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This Ktfm is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film* au taux de reduction indiqu* ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X XX y 12X 16X 20X 24X 2tX 32X The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: Library of the Public Archives of Canada The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in iteeping with the filming contract specifications. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol — ^> (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. 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Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont film6s en commenpant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernlAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. tin des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols —^ signifie "A SUIVRE ", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmte i des taux de reduction diff«rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clichA, il est film* A partir de I'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nicessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m6thode. i t 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 ^fe- . * HISTORY CANADA; FROM ITS FIRST DISCOVERY, TO THE PEACE OF 1763. By WILLIAM SMITH, Esquire; Clerk of the Parliament and Master in X^hancerjr of the Province of Lower Canada. NE QVID FALSt DICERE AUDEAT, NK QUID VERI NON AUDEAT. I« VOL. L QUEBEC: PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR, BY • JOHN NKFLSON, 1.81/;. r .*■, , t-'4. ■. * *> I V. I •. «■ '•*T:t^»«»«'*^» IS^ ■./»-T ' » ERRATA. Page 35, - 69, - 83, 8t, - ibid - 133, ■ — r4o, 149, -— 188, 191, 241, 249, 256, 276, 28t, Line 8, dele wtthoul. ■ 10, for before, read iifler. ■ 11, for Canada, read the Cahmy had^ 16, for Hlwt, read shorl distance. yy, for receipt, read receiving intelligence af. 4, for reigns, read reins. — — C, for learn, read teach, y, ibr Beuharnois, read ncauluirnoi:*. 4, for exceed, read less than. 12, for acts, read arts. tTi, read a spot. 30, for for, read /row. 92, for //, read English fort. 27, for up, read aunt/. - 15, for supported^ read svftplintt I POR AND t f *9 TO THE RIGHT, HONORABLE , ROBERT EARL OF CARDIGAN, &c. &c. &c. AS A MARK OF SINCERE ESTEEM POR HIS lordship's NUMEROUS AMIABLE QUALITIES^ AND DISTINGUISHED VIRTUES, AND OF GRATITUDE FOR HIS FRIENDSHIP, This work is inscribed. By THE AUTHOR ■,M ' 1] lit )] m II li PREFACE. 1^ AN AD A of late years, has been an object of such enquiry, that a knowledge of the early settlement of the Colony is eagerly desired by all. While it was under the dominion of France, several histories were pub- lished, but none have given a narrative of events sub- sequent to the period when Charlevoix finished his His- tory. The present work will embrace the occurrences down to the period when he ended, and also, those events that took place between that period and the Peace of one thousand seven hundred and sixty-three. As to this work, I can say with truth, that I have collected my Materials from the most authentic Docu* I I 11. merits. The Colony Records, the Jesuits' Journals, and Charlevoix's History, have furnished me with a mass of valuable information. From these, and other au- thentic sources, I have formed the present Compilation; and, I can honestly declare, that in the whole distribu- tion of the matter, I have faithfully detailed every oc- currence, without the least partiality or prejudice. When I began this Narrative (it does not deserve the name of a History) I intended it only for my private use : 1 well knew the detail of the occurrences of an inconsiderable Colony, so long struggHng in its birth, could afford but little amusement to Gentlemen of Taste, and under this impression, I had relinquished all idea of publishing it. The solicitations of my Friends at length prevailed, and I consented to put this Narrative to the Press, in the hope, that it might be serviceable to the Public, by giving, as it does, a true and faithful account of a Colony daily augmenting in Wealth, Prosperity and Happiness : now fortunately placed under the domini- on of Great Britain, and with a Constitution framed after her own — a Constitution which has long been the envy and admiration of the Worldj and by its happy combina- tions in Cotablishing and assigning to its various ••• lU. branches, rights, peculiar to each, bur necessary to the preservation of all, has been found in the harmony and co-openuion of all its powers, to give the best prac tical effect to its principles, and to lead directly to that system of efficient Government, best adapted to the spi- rit and happiness of a Free People. ff TH8 HISTORY OF C A N A D A. CHAFIER L f'rom the discovery of the Colony, to the surrender of the West India Company* s Charter in 1674. 1 HE efforts of Europe, during the fifteenth century, 1492, to find a passage to the East, led to the discovery of America. Christopher Columbus, a native of Genoa, employed by Ferdinand and Isabella, King and Queen of Castile, discovered, in the month of October, in the year one thousand four hundred and ninety-two, one of the Bahama Islands, and afterwards the Continent. It was, however, reserved to Americus Vespucius, a more obscure navigator, in the service of Ferdinand of Ar- ragon, to draw maps of the new discoveries, and to give them his own name. As the quantity of gold and sil- ver, brought by Columbus into Spain, and the incidents of his voyage, had been greatly magnified, Henry the Vlllth of England, intent upon wealth, in the year, one thousand four hundred and ninety-six, commissioned !: -i Chap, two seamen, by the name of Cabot, to make similar re- ^ J searches. — Sebastian Cabot, in the service of Henry the Vlllih, in saiHng north-west-ward, in hopes of arriving at the East Indies, explored in the year, one thousand four hundred and ninety-eight, tlie greater part of the American coast. At length, when Francis I.* of France, perceived the glory and advantage which Spain and o- ther nations derived from the discovery of America, every encouragement was held out to his subjects to in- duce them to engage in similar enterprises ; fortunately for his views, there was then resident in France, a Flo- 1523. rentine, John Verrazani, an excellent seaman, of a bold and enterprising mind, and eager to undertake a voyage which he considered might be no less honorable than profitable to him. The King, on Vcrrazani's accepting 1524. the commission, ordered a vessel to be prepared for iiim, in which he immediately sailed ; but, after a short time being at sea, from stress of weather, he returned to port. The next year he sailed, again, in another ship, called, the Dolphin, and preceeded to Madeira, where remaining until the month of January of that year, he left that Island, and after fifty days passage, arrived at Florida in America ; he then ranged along the coast from the twenty-eighth tt) the hfiielli degree of north la- titude, and to(jk a nouiinal possession of the country which he called, " New France." 'J he accounts he brought, by no means answered the expectations of the French King ; Verrazani was therefore ordered to pur- sue the same route the next year. Unfortunately, howe- ver, for him, he had no sooner landed on the Continent r.nr. 152.' tha Nc wa of arisl • «« What," said Francis I. of France, jncowly, «« Shall the Kings of Spain aud Porf.ipal dividu all Anuiica between tlicm, without suffering mi- to take u shar? as th«ir hrciher? 1 would lain sec the article in Adam's Will that be- i[ucatlit that v;ut inheritance to them :— Fncyclopedie, Vol. 4, p. (J95, than he was inhumanly murdered by the Savages. * Chap, No further attempts were made until ten years after- ^ • wards, when Admiral Chabot represented to the King of France, the importance and advantages, that might arise from the establishment of a Colony in the new world, from which the Spaniards derived so much wealth. No person appeared more fit for such an un- dertaking, than Jacques Cartier, of Saint Maloe. The King therefore appointed him for this service, imd two vessels of sixty tons each, and manned with one hundred and twenty-two seamen, were immediately provided, on board of which he sailed from St. Malocs, on the twen- tieth of April ; and on the tenth of May, came in sight of Bonavista, in Newfoundland, and anchored in the harbour of Saint Catherine's. After passing a few days here, he ranged along the Labrador coast, crossed a Gulf, which he called. Saint Lawrence, and anchored in a Bay, which, from the excessive heat he experienced in the month of July, he named, the " Baye des CI;a- leurs." He then coasted towards Gaspc Bay, where he remained a few days, the better to acquire a knowh-dge of the natives, and to observe the lace of the country.! While Cartier remained here, he erected on a height of land, a Cross, tliirty feet higli, on which A 2 ' Charlevoix, — Vol, I.p, H. I On Citrtitr's uii iv.il lu r<', tin' Indians freqiK'titly pronounced tln-c 'wo wirdi, ..'.J N.i.'.i, notliinir Iiore; fioiu wliiili it i* Kii|i|)o.cd tliu name of the Country, Canada, liaibeen dfrivtd. Tht-e words were first taipdit tlicni, it i» Mippoked, l>y tni' Sjianlard*, who Iiail visiiid this \Uy, ;iihI fitidiijv lut niino*, proniiiiiLid thca word", which the Iiidiaiis nj't'atfd to tin- new ,.\dvoi.turiT^. (Jilicr.t havi- dt- rivt'd itfroni the Indian word, /fj^.;/.!, jironouiirwd, Canada, whiili signifios .i Collection of Huts. Lcsiurbot, however, state*, that the Indians «>f C.aspo, cali- ^'ond which there was a J-ea of fresh water to which they knew no bounds ; and that on the other side of the mountain, there was another river, which ran in a contrary direction, to the south West, through a country, free from snow and ice. They told Cartier, that there had been found such metal as his Silver whistle, and the haft of a Dagger, be- longing to one of his people, which was gilt. The In- • Now called, the mountain of Montreal. — Charlevoix, Vol. 1. P. 13. ^»4 ulans, were shown some copper, when they pointed to Chap, the northward, and thev said it came irom Sa'^uena /. ^' 0\\ the fourth of October, the vi^it being ended, Car- tier embarked again, and was coji;luctod to die water- side by the natives, and on the eleventh of the same monch, arrived at Port de Saint Croix; he found his people busily employed enclosin;; the sliip^' with a j)a!i- sade and rampart, in consequence of Cartier's detcnui- nation to remain the winter in the country. The day after Cartier's return, Donnacona invited him and his people to his hut, where they were entertained with their usual festivity, and presents were interchangeably made. Among the things, that attracted Cartier's attention, were five scalps, spread and dried, like parchment. The Indians told Cartier, they were the scalps of five prison- ers of the Toadameni nation, who came from the ;;outh, and with whom they were continually at war. They ob- served, that these people used the leaves of an herb, (tobacco) which they preserved in pouches made of skins, and smoked in stone pipes. It was very ollonsivo to the Fronch, bur rlu natives valued it, as conrributing much to th.> preservation of their health. 'I'he ships had still on board a considerable quantity k:)^ salt provi- ons, and some fish I).ul been caugli!: and cured for the winter. Karly in the month oi December, the scurvy broke out among Cartier's jjeople, which raged with such violence, that before the month of February, out of one hundred persons, fifty were ill at the same time, and ten had died. In this distress, Cartier appointed a day of solemn humiliaiion and prayer. A crucifix was fixL'd on a tree, and as many as were able to walk, join- ed the procession, r>inging psalms and performing other B \ 'II ;! |i 10 Chap, devotional exercises ; at the close of the solemnity, Car- !•' tier made a vow, " That if it should please God to per- ** mil him to return to France, he would go in pilgrim- mage to our Lady of Roquemedo," but it was neces- sary to watch as well as to pray ; to prevent the natives from knowing their weak and defenceless state, he obli- ged all who were able, to make as much noise as possi- ble, with axes and hammers ; and told the natives, that his men were all busily employed, and that he would not suffer any of them to go from the ships, till their work was done. Notwithstanding every precaution, the scurvy still continued to carry off a number of Car- tier's men, and by the middle of March, twenty-five more fell a sacrifice to the disease, and the others- were so weak and low in spirits, that they despa red of ever see- ing their native country. Cartier, who had escaped the disease, walking on the ice, met Domagaia, who had been afflicted, as well as several of the natives, with this disease. He told Cartier, he was then recovered, by ma- khig use of the leaves and bark of a tree, which he had used as a remedy : two Indian women, were dispatch- ed, and several branches of it, were procured. Cartier, was then told, that the vvav to make the decoction was to boil the bark and bavor,, to drink the liquor every otiicr day, and to put the dregs on the legs of the sick.* By the frequent use of this medicine, the happiest ef- fects were produced, and early in the month of April, they were completely cured ; several of the people who had venereal complaints of long standing, were, al- •'I' •_Cha»ipla:i), Part 1. p. 124. Thotree is siipposcJ to have been the Spruce Fir, F!nus Cunadenns. It was called AmeJa hy the nativer. — Spruce fii.'er is known to be a powerful antiscor- butic. 11 so cured by the same means. The spring, at length Chap. arrived, when the ice in the month of April, began to '• break up. On the third of May, Cartier took possession of the Country, by erecting a ^.ross, thirty feet high, on which was suspended a shield, with the arms of France, with this inscription: Francicus Primus^ Dei Gratia, Frarh- coram Rex, regnat.* The same day, Donnacona, accom- panied by the two Savages, who had been in France, visile ed Cartier on board; wliile they were regaling themselves, Donnacona and two other Indians were seized, and con- fined on board Cartier's ship 1 he next night the na- tives came down to the shore, howling and beating their breasts, crying out for their friends. Cartier, at first re- fused them admittance, but on his assuring them, that he would bring them back again, they reluctantly consent- ed to Donnacona and the other Indians' departure. On the sixth of May, Cartier sailed from Port de Saint .Croix, touched at Saint Peter's, in Newfoundland, and arrived at Saint Maloes on the sixth of July, one thou- sand five hundred and thirty-six. The Indians that were taken to France, had been so often told of the necessi- ty of baptism in order to salvation, that on their arrival, they were, at their own request, baptized, but neither of them lived to see their native land again. It was itiscor- Thh favorable report made by Cartier, of the nature and fertility of the country, confirmed by the Indians he broupjlit with him, induced Francis I. to send <. artier on another voyage, f Francis de la Roche, Seigneur • DfLaet, Vol. ]. p. JS. t Cartier's Commission. — Meinoires Jus CominlssairL-s di- .Sa Majestc trii Chrcticnno, et ceux de Sa M;ijestc Uritannique. — Vol. :l, p. I'KO. B 2 1540. ^■' i i.<: I w I i! 12 Chap, or Lord of Robervsl, was appoint '.'J the King's Lieu- ^ • ten.int and Governor of New France and Ilochelaga. Cariier was appointed chief Pilot, and had five vessels under his charge. Though the time had been long fix- ed for sailing, yet from the inactivity of Roberval, the vessels could not put to sea at the time appointed. The King, impatient that Cartier should sail, without loss of time, ordered him to proceed on his voyage without the Governor, who was to follow him, .it some future time. Cartic?r left Saint Malo on the twenty-third of May, with five ships, victualled for two years, and experienced du- ring his voyage such tempestuous weather and head winds, that he did not arrive until the month of August, at Port de Saint Croix. As soon as they anchored, the person, who had succeeded Donnacona, as Chief, came on board, attended by several of the natives, to make enquiries after him and the rest of their friends. They were informed, that Donnacona was dead, and that the rest were married, and had been made great lords, and that though they had been particularly solicited to re- turn, yet, they could not be prevailed upon to revisit their native country. They expressed on this occasion neither resentment nor sorrow, but a secret jealousy, excited by an answer, which was by no means satisfac- tory. Cartier disembarked his provisions, and sent two vessels back to France, with letters to acquaint his Ma- jesty with the progress he had made, and to signify to him, that Roberval had not arrived. Cartier remain- ed a year in Canada, and as no tidings had been recei- ved of Roberval, he resolved to return to France. On his passage, he put into Saint John's, Newfoundland, where he met Roberval, tlie Governor, on his w^ay to Canada, with two hundred Settlers. Cartier stated to IS him the rcd'^ons that had induced him to leave Cana- da, adding, that the natives had shewn much aversion to the planting of a Colony in the heart of their coun- try, and that he believed, they were determined to pre- vent a settlement of Frenchmen, among them. Not- withstanding these discouraging accounts, Roberval in- sisted on Cartier's returning with him, but f -artier, being determined to proceed to France, in the course of the night, he sailed, unperceived, from Saint John's, and re- turned to his native Country, Roberval, mortified and disappointed at Cartier's conduct, prosecuted the voy- age, and anchored in July, at the place Cartier had left. The first object that engrossed his mind, was the safety and protection of his people. He erected two forts, one on a commanding eminence, which he called) Charlesbourg Royal, and another at the foot of it; here he deposited his provisions, ammunition, artillery, and the implements of husbandry he had brought. Not far from the fort on the eminence, were some rocks containing chrystals, which they denominated, diamonds, and on the shore were picked up certain specks, of a yellow substance, which their imaginations refined into gold. Iron ore was also found, and a kind of black slate, of an apparent metallic substance. And several specimens of the chrystals were sent to France. As he proposed passing the winter here, he provided himself also with fish, and whatever game the country afforded, and even with these, he languished out a tedious winter. In ad- dition to this distress, Roberval exerted such severity in his government, that one man was hanged, several were laid in irons, and some of both sexes, underwent the discipline of the whip. During the time he passed here, he aod his people suftercd much from the scurvv, of 14 Chap, which fifty of them died, and all of them being dissatis- ^' fied and discontented, they sailed in the month of June for France, not having been able to make any permanent settlement in this Country. „J i Th£ spirit for discovery had been interrupted, by a civil Wc\r, which lasted for near fifty years in France, and which was terminated by the valour of Henry IV. After which period, the former spirit was again renew- ed. The Marquis de la Roche, a gentleman of Brita- 1598. ny, obtained letters patent * containing the same pow- ers, that had been granted to Roberval, The necessa- ry preparations were speedily made, and he sailed with a number of convicts that had been taken out of the goals in Franco, for the coast of Nova Scotia, f On his voyage, he fell in with the Island of Sable, where he landed forty of his miserable crew, until he could survey the coast, and find a proper place for the Settlement he had in view. Whether the Marquis ever reached the Continent, is uncertain, but it is but too true, that he return- ed to France, leaving these unfortunate people to their hopeless fate. Here they remained seven years, with ' no other subsistance but'what they could get from a few fish they occasionally had taken, and the only cloathing they had, consisted of the skins of seals ; at length, however, Henry IV. of France, deploring their dreadful and hopeless situation, scut a Ship to take them off, the Captain of which, upon his arrival, found only twelve of the forty, in existence. They were brought to France, and presented to the King, in their seal skin dresses and long beards. The King, in consideration of their * Meiiioircs do Commlstaires, &c. — Vol. Ill, p, 310. t Called by the French, Aiadie^ or Acatiia, l\ 15 long sufferings, pardoned ther former criinesv and or- Chap. dered that fifty crowns should be paid to each of them. ^ • The Captain, who brought them back to France, con- cealed the generous intentions of their Sovereign, and took all the skins they had collected, as a recompence for his trouble. Among which were a number of black and blue foxes of great value. Apprised of the fraud on their arrival in France, they instituted an action a- gainst him, and recovered large damages. Notwithstanding the ill success that attended the 1600. Marquis de la Roche's undertaking, various applicati- ons after his death, were made to the King for the re- newal of a similar Commission. As Mr. de Pontgrave had made frequent voyages to Tadousac, and was well acquainted with the value of the Fur Trade, which he considered might be profitable, if an exclusive privi- lege could be obtained ; he addressed himself to Mr. de Chauvin, who at that time, had great interest at Court : A memorial was immediately presented to the King, who granted Chauvin the same privileges that had been conferred on la Koche. They were jointly concerned, and sailed together for the Saint Lawrence, in search of peltries and furs, which they ol^taincd in great abundance. Chauvin, however, did not live long to enjoy his profits and advantages. While preparing for another voyage, he died in France, lie was succeeded bv the comnian- dcr de Chatte, and by a number of Merchants of Kouen, who were fonmd into a Company, with a view of car- rying on the Trade and making Settlements in the Country. A squadron of ships was fitted out, and the command given to Pontgrave, aceomi).uiied by Samuel de Champlain, a brave and experienc».*d seaman. They 1 1>03. 16 Chap, remained at Tadousac for a short time, and then sailed '• up the Saint Lawrence, and anchored at a phice called by the Indians, Quebec,* and this he thought would be a proper place for a Fort and Settlement. He then sail- ed for France, and found on his arrival, that the Com- mander de Chatte was dead, and that a new patent had been given to Mr. de Monts, f constituting him Gover- nor of the American Territory lying between the forti- eth and forty-sixth degree of north latitude, with an exclusive privilege of Trade to Ar:idia and the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, during the term u: ten years. The pa- tent was published in all the maritime towns of France. De Monts equipped two vessels, and sailed on the se- venth of March, for his new Government. Champlain and Petrincourt accompanied him. They formed settlements at Saint Croix and Port Royal, and retain- ed quiet possevssion of Acadia, until they were attacked by Sir Samuel Argal in the year one thousand six hun- dred and fourteen, by the command of Governor Dale of Virginia, J when their settlements were broken up. While these attempts had been made in Acadia, De Monts and his Company conceived, that great advantages would result from the establishment of a Colony in the River Siint T,:\wrence by the extension of the Fur Trade, and in thj iiope of penetrating west- ward through the Lakes to the Pacific Ocean, and by that means, of finding a nearer communication with China. With this view, one of their vessels had been sent in the year one thousand six hundred ami eight, to • Queboc, in the Aljronquin laiijru;\{rc, Hlgnifics, ;i Strait.— riinm]il.iin, Vol. I. p. 115. Qiitids, alias, Qut/m. — Doti^l.is, Vol. I. n. ii\>. t I.i'icarbot — Ili'itoire tie l.i Noiivtile France. Vol. I. ji, 117. t ChaimtT'i Toliticil Annals. — Vol. I. p. 8'_'. 17 the River Saint Lawrence, commanded by Champlain. Chap. In a former voyage, he had marked out a trait above ^' the Island of Orleans, as a proper place for a tort. As soon as he arrived at Quebec, which was on the 1608. third of July, he b 'gan to cLar the woods, ordered houses to be built, and laid oui gardens for the inhabit- ants. He passed the wint jr at this place, and some of his people sulforcd much from the scurvy. As souu as the navigation was opon, he w.nt up tiie iiv.-r aint Lawrence, attended by sov >ral Indians, to explore the Country, and on his way to the ouihward, he crossed a large Lake to which he gave his own name, whicli it re- tains to this day. On the shores of Lake aint Sacre- ment, now Lake George, he met a party ol the Iroquois, or Five Nations, who were then at war, witii tiie i .ana- da Indians, an action ensued, and the party of the Five Nations was defeateil. Ciiamplain killed two Inuians , with his own musket, and he brought lifty scalps in tri- umph, to (Quebec. In the Autunm of the same year, he returned to France, leaving Captain Peter Cuau- vin in the command, and on the follow ng year return- ed to Quebec, to establish a Colony of which, he is just- ly considered, the Founder. 'ul. 1. As de l\L)nts had lost his privilege of trade, C ham- igio. plain found it necessary to revisit France, in the hope of procuring a powerful protector to forward tiic settle- ment of the Colony. None were more desirous of fa- voring his views, th,m, the Count of Soiivsons, who had obtained the Vice Royalty from the then reigning Queen. He readily delegatedjiis authority, and appointed him, 1611. 18 Chap, his Lieutenant. * On the death of the Count, the Prince ^' tic C'cndc was appoiiitcd Vice Roy of New France, and 1012. ^'- tcinrinu'"d Chanplain in the command, and obtained letters of iiicorporafion for certain merchants of Saint Malo, RoueTi and La Rochclle, who had formed them- selves into a company. C'hamp,lain pressed on this so- ci'-ry tht- necetilty of sending cui Settlers, and stated to theni, the want of tipiritual aid ; by his entreaties, four Recollects, were prevailed upon to leave France for this country, and they were the first Priests, that settled here. 1620. The Prince de Conde disposed of the Vice Royalty, to his brother in law, the Marshal de Montmorenci, for eleven thousand crowns. As the Marshal entertained the highest opinion of Champlain, he was continued as Governor, and he brought out his family to Quebec. During the courvSe of four succeeding years, Champlain went to France, to Ftatc to ihe comjvany the wants of the Colony, and what it stood in need oi, but both the crown and the company were so inditi'crcnt as to the advance- ment of the settlement, that had it not been for the cou- rag'? and resolution of Champlain, the plantation would have been broken up. The Five Nations had been very troublesome, they had made frequent incursions in the country. And ihey had been long jealous of a settlement, which they feared might bring about an alliance, be- tween the Algonkins, llurons and the French, and by that means, give the latter the superiority over them. They therefore took the resolution of reduchig their power. A party of them attacked Sault Saint Louis, 1()21, where there were severalF/enchmen, but were rcpul- • champlain, I'art I. p. -J I. iV* 19 seJ. They however, made Father Poulain, a Recollect, Chap. a prisoner, and he was fastened to a stake to be burnt ^• alive. To save him from this cruel djath, the Fr'^nch proposed to exchange him, for one of the Chiefs of the Five Nations, that had been taken, which being acceded to, he was released. Another party invested the Recollect Convent on the banks of the Kiver Saint Char- les, where there was also a small fort. Not daring to attack the fort, they fell on some Huron Indians, near it, whom they murdered in the most cruel manner and then retreated. The late attack from the Five Nations, and the want of every article of supply, from the crimi- nal negligence of the company, induced Champlain to send an Agent to France, to represent to the Govern- ment the deplorable state of the Colony. The Govern- ment, from the statement that had been made, suppress- ed the former company, and granted an exclusive pri- vilege to two brothers of the name of De Caen. Champlain, desirous of affording security to the l62f?-4. little Colony he had established at Quebec, which at that time only consisted of fifty persons, men, women and children, ordered a Stone Fort to be built. As soon as the Fort was finished, Champlain went to France with his llunily, to represent to the Government the distressed state of the colony. On his arrival, he found that the Duke do Montniorenci had dispoocd of his Vice Royalty to his nephew, the Duke de Venta- dour, who had laken orders, ami had long retired from the noise and bustle of the world. His object in taking charge of Nev/ Francs was not so much with a vi-w of promoting its temi)oraI, its spiritual concerns was the C 2 I 20 Chap, chief objcrt of his care : the conversion of the Indians, !• had long engrossed his attention, and as the Jesuits had his conscience in keeping, he consid';'red them, as the fittest instruments for the accomplishment of his de- 1625. signs. Thcs? Jjsuits, Fathers L'Allemand, Masse, and de Br'4")cuf, and two hiy brothers, men of exemplary piety and ciiaracter, undertook the mission, and arrived •with Champlain at Quebec, who had been continued by the Duke of Ventadour as Governor of the Colony.* Th'^y were well received by the Recollects, who recei- ved them at a small house, they had built on their arri- val, in the year one thousand six hundred and fifteen, on the scite of which, stands'the present General Hos- pital, near the River Saint Charles. The conduct of the Caens, who were totally engaged 1627. in the Fur Trade, and great fomenters of the religious disputes that then existed between the Catholic and Hu- guenot settlers, which latter religion they professed, in- duced the Cardinal Richelii u to revoke the privileges that had be n given to the de Caens, and to form a more numerous Company, composed of men of property and crr'dit, in the hope of securing a permanent establish- ment in the Countrv. I ho Government, to favor this plan, granred a Charter to a Companv, called " The Company of One lluiuln->d Associates."! The privi- leges granted wcro : That the Company should be pro- prietors and mastfM's of the Settlements in Canada, with a power to govern as th( y thought proper, to declare war and to make peace : that they should have the whole trade by sea and land, for the teri.i f^t fifteen years, ♦ Chainplai'i — P;irt I p. HO, , t Menioireg dcs Commiwairei — Vol, I. p. 34fi. ex< cept the Cod and Whale Fishery, which was declared Chap. free and open to all adventurers: that the Beaver and ^• the Fur Trade in general, should belong to the Compa- ny for ever. The King gave them two ships of three hundred tons each. Twelve of the principal members were raised to the rank of Noblesse. Gentlemen, and even the Clergy, were invited to share in the concern. The Company were allowed to import and export all kinds of merchandize, and other commodities, free of any duty whatever. Such persons who exercised any trade for six years in the colony, were free men in France, and could carry on their trade in that Kingdom without molestation. The Company \ on their part, agreed to bring into the Colony, in the year one thousand six hun- dred and twenty eight, two or three hundred Settlers ; and sixteen thousand more, before the year one thou- sand six hundred and forty three. I'hey agreed to pro- vide them with lodging and board for three years, and afterwards to grant them as much cleared land as was necessary for their subsistence, and a sufficient quantity of grain to sow these lands, for the first year. ex- FoRTUNE by no means favored the endeavors of Go- vernment ; war had been declared between England and 1628. France, and several of the vessels of the Company were taken by the English fleet. Sir David Kirk, with an armament from England, conducted by William de Caen, who, on the loss of his exclusive privilege, de- nounced vengeance against his native country, advanced to Tadousac, and from thence sent a summons to Cham- plain to surrender Quebec. Champlain consulted the t Their capital consisted of 100,000 crowtn.— AbK Raynal, Vol. VMI. p. Hv. ML mi'^ '»•'■' P' m 22 Chap, inhabitants, and on their determination to support him, ^ • he sent so spirited an answer, that Kirk, ignorant of the weak state of defence of the town, turned his at- tention to the attack of a convoy, which he captured, under charge of de Roquement, who had on board se- veral families, and provisions of all kinds. In the month 1629. of July of the subsequent year, intelligence was receiv- ed, that an English fleet had been seen, a few leagues be- low Point Levi, and the armament under command of Kirk's two brothers Lewis and Thomas, shortly made its appearance in the harbour, oppos't e to the town. As soon as the vessels were anchored, an officer landed with a white flag, to summon the city to capitulate. * They * Summons from Lewis and Thomas Kirk. SIR, Our Brother having last year, informed you, that sooner or later he would take Oueljec, he di'sirt's us to offer you his friendsliip and respects, as we also do on our part ; aiiJ knowing the wretched state of your Garrison, we order you to surrender the Fort and Settlement of Quebec into our hands, offering you terms that you will consider reasonable, and which shall be granted on your Surrender. Ciiampi.ain's Answer. Gent*lemen, It is too true, that owing to the want of succours and assistance from France, that our distress is very great, and that we are incapable <)f n'sistance. — I there- fore desire, that you will not fire on the Town, nor land yo'ir Troops, until tht' Articles of Capitulation can be drawn up, — 19/// July, 1629. ' Articles ok Capitulation, iioposed by Cua tlain. Tliat Messrs. Kirk shall produce the King ot England's Comn sion, by virtue of which, tliey summon the place to surrtiiJer, as an evidence tha; war had been declared between France and England. That they should also produce authorityi by which they were empowered by their brother, David Kirk, Admiral of tlie English Fleet, to treat. That a vessel should be furnished for transporting to France all the French, without excepting two Indian women. That the Soldier* (hould march out with their arms and baggage. That the vessel to be provided, to carry the Garrison to France, shall be well victu:illed, to be paid for in Pel- triei. That no violence or insult, shall be offered to any person. That the ves- sel to be procured, shall be ready for departure three days after their arrival at Tadoujacj.and that they thall be transported to France. They answered— That 2S assured Champlain they were well acquainted with the Chap. distressed state of the Colony, and the want of all kinds ^' of provisions, and that if he would surrendt. tha Fort, he should have the most generous terms. Champlain, unable to withstand the threatened attack, readily as- sented, and on the following day, Kirk took possession of the Fort, and treated the inhabitants with great hu- manity, and few or none of the .^ettlers left the country. And thus was the capital of N.nv France subdued by the arms of England, just one hundred and thirty years be- fore its fuial conquest conferred immortality on Wolfe.* As it had been determined that Lewis Kirk was to com- mand at Quebec, Champlain embarked on board the ship commanded by Thomas Kirk, and proceeded to Tadousac, where they met the Admiral, Sir David Kirk, with the remainder of his fleet. After remain- ing at Tadousac until September, they sailed for En- gland, and arrived at Plymouth on the twentieth of Oc- tober of the same year. On Champlain*s arrival in France, he found the minds of the people divided, with regard to Canada. Some thought it not worth repossessing, while others were of opinion that the Fur i rade and Fisheries, were objects they had not the Commission from the King of England, but that their brother had it at Tadousac. 'I'hat they were empowered by tlieir brother, to treat with Mr. Chamjilain. That a vessel would he provided, and if not fufiiciently larjje, tiny would be put on board the ships of the tleet to r,n;;luiKl, and front thence be sent to France. That tiie Indian women could not be j!;iven up, for reasons to be explained when they met. That the Ofliccrs and Soldiers should march out with their arms, baggaj^e, and other tfitcts ; and that the Priests •hould be allowed their books and effects. It is much to be regretted, that no Monumental Pillar or .Stone Column has been erected on the Plains of Abraham, to the memory of this Hero. ■ 1 . V ■?'■' it: 24 Chap, of vast national importance, as well as a nursery for sea- 1* men. These sentiments aid^d by the strong solicitation ofChamplain, induced the Government to negociate for the iTestitution of the Country, and it was restored to France along with Acadia and Cape Breton, by the trea- 1632. ty of aint Germain en Laye The whole of the French settlements at this time were very inconsiderable. The fort at Quebec was surrounded by a few ill built houses, and the whole population did not exceed one hundred persons, men, women and children : At Montreal there were only three or four contemptible log houses : As many at Three Rivers, and the like number at Tadou- sac. A few Huts, for fishing, had been erected on the banks of the Saint Lawrence. And these were the whole of the French settlements in New i.^'r ince. 1633. The company by the peace, became repossessed of their former rights. Champlain was re-appointed Go- vernor, and brought with him a number of respectable Colonists; several Protestants had offered to settle in Ca- nada, but they were <^xpiessly refused. Along with them, came over to Quebec, two Jesuits, who were sent out for the conversion of the Indians, and for the education of the youth of the settlement. On the first establishment of the Jesuits, an idea had been entertain- ed by Rene Rohault, son of the Marquis de Gamache, who had entered that order, that a Seminary or College for the education of youth, and the conversion of the In- dians, might be attended with the most beneficial ad- vantages. Several circumstances had retarded the pro- posed plan, but at length Rohault, obtained permission from the General of the order, and offering six thousand crowns of gold as a donation, in the month of December, 1635. - 26 the foundation was laid of this building. Amidst ihc joy this useful institution inspired, the most melancholy event happened to the colony in the loss of their worthy and respectable Governor ; he died in the month of Decem- ber, to the deep regret of all good men. Champlain was a man of superior talents, and of upright intentions ; he was active, enterprising and valiant, and possessed such a zeal for the propagation of Religion, that it was a common saying of his, " That the Salvation of one Sou was of more value than the conquest of an empire ! ! 1 * • AP. I. On the death of Champlain, the colony was com- mitted to the care of Mr. de Montmagny, a gentleman of abilities and integrity ; he highly approved the con- duct of his Predecessor and followed his measures, as best calculated to promote the advancement and pros- perity of the Colony. He drew up a statement of the condition of the Country, its wants and necessities, which was forwarded to France, and to which he received no favorable answer. It is singular, that a Company so powerful and rich, should have neglected a Colony standing so much in need of their fostering care, to give It stability and pernranency. Though the temporal con- cerns of the Colony, had been neglected, an establish- ment for the conversion of the Indians, was be'j-un this year at Sillery, and twelve families settled at that place. The Indians soon became remarkable for their good behaviour, and for their observance of the duties of religion. Two other institutions were also wanted, one for the education of the female children, and ano- ther for the sick. I'he Hotel Dieu was founded as an • Cliarlevoix — Vol. 1. p. J y7. 1638. 1^ ■J i: I ■;ll ^ : i\ ■ 11 / 26 Chap. Hospital, and the year after, the Ursullnes began their !• Convent at Quc'dcc, under the patronage of Madame de la Peltrie. ' •. 1640. As the peopling and fortifying the Island of Montreal, with a view of repressing the incursions of the Five Na- tions, and the conversion of the Indians, had occupied the entire attention of the first Missionaries, Mr. Mai- sonville brought over several families from France for that purpose, and he Vv'ns invested with the government of the Island. This immense domain v/as granted by the Company, on the seventeenth of December, one thousand six hundred and forty, and confirmed by the King on the fifteenth of February, one thousand six hundred and forty-four, to the Saint Sulpicians of Pa- ris, and the whole Island destined for the support of this Religious Order. 1647. On the recal of Mr. de Montmagny, he was succeed- ed by Mr. de D'Aillebout, who had been Governor of Three Rivers, and who was well acquainted with the interests of the Colony ; he made repeated applications to the Company for succours, but he met with the ne- glect that his predecessors had experienced. * He 1648. sent an Agent to Boston, to propose a perpetual al- liance between the New England Colonies and New France, by which each was to engage with the other, to • Wood, for fuel, was this year publicly sold. The price was one shilling and three pence Halifax Currency, per cord. The price of Bread was fixed at seven • pence half penny for a loaf of six pounds weight. The price of Labour wa* one shilling and three pence per day, exclusive of the Labourer's board and lodg- . ' ing; a Servant's wages were, by the year, four pounds three shillings and four pence, and a pair of shoes; Eels were sold in the market, for one farthing per hundred. — Forty thousand had been taken from August to November, at Sille- ry. — Jesuit's Journal. _ 27 act when necessary, in making war against the Five Nati- ons. However desirous the EngHsh Colonics might have been to form such an alliance, the condition respecting the Five Nations was not approved of by them, and the nego- ciation was broken off. , . 1650. r ■ ! D'Aillebout resigned the government into the hands of M. de Lauzon, who had been one of the associates in the Company, and had always had a principal share in its affairs ; though his appointment had taken place, the year before, he did not arrive until the twelfth of Octo- ber of this year. The Five Nations, who had been for many years at war with the Hurons, and whose success- es had emboldened them to despise them and their French allies, resolved on the attack of I hree Rivers, at that time enclosed within a palisade and entrench- ment. On their approach, Mr. Duplessis Bochart march- ed out with a few men to attack them, when a skir- mish ensued, in which he lost his own life, and the French party was routed. Though they did not suc- ceed in taking the place, they made incursions in various parts of the Country, and spread horror and devastation with an undistinguishing hand. .' " The Jesuits, who in the early settlement of the coun- try were merely Missionaries, obtained a patent, * by which they acquired a licence to purchase lands and hold property as in France. The property the Jesuits possessed in this country, in after times, was acquired by grants from the Kings of France ; by grants from the Company of New France; by gifts or donations • Petit Droits des Coionies ri;in9oi8es — Vol. II. p. 441, r, D 2 •'^l !.»-■ , • .».,,.. f I >: ■i'' ■I 28 Chap, from individuals, and by purchase. The principles of the order of the Jesuits, are expressed in their Formu- lary : Perpetual Poverty — Chastity — implicit obedience to the Sovereign Pontiff — and to dedicate their time and talents to the instruction of youth. * The Jesu- its, in conformity to the object of their institution, dedi- cated themselves to the conversion of the Indians, and when the number of the Frt-nch Colonists encreased, they built a College at Quebec, assisted by the vbluntary contributions of the inhabi*^'ant?:, and by gifts and grants of real property by individuals, to carry into effect the main object of their institution. This Society at a sub- ^ sequent period, was abolished by the King of France f throughout his dominions, permitting, however, the members of the Society to live as individuals, they behaving as faithful subjects. This Edict subjected the Jesuits to residence in the dioceses in which they were born, but not to live within ten leagues of Pa- ris. And by an arret of the Parliament of Paris of the ninth of May, one thousand seven hundred and sixty- seven, the Society was declared inimical to all legal au- thority, to the person of the Sovereign, and to the tran- quility of the State, and its members were banished for ever out of the King's dorninions, under the penalty of a criminal prosecution if ever they returned, and the like penalty on all those who should receive or hold any correspondence with them. The property the Jesu- its held in this country was very considerable, and on thexleath of Father Casot, J the last of that order, their property became vested in the Crown. § '^ ^ ' ., ; J 'V . • Constitutions of the Order of Jrsiiit* — Vol. II. p. 166. • f T.dkt dated in November, 17fi4. i Frtther Cawt died in Marrh, IROO. — § The Revenue arising from thiit'UltJ, amount* to about 16001. jier annum. 1653. 29 The activity and zeal of Mr. Maisonville, induced Chap. him to make frequent voyages to France, to obtain sue- ^ • cours and assistance for the Settlement at Montreal. Though his difficulties were great, he yet was enabled to induce one hundred men to join his little establishment in that Island. With him came over a pious Lady, Marguerite Bourgeois, who laid the foundation of the useful institution called the " Sisters of the Congrega- don" at Montreal, in the year one thousand six hundred and fifty-nine. Notwithstanding this augmentation of Settlers, the progress of this small establishment suffered severely from the incursions of the Five Nations. i. au^ In the preceding year, the Viscount d*Argenson as- 1659. sumed the reins of Government, and on his landing was surprised to hear the cry " To arms," and was inform- ed, that a number of Algonquins had been massacred un- der the guns of the fort, by a scouting party of the Five Nations. Two hundred nien were dispatched in pur- suit of them, but they fled with such precipitation, that they could not be overtaken. Another party appeared before Three Rivers, but the good conduct and pre- caution of Mr. de la Potherye, the Governor, had been such, that he prevented the attack they had meditated. THt Jesuits had long represented the necessity of ha- ving a person of rank at the head of the Catholic Church in this country, and had proposed to the Queen Mother of Austria during her Regency, the Abbe dcMontigny. Francois dc Laval, Titular Bishop of Pctrca, was ap- pointed Bishop en Partibus Infidelium, and on the (wenty-scventh of June he arrived, with two Priests, at I so Chap. Quebec,* and in one thousand six hundred and se- ^ • venty, the Church of Quebec was erected into a Bishop*s See. t The Seminary of the Saint Sulpicians at Paris, acquired the riglits of the first proprietors of the Island of Mon- treal, and in the year one thousand six hundred and fif- ty-seven. Abbe Quelus came over to this country, with deputies from the Seminary at Paris, to take possession of their Estate, and to found the Seminary of Saint Sulpice at Montreal | for the conversion of the Indians, • The first Pontifical Mass was celebrated by the Bishop, on the 29th June, of this year. — Jesuit's Journal, t Petit Droits des Colonies Francoises — Vol. 11. p. "192. I It has been doubted whether the Seminary of St. Sulpice at Montreal, are le- gally entitled to the immense property they hold, amounting to eight thousand pounds a year, and annually increasing. And the more so, from Sir James Mar- riot's report. His Majesty's Advocate General on the state of Canada, in the year 1765. " It seems to be pretty clear, that any religious communities, who " as principals at the time of the conquest, wore not inhabitants resident in per- " son, do not fall under the privilege of the capitulation, nor come within what •' is termed by the civilians, the Catui fadcris, so as to retain the property of their *• estates under it : because, they were not then the local objects, to whom, as " a personal consideration for ceasing their resistance, and on account of their •• particular courage or distresses, the conquerors granted terms of especial favor: " Neither could they retire^ according to the Treaty : And if they could not re- " tire, they could not take away their persons and estates ; therefore, if it is " true in fact, that any estates are noiv held under the grants of foreign religioui " communities, either iu under tenancy orintrustfor them or by deputation, such •• as the Jesuits and the Ecclesiastics of the Seminary of St. Sulpice, at Paris, that •» fact \s very important. 'X\\t community of the latter arc the temporailords of the " most fertile part of Canada, and a city deilicated to the Virgin Mary: They have " an influence there equal to the power of the Italian Clergy, in the state of the «• Church or Compagna de Roma. Tht Pari/ftei in the 1,1, of Menirent and Hi " dff,mhncic>,i;\ys Charlevoix, H. VIII. p. .", 10,a»y ilill on the anciml footing ef, no- " vtle Prinli, and under the direction nfthe mtmlurs nf Saint Sulpice. They possess «• afiiic and improving estate of eight thousand ixiundssterlinj; a year, .it Montreal, *' and which will in a few years be worth ten thousand pounds. If all the facts " are cle.-irly established, as stated, it is a great question of law, whether these e». •• tatei are not now fallen to your Majesty, of whom the under Tenants and Poi. 81 and for promoting the settlement of this vast domain. Chaiv As soon as the Saint Suipicians had taken possession of ^• their property, they promoted the design of establishing an Hospital for the sick, and they were fortunate in get- " sessors must be intended to hold them, as Trustees for such uses as your Ma- •' jesty shall declare. It is in proof by several deeds of estates, (it is immaterial, " whether before or after the conquest,) that the religious living in the Seminary " of Montreal, are merely Ntgociarum gestores, they are so described in several " instruments of conveyance, which Mr. Maseres has perused in the course of " businesi. Tliese conveyors are said to be — FonJea de la Procuration di Aleari' " les Ecdesiuitiqucs du Scminairc de St. Sulpici a Paris. It appears by Mr. l.ot- " binicre'o own words, that h.'fore th: conquest ^ the Seminary I transactiopi '« with father Montgolfier, the person acting in the Colony for the umumniity •• of St. Sulpice at Paris, with a view to some purchase, the re.il proprietors '« were forced to come forward, and the uncertainty of their title broke oil' the " negociation. The evidence of Charlevoix, aUo may be added : In lfi57, ,aj, » Charlevoix, The Abbe Quelus returned ivith the Dcputieu of the Seminary of St. •' Stipici at Parit, to take possession of the Island of Montreal, and to found a S;. '• minary there. By the French law it is clear, that no persons, alieni, not being «' naturalized, can hold lands; so that, by the right of conquest, agreeably to Mr- " Lotbiniere'. own idea for -uant of oimer. domiciled at the time of thr.onqutst, " these estates maybe understood in point of law, to be fallen to the Crown, in " Sovereignty."— Sir James Marriot". report. Vol. I. p. 'iOD. The aveu r/.V- n,mhrement by the St. Suipicians was received by General Haldimand, formerly Governor of this Province, on the :)d February ITHI. •« Subject to Mis Ma- '' jcsty'spleaiure, and without any prejudice whatever to the article* of the '• Quebec Act, concerning the religious Houses." Papiers Terrier.. i Jv V ,1^ II I 32 Chap, ting several persons in France to aid their good intenti-- ^ • ons. Madame de Bouillon contributed sixty thousand livrcs, and Mr. de Dorversierc gave a large part of his property towards it. Notwithstanding the repeated ap- plications that had been made to the Company, no suc- cours were sent over to the country, and the Colony with difficulty was able to support itself. The animosi- ty of the Five Nations, so far from having been dimi- nished, daily increased, and the Indian nations attached to the !french interest had been so much reduced by frequent wars, that they had neither numbers nor cou- rage to face their bold and enterprising enemy ; a large parly of them, consisting of seven hundred warriors, fell on a party of French and Indians, which they easily dispersed, then advanced to Quebec, and kept that place for several months in a state of siege ; while other di- visions of them scoured the country, carrying devastati- on and horror wherever they went. In this anxiety and distress, several of the French Colonists returned to France, convinced, that from the criminal indifference of the Company, and the hostilities of the Five Nations, the Colony must be abandoned. 1 662. In order to provide a sufficient number of young men for the Priesthood, and supply the new parishes with 'Cures, Mr. de Potree proposed the establishment of a Seminary for that purpose. And on his return to France, he obtained letters patent in favor of the members of the Seminary of Foreign Missions, and also an order, that the tythes of all lands should be paid to the Seminary, As the one thirteenth of the natural and artificial la- bour was considered as too great burthen on the people, a representation was made to the Sovereign Council by 33 the inhabitants, complaining of the exhorbitant propor- Chap. tion of one thirteenth for tythes, when the Council of ^ • New France reduced them to one twenty-sixth, in the year one thousand six hundred and sixty-seven, and this regulation was confirmed by the King of France, by a Royal Order of the twenty-seventh of May, in the year one thousand six hundred and seventy-nine. * men with of a ranee, [rs of r, that linary. lal la- ?ople, Icil by The ill state of health of the Marquis d'Argenson, added to the chagrin he experienced at the supineness and neglect of the Colony by the Company, induced him to desire his recal the prccecding year, when the Govern- ment was committed to the care of the Baron d'Avau- gour, who on his arrival, visited the several Settlements and Posts throughout the country. He was astonitihcd at the deplorable state of the Colony, and was surprised to find, that it had been preserved, under so many dis- couraging circumstances. D'Avaugour, despairing of relief from the Company, which at this time, was redu- ced, to forty-five members, made application direct to the Crown of France, at the solicitation of the inhabit- ants, humbly requesting, that the King would lake the Colony under his Royal Protection. Mr. Boucher, Commandunt at'lhrec Rivers, was sent to Fiance, to lay their Memorial at the foot of the 'I'hroin ; f and he v.-as graciously received by his overeign Ills JMrj->sty was much sarpris^ed to find by the nport tlie d -nlo- rable state of the country, and ord.Ted Air. de rvionir* as his Commissioner, to visit Canada, that he might have tarther information v iih respect to the comliiion of the • CoKinj Utfcord*. t Chailvoix—Vol. I. p. SCO, Ull fe'H i! I 34, Chap. Country. In the mean time, four hundred troops were !• ordered to hold themselves in readiness to reinforce the Garrisons and Posts most exposed. ,• ^ On the fifth of February, about half an hour after five o'clock, in the evening, a great noise was heard at the same time, throughout the whole extent of Canada, which terrified the inhabitants so much, that they run out of their houses, and with encreased astonishment, when their buildings were shaken with great violence, and that the roofs, of the houses appeared as if falling to the ground. The doors opened and shut of themselves. The walls of the fortifications were rent, the bells were sounding, and the fences were thrown out of their places. The cattle made the most h(^rrid b^llowin^s. The sur- face of the earth ressembled the troubled sea, and the trees were pulled up by the roots. The consternation was so general, that the animals appeared as if struck with lightning The cries of children, and the lamentations of women, increased the general terror and consterna- tion. The ice which covered the river Saint Lawrence and other rivers, broke into pieces, when thrown up in contact with each other, into the air. The sources of several springs and rivers became dry. The waters of others vv'ere impregnated with sulphur, and several of the rivers appeared red : others of a yellowish cast, while those of the Saint Lawrence, from Quebec to Tadousac, were white. In the mean time the atmosphere conti- nued to exhibit the most awful appearance. At the Bay of St. Paul's, a mountain was thrown into the river Saint lAiwrence and formed an Island, and at Point aux Allouettes, an enlire forest, was detached from the 35 land, and thrown Into the river : trees stood up in the Chap. water, and there took root. In the whole extent of two ^ • hundred leagues, from East to West, and one hundred from North to South, this Earthquake was felt. * It is very extraordinary, that in this general derangement of nature, no person, it would appear, should have perished, though it is said, the shocks were no less than thirty, and that they lasted without intermission, for the space of six months. .J ,- river *oint the The Company, whose profits from the Fur Trade 1663. had been much diminished, by the frequent incursions of the Five Nations, who had interrupted their commerce, resigned their Charter into the hands of the Crown, on the twenty-fourth of February one thousand six hun- dred and sixty three;! As soon as the arrangements had been made and the French King's ratification obtained, | Mr. de Mezy was appointed Governor General in the place of Mr. d*Avaugour, for three years from the day of his arrival at Quebec.Mr. Robert, aCounsellor of state was appointed Intendant of Police, Finance and Marine. Ro- , bert, however, never came over to this Country, so that Mr. Talon, who arrived in one thousand six hundred and sixty five, was the first Intendant, and the latter was succeeded by Du Chesneau, in the year one thousand six hundred and seventy five, who brought the King's order, directing, that the Intendant should be first Presi- • Cliarlfvoix, Vol. I. p. 36.5, and Jesuit's Journal for 1G(J3. t Colony Rfconls — There are no Books of Record in the Secretary's OJIice be- fore this period. 'I'lie old Retords vveru either carried to Trance or destroyed at the fire when thi' hitenciant's Palace was burnt down in 172.5. t TheKdictwai passed in April ICGi); registertd at Quebec ISlh St-ptember • - following.— Colony Records. » E 2 J' &,i\ I! S^ ■ :■ - i<«^ 36 Chap, dent of theCouncil ; Th? Governor to have the first, and the Bishop, the second s -at. This order was highly dis- pleasing to the Governor, who expressed his disappro- bation to the C^ourt oj' France. Several years afterWards, however, upon a similar representation, an order was issued by the King of France, that the Governor and ■^ Intendant should assume in the acts and orders of Coun. cil^\no other distinction, but that of their several offices. The^Governor was accompanied by Mr. de Petree, the Apostolical Vicar, and by Mr. de Gaudais, who had been appointed ommissioner to take possession of Canada in the King's name : In the fleet arrived also, the four hundred regular troops, that had been promised to bj sent out, and wi h them, were, one hundred families, with Cattle, Horses and every kind 6*f Im- plements, for husbandry. Mr de Gaudais on his arri- val, adminisrjred the Oath of allegiance to the' Inhabi- tants, reguhted the Police, and made otheJ* regulations for the administration of Jusiice. Before this period, there w?re no Courts of Justice, except that of the Grand Seneschal or Steward, which had been established as early as the yea', one thousand six hundred and forty, and who exercised a limited Jurisdiction. In small causes, he, alone, adjudged — ^in causes of moment, he had a Council. The Governor General according to his instructions, published his Commission, and the Civil Government of the Country was established, by a Sovereign Council. Th'? Edict recited — That New France had belonged to a Company established on the twenty-ninth of April, one thousand six hundred and twenty-seven. That they vo- luntarily surrendered it on the twenty-fourth of Febru- ary, one thousand six hundred and sixty-three. That (C « i « ] « ^ BM in order to give it prosperity, and render the people as Chap, happy as other subjects, the establishment of Courts of ^• Justice, were necessary. That on account of its vast dis- tance and mutability of its affairs, it could not be go- verned, but by povv^ers on the spot. That therefore, the King created a Sovereign Council, composed of De Mezy, as Governor General, representing the Crown, De Laval, Bishop of Petree, Robert, Intendant, and of four other Counsellors to be elected by them, one to be Attorney General, and a Clerk for the conservation of the minutes of arrets, decrees or orders of the Council.* The Clerk to hold his appointment at the pleasure of the Governor and Bishop. The powers of the Sove- reign Council, were — " cognizance of all causes, civil *' as well as criminal — to judge Sovereignly and in the last resort, according to the laws and ordinances of the Kingdom, and therein to proceed as near as possi- " ble in the form and manner practised and observed in the jurisdiction of our Court of our Parliament of Paris ; reserving nevertheless, according to our So- vereignty, to change, reform and amplify the said " laws and ordinances, and them to alter, repeal or re- " new, or such other regulations, statutes and consti- " tutions as we may conceive to be useful to our " service and the welfare of our subj jcts in that coun- " try.*' The Council was directed to take order on the Expenditure of Public Money, the Indian Trade, • Augmented Sth June, 1675 to Seven Counsellors. Declaration 5th June 1675, Colony Records. And to the number of Twelve in 1700. De- elaration 16th June 1703, Colony Records; and with this number the Council was composed until the Conquest.— There were Counsellors Assessors, who had I consultative voice in several cases, but only deliberative in those suits in which they were Reporters, and these supplied the places of the Counsellori at they became vacant. As the Indian affairs had at this time a considerable inlluence on the future transactions of this country, it may be desireablc that an account of the Indian nations should be given. The Indians of Canada are tall and well shaped. Their ' colour is tawncy or nearly olive, which may be easily accounted for, from their frequently greasing their bo- dies, their being exposed to the heat and wind, as well as from their su tiering much by lying on the ground. Their hair is jet black, and none have ever been seen with cither a redish or white colour. They most un- • Chalmert Political Annals— Vol. I. p. 5H6, 43 , ' questionably have * no beards, owing to their plucking it Chap. out, for which purpose they use small iron or brass wires of the length of a few inches twisted round a slick of a small diameter, forming the iigure of a screw, and apply- ing the circles to the skin, so to compress as to pinch the hair to be extracted. Many of the males keep the greater pan of their heads bald by this practice, while the wo- men universally have thick long black hair, which they soften with Bear's fat. Nor have they, for the same reason any hair on the other parts, of their body. Their eyes are black and in general of a large size. None have cither blue or grey. I heir lips are large though not so thick as the Negroes. They have great strength and vigour of body. As they employ themselves in hunting, they frequently go to war at a great distance. The In- dian women bear great affection for their children, nurs- ing them themselves, nor will they permit them to re- ceive suck from others. They lay their children not in a Cradle, but on a smooth board, well wrapped up with ihcir limbs stretched out, which in some measure ac- counts for there being few or noinstancesof decrepid or deformed children. The men are generally cloathcd with a blanket girt at the waist and thrown over the shoulder; the women have large cloth stockings, which come up as far as the thigh, and their ica are covered with socks of Deer skin, which they call Mukusiiu. Their heads are always uncovered, trussing up their hair, on which they generally fix a feather. The women wear a bodkin made of wood. They are very fond of • The Iiidiins think it * jjrcjt hfaufy eo have do lialr, but f.n their headj, and»h()i.lj anjf grow on thvir thiiu, tluy txiidvit it. CIi-i! voix, Vol. \{\. p. 31). F 2 p4 w I I ll 44 Chap, ornaments, wearing rings not only at their ears, but 1* suspended at their noses. Their arms are generally en- circled with bracelets of Silver and Brass. They used formerly bows and arrows, but since they have been ac- quainted with the Europeans, their warlike instruments are a musket, hatchet and knife. As they are frequently / " constrained to change place for the better convenience of fishing and hunting, they make canoes of the bark of trees, and to prevent their leaking, they cover the seams, where the bark is joined together, with gum or turpentine, extracted from pine Trees, to keep them . tight. In these boats they make their excursions, and 1 \ which easily carry their wives, children, dogs, skins and other covering necessary tor their journeys. The Indian women perform all the drudgery. They collect fuel, cook, plant and hoe their Indian Corn, and carry rheir Infants on their backs. Every man has his own' wife, whom he takes and forsakes at pleasure. The husband is a warrior and a hunter, who drinks, sings, and is waited on by his wife and children The Indian women are certainly as lascivious as the Europeans of the lower class, and it has been asserted by several Traders, who have the best opportunities of knowing the truth, that they seldom find the Indian women shy of their embraces. But ihut they very frequently destroy the Foetus, to avoid reproach. Their houses are nothing more than a few crotched stakes, covered over with bark, with a fire place in the centre, and an aperture at the top for the conveyance of the smoke. Whenever there are a number of these collected, they generally enclose the village with a pa- W^ ■ 45 llsade and rampart, and as they have no other fortifi- Chap. cations, it affords an asylum merely for the old men, ^ • women, and children, while the rest are gone out to war. Maize or Indian Corn and Beans of Brazil, is the grain they consume. Fish, Venison, Boar's Flesh, Rac- coons,, Rabbits and wild Fowl, are the other chief arti- cles of their food. They have scarce any pot herbs or other vegetables. Indian Corn, Meat and Fish, boiled together is the common cookery. Small Fish they broil on the ':oals, and the larger sort they bury in the Sand and roast under a fire with the scales on, and entrails; and then strip off the skin, when it is sufficiently dressed. We have never discovered any vessels that could have been used by the Indians before the European discovery, for culinary purposes. They must have boiled their broth as they some times do now, in wooden or bark bowls, heated with a repeated immersion of red hot stones. Little can be said for the Indians, with regard to their cleanliness, indeed they are so extremely dirty, that the greatest disgust is naturally excited. And as they have no linnen to cover their tables, they frequent- ly wipe their greasy hands upon their own hair, or on that of their dogs. With respect to their language, it is very certain that the dialect of every nation differs, yet it is confidently asserted they have some ressembluncc to each o'her, and that the language of the northern Indians is understood by the Mohawks. I 46 I til! I ! It is most unfortunate, that they never adopted the European manner for the cure of their diseases. A sick Indian is first sweated in a hole dug for the purpose, co- vered and heated with hot stones, and in that condition, plunges into a river This practice must generally be fatal to many. They have however discovered the me- dicinal virtues of some plants, and it is said, there are a few that attend to the cure of diseases. , No people on earth have higher ideas of military glo- ry than the Indians, and as they frequently associate to- - gether to call to remembrance their wars and treaties, and to recite the military atchievements of their forefa- thers, a spirit of emulation is naturally excited in the breasts of their young men, who by this means are emulous of their fathers' virtues, and therefore easily led on to the most heroic actions. v. . ■■■.'V .■ ■''■"■ -t: .• The government of these people is necessarily of the simplest kind. As they live by hunting, and not by agriculture, their riches consist less in abundance than in a freedom from want, and therefore they have nothing more than a regular police for the better pre- servation of harmony and good understanding. Their Chiefs decide all questions of peace and war, and have grc;it authority among them. A Sachem, or - Chief, is one who stands in high reputation for hi& wi:do:ii, oratory and military exploits. lie feels the weight given to his merit, and his advice has the eiiect of command. What all the Sachems prescribe, none durst disobey. But as their authority depends upon their fame, they clearly become the servants of all. The nation therefore, depends on them in what t 1 U % il concerns the whole body, as in making peace wr war. Chaf. Differences are decided by them in time of pfiace, and ^ • every man at variance with his neighbour, will court their approbation. These situations are, however, not hereditary, among the northern Indians, though the son readily acquires a tacit respect for the servic»«s done the Republic by his father. Hunting on their grounds without leave, robbery^ and personal violence, are the motives to an Indian war. Before they set out on their expeditic«s, c feast on^ dog's flesh, is generally prepared, which is invariably followed by the war dance. Then the Chiefs re- cite the glorious atchievements of the forefathers of the young warriors, to excite their valour, after which they paint themselves with vermillion in the mOvSt frightful manner. The route they are to pursue is usu- ally traced on a piece of the bark of a tree. The con- duct of their wars is certainly not calculated to admit of their taking many prisoners, for instead of march- ing in strong parties, they often go out singly and surprise the foe, whom they kill and scalp. If the prisoners are unable to march, or dangerous by their numbers, they are destroyed. Such as arc brought in' to a state of safety, they generally adopt and foster as their own children. They are almost universally brave, and meet death with heroic firmness. Intolerable con- tempt is the sure consequence of pusillanimity. Whenkver peace is desired by one of the parties at war, a Messenger is sent with a red pipe of marble, to which is affixed a gay plumage of the feathers of Birds, who presents it to the nation at war, and if the ^! 1 * ^ ( I! ;i 48- Cha?. enemy smoke it, an Armistice immediately succeeds, which is surely followed by a general peace. ^ With regard to Religion, it may be said with truth, that all the Indian nations are envelopped in the darkest gloom of ignorance. There have been some persons that have asserted that they had a Religion, but they have not informed us, wherein it consists. They have no Temples, no Altars nor Priests. Neither have they the smallest conception of the Diety, nor the least know- ledge of his natural or moral perfections. And as they profess no obligations to him, they of course acknow- ledge no dependance on him. They have however, it is said, some wild notions of two Spirits, one capable of doing them good and the other ready to do them harm, the latter they pay most homage to. But on the whole we may conclude that they have not the smallest notions of a God, and melancholy indeed is the reflec- tion, that millions of these unfortunate people on this extended continent, will be compelled by the immuta- ble laws of nature to leave this transitory world, with- out experiencing those salutary and comfortable doc- trines that flow from a knowledge of the religion of the Blessed Redeemer !! ! ; . ' It will seem probable to Europeans at a distance, that as the whites encreased in Canada, that the na- tives retired to the inland regions. B it this is far from being the case. The nations who first occupied the country, are almost totally extinct. They stuck by their ancient territory »until they were overcome "by the Eu- ropean vices, diseases, and by the sword. This attach- ment to their native districts, proves that they have an '1 49 idea of property. Hunters require great space for sub- Chap. sistance. As every Indian nation has its own limits, an ^ • encroachment creates a war, and therefore the Indians of Canada, (like the rest of the Atlantic Indians, where the same causes have produced similar effects,) saw no alter- native but to fight the Europeans or submit and sell their lands. The same observation will hold true as the set- tlement and population of the Country increases, and and as they are much addicte'^ *-• -irunkenness, there* can be but^little doubt that rum uiid other strong liquors will ultimately annihilate the remnants of a people once so numerous and powerful. On the arrival of the first Europeans * in this Coun. try, a striking instance of the primitive manners of the natives, may be seen; regardless of danger, and totally un- influenced by fear, the natives eagerly embraced the European with an unaffected joy. Their Huts were open tc receive the stranger, their fires and furs to give him warmth, their food was shared with him or given in c;i- change for the baubles that were offered, their simple medicines to heal his wounds, and no difficulty or dan- ger prevented them guiding him in his way. But un- happily for this iiiisiiii'ormed people, they set too great a value on their guest. They had at first conceived him to be of an heavenly origin, from a superiority evi- dent to their senses, and doubtless expected more tlran belongs to being-] of the same species with themselv- s. • The first ttiA»7.- C!)ilJiii Cnnada, was born on the 24ih day of October 1621 iwA Was christened tho niinic day, by the name of F.ustachc, being the Son u»- \br»ham Marrinund M;u^;;irtt L'Anglois. — Purish Regiattjr of Quebec. ^'M 50 I Chap. When the mistake was discovered, and they found that the stranger was possessed of the same human passions and desires, with themselves, that their former confidence had been misplaced, and friendship but ill requit- ed, the rage of jealousy succeeded to their wonted bene- volence, and they struggled to rid themselves of him, whom they now no longer considered as a friend, but as an inveterate enemy. Their hatred, so far from being weakened by that justice and moderation that should have characterized the European in his commerce with these people, was daily confirmed by the contempt shown to this man of nature, whom he considered as an inferior be- ing, and availing himself of his strength and experience, abused his confidence, repaid his kindness with insult and injury, stigmatized him as a Heathen and Savage, and bestowed on him the grossest epithets, though he him- self had first set him, the example of the detestable vi- ces, of deceit, treachery and cruelty. ' fi The conduct of M. de Mezy had induced the 1665. King to order his recal, t and in his place was appointed Daniel de Remi, Seigneur or lord of Courcelles,J and M. de Talon was made Intendant ; he had held that office in Hainault and had given much satisfaction, by his judg- ments and decisions. Among the powers he was in- vested with, as Intendant, he was ordered by his com- mission, to do justice on the complaints of the military and others ; to give judgment and execution in crimi. f De Mezy died before he knew of his recal. — 5th May, 1665. Jeiuit> Journal. \ Commigsion dated 23d March, 1665.