of thou.sands : but Harold refused, and said he would leave it to the (Jod of armies to determine. Both armies, therefore, that night pitched in sight (if each other, expecting the daft'iiing of the day witli impatience. The English passed the night in songs and feasting j the 2s'ormaus in devotion and prayer. The next morning, at seven a.s soon as day appeared, both armies woro drawn up in array against each other. Harold appeared in the centre of hi.-i i'orces, leading on his army (in foot, that his men might be nidro encouraged, by seeing their king exposed to an cjjuaiity (if danger. William, fought (in hdrseback, leading on liis army, that nidvoil nt once, singing the s(.)ngH of lloland, one of the famous chiefs of llujir country. Tlie Normans began to fight with their cross-bovs, which, at first, galled and surprised the Kiiglish ; and, as tlieir ranks wcn^ closed, their arrows did great execution. But soon they eame to closer fight, and tho English with their bills hewed down their adversaries with great slaugiiter. Confusion was spreading among the ranks, wlien William, who found himself on the brink of (le.struelion, hastened with a select BATTLES OP THE WORLD. 155 ict alone than DGG. In the r 1)0,000 mea ion from the illy. c cro^vn, and )lo, who only iKjucst, from with all the invite or col- as conipoHi'd hed to their flower of the of Britanny, [ Normandy, icver before crown. )ld to decide I'o tlu' Mood t to the 'er. nioveil at l';^ of their S which, at Wi'vt: closed, 1 linht, and with L,'reat 11 William, ill n select i band to the relief of his forces. His presence restored the suspense of battle ; he was seen in every place, endeavouring to pierce the ranks of the enemy, and had three horses slain under him. At length, perceiving that the English continued impenetrable, he pretended to give ground, which, as he expected, drew the enemy from their ranks, and he was instantly ready to take advantage of their disorder. Upon a signal given the Normans immediately returned to the charge with greater fury than before, broke the English troops, and pursued them to a rising ground. It was in this extremity that Harold was seen flying from rank to rank, rallying and inspiring his troops with vigour ; and though he liad toiled all day, till near night-fall, in front of his Kentish men, yet ho still seemed unabated in force or courage, keeping his men to the post of honour. Once mure, therefore, the victory seemed to turn against the Nurnians, and they loll in great numbers, so that the flerceness and obstinacy of this memorable battle was often renewed by the courage of the leaders, whenever that of the soldiers began to slacken. Fortune at length deter- mined a victory that valour w:is unable to decide. Harold, making a I'nrious onsiit at the head of his troops against the Norman heavy armed inlantry, was shot into the brains by an arrow; and liis two valiant brotlurs, lighting by his side, shared the same fate. He fell with his sword in his hand, amidst heaps of slain." HAVRE-DE-ORACE.— Defended for the Huguenots by the English in ir)(12. Bomb.inled several tiihcs by the British Navy. Successfully attacked for three days from July Oth to 0th, 1759. Again bombardod in 1704 and 170') — and again by Sir llichard Strachan in 1798. Declared in a state of blockade 1803 ; and the attempts of the British to burn the shipping here signally failed, August 7th, 1804. IIEUAllA, BATTLE OF.— /» Amigon.— In this battle, Don Carlos of Spain, in his struggle for his hereditary right to the throne of that kingdom, encountered, at the head of rj, 1 II P li 160 CYCLOPAEDIA OP THE ground, contesting every step, and retreating up the hill towards the redoubt. Their smart firing, in reply to the tremendous volleys of the enemy's musketry, which were now poured into the handful of men, aroused the camp, and indicated the real nature of the enemy's plans. General Pennefather, who commanded the Second Division, in the absence of Sir De Lacy Evans (who was compelled by the debilitated state of his health to leave his active duties, and retire on board one of the ships in the harbor), immediately hastened to the scene ; and the men of his division, hastily shaking off their sleep, quickly responded to the alarm. In a few minutes nil was bustle and activity. Officers and men, alike liurricd forward, some half-dressed, all unbreakfasted, many suffering from sickness, and none free from the effects of jtrivation and over- toil. From the Second Division the intelligence of the attack was quickly car- ried to the camps of the First, Fourth and Light Divisions, and the Duke of Cambridge, Sir George Cathcart, and Sir George Brown, instantly put themselves at the heads of their men, and lost no time in marching to the scene of action. When the pickets were driven in, they retreated to the little two-gun battery, and fired through the embrasures at the masses of the enemy, now advancing in dense columns to the attack. The Russian batteries on the opposite hills opened a tremendous fire upon them, and tli" guns of the town and the ships in the harbor threw enormous volleys of shell and shot right into th'j camp of the Second Division, tearing up the ground, and destroying the tents, For a few moments the gallant fellows of the Slst held their ground, but no courage could long contend against such fearful odds. In spile of their fn'o^ much too feeble to stay tho advance of sueli massive columns, the Russians advanced at a rapiil pace up the hill, the few shots of the undaunted defenders of tho redoubt toll- ing latally in their ranks. Almost before tho English could reload, tho Russians were swarming around tho battery, and leaping over the embra- sure. iNIany were hurled baek again by the bayonets of the undaunted picket, who at length, borne down by ihe weiglit of tho attaok, were driven from the work, and retreiitod dt)wn the hill. The 41st and 41>lh now came into tho action, and forming into line, charged the udvaneing lv(jssi;ins, and drove them baek to the redoubt, Again was this little work the semie of a trenii'ndous eontest, The two regiments disehargiiig u brisk \olley from their niiiiio rlfies, levelled their biiyonets, and (l^ivin^ tho enemy pell-mell before them, hurled them out of tho buttery, and onoo more tho Knglish were masters ol" the position. Tho retreating Russians ^ BATTLES OF THE WORLD. 161 11 towards the volleys of the iidful of men, meray'a plans. in the absence ted state of his of tlie ships in he men of his i to the alarm. ;ind men, alike many suffering 1 and over-toil, as quickly car- , and the Duke own, instantly in marching to ) little two-gun i of the ononiy, lissinn batteries and til" p;uns volleys of shell earing up the ;allant follows intend aniiinst to stay the it a rapid pace 10 redoubt tuU- uld reload, the er the enibra- 10 undaunted attaok, were list and mh the advancing was this little ts dLseliargiiig s, and driving tcry, and ornio ting llus»iuuM were speedily met and reinforced by other columns of infantry, and then doubled in numbers, again advanced to the attack. The Ore, too, from their batteries, poured unceasing destruction into the thin ranks of the English regiments. Already the dead and dying were lying thick around, and many of the bravest and best among tiiem had fnlleii bonoath the intense lire of the enemy. The llussian masses literally surged up tlie hill, and hurled themselves once more iit the devoted little band. A fearful struggle followed. Hand to hand was the combat waged, the bayonet doing deadly havoc upon frieiid and foe. In vain the brave defenders of their post struggled against the une(|ual odds; in vain the officers heroically exposed themselves and encouraged tlieir men to the desperate encounter; aiid in vain the men themselves emulated their leaders' undaunted courage — the enemy, so immensely superior in num- bers, drove them, after a san luinary defence, from the work, and pursued them, di'sperately lighting iu their retreat, towards the camp of their division. The alarm had now spread throughout the entire camp, and even reached llalaklava, rousing the sleepers on board the ships in the harbour. The heavy booming of the cannon told how fierce was the contest. Sir De Lacy Mvans forgot his sickness, and leaving the bed to wiiieli for many days he had been conlined, insisted on being rowed ashore; and mounting a horse, which he was almost too weak to guide, starttid for tho held of battle. Lord iliiglan, with his staff, had by this time reached tlie spot, and at once suw tlui citical position ol'the .Vllics; and s;iw, too the blunder which the enemy had eominittcil. (ieneral Soimonoll', who shotdd, upon issuing from the ravine near Careening liay, have turned to the right and attacked tho centre of the Knglish line, weakened by the tremendous assault on the extreme left of the position, mistook the direc- tion and marched to the Icl't, thus reaching the ground ociMipicd by the Seeoml Division, and embarrassing (Icneral I'auloff's operations hy permit- ting tho concentration of the Knglish ftu'ces to repel his assault, instead of diverting their attention by nn attack at a compariitively remote jioint. For a (jcneral of Haglan's experience to take advantage of this hlumler was an easy task, lie iinnu'diatdy ni.idc such arrangements of the small means at his command as would enable him topri'scni twolVonts of ri'.sist- mice on tho threatened points, while preserving tin; solidity of his position, The lilMh and ITlli regiments now arrived to tho assistnnco of the giiUutit 'iLHli luid list, driven with such dreadful slaughter from tho two- 162 CYCLOPiEDIA OF THE ill i i < 1, I'l 1 ^1 I 4 ^1 tlM i ■ 1 1 il 1 1 i > gun battery. The brave Colonel Carpenter, of the 41 st, had fallen pierced with many bullets ; and the blood-thirsty llus,«ians, with that tiger-liko ferocity which has made the day of Inkcruiann so fearfully mcmorabk', mutilated the senseless form of the grey-headed old warrior, clubbing their nmskei.', and beating him on the face till it was almost impossible to distinguish his featiires. Covered with blood, frightfully mangled, and recognised only by his uniform, the colonel was at length, when the enemy retreated, found by his men, and borne, still breathing, from the field, to linger for a few diys in acute agonies, and then to breathe his last. Amidst a luirrioaneof bullets from the liussian troops, and exposed to a deadly storm of missiles from the enemies' batteries, the 20th and 47th fearlessly charged the opposing masses, and endea- voured to take the redoubt. Tiiey were successful in the attempt. The llussian lines trembled before their impetuous onset, The levelled bayonets, borne onwards by the resistless vigour of Englishmen, now maddened by the excitement of battle, cheered by their oflieers, and with the memory of Alma, swept down the hordes of irresolute Muscovites, and wilii a ringing cheer, the victorious Britons were once again in the earthwork. Tiicic, indeed, was a sight to rouse their hearis — if, indeed, furtlitr stimulant were needed — to deeds of vengeance. Not one of those who in the previous attacks hud fallen wounded was now alive. The remorseless Russians — assassins rather than soldiers — had bayonctted every one who showed ^igns of lifi-. The little- buttery was choked with heaps of dead. Knglislinnii and IJussians lay as they I'ell still' in their blood, and disfigured by tiie agonies of death. Not one was left to tell his victorious comrades, who leajjcd shouting into tiie redoubt, how bravely their companions in arms had disputed itn po,sseHsion, how dearly the enemy had purchased a temporary success, or bow basely tliiit sueccBB had been eons\'minateJ by the most brutal nairder of wounded and unarmed men. Hut the llus^ians were not disposi'd to sid)mit to the loss of this importnnl position wliieh they had made so many eft'ortsto retain. Frosh legions were lannelu'il against the two reginuMits who had been thus far sueeesslul ; and in irresi>til>le strength, still another attempt was mado to regain the post. Against such munbers it was impossilile to contend Huceessl'ully. The brave holders of the redoubt fought desperately, with thiit imyiilding pertinacity for which tho Hritish inliuitry, beyoi\d iiny soldiery in the world, is distinguislied. Hut the shot from tlie batteries on tlie hills beyond tlu> river swept through tin'ir lines ; on every hand brave fellows I'ell pierced with bullets, or numgled by exploding sltulls. BATTLES OF THE WORLD. 1G3 :1st, had fallen ians, with that lun so fearfully lied old warrior, 11 it was almost lood, frightfully :1 was at length, !, still breathing, ics, and then to I Russian troops, leniios' biittcrios, bses, and endoa- attempt. Tho t. The levelled Englishmen, now uflieers, and with )lule Muscovites, )nce again in tho caxts — if, indeed. Not one of those now alive. The -had hayonettcd was choked with I'ell stilVin their w was left to toll le redoubt, how ssion, hi)W dearly insely that huccohb )[' wounded and submit In the loss elViuts to retain, ivbohad been thus iitliMnpt was mado iii'^sible to contend t'sperately. with mtry, beyond tiny V.iin the batteries n ; on every band f oxpli'ding shells. i i The enemy was tenfold their number, and swept on like a torrent against their feeble del'ence. After a brief but most heroic struLr";le, the noble remnant of the gallant 20tli and -ITth yielded to a fjrce tiiey eould no longer withstand, and retreated to the main body, leaving the Rus.siaus for tho third time the mayters of the two-gun battery. The masters, it is true; but not the undisputed masters. A yet bloodier contest was to bo waged for its possession — a contest wliieh should make that small uniini.shed work, on which as yet no gun bad been mounted, renowned throughout Europe. By the time that the lioth and dls't had been driven back, as wc liave just recorded, tlii' Duke of Candjridge had reached the scene of action with the brigade of Cinards — those renowned soldiers who.se bayonets had carried the heights of Alm:i, and whose prowess was a theme of terroi in the Kussiun campR. No soldier who had shared in or witnes.scd that tremendous fight could forget the terrible onslauglit of those bear-skinned warriors, when the choicest troops of the Czar were trampled underfoot, or scattered like chaff before their irresistible charge. The Coldstreams, no lunger the magnilicent battalion which a few mouthn before Itift the shores of England, but reduced by the CMsualties of war and sickness to u few hundred badly fed and lui.serablyelotbed men, tbniigh retaining all the ancient courage, heightened, indeed, by the luirdsliips tlu'y bad endured and tlie memory of their former aehit^vements, — advanced in elo.se ranks, at a rapid pace and with fixed bayonets, against the living wall of the Russians, who held tin; crown of the hill. Though the enemy weri' ns ten to one, they yielded and broke before that matcliles> (in.sct. Se itter- ing the foe befiuv them, the valiant (Juardsmen swept like a hurricane into tho battery, and the defeated Russians were precipitated, a flying and disordered mass, down the hill. The ('oldstrenmshad well avenged their comrades' fall, but they had not yet gained an undisputed success. On came fresh battalions of tho Russians. The flying regiments were ming- led with, or Hougiit refuge behind the advancing legions. Again the dense muss struggled up tho liill, and again did it devolve up(m English valour to defend the post which iiad been »o dearly won, Not le.ss than t'lOtlll Uiissians advaiu'ed in a compaet mass towards the two g\in baltify. The defenders did luit muster more than as many hundreds. Nothing daunted, th<7 lirod through thoembrusurcH and from the brow of titehill Himirt volleys ; and when their unnnunition failed, as at letigtii it ilid, many Inirled stunes at the oni'iny. Ilut moment by moment tho advan- cing liost drew nearer mid nearer. Tho .sumniil of tho hill is ruuohud, .F;~Jl..-.„, I i I' [ fl ' 164 CYCLOP.EDIA OF THE they surround the fort, leap over the earthworks, and in an instant there is a hand to hand strugglo, such as, perhaps, was never excelled in mod', '• warfare. They arc repulsed — literally dashed down the hill. Twice 'p tlie assault renewed ; the second time they are again defeated ; th(j t\m\ time they r'-o once more in tlio battery. Bayonet crosses baj ■not in rapid thrusts, fearful shrieks of agony are mingled with the shouts and curses of infuriated men, the floor is cumbered with the fallen and slippery with blood ; the gallant Coldstreanis are alone and unaided, and every moment fresh foemen rush into the deadly nu'/tV. Hundreds fall before the fatal bayonets of the dauntless Guards — their places are supi>lied by hundreds more, fresh and unwounded. In front, on either side, they swarm around, ferocious and malignant. Back to back, the English heroes meet their tremendous charge. In all the Iiorrors e mass was liroken by tho impetuosity of tho attack, falling pierced l)y a dozen Imllets, with his last breath cheering on l.i,: men to the elnirgo. So fell Lieut, -Colonels .^lack. innon and Cowell; ho fell Sir Robert >' 'wnnui ; and so fell \nany imother brate soldier ami good man, The Duke of Cambridge, ailleied almost to tears by the sight of so many lying in tlfir blood, was ever\ wlieri' in tho tliielv nf the light, urging on his ini'n, and setting them an example of the most daring courage, Almost alone, he dashed info the /jk'/iV, amid a shower of bullets from tho Uussiun rifies. Oiico ho hud nearly fulleu u '%'0m' I "i fi n*' 166 OYCLOPJEDIA OF THE victii)! L) bis own enthusiasm and contempt, nf J anger. C-^i^picuous by his uiiiTorm and fine person, be presented ;■ p.-'ubinept mn:\ for the aim of the ambushed enemy. Reckless of (]ie dungjr, he disdr. ii' ! oven ordi- nary pi( cautious. In 'Ms eii.t>rgencj Di. W'l'.on 11x1"))^ r lend his profi'ssioial service- to ihe womulo'l, saw the peril of the l.'.ko, and col- lecting ii 'landful of lu^n, disper-.d the eu uiy's riflemen, and rescued the too I'lring leader. Not' sing could exceed the deadly nature of the com- bat. Tiie (.fuards fought as only men can Hght, when utterly desperate. There seeuicd but small prol.ibilit) that one oY thuc noble brigade would leave tlu ground unhurt. Tiio llussiau^, F*rong in their numbers, in.^pirited by intoxication and (Un.iiicism, imurcK lOir legions in vain a<.ainst the resistance of such anquoiicliabio heroism. Heaps of dead covered the ground, and the assassin Muscovites, unable to subdue the living, wreaked a miserable venge.uice on the fallen, bayonettiiig and madly disfiguring with their clubb. 1 muskets every prostrate antagonist. Wlion the battle was over, many a lirave fellow, who had fallen wounded, was found an unrecognisable mass of mangled flesh and blood. Rendered nearly mad by the sight of such de\i:iwept them from the field, and forced them for a brief space to pause in their career. It was but for au instant. Renewing their charge!, English and French once more dashed at the Hying foe, and at the bayonet's point, with fearful slaughter, drove them, a disorderly mob, down the hill-side. The moment iiad now oonie when ijoni llaglanoould effectively exhibit his geiieralshiji; for hours he had sat in his saddle, in a most exposed situation, uindjlo to control the flnctuating fortunes of the day. Ihidor his direction. General Strangways had opened a heavy Arc of artillery upon the Russian guns upon the opposite hills, with the hope of silencing their I'atid volleys. Tlii^' was all he had been enaliled to perform for the succour of tlio troops engaged. Many I'ell around him, but the brave old I 1 ■it BATTLES OF THE WORLD. 169 tliis time (li.-co- t a feint ; and >try of tlu! real f horse-iutillery nee they could D spot, with his he precipitated icval Canrohcrt, its of the Une to lish heroes were it, above the din troops, and per- oving at a rapid few moments, a lighty cheer was ere there to help ■ they retreated, charjit'd tlic foe siu'iiri.-rd l)y the 1 anil ,i;avi> way. Ii, with mingled hished into the many a Itus.sliiu Drushwooil, and, •atinir battalions. ,iarbour, and the 11 the Held, and t was but for nu nee more dashed 1 slau>,'liter, drove [H'cetively exhibit a most exposed lie day. rmler liro (if artillery hope ol' silencing I perform for the Intthobmvo old General refused to move from his exposed situation, anxious for the time to arrive when he might be enabled so to mantcuvre his forces as to drive back the enemy. General Strangways was within a short distance of the Commander-in-Chief, when a shot, which had actually passed betwion the legs of Lord Kaglart's horse, shattered his leg, and he fell to the ground. Ho was borne carefully to the rear, whrve, in a few moments, the gallant old man, who had survived the dangers of Leipzig, and a fearful wound at Waterloo, breathed his last; meeting his fate with a calm lieroisni that affected to tears many a brave man fresh from the honours of that sangui- nary field. The llussians had left on the field two 18-poundcr guns, and Lord liaglan now ordered them to be brought up to the front. Colonel Dickson had already anticipated the order, and the guns had been drai^ged by main strength to the litting position on a ridge front of the Second Division. Assisted by Captain D'Aguilar, a well-aimed fire was poured into the llussian batteries; the guns were overthrown, the gunners killed, and the fire ibr an instant (juelled; but the fertility of the enemy's resources did not fail them even now : fresh gunners supplied the places of those struck down by the English fire, and the deadly duel was resumed. Tlicn came the retreating infantry — a headlong mass, and the fiery Zduavi^s and reanimated British in hot pursuit. Tliree times were the artillerymen '^wept away from their guns; as many times their places were supplied. Then, under cover of fierce volleys from the town and shiiis, th(!y succeeded in carrying off their guns. The French batteries now advanced to the crown of the ridge, and opened fire on the retreating masses, flying pell-mell towards the heights. Hundreds fell beneath the deadly vollcy.s — the thunders of the deaMi-dealing artillery drowned alike the shrieks and groans of the wounded and the triuniphant shouts of the victors, and the battle of Inkermann was won I Aliont 8000 English and 0000 French had thus utterly defeated more than no.tKIO dl'the enemy, with the disadvantage of being taken by suriuise. The English were enfeebled by sickness, imperfeetly fed, and inade(iuately provided with necessary equipments and ammunition. The llussians were mostly fresh troops, prepared for the attack, and supported by the tremendous batteries of the town and ships. It is to the French un(|nes(iiinably that we were indebted for the victory: no human courage could nineh longer have withstood such disproportionate odds. Tho gallant l{os(|uet, by his promptitude and the dashing valour of his African soldiers, saved not only the fortunes of th. day, but the very existence of the English army. Our loss was 102 killed, including -lI) ofhcers, 11)52 -fT ! ;l """"'""■i"'"'';; ' m""'" TP-r'°"-*™i t' i 170 CTCLOP^DIA OF THE wounded, and 198 missing; giving a total of 2612 casualties. Three generals were killed — Cathcart, Goldic, and Strangways; anc three — Brown, Torrcns, and Bentinck — ^wcre Avounded. If we reckon that only about SOOO were engaged, these numbers show that nearly every third man was killed, wounded, or fell into the hands of the enemy. The Russians admit a loss of 2909 killed, of whom 42 were olEcers ; and 5791 wounded, including 206 officers ; giving a total loss of 8760. There can be no rational doubt that their real loss was nearly double, and the number of Russians killed or wounded was at the least equal to the entire English and French forces engaged in the battle. Our brigade of Guards alone lost twelve officers killed on the field, besides many wounded. Truly the daring courage of the English gentleman has not deteriorated in these latter days ! The chivalric valour which placed the officers in the very front of danger was nobly seconded by the unquenchable spirit of Oae men whom they led; tlicy were mostly fasting, when they hurried to the scene of conflict, and for ten long hou/s were engaged in one of the deadliest struggles the military lu:-torian has ever recorded. Some were sick, all wore gaunt md emaciated. It was 7\gin- court once more. The starved legions met and overthrew five times their number. Such was the bloody battle of Inkermann 1" IPSUS, BATTLE OF.— Fought n.c. 301. Between Seleucus and Antigonus, King of Asia. On the side of Antigonus was his son, whilst Ptolemy, Lysimachus and Cassander were ranged on the side of Seleucus. The army of Seleucus consisted of 70,000 foot, and 10,000 cavalry, with 7r» elephants. Theotherarmy amounted to 61,000 infantry, and 10,500 horse, witli 600 elephants and 120 chariots, Antigonus and his son were signally defeated. IRUN, BATTLE OF.— Between the British auxiliary legion, under General Evans, and the Carlist forces. It was fought, May 17th, 1837. On tiio lOtli, the legion marched from St. Sebastian to attack Trun, which, after a desperate resistance, they carried by assault. Great exertions wore made by tln' Britisii officers to save the lives of the prisoners from the fury of the -oldiers of the legion, their minds having been exasperated by the fre{|neMt masr^acre of such oi' their comrades as had from time to time fallen into the hands of the enemy. The town was pillaged. TSLE-AUX-NOIX.— Ai the Rlchcb'eti Ri'rrr, Lower Coinida.— Commands the entrauce to Luke Champlain. Fortified by the French, in BATTLES OF THE WORLD. 171 ualtios. Three s; anc three — reckon that only arly every third ic enemy. The ere officers; and ,1 loss of 8760. IS nearly double, the least equal to he battle. Our the Held, besides sh gentleman has lour which placed seconded by the ire mostly fasting, 1 long liou;s were liiistorian has ever id. It was Agin- :w five times their ecn Seleucus and lus was his son, ed on the side of foot, and 10,000 04,000 infantry, Antigonua and iary legion, under :May 17 th, 1S:J7. tiacklrun, which, reat exertions were viponers from the xn exasperated by Kid from tiuio to s pillaged. fjowcr Cannda. — by the French, iu 1759. Captured by the English, in 1760. Taken by the Americans, in 1775 (from which place they issued their proclamation to the Canadians). It rendered important service in the war of 1812-1814. ISLE OF FRANCE.— Taken, with six French frigates, and many Indiamen, by the British from the French, December 2nd, 1810. The British retain possession of it, and it is now a freed colony. ISMAEL, SIEGE 0¥.—Iii Bessarahin.— After a long siege by the Russians, who lost 20,000 men before the place, the town was taken by stern., December 22nd, 1790, when the Russian General, Suwarrow, the bloodiest and most merciless warrior of modern times, put the brave Turkish garrison, consisting of 30,000 men, to the sword — every man was butchered. Not satisfied with this vengeance, the General ordered the tiwn to be pillaged by his ferocious soldiery, and 6000 women were iiiurdered in cold blood. ISSUS, BATTLE OF.— Alexander the Great completely defeated Darius in this battle, fought u.c. 333. The Persian army, according to Justin, amounted to 400,000 foot and" 100,000 horse, of which 61,000 foot and 10,000 cavalry were left dead on the field, and 40,000 were taken prisoners. The Macedonians lost only 300 foot and 150 horse, according to Diodorus Siculus. J. JAFFA. — Celebrated in Scripture as Joppa. Taken by Napoleon, in February, 1799. The I'^rench driven out by the British, in June, the same year. Here, according to the account of Sir Robert Wilson, Napoleon massacred 3800 Arab prisoners of war ; but this 's reasonably doubted. JANVILLIERS, BATTLE OF.— Between the French and Pru3- sians, which, after a severe engagement, Blucher, who commanded the latter army, was driven back to Chalons with considerable loss. Fought) February 14th, 1814. J.VRNAC, HATTLE OF.