— Registered at Quebec, 23d Sept. following. . f • , - ^ ■"; ' nal cases, with Judges and Graduates of the number Chap. required by the ordinances. To decide alone in civil ^• casyes, summarily, and to preside in the Sovereign Coun- iqqq, cil, in the absence of tlie Governor and Lieutenant Ge- neral. A considerable number of colonists, * mecha- nics and labourers from the Provinces of Normandy ' and Picardy, accompanied the Governor, with a large supply of cattle, consisting of oxen, sheep and horses. On board of the same fleet came over, the re- mainder of the C arignan Salieres regiment, which had first gone to the West Indies with the Marquis de Tra- . cy, and arrived at Quebec, in the month of June of the same year. The Marquis, as soon as circumstances would permit, put himself at the head of his troops, and ascended the Saint Lawrence, as far as Sorel, or the Richlieu River, with the view of constructing three forts, which he considered as essentially necessary, to repress the attacks of the Five Nations, and to secure the tranquility of the country. One of these forts was - constructed by M. de Sorel, a captain in the C arignan regiment, to which he gave his own name, and to the River, at the mouth of which it was situated. The second fort was built by M. de Chambly, and cal- led after him, and the third fort was undertaken by M de Sallieres, which he named Sainte Therese, where the Colonel established his Head Quar- ters. . Jeittit' M. Talon, f who was a man of superior talents and • 1 30 Men, 8? Women and Children. t The first Lectures in Philosophy were delivered at the Jesuit's College on the 2d of July of this year, by M. Talon, the Intendant— Jesuit's Journal. G 2 _'\ 'i^ ¥ :ftfe -(t ijiH I ill ! lijl 52 .. ,' '■ ' Chap, enterprise, had been long busily employed in procur- ^ • ing intormation with regard to the nature, the resources and importance of the counrry : he drew up a long and valuable nport to M. Colbert, the Minister of France, y and remonstrated against the Government of the ^ olo- ny by a Company, as pregnant with the most mis- chi 'vous consequences. However just his remarks were, scarce any attention was paid to his suggestions. The bold and menacing conduct of the Oneydoes and Mohawks, who had lately made an attack on the Colony, and had murdered three officers of the Ca- \ , rignan regiment, and several of its peaceable inhabit- - ' ants, madf^ it necessary to punish them for their teme- rity. The Marquis, therefore, to convince these peo, pi • that it was in his power to punish such outrages, assembled an army, composed of fourteen hundred men of the Cangnan regiment, anadians and Indians, and to this body was attached two field pieces, which was his only artillery. M. de Courcelles, the Governor, commanded the van, the Marquis the centre, and M. de Sorel, the rear. The army proceeded on its march, on the fourteenth of September, and from some un- ■ accountable neglect, it was so badly supplied with pro- visions, that it was reduced to the greatest distress be- fore their arrival in the Mohawk Country. The arixiy at length, grew extremely mutinous, and was on the eve of disbanding itself, when, fortunately, they discovered ' a large wood of chesnut trees, the nuts of which they gathered to satisfy their appetites. The object the mar- quis had in view was to have surprised the Castles of the Five Nations, at one and the same moment, but by /^ the imprudent conduct of his Indian allies, who could 5S be'kept under no discipline, the enemy was apprised of Chap. his approach, and they saved themselves by flight .A ^* few old men and women fell an easy prey to the cap- tors, who secured the provisions and Indian corn, and then burnt the village to the ground. /*»s the season of the year was too far advanced to proceed to the attack of the Oneydoe village, the army retu ned to Quebec, and was put into winter quarters. * The settlements made by the inhabitants, placed at a considerable dis- tance from each other, had been much censured, as' in case of attack, the inhabitants were unable to afford assistance to each other. To prevent a repetition of that mode of settlement, M. Colbert, the French mi- nister, directed the Intendant, to put into execution th« King's edict, which had been issued two years before, which directed, that no more lands should be cleared but in spots contiguous to each other, and by this means, the houses would be placed so near to each other, as to form villages. This edict, however, was but little at- tended to, and they followed in their future settlements, their own interests and inclinations. f •! The last act of the Marquis's administration, before his return, this year, was a confirmation given to the West India Company, by which they were invested with the same rights, privileges, and authority, that had been granted to the former Company. M. Talon, whose active mind was always intent on promoting the pros- perity of the Colony, sought out every source, to en- crease the industry of the inhabitants, and to promote • On his return to Quebec, the Marquis de Tracy, directed that the Victory should be celebrated, by singing the, Te Deum, in the Church at guebec. — Jesuit's Journal. 1667. I • 4- %. ' I I 54i '- ^' Chap, the commerce of the country. There had been vari- ^' ous reports in circulation, that there were several minea in different parts of the Country. It had been as- serted that one of Silver had been discovered, but they were soon undeceived. Mr. de la Tesserie, was sent to St. Paul's Bay, and there discovered a Mine of Iron. On his return to France the next year, he represented to Mr. Colbert, that the discovery of Iron and other Ores, would be an object of vast national importance and well worth the sending over to this Country, a per- son well versed in the science of mineralogy. Mr. de la Potardiere was chosen for this purpose, and on his arrival was presented with two specimens of Iron, that had been discovered, near the Parishes of Champlain and Cape de la Magdeleine * He visited t^ese places, and gave it as his opinion, that the quality of the Iron was excellent, and that it was in the greatest abundance. Mr. Talon, was no less attentive in recom- mending the cultivation of Hemp, which, from the na- ture of the soil and climate promised every possible suc- cess. A small quantity had been sown, and had suc- ceeded so well, as to induce a hope when more ge- nerally cultivated, that the Colony, would be able to furnish France, with a large supply. On Mr. Ta- lon's return to France, his office of Intendant, was filled, ad interim, by M. Bouteroue. W m \m^ ihl The Five Nations tired wlt*h their late wars sued for 1668. peace, which the French and the Indian nations attached * Mr. Dantic, after a number of experiments, to clasi the different kinds of Iron, discovered, that the Iron of Styria was the best, and that the Iron of North America, of Denamara in Sweden, of Spain, Bayonne, Roussillon, Foix, Berri, Thierache, in Sweden, the Communs of France, and Siberia, was the next class. Ahh6 R?ynal, Vol.^8. p. 268. ■* ^ 55 . _ to them, readily accepted. The Inhabitants now se- cure from the hostile attacks of their enemies, began to extend their settlements and cultivated their new lands. Such of the Soldiers of the Carignan Regiment, who expressed a desire of remaining in Canada, obtain- ed their discharge, and a certain quantity of lands was granted to them. To their Officers were granted, Seig- niories, according to their rank, and as this year was distinguished from the circumstance that a Free Trade had been granted, the prv sperity of the Colony increas- ed with the activity and exertions of its Inhabitants. As the disproportion between the numbv^r of the men and women was very great, the Gover'^ment of Frai'ce sent out several hundred women to the Countr'. The cha- racters of these females, are stated f ;3 by no means of the fairest, though by their 5 :bsequent cc;;iuct, they lived without reproach. O i their arrival in Ca- nada, an advertisement was published to let the people of the country know, that a large number of women had arrived, and that snch as had the means of supporting a wife, should have their choice. The collection consisted of, tall, short, fair, brown, fat and lean. The notification had been made but a few days, when so great was the demand, that in less than fifteen days, th- >vhole of the females were disposed of. As soon as the marriage ceremony had taken place, the Governor General distributed, ox- en, cows, hoj^s, fc wis, salted beef, and some money, to the married people. \ The few Recollects that were in the Country on its 1070. t Baron le Hontan» Vol. I. p. ii. I • '' ' ( ■1 i,' :. Chap, reduction, by the Kirks, went to France, and various ^ • opinions had been entertained, whether such a class of men dependant, for their support, on public and pri- vate charity, were fit persons to be sent to a Country, at that time both poor and thinly settled. Mr. Talon, the Intendant, notwithstanding the arguments that had been urged against them, was of opinion, that they were particularly useful, as Priests, and as Missionaries, for the propagation of the Gospel among the Indian Tribes. The Court of France readily assented to what appeared of public utility, and in consequence of it, a Royal Edict was passed for their establish- ment. Two Recollects and two hundred Settlers pre- pared to embark for this Country, and, after having been no less than three months at sea, put back to Rochelle, near which, the whole number with the ex- ception of a few, perished. This disaster, great as it was, did not intimidate Father Germain Allard, Provincial of the Recollects, and three other Priests of that order, from undertaking the voyage to this Country on the fol- lowing year. They, with Mr. 'J alon, and several other adventurers returned to Canada, and were put into pos- session of their Convent and Farm, of " Notre Dame des Angcs." , In erecting the Church of Quebec into a Bishop's See, there had been great contestations, between the Court of Rome and that of Versailles, but it was at length settled that the Bishop of Quebec should hold of, and be dependent of the See of Rome. Notwith- standing that the Bishoprick of Qu«'bec was dependent of Rome, yd liie See was united to France, "n the sam»' manner as that of l*uy, which was also dependent of aaiii"^ the at the Holy See. The King of France, in order to en- Chap. dow the Bishoprick and Chapter of Quebec, united the '• two Abbacies of Maub^c, and M. Saint Vallier, the successor of Delaval, obtained the annexation of the Abbacy of Benevent, part to the Bishoprick and part to the Chapter of Quebec. The want of means to pay for his Bulls, obliged the new Bishop of Quebec to go to France to solicit the King's assistance, so that he did not procure them before the year one thousand six hundred and seventy-four, when he was installed by the King's Letters Patent, Catholic Bishop of Quebec. The Jesuits and Recollects who had been the first priests in Canada, were succeeded by several other Ec- clesiastics, who arrived in this country. The new Cures served the parishes by commission. They were like- wise, for a considerable time moveable at the will of the Bishop, and sometimes of the Superiors of the Semi- nary at Quebec who themselves were named by the Di- rectors of Foreign Missions at Paris. The King of France by an Edict of the month of May, one thousand six hund- red and seventy-nine,* ordered, however, that the Cure's should be fixed, as they were in France; but they are still moveable, and the whole Colony in its present state, is absolutely a Mission, the Bishop having his Vicars, and himself the universal Rector. The Cures of the Island of Montreal, remained under the direction ( f ihe Semi, nary of Saint Sulpicians, and were also moveable, not- withstanding the King's order that they should be fixed. The Bishop's successors finding it difficult to recover the revenues annexed to the Bishoprick, in the year one • Colony Record*. H M-l li5f ' ' 1 SB ' Chap, thousand seven hundred and thirty, resigned them ^* with the consent of Lewis XIV. to the Clergy of France, to be united to a particular fund, called, the (Econo- mats, applied for the augmentation of small livings ; in consideration of which cession, by the Bishops of Ca- nada, they received eight thousand seven hundred li- vres, annually, from that fund. The peace that had subsisted between the French and the Five Nations was at length interrupted by an ag- gression of the Senecas, who had declared war against the Pouteouatamies. De Courcelles, the Governor, as soon as he was apprised of the attack, sent a message to the Senecas, by which he ordered them to lay down their arms, and restore the prisoners they had made, and sig- nified to them, that in case of their refusal, he would burn their villages to the ground. To this summons they answered, by putting this question to Courcelles : Whether all the people on this Continent were to be considered as French subjects, from the moment they admitted French Missionaries among them ? And whe- ther they had not a right to demand satisfaction for ag- gressions made upon them. They also b'^^ged leave to as- sure him, that though they had made peace with the French, they never would become their slaves. Courcelles, piqued at this message, prepared for war. The Sene- cas, however, apprehensive of a rupture with the French, restored the prisoners, and peace between the two Indian nations was restored. • The King of France anxious by every means to pro- mote the settlement of Canada, sent out new settlers, and to induce the young people to marry, offered a cer- 1; m SB tain bounty on marriages in the colony. On the marri- ages of males, of the age of twenty and under, and females of the -j^.e jf sixteen and under, a present from the King of twenty-five livres was ordered to be paid. A pen- sion of three hundred livres was directed to be annual- ly paid to parents having ten children, born in Wed- lock, and four hundred livres, to such as had twelve. His Majesty also directed by the same edict, that the Superior Council, should establish a pecuniary penalty on such parents as did not marry their children J^^fcyp- the periods abovementioned.* Chap. 1. A/fe pro- lers, cer- .^! Acadia was restored to France, by the Treaty of St. Germain's, and along with it. Fort Royal, Canada and Cape Breton. The Company of New France, re- possessing that Country, granted the territory on the banks of the River Saint John to Saint Etienne and to de la Tour, then Governors of that little colony. When the new Englanders beheld the progress of these settle- ments, it excited emotions of the deepest regret Sedge- wicke who commanded Cromwell's forces in New En- gland, proposed marching against the French, and ac- quired Port Royal by Capitulation in August, one thou- sand six hundred and fifty four, and as he granted them liberal terms, Acadia submitted to his power : During the Treaty of Westphalia, in November, one thousand six hundred and fifty five, the French Minister demand- ed restitution of Fort Pentagoct, Saint John, and Port Royal, which they insisted were wrongfully retained, Cromwell, not disposed to return what he had conquer- ed, granted to Saint Ktirinne, the Huguenot, to Crown and Temple, for ever, tht territory, called, Acadia, and ♦ Col jny Kecurdi. , H 2 s. i. 60 m ' ^ Chap, part of the Country commonly called, Nova Scotia, ex- '• tending as far as the River t. George, which was erected into a Province distinct from New England, of which they were appointed hereditary Governors. This produced the confusion that perplexed statesmen in af- ter times, by considering the two countries distinct, when they were one and the same. The French insisted on the restitudon of Acadia, both at the Treaties of Westminster and Breda, but to no purpose. In consi- deration, however, of the cession of part of Saint Chris- topher's and other Islands in the West Indies, King Charles of England restored to France, Acadia, without specification of limits, and particularly Pentagoet. Saint John, Port Royal, la Have and Cape Sable lying with- in it. Temple, the proprietary, however hesitated to deUver up the Fortifications though in pursuance of or- ders. I'he people of Massachusetts sent agents to re- monstrate against the Cession, as they considered it their greatest misfortune, involving their Commerce, Fishery and security of their Borders. A definitive order, how- ever, was transmitted in August, one thousand six hun- dred and sixty nine, to deliver up Acadia, which was obeyed the next year. Mr. de la Tour, who had sold to Sir Thomas Temple, regained on the surrender of A- cadia, the property that had been before conveyed, and built a Fort at Saint John's River, which Mr. Donn^c the French Governor of Acadia, conceived both irregu- lar and inconsistent with the Royal Prerogative ; while la Tour was in France, he reduced it, and inhumanly butchered his Wife and Family. The deep concern, that the New Englanders felt at the Progress and near ""^eftle- ment of the French, pointed out the necessity of dislodg- ing such troublesome neighbours. Colonel Phipps in . \ V i * > « >r- 1 61 the year, one thousand, six hundred and ninety, with se- Cha?« ven hundred men, took theFortof Port Royal, andre* ^' duced it. Mr. Meneval and the French Inhabitants took the Oaths of Al'egiance to the rown ot England, but soon after revolted, continued their settlements, and by th 3 i reaty of Ryswick, Great Britain quit claimed it to France. In the year one thousand seven hundred and ten, on expedition was undertaken by Colo lel Ni* cholson fram New England, against Port Ro^ ai, and afrer bombarding the place a few days, the F'-ench Go- vomor Subercasse capitulated, and the Fort was deli- vered up, when the whole Country was reduced and con- firmed to Great Britain by th -^ Treaty of Utrecht, in one thousand seven hundred and thirteen.* in The Indian nations, of the north-west, who had felt the beneficial effects of the protection of the French a- gainst the hostile attacks and resentment of the Five Na- tions, expressed their desire, to form a strict alliance with them. A circumstance so favorable to the interests of the Crown, could not escape the vigilant attention of Mr. Talon. Mr. Nicholas Perrot, a voyageur, well known by these Indians, was employed on this mission, he collected deputies from the various tribt s of the north-west, at the Falls of >aint Mary, where Mr. Lusson, the French Agent, who had a special commissi- on for extending the rights of the Crown, met them at their Grand Council. The ceremony was opened, by a speech, from Father Allouez, when he represented the mighty power of the King of France, znd assured them, that nothing was wanting to insure h s protection but their acknowledgment of him as their Father and * DMglw' Stuamary, Vol. Uf. SI 7. 1671 ^ n i 62 Chap. Chief. Mr. Lusson, then addressed himself to the !• several deputies, and desired to know, whether they all consented to the convention. As a token of their assent, they presented him with Belts of Wampum, shouting, " Long live the King." A Cross, inscribed with the arms of the King of France, was then set up with a de- claration from Mr Lusson, that the Country and its inhabitants were henceforth, under his Majesty's pro- tection* ■ , 1672. Mr. de Courcelles, whose industry was equal to his art, with a view of bridling the Five Nations, sent a message to their chiefs that he had some business of im- portance to communicate, and desired their attendance at Cataraqui, where he would meet them. As soon as these deputies arrived, a Council was held, when Mr. de Courcelles represented to them, that he meant to build a Fort at that place, only with a view of facilitating the trade between them, and to serve as a depot for merchandize. The Chiefs not aware of this insidious proposition, readily acquiesced in the measure, which, so far from having a view to their advantage, was in- tended to form a barrier against them in future wars. While measures were taken for the construction of the fort. • Mr. de Courcelles, who had requested his re- cal, found himself relieved this year by Louis de Buade, Count de Frontenac, f Lieutenant General in the King's service, and who had distinguished himself as an officer, during the wars of the league, and was much esteem- the character of Mr. by Henry justict * It was finished the next ye«r, by Count de Frontenac, and called after hi» •wn name. "^ " f Hit Commiulon, registered I2th September fullawtng. Colony Records^ If 6S de Courcelles, it is necessary to mention, that his con- Chap. duct during his administration, was wise and lenient. ^* He preserved the Colony in peace and tranquility, and exerted himself to promote its happiness and prosperity. His departure was the source of much anxiety to the Colonists, and happy would it have been for the Coun- try, had his successors pursued the same mild and le- nient measures of government. Mr. Talon, early apprised' of the violent temper, and character of the Count de Frontenac, took the resolu- tion of applying to the King, for leave to resign his si- tuation as Intendant of Canada. His Majesty, well ac- quainted with his talents and virtues, and knowing the loss the Colony would suffer, by his return, eagerly pressed his deferring his intention, a few years longer, that the aflfairs of the Colony, might be placed on a per- manent footing. Talon, did not decline a request so highly honorable : he therefore determined to avail him- self of the time he had to remain, and employed it in promoting the prosperity of the Country. Mr. Talon, who had, by the late convention at the Falls of Saint Mary, extended the rights of the Crown, was desirous of making further discoveries to the West. Various ac- counts had been given by the Indians, of a Noble River called, the Mississipi, whose course was neither to the Eastward or Northward, from whence it was supposed, that it had its discharge, either in the Gulph of Mexi- co, or in the Pacific Ocean : To ascertain such an im- portant fact, the enquiry was entrusted to Father Mar- quette, a Jesuit, and Joliet, a Geographer and citizen of Quebec. These two men, equally active, and equally disinterested, left Lake Michigan, entered Fox River, ■li 1673. 64 ' Cha?. and having traversed an immense extent of Country, they at length struck the Mississipi at the latitude o^ forty-two and a half. North. They descended the river as low as Acansas, and convinced that the Mississipi, had its divscharge in the Gulph of Mexico, they returned to give Mr. Talon a narrative of the information they had acquired. . . There was at this time, in Canada, Mr. de la Salle» a Norman by birth, of a bold and enterprising charac> ter, emulous of acquiring a distinguished reputation, and anxious of making a considerable fortune ; the field that this important discovery opened to his mind, grati- fied both his natural disposition and his unbounded am- bition. F'Ontenac, eager to assist him, advised him to go to France, and lay his plan before the Court ; on his arrival there, he was not only well received, but loaded with presents ; and in furtherance of his views, he received orders to prosecute what had been so hap- pily begun. To carry into effect his project, and to se- cure the affections of the Indians, it was necessary to establish Forts and Posts, in the country of those nad- ons, through whose territories he was compelled to pass. These measures of indispensible necessity, were retarded by unexpected accidents, by frequent dissen- tions and revolts among his own men, and by the ill conduct of the Indians. La Salle, embarrassed with these difficulties, though he left Quebec in eptember, one thousand six hundred and seventy-eight, only reach- ed the Mississipi on the second of February, one thou- sand six hundred and eighty-two. In the month of April he descended the river a considerable distance, and no longer in doubt of its discharge in the Gulph I ' 65 Mexico, returned the ensuing spring to Quebec. Ea- Chap. ger to promote a discovery of the Mississipi by sea, ^ • and to form a powerful Colony on its banks, he went to France, where his project was well relished by the Court. Four vessels were ordered to be equipped for the voyage, with which he sailed for the Gulph of Mex- ico ; unfortunately, however, this little fleet, mistaking the situation of the river, went too far to the Westward and anchored in February, one thousand six hundred and eighty-five at the Bay of Saint Bernard, one hun* dred leagues from it. The irreconcilable hatred that ex- isted between M. de Beaujeu, who commanded the vessels, and M. la Salle, decided the latter to desire the disembarkation of the men with their provisions and other necessaries at the place where chance had thrown them. As soon as one hundred of the men were land- ed from the vessels, a spirit of mutiny broke out, on ac- count of the small quantity ofpro visions that were brought on shore, the greater part of which had been lost in the sea, by the negligence of the sailors on their landing. The unconquerable spirit of La Salle, notwith- standing these disorders arose with the difficulties that assailed him, persuaded, that the rivers that had their discharge in the Bay Saint Bernard, were branches of the Mississipi, he was busily employed several months in hopes of clearing up these doubts. Losing, however, his hopes, he at length gave up his first object, and in- stead of procuring Indian guides to conduct him to his destination, he wandered into the interior parts of the country, after the fabulous mines of Saint Barbe, where he was massacred in one thousand six hundred and eighty-seven by his own people. La Salle*s death broke I i ' 111 J J'V • iif. , * * \, • ■11 ■ •It m A;" Chap. 1. \ v^^v^.** 4 i ■ * 66 Up the small Colony, many of whom died by hunger and the fatigues they had experienced ; those that were not murdered by the Indians, were confined by the Spa- niards in the mines, and only seven of them escaped to Canada, to relate their dreaaful misfortunes. * The West India Company, sensible of their inabi- lity to manage the complicated objects their Charter em- braced, resigned it into the hands of the Crown in De- cember, one thousand six hundred and seventy-four. . , • Raynal, VoL viii. p. 462. ) t :f ■*• s ff^ I • m y 1 % 67 •* THE Chap. n. HISTORY OF :Vii CANADA. .CHAPTER II. . f From the Surrender of the West India Company's Char- ter in 1674, to the Siege of Quebec, in 1690. -^S the West India Company's Charter was revoked, 1675. it became necessary for the King to confirm the Edict of one thousand six hundred and sixty-three by a Roy- al Order of the fifth of June, one thousand six hun- .. dred and seventy-five. The Edict redted, that Canada had been joined to the West Indies, that the Crown was reseized, in the year, one thousand six hundred and seventy-four, by revocation, that as an Intendant had been sent to Canada, and it was necessary for the Crown to declare itself, it states, that the Sovereign Council 12 - ^ I (i • r l\ (J • i ' w ) ,68 ' Chap, should be composed of thi:- ( ovemor and Lieutenant ^** Cjeneral and Bishop, and wr- -^ &; sent, of the Grand Vicar, the Intendant Du Chesneau and seven Council- lors, that the Intendant be third in rank. That he de- mand the opinions, take the voices and pronounce the decrees. That he perform the duties and enjoy the advantages of the Chief Intendant of the King's Courts. * On the departure, of Mr. Talon for France, his ap- pointment of Intendant was conferred on Mr. Du Ches- neau by Commission, f The powers granted to him were similar to those of Mr. Talon, with additions. He was directed to superint^okd and support inferior Judges and Officers, to see that the Sovereign Council conformed in all cases civil and criminal to the ordinan- ces of the Kingdom and the custom of the Prevote and Vicomte of Paris. With the Council to make Police Laws to be executed by inferior Judges, to act alone without the Council where they created delays, and to order at his discretion. . ^- ' - The apprehensions of the Colony, respecting the character and violence of temper of the Count de Fron- tenac were now unfortunately confirmed. His ungo- vernable disposition led him into the most harsh and unwarrantable measures, which did not fail to create the disgust and detestation of the people. He ruled the Colony with a rod of iron, observing no law but his own will. Mr de Felelon, of the Saint Sulpicians * Edict of Confirmation of 1675, of the Establithnwnt of Sovereign Council in Canada of 1663. f The Intendant's Commission, 5th June, 1675.— Colcny Records, ') t '■ I 'I 69 of Montreal was thrown into prison, under the pre- Chaf, tence that he had preached a sermon against him. He , appointed no person to the Sovereign Council, but those devoted to his will, by which means, he made himself the Sovereign Arbiter of Justice. In the course of six months of his administration, law suits increased more than they had done the preceding sixty years, and the utmost apprehensions were entertained, unless some remedy was applied to insure the tranquility ind hap* piness of the Colony. r The Governor's conduct became more and more disgusting, and deservedly excited the execration of the people. He not only displaced two Councillors and the Attorney General, for not conforming to his will, but declared to the Intendant, with whom he had also a dis* pute on the score of rank and authority in the Coun- cil, that he was extremely sorry that he had not sent him to goal, immediately after the departure of the ves- sels, that he might have remained confined until the King's pleasure should be known, Thfs shameful de- meanor became the source of a complaint to the Crown; but so great was the Count's interest, and so powerful were bis friends, that the representations that had been made against him, were ei her softened down by their influence, or declared totally inconsistent with truth. The King, anxiously desirous of settling these disputes, which tended so much to the distraction and distu bance of the Colony, ordered several letters to be written by the Minister, to desire that, as the public service could not go on, as long as the diiferences existed be- tween him and the Intendant, he hoped, that for their own honor and for the good of the service, these ani- '4 s- ' b' . %f i' ' 70 Chap, mosities would subside, and that both would exert their "• talents for the public good. Unfortunately, however^ both the Governor and Intendant possessed a haughti- ness and pride that would not allow mutual concessi- ons, and as the King was apprised that the Cplony could not expect either tranquility or happiness, as long as they remained in the Country, his Majesty was indu^ ced to order the recal of them both, as a mark of his 1670. high displeasure. Notwithstanding the repeated orders that had been given, to restrict the sale of Brandy to the Indi- ans, which was considered as the principal cause of the diminution of those tribes, yet the interest of the mer- chants still prevailed, and the sale of Brandy was not diminished. The Bishop and Clergy, aware of the dreadful effects that this trade had occasioned, con- ceived it their duty, to represent the baneful effects to the King, who was pleased, upon their represen- tation, to order, in the year one thousand six hun- dred and seventy- six, a total prohibition of this trade un- der the heaviest penalties. Notwithstanding this order however, the sale of Brandy was hy no means decreas- ed, and produced the? mischievous effects fojreseen, in the diminution of the natives of this country,** t Respecting the patronage of the Church, an Edict hud been passed by the King this year, which or-, dered. that at the request of divers Lords of Manors and inhabitants of New France, t le Cures having Be- nefices with the cure of souls should be fixed, instead • By a Census taken tlii» year, the nuniltrr of inhabitants in Canada, anioun(N eJ to HilS Muli in the Colony. Ch»rl«voij(, Vol, I. p. 407 /li 1. ^1 71 of the Priests and Cures who were removeable at the CtrAV. pleasure of the Bishop* That the parochial tythes ^^* should belong to them> according to the regulations of the fourth of September, one thousand six hun- dred and sixty-seven, and that every Parish Priest shall have in his option, eithef to take them in kind, or to let them to any private persons, inhabitants of the Pa- rish. That the Lords of the Fief, in which the Church is situated, gentlemen, officers (civil and military) and the whole body of the inhabitants together, shall not be the takers directly or indirectly. That the Lord of the Fief shall be preferred to every person for the patronage of livings, provided he gives an equivalent to the Church by emolument and payment of the charge of building ; in which case, the advowson or right of patronage and presentation, shall remain appendant to the principal manor of his Fief, and shall follow the person in possession thereof, although he shall not be of the heirs of the founder. That the Parsonage Ho se and Church Yard, shall be provided and built at the ex- pence of the Lord and the inhabitants. By an arret of the Council of State of France, of the year one thou- sand six hundred and ninety-nine, the Bishop of Que- bec was authorized to build Churches of Stone in Pa- rishes and in Fiefs, and to have tue patronage, unless the Seigneurs had prepared .naterials for building Church- es : but as there were but few instances in which tiie Seigneurs had complied with the law, the greater part of the benefices, fell within the patronage of the Bishop of Quebec. * The King, however, retained the nomi- * The Marquil de Vaudreuil dcmundfil at th- Capitulitinn of Montreal, in 17fiO, 1 hat the Ca'hollc Bishop nhould have the power to c»tubli.d the Traders of New- York, to participate with the Canadians in the Com- merce on the Great Lakes to the Westward, which had become so extremely gainful and which was obstructed by their rivnls, in proportion to its importance. To ac- quire the whole of this Trade, to the exclusion of the Canadians, was the object nearest his heart, and laid the ICH.'. • 'I'liis was the mi'inoraMe year of tlie Conformity of the General AsseinMy uf tlie Clergy in France to tlio Ciowii'h Prerogative over their Churches. In IT'il, by an Arret o'the Kiiij^, all Archbishop* and Uishop» were intenlictcil, receiving, reading, pulili^hing or execiiting any Bulls, Briefs, or Instrur.euts of the Court of Rome, without Letters Patent of the .Uing, registered in Pariianieut. Arrit of '_'8th September, 1731 ; al«o Arret of iiCtli September, 1T(»8, juppreswng a Brief of Pope Clement, of the 13th Januarf preceding. 1 g ai 75 • ground work for the disputes between the two Nations, Chap, and which for many years, endangered the safety of ^I* both. N While de la Barrc's Courier was on his return, a 1G84. party of the Mohawks, fell in with fourteen Frenchmen, who were trading with the Illinois, defeated them and seized their Merchandize. They then proceeded on their route to Fort Saint Lewis, which they attacked, and took the whole party prisoners. Incensed with this conduct, dc la Barre, assembled an army of six hundred Canadians, one hundred and thirty regulars and two hundred Indians, and putting himself at their head, left Quebec on the ninth of July, and ar- rived at Montreal on the twenty first of the same month. Here he was joined by more troops and proceeded on *' to Fort Frontenac, where he delayed six weeks, during which time, a great mortality took place, among his troops. The Cayugas, Onandagas and Oneydoes, find- ing themselves, unequal to the contest, proposed terms of conciliation, tov. hichdela Barre the more readily acqvae;;ced, as his i^ronps began to suifer much, for the want of provisiont^j and were diminished by sickness. On de la Barre's return, he found that the King had sent out troops, for the further prosecution of the war, with orders, to make as many of the Five Nations pri- soners as possible, as his Majesty, meant them to be em- ployed on board of the galleys in France. De la Bai<.re, whose age and inlirmiiics were con- 168J. sidcred too great for the vigorous prosecution of the K 2 im' 76 Chap, war, had for his successor * the Marquis de Nonville, TT ^}z. Colonel of Dragoons, accompanied by Mr. de Saint Vallier, the successor of Laval, f As rhe prosecution of the war, was an object that engrossed the attention of the Government, six hundred troops were sent over to this country for that purpose. The active mind of de Non- ville, was busily employed during the winter, and he adopted the opinion, that as the Five Nations would not be friends, it was the true policy of France, either to humble them, or to cause their total extirpation. The Marquis, in his Report to the Government, stated in the strongest terms, the necessity of building a Fort at Niagara, to confine the Tiiglish within their bounda- ries, and prevent the Five Nations from carrying their Peltries to them. And that, having the two extremi- ties of the Lake well defended, it would insure the command of it, and of course the Indian Trade. In? dependent of these advantages, it was conceived, ^hat a Fqrt in their neigbourhood would render them more submissive, and restrain the frequent desertion of the French t3 the English, who generally served as guides in reconnoitering the French posts. To obviate any objec- tion that might be raised, as to the expence of the Post, he proposed the farming it out, which might produce ^ considerable sum, and be of no detriment to Canada, as the Furs that were brought that way generally Vvent to New York. The merchants of Quebec approved of the Marquis's plan, and made an offer, to furnish the Posii with merchandize, on a Lease for nine years, ' H>'« lomwiission dated Ut January, Registered at Quebec, 3d August fol> IpwLig. Colony K. 99 Chap, you home again. Though our nations be at war, the **• French Governor has made us commit so black an acti- on, that I shall never be easy, till the Five Nations shall have taken revenge.'* He then hastened to Mi- chilliniackinac, where he presented his prisoner to the French Comyiandant, who, ignorant of the Treaty that was on foot, immediately put him to death. An old Seneca Indiiui, who had been many days a prisoner, was set at liberty, and he desired him to acquaint his nati- on, that while the French were amusing them with nego- ciations, they were murdering their Countrymen. The artifice succeeded us Le Rat had wished j war was re- newed with tlie utmost fury and thirst for revenge. It had been determined at a Council of war of the Five Nations, early in the Spring to attack the Island of Mon- treal, and to lay waste the Country ; to carry this inten- tion into execution, a large body of twelve hundred 1688. Indians, alter a fatiguing march landed on the twenty- sixth of July, on the south side of the Island. The army was divided into several small parties, with orders to lay wasie the Country. They killed near one thou- sand persons, burnt many houses, and carried off many captives. The Mohawks lost only three men, in this scene of desolation.* The Garrison at Lake Ontario, was no sooner ap- prized of this dreadful calamity, than they deserted the post, and passing down the river two precipitately, ma- ny were ilrowned in shooting the falls. The Five Na- tions, availed themselves df this consternation, seized the Fort, and secured the Stores, that had been deposited • Smith'* History of New York, p. ,'57. Charlevoix »ay» that thii invasion WM in August, th<* Indiana 1500, and th»t the French only lost 'iOOw 83 there. The allies of the French, thought it no longer Chap. their interest to be connected with those that were una- "• ble to assist them, and they begged to make peace with the English and the Five Nations. 1 To such a deplorable state was Canada reduced, that the Inhabitants hardly dared to cultivate their lands, and those that ventured to sow their corn, frequently had it destroyed, by the scouting parties of the Mo- hawks, who spread desolation and horror, where ever they went, f ^t^'^V^-V' subsisted from the period of its original establishment, chiefly by its great commerce in Furs. With the view to regulate this commerce which had been conducted by a number of disorderly persons, known by the appellation of Coureun dc Bois^ a limited number of written licences from the Governor Gene- ral, were directed by the King to be granted to poor gentlemen and old ofTiccrs, that they might convoy, exclusively, merchandize to the Lakes. Whenever these licences were obtained, there was no difficulty in finding Courcurs dc Bois to undertake the long voy- ages, which it was necessary for them to take to gain a considerable profit. The merchants placed six men in two canoes, stipulated in each licence, together with the value oi a thousand crowns in merchandize suitable for the Savages, rated and delivered to these Courcurs de Bois, at fifteen per cent more than the price at which it was sold lor ready money in the f The Population of Canail.i, by a Coiuu. •iiiiuiiutcU tu i I ,'^44 Suuii — ClurU'voii. Vol. I. p, 542, L 2 ' -7 I'Vt-f % ! 84 Chap. Colony. The sum of one thousand crowns brought, * ' usually, at a medium on a return voyage, seven hun- dred per cent. These two canoes, which carried only one thousand crowns in value, produced after the bar- ter took place, a sufficient number of beaver skins to l;>«d four canoes. These could carry one hundred and sixty packets of beaver skins, with forty in each, which were worth fifty crowns, making in all, at the conclu- sion of the voyage, the sum of eight thousand crowns, which was generally distributed in the following man- ner : The merchant received in beaver the payment of the licence, which was six hundred crowns, and that of the merchandize, a thousand crowns. Upon the six thousand four hundred of surplus, they took forty per cent on the money ad\ anced for the adventure, which made two thousand five hundred and sixty crowns. The residue was divided among the Coureurs de Bois, who certainly well earned the six hundred crowns or nearly, which remained to each for the inconceivable toils they had undergone. Besides the immense pro- fits already mentioned, the merchant derived twenty- five per cent, on these beaver skins, upon carryin**/ them to the Office of the Farmer General, where tl f^ prices of ^our qualities of that Article were regulated^ >'. 1689. ^^ Callieres, the Governor of Montreal, had long been convinced, that the security and tranquility of the country, was only to be preserved, by humbling the Five Nations, by a superior force, and as the English at New York, openly avowed their alliance with them, it became of the utmost importance for the preserva- tion of the Colony, to conquer that Province : to second the plan he had adopted, Mr. dr Callieres went to \ i. \ 85 Trance, and his views were approved of by the Minlstn*. Chap. He proposed to the Govtrnmont : * That he should "• have the command of thirteen hundred reguhir soldiers, and three hundred Canadians, which he should march by Lake Champlain, under pretext of dt>claring war against the Five Nations, and when arrived in their Country, he would assure them that he wished to be at peace with them, and only meant to carry on hostilities against the English. He stated that Albany, was de- fended by a small Fort, surrounded with a stockade and picketting, garrisoned with one hundred and fifty men, and the whole Town consisted only of three hundred inhabitants. New York had a garrison of but four hundred men, and was defended by a small Fort of four bastions, mounted with a few cannon. The con- quest of the latter place would make the King master of one of the finest harbours of America, and admis- sible at all seasons. That though there was a Treaty of Neutrality, f yet as the English had broken it, there was no reason why it should be kept on the part of France : that as the English had conquered New York from the Dutch, the latter would gladly obey the Prince of Orange, and would compel the Governor to resign his Government. If, however, it should be determined to wait, until war was actually declared, it was neces- sary to be ready by the beginning of the month of June. On the recall of the Marquis De Nonville, the Pro- ▼ince was a second time commited to the care of the • France was then at War with HolUml. f Treaty of Neutrality ef lant year, as to P«ne«>ion« in America. Regi>ter«l SI St July at Quebec.<~-Colony Kicnrds. 86 1 1*. Chap. Count Dc Frontenac, * at the instance of many of his **• friends, and at the particular solicitation of the Mare- chal de Bellefont, who engaged to be responsible for the Count's conduct. Though many entertained ap- prehensions that his violence of temper, might again lead him into errors, yet, fortunately, both for himself and the Colony, he was no longer under the influence of his passions, and the people committed to his care, enjoyed the blessings of a wise and lenient administra- tion. The war, between England and France, furnished an opportunity to the French Government to pursue the plan, that had been suggested by the Governor of Mon- treal. A fleet, under the command of Mr. de Cafiiniere, having on board, a body of Troops, under the orders of the Count de Frontenac, had sailed in the Month of Ju- ly from Rochefort, and arrived at Chebucto in September following. The Count from thence proceeded on to Quebec, leaving orders with Cafliniere to sail for the Bay of New York, and there to wait until the tenth of December, when if he received no intelligence from him he was ordered to return to France, after unlading the ammunition, stores and provisions at Port Royal.f The Count was in high spirits and intent on the enterprize, until his arrival at Quebec, when he learnt the success of the Five Nations, against Montreal, the loss of his fa- vorite Fort at Cataraqui, which, with the advanced state of the season, defeated his aims, and broke up the ex- pedition. The Count in a few days afterwards, pro- ceeded on to Montreal, where his presence was neccs- • Commiteion dated 15th May.— Rcgisteroil at Quebec, SStli Novemhcr. f Annapolis, Nova Scotia. %r >Cii they were induced by the Indians, to attack that place, 1(390, which was represented by them as capable of no resis- tance. The French commander determined on the at- tack on the eighth of February, and dividing his force in several small parties, they assailed the Town, at ele- ven o'clock at night, and finding no resistance made by the Inhabitants, who had no accounts of their approiuh, the most inhuman butcheries were committed. Not only the Village was set fire to, but women with child were riped open and their infants cast into the flames or dashed against the doors. Sixty men, wo- men, and children were put to death in cold blood, and twenty-seven carried olf in captivity. On 4J i e^>ur souldiers, to have settled our companys, to have called a council of warr, to have made and declared such orders as was ne> ccssary for regulating our forces, bjt by several of our shipji and vessels being drove out of the harbour by a storni, they came not in again seasonably, and soe what was intended was prevented. Upo N the 2;)d of Sept. wee came to an anchor at Tarrasack,f a council of warr was called, such orders and ordinances made as was judged necessary, and order* ed to be published inevery vessel, and at the head of each company, which order* we upon record and may be seen. Upon the 27th Sept. being about 25 leagues from Cabeck,f I went aboard each vessel in the deet, that had souldiers, to take care that they might be all ready and fixt for the service, not knowing how soon there might be occi.sion ; and whereas there had been complaints, that, aboard several of the vessels, the soul- diers and others had near a third part of their allowance taken off without ordeti I then gave orders that their full allowance might l>e given them. Upon the 5th Oct. wee came up with the Isle of Orleanb, the whole fleet to. rether, and having promised our men, that they should with the first cunvenienie be landed to refresh themselves, and not having opportunity before, thoi'ght i' might due well to doe it then, proposing to the council that wee might then settle the companys, that wee might then secure the island, gaine intelligence, and up- on our informations to draw up such conclusions as were necessary, and not to have appeared in sight of the town untill wee were fully ready to fall upon them. but it was over-ruled by the council, and agreed we should take the advantage of the tide ard be in sight of the town by day light, which was accordingly done. Upon the 6th Oct.it was concluded that a summons should be sent ashore* and, while the answer was coming, to .put ourselves in the best posture wet; \ Tadousack. f Quebcck. f Chap, next day, when it was concluded that a summons would TT "• be sent on shore. A messenger being ready, the fol- lowing summons was sent : could for landing , but by that time the meuenger was returned wee found tha tides did not sute, and that it would be too late to land that night. It wasalsoe then agreed upon, that the army should land at the north shore, at the place wm after landed at ; that the small vessels, that had gun*, should take in the ammu« aition, provision, field pieces, shovels, spades and other necessarys for the soul- diers, (that tide or the next they were to conve up to Charles river, that lyes by the town,) that the ships boats should come into the river to be helpful! to carry the souldiers over, an 1 the souldiers to be ready by the river when they came, that so they might be helpful each to other, as there had been occasion ; that the field pieces should come in those vessels to be landed on the other side the river ; it was alsoe agreed that, when wee were over the river, the men of warr were to sail up with the town, and when they perceived wee were upon the hill, es- pecially if we then fired a house, they were then to land 200 men under their guns, and were to make a brisk and resolute charge to enter the town ; alsoe a« greed that Shute and others of the larger vessels that were not men of warr, were to goe beyond the town, that the enemy might thinke we had another army ta land there ; alsoe agreed that wee should have two ministers and three chirurgeonf ashore. These things being thus agreed on, on the next morning being the 7th Oct. wee attempted to land our men, but by a storm were prevented, few ef the boats being able to row a head, and found it wouM endanger our men and wett our armes, at which time the vessel Capt. Savage was in went ashore, the tide felK left them dry, the enemy came upon them, they manfully defended themiwlve;^. I went aboard several vessels, and, though with some dii&culty, caused some smalt vessels that had guns to weigh, and sent some boats that endeavoured to help them, or if no other way to bring off the men, but the weather and shoals were such they could do them noe good ; the enemy were awed by some guns from Sir William, that the shott flew among the thickest of them, alsoe by some guns from Capt. Eldridge. At the tides con7ing in they floated and all gott off safe. I'hat night, aboard Sir William's ship, the French p.-isoners informed us of a place about two miles beyond the town, that would be more commodicus for landing the army, which I then thought might be best, (but Capt. Davis saith since, wee should not a mended our selves) but it was said the council of warr had determined the place, and wee had not time to call them together then, and it would be safest to attend order. The neat day, being the 8th Oct. as soon as the bad westher was aver and the tides suitjd, wee landed our men, which considering hnw farrmsny of our ves- sels were from the shoar, and the helps wee had, never more men were landed in less time ; but the flatts lay off soe we were forced to go into the water, some up to the knees, and some near as high as their waits upon the flatts, I drew up » ■ I, 94f Sir William Phipps, Knight, General and Commander Chap. in Chief, in and over His Majesty's Forces of New II* England, by Sea and Land ; To Count Frontenac, Lieutenant General, and Gover- nor for the French King at Canada, or in absence, to his Deputy, or him or them in Chief Command. The war between the two Crowns of England and France, does not only sufficiently warrant, but the de- the whole army, which contisted of between 12 and 1300 men, caused four companyt to be drawn out a* forloriis, though the ground would not admitt the forlorn and main battle t» be far the on» from the other ; this being done, I or> dered the forlorns to advance and to march, at their open order, towards the up* land, and by this time the tide was upon the ground wee stood on : The forlora were no sooner advanced a few rods, before there was firing from both sides; up- on one wing some of our men saw the enemy in the bushes and fired first, but upon the other wing, and in most places, the enemy had the first shot at ut ; and from a village over a creek on our right wing, there was a party gauled us consi- derably ; upon the charge our officers and souldiers shewed courage and resolution tnough, yet some having given an order to fire and fall off, but judging under the present circumstances, ordered the whole body to shoot and run up at once, which they did with one consent, that it was hard to say which company went up first or fastest ; upon which, the enemy having generally made a second shott, they gave way at once, and by the convenience of swamps and bushes, they had an opportunity to ru n away tnd secure themselves, but yet in panys out of •very comer of a swamp or thicket they kept firing upon us ; wee continued our chase and march towards the town, and killed some of the enemy as wee went Being informed that theenemy had fired at our men out of a barn, and judging. there were some in it, I ordered it to be fired ; we come up with a house where was a hogshead of claret sett at the door, and seeing our souldiers gathi-r about it, least it were poisoned, or might otherwise harm our men or hinder our niarchi I ordered the hnad to be knocked out ; drawing nearer the town and finding the army too much scattered, and not knowing but wee might be met withall by a force from the town, I drew up a good part of our forces and marcht on ; wee continued our march until it was dark, two thirds of the army took up their stand by a creek, where was a house and some other shelter, with the other part I ad- vanced about a quarter of a mile, that we might the better secure theshoarand too see our vessels that were to come into the river ; there wee took up our quar- ters, placed our out guards and sentinels, and did what was neceuary for securing •urielves and taking notice of the motion of the enemy ; wee then took the ad* i ' J I I I 96 Chap, struction made by the French and Indians under your ^^' command and encouragement, upon the persons and estates of their Majesty's Subjects of New England, without provocation on their part, hath put them under vantage of the house, barn, hay and straw, that those ths He told us wee should cut him in pieces if he told us any thing but what was truth ; he informed that there were about 600 men that were in the swamp at our coming ashore, that there was a Captain and other officers killed, besides others that he saw, that the French had 900 men from the town, more> upon their march towards us, that *hey were over the river, but seeing wee had landed our men soe suddainly, and beaten the French ofTthe ground, and were marching towards the town, that they retreated, marcht back to the town, or at least to the other side of the river : He said the Earl of Frontenack wa<> come down, the governor of Mount Royal and the intendant ; that a great many soul« diers came into Cabeck on the Thursday before, a great many with the governor upon Friday, and more with the governor of Mount Royal on Saturday, and ma< ny since : He alsoe taid he was a souldier of Mount Royal that had run away, and that they were seeking after him (which wee after founr^ true.) He alsoe said, he came by the information by a Mount Royal souldier, that he had mett withall, which acquainted him they had lost but 50 souldiers at Mount Royal, and added, that he had heard some French officers, at the next house to that wee were then at, ,say, that they had not less than !)()0U men in the town ; he alsoe said, that at the most convenient place of the souldiers goeing over they had planted 8 guns. All which, afterwards, we hud confirmed. That others might not be discouraged, wee told him he was sent by the enemy to tell us a parsel of lies, but he said he had told us nothing but what we should find true, ArTtR this, I sent for the reHt of the forces to come over, that wee might not be too much scattered, and sent for the majors and captains, and such as belonged to the council of warr, to consider and conclude what was farther to be done ; af- ter some discourse, it was concluded by the whole, that, for as much as the ves- •els were not come up the river with our suppiyes of provision, ammunition, and ri'; the necessity of this Expedition, for their own security Chap. and satisfaction : and although the cruelties and barba- ^^• rities used against them by the French and Indians, might upon the present occasion, prompt to a severe other necessaries, neither the boats for transporting our men, that, as matters were thus circumstanced, wee were not in a capacity to advance, but hoped the vessels would be in with the tide, that was before day, and that if thty came, wee would be ready to be hejpfull to defend them, as we expected help from them; but the winds prevented their coming, as the masters after said. Before day, contrary to order, and without my knowledge, they landed the six field pieces, at the point uear which the army lay, which greatly clogg'd us, and would a made our patsidge over the river very difficult. In the evening, wee see Capt. Gilbert weigh anchor, and the ships of warr sail up to the town, and the several ships plying their guns i^pon the town, and the town upon them, with utmost diligence ; but the reason of their going before the land army were over the river, wee understood not till afterwards. The cold of the night, and our souidiert not having opportunity to dry themselves until the next day, proved very preju- ditiall to them. Upon the 9th of October, Sir William's ship returned from the town, being, as wee were •' formed, very much disinabled, having been very smartly engaged with the town, alsoe were informed, that the men of warr had not powder enough left for two rounds apeice ; but, however, supposing they had secured and would supply us with what was promised, and reckning it was aboard the small vessels that were to coaie into the river, we still expected their coming in, and that day advanced nearer the town, where wee had betcer shelter for the men, and a-better place for our defence, where we placed out our guards, and put ourselves in the best posture we could to defend ourselves and offend our enemies, if they had come upon us, sent out partys to gain intelligence and make discovery, an-1 what provision came within our reach was killed for the use of the army ; our provisions being so much in the masters of the vessels power, and not in the commissary-gonerals order and dispose, proved a great damidge, for, by reason hereof, some souldiers were provided for and others wanted, and all the rum that coul J be procured, to refresh the souldiers, was only, about 60 gal- Ions, which was spared from Sir William's ship, the rest either had it not, or would not own they had. Our souldiers dried themselves, gott what refreshment they could, and hoped the vess'.'Is might come in the evening tide, wee seeing more and more need of them, being more and more sensible of the enemies strength, and nur own men, many, growing sick and unfltt fur service. But the vessels not coming, we stood ppon our guard tliat night, but found it exceeding cold, it freezing that night soethat the next inoiiiiiig the ice would bear a man. That night I called acoun* cii, demanded thf ir opiuion rv but being informed that the enemy might be 1000 men over the river, he sent Cupt. Corwin with orders that the souldiers should make an orderly retrtatf for if the enemy were numerous it were better to prepare to meet them in tho plain fields than among the swamps ; wee had 4 men wounded, one died of hk V(>iinds. and, through hast in the retreat, a small drummer kft his drum behind him; they did considerable damage to the enemy, but could not give a certain and particular account thereof, they fired several houses and barns and returned^ biehind crtain irnedf ktrong 99 their Most Excellent Majesties, William and Mary, King and Queen of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, Defenders oi the Faith, and by order of their Majesties said Government of the Massachusett Colony and strict watch, I acquainted the louidierg of their coming aboard ; after midnight saveral of the commanders desired we might remove our army nearer to the place where we were to goe off, accordingly wee silently marched off the ground, carryed back our guns ; when I had taken care that wee had left none behind, I went to the place where they were ordered to march, found our soulditrs too many of them upon the beach ready to goe off if there had been an opportunity; I caused them to be drawn up upon the upland adjoining, and put them in a posture for service if they had been attacked by the enemy, for wee were within sight and hearing of the town. Before day the boats began to row ashore, but soc many of onr men drew off without orders, that tliey might be ready to get in with the first, 1 foreseeing the confusion that was hke to be, and perceiving there would not be time before it was light to get all off, I sent the boats ail way and would not let any goe off at that time. The 1 1th day, being loe near as to hcare them calling one to another at the town, their drumming and ringing before day, and other noises in the woods, that wee had reason to thinke they intended that day to come out against us with their whole strength ; in the morning they fired several great guns at us but did «sno harm, our men all that day standing to their arms, drums beating, colours flying, feir in sight of the town, we saw several of the enemy not far from us, and many on the other side of the river, besides what was in the town ; it :s said that Capt. Davis f reckoned, what they had in the town and that alarmed us and guarded their shoars, they were more than 400O men ; they sent out 7 or 800 fresh men dayly to alarm us and to watch our motions. Designing to goe off that night, and there being like to be a good opportunity, I called several of the officers and acquainted them that I was designed to send three parties of souldiers to beat up the s^vamps that were round us, and beat off these spies that we had reason to judge lay near us, accordingly ordered three 16 files to be detached out of the several companies, and sent them out commanded by Capt. Bariiet, and Capt. Minot, and that party that was sent out upon our right wing were soon engaged ; seat Capt. March forthwith, who had a good company, and they then soon made the enemy give back, but they continued tiring briskly at each other; I sent out several companys to relieve them. In the mean time not knowing but (his pany might have been sent to occasion the drawing off a great part of our forces, and they migbt have a greater strength near us, wherefore I sent out to make discovery, and stood ready with the rest of the army to fight them if tiiey f Davis wao thena prisoner at Quebec, taken at Caico bay. N 2 r I 100 Chap, in New England, demand a surrender of your Forts and "• Castles and the things and other Stores, unembezzled, with a seasonable delivery of all Captives, together with a surrender of all your Persons and Estates to my dis- had conn- up with us. The souldiers were ordered to keep firing at the enemy, in and ubout the swamps near us and where they saw the enemy until it was darke which accordirigly they did. It then growing near night, I ordered the sick men to be carried aboardi which might be done by day ight, because two or three boats might goe off well enough unsuspected. That day, Alexander Smart came ashore with a commis- sion to be master gunner, and had 5'2 seamen under his command for to attend the guns. A little before night, I c lied hi n and acquainted him that the army was to goe off that night, and gave him a charge about the guns, in particulaf ordered iliat three gun'^ should goe off before any men went, or with the first, the other should be let alone to the last and kept for to defend the souldiers if there had been occasion, and lo be put aboard the last boats, which might be soon, done ; he made me answer that, though he was the last man aboard, he would see all the guns off i I parted with him then and never see him afterwards that I knew of ; I then acquainted Major Savage and other officers, that wee would draw off half each regiment at a time, and he should draw off half his regiment first, and ordered that those that went ni the first boats should be helpful to draw down those three guns that were to goe first aboard, which they did and con< cliuled they were gone on board. It growing very dark, notwithstanding I had ordered the officers to keep the souldiers to their arms, many pre* cipitately and disorderly drew down to the beach, four times more than .had leave, and a very great noise was made, which I wa; much troubled at, and was willing to go down to see if I could still them ; I called to Major Ward, ordered him he should do what he could to keep the souldiers to their arms, and not to move without order, which he soon found too hard for him to do ; I ordered tome souldiers to keep the rest from crowding down until those were gone off that were upon the flats ; I called to them to be silent, but either of these were little regarded, for the croud and the noise both increased ; the seamen calling out for such souldiers as belonged to their vessels, and the souldiers for such boats as came from the vessels they belonged to, hundreds in the water up to the kneei •nd higher, pressing into boats, the seamen and they contending, by reason whereof I see boats were like to be five times longer a loading than they needed i I taw a necessity of my going off to the boats, went aboard a small boat belungin^r to Mr Winser, commanded silence, ordered the boats to take thj men in, at they came, and to carry them to the firtt vessels they came at, which >vas not minded by many, but as I was forced to g(>e from boat to boat and see it done, for otherwaytFome of the seamen would throw the souldiers overboard if they (lid not belong to them, or the souldiers would have pressed into boats to have sunk them. After my being at the point not less than three hours, the men were mo^t 101 pose. Upon the doing whereof, you may expect mer- Chap. cy from me, as a Christian, according to what shall be ^I* found for their Majesties Service and the Subjects* se- curity ; which if you refuse forthwith to do, I come off, and every thing still quiet ; the boats were all gone, I began to think be* cause I see none a coming they thouglit the men were all off, 1 questioned how many men were upon the point, some said 150, wee judged about 100 or 120. Told them I would see if any boats were coming, rowed off and heard several boats rowing, went to them and ordered them to hasten to the shoar ; and though 1 thought there might be enough to take off all the nun, yet they should rather have too many than want, I told them I would go to the next vessels that had bouts aboard and send them away, which I did with all speed. Bi ing now well latisfied our men were safe off, I went on board Sir William's sliip, I acquainted how matters were, told him I hoped the guns were off, for did not see them when I came away ; he made answer he questioned, for the master gunner hnd been aboard long before, and could not give account they were off, miniediatel; came one of the gu nners aboard, with a gun, and said that the guns were all <.'ff, 1 then being satisfied that both men and guns were all off, I went to my caljLIa to take my rest, having had but little for 3 days and nights before. Soon after, Mr. Dearing came aboard, who came off in the last parsel of boatn, and acquaint, cd tome of the officers and divers others, that there was 5 of the guns ashore, thai they had been under water, but appeared when he came away, they did not acquaint Sir William nor myself of it, until the next morning, fur wee had cume off undiscovered, and there was 4 or 5 hours time that they might Lei':i easily and safely fetcbt, but that was ueglepted ; they aentin the morning, but thtn it f/u too late. The 12th day a council was called, several, but not all the commanders aboard, they discoursed of landing at the town, or at Orleance, many of the ofhceri de> declared that many of their men were sick and unfitt for service; however, it was agreed that the men should have a day or two's time to refresh themselves, and to inquire what capacity wee were in for a further attempt, and some time ihould be spent on Monday in prayer, (o seek God's direction, but the weather prevented our meeting, and wee necessitated to weigh and fall down to Orleance, aiany vessels drove from their anchors, and were in danger of being drove on upon the town ; wee then tent ashore about our captives, hut winds and weather after proved such, at wee had never opportunity to come together, but the whole fleet were scattered, and such exceeding hard cold and windy werther sett in for 8 weeks or a month together, at I never was in so much together. This narrative given into the honourable council of the Masnachutetts, thii 27th Nov. 1690. p, JOHN WAl.LKY. The land army's failing, the enemy's too timely intelligence, lyeii'g :» weeks within 3 days sail of the place, by reason whereof they hadoppi rtuiiity to bniiif in the whole itrength of their country, the shortnettof our air.niunitiou "— ii! 102 i ii <\ Chap, provided, and am resolved, by the help of God, on "• whom I trust, by force of arms, to revenge all wrongs and injuries offered, and bring you under subjection to the Crown of England, and when too late, make you wish you had accepted of the favor tendered.— Your answer positive in an hour, returned with your own trumpet, with the return of mine, is required, up- on the peril that will ensue.* The Summons was delivered to the Count, at the Chateau, who was surrounded by the Bishop, Inten- dant, and other officers of Government. It was read aloud, and enraged the whole Council. The English Messenger with the greatest hauteur, pulled out his watch, and told the Count that it was ten o'clock, and that he could only wait one hour for his answer. This peremptory summons, and the manner in which it was delivered, threw the Count into a violent passion, but after some pause, he delivered the following answer : I do not acknowledge King William, and I well know that the Prince of Orange is an Usurper, who has violated the most sacred rights of Blood and Reli- gion, in dethroning the King, his Father in law. King James II. I acknowledge him as the lawful Sovereign * Near* History of New England. Vol, II. p. 89. late setting out, our long passidge, and many sick in the army, tliese may be rcckned as some of the reasons of our disappointment. Some question our courage, that wee proceeded no further; as things were circumstanced, others would a questioned our prudence, if wee had ; were it a fault, it was the act of a council of warr ; wee must undergoe the censures of many: In the mean time, our consciences doe not accuse us, neither are we most, yea allmost all, of us, afraid or ashamed to answer our actions, before any that can or shall call us to an account for the same, nor unwilling to give any farther satisfaction to any reasonable men that shall desire it. Boston, the 27th Not. 1690. ^ . JOHN WALLEY. lOS of England. Sir William Phipps ought not to be sur- Chap. prized at the hostilities committed by the French and ^^• their allies, as he might well expect, that the King, my master, having received the King of England, under his protection, would order me to declare war against those people, who have revolted against their lawful Soverdgn. How could he suppose, that had he even offered me better terms, and that I had been disposed to have acceded to them, that so many brave men, would either have consented or advised me to place confidence in the word of a man, who has violated the capitulation made with the Governor of Acadia, who has wanted fidelity to his Prince, who has forgot the fa- vors that have been conferred on him, to follow the for- tunes of a stranger, who wishes to persuade the nation, that he is the Saviour of England and Defender of the Faith, though he has violated the Laws and privileges of the Kingdom, and overtumejd the Church of England : this conduct, the Divine Justice, to which Phipps ap- peals, will one day severely punish.*'* The Count, who delivered the answer, viva voce, was requested by the English Messenger, to reduce it in writing. The Count absolutely refused the request, adding : " 1*11 answer your Master by the mouth of my cannon, that he may learn that a man of my rank is not to be summoned in this manner.** On the return of the Messenger, Sir William Phipps called a Council of War, when it was determined to attack the City. On the eighth of October, the troops, amounting to thirteen hundred men, under the com- • Chvlevdix. Vol. II. p. 80. 'i .ii' I ; I 104 Chap, mand of Major Walley, landed at La Canardiere, and ad- "• vanced with great spirit towards the River Saint Charles, J where the Coiint Frontenac had posted a body of Mili- tia, consisting of three hundred men. An engagement ensued. The Canadians leapt from one rock to another, and kept up a constant skirmishing all around the En- glish, who, unacquainted with the ground, remained together, and the Canadians advancing agamst the close files of the English, they sustained a considerable loss ; they however, encamped near the scene of action. The next day, early in the morning, they arranged themselves in order for battle ; about noon they began to move, di- recting their march towards the Town, having platoons on their wings, and some Savages as an advanced guard; they proceeded in good order, with six Field Pieces, along the borders of the Saint Charles, until they were intercepted by two hundred volunteers, when they re- treated to some brushwood. During this action Mr. Frontenac advanced in person, at the head of three battalions, and having arranged them on the borders of the Saint Charles, he resolved to cross it, if the volun- teers should be too hard pressed. Mr. Villeu, who had obtained from Frontenac a small detachment of men, sat out before the English left their encampment, and was followed by several other parties. After various skirmishing between the tv(o armies, the English aban- doned the idea of attacking the city by Land. And it was at length determined that the Army should em- bark without loss of time. In the mean time the Ships approached the city, and on the same day, cannona- ded it with all their force. The Batteries, however, \ The River Saint Charles was called, Coubal Coubat by the Natives from ite windings and iiieanderings. 105 of the Town, were well served, and the Rear Ad- miral not bcliigr able to keep his station off the Saalt- au-Matelot, dropped down, beyond the reach of the cannon of the city, followed by the other two Admi- rals, who from the fire of the French Batteries, could not keep their stations. The Flag of the Rear Admi- ral was shot away, and drifting towards the shore, se- veral Canadians swam after it, and when brought on shore, it was hung up in the Parish Church, as a Tro- phy. Sir William finding that neither the fire from his Ships, nor the efforts of his Army had made any im- pression, resolved to return to New England. Sir Wil- liam with a greatest part of his Fleet, arrived at Bos. ton on the nineteenth of November, but some of his Ships were driven to the West Indies, several founder- ed, and one was driven on the Island of Anticosti. The vessel that struck on the Island of Anticosti, was com. manded by Captain Rainsford, who had with him sixty men, ; When the Ship struck, they had only time to land their provisions before the vessel sunk. The Captain and his men finding that they should be obliged to winter on the Island, built a Store House and several Huts to shelter themselves from the cold, with planks of the wreck : as they were short of provisions, they agreed each man*s allowance to be t\Vo biscuits, half a pound of pork, half a pound of flour, one pint and a quarter of pease, and two small fish, per week. It was not long before the dismal effects of hunger and cold began' to appear among them, for on the twentieth of Decem- ber their Surgeon died, and after him, forty men in a I i i! r, i^ 106 Chap, few weeks, and though they were all convinced of tht "• necessity of keeping to their allowance, unless they would at last eat each other, yet their Store Houses were frequently broken open. An Irishman once got to the provisions, and eat no less than eighteen biscuits, which swelled him to such a degree, that he was in great pain, and was near bursting. On the twenty-fifth of March, five of the company resolved to venture out to sea in their skiff, which they lengthened out so far as to make a sort of cabin for two or three men, and hav- ing procured a sail, they shipped their share of provi- sions on board, and steered away for Boston. It was on the ninth of May before these poor wretches arrived there, through a thousand dangers from the Sea and Ice, and almost starved with hunger and cold : upon their arrival, a vessel was immediately dispatched away to the Island, and brought off, the few unfortunate wretches that had been left behind. Sir William, in his representation to King William, declares that he did not lose more than thirty men. The Baron de la Hon- tan, who was then at Quebec, observes : — " That the *' New England Men did not want courage, but want- •* ed military discipline : that Sir William Phipps* con- " duct was so bad, that he could not have done less ** had he been hired by the French to stand still, with ** his hands in his pockets : that if they had come di- *' rectly against the Town, it would have surrendered, " that they were dilatory in their consultations at a dis- ** tance, which gave time t(3 reinforce the place with *' Regular Troops, Militia, and Savages, and that he ** did damage to the Town to the value of five or six ** Pistoles.** — ^I'he neglect in the preparations for the advancing of the land army, and too late sailing of the 107 fleet, were considered as the causes of the ^lure of a Chap. well concerted plan. 1I« The Government of the Massachusett's Colony were totally unprepared for the return of their forces ; they not only presumed on their success, but on finding a sufficient treasure to bear the charges of the Expediti- on ; the soldiers were upon the point of mutiny for want of their wages. As it was impracticable to raise the money, the Government being greatly reduced, they were obliged to have recourse to the issuing Bills of Credit, which were the first ever issued on the Conti- nent of America, as a substitute in the place of money.f The conduct of the Militia was highly aproved of by the Governor, and they were thanked for their ser- vices in public orders. The Count, in his letters to the Government in France, did not fail to express his sentiments of their distinguished conduct, and his Ma- jesty, to hand down to posterity the gallant defence of the City, ordered a Medal } to be struck, to perpetuate that event. The French fleet, which had put into the Saguenay on the news of the English Squadron being in the River, and which had remained there undiscover- ed, at length arrived, to the no small satisfaction of the Inhabitants, as much apprehension bad been enter- f Hutchinson, Vol. I. p. 402. — Darbadoes was the first that followed the ex- ample. Their Bills sunk so low that the Island was in confusion, and tliey soon tholishcd them. The project of a Land Bank in England, in the R«.-'^n of King WtHiam, which entirely failed, was taken from this expedient of New En< gland. \ The Medal struck in France had this Legend, Frantia in Novo erbt Fie- trin—Kibtta Libtrata^ A. D. M. D. C. X. C. 02 hi M 108 Chap, tained for their safety. Though they, brought a sup- "• ply of provision, yet, so great was the distress for pro- visions, occasioned by the late incursions of the Five Na- tions, vi^ho had prevented the inhabitants from sowing their grain, that the Count ordered the Soldiers to be cantoned in the Country, only upon those that were best able to supply them. The Inhabitants, though much distressed themselves, received them without murmuring, and chearfully alleviated their wants. :l 109 ro- be sre gh )Ut ! Cha9, III. ti't THE HISTORY «i CANADA inmni CHAPTER m. From the Tear 1690, to the Appointment of the Marquh de Vaudreuil as Governor^ in the Tear 1 703. W^HILE the New England Forces had gone on the 1693, Expedition to this Country, and the event uncertain, the Five Nations pretended to be disposed to Peace, but when they were informed that the Expedition had fail- ed, they renewed their wonted hostility. Several par- ties, and in different directions, niade incursions into the Country, and particularly in the vicinity of Mon- treal, carrying desolation an4 horror where ever they wentf # Chap. III. '1^ 110 The Count to punish the Five Nations, sent Mr. de Beaucourr, with throe hundred men, into their Country. After a fatiguing march over the snow, bearing their provisions on their bacl;s, they met about eighty of the Indians, near the Isthmus at Niagara. 1 hese commen- ced an attack on the French party, who bravely de- fended themselves, and cut off the greater part belong* ing the Five Nations. In revenge for which, the Five Nations sent a number of parties, to obstruct the pas- cage of the French through Lake Ontario, and the ri- ver issuing out of it, and cut off their communication with the Western Indians. An Indian, called Black Kettle^ commanded in these incursions, and his succes- ses during the whole summer, so exasperated the Count, that he ordered a prisoner to be burnt alive. The bra- very of this Indian, was as extraordinary as his tor- ments were cruel. He sung his military atchievements, while he suffered the greatest barbarities. His feet wer^ broiled on burning coals, his fingers were thrust into red hot pipes, his joints were cut, and his sinews twisted with bars of heated iron. His scalp was then ripped off, and hot sand was poured into the wound. Though the Colony, by the wisdom and activity of the Count, was plated in a situation to despise both the threats of the English and attacks of the Five Nations, yet, there were enemies in the Colony, who jealous of his talents and virtues, endeavored to tarnish his glory. There were, that complained that in order to preserve the esteem of the officers of the Regular Troops, the whole weight of the war was thrown on the Militia ; that the latter were ruined by Corvees, while the Sol- diers were allowed to work and were paid: that owing to : .; m the Inhabitants, being thus employed, the Colony nei- Chap. ther acquired strength, nor was Commerce promoted ^ ^W. and that his allowing the Trade of Brandy, and Spirits, had been attended with fatal consequences, both to the Indians themselves, and to the King's Subjects. Those complaints were on a representation to the King, but little regarded. The King, sensible of the value of his services, and mindful of his late meritorious conduct, in defence of the Capital, resolved to continue him in the command, fully persuaded, that from his good conduct and activity, the most important services were to be ex- pected. The Count, after various applications to the Five Nations, could not bring about an accommodation. The Governor of New York, who found it so much his in- terest to keep alive their hatred, fomented their animo- sity, and promoted their designs of invading the Colo- ny. Frontenac, to punish them for the neglect of his terms of accommodation, collected an army, composed of Regulars, Militia and Indians, amounting to seven hundred men. These troops left Montreal, on the twen- ty-fifth of January, one thousand six hundred and ninety three, and proceeded to the Mohawks Country, where they arrived on the fifteenth of February. They attacked i695. two of the Indian Castles, which were taken with little or no opposition. The party then pushed on to the third Castle, in which was posted a considerable number of Mohawks, who, on being attacked, defended them- ' 1693. The Court of Juitice Royale wai ettabliihed at Montreal, by thp King'i Edict, regiitered in the Superior Council at Quebec. It was a Court Cifil and Criminal.. — Officers— A Lieutenant General, a Lieutenant Particulier, M Attorney for the King, a Grcfficr or Clerk of Appointment of the Saint fiulpiciani. . I (^ I 112 Chap, selves with great bravery, but ultirhately was corripelled *"• to submit. They had twenty men killed, and two hun- dred and fifty were made prisoners. The French lost thirty men killed, and forty wounded. As soon as the news of this attack reached Albany, Major Schuyler, with five hundred men, includmg Indiahs, advanced to the Mohawks Country, in hopes of coming up with the French party. He overtook them on their return, and had several skirmishes, which were generally in his fa- vor. At length the French party arrived at Montreal on the seventeenth • of March , having suffered much from fatigue, and from a scanty allowance of provisions. From the prisoners that had been taken, they learnt, that the English at Boston, were concerting measures for another attack on Canada. They mentioned that the plan was already matured, and that while three thou- sand men should penetrate by the way of the Lakes, a strong naval armament, should ascend the River. This information could not but al rm the Count, and induced him to take the necessary precautions ; he put the capi- tal in a state of security,, and augmented the fortificati- ons at Chanlbly, Sorel and Montreal. Several scouts Were sent into New England, to discover v)'hat measures wore taking, and returned with infoi*mation, that the news brought by the prisoners was perfectly without foundation. I I 1 65) J. The Count had no sooner rebuilt the old Fort of Cataraqui, than the Indians of the Five Nations, enra- ged at his conduct, demanded of Colonel Fletcher, Go- vernor of New York, assistance both of men and can- non. Fletcher, whose attention had long bet n direct- ed to the Indian affairs, went to Albany, and in a Speech 113 he made at a Graiid Council, blamed the Five Nations Chap. for being asleep, and allowing the French to take pos- ^^^' session of that place : he then advised them to invest Cataraqui, and to prevent all supplies to that Garrison, .as the surest means of reducing it. The Chevalier de Crisasy, who commanded here, sent out several small parties to gain intelligence of the motions of the Five Nations, one of which advanced as far as the River Chouaguen, where they discovered thirty-four canoes, ready for an attack on the Colony, and a larger body of Indians at another place, preparing for war. These parties of Indians in the Summer, landed on the Island of Montreal, and though the Count had been so pro- vident as to place small parties of men, for the defence of the Inhabitants, then engaged in their harvest, yet, great havock was committed, and several persons kil- led. The Indians then retired. But what was the sub- ject of much alarm was the news from the Commandant of Michillimakinac, that the Indians living near that Post, had nearly concluded a Treaty with the Five Na- tions, and that the other French allies were on the eve of following their example. The reasons assigned by the Indians for their change of conduct, were : That the Five Nations had shut up the path to Montreal, so that the French could not supply them, and that they had not tasted a lirop of spirits for a length of time. The Commandant, to counteract the ill effects of such sentiments, contradicted the assertion, that the French could not supply them, and the better to convince them, ordered the merchandize then in the Fort, to be sold to them at the cheapest rate, assuring them, that great quantities were daily expected from France, which had f I 114 CttAp. been probably detained by contrary winds, and that on "^* their arrival, they should be sold much cheaper than ever. He assured them at the same time, that Count Frontenac would never make Peace with the Five Na- tions, it being his Rrm resolution, to extirpate them from the face of the Earth* The Commandant, to do away the late favorable sentiments of these Nations, and the more effectually to wet up the resentment of the Five Nations against the Michillimakinac Indians, took a prisoner of the former Nation, and put him to the most exquisite torture. The prisoner was fastened to a stake, when a Frenchman begjm the homd tragedy, by broiling the flesh of the prisoner, from his toes to his knees, with the red hot barrel of a gun; his example was followed by an Outta- wa, who being desirous to outdo the French in their re- fined cruelty, split a furrow from the prisoner's shoul- ders to his garter, and filling it with gun powder, set fire to it. This gave him exquisite pain, and raised exces- sive laughter in his tormentors : when they found his throat so much parched, that he was no longer able to gratify their ears with his howling, they gave him water, to enable him to continue their pleasure longer ; but at length his strength failing, the Ottawa flayed his scalp, and threw burning coals on his skull. He began to run, tumbling like a drunken man. They then shut up the way to the East, and made him run Westward, the Country, as they think, of departed miserable souls. He was then knocked on the head with a stone, when every one cut a slice off" his body, 'i ovJer to conclude the tragedy with a feast. 115 J 1696, The Count de Frontenac, in order to secure the Chap, tranquility and prosperity of the Colony, conceived it *"• to be the wisest and best course to carry on the war in the Country of the Five Nations, and as far as possible to annihilate by one blow, these troublesome neighbours. To accomplish what he so much wished, great efforts were made in raising men, and providing stores for the army, which was destined to march early in the Summer. Early in June the Count proceeded to Montreal, and found him- self at the head of eight hundred Regulars, four battali* ons of Militia, and five hundred Indians. After a few days delay, the army embarked at La Chine, and encamped on the sixth of July, on the Isle Perrot. As soon as the necessary arrangements were made, the army proceed- ed up the river in the following order : Two battalions of Regulars, with a body of Indians, commanded by by the Chevalier de Callieres led the Van, with two field pieces, mortars, the necessary ammunition, and provisions. Four battalions of Militia, and a body of Volunteers composed the Centre, under the com- mand of the Count, after which followed two battalions of Regulars and Indians, with the Chevalier de Vau^. dreuil, who brought up the Rear, After twelve days journey, they landed at Cataraqui, where they remained several days, in hopes of a reinforcement of Outtawas, and French Traders. As it was of the ut, most importance to push on with rapidity, the Count proceeded across Lake Ontario, and landed on the twen- ty-eighth of July at Oswego. Fifty men were ordered to march on each side of the Onandaga River to prevent a surprize, the army movin'r on slowly after them. Af^ ■SA * tr 116 Chap, ter marching some distance, they came to a tree on '^f- which was painted the number of the French Army, by the side of which was placed two bundles of cut rushes, to signify according to their manner, that they defied the French, and that they had fourteen hundred men ready to meet them. The French army then passed the Onandaga Lake, and having formed them- selves in order of battle, the better to deceive the In- dians, the two Wings took a circuit round the borders of it : the engineer, Le Vasseur, that accompanied the Count, then marked out a Fort, where the Provisions and Batteaux were deposited, and with a guard of one hundred men. A Seneca Indian, who had been out as a scout, apprized the Onandagas of the near ap- proach of the French. It had been their determinati- on to have defended their Castles, but when they were informed of the strength of the French Army, and of the nature of the mortars they had brought with them, which, if they fell on their Castles, would burst, and bury them in the ruins, they instantly set fire to their village, and retired to the woods. The French by this time came up, and finding no enemy, were idle specta- tors of the burning of a few miserab'** huts. The Oneydoes, more to amuse, than determi ed to make Peace, on the fifth of August, sent a me senger with a Belt to assure rhe Count, that his Nation \/as desirous of Peace, and wished to live on the best terms with the French : The Count answered, that he sincerely wished Peace with them, and that it should be conclu- ded, on condition, however, that those Oneydoes, who had left Canada, should return and settle in the Colony, as he was to be no longer amused with idle negociations. The Count, to add weight to his proposition, and to con- 117 trince them of his ability to punish them in case of re- Chap. sistance, sent forward the Marquis de Vaudreuil with a ^^I* detachment of six hundred men, to the leydoe Village, with orders, in case of resistance, to put every Indian to the sword. The Oneydoes did not wait the approach of the detachment, but fled with the utmost precipitation, leav- ing behind an old Sachem of one hundred years of age. He was delivered over to the Indians, belonging to the French party, who put him to the torture, which he bore, with more than manly presence of mind. To one who stabbed him with a knife. *' You had better, (said he) make me die by fire, that these French dogs may learn to suffer like men. You Indians, you dog of dogs think of me, when you are in a like condition." Never perhaps was a man treated with more cruelty, nor did any man bear it with more magnanimity and resolution,* In a Council of war, which was called on the ninth of August, it was resolved to destroy the Seneca Tribe and to leave a considerable French force in the Country dur- ing the Winter ; on the evening of the same day to the astonishment of the whole army, the Count relinquish- ed his former plan and marched with the army for Mon- treal, where it arrived on the twentieth of August, having only lost six men, during the whole March. The Count was in hopes that the late incursion, would dispose them to peace, and to increase their distress, and to harrass them the more, as soon as the Troops had recovered from their fatigue, large parties were sent into their Country, to prevent supplies of provisions being sent to them, and of which they were in the greatest want. The Five Nations, to convince the Count that * Charlevoix, Vol. II. p. 1 73. v $: 118 Ghap. they were still unsubdued, sent several parties into m- Canada, one of which advanced near to Montreal, where meeting a small French force, an action com- menced, in which the French were routed, and the Commanding Officer and several were killed ; as soon as Mr. de Callieres was informed of their approach, Captain de Repentigni and several men, went in pur- suit of them ; they were soon come up with, and the French losing their Captain, they were routed by the Indians of the Five Nations. 1 697. It was at that time, that the Count received dispatch- es from the Government of France, ordering him to keep in readiness the Troops he then had in the Colo- ny, as the Ministry had lately received intelligence that a Fleet from England was near its departure for Boston, where it was svipposed that it was to be joined by ano- ther, destined for an attack on Canada. He was or- dered to have from ope to two thousand men ready, to execute any other orders hj might receive. On the receipt of these dispatches, the Count immediately exr erted himself to put Quebec in the t>est possible state of defence, and assembled the Staff of the Qarrison, tq whom he communicated the substance of the intelligence he had received, observing at the same time, that ii^ case the English should not attempt the Expedition e^-. pected, that it was his orders that the Troops in Garri-: son, should hold themselves in readiness to undertake any other enterprize his Majesty might be pleased to or- der. Detachments of the Regular Troops were order- ed from Montreal, to repair the Fortifications, assisted by the Inhabitants of the surrounding Country, who were ordered into the City for this work, and victualled 119 by the Citizens of Quebec. Owing to the vigilanLC an indefatigable labour of the Governor, little or nu a{ prehensions were entertained of the armament, and i, prevent the English from procuring any supplies, in case they should attempt to land down the River, he gave strict orders to the Inhabitants on the shores, to drive all their cattle into the interior part of the Country. In order to be apprized of the motions of the Inhabitants of the English Colonies, he sent out several parties to procure intelligence. Mr. de Bellestre, who had the command of one of tHem, advanced within a few miles of Albany, where he beat a party of Mohawks, and from whom he learnt, that the Colonies, so far from making any preparations for carrying on an offensive war, were fortifying themselves, under apprehensions of incursions from Canada, .HAP. IlL This year was distinguished not only on account of the continued hostility of the Five Nations, to the French, but also by a general and destructive warfare between several Nations inhabiting near ihe Great Lakes. The Scioux had made war on the Miamis, and these were attacked by the Sauteurs. Le BaroUy the fa- mous Indian Chief of Michillimakinac, had never hear- tily joined the French interest, and had removed w ith several of his Countrymen to reside among the Mia- mis, the better to keep up a communication with the Five Nations, to whom he was much attached. To the Senecas he sent nineteen Belts, and a message, which strongly shews his aversion to the French. " The French have for many years confounded our resoluti- ons, and have deceived us, but we are now determined to thwart all their artifices by stopping our ears. The I' ■■'\ I IJvi fi t| 120 Chap. Commandant of Michiilimakinac has told us msiny m« lies : he has betrayed us, and made us kill each other, but we are firmly resolved never to hearken to him a- gain." To conceal the Treaty with the Five Nations, that he had made, and to do away any ill impressions that might be suggested against him, he arrived at Que- bec, and in a speech he made to the Count, he expres- ed the warmest attachment to the French interest, and his utter aversion to the Five Nations, The Count, who had been long acquainted with his character, pla- ced but little confidence in a man, whose conduct had been distinguished for duplicity and unsteadiness. The Count, in consequence of the orders he had re- ceived from the Ministry, collected all the Troops he had in the Colony, and only waited for instructions from Government to carry the orders into execution : The Expedition that had been meditated was a mystery to him, until the arrival of Mr. des Ursins, on the seventh of September at Quebec. This Officer brought him a letter from the Marquis de Nesmond, who informed him, that the Conquest of New England * had been project- ed by Mr. de Pontchartrain, but that it had been laid aside. The Count observed in his letter to the Minis- try, that such Expeditions were very doubtful, and re- quired more time than is generally given on such sub- jects ; that little dependance was to be put on the junc- tion of Troops, some coming by Sea, others by Land, and particularly on those who are obliged to na- vigate the difficult Rivers of Canada, where the trans- portation of provisions by boats, for a considerable ex- » Charlevoix, Vol. II. p. 2Ifi. 121 pedition, was almost impracticaWer With respect to Chaf, the reduction of New York, he conceived it a ma- m- sure of importance to the safety of the Colony, as tiie Five Nations, not being supported by the English^ would no longer be a terror to Canada. That while the King's Ships were employed in attacking that City, the troops from Canada, might cause a diversion by way of the Lakes and invest Albany ; but, that before such a design could be carried into execution, sufficient time should be given for the necessary preparations in a Country, where the season is so short, that by the month of October, the small Rivers and Lakes are obstruct- ed by Ice* By a vessel from France, in the course of the Au- tumn, the Count received the New Ordinance which restricted Officers and Soldiers in the Upper Posts from trading with the Indians, under very severe penalties : They were also extended to the Voyageurs or Tra- ders, with strict orders to the Commandants of Posts to seize them, in order that they might be brought to punishment. The Count, far from wishing to carry in- to execution, orders which had excited murmurs and discontent, contented himself with a Remons»^rance to the Government, which was disapproved by the Minis- try, and produced the following letter from Mr. PontchartraivJ. In A " His Majesty is highly pleased with your activity in the dispositions you made to join the Marquis de Nesmond, had not time prevented the execution of the orders he had received. I have paid attention to \4i \ 122 Chap, what you have mentioned, respecting the suppress!- ^^^* on ot Licences : you will permit me to observe, that you have given too much confidence to those persons, who from a principle of gain, have encouraged the Indian Trade. If you had attended to the inconve- niencies that it has produced, you would have more readily disapproved of this mischievous practice. It has been represented to you, that our Indian Allies would join the Five Nations, upless we trade with them in the interior of their Country t I am much at a loss to conceive the reason of it, as it ap- pears to me, that the contrary effect might be ex- pected, particularly if it is explained to the Indians, that His Majesty's sole object, is the supplying them with merchandize at their first cost, allowing them full liberty to sell their furs, and to procure to themselves the profits arising from the Trade with the far distant Indians. Yot^ are too well acquainted with the history of Cmada, not to know, that the wars we have carried on for so many years against the Five Nations, with so much expence and trouble, was occasioned by a desire, that the late Mr. de la Barre had to trade with the far distant Indian Nations. The Indians who are at present the Allies of the English, would not long preserve their alliance, if they should pass their Country, and traded with Nations, far beyond them.*" This letter had no other effect than the publication •» Charlevoix, VoJ. H. p. 222 / \ J23 of the Ordinance, and as the Posts in the Indian Coun- Chap, try were still kept up, the Indian Trade was, as former- Ill« ly, carried on. The Treaty of Ryswick, which was concluded on the eleventh of September, being earlier known at New York than in Canada, the Five Nations under the pro- tection of it, went out to hunt near Cataraqui. The Count conceived the present moment as the most favo- rable to take revenge, and sent out a French force, with several Algonquins, to attack them. Black Kettle, a famous Onandaga Chief, with forty warriors, had not been long on the hunting grounds, when they were at- tacked, defeated, and several of them killed, and amcmg the slain was numbered Black Kettle, their noted Chief. After he was mortally wounded, he cried out ; " Must I who have made the whole Earth tremble before me, now die by the hands of Children.*'* The Count soon after, received a letter from Lord 1698. Bellomont, the Governor of New York, notify ing him, that Peace had been concluded, in the following letter. " His Majesty having been pleased to appoint me Governor of several of his Provinces of America, and among others of New York, I have thought proper, after offering you my respects, to inform you, that Peace has been concluded by the King and his Allies, and his Christian Majesty, the Articles of which, I en- close. Peace was declared at London in October last, but owing to the length of the voyage, it only arrived on the second instant. ^ * La I'otherye, Vol. I, p. 90.— -He always ilctf in-d 'ho Algonquinj. (2 2 I I' I 1!^ ^V: li 1^ I forward this letter by Colonel Schuyler, one of *he Members of his Majesty's Council, accompanied by Mr. Deliius, f both Gentlemen of rank and merit, a.s a mark of esteem for a person of your rank. These Gentlemen, will deliver over to you the French Prisoners that have lallen into the hands of the English of this Pro- vi ce. With respect to those, who are Prisoners w h our Indians, I shall give orders that they be set at liberty, as soon as possible, and they shall be escorted by a guard to Montreal, if that shall be thought neces- sary. I entertain not the least doubt, that you on your part, will give the necessary orders for the release of all his Majesty's Subjects Prisoners with you, as well Chris- tians as Indians, that a good understanding and free Commerce, the general effects .of Peace, may be re- newed on both sides, agreeably to the harmony that ex- ists between our respective Sovereigns.** ' • The Count in his answer, observed, that though he had not yet received a confirmation of Peace from the Govern- ment of France, yet that he had no objection to deliver up the English and Dutch Prisoners that chose to return. That even during the heat of war, he had been always disposed to exchange of Prisoners, notwithstanding the ill treatment that had been shown to Captain Viilier, and the frequent violations of Treaties : that he would no longer suffer Captain Baptiste, the Buccaneer, should be kept in chains, and be treated with so much rigour : that he was at a loss to conceive the reason, why Messrs. Schuyler and Deliius were charged to demand the release of the Indian Prisoners on condition of t D*ud •fid April, 1«5 restoring the French Prisoners made by them. That Chap. the Five Nations had been negociating a Treaty last m» Autumn, and as they had left a hostage with him, it was to them that he would address himself: that the Five Nations, had always been Subjects to the French King, even before the English had been in pos- session of New York : that his orders were perempto- ry, and that he could not depart from them on any ac- count ; that he had taken measures immediately after Peace was announced, to prevent the Indians in Canada from molesting the Enghsh Plantations, and had given the same orders to the Canibas and other Indians set^ tied in Acadia : but as the latter were much incensed against the English for retaining several of their people prisoners at Boston, he was apprehensive of the conse- quences, unless immediate satisfiiction was given, and that until this should be done, he could not oblige them to deliver up the English prisoners, as he conceived them perfectly justifiable in retaining them, they having on many occasions released the English, without any ex- change of their own people. These gentlemen, Messieurs Schuyler and Dellius, during their short stay at Quebec, received the utmost politeness and attention from the Count, and with the foregoing answer, returned to New York. A dispute, however, soon after arose respecting the French prisoners, then in the hands of the Five Nations. The Earl of Bcllomont, insisted that the French should receive those prisoners from him, he having ordered those Nations, to bring them to Albany. Frontenac conceived that in doing this, it would be considered, I 126 Chap, that heacknowledged the Five Nations as subjects of Great ^^f" Britain, and therefore refused to receive them, threat- ening at the same time, a continuance of war, with the In-., dians, unless they deUvered up the prisoners at Montreal. A message was sent them by several Caghnuawagas, to this effect, and to tell them that all the French Indian al- lies were to be included in the Treaty now about to be made. To this demand, however, the Five Nations, declared, that though they were disposed to Peace, yet that they would not consent to include some of the Frencji Indian allies, and that they were determined on revenge for the injuries they had received from the Out- tawas. Nothing could give more anxiety to this nation, than the determination, they had just heard. They were tired of war, and hoped to be included in the general peace. In this dilemma, they addressed themselves to the Count for protection, he assured them that he would never sacrifice them, and in no case would he make peace, unless they were included in it, declaring at the ^me time, that if the Five Nations did not change their conduct, he would immediately declare war against them. As soon as Lord Bellomont was apprized of what had passed at Montreal, he wrote the Count the following Letter i-r ' " I am this moment arrived from the Frontiers, where I have had a meeting with the Five Nations, called by you, Iroquois. Ihey have requested with great ear- nestness to be continued under the King's protection, protesting at the same time, their subjection and fidelity to his Majesty. They have complained of the outrages that the French and Indians of Canada, have committed on them, contrary to the Treaty of Peace, in which they 127 considered themselves included in virtue of their fidelity Chap, to the King. They have also remonstrated, that your I^** people have carried off ninety-four of their*s, since the publication of Peace which astonishes me not a little, as the Five Nations or Iroquois, have always been consi- dered as subjects of the Crown of England, which is manifest to the whole world, and can be proved by authentic and solid documents, which by your letter of the eighth of June last, it would be unnecessary to state as you inform me, that you cannot depart from your instructions until you receive new ones. You cannot but know, that the incursions and hostilities, that your people have made upon our Indians, before the last war, was the principal cause of the late war between the King my master and France, which is stated in the declara- tion, and I am, therefore, the more surprised, that you should think of continuing it, as it is a manifest breacii of that Treaty, ^ ' * The King my master, thank God, has too great a knowledge and penetration and of too generous a dis- position to renounce his just rights, and I have his inte- rest too much at heart, to suffer the smallest insult to be offered by your people to our Indians, nor can I per- mit them to be treated as enemies. I have given them orders to be on their guard, and in case they are attack- ed, to put both French and Indians to the Sword, having furnished them with all the necessary supplies. To convince you what little value the Five Nations set on the Jesuits and other Missionaries, they have beg- ged me by repeated requests, to drive them away from among them. Stating to me, how much they haii been I 1 . I t I u H I** Chav. oppressed by tlu'in, and how desirous they were that I "^' should send I'rotcstiuit MiiubHers anumg them, that they juiglu be iuMructi'il in the Christian Religion. I have acecded to their wi.shes, ai»d you have acted wisely, in ordering your Missionaries no longer to interfere in their allairs, as thev will suller the punishment prescribed by rhe Laws oi Kngland, and which 1 shall see inforced as often as tliey fall in my hands, the Indians having pro- mised lo deliver up all Jesuits, as soon as they are made prisoners. . Should you not cease to continue further acts of hostilities, you will be answerable for the consequences, and the world will decide, which of us is most in the wrong, you for having rekindled the war, or 1 for hav- ing ilefendcd them against your incursions. TiiK Indians expressed a wish to deliver over to me all the Prisoners, which number amounted to more than one hundred, on condition that I would assure them, th;u you would deliver up those you had in your pos- ser^ion ; but I did not think proper to consent to this request, until I knew your determination. I neverthe- less, send four l^'rcnch prisoners, brought by our Indi-' ans to Albany, and they have my passport to Canada. U you should consent to an exchange of Prisoners on botli sides, you will do well to advise me of it, that I may collect together those that are in the hands of the Indians. I have received advice from New England, that seve-* ral of your people have killed two Englishmen, on the fifteentli of the last month. These poor people, were ga- 129 thcrln^ in their iiarvest, and as thoy t!ioujT}ii tliomsflvcs CifaI' secure uiulcr the Treaty of IVace, it is iiiipossihlc not '"• to shudder at such dreadful crueUies ; and I am sorry to learn, that you olfer a reward of fifty (Irovvns to en- courage your allies to the comniisL-ion of these harl):iri- tievS. You will not think it amiss, when I inform you, that this conduct appears perfectly contrary to Christia- nity. I was informed two days ago, by the Onandagas, that you had sent two Proselyte Indians, to inform the other Tribes that if they did not come in forty-five days, that you would march at the head of your army to compel them by force. I, on my part have this day ordered the Lieutenant Governor, to march with the King's Re- gular Troops, to oppose any hostilities, you may un- dertake ; in case of necessity, I am resolved to arm every man within the limits of my government, to repel your attacks, and to make reprisals for the damages you have done our Indians." * ' . To this spirited letter,* was sent the following answer, by the Count : — ' '* I should neither have been so long without making my compliments to you, by sending persons of distinction and merit, to thank you for the politeness you have been pleased to show me, by Messrs. Schuyler and Dellius,if the vessels daily looked for from France, had arrived sooner. Their delay is the only reason, that obliges me to put off • Charlevoix, Vol. U. p. 229. R 3S 130 Chap, their departure till the next Spring, under the appre- II'' bension that as the season is too far advanced, it will not be possible for them to return before the navigation of the Lakes and Rivers, is closed. The dispatches I have received from the Count in- form me, of what doubtless you are not ignorant, that the Kings, our masters, have resolved to appoint Com- missioners * to regulate the boundaries of those Coun- tries over which their dominion is to extend in these parts. Thus, Sir, instead of pursuing the conduct you have done, you should have waited the .decision of the Com- missioners, and not have meddled in a business which had been already begun, and which ought to be consi- dered of a domestic nature, since it is only a Father who endeavours to bring back his Children to their du- ty, beginning first with lenient measures, but with a firm determination to use severities, if the former should not succeed. This business has no connection with the Treaty of Peace and Friendship, which the Kings our Masters have concluded : and you can take no part in it, with- out disclosing that so far from being desirous of main- taining a good correspondence, you are seeking for pre- texts to destroy the Treaties that have been concluded, unauthorized, in my opinion, by his Britannic Majesty. * The Count was under an error. — The Treaty made no provision for set- tling the Limits between the English and French Possessions ; it solely had in view the examination and determination of the controverted Rights and Preten- tions to Hudson 't Bay. — Smith's Hlstorj of New York. p. 51. With respect to myself, in wishing to compel the Five Chap. Nations to perform the engagements they made me, be- ^^ * fore the news of Peace, between the two Crowns was known, and for the performance of which they gave hostages, I only followed the course I had before adopt- ed. But you. Sir, have changed yours, in setting forth claims which are new, and without the least shadow of ti- tle or foundation. RCt- id in Iten- You therefore make it necessary that I should in» form you that I know full well the sentiments of the Five Nations ; that chere is not one of them desirous of being under the government of England, and that you want proof to substantiate your right The proofs we have, and which will be put in the hands of the Com- missioners, are so incontrovertible, that I much doubt that any answer can be given to them. I am, therefore, Sir, resolved to continue my former course, and I beg you would not take any steps to thwart my measures, as I assure you they will be useless, notwithstanding your threats of assistance to the Indians, contrary to the Treaty of Peace, which neither occasion much appre- hension, nor will they oblige me to abandon my designs. On the contrary, they will excite further exertions not- withstanding any fatal consequences that may ensue. You then. Sir, will have to answer for your conduct, to the King your master, and to Heaven. You were ill informed when you were told, that the French and In- dians residing amongst us had committed outrages on the Five Nations. It is true that the Outtawas and Algon- quins had given a severe blow to the Onandagas, be- cause that Nation as well as others, had declared that R2 iS 132 Chap, they would not make Peace with them. I have never- ^^^« thcless reason to think, that if the Five Nations have not brought back the Prisoners they have taken irom us, it has been owing to your formal opposition. This, however, will not prevent my acknowledging the kind treatment you have shown the Four French Prisoners you sent me. I was very full in explaining myself with regard to the Indians "n Acadia, and I was always ap- prehensive thai if justice was not soon rendered to those of their Nation prisoners at Boston, some enterprize would be undertaken against your Colony. I am ex- tremely sorry to learn that the blow has been given, which will ccjmpel me to send them a second order to desist from all future hostility, but I beg you will re- lease their People, with respect to whom you have gi- ven me no answer. You will observe that I have used the same candor and freedom you have done.** Notwithstanding this letter. Lord Bellomont still continued the claim, insisting that the French Pri- soners should be deliver ''d up at Albany. While this matter was still controverted, the Count de Fronteriac died at Quebec, to the unspeakable regret of the whole Colony. His character has been pourtrayed by Mr. de la Potherye, and with too much justice to be suppres- sed : The end of the year was fatal to Canada, by the loss of the Count de Frontenac, who died on the twen- ty eighth of November, in the seventy-eighth year of his age. He had been Governor for seventeen years, and never was a Father of a Country more sincerely re- gretted. The Clergy honored him for his virtues, and the Noblesse esteemed him for his valour. The Mer- 133 chant respected him for his equity, and the People loved Chap. him for his goodness.* !"• On the death of the Count de Frontenac,t the Che- 1699. valier de Callieres assumed the reitfns of Government in virtue of his Commission, dated the twentieth of April, one thousand six hundred and ninety-nine, J and the Marquis de Vaudreuil supplied his place in the Go- vernment of Montreal. While Schuyler was in Canada, it was asserted that he had said in a conversation with Mr. Maricourt, that the Five Nations, were dependent on New York, and were considered, not as Allies but as their Slaves. Maricourt well knew the use and advantages to be made of so im- prudent a speech, and immediately addressed himself to an Onandaga Chief, to whom he painted in the most aggravated terms, the wicked and deceitful conduct of the English, whp prevented the Peace, by insisting that the prisoners should be sent to Albany, considering them, as their Slaves, and that the sole cause of the dispute be- tween the French and English, was the independence of the Five Nations. Maricourt, had the address to raise their resentment, and a deputation was sent to Albany, to make their complaint known to the Governor of New York. To show how much they were incensed they did not even wait for an answer to the deputation, but resol- • La Potherye, Vol. IV. p. I la ■f He was buried in the Recollect Church. The following inscription wai •n the Coffin Plate, when taken up, after the Fire that destroyed that Church and Convent in September 1 7.0.; : " Cy gyt le HaUt et Puissant .Seignenr Louis de Buade, Conite dc' Irontenac, Gouverneur General de h Nouvelle France, niort a Quebec le 2S Novembre, 1698." I Registered at Quebec 14 September. Colony Records. '1 I 1; i SI! ;' II HI 134 Chap, ved to send deputies to Canada, to make peace with the "*• Chevalier de Callieres, without their consent. The Governor of New York met the Sachems at Al- bany in June, and stated to them, how much these representations had been exaggerated, and that it doubt- less would be much more for their interest to be includ- ed in a general Poace, than to make a partial one with the French, on whose Faith little dependance could ever be placed. The Governor's Speech made such an impres- sion, that they thought it most for their interest to de • fer making a Treaty with the French, and with this view, dispatched messengers to recall those that had been sent on this business. These arrived too late, how- ever, to prevent the Treaty, but it had this effect on the deputies, who now saw the policy of being included in the Peace as they had been in the war, and therefore insisted on the exchange of Prisoners at Albany. An end was at length put to this business, by the Chevalier, who consented to send Ambassadors to Onandaga, to treat of the exchange of Prisoners. The Commission- ers on the part of Canada were. Messieurs Maricourt, Joncaire and Bruyas the Jesuit. They set out from Montreal, and proceeding up the River, they arrived early in September near one of the Onandaga Castles, where they were received by a considerable number of the Five Nations, who expressed great satisfaction on their arrival. One of the Sachems addressed the Com- missioners in the.following Speech : " We no longer entertain the least doubt of the jus- tice and undisguised sincerity of our Father Ononthio,* * Grand Ononthio, was the King of France ; Ononthio, meant the Go»ernor of Canada. I # 135 who has the Robe Noire, and our Son, Joncalre. Our Ciiaf. Country will now be beautiful, and you will be witnes- ^^'* ses to-morrow, of the faith of our Warriors. Repose yourselves after the great fatigues of your journey.** Maricourt then presented them with four fathom of Tobacco, and returned the following answer :— " We thank the God of Life and Grace, that he has permitted us to arrive safe in the Country of our Chil- dren, and we beg you will accept this Tobacco, as a mark of the high sense we entertain of your civilities to- wards us." )m ot us- krnor The next morning, the Commissioners were to be received, and advancing within less than a mile of the Onandagas* Castle, a Chief of that nation desired them to halt, that sufficient time might be given, to make the necessary arrangements for the ceremony of their recep- tion. Orders were soon after given for them to march in the following manner. At the head of the precession a Frenchman carried a white Flag, then came Maricourt,- at a small distance ; after him. Father Bruyas and Jon- caire followed, attended by the rest of the Frenchmen, who closed the procession. On arriving at the Gate of the Castle, they were received with marks of the greatest friendship, and complimented with five strings of wam- pum. The first string was intended to signify, that he wiped away their tears for the French blood, that had bee» spilled in the different wars. I I iflf I f: 'i ( ! I 136 Chap. By the second— He opened their mouths, that they *"• might speak with freedom, and without restraint. And by the third — He cleaned the Mat, on which they were to sit, from the blood that had been spilt on both sides. Father Bruyas, the Jesuit, returned them thanks for their friendly reception. The procession then passed the Gate, and entering the Fort, there was a general discharge of Musquetry from the Natives of the garrison. After this ceremony was over, they were conducted to the best Wigwam, where a Feast of Venison and ground Indian Corn, was served to them. As the Plenipotentiaries of the Senecas, Cayugas and Oneydoes had not yet arrived. Father Bruyas and Maricourt availed themselves of this circum- stance to visit the French prisoners, to whom they com- municated the object of their Mission, to release thera from Bondage. The Prisoners, so far from expres- sing a wish to i-eturn, declared their intention of spending the remainder of their days with them, as they prcfered the Indian mode of life to any other. Nor were these people singular, many instances having hap- pened, after the most pressing solicitations, that per- sons who have led that life, refusing to return to their families and friends, and only two or three returned in consequence of the great offers that were made them. Such are the charms of an Indian life ! ! ! As soon as the General Council was convened. Fa- ther Bruyas, the Jesuit made the following Speech : 137 «' I am glad to see the Five Nations, and to learn that Chap. some of them went to Canada, notwithstanding Corlear* I i • forbid. I am sorry for the loss of your People by the remote Indians, I condole their death, and wipe away their blood with this belt. The War Kettle has boiled so long, that it would have scalded all the Five Nations had it continued, but it is now fortunately overset, and turned upside down, and a lasting Peace is made. I plant the Tree of Peace and Happiness at Onan- daga. Keep fast the Chain you have made with Cor- lear, for we now have one heart and one interest with him J but why is Corlear against your corresponding with us ; ought we not to converse together when we are at Peace and Friendship ? i Deliver up the French prisoners you have, and we will return, not only your People, but the other prisoners made by our Allies. He then gave a Belt. I offer myself to live with you at Onandaga, to instruct you in the Christian Religion, and to drive away all sick- ness, and diseases of every kind out of your Country : and he then gave a Belt. Thiu last Belt is from the Renards or Fox Nation, to ticsirc restitution of Prisoners taken from them. * ♦ ftovtrnor of New York. r ^ ■■■-,-. ■:^f^^i»m-f9xmm '1 tl n • At the conclusion of his Speech, Bniyas observed 1 That he was surprized that Corlear did not communi* cate to them what passed between the Governor of Cana^ da and him. " He keeps you in the dark, while the Go- vernor of Canada conceals nothing from his Children i nor does the Governor of Canada claim your land, as Corlear does/* While the Council was deliberating on the an- swer that was to be given to the French Ambassadors, a Deputy and an Onandaga Chief from Lord Bello- mont arrived with a message, desiring them to be on their guard, and cautioned them not to hearken to the French, and that as he had business of importance to communicate, he begged their attendance at Albany in twelve days. This message at first appeared very un- favorable to the French Mission, but these fears were in some measure allayed by a Speech from Decannossora, who said : " 1 do not conceive why my Brother does not wish that we should hearken to the voice of our Father, and to smoke the Calumet of Peace ? To im- prove this spirit of dissatisfaction, the French Commis- sioners represented to them, that the English treated the Five Nations as their Subjects, and that once under their sujection, every evil was to be expected. They were agam pressed on the subject of Peace, with a re- quest that it should be immediately concluded. No- thing more, however, was done, till a few days after- wards, when another Council was assembled at Onan- daga, at which was present Lx)rd Bellomont's Deputy. Decannossora rose, and addressing himself first to the French Commissioners, assured them, that no object was nearer his heart than Peace, and that the Five Nations »% 189 wished much to have it concluded. He then turned Chap. towards the English Deputy and said :— HI. " As I never do any thing underhandedly, I am glad you are present to know the disposition I am hi : you will inform my Brother Corlear, who hSs sent you, that I am on the eve of my departure for (Quebec, to see my Father Ononthio^ who has planted the Tree of Peace. I shall afterwards proceed to Orange, (Albany) to know my Brother*s pleasure.** With these last words he presented five strings, which Father Bruyas ac- cepted. What gave sensible pain to the Ambassadors, was, that so far from showing a disposition to accede to the ^ proposition of Father Bruyas, to remain among tliem, they unanimously declared, that they would hearken to no proposition of the kind, as they had already accept- ed Corlear's Belt, by which he engaged to send them Pastors to instruct them. • The Ambassadors and the Deputies of the Onandaga and Seneca Tribes, left the Country of the Five Nati- ons, and set out on their journey to Canada. The Oney- does agreed also to send their Deputies, but one of them having been taken ill, they only forwarded a Belt of Wampum. This was discovered afterwards, as a mere pretext for withholding some of the Prisoners. On their way to Montreal, an Onandaga overtook the Ambassadors and Deputies, and told them, that tiic En- glish Governor was highly incensed against them for proposing to make Peace with the French, contrary to S2 ''4 »iiim>i -i^^numme* H ■ :\ ; I I ) ! .1 i 'fe^'ta4 / 140 Chap, his orders ; that he had seized one of the Oneydoes for 1^^* having killed an Englishman, taken all the Beaver be- longing to the Five Nations, hoisted the Red Flag, as a signal for war, had ordered the Mahingans to com- mence it, and that he would march into their Country in the ensuing Spring to W^A them to obey his or- ders. This threat, however, did not prevent them from proceeding on their journey, nor did it put a stop to a Peace so much dreaded by Lord Bellomont. After ma- ny days of fatigue, they at length arrived at Montreal, where they were received with public demonstrations of joy. As they entered the city, they were saluted by the great guns of the Garrison. The Allies, of whom there were then a great number in Montreal, were by no means pleased with the reception given to these Deputies. One of them asked : " What is the occasion of these public rejoicings.'* He was answered ; " That it was in compliment to the Sachems of the Five Nations, who had just arrived.** " Aye, Aye,** said he, " Fear makes the French show more respect to their Enemies, than love can make them show to their Friends.** After a few days, the Chevalier de Callieres informed these Tribes, that he was ready to meet them in Coun- cil, and the necessary arrangements being made, the meeting took place immediately after. As soon as the Council was assembled, an OnarJaga Chi&f, in the name of the Five Nations, rose and made the following Speech : . _ ^ ■ '\ i( My Father, we are again returned, to assure you. 141 that it is the ardent ^ish of the Five Nations to make Chap. Peace with you. Judge by what I have done as soon as I^'* I learnt the arrival of Father Bruyas and our Sons Jon- caire and Maricourt at Onandaga. Two hundred of my Nephews were in readiness to have made an attack on the Miamis and other Nations who have killed me * as I have already informed you. I then stopped them, and I assure you, that there are no Allies of Ononthio with whom we would have any objection to live, as Brothers." And he then gave a Belt. Give us an Armourer at Fort Frontenac, that we may have our muskets mended, and let there be a well assorted Store of Goods, that we may exchange our Furs : and he then gave a Belt. ' As the most unequivocal proof of a solid and lasting Peace, is a reciprocal restitution of Prisoners, I have brought you many, and I expect from you, the release of those belonging to us, detained by the Outtawas, at the Fall and at the Mountain of Montreal. And he then gave a Belt. I come to secure the Tree of Peace that I have al- ready planted, and I have given it deep roor, that it may never be blown down. And he then gave a Belt. You my Father, and Corlear, my Brother, both must wish that we should enjoy the Peace, which the two Grand Ononthios have concluded. Corlear, however, ap- * An Indian exprettion, to signify that their PeopU had been kilkU. !i'' :i( H 142 Chap, pears to wish to involve us in trouble, but I beg you III. ij^y father, to write to him, to know whetheif he is in earnest or not ; and he then gave a Belt. The sixth Belt was intended to express their wishes to the Chevalier de Callieres, that Capt. Louvigni, might be released from his arrest : The Captain, while Com- mandant of Frontenac had, contrary to the King's orders, traded with the Five Nations ; they were therefore in hopes, that through their iniluence,h^ might be released. He then presented .three Belts of Wampum, on ac- count of a little child of the Five Nations, brought with them, and informed the Governor, that his Uncle was Master or Teacher to Joncaire, His Uncle being dead, Joncaire was now his master: That the child was of no small distinction, being allied to those of ' note among the Onandagas. That they meant to leave him in Canada to learn the French language, that in case Joncaire should die, they hoped Ononthio and the Intendant, would take care of him, as they proposed, that he should have the managen^ent of their affairs in Canada. Thi; Chevalier postponed giving his answer, until tiio arrival of the Allies of Michillimakinac, when he, a few 4ays after, addressed them in the following language : " It is no small pleasure to me, my children, to see you all here, as I have already assured you. I have, also, learnt with satisfaction, the great attention you have paid to Father Bruyas and to Messieurs Maricourt ard Joncaire : and he then gave a Belt. 145 The attack that has been made on you, from the p^o- Chap* p!e from the Upper Country, has been the cause of m* much grief, and if you had been here sooner, it might not have happened. Your delay has been the occasion of it, and I applaud your conduct in refraining from killing those, that have slain several of your people : and he then gave a Belt, I regret exceedingly the I ; f so many brave men, that have been killed, and I araw a veil over the dead : and he then gave a Belt. I take also, your Hatchets and bury them in the earth; I stop the hole, with a large rock, over which, there shall run a stream of water ; who then shall be able to find them ? and he then gave a Belt. If any person, shall be so unmindful of his duty, as to commit any act of hostility, come and advertize me of it, that I may compel him to make satisfaction. That, on refusal, I may join those who have been injured, and be revenged. I shall inform Corkar, that he too, may join in punishing those that shall break the Peace, concluded between two Grand Onont/iios, according t« your wishes : and he then gave a Belt. I hold fast the Tree of Peace which you have planted: and he then gave a Belt. As a strong proof of my wish, to give you entire sa- tisfaction, and to do away every doubt of the sincerity of my intentions, I will accede to your desire, of having an Armourer at Fort Frontenac, and I will lose no time. rj'f ' 1 I r M H '! ■J '[ (3 '. 144 Chap, in forwarding there, such merchandize, as may be ne- ^"■* cessary for your present wants, until I know his Majes- ty's pleasure thereon. And he then gave a Belt. The release of the French Prisoners, has been th.e subject of great joy to me, I shall immediately write to ^he Outtawas, to release the Prisoners they have, that they may be down by the month of August, of the ensu- Hig year. I invite you, all to come for them, and bring with you, all the French and other prisoners of our Allies, and particularly La Gonkine, who is now with the Cayugas. As to the Indians at the Sault, and at the Mountain, speak to them, the door is open for their re- turn to their own Country. And he then gave a Belt. I shall take good care of Achonchondi, who is the Nephew of Joncaire, according to your desire. And he then gave a Belt. With respect to the Commandant of Frontenac, you shall have another. And he then gave a Belt.** When the Chevalier had finished the foregoing speech, Le Rat, a Deputy and one of the Huron Chiefs, spoke as follows : " I have always been obedient to my Father, and I bury the Hatchet at his feet. I have no doubt, that all the distant Nations will do the same. The Deputies of the four Outtawa Nations, spoke to the same eflfect. 145 The Abenaqul Deputies, observed : " Thatchey ha^! Chap. no other Hatchet, than that of their Fatbits, and that "^' they had buried it." To which sentiments, the Depu- ties of the praying Indians earnestly expressed their ac- quiescence, and approbation. After which the Treaty of Peace was signed * by the Chevalier de Callieres and these Deputies. m As soon as this Peace was cidnciluded, the Chevalier de Callieres informed the Ministry of France that the present time ought to be improved, to ruin the English interest with the Five Nations. He expressed a wish, that if the French Government could not obtain an advantageous arrangement of the Boundaries of the French and English Colonies, at least the whole Coun- try of the Five Nations should be declared Neutral Ground, and that both Nations should be restricted as to building Forts or making any Settlements among them : He also proposed the leaving them to their choice as to spiritual affairs, under the persuasion, that they would prefer Catholic to Pr^-testant Ministers. Tke Peace, however, which had been so lately con- cluded, was but of a short duration : No sooner had the Deputies of the Five Nations returned to their own Country, than they learnt, that a party of the Outtawas had fallen on a small number of their People, had kil- led several, and taken one of their Chiefs, prisoner. The occasion of this attack was owmg to this circumstance : • Pighth ScpenrHer, 1700.— The Population thi» y-ir (1700) amounted tu 15,000 Souli. La Pothtrye, Vol. I, p. 369. 1701. 1'. i iit !i I III! 146 Chap. The party of the Five Nations had been out hunting on III* the grounds usually frequented by the Outtawas, and had destroyed several Huts in which they had deposited their Beaver. The Outtawas, as soon as they were ap- prized of this conduct, considered it as an act of hos- tility, and determined on revenge, which was carried into eiFect, by the foregoing attack. As the Five Nations had promised by the late Treaty that they would in no case take arms without previous information being given to the Governor of Canada, they sent Deputies to Montreal, to represent the great injuries they had suffered from the Outtawas. On their arrival on the second of March, they were admitted to a Council, when they represented to Mr. de Callieres the injuries they had received. "• There is no doubt," said they, " some madman was the cause of this out- rage ; but since the Nation does not disavow the act, it is to be supposed that they authorized it. And since you desired that we should address ourselves to you, in case of such accidents, we beg you would restore to us our Chief who has been carried to Michillimakinac." They justified the conduct of the Hunters. The Go- vernor General, to allay their resentment, assured them, that the Outtawas had not been apprised of the Treaty of last Autumn : that he would procure the release of their Chief, and that their interests should be always at- tended to. While these assurances appeased their an- ger and satisfied their Deputies, another Deputation ar- rived, repeating their former complaints, on account of the hostility committed during the Winter, and desiring to know, whether it was true that the French meant to make a Settlement at Detroit. The Chevalier gave i i' ,; '.i .^ •► 147 the same answer that he had done to the first Deputies, Chap. and that with regard to Detroit, that Settlement could m* not be opposed either by the Five Nations or the En- glish, as Detroit belonged to the French. That his object in taking possession of it was with a view to pre- serve Peace and Tranquility among all the Nations, and that positive orders had been given to that effect ; " as for me,* * said the Governor, " I am master in my Govern- ment, but only with a view of promoting the happiness of my Children. It is to promote it that I have taken possession of Detroit, and I am persuaded, that one day or other thanks will be given me for having executed it.'* Jegantssoreus, one of the Deputies, observed, that as soon as he had made his report to the Sachems, that they would give the earliest intelligence of what he said to the English, and that he hoped if the two Nations were plunged into a war, that the Five Nations, might not be compelled to take any share in it. *' I am indiffer- ent," said the Governor, '* whether my design at De- troit is known or not to the English. I am persuaded, that so far from approving it, they will do every thing within their power to oppose it. All I have to request of you is, that you will remain quiet spectators as to what may pass between us.** The want of an Hospital at Three Rivers, for the re- ception of the Inhabitants and sick Soldiers had been se- verely felt, and Representations were made by the Bi- shop, for the establishment of so useful an Institution, to the King of France ; who directed, that his Royal Letters Patent should issue, for the foundation of so ne- cessary an Establishment. — The Hotel Dieu was put un- T2 1702. I ; i '■! ■ i 1' hi I I J ti !;i \ ijL 11 !i| :i 148 Chap, der the government of the Bishop, and to be served by ni. the Nuns of the Convent.* . • > .%iii . .^ At length at a meeting of the Deputies of the Fiv^ Nations and of these of the Indians of the North West, a mutual restoration of Prisoners toojt place, and Peace between them all was finally concluded at Montreal, • It was no sooner known in Canada that War had been declared f between England and France, than the Chevalier de Callieres, apprehensive that the English Government would direct their attacks against the French Settlements in America, by exciting the Five Nations to break the Peace that l^ad been concluded, and to commit hostilities against the Colony, early per- ceived the necessity of undertaking tlje most vigorous ipeasures to disconcert tjie views of the English, who ip addition to the Militi^ Forpes already raised, had der tached several Indian Nationg from their allianpe, who were no^y joined with them, Tp counteract these mea- sures, |)e represented to the Court of France : That it w^s necessary for the preservation pf the Colony, that Troops should be sent over, and that the Fortifications should be put in the best possible state pf repair. But while the C hevalier was employed in measures for the safety pf the Colony, he died on the twenty-sixth May seventeen hundred and three at Quebec, | very much l-egretted by the whole Country, ♦ Colony Record!. • , * f Queen Anne's pec|antipD of War against France and Spain waf dated the 4th ^:ay, 1702. ^ He vas buried in the Recollect Church.r— On the Coflin plate— Cjr gyst Haut et Puissant Seigneur, Hector de Callieres^ Chevalier de Saint Louis, Gou- verneur pt Lieutenant General de la Nouvelle France, d^ced^ le 26 Mai, 1703. 1 7QS. Religious Communities prohibited from Purchases, beyond a fixed ey- t«i>r. -0r 1703. < . , ■'• rr 149 • 1.^ -■ .,,; h j: ' ":r:- ,• I » T I > . . I THI HISTORY k'\ :».<■.' -I. V CANADA. Chap. IV. J 1 1 I*, Cy gy«t (, Gou> i, 1703. ixed t^' CHAPTER IV. from the year 1703, to the appointment of the Marquk de Be(marmis as Governor General, in 1726. 1 HE Marquis de Vaudreuil, succeeded the Ghevalier de Callieres in the Government, by Commission dated on the first of August, ii: t!.e year one thousand seven hundred and three, * and Beauhamois succeeded Cham- pigny as Intendant. The Marquis had so much approved of the wisdom of i^ e steps taken by his predecessor, that he determined to follow them, and took the earliest op- portunity of gaining over the Five Nations to the French * Regntered at QnelwC) 2d September. — CoAony Recordi. w hiii 'j'i if i 1 d \ ' rf fil. 1'- 1 150 Chap. Interest. He had abundant reason to applaud his own ^V. activity, for soon after this, a deputation of the Onan> dagas arrived, and made the following Speech : *' We have never communicated to any person what I am now about to inform you : until this moment we have always considered ourselves as the sole proprietors of our Lands, and for that reason we had always de- termined to remain quiet spectators to what might pass between you and the English. But here is a Belt, that I present to you under ground, that you may be inform- ed, that we give you the absolute right to our Coun- try. Therefore, my Father, shotild any unfortunate circumstance happen to us, or should we stand in need of your assistance, look on us as your Children, and put us in a condition to support the step we take this day. With respect to the French Missionaries, you may be assured, that I will sooner perish, than permit them to leave, my Tribe.*'* This Speech had just been delivered, when Jeganis- soreus arrived, and spoke as follows : *' The Europeans are a mischievous People. They no sooner conclude a Peace, than the most trifling circumstance induces them to take up the Hatchet. We do not act in this manner, and great must be the pro- vocation to induce us to break the Peace we have con- cluded." He gave the Marquis assurances that his Tribe would take no part in the war between the two Nations ; being determined to preserve the strictest neutrality. * One or two of the Tribes had admitted Missionaries. dKi ■«(? 151 Nothing could afford more satisfaction, as the Mar- Chap, quis entertained greater apprehensions, from this Tribe, IV. than any other of the Five Nations. As the Abenaqui Indians still professed their ancient attachment for the French, and were not to be drawn into ihe war, though they were solicited by the Gover- nor of New England to join the English, they applied to the Marquis for assistance, in case the English Gover- nor in resentment, might invade their Country. The Marquis, aware of the policy of keeping these people in their old attachment, sent them two hundred and fifty men, under the command of Mr. Rouville. They had scarcely arrived in their Countiy, when the I'lnglish, hearing of their approach, advanced to meet them : an action immediately ensued, in which the English were routed, many of their men killed, and one hundred and fifty were carried in captivity, > i V>* ^ *^ - . Though the Five Nations were disposed not to give ] -704, umbrage either to the French or English, by preserving a strict neutrality, yet they wished to become mediators between the Governors of both Provinces. The Mar- quis, who had been early apprized of this plan, con- ceived it proper to advise the Court of France of what had passed at the late meeting at Montreal. The Minis, ter in answer, informed the Marquis that if a war a- gainst them should not be attended with very extraorJi- 1704. Royal order eigluh of June. I'rocccdiiigii in civil causes before the .Save reign Council regiilattJ. — Attorney General to give his eonclutions i'ivu fi^t, 1 lie President and Judjfes to consult apart from him. — If process is in writing, Mr. Attorney to give written conclusions and retire. — In a case of moment he may speak again /'iva Feet and retire.— His written roiidusions lo be part of the Proceedings in the cause.— Colony Records. lit i^ 'It ii !IIM iH ! ll; ' I 152 Chap, nary expetices, he wished him to accede to the proposi- ' ens made by the Five Nations ; but if on the other hand, danger might arise from this conduct, in that case, a neutrality with respect to America, was an object of much imponance ; that it by no means comport- ed with his Majesty's honor, that the Govenror should make the first advances, nor accept the mediation of the Five Nations solely, but at the desire of the other Indi- an Nations, conjointly. The Minister conceived it of much importance that the Missionaries should impress them with the idea, that the French by no means wished to trouble the Peace of their Country, that though the Governor might prose- cute the war with vigour, yet that he preferred the tranquility of Canada to every other consideration ; and that if the Five Nations could compel the English to re- quest a Neutrality for both Provinces, the Marquis would lend an ear to the proposition, without however making any immediate arrangements, until the King's pleasure should be first known on the subject. • ^ To convince the Five Nations how much the Govern- ment of France was disposed to remain on friendly terms with them, a fortunate circumstance happened to prove the sincerity of its amicable disposition towards them. A party of Outtawas had captured several In- kVnns b'^longing to the Five Nations near Cataraqui; on being released, and on their return home, they passed l).'fi*oir, and offered such insults to the Garrison of that place, that the Commandant ordered twenty men to at- tack them. After a short resistance the Indians were routed, and the prisoners that had been taken, were delivered up to the Senecas then ontheir n "- home. » t I till , i 153 The Bishop of Quebec, Mr. Saint Vallier, who had Chap. been in France on a visit, was anxious to return to Ca- ^^• nada. He applied this Summer, for a conveyance for himself and several Ecclesiastics who had expressed a desire to visit this Country. The King provided a Ship called, La Seine, on board of which they embarked. They had however proceeded but a few days on their voyage, when they were captured by an English cruizer, and carried to England. The deplorable situation of the French Protestants then in the Gallies in France, had excited the commisseration of the English Nation, and the House of Lords,* in hopes of getting them re- leased, presented an Address to Oucen Anne, humbly praying that in exchange for the Bishop of Quebec and the Ecclesiastics that had been taken, she would have regard to the French Protestants in the Gallies. The Queen in her answer expressed the same compassion for these unfortunate people, promised to comply with the desire of the House, and to do all that was in her power to have it effected. Mr. Dudlfy, Governor of Massachusetts, proposed an exchange of Prisoners by Mr. Livingston, who was the Bearer of his Propositions. The Marquis do Vau- dreuil informed Mr. Livingston, that on his return to Boston, he would send an officer with him who would convey to Mr. Dudley the terms on which he would treat. The French Envoy, Mr. Courtemanche, was charged to represent to the English Governor, that no exchange of English Prispoers coulU take place, but on • journal* of the Houw of Lordi of tht Parlia-nent of Sngland, lOth tfuvember, 1704. !}. Anne. u 170.>. •1|-| 'i S &""*^'' - u ' t w ttJM- ^i^^my g , p L ■ I . 4 1 ■ Ji ' !| : ■ 154 Chap, the condition that all the French and their Indian Allies *V. should be delivered up to the Governor of Acadia, and further, that assurances should he given, that those Pri- soners that had been sent either to Europe or to the West Indies, should be set at liberty* ti THii Governor of New England by no means apprb- ved of these terms : he therefore lengthened out the ilegociation, and declared at the same time, that no tnea- sures could be finally taken, until h^ had consulted the Governoi's of tlie other Provinces. The Marquis plainly discovered, that the object of Mr. Dudley was merely lo gain time, and resolved on the further prosecution of the War, by making incursions in New England. Though the Five Nations had released their Prisoners, as well as the Outtawas, yet they now demanded satis- faction for those that had been killed in a late action, by them. This the Outtawas were by no means indu- ced to grant, and serious apprehensions were entertain- ed least the war would again recommence between these Nations. To prevent them from coming to extrcmi- tif-'S, the Marquis ordered Mr. Louvigni to go to Michil- limakinac, and to represent to that Nation, the necessity of delivering up the Prisoners they then had belonging to the Five Nations. i . , . ^ - ■.. • "'"■ ' .' J • ; • . ... V ' ' i Captain LouviaNv's entreaties happily prevailed, and several of tliem were brought to Montreal. The Marquis on their arrival, apprized the Five Nations of tills circumstance, and begged them lo attend, as he expected a con.sidcrable number of Outtawa Chiefs, who would probably wish a conference with them. These Chiefs not arriving, as was expected, the Dcpu- ':-i' ties of the Five Nations were disnilssed, but before their Chap. departure, they represented to the Marquis, tliat no- IV, thing less than theiv high respect for him could have in- duced them to have waited so long for the reparation due them from the Outtawas, with a rcquost, that the M^irquis would declare war against ^hem, for having been the first to violate the Peace, The Marqu'a observed in his answer. That the Treaty did not compel him to take arms in any case, unless satisfaction could not be obtained from those that had given the offence, that many of the Prisoners were al- ready released ; and observed that they doubtless wouUl comply \yith whatever else w.vs reasonable and proper. I '. The Deputies were no sponer embarked, than advice was brought, that Mr. De Vincennes, was arrived witiv the Outtawas, who remained at the end of the Island of Montreal, uncertain what reception they would meet with from the Marquis, They were desired to repair to Montreal, and as soon as the Deputies of the Five Nati- ons were relanded.^ both \yere admitted to nu, audience, ; '■';il I'he Outrawas were sensible of the outrage thcv had committed, and endeavoured to pialiiate tiieir fault. *' My Father," said cxnf of them " in acknowlcdgin>»- our I aggression, we must cont^vss yo.u have bcenalao iunired. ' Pardon, we bcficcch you, the inconsiderate conduct of those now left without ja\lgmcnt by the death of their Chiefs. You are justly intitlod to take the severest revenge, but should you pardon our offence, you shall hav(^ no. reason to regret your cieincncv. As long :^.s w 1 '! 11 till a ' ■ \i 15^ Chap, we live, our gratitude shall not be waiitin{<;, arid from IV. this moment, we are disposed to make such Fatisfactioii to those we have offended, as you shall think proper to point out.** ' After which the Chief addressed himself to the Deputies of the Five Nations, who, overcome by these sentiments of contrition, an opportunity was offered to bring about a reconciliation of these ancient enemies. The Outtawas engaged also to restore a number equal to those that had been killed, but to show the little con. fidence that was to be placed in their assurances, they were a whole year without conforming to the condition they had agreed to, which so much incensed the Five Na- tions, that they were on the eve of declaring war, which was only prevented by the prudent conduct of the Mar- quis, who sent an Agent to them, assuring them, that no measures on his part should be left untried for the faith- ful execution of the promise made by the Outtawas. With this assurance they buried the Hatchet, and the Marquis by his perseverance compelled the Outtawas tp a punctual discharge of their pacific assurances, Mr. Raudot ♦ who had been appointed on the first day of January, one thousand seven hundred and five, Inter^dant, in the place of Mr. de Beauharnois f the Intendant, early j^pprized of the litigious spirit of the Canadians, so much to the detriment of the cultivation and settlement of the (colony, as well as to the in- • Hii Son wa» ^ -lined with him in the Comtniuion : but he wa« not to serve, but in the absence of hi; Father. f The Intetidant's pi wi'<-s were enlarj^ed, he had an exclusive authority and ioveroign cognizance, \i'kere the Levy and Rcceijit of Royal Rij^hti were a.Tict., f d ill case" rivil an vvell asrrimiiia! 157 tetest of their families, took the necessary steps to Chap. shorten the course of proceedings in the Courts, and ^V* deciding, in many cases in a summary manner, he pre- vented the continuance of those animosities, that are in- separably connected with protracted law suits, and in many instances, he settled their disputes in an amicable manner. • He proposed to the Government of France, to per- 17 06. mit the inhabitants of the Colony to manufacture coarse linens, as they raised considerable^ quantities, of Flax and Hemp, French manufactures being so dear, that the poorer classes of people were almost without cloathlng. The design was approved of by the Government, and it was urged on the Colony to attend to the r lising of Hemp, and to the Fisheries^ as objects of great national importance. At this period, the Commerce of the Colo- ny was inconsiderable. About thirty vessels arrived an- nually from France, whose tonnage amounted to nine thousand tons. Five or six small vessels were employed in the Seal Fishery in the Gulf, and three or four traded to the West Indies for Coffee, Sugar and other pro- duce of those Islands. . ^ Mr. Riverin, an active and intelligent man, as cnrlv as one thousand six hundred and ninety-sevm, had so- licited the Ministry of France, to aid a design of esta- blishing a Whale and Cod Fisher)' in the River Saint Lawrence: He stated to the Government the advantages to be derived from a Settlement at Mont Louis, at the Mouth of a small River of sufficient depth for vessels of a hundred tons, and sheltered from every danger. llOfj. I.e Sleur De Chanib;iu!t Lieutenant CoVL-rnor uf Mimtrtal oi: the di'uth ^i Mr. Juchrreau. , si P » 158 Chap. 'Vhe Fishery was better there than elsewhere, the shore ^^' more advantageous for drying the Fish, and the lands about it by no means unfriendly to cultivation However highly the Government approved the design, no assis- tance was given from that Quarter, and Mr. Riverin was obliged to look for support elsewhere. A Company at length was formed, and their success for two years equal- led their highest expectations ; but when least expected, Riverin was deserted by the Members of this Association, and unfortunately connecting himself with two gentle- men of Paris, who not finding the Fishery as valuable as they first conjectured, nor the Fur Trade as profita- ble as they expected, abandoned the design in one thou- sand seven hundred, to the ruin of Riverin, carrying off all the articles they had supplied, as an inderanifica> tion for the money they had advanced. *• sM ii ^; !■; War was again renewed between the Outtawas and Miamis, and several of the former were killed in an ac- tion, near Detroit. As no satisfaction was offered by th© latter, the Outtawas applied to the Commandant of that Post, wlio promised that justice should be done them. Mr. de la Motte Cadillac soon after left Detroit for Que- bec, without procuring the satisfaction he had promised them. This conduct induced them to suppose that the French were not displeased with what had happened^ and that they had in view the punishing them for the attack they had made on a party of the Five Nations at Cataraqui, by which they had infringed the Treaty of Peace. fli Mr. Tonti, who had been left in the command of the Garrison, in Cadillac*s absence, was now relieved by ': ' . 