— The Duke of Anjou, afterwards Henry III of France, defeated the Huguenots, under Louis, Prince of Conde, who was killed in cold blood by IMontesquieu. The victor was but seventeen years of age, and on account of his successes and his triumph at Moncontour, the Poles chose him for their king ; he had his arm in rm 172 CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE a sling, and a moment before the battle, his leg was broken by a kick from a liorse. Fought, March KJth, 1569. JAVA. — This island capitulated to the British, August 8th, 1811. The sultan dethroned by the English and the hereditary Prince raised to the throne, June, 1813. Restored to Holland, in 1814. m 'S'l i M JEMMAPPES, BATTLE OF.— This was one of the most obsti. Date and hard-fought battles in modern times ; 40,000 French troops forced 28,000 Austrians, who were entrenched in woods and mouTitains, defended by forty redoubts and an immense number of cannon. The revo- lutionary general Dumfniriez, was the victor in this battle, which lusted four days. According to the most authentic accounts, the loss on the Austrian side was 10,000 men killed, and that of the French 12,000. Fought, November 5th, 1792. JENNA, BATTLE OF— One of the most bloody battles fought in the Napoleon wars, between the French and Prussian armies ; the former commanded by Napoleon — the latter by the Prussian King. The latter was signally defeated with the loss of 30,000 slain, and 30,000 taken prisoners, and 200 field pieces taken. After this Napoleon advanced to Berlin, October 14th, 180G. JERUSALEM.— Taken by the Israelites B.C. 1048, and by Nebu- chadnezzar ]!.c. 587. Razed to the ground by Titus A.D. 70, after one of the most awful as well as remarkable sieges recorded in history and predicted by our Blessed Lord. More than 1,100,000 Jews perished on this occasion. Rebuilt by Adrian a.d. 130. Taken by the Persians in 014 ; by the Saracens in 030; and by the Crusaders in 1099, when 70,000 infidels were put to the sword. A new kingdom was then founded, and lasted eighty-eight years. Again taken from the Christians by Saladin, in 1187, and by the Turks in 1217. Lastly taken by Bonaparte, in February, 1799. i JUGURTIIA, THE WAR WITH.— A memorable war, of which the Roman historian, Sallust, has written an account, commenced n.c. Ill, and continued five years. Metellus was first sent against him, then '-^ Sylla and Marius — the latter of whom took him prisoner, and at last he ^ died in prison, at Rome. BATTLES OF THE WORLD. 173 3rokcn by a kick ugust 8th, 1811. y Prince raised to 4. )f the most obsti. 00 French troops (Is and mountains, sannon. The revo- attle, which lasted ts, the loss on the e French 12,000. y battles fought in n-mies; the ibrnicr [ King. The latter and aO,000 taken poleon advanced to K. KAFFIR "WAR. — There was an invasion of the Kaffirs, or Caffres, in the vicinity of Grahamstown, Cape of Good Hope, in October, 1831; The invaders fell upon tlie settlers, murdered them, burnt their houses, destroyed their crops, and carried ofi' their cattle ; this irruption was eventually suppressed by the colonial authorities. Other, but slighter annoyances to the colonists took place occasionally, up to December, 1850, when Sir Harry Smith, the then Governor, proclaimed martial law, and ordered the colonists to rise en mumfe for the defence of the frontier; the Kaffirs had previously defeated the British troops, and had committed many murderous forays on the villages. Then followed several disas- trous operations in the Water Kloof, and Colonel Fordyce and several officers and men of the 74th Regiment were killed, November Gth, 1847; Captain Oldham, and others, had just before this fallen into an ambuscade and been killed. The wreck of the Birkenhead with re-enforcements from England, took place February 2Gth, 1852. General Cathcart, at last, on the 20th December, 1852, attacked them with 2000 British troops at Berea, where they numbered GOOO cavalry. In this action Captain Tanner and 38 men were killed, and two other officers and 15 men wounded. The Kaffirs suffered severely, and at last were obliged to sue for peace. t 48, and by Ncbu- tus A.D. 70, after ecorded in history )00 .lews perished en by the Persians crs in 1099, when ingdom was then •oni the Christians Lastly taken by ible war, of which it, commenced u.c. against him, then >ncr, and at last he KALITSCH, BATTLE OF.— Fought, February 13th, 1813, between the Saxons, under the French Genm-al Regnier, and the Russians under Winzingerode. An obstinate engagement in which the French were defeated, with the loss of 2000 killed and some thousands taken prisoners. KALUA'GA, FORT.— //i the 7i'«s/ /«(?(Vs.— Unsuccessfully attacked by the East India Company's forces, and General Gillespie killed, Octo- ber olst, 1814. Again unsuccessfully attacked, November 25tli, fol- lowing, and evacuated by the Nepaulese on the 30th November, 1814. KAllS, THE BATTLE OF THE HEIGHTS OF.— "On the 29th September, 1855, about 3.30 a.ji., the Russians were seen advancing up the Sluirak valley in dense masses, but in what order could not then, on account of tlio darkness, bo ascertained. Our troops were in a moment under arms, and at their posts. General Kmcty, with one battalion of infantry and seven companies of chasseurs, was stationed in Sheshanegee w ^^iif.naixaMi„^ex^ufMam «lr .:. i I ■ '' i'-'i i J li 1 ' ?% I 174 CYCLOPiEDIA OF THE Tabia ; Mnjor Tcosdalc, with one battalion of infantry, in Yuksck Tabia ; and Hussein Pacha, with tlio Arabistan Corps, in Tahmasb Tabia, where he was soon joined by Kerini Pacha, the second in command of tlie army. Baslii-bazouks were also dispersed tluouuliout the difterent works, and the Laz held a small work called Yareni Ai Tabia, in front of Yuksek Tabia. General Kniety was the first to open lire with round-sliot on the advancing battalions of the enemy; he was inmiediately answered by two guns ]iiaced in position on a height forming the north-west boundary of tl'i SJKirak valley. In a vew minutes the whole visible force of the Russians eha.;^ed up the hill with loud cries; they were received with a terrific fire of grape and musketry, which mowed down whole ranks at every volley, General Kmety's position was attacked by eight battalions of the enemy; they advanced very gallantly t(i within five paces of the work, when so heavy a lire was opened on (he head of the colunni tliat the whole corps wavered, halted, then turned, and fied down the hill in the greatest confusion, leaving 850 dead. Tliey did not renew the attack there. 'I'alimasb Tabia Itore the brunt of the battle; about 1(1 battalions, with many guns, were lirought up against it , but il> garrison was undaunted, and I'or a long time the Kussians could not eve!" get possession ol' the breast-work forming the lel't wing of tliat battery ; \-nt, at lengtii, iin overwheliuing force obligcil (lie Turks to retiri' witliin tlio redoulit. A scene ol' carnage now ens-ned perfectly terrible to behold. As llie Rus- sians came over the brow of the hill within the Itreastwork, to take the battery in rear, Tchim and Tek Tabias and Foit Lake opened on iheni with 21-pound shot, wliieh tore tliruugr tiieir ranks, but they did not seem to heed this. Tluy eliariied Talir ;!,'^b Tidiia. wbieh was one sheet of fire, over ami over again, and so resolute were their assaults tbat many of the Russian olVicers were killed in ihe battery, but they could imt suc- ceed in carrying it. General Kmety,aft' r having repulsed (he RusHiatis, went forward with four eompaiues of ehasseiirs to Vnksek Tabia, wliieli was sorely pressed. Major Teesdide pointed out a battilion of Russian (I nsseurs whieli lay liidden behind Yarein Ai Tabia (this work having been abandoned by till" Laz at the conimeneenn'Ut of tb.e battle), and begged that thoy might lie dislodged. 'I'he (ieneral at ohi'c determined to carry tlu'Inttery; so, forming up Ids men, lie charged and drove (lie ItnssianM down (ii(>hill; leaving ii c(nnpany to defend (lie work, lie returned to Yuksek Tabia, from whence perceiving n battalion of the on»niiy trying to turn the right wing ?M BATTLES OP THE WORLD. 175 sok Tiibia ; abin, where f tlioavuiy. work^, luid of YuUsck -sliot oil the crod by two boundary of [orce of the civod with a ole ranks at it b:\ttaUons pacoN of the joUuim that u tlio hill in t renew the batliilioiis, isuiulauiited, >hion of the it lenglii, !ni rotioubt. A As tlu' UuH- t(i laki: the lu'd oi\ tlieni h(_v did not wiiH one >hcct ts that many mild not Mio- iurward with (iii'ly ]ir('ss('d. uiM wliii'li lay il,;indonod by ,.1 tli!it Ihoy jytlu'lnttery; down tbo hill; k TahiaJVoui lio right wing of Tahniasb Tabia, he reinforced his corps with three companies from Major Teesdale, and charged the Russians; here, too, he was successful. In tiio nioautinio reinforcements were sent up from below; these formed bcliind the tents of the reserve, and watched their opportunity in attack- ing the llussian columns, when driven back from an assault on the batteries. For seven hours this went on; reserve after reserve of the enemy was brought forward, but only to mc-ft death. Nothing could shake the tinnness of our troops, till at Icngtii the Russians, wearied and dispirited, at eleven A.M., turned and lied down the hills in a confused mass, not one single company keeping its ranks. The army was followed in its flight by the townspeo[)lo and IJaslii-hazouks, who brought down hundreds as they Ik'd. While tlie iniantry were engaged in this conflict, the Cossacks tried to penetrate into the Icnts of the re.'^erve, but they were soon driven back by the townsi)eople and infantry reserves with heavy loss. One battalion of Russian infantry attempted to march round the position, and take a small battery sitnatfd in a commanding position on the roail leading to a village called Tehakmak. It eomnicnerd its march in splendid order, hut ere it went Ot»0 yards it was broken and in great disorder, and so tcrrifled, that fifty or sixty of our chasseurs drovo the broken mass down the Tehakmak valley like a floek of slice]). The cause of the terror was the terrible lire opened upon it by Yuksek Tabia, the guns of Slieshanegee Tabia and Tort Lake. A column of eight battalions, witli 10 guns atid three regiments of cavalry, attacked the English lines at halfjiast live A.M. This line of fortilieation was at the time very weakly a:arrisoned ; the breastwork was carried in a few minutes, the batteries Tcesdale, Tiionijison, and /olnali, successively fell into the enemy's hands, and the men who formed their garrisons retired into Williams Pacha Tabia. The Itussiuns then brought up iheir artillery into po^ilion in front I'f /(dirai.i Tabia, and began tiring upon Kort Lake and shelling the town, but Fort hake (under the able sujierintendeiiee of the gallant oflieer whose name it bears), Aral) Tnbia, and Karadagh, ojiened so heavy a flro on them with' 24 pounders, that tlit^y were eom)H'lled to withdraw their artilloy altogether. The Hiissian infaiitiy then chaiged Williams I'ncha Tabia, but weri' repulsed by a flanking tin' iimn Fort hake and a severe lire of mn^k^ try from the defenders of the battery attacked. They retired into Zohrab Tabia, ro-formed, and again assaulted ; a I'ody of tliei- diasseurs was at the samo time sent forward to within BOd yards of Fort liake, to take a small open : '1 tp' i Ml *l mi 176 CYCf.0PiT31)IA OV THE work called Churehill Tabia, wliicli was cloinj;; the enemy witlinut the lines much harm. This was occupied by two companies of our chiisseurs: they turned to receive the attack of the enemy; and, after retiring a short distance halted, and kept the Eussians at bay. While this wasjioing ou, Captain 'rhonijison, who had charge of the batteries of Karadagh and Arab Tabia, sent over the r)tli regiment of infantry I'mm Arab 'I'alna to retake the English Tabius of Teesdalo and Thompson, and i'mm below two battalions of the 2nd regiment came up to lecapture Ziihrab Tabia. The forces commenced the attack together IVdm each end uf the line, and drove the iUissians out of the Ibrts and breastwurks at the iioint of the em. bayonet. Once out of the lines, they did not attcmjit to retake tli Unfortunately the enemy had time, while in possession of the batteries, to take awtiy live guns, and to spike three, but they abandoned tiiree of tlie captured guns at a .short distance from the redoubts, .<(t that wc only lost two. As the enemy retreated our long guns iigain played on their columns, and they retired as speedily as po.s.Hiblc. iSomc cavalry attempted to I'UU'agc^ tlie battery above tlie vill lU'c of Tchakmak, but again the (crribleguns of Fort Lake drove them oil', ily lO.;iU A.M. the I'lnglish Tabias were silent. Such WIS the dreadful battle of '' The Heights of Kar.^." This is but a very lame account of the glorious fight. I havo not the time to enter into greater details, but it will give an idea of what our men did and had t ocnduri luri le forces of the enemy e.xcciM led:{(l,()0(», wl iile ours, en ;e(, we re below S(HK». Not oi le OI OI ir men had tasted aiiylliiiig since tho previous aftermion ; hungry and thirsty, they remained undaunted, and ro})nl,M'd column after cobiinn of (he llu^sians; at last their lieroiMu was rewarded with perhaps the most brilliant victory that lias been gained im this war, duri The Held of battle wns u niglil Ion horrible ever to be forgotten by mo; the (lead lay in vast heaps in every dircctinn around the I'orls the ditches wore full of mutilated bodies — the touts wero torn to nigs — arms, elol lies, broken ammiiiiilioii-lio.xcs lay strewed al'Oiit. I'|)warils oflilllill Uus.sians fell, and more than -ItliM) niii.-ner of Omer I'acha's diversion, ^fhiiuld the Muehir i'ven beat the militia which now guarded the iiorlheni gorges of Georgia, ho felt sure that it would all come to tlio Hiiuio result, Tile souMoii, the flood.s, scarcity, would compil the victor to retreat ; much nn're would wiieh beenute bis necessity if. in tlie interim, he, G.'ieral MnuvaviefV. sliMiild 'ueeeed in reducing Kars, and, while thus liberaliiig his own army i'H an eiicnuiiter willi tlu' Ollonian, slmuld iuli the latter of the chief motive which proinptid ibis \ciitiirouH advance by depriving it til' its character nn a iHrd'xliiii. Indeed, in such u contingency, the further Oinor might have pciKtratcd, the worxe, iKihaps, wmild l»e his situiition ; cince General MouravitiV, by not retuiiiing directly tuwardu Titiis (which would lie rather better able than Wars had been to stand u Hiege in it« turn and to bold any assailant in play ), Imt by moving dlaumially, nmlh-easl by nurth, along the excellent Russimi line from Alcxandrnpol to Akha/ik, would biniselt' take Omer I'aclia in Hank and rear, shatlir his lim of communication, overwhelm hiw detached suppoilB, audi cut liiui uli fium the suu. I resource, iis, which u hundred elf of this first strong Gori, into lis over the :h his coiu- lar line, ho 18 nnd posts beyond and my of (Jeue. ; Kurs. In cd troops of too Into to mid at least Inture (iporu- canipaign of 1 the m\o of thi^ !-idt' "f i\i'. Hut it 1 iiil'unned of hiir, or in the ii'n diversion, the uorthirn Hanie result, trciit ; much uis lil.er;iling 1, tlif liilter l,y dipriviuK itinnenoy, the wuuld he his Tctly t-'WiUds ,11 to h'taiid a lit hy moving all line f>'om in tliink and 'hed suppoitK, BATTLES OF THE WORLD. 179 For these reasons, General Mouravieff tranquilly nnd steadily persisted in the bloekado of Kars ; and never for a mome it showed any inclination to turn aside to face the Turkish inviider. A month and seven days had now elapsed since the assault on Kars was repulsed so gloriously, when Onier I'aelia at length brought his labouring cdUiinns throngli the miry woodlands as far as the Ingour. There he saw, for the lirst time, a regular stand prt'pared by the enemy, about 12,U0O stmiig, intreneiied on the opposite bank, and commanding the passage by batteries. Tlioy were ehieily the llussian militia of Georgia and were und(4>' the command of General JJragatiou-Makniusky. The Turks had some 2t),0()0 men. The stream was barely I'ordable in half-a-dozen places, by whieh the enemy's intrenchments conld bo turned. The Tnrks passed it, up to their armpits in water, holding thoir muskets aloft; our countrymen — Colonel Mallard, (^iptain Dynisek, and otliers — showing a splendid exampKi worthy of Kiiglish ollieers. The engagement lasted live hours, wlieii tlie llussians iled, leaving behind them GO prisoners, live gun- carriages and ammunition carts, und 100 killed. They appear to have carried otV their wounded. Omer I'aclia hud 220 wounded and OS killed. I'res.sing on the track of tiie fugitives he eannt up with them hellire the end ("f November, within ,»ight of Kutais, and obtained another advantage, liut the floods had come; the I'hasis iiad assumed the dimensiona of a torrent ; great forest trees were swept down the stream as if they were reeds— now engulfed out of sight in the eddies, now reappearing on tlu> nnrface lor a moment as tiiey were borne away; the load.s were inipii.-'sable to artillery, and almost to infantry; (he whole country was transformed into an alternalion of mm'a^s and lagoon ; a day's march was the work ol" a week ; the troops wore broken up and islnuded, as it were, into helpless detaehmrnt.i , the eommissariat eonld nral Kmety and some lew attendants iiad tried a diil'erent expedient — they stole out and cut their way through the leaguer on the only serviceable horses left, .Mouravielflistened with attention to General Williams, who threateiunl, if his various sti|iiilatiuns were not granted, to burst every gun and deslniy every military trophy still extent in Kars. Tlie Uussian cliief replied with ciiivalrous warmth and visible emotion as he looked at tho emaeiated hero, that all was granted, and that he was prnud as an enemy to testily that (Jeiieral Williams and those under him h.nl immortalised tluMnselves. Nothing, in short, could snrpa.-s tiie iiol)ility of sentiment dis])layed (both then and in tho su))se(pu'nt treatment of tho prisoners) by Prince Mouravielf and the llussiini army.'' KKICrClI, — An expedition luidertaken against liiis ]ilaee during the late Ku'edition ,1 (liu Frinch nnind liVonH M d numbered ended thai a that the fleetB would have diflBculty in forcing the straits into the Sea of Azov, if they were exposed to the fire of the powerful batteries of Kertch and Yenikale. In order, then, that the town might bo attacked from the land side, Sir George Brown landed his force at Kamiesch Bonrnu, a few miles to the south (if Korteh. and advanced overland. The enemy, however, had no intention of risking a contest, and evacuated the town, destroying the magazines, and blowing up the fortifications. When the troops entered Kertch, they found it deserted by nearly all the inhabitants ; and the ships ill the straits hurredly endeavouring to escape into the Sea of Azov. In this attempt tliey were frustrated by the activity of the allied fleets; and the Admirals, finding the depth of water more than they had anticipated, started in full pursuit, capturing iuid burnin^f every vessel they could approach. W'liikale was, like Kertcli, deserted by its garrison ; and ill a few Iioius the Allies were in undisturbed and bloodless posses- sion of the two towns commanding the outlet of the Sea of Azov, and tile fleets were in full chase of the Russian navy in those waters." KIEL, TREATY OF,— Between Great Britain, Sweden and Den- mark, signed January llth, 1814. KILCUIiLEN, BATTLE OF.— Fought May 2:{rd, 1798. between a vast body oi" insurgent Irish and the British forces, commanded by General Duiulas. Tlio latter were defeated. General Duiidas, however, rtubse(|iieiilly beat the rebels near Kilcnllen bridge, when IJOOO were slain, and iuiii(li\!ds wounded and taken prisoners. KI liDAUE.— Tlie groat rebellion eoinineiicod here in May 2'b'd, 179ft. On that night liieuteiiant (JilVoril, ol" Dublin, and a, number of gentlemen were murdered, (fuelled in the (ollowiiig year. KlLiiALA.— A Freneh loreo landed here, AmiuHt 22iid. 179S, Tiiey were Joined by the Irisli insurgents, and the actions of Cast lobar, Colooneyaiid l{allyiiannack followed. At the battle of Killala the insur- gents wore defeated with great alauglitor, by tiie Royalist forces, Soptom- bor 'Ji:{rd, 179H. KlIiLfEOII.VNKIK, U.VfTLM OF.— Fouglit duly 17th, KISD, between the lorces ol" William 111 and the adhereutH of James II. '• (ieneral Maokay, Mk; ollicer sent against ("laverhouse, liad about .'UIUO foot and Home eonipanies of horse under his command. Hut tliey wore mostly all raw rocruits, and ontiro strangers tu tlio llighlaml way of ii 182 CyCLOPiEDIA OP THE fighting. At the licad of the wild and gloomy pass of Killiccrankie, Mackay found liinisolf in front of tlio rebels. He drew up his men, three deep, along the side of the narrow valley into which the pass opens. The Highlanders ocoun'"'' the hill on the north side of the valley. At this time, the bayo et .screwed into Hie muzzle of the musket, so that troops could not fir J with bayonets lixcd. fhe Highlanders, in dense nuissoa broke down from the hill. Firing their guns once, they dropped thein, and then with target on the left arm, and flashing broadsword th-^y rushed, wildly yelling, on the enemy. Mackay'h troops fired a volley, which did little harm to the loose array of their leaping, bounding foes, and before they could .«crow in their bayonets, the Higl)l,inder,s were among them. An ehipty musket without a bayonet could do little against the sweeping broadsword. A panic seized Mackay'sraw levies, and they broke and fled, pursued and cut down by the .savage Highlanders. Clavorhouse never kno. that he had won a victory. He fell at the beginning of the action, piovced by a musket ball which entered beneath his arm. When one in a pack of hungry wolves is killed, the rest turn upon liiin and cat him up. Oaverhnuse's own men, true to their savage instinct of plunder, stripped his body, and left it naked upon the field, where it was with difficulty distinguished from the other bodies of the fallen!" KOLTN, OR KOLLIN, BATTLE OF.— In this engagement the famous Austrian General J)aun, gained a celebrated victory over Fred- erick the Great of Prussia, June ^Hth, 1757. Next year he obliged the Prussians to raise the seige of Oluiutz and to retreat to Moravia. KONIAH, BATTLE OF.— Fought on the plains of Koniah,formc.-ly Jornium, between the army of the Sultan of Turkey ami the Pacha of Egypt, in which, after a most bloody action which continued all the day, the Turkish army was defeated, and the Grand Vizier himself wounded and taken prisoner, December 31st, 18.'{1J. KOWNO, BATTLE OF.— Fought l)et ween the French and Rus- sian armies, in which the French were defeated with gniat slaughter, and the loss of upwards of (idiK) prisoners, 21 pieces of cannon ; many thousands on both sides wore slnin. Fought, December 14th, 1812. KHASNOI, BATTLE OF.— Fought l)rtween the French under Davuust, and the Ilussiuu aruiy coiumundod by Kutu.solF. In tiiis liccvankie, men, three wns. The r. At this that troops !nse niassoa ppocl them, Isword they 3d a volley, amlin.ii; toes, aiulerd were little against ics, and they mdcrs. c fell at the erod beneath the rest turn ) tlu'ir savage \m\ the tield, bodies of the >n"cment the over Vrod- (ibligcd the I'avia. li'ihjfovrac.'ly the Pacha of ,1 all the day, usolf wounded u'h and Rus- n«at sbniu;hter, -;i\ii\(in ; many .ltb,lSl2. Vi-onch under msoir. I" tl>i8 BATTLES or THE WORLD. 183 bloody battle Davoust ^vas entirely overthrown, and his army dispersed, thousands uj.on tliousmids being left dead on the field, November IGth, 1812. KUNNERSDORF, BATTLE OF.— One of the most bloody battles on record, and fought between the Prussian and Russian armies. The King of Prussia, after a groat slaughter of the enemy for up',vards (pf six hours, had gained many advaijtages and had nearly lU'complished victory ; but too eager in pursuing the retreating enemy, the latter rallied, raid in the end the Prussians were defeated with the loss of 20,000 men and 200 pieces of cannon, August 12th, 1750. LACOLLE MILL, RATTLE OF.— Operations were commenced early in tlio spring of 1814. An American army, commanded by Gene- ral Wilkinson, and amounting to upwards of ;30()() men, entered Lower Canada on the western shore of Lake Champlaiu. They attacked and completely invested Lacolle Mill, which was defended by Major lland- oock, of the ll^th regiment, and about 180 men. TMiey were vigorously repulsed from this little fortress and driven back to the United States. LA IIOGUE, BATTLE OF.-netween the English and Dutch combined ileets under Admirals Russel and Rooke, and the French under Tourville. The Allies gained a complete victory, burning thirteen shij)s of the French, and destroying eight more, and foixjing the rest to fly, and so preventing the threatened invasion of England, 3Iay 19th, 1002. LA BOTIIIErvE. BATTLE OF.-Betwccn the French. conmianded by Napoleon, and the Prussian and Russian armies, wliieh were dei'eated after a desperate engiigenicnt witli the loss of some thousands slain, and 3000 prisoners and ,'{0 pieces of .innon, February 1st, 1814. This was about one of the last victories of Nap jlcon. TiA Vi<:Nl>EIO, WAR OF.— Many battles in this war wcro Ibught between the Froncli Roy.alists of La Vendee and the Republican armies in 1703-4. The war terminated .lanuary 10th, 1800. LAKKS CUAMPLALV, ElUE. AND ONTAIUO.— Thorns lakes wovo the scene of nuuiy ongagonionts between the English and American rl I I' 1)<4 CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE If } 'II colonists in the War of Independence, nnd -itso in the war of 1812-15, the chief of which was the capture of the JJritish fleet by the Americans after a severe action, September 11th, 1813. LAXDEN, BATTLE OF.— Between the Allies and French, in which William III of England commanded. Owing chiefly to the cowardice of the Dutch horse, this sanguinary engagement ended in the defeat of the Allies, July 19, 1(593. The Duke of Berwick, illegitimate sou of James II, who wa^i fighting on the side of France, was taken j ri- soner in this battle by Brigadier Churchhill, afterwards the great Duke of IMarlborough. LANCISIDE, BATTLE OF.— Fought, May. 13th, 1568, between the forces of Queen Mary of Scotland and the Regent. " Many pi)wer- ful Barons called their vassals to their banners, and hastened to support the Queen. In a few days her camp at Hamilton contained 0000 men. The Jiegent had with difliculty mustered 4000, but he determined to bring the Queen's army to battle at once. She broke up her camp at Hamilton, and marched towards Dumbarton. The village of Langside lay on her line of march, and her troops must puss through a narrow lane leading up the face of the hill on which the village stood. Moray posted his hag-butters, or matclilock-men, among the cottages, and lined with them the garden-hedges on both sides of the lane. The Queen took her station on an eminence half a mile distant, from which she had the battle full in sight. She saw her troops press up the hill, and endeavour to force the passage of the lane. She saw them reel under the close and deadly fire of the hagbut-men who lined tlie hedges. She saw them come on again stoutly, and meet the shock of Moray's spear- men. She saw the mass of combatants swaying to and fro in doubtful conflict. And then she saw her troops swept down the liill, broken and scattered, the K. 'gent's men fiercely pursuing and spearing the wretched fugitives.'' • LAON, BATTLE OY—fn iVaxce.— Between the Allies, chiefly tlic Pru.«.sian army, and the French. This battle or rather succession of actinus, V. as fought under the walls of the town, and ended, after a sanguinary and obstinate contest in the defeat of the latter with great lose, 3Iarch 9th. 1814. LAIUJS, BATTLE OF.— Foirght between the ancient inhabitants of Scotland and the Northmen. A bloody battle, fought 30th September, 7 BATTLES OP THE WORLD. 