150 Mr. Bourgmont. The Outtawas addressed themselves Chai'. to him, and begged to know what news he brought res- *^ • pecting their affairs. He told them he knew of none, except that Cadillac would return in the ensuing Spring with a considerable force. This information did not fail to excite their apprehensions and left little room to doubt that measures were in a train to punish them with severity. Bourgmont, availed himself of every circumstance to dispel their fears, and proposed to them to join with the Miamis, Confederates and Hurons, against the Scioux. They declined the proposition under an idea that he sought an opportunity of carrying them out to war, tlie better to betray them in the snare he had laid. As their ^suspicions instead of diminishing daily encreased, they re- solved on revenge, but to prevent any idea of their designs against the Miamis, they proposed to declare, that the pre- parations they were then making, we'-e only designed a- gainst another nation. As soon as the arrangements for the expedition were made, the Chiefs before their depar- ture Went to the Fort, and asked the Commandant, whether he had lately received any news from Quebec or Montreal ? The officer so far from attending to them, would not hear them, which did not fail to excite- their indignation and resentment. Another circumstance hap- pened, which places the inhumanity of the French offi- cer in the most detestable point of light : A Dog having bit one of the Chiefs, in the French interest, that attend- ed the meeting: He beat the poor Indian to whom the dog belonged so unmercifully, that he died the next day The Outtawas swore among themselves, they would be revenged for this violence, and to carry on the dc- i ': y:p \ / II ij 160 Chap, ceptlon, they set out on their march, a few days after, ^V* against the Scioux. They had not been long gonc^ when they met a party of the Miamis, of whom they killed five ; only one being able to save himself, by run- ning into the Garrison : Crying out — The Outtawas are killing us. As soon as this circumstance was known in the Village, the rest of the Miamis, took refuge in the Fort, pursued by the Outtawas, many of whom were killed by the Guns of the Garrison. It was gene- rally supposed, that much bloodshed would have been the consequence of this conduct, but fortunately for both parties, instead of revenging themselves on each other, both returned to their several Villages in peace and quietness. 'J he news of this affair had scarcely ar- rived at Quebec, when a deputation of the Five Nations, made their appearance, with a declaration to the Go- vernor, that the Miamis were resolved on revenge on the Outtawas, who had broken the Peace, and had for- feited the good opiniop that they had once entertained of them. The Marquis, whose situation at this time, was very delicate and critical, assumed a proper tone of authoriry, declaring that he would never permit them to declare war against the Outtawas, without his consent. The fii m manner in which he spoke, had the effect of restraining them, and evinced that though the English had much influence over them, yet that his authority was little inferior to theirs. •* • V* , dt »,\,.7**' fT- •• With respect to the late conduct of the Outtawas, he thought it by far the wisest course to temporize with them, least the Ftjr Trade might be injured by an open rupture. It was not till after this, that a Chief of that Nation arrived to make, his excuses for the unfortu- h ■'% 161 of to c o* '(TMci affair thar had happened : But when Mr. de Vau- C.hak dreiiil, had seriously reflected, that by temporizing with ^ ^' rhem, they might be emboldened to commit other ex- cesses, he was resolved not entirely to overlook their conduct, he therefore ordered all the French, residing at MichilHmakinac, to return in the Colony, with a hope* that this mark of his resentment, would produce a divi- sion among them, and would be the means of the guilty being given up to justice. He desired Cadillac to resume his command at Detroit, to take no part in the quarrel, but to wait events, until the return of a Messenger he had sent to the ¥'we Nations. 1 707. The Outtawas m the Spring arrived at Alontreal. Jean Le Blanc, one of the Chiefs, related what had hap- pened at Detroit : He assured the Marquis that he had incontestable proof, that it was the firm intentionof the Miamis, as soon as they marched against the Scioux, to have murdered the men and women belonging to his Nation. He complained, that though he bad frequently waited on Mr. Bourgmont to make an apology for what had happened, y.^t that he would neither give th-m an audience^ nor accept of their Belt of Beaver. He then, added : *' And finally, my Father, T am here at your feet. You well know that I am not the most guilty. You are not ignorant how much disposed I have always been to do my duty, until this unfortunate day. It cannot be necessary to infoi-jn you, that I am the son of one of the greatest of the Indians of the Upjter Coun- try, who sought out for the French from the middle of the Waods. 1 now present you with my own X >-\i I N !iNl 162 Chap. head. I present you with Prisoners, ;. ■» revive the dead. 1 ^"* offer you the sincere respect of y : Children. What can I do more ? I however, perceive, that you will not be satisfied, unless Le Pesant is delivered up to you^ who is the only one that is guilty. That is impossible, as the consequence would be an attack from all those Nations to which he is at present allied.' ft The Marquis in his answer, insisted upon the deli- very of Le Pesant, That all the Nations knew the guilt of the Outtawas, and as the injury had been done at Detroit, it was there that the reparation was to be made, and that they must return there and perform what he should desire. He refused to receive their Belt, and sent Mr. de Saint Pierre with them. On their arrival, Mr. Cadillac frankly told them, that they must expect no pardon, until they surrendered Le Pesant. Mr. Cadillac's firmness on this occasion convin- ced them of the necessity of complyiiTg . with his or- ders. They early sought out Le Pesant and brought him to Detroit. They indulged a hope, that the ala- crity with which they had complied with the Command- ants order, would be the means of saving Le Pesant, nor were they mistaken ; the Commandant was no sooner asked for his release, than he consented. This act of generosity, however, was attended with conse- quences of the most disastrous nature. • As soon as the Miamis were informed of what -had happened, and that there was no prospect of satisfac- tion notwithstanding Cadillac's former promise that Le Pesant should be given up to them instead of the French^ they determined to take revenge. A small party who 1 1 16S had been out, met with two Frenchmen on their way up Ciiap. the Country whom they tomahawked and mangled in ^^' the most cruel manner, and committed depredations under the guns of the Garrison, These hostile dispositions, in conjunction with the information he had received, that the Five Nations Hu- rons and Outtawas had determined to fall on the Garrison of Detroit, induced him, for his own safety, to declare war against these Nations ; but to the surprize of every one, he immediately patched up an accommodation as little honorable to himself as to the Natioii which he served. The pusillanimity of the Commandant in this Truce, was too apparent to escape their notice, and convinced them that it had been concluded through a sense of fear. The Miamis availed themselves of it, and no longer con- sidering themselves bound by the Treaty, they renewed their depredations. Cadillac, who at length perceived the folly he had committed, resolved on revenge for the infraction of the Treaty, and collecting his Troops, he marched against the Miamis with four hundred men. Having routed a large party of them, they sued for Peace, and promised to comply with any conditions he thought proper to propose. However successful Joncaire ^as, in preserving the Five Nations in their observance of the Treaty of Peace, and in retaining them in obedience to the French inte- rest, the Governor of New York was no less fortunate, in seducing the Praying Indians of the Sauit Saint Lou- X 2 1 '•1 S' '■' . mat ' / i1 1 fi % 164 C!u.\p. is, many of whom quitted that Settlement, and removed ^^' with their families to the Province of New York. The Catholic Clergy, had long been dissatisfied with the regulation established by the Superior Council, which gave them only one twenty-sixth of the produce by way of Tythes, and they made a Representation to the King of France, in the hope, that His Majesty might be indu- ced to fix the Tythes at one thirteenth ; but their Appeal to the King produced a Decree, which stopped their pretensions on this point. Beside the sum' of seven thousand six hundred livres, which the King had as- signed, as a Supplement to the Tythes, His Majesty . granted one thousand seven hundred livres to those, whose great age and infirmities prevented them from serving their Parishes, and by a decree this sum was divided in portions of three hundred livres each, and one of two hundred livres.* I7C8, Whi He these transactions took place, an expedition 'was planned at Montreal, against the New England set- tlements. This army, which amounted to four hun- dred men, was under the command of Mess'eurs de Chaillons and Hertel de Rouville, and the Indians, were put under the command of Mr. de la Perriere. To con- foal the object of the expedition, it was resolved, that one division of the army, was to march by the way of the Saint Francis, and the other, to proceed by the way of Lake Champlain,to meet at Lake Nikir,ipiqui, where it had been settled that the Kasternlndiars should join them. Notwith- standing that it was of the highest importance, that no jim'^ «;ho»ildbe lost, after the resolution had been taken, • Colony Rerordt. * , .: ... . 165 yet so greatwere the difficulties that the army only left Ciiak Montreal, on the twenty-sixth day of July. The divi- IV. sion by the way of Saint Francis, was soon deserted by the Huron Indians, nor was the other divisioji more for- tunate in retaining the Indians of the Mountain of Mon- treal, who having lost a few men by sickn^>ss, resolved to return home. Notwithstanding this defection, the Marquis sent orders to the several detachments, to proceed on with- out delay ; after a long march of many days, both di- visions arrived at the rendez-vous en the borders of Lake Nikisipiqui, where they expected a reinforcement of Eastern Indians : This Nation, however, could not have given them any assistance, being themselves engaged in war, with another Nation of Indians. The French army pushed on to the attack of a Village, called Haverhill, in which was posted fifty Soldiers, sent by the Gover- nor of New England, in consequence of the iiiformu tion of the approach of a French force. The Village was attacked at day break, on the twenty-ninth day of August, was well defended by the small party of Troops and by the Inhabitants ; at length overpowered by num- bers, the French took possession of it, having killed no[ less than one hundred men, and carried several into captivity. The Frerch, on their return were pursued, and overtaken just as they were entering the woods. An union ensued which lasted about an hour, when the English were defeated and several were killed. Tlic French loss, amounted only to ci'jjht men killed, and eighteen wounded, among the slain, were two officers Jfiertel de Chambly, RouvilleV. brother, and Vculieres. i 166 Cmap. The Marquis, sent a Messenger to the Governor of ^^* New York, to express his surprise, that while he was desirous of preserving the Peace with the Five Nations, no less advantageous to New York than to Canada, that he should make propositions to them to infringe their neutrality, by taking up arms against Canada. He com- plained, that the Governor had lately built a Fort in the Mohawk's Country, and that he had endeavoured to debauch the Indians settled in the Province. The messenger returned with the following answer: " With respect to the Belt I sent to the Indians, to pre- vent them from joining you, in the expedition against the Government of New England, I must acknowledge that, I was induced to it, from motives of Christian Charity. I conceived it a duty, I owed to God and man, to prevent as much as possible, those horrid bar- barities, which have been too often exercised upon the unhappy people of that Government. You will pardon me. Sir, when I inform you, that my heart bleeds, at the thought that a war between two Christian Princes, acknowledging the laws cr honor and generosity, of which their ancestors have given so ma- ny examples, should have degenerated into that savage barbarity, that has no bounds. I have no idea, that the war can terminate by such means, and I only wish all the world thought on the subject as I do." I U i i i However desirous the Governors of both Provinces, might have been, to put a stop to these barbarities, yet |he horr(/rs that had been committed, for fifty years and piore, by the Savages on both sides, had exaspLrated their minds to such a pitch of resentment, that when- Chap. ever either was victorious, the most unheard of cruehies *"• were exercised on the vanquished ; this conduct laid the foundation of eternal enmity, and both parties car- ried their animosities to such lengths, as never to have in view any thing less, than the entire extermination of each other. A design against Canada, was this year, meditated by ^ 70^, the English Northern Colonies. Colonel Vetch, who had been several years at Quebec, was the chief project- or of this enterprize. The ministry of England ap- proved of it, and Vetch went to Boston, to prevail with the New England Colonies to join in the scheme ; It was determined by the Queen of England, that a squa- dron of ships, should be at Boston, by the middle of May, that five Regiments of regular Troops, should be sent from England, to be joined by twelve hundred men, to be i-aised by Massachusetts and Rhode Island Pro- vinces, Jftid the several Governments, Were to provide Transports, flat bottomed Boats, Pilots an'- *hree months Provisitms. W'th this force, Quebec was to be attack- ed by Sea, while fifteen hundred men, were to be raised in the Goverimients, South of Rhode Island, to march by the way of Lake Champlain to attack Montreal. Ge- neral Nicholson, was appointed Commander in Chief, he was to march with his forces, aa far as Wood Creek^ there to wait, and from thence he was to proceed tu Quebec in order thut the attack in both places might be made at the same time. No intelligence arriving from England in September, Vetch and Nicholson, con ceiving it too late in the Season to proceed on, they re- tired to Newport in Rhode Island, where there wayheM It I I j;i les a mei^ilng of the Governors of the several Colmiics, ' t(y consider in what other way, the forces should be em- ployed ; at length a vessel arrived from England with advice, that the Troops intended for America, were sent to Portugal, and no assistance being any longer ex- pected, the Provincbl Troops were disbanded, and re- turned to their cantonments. The Marquis had early intelligence of these move- ments, and had called a Council of war, when it was de- termined, that a body of Troops should march towards Lake Chaniplain, to check the approach of the English, v'.nd the reniaining Troops and Militia; were to be thrown hito Quebec, in case of an attack by Sea : Mr. de Ram- say the Governor of Montreal, made an offer of his f-ervices and after some demur on the part of Mr. de Vaudrcuil, he was approved of, and took the command of fifteen hundred men, to proceed and watch the mo- tions of the English. Every previous arrangement, hav- ing been made by the Marquis, he returned to Que- bec, to hasten the Fortifications, and laid an Embargcv on the Shipping on the eve of their departure for France. I De Ramsay, \\ith his detachment of fifteen hun- dred num lAi Montreal on the twenty-eighth of July^ and in the course of three days advanced forty leagues towards the Engli..h Camp. On the return of de Ram- ■^ay's sco'.its, ii was reported, that the English army con» islsiln;; of five thousand men, were at no great distance, .md siniiic;ly (.ntromhed. This information intimidated not only the French part of the army, but the Indians, >vI\o cxpres'-rd apprehensions of proceeding farther, tlcclarin^ a) the same time, that it appeared most advi- 169 sable not to penetrate Into the li)neiny*s Country, but to Chap. return to the out posts of the Province, and wait to re- *'^- ceive the English there A Council of War was called, and after due deliberation, it was determined to return back to Canada. About the end of September, the Marquis had advice of the retreat of the English troops from the Lake, and that nothing would be attempted by the River, which induced him to dismiss the Indians and Canadians, and the King's troops were sent into Winter Quarters. , ■ The Colony of New York, much dispirited at the 1710. late unfortunate expedition, and deeply impressed with the necessity of attacking Canada, highly approved of Colonel Schuyler's plan, who went to England with two Sachems, to represent to Queen Anne, how much the English Colonies had been disappointed at the non ar- rival of tlie Fleet that had been promised ; and that It was of the utmost importance, both for His Majesty's interest and the security of the Colonies, that Canada should be reduced. ■> un- uly,. ues ;nn- con- nce, tc'd lans, ler^ The Queen was pleased with the design, and an cx- {>edition was resolved en • bui though a considerabL.' Fleet under the command of Lord Shannon, was ap- pointed for this service, it was thought best only to at- tack Port R(^yal, leaving Cimada till the next year, and th.u of course so large a force would not be r.quired. TIij Dragon and Falmouth sailed from England with several Transports, and brought Nitiiolson back to 171 \ Mr, T^o^^oii w;is uppoiiited Ir'tcm' int, with fl)e sii-ne jio'Vii* thtt ?mJ iivfii given ta Mr. Rauuof. N'tt itgistercd until i'.'lh Oaober, l7l'.!. 170 Chap. Boston. As soon as the necessary arrangements were ^"* mad2, the Fleet sailed in September for Port Royal. The French Garrison at that place was so badly sup- plied with provisions, and In so defenceless a state, that though the Garrison behaved with great bravery, yet Mr. Subercase the Governor, was compelled, after a short siege, to offer terms of Capitulation, whicii being accepted by Nicholson, the troops took possession of Port Royal on the twenty-second of October, in the year one thousand seven hundred and ten. On the twentieth day of December, Mr. Livingston and the Ba- ron de Saint Castin arrlvetl L\r Quebec, with the Articles of Capitulation of Port Royal.* Animated by this suc- cess, Nicholson again urged the prosecution of the scheme for the reduction of Canada, and was so far suc- cessful, that -^n armament was ordered the next year. m '\ f Early In the Spring of this year a Fever of the most malignant and epidemical kind broke out at Quebec, and generally throughout the Country. It was called, the I'arplc Fever, and so destructive was it, that thou* sands died in the course of a few days. 1 711. In June Nicholson arrived at Boston, with the news that a Fleet might ,oon be expected from England, with the Queen's orders, that the several Governments of New England, New York, New Jersey and Pennsyl- sai.Ia should have their respective quotas in immediate readhiess for th<. ^ xpeditlon, In a little more than a mon»h after the arrival of the Fleet, the new Levies and the ULX'cssary Provisions weie in readiness. On the thirtieth of July the whole armament sailed from Boston, * Jesuit'* Journal. as ' 171 for Canada. Itconsistedof fifteen men of war, twelve di- Chai', ' ■'Ctly from England, to which were added three more th? i had been stationed in America, forty transports, six store ships and a train of artillery, with all kinds of warlike Stores. The Land Army on board consisted of five regiments from England and Flanders, and two regi- ments raised in the Colonies, amounting to near se- ven thousand men The Fleet was commanded by Sir Hovenden Walker, and the Army by Brigadier Hill, brother to Mrs. Masham the Queen*s favorite. The Land Force was about equal to that which under Gene- ral Wolfe afterwards reduced Quebec, though at that time it was not half so strong as when it was reduced by that intrepid and experienced General. Upon the same day on which the Fleet sailed from Boston, Ge- neral Nicholson began his journey for Albany, where, a few days after, he appeared at the head of four thou- sand Provincials. The Manifesto of Sir Hovenden Walker and Gene- ral Hill, was translated into the French Language and committed to Major Livingston, in order to be dispersed among the Canadians * importing that the Oueen of Great Britain's Right and Title to North America, being indisputably sure by priority of discovery, and po^seision, and acknowledged such even by the moj.t Christian King, as appeared by the grants and concessions of some parts • Major Livingston with two Indians, took several of these Matiifestoes with him for distribution, before the fleet sailed. And he was liirtcteil tii coiice.il 'utnse'.' in the wooos near ytiebtc to di^over the I'repuriitions that were nuking by the French, anil on the fleet's iipi'ro.tcli up the river, to go on bo.aJ, anU "iv' un Licc'iunt ofwh^ithc hud observed to thi; i;.;ieiai and Admit al. X2 V 112 CH'M'. thereof to his most Christian Majesty, from the Crown **• of Great Britain. The detail of all which, would be too tedious to insert in this short Manifesto. That it cannot be imagined, either in-nature or rea- son, that such grants and concessions should be given only for people to settle as enemies to, and disturbers of the Peace of the natural liege subjects of the Crown of Great Britain, but rather that such lands, and territories should be held in the nature of fiefs, and by a feudatory title. That contrary to ihe nalure of such tenures, as also to the articles of a Treaty of Neutrality stipulated and agreed to, between tne Crown of Great Britain and the most Christian King, to be observed by the English and French in America, (notwithstanding a war should hap- pen to break out between the Crown of Great Britain, and the most Christian King in Furope ;) the French had committed several Hostilities against the subjects of the Kings and Queens of Great Britain, therefore those lands and territories, so poss'-ssed by the French, do, according to the laws of nature and nations, of right re- vert to the Crown of Great Britain, where they origi-, nally were ; it becomes lawful for her Majesty of Great Britain, although there were no actual war between her Majesty and the most Christian King, to resume them* That from the continual complaints of her Majesty of Great Britain's subjects, of the unheard of and bar* barous cruellies excited and acted by the French, in con- cert with the Indians, against her Majesty's said sub- jects, as does moj»t notoriously appear by a recompenj»« ;« . t t '■ 'i ■ I con- sub- of forty livres, per scalp given, has justly deserved her Chap. Majesty's resentment and relief unto her said oppressed ^^ • subjects. •• .' That, for want of proper and convenient opportu- nities for so doing, her Majesty's Royal Predecessors, have not hitherto undertaken to repossess themselves of those forfeited lands and territories : Yet now, with a most pious intent for preserving for the future a perpe- tual and lasting peace in North America, and prevent- ing the many unjust ravages and murders made an4 committed amongst the Subjects inhabiting those parts. Her Majesty had resolved (under the assistance and pro- tection of Almighty God,) to recover all those said for- feited Lands and Territories, and appoint her own Go- vernors in all those several Territories, Cities, Towns, Castles and Fortifications where His Most Christian Majesty had pretended to settle. , That though the French now inhabiting those parts might either out of ignorance or obstinacy be induced by persons of malignant and turbulent spirits, to resist Her Majesty's so good design, she had thought fit, in re- liance upon the blessing of God, upon her so pious and religious purposes and endea/ours, to send such a strength as might, by divine assistance, be sufficient to force a compliance, and reduce all opposers, to reason. That oul f a tender regard to their welfare and repose, they had thought fit to declare in a most so- lemn manner, that all such of the French Inhabitants in Canada, the Cities, Towns and Villages thereof, who shall willingly put themselves under the protection, and ^'1 I .3 ■( 1'^ 1 .■(I-; 174 Chap, submit to the Laws and Government of Her Majesty of *-^* Great Britain, and be found remaining upon their res- pective habitations and places, without any diminution of their Stocks and Harvest, shall be kindly received and treated, and be preserved and continued, they and their heirs, in the quiet and peaceable possession of their Lands, Houses, Estates, and other effects, properly and bona fide belonging to them, and enjoy all the liberties, privileges and immunities, in common with the rest of Her Majesty's natural born Subjects, together with the free exercise of their Religion. ii m IM That as many others might perhaps be willing ra^ ther to return to France than live under the easy and indulgent government of Great Britain ; they did also declare, provided they do not take up arms, or in any wise attempt to resist Her Majesty's Forces, or incite others so to do directly or indirectly, but before any hostilities on either side shall be committed, and will freely surrender themselves to be put on board such ships and vessels as shall be provided for them, with all things necessary to pass into France, that they shall have liberty to embark accordingly, and to take with them such effects as shall bona fide appear to be their own, and liberty of making sale of any real estate. 1^1 That the Bishop and all Ecclesiastics, the Fathers of Religious Orders, or Missionaries, who shall use their endeavours to persuade the French to a peaceable submission to the present good and pious designs of her Majesty of Great Britain, they promised, that they or any of them shall find all manner of regard due to their dignities, functions and :haracters, and in no wise bo 175 treated as enemies, but be provided with Ships, if they ChaPi please, and all other necessary conveniencies for their ^^^' passing into France, with such effects as shall appear to be theirs. But if, on the contrary, they shall dis- suade the j>eople from accepting these terms offered* then they shall be held as guilty of all the ill conse- quences that may ensue upon the measures taken to re- duce them by force. .... That they also declared, that all those who shall take up arms upon p»-etence of defending any of the said forfeited Territ , Cities, Towns, Castles, or Fortifications, shall be treated as enemies and invaders, and have all their Lands, Houses, and other estates anci effects confiscated to the use of Her Majesty, to be dis- posed of amongst such as shall give any assistance for reducing the said Territories to the obedience of Her Majesty of Great Britain, and any such who shall sig- nalize and distinguish themselves on the occasion for Her Majesty's Service, shall have and receive such other marks of favor as may be, in proportion to the services they render. That after any hostilities shall be committed, they then declared themselves free from all these promises, and that none (except such as come in,. or distinguish themselves before hostilities are committed,) shall claim any right to what is herein by them declared ; and they shall then have no further regard than, by the assistance of God, to reduce all that resist, by military force, trusting in the Almighty that he will favour and succeed Her Majesty's arms, in so reasonable, just and religious a design. '■ I i ..' ^, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) A 7^ 1.0 I.I •^ lU 12.2 1^ 1 2g m IL25 mi 1.4 MJ& 1.6 Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 4 V ^. '^ N> .^ <^ 33 WMT MAIN STRUT WnSTIR.N.Y. MSIO (716) •73-4503 >^^' V^' V \ «!^? \ S^ 5^ O^ «l^^ 11 } )! .<' i ,! 1 Chai'. IV. !!-'iJ . - . 176 During these transactions, of which the Marquis de Vaudreuil had authentic and early intelligence, no mea- sure appeared more proper than to raise the whole Mi- litia of the Country, that the Province might be put in the best possible state of defence. The works at Que- bec were strengthened, and measures were. taken to prevent a descent from the Fleet if they should attempt to effect a landing in the Country. Admiral Walker arrived in the mouth of the Saint Lawrence on the fourteenth of August, but apprehensive of parting company with the Transports, the wind blowing strong from the North- West, he put into the Bay of Gaspe on the eighteenth, where he continued until the twentieth of the month. On the twenty second, two days after, he sailed from the Bay, the weather, the preceding evening being extremely bad, with a strong wind at cast south east and the .sky darkened by a thick fog : In this situation, out of sight of land, both the English and French Pilots on board, thought it most expedient to bring the Fleet to in the morning with their heads to the southward, as the best course to keep the middle channel and drive c)ear of the North shore : At half past ten at night. Cap- tain Paddon, of the Admiral's Ship, perceiving land, which he took to be the south shore, the Admiral order- ed a signal to be made, for the Fleet to wear and bring »o on the Dther tack : This had boon no sooner done, whiu tho Admiral, perceived that the Fleet was thrown on the north shore, among rocks and islands, where eight Transports had already foundered with eight hundred and eirhty-four officers, soldiers and seamen.* The Ad- * lilriaus (Eu/t or F|{| l>Ui'tU. 177 miral and General, with the rest of the Fleet, were in Chap, imminent danger but saved themselves by anchoring, and ^ * . such was the violence of the storm that they lost many anchors. As soon as the Fleet was collected, the Atlmi- ral sailed for Spanish River, where the Transports eight days after arrived, when it was determined by the Coun- cil of war, that as they had but ten week's provisions, and were without hopes of supply from New England^ before the beginning of November, •* That it was for bis Majesty's service, that the Squadron and Transports, with the British Troops, do forthwith return to Great Britain, and the Forces raised in New England, to those Colonies."* Before the Admiral left Spanish River, he erected a Cross, to declare the Queen's right to the Is- land of Cape Breton, with an Inscription, f • Sir Hovenden Walker'i Journilof the Cuiadi BtpwBdon, p. I««. *c. .^ f Sir HavenJ«it Walker's Journal, p. 154. ' The Instfiptioa on the Crou was chu : I. H, S. In Nomine ^ Patrii Fiiii et Spirittit Saacti. Amen. Omnibut in Chritto Fidrtibus Salutetn, Anna, Dei Oratil, , Mag : Britannix Francis ct Hibf mix Repna| Totiutque America Septentrionali* Domiua, FiUei Dcfentor, &c. Cujut Harum Intularuin, vulgo. Cape Breton, Proprieratia ct Dominii Hoc erezit MonDmentum Su« Majestatii ervua . ct Subditui Pideii^^imui D HowvnJeo Walk«r fitjuet Auratui tj •i 1 ft; i Chap. IV. 178 The Fleet sailed on the sixteenth of September, and arrived at Portsmouth in England, on the ninth of Oc- tober following. As soon as the Marquis de Vaudreuil was informed by the arrival of several Fishing Boats, of the disaster that had befallen the English Fleet, he repaired to Cham« bly, where he formed a Camp of three thousand men, to oppose Nicholson, should he again attempt to pene- trate Canada that way. The scouts that had been sent cut to give intelligence of Nicholson's armament, re- turned a few days after, and brought the glad tidings, that the troops had all returned, on the news of the disaster of the Fleet. 11 I Mil 1 Great expectations had been conceived in England, from this expedition ; the Whigs censured the new mi- nistry, for their conduct in the management of it. Lord Harley represented the whole to have been a contrivance of Bolinbroke, Moore and Lord Chancellor Harcourt's, to cheat the public, who was pleased to say, " That no Government was worth serving, that would not admit of such Jobs.^t Omnium in America Naviam Regaliani Prsfectus et Tbalauiarcha MefiK Septembrit t Anno Salutit, MDCCXI. * . • f Smith's Hiitory of New York. It may be thought proper to give the reader, a thort accoant of the rcgula- tioni reipecting Grant* of Lai- 1j, in thi* ProTince, under the French Govern' jnent; By the Arret of 4th Juni' 1678, to abridge the former grant*, that had too large a front, not lettlcd on the river, Irundant wa* to take half away and regrant it upon condition, that new grantee *ettled in four year*. No appeal from the Intendant (Talon't) decree. 4th June 1675. A timilar Arrf t to Dn. clMiotau, a* appear*, by Arr£t 9th May 1679, of thuycar. Thii ordcn CMCtf^ 179 The Treaty of Utrecht, concluded on the thirtieth of Chah, March, by the Plenipotentiaries of Great Britain and ^V. France, ceded to Great Britain, Hudson's Bay, New- ^1713, foundland and Nova Scotia ; orders were sent out to the Governor of Canada, to proclaim the Peace, so much wanted for the happiness and prosperity of the Colony. Notwithstanding the ill success, that attended the unfortunate Mr. de la Salle, the Court of France hear- kened to the proposal, of Mr. Iberville, a Canadian gentleman, for a further prosecution of the discovery of Louisiana, in the year one thousand six hundred and ninety-nine. Two vessels, on board of which were Iberville and a tionoftlutof 4th June 1675, and Itt. That all grants before 1^65, he abridged one fourth. ?d. That after 1 680, one twentieth of all uncultivated part bi re- granted. 3d. I'he execution to be by Governor and Intendant, Conjointly roft-rrinS to the joint power of 2()th May 1 67(i. By that landi uncultivated were to be im. proved in tix yeart or forfeited. 3Ut December 1679. Arret to Governor and In- tendant (Frontcnac and Ducherneau) for reassuming one fourth of unimproved granti and foreiscuting the Arr^t of 4th June 1675. Thus the mutter of reunion •f unimproved Seignoriei itood till 1711. Then these prior Arrets irem to be sunk and provided for. Till 1711, the reunions only respected thoif of Seignorics to the Royal Domain. The subsequent Arrets of 1 7th July 1 743 vid 1st October 1747, seem also to give the rule of proceeding, where the Crown ii concerned, i^nd in disputes of limits, between the several Seignories. As to what touches re* unions of under concessions, resort must be had to the 2d Arret of 6th July 1711. That at first view appears to be a trust to Begon the Intendant of the day. He executed it up to 1725. Dupuy to 17:28, Hocquart to I74A and Bigot to 1755. The Intendant sitting alone on reunioni* of under concession*, shows that the Ar« rets of 1743 and 1747, were considered a« relating only to concessions by the Crown. And that the 2d Arret of 1 7 1 1 , was not a personal tru^t to Begon, but stood till revoked to all the subsequent Intcndants, By an Arrf t registered in the Superior Council, by the King's order in ilSH, the Seignors were prohibited fl'om selling their wood lands (en boin de hitut). They were directed to cultivate their land* in two years, or a reunion to the Royal Domain. ■' ."■■,!■ ■> - Z2 v.-^ V r ) 'i ' it i I:' I i 'in :l 180 Chap, few Colonists, sailed from la Rochelle and landed them JY* at the mouth of the Missisippi. A few days after hi« arrival, Iberville ascended the -iveras far as the Nat- chez, and there built a small Fort. Between this River and Pensacola, by far the most steril part of Florida, he fixed on as the spot for the Settlement of the few Colonists he had brought with him. Finding the lands neither so good as they expected, and the situation in many other respects not desireable, the Colony removed to the banks of the Mobile, and though great exertions were made, it did not prosper. Iberville's activity and energy supported these people in their strug- gles, and his death in one thousand seven hundred and six, could not fail to be a death stroke to their hopes, and at length induced the large body of them to forsake the Settlements they had made. At this period, in one thousand seven hundred and twelve, Mr. Cro- zat, a merchant of immense fortune, and eagerly intent on the acquisition of riches, entertained the idea that the opening a communication by sea and land with New Mexico, by which an exchange of French Merchan- dize for the Gold and Silver of that Country, was the surest and most speedy course to increase his wealth. To favor these views, he made an application to the Court of France, and with little intercession, obtained for fifteen years an exclusive Trade in the whole extent of Louisiana. Crozat was not long in possession of what he had too highly valued ; as much dispirited and disappointed as he had been formerly elated at the pros- pect of gain, he gladly resigned his privilege into the hands of a Company, whose success in the year one thousand seven hundred and seventeen, astonished the [1= ;; '■ f i >81 world.* Louisiana continued to belong to France un- Chai*. til the year one thousand seven hundred and sixty-three, ^^* when the Eastern part of it was ceded to Great Bri- tain. Notwithstanding the large imports of goods from 171*. France, so inconsiderable were the exports and remit- tances, that both together did not exceed the sum of twenty-eight thousand four hundred and thirty-seven pounds ten shillings Halifax currency. The Beaver or Western Company was created, for twenty-hve years. This Company had the monopoly ot all Beaver. The average value of the exported Furs amounteti to one hundred and forty thousand pounds Sterling. The Governor in order to ascertain the number of inhabit- * ants, directed a census to be taken, and by the return there appeared to be in the Colony, twenty thousand souls. iM To people and strengthen the Colony, had long been an object of VaudreuiPs serious attention, and at length he drew up a plan, which he transmitted to France, in which he gave an account of the number of the Inhabi- tants, and means of augmenting its population. He stated that Canada had no more than four thousand " four hundred and eighty Inhabitants, capable of bear- ing arms, from the age of fourteen to sixty years, and that the twenty-eight companies of marine, in the King's service, amounted only to six hundred and twenty soldiers, and that this small number of persons were •pread over an extent of country of more than one hund- red leagues. That the King's troops could easily be com- • Abbd Raynal, Vol. VIII. p. 1«3. 17 M. Mr. da Tonnancour wu Lieutenuik Governor of Three Riven. ' i\ h ■ r- 11 ^^'IN 1 1 182 Chap, pleted, out of the regiments th»t had been disbanded in IV. France. That though the population was not great in the Provinces of France and that the exhausted state of the Finances did not admit of making large advances, for conveying new Colonists to America, he proposed that as every year a considerable number of Criminals, were condemned to the Gallies, that at least one hun- dred and fifty of them, should, annually, be transported to Canada, by the Farmers General. ni7. The negligence with which the Papers and Ml. nutes of the Notaries of the Colony had been kept, in- duced the Governor to represent to the Government of France, the necessity of regulations on such an im- portant subject, A royal declaration was this year issu- ed for regulating the Offices of Notaries, by which it was directed. That their minutes should be annually col- lected and bound up in bundles. That their Offices should be visited annually, by the Attorney General or Seignorial Treasurers, with Proces Verbal of their con- dition. That the Judges should list papers of deceased Notaries, at the instance of the Attorney General or Seignorial Treasurers, and remove them, to the Oificf of the Clerks of the Jurisdiction. That the Clerk should be obliged to give a copy of the list to the Heirs of the deceased, and half of the Fees for copies for five years. By another declaration of the fourth of January, one thousand seven hundred and twenty four, it was direct- ed. That the disposition of the papers of deprived No- taries as of deceased Notaries, should be filed in the Clerk's office. And by another declaration of the sixth of May, one thousand seven hundred and thirty-three, the Notaries were ordered to keep possession of their \ 183 Minutes and Acts. In land sales, they were directed Chap. to insert the nature of them, whether held eti fief or ^' censive. To name the Seignor and the deeds to him or to the Crown. To adhere to the law forms and to com- ply with the directions for the inspections ordained by the former declarations * The want of Regulations to correct the abuses that the Notaries of the Colony had committed, had been sensibly felt for many years. The property of the inhabitants was often put un'^..i the con- troul of men, who either from ignorance of their pro- fession, or from wicked motives, committed many acts of injustice and oppression. Ginseng a plant that the Chinese collect from Corea and Tartary, and which they hold in the highest estimati- on, was discovered this year in the Forests of this Country by Lafitau, a Jesuit ; it was highly prized in China, and was there sold at a great price. This demand occasion- ed a rise in that article at Quebec, which on its first dis- covery had been only worth one shilling and eight pence per pound, but was afterwards purchased as high as one pound and ten pence Halifax, currency per pound. In the year one thousand seven hundred and fifty-two, . •} great was the quantity exported from this country, that the value exceeded twenty thousand pounds. The Ca- nadians unfortunately, however, collected this plant in the month of May instead of the month of September, and dried it in ovens instead of placing it in the shade and drying it by degrees. This sort of preparation les- sened its value in China, the only Country in which this article was in demand. So that the avidity of the inhabit* 17IS. Colony Recor4i. ••^1 ' 184 Chap, ants occasioned the loss of a Commerce which M^ould ^^* have been, if well conducted, the source of considerable wealth to the Country. \mi tvi, 1720. The fortifications of the City of Quebec, that had been commenced by the two Engineers, Le Vasseur and Beaucour.t were discontinued, as the plan of Mr. de Lery the Engineer, had been sent to the Court of France, and was thought superior to what had been proposed by the former gentlemen, de Lery*s plan for the Fortifications was approved of, smd commenced early in the Spring of this year. To commemorate the commencement of these Fortifi- cations, a plate of lead was prepared which was placed at the salient angle of the Cape Diamond Basdon, and when a part of that work was taken down in the year one thousand seven hundred and ninety-five to be re- built, it was found there, with an inscripdon to comme- morate its foundation* * The Inscription was in these words: -'■ >Af »• ' -^- ■ ■ . , Regnante LadoYico XV : ' , • ; Christianissimo Gallomm Rege. , ; ^tatis Sux annum agente J^Ium Rrgni Vun. , ' > Augustissimo ac Potentistimo PriacJpe* i- ' ' Duce aurelianenti urn Philippe. ' '. Regis avunculo : Regnutn Gubernante. Illustrissimo ac serenissimo Principe. ». .' Ludovico Alexandre de Bonrbon. v' ! . ' Tolosa Comite. ; Concilio Maritime Rei que maritime prxposito. ' ,- ' Illnstrissimo Joanne D'Estr^e fraadat Marescallo Aniericx Septentrionalia, Meridiwiali* qne pro Rege- Concilii Maritiffli prxside : Ac maris prxfecti Legato : rhilippo de Rigaud Marchione Sc Vaudreuil i Novz Francis Gub«nntOTe 18^ The wooden works erected for the protection of Chap. Montreal, were in such a state of dilapidation that the ^^^ Government of France directed by an Arret, t that stone works should he erected, and two years aftt rwards they were begun. The mone?y, anvDunting to three hun- dred thousand livres, was advanced and paid by the In-* tendant out of the Royal Treasury. The King of France by an Arret of his Council of State, in the year one thousand seven hundred and forty-four, directed, that one half of that sum should remain on His Majesty's account, and that the Seminary of Montreal (Saint Sulpice) and the inhabitants should be obliged to re* pay the other half to His Majesty. The Seminary as Lords of the Island of Montreal, two thousand Hvres, and the Citizens, four thousand livres, annually, until the ca- {ntal was paid off. These sums continued to be collect' ed until the year one thousand seven hundred and sixty. The mode of repartition and collection was settled by the Judge of Montreal and the Attorney General, and homologated by the Governor and Intendant; so that whatever sum or proportion of the four thousand li- v res, they rated each Citizen, he was compelled to pay^ hisce Monumenti* Kcgiit tumptibuf Conciliique Mantimi autorifate extructi* Prima hxc posuit fuadamenta i Michael Begon. j, ' ' Civilis Disciplinx Rei Judfciarix. .£rariz : ac Maritimse ; atque hujus Colonix prxfectus. Dirigente Gasp : Chauswgro* de Lery : Regio bellicorum operum machtnarore Nonis Junii. An. Doni. MDCCXX. f Colony Records. — The population of Quebec amotmted to 7000 Saulsv i'ha {topulatiyn of MontreaJ to 3000. A a ' . " • 1 i^i w I 'fe; \ -f 18d Chap, by the Royal Court of Montreal ; there was no exaih- ^V* pie of refusal ever known. The tax was chearfully paid. Barracks were wanted for the Troops, and upon the representation of the Governor, the King of France sent an order in the year one thousand seven hundred and fifty-one, to have the necessary Barracks, built at Quebec; he also directed,thatthe money should be advan^ ced out of the Royal Treasury on the Intendant's order* The Intendant also received an order to ascertain the annual expence of these Barracks^ which was done^ and amounted to thirteen thousand three hundred and fifty-one Uvres, per annum. This sum was apportioned by the Intendant, the Judge of the Pr6vot^ \aA the At- torney General, and the Citizens of Quebec paid it, ac- cording to the assessment, until the year one thousand seven hundred and fifty-nine. These Barracks were accidentally burnt in the year one thousand seven hun- dred and fifty-five, and the six French regiments that arrived that year were lodged at the houses of the Citi- zens, receiving for each soldier two sols, or one penny^ and twenty sols, or ten pence for each officer, per diem. Whenever the Inhabitants of the Towns or Country were commanded to assist in the building of Public Works they were paid a reasonable price for their la- bour, and this held equally when called on for services in the nature of work of every denomination ; but when called out as MiKtia, and on Military Service, they had no pay, provisions and cloathing were only allowed. As to the Militia, there never was any Edict, Arret or Ordi- nance of the King's, or any authority derived from him establishing them in Canada. The Establishment how- 18T «ver, took place with the Colony from necessity and Chap. from the Prerogative of the Crown, which had no ^^* bounds in. Canada, nor indeed any where else. *i. Tif£ adjustment of the limits of the several Parishes of the Colony had engaged the attention of the Go- vernment, and the consideration of so important an ob- ject was entrusted to the Governor, the Intendant and the Bishop. A Regulation they had proposed in fix- ing the limits of the Parishes, was submitted to the Roy- al consideration, and after mature deliberation it was approved and confirmed by the Duke of Orleans, tfien Regent of Prance, who ordered that the Regulation •hould be executed according to its form and tenor* Respecting the Commerce of Canada, there sailed from this Country this year, nineteen vessels for the Ocean. Six Ships had been built in Canada, for the Mer- chant Service, and sailed this year from Quebec to France. Two Men of War were also constructed here^ for the Navy of France. The Exports to France, con- sisted of Peltries, Lumber, Staves, Tar, Tobacco, Flour Pease and Pork ; and the Imports from France con- sisted of. Wines, Brandies and pry Goods. As it was conceived expedient by the Crown to de- clare its pleasure as to the sum to be paid by the Nuns in entering into the religious Communities, a Royal Edict was in the fifst instance passed, declaring that the Power pf each Nun should be at least, five thousand PcwiandCburchSeattreguIatedthis year.— 7th June, 1729. x A a 3 (.^ 1722. . i, 172S. f - i ^'Il 11 ^ IJUA iVUt^. m 1«8 Chap. Crowns. This Fdict was, however repealed, and in *"• the year one thousand seven hundred and thirty-tvro, another Edict was issued which required that a Nun's Dower should not ^^dd three thousand livres ; and in order to the faithful performance of theRoyal Order, the Governor and the Intendant were directed to at- tend to its execution and to peruse the Contract on each Nun^s entering into the Communities in the Province. \y\ %\ 1725* The death of M. De Vaudr^lii^, on the tenth of Oc tobcr (rf this year, was sincerely telt by the Colony. The sorrow which was manifested on the part of the Inha- bitants was proportionate to the satisfaction which had been displayed when he was first appointed to the Go- vernment, over which he presided for twenty-one years, '-• and the fortunate events which took place during that period, were in a great degree derived from his vigi- lance, firmness and good conduct, and from the suc- cess which sdmost unifcxinly accompanied all his enter- prizes. Mr. Begott who had been appointed Ihtendant in the year one thousand seven hundred and ten, had long been desirous of returning to France, but could not leave the Co*ony, until a Successor was appointed. The King of France appointed M. de Chazel as his Suc- . cessor, and the Chameau frigate was ordered to bring him over to this Country. This vessel, however, on her passage was unfortunately wrecked on the Coast of Cape Breton, when every soul on board, consisting of two hundre4 and fifty persons, were totally lost. As soon as the news of the frigate being lost with i tS9 the Iiitendant on board, was known in France, another Chap. Gentlenjan was appointed. Mr. Du Puy succeeded to £^- the situation, and on the nineteenth of October, in the year one thousand seven hundred and twenty-six, Mr. fiegon sailed for France. 'i P*. f [^ i . i- lf*''S' ido :w^i-ij(n -.J I' A'^ -:■'} - '"jri-.^-'T "^M If ' ! i,,>r: THl r HISTORY m ■?" '(!,** ' ■' '-^ Bb 2 I .- - 1^ i rifi'ff^ — - ' i 196 Chap, that his Majesty directed, that immediately on the re- ^' ceipt of his letter, that the Bishop should repeal this or- der, which in obedience to his Majesty's order, was im- mediately acquiesced in. M Difficulties having arisen respecting the Bishop's Palace, then claimed by the Nuns of the General Hos- pital, a letter was written by Mr. de Maurepas, the Mi- niser having the Department of the Marine, to the Coadjutor of Quebec importing, that the Nuns of the General Hospital then claimed the Bishop's Palace of Quebec as Residuary Legatees of Mr. de Saint Vallier, formerly Bishop of Quebec : that Saint Vallier made a donation in one thousand seven hundred and ten, of the Palace to the Bishoprick and to the future Bishops of Quebec, and that Mr. de Mornay had renounced this donation on the ninth of June, one thousand seven hun- dred and twenty 'nine. I'hese two deeds Maurepas de- clared to be absolute nullities ; because the Bishop^s Pa- bce did not belong to Saint Vallier, because in the deed by which he acquired the ground on which the Palace ivas built, he declared that fie made the purchase for the purpose of building on the lot a Palace for himself and his Successors in the Bishoprick : Because also, his Ma- jesty had given ten thousand livres towards the building, and lastly, that Saint Vallier had never considered it as his own property, because he had never appealed from an Arret of the Superior Council of Quebec, by which he wa« condemned to restore the price or value of a part of the original lot which he sold. His Majesty there- fore, ordered the Nuns to abandon their claim. It seems however, that they persisted in it until one thousand se- ven hundred and forty-three, but on the eighth of May :A 197 of the same year, Maurepas wrote to the Bishop of Que- Chap. bee, importing. That the claim of the Nuns of the Ge- "• Qeral Hospital of Quebec to the Bishop's Palace, was not a just one, as he would perceive by the Arret which had been passed on that subject, reuniting it to the King's Domain. His Majesty, however, granted the bu-'Iding and the property attached to it, to the future Bi- shops of the Colony. ,■ ;vi. JO .r. t ''Hif I As early as the year one thousand seven hundred and J 74 1. three, an Edict had been issued by the King of France, to restrain the Religious Communities from acquiring property beyond a fixed extent ; and by a subsequent Edict, no purchases in mortmain was to be made by them, without leave in writing first had and obtained. The evil, however, still continued, which made it neces** sary for the King to issue a Royal Edict which prohi- bited all mortmain acquisitions, and all changes and alie* nations. .vr -.J- • >r r ,"•• * .i n^ 'iVt-ia ■-{\ . ., . To prevent minors from marrying, the Superior Council interdicted all Cures marrying minors without permission, and directed them in all cases, to conform to the Canonical Ordinances respecting the publication of Banns of Marriage* * This year was rendered remarkable in consequence of a letter addressed to the Governor and Intendant of this Province, pointing out the course by which the King of France would in future direct the Registration of the Royal Edicts and Ordinances, that he should see fit to extend to Canada. By this letter he directed, that no Edict, Declaration or Letters Patent should be 1744. 198 Chap, registered in the Superior Council of Quebec, but by V. his special order, signified by the Secretary having the Department of the Marine. This letter was circular to all the French Governors and Intendants of the Co- lonies. Nothing can shew the wisdom, justice and po- licy of the French Government more than this measure. The King was well aware, that all the Laws and Ordi- nances of the Kingdom of France were not suited to the condition of the Colonists, who took with them only such Laws of the Mother Country as they thought use- ful and necessary ; and therefore in future Laws in- tended to affect them, he ordered that the Registration should be made, as the clearest manifestation of his intention to bind them. Two years after the date of the former letter, a similar order was given by the King, to the same effect.* '^ -...;...,. , ,». /ti.. ^^.i ^ ,t - I M ^--m: ''f^^ \ This principle was recognized by the Court of Ap- peals of this Province, on the twenty-first of February, in the year one thousand seven hundred and eighty- eight. The Judgment was drawn up by the then Chief Justice of the Province, f ,-Ej> i'l^ii v::..:i,r- The idleness and drunkenness, with the train of dis- orders that such vices usually produce, had long been the subject of deep regret to those that were enemies to such practices. The innumerable Fetes or Holidays that were established by the Church, afforded opportunities to the dissolute, and occasioned frequent instances of enormities of great magnitude, To check this evil, a ■I • Petit Vol. II. p. 185, ., .. ..., , • f William Smith, Esquire. — A Gentleman of the first rate abilitici, an4 whose name ii known with repute in both Hemiipherei.— The Author's Father. If > 199 rqn'esentation was sent to France, stating to his Majes- Chap. ty, the necessity of suppressing a certain number of the V, Fete days, which had been so injurious to the Colony. His Majesty upon this representation, convinced of the wisdom of the measure, ordered the Secretary of State or Minister to signify his pleasure to the Bishop of Que- bec, and directed him to suppress several of the Fete days in his Diocese ; which was immediately done by the then Bishop,* . '. i'l The French law in this Country with respect to the Partage of Lands, among all the Children, without re- gard to primogeniture, had been attended with great inconveniencies. Indeed nothing has reduced the fa- milies of the ancient French Seigneurs to misery, more than the division and subdivision of their lands by their own law. A law which though it appears at first to breathe more the spirit of democracy than of monarchy, yet, in fact, is calculated for a Military Government only, because Nobles so reduced can and will only live by the sword, f The allotments of their under Tenants, which consisted of about eighty acres, just sufficient for Summer pasture and Winter fodder for the Cattle of one family, was also subject to the law of Partition of Lands ad infinitum, in successions. This Partition was an obstacle to the clearing and cultivation of more lands, and therefore induced the King of France to issue an Edict, which imported : That his Majesty being infor- med, that the clearing and cultivation of Lands in Ca- • Maurepas' Letter, dated 17th April, 1744. ' '" ' ' I Thus was introduced into America the Feudal System so long the ruin ot Europe,— Raynal Vol. 8, p. 143. Ordinance of the King 28th April, 1745, forbidding the Erection of Towns and Villages by Seignor, except authorized ly Covernur and Intenduit. 1745. . 5, Ill nli; ill I hi I I 1' too ChaP, nada had not made the progress that had been expected; ^' t^at the Colony had not been able to furnish for many years the necessary supplies for its Inhabitants : that the principal cause arose from the circumstance that the greater f>art of the Inhabitants confined themselves to the cultivation of such portions of Lands only, they held by inheritance, which by constant partage had been re- duced to so small a portion as not to be sufficient for their subsistence : and that in order to oblige the Inha- bitants to make locations that might be useful to them- selves and be of advantage to the Country, he directed, that no buildings in future should be erected unless on tracts virith a front of one and a half arpent, on a depth of Torty arpents, under a penalty of one hundred livres, and the demolition and prostration of the edifice, with an exception however, as to barns and grainaries of wood ^ and places under the Town Police. Notwithstanding so salutary an order, five inhabitants of the Island of Orleans, had built their houses on a smaller extent of land than was required by the King's order, and in direct violation of this Ordinance. A prosecution was commenced against them, and by a judgment of the Intendant, their houses were demolished, and each o the inhabitants were fined one hundred livres.* • Arret* Vol. I. p. 551. f In order to give the reader an idea of the Tenure of Land* in Canada, thefoI« lowing account is given : Every Seignory is a Fief; if the Fief or Seignory is held of the Crown the proprietor is the King's vassal ; every vassal is obliged to render Fealty and Ho- mage on becoming proprietor of a Fief held of His Majesty. In general, the Fieft in this Province, pay a Quint or fifth to His Majesty every time they are sold} but nothing pecuniary when the vassal takes possession by gift, by legacy, or by inheritance. This fifth is paid by the purchaser on admission to Homage, and is equal to one fifth of the sum, which he paid, or agreed to pay, to the seller of the Fief. It is however the established usage of the Crown, to abate one third ef the one 6fth or Qfiint, but this usage has its origin in grace and favour. Such 201 The difficulties and mrsimderstandings that had ex- Chap, istcd between France and Great Britain, in the prece- ^* ding year, broke out into actual hostilities, is the Tenure of Fiefs, according' to the Custom of Ptiri*. Those fiefs tftat pxf a Relit/or Mutation Fine to the King on > ry change of proprietor, are said to be held by the Custom of Vexin Le Franfois. This fine is a sum in money, e- qual to one year's clear income of the Fief. Fiefs do not pay any yearly rent whatsoever. Proprietors of Fiefs held of the Crown, ate Military Tenants. What services they owe His Majesty in that capacity, must be learned from the Oath of Fealty and Homage. The rights annexed to Fiefs depend on the King's Ori,- ginal Grant. In general in this Province, they consisted of that of holding Court* of Civil and Criminat Jurisdiction, (haute, moyenne if batu Juttut/ of hunting', fishing, and trading with the Indians ; of granting lands to be held of the Fief in Jioture at such annual Ceirs et Rentet as can be obtained. The Cent intithng the Seigneur to the mutation fine, called Lots et Fentes, that is, the one twelfth of the price the Hoturei held of him shall be sold for, and the right of Banality, or ex- clusive Mills to grind his Tenants' Corn, for doing of which he is entitled CO the fourteenth bushel. Fiefs when they descend by inheritance, are divisabfe into the smalTesc part*, and every divided part becomes a distinct Fief. This is established by the lawy the Custom of Paris ; the Crown cannot refuse as its vassal, any Heir, of the last possessor, for that part, which by law he inherits. The law does net divide Fiefs equally when taken by inheritance. If there are but two Sons, or one Son and one Daughter, the eldest Son inherits two thirds of the Fief. When more than two children succeed, the eldest Son has but half of the Fief. Among fe- males, or collaterals there is no right of primogeniture. The vassal cannot dismember his Fief, that is, sell a part of it, so as to preju- dice the King. His Lord or superior Seignor, without consent; the King will judge who is fitting to become his vassal, either for the whole or apart. If the vassal sells a part of his Fief, without his Lord's consent, the sale may be avoided. The vassal may however, grant arriere Fiefs, to hold of himself, by Homage and Fealty, and may give all pecuniary advantages to his vassals, that he himself pos- sesses. This is not dismembering the original Fief, because the Faith and Ho> mage to the King for the whole Fief, is reserved, and still continues to be ren- dered by His Majesty's immediate vassal. Yet this Jtu de fief, as the law calfs it, must not exceed two thirds of the whole Fief, for if it does, it would be held as a dismemberment, and wonld thereafter hold of His Maj:esty as a distinct Fief. The Vassal or Seigneur of a Fief, may grant Leases for ever, of the whole, or any part of his Fief, to hold of- his Fief in Roture. The 'aw calls such ->'runt< Co-ceniem, oii Rtili Cm i et Rentes Foncieres non rtuhetatlc, annuel et perpetuel. C c I .J I : ) > ,■ 202 Chap. V. , n 1'hat the success that had attended the French arms under the Marshal Saxe against the Allies at the Battle of Fontenoy, on the eleventh of May, one thousand seven hundred and forty-five, might be generally known These funded annual rent$, represent the toil or part of the Seignoi so grantee}, and seem attached to it for ever. The grantee is called by the Lord of the Fief* hif Censitaire, his Ttnant. This annual rent and Cent is in most Seignories oiie half penny of rent for every superficial french acre the Concession contains, and half a bushel of wheat for every twenty acres, with a penny of yearly Cent for the whole. Many Seignors, to induce the settlement of their Estates have con- cedt'il their lands at a less annual rent. In the District of Quebec a Capon instead of the half bushel of wheat was usually paid, and at the first settling of the Country. many Rotures were granted, paying annually but one or two sols or half pennies of Cent for an entire farm of ninety acres. It is this Cent which creates a Rotur< or /^no^/r tenure, and is as distinguishing a symbol of it, as Faith and Homage is of its contrary, a Fief. There is not any positive law, to restrain the Seignor from obtaining as muck yearly rent as he can from those who wish to settle on his Estate. Yet the Edict of 171 1 , gave the IntcnJant authority to concede for the King's benefit, and at the customary price or rate of the other Rature farms of the Seignory, such un- cultivated woodland farms, as the Seignor, witliout just cause, refused to concede- Tliis arbitrary power was never carried into effect by positive example. The same Ivdict, forbids the Seigneur to sell his wondLiiuis for money or any other way, than annual rents, or (dnt et redevances annmllet.) Another Edict of the same year 1711, requires, that every person who takes a Roture grant from a Seigneur, shall settle and build a dwelling house on it, in twelvemonths from fhe date of his grant, otherwise the Seigneur may re-unrte it to his Domain; of this there are many examples under judgments of the Intendant's Court ; there are also examples of Seignories being reunited to the King's Domain for similar cause, neglect of settlement. Corvets or day's labour, of the Tenant to his Lord, are not of right, or under- stood as anrcxcd to lands. Yet they may be specially covenanted for, as may be any other personal obligation, that can be valued in money. Without such agree« mrtit the rule of law, under the Custom of Paris, point Jt servitude sans tiire. Would relieve any Censitaire from whom his Lord should exact such service. This principle of law, holds equally good against the Crown. It was the plenitude of the power of the French Crown, which at will appropriated the lives and fortune" of his Christian Majesty's subjects, that called out Canadians to rorv/^r and personal services when required by the Intendant or Governor General. The manner of obtaining Lettres de Terrier in France, is subjoined. When a Seigneur is desirous of making out a Terrar of his Estate or Fief, it U customary to obtain the King's Letters authorizing him to do it. These are 203 in all the French Colonies, the King of France dispatch- Chap. cd a letter addressed to the Bishop of Ouebec, com- V. manding a 1 hanksgiving, and that the Te Deufn should be celebrated in the Cathedral Church at Quebec* • King's Letter to the Bishop, 20th June 1745. As the existence of such a power In tlie Crown has on a late occasion been de. (lied (in ISIO) a reference to the Letter in ijuestion, will satisfy the most incre- ^uloun ;— Also Mr. Pont briant's Mandate in 1 759. called Ltttret de Terrier. Without obtaining such permission, where the tjiajt- im of no Estate without a Lor J is admitted, he could only exact acknowledg- ments from his Tenants or Censitaires at every change of Vassalage. These Letters are obtained under the Great Seal or in the Chancery establish- ed near the Parliament where the Fief resorts or appeals to in Judicial pro- ceeding}. The Judges who order the Registration of the King's Letters, ought to ap- point a Notary or other Officer of public character to receive the Acts of Fealty iiud Homage, of Avowal, Detail, Declaration or Acknowledgement, and of all «ther Deeds renewing the Title* and Rights of the Fief. And for that purpose they ought to enjoin the Vassals to »ppear before such Officer to exhibit and com- municate their Titles, and afterwards make up such Acts of Fealty and Homage, Avowal, Datail or Acknowledgment as the Renewal subjects them to. The King's Letters usually set forth the Rights of the person at whose in- stance they are obtained, the motives for which they are granted, a power or Commission tv his Majesty's Judge to oblige the Ccnsitares to fulfil their obliga- tions. The nomination of tiio Notary or Commissary who is to make up the Land Roll, the J'uins or Pmaiiitt that nuy be inflicted or levieil upon the Te- ■ants for unfaithful declarations, the right of obtaining by compulsory means, Deeds deposited in public places, the riglit of attaching in default of Fi-alty and exhibition of Titles, the penalties upon Offjcers who refuse communication of 'Titles and deeds demanded of them, the right of ascertaining liouiidurit^s and punishing of usurpations, and of attaciiing for tht- King the Inhttritanccs which made parcel of the Seignory, Lewis the XlVth in IfJ.'SH, ordered a Cf eneral 'Terrar of Lands held of his Do- main throughout thf Kingdom of Fraiici-, and tstablishit.g an Office in the Hal- liwick of Paris for that purpose, y^t the same time, his Majesty tuspindcd thu Terrars of private Seigneurs until the General Terrar was accomplished. An Arret of his Majesty in Council appeared on the 4th January, Itil:?, for perfecting the Royal Terrar, with Rules and Rtgulatiooi for Estates held tn fief and m Roturt. 'The Terrar of the Province of Bordeaux was particularly ordered by an Ar- C c 2 ^1 lm,\ lil , m:' w lii 1746. 204 The reduction of Louisburg and the Island of Cape Breton, by the New England troops under Mr. Pep- perel, aided by A^iniral Warren's squadron, was no sooner known in France, than the French Government ordered an extensive armament to be equipped, under the command of the Duke d'Anville, * a nobleman, in whose courage and conduct, great confidence was pla- ced. As early as the beginning of May, the fleet was ready for sea, but detained by contrary winds, until the twenty-second of June, when it left Rochelle, and then consisted of eleven ships of the line, thirty smaller ves- sels from ten to thirty guns, and transports with three thousand land forces, commanded by Mr. Pommeril, a Brigadier General. ITie French of Nova Scotia, it was expected would join them, and Mr. de Ramsay* with seventeen hundred Canadians and Indians, were there, waiting their arrivaL To this force was to be added Mr. Conflans, with four ships from the West Indies. The fleet, was but a short time at sea, when the ships separated, and but few of them arrived at Che- bucto, with the Northumberland, the I 'uke d'Anville'e ship, on the twelfth of September, where the Duke was taken ill, and on the morning of the sixteenth of Sep- tember died of an Apoplexy. A Council of war, was called on the eighteenth, when the Vice Admiral pro- posed returning to France, as there were but seven ships * HtUchtnaon's Hist, of Massachusetu. Vol. I!, p. 4^7. ttt in December, 1680, by another in Augtiit, 1682, and by Letters Patent in Au((utt, na'2. The King's Lettfr« must be Registered by the Judpe (or Parliament) to whom they are addressed. And when so registered, advertiscmentt and publications niay then be made in public places, to notify the Vassals and Tenants of tho Commiuion. The power of granting I.ettrps de Terrier, is vetted by a late law of the Province, 18U8, in the Ugvernur, 205 V. in Patent in remaining, and on board the missing vessels, the Chap. greater proportion of the troops This motion, was however opposed by La Jonquiere, (who had been appointed Governor of Canada, on the fifteenth of Marrh, on the recall of Beauharnois,) and others wiio proposed the attack, of Annapolis and Nova Scotia, which if they did not succeed in taking it, they might either winter securely atCascoBay,or in the last extremity to re- turn to France. The Vice Admiral having been, for some time indisposed, and the motion not prevailing, he was thrown into a fever attended with a delirium, in which he imagined himself among the English, and run himself through the body. Jonquiere * succeeded, and though above sixty years of age, was still more active than his predecessor, which naturally raised the expectations of the fleet and army. While the French were preparing for the attack of Annapolis, an express boat, from Mr. Shirley of Boston, on her way to Louisburgh, with the news of Admiral Lestock*6 departure for America, was taken by a French Cruizer, and carried into Chebucto, Jonquiere, on this news, accelerated his sailing, and on the fifteenth of October, being near Cape Sable, they met with a violent storm, which separated the fleet, and returned to France, without accomplishing the object the French Government had in view. The Go- vernment of France was however, by no means discou- raged by this disaster, and in order to be revenged for her late ill success, an armament was equipped, to re- new their efforts against the English Colonics. For this purpose, a squadron was prepared at Brest, under the command of Admiral de la Jonquiere, who sailed with 174 Lwv of the •Appointed 15th March 17v;,w)tregi4iereJ at Quebce until iCth Aujutt 1749. .'tfP'Bf I ; ¥r 1 k 1' J l..:4, i 206 Chap, another fleet, under the command of Mr. de St. George, ^* destined against the English settlements in India. The ministry of England, apprized of these measures, resolved to intercept both squadrons, which were to sail together. For this purpose Admiral Anson and Rear Admiral Warren took their departure from Plymouth with a formidable fleet, and steered their course to Cape Finisterre, on the coast of Galicia. On the third of May, they fell in with the French squadrons, consisting of six large ships of war, as many frigates, and four armed vessels equipped by their East India company, having under their convoy, about thirty ships laden with merchandize. The French ships of war, immediately shortened sail, and formed a line of battle, while the rest, under the protection of the frigates, proceeded on their voyage, with all the sail they could carry. The British squadron was also prepared for action, but Ad- miral Warren, perceiving that the enemy were sheering off, now that the convoy was at a distance, proposed to Admiral Anson, to change the signal and to give chace, and engage, otherwise the French would escape by fa- vor of the night : In consequence of this advice, the ac- tion, was at four o*clock in the afternoon renewed, which was well sustained by the French, until over powered by the spirit of British seamen, when they struck their colours. The English Admiral detached three ships in pur- suit of the convoy, nine sail of which were taken, but the rest got off, by the intervening darkness of the night. A considerable quantity of Bullion was found in the prizes, which was landed at Portsmouth and conveyed in twenty waggons, to the Bank of London. Admiral 207 Anson was ennobled and Mr. Warren honored with the CHap* Order of the Bath. / V. As the Admiral de la Jonquiere was captured, the Government of Canada of course became vacant j the King, to supply his place, committed the Care of the Colony to the Count de la Galissioniere by Commission dated on the tenth June. * Mr. Hocquart, who had been recalled at the same time with the Marquis de Beauhamots, had for his Successor, Mr. Bi^ot by Com- mission of the first of January, one thousand seven hundred and forty-eight. His powers as Intendant were considerably enlarged, they extended to Louisiana, and all the Lands and Islands dependant on New France. He had, by his Commission, Cognizance on complaints of the Military and others. Redress all practices against Royal Service. Cognizance of Crimes with the number of Judges and Graduates directed by the Ordinances. Preside in Sovereign Council, take the voices and pronounce the decrees. Support inferior Courts from encroachments of the Sovereign Council. Construction for his own right of evoquing Cause, t Proceed according to Edicts and the Custom of Pa- ris. Jointly with the Council to n gulate the Police, Fairs, Markets, Sales and Purchases, Assess Goods and Mer- chandize. On delays to act alone. • Registered at Quebec, 35th following. — Colony Reord." t Petit Vol. I. p. i^X SOS Chap. The distribution of public money for Fortifications V. and Army Subsistence. All accounts to come to him. Sovereign Jurisdiction in civil and criminal cases, that alFect the Royal Revenue. His Judgments executable, oppositions, challenges and appeals, non obstantibus. His issues to be according to yearly orders, and ba- lance to be devoted to Royal Service; Sovereign Coun- cil of Quebec, and all others to aid him, with force if necessary. M ; (ii The Count de la Galissioniere, who was a man of distinguished abilities, had no sooner taken the reins of Government, than his active mind led him to acquire a just knowledge of the Country, its climate, population, wealth and commerce. He drew up a Statement to the Court of France, in which he detailed the advantage* to be derived to France from the Colony, and proposed a system, which if it had been adopted in time, might have prevented the British Conquest, of one thousand seven hundred and sixty. While a Commissioner for adjusting the limits unsettled by the Peace of one thou- sand seven hundred and forty-eight, he pressed the sending out of Du Quesnc who was an excellent Engi- neer to lay hold of the interior Country by Fortifica- tions, imd urged the Government of France to send over at the same time, ten thousand French Peasants to make Settlements in the Southwestern Indian Countries on the Banks of the Lakes and Chief Rivers. This mea- sure if it had been pursued, would have certainly res- tricted the English Colonies to the Alleghany Moun- tains and in time exposed them to ruin. The neglect of 'Hi!! i I' 209 Gafissionaire's advice, who well knew the debility of Chap« Canada, paved the way to the reduction of the Colony ^' by exciting to measures which gave rise to the hostilities of one thousand seven hundred and fifty-five, and the glorious Peace of one thousand seven hundred and sixty-three. i.i ' mea- y res- Galissioniere, persuaded that peace would soon be concluded, and sensible of the importance of giving certain boundaries both to Canada and Nova Scotiay detached an officer, Mr. de Celeron de Bienville with three hundred men, with orders to repair to Detroit, and from thence to traverse the Country as far as the Apalachian Mountains, which he admitted to be the bounds of the English Plantations in America, and be* yond which he denied that they had any pretentions. This officer was directed not only to use his influence to procure a number of Indians to accompany him, but to exact a promise from them, that they would not in fu- ture, admit English Traders among them. Leaden plates, with the Arms of France, were engraved on them, and were furnished this officer, and he was ordered to bury them at particular stations ; a Proc^ Verbal was then drawn up, signed by himself, and by those officers that accompanied him. With this Gentleman, Galissioniere sent a letter to Mr. Hamilton, the Governor of Penn* sylvania, apprizing him of the step he had taken, and requesting that in future he would give orders to pre- vent his people from trading beyond the Apalachian Mountains, as he had received commands from the Court of France, to seize the Merchants and confiscate fhe goods of those found trading in these Countries, D d ^ ifliii; » H ''A i •1 1 !iii|i: I liilii! '210 Chap, incontestibly belonging to France. De Celeron discharg- V . ... . . '^^ eJ his commission with punctuality, but not without ex. citing the apprehensions of the natives, who declared that the object of France, in taking possession of their Country, was either to make them subjects or perhaps slaves. The immense load of Proccs Vcrbaux that had been drawn up, on this expedition was handed to Galis- sioniere, and transmitted to the Court of France. As a recompence for his trouble, Celeron was two years af- terwards appointed to the command of Detroit, with the rank of Major. Acadia or Nova Scotia, by the Treaty of Utrecht, was ceded to Great Britain : By that Treaty it was sti- pulated, " That such of the French inhabitants as chose to remain m Nova Scotia and become Subjects of the C'rown of Great Britain, should enjoy the free exer- cise of their Religion according to the Church of Rome, as far as the laws of Great Britain permitted." Many of the inhabitants availed themselves of this indulgent ar- ticle, took the Oath of Allegiance, and held quiet pos- session of their property. Galissioniere had long en- tertained an idea of withdrawing these people from un- der the English Government, with a view of forming a new Colony, and as the Priests they had with them were the proper engines to set to work, he employed Abbe Le Loutre, and several others, who used every exertion to induce them to withdraw from under the English Government, declaring that it was not only their interest, but that being Frenchmen, and of the same religion with themselves, they should on every principle, abandon the English, and join a small Colony soon to be established in a certain part of Acadia. Galissio- 211 ni^re to fevor these designs, took possession oi the Chap. Country on this side of the Peninsula of Acadia, and ^^^ , sent his orders to the Commander of the Post to hold the same, by force of arms. Loutre's activity and per- suasions induced several families to remove to the Post established by the French, where every attention and protection was afforded them. < rv; ■ Pleased with the success of this measure, and inspi- red with a hope that vast numbers would follow the ex- ample of the first Seceders, by which a powerful Colony might be formed, and a barrier created against the En- glish on that side, Galissionierc applied to the Ministry of France for a fund for the carrying on his plan of the Government there, which was immediately fixed at eight hundred thousand Livres, a year. While Galissi- oniere * was busily employed in these designs, he was recalled, to give place to Mr. de la Jonquiere, who had lost his Government by his capture by the English and who now took possession of it in virtue of his former commission. Before he sailed for France however, he furnished his Successor with the best information res- pecting the Colony, and pointed ojt the plans he con- ceived most beneficial for its advancement and prospe- rity. ..: r > I > 'i, La Jonquiere did not, however pursue the plans of his Predecessor, with regard to the aifairs of Acadia, from a principle that it would be most for the interest of the Colony, not to involve herself and France into a • He bocaiiR' ii Ciiaiiuissioiicr uii tilt' Limits not s.'ttlc'J -'. ;'r.' Ti^'aty nf Aiic Ij riniK'Ue, ill IV >. D d 2 ' '^^ - ■' ■ I ' however, than an order from La Jonquiere, to his officers, to avoid all grounds of dispute, as he expected the limits of the Country, would soon be settled. To supply these Posts, was an object of some difficul- ty, as from the local situation of the one at the River St. John's, it was necessary to make the whole tour of Nova Scotia, by which apprehensions were entertained, least their vessels might be captured by the English. Not only provisions were much wanted, but arms and am- munition for the use of the Acadians and Indians, that had resorted to this Post ; as these supplies, could only be procured from Quebec, and as repeated applications had been made, an armed sloop, commanded by Mr. de Vergor, was at length loaded with these articles, and pro- ceeded to Saint John's River. The Captain was ordered to avoid all English vessels, but, that in case of being attacked, he was to defend himself to the last extremity. Comwallis, apprized of this design, ordered Captain Rouse to cruize along the coast, sand to intercept all vessels he might meet with. Rouse, had been but a few days at sea, when he fell in with de Vergor, who crowded all the sail he could set, to avoid him ; Rouse however, soon after came up with him, and de Vergor, finding it impossible to ^yithstand a contest, struck his colours, without firing a gun. On the news of the cap- ture, de la Jonquiere, ordered the Governor of Louis- burgh to make reprisals on all the English vessels, that were or might come into that Port. CoEMWAi^Lis at length apprized qf La Corne's inten- :^ m . I ill 214 Chap, tion, of building a strong Fort, at the Bay of Fundy, V. sent Major Lawrence with a detachment of Troops, to oppose his advancing so far into the Country, and gave orders, that he should build the English Fort as near them as possible, to repress any incursions, that he might make. As soon as Le Loutre was informed of Major Lawrence's movement, to deter others and pu- nish those that did not withdraw from under the En- glish Government, he burnt the Houses and Barns of all those that remained. The detachment under La Come, encamped near the Bay of Fundy, at a place called Beausejour, afterwards Fort Cumberland, where Major Lawrence meeting with him, held a conference on the subject of this aggression; La Corne, assured him, that his orders did not permit his advancing any further than the River Beaubassin, and that he might take Post on the other side of it. Lawrence immediately on this constructed a Fort opposite to it, and both commanders maintained possession of their respective Forts, without any interruption. The conduct of the Fnglish Traders, who had pene* trated as far as Sandusky, thirty leagues from Detroit, where they had acquired a considerable influence over a number of Huron Indians residing there, was the source of deep anxiety in the mind of La Jonquiere, To in- duce the Indians to remove to Detroit, was an object of too much importance, not to be attempted, and as Fa- ther de la Richardie had considerable influence, he was chosen, as the.best calculated to promote this design. A Council was called on this subject, when the Father de la Richardie, addressed them in this language : That it was a source of continual uneasiness to their brethren it I " 215 of Lorette, that they were settled in a Country, afford- Chap. ing so easy a communication with the English, whose V* sole object was to deceive them, and that Ononthio, their father, induced by pure motives of affection, wished them to fix their residence at Detroit, where nothing should be wanting for their comfort and support. In their answer to this speech they observed. That they were settled in a fertile Country, abounding with game and hunting j that they could not prevent the English or French from trading with them ; and that the Tribe by no means wished to withdraw from their habitation to settle at Detroit, As de la Jonquiere could not accom- plish his object, the next best course was the one he adopted, of sending an officer to reside near them, and to watch their motions. This officer was also desired to consult- with Father de la Richardie, on all measures be- fore they were taken. ,, i ^-'> . ?'JC''J? •' The supposed discovery of the Pacific Ocean, had long engrossed the attention of the Count, and he had agreed to make large advarices in money to ascertain so impor- tant a fact. Mr. de la Verandrye had penetrated the Coun- try beyond Lake Superior and formed a chain of Posts, to the farthest of which he gave the name of the" Queen's Post.** Unfortunately, however, this officer was UQt pos- sessed of talents necessary to reap those advantages to be acquired from a more intelligent Traveller : his Journal neither contained a description of the Country, its climate nor productions, but was filled up with a dull insipid ac- count of each day*s march, interspersed with a few idle and unentertaining Indian speeches. He did not even bring back with him a map of the immense Tract he had traversed. As he was considered an improper person. ,.ji;; ■1.1 t. II H:i ''I m ■ I m W l':!>tt if it l(; Mi' I Chap. V. 216 for a second mission, others were appointed m his place. An opportunity so favorable of making a large sum of money was not to be neglected, and early en- grossed the attention of a Society, composed of the Go- vernor, the Intendant, the Comptroller and two Offi- cers, Le Gardeur de Saint Pierre and Marin. The two latter were employed to make the discoveries. De Saint Pierre was directed to proceed to the ** Queen's Post," and from thence to push on to a certain spot agreed up' on between them for their meeting. Marin's route was to ascend the rivers Misassipi and Missouri, and from thence if he found a river running westward to follow it, until he came to the Pacific Ocean, where Mr. de Saint Pierre was to meet hhn, if he found any river that had its discharge to the westward. These gentlemen set out on their journey well supplied with every thing that was necessary, at the expence of the Crown : indifferent, however to the object of discovery in contemplation, they proceeded but a short distance in the Indian Country, and returned, their attention having been solely taken up in collecting vast quantities of valuable furs, which were brought down to Quebec, and when sold, netted to each individual of the ^iociety, an enormous profit. The Go- vemor's share alone, amounted to one hundred thou- sand T^cus or half Crowns. A large sum was divided among the other officers namely, the Intendant, Comp- troller and others* "^ ' ' t\v. • As it was the intention of the French Government to build a strong Fort at Beaus^jour, Chaussegros de Lery, son of the Engineer, who traced the fortifications of Quebec, was sent for this purpose. De Vassan, who took the Command of this Post, on the return of La 217 Come, was instructed to accelerate the works, to pay Chap. the utmost attention to Abbe Le Loutre, who had ^* charge of the Acadians, and to avoid all disputes with 17.30, the English, then fortifying at Beau Bassin. De Vassan's penetration soon led him to discover Le Loutre's true character, but not vidshing to have any misunderstanding witli him, he left him full scope in the management of the affairs of the Acadians : These unhappy people had no sooner put themselves under his Government, than they felt the iron hand of his tyranny ; neither the pro- visions nor cloathing furnished by the Crown could be procured,, without repeated supplications and prayers, and in every instance he showed a heart steeled against every sentiment of humanity. The Intendant In consequence of the approaching scarcity of provisions in Canada, had made an applica. tion to France, for the necessary supply ; but as these provisions, could not be received before the succeeding Spring, he wrote to the Commissary at Louisburgh, to enter into a contract with some Englishman, to supply the Posts in Nova Scotia. The Commissary, made an application to Mr. Howe, who had already engaged to furnish the Post at St. John's with provisions, and who receiving assurances of payment, readily consented to the overture. Le Loutre, who was concerned under- handedly with a man, by the name of Le Blanc, in fur- nishing provisions to this Post, conceived that his inte- rest, would be affected by the convention with Howe, and he therefore expressed his highest disapprobation of the terms of the contract to the Commandant. Le Lou. tre, who was determined to prevent Howe's having the Ee m. 218 Chap, contract, desired a conference with him. The meeting V. was held, but he had scarcely uttered a few words when he was shot by two Indians, concealed by Le Loutre, behind a Hedge. On Le Loutre's return to the Fort, he was charged with this cruehy, which however he denied : but not to the; satisfaction of those acquaint. ed with the transaction. '*> t iti fut •« It- The Governors of the English Colonies, conti- nued to grant permission to their merchants, to trade on the Banks of the Ohio. As the Court of France had approved of the system and conduct of Mn de la Galissioniere respecting that Country, orders w:ere received by La Jonquiere, to put a stop to their trading with the Indians, and to seize their persons and effects: Jonquiere, the better to carry the Government views into execution, sent several officers to the Ohio, who seized three Traders who were brought prisoner^ to Montreal, with a large quantity of their goods. They were a few days after examined before le Baron d© Longueil and Mr. Varin, the Commissary, and after un- dergoing a long examination they were discharged. Thfe interrogatories that were put to them, were transmitted* to France and handed to the English Ambassador at Pa- ris. This conduct, was considered the more hostile as Commissioners had already been appointed by the two Crowns, for the termination of the unsettled Li- mits of the Treaty of Aix la Chapelle, in the year one thousand seven hundred and forty eight} Governor Shirley and Mr Mildmay, had been nominated on the part of Great Britain and Mr. de la Galissioniere * znd * Mcmoiret m^es Navales, Gouverneur et Lieutenant General pour le Roy «n toute la Nou- velle France, terreset pasM de la Louisiane. D6c i six heurei et demie du soir ag^s de 67 ani. ..s.>: ■■ ■ . ■ ' . ,. .: ... . ' :■- 1-. O ':■■ 'J ■ -,-'.. . I ' • Hft Jo.n^erp, inade no ^nswi^r to their remonfitaace, IhK ^* appointed Mr. de la Bretonniere to succeed him. Le Bretonniere prepared for his departure, and was set- ting out for the Sault, when he ordered him to remain, acquainting the Bishop that he had changed his mind as to him, and had appointed Father Hocquet in his place. * Though it cannot be said that the Marquis de Jon- quiere was a man of great talents, yet he was possess- ed of abilities, and in his own profession was always considered an intelligent and excellent officer. He fought many battles, and exhibited both conduct and bravery in every engagement. He amassed while Go- vernor of this Country by commerce alone, more than a million of livres, which at his death, were in the hands of Mr. de Verduc, Clerk to the Superior Coun« oil, besides which he had, for many years, sixty thou- sand livres from his appointments and pension. Yet notwithstanding his riches, his avarice was in many ini> stances, so extreme that he denied himself the com- mon necessaries of life. During his last illness, he or- dered the wax tapers that were burning in his room, to be changed for tallow candles, observing, that the latter would answer every purpose, and were less ex- pensive, Charles Le Moine, Baron de Longueil, then Governor of Montreal, being next in seniority, he as- sumed the reins of government until the arrival of a successor. This year two vessels sailed from Quebec with wheat to Marseilles, and it was found merchantable. . * JMuit't Journal. 224 Chap. A Ship of the line, a seventy-four was built at Que- ^^ bee, but was lost, having broke her back, in getting off the Stocks at Cape Diamond. t (. i . ^4i |t!i!!!iiS| ' ''I i,.; 'il' i ' '.■■ ■! II II i; !..„.„:,:i k.i Uf:. Iv ** - -'1-^ ^- fc... 'ii iX.'j}*' -.1. i'.-J ■ yi •^ r . % »■, , , .'T' :t J\0 '..'i "i ;, , •, .- 1 • 'r '« ':' '^ i '" i'( 10 ifQsiii^;': ii 'Si J 'U. t:- 325 , . :,> iti 0» CANADA, CHAPTER VL i': ,* i \prm the year 1752, to the Siege and Surrender ^f ' ' Quebec te the British Amu in 1759* The King of France, on the recal of de la Jonquiere, Chap. appointed by Commission on the first of March, ♦ one ^JJ^, thousand seven hundred and fifty-two, the Marquis du 17^9, Quesne de Menneville, Governor of Canada, Louisiana, Cape Breton, Saint John's, and their dependencies. He was a man of talents, a Captain in the Navy, and Major of Toulon. His manners were austere, zfid his • Rff i|tw«4 U Q'whec, 7th AugtMt. Ff ■]-, .«i ) '■H'til i»V mt^s. 226 H '•. Chap, address was marked with a degree of hauteur that was ''*• disgusting. Galissioniere, who had been the means of his ap- pointment, gave him every information respecting the Colony, and the claims of France as to limits of Canada, and thus instructed, he landed at Quebec in August, where he was received with the usual ceremonies. Persua- ded that peace could not be of any long continuance, he directed his attention to the discipline of the troops and militia. He formed the militia of the two cities of Quebec and Montreal into several companies, and at the head of each he placed officers to command them. A company of artillery was attached to the militia of both cities, who were on Sundays and Holidays regular- ly exercised at the great guns. , He reviewed the militia of the Country Parishes, and adopted the plans best calculated to secure the tranquility and safety of the Co- lony. ir 1753. The orders he had received, respecting the limits, were too positive not to be attended to. The bounda- ries marked out by Galissioniere, were to be insisted on, and Forts to be constructed, to restrict the English Colonies to the ApaUchian mountains. . ^.., -^ .;,-., . ,, Several detachments were sent on to the Ohio, the commanders of which were ordered to take post in that Country, and secure the alliance of the Indians by large presents. The Indians early saw that this conduct would provoke a war ; and as soon as the !• rench appeared among them, requested that they as well as the English would desist from building any Forts in their Country. : was is ap- igthe inada, ugust, 'ersua- aance, troops ities of and at them, litia of egular- ; militia ns best the Co- 227 Disregarding, however, their enteaties,'both French and Chat* English advanced towards each other, and constructed * ^• the Forts du Quesne, Necessity, and others. The Mar- quis du Quesne, who well knew that a rupture, was to be expected, pushed on a strong reinforcement under Pean, with presents to the Indians, assuring them that his object was to protect them from the hostile attacks of the English, who, he represented, wished to seize their Country and make them slaves. The Marc^uis de Vaudreuil, then Governor of Louisiana, was informed by Du Quesne of the step that had been taken, and he was desired to use his influence to induce the Indians un- der his government to join the French troops on the Ohio. As the preservation of the Upper Country de- pended on the Fort of his own name, he ordered the intermediate Posts at Machault and Presqu*Isle to be established, and several vessels and boats to be con- structed, to facilitate the transportation across the Lakes Ontario and Erie. .; : , .;- ,. _ x V^. limits, )ounda- in^sted English hio, the it in that jy large ct would appeared English Country. To gain intelligence respecting the motions of the Virginians, frequent parties were sent out from Fort du Quesne. One of these, under the command of Junion- ville, a French officer, had proceeded but a shojrt dis- tance, when he was met by Lieutenant Colonel Wash- ington, who was then on his march to Fort Necessity. He had iio sooner opened to .Colonel Washington the object of his mission, to warn the English from taking possession of the Country, than he and several of his party were killed. As soon as Mr. de Contrecocur was made acquainted with this circumstance, he assembled the Indians near the Fort, and related to them the acti- *.ruiii -*ib a uj'iiw ^ixici F f 2 "XutiJ-Kh i>3Vi"v?3l ^■^«m&s.k. GnaIpw 6n that had just taken place. Availing himscilf of thoir y^' indignation, and restjlved on revenge, be assembled the 17J4. officers of the garrison, who agreed on the innnediate investiture of Fort Necessity. A email number of troops and Indians, -were put under the command of Mr. de Viliier, a brother of lumonville, who proceeding with his party to the Fort, compelled Colonel Washington to surrender. :-;!,; a;.- . ' >i '. ('- it) i 'Jl ' The Intendant, who vcas not nnapprized of the ru- mours partly raised against him, for his conduct in tht; -Colony, and at die same time apprdiensive that their complaints might get to the royal ear, requested leave of ■d^sence, under the pretext of his private affairs. This 910. having been denied, he had an opportunity of re- nemnorhis fcnrmer friendships with persons in power, . «nd enabled him to frame such a defence as might inva^ ' lidate any charges that might be prelbrred against him. During his absence, Mr. Varin, the Commissioner of the Marine, acted as Ordonnateur, and performed all the 'duties attached to the o^ce of Intendant. Before his departure he applied to the Marquis dti •Quesne, for the situation of Commandant of Beau Se* jO)ir for an officer of neither talents nor abilities, by the jiame of de Vergor. His attachment to this officer had 'BStonished every one, an4 de Vergor*s rapid rise from TSFtreme poverty to great riches, gave occasion for loud isomplaunts against his peculation. The Intendant o|> tanked the appointment, and in addition to the com* tmandy got him the lucrative post of Commissary. Pe Vergor hswJ warcely arrived at 3eau Sejour, when he received a letter from the Intendant, which at the same 289 id the edkte troops ^. irhile the Commandant and Commissary generally pro* 4:ured. it at seven or eig»K livres. De Vergor, who under- •fitoodliis business, suggested in his report, that the wood provided by La Martiniere was rotten and unfit for the use of the garrison. Nothing more became necessary than the drawing up a proces verbal, and a certificate of its fottenness. A new supply of wood was immediately ordered, which was charged to the Government at the ■same price of fifteen livres a cord, which netted no «mall profit. ''^^ There were settled near the Port about eighty Aca- dian families, who frequently visited Fort Lawrence to purchase such articles as they wanted. These inter- views gave the English officers frequent opportunities of conversing with them on the subject of their impro- per conduct and L.ie unhappy situation they were thrown in, by the intrigues of their Priests. They were too well acquainted, with the miseries they suffered, not to ad- ■',:.' i.l i i * DMc4«t Quebic, SOthAvsutt, 1734, r:; v 230 1 €hap. mit the truth of these senthnents, and with a view of r6. VI. turning to their lands, they first presented a memorial to de Vergor, painting in the most lively colours, their hopeless situation : They observed, that it was impossi- ble to live on the lands that were assigned them, and that they wished to return to those that they had left. That their property was suffering from want of att^- tion, and that nothing but misery and wretchedness awaited them. That if leave would not be granted to them to return to their estates, a refusal in writing was requested, that it might remain as a memorial to their children, that the miseries entailed on. tbem, wa$ ocica- sioned by the denial of their request to retunj, tQ th? Farms they had abandoned, f^e Vergor, tho\igh he had disapproved, on many occasions, le Loutre's con- duct, was obliged to consult him on this memorial. The Abbe observed, that if he permitted them to withdraw from their present situation, the Acadians at the other Posts would follow their example, and if he gave them a written refusal, he would clear up a fact, as yet only suspected. De Vergor readily acquiesed in the force of the reasoning, and at the same time, that he refused to give any answer to their memorial, issued an order, that in future, they should not be allowed to visit Fort Law- •• ■.■.'.» In order to supply the King's Stores with the Mer» •handize and cloathing, necessary for the use of the Acadians, large quantities of these articles were sent from Canada. The persons, whose business it was to take care, that these people should be supplied with what they wanted, seized the merchandize and goods for themselves, and when complaints were made, *oi 231 17.5.7. their want of supply, the same articles that had in the Chap. first instance been provided by Government, were re- ^^• sold to the Crown, at an enormous advance. Large quantities of provisions of every kind, as well as wine, brandy and other liquors had been provided, but imme- diately on their arrival there, the same scandalous con- duct was pursued. The Flour was declared to be da- maged, the Wine was said to be mere water, . of all which, Proces Verbaux were drawn up, to cover their itiiquitous conduct. '^ ■As soon as Great Britain, was apprized of the action, that had taken place near the Ohio, she resolved on taking the most effectual measures to drive the French from the several posts they occupied, and not only gave orders to her Governors in America to repel force by force, but ordered several regiments from Ireland to assist in this work. France early forsesaw that the con- sequence of this conduct could not fail to bring about a rupture, made the necessary preparations for war, and as the principal scene of it would probably be America, a large fleet was equipped at Brest, under the command of Admiral Bois de la Mothe, on board of which were several old regiments, a considerable supply oi amniu' nition, and all the necessary implements of war. I'hougli no declaration of hostilities had yet taken place, yd the English ministry thought it both wise and prudent to watch the motions of this squadron. In consequence of this resolution. Admiral Boscawen sailed witli eleven sail of the line on the twenty-seventh of April from Plymouth. These fleets arrived nearly at the same time on the ( ,; ;^ 232 ' ' ■.'■ Chap. Banks of Newfoundland, and fortunately for Mr* 40 VI. la Mothe, the thick fogs which prevail on that coast,, facilitated the escape of all his fleet, except the Aicide» and the Lys, which became easy captures to the Defii* ance, Captain Andrews, and the Dunkirk, C^tain af- terwards, Lord Howe. On board of these ships were » number of ofHcers of Engineers, and eight companies of regular troops. Mr. de la Mothe arrived however^ a fsw days after to the no small joy of the Marquia and the Colony. On the news of this capture, De Mirepoix,,the French Ambassador was recalled from London, and loud complaints were made against Admiral Boscawen's con* duct on the Banks. It was retorted by Great Britaia« that the conduct of the French on the Ohio had reA* dered it both necessary and justifiable. The British Colonies rouzed from their lethargy, sent reinforce* ments to General Braddock, who by some unaccounta- ble delay only began his march on the tenth of June, with two thousand two hundred men towards the spot where Colonel Washington had been defeated the pre- ceding year. -....;. .... , On the resignation of the Marquis du Quesae, who returned into the Marine service, the MarqUis de Vau- dreuil de Cavagnal was appointed to succeed him by commission,* as Governor of Canada, Louisiana, Cape Breton, Saint John's, and their dependencies. Mr. de Contrecceur, the commander of the Fort, had early information of the march of English troops, under General Braddock, and sent forward a party consisting of two hundred and fifty Canadians and six hundred and • R«giitcrcd lOth July. •* ' — t 1- spot pre- who Vau. im by Cape 0-Y-«*i> 2Sd fifty Indians, under the command of de Beaujeu and Du- Chap, mas to attack the English at the defile, which they w^re ^*- compelled to pass about twelve miles distant from the Fort. Here they waited the arrival of Braddock, who des- pising all caution, advanced to the very spot where the French and Indians were posted. At noon, on the ninth of July, the French gave a general discharge of their musquetry on the van of the English, which instantly feH back on the main body. These being panic struck and m t3ie utmost confusion^ Hed with the greatest precipitation Braddock behaved with great courage, and notwithstandf ing he was d^erted by the greater part of his troops, yet with those that remained he agam formed and advanced to an unsuccessful attack as before. At this moment he was mortally wounded ; * and the troops dispirited by the loss of their general, the contest immediately turn- ed into ri d' orderly flight. The loss amounted to near seven hun.i v ten, and many valuable ofiicers. All the ammunuion, artillery and baggage fell into the hands of the French, as well as the general's plans and in- structions, and an exact draught of the Fort. De Beau- jeu, de. la Pcrade and Cornevall, officers of the Marine Corps, and about thirty Canadians and Indians were killed, and about the same number wounded. The English army instead of fortifying themselves after the retreat, in case the late success of the French might have induced them to have penetrated into Virgi- nia, left a few troops at Fort Cumberland, and marched with the rest, amounting to one thousand siK huudrod ^ >] He died 13th Julf. oi ,; J*. 11 i 684 ^, ,.. Chap, men on the second of August, to Philadelphia, from, * *• whence they were soon after shipped to Albany by or- der of General Shirley, on whom the chief command on Braddock's death, devolved. Notwithstanding the late misfortune near Fort du Quesne, the northern Co- lonies so far from being dispirited, set on foot two expe- ditions, one under the command of General Shirley, and the other under the command of General Johnson. Johnson on the eighth of August set out for Lake George, where General Lyman, with six thousand Provincials, had arrived. Here he took post on very strong ground, surrounded with thick woods. Lake George in his rear, and with abreast work in front, of felled trees. As soon as it was was known that this ar- my had marched from Albany, and that the object of General Johnson, was to attack Crown Point, Baron Dieskau, a brave and experienced officer, was dispatch- ed with three thousand men, composed of regulars, ' marine troops and Canadians to oppose him. On his arrival at Crown Point he divided his army, and after leaving one half at this place, marched on by the way of South Bay, and at length arrived in sight of the En- glish entrenchments at Lake George. At half past ele- . ven o'clock of the morning of the eighth of September, the Baron marched in regular order towards Johnson's centre^ and when within one hundred and fifty yards, made his grand and centre attack with a heavy pla- toon firing, while the Canadians and Indians dispersed on the flanks, kept up an irregular fire. The engage- ment soon became general on both sides ; thr; French regulars kept their ground and order with great resolu- tion, till overpowered by the warm and constant fire of the English; they then made a movement to the right of , '< 255 Johnson's encampment, and though a body of Canadians Chaip, had advanced as a reinforcement, yet they could not again ^^* be brought into action. The French troops no longer able to sustain the fire of the English, retreated at four in the afternoon in the most precipitate manner. ITieir loss is stated at one thousand men, killed, wounded and prisoners, among whom was the Baron, who was se- verely wounded. The remains of the French army made the best of their way to Crown Point. The En- glish had one hundred and twenty-six men killed, ninety- four wounded, and sixty missing. v J '■'i, As soon as the news of this victory reached England, the King applauded General Johnson's bravery, created him a Baronet, and gratified him with with a donation •f five thousand pounds sterling. The expedition under general Shirley went on so slowly, that he did not leave Albany before the end of July, and only arrived at Oswego in August. Here the General waited for the supplies of provisions, which by some mismanagement did not reach him until the end of September, when it was thought too late to undertake the expedition to Niagara. After leaving a garrison of about seven hundred men at Oswego, he returned on the twenty-fourth of October to Albany. The Colony for two years past had been thrown in- to the most distressing situation from the want of provi- sions and grain : the inhabitants of the Country, con- stantly employed in parties against the English Colonies, had not time to cultivate their lands, and though the Gg 2 I i w 1 E ■:. m W^ m ill H ' |l, ^hB ' If * ea^H ^'"'' ' \m m Mm ■ ^;iiP 9^^H ''i ' m M 1 1 / C.HAlf* scarcity of gmn had long been made known to the Qo- J^^ vernment of the Country, yet the creatures and friend^ of the Intendant* were allowed to ship off va§t quantities* of wheat to the West India Islands, to the manifest in- jury of the people of the Colony. The price of provi- signs increased n^ost enormously, and the commerce of the Country daily diminished. The flattering hopes that had been entertained of the new Governor, whosjs exertions it was expected, would have been directed to the promotion and prosperity of the Colony were but short lived. The people early saw, that inste<^d of re- lief they were to be the more oppressed, by the sanction he gave to the measures of a Company, who swal- lowed up every thing. Flour was an article much want- ed at this time, and vast quantities of grain had been purchased from the farmers by the Company, who as sooa as they had procured the quantity they wanted, the Inten- dant ^sued an Ordinance, fixing the price at an enor- mous advance, and then re-purchased the article for Government, to enrich the Company. The Company, notwithstanding the clamours of the people, kept up the price of their flour, and availing themselves of the scarcity, sold what was not wanted by Government at an enhanced price. After amassing much property ia this way, they built several vessejj^ which were through the interest of the Intendant taken into the government service at an immense annual charge. Complaints were made to the Intendant, which through the intrigues of these gentlemen, were never attended to. The Inten- dant, on the contrary, was assured by them that the s occasioned by the farmers in tht ipply • The Tntendiint return«d in the Sjiring 1755. ir *:' I ' Gauntry, H^ci k«pt up the price of grain for a greater Cha? . profit, and they advised him to issue orders for a u^l^Li search in the Country, and compel the inhabitants to furnish the necessary supplies for the city and for the subsistence of the troops. Bigot, who had enter- ed, into all their nefarious plots, drew up an estimate of the quanijky of provisions wanted, and Cadet and his Clierks over-run the whole Country, and those farm^ er$ who would not sell their wheat •at the low price fix- ed I>y the Intendant's ordinance issued for that p » • _8, ha4 their property seized and the grain taken away without any remuneration. Loud complaints were pre- ferred against Cadet, but as the Intendant would not hear what they had to say, they were turned over to one of the Company in particular, who in league viitk y the entreaties of mothers or the cries of their children. He was surrounded by a set of flatter- ers, who, on leaving his abundant and elegant repasts, could not he persuaded that the complaints of the peo- ple ought to be attended to, or that they were in a star^ ving condition. ■k4 'A'- 'lb ■'f, 2S8 Chap. The Company, also built a large Store House near VL the Intendant's Palace at Quebec, which was supplied with a large quantity of goods. A Clerk by the name of Clavery had charge of it. The object of the C6m|>a« ny, in having this store was the supplying the artitleB wanted by Government. The Intendant, every Autumn, sent to France an estimate of the goods wanted for th)e use of Government, and as he was concerned with these gentlemen, he took good care, never to send for a suffi- cient quantity, that he might purchase the deficiency from the Company, at whatever price they chose to de- mand. As the Intendant was determined to enrich these gentlemen, no goods were purchased but from them, and their profits by the monopoly were immense* It was this conduct, that could not escape the animad- version of the people, that induced them to call the new store, " La Friponne."* » ■ ■ If the citizens of Quebec were in distress, those of Montreal did not suffer less. Though the necessaries of life were not so dear, yet goods and merchandize of all kinds were still more difficult to be procured. Varin the Commissary of the Marine, and Martel the Store- keeper had monopolized every thing. The Commissa- ry, like the rest of the public depredators, employed every means of enriching himself. The posts above Montreal, of which he had the supply, opened a wide door for making money, and as it was necessary to form a coalition with the Storekeeper General, they employ- ed certain agents the better to conceal their own iniquit- ous conduct. The boats were not allowed to go to the ■ . .ft -{ ^■•:'? v.'»'j' * Or the Cheating Housp. ■Xv'Jill. * ,'' .If '>■ » - ■ " '• 2S9 Upper Country without paying them so large a sum of Chap. money, that it soon ruined those that attempted it. The ^^^1 trade to these Posts in a very short time, became confi- ;ned to these gentlemen, and the Intendant annually purchased from them the goods wanted for Govern- ment out of a similar Store house built at Montreal, and also called there, *' La Friponne. it i X. . i f,:'' r The vessels which went to Miramichi to carry pro- visions to the Acadians, returned loaded with these un- happy people, who far from finding that protection and assistance at Quebec, experienced every neglect and possible calamity. The Intendant, to throw money into Cadet's way, gave him charge of them, and he, unmoved by compassion, and steeled against every sentiment of humanity, instead of furnishing them with wholesome beef, provided them with nothing but horse flesh. Many of these fell victims to his want of feeling and to his insatiable avarice. • *■< ^■ As Madame P ^n had a Seigneurie still unsettled near Quebec, many of these people were offered lands in it, and those that agreed to settle on it experienced great indulgence, and were supplied with money and provisions by the Intendant's order j on the other hand, those that preferred other Seigneuries, on account of soil and other advantages were refused the smallest in< . dulgence. This gave occasion to the saying, " That this lady had obtained in her Contract of Concession a mortgage on the King's Exchequer for the settlement of her Seigneurie." Mr. de Vaudreuil, the Governor, with the same view as to his private interest, furnished ■rl S1 ■' 1 1 €40 1756. i 5 I \ •i ' y 1 1 1 1 Chap, the Acadians with money and provisions^ to induce ^*' them to settle on his Seignetirie. The Marquis having learnt that the English Colo- nists had built a number of small forts on the route t* Osw^o for their greater ssiety in transportitig jn'ovisi- ons to that place, and that they had it in design to build vessels there, to obtain the command of Lake Ontario, and by that means to cut off the conununication tn^th the Frenfch Posts in the Upper Country, ordered « de- tachment, consisting of two hundred and fi&y-nine re- gulars and Canadians, and eighty Indians, Under the command of Mr. Chaussegros de Lery,* Veateiiaat of the Marine Corps, to repair to Montreal 4 from whence they marched on the seventeenth of March. After traversing an immense wilderness and Undergoing great hardships, they came before a small picketed Ibrt^ in which was posted Lieutenant hvAl Ivilli vaAf twenty five men. Mr. de Lery having posted the Indians in «uch a way as to prevent a surprize, and having made every disposition for the attack, summoned the £ngJifih offi- cer to surrender. On his refusing to comply, a furious attack was made on the Fort, and after a gallastt resist- ance by the garrison, it at length was carried, and the greater part of the garrison were put to the sword by the Indians, whose savage bi\rbarity could not be repres- sed. The Fort was then blown up, and the powder alid ammunition were thrown into the river. As it was of importance to have an officer in the com- mand of Fort du Quesne esteemed by the Indians, Mr. de Contrecceur was recalled to give place to Mt* Du- ♦ Son of the celebrated Engineer, •V M- > 241 mas, who had distinguished himself at the attack on Chap. General Braddock. Dumas frequently collected par- VI. ties of Indians and sent them into Pennsylvania, where they spread horror and devastation with an undistin- guishing hand. De Celeron, who commanded at De- troit, was equally successful in gaining over the Indians near that Post to the French interest, and had he conti- nued, would have been of great service in promoting the views of the French Government : disgusted and dissatisfied, he requested his recal, and his successor, Mr. de Mery, a Captain in the Colony troops, equally unfortunate in not being on good terms with the mer- chants and people of Detroit, gladly quitted the com- mand of that place. The Marquis de Vaudreuil was fully apprized of the danger of permitting the English to hold possession o* Oswego, where they were every day strengthening them- selves and building vessels to secure the command of Lake Ontario. To reduce this Fort, was an object of too much importance to be neglected, and an expediti- on was framed for its reduction. Mr. de Villier Cap- tain in the Marine Corps and a brother of Jumon- ville who had been killed on the Ohio, was charged with this expedition. He had under his command three hundred men, and proceeded with them to a within a short distance of Oswego, where he constructed a small stockaded Fort, so completely surrounded with thick woods as not to be perceived by the boatmen from Al- bany, who were frequently intercepted by parties from this post, and the provisions destined for Oswego, taken. The Five nation^-, apprized of the designs of the Frenchj - ' H h / a Recollect, better known by the nick name of Captain John. This Missionary, who had nothing of his profes- sion, but his cloth, kept a large store and regularly sup- plied it with goods brought from Quebec, by his own sloop, navigated by himself. He soon acquired a con- siderable sum of money, with which he maintained a lady in great stile, to the reproach of himself and scandal of his profession. In a few years after, he requested leave to return to France, where he at length quitted his profession and became secularized. Abbe Menack]!* had If 247 been a missionary at Bay Verte, and had made himself Chap. extremely odious by his intermeddling disposition. VI. The harvest in the bi.s rict of Quebec, was by no means so abundant as was expected, and in many parts of the Country had entirely failed. Owing to this circum- stance, and to the want of those succours in provisions that had been expected from France, which had not yet arrived, every article rose in its value most amazingly. Flour readily sold for one hundred and thirty livres the hundred weight, and the Intendant fixed the price of beef at six sous per pound, to relieve the poorer clas- ses of the people. MANVofthe Acadians, who had come to Quebec, brought with them paper bills which were presented to Mr. Bigot, to be discharged. The Intendant who wished to conceal from the eyes of the court, the enormous ex> penditurc of the public money put off the payment, un- til he had drawn the bills of exchange for the year. The r^ecessities of these people prompted them to any ex- change, however detrimental to their interests, and as Bigot's Secretary, who besides being connected with the treasurer and was himself receiver of the tax imposed on the citizens of Quebec for Barracks, always hud specie at command, these poor people addressed them- selves to him and gladly suffered a deduction of one tliird or one half, according to their wants. This business he carried on to a considerable extent and much to his pro- fit and advantage, as his connection with Bigot render- ed the payment of these paper bills to their full value, no difficult measure. i; ■ ,''l 1757. I'l 248 As vast difficulties attended the supply of the provi- sions necessary for the King's troops, and for the sub- sistance of the Inhabitants of the Colony, Bigot proposed to the Government, the appointment of a Commissary General, who should engage to procure provisions from France, for the King's troops, and leave the Colony to provide for its own consumption. Cadet had been recom- mended by the Intendant, for this important post, and on the first of January one thousand seven hundred and fifty seven, was put in orders as Commbsary Genera). Bigot, on his appointment taking place, sent instructicMis to the store keepers at the different posts, directing them, to give an inventory of the provisions then at the several stations into the hands of the Commissary Gene- neral's Clerks, and to make no distribution, but with their orders or those of the commanding officer of the post. Thatthe commanding officers should draw on the Storekeeper, • who would give a Bon on the Commissa- ry, to be examined and compared every three months, with those given by the commandant The quantity of provisions delivered was regulated and compared by the Commissary who was charged with all the neces- sary expences, except the batteaux for transporting the provisions, which were provided by Government j and he was directed not to furnish any rations to his Clerks or Engages. Cadet as soon as this arrangement had taken place, made a demand of a million of livres, which were immediately paid him ; and in order to avail himself of his appointment as rapidly and as profitably as possible* he took into his ofHce as Clerk, a person whose charac- ter had been such that he had been dismissed from the service of a merchant, who had discovered his nefarioui^ practices. I f* 249 The supplies for the troops in the District of Mon- Chap. treal and for those of the Upper Posts were intrust. ^'* ed to the management of two persons ; one assumed the title of Inspector and the other that of Treasurer ; and as visiting the Posts was a part of the duty of the Inspec- tor, he made a tour to them all, in order to keep in employ only those Storekeepers most friendly to his pur- poses. Many were displaced for their probity, and o- thers provided for, from their docility. And as it was of the utmost importance to be on the best possible terms with the Commandants of the several Posts, pre- sents were made them in money, wine and brandy. As the Government was obliged to supply these Posts with rations and liquors, the articles furnished by the Crown were constantly diminished, and new applications were repeatedly made for an additional supply. The mode practised was this : to suppress the quantity in their possession, in order that the provisions stated to be wanted for the subsistence of the garrisons and then in the hands of the Inspector, might be re-sold to the Crown at an enormous advance. As the fitting out of the troops and militia was too great an object to bp neglected, an application was made to give this appointment to Pean* This was easily brought about by the Intendant, who procured for him the supplying the Posts in the Upper Country, with an authority to take out of the public stores \ hatever he might want. f ■' The inhabitants of Quebec still experienced great distress iR^r the want of bread ; wheat was very scarce in the count) V, and the price fixed by the Intendant at six llvre«5 per iMishel \v;is conceived not sufficient by the far- U U^^Jr Ly iso l!,|i, mm Chap, mers, who would not sell .their grain but at more ad- ^^' vanced prices. Cadet, who well knew that large quan> titles of wHeat were concealed in the country, proposed to Bigot to seize it, who immediately issued orders that no more wheat should be brought to or ground at any of the mills in the Province. A number of Clerks were charged with these orders, who went into the country and carried them into execution, with the exception of the mills of those persons whom the Company was dis- posed to indulge. A large supply of wheat was of course easily procured, and Cadet, who had occasioned the in- creased scarcity, re>sold the wheat again at a considera- ble advance. Bigot's Secretary and several of those that had been sent out with him, sold their proportion of wheat at twenty-four livres a bushel, by which they all acquired a considerable profit. The sum of eighty thousand livres, which had been granted for the supply of the Acadians during Galissi- oniere's administration, had notwithstanding the cap- ture of Beausejour been continued to them, and as this sum was well worth attention, Mr. Bigot sent for form's sake,a Storekeeper, and Cadet, a Clerk, with a large sup- ply of goods and other articles. The Storekeeper was charged not to carry on any commerce, and to pur- chase nothing on the King's account, but to take what he wanted from the Commissary General's Clerk, and to give receipts for what he was furnished with. To insure success it was necessary to give a certain gratuity to the Superintendant, and the Company readily allow- ed the Commandant a considerable profit. The Commis- sary': Clerk by this means got into his hands all the mo« 'L'^ 251 ney allowed by the Crown, and on the articles furnished Chap. to the Acadians, he received immense profits. ' VI. In consequence of orders from France, which direct- ed Mr. de Vaudreuil to defend the frontiers of the Co- lony and to act on the offensive, when it could be done to advantage, he sent forward during the winter several detachments of Canadians and Indians to scour the Country on the borders of the English Colonies. One of these parties had penetrated beyond Lake Champlain and returned with intelligence, that the English were busy in fortifying Fort George on the farther end of the Lake of that name, and had collected a vast quantity of ammunition and provisions at that place. The go* vemor held a consultation with Montcalm on this sub- ject, and their joint opinion was to attack it, before the works were complete, and a large body of troops collected there. As no time was to be lost, the Mar- quis ordered a detachment composed of one hundred and fifty regulars, three hundred colony troops, six hundred and fifty Canadians and four hundred Indians, amounting in all to fifteen hundred men, to be ready for this expedition. These troops were commanded by Mr. Rigaud de Vaudreuil,* who had for his second the Chevalier de Longueil the King's Lieutenant of Que- bec. The former, who was brother to the Governor General, was distinguished as a man of an excellent character and of a benevolent disposition, and though not possessed of great talents, was considered as a good • The Govunors Particuliers had the rank of Coloneln, and the Lieutenant! du Roi, of Lifuteiiant Colonels, ai;<'. tpfik rank according fa the d«ei of thei*" Commiuioiis. .. ., .. »-«•/• ... ^ . I i2 > . - ■■:., .IV ' b V i: ■ ■ ■ 1 ■I |1 'l\ 252 _ ' Chap, officer desirous of promoting the glory of his Sovereign, VI« The Chevalier de Longueil was possessed of consider- able abilities and was equally brave ; he was characteri- zed as an officer who was well acquainted with his pro- fession. The King's troops were infusted to Mr. Pon- larie, Captain of Grenadiers of the Royal Regiment of Rousillon, and those of the Marine to Captain Dumas, who had returned from Fort du Quesne. The Chevalier le Mercier accompanied them, as Engineer in Chief. The instructions Rigaud received before his depar- ture, were to attack the Fort at Lake George by Esca* lade, and that in case of a repulse, to set fire to the bat- teaux, stores and buildings that were near it. Ponlarie was directed to obey Mr. Rigaud's orders, and to keep up a good understanding between the King's and the other troops, and on the event of a Council of War be- ing called, if he should differ with him in opinion, he was directed to state his reasons in writing. Every ne- cessary measure having been taken, Rigaud marched with his detachment from Montreal, and on the seven- teenth of March encamped behind a mountain within a league and a half of Fort George. On the succeeding day, Ponlarie, Dumas, and Le Mercier went to recon- noitre the Fort, and returned with information, that it would not be difficult to attack the Fort by Escalade, there being one face of the works against which ladders could be placed. The General therefore determined, if possible, to take the garrison by surprize, and the detachment in the night of the nineteenth, approached the Fort with as little noise as possible. When, howe- ver, within a short distance of it, from the noise that was fnade, it was soon perceived thut the English were ».' / . ' • 253 •♦ apprized of their approach and the whole garrison were Chap. under arms. Rigaud's design of surprizing the garrison "*• being defeated, he invested the Fort on the twentieth, and the men were employed in collecting fascines, while a body of Indians were posted on the road to Fort Ed- ward to cut of the communication with Albany. The next day the Commandant of the Fort was summoned to surrender, by Mr. le Mercier, but he refused to com- ply, declaring his intention to defend it to the last ex- tremity. Rigaud, not finding it so easy to take the Fort, contented himself with burning thirty batteaux, sloops, three Storehouses full of provisions and the hospital, besides other houses about the Fort. While this was doing, the garrison kept up a heavy fire ; but being too weak to make sorties, and being done in the night time* the French received but little obstruction in carrying into effect their devastations. ,1' ■ ' ■,■■; n:rA 11. M ' •* The Governor, by means of his brother, who had returned to Montreal with his detachment, received eve- ry information respecting the Fort, and applauded his brother's conduct, in destroying the batteaux and other boats on Lake George, convinced as he was that the pro- gress of the English army would be impeded, should they propose an attempt on Ticonderoga or Crown Point. To put the French Forts at these two places in a respectable state of defence, Mr. de Bourlemaque with two battali- ons was sent on to continue the works, and to take pos- session of the communication between the two Lakes. At the same time Captain Pouchot was sent to Niacjara as Commandant, with orders to fortify that place in the best possible manner. By this gentleman an uivitation was sent to the Indians of the Upper Lakes to desire \ ■•■ 254 Chap* their attendance at a Grand Council to be held at Mon« VI. treal : they came down attended by their Chiefs, and at a meeting that was held at that city, the Governor obi served, that he hoped that as they well knew the late success that had crowned his Majesty's arms, they would attend to what he had to say, and have no communicatioa or intercourse with the English. That they had built a Fort on the ground of their Fathers, which he had re« ceived orders to destroy, and that he hoped they would join in the enterprize. To this speech they made an- swer, that they had hearkened to his speech with a de- cided determination to obey his pleasure. As a mark of the Governor's approbation, they were, before their return home loaded with presents. A large body of troops and militia of the province had in consequence of orders rendezvoused at Saint John's, and as this was an opportunity not to be slighted, P availed him of his public situation, and made a vast deal of money in consequence of it. He had engaged to transport the provisions necessary for the subsistance of the troops at this post, and he was provided with the King's batteaux for which he was accountable at the end of the year. He engaged to provide the men ne- cessary to navigate these boats, and to victual them; and in case of loss or damage he was liable for the boats themselves, or for any repairs they might want. The Storekeeper at Saint John's was to give his receipt for what he received, and according to these vouchers, the Contractors were paid. The rate for transportation was fixed at five livres, per quintal, from Saint Ours to Chambly, and from the latter place to Saint John's> four livres. Every large batteau was to be allowed at M 1 255 the rate of fifteen livres, and every smaller one, at twelve Chap. livres, each. The articles that were wanted at S. John's, "*• were embarked at Montreal, and in lieu of hired men, militia were ordered to navigate the boats as far as Sorel, where others were procured by the command of the officer there, to conduct them toChambly or Saint John's. The inhabitants of the Country, preferred undertaking the service, gratis, rather than to be obliged to remain a whole campaign from their families and property, so that the expence of transporting the provisions and the necessary supplies for the army, was saved to the Con- tractor, who took what was allowed by the arrange- ments that had been made, and without expence. Independant of this mode of sending on the provi- sions, whenever any detachments of troops were sent to the Posts, the Contractors took care to load the King's boats with the provisions they were to trans- port at their own expence, and by this saved a great deal of money. It is impossible to conceive the robbe- ries that were committed during these voyages, and when the articles were delivered at the King's Stores at the different Posts, the invoices, instead of containing a true return, exceeded by much the quantity re- cdved. So well was it understood, that every one was to have his share, as well officers,as clerks and inhabitants. They were not content with pillaging the King's proper, ty, but even stripped off the rigging and carried away Stores belonging to the batteaux,and then demanded jxiy- ment for what they declared they had lost. Many of the officers, on expeditions, availed themselves of every opportunity of making money, and took care to demand for their detachments such a quantity of provisions and ■r:;t:i , '^ \f m I a ■t ■■■} I J! .K! I r.. ' " Chap stores as to have a considerable surplus, which they J'ca- ^^* dily applied to their own advantage and emolument. Though the Contractors were paid for their services in conducting detachments and provisions to the different posts, yet, they on all occasions took care to have a quantity of articles on their own account, for which they charged government, and which were regularly paid. As a number of troops were constantly pass- ing through Saint John's to Ticonderoga and Crown Point, Government was charged as much for a small detachment consisting of one hundred men, as had been formerly charged for the transportation of six hundred soldiers. Cadet built large Storehouses, and he and his clerks were lodged in capital houses, and lived, both expensively and in great stile. The Chevalier de Levi, who commanded at Saint John's, at length received orders on the third of July, to proceed up Lake Champlain, to join the Marquis de Montcalm, who was then at Ticonderoga, making every preparation for crossing over Lake George. The army on the fifth of August, landed on the other side of it, and immediately invested 'ft^ when a letter was sent by the Marquis de Montcalm, to Colonel Munro, the comman- dant, importing that he had a numerous army, a pow- erful train of artillery a large body of Indians, whose excesses and cruelties, could as yet be restrained, as at that moment, none of them had been killed. That it was to no purpose to pretend to defend the Fort, in hopes of relief, as the precautions he bad taken, would prevent any assistance being given him, and that a deci- : . 257 sive answer was demanded, to the message sent by Sieur Chap, de Funtbrune, his Aide de Camp. • ' . i ■■ VI, In answer to this peremptory summons. Colonel Munro observed, that he with scorn and disdain reject- ed his proposal, and that he would defend the Fort and the entrenchments while he had a man alive to fire a gun. Munro's resolution was supported by the per- suasion, that as General Webb was at a short distance from him with four thousand men he would attack and compel Montcalm to raise the siege, and throw suc- cours into garrison. General Webb*s supineness asto- nished Montcalm as much as it did Munro, and the former eager to take advantage of his indifference to as- sist Munro, redoubled his efforts against the Fort. The garrison, however, returned the fire with great bravery, and having burst the greater part of their cannon, ex- pended all their ammunition, and without any hopes of assistance. Colonel Munro proposed to capitulate, to which Montcalm readily consented. Hostages were ex- changed, and the articles of capitulation signed on the ninth August. The garrison in consideration of their gallant defence, were to march out with the honors of war ; they were to have an escort of five hundred men to protect them from the barbarities of the Indians, and wer to be conducted to the next English Fort. The Indians to the number of nineteen hundred, who had followed the army, were promised the plunder of the Fort. The garrison, instead of marching out on the day of the capitulation, postponed it till the succeeding one: when the Indians beheld the English marching out with their arms and baggage, they declared, that " K k . ' .'?j ■" }*i>' $''-h :!■•/':' :i.ij <■> ■• ; ^ 258 Chap what they were carrying off had been promised to them* ^^' Determined to be recompensed for having joined in this expedition, they allowed the English troops to arrive at a certain place on the route to Fort Edward, best calcu- lated to carry into effect their barbarous intentions, when nineteen hundred Savages fell on them with the most horrid shrieks, tomahawking and murdering these helpless people with an up distinguishing hand. Whether the Marquis de Montcalm was really as- siduous to have these articles punctually executed, we cannot pretend to determine, but certain it is, that they were pertidiously broken in almost every instance. It had long been the policy of the Government of this Country to court the Indians, in order to take advantage of the assistance they might give in the hour of danger. The Marquis de Vaudreuil, who had always entertained a high opinion of the utility of these people, allowed them to commit every excess, and many are the instan- ces where the inhabitants of the Colony have suffered from their inoults and threats, and though repeated com- plaints had been made, the Governor, apprehensive of losing their assistance at so critical a moment, refused to administer any redress. » As the taking of the Fort at Lake George was an object of importance, the Marquis de Vaudreuil com- municated this information by the first vessels, and wrote to the Ministry of France, to know the intentions of Go- vernmjnt, as to the further operations for the defence ol tlie Colony. The Marquis de Montcalm also wrote to Vaudreuil, and stated what he conceived necessary for the protection of the Country. He observed in his 251) letter, " That the Colony wanted troops, provisions, ar- Chap. tillerv and every kind of warlike stores : that it was the ^ ^* duty of the Intendant to make the provision the second article required, as he was best acquainted with the si- tuation of the Colony in that respect : that a second company of the Royal Artillery should be sent out, with the necessary number of officers attached to them : that the companies of Marine should be reduced to fifty 'men each, with an augmentation of officers to command the different detachments of Canadians and Indians : that with regard to the troops, the eight companies drafted from le Regiment of la Reinc and Languedoc^ should be incorporated and be commanded by the cl^ht oldest Lieutenants, with the rank of Captains, if the penior of- ficers can be dismissed, as was dt>no after the buttle of Placentia, in Italy : that the seventy-two companies of the King's troops should be completed to forty-five men per company, which would bean addition of three hun- dred and sixty men to the whole, and to make a requi- sition for three hundred highland fusiliers of Rousillon. While these things were executing near Lake George, Mr. de Lignieres, who commanded at Fort du Ouesne> excited the Indians to make frequent irruptions in the English Colonies, when- they spread horror and ilevas- tation ; nor was Mr. de Bellcstre, Avho commaiuk.d at Detroit, less active in carrying on tlie same warfare. Many parties were sent from that garrison with num- bers of Indians, who harrassed the back settlements of Pennsylvania and New York. !'!?; The misery experienced by tiic Acadians af Mirami. chi, instead of diminishing, daily encreased. 'i he sup- Kk'2 ,t', '■f Chap. VL 260 ' ply of provisions which was furnished them, consisted of salt or dry cod fish, often times perfectly rotten, and of course' not eatable. Every thing that was of the worst kind was purchased at Quebec and sent to them, and none dared to complain. Some times they got a sup- ply of fresh meat by sending out their young men, near Beausejour, who found a few cows and oxen browsing in the woods, which they killed and brought to the sea shore, and at lengtlrto their settlements. The quantity thus acquired, as it may be readily supposed, was but a very scanty one. The Commissary was, however, regu- larly paid, though he did not furnish half as much as had been first required. Though a vast many of these un- happy people had died for the want of proper supplies, yet the same number was always rcpresmted to be in exist- ence, that more money might be made. Bigot shared in the booty, with the Storekeeper who had in his posses- sion in the year one thousand seven hundred and sixty, many of the Intendant*s bills and orders which were ap- proved of by him and were regularly passed paid, Mr. Estebe, who had been for a considerable length of time Storekeeper General at Quebec, and one of the Council, resigned his appointment on going to France, and was succeeded by Mr. de Clavery, whose useful- ness in promoting the views of the Company was the foundation of his promotion. He held this place howe- ver but eight months, when he died. Upon the Comptroller Breard's return to France, Mr. de V , who had merely been a Clerk in the Marine Department, frequently applied to succeed him ; \l I - 261 though this appointment could not be so easily accom- Chap. plished, yet he was allowed to do thi; duty, and still en "*• tertained hopes of ultimately succeeding, to that situation. As Mr. Varin had gone with the Comptroller to France on leave, it was necessary to appoint a person to execute the duty, and Mr. Martel was immediately sent to Mon- treal as his deputy. At length d'3 V succeeded to the situation he wished, and the choice the Ministry of France made, was the more excepdonable as he was a man ot the most insatiable avarice, and extremely deceitful. He becanu; by his appointment sole master of the finances of tht- Country, and he took care to make money whenever ho had an opportunity. He soon became the grand sup- port of the Company and managed their affairs so well.^ that they made large sums of money, ho receiving a large share in the management of their concerns. The Intendant, who had made a large fortune, wish- ed his property to be vested in a huided estate in France, and as he could not yet obtain leave of absence for hin self he got it for Pean, who he sent to France, and was desired to purchase for him an estate there. He was directed to send over to this Country early in the ensuing spring, a large quantity of merchandize on account of the Company, and as tlij Intendant war, to direct what quantity was wanting for die use of the King, he took care that there sliouKi always be a defici- ency, in order that what was want od might be supjilied by the Company, at an immense advance. Tlie ciliccrs who were to command at the ililFcrent Posts, and who had a right to trade with the Indians, received their i ,t 262 Chap, supply of goods from their stores on condition that the VI. Company should have a share in the profits. Wherever these detachments were ordered, the boats of the Com- pany loaded with goods, accompanied them ; and that every expence might be saved, the Government order- ed the King's troops and Canadians to navigate them. Even the pre sents that were sent up for the Indians were frequently seized by the Storekeepers at the seve- ral posts in consequence of an order of the Intendant and re-sold to the Crown. The example shown by the Company to the com- manding officers of the Posts, also led several of them into the wicked system of cheating the Government. Under pretext of supplies of goods for the Indians, they made frequent and large demands, which were no sooner received, than converted to their owr private emolument. They were not merely satisfied with this robbery, but they gave certificates for large sums of mo- ney for articles never furnished, and so w^Vi was the business understood between the parties concerned, that they were no sooner presented for payment, than regu- larly discharged. An officer that commanded at Missi- limackinac, a stepson of the Marquis de Vaudreuil, who had been sent there to make his fortune, gave a certifi- cate for articles never furnished that post, for which he charged the government, ten millions of livres and which when presented, was paid by the Intendant's or- der at Quebec. From this source arose that immense quantity of paper money, which was spread througliout the Colony, and of which there remained at the con- gest, unsatisfied, not less than eighty millions of livres. 41 263 without bringing into computation the bills that had been Chap. drawn upon the government of France. '. iJiX»u The supplies of provisions, that arrived from France, were extremely scanty, and both meat and bread, got up to such a price, that loud clamours were justly raised against the government. It was also owing to this scar- city of provisions, that the army could only take the field until late in the year, with a view of watching the motions of the English. Early in the summer of this year, the Marquis do 1758. Vaudreuil received certain intelligence, that a large body of English troops, under the command of General Aber- crombie, was collected at Albany, with a view of mak- ing an attack on Ticonderoga. To secure that impor- tant Fortress, was an object too important to be neglect- ed, and having collected a considerable body of troops, they were sent on to 1 iconderoga, where they arrived on the twentieth of June. The Marquis de Montcalm, on the first of July, sent forward Mr. tie Bourlamaque, with the regimenis de la Reine., Guienne and Beam, while he advanced xs'hh those of La Sarre, Royal Rou- sillon, Languedoc and the second but tnlior of Berry, as far as th» ^alls, where he encamped. The second bat- talion of Berry and several companies of Canadians, were left as a garrison for that Fort. The next day, Mr. de Bourlamaque, reconnoitered the mountains to the left of the camp, and formed two companies ol volunteers, un- der the command of Captains de Bernard and Duprat, of the regiments of Beam and de La Sarre, wiio were sent forward to gain intelligence of the approach of thi^ English a-ny, then at the further end of Lake Gt'orgo. 1 :t I } m t ''m 264 Chap. On the fifth of July, a signal was made by one of these VI. parties, that the English army was embarked, and on its way down the Lake. The English army, consisted of seven thousand regulars and ten thousand provincials j They embarked on Lake George, on the fourth of July, and with the necessary Artillery disembarked next day and formed in three columns. As soon as this in- telligence was made known, Mr. de Bourlamaque de- tached Captain de Trepeze, with -three hundred men, to watch their motions, and to prevent their landing. On the sixth, the advanced guard of the Fnglish was perceived, and on their approach to the carrying place, Boulamaque retreated to Montcalm, who had taken pos - sessioh of the heights, and where the chief engineer de Pont Le Roy, had thrown n'^ entrenchments and had formed a strong abbatis with felled timber. On the re- treat of Bourlamaque, who had been hard pressed by the English, a French detachment lost their way, which the English under Lord Howe encountered, when the French were routed with considerable loss, seve- ral men were killed and one hundred and forty-eight taken prisoners, including five officers. This petty advantage was dearly bought with the loss of Lord Howe, who fe!; in the beginning of the actioii, unspeakably re- gret. .,d as a young nobl«.man of the most promising ta- lents.* On the morninf of the vughlh if July the whole gar- rison was ordered under arms, the Regiments de la Rcine, Beam and Guienne were posted on the right, • The Province of Maisachutett*, erfctetJ a aionument to his memory, in Winniii' fvr Ablcy. !i, » 265 and the Regiments dela Sarre, Languedoc and two Chap. strong picquet*^ on the left. The centre was com- *^^» posed of the Regiments of Berry, Rousillon and the Picquets of Mr. de Levi. The Volunteers attached to the army pook possession of the open wood between the river and the falls. The Colony troops and Canadians were posted in the entrenchments on the plains towards Fort Saint Frederick, supported by a corps de reserve. The right was commanded by Chevalier de Levi ; the left by Mr. Bourlamaque, and the centre by the Mar- quis de Montcalm. These dispositions having been made, the army waited with impatience the arrival of the En- glish, who moving on in four columns, began a furious attack against the works, to the astonishment and admi- ration of the French troops. The English column, com- posed of Grenadiers and Highlanders supported a charge for three hours with the utmost gallantry, under the most discouraging Circumstances. General Abercrom- bie at length perceived that there was no hope of success, and in order to prevent a total defeat, took measures for the retreat of the army, which retired unmolested to their former camp, with the loss of eighteen hundred men killed and wounded, including a great number of officers. General Abercrombie unwilling to stay in the neighbourhood of the French army, retired to his bat- teaux, and reimbarking his troops, returned to the cj: mp at Lake George. The French state their loss in this ac- tion at four hundred and fifty men killed and wounded among whom there was no less than thirty-eight officers. Mr. de Bourlamaque was severely wounded, but after- wards recovered. The conduct of the Marquis de Montcalm, excited much praise. The disposition and L I k i^: M H m 1 * ,-., - \ 1 ■ k ' A i I'f '* M !l 5^ V'? 266 Chap, arrangement he made, shewed his judgment and talents y^' ^ as an officer, and gained him the approbation of his So» vereign and thanks of his Country. As the late victory, it was thought, would have no ' inconsiderable effect on the conduct of the Five Nati^ ons, wliose neutrality at least it was the utmost con» sequence to secure, the Chevalier de Longeuil * was sent on this important mission. To pave the way for a good reception, presents to a very considerable a* mount were forwarded on, and a message having been sent to them, to inform them of his ai*rival at Os- wego, a grand council was convened there en the tenth * August, when Mr. de Longeuil informed them of the late victory, and made every exertion lO induce them to join the French interest and not to hearken to any over- tures from the English. This speech had in some mea- sure the desired eifect, as they in their answer assured him of their attachment, and that as all the deputies were not present, they would communicate to the several tribes, what he had then related, in order that the sentiments of the Five Nations might be communicaPtd to the Mar- quis de Vaudreuil. The council being over, presents were distributed, after which the Chevalier set out on his return to Montreal ; having passed a day at Fron- tinac, on his way down, the Chevalier communicated to Mr. Paycn de Noyun, who was commandant of t^as Post, the intimation he had received that the English un- der Colonel Bnidstreet meditated an attack on his garri. son : De Noyan took every means for defence, desir- * On th-' tl( atli of" the Baron ily Longeuil, Mr. RigauJ de Vaudreuil was pro» moted to the government of Montreal, and he was iucce««i«.' \ ! 