185 1812-15, \.uiericans ?rencli, in fly to the ided in the illegitimate I taken pri- jvcat Duke 58, between [any power- II to support I GOOO men. jtci'uuned to her camp at of Langside tgh a narrow )od. IMoray es, and lined The Queen liich she liad le hill, and m reel under ledges. She oray's spear- in dimbtt'ul J brciken and the wretched los, chiefly the Isucccssion of ided, after a lor with great lit iiihaliitants [h [September, 12G3. The following description is from the pen of an eminent Scottish modern writer : " It was about the middle of August when the fleet of Haco, which counted IGO ships, rounded the Mull of Cantyre and entered the Frith of Clyde. Time is everything in war. Haco should have landed imme- diately. Every day was brin :ing the storms of Autumn nearer, and every day was giving time to '' "■■ of Scotland to increase his forces. Haco was a veteran who hti ' ■•■• of Norway forty-six winters. Alexander was a young mai d fewer than half tlic years that Haco had reigned. Bu fairly outwitted the veteran. He. sent an embassy of barefooted liiur- on board of Haco's ship to pro- pose terms of peace. The barefooted envoys camo and went between the two kings, and the timp was spun out in neg(jciations till tlie weather began to break ; the fleet was running short of provisions, and the 8cots in formidable numbers were assembling on the sliore. " It was now the last day of September. At night there came on a storm 30 sudden and so wild that the Norwegians believed it to have been raised by tlic spells of the Scotch witches. The ships were torn from tlieir anchors and ran ashore, or dashed against each other in the pitchy darkness. Haco ordered the attendance of his priests, took to his boat, and landed on the island of Cumbrae, where, amid the howling of the storm, he had mass performed. In stranger circumstances, surely, mass was never said or sung. Unluckily for Haco, the strong-winged tempest heeded it not. It continued with uuab'ited fury all night and all the next day. The fleet drove up the channel, sputtering the sea with wreck, and the shore with stranded vessels. Tlij heights above the coast wore covered by a multitude of aimed peasants, who watched their opportunity and rushed down to attack the stranded ships. " When the second morning broke, and the violence of the tempest had somewhat abated, Haco, by means of his boats, landed with a largo force to protect his stranded vessels from the armed peasantry, and if possible to tow them oft". While the Norwegians were engaged in the operation of floating oft' their ships, the sun rose, and his level rays caught the surrounding hills. Through the grey sheet of morning mist which covered the landscape, flashes as of Are were seen. It was the sun's rays glancing upon the j)olishcd armour of the Scottish army. They advanced rapidly, and the Norwegians could soon discern tlieir pennons and banners waving above their wood of spears, and the knights and leaders, blazing in complete steel, marshalling the line. They were commanded by King Alexander in person. ; IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // is. 1.0 I.I u> Itt 112.2 u Hi II. - lis lllllio M& L25 j^ ^ ^ 6" — ► ^ ^ VQ / ^>' '/ r^-^'^..^ ^^^ Photographic Sciences CorpoKition 33 WIST MAIN STRUT WIISTIRiNY MSaO (7U) •73-4S03 ^ ^ V' :\ V \ 4 4» V^ o^ ■) 186 OYOLOP^DIA OF THE Fli ^ \:l, t I. I '■ " They attacked with fury, and drove back the advanced body of the Norwegians. It seemed as if the whole force of the enemy was about to be swept into the sea before the fierce onset of the Scots. But the Norsemen, who fought entirely on foot, threw themselves into a circle with their long spears pointing out to the foe, like a huge hedgehog with prickles of steel. All day long the battle raged around this ring of spears. The storm had renewed its violence, so that it was impossible to send help on shore. Again and again the Scottish horse repeated their furious charge. The circle of steel was slowly forced back along the shore, but it could not be broken. A Scottish knight. Sir Piers de Curry, rode round and round it brandishing his spear and chnllenging any Norse captain to single combat. Ho wore a helmet, inlaid with gold and set with precious stones ; his mail was gold-embossed ; his sword- belt studded with jewels. A leader of the Northmen accepted his chal- lenge, and stepped out from the circle of spears. The Scottish knight spurred his horse and rushed down upon him with levelled lance. The Norseman with his great sword parried the spear-thrust, and as the knight passed him in his career, smote him with his whole strength upon the thigh. Tiio sword cut sheer into the saddle t'arough steel and bone, so that the limb was separated from tlio body, and the proud knight fell dead beneath his horse. " A re-inforcemcnt from the ships at length succeeded in landing through the surf ; and with the aid of these fresh troops the Norwegians bore back the Soots from the shore. Niglit fell upon the woiiry comba- tants, and under cover of the darkness the Norwegians got on board their ships." LAYBACII, CONGRESS OP.— Attended by the Soveroigns of Russia, Prussia, and Austria, and resulting in two circulars, stating that Naples should bo occupied with the Austrian troops, May Gth, 1821. LKdllORN. — Entered by the French revolutionary army, July 'i7th, 179(t, but tiie inunenso amount of HriliHh property in the city luul boon previously removed. Evaeuated by the FnMich in 17DU, and retaken the next year. The Austrian took the uity May 1 2th, lH-19. LKmON.— A Roman body of soldiers, about OnOO men. The 10th legion was a favourite one with Ciusar. Ancient Britain was generally protected by three legions. .,.^ /■ BATTLES OF THE WORLD. 187 3ody of the 'as about to . But the into a circle Jgchog with this ring of s impossible I'sc repeated I back along Sir Tiers de challenging id with gold ; his sword- ited his chal- jttish knight lance. The , and as the lolo strength igh steel and d the proud in landing Norwegians weary coniba- rot on board Sovereigns of stating that 1th, 1821, »y, July 27th, •ity had l)eon \ iind retaken The 10th was generally LEIPSIC, BATTLE OP.— This battle, fought, October 16th, 17tb, and 18th, 1813, between the allied army of Russia, Prussia, and Austria on the one side, and Napoleon on the other, was one of the greatest) bloodiest, and most decisive of modern times. The French numbered 160,000 men, and the Allies 200,000 strong. This great battle was lost by the French, chiefly owing to the seventeen German battalions, then Saxon allies, turning upon them in the heat of the action; 80,000 perished on the field, of whom more than 40,000 were French, who also lost sixty, five pieces of cannon and many standards. This victory of the allied army was followed by that of the capture of Leipsio, and the rear guard of the French army next day. The King of Saxony and his family were also made prisoners. LEPANTO, BATTLE OF.— The great naval battle between tho combined fleets of Spain, Venice, and Pius V, and the whole niaritimo force of the Turks. Don John of Austria comnmndcd tlie ailicd fleet, which consisted of 200 galleys and J]0,000 men. Tlie Turks luid 200 galleys. After a dreadful engagement they lost 150 galleys, and 30,000 men in killed and prisoners. Fought, October 7th, 1671. LEUCTRA, BATTLE OF.— One of tho most famous in ancient history, fought July 8th, 371 b.o. In this battle 4000 Spartans, with their King, were slain, and not more than 300 Thebans. After this battle the Spartans lost tlieir position in (j recce, which they had hold for BOO years. LEWES, BATTLE OP.— Between Henry III of England and Montlbrt, Earl of Leicester. Fotiglit, May 14th, 12G4. Tlio Royal army was overthrown, and tho King, his brother and son Prinoo Edward, were taken prisoners. LEXTNOTON, BATTLE OF.— The first battle fought l)etwoon Groat llritain and h'jr revolted colonies of America ; g.iiiuid by tho Britisli, who destroyed the stores of tlio colonists, but they lost in buttio 273 men killed and wounded. Fouglit, April lOtli, 1775. LEYDKN, STEGK OP. — A memorable siogo sustained against tho armies of Spain ; 6000 of tho inlinhilants died during tho siogo, of famine and pestilonoo, A.D. 1574. A University was afterwards founded 'va commemoration of this event. msmmmmmm ■5 ii I I I .^J i ■ I 188 OYCLOPiEDIA OP THE LIEUTENANT. — An oflScer who supplies the place of a superior in his absence. In military aifairs the second commissioned oflScer in a company of infantry, cavalry or artillery. In ships of war, a lieutenant is next in rank to the captain. LIGNY, BATTLE OF.— Fought, June 16th, 1815, just before the celebrated buttle of Waterloo, between the Prussians under Bluoher, and the French commanded by Napoleon. The Frcuch gained the victory. LINCELLES, BATTLE OF.— Between the allied English and Dutch armies and the French, in which the French were defeated August 18th, 1793. In this battle. General Lake commanded the 3rd battalion of Foot Guards, who so much distinguished themselves. Colonel Bosville, of the Coldstrcams, was killed; the French lost 11 cannon. LINCOLN, BATTLE OF. A battle was fought at Lincoln betAvccn the armies of the Priiico.«s Maud and King Stephen of England. Stephen was defeated and captured, February 2nd, IIU. Another battle was fought here between the Dauphin of France and Henry III of England. This was a bloody engagement, in which the French and their English adherents were completely defeated, and Louis withdrew his pretensions to the English crown, May 19th, 1217. LINLTTriGOW-BRIDGK, BATTLE 0^ -Between the forces of the Earl of Angus, and the forces of Lenox, ought to get posses- sion of the person of James V, then a minor, i^j-iox was slain by Sir James Hamilton, 1625. LTIM'STADT, BATTLE OF.— One of the most bloody battles over fought in the world. Called also Lutzcn, which see. LISLE, SIEGE OF.— Hi'sieged by the Duke of Marlborough and the Allii'.'<, and taken after tlirce months, in 170S. llo.stored at the treaty of Utreeht, 1713 — this siege is accounted one of the most famous in modern times. It also sustained a severe bombardiuont by tho Austriatis in tho revolutionary war, but they were obliged to raise the siege, October 7th, 1792. LISSA, HATTF.E OF— This battle, fought December 5th, 1767, closed the campaign, in which tlio King of Prussia van is aliont three-eighths of an ineh broad, ami a tenth of an inch tliiok, made out of one of the nails used in thu Orucillxion. The crown is said to have been presented to (^onstnutine by his mother ; and the sacred iron rim, from which it has its name, wuh :' I Ii<5 ' i I I I': 190 OTOLOPJEDIA OF THE M to protect him in battle. And, although this iron has now been exposed more than fifteen hundred years, there is not a speck of rust upon it. LONG ISLAND, BATTLE OP.— Between the British troops under Sir William Howe and the revolted Americans, who suffered a severe defeat, after a well fought action, losing 2000 men in killed and wounded and 1000 prisoners. The Americans were pursued to New York, but were saved by a thick fog, which enabled them to escape. Fought, August 27th, 1776. L'ORIENT, BATTLE OF.— Lord Bridport achieved a memorable victory over the French fleet, June 23rd, 1795. The British squadron actually engaged consisted of 10 ships of the line — the enemy's, of 12 ships of the line, 11 frigates, and some smaller vessels. After an action of three hours the French got into port, leaving three sail of the lino in the possession of the British. The loss of the French was severe. LOSSES IN GREAT BATTLES.— The Military Gazette of Vienna makes the Ibllowing comparisons of the forces engaged in the battle of Soll'erino and in former great battles ; — At that battle there were more than 300,000 >!3;,:.: rc and an 1 unequal ivailed but ary of that ed to each generals — iishearten- lish casual- icors) ; 70 i'rcnch loss Duko of ubcr 11th, 3 armies of ended with , which ter- bllowcd the iiniolon and Scbastopol. ic French pluck of action and At half. ;(10 French ii> Uus! Ind w hich Tlie BATTLES OP THE WORLD. 199 Mamelon, as it xas specifically called — the general term 7namclon, a rounded hill, describing its appearance — was the foremost of two similar eminences, at a short distance from each other. The one nearest the town was surmounted by the MalakofF tower and works, and was the most elevated and commanding position of the cnen)y's line of defence, the Mamelon, or IMamelon Vert, as the French designated it, had long since lost all claim to tho latter name, being excavated into trenches and rifle-pits, from which a most annoying fire was maintained upon the French lines. Our Allies had already made a very gallant though un- successful attempt at its capture; and it was under the cover of its guns that the Russian sortie of the 22nd of March was made. It was then absolutely necessary that an endeavour should be made by the besieging army to carry these formidable woiks, which presented such obstacles to their advance; am" ."xordingly the evening of the 7th of June was fixed for tho assault. At about six o'clock, the French batta- lions, chosen for the assault, consisting of the Algcrine Zouaves, dotachmetitH of the (ilst, 7tli, and 50th regiments of the line, and of the Chasseurs-;VJ*icd, and Imperial (iuard, about 1200 men in all, moved up to tho front, closely followed by the reserve or working i)arty, to I'ollow tho attacking column, and secure possession of tho works. Tins second column, commanded by (Jeneral Urunet, comprised a battalion of tho Chasseurs-a-l'icd, and the lltli, 21tli, G'Jtli, and 10th ngimciits of the line. (Jeneral Bosiiuet was entrusted with the entire direction of tho assault. Our attacking force was composed of detachments from the Light and tSecond Divisions. About -100 men from the IStli, 7tli, ITtli, IDlii, were told oil' to lead tho assault, under the immediate ctminiand of Cdlunel Shirley, of the 90tli regiment. Tlie working parties were selected from rcuniining regimenl.s of the Jiight Division ; tiio nuiin body remaining under arms in reserve. Imniciliatcly I'le signal rockets took their tlight towards the town, tho attacking columnn darted forward. The active Freiicli troops hwarined up tho sides uf the Mamelon, and in a few moments were in hand-to-hand contest with llii^ llnssian defenders. With an unusual Hnpineiiess tho battta-ies of the town (id'ered no impediment to tho advance. It might be that the fierce hmnb inlnienl to which for twenty-lour hours tliey had been exposed, had temporarily silenced them. Whatever might be tho cause, but little opposition was sustained by, and scarcily any loss inflicted on tho attacking culunnis, who reached tho parapet on the crown of the 200 CYCLOPiEDIA OF THE :^l . H } \ S ■I ' hill at a rapid pace. Here the enemy made a stand, and for a brief space struiTgled bravely to maintain their position. It was, however, but an ineflfectual effort. The French fought with the utmost daring ; and the enemy giving way before the impetuous onslaught, retreated down the hill, the French in eager pursuit. In the valley, however, the Russians received large reinforcements from the Mulakoff Tower on the opposite eminence, and a fierce fire was opened on the French from the batteries of the Malakoff. Then the tide of battle turned ; and the hitherto assailants, out-numbered, were driven up the hill, contesting every foot of ground. Some of the Zouaves, with characteristic during, evading the attacking force, pressed onwards, and, as on tlic previous occasion, positively entered the Malakoff, and spiked some of the guns. Our allies, unable to bear the vigorous charge and overwhelming numbers of the enemy, who now pressed upon them, were i'orccd to relinquish the hold they had obtained upon the IMamolon, and retreated over the brow of the hill, reluctantly relinquishing the advantage they had gained. The French, after a brilliant attack, were driven back by the reinforced defenders of the hill, and the Russians were once more masters of the Mamolon. General Bosijuet, however, was not the man to accept a repulse as a final defeat. Reforming the column in the trenches at the foot of tho hill, and sending fresli troops to their nssistance, he prepared for a second iissault. This limetho French, eager to I'otrieve their disaster, rushed forward with emulous bravery, and again tho hill side was covered with the advancing columns, pressing onwards to the attack. Trench after trench was carried and in a few moments the assnilcrs again occupied the topmost parapet. Tho Russians fought desporatoly; but no CDurjige could withstand the fierce valour of tho Kronch. The enemy were hurled down tho hills, and our allies, mad with excitement, rushed after tluMn, in a rapid bayonet charge, covering the ground with tho killed and wounded, and driving tho flying enemy to the refuge of the Malakoff. Meanwhilo Iho working party in their rear had speedily thrown up i)arai)els and breastworks on the "lussiansido; and although the guns from the town and the shipping in the harbour i)layed vigoroiisly upoi» the hill, they wore enabled to hold their important ac(|uisition. Farther to the right, tho French had also attackeil and carried, after considerable resistance, a lino t)f work.i leading to and delemling Careening Hay, and eonneetod with the works of the Mamelon, known as the Wiiite Works. A numbor of guns wuro taken, and tho French were thus iu brief space /er, but an g; and the I down the 10 Russians he opposite le batteries le Iiitlierto every foot ig, evading .3 oocasion, ;uns. Our numbers of iiquish the ir the brow ud gained. reinforced ters of the e as a final hill, and id assault, ward with advancing vnH carried it parapet. Htand the hills, and (1 biiyonot id driving lO working itworks on I' slii[)piiig led to hold riod, lifter I'aivoiiing Ihu White re thus in BATTLES OF THE WORLD possession ofan access to the jrreatl, , ^^^ Xl r7''"^ '^^ '^'"PP^^r ' ""' ^""'^^^ *« t'^row up I^et us Z tt: t! thrElni';;:^^^^^^^^^^^ 'r '"'^^ «^ ^^^ French attack W'tli the advance of our a fc Co ! ? p" "^ ?'''''''''■ S'-ultaneout he Russian works, experie ^i'!'! "^'^ ^'^^^ ^''^ «-., forcT nt lating hnuseif upo„ ^^ ^o o.si Iv 'l ° "F''''''''' ""'^ ^'^ngra J beyond the Quarries toward! he Rel t'"' '" "^J'^^^" ^^'-'1 „. ;;: ^"f !h '--ght oven have ontetd , i^"/'^ '" '^^^^^ ^^^ ^^ventur^ tl CO f, ^^^^ KussiansT:!^: b':lT >^^'^' ^ ^-"t was r '"^ '^'^''" i" «»fficient force o 2 . """'^ "" "'« ^^J"'"elon however, soon nm^torn,! fi • V """''"* «"ch a fbat Tl.n ' "" '"""«' "m of 11,0 s„lji„, , „/■ , 7'"' '!'» l)ult-o„d on,i, ,„„,;.„, nu.k and (ilo. ''"""^'"^ ' ""^ ^'o «ntish, Jf, otfio.,,, ,„.j '^ MARSHAL FfKLD-Tr '• ■'--=- t:s^^^^^^^^^ xs-^^ f , I I '::) 202 CYCLOPiEDIA OP THE N mined to raise the siege. Both armies drew up on Marston Moor, to the number of 511,000, and the victory seemed long undecided between them. Rupert, who commanded the right wing of the Iloyalists, was opposed by Oliver Cromwell, who now first came into notice, at the head of a body of troops which he had taken care to levy and discipline. Cromwell was victorious ; he pushed his opponents olF the field, followed the vanquished, returned to a second engagement, and a second victory; the Prince's whole train of artillery was taken, and the Iloyalists never after recovered the blow." MERIDA.— i« Spain.— Taken by the French in January, 1811. Near hero the British army, under Lord Hill, defeated the French, under General Girard, after a severe engagement October 28tli, 1811. The British took Mcrida from the French, July 181'2, after a severe encounter, — General Hill himself leading the combined armies of Britain and Spain. MILAN. — French expelled from it by Charles V, of Germany, 1525. Seized again by the French,, 'une 30, 1790. lletaken by the Austrians in 17111); regained by the French, jMay 31, 18(10. Napoleon crowned with the Iron crown, at Milan, May 20, 1805. (See J^oiKjIina'ds or Longohnvih), riiis city, colebnitod for the Milan decrees .-igainst all continental intercourse with England, issued by Napoleon, Deeeinber 17th, 1807. Here an insurrection occurred against the Austrians, .March 18th, 1818, which resulted in a battle, and flight of the viceroy and troops. MILITIA. — Supposed to have been introduced into England by King Alfred. Tlio English volunteers mid militia, a splendid body of men, who have more than once materiiilly as.sisted Oovornmcnt in times of necessity. The Canadian V^olunters are a body of men almost equal to the soldiers of the lino ; and during the late Fenian oxoitement, liavo shown to tho whole world that a brave man delights to defend his he.'irth and homo, and tlnit " dnicc est mori pio patriii.^' MINDEN BATTLE OF.— Fought, August Ist, 1769, between tho English, Hessians and Hanoverians, on the one side, and the I'^reneh on the (itluT. The Allies were commanded by I'riiiei' Kerdiniiiid, and under him liord George Saekville. The Alliis gained a eomplete vietory, and pursued the Krenoh to tho very ramparts of Minden. Jiord Saekvillo, who commanded the Allied cavalry, for Houiu disobudieiiuu of ordurii), on his P BATTLES OP THE WORLD. 203 ;o the tweeu J, was \t the ipline. llowed ictory ; I never , 1811. French, , 1811. , severe ' BritaiQ '>': 1525. Vuslvians crowned \ifitrds or i.!iinst all )ecoiubcr 1\H, March (\ troops. 1 by King (if men, times of iMjiiiil to [vc shown invth and Iwoon the jionch on liul uiulor [,,iy, M\(\ "UfUvillo, lis, on his return to England was tried by court martial and dismissed the service, but was afterwards restored. MOCKERN, BATTLES OP.— Between the French, under Eugi^ne Beaulmmois, and the allied Russian and Prussian army, which was signally defeated with great loss, April, 1813. Tliero was another bloodier battle fought here, October 14th, 1813, between the same contending armies ; five times Mockern was taken and retaken during this conflict. MOHATZ, BATTLES OF.— In Hungary.— Ucrc, in 152G, Loui^ King of Hungary, was defeated by the Turks, under Solynian II, with the loss of 22,000 men. Another battle was fought here between the Christians, commanded by Prince Charles of Lorraine, and the Turks, who were defeated with the loss of 10,000 men, a. I). 1687. MOIIILON, BATTLE OF.— Between the Russians, under the celebrated Prince Bagrution, and the French, under Marshal Davoust. This was one of the most bloody engagements in the campaign of 1812. The Russians were totally defeated ; with inuucuso loss in killed and wounded; fought, July 23rd, 1812. MOLWITZ, BATTLK OF.— Between the Prussians and Austrians. The Prussians were commanded by Frederick III, who obtained ii great and important victory. An immense number of killed and wounded on the side of the Austrians was the result of this siinguinary battle. Austria being at tiio time in alliance with (Jreat Britain, the conseipionco of the victory seriously iilTeeted tlio interest of that country. Fought, April 1 0th (March 3(lth), 1741. MONTKBKLLO, BATTLE OF. -Fonglit May 20th, 1859, between the Austrians and French. " On the 20th May, a severe action was fought at Montebello, which lasted six hours. The Austrians appear, in the lirst instance, to have taken Montebello from the French) and to have been afterwards expelled by the French. A desperate iiiind to haiul eonllict took place in the village, wiiicli iiad to be carried, liouso after house. The Austrians, after the battle, evacuated Casteggio, aud retired along the Creatisma road." MONTKi VI HKO.— Taken by storm, by the British force, under Sir Samuel Auchmuty, February 3rd, 1807, with a terrible loss of nearly !li .": 204 CYCLOPiEDIA OF THE I! i! two-thirds of his army. It was evacuated, July 7th, same year, in con- sequence of the severe repulse of the British at Buenos Ayres. MONTEREAU, BATTLE OF.-Fought, February 18th, 1814, between the Allied army and the French, the latter commanded by Napoleon himself. In this desperate engagement, the Allies were defeated with great loss in killed and wounded. This battle was one of the last ever gained by Napoleon. Four months after he was ruined at Waterloo. MOODKEE, BATTLE OF.— In /»(/ia.— Between the British and Sikhs. The advanced guard of the British was attacked by the Sikh forces, but the latter were repulsed and driven back three miles, losing great numbers of men and 15 pieces of cannon, December 18th, 1845. Sir Robert Sale was mortally wounded in this battle, being in his sixty- , fifth year. Lady Sale signalized herself during the two memorable retreats from Afghanistan. MORGARTEN, BATTLE OF,— Between the Swiss and Austrians. The Swiss numbered loOO, the Austrians 20,000. Fought, November 15th, 1315. " The 15th November, 1315, dawned; the sun darted his first rays on the shields and armour of the advancing host ; and this being the first army ever known to have attempted the frontiers of tho Cantons, the Swiss viewed its long lino with various emotions. iMontfort de Tettnang led the cavalry into the narrow pass of iMorgarten, and soon filled tho whole space between the Mountain (.Mount Sattel) and the lake. Fifty men, on the eminence above Morgarten, raised a sudden shout, and rolled down heaps of rocks and stones among the crowded ranks. The confederates on tho mountain, perceiving the inipri',iko8. a bU^jht ill tlieir last the nt'autry ; |i to open niplod to h luueh lu'iv. tbo Ulu and MORTAR. — A short gun of an extraordinary large bore and close chamber, used for throwing bomb shells. The mortar was first made in England in 1543. MOSCOW, BURNING OF.— Entered by the French, September 4th, 1812. " At length Moscow, with its domes, and towers, and palaces, appeared in sight ; and Napoleon, who had joined the advance guard, gazed long and thoughtfully on that goal of his wishes. Murat went forward, and entered the gates with his cavalry ; but as he passed through the streets, he was struck by the solitude which surrounded him. Nothing was heard but the heavy tranip of his squadrons as he passed along, for a deserted and abandoned city was the niongre prize, for which such unparalleled efforts had been made. As night drew its curtains over the splendid capital, Napoleon entered the gates, and immediately appointed Morticr governor. In his directions, ho commanded him to abstain from all pillage. For this, said lie, you shall be answerable with your life. Defend Moscow against all, whether friend or foe. The bright moon rose over tlio mighty city, tipping with silver the domes of more than 200 churches, and pouring a flood of light over 1000 pa- laces, and the dwellings of 300,000 inhabitants. The weary army sunk to rest ; but there was no sleep for Mortier's eyes. Not the gorgeous and variegated palaces and their rich ornaments, nor the parks and gardens, and oriental magnificence that everywhere surrounded him, kept him wakeful, but the ominous foreboding that some dire calamity was hanging over the silent capital. When ho entered it, scarcely a living soul met his gaze, as he looked down the long streets ; and when he broke open the buildings, he found parlors, and bedrooms, and chambers all furnished and in order, but no occu- pants. The sudden abandonment of their lionies, betokened some scorot purpose yet to bo fuliilled. The midnight moon was sailing over the city, when the cry of " Fire I" reached the oars of Mortier; and the first light over Napoleon's falling empire was kindled, and the most wondrous scene of modern time commenced, — the burning of Mo.scow. Mortier, as governor of the city, iunnediately issued iiis orders, and was putting forth .every exertion, when, at day-light. Napoleon hastened to him. Afl'eoting to disbelieve the reports that the inhabitants were firing their own city, ho put more rigid commands on Mortier to keep tho Boldiers from their work of destruetiou. I] !i ill ill il 206 CYOLOP-aiDIA OF THE t, U The marshal simply pointed to some iron covered houses that had not yet been opened, from every crevice of which smoke was issuing like steam from the sides of a pent up volcano. Sad and thoughtful, Napo- leon turned toward the Kremlin, the ancient palace of the Czars, whose huge structure rose high above the surrounding edifices. In the morning, Mortier, by great exertions, was enabled to subdue the fire. But the next night, at midnight, the sentinels on watch, on the lofty Kremlin, saw below them the flames bursting through the houses and palaces, and the cry of "Fire!" "Fire!" passed through the city. The dread scene had now fairly opened. Fiery balloons were seen dropping from the air, and lighting upon the houses ; dull explo- sions were heard on every side from the shut up dwellings, and the next moment a bright light burst forth, and the flames were raging through the apartments. All was uproar and confusion. The serene air and moonlight of the night before, had given way to the driving clouds, and a wild tempest that swept with the roar of the sea over the city. Flames arose on every side, blazing and crackling in the storm, while clouds of smoke and sparks, in an incessant shower, went driving toward the Kremlin. The clouds themselves seemed turned into fire, rolling in wrath over devoted IMoscow. Mortier, cruslicd with the responsibility thus thrown over his shoulders, moved with his young guard amid this desolation, blowing up the houses, and facing the tempest and the flames, struggling nobly to arrest the conflagration. He hastened from place to place amid the blazing ruins, his face blackened with the smoke, and his hair and eyebrows scared with the fierce heat. At length, the day dawned, a day of tempest and of flame ; and Mortier, who had strained every nerve for 36 hours, entered a palace, and dropped down with fatigue. The manly form and stalwart arm, that had so long carried death into the ranks of the enemy, at length gave way, and the gloomy marshal lay and panted in utter exhaustion. The day was one of tem- pest ; and when night again enveloped the city it was one broad flame, wavering to and fro in the blast. The wind had increased to a perfect hurricane, and shifted from quarter to quarter, as if on purpose to swell tlie sea of fire, and extin- guish the last hope. The fire was approaching the Kremlin, and already the roar of the flames and the crash of the falling houses, and the crack- ling of burning timbers, were borne to the cars of the starthid Kmpcror. Ho arose and walked to and fro, stopping and convulsively gazing BATTLES OF THE WORLD. 