268 own statement of facts, de Vaudreuil proposed to ckt plain, himself, the entire transaction to the Court ; un-» dertaking to make such a representation of it, as could not fail entirely to clear de Noyan from all imputation of blame. . ,, .: . . ' De Noyan was too easily persuaded to hearkca tQ this proposal ; and blindly fell into the snare that was laid for him : while Vaudreuil, unmindful alike of truth, and honour, placed upon him the whole weight of re- sponsibility ; ascribing, without scruple, the loss of th«: Fort, to his pusillanimity alone ! ' r-- To find himself the dupe of a palpable artifice, and to have incurred the censure of cowardice, where he real- ly deserved the praise of bravery, were circumstances of mortification, and of injustice that sunk too deeply in- to the mind of de Noyan, to allow him to remain a single moment in the service, beyond that in which they came to his knowledge. He demanded redress, indeed, from the Government of France, but met only with injurious jneglect. He retired, in disgust, from public life; but not without the best balm for wounded feelings, — the appro- bation of his own conscience. , . The reduction of Fort Frontenac, as might naturally have been expected, brought forward an expedition a^ gainstFortduQuesne. Brigadier General Forbes had mar- ched the latter end of July from Philadelphia, and penetra- ted within ninety miles of that Fort. VV henarrived there,he sent forward Colonel Bouquet with two thousand men fifty miles in advance, who detached Major Grant to reconnoitre and gain intelligence. The French party had early intelligence of all these manoeuvres} and lying in ambush, attacked the Major and his party, routed them, made three hundred prisoners, and with them 269 brought the Major himself to the Fort. General Forbes, Chap. far from being dispirited with this check, advanced to VI. within a short distance of the Fort, when he received advice, that the French, so far from defending it, had already deserted it. The General immediately advan- ced; took possession of it, changed the name to that of Pitt, and soon after returned to Philadelphia. The loss of this Post, and the general conduct of the English ar- my in America, left no doubt in the Marquis's mind, that the object of the English Ministry was the annihi- lation of the French power in America. To defend the Country from the attack expected the noxt year, he conceived the measure best calculated that effect, was to send forth a proclamation* and order, directed to the several Captains of Militia, pointing out the con- duct they were to pursue. He observed in it, that the situation in which the Colony was thrown, notwith- standing the great advantages that had been obtained, was perilous ; and the more so, as the knowledge of the extent of their designs both by sea and land, sufficiently demonstrated the necessity of the most efficacious mea- sures to oppose those armaments as soon as the season cf the year would allow them to act. That no time therefore ought to be lost in making the necessary pre- parations on which depended the safety of the Colony : He then directed that the men, from the age of six- teen to sixty years should be enrolled in the Militia, and be in readiness to march at a moment's warn- ing. In consequence of these orders, the Captains of Militia complied with these instructions to the fullest extent ; but as the government took oflf the Farmers to f • r,, 1 ri • Dated 24th December, 17*8. ill IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I m "^^ MSB Ut lU 12.2 2.0 us lb L25 iU mi Ml 114 Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STRUT WIMTI*,N Y USM (71*) •73-4503 'i 270 Chap make Soldiers, the Country of course suffered for want ^^' of hands to cuhivate their lands. The harvest had been by no means an abundant one, and the levies of grain made by Government, had rendered >vheat extremely scarce. Though the Intendant had fixed the price at twelve sols the minot or bushel, yet none was sold for less than from thirty-six to forty liyres, per bu- shel. As the Commmirsary's Clerks were held in detestation, no supply rould be had, which induced the Intendant to apply to the Judge of the Court at Mon- treal, who had the management of granting licences for taverns in that district : as the course to obtain them was generally known, every man with his petition, pre- sented the Judge's mistress, either w'.th a sum of money, or a present of wine. His conduct in his judicial capa- city gave occasion to strong suspicions as to his integri- ty on the bench, and he was mere than once severely reprimanded by the Sovereign Council. He frequently made visits to the different parishes on the Island of Montreal, and set a price on the grain of the inhabit- ants, taking good care to secure for himself the quantity he wanted, out of what was required for government. Though the farmers were compelled within that district to supply specific quantities, according to their respective abilities, they, to indemnify themselves for the loss they sustainc^d, cheated as much as they coultJ, not on- ly in respect to quality, but quantity. These forced le- vies, in addition to the general waste, naturally increa- sed the pre? i otonly of wheat, but of all other provisi* ens, and the intendant finding it difficult to get a supply, the troops were sent during the winter to the Coun- try, where they were quartered on the inhabitants. The 271 * oflicers of the army also represented, that from the Chap. dearness of living, they could not subsist on their pay, "'• and requested an augmentation, which the Intendant readily granted, by giving an additional allowance to Captains of forty livres a month, and thirty livres to the Subalterns. The misery and distress of the Colony for want of provisions was at length so great, that the Intendant ordered Cadet, the Commissary General, to kill horses, both for the subsistence of the inhabitants and troops in the cities of Quebec and Montreal * The scarcity at length grew so alarming, that Mr. de Vau- dreuil and Marquis de Montcalm resolved on sending an officer to France, with a faithful detail of the deplora- ble situation of the Colony, and pointing out the suc- cours wanted for its relief. This officer, though he sail- ad very late in the autumn, arrived safe in France. , Early in the month of January, a census of all the inhabitants was taken in the three governments or dis- tricts of the Colony. The number of men capable of bearing arms, from the age of sixteen to sixty, in that of Quebec, amounted to seven thousand five hundred and eleven ; in that of Montreal, six thousand four hun- dred and five ; and in that of Three Rivers, one thou- sand three hundred and thirteen, making an aggregate^, of fifteen thousand two hundred and twenty-i)ine men. The Marquis de Montcalm, apprized of the necessity of putting the garrisons of the Colony in the best possible state of defence, employed troops and militia, to com- plete the fortifications, directing at the same time the building of three armed vessels, in order to secure the • Memoire pour Mr. Bigot, coiitre Mr. Moie»u le Prociireur Oiuiral, Ac- curattur. 175». (V f 11 «72 Chap, command of Lake Champlain. As the works at Nia% jI^ gara had been also much neglected, Captain Pouchot of the Regiment of Beam, who besides being a man of ta- lents, was an excellent Engineer, was sent to fortify it, and to command there. While these arrangements were making, the Governor received from the Court of France by de Bougainville, * who arrived on the fourteenth May, certain intelligence that the design of the English Government was to attack the Colony both by sea and land. De Vaudreuil was ordered to make the best dis- position he could to defend the Country. As a prelimi- nary step, he wrote a circular letter on the twentieth of May, to the Captains of Militia throughout the Colony, ordering them to have their companies in readiness to march at a moment's warning, each man to be provided with six day's provisions. An officer to each company was to be detained, to take charge of the old men, in- valids and the sick. He then observed, " This campaign will afford the Canadians an opportunity of signalizing themselves. His Majesty well knows the confidence I have in them, ana I have not failed to inform him of their services. His Majesty trusts they will make those efforts that are to be looked for from the most faithful subjects, more particularly as they have to defend their religion, their wives and their property from the cruel treatment to be expected from the English. * Bougainville brought with him the new promotioni. The Marqni* de Vaudreuil was made Grand Croit de St. Louii. I'he Marquii de Muntcalm, fe Comnundeur, with the rank of Lieutenant General ; De Levi, Major Geacral ; De Bourlemaque and Sennezergues, Brigadier* ', Dumat, Major General and In* •{xctor General of the Marine, and Mr. de Bougainville, Colonel in the French army.' 11 273 at Nia« ichot of in of ta> jrtify it. Its were f France Lirteenth English sea and best dis- prelimi- tieth of Colony, iness to provided ompany men, in- ford the mselves. in them, services, that are ts, more on, their int to be I Marqnit de Muntcalm, « jor General ; neral and In> n the French With respect to myself, I am resolved not to con- Chap. sent to any capitulation, in hopes that this resolution ^^ may have the most ruinous consequences to the English. It is most indubitable, that it would be more merciful for the inhabitants, their wives and children, to be bu- ried under the ruins of the Colony, than to fall into the hands of the English. It being highly necessary that the most prudent pre- cautions should be taken to prevent a surprize, I have established beacons from post to post, along the South Shore, below Point Levi, to be set fire to as soon as the enemy are discovered. We promise every protection to the inhabitants, their wives, children and property, to prevent their fal- ling into the hands of the English, who would make them suffer the same hardships and miseries experien- ced by the Acadians. In addition to which, we have the testimony of their late ill conduct, in their treat- ment of the inhabitants of Cape Breton,* notwithstand- ing the capitulation, as well as those of the Island of Saint John. Their hatred is so well known towards every thing that is Canadian, that they even make them responsible for the cruelties of a few Indians, still forgeting the measures we have taken to prevent a repetition of these actions, and the good treatment which the nation has at all times shown to them when prisoners. * Louisburg and the Island '^f St. John had been taken by General Amhrrst iO\i Admiril l}oKAWt that the Int Levi : to cross Quebec, s with a ) fixed on children ice of the approach ee signal rection of Portage, jight near sson, and direction !ouncil of measures ; event of the same lecessary, il Wolfe's re to as- iposcd of hamplain, ly Oswe- [igs, came to these resolutions : That a body of troops, under the Chap, command of the Marquis de Montcalm, with two other VI. General Officers, the Marquis de Levi and Brigadier Sennezerres, should be posted at Quebec. That Bour- lamaque should proceed to Carillon (Ticonderoga) with directions to blow up the works, and to retire down the Lake in case of the approach of the English, to the Isle au Noix, and there to make a stand, to prevent their ad- vancing into the Country : that the small Forts at Pointe au Baril and at la Presentation should be abandoned, as not capable of any defence, but that a body of troops should be posted at the head of the Rapids, and that they should be strongly entrenched. The Chevalier de la Corne, was chosen for this service, and took with him eight hundred men, composed of King's troops and militia. These resolutions were immediately put into exe- cution, and the Marquis de Montcalm, on his arrival at Quebec, used his best exertions and influence, to in- duce the Canadians to be hearty in the cause : He issued an order, that all troops and militia in garrison, shoifld be imployed in throwing up the entrenchments at Beau- port, but as he was apprehensive, they would not be complete before the arrival of the English, he ordered de Levi, who commanded in the government of Mon- treal, to send on eighteen hundred militia, to assist at these works. To put the city in the best state of defence, was an object to which he directed his attention : He or- dered that the communication between the upper and . lower town opposite the Bishop's Palace should be se- cured by a strong picketting, and a platform raised, on M m 2 '\. I I '' !' I » * 276 Chap, which cannon were mounted, to range along the street. VI. The battery behind the Bishop's Palace extended still farther than it had been, was joined to a strong picketting which run along the brow of the hill, al- most as far as the Intendant's Palace. Several batte- ries were erected for the defence of the lower town, and all the avenues from the river were barricaded ; Saint Rock and the Intendant's Palace, were surrounded with a picketting and defended by small batteries. Opposite to the' Palace, were sunk two vessels in the river Saint Charles, on which there was a raised work and battery of heavy cannon, a redoubt was erected, near the Ford, where there was a communication across the Saint Charles by a bridge of boats. The militia of the city of Quebec were divided into several companies, and they were ordered to be in readiness to act at the shortest no- tice. A party of the Colony troops under the command of Mr. de Vaudain, Lieutenant of marine, had charge of the batteries in the lower town. A floating battery of eighteen guns was constructed and several fire ships were provided to annoy the English shipping. A small corps of cavalry was formed, and the command was given to Mr. de la Roche Beaucourt, Aide de Camp to the Mar- quis de Montcalm. To embarrass as much as possible, the English fleet, on its way up ; the buoys and other marks for the navigation up the river, were all taken tliv^^ '^ •«P- The Bishop of Canada on the eighteenth day of April, one thousand seven hundred and fifty.nine, is- sued his mandate in these words : r . , 277 Henry Mary Dubril de Pont Briant, by the Chaf. mercy of God, and the Grace of the Holy See, Bi- ^^* shop of Quebec, Counsellor to the King in all his Councils ; — ^To the Secular and Regular Clergy, and to all the faithful of our Diocese, salvation and bles- sing in our Lord Jesus Christ. *• You are not unacquainted, my very dear brethren, with the immense preparations of the enemy, the de- signs formed to attack the Colony in four different parts, the number of their regular troops and militia, six times at least superior to ours. Neither are you ignorant that they have sent emissaries to all the Indian nalions to incite them to forsake us, and to rouse those to take up arms against us who are willing to preserve a kind of neutrality. You are sensible, moreover, that they occupy those harbours at the lower end of our river, which hitherto we have regarded as so many barriers ; you perceive every incitement to fear and terror, and you are undoubtedly astonished thereat. 1 he uncer- tainty of the affairs of Europe, the many dangers to which the succours we expect, are exposed, the nume- rous fleets destined for our destruction j the general scarcity that prevails of every thing necessary for our defence as well as our .bsistence even in Peace, ought naturally to make the greatest impression on our minds. But what ought still to be the cause of the greatest cha- grin, is the little zeal for piety observed every where, the injurious and wicked speeches maintained against those in whom we ought to place all our confidence ; and what may still create further fear in us, are the profane diversions to which we are addicted with greater attach- ment than ever ; the insufferable excesses of the games of chance ; the impious hypocrisy in derision or ra- t1 1 278 Chap ther in contempt of religion ; the various crimes against VI' Heaven, that have been multiplied in the course of this winter; all these, my brethren, ought to make us dread every thing, and oblige me to declare to you, that God himself is enraged, that his arm is prepared to chastise us, and in fact, that we deserve it. Yea, my friends, we tell it, in the face of the altars and in the bitterness of our heart, that it is not the number of the enemy, nor their utmost efforts that affright us, and make us reflect on the impending disasters both on the state and on religion, but our manifold sins and wicked- nesses. Eighteen years have now elapsed, since the Lord called us, though unworthy, to watch over this extensive diocese ; we have frequently seen you suffer by famine, by diseases, and almost continual war. Ne- vertheless, this year it appears to us, is in all respects, the most afflictive and deplorable, because in reality we are most criminal. Were there ever such open robberies, so many heinous acts of injustice, such shameful rap- pines heard of ? Who has not seen, in this Colony, fa- milies devoted publicly, if I may say so, to crimes of the most odious nature ? Whoever beheld so many abomi- nations ? In almost all ranks the contagion is nearly uni- versal ; however, my brethren, matters are not yet re- mediless, neither are our misfortunes irretrievable. The Christian faith teaches us that a true and sincere conver- sion can stop the avenging hand of Divine justice, and that it even hath frequently stayed it. It is true the disease is great, but the remedy is in your own pow- er. faithless Jerusalem^ return to your God : and God according to his promise^ will deign to relent ! Atone, my dear brethren, I say, atone speedily for the past, by tears of a sincere repentance j they will be acceptable Co 279 the merciful heart of God, who never punishes his crea- Chap. tures but with regret. Dear children, be diligent therein, "'* sympathize with the ministers of the ahar in weeping, waih'ng and prayer. Implore the Lord with fervency to enlighten sinners with the misery of their souls, that he will affect and convert them ; we mean those of our bre- thren who run to their own destruction ; dread, least you find yourselves involved in their calamities ; and ye, O ! sinners, we beseech you in the name of Jesus Christ, at least be no hindrance to the blessings we ask for you ; come rather, we conjure you by all that is capable of affecting you ; come and solicit them of your own accord, with a spirit full of meekness and contrition. For these purposes, after conferring with our respectable Brethren the Canons of our Cathedral Church, ha- ving invoked the Holy name of God, we have ordered and do hereby order, the due performance of the ser- vices herein directed. Imprimis. In the country Pa- rishes, on the first Sunday of every month, shall be a procession, without the host or sacrament, to the place and at the hour each of the Rectors shall appoint. In that procession shall be sung the litanies of the Saints, then the Psalm Miserere met Deus ; and immediately af- ter the ancient and common prayers of salutation, the Priest shall make an honourable atonement in the name of sinners, which he may find in the Ritual for Trinity Sunday. Secondly — Every secular and regular Priest, shall add to the prayers of the mass, the .prayer of the missal Deus Refugium. Thirdly — In all the benedictions of the holy sacrament shall be sung the tract, Domine non secundum^ with the versiclcs and prayer for the remission of sins. Fourthly— In the different Churches of Que- bec, namely : The Cathedral, the church of La Victoire > n- r •fv. il ' M '' H 1; 1 ^HIk i '^ '1 ^B^l 1 Bi|' 1 1 fl 1 1 1 ^1 «80 Chai'. in the lower town, the Seminary, the College of the Je- ^^' suits, that of the Recollects and Ursulines, shall be per- formed alternately, a Nona or Ninth : The holy mass shall be celebrated at seven o'clock in the morning, the litanies of the Saints, and the psalm, Miserere met Detis ; shall be sung thereat, an honourable atonement shall be made for sinners and the whole concluded with the benediction of the Sacrament, in the holy Cha- lice only : On the* working days, the votive masses of the Holy Angels, of the Holy Trinity, of the Holy Cross, of the Virgin Mary, for all necessities, for times of war and for peace, shall be said reciprocally. The mass of the patron of the church or chapel shall be said : First, at the Jesuits of Saint Fran9ois Xavier, in the lower town at Ste. Genevieve, at the Ursulines, ?id at the Seminary instituted for the conversion of the Indians. What is prescribed for Quebec, shall be observed as much as possible at Montreal and at Three Rivers j the camps and forts shall also observe what is appointed for the Country Parishes. This mandate shall be read after the gospel of the mass of the parish on the first Sunday, immediately after the receipt thereof." • * , In the month of May, the Council ofwar held for the purpose of considering the best means for defending the Colony in tne event of an attack, reported a table of re- gulations. General dispositions for opposing the in- vasion of the British forces, from the river Saint Charles to the Cataract of Montmorenci, and likewise for retiring behind the said river in case they should be forced in the descent, to defend the same : The order of battle aild the manner of fighting to be observed in the whole course of the campaign. The order of battle ' the Je- be per- ly mass lorning, 'ere tnei )nement ncluded )ly Cha- lasses o^ le Holy •or times yr. The be said: r, in the ;, ?'id at Indians. ;erved as ers ; the inted for ead after Sunday, Id for the iding the )le ofre- the in- t Charles iwise for lould be he order served in • of battle 281 was this : The brigade of Quebec, composed of three Chap. thousand five hundred men, commanded by Mr. St. ^*' Ours, shall encamp on the right : The brigade of Three- Rivers, composed of nine hundred and twenty men, commanded by Mr. de Borme, shall also encamp on the right and to the left of the Quebec brigade ; the land forces* consisting of two thousand regulars, under the command of Brigadier Senezergues, shall encamp in the centre. The Montreal militia, amounting to eleven hun- dred and fifty men, commanded by Mr. Prudhomme, shall encamp on the left of the land forces, and the bri- gade of the Island of Montreal, consisting of two thou- sand three hundred men, commanded by Mr. Herbin, shall form the left of the line. The reserve shall be composed of the cavalry, (three himdred and fifty) light troops, (select men from the Colony troops with some vo- lunteers from Acadia, one thousand four hundred) and savages four hundred and fifty, (in all two thousand two hundred,) commanded by Mr. Boishebert. The artillery, stores and provisions under the direction of Mr, Mercier, shall encamp as well as the reserve in the places most suit- able, and which shall be appointed for them. The Que- bec militia, composed of six hundred and fifty men shall be left in a garrison commanded by the King's Lieute- nant, Mr. de Ramsay. The two royal frigates shall be unrigged and grounded in the entrance of St. Charles' river, in such manner as to render them serviceable for the defence thereof, and the adjoining shores ; the ves- sels appointed to fight piratically in the Bay, shall be e- quipped by the disarming of other vessels ; and as * To distinguish between the battalions of French regular! and the indepen- dent companiet of marines or Colony troops. N n 282 Chap, those vessels shall happen to become useless, their crews * *• must repair to the town, to assist at the batteries which shall be appointed for them beforehand. Mr. Vaugue- lin, Commodore of the bay, shall have the direction of all floats, galliots and other craft, in order to employ them as he shall think most advantageous, consistantly with the exigence of affairs : he shall give his orders to all the Marine department, and must be very attentive that the crews and their officers shall be precisely at the pla« ces destined for them. As Mr. de Ramsay cannot give his orders at one and the same time, throughout the whole town, there will be a necessity for appointing a particular Commandant for the Lower Town, who shall nevertheless be subject to the command of the said Lieutenant, and shall act in concert with him in like maimer as the officers of the Ordnance and Artilleiy. The disposition for opposing the descent was this :— The Garrison left to its own force and that of the ma- rine : the army shall pass the River Saint Charles : the right, composed of the brigades of Quebec and Three Rivers Governments shall encamj^ on the plain, from the Canardiere redoubt to that at the mouth of the river Beauport. Those two brigades shall intrench the front of their camp in order to cover them from the English cannon. The land troops forming the centre of the ar- my, shall encamp on the eminences of Beauport, and a- long the high road on the rivulet of that village. The left composed of the brigades of the city and govern- ment of Montreal, shall encamp to the left of Beauport Church, and extend themselves along the summit of the grand scarp or ridge of highland, along the coast of that village or pai*ish. The reserve composed of the 1 • iL eir crews es which Vaugue- ion of all loy them Ltly with ;rs to all itive that t the pla« mot give hout the Dinting a Mrho shall the said n in like tilleiy. s this :«— > the ma- rles : the id Three un, from the river the front i English )f the ar- rt, and a- re. The govem- Beauport summit the coast ed of the t^3 cavalry, light troops and Indians, shall be posted even to Chaf. the Cascade of Montmorenci, and spread its right along VI. the said scarp in order to join the left of the line. The army in this position shall intrench its intire front, to shelter them from the enemy's cannon ; also the places that shall appear most proper to serve as communications with the main body, and where the enemy may make the greatest efforts, must be fortified. As there is reason to think that the enemy will divide their attacks, we ought also to put ourselves on our guard, so as to be able to unite and fall with superior force on such of their corps as shall be most advanced and which shall appear most liable to be beaten with advantage ; it cannot be pres- cribed what shall be done at that instant ; the whole will depend on circumstances and the manner we shall be attacked in : it must be left to the discretion of the commanders to exert their utmost abilities in repel- ling the enemy; without exposing themselves to an entire overthrow, for want of a secure retreat, a sufficient guard must be left at the head of the bridge to furnish the redoubts from the rivulet of Beauport to the Canar- diere, with such a number of men as shall be judged necessary to prevent being taken suddenly sword in hand. Precautions should also be taken, for retiring with safe- ty, in case the army should be obliged to give way, and as to the cannon in the redoubts, it will be necessary to be provided with spikes to nail them up, lest it should not be possible to bring them off with us. In our situa- tion, this is the only position we can take daring and military. There is no room to suppose that the enemy will attempt to pass before the town and land at the jettce, whilst the frigates remain there j there is nothing to ap. ' Nn2 m 284 '!•• ij! Chap, prehend in that quarter. If the enemy attack us with VI' superior force, it is to be feared notwithstanding our best efforts, they will rout us at landing, because of the great extent of ground we have to defend, above two leagues in length, and seeing it may be conjectured they will join their principal attack between Beauport river and Montmorenci, it is to be suspected, lest by drawing our forces thither, they will change their attack, and land between Beauport and the Canardiere, where finding on- ly a feeble resistance, they may then effectually cut oft our retreat from the post on the river Saint Charles j but if the enemy as there is room to think, should make their descent at the entrance of the river Beauport, and the re- serve should be forced to retire along the skirt of the woods by the high road leading from Montmorenci to Charlesbourg, then the said reserve shall post itself be- hind the rivulet of Beauport, at the entrance of the wood, and by fording it there, turn its left towards the forest a- bove Mr. Duchesnay's mill, and extend its right to the redoubts on the bank of the river ; in this position the army will be able to observe the enemy's motions, and have it in their power to retard their operations ; but the post is good for nothing except in the front upon the bank or scarp of the main river, because as soon as the enemy shall possess our left and have routed the re- serve, it will be no longer tenable, and our forces will be obliged to withdraw behind the river Saint Charles. In that case, the redoubts on the side of the river must be evacuated, ai^d the army retire in two columns by the Pontoon Bridge over the little river j the reserve shall return by Charlesbourg, and if it is briskly pressed, it ^hall continue its retreat by the high road leading toLo- ^ette, pbserving to halt at the f^rst defile, to check the •m us with ding our se of the bove two ired they river and wing our and land iding on- ut oft our ?s ; but if ake their id the re- rt of the lorenci to itself be- ^he wood, s forest a- ght to the )sition the ions, and ons ; but *ont upon as soon as :ed the re- forces will it Charles, river must nns by the jerve shall pressed, it ling to Lo- check the 285 ardour of the pursuers. The most advantageous event Chap. for us, will be the enemy's not landing, except from ^J^^ the river Saint Charles to that of Beauport, because in such a case, we shall employ all our forces to attack them, but if notwithstanding our utmost efforts, we have the misfortune to be repulsed, the army shall incline to the bridge and repass the river Saint Charles. The reserve shall also retire to Charlesbourg by the upper road lead- ing thereto. If the army should be compelled to retreat behind the river Saint Charles ; it shall encamp its right to the bridge and extend its left as far as possible ; the country must be occupied by dift'erent posts up to Mr, Cadet's farm, and the whole will intrench themselves as securely as possible to the town. It will be of the last importance for the safety of the Colony to defend this position, which is our ultimatum for preventing Quebec fjalling into the enemy's hands ; for it is certain if we should have the misfortune to be over powered or rout- ed there, the Colony is irrecoverable ; and if we should lose the town before the expiration of the month of Au- gust, it is to be apprehended, that having so powerful an enemy to contend with, they will follow us into the heart of the country, and by commanding the navigation of the river endeavour to effect a junction with the armies that are to descend by the Lakes Champlain and Onta- rio. In fine it is incumbent on us to exert our most stre- nuous efforts to defend and preserve Quebec, or at least to retard the reduction of it as long as possible, because it is evident, that the fate of 'the Colony will depend en- tirely upon that of its capital. ; To furnish the army with provisions was a measure pf absolute and imperious necessity, and as there was but I / ■■■J i 286 Chap a small quantity left in store, the Intendant with a view * *• of raising a supply, borrowed cash on his own credit and paid specie instead of giving his paper drafts : he sent orders to Montreal, that all the wheat and flour that could be had should also be purchased up for the use of the troope. Mr. Dechambault came forward with his money in the most handsome manner, and went in per- son through the parishes to purchase up wheat and flour for the troops. As the Intendant no longer had fixed a price on these articles by Ordinance, he gave orders that it should be purchased at the market price, and paid generally from fifteen to twenty livres per bushel. The Intendant also sent circular letters to the Cures in the Country, to beg them to dispose of what they had received as tythes, and to use their influence with their Parishioners to sell their grain at that price. The people aware of the scarcity, and looking forward to an increased price, could not be persuaded to dispose of their wheat, and prevented Government getting a large supply. Notwithstanding these exertions, the Government procured a very small supply, (which indu- ced the Intendant to write again to Mr. Martel at Mon- treal, to consult with Mr. Rigaud de Vaudreuil, that the most effectual measures might be taken to get in the har- vest, and to compel the inhabitants to thrash out the wheat as speedily as possible. Rigaud, eager to promote the public service, ordered a detachment of troops to each Parish to assist in complying with these orders. The army which had been sent on to Niagara, under the command of the English General Prideaux, arrived there, early in July. Pouchot who commanded the gar. rison, and who had obtained early intelligence of his ap- V 28ir proach, sent a Courier to De Lignicres at Fort le Boeuf Chap. with orders to rejoin him, and at the same time dispatch- ^^* ed another 'o Frontenac, that the Government might be informed of the probability of being attacked, and to procure a reinforcement to his garrison* On the arrival of the English army before the Fort, a summons was sent to Pouchot, ordering him to sur- render. This he refused to do, observing that the gar- rison was brave, and the Fort strong, and that the lon- ger he defended it, the greater would be the esteem of the English Commander. The siege was then com- menced in regular form, and it was carried on with great vigour until the twentieth of July, when the English General was killed by the bursting of a cohom : Notwith- standing this misfortune, his place was ably suppuited by Sir William Johnson, who prosecuted the plan first adopted by the General. While Johnson was busily employed in prosecuting the siege, a considerable force, composed of twelve hundred men, collected from De- troit, Venango, Presqu'isle, and Le Bceuf, under the command of Mr. D'Aubry and De Lignieres, appeared at some distance from the Fort. On the twenty-third of July, D'Aubry sent a letter to Pouchot announcing his arrival, and assuring him that he would attack the English, in hopes of compelling them to raise the siege. Sir William was no sooner apprized of D'Aubry's ap- proach than he offered him battle, and after a conflict of an hour, ended in a total defeat of the French party. There were several French men killed and wounded, and all their officers, amounting to seventeen : among those who were made prisoners, were De Lignieres and Marin, and others of less note. As early as possible af- d^UUc fit 28S Chap, ter this defeat, Sir William sent Major Harvey to Mr. VI. Pouchot, announcing the rout of the French party, and exhorting him to save the effusion of blood and to sur- render his post. Pouchot could not be persuaded of the truth of this disaster, and begged that an officer of his own might be allowed to see D'Aubry, or some of the prisoners. This was readily assented to, and on the return of the officer, Pouchot oflfered to capitulate. Articles were signed on the twenty-fifth of July, and the Garrison, consisting of six hundred men, marched out with the honors of war.* .; . . ... The loss of this post was the source of much anxie- ty, particularly as it compelled the government to eva- cuate several of the smaller posts dependent upon it, and by its capture, cut off the communication with De- troit, which was without the possibility of relief. I! ^i! The summer was far advanced, when General Am- herst reached Ticonderoga, where, instead of meeting with opposition, he found the place abandoned, in con* sequence of the orders Mr. Hebecourt had received to retreat from place to place, towards the centre of opera- tions near Quebec. Hebecourt first retired to Crown Point, and at length to Isle aux Noix, where Bourla- maque had thrown up works, and had a garrison of three thousand two hundred and sixty-five men. Ge- neral Amherst finding Crown Point also abandoned, proceeded on with his army to that place j and on the fourth of August, landed at the Fort, where the troops were encamped. Here General Amherst laid the foun* # * Sir William Johnson's official letter to General Amherit, dated 25th July, 1759. 289 dation of a new Fort, which was to be maintained for Chap. the future security of the British dominions in that part ^ j^ of the Country. Having received information that the French had four armed vessels on Lake Champlain, manned with detachments of different regiments, under the command and direction of Mr. Bolabarras, a Captain in the French Navy, assisted by other Sea officers, he ordered Cap- tain Loring to superintend the building of vessels at Ticonderoga, and to construct, with all possible expedi- tion, a sloop of sixteen guns, a batteau to carry six large cannon, and a brigantine. When these vessels were ready, the General embarked his troops in bat- teaux, and on the eleventh of October, proceeded dowa the Lake. The weather, however, growing tempestu- ous, the troops were landed for refreshment, when Captain Loring with his small squadron gave chace to one of the Schooners. The French captain, conceiv- ing himself not equal to the contest, run his vessel up a large bay, where it was destroyed, and being abandon- ed by the crew, they escaped through the woods, hav- ing suffered much for want of provisions. After being se- veral days wind bound, he again embarked his army, but the storm, which had abated, begj^ming again to blow, and the season for action nearly spent, he returned on tho twenty-first of October to Crown Point, where he employed all his attention in raising the new fortress. About the middle of February a considerable squa- dron sailed from England for Cape Breton, under the command of Admiralis Saunders and Holmes, two gen- 290 Chap* tlemen of worth and probity, who had on several oc» J^ casions signalized their courage in the service of their country. By the twenty-first day of April they were in sight of Louisbourg, but the harbour was blockaded up with the ice in such manner, that they were obliged to bear away for Halifax in Nova Scotia. From hence Rear Admiral Durell was detached with a small squa- dron, to sail up the River Saint Lawrence, as far as the Island of Coudres, in order to intercept any supplies* from France intended for Quebec ; he accordingly took two store ships, but he was anticipated by seventeen sail of ships loaded with provisions, stores, and some recruits, under convoy of three frigates which had al- ready reached the capital of Canada. Meanwhile Ad- miral Saunders arrived at Louisburg ; and the troops being embarked, to the number of eight thousand, pro- ceeded up the river. The operations at landing were intrusted to the conduct of Major General Wolfe, whose talents had shone with superior lustre at the siege of Louisburg ; and his subordinates in command were the Brigadiers Moncton, Townshend and Murray ; all four in the flower of their age, who had studied the military art with equal eagerness and proficiency, gainst the industrious peasants, their wives and children nor against the ministers of religion, that he intended to make war : on the contrary, he lamented the misfortunes to which they must be exposed by the quarrel ; he offer- ed them his protection, and promised to maintain them in their temporal possessions as well as in the free exer- cise of their religion, provided they would remain quiet and take no part in the differences between the two Crowns. He observed that the English were masters of the river Saint Lawrence, so as to intercept all suc- cours from Europe, and had besides a powerful army on the continent, under the command of General Am- herst. He affirmed, that the resolution they ought to take, was neither difficult nor doubtful, as the utmost exertion of their valour would be useless and serve only to deprive them of the advantages which they might reap from their neutrality. He reminded them, that the cruelties exercised by the French upon the subjects of Great Britain in America, would excuse the most severe reprisals, but Britons were too generous to follow such barbarous examples : He again offered to the Ca- nadians, the sweets of peace amidst the horrors of war, and left it to themselves to determine their own fate by their own conduct. He expressed his hope, that the world would do him justice, should they oblige him by regretting these favorable terms, to adopt violent mea- sures : He expatiated on the strength and power of Great Britain, in thus stretching out the hand of humanity— a ■ ^ 293 hand ready to assist them on all occasions, even when Chap. France was by her weakness compelled to abandon them ^^* in the most critical conjuncture. This manifesto, had no effect on the Canadians, who preferred abandoning their habitations and exposing their families to ruin, ra- ther than place a confidence in the General's assurances of protection— so much had the Priests represented the English nation, as the most savage and cruel upon earth. Instead therefore, of pursuing the prudent plan, sug- gested by the manifesto, they joined, the scalping parties of the Indians, * who butchered the English stragglers, taken by surprize in the most horrid manner. This pro- duced a letter from General Wolfe to the Marquis de Montcalm, desiring him to repress these enormities, so contrary to the rules of war, so dishonorable to the ser- vice of France and disgraceful to human nature, and un- less a speedy stop was put to it, he would retaliate on the persons of his prisoners, what ever cruelties, should be committed on the soldiers and subjects of his master. Either from want of inclination or from a more proba- ble cause, a difficulty of briddling the ferocity of the Sa- vages, no measures were adopted to repress their appe- tite for blood, which in the sequel, compelled General * The operation of scalping, which, to the shame of both nations, was encourag- ed both by French and English, the Savages perform in this manner. Theliapiess victim being disabled, or disarmed, the Indian, with a sharp knife, provided and tvorn for tie purpose, makes a circular incision to the bone, round the upper part •f the head, and tears off the scalp with his fingers. Previous this execution, he generally dispatches the prisoner by repeated blows on the head with the hammer side of an instrument, called a Toma-hawk : but some times they save themselvei the trouble, and some times the blows prove ineffectual, so that the miserable pa- tient is found alive, groaning in the utmost agony of torture. The Indian strings the scalps he has procured, to be produced as a testimony of his prowess, and re- ceives a premium for each from the nation under whose banners he has inlisted. 294 Chap Wolfe to connive at some irregularities in the way of ^^* retaliation. *• ... '^ The Marquis de Montcalm had posted a body of men with cannon at Point Levi, in hopes of annoying the shipping, when they came off that place. Mr. Wolfe, no sooner apprized of this circumstance, than he de- tached General Monkton, with four battalions, who passed the river at night, and early next morning attack- ed the French party j they were compelled to retire, and that post was immediately occupied by the English. Montcalm, apprehensive that the object of the- English in taking this post within cannon shot of the city, was with the view of erecting a battery of mortars and ar- tillery, detached sixteen hundred men across the river^ to attack and destroy the works before they were com- pleted : this detachment fell into disorder, fired on each other, and retreated in the greatest confusion. The bat- tery being 6nished, the mortars and cannon did so much execution, that the lower town was reduced in a short time to a heap of rubbish. f I Immediately after the troops had landed on the Island of Orleans, the fleet was in imminent danger ; a violent wind, which increased to a furious storm, disa- bled the transports, which ran foul of each other, foun- dered a number of small craft and boats, and forced se- veral large vessels from fheir anchors. To take advan- tage of the confusion that this disaster occasioned, Mr* de Montcalm prepared seven fire ships, and at midnight sent them, down from Quebec among the transports ; owing however, to the deliberation of the English Ad- miral and dexterity of the seamen, they were^owed a- liiliMti 295 way of of men ing the Wolfe, I he de- ns, who I attack- D retire, English. English ity, was and ar- te river, re com- on each The bat. so much a short on the nger; a m, disa- er, foun- Tced se- e advan- led, Mr» midnight nsports ; ish Ad- towed a- shore, where they burnt to the water's edge, without Chap, having done any damage to the English squadron. A- VI. nother attempt of the same kind was made on the same day of the succeeding month, and fortunately with as little effect. - ' ' ' ' ♦ . • ■ As the works for the security of the hospitals and stores at the west end of the Island of Orleans were fi- nished, General Wolfe passed on the ninth of July at night the north channel, and encamped on the left oi the French lines with the River Montmorenci between them. The reason that induced the General to choose this situation, was because the ground was higher, and commanded the opposite side, where the French were posted, and that he hoped to find a ford higher up the river, by which he might pass and attack the Marquis de Montcalm more advantageously than fighting him in his entrenchments. The. Marquis de Montcalm, who had reconnoitered the River Montmorenci, had taken care to entrench the bank of the River at the Ford, a- bout three miles above the Falls, and from the steepness of its banks, rendered the passage inaccessible. The English Escort was twice attacked on its route to this place, and though they repulsed the French and Indians, yet they lost in these rencounters about forty men killed and wounded, without succeeding in their object. General Wolfe, in hopes of finding a place higher up the Saint Lawrence more favourable for a descent, passed the town on the eighteenti; July, with several vessels and troops, to observe the banks of the river on the Quebec side, which he found extremely difficulty from the natiu-e of the ground, and still stronger from •1)1 296 Chap, the precautions that had been taken by Mr, Montcalm. ^•^ Disheartened and dispirited by the information he had acquired, particularly as a descent seemed impractica- ble between the city and Cape Rouge, he returned, ha- ving in the mean while detached Lieutenant Colonel Carleton, since Lc/d Dorchester, as high up as Point aux Trembles, to which place he was informed a num- ber of the inhabitants of Quebec had retired with their valuable eflfects. The Colonel landed whhout meeting much opposition, and though he brought away a few prisoners, yet found no magazine. ''i: Disappointed in his expectation, on his return to Montmorenci, he resolved to attack Montcalm, posted to great advantage, and prepared to give him a warm reception. The French had a redoubt close to the wa- ter's edge, within gun shot of the entrenchment on the hill, which Wolfe resolved to attack, in hopes that if this fortification was supported, it might bring on a ge- neral engagement. On the contrary, should they al- low it to be reduced, he might have leisure to examine their situation, and attack them at the place iii which they were most vulnerable. As preparations had been made for storming the redoubt, on the last day of July, in the forenoon. Brigadier Monkton's brigade were em- barked in the boats of the fleet, to be transported from Point Levi. Townshend and Murray's Brigades were drawn out in order to pass the Ford when ordered, and to facilitate their passage, the Centurion ship of war, was stationed to check the fire of the lower battery, by which the ford was commanded ; a train of artillery was placed on the eminence, to batter and enfilade the left of the French entrenchment, while two flat bottom. 297 ed ind armed boats were run aground near the redoubt, Chap. to favor the descent of the troops. These previous ar- VI. rangements produced much confusion among the French troops, which was so much increased by the fire of the Centurion, that General Wolfe determined to storm the entrenchment without loss of time. Orders were immediately issued for the Brigades to be put in motion at a certain signal, which was made at a proper time of tide. Owing to a ledge that runs off, many of the boats from Point Levi ran aground, which occasioned such a loss of time, that General Wolfe was obliged to stop Townshend's Brigade, already in motion.. After some time the boats were floated and ranged in order, when thirteen companies of grenadiers, and two hundred men of the second Royal American Battalion were first landed. These were to be formed in four distinct bo- dies, and to be supported by Monckton*s corps, as soon as the other troops had passed the ford, to contri- bute to their assistance. The grenadiers however, ne- glected these orders, and rushed on to the attack of the French entrenchments in the greatest disorder. They were so warmly received, that" the first fire compelled them to shelter themselves behind the redoubt that the French had abandoned at their approacli Unable to form under so hot a fire, they rcniain(>d some time in this situation, losing many valuable officers, and many brave men. General Wolfe perceiving that their ef- forts were abortive, ordered them to form behind Monkton*s brigade, drawn up on the beach in gt)od or- der. The day being far spent, and the tide beginning to make, the general thought it best to desist, when he ordered the retreat, which was effected without any in- pp 298 Chap, terruption from the French. The tv/o vessels that were VI. aground, he ordered should be set fire to, lest they might fall into the hands of the French. This bold attack cost the General five hundred men, and many brave officei^.* • The following anecdote is so remarkable, and tends so much to the honour of the British soldiery, that we insert it without fear of the reader's disapprobk* tion. — Captain Ochterlony and Ensign Peyton belonging to the regiment of Bri. gadier General Moiikton. They were nearly of an age, which did not exceed thirty i the first was a North BHton, the other a native of Ireland. Both were agreeable in person^ and unblemished in character, and connected togetlier by the ties of mutual friendship and esteem. On the day that preceded the battle, Captain Ochterlony had been obliged to fight a duel with a German officer, in which, though he wounded and disarmed his antagonist, yet he himself received a dangerous hurt under the right arm ; in consequence of which his friends ni- (isted on his remaining in camp during the action of the next day ; but his spi- rit was too great to comply with this remonstrance. He declared it should'never be said that a scratchy received in a private rencounter, had prevented him from dohig his duty, when his country required his service ; and took the field with a fusil in his hand, thbugh he was hardly able to carry his arms. In leading up hit men to the enemy's entrenchment, he was shot through the lungs with a musket ball ; an accident which obliged him to part with his fusil -. but he still continued advancing, until by loss of blood he became too weak to proceed far* (her. About the same time Mr. Peyton was lamed by a shot, >Vhich shattered the srtiall bone of his leg. The soldiers in their retreat, Earnestly begged, with tears in their tyes, that Captain Ochterlony Would allow them to carry hini ' and the Knsign off the field. But he was so bigotted to a severe point of ho- nour, that he would not quit the ground, though he desired they would take French Soldier with two Indians approach them, started up, and accosting them in the French language, which he .spoke perfectly well, expressed his expectati- on that they would treat him and hiscampanion as officers, prisoners, and gen- tlemen. The two Indians seemed to be entirely under the controul of the French- man, who coniing up to Mr. Peyton, as he sat on the ground, snatched his hceA h.it from hit head, and rubbed the captain of his watch and money. This out- rage was a signal to the Indians for murder and pillage. One of them, clubbing ■ /■ hit firelock, struck at him behind, with a view to knock him down; but the blow missing his head, took place upon his thoulder. At the tame mstant tht mher btdian poured hit thot into the breaet of thit unfortunate yeuog gentle^uit, .•i<41 that were ey might tack cost officei^.* > the honour s dinpprobk- iment of Bri< 1 not exceed Both were 1 togetlier by ed the battlo, an ofhcer, m nself received lis friends in* but his spi> : should'neTCr ted him from he field with In leading up lungs with a : but he (till ) proceed far* iich shattered begged, with :o carry him point of ho- y would take d their good ation ; and in Id. id nothing btit iot altogether tptain teeing a iccosting them his ezpectaU> ers, and gefi- of the French" ched his lacrtl y. This out> fiem, clubbing own; but the nc instant tht og gmileyuja, 299 Immediately after this unfortunate check, f Brigadier Chap. Murray was detached with twelve hundred men, ^^L to assist Admiral Holmes, sent up to destroy the who cried out, «« O Peyton ! the villain has shot me." {Jpt yet satisfied with cruelty, the barbarian sprung upon him and stabbed him in the belly with his icalping knife. The captain having parted with his fusil, had no weapon for his defence, as none of the officers wore swords in the action. The three ruffians find- ing him Ktill alive, endeavoured to strangle him with his own sash ; and he wa^ nqw upon his knees, struggling against them with surprising exertion. Mr. Pevton, at this juncture, having a double barrelled musket in his hands, and seeing the distress of his friend, fired at one of the Indians, who dropped dead ypon the spot. The other, thinking the ensign would no>v be an easy prey, advanced towards him ; and Mr. Peyton having taken good aim ^t the distance of four yards, discharged his piece the second time ; but it seemed to take no effect, llie savage fired in his turn, and wounded the enijigu in the shoulder ; tlien rushing upon him, thrust his bayonet through his body, He repeated the blow, which Mr. Peyton attempting to parry, received another, wound in his left hand. Nevertheless, he seized the Indian's musket with the same hand, pulling him forwards, and with his right drawing a duggcr which hung by his aide, plunged it in the barbarian's side. A violent struggle ensued ; but at length Mr. Peyton was uppermost, and, witii repeated strokes of his dagger, killed his antagonist outright. Here he was seized with an unaccountable emo< tjon of curiosity, to know whether or not his shot had taken place on the body of the Indian : he accordingly turned him up, and, stripping off his blanket, perceived that the ball had penetrated quite through the cavity of the breast. Having thui obtained a dear bought victory, he started up on one leg, and law Captain Ochterlony standing at the distance of sixty yards, close by the ene- ipy's breast work, with the French soldier attending him. Mr. Peyton then Ct(Ue4 aloud, " Captain Ochterlony, I am glad to see you have at last got un- der protection. Beware of that villain, who is more barbarous than the savages. Ood bless you, my dear captain. I see a party of Indians coming this way, and expect to be murdered immediately." — A number of tlio-^e barbarians had for some time been employed on the left, in scalpine and pillaging the dying and dead that were left upon the field of battle ; and above thirty of tliest- b mriitti were in full march tp destroy Mr, Peyton. This gentleman knew he had no mercy to expect; for, nhould his life be spared for the present, they would afterwards have insisted upon varificing him to the manes of their hri'thren whom f On the second of September, CJeneral Wolfe wrote to the Ministry in these words :— The ob>taclcs we have met with in the operations of t!iis campaign arc much greater than wo had reaion to expect or could foresee ; not so inucli from (he number of the enemy (tiiough superior to us) ai from the natujal strength of Pp tlM 300 ^i Chap. French shipping. Though he made many fruitless at- tempts to land on the north shore, he at length suc- whom he had slahi ; and in that case he would have been put to death by the most excruciating tortures. Full of that idea, he snatched up his musket, and notwithstanding his liroken leg, ran above forty yards without halting : feeling himself now totally disabled, and incapable of proceeding one step further, he loaded his piece, and presented it at the two foremost Indians, who stood aloof, waiting to be joined by their companions ; while the French, from their breast work, kept up a continual fire of cannon and small arms, upon this poor, solita- ry, maimed gentleman. In this uncomfortable situation he stood, when he dis- cerned at a distance a Highland officer, with a party of his men skirting the plain towards the field of battle. He forthwith waved his hand in signal of dis- tress, and being perceived by the officer, he detached three of his men to hi* assistance. These brave fellows hastened to him through the midst of a terrible fire, and one of them bore him off on his shoulders. The Highland officer was Captain Macdonald, of Colonel Frazier's battalion; who understanding that a young gentleman, his kinsman, had dropped on the field of battle, put himself at the head of this party, with which he penetrated to the middle of the field, drove a considerable number of French and Indians before him, and finding his relation still unscalped, carried him off in triumph. Poor Captain Ochterlony was conveyed to Quebec, where in a few days he died of his wounds ; and after the reduction of that place, the French surgeons who attended him declared, t^at, in all probability, he would have recovered of the two shots he had receiv- ed ill his breast, had not he been mortally wounded in the belly by the Indian's scalping knife. As this very remarkable scene was acted in sight of both armies. General T — n — d, in the sequel, expostulated with the French officers upon the inhu- manity of keeping up Btich a severe fire against two wounded gentlemen, who were disabled and destitute of all hope of escaping. They answered, that the fire was not made by th*^ regulars, but by the Canadians and Savages, whom it was not in the power of discipline to restrain. the Country which the Marquis de Montcalm seems wisely to depend upon; when I- learned that succours of all kinds had been thrown into Quebec, that five batta- lions of regular troops, completed from the best of the inhabitants of the Coun- try, s(ime of the troops of the Colony, and every Canadian that was able to bear arms, besides several nations of Savages, had taken the field in a very advan- tageous fitu.ition : I could not flatter myself that 1 should be able to reduce the cluce. I sought, however, an occasion to attack the army, knowing well, that with ihese troops I was able to fight, and hoping that a victory might disperse them. We found them encamped along the shore of Bcanport, from the River Saint Charles to the lalls of Montmorenci, and eiitienclied in every accessible part. On the twenty-seventh of June, we landed upon the Island of Orleans; but receiving a meisagc from the Admiral, that there was reason to think the enemy had artillery and a force upon the Point de Levi. I detached firi- SOI tless at was able to very ad van- reduce the g well, that hf disperse u the River y accessible of Orleans; think the etadivd firi- ceeded, and made a descent at Dechambault, where he Chap. burnt a magazine filled with arms, clotiiing, provivsions VI. gadier Monkton, with four battalions to drive tliein from thence.. He passed the river on the twenty-ninth at night, .ind marciied the next ^lay to the point • he obliged the enemy's irregulars to retire, and possessed himself of that post. The advanced parties upon this occasion had two or three skirmishes witii the Canadians and Indians, with little loss on cither side. Colonel Carleton § march- ed with a detachment to the westernmost point of Orleans, whence our opera- tions were likely to begin. It was absolutely necessary to possess these two points at.d fortify them, because, from either the one or the other the enmny might make it impossible for any ship to lie in the bason of Quebec, or even within two miles of it. Butteriet of cannon and mortars were erected with great dispatch on che point of Levi, to bombard the town and magfazines, and to injure the works and batteries ; the enemy perctiving these works in some for- wardness, passed the river with sixteen hundred men to att.ick and destroy them. Unluckily they fell into confusion, fired upon one another, and went back again, by vhich we lost an opportunity of defeating this large di-'tachn-ient. The effect of our artillery had been so great, though across the river, that the upper town is considerably damaged, and the lower town entirely destroyed. The works for the security of our Hospital and stores on the Island of Orleans being finished, on the ninth of July at night, we passed the north channel, and encamped near the enemy's left. The next morning Captain Danke's company of rangeis, post- ed in a corner to cover some workmen, were attacked and defeated by a body of Indians, and had so many killed and wounded as to be almost disabled for the rest of the campaign. The enemy also suffered in this affiir, and were in their turn driven off by the nearest troops. The ground to tjie eastward of the Tall seemed to be, as it really is, higher than on the enemy's side, and to command it in a manner that might be made useful to us. ThLfc is, besides, a ford below the fall which may be passed for some Iiours in the latter part of the tbh, and beginning of the flood tide, and I had hopes, tiiat a possibility might be found of passing the river above, so as to fight th« Marquis de Montcalm upon terms of less disadvantage than attacking his entrenchments. In reconnoiterinn the river Montmoienci, we found it fordable at a place about three miles up, Inst the opposite beach was entrenched, and so steep and woody, tliat it was to no purpose to attempt a passage there. The escort was twice atticked by the Indi- an!, who were as often repulsed ; but in these rencounters we had forty ofTicers an i men killed and wounded. Thi- eighteentli of July, two :n -ri of war, two armed sloops, and two transports with troops on board, passed by the town without any loss, and got into the upper river. This enabled me to reconnoitre the country above, where I found the satne attention on the enemy's si-'.e, and great difficulties on ours, arising from the nature of the ground, aiul the ubsta- ^ Crcatrd Hur'ni Dcircliertcr, of nurthrllrr, in ilic Cuiiiily i)f O ,fiirJ, in i;f'i. A \tn- lleinaa of comuminate abllltlei, an e.xpericnied general, and an .iblc {lulitichn. y » 302 Chap, and ammunition. As the French ships were so well se- ^ *• cured as not to be approached, the Brigadier returned to camp. cles to our communication with the fleet. But what I feared most was, that If we should land between the town and the river Cape Rouge, the body first land- ed would not be reinforced, before they were attacked by the enemy's whole army. Notwithstanding these difficulties, I thought once of attempting it three miles above the town ; but perceiving that the enemy jealous cf the design, were preparing against it, and had actually brought artillery and a mortar, which, being so near Quebec, they could encrease as they pleased, to play upon the shipping. And as it must have been many hours before we could attack them, even supposing a favourable night for the bbats to pass by the town un- hurt, it seemed so hazardous that I thought it best to desist. However, to divide the e lemy's force and to draw their attention as high up the river as possible, and to procure some intelligence, I sent a detachment under the command of Colonel Carle'.on, to land at Point au Tremble, to attack whatever he might find there, bring off prisoners, and all the useful papers he could get. I have been informed, that a number of the inhabitants of Quebec had retired to that place, and that probably we should find a magazine of provisions there. The Colonel was fired upon by a party of Indians the moment he landed, but they were soon dispersed and driven into the woods : he searched for magazines, but to no purpose, brought off some prisoners, and returned with little loss. After this business, I came back to Montmorcnci, where I found Brigadier Townshend had, by a superior fire prevented the French from erecting a battery on the bank of the river, where they intended to cannonade our camp. 1 now resolved to take the first opportunity which presented itself of attacking the enemy, tho* posted to great advantage, and every where prepared to receive us. As the men of war cannot, for want of sufficient depth of water, come near enough the enemy's entrenchments to annoy them in the leatt, the Admiral had prepared two transports, drawing but little water, which upon occasion would be run a« ground to faveur a descent. With the help of these vessels, which I understood would be carried by the tide close on shore, I proposed to make myself master of a detached redoubt near to the water's edge, and whose situation appeared to be out of musket shot of the entrenchment upon the hill. If the enemy supported this detached post, it would necessarily bring on an engagement, what we most wished for ; and if not, I should have it in my power to examine their situation »o as to be able ta determine where we could best attack them. Preparations were accordingly made for an engagement. 'ITie thirty-first of July in the fore- noon, the boats of the fleet were filled with grenadiers, and a part of Brigadier Monkton's brigade from the Po*"r of Lsvi ; the two brigades under Brigadiers Townshend and Murray, wtiw -■'-'jered to be in readiness to pass the ford when it should be thought necessary. To facilitate the passage of this corps, the Ad- miral hud placed the Centurion in the channel, so that she might check the fire of the lower battery, which commanded the ford. This ship was of great use, ai her fire was very judiciously directed. A great quantity of artillery stores well se« etumed vas, that If y first land* my's whole ing it three the design, i a mortar, } play upon :ould attack ! town un- er, to divide as possible, :ommand of !r he might ret. I have red to that here. The I, but they razines, but loss. After Townshend eery on the low resolved enemy, tho' As the men enough the id prepared Id be run a« understood yself master appeared to y supported hat we most eir situation Preparations in the fore- of Brigadier :r Brigadiers e ford when )s, the Ad- leck the fire )f great use, illcry stores 303 A council of war was called by the general ; it was Chap. of opinion, that a sufficient force being left at Orleans ^^' was placed upon the eminence, so as to batter and enfilade the left of their en^ trenchments. From the vessel that ran aground nearest in, I observed that the redoubt was too much commanded to be kept without very great loss ; and the mor^ so, as the two armed ships could not be brought near enough to cover both with artillery and musketry, which I at first conceived they might. But as the enemy seemed in some confusion, and we were prepared for an action, I thought it proper time to make an attempt upon their intrenchment. Orders were sent to the Brigadiers General to be ready with the corps under their com- mand. Brigadier Monkton to land, and Brigadiers Townshend and Murray to pass the ford. At a proper time of tide the signal was made, but in rowing to- wards the shore many of the boats grounded upon a ledge that runs off to a con- siderable distance. This accident put us into some disorder, lost a great deal of tim^, and obliged me to send an officer to stop Brigadier Townshend's march, whom I then observed to be in motion. While the seamen vyere getting the boats off, the enemy fired a number of shot and shells, but did no considerable damage. As soon as this disorder could be set a little to rights, and the boats were ranged in a proper manner, some of the officers of the navy went in with me to find a better place to land. We took one flat bottomed boat with us to make the ex- periment, and as soon as we had found a fit part of the shore, the troops were ordered to disembark, thinking it not yet too late for the attempt. The thir- teen companies of grenadiers, and two hundred of the second Royal American battalion got first on shore. The grenadiers were ordered to form themselves into four distinct bodies, and to begin the attack, supported by Brigadier Monk- ton's corps, as soon as the troops had passed the ford, and were at hand to assist. But whether from the noise and hurry at landing, or from some other cause, the grenadier*, instead of forming themselves as they were directed, ran on impe- tuously towards the enemy's entrenchments in the utmost disorder and confusi- on, without waiting for the corps that was to sustain them and join in the at- tack. Brigadier Monkton was not landed, and Brigadier Townshend was still at a considerable distance, though upon his march to join us in very great order. The grenadiers were checked by the enemy's first fire, and obliged to shelter themselves in and about the redoubt, which the French abandoned upon their approach. In this situation they continued for some time, unable to form under to hot a fire, and having many gallant officers wounded, who careless of their persons, had been solely intent upon their duty. I saw the absolute necessity of calling them off, that they might form themselves behind Brigadier Monkton's corps, which was now landed and drawn up on the beach in extreme good or- der. By this new accident and this second delay it was near night, and a sudden storm came on and th; tide began to make, so that I thought it most adviseable not to persevere in so difficult an attack, lest in case of a repulse, the retreat of Brigadier Townshend's corpt might be hazardous and uncertain. Our artillery 304, \i Chap and Pointe Levi, the main army should pass up the rivei*, ^' '• in hopes of drawing the French, from their situation and had s great effect upon the enemy's left, where Brigadiers Townshend and Mur- ray were to have attucked, and it is probable, that if those accidents I have spoken of had not happened, we should have penetrated there, whilst our left and centre more remote from oar artillery, must have borne all the violence of their nmsquetry. The French did not attempt to interrupt our march. Some of their Savages came down to murder such wounded as could not be brought off, and to scalp the dead, as their custom is. 'i'he place where the attack was intended, ha": these advantages over ail others here about • our artillery could be brought into use; the greatest part or even the v«:hole of the troops might act at once, and the retreat, in case of a repulse, was secure, at least for a certain time of the tide ; neither one nor the other of these advantages can any where else he fourid. The anemy were indeed posted upon a commanding eminence, the beach upon which the troops were drawn up, was of deep mud with holes, and cut by several gullies; the hill to be ascended very steep, and not every where practicable . the enemy numerous in their entrenchments, and their fire hot. If the attack had succeeded, our loss must certainly have been great, and theirs inconsiderable, ;rom the shelter which the neighbouring woods afforded them. The river St. Charles remained still to be passed before the town was in- vested. All those circumstances I considered, but the desire to act in conformi- ty to the King's intentions induced me to make this trial, persuaded that a victo- rious armtj finis no dificultiet. The enemy have been fortifying ever since with tare, so as to make a second attempt still more dangerous. Immediately after this check, I sent Brigadier Murray above the town, with twelve hundred men, directing him to assist Rear Admiral Holmes in the destruction of the French sliips if they could be got at, in order to open a communication with General Amherst. The Brigadier was to seek every favorable opportunity of fighting some of the enemy's detachments, provided he could do it upon tolerable terms, and to use all the means in his powe. to provoke them to attack him. He made two different attempts to land upor he North Shore, without success, but in a third was more fortunate : he land 1 unexpectedly at Dechambault, and burn- ed a magazine there in which were onie provisions, some ammunition, and all the spare stores, cloathing, trms, and baggage of their army. Finding that the ships were not to be got at, and little prospect of bringing the enemy tea battle, he reported his situation to me, and 1 ordered him to join the army. "Ihe prisoners ke took, informed him of the surrender of the Fort of Niagara, and we discovered by intercepted letti rs, that the enemy havmg abandoned Ca- rillon and Crown Point, were retired to the Isle au Noix ; anc that General Am- lierst was making preparations to pass Lake Champlain, to fall upon Monsieur de Bourlamaque's corps, which consists of three battalions of foot, and as ma- ny Canadians as make the whole amount to three thousand men. The Admi. ral's dispatches and mine would have gone eight or ten days sooner, if I had no^ •'■! ! •1 :he rivei*, ation and id and Mur- ients I have dilst our left le violence of arch. Some be brought i attack was ery could be s might act for a certain n any where ng eminence, 1 with holes, nd not every nd their fire :en great, and oods afforded town was in- in confornii- f that a -victa' Er since with :diately after lundred men, the French vith General y of fighting erable terms, He made ccess, but in it, and burn- lition, and all Finding that le enemy to a n the army, of Niagara, )andoned Ca> General Ani- on Monsieur t, and as ma- The Admi. if I had not S05 of bringing them to an engagement. This measure, Chap. however was not adopted unril the Admiral and Gene- VI. ral had reconnoitered the to . n, who concluded from their observation, that there would be but little pros- been prevented from writing by a fever ; I found myself so ill, and am still so weak, that I begged the general officers to consult together for the public utili- ty. Theij are of opinion, that as more ships and provisions are now yet above the town, they should try, by conveying a corps of four or five thousand men, which is nearly the whole strength of the army, after the Points of Levi and Orleans are left in a proper state of defence, to draw the enemy from their present situation and bring them to an action. I have axquiesccd in their pro- pesal, and we are preparing to put it in execution. The Admiral and 1 have examined the town, with a view to a general assault ; but after consulting the chief Engineer, who is well acquainted with the interior part of It, and after viewing it with the utmost attention, we found that, though the batteries of the lower town might be easily silenced by the men of war, yet the business of an assault would be little advanced by that, since the five pass.iges L-ading from the lower to the upper town are carefully entrenched, and the upper batteries cannot be affected by the ships, which m.ist receive considerable da- mage from them and from the mortars. The Admiral would readily join in this or any other measure for the public service ; but I could not propose to him an undertaking of so dangerous a nature, and promising so little success. To the uncommon strength of the country the enemy have added, for the defence of the river, a great number of floating batteries and boats ; by the vigilance «f these, and the Indians round our different posts, it has been impossibli: to execute any thing by surprize. We have hud almost daily skirmii>hcs with these Savages, in which they are generally defeated, but not without loss on our side. By the loss of officers (many of whom are of rank) you may per- ceive that the army in general is much weakened. By the nature of the river the most formidable part of this armament is deprived of the power of actii'fr ; yet we have almost the whole force of Canada to opj^o^e. In this situation there it such a choice of difficulties, that I own myself at a loss how to determine. The affairs of Great Britain, I know require the most viirorous measures, but then the courage of a handful of bi-ave troops should be exerted only where there is some hope of a favourable event. However, you may be assured, that the small part of the campaign which remains, shall be employed (as far as I am able) for the honor of his Majesty, and the interest of the nation ; in which 1 am sure of being well seconded by the Admiral and by the Generals : hajipy if our efforts here can contribute to the success of his Majesty's arms in any •ther part of America." ,',,'. Qq /( ,:-.■:».). am I !, Chap, pect of success from a general assault on the tolvn. VI* Though the ships of war might have silenced the bat- teries of the Lower Town, yet, the upper works would not have been affected, and much damage was to be ex* pected ff om their fire. As the resolution was taken to quit the camp at Montmorenci» the troops and artillery were landed at Polnte Levi, and afterwards reimbarked in. transports to pass up the river, while Admiral Holmes, to amuse the 1 rench, posted on the North Shore, moved up with his ships J the men being much crowded on board, one half of them were landed for refreshment, on the south shofe« The plan suggested and adopted, was, that th^ troops should be conveyed in boats, and be landed in the night, within a league of Cape Diamond, in the hope of ascending the heights of Abraham, and take posses- sion of the ground on the rear of the city, where it was but indifferently fortified* However great the difficult ties, and liovvever discouraging the execution of this design, yet nothing could appal the energetic mind of the immortal Wolfe, whose courage and enterprize tosd ■with the difficulties, with which he was assailed. He a- dopted the plan without hesitation, and executed it in person. On the sixth of August, General Wolfe sent a de- tachment under the command of Captain Goreham tp St. Paul's Bay, to reduce that Parish, and to collect provisions. A sloop of war taking the detachment un- der convoy, anchored opposite the Island of Coudre, and the next morning at day break they rowed towards the shore. When they came within reach of it, they 1 , * * 1 ' \ • 4 - 9 / , ) *' 1. « , #67 were saluted by a shcfwer of maslv?tr)', bv liich en man was killed and eight wounded. Befo ihe inh> > itants could load again, the boats were gr mded, and the corps instantly pushed on shore, charged and routed the wretched inhabitants. Captain Goreham, finding their houses abandoned, set fire to the village, and de- stroyed every building except the church : on the door of which he posted up an advertisement, informing the Canadians, That the rigorous measures he pursued, and would certainly persevere in, was occasioned by the contempt they had shown to the ^nanifesto published by General Wolfe in June j and for their ungrateful return, ae they had, on various occasions, treated the English with the greatest inhumanity. — ^I'he detachment took twenty head of cattle, forty" sheep, several hogs, and a great quantity of poultry and plunder, consisting of books, wearing apparel and household stuff of vari- ous kinds. The English Party had a Swiss for their guide, who had been a captain of militia, resident for several years in the Seigneurie of Saint Paul, and had deserted from the French some time before. The Mar- quis de Vaudreuil had always placed much confidence In this fellow, and he had the command of all the men of that district, with orders to harrass the English, by landing smaH parties on the east end of the Island of Orleans, and in that neighbourhood. He had been in- structed that if he should make two or more British officers prisoners, to reserve only one for intelligence, and scalp the others, and to give no quarter to private soldiers or sailors. Among the Priest's papers there was a letter from tlie Governor General to hini» direct- Chap, VI. ..| Gq2 308 • ( '^?f Chap, ing him to endeavor to take the Swiss captain, and ttJf ^** hang him up instantly.* , . ijt;*-. I f.lr '•..{, //iifcoi A Priest, with about eighty of his parishioners having fortified themselves in a large house at Chateau Richer, General Wolfe sent a detachment with a field piece and howitzer to reduce it. Before the arrival of the de- tachment, the Priest sent a written invitation to an En- glish officer quartered near the place,to "honor him with his company at dinner, with an assurance, that he, and any officer of his detachment, who would be kind enough to accompany him, should return with the great- est safety ; and added, that as the English officer foiigh^ for his King and Country, he hoped, he himself wpuld be excused in fighting for his poor parishioners.