207 id death tflooiny of tcm- d flame, cd from d cxtin- iilrcady crack- inpcror. gazing on the terrific scene. Murat, Engine, and Berthier rushed into his presence, and on their knees besought him to flee ; but he still clung to that haughty palace, as if it were his empire. But at length tlie shout, " The Kremlin on fire I" was heard above the roar of the conflagration, and Napoleon reluctantly consented to leave. He descended into the street with his staff", and looked about for a way of egress, but the flames blocked every passnge. At length they discovered a postern gate, leading to the Moskwa, and entered it, but they had only entered still further into the danger. As Napoleon cast iiis eyes around the open space, girdled and arched with fire, smoke, and cinders, he saw one single street yet open, but all on fire. Into this he rushed, and amid the crash of falling houses, and raging of the flames, over burning ruins, through clouds of rolling smoke, and between walls of fire, he pressed on ; and at length, half suffocated, emerged in safety from the blazing city, and took up his quarters in the imperial palace of Petrousky, nearly three miles distant. Mortier, iclieved from his anxiety for the Emperor redoubled his efforts to arrest the conflagration. His men cheerfully rushed into every danger. Breathing nothing but smoke and ashes, — canopied by flame, and smoke, and cinders,— surrounded by walls of fire that rocked to and fro, and fell with a crash amid the blazing ruins, carrying dov with them red hot roofs of iron, — he struggled against an enemy, that no boldness could awe, or courage overcome. Those I rave troops had heard the tramp of thousands of cavalry, sweeping battle without fear, but now they stood in still terror, before the march of the conflagration, under whoso burning footsteps was heard the iuce!^. ^'^e -^ off; To effect this double 06^^"'"^"^^ """' *^-"- ^"o^reat v « of Wschew crosses the road from k^^u Tu7' ''^''''^y «^«vilh,ge then to take the Austrians onl jS^. r,'^°''^'''' "* ^^i"'"- It w^ -^ «-•^o'^:^^ rxr ^^'---^^-o p-Jt'o:: ;:;iii; village of Bossin and trfo^e^Z'^O l''''''''''^''' ^^*- General Herwarth uas to advul f ?" rr ," "'' ''«''* ^•■'"'^' «l'the river cross the Iser, and oecup, I 1""/"'^"™-- on Muncho , ' dms.on to his ioft, wh ch t Moh'ehr"?^" '''' "^ ^'^ «""- ^i; ^i defenders of the Kaczowber/\I^."!^' '^'""'^ take in reverse ho •"» »"»ok „.e iw J; :r„v'j.f ""-^.w. ,„ o,.„:: , x "=-. A .,t™. di,i,i„„ „;™ * , Jv-™.. o„ ,h„ ,;,.,„ ,,^ ' « "'"•""'"y to Ji„i„ i„ tho di,™ „'„ !,,''" r" '■""' '^'"'■"»'' t" ™ur About OL'ht o'cloni- ,T- " "' Josoplistiidt, v°'«-«o,.: ..::;:■:,■: ;:r;tr;"- ?»"™' -■«■ «« ■»! v„„ niastor-Genernl n„,. 1 ' "^ ^'^"^''"'KStuhltn.,!.! i • ' ' *^ on f 210 CYCLOPEDIA OP THE crossed the bridge, but not before an opening cannonade in the direction of Munchengratz told that Bittenfeld was already engaged. On a hill upon the northern bank there was a convenient spot from which to see the whole theatre of the combat, and here the Prussian staff went to watch the course of the action. Attention was called towards Munchengratz, where the progress of Bittenfeld's attack could be traced by the puffs of white smoke which rose from the discharges of the artillery. The Prussian cannonade was seen to be slowly advancing, and that of the Austrian to be rotirin:;, while a heavy cloud of black smoke rising close beside the town sho'';' ri that the Austrians had retired from the right bank of the river and had burned the bridge. For a short time the fight was stationary, but in about a quarter of an hour a bright flash of flame and a nmch heavier smoke rising from the Austrian line told that an ammunition waggon had exploded. Their battery then ceased firing and rapidly retired, while a quick advance of the Prussian cannonade showed that Bittenfeld's pioneers had quickly thrown their bridge, and that his corps was across the Iser. But the Austrians did not go far, for in a short time they were again in action in th direction cif the Jung Bunzlau Road, and one biittory was drawing off towards Furstenbruck. It then seemed that Bittenfeld had lialted ; the cannonade censed in this direction. The heads of the Prussian columns were some way past the hill, and were pushing steadily towards Munchengratz, when the well-known puff of smoke rising from the dark firs on the Mushcy Berg plateau showed that the Austrians had opened tiro upon them. The battery on the hill did not appear to be more than four guns, and at first they fired slowly, nor did tiicy do much execution. Tiieir shells, projected from so great a height, went straight into the ground, and did not ricochet among the troops; but they were well aimed, and in most :i os b;\rst at tlie proper moment, and every now .'id then a man w^ent d > v A squadro" ^C Uhlans was directed to pass close along the ft ' -.'i -i't >slun- chengratz to Gitschin, General von Schmitt changed the direction ol his march to the left, and advanced towards Gitschin. He moved with his two divisions at some distance apart — that of General von Werder. or the Third Division, as it is named in the muster-roll of the army, led the way. \'on Werder's advanced guard consisted of the 2iid battalion if Jagers, and the 3rd battalion of the 42nd Regiment. In rear of thct^e followed the three battalions of the regiment of the late King of Prussia, the two remaining battalions of the 42nd, and one battalion of the 14th Re'.:inient, with one six-pounder and two four-pounder field-batteries. A strong Austrian force held the wood behind the first ravine, with its sharpshooters hidden behind the trunks of the fir-trees, with the view of compensating for the inferiority of their rifle to the Prussian needle-gun. B( hind eacli marksman two soldiers were placed, whose only duty was to load their rifles and hand tliem to the picked men to whom the firing was intrusted. The Austriau urtillery was placed behind the wood, so that 212 CYCLOPEDIA OF THE it could bring a cross fire on the opening in tlio front through which the dianssie passes, and strike heavily on the Sobotkabunk of the ravine and the open country beyond, As the Prussian advanced guard approached the ravine, the Austrian batteries opened fire upon thoni, and the marks- men from behind the trees also soon commenced a biting fire. The Jagers and the men of the 42nd quickly spread out as skirmishers, and, regard- less of the withering fire to which they themselves were exposed, showered bullets from their quickly loaded arms against the defenders of the wood, whilo some of their artillery (juickly brought into action tried to silence the Austrian guns. But the fight was unequal, the sharpshooters behind the trees could rarely be seen, and the fire of the Prussians did not tell much upon their concealed enemies, nor were their guns in sufficient force to eni^age successfully the more numerous Austrian pieces. The Ja"crs from among the trees were aiming well ; the men of the 4'2nd wore fallin" fast, and it seemed that the defenders would be able to hold the wood. IJut the rest of the Prussian division was coming up ; more artillery was already in action ; and the Austrian gunners began to fire with less effect. The regiment of the King of Prussia soon arrived. The Prussian soldier.s, unable to make much impression ^vitii their Uro«on tlio riflemen in the trees, wore already anxious to come to close (juarters, and then Gcncrul von Werder sent his men forward to take the woods with the bayonet. They were carried, but not without loss, for the Austrians retired I'rom tree to tree, and only when pressed beyond the last skirt of the wood retired under cover of their guns and reserves to take up a position on the further briiw of the next ravine. The musketry lire recommenced. The opponents stood on either bank of the hollow, and IKiured volley after volley into each other's ranks, while the artillery, fidiu [lositions on the ilanks of both lines, sent their shells truly among tlu'ir adversaries' Infantry. Hut here the needle-gun had more success, for the Austrians stood up clear against the sky, and soon the white uni- forms be"-an to go down (|uiekly. No troops so ill-armed eouid have stood before the murderous lire wliieli the I 'russians directed against the nppo- site lino. The Austrians did all that men could do ; but, after losing fearfully were obliged to fall back and take up their third position in the village of Jjochow. lt\vas now about seven o'cloek in the evening; the eomltat had already lasted almost two hours, but here it was renewed more fiercely tl.aii ever. The rrussians, encouraged by their Nuccess— bravo wtldiern niul bravely led— eagerly camo to the attack. With hearts as bigimd with officers us BATTLES OF THE WO'i!,l). 213 ll alromly |,;in cvor. iMiively llViuurii UM devoted, tlio Austrinns stood with a desperate calmness to receive them. On botli sides the fighting was hard ; but at any distance the Austrian rifio had no chance against the needle-gun ; and at close ((uartcrs the boyish soldiers of the Kaiser could not copo with the broad-shouldered men of Pomcrunia, who form the corjis iVunnie, one division of which was liero engaged. Yet for three-quarters of an hour the little village of Lochnw was held, and the continuous rattle of the rifles and the heavy cannonade of the guns remaining almost stationary told the determination of the assault and the stoutness of the defence. But the Austrians were slowly forced from house to house and from orchard to orchard, and had to retreat to their last vantage ground on the top of the CJitschin bank of the fourth ravine. And here both sides re-engaged in the fight with the utmost fury. The defenders felt that this was their last standing-point, and on its mainten- ance depended the possession of (^litschin ; the assailants knew tliat suc- cess hero would almost certainly bring them to tiie object of all their exertions. The Prussiun line soon formed on tlie top of the opiiosite bank to that held by the Austrians, and then began to fire rapidly against the brow where the Austrians stood. The latter returned the fire, but from necessity more slowly ; still their guns smote the Prussian troops luuivily, and the shells, bursting in front of the assailants' lino, caused many casualties, Hut the Pomeranians were highly exeitod, and it is said that a heavy nuiss of the Prussians dashed down the road and rushed up the opposite slope with their rifles at the churgo. There a fierce struggle ensued. The strongmen of Ponierania pressed hard again^it their lighter opponents, and ])uslied tlieni beyond the brow of the slope on to the level plain ; yet the lithe and active Austrians fought hard, and strove to drive their bayonets into the faces of tli(>ir taller antagonists ; but strength and weight told, lor their more powerful ailversaries urged them back ibot by foot till a gap was elearly opened in tln^ defenders' lino. The musketry bullets had also told sharply on the Austrians. and they were obliged to retire. Tliey drew oil' across the plain towards Gitsehin, but not in rout. Slowly and sullenly they drew l>aek, sulVering awful loss in the open plain when" the needle-gun had i\ I'air range ; but they fought for every yard of ground, ever turning to send among the advaneing Prussians shots which wero often truly aimed, but which formed no sulVieient return for the showers of bullets whieh woro rained up(n\ themselves. l'V)r long the plain was the scene of the advaneing combat, and it was not till ne.ar midnight that (leneral von Werder oceu- I : 214 CYOLOPiEDIA OF THE pied Gitschin. In the town the Austrians did not stand; they held some houses at the entrance for a short time, but these were carried, and then they retired rapidly towards the south. In their haste they left their hospitals ; and liere, as well as iu Lochow, Von Werdcr's division took a large number of prisoners." MUTINY : — A memorable mutiny in the British lleet, for an advance of wages April 15th, 1797 ; Of the Nore Juno, 1797; Of Admiral Mitchell's fleet at Bantry Bay December, 1801 ; Great Indian mutiny, begun ...March 27th, 1857. MYCALE, BATTLE OF.— Fought, September 22nd, 479 B.C., between the Greeks and Persians. Tiie J'ersiuns consisted of about 100,000 men. They were completely defeated, many thousands of them killed, their camp burned, and the Greeks triumphantly embarked their troops, and sailed to Sumos with an immense booty. N. NAAS, BATTLE OF. — A desperate engagement between a body of the King's forces, consisting of the ancient Britons and the Armagh militia. The insurgent Irish, who had just begun the Great Rebellion of 1798, were .'5(100 strong, and wore defeated with the loss of 300 killed and some hundreds wounded. Fought, May 24th, 1798. NAUVA, BATTLE OF. -This was tlie celebrated battle in which Peter the Great of llu.ssia was totally defeated by the renowned Cliurlcs XII of Sweden. Fought, November .■{(Itli, 17(MI. The Hussians nmounted to 70,000 men, while the Swedes had only 20,000. Tiio enemy lost 30,000 in killed, whilst as many surrendered to the con- queror. NASKHV, BATTLE OF.— Between Charles I of England ami the r\irliam(Mitary army, under Fuirl'ax and Oromwell. The main body of the lloyal army was eommandiMl by Jjord .Vsllcy. I'rinee lUipert led the right wing. Sir .Marmmluke Langdale (ho left, and the King hiimself headed the body of reserv(\ Tiu^ forces of the Parliament gained the victory, the lluyalists being obliged to abandon the Held, losing all their eannon and baggage and 5000 men made prisonern. Fought, Juno 14tli, 1GI5. EtOEastai:ECLat2t3Eia£ ~v,'--ii!Vt ■t,i': ',1 liiHrfiyvra BATTLES OF THE WORLD. 215 Arin!ip;h bellion killed III winch ClmiioH ussiiiiiH The 10 oou- imhI tlio liody (if H'I't led niiiiMili' •U'll till) ill tliuir " ■I NAVY OF ENGLAND.— What the British Navy has dono, and the number of vessels captured by it, is shown in the following table : — In the French War, ending 1802. In the French War, ending 1814. FOBCU. U a o u 3 1 1 ■s a t i 1 .2 a a u 1 < 3 OftlioLlno KlftiOH 45 ■2 101 25 1 11 n 2 7 10 83 3 11)1 i 201 70 7 77 188 27 80 04 23 1 24 10 4 7 1 1^ 124 u FrifftVtcK 31 32 20 55 148 SIooDS, &c 288 Total 341 89 ljil_ 26_ 54n _342^ 127 (i4 17 1 li) 500 llh, NAVARINO, BATTLE OF.— Fought on the 20th October, 1827. *' The iitrocities which luarkcd the warfare between the (iroeks and Turks were bo shocking to humanity, that the Sovereigns of Europe felt themselves bound to interfere, and a treaty lor the pacification of Greece was signed in London, on the Gth of July, 1S27, by the representatives of England, France, and Russia. Li eonseiiuenco of this, the allied fleets in the Mediterranean prepared to ibrco the combatants to consent to an armistice, and blockaded the Turkish lloet in the harbour of Nava- rino. Ibniliiin I'acha, the Turkish coiiimaiukr in the Morea, paying but little attention to the remonstrances ol' the allied Admirals, the united fleets sailed into harbour, on the 2(>tli of October, under the com- mand of Sir Edward Codringtun, to intimidate iiim into submission. A shot fired by a Turkish vessel was the signal for ii general engagement, which lasted lour hours. It terminated in tla^ almost utter annihilation of the 'I'urkisli lleet, with comparatively little hiss to the allied sijuu- drons. The independence of Greece was virtually achieved by tliis brilliant victory, and was I'urther secured by the arrival of a small military force from France; the Turkish govenimeiit, however, refused submission, and war was eoinmeneed against llussia. The events of this war, though not properly belonging to i'lnglish history, demand u brief notice; in the flrst campaign the Turks made an obstinate resist- uiico, and gained somo advantages over their opponents ; but in tho following year (182!l), the ilussian arms were everywhere siieeessl'iil ; the passages ol' the llalkin were forced; Adrianople, the second city in the empire, was captured, and the Sultan forced to consent to terms of peace, dictated almost at tho gates of (Joiistantinople. The demands of Russia were, huwuvur, less uxhorbitant than might liavo been expected .'n i ' • 1 ir 216 OYCLOPiEDIA OP TUB under the circumstances, but there is reason to lelievo that this modera- tion was inspired by a dread of provoking the jealousy and resentment of En-land." . NEVILL'S CROSS, BATTLE OF.— Fought October 17th, 1346, between the Scots and English. More than 15,000 of the Scots were slain. " Philippa, Edward's Queen, took upon her the conduct of the field, and prepared to repulse the enemy in person : accordingly, liaving made Lord I'orcy general under her, slio met the Scots at a place called Nevill's Cross, near Durham, and oiforcd thom battle. The Scots King was no less impatient to engage ; ho imagined that ho might obtain an easy victory against undisciplined troops, and headed by a woman. But ho was miserably deceived. His army was ((uiekly routed ; nd driven from the field. 15,000 of his men were cut to pieces ; and lie himself, with many of liis nobles and kniglits, were taken prisoners, and carried in triumph to London, a.d. 13-46." Another historian says : — " Some years after his return liomc, King David burst into England at the head of an army. Kdward was absent in France, and J)avid thought to avail himself of the opportunity. It turned out a dear busi- ness to him. Marching southward as far as Durham, he laid waste tho country with fire and sword. At a place called Nevill's Cross, an English army came up. A Scottish knight, seeing tlieir archers gather- ing in a vast cloud, and knowing well the bitter sliowor which that cloud would disclinrge, said to the King, " (iive me but 100 horse, and I will disperse them all." The conceited and headstrong King gave no hoed. Tho archers commenced their deadly practice without interruption. Three hours of the arrow sleet, three hours of furiiuis charging Ity the English horse, ami the Scots were a rout of fugitives. Tlieir King was taken prisoner and conveyed to London. Mounted on a fall black horse that ho might bo hccu by all tho people, tho son of llobert tho Brueo was conducted to tho Tower." NICWAUK, BATTLE OF.— This battle was fought March 21st, 1611, between flic army of tin* i'arliament and the lloyal forces, under I'rinee ilnpert. lie was defeated, and hero alterwards Charles I put himself into tlu' liands of tho Scotch army. t NEWHUllY, llATTLES OF.-The first battle, fought, September ».A i' . ii !n i ii. i .'. ii j'i;. ii Mwwe BATTLES OF THE WORLD. 217 David ir busi- i.sto tho OSS, an atlicr- cloutl I will lioeil. |)tion. •_Y tlio King Mack It tho 2lHt, undor I put iiibor 20tli, 1643, was between the Parliamentary array and that of Charles I. It lasted till midnight, and among the slain was Lucius Carey, Vis- count Falkland. A second battle was fought here next year, October 10th, and the result, as the first, was equally dubious, both sides claiming victory. NEW ORLEANS, BATTLE OF.— (See OrUana.) NIAGARA l^OWT— Upper Qmada.—" The Fort of Niagara was a place of great importance, and served to command all the communication between the northern and western French settlements. The siege was begun with vigour, and promised an easy conquest; but General Pri- deaux was killed in tho trenches by the ])ursting of a mortar, so that the whole command of the expedition devolved upon General Johnson, who omitted nothing to pusjh forward the vigorous operations of his prede- cessor, to which also he added his own popularity with the soldiers under him. A body of French troops, who wert^ sensible of the importance of this fort, attempted to relieve it; but Johnson attacked them with intre- pidity and success •, for in less than an hour their whole army was put to the rout. The garrison soon after perceiving the fate of their coun- trymen, surrendered prisoners of war." NTC0P0LI8, BATTLE OF.— Between the Christian powers, under Sigismund, King of Hungary, and the Turks This battle, fought A.D. Il51)li, is celebrated as tho lirst fought between tho Cross and Crescent. The Christians triumphed ; tho Turks lost 20,000 in slain, and 20,000 in wounded and prisoners. NILK, ilATTLE OF THE— Fought, August 1st. 1798, between tho fleets of Kngbnd and France. Tiio Freneii iliM-t arrived at Alexandria August 1st, 171KM, and Admiral Hrueys, not being able to enter port, which time and neglect had ruined, moored the ships in Aboukir Hay, in u strong and compact line of battle ; the headmost vessel, according to his own aceount. being as close as possible to a shoal on the nurth-west, and the rest of the flei t I'orming a kind of curve along the lino of deep water, 80 as not to be turned by any means in the south-west. Tho advantage of numburs, both in ships, guns, and men, was in I'avour of the iMench. They hud 13 ships of tho lino and 4 frigates, carrying HOC) guns, and II,2.'H)men. The Eiiglish had the same number of BhipH of the line, andonoDOgun ship, carrying 1012 guns, and 8008 mon. ,»- -.,(. < ii>i .'I ! (V 218 OYCLOPiEDIA OP THE The English ships were all seventy-fours; the French had three 80 gun ships, and one three-decker of 120. During the whole pursuit it had been Nelson's practice, whenever cir- cumstances would permit, to have his captains on board the Vanguard, and explain to them his own idciis of the different and best modes of attack, and such plans as he proposed to execute on falling in with the enemy, whatever their situation might be. There is no possible position, it is said, which ho did not take into considerati )n. His officers were thus fully acquainted with his principles of tactics ; and such was his confidence in their abilities, that the only thing determined upon, in case they should lind the French at anchor, was for the ships to form as most convenient for their mutual support, and to anchor by the stern. " First gain your victory," he said, " and then make the best use of it you can." The moment ho perceived the position of the French, that intuitive genius with which Nelson was ciidowod displayed itself; and it instantly struck him that whore there wsis room for an enemy's ship to swing there was room for one of ours to anchor. The plan which he intended to pursue, therefore, was to keep entirely on the outer side of the French line, and station his ships, as far as he was able, one on the outer bow and another on the outer quurter of each of the enemy's. Captain Berry, when ho comprehended the scope of the design, exclaimed with transport, " If we succeed, what will the world say ? " " There is no if in the case," replied the Admiral ; " that we xJiall .succeed is certain — who muy live to tell the story is a very diiferent (juestion." As the s((uadron advanced, they were assailed by a shower of shot and shell from the batteries on the islam!, and the enemy opened a steady fire from the starboard side of their whole line, within half gunshot dis- tance, full into the bows of our van ships. It was received in silenco; the men on board every ship were employed aloft in furling sails, and below in tending the braces, and making ready for anchoring; — a miser- able sight litr the French, who, with all their skill and all their courage, and all their advantages of number iind situation, were upon that element on which, when the hour of trial comes, a Frenehnian h;is no hope. Aibniral Hrueys was a brave and able man; yet the indelible chiiractor of his country broke out in one of his letters, wherein ho delivered it as his private oi)inion that the Knglish had missed liini, because, not being superior in I'nree, they did not think it prudent to try their strength with him. The moment was now eome in whieli he was to be undeeeivid. A French brig was instructed to decoy the English. By manamvring ii,M^aim)am&il^M^, ■liitittiiiiiiMi BATTLES OP THE WORLD. 219 )ort, ISO," ivo to lit and (vady t dia- nce; imd iniser- hopo. iiotor it lis hoing with d. ivi'ing so .18 to tempt tlicm towards a shoal lying ofiF the island of Bcguieres ; but Nelson either knew the danger, or suspected some deceit, and the lure was unsuccessful. Captain Foley led the way in the Goliath, out- sailing the Zealous, which for some minutes disputed this post of honour with him. He had long conceived that, if the enemy were moored in line of battle in with the land, the best plan of attack would bo to lead between thera and the shore, because the French guns on that side were not likely to be manned, nor even ready for action. Intending, therefore, to fix himself on the inner bow of the Guerrier, he kept as near the edge of the bank as the depth of water would admit ; but his anchor hung, and, having opened his fire, he drifted to the second ship, the Conqenint, before it was cleared, then anchored by the stern, inside of her, and in ten minutes shot away her masts. Hood, in the Zealous, perceiving this, took the station which the Goliath intended to have occupied, and totally disabled the Guerrier in twelve minutes. The third ship which doubled the enemy's van was the Orion, Sir J. Saumarcz ; she passed to windward of the Zealous, and opened her larboard guns as long as they bore on the Guerrier ; then passing inside the Goliath, sunk a frigate which annoyed her, hauled toward tiie French line, and, anchoring iuajdo between the fifth and sixth ships from the Guerrier, took her station on the larboard bow of the Franklin and the quarter of the Pcuplc Souverain, receiving and returning the fire of both. The sun was now nearly down. The Audacious, Captain Gould, pouring a heavy fire into the Guerrier and the Conquirant, fixed herself on the larboard bow of the latter, and when that ship struck, passed on to the I'euple Souverain. The Theseus, Captain Miller, followed, brought down the Gtierrier's remaining main and niizen ujasts, ilion anchored inside the Sjnirtiate, the third in the French line. While these advanced ships doubled the French lino, the Vanguard was the first that anchored on the outer side of the enemy, within half pistol shot of their third ship, the S/)arti((te. Nelson had six colours flying in difTeront parts of the ritrging, lest they should be shot away — that they should be struok,'no British Admiral considers as a possibility. Ho veered half a cable, and instantly opened a tremendous fire, under cover ol' which the other four ships of his division, the Minotaur, liclle- roi>hiiii, Ih'finee and J/ri;/(.s7("c, sailed on aheatl of the Admiral. In a lew minutes every man stationod at the first six guns in the lore part of the VitiKjuard's deck wj.s killed or wountled — these guns were three times eleured. Captain Louis, in the Minotaur, anohorod next ahead, and took I T IS, ■f ' 220 OYCLOPiEDIA OF THE off the fire of the Aquilon, the fourth in the enemy's line. The Bellero- pJion, Captain Darby, passed ahead, and dropped her stern anchor on the starboard bow of the Orienty Reventh in the line, Bruey's own ship of one hundred and twenty guns, whose difference in force was in proportion of more than seven to three, and whose weight of ball, from the lower deck alone, exceeded that from the whole broadside of the Bcllevoplion. Captain Peyton, in i]ie Defence, took his station ahead of the vi/t«o<(iir of war. iiu'lanrholy /(lies /7lOH- ,r)tli, ITtlO, Iwi'ro totally •evented iho lir Mnuadron. Ittalion, with lod Phalanx (and by it he BATTLES OF THE WORLD. 