** To which, after a polite apology for not being able to ac- cept the civility, the English officer subjoined, " that he flattered himself he should soon have the happiness of entertaining the gallant Priest and his-adherents in the British Camp.'* An attack was immediately after made on the stately house occupied by this indiscreet Priest,* it was reduced to ashes by the detachmentof light troops laid in ambuscade in the skirts of the wood near the fortified house ; as soon as the field piece was brought up and began to play, he with his men, sallied out, when falling in the ambush, thirty of them, with their leader, were surrounded, killed, and scalped : the reason of their being treated with so much cruelty, proceeded from the wretched parishioners having dis- guised themselves like Indians. In this rencounter the English had five men wounded. . .^ .i <■■ ,♦• * Knox's Historical Journal. 909 A company of Rangers, on a scout towards Beau- Chap, mont, surprised about twenty Canadians reaping their ^*- corn, who instantly took to their arms and made to a coppice that covered the road about half a mile's dis- tance, intending to way lay them. They gave the Ran- gers a fire before they were within reach, which disco- vered their danger, whereupon the captain retired a lit- tle way, formed his men in three divisions, detached one to the right and another to the left, while the third moved on at a gentle pace. Upon the centre party's ad- vancing, the French party fired again, and the other di- vision got round, and rushed upon them unexpectedly ; five of the Canadians were killed and four made prison- ers. The Rangers had two men slightly wound .^d. Vaudreuil in his intercepted letters, to the Priests of the several Parishes, expressed his surprize at their disobe- dience to his orders, in not cond\icting their cattle v/ith- in the interior woods of their districts on the north and south shores below Quebec, to prevent their falling in- to the hands of the English, and particularly enjoined them to pay greater respect to his commands, on pain of incurring his highest displeasure. In furtherance of the General's plan. Admiral Holmes to amuse Bougainville, who had been sent with fifteen hundred men by Montcalm to watch the motions of the English, moved all his squadron three leagues l^igher, with orders to fall down the river in the night, to favor the landing of the troops. An hour after mid- night of the twelfth day of September, the first divisi- on consisting of four complete regiments, the light in- fantry commanded by Colonel, afterwards Lord Howe, a. detachment of Highlanders and the American grena- 1 ^ SIO Chap, diers were embarked in flat bottomed boats, under the VI. command of Brigadiers Monkton and Murray. They began to fall down with the tide to the intended place of disembarkation, rowing close along the shore in or- der to find it more easily. General Wolfe accompanied them in person, and was among the first who landed. The boats without any disorder glided gently along ; owing, however, to the rapidity of the tide and the dark- ness of the night, the boats overshot the mark, and the troops landed a little below the place intended for dis- embarkation. The first division being landed at the Cove,* the boats were sent back for the second embar- kation superintend(.>d by Brigadier Townshend. Du- ring this interval the light infantry and Highlanders ascended the precipice and dislodging a French guard under Captain de Vergor, which defended the narrow path, the rest of the forces reached the summit by this route, t As soon as they mounted they were drawn up in order of battle. Montcalm astonished at this unex- pected descent, hastened on his troops to oppose the ' English, and sent orders to Brigadier Sennezergues to join him with a large body of Canadians, and as soon as they arrived he resolved on hazarding a battle, leav- • Since called Wolfe's Cove. t Captain Donald Mc. Donald, a very pliant officer of Praser'* Highlanderg, commanded the advanced guvd of the light infantry, and was consequently among the foremost on shore ; as soon a« he and his men gained the height, he Was challenged hy acentry, and with great presence of mind, from his know- ledge of the French service, answered him according to their manner ; it bi Qg yet dark, he came up to him, told him he was sent there with a large command and to call uff all the other men of his party who were ranged along the hill, for that he would take care to give a good »ccount of the B— - Anglois, if they persisted. This finesse had the desired effect, and saved many lives. \-\, •• T^t Hill tMfy (limi'df and haUei at ih top, of mure than mortal titt : " 7«wVi°/i^ Ikty tum*df*H h»4t Ai>gfli(%tlad in iittntng armt /" 3ii ing Vaudreuii in command of a body of Militia on the ChaPi other side of the River Saint Charles. When in view ^^• of the EngHsh army on the Plains of Abraham, he drew them up in order of battle. The right Was com- posed of five hundred and fifty Colony Troops, two bat- - talions of Regular Troops of five hundred and twenty- five men each, four hundred Militia, with a six pound- er. Their centre consisted of a Column formed by two other Regular Battalions of three hundred and sixty men each, and twelve hundred Militia, and on their left, one regiment of Regular Troops of six. hundred and fifty men, six hundred and fifty Colony Troops, with two thousand three hundred Militia, making in the whole seven thousand five hundred and twenty men. There was a body of Indians who kept in the bushes, and did much execution by singling out many brave officers for destruction. Mr. de Ramsay, the French King's Lieutenant was left in the command of Quebec, with seven hundred men. General Wolfe had no sooner seen Montcalm than he began to form his own line, which consisted of six battalions and the Louis- bourg Grenadiers. The right commanded by Briga- dier Monkton; the left by Brigadier Murray. The light Infantry were posted in the rear of the left, that * moment returned, having taken a four gun battery with- out opposition. To prevent Montcalm's outflanking the English, Brigadier Townshend was sent with Am- herst's regiment, which was formed eu potence, and was reinforced afterwards by two battalions. The reserve consisted of one regiment drawn up in eight subdivisi- ons with large intervals. About nine o'clock of the morning of the thirteenth of September, the French General advanced to the charge with ^reat order and 11 wS M: (Jhap. vivacity, keeping up, However, but an irregular fire; ^ ^' Tile British on the contrary, waited with great coolness until they advanced within forty yards, when they pour- ed in a destructive fire. General Wolfe was stationed on the right, where the attack was the most warm, and as he was in the front of the line, and always conspicu- ous, he was aimed at by the marksmen, and received a shot in the wrist, which did not compel him to leave the field. Notvi'ithstanding this accident, he gave or- ders without emotion, and advancing at the head of the grenadiers with fixed bayonets, another ball unfortu- nately pierced the breast of this young hero,* who fell in the arms of victory, just as the French gave way. While the right pressed on with their bayonets. Briga- dier Murray advanced with the troops under his com- mand, and broke the centre of the French, and the Highlanders drawing their swords, fell on them with irresistible force, and impetuously drove them with great slaughter into the town. The action was not so violent on the left and rear of the English. Some of the light infantry who had taken possession of houses, defended themselves with great courage and resolution. Colonel Howe sallied out frequently from behind a copse, with two companies on the flanks of the French, and driving them into heaps, Brigadier Townshend ad- vanced platoons against their front. The Brigadier re- mained with Amherst's regiment, to prevent the French from accomplishing their first intention, which was ef* • When the fatal ball took place, (Jeneral Wolfe, finding himself unable to ttanil, K'itiH-d on the shoulder of a I ieutenant, who sut down for that purpose. This "fiicer seeing the Ftench give way, exclaimed, •• they run ;' " who run V crii!il the gallunt Wolfe, with great eagerness; when the Lieutenant replied ♦' thi! rrt'nch." " What !" said he, •' do the Cowards run already ? then I die happy !" so saying, the glorious youth cspirod. 31S jnable to fected, and to overawe a body of Indians waiting for an Chap. opportunity to fall on the rear of the British army. As V^* General Wolfe was slain, and Monkton dangerously wounded, the command devolved on Brigadier Town- shend, who hastened to the centre, and formed the troops disordered in the pursuit. Bougainville with two thousand fresh troops, at that moment appeared in the rear of the English : he had marched from Cape Rouge the moment he had heard that the English had gained the heights j but not coming up in time, had no share in the battle. Townshend, on his approach, or- dered two battalions against him, but he retired among the woods and swamps, where Townshend declined at- tacking him, having already obtained a complete victo- ry and possessed of a very advantageous situation. Montcalm was mortally wounded, and was conveyed to Quebec, where he died. His second in command, Sennezergues was left wounded in the field, and the next day expired on board an English ship to which he had been conveyed. Brigadier St. Ours also died of his wounds. About five hundred men were slain, and near one thousand were made prisoners, including a vast number of officers. The English loss amounted to fifty men killed, including nine officers, and about five hundred men wounded. Vaudreuil at length ap- prized of the defeat of Montcalm, retreated in the most disorderly manner from the lines at Bcaiiport, abandon- ing his tents, artillery, ammunition provisions and stores. They then proceeded to Jacques Cartier, where they entrenched themselves, until compelled by the weather to make the best of their way to ThYee Rivers and Montreal. ' "■ ■ ' ' R r , 314 lilt The death of General Wolfe was a national loss, and was unusually regretted. He inherited from nature an unremitting fervor of sentiment, an intuitive perception, an extensive capacity and a passion for glory, which stimulated him to acquire every species of military knowledge that study could comprehend, that actual service could illustrate and confirm. This noble warmth of disposition seldom fails to call forth and unfold the liberal virtues of the soul. Brave above all estimation of danger, he was also generous, gentle, complaisant and humane. The patron of the ollicer, the darling of the soldier. There was a sublimity in his genius which soared above the pitch of ordinary minds ; and had his faculties been encreased to their full extent by opportu- nity and action, had his judgment been fully matured by age and experience, he would, without doubt, have rivalled in reputation the most celebrated Captains of antiquity. The ofiicers of the army wore mourning on the death of their Chief, and an excellent Thanksgiving sermon was preached on the field of battle. ,, Late in the evening of the fourteenth of September, Montcalm died. When his wound was dressed, he asked the Surgeons whether it was mortal, and being answered in the affirmative, he calmly replied, " he was glad of it :" he then demanded whether he could survive it long ; he was told " perhaps a dozen hours, and perhaps less." " So much the better" rejoined Montcalm. " I am happy I shall not live to see the surrender of Quebec." He was then visited by Mr. de Ramsay, the French King's Lieutenant, who desired to receive his commands, to be pursued for the defence of Quebec. To which the Marquis replied j " I will 315 neither give orders nor interfere any further : I have Chap. much business that must be attended to, of greater mo- ^^• ment than your ruined garrison and this wretched coun- try. My time is very short, so pray leave me : I wish you all comfort, and to be happily extricated from your present perplexities." He then called for his Chaplain, who with the Bishop of the Colony, remained with him until he expired Before he died, he paid the En- glish Army this compliment : " Since it was my mis- fortune to be discomfited and mortally wounded, it is a great consolation to me to be vanquished by so brave and generous an enemy. If I could survive this wound, 1 would engage to beat three times the number of such forces as I commanded this morning, with a third of British troops.** The French Government anxious to mark their approbation of the conduct of Montcalm, proposed to erect a monument to liis menicM-y in this Country, (which however never arrived,) and Mr. Bougainville was entrusted to obtain permission for this purpose.* • The lottiTS that passeil between Bougainville and Mr. Sfcittary Pitt, were in tlie&e words : Tranttution of a Letter fr/im Mr, Boilguinviilf, Member nf the AiaJemi/ 0/ Siien^ let, to the Right Hon, William I'ict. SIR, The honours paid, during your Ministry, to the memory of Mr. Wolfe, give me room to liope that you will not disapprove of the grateful efforts made by the French Troops to perpetuate the memory of tlu- Marquis de Montcalm. The corpse of that Oeneral, who was honoured with the regret of your nation, is buried at Quebec. I have the honour to tend you an )'pitaph whicli the Aca- demy of Inscriptions and Belles l.ettres have wrote for him : and I would beg the favour of you, Sir, to read it over, and if tlitic be iinthmg improper in it, to procure me a permission to send it to Quebec, engraviu in nmrlile, to put over the Marquis de Montcalm's Tomb. If this permission should l>t' granted, may I presume, Sir, to entreat the honor of a line to acquaint n-.e wah it, and Rr 2 V '; I . I Chap. VI. S16 Immediately after the battle of Quebec, Admiral Saunders sent up all the boats of the fleet, with artillery and ammunition, to aid Brigadier Townshend, who had secured his camp with redoubts, made a military road for the cannon, and had cut off the communication the French had with the country , De Bougainville took possession of the old encampment at Beauport, and sa- ved a quantity of stores and ammunition that had been left on the general retreat of the army ; in the effecting of which they received no interruption from the En- glish, solely intent on reducing the city, De Ramsay, as well as the inhabitants of the town, were astonished at de Vaudreuil*s departure, and particularly at his go- at the same time to send me a passport, that the engraved Marble may be re- ceived on board of an English vessel, and that Mr. Murray, Governor of Que- bec, may give leave to have it put up in the Ursuiine Church. I ask pardon. Sir, for taking off your attention even for a moment, from your important concerns : but to endeavour to immortalize great men and illustrious citizens, i» to do honor to you. I am, &c. Paris, March, 24, 1761. BOUGAINVILLE. Mr. PUt't Answer. w SIR, It is a real satisfaction to me to send you the King's consent on such an inte- resting subject, a very handsome Epitaph drawn by the Academy of Inscripti- ous at Paris, for the Marquis de Montcalm, which is desired to be sent to Que- bec, engraved on Marble, to be set up on the Tomb of the illustrious Warrior. —The noble sentiments expressed in the desire to pay this tribute to the memo- ry of their General by the Frt'i:ch Troops who served in Canada, and who saw him fall at their head, in a manner worthy of him and worthy of them, cannot he too much npp!ai;ded. I shall take a pleasure. Sir, in facilitating a design so full of respect to tht deceased ; and as soon as I am informed of the measures taken for embarking the Marble, I shall immediately grant the passport you desire, and send orders to the Governor of Canada for its reception. As to the rest, be assured, Sir, that I have a just st.ise of the obliging things said to me in the letter with which you honoured me, and that I think it a sin- gular happiness to have an opportunity to express those sentiments of distin- guished esteem and consideration with which I have the honor to be, &c. April 10th, 1761. : . "^ ' , • W. PITT. 317 \.dmiral artillery vho had ry road tion the lie took , and sa- ad been effecting the En- Ramsay, stonished it his go- may be re- rnor of Que- I ask pardon, ur important us citizens, i» ;lle. such an inte- of Intcripti- sent to Que- ious Warrior. to the memo- and who saw them, cannot [g a design so the measures lassport you I. bilging things think it a sin- nts of distin- be, &.C. W. PITT. ing to such a distance, without having first supplied the Chap. city with provisions, which were so scarce, that the "*• troops were already reduced to two ounces a day each man. De Ramsay, however, animated his garri- son by his conduct, and encouraged them with hopes of a reinforcement of men and provisions, as soon as De Levi had made preparations to attack the English in their lines. The people, at length, convinced of the little prospect of realizing their hopes, and still more apprehensive of an attack on the weakest part of the works, addressed a memorial to Mr. Daine, Lieute- nant General, Civil and Criminal, requesting him to represent to Mr. de Ramsay their desire, that he should oflFer to capitulate to the English Commander, before he was reduced to the last extremity. De Ramsay took a census of the men fit to bear arms, and an account was taken of the quantity of provisions yet unexpend- ed. Notwithstanding a supply that was brought in by La Roche's Cavalr) , the quantity remaining was only sufficient for their subsistence for a few days longer. At length, convinced of the impossibility, with the force he had, of holding out against the inclinations of the people, and summoned to surrender, he proposed to the English General the same conditions that Mr. Vaudreuil had drawn up, and which were readily a- greed to by Brigadier Townshend. It was conceived to be a great error in the Marquis retreating in the first instance so far ; had he extended his right wing to Charlesbourg, and his left to the bridge of boats across the river St. Charles, he might have thrown succours into Quebec, which would have lengthened the siege, to such a period of the season when entrenchments could not have been thrown up, and the English Com- i ^ ( I 3 ■, i :i^; i> -ti t 318 Chap, mander would have been compelled to reimbark his ^** troops, without effecting the object of the expedition. It had been De Levi*s intention to attack the English army in their lines, and with this view he was proceed- ing on with the troops, when he learnt at Cape Rouge, that the town had capitulated. * The surrender of ♦ ARTICLES OF CAPITULATION Demanded iy Mr. de Hams AT, the Kings Lieutenant, commanding the high and low Toivnj of Quebec, Chief of the military order of St, Letvis, to Hit Excellency the General of the troopi of Hit Britannic Majesty. — " The Capitulation de- •' manded on the part of the enemy, and granted by their Excellenciet Admiral " Saundhrs and General TOWNSHEND, ^c. Is'c, tfc, is in manner and form " hereafter exprested." •'• ' ' , i'*- .. n • I. Mr. de Ramsay demands the honours of war for his Garrison, and that it •hall be sent back to the' army in safety, and by the shortest route, with arms, baggage, six pieces of brass cannon, two mortars or howitzers, and twelve rounds for each of them. — " The Garrison of the town, composed of Land forces, ma- ", rines and sailors, shall march out with their arms uuil baggage, drums beating, •« matches lighted, with two pieces of French cannon, and twelve rounds for " each piece ; and shall be embarked as conveniently us possible, to be sent to " the first port in France." .' /., -^ ' ' - U. That the inhabitants shall be preserved in the possession of their houses, goods, eiTects, and privileges. — *• Granted, upon their laying down thejr arms." III. That the inhabitants shall not be accountable for having carried arms in the defence of the town, for as much as they were compelled to it, and that the inhabitants of the colonies, of both crowns, equally serve as militia. — " Granted." IV. I'hat the effects of the absent officers and citizens shall not be touched.— *' Granted." V. That the inhabitants shall not be removed, nor obliged to quit their houses, until their condition shall be settled by their Britannic, and most Christian Ma« jesties. — " Granted." VI. That the exercise of the Catholic. Apostolic and Roman religion shall be maintained; and that safe guards shall be granted to the houses of rhe clergy, and to the monasteries, particularly to his Lordship the Bishop of Qucbtc, who, animated with aeal for religion, and charity for the people of his diocese, desires to reside in it constantly, to exercise, freely and with that decency which hii character and the sacred offices of the Roman religion require, his episcopal au- thority in the town of Quebec, whenever, he shall think proper, until the poi- tession of Canada shall be decided by a treaty between their most Christian and Britannic Majesties.—'* The free exercise of the roman religion is granted, like- 319 (Quebec occasioned the greatest consternation, particu- larly to those persons who held large quiuiiitics of the Intendant's paper money ; as the spi.-edy reduction of the Colony becrim.' more and more apparent, the pub- lic officers made every exertion to rob the Governm. ut. Inmense fortunes were soon made, and the Govern- ment drafts, to an immense value, were issued with all the rapidity of a mighty torrent. In order to encrease the fortune of a favorite gentleman, he was sent to St. Jo- seph's with a large supply of goods purchased by Govern- ment, imder pretext of presents to the Indians, which he appropriated exclusively to his own use, and by that means made a very considerable sum of money, as every article of goods was at this time at a most exorbi- tant price. " '^ ' ' •" ^ " wise safe guards to all religious persons, as well as to the Bishop, who shall " he at liberty to conie and exercise, freely and with decency, the functions of " hisofficet whenever he shall think proper, until the possession of Canada shall *• have been decided between their Britannic and most Christian Majesties." VII. That the artillery and warlike stores shall be faithfully given up, and that an inventory of them shall be made out, — "Granted." Vlil. That the sick and wounded, the commissaries. Physicians, Sur.'reons Apothecaries, and other people employed in the service of the hospitals, shall be treated conformably to the cartel of the 6th of February, 1 759, settled between their most Christian and Britannic Majesties, — " Granted." IX. That before delivering up the gate and the entrance of the town to the En- glifh troops, their General will be pleased to send some soldiers to be posted as safeguards upon the churches, convents, and principal habitations.^'* Granted." X. That the King's Lieutenant, commanding in Quebec, shall be permitted to send information to the marquis de Vaudreuil, Governor General, of the reduc- tion of the place, as also that the General may send advice thereof to the french «• Ministry Granted." .t XI. That the present capitulation shall be executed according to its form and te. nour, without being subject, to non-execution under pretence of reprisals, or for the non-execution of any preceding capitulations. — " Granted." Duplicates hereof taken and executed by, and between us, at the camp before Quebec, this ISih. Day of September, 1759^ ir '> CHARLES SAUNDERS, GEORGE TOWNSHEND, DE RAMSAY. -.,1' 320 THE HISTORY OF CANADA. I CHAPTER VII. rryl; From the Surrender of Quebec, to the Peace of 1763. Chap, i HE City of Quebec* being reduced, Bi!gadier VII, Townshend, who had stipulated that he should return * Ninety-six shells, and seven carcasses were thrown into the town from the battery at Pointe L«vi, within twenty- four hours, which set fire to theCathe* dral Chi :h of Quebec, with all its paintings, images and ornaments, and they were entirely destroyed. In the Church of the Lower Town, which war destroyed by fire, there was a fine } ticated, ** that this Church and Lower Town would be destroyed by the British, alias htretiei, in a conflagration, before the year of our Lord, 1760." which made so great an Impression on all ranks of people, that they dedicated two dayi every year, to fasting and worship ; imploring the intercession of their Patroneu with the Almighty, to protect that Church from fire and sword. , . Population of Quebec in 175^,... 6700 Souls. ' • of Three Rivers, 1500. of Montreal 4000. The whole Militia amounted to 27,000 men, from the age of 1 6 to 60. - honor- ^ '^' ed with kniffhihovodjurid on Colonel Hale an J him were ^ conferred conbiderable presents. The city of London, f t The humble Address of the Lord Mayor, .lldermen, and Commons <\f the City of London, in Common Council assembled : May it please your Majesty, To accept the mosl humble, but wariTicst ronj^ratulations of Your Ma- jesty's dutiful and loyal subjects, the Lord Mayor, Aidermen, and Com- mons of the City of Loudon, in Common Council as!>embled, upon the rapid and nuinlerrupted series of victories and successes, which, under the Divine B cssinj;, have attended your Majesty's army by sea and land, -within the compass of this distinguished and ever memorable year. The reduction of Fort de Quesne on the Oliio ; of llie Island of Gorec in Africa; and of Guadeloupe, with its dependencies in the West-Indies^ the repulse and defeat of the whole French Arms by a handful of Infan- try in the Plains of Minden ; — the takiu;; of Niagara, Ticondero'ga, and Crown Point; — The Xaval Victory oft' Cape Lagos ; — Tiie advantages "•ained over the French Nation in the East-Indies; — and, above all, the C()n(|ucst of Queliec, (the Capital of the trench Empire in North Ame- rica) in a manner so glorious to your Majesty's arms, against every ad- vanti'ge of situation and superior numbers, are such events, as will for ever render your Majesty's auspicious reigu the favorite a;ra ia the His- tory of Great Britain. But while we retlect with surprise and gratitude upon this last and most important con(|uesl, permit us, gracious >ovcrei>>;n, to express t)ur great regard for the immense (^tiio' almost only) loss which lias alleiided it, in the death of that gallant Ctenen»l, whose abilities formed, whose courage attempted, and whose conduct happily effected the glorious eutcrprize in which he tell, leaving to future times un heroic example of Military bkill, ' • discipline, and fortitude. Measures of such National concern, so invariably pursued, and arqui" sitions of so much consc<|uonce to liie power and trade of Great Hri- iaiii, are the no!)lc»t proofs of voiir Majesty's paternal aiiection, and regard f(»r the true interest of your Kingdoms, and rettect honor upon those, whom your Majesty has l)ceu |Meased to admit into your Couu- cil, or to intrust with the conduct of your Fleets and Army. These will ever command the live* and fortunes of a free and grateful people, in defence of your Majesty's tacied Person and Uoyal I ainiiy, against the attempts of all your enemies. And we humbly trust, thai Al- mighty God will bless your Majesty's salutmy intentions with a continu- ance of success, and thereby m lime, lead us to a safe and honoiaUlc peace. Signed by trder of Court, JAMES U0DG£6. i ■hi . / ' ^ 325 and many other Corporations of the Kingdom, present* Cha?. ed congratulatory Addresses to the King, and on the ^'^• meeting of Parliament, the House unanimously resol- ved to present an Address, desiring his Majesty would order a monument to be erected in Westminster Abbey, to the memory of Major General Wolfe, and thanks were at the same time resolved to be given to the sur- viving Generals and Admirals employed on the succes- ful and glorious expedition of Quebec. A day of Thanksgiving had also been appointed by Proclamation, through all the dominions of Great Britain. Before the close of the navigation, the Governor and Intendant prepared their several dispatches for the government, and Mr. Cannon was charged with them. Taking advantage of a thick fog, and a south west wind, he passed Quebec unobserved, and arrived safe in France. De Vaudreuil in his dispatch threw much censure on De Ramsay for his precipitate surrender of the city. As provisions of all kinds were much wanted, the Governor issued an order that the inhabitants should furnish Cadet and his assistants with whatever quantity he might want. His agents collected in virtue of this order, a vast number of cattle on the south shore, which were forwarded on under a guard, commanded by Captain St. Martin of the Marine. General Murray, who had been apprized of his arrival at Pointe Levi, ordered out detachments to intercept him, but after a small skirmishing, he got off with the loss only of a few men. In the course of the winter, provisions of all kinds became extremely scarce, and what could be had, was at an enormous price. Wheat was commonly sold at thirty and forty livres per bushel, a cow was worth i \ 0^:r I, ■ S26 Chap, nine hundred livres, a pair of oxen fifteen hundred to Vn. two thousand livres, a dozen of eggs nine livres, a pound of butter from twelve to fifteen livres, and a sheep from two to three hundred livres a piece. The prices were so extremely intolerable and enormous, that many persons actually died for want of the necessaries of life. The fiirmers in the Country kept up the price of their wheat and flour, and when even specie Was of- fered them, to induce them to sell these articles cheap- er, they refused, saying, they did not want money, as their horses shoe's were made of silver. De Vaudreuil, incessantly wedded to the old sys- tem with regard to the Indians, sent belts to all the Five Nations, to induce them to meet him, and hear what he had to say. The taking of Niagara and Que- bee, served as too strong arguments to indi.c? ht^m to pay the visit he solicited. As the winter ap, u c' ed, it became necessary to quarter the soldiers on the in- habitants of the country, and the Intendant issued an ordinance, by which the price of grain was fixed, ac- cording to the last tariff. I* ' On the twenty-fifth of November, a most unfortu- nate disaster happened. — One of the French ships that had been stranded on the ^outh shore, was abandoned by the crew, but before they qi^itted the ship, they left a train of powder from the powder room to the fire place in the great cabin, with a slow match, and then betook themselves in their boats to a schooner. Cap- tain Miller, of the English sloop of war, called the Race Horse, with his Lieutenant and a number of men, about forty, went and boarded her. The match being /' 327 extinguished, Mr. Miller, not suspecting the horrid Chaf. snare, gave orders to strike a light, to enable them to ***• rummage the ship, when unfortunately some of the sparks falling on loose powder, caught immediately, and blew up the vessscl, so that most of th^j party were killed almost instantaneously, and the few survivors were in a deplorable condition. A Canadian peasant, venturing on board soon after the explosion, in search of plunder as he confessed, to his great astonishment, (for he knew not of any living creature's being in the ship,) discovered the Captain, Lieutenant, and two seamen lying in the greatest agony ; finding that they were still alive, he went and alarmed the neighbour- hood, and having procured assistance, he brought the unhappy sufferers, with six or seven others whom they afterwards found, to his own house, where he had them rubbed with bear's grease, and manifested every humanity in his power. In the afternoon, this man crossed the river, to make his melancholy report to the Governor, (General Murray,) who rewarded him with twenty dollars, and a quantity of salt provisions. Proper conveyances were immediately sent over for these distressed officers and men, who were lodged in the Hospital of the Ursulines Convent, where every at- tention was shewn them. Captain Miller, however, died the next day, and the rest recovered. It will be remembered that General Murray was left in the command of about five thousand men at Quebec, and that a strong squadron was stationed at Halifax, to revisit Quebec as soon as the navigation was open, and that General Amherst, the Commander in Chief, winter- ed at New York, to recommence his operations for the ■i-' sA, •'■(>■' kU n( ~ 328 ' - - Chap, conquest of Canada. General Murray neglected n6 VII, step for maintaining the important conquest of Quebec, 1760. suid subduing all Canada. During the winter, the gar- rison was employed in repairing five hundred houses, damaged by the English cannon, built eight redoubts of wood, raised foot banks along the ramparts, opened embrasures, mounted artillery, blocked up the avenues of the suburbs with a stockade, removed eleven months provisions into the highest part of the city, and formed a magazine of four thousand fascines. Two hundred men were posted at St. Foix, and double that number ' '\ at Lorette. The French guard at St. Augustin was brought off with a great number of cattle, and the in- habitants were disarmed, by these precautions, the do- . minion over a number of parishes was secured, and some fresh provisions and other necessaries were procu- red for the garrison. Sixteen thousand cords of wood being wanted for the troops, two hundred wood fellers were employed at St. Foix, and plenty of fuel was brought in by the men off duty. The French General having taken possession of Pointe Levi, where he form- ed a magazine : as soon as the River was frozen over. General Murray dispatched thither two hundred men, at whose approach the French marched off with preci- * pitation, leaving their magazine. The English detach- ment took post in the church, until two wooden re- doubts could be constructed, to be mounted with artil- lery -f in the mean time the French party returned with greater force, to recover the post, which the General being apprized of, several battalions and light infantry were marched over the ice, in order to cut them off, but they fled on iheir approach. The severity of the win- ter, and the want of vegetables, were severely felt by the 329 soldiery, one thousand of whom before the end of April, Chap, had died of the scurvy,* and twice that number were VII. rendered unfit for service. The Brigadier, who had considered Quebec as nothing more than a strong Can- tonment, had projected a plan of defence, by extending lines and entrenching his troops on the heights of Abra- ham, which at the distance of eight hundred paces, command the Ramparts of the City, and might be de- fended by a small force against a formidable army. Fascines, and every other necessary for the work had been provided, and the men were set upon the projected lines in the month of April, but the earth was so hardened by the frost, that it was found impractica- ble. HI It was at this time that the Governor, being under the necessity of borrowing money for the use of the Government, some of the troops assisted His Excellen- cy with a loan. The privates as well as the officers of Colonel Fraser*s Highlanders, by their remarkable fru- gality and sobriety, were enabled to distinguish them- selves : the creditors were promised legal interest, until repaid. . , , On the night of the eighteenth of March, two hun- dred light infantry were detached from the garrison of Quebec, with three days provisions, and a company of * The General orderecl that the number of Women allowed to be victualled might receive full allowance. On a return being made of the females uf each corps, it was found, that out of five linndred and seventy-nine women, not one had suffered from sickneS*, during the whole course of the winter. — A Serjeant who had collected the return, reported them well, able to eat their ullowancti and jit f*f '}''':' lit' H s' s^ n i:f !'/ 336 Chap, and the Highlanders : Otway's Regiment, and the third yn, battalion of Royal Americans constituted the Corps of Reserve. Major Balling's Corps covered the Right Flank, the left was secured by Captain Hazen's com- pany of Rangers and one hundred Volunteers under the command of Captain Donald Mc. Donald, and each battalion had a field piece. The English advanced with great resolution, with their field pieces in front, and their first impression wa$ so violent that the French centre gave way. The French grenadiers were dispossessed by Major Dalling of a house and wind mill which covered their left flank, and were pursued by the English light infantry, to a corps formed to sustain them. The French Comman- der, perceiving the light infantry endeavouring to regain their flank, furiously charged them, by which they were thrown into such disorder, that they retreated to the rear, and could not again be brought into action. The French attempted, though in vain, to penetrate the right wing, for the support of which, Otway's Regiment from the ' reserve was ordered to advance ; in the mean time, the Right Wing of the French was attacked by the left Brigade of British troops, who, though they dis- possessed the French of two redoubts, were over- powered by numbers, and reduced to a handful of men, though supported by a regiment from the Re- serve, and another from the Centre. At this mo- ment, a fresh column of the Regiment of Royal Rous- illon penetrated the Left Wing of the British Army, when it gave way : the disorder soon communicated to ' the Right, and after an obstinate dispute of an hour and three quarters. Brigadier Murray quitted the field of \% I !:;ii with S37 battle, with the loss of one thousand men killed or Chap. wounded, and the greater part of his artillery. The '^''* French computed their loss at eighteen hundred men killed and wounded. The French ofHcers gave quarter to several English officers, but they refused it to others : four officers being taken, and conducted to some offi- cers of the Regiment de la Sarre, they waved their hands, and cried oat-^A Ikz-vous en, allez-vous en. Of the immense number of wounded men who had been unavoidably left on rhe field of battle, twenty-eight on- ly were sent ^o the hospital, the rest were given up as victims to glut the rage of their Savage allies. n to a The Brigadier agai»^ retired withni the walls of Que- bec, prosecuted the fortifica ins of the place, raised two Cavalliers, contrived cut works, and planted the ramparts with one uuodred and -li-rty-two pieces of artillery, dragged tlithei mostly by the soldiery. Late on the evening of the twenty-eighth of April, General Murray issued an order, stating. That though the twenty-eighth of April had been unfortunate to the British Arms, yet that affairs were not so desperate as to be irretrievable ; that he had often experienced the bravery of the troops he commanded, and was sensi- ble that ilie would endeavour to regain what they had lost. That the fleet was to be expected, and reinforce- ments were at hand ; that he eschorted officers and meti pati'^ntly to undergo the fatigues they had to suffery-and entreated them, cheerfully to expose themselves to some dangers j a duty they owed to their King, their Coun- try, and to themselves, ■ U u ,3. fi ■: .'ii , (. *#*::;C lii t '' 33& Chap. The Chevalier de Levi broke ground on the very> yil.^ evening of the battle, within eight hundred yards o£ the wails, and on the tenth of May opened his batte<^ ries, consisting of thirteen guns and two mortars, whichr cannonaded the place with great vivacity. They made no other approaches, waiting the arrival of their ships.* lii ■ m I, ;1r Lord Colville had sailed from Halifax with the fleet under his command, on the twenty-second day of April, but was retarded in his passage up the St. Law* rence, by contrary winds and great shoals of ice float- ing down the river. Commodore S wanton, who had sailed from England with a small reinforcement, arrived about the beginning of May at Bic, where he proposed waiting the arrival of the rest of his squadron, separat'' ed from him on the passage. The LowestofFe, Captain, Dean, one of them, had entered the harbour of Que- bec on the ninth of May, and communicated to the Go- vernor the joyful news of the Squadron being in the River. As soon as the Commodore received informa- tion of Quebec being besieged, he sailed up the River, and on the fifteenth, anchored above Pointe Levi. Ge- neral Murray having expressed his wish, that the French Squadron, consisting of the two frigates, I'Attalante of thirty-six guns, la Pomone of thirty-two, two arm- ed ships, and a number of smaller vessels, might hi re- moved, the Commodore ordered Captain Schomberg of the Diana^ and Captain Dean of the Leowstoffe, to slip * An four officer* of the forty-thiril Regiment were littlng on the ground, in a jioldier't tent, eating a dish of peaie porridge, a shell pitched within n yard cif the door of the tent, and they had barely time to stretch themselves at their length, when the shell burst ; but by being extended flat on the ground, thuy hupfily received no other damage than losing their meis, which was ovcrcuni- ol in the bustle. < 539 their cables next morning, and attack the fleet ; as soon Chap. as they were under way, the French ships fled in the ut- ^^I* most disorder ; one of the frigates was driven on shore above Cape Diamond, the other ran ashore and was burnt at Pointe aux Trembles, and the rest were total- ly destroyed. On the news of the arrival of the English fleet, De 'Levi in the course of the following night raised the «iege of Quebec, and retreated with great precipitation, 'leaving his provisions, implements and artillery. Ge- neral Murray had proposed a vigorous sally in the mor- ning, to penetrate into their Camp, and had selected a body of troops, who were under arms, when from a detachment that went out, he received certain intelli- gence that the French had abandoned their works. He instantly marched out with his troops, in hopes of over- taking their rear, but they had passed the River Cap- Rouge. Several prisoners 'were, however taken, and a great quantity of baggage, including their tents, stores, magazines of provisions and ammunition, with thirty- four pieces of battering cannon, six mortars, four pe- tards, a great quantity of scaling ladders, entrenching tools, and every other equipment for a siege. The French army retired to Jacques Cartier, and afterwards proceeded on to Montreal, where the last stand was to be made against the eflforts of the English. The siege of Quebec, though it lasted but a short time, furnished many opportunities to the oflicers of the different French departments to make money. The public money was paid away with the utmost profusion, Uu 2 I 'I u |t|' i!~ i''* r \i 340 .. " ■» -^ .'*-.■ Chap, and all took good care totnake the most of their situa- y}*- tions ; estimates of articles to a considerable amount, were fraudulently authorized by the Engineers, and paid by the Intendant at Montreal. One of the articles char- ged Government, was the furnishing of three hundred thousand mockasins for the Savages, for which Cadet, who had the supplying of this article, in the name of his Clerk, charged Government no less a sum than three hundred thousand 11 v res. From this charge alone, it is easily to be conceived, to what extent this peculation went, every one being eagerly intent on making money, and equally indifferent as to the means by which it was to be acquired. Large supplies were constantly provid- ed for the army, the major part of which became the property of the Contractors, who resold to Govern- ment at advanced prices, what they had so infamously purloined. * TiJE siege of Quebec was called De Levi's Folly ; both he and De Vaudreuil had been advised not to at- tempt to besiege it, but merely to blockade it until suc- cours from France should arrivt. In that case, they might have attempted i^: with some prospect of success, but if the English fleet should have arrived first, they would be compelled to make a shameful retreat. ■^1 ' Immediately after the departure of De Levi, Ge- neral Murray, sent out a small party to level the works they had erected. On the twenty-second of May* he thought it advisable to issue a proclamation addres- * On the thirtieth of May, a native of the Parish of St. Michel, wu hangred in light of hit own hamlet, for having exerted his utmost endeavours to spirit tip his countrymen to revoh, and drawing several of hit own company, he l>e« ing a Captain of Militia, to join the French army. .■\ sed to the inhabitants, in which he observed: That CHAf. he had given the Canadians sufficient time to re- ^*** fleet on the folly of their hie conduct, and in not fol- lowing the advice he had given them, they had brought upon themselves additional miseries : that had he hear- kened to a principle of resentment, they had merited by their conduct, the most rigorous punishment j but induced by more humane sentiments, he woul i endea- vor to rescue them from the abyss in which they had plunged themselves : that he had been apprized of all the tricks and artifices that had been used to draw them into the snare, and that these impositions formed their best apology : that the most generous nation on Earth, again offered them its protection, and that their former conduct should be forgotten, if they should demonstrate by their future behaviour, that they were worthy of such a dis- tinguished clemency : that the King, at the same time that he was desirous of possessing Canada, would not wish to reign over a desolate Province : that the inhabitants should enjoy their Religion, Laws and Customs, upon submission to his commands : that France, deprived of rescources, could not assist them, her marine annihilated by the defeats of her fleet ; and that Conflans and De la Clue with their squadrons, dared not keep the sea : that the Bills of Exchange still undischarged, and the total depreciation of the paper money of the Country, presented to the Colony a train of misfortunes, to which there appeared no end; if they wished tranquiliiy and peace, that thejr only resource left, was to be united with a nation, abounding in riches and prosperity : that they should withdraw themselves from the irmy, lay down their arms, remain at home, and give no assistance to the enemy : and that on these conditions, no further '11; (Ji! i!i^ f 342 P m Chap. >!Paste should be committed, by which famine and pestl. Vll. lence, scourges from Heaven, more destructive than the miseries of war, would be avoided, and Canada be pre- served from those horrors which threatened her with in- evitable destruction. l<->it5 j?^ The Proclamation, which had a very wide circulati- on, was attended with happy effects. It lessened the ardour of the Canadians, and damped their spirits in the French cause. Several copies had been received at Mon- treal, and so enraged was the French General, that he threatened to hang up any person found with one in his possession. He did not even spare the Marquis de Vau- dreuil, who had got a copy, who retorted, that the best mode to destroy its effects, was to laugh at it on all occa- sions. The proclamation was the more opportunely issu- ed, as at this time, news had been received of General Amherst's intended descent by the River Saint Lawrence, and certain accounts from France which threw the whole Colony in the greatest consternation, that the Bills of Ex- change that had been drawn in the preceding year were yet unpaid, and the power of the Intendant to draw in ■ future, was suspended. — ^This news threw the inhabit- ants into the utmost despair. Vast quantities of the pa- per money was in circulation, and no means could be adopted to get it paid. The Intendant's system of finance had long been the subject of animadversic ^, and the Court of France had sent over as Commissioner Mons. de Tremes, who was to consult with the Intcn- dant, on the best means to be pursued for that department : situated as he found affairs on his arrival in this country, he declined taking charge of this busi^ ncss, and confined himself entirely to another part of S4d his instructidns, by which he was directed by the Mi- Chap, nister, to collect all the information he could respecting ^•^^* the Colony, and transmit it to the Court. The Commissi- oner, who was a man of talents and penetration, early dis- covered the horrid practices of peculation, and in his ob- servations, he detailed to the Minister, circumstances which confirmed what had been so often asserted res- pecting the nefarious conduct of the Society. It was iiv consequence of these representations, that the Council of State resolved. That jio further payments should be made, without undergoing the stristest examination ; but as it was necessary to support the credit of the cur- rency of the Country, as long as the King's troops re- mained in it, instructions were forwarded both to the Governor and Intendant for their conduct, with direc- tions to impart to the people ihe arrangements that hud been made respecting the Bills of Exchange. Vaudreuil and Bigot, especially the latter, saw the storm that was gathering, and that it would burst on their heads, but knew not how to get rid of it. To carry into execution the orders they had received, they wrote a joint circular letter addressed to the People of Canada, in which they observed: That they had lately received a letter from the Minister, directing them to make known His Majesty's sentiments, that circumstances had taken place, which obliged his Majesty to suspend the payment of the Bills of Exchange drawn on the Treasury : that those drawn in one thousand seven hundred and fifty-seven and one thousand seven hundred and fifty-eight would be dis- charged three months after Peace should be concluded, v/ith interest from the time they became due : that the Bills of one thousand seven hundred and fifty-nine, should be discharged in eighteen months, and that the 344 %i"i>:, I I Chap, p^per Bills would be paid as soon as circumstances Jl^ would permit : that they were directed to assure His Majesty's Subjects, that nothing short of a total want of specie in the Treasury, would have compelled him to this conduct towards those who have given so many proofs of fidelity and attachment, and on whom he now relied with confidence, patiently to wait till the period when their debts will be finally adjusted. The Bishop of Quebec was also earnestly entreated by Government, to co-operate with the Governor and Intendant to appease and pacify the people, and to as- sure them, that means would be adopted to liquidate their demands. There cannot be a doubt but that the infamous peculations carried on in this country materi- ally assisted in bringing on the general derangement of the finances of France that took place the year before. In the early settlement of Canada, there had been but little specie in it, and whatever sums of money that had been imported, were remitted to France, to purchase goods and other articles wanted by the inhabitants. The Court of France, with the view ofincreasing the quan- tity of money, issued, in the year one thousand six hun- dred and seventy, a particular coin for all the French settlements in America, and directed, that its value should be one fourth more than it passed current at in France. This expedient had not the eifect expected, which led the Government to substitute le papier aux metaux^ which answered every purpose, both in paying the troops and the other expences of Government, until the year one thousand seven hundred and twenty, when the Govern- ment of France, not having made any provision for the '/ 1 itances ire His want of him to ) many he now period ntreated •nor and d to as- liquidate : that the ^ materi- ement of r before. been but that had purchase lints. The Ihe quan- six hun- le French llue should tn France. tch led the , which roops and year one |e Govern- )n for the 345 redemption of the Stock, they sunk into discredit and Thap. became of liule or no value. This circumstance again Vil. introduced the use of gold and silver; bur the merchants finding remittances in cash, both hazardous and difficult, presented a memorial to the King of France, requesting the introduction of paper money : card money, (ordon- nances,*) was then introduced. On each card was stamp- ed the arms of the King of France, and each was sign- ed, by the Governor, Intendant and comptroller. These Bills were of different denominations, from a thousand livres to fifteen sous, and were preferred by the inha- bitants to specie, and answered every purpose for which they were intended. In the month ot October of every year, the holder was at liberty to bring these Ordonnan- ces to the Inten-iant's Office, and had a right to demand Bills of l^^change on old France in payment. This right gave the paper currency even a preference over ready cash, for the Government would not take cash for Bills of Exchange. Although the inhabitants might have brought all their ordonnances, to the year one thousand seven hundred and fifty-nin? for payment, yet being as current as cash, considerable quantities remain- ed in circulation j as a proof of which, it may be men- tioned, that there were extant, some of the ordonnan- ces of the year one thousand seven hundred and twenty- nine, in the year one thousand seven hundred and fifty- nine. It was at this period, that the Intendimt, and others concerned in the government of Canada, issued consi- derable quantities of Bills of Exchange, which they * The form of the Ordonnancet was this : , 20 Soil— Colonies, 1757. — Depenses G^n^rales, No. 44195. 11 teratenu comte par le Roi, au mnl!) J'Octobre prochain, dc la aomme de vingt toll, valeur en la (oumission dn Tr^soriLr rescue au Bureau du Contrdle -••i Qutbec, le preoucr 4» Juin, 1757. --Bigot. ■ if 4 )l il -i '.1 ill \, I ; 'lit if 'I III' .' S46 pretended were for the use of Govemmentj but as the French Court charged them with mal-administration, this point continued in dispute until judgment was pas- sed in France on Bigot, and the other peculators, in the year one thousand seven hundred and sixty-three. Bigot was banished from France for life, the others for a short- er period. They were moreover condemned to make res- titution of several sums in proportion to the frauds ot which they had been found guilty. As the Canadians had always had great confidence in Bigot, vho they sup. posed, had been vested with full powers from the Court of France, they continued to take the Bills as Usual, and in general paid the full value for them. Upwards of four millions and a half sterling of this paper remained at the conquest, unpaid. These Bills, immediately after that event, became of little or no value :* but by an ariange- ment with the French Government, at the Peace, Great Britain obtained for her new subjects, three millions in contracts, and six hundred thousand livres in money, f The Commissary General's Clerk at La Chine, stated a charge in his account of sixty thousand livres for ^ * The following lines were stuck up in several parts of Puis : (-, Etes vous Citoyens ? Tocci-sion ert belle, pour acheter tine Paix, vende* votre vaiaelle. On vous en payi^ra un quart, en argent lec, Les autres trois quarts, en Billets sur Quebec. TraHilatian, Let us melt up our plate, who hoard up the droM, s< When Lewis amurei u» we'll suffer no lots, _,^ One fourth will be paid us, I'll venture mj neck, ~:; In Cash, and three-fourths by good drafts on Quebec. f Paper nionf7 has aijrain been introduced in this Province, (1819.) The CooA- mander of the Forces, Hix Excellency Sir Georoi Pkbvost, has issued Notes pa>ableon demand, in Bi.ls of Exchange upon the Paymaster General of the Forces.... These Note:« have been circulated under the name of Anmt Bills, and have hitherto answered the purposes for which they were designed. Their circulation hasbteti aided by an Act of the Legislature, in August 1812.- Ic may be remarked, that as long as the amount thrown into circulation, is r«gula> ted by the dictates of prudence, the paper emitted, may circulate at par, or rather at silver value ; and on the contrary^ if the issues are excessive, the papcf IT >y sustain a diauoutioa of filue, from cm great u augmMtatioa vf its ^uan- \\ 347 transportation of the King's stores up the river St. Law- Chav. rence, and to induce the Controlling Clerk to approve *^^^* them, a considerable present was made to him in mo- ney. The Clerk a few years before this had been in very distressed circumstances : the forcunate situation of his house and farm near La Chine for the embarka- tion of Stores for the Upper Country afforded an op- portunity of making his fortune. He took every op- portunity of robbing the provisions intrusted to his care, and the biscuit which he was to furnish the men con- ducting the King's batteaux was so bad that it was brought back and again served out to the parties that followed in succession. The Commissary General was authorized to compel the Inhabitants, as Militia, to na- vigate the batteaux, and as it frequently happened, that these men, lived far distant from Lachine, and could not wait the Clerk's convenience to pay them what was al- lowed them, (who* took care to increase their impatience by declaring that he had no money,) he by these meaub retained into his hands, the allowance granted by government. Loud complaints were made against him, but he consoled him with his riches, supported as he was by the powerful interest of his friend, the Commissary General. The Intendant, who had the general superintendance of finance, was much censured for his conduct, and private letters were received, an- nouncing to him the King's determination that he should be speedily recalled. ... As certain accounts had been received, that the Co- lony would be attacked by General Amherst, by the way of Oswego, by Colonel Haviland, by the route of X X "2 . : ■ , - f ; 1 ' I- , t ■•|' 1 )■ M .1 ;'. H t' I I !■[ 348 Chap. Lake Champlain, while General Murray should ad- VII. vance with the troops that could be spared from the gar- rison of Quebec. The Marquis de Vaudreuil had de- termined to make Montreal his head quarters, where he proposed making his last stand against the efforts of the British arms. He levied his forces, collected maga- zines and erected new fortifications for the defence of that city. Works were also thrown up on the Island of St. Helen's, and four of the largest sloops were con- verted into armed vessels. Bourlamaque commanded on the South Shore, a strong detachment of Regulars and Canadians, a part of which was stationed at Va- rennes, while he with the main body, took post at Lon- gueil. To impede as much as possible the progress of General Murray, and to obstruct the navigation of the River, an Enj^ineer was sent to reconnoitre the Isljjnds above Lake Sl. Peter, and to throw up works, to pre- vent Ships passing up the Channel. A small entrench- ment was made on one of the Islands, which answered no purpose, another channel having been discovered, through which General Murray afterwards passed.* A 1 • Tlie following letter from the Marquis de Vaudreuil to the officers of the Canadian Militia, demonstrates the necessity of his affairs, and the shifts to wliich he was reduced:... yiR, Montreal, June 3, 1760. " The Chevalier de Levi is just returned to this Town, he has repeated tome the ftrong testin.ony he had htfore given me, of the good will, the zeal and ar- dour of your Company of Militia. " I txpected no less from the fklclify of the brave Canadians, and from their attachment to their native Country. " -- " I ;i!5 Majesty, who is by this time probably informed of your brilliant vic- tory, will be no less plcasi-d with this, than affected with the distresses of the Colony ; so that supposingtli.it a Peace has not been concluded on the receipt of this news, the King of England cannot possibly avoid subscribing such terms as our Monarch shall have imposed upon him. " You are not uninformed of the great advantages which he gained in Europe during the last campaign, over the English and Prussians. Hi 349 General Murray having left a considerable force at Chap. \7TT Quebec, proceeded with the remainder of the garrison on J^J^ the fifteenth of June up the river, to meet General Am- herst, then on his way down the Saint Lawrence, to attack " The prisoners which are bringing in every moment, all agree in confirm- ing them. " The truth is, His Majesty is in person in Holland, with an army of two ^ hundred thousand men, the Prince de Conti in Germany, *fith one hundred thousand, and the Princes of Deux Ponts and Soubise command the army of the Enipire of two hundred thousand men, and lastly, the h-.ipress of Russia and the Queen of Hungary have joined their whole force and were taking measures for the conquest of the remainder of His Prussian Majesty's dominions ;... Be- sides this, the last accounts assure us, that the garrison* of Fort Frederick, Niagara and Chouagan (Oswego) have suffered greatly by sickness, which is not yet stopped, and that the regular troops in New England are reduced to nothing. '• General Murray, therefore, h.is dispersed Manifestoes to no purpose, to. magnify his own nation, to pacify the Canadians, to engage them to lay down their arms, to discredit our Bills of Exchange and our Currency, at the same time that the English Traders are eager to procure them, because they have been regularly paid, " You see. Sir, that the Colony is drawin;^ to the end of its hardships and distresses, and that it is upon the point of seeing plenty succeed to scarcity. " If the English make atiy attempt, it can have no other object than the ambition of their Generals; we are prepared to repulse them with spirit : we ' shall have a train of artillery, besides that which we took from the enemy ; a still greater proportion of powder, ball and ammunition for the operations which I have projected ; we have also Provisions enough, by means of the resource* which we shall find in the good will of the Canadians, who have the greatest in- ' terest in the preservation of their Religion and Liberty ; the King's troops would even live if necessary, upon roots, when they cannot do better, and will not fa-.l to join their endeavours to those of the Brave Canadians. " My intention thqn, is, that you, and all your Militia, diould hold your- selves ready to march, with arms, baggage, and eight day'* provision*, to our frontiers, when the case shall require it. " I believe I may venture to assure you, that these will be the last disposition* which I shall have 'iccasion to make for the defence of this Colony, being firmlf^ convinced, that some time in August, at least, we shall have Peace, Provision* and, in general, whatever we want." '^' , lam, &c. P. S. You will assemble the Militia of your Company, and read this letter to them ; you will carefully inspect their arms, and if any of them are out of or- der, you will give them a note, and the King'* Gunsmith* will rep'iir them im- mediately. I'll-. 1 ll "". 350 Chap, the city of Mr v val ; at seven o'clock in the evening of J^' the same day ■ ?/ ^.ittip in sight of Jacques Cartier, a fortress erected uy the French, on a bold, and comman- ding eminence j its works consisted of fascines, earth and stockades, with felled trees laid from the summit of the height to the water's edge, extending a considerable way above and below the fort. As General Murray conceiv- ed the reduction of this post an object of great impor- tance, he sent an order to Colonel Fraser, to push for- ward a detachment of troops, from Quebec, of which he had the command, consisting of about nine hundred men to reduce that fortress. The armament proceeded up the river, and landed above the fort without opposition, and instantly possessed themselves of an advantageous piece of ground, which by its unevenness, *ived the Colonel the trouble of erecting any cover, either for his guns or his men. Colonel Fraser having secured all the a- venues from the Fort to the Country, the detachment lay on their arms until next morning, when a small party having advanced to reconnoitre the works of the place, and the ships having fallen lower down, the garrison was alarmed, and the drums beat to arms. The Mar- quis d'Albergotti, the commanding officer was then summoned in form to surrender, but he refused with great parade, farcically returning an answer ; that he would defend his Post to the last extremity. The Colonel then ordered up two field pieces, and as many howit-. zers, under cover of a rising ground, to play upon the Fort, and at the same time formed his corps into three divisions, being determined to storm the place without loss of time ; all things being prepared, the assailants boldly advanced to the attack, which the Marquis per- ceiving, instantly beat a chamade, and surrendered at i 351 discretion. The garrison consisted of two lieutenants Chap. and fifty Regulars, with one hundred and fifty Militia, J^iV. two gunners, a few indifferent guns, with a trifling pro- portion of ammunition, but no provisions, except a few calves, pigs and poultry. After the garrison were embar- ked, and the usual oath tendered to the Canadians, they were permitted to disperse to their respective habitations. The Colonel then left a Captain, two Subalterns and a small party of soldiers at Jacques Cartier, and return- ed with the remainder of the detachment and prisoners by land to Quebec. The works of the place were in good condition, and very tenable against musquetry, but too extensive, as they could not be defended by a gar- rison less than fifteen hundred men. General Murray ad- vanced towards the rapids of the Richelieu, and in pas- sing them was fired upon from a battery of eight guns, posted at the church of Dechambault,and from two large galleots head, which were soon beat off by the floating batteries attached to the English fleet,but not without the loss, however, of a lieutenant and three privates of the seventy-eighth regiment, and a few others wounded. A party was then ordered to land on the south shore at St. Croix, where a French party, under the command of a lieutenant had taken post ; the French troops were attacked, and the whole of them either killed, wounded or taken prisoners. The inhabitants, terrified at the approach of the English, abandoned their habitations and retired to the woods. The captives being secured, the English party returned to their boats, and were reimbar- ked. The General and Colonel Burton, accompanied by Captain Dean, with a detachment of eighty men and four floating batteries passed the rapids to join the divisi- on at anchor off Grondines j when near that place they \ I ! I l! ! ! ■A I) V Ml it': w r ■}\ V » ITS ' i. ^A' Hi 352 Chap, were fired upon from a French Battery at the point, but VII. received little or no injury ; at their junction, they spied a large batteau, deeply laden, rowing along shore near to Dechambault, whereupon a floating battery was sent to chastise them, and having caused the hands to aban- don the vessel, one of the English pinnaces put off, took the batteau, and brought her away, under a heavy discharge of musquetry. The cargo consisted of flour, meal, and barley. In the evening the General and the party returned to their ships. They had taken a cir- cuit of twenty miles, saw many of the inhabitants, some of whom delivered up their arms, and declared, that it was with the greatest reluctance on their part that they made any resistance, that they hoped the contest would be decided in favour of the English, that they might re- main in quietness and peace : that they were rejoiced at the landing, as it furnished them with an excuse to re- turn to their habitations, and cease all further hostili- ties.— The fleet being detained several days by contrary winds, the troops were landed for refreshment, and the French Lieutenant who had been wounded at St. Croix died, and his corpse was sent to Dechambault and bu- ried there. The whole parish of St. Croix surrender- ed, as well as that of Lotbiniere, who delivered up their arms, and took the oath of neutrality. The General addressed these people in language to this effect :— ** Who can carry on or support the war, without ships, artillery, ammunition or provisions ? at whose mercy are your habitations and that harvest which you expect to reap this summer, together with all you are possessed of in this world ? therefore consider your interest and provoke us no more." Then, turning to a Priest, he •ubjoined,--" the Clergy* are the source of al! the mis- * Knos'i Hiitorical Journal. S53 chiefs that have befallen the poor Canadians, whom they Chai». keep in ignorance and excite to wickedness and to their Y}1' own ruin. No doubt you have heard that I have hang- ed a Captain of Militia ; that I have a Priest and some Jesuits on board a ship of war, to be transmitted to Great Britain ; beware of the snare they have fallen in- to : preach the gospel, which alone is your province : adhere to your duty, and do not presume, directly or indirectly to intermeddle with military matters, or the quarrel between the two crowns." — General Murray having received intelligence that a b(>dy of Indians had been sent to the south shore, to annoy and pick off the English troops, dispatched a flag of truco to Mr. Du- mas at Dechambault, to assure him, that if the Indians were not instantly recalled, or any barbarities comiiut- ted, orders should be issued, that no quarter should be given either to the French Regulars or others, and that the Country should undergo military execurinn where- ever the English troops might land. The parish of St. Antoine delivered up their arms, ai.d took the oath of neutrality. The General, to make it as impressive as possible, ordered the Inhabitants to stand in a circle, to hold up their right handvS, each repeating his own name, and then say ; — " Do s» verally swear, in the presence " of Almighty God, that we will not take up arms a- " gainst George the Second, King of Giv.it Britain, or •* against his troops or subjects ; nor give any int. IH- ** gence to his enemies directly or indirectly : — So hdp me God." A serjeant of the French Regulars, Jis-Tui- sed in the habit of a Canadian pi'asant, havniL'- been sent by the French to the south shore in the capacity of a spy, was discovered and brought to the General j being exam- Yy i! I' mm- 354 Chai'. ined, he produced a forged letter in his vindication, from a J^* Captain of Militia, who being immediately sent for, made oath, that the man was an entire stranger to him, and the letter was not his hand writings After the ser- jeiuit had undergone a strict examination, and the men having sworn to his serving in the character of a spy last year, ho w;is condemned to be hanged, except he would make son»e important discoveries, and was accordingly reconducted ashore for execution j being brought to the fatal tree, he stepped up to the commanding officer, and requested he would remand him to the frigate, and he would .-utisfy the General in every particular he wish- ed to be informed of. This being complied with, he stated : — that the whole force of the French, between Three Rivers and Quebec, consisted of seven Picquets, and one com.pany of Grenadiers, amounting to four hundred men ; that two battalions of Regulars, with a body of Canadians and Indians were posted at Isle Roy- ale, Isle aux Noix, La Galeite, and that the remainder of the French army were cantoned between Three Ri- vers and Montreal, who, on the first signal, were to re- pair, without loss of time, to the Island of Montreal, and defend it to the last extremity : that Montreal was a place of no strength, with no artillery except the brass field pieces taken on the twenty-eighth of April, and at Three Rivers there were only thirty men, with six pie- ces of cannon and one mortar: that the English arma- ment had struck the greatest terror : that the Canadians were abandoning their posts, and the French army, dis- satisfied and mutinous. — The fleet having unmoored, proceeded up the River, and anchored off Batiscan Camp ; a great number of Canadians crossing the Ri- ver St, Anne on the north shore, the floating batteries ;ii 355 made towards them, and obliged them to retire : ano- Chap, ther division being assembled a little way from Batiscan "^*' Church, an armed sloop and two floating batteries, edged over towards themj the Canadians advanced within reach of musquetry, fired upon the vessels and retired, having lost one man killed and several wound- ed. As soon as the fleet got under weigh on the suc- ceeding day, a large body of Canadians, who had watch- ed their motions, marched towards Three Rivers. On the south shore, the mhabitants of Becancour delivered up their arms, and took the oath of neutrality. On the eighth of August, the whole fleet got under sail, the armed vessels and floating batteries ranged themselves half Channel over, opposite to the French batteries at Three Rivers, and remained in that situation, until the whole of the convoy had passed the town. The French troops, about two thousand, lined their works, compo- sed of a breast work on the summit of a steep sandy bank, terminating or rather communicating with two small redoubts thrown up on two points of land, with an entrenchment to " windmill, above a quarter of a mile above the town, where they had erected a strong redoubt, communicating again to a larger one on an eminence about three hundred yards north west of the mill. The fleet proceeded on, and met with no ob- struction until they came to a boom higher up the river, consisting of a sixteen inch cable, ran through a parcel of thick iron rings, covered with spars or clamps of wood lashed round with cordago,and moored in the centre of the Channel by a great anchor. At the two extremities, on two Islands situated rather obliquely than otherwise, were large square redoubts, so shaded by trees, that Y y 2 H ■ ' m W 'i i\ I 355 Chap, they wtrenot perceptible until the ships advanced close *'"• upon them. The sailors were two hours employed in removing this Boom ; after which the whole fleet an- chored opposite the town of Sorel. On the left side of the River Sorel the French had a post, and a garrison composed of four hundred Colony Troops, and a body of Militia ; works were thrown up at the Church and Windmill, under the direction of their Chief Engineer, the Priest of the Parish ; and a little higher they had a square picketted Fort, with a number of swivels mount- ed. Mr. Bourlamaque advanced from St. Francis, with the troops he had, and assumed the command at Sorel. The inhabitants of the Islands opposite to Sorel all took the oath of neutrality, and delivered up their arms. While a division of the fleet that followed Gen;?ral Murray's lay ofl" St. Francis, an Knglishman went on board his ship, to demand protection for himself, nine- teen of his countrymen, and ten women, who had been carried off from the English Colonics. On the commanding officer asking him why he had not sur- rendered to General Murray, he answered, that such was his intention, but that the Priests threatened that they should be hanged if they attempted it ; at length, tired of their captivity, they had sent him, and a vsignal being made, the rest pushed off, and were ; • jeived on board his ship. As three ships were passing Three Ri- vers, they were attacked with a discharge of cannon and ni'ivsketry ; Lord Rollo, who commanded, was the more surprised at this treatment, as the day before a Priest had been on board his ship, and had been hospitably entertained ; this Priest came down to the shore, and enquiring if Lord Rollo was on board, was answered by his Lordship in person, when the Reverend Judas, i 357 I wishing his Lordship an agreeable passage, at a precon- Chap certed signal, the Canadians fired on the ship from their ^^ batteries, and dragging a field piece along the shore, they continued to play on the ship until they were out of reach of their shot. The ship suffered much in her rigging ; an officer had his leg shot off ; the ship's car- penter lost a leg and arm, a cabin boy his thigh, and vsix sailors and soldiers were wounded. — General Mur- ray having determined to make a descent. Lord Rollo landed on the twentieth of August, about tv/o o'clock in the morning, near a mile below Sorcl, burned many houses, and laid waste the greater part of the Parish, owing to the obstinate perseverance of the inhabitants in arms. After this service was performed, his Lord- ship marched up within view of the French works, formed the line of battle, and endeavoured, by small parties, to draw them out of their entrenchments, but they remained quiet within their works, and the troops were re-embarked. At Varennes, a detachment was' landed, and meeting with two French parties, both of which advanced to the Church and centre of the parish, consisting of three hundred men, sixty of whom were Regulars, but without entrenchments ; an action ensu' ed^ in which these parties vvjre routed, several of them wouiided, and twenty-four made prisoners. The En- glish troops took possession of the Church, chapel of ease, and the adjoining houses. Scouts were sent out, and collected cattle and poultry in abundance, and then re-embarked, leaving a detachment of light in intry to keep possession of the Church ahd Chapel. General Murray dispersed manifestoes from thence to the neigh- bouring Parishes, stating, that if they would surrender, and deliver up their arms, he would forgive ihem^ if not, 358 i» ' [Ml IN • i Chap, they knew what they might expect, from the examples VII. he had made ; and as to such Canadians as had in'\)r- porated themselves in the battalions of Regulars, if they would surrender by a certain day limited, he would not only re-instate them in their settlements and lands, but likewise enlarge and protect them ; but if after all they did persist, they must share the fate of the French troops, and be transported to Europe. This proclamation had such an effect, that the very evening it was issued, four hundred of them belonging to the parish of Boucherville, went to Varennes and delivered up their arms. The army be- ing landed at the lower end of the parish of Pointe au TrembI -s, on the Island of Montreal, the country peo- ple brought hoiGcs to draw the artillery, for the officers to ride, besides carts for the baggage. The roads were lined with men and women, who brought pitchers and pails of milk and water for the refreshment of the sol- diers, with many courteous expressions Ox" concern, that they had uu better liquor for the officers. The roads being bad, and the bridges all destroyed, the army was retarded in its march, and arriving late in the evening, they halted at Long Point, taking up their quarters in the houses and barns along the road. About nine o'clock of the next day, the army marched again, and reached their ground on the north east side oi the city of Montreal, where they were en».amped. Genlral Amherst, who had concerted measures for carrying into execution the plan for the conquest ot Canada, proceeded up the Mohawk River with his main army, consisting- of ten thousand men, and arri- ved liiukScU on the ninth of July at Oswego, where he found a number ot" batteaux provided accordirg to M " 359 ' his orders, tor the transportation of his army, artillery, Chap. ammunition and baggage. A;, f ' ^. as Sir William V"* Johnson, arrived with a large body of Indians under his command, Colonel Haldimand was detached with the Light Infantry, Grenadiers and Highlanders, to take post at the extremity of the Lake, in order to assist the armed vessels in finding a passage to la Galette. The whole army on the tenth of August embarked in bat- teaux, and proceeded to the River St. Lawrence, mak- ing the best of their way down it to Oswegatchie, to at- tack an important French post at Isle Royale. As soon as the General was near it, he made a disposition to at- tack that Fortress, and accordingly invested it. Batte- ries were erected on the nearest Islands, and, assisted by the gun boats, he cannonaded the Fort. After which a disposition was made for giving the assault, when Cap- tain Pouchot surrendered it. General Amherst find- ing the Fort advantageously situated, repaired the forti- fications, and left a garrison in it. From this place, down the river, the navigation is rendered extremely difficult by rapids and falls, which occasioned the loss of fourscore men, forty-six batteaux, seventeen whale boats, one row galley with artillery, stores and ammunition. The Marquis de Vaudreuil apprized of the approach of this army, ort^ered the detachments under Dumas, and Bourlamaque.forthe defence of the city of Monrr. al. 1'he former took possessionof the entrenchments thrown up in the Quebec Suburbs, and the latter commanded at the St. John's and RccoUet's Suburbs. The Island of St. Helen's was abandoned as incapable of defence, and thi' tioups in the garrison were held in readiness for the defence of the city. On the sixth of September the i^nglish troo|)S were landed at Lachine, on the Island of Montreal, without op. ^i u 360 ■ Chap. positioil,andhavingrq)aireda bridge which a smallPrench Vn. party had broken down in their retreat, marched on to a plain before Montreal, where they lay all night on their arms. Artillery had been ordered to be brought up from the landing at La Chine, to commence the siege in regular form, but on the morning of the seventh, the Marquia de Vaudreuil sent two officers to demand a capitulation. After several letters* had passed, the terms were agreed • On the seventh of September, two French officers arrived at one of the advanced posts, and desiring to be conducted to the Commander in Chief, pre- sented him with the following Billet, dated at Montreal, from the Marquis de Vaudreuil;...