229 i achieved his two great victories. The modern square is based on the Grecian Phalanx, which was itself as well as the Honian Orb, taken from the Thcban. The renowned 3Iaccdonian Phalanx of Alexander tho Oreat's father, Philip, was instituted B.C. 3G0. Thisconsisted of 16,000 picked men divided into four equal parts of 4000 each. They performed their evolutions upon tho cnomoty or single (ile, whether it were re(iuired to extend or deepen the line, and there was an interval between every two sections for tho convenience of mana>uvring. PIIAIISALIA, BATTLE OF.— Fougbt, ^^ 'ly 12th, 48 u.c, between Julius Ca3sar and Poinpey. " The battle conunenccd about daybreak, and before noon the army ofPompeywas utterly defeated. I'onipey himself, early in the battle, .seemed entirely to have lost liis presence of mind, and fled in despair to his tent, there to await the result. Civsar, determined to make the most of his advantage, notwith.standing the weariness of his troops, did not permit the jnirsuit to slacken till the army oi' Pompey was entirely •scattered. A considerable body of them had taken rel'uge in an adjacent mountain. By cutting off all hope of succor, Coesar induced them to surrender. Jle received their submission with the greatest gentleness, and forbade his soklierL IVom oUering violence to their van(juished countrymen. This was tho most eomplote victory Cicsar ever obtained. His loss did not exceed 200, while that of Pompey was 15,000, and 24,000 surrendered themselves prisoners of war. On ])assiiig over the })attle field, so thickly strewn with Bomans, Csesar is said to have been ail'eeted even to tears, while lie exclaimed to one near him, " 1'liey would have it so." PIllIillMM UATTLH OF.— Fon-hl, October, 42 n.c, between Octavius Ciesar and Mare Antony, nn tlie one side, and Brutus and Cassius on tlie otiier. " Tn tho nuMiiitime, Brutus and Caseins, (lie principal cnnspiratorH against Cncsar, ha\ing retired into (ireece, persuaded the Boman studont8 at Athens to deelau' I'or the cause of freedom. In Syria and Macedonia ihey succeeded in raising large armies, and soon iliuml themselves in ti oondition to support a contest on which the empire ol' the world depended. While at Sardis, Brutus and Cassius arc said to liavo had a serious mis- understanding, tlie ell'eet of n jealousy which liatl been industriously raised between them. But no bad cdnsequeiiees arose from it, liir immediately joining their armies, tliey liaslencd to oppose Antony and Octavius, wlio ■ :;?^i':»a*»*~. 230 CYCLOPAEDIA OP THE ' 1 were rapidly advancing to meet them. Once more the empire of the world was about to be decided by a single battle. It was a time of fear- ful suspense. Should the arms of Brutus be successful, the Roman people might again form a free republic. On the other liand, should Octavius triumph, they had to fear a worse tyranny than ever had been exercised by Julius Caesar. Brutus and Cassius took their station each on a little hill near the city of Thilippi. Behind them was the sea, by which they might obtain supplies, "and between them and the plain ou which the Triumviri had encamped their army, was an impassable morass. In this lavorable position, it was (heir policy to delay a battle as long as possible. On the contrary, the Triumviri, not being able to obtain sup- plies by sea, and conscious that their army could not long be sustained by the resources of the surrounding country, were eager innnediately to engage. A road was constructed by them through the morass which separated the armies. The tall reeds of the morass having concealed the soldiers while making the road, Brutus and Cassius were in .some measure taken by surprise wiien the enemy advanced over it, and the impatience of their own soldiers prevented a longer delay. A battle therefore ensued. Antony led his forces against tiuit part of the army commanded Ity Cassias, and in a short time put his cavalry to flight. Cassius did all that the courage of a single man could do to rally his troops, but in vain. Suppo.sing the battle to be entirely lost, and determiiu'il not to fall into the hands of the enemy, he returned inte his tent and killed himself, llrutus still kopt possession of the camp, and did all in iiis power to enciMivago his men. Still ho determined lor the present to avoid .'teeking another battle. His design was to starve the enemy, whom ho know to bo in great want of provisions, After a re'ril IVoiu ,0 waggon d him — n Ic column and tliat licddugull, >y had no swords'' ^ upon any considerahle body of the Fenians. But they rode round by the Cook's Corner road, and thus, at a later period of the day, cut off the retreat of some who would have escaped, and took two of the scoundrels prisoners. If the Fenians had a good sight of them, they must liave felt inclined to keep out of their way. In turning to the right at the tavern at Pigeon Hill, tlic whole column descended the liill on the road leading directly to the line — the artillery taking tlie lead. The guns were placed in position on a high point overlooking the whole valley, and about half- aniile within the line. One company of the 25th remained with tlie guns, and the remainder of the infantry, in two lines, with the rifles thrown out in front as skirmisliers, descended into the valley in the direction of the woods, which were about three-fourths of a mile distant. The last red coat disappeared among the trees, and we remained in anxious expec- tation awaiting the result. Meantime the farmer's family before whoso door the guns were placed, and who had suffered sore annoyance for several days from the constant demand of the ragamuffins for food, gladly brought to their deliverers such simple refreshment as could be hastily prepared. Presently a single rifle shot was heard, echoing loudly through the woods — two more Ibllowed, then a dropping fire of twenty-five or thirty shots and all was silent. At the first report the whole party sprang to their feet, the gunners placed themselves by their pieces, and the officers of artillery prepared to point them upon any body of the enemy that might break cover. And much were all disappointed when tlie firing ceased. Presently the red coats emerged from the woods, marclied across a small clearing and disappeared in the woods beyond. After waiting some time longer and the sun bo^inning to approach the horizon, the hoivses were put to the guns and waggons ami jtropaiations were made for returning to St. Armand. One company ol' the 25th regained their comrades on the hill. The rest o ' the I'orce made their way l)y the Cook's Corner road back to Pigeon II ill, with the exception of one company of the Kifles, which was detached towards Frolighsburg. The rest of the force reached St. Arinand's Station between il and 10 o'clock at night. The result of this expedition was unsatisfactory, though all concerned did their duty with the utmost alacrity and zeal. Hut when there was really no enemy to fight, no groat victory could bo achieved, It was generally sujiposed (hat 2 Fenians only were killed and 1(! captured, but I have boon since informed '\nt 4 bodies wore found in the woods on Sunday. 234 CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE Thus ended most ingloriously to those concerned in it this base attempt to desecrate, by unlawful invasion, the soil of Canada, and to detach from their allegiance to their rightful Sovereign a conttnted, haj^j^i/ andloyal people. I may add, in conclusion, that the inhabitants were most active in searching for and arresting straggling Fenians and bringing them into head-quarters." PINKEY, BATTLE OF.— Fought, September 10th, 1547, between the English, under the Earl of Hertford Protector, and the Scots, when the latter were totally defeated. Few victories have been achieved with less loss to the victors ; the English loss was no more than 200, whilst the Scots lost the enormous number of 20,000. PISTOL.— The smallest sort of fire arras. First used by the English cavalry, a.d. 1544. PLAINS OF ABRAHAM.— &e Quebec. PLASSY, BATTLE OF.— Fought, Juno 23rd, 1757, between tho British, under Lord Clive, and the native Hindoos, under Surajah Dowlah. The Hindoo army consisted of 70,000 men, whilst the British did not exceed 3000, yet tho Surajah was signally defeated. This battle laid the foundation of the British power in India. PLAT.EA, BATTLE OF,— Fouglit, September 22nd, b. o. 470, between Mardonius, General of tho Persians, and the Lacediomonians and Athenians under Pausanias. The Persian army consisted of 300,000 men, 3000 of which only remained alive after the battle. The Grecians lostonlyOl Spartans, 52 Athenians, and 1<> Tegcans. Pausanias received one-tenth of all tho innneiiso plunder for his unconunoii valour, and tho rest were rewarded each according to his respective merit. PhATTSBlIJlG, EXPEDITION TO.— Tho British squadron against IMattsburg, on Lake Champlain, was designed under General Sir George Provost, but it was abandoned, after a severe defeat of tho naval squadron of England on tho Lake, Soptembor 11th, 1814. PODULTZ, BATTLl'] OF.— Fought, Juno 2Sth, 1800, between tho Austrians and tho Prussians. Tho I'russians every where wero victorious. Tho needle gun of their army was decidedly superior to any other weapon used. The fullowiiig is the Tiniis account: " On the northern side of Gitsehiii and on tho Turuau road tho Aus- BATTLES OF THE WORLD. 23i> iccn the itoriou.s. y othoi' 110 Aus- trians had taken up a position to cover the town against the Prussians, advancing from the direction of Turnau. As the Prussians advanced they saw the vilhige of Podultz close to the road, and on their right, standing at the top of the gentle ascent by which the road rises to the top of the lower spur, on the other side of the road and about 300 yards from it, nearer to the advancing division by 200 yards than Podultz, the village of Diletz, lying in the plain, while high on their right they could see the chimneys of Brada above the thick fir wood which, lying on tho hill side, in front of that village, runs down nearly to Podultz, and traced by the difforent colours of the foliage the ground occupied by its orchards. The three villages and the fir wood were held by Austrian and Saxon troops, supported by seven battalions of artillery, which were placed both on the spur and on the Brada Hill, while behind the spur were hidden three of Austria's finest cavalry regiments — the Hussars of Radetzky, of Lichtenstein, and of the Austrian Regiment the King of Prussia. As soon as the Prussians came within range the Austrian batteries opened upon them ; the Prussian guns replied, and, under cover of their artil- lery, the columns advanced to the attack of the position. The 8th and 48th llogimcnts advanced against the village of Diletz, which was garri- soned by the 1st, 2d, 3u, and 4th Saxon battalions, and where, as the prisoners report, the King of Saxony himself took part in the fight. The 12th and 18th Rcgii.ients advanced against the village of Podultz. Both attacking columns were exposed to a very hot fire, but after a severe struggle both villages were carried, though that of Podultz, set on fire by a shell, was burning when the Prussians occupied it. General Edelshoini, who connnanded the Austrian cavalry, with a desperate valour, attacked the burning village, but tho horses would not face the flames, and the Prussian infantry, from behind tho blazing houses, fired on tho disordered squadrons and killed many troopers. After taking Podultz, the 12th and 18th Kegiments pushed past Brada, leaving it to their right, and made for the Loehow Road, in order to cut oil' tho retreat of the Austrians, who were retiring from Loehow ou Cutschiii. The Austrian cavalry charged tho advancing Prussians, but the latter received them without forming square, and the horsonion recoiled, broken by their steady five. The Austrian troops in Brada, and the Saxons and Austrians in Diletz were »[uito separated by tlio capture of tho village of Podultz, and the former were almost entirely taken ; tho latter were cut off from retreat in largo numbers, for Von Worder was pressing towards Gitschin, the roads were crowded, and tho little river formed on tho right of the- 23G cvclopjEdia of the I'i broken allies a v/ide extent of marshy ground, which it was almost impossible to cross. The loss of the Saxons between Diletz and Gitschin was tremendous; they fell thickly, and the ground was covered with corpses. The Prussians suffered much, but they fought most bravely, and, with only four regiments, and half as many guns as their opponents, carried a very strong position held by a much superior force ; for the Prussians had in the field but 16,000 men, and the allied strength is esti- mated at 30,000. Under a crushing fire they advanced to the attack of Podultz and Diletz, and the vacancies in the muster-roll show how fearfully they suffered ; but every man who fell on the Prussian side was trebly avenged, and a long bi'oad track of fallen enemies marks the lino of march of the four regiments who so well fought and won Diletz. The field of Diletz is almost more thickly strewn with killed and wounded. Here the Prussians lie more thickly than at Lochow, for the more numerous artilleiy of the defenders ploughed with terrible effect through the dense columns of the iffesailunts as they advanced to the attack. But between Diletz and Gitschin the ground is covered with broken arms, knapsacks, shakos, and fallen men, who are mostly cither Saxons or Austrians, lor here the ncedlegun was more used than artillery. The Prussians took 7000 prisoners in the two combats, and many officers : and the Austrian loss in killed and wounded is estimated at 301 0, so that yesterday evening has withdrawn 10,000 soldiers from under the Austrian colours." POICTIEllS, 135G.— " Ten years after the victory of Crecy, a similar event took place i:i one of the south-west districts of France, at Poicliers, the capital of I'oitoiiu. Edward " the Black Prince," now in the prime of his early manhood, regarding his country as at war with France, sallied forth from the Gascon province in the sunnner of 135G, on a ravaging expedition, to do his enemy all the damage in )'" ;ower. lie left JJourdeaux with about 12,000 men; ascended t!;c Garonne as fur as Agon, and then, turning to the left, entered central France* and overran the fertile provinces of Jiimousin, Quercl, Auvergne, and Berri. It was harvest-time, and everywhere the harvest was seized, the towns jilunderod, and all captives able to pay a ransom were carried to Bourdoaux. One account states that the Hnglish army sent off no fewer than 5000 cartloads of plunder to Bourdoaux. This employment doubtless hud its attractions for the army; but its commander seems to have forgotten that he was invading and exasperating a powerful -A^^ BATTLES OP THE WORLD. 2BT almost Gitschin •ed \Titt , bravely, pponents, .; for the ;tli is csti- , attack of sliow how n side was the line of X. , killed and low, for the vrihle effect Lccd to the ovcrcd with lostly cither nan artillery. s, and many estimated at Idlers from of Crecy, a of Trance, at incc," now in , iit war with ,nueroft35G, ii. 1 ■•" : owcr. the Garonne cntral France, Auvcrp;ne, and was seized, the were carried to ,cnt off no fewer is cmyloynumt inmandor seems ling ft ro^'''^'"^"^ kingdom, whose people and sovereign might be expected to take ven- geance for such an inroad as this. Philip of Valois was now dead, and John, his son, a high-spirited but indiscreet prince, had succeeded him. Hearing of young Edward's performances in Limousin and Berri, " ho instantly declared with an oath," says Froissart, " that he would forthwith set out after him, and would fight him whenever he could find him. He therefore issued forth a general summons to all his nobles and vassals of every kind, that they should set forth to meet him on the borders of Touraine and Blois, for he was determined to fight the English." He soon marched from Paris, having with him a considerable body of troops, and went to Chartres to be nearer the enemy, and to gain quicker intelligence of his proceedings. Here he rested some days, and *' great crowds of knights and men at arms daily joined him, from Auvergne, Borri, Burgundy, Lorraine, Hainault, Picardy, and other provinces." But as yet neither of these two Princes seems to have been well informed of the other's movements. ** The Prince," says Froissart, " having with him 2000 men-at-arms and 6000 archers, rode on at his ease, having all things at his command. They found Auvergne, which they were now overrunning, very rich and teeming with abundance; and when they entered any town, they rested there for some days to refresh themselves, consuming what they pleased, and destroying the rest, whether of corn, wine, or other provi- sions." " They kept advancing, and found plenty everywhere, for the provinces of Berri, Poiteau, Touraine and Maine," says Froissart, " were very rich, and full of provisions for an army." At Bourgcs they were stopped by the strength of the place ; having no means of besieging a fortified town, they passed on, and came to another town, the name of which Froissart does not give, but which, ho says, had groat plenty of wines and provisions. This thoy carried by storm, and here they remained three days. And now tidings were brought to the Prince that the King of France was at Chartres with a If.fgo army, and that all the passes and towns on the north of the Loiro were manned and well defended. He therefore held a council of war, in which it was resolved to return at once to Bour- deaux, doing the enemy what damiigc was possible on the road. But the castle of Romorontin delayed their retreat, the Prince making it a point of honour not to be foiled by so small a place, and wasting thoreforo three days before it. This delay enabled the French army to reach him. ■ ! 1 1 1 1 1 ! 'l . i i i • '238 CYCLOPAEDIA OP THE The King of Franco, having now a largo forco, had set forward from Chartrcs, had crossed the Loire at Blois, and was rapidly marching on the city of Poictiers. Both of the chiefs seem to have been in the dark as to the exact position of the other — John, imagining the English to be fiir before him, and Edward similarly deeming the French to be in his rear. At last, at Chauvigny, on the Vienne, the two armies came in sight of each other, or rather, learned each other's proximity by an encounter of outposts. A party of French knights flilling in with two of Edward's captains and a party of sixty men, pursued them until tlioy came to the main body of the English, and hero, not retreating, the greater part of the assailants were either slain or captured. From the prisoners, the Prince learned that the King of France was close by with his army, and that he could not retreat without fighting him. He called in immediately all foragers; and ordered every man to keep under his standard. Four experienced Captains, with 200 horse, were sent out to reconnoitre the French positions. They were not long before they fell in with it, and captured some stragglers. They soon perceived the whole plain to be covered with troops. Their approach alarmed the French, who, instead of entering Poictiers, turned towards the English army, and as it was late encamped for the night in the open fields. The Eng- lish detachment returned to the Prince, and told him that the French *' were in immeiiRe numbers." The Prince replied, " God help us! wc must begin to consider how we can best receive them." The next day was Sunday. The French king ordered a solemn mass in his pavilion, and he and his four sons communicated. There then assembled around him the groat Lords, the Duke of Orleans, the Duke of Bourbon, the Earl of Ponthiou, the Constable of France, the Marshal of France, and a great body of Lords and famous knights. Tlicy were luug debating; at last it was resolved " that each Lord should display his banner, advance into the plain, and push forward in the name of God and St. Denis." It is already tolerably clear, that this great army had no General. " Then might be seen all tho nobility of France, richly dressed out in shining armour, with banners and pennons gallantly displayed ; for all the flower of the French nobility was there." By the adviqp of tho Con- stable and marshals, the army wai^ divided into throe battalions, each consisting of 1(5,000 men-at-arms. Nearly 50,000 spears then, a large proportion doubtless mounted, were arrayed against 2000 English lances, and 4,000 archers, with a few irregulars. Michelet says : " There were 3 ■i 4 1 1 ■ BATTLES OF THE WORLD. 239 we the King's four sons, 26 Dukes or Counts, and 140 knights-bannerets — a magnificent spectacle ; but the army was none tlie better for all that." The King sent forward three knights to reconnoitre the English array. They returned, and Sir Eustace Ribcaumont said, " Sir, we have examined the English closely; they amount, according to our estimate, to about 2000 mon-at-arms, 4000 archers, and 1500 footmen. They are posted very strongly; and have fortified their position as well as they can. They are on a hill, which is only approachable by one road or lane ; so narrow that only four men can ride abreast." The French were now on the point of moving forward to the attack, when the Cardinal de Perigord came up at a full gallop, and making a low reverence, entreated the King to listen to liim a moment. " You have here," he said, " all the flower of your kingdom against a mere handful of English ; you may have them on other terms than by a battle. Let me go to the Prince, and remonstrate with liim on the dangerous situation he is in." The King said, " It is very agreeable to us; but make haste back again." The Cardinal set of at full speed ; and was admitted to the Prince, whom he found on foot in the midst of his army. lie said, " Fair son, if you have well considered the great army of the King of France, you will allow n.r ( • uiakt- up matters between you, if I possibly can." The Prince said, ■ Sir, save my own honour, and that of my army, and I will agree to any reasonable terms." The Cardinal then returned to the French cani|», and saw the King ; and all that day he rode from one army to the other, trying to bring about an agreement. Many proposals were made: the Prince oflfered to give up all the towns and castles which he had taken ; to release all his prisoners without ransom ; and to engage not to take up arms against the King of France for the next seven years." But John refused the offer ; demanding that Kdward, with an hundred - prisoners. (( T The Prince to accept any sucli condi- esclaimed, " England shall of his knights, should surrender themseh and his army," says Froissart, *' disdainei tions." Another account says, that I'Mwar never liavc to pay a ransom for me !" Thus Sunday was spent; and the buttle was necessarily deferred till the morrow. The English, however, had well employed their time in still further strengthening their positions. But they were short of provisions; and could the French have stooped to defer the attack, and to be content with cutting off all supplies, Edward and his whole force must have submitted themselves before the termination of another week. 240 CYCLOP/EDIA OP THE ^ But such a course would have been humbling to the pride of Franco. A certain triumph seemed in the power of the French commanders, and they could brook no delay. Edward, therefore, made up his mind for a struggle for life cr liberty on the Monday morning. lie remained en the defensive ; except that ho detached a body of 300 men-at-arms, and as many archers, with or- ders to make a circuit, and get into the flunk and rear of the Duko of Normandy's battalion ; the position of which he could survey from his hill. " And now," says Fruissart, " the whole army of the Prince, includ- ing every one, did not amount to more than 8000 ; while the French had upwards of 00,000 combatauis, among whom were more than 15000 knights. The Prince, seeing all hope of an accommodation at an end, addressed his captains and men, saying : — " Now, my gallant fellows ! what though wo be but a small body wheu compared with our enemies; let us not be cast down on that account; for victory is not always with the greater numbers, but God gives it to whom he pleases. If the day shall he ours, great will bo the honour of it: if not, I have a father, and you all have friends, who will bo sure to avenge our deaths. Stand last, therefore, and light like men; and if it please God, you shall see me play the part of a true kniglit." And now came on the French, and soon it was seen that here, as in many other l)attles of the time, the Fnglish bow was a most formidable weapon. The battalion of tlie French marshals entered the lane by wliieh the Fnglisli position must be approaelied ; ami now the archers began to ply their weapons " in siieh sort that the horses, smarting under the pain of their wounds, would not advance, but turned about, threw their masters, and creatcil a general eoiifiision. Ami if a few of tho Kreneh struggled throU'^Ii and eauK? in sight of the I'rince's battalion, n sm!ill party or two of Hnglish knights, who waited for them, instantly attacked them and .slew Ihcni, or made them prisoners. Thus, in a short time, this battalion of the marshals was defeiiteJ. The front line was driven back in confusion on the division immediately behind it. This, unable to advance, began to give ground, impelled by tho crowd oi' fugitives pressing back upon it. Hut in retreating, this battalion fell baek upon the Duko ■ !' Normandy's and soon confusion and tenor spread tiiroiigh the whole army. The delaehmeiit " knf({lil« niul Kruiit iiioii huriuil thi-ro after liiia luiltlo. Anions tlirso wo tiiul, tliu CoiistiiliU' of Fn\iici>, tlio HlslKip (if (Jliulons, tho Vl rlnircli of till' Fii)n'.s I'rt'tu'luMirs llicii" wcro Iniiioil tlin Diiku of liouilinii, tlii» Maislml do Clonuoiii, tlio VlHcoimt ilo l{ociiiH'liounrt, llio Iioiil do Ja Fnyotlo, tliu Vliouuiil d'Auninle, tlie Lurtl Ht. Ollilurt, niid luuru tbnn tifty kiilgliti, 244 CYCLOP.«DIA OF THE i ■pse, with a splendid retinue to Fraiico, where it found a place in the burial-place of the Kings, in the abbey-church of St. Denis." POLOTSK, BATTLE OF,— Fought, July 30th, 1812, between the French Marshal, Oudinot, and the llussians under Wittgenstein. The llussians were defeated with great loss. PONDICHERRY.—/;u^:rt.— Settled by the French in 1G74; taken by the Dutch in 1G93 , besieged by the British in 1748, and taken by our forces in January, n 01, but restored in 1763. Again taken in October, 1778, and restored in 1783. Again captured by the British, August 23rd, 1793, and finally in 1803. PORTOBELLO.— *S^o!'^/i America.— Taken from the Spaniards by Admiral A''ornon, November 22nd, 1739. Again taken by the British, who destroyed the fortifications, in 1742. PRAGA, BATTLES OF.— Fought, October 10th, 1704, between the I'olcs and Russians ; 30,000 Poles were butchered in this battle by the nioroiless Suwarrow. A second battle, fought March 3l3t, 1831, between the same countries, resulted with defeat of the Russians who lost 400(1 killed and wounded, and tiOOO prisoners and 1 2 pieces of cannon. PRESCOTT, BATTLE 0¥.—Ui>pcr Cnnmh. —Vouaht, November 27th, 1838, between the Canadian Rebels and the British, under Major Young, and on the following day by Lieut.-Colunel Dundas, who, after a dospcr:ite resistance, succeeded in dispersing the insurgents, several of whom were killed and many taken prisoners ; the troops also suflered considerably. After the attack the remainder of the rebels surrendered. Li these engagements the rebels wcro aided by the Americans, who invaded the Oamidian territory in great numbers. PRKSTON, BATTLIC OF.— Fought, November Pith, 1715, between the Scotch insurgents, under Forstcr, and the Hrilish, under General Willis. The fir.st aitiick was successful, n» the side of the Jacobins, but the Royal forces being augmented by tlio arrivid of General Carpenter, Preston was invested on every side, mid the Soots at length laid down their arms, and their nobles and leaders were scoured. Sonic were sliot as deserters, and others sent oil' to London, pinioned and bound together, to frighten their party. ^^.Miumtumim BATTLES OP THE WORLD. 245 1 in the iveen the n. The t; taken taken bj 1 October, I. August iniarda b/ 10 British, 4, botweou is battle by Ist, 1831, ns who lost cannon. November mler Major who, ul'lcr iits, Hovoral so Hufl'orcd >nrroiiJoroil. riciuis, who 'ir),bctwoon (U'r General ucobins, but 1 Carpenter, 1 hiid down I were shot n8 together, to PRESTON-PANS, BATTLE OF.— Fought, September 21st, 1745, between Prince Charles the Pretender and the Royal forces. " In the meantime Sir John Cope, who had pursued the rebels through the Highlands, but had declined meeting them in their descent, being now reinforced by two regiments of dragoons, resolved to march towards Edinburgh and give the enemy battle. The young Adventurer, whose forces were rather superior, though undisciplined, attacked him near Preston-l*au3, about twelve miles from the capital, and in a few minutes put him and his troops to flight. This victory, by which the King lost 500 men, gave the rebels great influence ; and had the Pretender taken advantage of the general consternation, and marched directly for England, the consequence might liave been fatal to freedom. But ho was amused by the promise of succours which never came; and thus induced to remain at Edinburgh, to enjoy the triumphs of an important victory^ and to bo treated as a monarch." PULTOWA, BATTLE OF,— Fought, July 8th, 1709, between Charles XII of Sweden and Peter the Great of Russia. In this cele- brated battle the Czar entirely defeated the Hero of Sweden, and forced him to flee to Turkey. This battle was loft on account of Charles having been wounded just before, being obliged to issue his orders from a litter, his soldiers thus having no opportunity of seeii\g their loved commander. PULTUSK, BATTLES OF.-Ono between the Saxons and Swedes, in which tho former were defeated, 1703 ; and the other between tho French, under Napoleon, and tho Russian and Prussian armies. Both sides claimed tlio victory, but it inclined in favour of tho French. VY RAMIDS, BATTLE OF THK.— Fought between tho French and Turks, 1798. " Tho sight of the Pyramiils, and tho anxious nature of the moment, inspired tho French General with even more than usual ardour ; the sun glittered on tlioso immense nuissos, which seemed to arise in height every step tlio soldiers advanced, and the army, sharing his enthusiasm, gazed, as tliey marched, on the everlasting monuments. " Remember," said he, " that from tho summit of those Pyramids forty centuries eontemplato your actions." With liis usual sagacity, the General li id taken extraordinary precau- tions to ensure success againut tho furniidable cavalry of tiio Desert. Tho divisions were all drawn up as before, in hollow s(|uare« rIx deep, tho artillery at tho angles, tho general and baggiigo in the centre. When ■i 246 CrCLOP^DIA OF THE they were in mass, the two sides advanced in column, those in front and r T oved forward in their ranks, but the moment they were charged, .» whole were to halt, and face outward on every side. When they were themselves to charge, the three front ranks were to break oflF and form the column of attack, those in the rear remaining behind, still in square, but three deep only, to constitute the reserve. Napoleon had no fears for the result, if the infantry were steady ; his only apprehension was, that his soldiers, accustomed to charge, would yield to their impetuosity too soon, and would not be brought to the immovable firmness wliich this species of warfare required. Mourad 13cy, no sooner perceived the lateral movement of the French army, than, with a promptitude of decision worthy of a skilful gonoral, he resolved to attack the columns while in the act of completing it. An extraordinary movement was immediately observed in the Maueluko line, and speedily 7000 horsemen detached themselves from the remainder of the army, and bore down upon the French columns. It was a terrible sight, capable of daunting the bravest troops, when this immense body of cavalry approached at full gallop the squares of infan- try. The horsemen, admirably mounted and magnificently dressed, rent the air witii their cries. The glitter of spoarn and cimeters dazzled the sight, while the earth groaned under the repeated and increasing thunder of their feet. The .soldiers, impressed, but not panic-struck, by the sight, Btood firm, and anxiously waited, witli their pieces ready, tho order to fire. Desaix's division being entangled in a wood of palm-trees, was not completely formed when the swiftest of the Mamelukes eanie upon them ; they were, in conse'|iionce, partially broken, and thirty or forty ol the bravest of tho assailants ponetratoii, and died in the midst of the sijuarc, at the feet of tho officers: but before the mass arrived tho movement was completed, and a rapid fire of musketry and grapo drove them from the front round the sides of the column. With matchless intrepidity, they pierced through tli(^ interval between J)esaix'8 and llegnier's divi- fiions, and riding round both sipiares, strove to find an entrance ; but an incessa!\t fire from every front mowed them down as fast as they poured in at the opening. I'urious at tlu! unexpected resistance, they (lasiied their horses against the rampart of bayonets, and threw their pistols at tho heads of the grenadiers, while many who had lost their steeds crept along tlie ground and cut ut the logs of tho front rank with tlieir cimo- tars. In vain thousands succeeded, and galloped round the flaming walls of atoi'l; multitudes perished under the rolling lire whieh, without inter- i BATTLES OF THE WORLD. 247 mission, issued from the ranks, and at length the survivors, in despair, fled towards the camp from whence they had issued. Here, however, they were charged in flank by Napoleon at the head of Dugua's divi- sion, while those of Vial and Bon, on the extreme left, stormed the in- trenchments. The most horrible confusion now reigned in the camp ; the horsemen, driven in disorder, trampled under foot the infaiitry, whoj panic-struck at the rout of the Mamelukes, on whom all their hopes were placed, abandoned their ranks, and rushed in crowds towards the boats to escape to the other side of the Nile. * Numbers saved themselves by swimming, but a great proportion perished iu the attempt. The Mamelukes, rendered desperate, seeing no possibility of csc.ipc in that direction, fell upon the columns who were approaching from the right, with their wings extended in order of attack ; but they, forming square again with inconceivable rapidity, repulsed them with great slaughter, and drove them nnally off in the direction of the Pyramids. The in- trenched camp ith ill its artillery, stores, and baggage fell into the hauijs of the victors. Several thousands of the Mamelukes were drowned or killed ; and of the formidable array which had appeared iu such splendour in the morning, not more than 2508 escaped with Mourad Bey into Upper Egypt. The victors hardly lost 200 men in the ac- tion ; and several days were occupied after it was over in stripping the slain of their magnificent appointments, or fishing up the rich spoils which encumbered the banks of the Nile." PYRENEES, BATTLE OF THE.— Fought, July 28th, 1813, be- tween the British army, commanded by Wellington, and the French, commanded by Marshal Soult, The French were defeated, with great slaughter. After the battle of Vittoriu, fought, June 2l8t, Napoleon sent Soult to supersede Jourdan, with instructions to drive the British across the Ebro ; a duty which ho could not iiecomplish ; for ho was obliged to retreat into Franco, which was entered by the British, and he lost 20,000 men, in a series of engagements in tlie Pyrenees, which separate France from Spain, from July 25111 to August 2nd, same year. Q. QITA15TRE BRAS, BATTLE OF.— Fought, -u"^ 16th, 1815, between the French and Knglish. The French were eominnndod by Marshal Noy, and tlie British by the Duke of Brunswick, the Prince of Orange, and Sir Thomas Picton. It was fought two days before 248 CTCLOPiEDIA OP THE Waterloo. The British fought, to maintain their position, with wonderful intrepidity, notwithstanding their inferiority in number, and the fatigue of marching all the preceding night. The gallant 42nd Regiment of Scotch Highlanders, or the Black Watch, suffered very severely in pursuit of a French division repulsed early in the morning, by cuiras- siers being posted in ambush behind growing corn as high as the p-jif B runswick shoulders of tho c allost m e n. — la this battl e fell, whose death is alluded to in the well-known lines of Byron on the field of Waterloo. l!l,i' : ?l I :, .-;i ■ ! , .! 1 QUEBEC— Has been five times assaulted. Founded by the French in 1G05. Reduced by tho English, with all Canada, in 1C26, and restored in 1632. Besieged again by the English, but without success, in 1711, but was taken, under Wolfo, September 13th, 1759. The following is a good account of the capture of the city, under the immortal Wolfe. Quebec was again besieged by the American General IMontgomery, who was slain before it, December 31st, 1775, and the siege was raised early next year. Appended is also an account of tho siege and death of tho American General. ' " Wolfe's army, amounting to about 8000, was conveyed to the vicinity of Quebec by a fleet of vessels of war and transports, and landed, in two divisions, on the island of Orleans, on the 27th of June. The Marquis de iVontcalm made vigorous preparations for defending Quebec. His armed force consisted of about 13,000 men, of whom six battalions were regulars, and the remainder well disciplined Canadian militia, with some cavalry and Indians. He ranged these forces from the River St. Charles, to the Falls of Montmorency, with tho view of opposing tho landing of the British. " Wolfo first attempted the entrenclimont of Montmorency, landing his troops under cover of the fire from the ships of war, but ho was gallantly repulsed by the French. In consequence of this repulse, he sent disjiatclies to England, stating that he had doubts of being able to reduce Quebec during that campaign. His prospects, indeed, we) J not encouraging : the great stronghold kept up an incessant fire from its almost inaccessible position, bristling with guns, defended by a superior force, and inhabited by a hostile population. Above tho city, steep banks rendered landing ahaost impossible ; below, the country Ibr eight miles was embarrassed by two rivers, many redoubts, and watchful Indians. A part of tho fleet lay above tho town, tlio remainder in the north channel, between tho island of Orleans and Montmorency. •mmtmm BATTLES OP THE WORLD, 249 onderful e fatigue iment of yercly in )y cuiras- h as the ; rnnswick )n on tlie le Frencli d restored 1, in 1711, lUowing is •tal Wolfe. mery, who aised early I death of he vicinity d, in two Marquis bee. His ions were with some t. Charles, nnding of cy, landing mt ho was repulse, he ling able to d, WC1 J not •0 from its- a superior city, steep •y for eight d raitchful nder in the oy. " Soon after this repulse, however, Wolfe roused his brave and vigor- ous spirit, called a council of war, and proposed, it is generally said, at the instigation of his second in command, General Townsend, to gaia the heights of Abraham behind and above the city, commanding the •weakest part of the fortress. The council acceded to this daring pro- posal, and their heroic commander commenced his preparations ; in the _Bi£anwJ i'1e, mnlfing guch aotivc dsniGr.str n tluiiS u^ giuat luoiiiuaim s posi-~ tion, that the French still believed it to bo his main object. "On the 11th of September, the greater part of the troops landed, and marched up the south shore opposite Quebec,— forded the river Etchemin — and embarked on board the men of war and transports which lay above the town. On the 12th, the ships of war sailed nine miles up the river, to Cap Rouge. This foint deceived Montcalm, and he detached Do Bougainville, who, with his array of reserve, proceeded still farther up the river to prevent the English from landing. During; the night, the English troops dropped silently down the river, with the current, in boats, and at four o'clock in the morning began to land. " It is surprising how the troops contrived to land, as the French had posted sentries along the shore, to challenge boats and give the alarm. The first boat was questioned, when Captain Donald M'Donald, one of Frazer's Highlanders, who was perfectly well acquainted with the French language and customs, answered to " Qui vine ?" which is their chal- lenge, the word " Ld Fnincc " — when the sentinel demanded " A quel Hgiment ?" the captain replied, " Do la Jicinc," which he knew by accident to bo one of those commanded by De Bougainville. Tho soldier took it for granted that it was an expected convoy, and saying " Puxne," the boats proceeded without further question. One of the sentries more wary than tho rest, running down to the water's edge called out, ^' Ponnjuoi cst-cc que vous nc pdrJcz pus phis haul?" to which tho captain answered in a soft tone of voice, " Tais-toi, nous serous aitciidus." Thus cautioned, tho sentry retired, and tho bents proceeded without further altercation, and landed at the spot now cele- brated as "Wolfe's Covn." " General Wolfe was one of tho first on shore, and on seeing tlie difficulty of ascending tho precipice, observed familiarly to Captain M'Donald, " T don't believo there is any possibility of getting up, but you must do your endeavour." Indeed the precipice hero was so steep that there seemed no possibility of scaling it, but tho Highlanders, grasping tho bushes which grew on its face ascended tho woody precipice. 250 CTCLOPiEDIA OF THE with courage and dexterity. They dislodged a small body of troops that defended a narrow path-way up the bank ; and a few more mount- ing, the General drew up the rest in order as they arrived. With great exertion they reached the summit, and in a short time, Wolfe had his whole army drawn up in regular order on the plains above. " Montcalm, struck with this unexpected movement, concluded, that unless Wolfe could bo driven from this position, Quebec was lost. Hoping probably that only a detachment had as yet reached it, he lost his usual prudence and forbearance, and finding that his opponent had giiincd so much by hazarding all, he, with an infatuation for which it is difficult to account, resolved to meet the British army, " He crossed the St. Charles on the 13th, sallying forth from a strong fortress without field artillery — without even waiting the return of Bou- gainville, who, with 2000 men, formed a corps of observation, — before he could concentrate his forces, advanced with haste and precipitation, and coiinnenced a most gallant attack, when within about 250 yards of the English line. The English moved forward regularly, firing steadily, until within thirty or forty yards of the French, when they gave a general volley which did great execution. The English had only a light cannon, which the sailors had dragged up the heights with ropes. The sabre, therefore, and the bayonet decided the day. The agile Scotch Highlanders, with their stout claymores, served the purposes of cavalry, xind the steady tire of the English Fusiliers compensated, in some degree, for the want of artillery. Tlic heroism of Montcalm was as conspicuous as that of his illustrious opponent,— both headed their men, — both rushed with eagerness where the battle raged most fiercely. Often by their personal prowess and example did they change the fortune of the moment. Both were repeatedly wounded, but still fought on with enthusiasm. And, at last, both these gallant commanders fell mortally wounded, whilst advancing to the last deadly charge at the head of their respective columns. Wolfe was first wounded in the wrist. Ho immediately wrapped a handkerchief round his arm, and, putting himself at the head of his grenadiers, led them on to the charge. He was then struck with a second bull, but still pressed on, when, just as the enemy were about to give way, ho received a third ball in the breast and groin, and sank. When they raised him from the ground, ho tried with his faint hand to olear the doath-mist from his eyes. He could not see how the battle went, and was sinking to the earth, when the cry " Thei/ run /" " Thci/ s .'.smik.Mmm&mi' ':Mi ^SSSm BATTLES OP THE WORLD. 261 y of troops lore mount- Witli great 'olfe had his icluded, that ec was lost, ed it, he lost )pponent had )r which it is From a strong iturn of Bou- n, — before he ipitation, and yards of the ring steadily, they gave a d only a light 1 ropes. The agile Scotch ics of cavalry, ted, in some his illustrious gcruess where prowess and Both were And, at last, list advancing lumns. sly wrapped a head of liis struck with a were about to oin, and sank. faint hand to low the battle They run I »" II run ;" arrested his fleeting spirit. " TFAo run f" asked the dying hero. " The French," replied his supporter, " they gioe way everywhere." " What/" said he, ^' do they run already f now God be praised; I die happy !" and so saying, the youthful victor breathed his last. Such was the death of Wolfe, at the early age of thirty-five, when but few men begii> even to appear on the theatre of great events." DEATH OF GENERAL MONTGOMERY, ETC. " The first Congress of what is now called " The United States," met in Philadelphia, on the 5th of September, 1774. It is remarkable that one of tlicir first objects, after obtaining their own independence, was to attempt to seize on the country they had assisted England to conquer. It is a singular fact that the money, which it was endeavoured to levy upon the New Englanders and their fellow-colonists, and which, in a great measure, caused the rupture, was for the express purpose of defraying the great expenses incurred h^ England in the capture of Canada. " Having resolved to invade Canada, the Americans entered it in the fall of 1775, in two directions — by Lake Champlain and by the sources of the Kennebec Ilivor. The first division, under General Montgomery, was very successful. After obtaining possession of Ticonderoga, Crown Point, and St. Johns, he advanced towards 3Iontreal. His force was very considerable, while there were but few British soldiers in Canada. General Carleton, who succeeded General Murray in the military com- mand, had been repulsed at Longueuil ; so tliat Montgomery had only to take possession of the city, which he did on the 19th of November. The naval force in the river, and all the military stores ami provisions, were surrendered into his hands, and General Prescott, with the volun- teers and soldiers, became prisoners of war. Finding plenty of woollen cloth in the city. General Montgomery took tiie opportunity of new- clothing his troops, who had suffered much from the severity of the weather. The second division of the American army, under General Arnold, reached the St. Lawrence on the 9th of November. They had traversed, with dreadful fatigue, the forests and swamps in the histrict of Maine, and arrived at Point Levi, opposite Quebec, worn out and dispirited. Quebec wivs at this time defenceless ; and had General Arnold been able to cross the river, that capital, aid with it tlie territory of Canada, must have passed into the hands of the Americans. For- \ fi ■Ig^^'WBBB—'a*" 252 CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE ■ I i i tunately all the shipping had been removed to the other side, and it was not until the 14th that he was able to cross over. He landed 500 men at Wolfe's Cove, and waited near that place in the hope of being joined by Montgomery from Montreal. General Carleton, the British Governor, was at this time occupied, with his troops near Montreal, in endeavouring to repulse Montgomery. The latter wished to effect a junction with General Arnold, that they might unitedly attack the fortress. Per- ceiving that the safety of the country depended upon the possession of Quebec, Carleton effected a masterly movement to reach that place. In this, he was assisted by Captain Bouchetto, R.N., who conveyed him through the American forces by night, in a canoe with muffled paddles. He arrived at the citadel of Quebec on the 19th, whilst the Americans thought him busily engaged with Montgomery, near Montreal. General Carleton's arrival at Quebec was hailed with great joy by the Canadians, who vied with the oldest British soldiers in preparations for defence. The force under his command amounted to only 1800 men. Not more than 350 were regulars — of whom 230 were Frazer's High- landers, who had settled in the country, and were re-embodied under Colonel McLean. The remainder were 450 seamen, and a gallant band composed of Canadian militia and artificers. The American Generals had now effected a junction of their forces, and summoned the fortress to surrender. This was at once rejected. After pushing the siege during the month of December, without any prospect of success, Mont- gomery determined upon making a night-attack. This intention soon became known to General Carleton, who made every preparation to defeat the enemy. The Governor, with the officers and gentlemen off duty, took up their quarters for several days at the Recollet Convent, where they slept in their clothes. During this month's siege, the American riflemen kept up an unintermitting fire upon the sentinels, and threw from forty to fifty shells every night into the city. The inli:^bitants became so accustomed to the occurrences of a siege that they ceased to regard them with alarm, all joining cheerfully in bearing arms and performing the duty of soldiers. Two strong parties were formed on the 31st of December — one under ^lontgnmery, the other under Arnold, whose local knowledge of Quebec was accurate. They were to advance from opposite sides and meet at the foot of Mountain street ; then force Prescott gate and reach the Upper Town. The besiegers approached the city with the most careful silence, aided by the raging of a furious storm. Advancing by the road which winds ! BATTLES OF THE WORLD. 253 , and it was ed 500 men )eing joined sh Governor, ndeavouring unction with L-tress. Per- possession of it place. In onveyed him ffled paddles, ic Americans eal. iat joy by the jparations for ly 1800 men. ^razer's High- ibodied under \i gallant band ican Generals the fortress ing the siege uccesfl, IMont- ntcntion soon ■oparation to gentlemen off oUet Convent, s siege, the the sentinels, city. The icgo that they bearing arms were formed other under They were to antain street; silence, aided 1 which winds round the face of the rock, the army was crowded into the narrow pass which led to the gate. Notwithstanding every precaution the confusfid noise of the approaching troops rose above the conflict of the eleract:). and struck the watchful ear of the outer sentinel, who, receiving no answer to his challenge, roused the British guard. The party who defended the battery, consisted of Canadian militia, with nine British seamen to work the guns. They kept a close watch, and, as sion as the day broke, discovered the troops marching in the snow. Orders were given to make no movement; and the Americans, having baited at the distance of fifty yards, sent forward an officer to reconnoiu-e. On I'ts. return the troops marched forward with a quickness and pre'*i'= 3;: deserving the highest praise. The English then opened a tremcjidous fire from the artillery which commanded the path; thf ,"ans which succeeded plainly revealed the enemy; and it was not un:il every sound in answer to their fire had died away, that they ceased their cannonade. The enemy having retired, thirteen bodies were found in the snow. Montgomery's orderly sergeant, desperately wounded, but yet alive, was found and brought into the guard-room. On being asked if the General himself had been killed, he evaded the question by replying that he bad not seen him for some time. This faithful sergeant died in about an hour afterwards. It was not ascertained that the American General had been killed, until General Carleton, anxious to learn the truth, sent to inquire if any of the prisoners would identity the body. An officer consenting accompanied the aide-de-camp to the " Pres dc Ville " guard, and pointed out the body, pronouncing o\v ■ '.: a glowing eulogium on Montgomery's bravery. His two aides-dec .'up were also recognised among the slain. This brave man had fought by the side of Wolfe on the Plains of Abraham ; but, marrying an American lady, the daughter of Judge Livingston, he imbibed the politics of his father-in-law's family, and jointd the cause of the color istd against the Mother Country. The excellence of his qualities and disposition procured him an uncommon share of private afl'ection and esteem. After his death the Continental Congress ordered a magnificent cenotaph to be creeled to his memory in St. Paul's Church, N.Y. Thither his remains were removed in 1818, by the desire of his widow, and with the permission of the then British Governor, Sir John Sherbrooke. In the meantime, Arnold, who had been repulsed at the opposite side of the town, took the command, and attempted still to maintain his ground ; but the dispirited state of his men rendered him unable to keep up more than an imperfect blockade II !! 254 CYCLOPEDIA OP THE at a distance of three miles, whieh he at last abandoned. In the whole attuck upon Quebec the Americans lost about 100 killed and wounded, anu Bix officers of Arnold's division, inclusive of the loss at Fres de Villc. The British had one officer and seventeen men killed and wounded. The number of those who surrendered was 426. QUEENSTON.— %)er Cannda.—Thm town, on the River Nia- gara, was taken by the United States troops in the American war of 1812, October 13th, but was retaken by the British, who defeated the Americans with loss. The following is a succinct account of the battle and death of general Brock, the Hero of Upper Canada : WAR OP 1812 AND DKATII OP GEN. BROCK. " The American Government assembled at the Niagara frontier a force of 6300 men; of this fo.3C, 3170 (900 of whom were rc'ular troops) were at Lcwiston, under the comuiaud of Ceneral Van Rat, sselaer. In the American reports this army is set down at 8000 strong, with 15 pieces of field ordnance. To oppose this force Mtijor Oenenil Brock had part of the 41st and 4nth regiments, a few compaiiios of militiii, and about 200 Indians, in all 1500 men; but so dispersed in difl'crent posts at and between Fort Erie and Fort (Jeorge, that only a smiill number was avail- able at any one point. JJefore daylight on the morning of the 13th of October, a large division of (lonenil V^an Rensselaer's army, numbering between 1300 and 1 K)0, innU'r Brigadier (Jorieral Wadsworth, elfvotod a landing at the lower end of (lie village of Qneeiistou (opposite Jifwiston), "nd made an attiick upon the position, whieh was defended with the most determined bravery by the two Hank companies of the 4l)tii regiment, com- niainled by Captains Pennis and Williams, aided by ,suel\ »if the militia iorees and Indians as could be eolleeti'd in the vicinity. Captain Dennis marched his company to the Linding place opposite Lcwiston, and was soon followtul by the light eonipiuiy of the dOtli, and the few militia who could be hastily assembled. Here the attempt of the enemy to effect a passage, was for wonie lime siicecssfully resisted, and several boats woi'o either disabled m' sunk by the lire from the one gun btrtlcry or> tho heights, and tliat from the masked battery, about a mile below. Several boats also were, liy tho firo from tliis battery, so annoyed, that falling before tho landing place, lluy wer(^ compelletl to drop down with rlui enrriMit iind neross to the Amorieaii side, \ eonsiilerable force, however, elfectod a landing some distance above, and suooeided in gaining tho BATTLES OF THE WORLD. 255 summit of the mountain. No resistance could now be offered to the crossing from Lcwiston, except by the battery at Vromont's Point, half a mile below, and from this a steady and harassing fire was kept up, which did considerable execution. At this juncture Sir Isaac Brock p.rrivcd. lie had for days suspected this invasion, and on the preceding evening he called his staff together and gave to each the necessary instructions. Agreeable to his usual cus- tom he rose before daylight, and hearing the cannonade, awoke Major Glcgg, and called for his horse Alfred, which Sir James Craig had pre- sented to liim. He then galloped eagerly from Fort George to the scene of action, and with two Aides-dc-Camp passed up the hill at full gallop in front of the light conipany, under a heavy fire of artillery and musketry from the American shore, On reaching the 18-pounder battery at the top of the hill, they dismounted and took a view of passing events, which ill that moment appeared highly favourable. But in a few minutes a firing was heard, which proceeded from a strong detachment of American regulars under Captain Wool, who, as just stated, had succeeded in gain- ing the brow of the heights in rear of the battery, by a fislicrman'6 path up the rocks, which being reported us impossible, was not guarded. Sir Isaac Broek and his Aides-de-Camp had not even time to remount, but were obliged to retire precipitately witii tiie twelve men stationed in the buttery, which was (|uickly occupied by the enemy. Captain W«x)l having Bent forward about 150 regulars, Captain Williams' detaelinient of about 100 men ailvanecd to meet 'hem, personally directed by the General, who, observing the enemy waver, tirdered ii charge, which was promptly execu- ted ; but us the Americans gave way, the result was not ocjual to his expectations, (.aptain Woul sent a reinforcement to his regulars, notwiUii^taniling wliieli, llie whole Wiis driven to the edge of the bank. Hero some of the Amerie;m oilicers wiTe on the point of hoisting It white lliig with an intention to surrender, when Captain Wool tore it off and reanimated his dispirited troops. They now opened a heavy fire of musketry, and, conspicuous from his cross, his hi'ight,and the enthusiasm witii which he animated his littli- band, the Hnilish ConinKiiider was soon singled out, and he fell alioul mi hour after his arrival. The fatal bullet entered his right brenst, and passed throuiih his h[\ side. He had but that instant said, " I'tisli mi ihv. Yi,rk Vttlnntu i'n !'' and he HvimI only long ("mnigh tore(Hiest thiit liis fall might not be noticed, or prevent the iidvunee of iiis hrave troops, adding a wish whieh eonld not bu distinctly understood, tiial some token of remonibranee should be tnins- I \ i 256 OYCLOPiEDIA OF THE Vi niitted to bis sister. He died unmarried, and on the same day, a week previously, he liad completed his 43rd year. The lifeless corpse was immediately conveyed into a house close by, where it remained until the afternoon, unperccived by ii^o enemy. His Provincial Aide-de-Camp, Lieutenant Colonel McDoncll, of the militia, and the Attorney General of Upper Canada, a fine promising young man, was mortally wounded . soon after his chief, and died the next day, at the early age of twenty- five years. Although one bullet had passed through his body, and ho was wounded in four places, yet lie survived twenty hours, and during a period of excruciating aguny his thoughts and words were constantly occupied with lamentations for his deceased connuander and friend. He fell, while gallantly cliarging up the hill, with 190 men, chiefly York Volunteers, by which charge the enemy was compelled to spike the 18- , pounder in the battery there. THE DATTLE OF QUEEN.STON IIEIGIITS. At this time, about two in the afternoon, the whole IJritish and Indian force thus assembled was about 1000 men, of whom GOO were regulars. in numbers tho Americans wore about equal — courngo they liad, but they wanted the confidence and discipline of IJritish Soldiers. After care- J'ully roconnoiteriiig, Oeneral ShoalTc, wlio had arrived fronv Fort George, and who had now assumed the C(iniiiia:\il, commenced tho attack by an advance of his left flank, composed of the light company of the 41st, under Lieutenant IMcIntyrc, supported by a body of militia and Indians. After a volley, the bayonet was ros^irtcd to, and tho American right driven in. The main body now advanced under eoviT of tho fire from tiie (wo 3-pounders, and after a short conflict forced tho Americans over (lie first ridge of tho lioights to tho road leading from (iueenston to t!io i''alis. Tlie fight was maintained on both sides with courage truly heroic. Tho 1^'ilisli regulars and militia charged in rapid succession, until they suc- ceeded in turning tiio left flank of the enemy's column, wliich rested on the summit of tho iiill. Tho Americans who attempted to oscapo into first ,1, to the i"'iilU. !y heroic. The until thoy HUO- which rested on il to escape into many cut off in t of those cxaB- niid cndoavdurod iiisiiit!; tlii'ii iKtld) country had to deplore the loss of one of thi'ir Itravesf and most zealous Ociifrals, in k^ir Isaac Brock, and one whose memory will long liv<' in tlie warmest affections of every Canu- nadiun and British subject. The country had also to deplore tlnj loss of the eminen* services and talents of Lieutenant-Colitnel McDonell, wli08U •jalantry and merit rendered him wortliy of his chief. The gratitude ul' the people of Canada to the memory of Brock wati mauifusted iu an euduriug form, They ijosired to perpetuate the It I II 258 CYCLOP/EDIA OP THE memory of the hero who had been the instrument of their deliverance, and they . ^re not slow in executing their design ; and whilst his noble deeds were ''tiU fresh in the memory of all, the Provincial Legislature erected it loft • column on tbo Quconston Heights, near the spot where he fell. The height of the monument, from the base to the summit, was 135 feet; and from the level of the Niagara River, which runs nearly under it, 485 feet. The monument was a Tuscan column, on rustic peJcstiil with a pedestal fur a statue ; the diameter of the base of the column was 17^ feet and the abacus of the capital was surmounted by an iron railing. The centre shaft, containing the spiral staircase, was 10 feet in diameter. On Good Friday, the 17th of April, 1840, a vagabond of the namo of Lett, introduced a quantity of gunpowder into the mo/mment with the fiendish purpose of destroying it, and the explosion, effected by a train, caused so much damage as to render the column altogether irreparable. Lett had been compelled to fly into the United States for his share in the rebellion of 1837, and well knowing the feeling of attachment to the name and memory of General Ilrock. which pervaded all olasscsof danadians, he sought to gratify his nialiciuus and vindictive spirit, and at tho same time to wound and insult the people of Canada by this atrocious deed. lie afterward mot with some meed of his deserts in the Sttito Prison at Auburn, Now York. After the first moiiuniont had remained in the dilapidateil condition, to which it was roduood, for some years, a new and beautiful colunni was a short time ago raised on its site. It is thus describod : |' Upon the solid rock is built ii foundation 40 foot S(|uare ami 10 feet tiiiek of massive stone; upon this, the structure stands in n grooved plinth or sub-base- moiit 3M feet S((uare and 27 loot in hoigiit, and has an oasiern entrance by a massive oak door and bronze pateras, forming two galleries to the interiin* 114 tect m extent, round the inner pedestal on tho North and South sides of wliioh, in vaults under the ground floor, are deposited the remains of (lum-ral Uroek, and tlioso of his Aide-de-("amp, Colonel Mol)oiiell, in nnis.sive stone sarcophagi. On the exterior angles of the Bub-basenientaro placed lions rampant 7 feet in height, supporting sliiolds with the armorial bearings of the hero: The column is of tho iloman composite order, 05 foot in beiglil, a lluted sliaft, 10 i'eet diameter at ibr base; tho lol'iicst column known of this style ; the lowr part «'nrieliod with laurel leaves, and the flutes terminating on tho base with palms." Tho height from the ground to tho top '»f tho stutuo is 100 fool, BATTLES or THE WORLD. 259 ir deliverance, hilst his noble lal Legislature tlic spot where to the summit, jr, which runs can column, on r of the base of was surmounted spiral staircase, ,1 of the nauK^ of mment with the [cctcd by a train, other irreparable. )r his share in the iment to the name ,«nf('i>na(lianH,ho auil at the same atrocious deed, the State Prison ;(UHlcmuUtion, to tifvil (.ulumn was a ; '< Upon the solid ;t thick of massive ,linth or Hub-basc- ,„ (sisieni cntranci' two j^alleries to the . nn the North and ,, ,i,.o dci">Hiti"'• .,,U'-('anip, t'olnnol Ltorior aii'^les of the t, Hupp"VtinK shii'lds ,u i« ()f tho Uoniaii ;oi-,t diuiueter at the ow..r part i-nrichcd Initio with pahuH." slatuo iH U'O f^'«». exceeding that of any monumental column, ancient or modern, known, with the exception of that on Fish-strcct Hill, London, England, by Sir Christopher Wren, architect, in commemoration of the great fire of 1666" 202 feet high, which exceeds it in height by 12 feet." QUESNOY, BATTLE OF.— Fought, September 11th, 1773, between the French and British, in which tho British were defeated, with some loss. Taken by the Austrians in 1793, but recovered by the French the following year. It surrended to Prince Frederick of the Netherlands, after the battle of Waterloo, QUIBERON BAY.— A British force landed here in 173G, and was repulsed. In this ]'>ay Admiral Ilawkc gained a complete victory over the French, under Conflans. This mo>t perilous and important action defeated the Frcucli invasion, November 10th 1758. Taken by some French regiments in pay of the Britit-h, July 3rd, 1705; but on July 21st, retaken by the French Republicans. About 900 of the troops and near 1500 Royalist inhabitants effected their escape on board tho ships. R. RAMILIES, BATTLE OF— Between the English and Allies, com- manded by iMarlborough, on the one side, and the French, commanded by the Elector of Bavaria and the Marshal de Villoroy. Thu French, having no confidence in their Commander, were soon siozed with a panic, and u general rout ensued. About 4000 of the Allied army were slain. Fought on Whitsunday, May 2Gth, 17f this great acliiovonieiit were snatched from him by the constant backwrdnesH of the Dnteh (Jenorals, who opposed every measure which was urged by him, >^i> grieved was he by their continual oppo.sition, that on one occasion, when the opportunity of a brilliant success was thus lost, ho exclaimed, " I feel at this moment ten years older tbiin I was fdur years ago." In fact, towards the end of what lie had hoped to iiiaki> a glorious campaign, but which tlirougli this oppdMition liad been hist in disputes, he M\ seriously ill, and was obliged V) retire for a time from uctive employment. :60 CYCLOPiEDIA OF TIIK r . ' if Meanwbilo the Imperial government had hey. an lo sbow f-lins of jealouiy and uneasiness that this great General -hoald be empliyvi in Flanuors, and in the defence . f Holl.^ad, ins. oil of x<\ i\rr'. tg (i.c « iS- trian possessions on the Rbine, inul liberaiing Lorraine. J/.Ttding applications we;o made that the Duke, Mstead n!' prosecuting the war in Belgium, \vould reiurn to the- 'loselle, and co-operate with the Imperial forces in that quarter. Taking his departure f^o?n the army at ih'; end of October, 1705, Morlborougb net ^v. i for ''''ienna, whicli h: .oachtii on the 12'i!i of November. Here tlie Emperor Joaeph i reatod Liu.' a Prince of the i mpiro, and conferred on him the lordship of Mii.'clhcini. But which gave hira far more satisfactio:), he succcL'tod in roconciling all 'lil!\ ^tices, oiui in ceuicntiug the alliance, which seemed in danger of ii>>oluu"ou, between Austria, Prussia, ami the Netherlands, against the riii bitious 'lesigns of France. Ho then ^'turned to the Hague, which he reached on the 11th of December, proceciling thence to London, which he reached early in the new year. On the 25th of April, 1700, he agaii. .irrived at the Hague for the active duties of the approaching campaigL. This year's warfare began at an earlier period than the previous ones, \or the French General, with commendable zeal and activity, took the fi' 1 in the spring, forced the German lines on the Motter, ruilucud Dreisenheim and Hagenau, and threatened the Palatinate. The Duke, thenrorc, left the Hague on the 9th May, the Dutch being now anxious to retain him with them, and offering him uncontrolled power over their forces. Accompanied by Ovcrkirk, he passed through Ilimcmont, and reached Maestricht on the 12th. Here he reviewed the Dutch troops, and began to take measures for an attack on Namur. But Villeroy received order.s from Paris rather to risk a battle than to give up this important place. Hence, in the third week in May, the two armies began to approach each other. \ lUeroy and the Elector of Bavaria passed the Dyle, and approached Tirlemont. Their combined forces amounted to about 02,000 men. Tho Duke, with his English, joined the Dutcli at Bilsen on the 20th of May, and on the 22nd ho had intelligence of tho arrival of the Danish contingent, which raised the slrength of liis army to about 00,000 men. His first desire, now, was to learn tlio position of the enemy, and how best to come in contact with them. Tho field of battle ultimately proved to bo in an elovated partof tlio plain of Brabant, lyinj.^ between Maestricht, liouvain, and Namur. The village of Ramilie- itself is but a few miles to the cast of Wavre, the position of Marshal Bluchcr ou tho morning of the day of Waterloo. iS BATTLES OF THE WORLD. 261 £bow piras of bt emp >)) 'vl in ruine. r.-'tsing iting the Nvar in ith the Imperial amy nt th': end Lv'li he .oachtd on ,t.ed Uiv a Prince ;,^»c.lhciiii. But in roconciUng all iiued in danger of lands, against the c Hague, which lie ) London, which he the Hague for the car's warfare began •cuch General, with 5 spring, forced the imd liagenau, and t the Hague ou the liim with them, and Accompanied by A I^lnestricht on the in to take measures ri^from Paris rather lace. Hence, in the ih each other. )ylc, and approached about 02,000 men. . at Bilseu on^ the :)f the arrival of the his army to about the position of the The field of battle |lain')f Brabant, lying village of llamilie^ position of Marshal On the 23rd of May, then, in 1706, the English, Dutch, and Danish army, commencing their march early in the morning, came in sight, about eight o'clock, of the Franco-Bavarian outposts. A fog for some time made everything obscure, but about ten o'clock the two armies stood in presence of each other. The French commander had formed his order of battle with the skill which experience generally gives ; but he was opposed by a greater commander, whose eye speedily detected the weaknesses of his position. The French and Bavarians were drawn up on ground which, by its nature, gave their order, of battle a concave form. Thus the attacking enemy would have the advartage of being able to bring his men more rapidly from one side to the other, as required. The left wing of the French, also, though strongly posted, was in a position from which it could not easily move. Marlborough, therefore, was not long in forming his plan, which was, to turn the enemy's right wing ; to seize an elevated position in the rear of that wing, and from that position to outflank the whole army. He therefore began a feigned attack, by his own right wing, upon the left of the French. Villoroy immediately met this, as Marlborough intended, by sending for fresh troops from his centre, and by weakening his right. Pausing in his apparent attack, Marlborough promptly moved to the left nil the infantry that were out of sight of the French, and fell upon the enemy's right wing, which was posted in Tavieres. The attack succeeded, and Tavieres was carried. Villcroy, finding out his mistake, hurried his squadron of dragoons to the succour of his right wing ; but these squadrons were met by the Danish cavalry emerg- ing from Tavieres, and they were all cut to pieces, or driven into the Mehaignc. And now Ramilies itself, in the centre, became the object of attack. The Duke ordered up from his own right wing every available squadron, and exposed himself much in leading the attack. He was, at one mo- ment, thrown from his horse, and in danger of being made prisoner. While ho was remounting, a cannon-ball killed his equerry. Captain Bingliold, who was assisting him. But now the allied cavalry had reaeliod tlie height of Ottomoad, in the rear of the French position, and the .success of the attack was secured. The French were in utter confusion in all parts of the field, and Ilamilies itself was carried. There remained only the left wing of Villcroy 's .irmy ; and this, attacked now by the reserves on Marlborough's right, i 262 CYCLOPEDIA OP THE f ■If and by the victorious troops which had cleared Ramilics, gave way as evening drew on, rushed in crowds down the descent behind their position, and fled for Judoigne. The cannon and baggage fell into the hands of the victors, who pursued the flying French and l»;ivarians until two o'clock in the morning. The allied army did not halt in its pursuit till past midnight, when it had advanced to Sleldert, five leagues from the field of battle, and two from Louvian. This battle cost the Franco-Bavarian army 13,000 men, in killed, wounded, and prisoners : among whom were the Princes of Soubise and ilohan, and a son of Marshal Tallard. The spoils of the day con- sisted of SO colours and standards taken from the French ; nearly all their artillery, and all the baggage which was in the field. The loss of the Allies was 106G killed, and 2507 wounded. The vast difference between this, and the loss sustained at Blenheim, shows that the victory of llamilies was giiined by the Duke's masterly manoeuvres ; and was not owing merely to the courage of the soldiers. The results of the battle of llamilies were very great. Louvain instantly surrendered ; Brussels received the Duke with open arms on the 28th. Mechlin, Alost, and Lierre, ({uiekly followed. All Mruhiuit wms gained by this one victory. Nor was this all. Flanders caught tin; infection. Ghent opened its gates on tho 1st of Juno ; and Vntwerp surrendered a few days afterwards. Osteud fell on tho Gth of July ; and in its harbour were taken two men-of-war, and 45 smaller vessels." RATTIMINES, BATTLE OF.— 7/1 //Wcv?.— Colonel Jones, Gov. ernor of i'ublin Castle, made a sally, August 2nd, 10-19, and routed the Manjuis of Ormond, killed 4000 men and look 2517 prisoners, with their cannon, baggiige and animunitioii. This battle, and other successes, com- pletely discomfited the rebels hi this part of Ireland. RAVENN.\, BATTLE OF.— Fought, April 11th, 1512, between the French, under tho great Gaston de Fni.x, Duke of Nemours, and nephew of Li)uis XI f, and the Spanish and Papal aruiii.s. De Foix, gained this memorable buttle, but perished in the moment of victory, and the French fortunes in Italy were thus closed. The confederate army was cut to pieces. Tho Duke had porlnrmed prodigies of valor, but being too eager in his 1 .M'suit of tlio Spaniards, who wer-j retiring in go^d order, ho was ulain. BATTLES OP THE WORLD. 263 , gave way as their position, ) the hands of ans until two its pursuit till icrues from the nen, in killed, jes of Soubise )f the day con- uoh; nearly all 1. The loss of vast difference that the victory ■cs ; and was not great. Louvain apen arms on the I All Hruhaiit was idcrs caught the and Vntwerp th of July; and or vessels." mel Jones, Gov. and routed the luers, with their er successes, com- 512, between the irs, and nephew of Foix, gained this y, and the French army was cut to ut V)ein|2; too eager rood order, ho was REVOLUTION.— The Great Revolution which overturned the old Monarchy of France occurred at the close of the last century, ^ue 2nd, the one here described sent Charles X into exile and was somewhat like that of 1848 which also exiled Louis Philippe. SECOND FRENCH REVOLUTION. The political history of 1830 commenced on March 2nd, by a speech from the throne, announcing war against Algiers for the insults offered to the French flag, and a wish for a reconciliation with tlie Bragazana family. This caused great di.s,satisfactiou ; the funds fell, the Chamber of Deputies were against the measure, and on the 19th were convoked till August 3rd, and several fires took place, evidently the work of incendiaries. On the 25th July, Polignac addressed a report to the king on " legiti. mate power," and which formed the ground-work of three memorable ordinances, wliich were signed on that day by Charles, and countersigned by the mini.stors. The first ordinance abolished the freedom of the press; the second dissolved the Chamber of Deputies ; and the third abrogated the most important rights of the elective franchise. On the publication of the J/o^/^cio-on the following morning, all Paris wa.s astounded by the mystifying report of the ministers of Charles X and the king's arbitrary decrees. The Jicntes fell, and the bank stopped payment. All work was now abandoned, every manu'actory closed, and detach, ments of artisans with large sticks traversed tlie streets. Troops of gen- daru'CH patrolled the streets at full gallop to disper.se the accumulating crowds. The people wore silent; and at an early hour the shops were closed. 1'larly on the 27th, troops of the royal guard and soldiers of the line came pouring in. The people looked sullen and determined. The chief points of rendezvous were the Palais Royal, the Palais do Justice, and the J{nurso. Here were simultaneous cries of " Vlmdii ChurtcV — " Down with the absolute king 1" but no eouvcrsatiou — no exchange of words with each other. The King was at the Tuilleries. In the Place Carousel there was a stiiion of several thousands of the military, including the lancers of the royal guard, with r. j;roat number of cannon, At the Place Vendomo a strong gu.ird of infantry was stationed around the column, to guard the ensigns of royalty upon it from "^^-Sfc-i-klNta,. .feVMU —-- i*i ■-•j.iTJ.'^Jm k <'^ ill 264 CYCLOPEDIA or THE being defaced. Crowds of people assembled, and several skirmishes took place. On Wednesday morning, July 28th, the shops of Paris were closely shut, and the windows fastened and barred, as if the inhabitants of the city were in mourning for the dead, or in apprehension of approaching calamity. The tocsin sounded, and the people flocked in from the faux, bourgs and different quarters of the city. That determined enemy to oppression, the press, had been at work during the night. Handbills were profusely distributed, containing vehement philippics against the king and his ministers, and summoning every man to arm for his country^ and to aid in ejecting the Bourbons. Placards were constantly posted up and eagerly read. During the preceding night an organisation of the people had been arranged. All the arms that could be found at the theatres, and remaining in the shops of armourers that had not been visited the evening before, were seized and distributed. Every other kind of property, however, was respected. Strong detachments guarded the diflFerent hotels of the ministers. Loud cries and shouts were constantly heard, of "Down with the Jesuits !" — " Down with the Bourbons !" Death to the Ministers ! " Each man strove to provide himself with a musket, a pistol, a sword, a pole with a knife, or some cutting instrument to form a weapon of offence. Troops continually arrived from St. Denis, St. Cloud, and other military stations. Rude barricades were hastily thrown up in different places, to prevent the attacks of cavalry. ScvcimI telegraphs, including that on the Church des Petits Peres, were disunnuitcd. Groups of the people, armed with sticks, bayonets, pikes, and muskuts, removed or effaced all the insignia and emblems of royalty. A red flag was hoisted on the gate of St. Denis, amidst the shouts of the people. Tri-colourcd flags were promenaded in the streets, and tri-colourcd cockades and breast-knots were worn, not only by the French, but by the English and foreigners of all nations. The royal arms, and other ensigns of the government of Charles X. that were moveable, were burned in tlu; Place Publique. All Paris was in insurrec- tion. Every inovouicnt of the people portended a terrible conflict. The" government reposed in security upon a blind and implacable dignity. 31. liafitte had an interview with PoHgnac, who said "that the min- isters could enter into no conipromisi' or concession." " Wo have, then, civil war," said Lafitte. The prince bowed, and Lafitto retired. As soon, however, as Polignac' - answer was niadejknown, that " min- isters would enter into no compromise or concession," war, and war to hi t BATTLES OF THE WORLD. 265 il skirmishes 1 were closely bitants of the )f approaching rotn the faux- ned enemy to it. Handbills ,cs against the ■or his country? istantly posted anisation of the e found at the , had not been Every other the ministers. )own with the uistei-s ! " Each )rd, a pole with a )ffence. Troops nilitary stations. !S, to prevent the the Church des mod with sticks, lie insignia and te of St. Denis, e promenaded in were worn, not nil nations. The rles X. that were s was in insurrec- e conflict. The' iblo dignity. <' that the min- 'Wo have, then, retired, luwn, that " niin- war, and war to the knife, commenced ; and never were witnessed more heroic acts of personal bravery, and more generous disregard of selfish feelings, than were displayed by the citizens of Paris on this memorable day and night. The drums of the national guards soon beat " to arms !" The populace answered the call amid the incessant ringing of the tocsin, and the struggle began in earnest. About two o'clock a cannon on the bridge near the Marche aux Fleurs raked with grape-shot the quay, while the troops were resolutely attacked by the people, and numbers of the guards led off, ki'led or wounded. There was a tremendous conflict in La Hallo, the great market-place of the Rue St. Denis. The royal guard were early in possession of it. All the outlets were speedily closed by barricades, from behind which, from tlie corners of the various streets, and from the windows of the houses, the people fired on the guards, and there was a terrible slaughter on both sides. The hottest engagement seems to have been in the Rue St. Honors, opposite the Palais Royal, where the military were assenijled in great force, and the people resisted their assailants with desperate determination. At the Place de Griive they fiercely contended with the household troops, the Swiss guards, and compelled them to fly with great loss. In the Rue Montmartre an attack was made by the duke of Ragusa in person. During part of the day the Place des Victoires was occupied by some troops, among whom was a part of the fifth regiment of the line, who had gone over to the national guards established at the Petits Peres. About two o'clock the duke de Ragusa arrived at the place at the head of fresh troops. He »Irew them up opposite the Rues du Mail, dos Fosses, Montmartre, Croix des Petits Champs, and Neuvo des Petits Clianips. He immediately commanded a charge, and on both side^ linnOreds of men were killed. The marshal directed his troops dowi' the Rmo du Mail, and they scoured the Rue Montmartre without much difficulty till they reached the Rue Joquelet, where the people were prepared. Each house was armed and guarded. The black flag was displayed on the Porte St. Denis and other edifices. As soon as the firing ceased, the people made preparations for the next day by strengthening the barricades and increasing their number. They were assisted by women and even children. The remainder of the after- noon and evening, and the whole of the night, was spent in raising these important obstacles to the evolutions of cavalry. Excellent materials were at hand in the paving-stones ; they were dug up and piled across. li !l I 'I II I •J J Wilf i U ! a. 266 CTCLOPiEDIA OF THE the Streets in walla breast high, and four or five feet thick. These walls were about fifty paces distant from each other. Hundreds of the finest trees were cut down for blockades. Nothing could be more efiective for the defence of a large open town like Paris, traversed in every direction by long narrow streets, overlooked by houses of six, seven, and eight stories, than such barriers, scientifically constructed. All the means that industry and ingenuity could devise, in so short a time, were carried into execution, for the energetic stand and assault determined to be made against the military in the morning. At day-break on Thursday the tocsin sounded " To arms ;" and the people began to assemble rapidly ana in great crowds. The military, whose guard-houses had been destroyed, were chiefly quartered at the Louvre and the Tuilleries, the Swiss and the royal guards being posted in the houses of the Rue St. Honore and the adjacent streets. At the same time, the students of the Polytechnic School joined the citizens nearly to a man ; they then separated, proceeding singly to dificrent parts to take the command of the people, and nobly repaid the confidence reposed in them. The garden of the Tuilleries was closed. In the Place du Carousel wore three squadrons of lancers of the garde royale, a battalion of the third regiment of the guards, and a battery of six pieces, also belonging to the guards. About one o'clock in the afternoon, a party of the royal guards and of Swiss, to the number of nearly 800 men, appeared on the Place de Greve. A brisk fire commenced, but the national guards not being in sufficient strength, were obliged to give ground and to suffer the royal guards to take possession of their post. The royal guards had scarcely made themselves masters of the Hotel de Ville, when they were assailed on all sides with a shower of bullets from the windows of the houses on the Place de Greve and in the streets abutting on the quay. The royal guards resisted vigorously, but were ultimately compelled to retreat along tlio quay ; their firing by files and by platoons succeeding each other with astonishing rapidity. They were soon joined by fresh troops of the royal guard and of Swiss, including 100 cuirassiers of the guard and four pieces of artillery, each of them escorted by a dozen of artillerymen on horseback. With this terrible reinforcement they again advanced on the Hotel de Ville, and a frightful firing began on all sides. The artillery debouching from the quay, and their pieces charged with cannister shot, swept the Place de GrCve in a terrific manner. They succeeded in driving the citizens into the Rues de Matriot and du Mouton, and entered BATTLES OF THE WORLD. 267 guards and of for the second time that day into their position at the Hotel de Ville. But their possession of it did not continue long ; for they were soon again attacked with a perseverance and courage which was almost irresistible. Their artillery ranged before the Prefecture of the Seine and the Hotel dc Ville threatened death to thousands. Hundreds of the constituiionalists were killed by the fire of the Swiss guard from the windows of this edifice. It was erected in 1600, and though it does not appear to possess any of the characteristics of strength in a military sense of the word, yet its gates, being of immense thickness, furnished a good defence from the musketry of the attacking parties. The Hotel de Ville was afterwards employed as the head-quarters of La Payette and the provisional government. The Rue St. Honord, for two days, was a perpetual scene of slaughter. The Louvre, except the picture-gallery, was on all sides attacked and defended at the same moment, and for hours. In the court of the Louvre a field-piece was planted, which commanded the Pont des Arts, being exactly opposite the Institute. Here the fighting was so dreadful and so maintained, that the front of the building of the Institute was com- pletely covered with muskets and grape shot. One cannon ball smashed a portion of the wall, and from its elevation did dreadful execution in sweeping the bridge. The attack on the Tuilleries was over in two or three hours. A young man marched with a tri-coloured flag at the head of the attacking bourgeois. A thousand balls, fired from the front of the chateau, whistled by him without touching him. He continued to march with perfect sangfroid, but with, at the same time, an air of importance, up to the triumphal arch, and remaii.ed until the end of the battle. While the people and the military were combating at the Place de Greve, the Louvre, and the Tuilleries, troops were arriving by the Champs Elysees. A great party of the people, and many national guards, with two pieces of cannon, were hastening along near the Place Louis XVI towards the Barrier St. Etoile, wluni a large troop of dragoons arrived, made a desperate charge, and cut down the people without mercy who made a very bold stand. Many of the soldiers solemnly vowed that they would not continue to obey orders to massacre their brothers and sons. Their numbers were thinned, they were fatigued, disheartened, discomfited, beaten, and fled. At Chaillot, a district of Paris, verging on the route to St. Cloud, the inhabitants, though few in number, sustained the fire of five regiments of the guards, who attempted to effect their retreat by the barrier of Passy. At length, all the royal ]i I ! i JBBWmMi'liiir'ii 268 CYCLOPiEDIA OF THE troops left the capital by the way of the Champs Elysecs, and in their retreat were fired upon by the people. At night, part of the town was illuminated, particularly the streets of St. Denis, St. Martin, St. Jacques, and the neighbourhood of the Hotel de Ville. Perfect tranquillity prevailed throughout the city. Strong patroles silently paraded the streets, passed gently from barricade to bar- AcuC. , and disnrmed individuals whom fatigue and the heat of the we,, her, more than wine, had rendered incapable of employing their weapons usefully. ' A deputation from Charles X at St. Cloud, arrived at the Hotel dc Ville early in the morning. It consisted of the marquis de Rastoret, chancellor of France; M. Scmon ville; and count d'Argout, peer of France. They announced tliat Charles had named the duke de Morte- mart president of the council, and that he was willing to accept a min- istry chosen by him. At eleven o'clock, the deputies and peers then in Paris assembled in tlieir respective lialls, and established regular communications with each otlier. The duke do Mortemart was introduced to the chamber of deputies, and delivered four ordinances, signed, the previous day, by Charles X. One of them recalled the fatal ordinances of the 2r)th ; another convoked the chambers on tl o 3rd; the third appointed the duke de Mortemart president cf the council, and the fourth appointed count Gerard minister of war, and M. Casiniir-Pericr ministc* of finance. The reading of tiicse ordinances was listened to with aic greatest attention. At the termination profound silence continued ; — no observation was madi; ; — the ileputies passed to other business. — The dnkc do Mortemart returned to ae(juaint his master that he was no longer acknowledged as king of F' nco. Tho manner in which the duke and his communications wore received by the deputies, was an announeumcnt that Charles X had ceased to reign. On the iUst, the deputies published a proclamation, declaring that they Inid invited the duke of Orleans to become Licutenant-Qcnoraloftho kingdom. At noon of tiio same day, Louis Philippe d'Orleans issued a proclamation, declaring tliat ho Inid hastened to Paris, wearing the " glorious colours" of France, tn accept the invitation of the assembled deputies to become liieutonant-Oenerul of the kingthnn. A proclamation of tho same date appointed provisional commissnrieH for tho dili'erent departments of government. Tho king, witii his family, escaped to St. Cloud. BATTLES OP THE WORLD. 269 and in their the streets of of the Hotel ity. Strong •icadc to bar- heat of the ploying their the Hotel do de Rastoret, ;out, peer of kc do Morte- iccopt a min- nssemblcd in )na with each 5 chamber of 'ious day, by >f tho 2r)th; ipointi'd the the fourth rior minister to with die ontinuod ; — inc'tis. — TIic ivJiH no Ioniser u' dnko and H.iunoomont 'olnrinij; that oiioralorthe ans iHsiu'd n wearing the 10 nHNcMubli'd [iroclamaliim kill) diU'eiont leaped to St. On the 3rd of August the chambers met, when the abdication of Charles was announced ; and on the 9th, Louis Philippe, having taken the prescribed oath, was created king, under the title of " King of the French." Thus terminated this desperate struggle for popular rights, and which has no parallel in the annals of history. The Parisians left their homes to fight, without organization and almost without arms, against some of the best troops in the world ; — and for what ? Were they a rabble driven by hunger, or a rebellious nobility endeavouring to wrest new privileges from tlie monarch? No: they were men who, animated with an ardent desire to be free, would not sutFer themselves to be stripped of their civil rights, but firmly and manfully defended them with tiieir lives. It was in this respect a groat moral revolution, and forms a brilliant cpoeii in the annals of the world." RETREAT OF THE GREEKS.— Whoever has read the beautiful descriptions of Xeuophon, has read of the memorable retreat of the 10,000 Greeks. It happened u. c. 401, after the battle of Cunaxa; Xenophon was eb.oscn commander. lie rose superior to danger, and though under continual alarms from the sudden attacks of the Persians, he was enabled to cross rapid rivers, penetrate througii vast deserts, gain the tops of mountains, till he could rest secure for a while, and refresh his tired companions. At last they returned homo, after a retreat of 1155 para- sanga or leagues, which was perlbrmed in 215 days, — and after an absence of 15 months. UIDGEWAV, BATTLE OF, oa LIME RIDGE.— Fought, Satur- day, Juno 2nd, 18GG, between th'3 Canadian Volunteers of Toronto and llaniilton, and the Fenians, a lawless band of predatory scoundrels, who wantonly invaded C;inada, and were driven back by Canada's brave sons. The li.llowing succinct account is from the pen of the Rev. D. Inglis, l).l>., of Hamilton, who was present i:» the ongngemont. '' llov. Mr. Burwush and myself wore appointed by a number of the ministers of this city to join the l.'Uli Battaliun of Hamilton volunteers, and to re.uier them such assistanoo as migiit bo in our power. The shadows of night had just given wuy to the brij^lit light (if that Juno morning when wo reached Port Colborno and joined the battalion in the oars, a few minutes before the train loft for Ridgoway. Much has been written on the proper rations and oiiuipmonlu for tho men, and I only If 270 CYCLOPiEDIA OF THE refer to this with the view of noticing the want of shouldcr-strnps with which to fasten the overcoats on the back of the soldiers, and the fact that they were obliged to roll them up and sling them ovr their right shoulders, under tliejr loft arm-pits, an expedient which aftr rwards greatly impeded thorn in aiming and firing, and caused them tc abandon their overcoats when going into battle. The train proceeded slowly to Ridgeway, whore the mon left the cars and were drawn up on the Stevensville road. The Queen's Own were in the front, then came the likh Battalion, and a company of riflemen from Caledonia forming the rear-guard, The men were in good spirits, and 1 could not look without admiration upon the coolness and intrepidity with which these volunteer soldiers, mimy of them mere lads, prepart'd for the advance. The ammunition was distributed to the men, the order given to load with ball cartridge, and then followed an interval of sus- pense and waiting. The sensation of relief was great when after some minutes of anxiety (ind imputienco the ( rdor to advance was given. The position assigned to the waggon cuntaiiiing the ammunition, iS:e., in which Mr. Lurwash and myself were riding, was immediately behind the main body, ard in front of the rear guard. Wlicn about a milo and u half from llidgcway several companies of the (Jueon's Own wore ordered into tho fields and woods to elear tlieiii of Keniuiis — and in a short time the fust shot was fired — and tiien in a rapid wueeession we saw small clouils of blue smoke issuing from the woods, tolling us of a rapid dis- charge of musketry before the reports reached our ears. The sergoants in eharge eoiieluded to halt witli tlieir waggon, and Mr. Hurwash and myself liurried on in the rear of our main body. The Fenian skirmishers fell back upon the main body of their force, who wore drawn up in an ontronched position along tho Fort Krio road. Tliey had converted a stoiowall and the ordinary snako-l'enoi's into barricades, and holdastrong position; but on the advaiu'(! of our forces, fouriiig lest our skirniisli'-rs Bhould out-llank tlicm, tlmy retired in good order, and amid rapid firing, to a slightly elevated piece of ground eovored with thick woods, somo distanoo III tlicir r(!ar. It was in this advance that Kusign 'MeFaeliren was moi tally Woniidiil It haH been stated that Colonel Hooker rushed to the roar cnllini^ tor a .'iirn;oon, I am in a position positively to deny this; the cry forw>urgij(m was hoard by me, but it did not come fnnu tho Colonel. Mr. MeKaehrou was boriio to tho roar by some men of hi" nmpany, accompanied by the Captain, ii nubln fellow, whofco naiuo I . know, ♦o whom I lit onto introduced niysulf as u minister, and o orou to do n\\ ^i|< X 'V- er-straps with , and the fact nt their right (•wards greatly abandon their in left the cars s Own were in f riflemen from il spirits, and 1 ntrepidity with s, prepared for men, the order interval of sus- hen after some ms given. The nition, iS:e., in iitoly behind the ut a mile i\nd u vn w«ro ordered in a Bhort time u wo saw small .i (if a rapid dis- The Hergoant8 Hurwash and iiian skirmisherH i;i\vn up in an ;\d converted a lid held a strong iiir skirmisli"rs dnipid tiling, to s, some lUstuuco rcn wnsmoi tally hod to the rear deny this; the 1(1111 the (.%>lonel. iif hi- "inpany, T ^ know, yrou to do all BATTLES OP THE WORLD. .y X 271 \ I could for hia friend. He thanked me with tears in his eyes, and has- tened back to the post of danger. Dr. May was in attendance ; but a glance at the wound shewed that it was mortal — and it fell to me to inform him of the fact. He received the intolligcnco as a Christian sol- dier — informing me that his faith rested in the Lord Jesus Christ. I prayed with hiin, and after a few moments' conversation I mentioned Mr. Burwash's name, and finding that he was an old parishioner of Mr. Burwash, I left him mainly to his care — though I several times spent a few moments with him afterwards, I then returned to the battlc-fleld to sec if I could be of use there. Our forces had advanced, throwing out their skirmishers right and loft of the skirmishers — Queen's Own — to the extreme right — 13th battalion — the dii^taiico was probably a little more than three-quarters of a mile. Not a Fenian was to bo seen, but as our brave soldiers advanced, nearer and nearer, there came again first a single shot, and then a rapid discharge of fire-arms along the whole line. From thcii elevated position, or from what other cause, I know not, the shots went over tlio heads of our men, and I could see them striking tho field behind. T hastened back to tho hospital witli feelings of admiration for tho bravo follov/s who, exposed to a terrible fire from an unseen foe, so nobly stodd their ground, while tlic sharp erack of their rifles assured mo that the gallant follows wore doing their duty amidst those showc rs of bullets, in spito of all the manifest dlsadvar' ;'s of their position ; but I could not rid mysolf of a feeling of doprossioii ad anxiety when I thought of tho result. In tho hospital 1 found a few mon slightly wounded. Ono of them told mo thoro were no litters with whieh to bear tho wounded from the field. I sot tho mon who wore on yuurd to work to make litters with some poles which we fouiul near — and such sheets and blankets as I could lay my hands on — anil returned to tlio field with tho men carrying tho litters. I took my old imsition, fr im which T hiid a full view of the whole field, ami was startled to notice strange movements going on among our men. Tlioy had hiiltod — the whole lino tremblo'J — I do not mean th 't tho bravo men trembled, but there wasa movomont olong their line which I find no other word to describe. Tho order to receive cavalry was given, and an olfort was inudo t(ioln>y it. TIkmi nnotlu r mid nnotiior order. The only one which tlu' men sooined eager to obey was the ono to advance, and tu^n o«m> the fital bugle's notes that told them to retreat, and our mon bonan to fall Imrk. I hurried to tho ho.Hpital and told tho Poctor and Mr. Hurwash that 1 feared iln- day was airainst u». but Naid \ V iji' rr I' f» '1 t I I 970 CYCLOPiEDIA OF THE I would return to the field while they made the necessary preparations to remove the sick and wounded from a place which should soon be the very centre of the battle. When I again reached my old post of observa- tion a shower of Dullets fell around mo, and before I got back to the hospital, a number of men belonging to the Queen's Own had got between me and the house. These were quickly followed by a large number of the 13th Jiattalion, and I was Ibrced to leave without again communicating with my friends. I soon found, however, that the Doc- tor and his wounded men, as well as Mr. Burwash, had got safely out of that terrible fire. Tlie descriptions given of the retreat, are, for the most part greatly exaggerated. Some men, it is true, ran away in terror, but the main body, though in confusion, were not panic-stricken. The feeling was one of vexation, and at the very moment when they expected victory, uU had unaccountably gone wrong with them. Tears were shod, but thoy Avere tears wrung from hravo men at the bitter thought of being called to retreat before their foes, lu the rear, Major Skinner, with a number of men belonging to the l.'Uh and the Queen's Own, kept in good order, and so effectually covered our retreat, that the enemy wore unaware of the disorder in which the main body wore retiring. Beyond all doubt, vc were at this point sa\od irom further disaster by the coolness and steadiness of Major Skinner, and the officers and men who were with liim. At llidgcway the confused and scattered mass of men who got into order through the exertions of a Toronto offioor whose name I have lioon told is Captain Arthurs, and who certainly discharged his duty in a way that marked him out as a man able to control and lead others. I hnvo refrained from all criticism of the conduct of the officers 111 wh tm the responsibilities of this matter Ho. 1 know nothing of military tactics, and it does not become me to say anything of why (Ids little band of volunteers should have been led into » conflict with su|H!rioi uumbera of trained and veteran soldiers without support IVom artillery or the regularu — it is not my part to say what the comuiandinj.', officer •houM or shoultl not have done. This only 1 am bound to say, that the officers and men of the Queen's Own and I'Mi Battalion, beliavtwl lliroughout tlie battle with eo(*lness and gallantry — and oven the niifcr Innate retreat only brnui:;ht out more clearly timt, with few exceptions, thej wore men of unHinehing courage. The hospital, no loss than tlie battlcQcld proved the noble courage of our men, and it would have moved BATTLES OF THE WORLD. 273 ry preparations lid soon be the post of observa- rot back to tlie 'Own had got ,wcd by a large -c without again .r, that the Doc- got safely out of iiost part greatly or, but the main The feeling was expected victory, ere shed, but they of being called to r, with a nuniljcr opt iti good order, y were unaware of Beyond uU doubt, the coolneas and ;ii who were with men who got into . uiune I liavo boon his duty in u way |l niln-rs. I oi the officers 'O notiiing of nnlitary of why this Uttle Itlict with c^upo-riov Lort from artillery Icommnnding officer [md to nay, that the Uattulion, bchavc«l |nd even the \uif<'r ith low cxooptionf^, ll, no lost* than the lit would have movotl the stoutest licart to tears, to sco those boy-heroes suffering as they did, without a murmur or a groan. Major Gilmorc, of the Queen's Own, and Major Skinner, of the 13th, tlistinguishcd themselves greatly, their words of conmiand inspiring their men with courage — while they themselves were steady as rocks under the hottest fire. Indeed, but for Major Skinner's coolness and power over the men under his command, the retreat of Hidgeway must liave resulted in fearful conse(iuenccs." IIIFLE PITS, CONTEST AT TUE.— Crimean war. "The bombardment was rc-opcncd on Easter Monday, the 9th April, soon after daybreak. Heavy rain fell all day, and the dense atmosphere prevented our men fmm observing the offcct of the lire. This time the fleets did not share in the bombardment. At the close ol' the day, it was evident that our weight of metal, though greatly superior to that employed on the occasion of the first bombardment in October, was yet inadc(iuato to the task of destroying the colossal works of the enemy. In vain our artillery pounded the iuirthwurks and batterie- In vain showers of shell were poured into the town. The llussian engineers proved then'selves con- summate masters of tlieir art, and every morning fresh guns poured forth a deailiy reply from the repaired enihr'isures. Tlieir resources seemed lit( *» ^ ^ ^ ^ "^A o^ 7a !■■ I . ' ' *' 280 CYCLOPAEDIA OP THE Austrinna advanced. One grey mass of men followed another into the smoke, and was lost there. Towards Sadowa and Nechanitz on the left they also wore gaining ground, and before 11 o'clock their columns had gone out of sight into the valley or undulations, and the Prussians could bo seen by their firo to have fallen back on the opposing slopes of the second range of hills. An animating and magnificent feature was now added to the terrible spectacle by the forward movement of the heavy cavalry near the Prague road and towards tiio centre. These great scjuares of white, spreading out slowly, obliterated tho cornflolds. The very colour of the ground was changed and darkened under tho trampling of horses. One column went towards tho Nechanitz road, tho other two moved towards Klum ; but after a few formations they halted again, and some of these regiments dismounted and stood by their horses. Tho Saxons, readily to bo dis- tinguished by their light blue, also advanced parallel with tho I'raguo road towards the top of the slope. This was some time after eleven o'clock, when the Prussian left and centre had visibly given way, though fighting with extreme tenacity and fervour. The light cavalry, at tho same time, or part of them, advanced towards Khun in tho centre, awaiting tho moment to deluge the plain with an exulting flood. But the time was not come. The Prussians, reinforced, or calling in their second lino and reservos, oame with a desperate impetus up tho slopes on the left and centre, and also developed a new attack on tho left of tho Prague road, which looked like a black riband now and thou as thosmoko was driven off by the wind. They were intent on turning our left if possible, but they met witii a stubborn and successful resistance at that point. Soon afterwards, in the midst of a heavy fall of rain, tho cavalry made another advance, and when it cleared the Austrian infantry were Bcen to havo moved still furtlicr to the left and centre, while tho sound of tho cannonade grow so deiifuniiig thiit tho Prussians must havo been driven biiek beyond (he position they occupied when they began tho action. Between half-past eleven and twelve o'clock tho Austrians wero to all intents successful on the centre and on its flanks, although tho fury of tho eimnonade and the incessant rattle of musketry all along tho front, from tho front of Neeliaiiitz to the plateau beyond Klu.n attested tho severity of the struggle and the obstinate resistance of the Prussians. Probbis, anotlier pretty village, was now in flames; three villages burning nt once, farmhouses adding their contii.gents to the fire ond hmoko^ caissons blowing up, shells bursting, and tho slopes and hill tops covered BATTLES OP THE WORLD. 281 u ntid biuoke. with grey and blue specs — each a man in agony or in death. Again the cavalry moved onwards. This time one division, in three bodies, crowned the ridge and formed near the front lino under the church, on the left of Klum, in the centre and lefl of the position, and there they waited once more. But now on the right the action awoke again, and, to our surprise, a very heavy fire of muakciiy, comparatively close at hand, came from the direction of Smirlintz ; the Austrians on the crest of the ridge movod uneasily, while many more stragglers than one cared to see pressed down towards the railroad. Whatever the cause of the agitation, tho Prussians on the centre and left pressed their attack with renewed vigour, and the contest which ensued was of exceeding fierceness ; but still tho enemy did not prevail — the Austrians not only held their ground, but repulsed the enemy advanced aguinut them, took their ground, and made prisoners. From the left of Klum to tho Prague road, and beyond it, all was fire and smoke. Tho tumult of voices was dreadful, and such as is never to be heard save in such awful agony of battle. The Aus- trians again advanced a little nearer tho big tree, and two batteries of reserve artillery could bo seen driving fast to the left to strcngtlon the attack. But tho Prussian roscivos were once more called upon, and from 12.30 till nearly 1 o'clock there was an artillery fire from centre to left for six miles or more, which could not well have been exceeded in any action of which history makes mention. That ammunition was becoming needed in tho advanced position was evident from the motion of the trains of supply and reserve, and wo watched tho cavalry with intense interest, as it seemed to bo the time for them to make an impression. Tho Prus- sians were wavering. At 1 o'clock tho Prussians, I.owcver, recovered some of the ground on the right near tho big tree. The Austrian artillery began to fall buck over the brow of tho hill, and again battalions of infantry came in siut they wore certainly forcing tho Austrians back on the right. It might have been expected that tho reserves to the right would have been sent up to hold tho top of tho slope, but I could not seo it was so. Many stragglers now appeared on the railway, the tields were spotted with tliem ; and now and then a shell bursting in or over the infantry miircliing along tho slope or tho reserves, struck them, or \i£t a little pile of dead or struggling men in tho voids which the opening eolunins displayed. 1 confess the advance of tho Prussians in this direction appeared to me inexplicable and very serious ; for, although tho left and centre of tho Austrians might be victorious, 282 CYCLOPEDIA OF THE i: \ ' this movement threatened, by forcing back their right, to cut them oflf from Konigsgratz — so, at least, was the situation as viewed from the tower ; but it is strange how different a field of action appears from different points of view, as any one may find out by riding from place to place on a field-day. However, a General who saw what was visible to those in the tower would have felt uneasiness and have turned his attention to fill the gap in his line at the centre, and to drive back the Prussians who were doubling up his right. While the centre advanced slowly, but surely, a space seemed to be left between the ground they had occupied and the left of the Austrians, who were continually retiring there. The houses burning fiercely in Klum emitted volumes of smoke, which were swept away towards the right. Another village lying apparently to the left of Prague road, named Gres Biaritz, or Hiaritz, as well ns I could catch the name, was now in flames. More tumbrils blew up in that direction, so that there were now six or seven villages and linmlets on fire from left to right. The battle was assuming a more awl'ul and tremendous aspect, and the faint rays of sunshine which f^hot at intervals through the lifting clouds only gave the scene greater terror. Horses without riders careered among the wounded, who were crawling all over the plain, dismounted dragoons dragged thcniselvcH to the rear, and men came crawling along in such numbers that they api>onred like a broad fringe to the edges of the battle, The rolling of mu'