*' I send to your Excellency Mr. de Bougainville, Colonel of In- •* fantry, accompanied by Mr. De Lac, a Captain of the Queen's Regiment j " you may rely on all that the said Colonel shall say to your Excellency."... Upon which General Amherst replied :...(' I am to thank your Excellency for " the letter you honoured me with this morniag, by Colonel Bougainville, " since which, the terms of Capitulation which you demand have be«n deliver- «• ed to me ; I send them back to your Excellency, with those I have resolved •• to grant to you ; and there only remains for me to desire, that your Excellen- '* cy will take a determination as soon aa possible, as I shall make no alterati- •• on in them. If your Excellency acci-pts of these conditions, you may be at- " sured I will take care that they shall be duly executed, and that I will take *' a particular pleasure to alleviate your fate as much as possible, by procuring " to you, and to your retinue, all the couveniencies that depend upon me "... This was followtd by an exchange of letters here subjoined...." The Mar- quis De Vaudreuil to General Amherst,..." I have received the letter with •' which your Excellency has honoured me this day, as well as the answer to •' the Articles which I h»d caused to be proposed to you by Mr. Bougainville. " I send the said Colonel back to your Excellency, and I persuade myself, that " you will allow him to make, by word of moiitii, a representation to your Ei- ♦' cellency, which I cannot dispense with myscH from making."... The General having determined up vi the surrender of the Colony on his own terms, declined an interview with Mr. De Bougainville, by sending Major Abercronibie tor'- ceive the foregoing letter ; to which his Excellency returned the following an- swer ;..." Major Abercronibie has this moment delivered to me the letter with " which your Excellency has honoured me, in answer to that which I had addits- •» sed to you, with the conditions on which I expect Canada slull surrender: I ♦« have already had the honour to inform your Exrelieiity, that I should not *♦ make any alteration in them. I cannot deviate from this resolution. Your «' Excellency will tlierefore bt pleased to lake j, deteinunatioii immediately, '' and acquaint me in your answer, whether you will accept them or not.". ..The ''-St 361 to, much more favourable than they had a right to ex- Chap. pect, as General Murray had taken post near the town, ^j^ Genera] then received a letter from the Chevalier de Levi, which with the ati- •wer come next in succession :..."! send your Excellency Mr. de la Pause, Assii- " tint Quarter Master General to the Army, on the suhjectof the too rigourous *• article which you impose upon the troops by the Capitulation, and to which •• it would not be possible for us to subscribe ; be pleased to consider the seve- ** rhy of that article. I flatter myself that ycu will be pk-ased to give ear to «« the representations that officer will make to you on my part."... When the bearer of the billet saw that the General had perused its contents, he attempt- ed to support the Chevalier's complaint respecting the article allu«>ed to : but his Excellency commanded him to silence, and told him... that he was fully re- solved for the infamous part the troops of France had acted in exciting; the Sa- vages to perpetrate the most horrid and unheard of barbarities in ihe whole progress of the war, and for open treacheries, as well as flagrant breaches of faith, to manifest to all the world by this Capitulation, his detestation of such ungenerous practices and disapprobation of their conduct :... when the General had thusnubly expressed his sentiments, he dismissed Mr. de la Pause with this answer to the Chevalier :...*• The letter you have sent me by Mr, de la Pause, " has this instant been delivered to me. All I have to say in answer to it is, '* that I cannot alter in the least, the conditions which I have oflered to the " Marquis de Vaudreuil, and I expect his definitive answer by the bearer on *' his return. On every other occasion I shall be happy to convince you of •• my consideration. "...On the morning of the eighth of tji'pteniber, the Mar- quis de Vaudreuil wrote to General Amherst that he accepted the articles of Ca- pitulation ; 'ipon which the General sent Major Abercrombie, who was desired to bring them back signed by Vaudreuil, with the following letter:..." In order •• to fulfil so much the sooner, on my part, the execution o[<-hf conditions which •' your Excellency has just determined to accept, I would propose, that you *• sign the articles which I sent yesterday to your Excellency, and that you *• would stnd them back to me, by Major Abercrombie, that a duplicate may *' be made of them immediately, which 1 shall sign, and transmit to your £x- " cellency . I repeat here the assurances of the desire I have to procure to your *' Excellency, and to the officers and troo])s under your command, all possible •• conveniencies and protection ; for which purpose I reckon that you v ill judge ** it proper, that I should cause possession to be taken of the gHtes, and place *• guards, immediately after the reciprocal signature of the Capitulation : how- *• ever, I shall leave this to your own convenience, since I propose it only with *• a view of maintaining good order, and to prevent with greater certainty, any *• thing being attempted against the good faith and terms of Capitulation ; in or- *' der to which, I shall give the command of those troops to Colonel Haldi- *• mand, who, I am persuaded, will be agreeable to you." — Vaudreuil having --^^^ «IV«&~f ii ^t 'f-.-J I,- 1^ f I %''^, 362 Chap, and Colonel Hnviland was on the south shore, opposite VII. Montreal. The Colonel, who had advanced by the route of Lake Chtimplain, appeared before the Isle aux Noix, which surrendered on his approach, the whole garrison consisting only of one officer and a few soldiers. The depot of Proviijions that had been collected at St. The- rese for the garrisons at St. John's and Montreal, was destroyed, to prevent supplies falling into the hands of the English. Colonel Haviland, not thinking it an ob- ject of importance to reduce Chambly, at that time garrisoned by a small party under the command of Captain Lusignan in the French service, he proceeded to La Prairie, knowing that on the reduction of Mon- treal, that post of course must be an easy conquest. 'f M' ^ f ', At an hour agreed upon. Colonel Hddimand took possession of the City of Montreal* with his detachment, and a few days after, the French troops were sent down to Quebec, and from thence to France, not to be em- ployed again during the war. .... , . . - . . ' ., ■ . s immediatfly signed the Capitulation, the counterpart was immediately signed, ind returned lu the Marquis, with this letter ; — " I have just sent to your £z< ■* cellercy, by Major Abercrombie, a duplicate of the Capitulation which you «• have signed, iind in conformity thereto, apd to the letters which have passed ** between us, I likewise send Colonel Haldimand to take possession of one of *• the gates of the town, in order to enforce the observation of good order, and *( prevent (iiiferences on both sides t I flatter myself that you will have room *' to be fully satisfied with my choice of the said Colonel on this occasion." • ARTICLES OF CAPHULATIO^ Bttiiittn their Excellencies Major General AtlHnKST, Commander in Chief of Hit Britannic Majatif^s Troofit and Fanes in North America, on the one fart, and the Marquis Ds f^/UDRBUll, Ufr, Governor and Lieutenant General for the King in Canada, on the other. Art. 1. Twenty-four hours after the signing of the preset Capitulation, the British General shall cause the tro())isof His Britannic Majesty to take possession of the Gate* of the Town of Montreal : and the British Oarritoa ihall not en- Ll 363 1 . General Amherst, immediately after »he reducti- Chap. on of Montreal, issued out in General Orders, his ""• ter the place till after the French Troops shall have evacuated it....** The whole '* Garrison of Montreal must lay down their arm!*, and shall not serve during *• the present war. Immediately after the signing of the present Capitulation, " the King's Troops shall take possession of the gates, and shall post the guards " necessary to preserve good order in the town." Art. 2. TheTroops and the Militia who are inGarrison in the Town of Monti eal, ihall go out by the Gate of Quebecj with all the honours of war, six pieces of cannon and one mortar, which shall be put on board the vessel where the Mar- quis de Vaudreuil shall embark, with ten rounds for each piece ; and the same •hall be granted to the garrison of Three Rivers, as to the honours of war.... " Referred to the next article." Art. 3. The troops and militia who are in garrison in the fort of JaCquet C ' , and in the Island of St. Helen, and other foro, shall be treated in the same manner, and shall have the same honours ; and these troops shall go to Montreal, or the Three Rivers or Quebec ; to be there embarked for the first sea port in France, by the shortest way. The troops, who are in our posts, situ- ated on our frontiers, on the side of Acadia, at Detroit, Michilimacqinac, and other posts, shall enjoy the same honours, and be treated in the same manner.... " All these troops are not to serve during the present war, and shall likewise " lay down their arms, the rest is granted." Art. 4. The Militia after evacuating the above towns, forts and posts, shall return to their habitations, without being molested on any pretence whatever, on account of their having carried arms...." Granted." t '' > Art. 5. The troops, who keep the field, shall raise their camp, drums beat- ing, with their arms, baggage and artillery, to join the garrison of Montreal, and shall be treated in every respect the same,— «• These troops, as well as the •« others, must lay down their arms." > Art. 6. The Subjects of his Britannic Majesty, and of his most Christian Ma- jesty. Soldiers, Militia or Seamen, who shall have deserted or left the service of their Sovereign, and carried arms in North -America, shall be, on both sides pardoned for their crimes ; they shall be respectively returned to their country ; if not, each shall remain where he is without being sought after or molested. — »* Refused." 1" Art. 7. The Magaaines, the artillery, firelocks, sabres, ammunition of war, and, in general every thing that belongs to his most Christian Majesty, as well in the towns of Montreal amd Three Rivers, as in the furts and posts mentioned in tHe Third article sl^^ be delivered up, according to exact Inventories, to the commissaries who shall be appointed to receive the same in the name of his Bri- tannic Majesty. Duplicates of the said Inventories shall be given to the Marquis de Vaudreuil. — " This is every thing that can be asked on this article," 1^1 •!«(« •*?£)* Zz 9 1 ;if^"i"f- 1^ ./• IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1.1 l^m |2.5 ^ Ml 12.0 mi III— III— ^ < 6" ► ^ '/] ^ /. "-^ y Photographic Sciences Corporation as WIST MAIN STMIT WIMTM NY USM (71*) •73-4$03 iJ-;; ? f 1! Jli 364 Chap, thanks to the Army. — That he saw with infinite plea- V"' sure, the success that had crowned the indefatigable ef» ill 'if I -i:. iit Art. 8. The Oflicerg, SolJieri, Militia, Seamen and even the Indians, de« tained t>ii account of their wounds or sickness, as well as in the hospital, as in private honses, shall enjoy tite privileges of the cartel, and be treated accord* iiigly. — ** The sick and wounded shall be treated the same as our own people." Art. 9. The British General shall engage to send back, to their own homes, the Indians, and Moraignans, who make part of his armies, immediately after the s>{>;niiig of the present capitulation, and, in the mean time, the better to prevent ail diftnrders on the part of those who may not be gone away, the said Ger^rais shall give safe guards to such persons as shall desire them, as well ia llit! town as In the country. — '• Th? first part refused." — " There never have « bpeu any cruelties committed by ih:: Indians of our army : and good order *' sliall be preserved." Art. 10. His Britannic Majesty's General sliall be answerable for all disordcrt on the part of his iruops, and shall oblige them to pay the damages tliey may do, as well in the towns as in the countr)'.— ** Answered by the preceding ar« «• tide." Art. 1 1. The British General shall not oblige the Marquis de Vaudrtuil to leave the town of Montreal before and no person shall be quartered in hi ispital, as in lated accord - own people," own homes, ediately after the better to vay, the said n, as well ia ! never have id good order all disordcre je» tliejr maf •receding ar« Vaudrcuil to and no person Ltvis, Com- loftheArtil- I the uid dajr, regard to M. n the said M. he iBtcudant'a ircuil, and all nbark, when lie conveniens appointed to of Montreal, It sea port in 1. This ves« ilajesty : and It their being lis retinue.— UovcrnmeBt l« Vaudreuil, remain to his o Qurbec or Dominion of forts of His Majesty's Troops and faithful Subjects in Chap* America : that the Marquis de Vaudreuil had capitulat- Y^j* hit most Christian Majesty, and the present capitulation shall become null and of no effect.— '* Whatever the King may have done, on this subject, shall be «« obeyed." Art. 14. Two ships shall be appointed to carry to France, le Chevalier de I^evis, the principal officers, and the staff of the land forces, the Engineers, offlcets of Artillery, and tlieir domestics. These vessels shall likewise be vic- tualled, and the necessary accommodation provided in them. The said officer* shall take with them their papers, without being examined, and also, their equipages and baggage. Such of the said officers as shall be married, shall have liberty to take with them their wives and children, who shall also be victualled. —Granted, " except that the Marquis de Vaudreuil and all the oflScers, of ** whatever rank they may be, shall faithfully deliver to u« all the charts and plins of the country. w.,Tt*» < njirt r Art. 15. A v<;ssel shall also be appointed for the passage of Mr. Bigot, rhe Intendant, with his suite; in which vessel the proper accommodation shall be made for him, and the permns he shall take with him ; he shall likewise em- bark with him his papers, which shall not be examined , his equipages, piate, baggage and those of his suite : this vessel shall be victualled ai before mention- ed. — " OrfnteJ, with the same reserve, as in the preceding article." >Vrt. 16. The British General shall also order the necessary and most eon- yehient vessels to carry to France M. de I.ongueuil, Governor of Trots Rivi- eres, the staff of the colony, and the Commissary of the Marine ; they shall embark therein their families, servants, baggage and equipages, and they shall be properly victualled, during the passage, at the expence of his Britannic Ma- jeaty.— " Granted." Art. 17. The officers and soldiers, as well as of the land forces as of the co- lony, and also the Marine Officers, and seamen, who are in the colony, aholl be likewise embarked for France, and sufficient and convenient vessels ihaU be appointed for them. The land and sea officers, who shall be married, shall take with them their families, and all ot them ^hall have liberty to embark their ser- vants and baggage. As to the soldiers and seamen, those who are married shall take with them their wives and children, and all of them shall embark their haversacks and baggage ; theie vessels shall be properly and sufficiently victual- led at tlie expence of his Britannic Majesty.—" Granted." Art. 1 8. The officers, soldiers and the followert of the troops, who shall have their baggage in the fields, may aend for it before they depart, without any hindrace or molestation. — " Granted." Art. 19. An hospital ship shall be provided by the British General, for such of the wounded and sick officers, soldiers and seamen, ai shall be in a condition to 4t carried to France, and »hall likewise be victualled at the expence of his Britannic Majesty. It shall be the same with regard to the other wounded and 366 H Chap, ed, the troops of France in Canada laid down their VII. arms, not to serve again during the war, and the whole lick officers, loldiers and tailors, as soon as they shall be recovered. They shall have liberty to carry wjc^ them tlieir wives, children, servants and baggage ; and the said soldiers and sailors shall not he solicited nor forced to ent«r into the servxe of his Britannic Majesty.—" Gwnte affairs shall require their stay in the country, and who shall have the Mar. >• quts de Vaudreuil's leave for so doing, shall be allowed to remain till their «• affairs are settled." Art. as. The Commissary for the King's provisions shall b«f at liberty to stay in Canadi till next year, in order to be enabled to answer the debts be has con> tracted in the colony, on account of what he has furnished ; but, if he should prefer to go to France this year, he shall 'jc obliged to leave, 'ill next year, « person to transact his business. This private person shall preserve, and have li. berty to carry off, all his papers, without being inspected. His Clerks shall have leave to stay in the colony or go to France ; and in this last case, a passage and lubsistence, shall be allowed them on board the ships of his Britannic Majesty, for them, their families and their ba>»Rage.— •' Granted." Art. 5J4. The provisions and other kind of mores, which shall be found in the Mugaiines of the Commissary, as well in the towns of Montreal, and of the Three-Rivers, as in the country, shall he preserved to him, the said provisi. una bclongiiiR to him, and not to the Kiig ; and he ^hall be at liberty to sell them l.» I lie French and English.—" Every tiling that is actually in the maga- •• zines, destined for the use of the troops, is to be delivered to the Brititk «' «.on»iui»»ary, for the Ki"g"s forces." Art. './.'>. A pissage to France »h:ill litewiK be granted, on board of his Britan* jiic M.ije'ty'« jhips, as Wf II as victuals, to uich officir, of the Indian com|flny Hi tiiall be willing to go thither, and they >hull take with them their familiei", for Britan* /ainilifii, S67 Country had submitted to the dominion of Great Bri- CIhai*. tain : that the three armies were entitled to the Gene- ""* •ervants and baggage. I'he Chief agent of the said Company, in case he should cliute to go to France, shall be allowed tn leave such person as he shall think proper till next year, to settle the affairs of the said Company, and to recover such sums as are due to them. The said chief agent shall keep pos^es-iion of all the papers belonglfig to the said company, and they shall not be liable to inspec' tion.—«' Granted." "'' ' Art. 26. The said company shall be maintained in the property of the Ecar- latines, and Castors, which they may have in the town of Montreal ; tht-y shall tiot be touched under any pretence whatever, and the necestary Licences shall be given to the Thief Agent, to send this year his Castors to France, on board his Britannic Majesty's ships, paying the freight on the same footing as the British would pay it.—" Granted," with regard to what may belong to the *' company, or to private persons ; but if his mobt Christian Majesty has any »• share in It, that mu«t become the property of the King." Art. 27. The free exercise of ihe Catholic, Apostolic, and Roman Religion, fhall subsist entire, in such manner that all the states and the people of the towns and countries, places and dinant posts, shall continue to assemble in the church- es, and to frequent the Sicraments as heretofore, without being molested in any manner, directly or indirectly. These people shall be obliged, by the English Government, to pay their Priests the tithes, and all the taxes they were used to pay under the Government of his Most Christian Majesty. — *'■ Granted, as to *< the free exercise of thei - Religion, the obligation of paying the tithes to the *• Priests will depend on the King's pleasure." = « ■ . Art. 28. The Chapter, Priests, Curates and Missionaries shall Continue, witk an entire liberty, their exercise and functions of cures, in the parishes of the towne and countries.^*' Granted." Art. 29. The Grand Vicars, named by the Chapter to administer to the dio- cese during the vacancy of the Episcopal see, shall have liberty to dwell in the towns or country parishes, as they shall think proper, they shall at all times be free to visit the different parishes of the Diocese with the ordinary ceremonies, and exercise all the jurisdiction they exercised under the French Dominion. They shall enjoy the same rights in case of the death of the future Bishop, of which mention will be made in the following article, — ■* Granted, except wliat ** regards the following article." Art. 30. If by the Treaty of Peace, Canada should remain in the power of His Britannic Majesty, his Most Christian Majesty shall continue to iiatnc the Bishop of the Colony, who shall always be of the Roman Communion, and un- der whose authority the people shall exercise the Roman Religion. — '• Refused." Art. 81. The Bishop shall, in case of need, establish new parishes, and pro- vide for the rebuilding of his Cathedral and his episcop.il paLce, ; and, in thr mean time, he shall have the liberty to dwell iu the towns or parishes, as. ho i ill ti- jtfll If II fij IIH i| 368 Chap. ral*s best thanks on this occasion, and he assured them, ^^^* that he would take the first opportunity of acquainting thall judge proper. He shall be at liberty to visit hit Diocese with the ordinary ceremonies, and exercise all the jurisdiction which his predecessor exercised un- der the French Dominion, save that an oath of fidelity, or a promise to do no- thing contrary to his Britannic Majesty's Service, may be required of him.—. ** This article is comprised under the foregoing." Art. 32. The communities of Nuns shall be preserved in their constitutions and privileges ; they shall continue to observe their rules, they shall be exemp- ted from lodging any military ; and it shall be forbid to molest them in their religious exercises, or to enter their monasteries ; safe guards shall ever be gi- ven them, if they desire them. — " Granted." \rt. S3. The preceding article shall likewise be executed, with regard to the communities of Jesuits and Recollects and of the house of the priests of St . Sulpice at Montreal ; these last, and the Jesuits, shall preserve their right to nominate to certain curacies and missions, as heretofore.—*' Refused till the King's pleasure be known." Art. S4. All the communitiet, and ail the priests, shall preserve their movea- bles, tiie property and revenues of the Seigniories and other estates which they possess in the Colony, of what nature soever they be ; and the same estates shall be preserved m their privileges, rights, honours, and exemptions. — " Granted." Art. 35. If the Canons, Priests, Missionaries, the Priests of the Seminary of Cht foreign Missions, and of St. Sulpice, as well a< the Jesuits, and the Recollects, chuse to go to France, a passage shall be grantt d them in his Britannic Majesty's ■hips, and they shall have leave to sell, in whole, or in part, the estates and aioveables which tJ)»y possen in the Coioniei, either to the French or to the English, without the least hindrance or obstacle from the British Government. —They may uke with them, or send to France, the produce of what nature •Mvcr it be, of the said goods sold, paying the freight, as mentioned in the twenty-sixth article ; and such of the said Priests, who chuse to go this year, ihall be victualled during the passage, at the expence of His Britannic Majesty ; ■nd they shall uke w!»h them their baggage.— «• They shall be masters to dia- ** pos« ct their estates, and to send iIih produce thereof, at well as their ptr- •• sons, and all that belongs to them to Fiance." Art. 3«. If by the Treaty of Pence, Canada remains to Hit Britannic Maje». ty, all the French, Canadiant, Actdians, Merchants and other persons who chute to retire to France, shall have leav » so to do from the British General, who jhall procure them a pastafje : and nevertheless, if, from this time to that de- cision, any French, or Canadian Merchants or other persont, shall desire to ga to France ; they shall likewise have have leave from the British General Both the one and the other tluU take with them their families, servants and baggage. — •> Granted." Art. 1)7. The Lords of Manors, the Military and Civil officers, the Caoadi- 369 His Majesty with the zeal and bravery, which has al- Chap. ways been exerted by the officers and soldiers of the Re- Y^* ■ni as well in the Towns as in the country, the French settled, or trading in the whole extent of tht colony of Canada, and all other persons whatanever, shall preserve the entire peaceable property and possession of the ^oods, noble and ignoble, moveable and immoveable, merchandizes, furs and other effects, even their ships ; they shall not be touched, nor the least damage done to them, on any pretence whatever. They shall have liberty to keep, let or sell them, as well to the French as to the British ; to take away the produce of them in Bills of exchange, furs, specie or other returns, whenever they shall judge proper to go to France, paying their freight, as in the 26th Article, They shall also have the furs which are in the posts above, and which belong to them, and may be on the way to Montreal ; and, for this purpose, they shall have leave to send, this year, or the next, canoes fitted out, to fetch such of tha said furs as shall have remained in those posts. — " Granted, as in the S6th article.' Art. 38. All the people who have left Acadia, and who shall be found in Ca- nada, including the frontiers of Canada on the side of Acadia, shall have the same treatment as the Canadians, and shall enjoy the same privileges. — >■ The *' King is to dispose of his ancient subjects : in the mean time, they shall enjoy " the same privileges as the Canadians." Art. 39. None of the Canadians, Acadians, or French, who are now in Cana- da, and on the frontiers of the Colony, on the side of Acadia, Detroit, Michi« limakinac, and other places and posts of the countries above, the married and unmarried soldiers remaining in Canada, shall be carried or transported into the British Colonies, or to Great Britain, and they shall not be troubled for having carried arms. — " Granted, eicept with regard to the Acadians." Art. 40. The Savages or Indian allies of his most Christian Majesty, nhall be maintained in the l^inds^they inhabit ; if they chuse to remain there ; they shall not be molested on any pretence whatsoever, for havinir carried arms, and served his most Christian Majesty; they shall have, as well as the French, liberty of reUgion, and shall keep their missionaries. The actual Vicars General, and the Bishop, when the Episcopal See shall be filled, shall have leave to send to them new Missionaries when they shall judge it necessary.—" Granted, except the " last article, which has been already refused." * Art. 41. The French, Canadians, and Acadians of what sute and condition soever, who shall remain in the Colony, shall not be forced to take arms against hU Most Christian Majesty, or his Allies, directly or indirectly, on any occasion whatsoever; the British Government shall only require of them an exact neutra. lity.— " They become Subjects of the King." Art. 42. The French and Canadians shall continue to be governed according to the custom of Paris, and the laws and usages established for thii country, and they shall not be subject to any other impost* than those which were eiia- 3 A II fi! 370 CHAp.'guIars and Provincial Troops, as also his faithful Indian jj™ allies : that he was confident, that when the troops were blithed under the French dominion.^** Answered hj the preceding articlei, and " particularly by the latt." Art. 43. The Papers of the Goremment ihall rennain without exception, in the power of the Marquis de V'audreuil, and shall go to France with him. These papers shall not be examined on any pretence whatsoever.—" Graated* with the reserve already made." ' Art. 44. The papers of the Intendancy, of the offices of Comptroller of the Marine, of the ancient and new treasurers, of the King's magazines, of the offices of the Revenues and forges of St. Maurice, shall remain in the pow> er of M. Bigot, the Intcndant ; and they shall be embarked for France in the same vessel with him ; these papers shall not be examined.—" The same as in " this article." Art. 45 The Registers, and other papers of the Supreme Council of Quebec, of the Pr^vot^, and Admiralty of the said city ; those of the Royal Jurisdictions of Trois Rivieres and of Montreal; those of the Seigniorial Jurisdictions of the Colony ; the minutes of the Acts of the Notaries of the towns and of the coun» tries; and in general, the acts, and other papers, that may serve to prove the estates and fortunes of the citizens, shall remain in the Colony, in the rolls of the jurisdictions on which these papers depend. — " Granted." Art. 46. The Inhabitants and Merchants shall enjoy all the privileges of trade, under the same favours and conditions granted to the subjects of his Bri- tannic Majesty, as well in the countries above, as the interior of the Colony.— " Granted." Art. 47. The Negroes and Psnis of both sexes shall remain in their quality of slaves, in the possession of the French and Canadians to whom they belong ; they shall be at liberty to keep them in their service in the Colony or to sell them ; and they may also continue to bring them up in the Rom-ui Religion.— ** Granted, except those who shall have been made prisoners." Art. 48. The Marquis de Vaudreuil, the General and Staff Officers of the land forces, the Governors and Staff Officers of the diiTerent places of the Colony, the Military and Civil Officers, and all other persons who shall leave the Colo- ny, or who are already absent shall have leave to name and appoint Attomies to act for them, and in their name in the administration of their effects, movea- ble and immoveable, until the peace ; and, if, by the Treaty between the two Crowns, Canada does not return under the French dominion, these ofTicers, or Dther persons, or attomies for them, shall have leave to sell their manors, hou- ses, and other estates, their moveables and effects, &c. to carry away or send to France, the produce thereof, either in bills of exchange, specie, furs, or other returns, as is mentioned in the 37th article. — " Granted." Art 49. The inhabitants, and other persons, who shall have suffered any damage in their goods, moveable or immoveable, which remained at Quebec, 371 informed that this Country is the King's, they would Chap. not disgrace themselves by the least appearance of inhu- VII. nianity, or by imsoldier-iike behaviour, in taking any plunder, more especially as the Canadians were now become British Subjects, and would feel the good effects of his Majesty's protection.* C . ) under the faith of the capitulation of that city, may make their repreienutiout to the British Government, who ihall render them due justice against the per* •on to whom it shall belong. — " Granted." Art. 50. and last. I'he present capitulation shall be inviolably executed in all hs articles, and boni fide, on both sides, notwithstanding any infraction, and any' other pretence, with regard to the preceding capitulations, and without ma* king use of reprisals. — " Granted." POSTSCRIPT. Art. Rl The British General sliall engage, in case any Indians remain after rhe surrender of this town, to prevent their coming into the towns, and that they do not, in any manner, insult the Subjects of his most Christian Majesty, — •' Care shall be taken that the Indians do not insult any of the subjects of his most Christian Majesty." Art. 52. The troops and other subjects of his most Christian Majesty, who are to go to France, shall be embarked, at latest, fifteen days after the signing of the present capitulation.—" Answered by the Xlth article." Art. 53. The troops and other subjects of his most Christian Majesty, who are to go to France, shall remain lodged and encamped in the town of Montre- al, and other potts which they now occupy, till th«y shall be embarked for their departure : passports, however, shall be grafted to those who shall want them, for the different places of the colony, to take care of their sffiurs.Pi— " Granted." . l ; W» - Art. 54. AU the ofiicers and soldiers of the troops in the service c! France, who are prisoners in New-F.ngland : and who were taken in Canada, shall be sent back, as soon as possible, to France, where their ransom or exchange shall b« treated of, agreeable to the cartel ; and if any of these officers have affairt in Canada^ they shall have leave to come there. — ** Granted." Art. 55. As to the OHicers of the Militia, the Militia and the Acadians, wha are prisoners in New-England, they shall be sent back to their countries. Done at Montreal, the 8th of September, 1760. •• VAUDREUIL." Granted except what regards the Acadians. Done in the Camp before Mon« treal, the 8th September, 1760. «« JEFFERY AMHERST." ♦ General Orders.— Camp before Montreal, Sept. 9th, 17fiO. 3 A 2 i > 1 \ i 15 . IE 372 Chap. The French Army in Canada, comprehended in the 2^' Capitulation of Montreal, were, the second battalion de la Reine, second battalion de la Sarre, second battalion of Royal Rousillon, Languedoc, Guienne and Beam, with the second and third battalions of Berry and two de la Marine or Colony troops, the whole number of which amounted to, four thousand and eleven men. The Mi- litia of Canada consisted of sixty-four companies in the Government of Quebec, seven thousand nine hundred and seventy-six men : nineteen companies in the Govern- ment of Three Rivers, consisted of one thousand one hundred and fifteen men, and eighty-seven companies in the Government of Montreal, consisted of seven thousand three hundred and thirty-one men, making the total of eflfectives at the reduction of the Colony, twenty thou- sand, four hundred and thirty-three men. Upon Colo- nel Haldimand's taking possession of Montreal, he de- manded the colours of the French regiments, as well as those of the English which had fallen into their hands in the course of the war ; the former they refused, de- claring, that although each regiment had brought their colours with them from France, they found them trou- blesome, of little use in this woody country, and had therefore destroyed them. This answer having been trans- mitted to the English General at Camp ; his Excellency immediately insisted, that the Marquis de Vaudreuil and the Chevalier de Levi should affirm it on their honour, which they instantly complied with, and then restored two stands of British colours that were taken from the late regiments of Pepperell and Shirley at Oswego in the infancy of the war. The other two stands were hanging in the Cathedral of Quebec, when it was de- stroyed during the first siege. ?d in the lion de la talion of am, with wo de la 5f which The Mi- ies in the lundred Govem- md one janies in housand total of ty thou- )n Colo- he de- s well as nr hands sed, de- jht their !m trou- ind had ^n trans- cellency euil and honour, •estored om the vcgo in Is were vas de- f/ 373 Thus was completed the conquest of Canada ; aeon- Chap. quest the most important of any that ever the British VII. arms atchieved. The Court of France had attempted to succour Mon- treal, and a number of store ships had been sent out in the Spring, under convoy of a frigate. Apprised of the sailing of an English squadron up the St. Lawrence, be- fore their arrival, they put into Chaleur Bay, where Captain Byron, with his squadron from Louisbourg, attacked their whole fleet, consisting of one frigate, two store ships, and nineteen sail of smaller vessels. These he destroyed, as well as two batteries, which had been raised on shore for their protection. The town, con- sisting of two hundred houses, met with the same fate. ' --■ * . ■ • ^'^ ■ It would be doing injustice to the chief Officers em- ployed under General Amherst, not to insert his own account of their conduct, which he sent home to the Government in England. ' - - ■■■ " I should not (said he) do justice to General Mur- ray and Colonel Haviland, if I did not assure you they have executed the orders I gave them, to the utmost of my wishes. I must also beg leave to say, I am obliged to Brigadier General Gage, for the assistance he has given me, and I have taken the liberty to give, in public orders, my assurances to the three armies, that I would take the first opportunity of acquainting the King with the zeal and bravery which has always been exerted by the officers and soldiers of the Regular and Provincial Troops; as also by his Majesty's Indian Alhes. Sir William Johnson has taken unwearied pains in keeping 574 HI i I i 1 1 Chap, the Indians in humane bounds ; and I have the plea- VII. sure to assure you, that not a peasant, woman, or child, has been hurt by them, or a house burnt, since I entered what was the enemy's Country : I shall now use my utmost endeavours for settling every thing in this Country to. keep a sure possession of it ; and 1 shall imme- diately dispose of the troops in such a manner, that I may completely finish the forts which were begun last year, and, as far as the season will permit me, 1 shall repair, or ereci such forts or posts, as may be necessary for strengthening and insuring the future command of the Lakes, with the possession of every part pf the south side pf the River St. Lawrence." i. v n.^v^i^ li :i ■.s General Amherst on the thirteenth of September, detached Major Rogers, with two companies of Ran- gers, and a detachment of Royal Artillery, to take pos- session of all the posts the French had upon the Lakes ; he was only able to reach Detroit, which Mr. de Bellestre delivered up directly, but the season being too far ad- vanced for his proceeding to Michillimackinac, he re- mained at Detroit during the winter ; and as soon as the Lakes were navigable, set out and took possession of all the French Posts in the upper parts of Canada. III; Major Barre* was selected by the Commander in Chief, to be the bearer of his dispatches to Mr. Secre- tary Pitt, and as Captain Dean of the Diana, had con- ducted the fleet from Quebec to Montreal, to the entire satisfaction of every one. Lord Colville appointed him to be the bearer of his dispatches to the Admiralty. His Majesty received boih Captain Dean and Major Barre in the most gracious manner, and was pleased to order the 375 sum of five hundred pounds to be given to each of them, Chap. to purchase a Sword. VII, Immediately on the reduction of Montreal, Gene> ral Amherst established a Military Government, for the preservation of the public tranquility, and divided the Country into three Districts, of Quebec, Montreal and Three Rivers ; over the first was placed General James Murray, General Thomas Gage at the head of the se- cond, and Colonel Ralph Burton, as Commandant of the third division. Within these districts, he establish- ed several Courts of Justice, composed of Militia Of- ficers of the Country, who decided causes brought be- fore them in a summary manner, with an appeal to the Commanding Officer of the District. The order which constituted these Courts, was approved of by His Ma- jesty, with a command that they should exist until Peace was restored, and Civil Government (on the e- vent of Canada being relinquished by France to Great Britain,) could be established. All the French subjects inhabiting the Frontiers, from the Bay of Fundy to the Banks of the River Saint Lawrence, and all the Indians through that tract of Country, were now subdued and subjected to the English Government. In the month of December of the preceding year,' the French Colonies of Mi- ramichi, Richebuctou, and other places lying along the Gulph of Saint Lawrence, made their submission, by Deputies to Colonel Frye, who commanded at Fort Cumberland, at Chegnecto. They afterwards re- newed their submission in the most formal manner, by subscribing articles, by which they obliged them- selves and the people they represented, to repair in 376 ! Chap, the Spring to Bay Verte, with all their effects and ship- Yj^^* ing, to be disposed of according to the directions of Colonel Lawrence, Governor of Halifax in Nova- Scotia. They were accompanied by two Indian Chiefs of the nation of the Micmacks, a powerful and numer- ous people, now become entirely dependent upon His Britannic Majesty. IK' \\' '' h' P A French ship of war, called, I'Aigle, of fifty guns, attempted late in the Autumn, to pass through the Streights of Bellisle, between Newfoundland and the Labrador Coast, on her way to Quebec, but struck on a rock in working through, and was lost ; the crew how- ever were saved. Another French ship of war, called, the Leopard, of sixty guns, was so much infected with the plague, that she was burnt at Quebec, to prevent the disease spreading amongst the Inhabitants. His Bri- tannic Majesty's ship, Eurus, of twenty guns, commanded by Captain John Elphinstone, being on a cruize, was over- taken by a severe storm, and wrecked near the mouth of the River St. Lawrence j the crew however were saved. The great object of the war between Great Britain and France being now accomplished on the part of the former, by the reduction of all Canada, and thereby disabling the French from extending their encroach- ments upon the English possessions, which were now fully secured, the fate of Canada became a capital consideration at the conferences for Peace, which were opened between the two Crowns, soon after the acces- aon of his present Majesty King George the Third. General Amherst, at the Capitulation of Montreal, had insisted upon Vaudreuil's giving up all the charts and plans relating to the Colony and its dependencies j andl 577 according to the report of the English officers, Vau- Chap* dreuil made them far more extensive than Mr. Bussy, YJIl. the French Minister at London and his Court were willing to admit of, but the English still insisted upon having the boundaries fixed as they had been describ- ed by Vaudreuil. This was an important article, and made some noise: upon which Vaudreuil wrote a letter* to the Duke de Choiseul, solemnly disclaiming all that had been alledged by the English on that head, and that he had never furnished the English, with any maps ; but that a British officer afterwards coming to him with a map, he told him, the limits mar- ked upon it, were not just, and that Louisiana not be- ing comprehended under the term, Canada, which he had always made use of, extended on one side, to the Carrying Place of the Miamis, which is the height of the lands whose rivers run into the Ouabache; and on the other, to the head of the river Illonois. This assertion did not greatly draw the attention of the people of England, who were divided on another head, namely, whether it was most eligible to give up Canada, or the French Is- lands that had been reduced in the West Indies. The Government, as well as a majority of the public were of opinion that, if a cession was to be made, it ought to be that, of the Islands ; and that Canada should be re- tained, as best answering the original purpose of the war. By the thirteenth Article of the treaty of Peace bet- 1763. ween Great Britain and France, signed at Paris on the tenth of February one thousand seven hundred and * Vaudreuil'i Letter, dated 80th October, 17C1. 3 B • E ' 578 Chap, sixty three, the King of France renounced all pre- • tensions which he had formed or might form to Nova- Scotia or Acadia in all its parts, and guaranteed the "whole of it and with all its dependencies to the King of Great Britain. He alSo added and guaranteed to his Britannic Majesty in full right, Canada, with all its de- pendencies, as well as the Island of Cape Breton, and all other Islands and Coasts in the Gulph and River St. Lawrence) and generally every thing that depended on the said Countries, Lands, Islands, and Coasts, with the Sovereignty, property, possession, and all rights, acquired by treaty or otherwise, which the most Chris- tian King and the Crown of France have had till now over the said Countries, Islands, lands, places, coasts and their Inhabitants, so that the most Christian King ceded and made over the whole to the said King and to the Crown of Great Britain, and that in the most ample manner and form, without restriction, and without any liberty to depart from the said cession and guarantee, under any pretence, or to disturb Great Britain in the pos- sessions above mentioned. His Britannic Majesty on his side, agreed to grant the liberty of the Catholic Re- ligion to the Inhabitants of Canada. That his new Ca- tholic subjects might profess the worship of their Reli- gion, according to the Rites of the Romish Church, as far as the laws of Great Britain might permit. His Britan- nic Majesty further agreed, that the French Inhabitants t)r others, who had been subjects of the Most Christian King, in Canada, might retire with safety and freedom, whenever they might think proper, and might sell their estates, provided it be to the subjects of his Britannic Majesty, and might bring away their effects, as well as tlieir persons, without being restrained in their emigra- tion, under any pretence whatsoever, except that of 5lf^ 11 pre- Nova-/ led the Eiing of 1 to his I its de- }n, and .iver St. ided on ts, with rights, jt Chris- low over ind their ded and i Crown manner y liberty , under the pos- jesty on olic Re- new Ca- eir Reli- lurch, as s Britan- labitants Christian "reedoni, sell their 3ritannic well us : emigr.i- : that oF debts or of criminal prosecutions. The term limited Chap. for their emigration, was fixed to the space of eighteen * "• months, to be computed from the day of the exchange of the Ratifications of Peace. A remarkable mutiny* happened at Quebec, on the eighteenth of September, one thousand seven hundred and sixty-three. General Murray, Governor of that place, having given orders, in consequence of injuncti- ons from the Commander in Chief in America, that four pence sterling should be stopped for each ration of provisions to be issued to the forces under his command, consisting of the fifteenth and twenty-seventh regiments, and second battalion of the sixtieth regiment; the troops were no sooner made acquainted with this order, than, that very evening, immediately after roll-calling, they assembled to a man, but without arms, and para- ded before the Governor's house. Before they saw him, some of the English merchants, having the bold- ness to reproach them for their behaviour, they began to pelt them with stones, some officers interfered, and drew their swords ; on which the soldiers ran in a tu- multuous manner to their barracks, took their arms, and marched in good order, with drums beating, to- wards St. John's Gate. • ' They were met by the Governor, who, in the begin- ning of the tumult, had in vain endeavoured to assem- ble the Picquets. He then came from visiting the guards, and was attended only by a few officers and Serjeants, with whose assistance he opposed their going any fur- • Ryder'i HUtorj of England 50th Vol. ' - ^ 3B 2 ■ t 380 V Chap. ther. Enraged at this stop, some of the mutineers fir* y}\ ed their pieces, but happily no mischief was done. Not- withstanding the repeated instances of the Governor, they would not hear him, but loudly declared their re- solution to march to New York, with two pieces of can- non, and lay their arms at General Amherst's feet ; professing, at the same time, that they had no pique at him or their officers, whom they loved and esteemed, but that it was impossible for them to live without their provisions. ; ., ,. . . . All the officers of the garrison had now joined the Governor, and the Town Major, Lieutenant Mills, of the forty-ninth regiment, had prudently, with the few men that staid with him, shut the gates. Though the soldiers appeared mad with rage, not one man being drunk, and had already struck several officers, yet the Governor succeeded so far as to keep them together, and by that means, in all probability, prevented the town from being plundered, to which the darkness of the night was at that hour but too favorable. _ .•. : . . ^ . . . \ r '.- -r . ■• By the urgent solicitations of the officers, who had exerted themselves to the utmost, on this occasion, tht soldiers were at last prev^led on to march to the Grand Parade, where the Governor addressed them file by file, and did all he could to appease them, but in vain. They obstinately persisted, that they would not submit to the stoppage of provisions, but still made protestati- ons of loyalty, and of personal regard to their officers ; ^nd when the Governor ordered them to march to their barracks, and behave as soldiers ought, till their griev- ances were laid before the Commander in Chief, they 1 . lYs fir- . NoU ernor, eir re- of can- feet ; Ique at eemed. It their ned the [ills, of :he few igh the 1 being yet the pgether, ted the uiess of 'ho had ion, the ; Grand file by in vain. submit 3testati- 3fiicers ; I to their ir griev- ef, they obeyed, repeating their declaration, that they would Chap« not serve without provisions. During the remainder of J2ILj the night all remained quiet. Next day the guards mounted in good order as usu- al. General Murray called together the commissioned and non-commissioned Officers, to whom he rtpresent- ed the necessity of reducing the soldiers to obedience, or perishing in the attempt. This garrison being the strongest in America, should these mutineers obtain their desire, their example would have been followed by all the troops throughout America, and an universal revolt from order would have been the consequence. Their si- tuation therefore,^ required the utmost exertion, and the most vigorous measures were necessary for the ser- vice of their country. ^ .t-v ': . .t It was agreed that mild methods should be taken ; and that day and the next were spent by the officers in using all manner of persuasions, to induce the soldiers to submit to the order, but with small success. On the afternoon of the twentieth, the Governor harangued each battalion in the strongest, and most affecting manner, which seemed to have some effect. He then ordered the garrison to be under arms next day at ten o'clock, on the Grand Parade. »? >"^ ; ,- • When they were assembled, the Governor himself read the articles of war, and after painting to them in the strongest terms, the enormity of their crime, he de- clared his fixed resolution, with the assistance of the of- ficers, to oblige them to submit or perish in the attempt. He then went to the head of Aihherst's Grenadiers, de- Chap, termlned to put to death the first man that refused VII. to obey. He commanded them, in sign of compliance with orders, to march betwixt two Royal Colours plant- ed for that purpose. They did so, and returned with cheerfulness to their "duty, expressing sorrow rbr their past behaviour ; and all the rest followed their example. The General then declared they had recovered their characters as good soldiers, and restored the battalion to their colours. Their behaviour afterwards was such as it ever was before this affair, deserving of the high- est praise. Upon a review of the system established in Canada, while under the dominion of France, it is evident t^at the Colony was governed by no fixed laws, and that the people were ruled in an arbitrary and despotic man- ner. The powers exercised by the several Governors and Intendants knew no bounds, and unrestrained by law, their decisions were dictated by the caprice of the moment. And thus it was, that the people fell victifns to the tyranny of their Rulers. The hauteur of Ae Military, instead of being restrained within wholesome bounds, was encouraged : and supported by the go- vernment, they invariably domineered oVer the people. On all occasions, the protection of the Governor or In- tendant was necessary to ensure success, while merit, in every instance, was over looked. Remonstrances against oppression had frequently been transmitted to the Go- vernment in France, but they were totally disregarded. Precautions were taken by persons in power here, who sent gratuities to the Minister in France, to silence these complaints, and to prevent them reaching the Royal car. Under so corrupt » system, the wants and desires 3S3 of the Colonists were never known. How happy, then, Chap. ought the Canadians to be, that God in his Providence, XJil has severed them from the ancient stock to which they belonged, and committed them to the care of a Mo- narch, who, by making the success of his arms the means of extending his beneficence, has an incontesti- ble right to their aflectionate fidelity. «J ■iv i; F LN I S. i' •I*. ' -. APPENDIX. 1' fti ■f No. I. ' ttMMISSION (If FftAxifois I. « Jacques Quarticr, pour J'ci,tbli» siement du Canada^ du lie. Ocioire, 1540.* FRANCOIS, par la grace de Dicii, Roi do France : A tons ccux qui cos prcscntes lettres verront ; Salut. Cuminc pour Ic dcsir d'cntciidrc et avoir connoissancc de plusieurs pays qii'on dit iiiliabitcs, et autrcs ctre possedes par gens Sauvages, vivans sans connoissancc dc Dieu ct sans usage de raison,cussicns dcs pie-9H, a grands frais et miscs, envoye dccouvrir les dits pays par plusieurs bons pilotes, et autres nos sujets de bon entendcment, savoir et expe- rience, qui d'iceux pays nousauroicnt amen£ divers hommes que nuut avons par long-tcms tenus en notre Royaume, Ics faisant instruire en Tamour et crainte de Dieuj et de aa sainte loi et doctrine clnctienne, tn intention dc les fairc ramener cs dits pays en compagnie de bon nom> bre de nos sujets de bonne voluntc, afin dc plus facileincnt induire les autres pcuples d'iceux pays a croiie en notre sainte foi ; et cntr'autres j clissionsenvoyS notre chcr ct bien ame Jacques Quart'urt lequel auroit dccouvert grands pays des tcrres de Canada et Hochelaga faisant un bout de I'Asie du cote de I'Occident ; Icsquels pays il a trouv6 ( ainsi qu'il nous a rapporte ) garnis de plusieurs bonnes commoditcs, et les peuples d'iceux bien fournis de coi ps ct de mcnibrcs, ct bien disposes d'esprit et entcndement ; dcsqucls il nons a semblablemcnt atr.cne aucun nombre, que nous avons par loHg-tems fait voir et instruire en notre ditc sainte foi avcc nos dits sujets : en consideration dc quoi, ft de leur bonne inclination nous avons avise et delibere de renvoyer lo dit Quarticr hi dits pays de Canada et Hochelaga, et jusques en la tcircde Sagucnai (s'ilpeut y aborder) avcc bon nombre de navires, • Histolrc lie la Nonvelle France, p»r VEicariot, page 38?.»-tl jM^tnoir«» Mr les pus}ei>«!uns en Ameri^tie, Tome lU, pag>.* 280. A j t ■ 111 ct de toutes qualitt's, arts et Industrie, pour plus avant entrer es dits pays, converser avcc les pcuplcs d'iccux, et avec eux habitcr (si be- 8oin est) afin de mieux parvonira notre ditc intention et a faire chose agteable a Dieu iiotrc Crcateur et Redempteur, et que soit a l»atig- mcntation de son saint et aacre nom, ct de notre Mere sainte Eglise Catholiquc, de laquelle nous sommes dits et nommes premier nls : Par quoi soit besoin pour meillcur ordrc et expedition de la dite entre- prise, dcputer ct ctablir iin Capitainc General et Maitre Pilote des dits navires, qui ait regard a la conduite d'iceux, et sur les gens» officiers et soldats y ordonnes et £tablis ; sivoir faisons, que nous, a picin confians de la personne du dit Jacques Qiiartier et de ses sens, •ufilsance, loyaute, prud'hommie, liardiesse, grande diligence ct bonne experience, icclui pour ces causes et autres a ce nous mouvans, avons fait, constitue et ordonnJ, faisons, constituons, ordonnons et «5tabli8- sons par ces ptesentes, Ciipitaine General et maitre Pilote de -tous les navires et autres vaisseaux de mer, par nous ordonnes ctre mencs pour la dite cntreprise et expedition, pour le dit etat et charge de Capitaine General et Maitre Pilote d'iceux navires et vaisseaux, avoir, tenir et exercer par le dit Jacques Qiiarthrt aux honneurs, preroga- tives, preeminences, franchises, liberies, gages et bienfaits, tels que par Nous lui seront pour ce ordonnes, tant qu'il nous plaira : Et lui avons donne, ct donnons puissance et autorite de mettre. ctablir et instituer aux dits navires tels lieutcnans, patrons, pilotes et autres rai- nistres nccessaires pour le fait et conduite d'iceux, en tel nombre qu'il verraet cocnoitra ctre besoin et necessaire pour le bien de la dite ex- pedition. Si donnons en mandement par ces dites presentes, a notre Amiral ou Vice Amiral que prins et re9eu du dit Jacques Qitartier le scrment pour ce dcu et accoutnmc, icelui mettent ct instituent ou fassent mettre et instituer de par Nous en possession et saisine du dit ctat de Capitaine General et Maitre Pdote ; et d'icelui, ensemble des honneurs, prerogatives, piccminences, franchises, liberies, gages et bienfaits, tels que par Nous lui seront pour ce ordonnes, le fassent, BoufFrent et laissent, jouir et user pleinement et paisiblement, et a lui obeir et entendre de tous ceux, ct ainsi qu'il appartiendra es choses touchani et concernant le dit ctat et charge : et outre, lui fasse, souf- fre et permctte prendre le petit Galion, appelle V Emirillon, que de present il a de Nous, Icquel est ja vieil et caduc, pour servir a I'a- doub de ceux des navires qui en auront besoin, et lequel nous vou- lons ctre prins et applique par le dit Qiiartier pour J'efFet dessus dit, eans qu'il soit tcnu en rendre aucun autre compte nc reliquat ; et du- quel compte et reliquat nousl'avons decharge et dechargeons par icellcs prc-entes : par lesquels Nous mandons aussi a nos Prcvots de Paris, BaillifTs de Rouen, de Caen, d'Orlcans, dc Blois, et de Tours, Scnc- chaux, du Maine, d'Anjcni, et Guienne et a tons nos autres BaillifTs, Seiicchaux, Prcvots, AUoues, et autres nos Jusliciers ct Officiers, tant de notre Royatimc que dc notre pays de Bretagne uni a icelui pardevcrs les quels sont aucuns prisonniers, accuses ou prcvenus d'au- cuiia crimes quels qu'ils soicnt, fors de crimes de Icze-Majeste divine ct humaine cavers Nous, ct de faux monnoyeurs, qu'iU aient incontinent a dclivrcr, rcndrc et bailler es maiss du dit Quar- tiety ou ses Commis ct Deputes portans ces prescntes, ou le duplica* ta d'icelles pour not re service en la dite cntrepnse ct expedition, ceux des dits prisonniers qu'il counoitraetre propres, suflisans et capablcs pour servir en ictllc expedition, jusqu'au nombre de cinquante per- sonnes, et selon le choix que le dit Quarlier en fera, iccux premiere- ment jugcs et condamnes selon leurs dcnierites el la gravitc de leurs m^faits, si juges et condamnes ne sont ; et satisfaction aussi pr6ala- blement ordonnee aux parties civiles et interesses, si fait n'avoit cte : Pour laquelle toutefois Nous ne voulons la deliverance de leur pcr- Bonne es dites mains du dit Quariier (s'il les trouve de service) ctre ;'etardce ne retenue; mais se prendra la dite satisfaction sur leurs biens seulemer.t : el laqutlle delivrance des dits prisonniers accuses ou prc- venue, Nous voulons ctre faite es dits mains du dit Quartler pour I'effet dessus dit par nos dits Justicicrs et Officiers respectivcment, et par cba- cun d'eux en leur regard, pouvt)iret jurisdiction, nonobstant oppositions ou appellations quelconques faites ou "a faire, relevees, ou a relevcr, et sans que par le moycnd'icelles,icelle delivrance en lamanierc de^isusdite, soit aucuiiemcnt difFeree: Et afin que le plus grand nombre n'en soit tire, outre les dits cinquante. Nous voulons que la delivrance que chacun de nos dits officiers en fera au dit Qitart'ur, sou ccrite et ccrtifice en la matge de ces presentes, et que neanmoiiis registre en soit par tux fait et envoyc incontinent pardevers notre ame ct feal Chancellier, pour connoitre le nombre et la qualitc de ceux qui auront etc bailies et delivtci: Car tcl est notre plaisir. £n temoin de ce. Nous avons fail mcttre notre seel a ces diles presentes. Donne a Smni-Prh le dixseptieme jcur d'Octobrc, I'an de grace, mil cinq cent quarante, ct de notre regne le vingt-sixit-me, Ainsi signc sur le repli, par le Roi, vous Monseigncur le Chancel- lier etautres presens, DE LA CHESNAIE, ' £t scellc sur le repli a simple queue de cire jaune. A 2 iii •I :|- 3 !tl No. If. ma, I '11.1 * * LETTRES PATENTES De Limtenant Ginira) //« Canada tt autres Payty pour le i'lVwr de la Roche, tlu l^c. Janvier. Milt cinq cent, quatrevingl-dixhuit .* HENRY, par la Grace dc Dicu, Roi ih France ct de Navarre, A tons ccux qui cc3 prdseiitcs Lcttrcs verroiit, Salut. Le foil Koi raAN90is I siir les avis qui lui auroient etc dunncs qu'aux Islos ct pays dc Canada, Isle de Sable, Terres-iieuves et autres ad- \acci.tes, pays trcs Icrtilcs et abondans on tuutes sortes de cotntnoditcs, il y avoit plusicurs suites dc peuples bien forir.cs de corps et de mcinbrcs, ct bicn disposes d'esprit et d'cntcndement, qui vivent sans aucnnc connoissancc dc Dicu ; auroit ( pour en avoir plus ample connois- paiio ) iccux pays fait decouvrir par aucuns bons Pilotes et gens a re connoissans. Cc qu'ayant rccounu veritable, il auroit (poussc d'uii zcle ct afTfi-tion dc 1 exaltation du nom Chretien) dcs Ic l.x'. .Tai.vKi, 1.540, doni'c pouvoir "a Jean Frango'ts de la liocque, Sicur Je Roheriutl., pour la coiiqiicte des dits pays ; ce que n'ayant etc execute dcs lors, pour Ics grandes affaires qui seroicnt survcnues a cctte Couronne, Nous avons rtsolu, pour perfection d'une si belle ccuvrc ct dc si sainte et louable eiitreprisc, au lieu du dit feu Sieur dc Rolierval, dc donuer la cliargi- dc ccttc conquetc h quelque vaillant ct cxp^rimcntc pcrsounage doiit la fidtlitc ct affection a notrc service nous Sdieut counucs, avcc Ics nicmes pouvoirs, autorilcs, prerogatives ct })r6cmuienccs qui ctoicnt accordcs nu dit feu Siour de Roherval pur Ics dites Lettres Patentes du dit feu Roi FliAN'tjois 1. S.vvoiu I -MsoNs que pour la bonne ei enticrc cfiufiancc que nous avons de la pcrsoniic de notrc ame e: fcal Troillus du Mesgoiiets, Chevalier de notrc Ordrc, Conseiller en notrc Conscll d'Ftat, et Capitaine de cin- qnante hommes d'armes de nos Ordnnnances, le Sieur de la Roche^ Marquis de Cotienmea/, Baron de Las, Vic(jmte de Carentan et Saint-Lo en Normandie, Vicomte de Trevidlot, Sieur de la Roches Gominard et Qjiennoahr, de Comae, Bonleguigno et I^iscuit, et de lies louablcs ycrtus, qualiics et mcritcs ; aussi de I'entiere affection qu'il a au bien de notre service ct ayancement de nos affaires ; icelui, p(iur ce? causes et autres a ce nous mouvans, Nous avons, coiifor- incment li la volontc du feu Roi dernier dccedc, notre trcs honore Sieur et frcrc, qui jk avoit fait election de sa personne pour I'execution dc la ditcentrepiise, icelui fait, faisons, creons, ordonnons et etablis- sons par ccs prcsentes signecs de notrc main, notre Lieutenant pc- ntral cs dits pays de Canada, Hochehiga, Terres-neuves, Labrador, riviere dc la Grande Bat^c dc Noreiulegue ct terres adjacentes des dites provinces et rivieres, Icsqucls cUnt de grande longueur et etendue de pays, sans icdlcs ctre habitccs par sujcts de nul Prince Chretien ; et ponr cctte sainte oruvre ct aggrandisscment de la Foi Catholiquc, etablissors pour conducteur, Chef Gouverneur et Capitaine de la dite tntrcprise, ensemble dc tons les navircs, vaisscaux de mer ct parcillcment de toutcs pcrr.onnes, tant gens de guerre, mer, que J HIstoire de la Nonvclle France par V F.scarhot, page 408 — et Memoirs sur '' le$ i>osjL-»!iiuiii> en Amtri(]Uf, Tunie III. page 310, nT'SA!; et de etc vnues a iifor- autres par nous oidonnc-s 't qui scront par lui clioisis pour la dlte entrcpiise ct execution ; a\LC pouvoir ct niandement special d'^lirc, clioisir les Capitaiues, M:iitivs de iiavircset Pilules, commander, or- donner ct disposer sous iiuti\ nitDiite ; prridre, emmener ct laire paitir des ports et luivrcs de notre Royaume, lc8 nefs, vaisseaux mia en apparcil, ^quipc* et \n nils dc geii>, vivres et artillerie, et autres chos'-s ncci.'S9:iirL>9 pour la dite ciitreprise, avcc pouvoir en vertu dc nos Commissions dc faire la levee dc gens de guerre qui scront ncces- sairos pour la dite entreprise, ct iceux faire conduirc par scs Capi- taiiu's au lieu dc son embarquemeut, ct aller, venir, passer et rcpasser c^ dits port* Strangers, descendre et entrer en iceuXi ct mettre en notre ipain, tant par voies d'amitic ou amiable composition, si faire te pent, que par force d'armes, main forte et toutes autres voies d'hostilicc, assaillir villes, chateaux, forts ct habitations, iceux mettre en notre obeissaiice, en constituer et cdificr d'autres, faire loix,statuts et ordonnanccs politiqucs, iceux faire garder, observer ct entretcnir, faire puiiir les delinquans, Icur pardonner, et remetlre, scion qu'il verra bon dtrc, pourvu toutefois que ce ne soient pays occupcs ou iftant sons la sujetion et "bilHsance d'aucuns Princes ct Potcntats, nos amis, allic'i ct ronfederes. Et atin d'augir.cnter ct accroitre le bon vouloir, coura;:je ct attVction de ceux qui scrviront it Pcxccution ct expedition de la dite entreprise et mdme de ceux qui demeureront e» dites lerres : Nous lui avons donnc pouvoir, d'icelles terres qu'il nous pourroit avoir iicquises au dit voyage, faire bail, pour en jouir par ceux h qui elles seront afFec'ces et leurs successeurs, en tons droits de proprietc : A savoir,i aux Gentilshommes ct ceux qu'il ju- gcra gens de nicritc, en Fiefs, Seigneuries, Chatellenies, Comt^s, Vicomtds, Baronnies et autres dignitcs relevant de nous, telles qu'il jugcra convenir k leurs services ; a la charge qu'ils serviront a la tu- ition et defense des dits pays et aux autres de moindre condition, a telles charges et redevances aniiuelles qu'il avisera, dont nous con« sentons qu'ils en demeurent quittes pour les six premieres annees, ou tel autre temps que notre dit Lieutenant avisera bon Ctrc, et con- noitra leur ctre neccssaire, exceptc toutefois dii devoir ct service pour la guerre ; aussi qu'ati retour de notre dit Lieutenant il puissc departir a ceux qui auront fait le voyage avec lui, les gaignages et profits mobiliaires provcnus de la dite entreprise et avantager du tierj ceux qui auront fait le dit voyage ; retenir nn autre tiers pour lui, pour ses frais et d6pens, ct I'auire tiers pour etre employe aux ceuvres communes, fortifications du pays et frais de guerre. Et afin que notre dit Lieutenant soit mieux assistc et accompagnc en la dite en- treprise, nous lui avons donnc pouvoir de se faire assister en la dite armee de tons Gentilshommcs, Marchands et autn;s nos sujets qui voudront aller ou envoyer au dit voyage, payer gens et equipages, et munir nefs a leurs depens. Ce que nous leurs dcfendons trcs cx- presrcment faire, ni trafiquer sans le su et consentement de notre dit Lieutenant, sur peine h ceux qui scront trouvcs, de pt rdition de tous leurs vaisseaux et marchandises. Prions aussi, ct rccjiieronb tous Po- tcntats, Princes nos allies et coiifcdorc>, leurs Licutciians ct Sujets, 1 ! i 't ' ' i.r^ f. ' en cas que notrc dit Lieutenant ait quelque besoin ou nccessite, lui donner aide, secours et cuiifurt, favoriser son cntrcpiise. Eiijoi- gnons ct commandons a tons nos sujets, en cas do rencontre par nier ou par terre, de lui ctre en ce secourables, et se joindrc avcc liii ; le- voquant des a present tous pouvoirs qui pourroient avoir etc donnes^ taut par nos picdecesseurs Roi, que Nous, a quelquc"^ personnes et pour quelque cause et occasion que ce snit, au prejudice du dit Mar- quis not re dit Lieutenant General. Et d'autant que pour I'effct du dit voyage, il sera besoin passer plusieurs contrats ct lettrcs, Nous lea avcus dbs "a-preient validcs el approyves, validons et approuvons, en- neinble, les seiugs et S9eaux de notre dit Lieutenant, et d'autres par lui commis pour ce regard. Et d'autant qu'il puurroit survenir a uotrc dit Lieutenant quelque inconvenient de inaladie, ou arriver, fitule d'icelui, aussi qu'a sun retour il sera besoin laisscr un ou plu- Sfieurs Lieutenans, voulons ct entendons qu'il en puisse nommer et omstituerpar testament et autremcnt comme bon lui scmblera, avec parcil pouvoir ou partie d'icelui que lui av-ns donnc. Et afin que Botre dit Lieutenant pnisse plus facilement nncttre ensemble le nombre de geus qui lui e&t i.ecessaire pour le dil voyage et enireprise, taut «Je I'un que de I'antre sexe. Nous lui avons doi.ue pouvoir de prendre, clirc et choir.ir, ct lever tellea personnes en notre dit royaunie, pays, ttneset Scigncurie, qu'il connoitra fitre propres, utiles et necessaires pourUdite ontreprise, qui conviendront avec lui aller, lesqueU il fera coikdviire ct acbeminer des lieux (ju ils serout par lui Icv^s jusqu'au lieu il« I'euibarquemcnt. Et pour ce que no\i8 nc pouvons avoir particu- Iterc connoisfeance des dit s Pays et gens ctrangers, pour plus avant specifier le pouvoir qu'cntendons doniier a notre dit Lieutenant Ge> iicral. Vol Ions ct nous plait qu'il ait le mcme pouvoir, puissance et aatorit^ qu'il ctoit accorde par le dit feu Roi Fkan901S au dit Sieur Jc RobervnU encore qu'il n'y soit si particulieiement specific- ; ct qu'il puisse en cette charge faire, disposer ct ordonncr de toutcs choscs tipinces et inopinces concernant la dite entreprisc, comme il jugera u .propo* pour notre service Ics affaires et n^cessitcs le requ^rir, et tout aiuhi et comme nous m£me ferions et faire pourrions, si pr^scns en personnc y etions, jK^oit que le cas rcquit maiidement plus special ; vuUdant des'a-prescnt, comme pour lors, tout ce quo par notre dit Lieutenant sera fait, dit> constituc, ordonne et ctabli, contractc, cbcvi ct compose, tant par armes, amilie, confederation ct autrement on qiK'lqne sorte ct manicre que se soit ou puissc ctrc, pour raison de la dite entreprisc, tant par nier que par terre. Et avons le tout ap- prouv^, agree et ratilic, agreons, approuvons et raiifions par cc» prcsiTrics, et I'avonons et tenons, et vonUins ^tre tenu bon ct vi.lablc, comme s'llavoit clc par nous fait. SI DONNONS en mandement a notre amc ct fcal le Sieur Comte de Chivernij, Chancelicr de France^ et a i»o8 an.cs ct fc.uix Conseillers les gens tcnansnos Cours de Parle- iTU'itt, Grand Conscil, Baillis, Sen^cliaux, Prcvots, .luges et leurs Lieutenans, ct tiMis antrcs nos Justicicrs et Oflicicr-i, cliacun en droit aoi, comme il appaitiendra, que notrc dit Lieutenant, duqnel nuub avons ve jourd'liui prins et retfu Ic scrnficut cu tcl gas accoytuni^-; ils fassent et Uissent, souffrent jouir et user plcincmcnt et paislbl**- menr, a icelui dbeir et entendre et a tons ceux qu'il appartiendra, es choscs touchant et concernant notre dite Lieittenance. Manikins en outre a tons P03 Lieiiteiians Gei^ranx, Gouvcnieiirs de non Pixv. vinces, Amiraux, Vice Amiraux, Maitres des ports, havres et pan- sages, lui bailler, chacun cii retenduc de Son pouvoir, aide, confort, passage, secours et assistance, et a ses gens avou^s de Ini, d(5iit il anra beSoin. Et d'autant que de ces pr^sentes Von poiirra avoir aftaire ea plusieurs et divers lieux, Nous voulons qu'au viJitrlus d'icelles, due- mont coUationne par un de nos amcs et teaux Conseillers Notaii^es on. Secretaires, ou fait pardevant Notaires Royaux, foi soit ajoiiice comme an present original : Car tel est notre plaisir ; en temoin de quoi nous avons fait mettre notre seel es dites pr^sentes. Donne 3 Paris, le douzien'e jour de Janvier, I'an de Grace, mil cinq ceat quatrevingt-dix-huit| et de notre rcgne le neuvicme. (Signe) Hexrt. .n , A • 1 • > * i . .ii- 'r I.. , *■( , f v' > m ,^:-v H' ). - • No. III. • •■ • • COURTS OF JUDICATURE ESTABI.ISHED IN CANADA BEFORE THE CONQUEST. AT QUEBEC. A Court Civil and Criminal, (called the Prcvotc) composed of t Majristrate, exercising Civil and Criminal .Tiirisdictioii, called Lieii- tcnriil General Civil and Criminal, of a Lieutenant Particuli-r (who was also Judge of the Admiralty,) of a Procureur du Koi and a Clerk. This Court sat on Tuesdays and Fridays in each week, (ex- cept during the lime of vacation,) exclusive of extraordinary sit- tings, which vrere granted at the request of the parties, when their cases required dispatch. The Procureur du Rui gave his conclusions or opinion viva voce-, in summary causes, and ia writing in others ; it was his duty to ••'-.4 ground his opinion upon points of Law, or on the Ordinances ot llie Kingdom, or on the Edicts, Declarations and Ordinances of the King, signified by the King to be binding on this country. Tho \, Judgments of this Jurisdiction were rendered by the Lieutenant Gc- iieral conjointly with the Lieutenant Particulier, conformable to the ^' V opinion (conclusions) of the Procureur du Roi, which he gave pubJ licly, or without conforming thereto. The causes argued on Tues- day were decided on the Tuesday following, unless in cases of impose sibilily from the nature and length of the difficulties of the case. AT MONTREAL. A Civil and Criminal Court, (untler the nSmc of " Jurisdiction Roiale") composed of a Lieutenant General Civil and Criminal, fi I^ieutcnant Particulier, a Procureur du Roi, and a Clerk ; it was al« so held twice a week, exclusive of extraordinary sittings, AT THREE RIVERS. * A Civil and Criminal Court, (also under the iiamc of •* Jurisdii'' tion Roiale*') composed only of a Lieutenant General Civil ait4 » Criminal, a Procureur du Roi, and a Clerk, which also sat twice a week, exclusive of extraordinary sittings. It was the duty of these three Procuretus du Roi, as substittitet of the Procureur General, to plead for widows, orphans, the poor, and minors in tlieir respective Courts. As tliey Wt're charged witli ihe Criminal Justice, they impeached tjnd prosecuted Criminals, and obtained Judgment against them. The Procureur General appealed J vtiniwa to the Superior Council froitt Judgments ordering corporal punishment or death. At Quebec, for the whole extent of Canada, a Superior Coun- cil, composed oi twelve Councillors, one of whom, if of tht Clergy, (who did not sit in Criminal cases,) two tliivdi at least, of tlie mtMiibers, Jurists, and the Procureur General. The Intendaiit a» head of the Law, was President. The Governor in Cliii-f, ait^ the Bishop had a right to id. 9 To this Council were added Conseillers Assesseurs, known to be Well versed in the laws, who had a consultative v )ice ; they haJ a de- liberative voice only in the causes in which tiicy wrie app»>iiiied Re- porters, Rapporteurt. In all but sumn.ary cases the causes after the parties were heard« were distributed by tlie President to Coun» cillors or Assesseurs to report upon them in wnting to the Council, within a fixed time. The Rapporteurs were bound to make an ex- tract of all the papers filed in the cause, and of the pleadingR (>f ihe parties which they communicated to the Procmeur General to drtiw his c>)nclusion8. After the Procureur General returned it to t'lem, they wrote underneath their conclusions or opinion, founded on the laws and respectable authorities analogous to tlie case. Th^ report was publicly read, and their conclusions, and also those of the Pro- cureur General, and the Judgment was rendered in conformity to the conclusions, or without conforming thereto. The reports and con- clusions remained in the Clck's office. When (he Judgment wai tendered according to the conclusions of the Reporter, he signed the Judgment in the minutes, and when they were not adopted, the President signed. The Chief Councillor presided in the absence of the Intendant, and in his absence, the eldest Councillor. This Council was held at Quebec on the Monday in each week, except in vacation, exclusive of extraordinary meetings. Five Judges at least sat ia Civil cases, and seven in Criminal cases, (without including the Procureur General, who always gave his con< elusions in both cases.) In this Council were heard only Appeal* from Judgments rendered in the three inferior Courts, except cases in which the King was interested, or Communities, o; indivi- duals who had the right of Comitimut to the Council, being eX' rrpt- cd from applying to the inferior Courts in the first instancf. ' he Intendant, who was always a Juriitt, as head of the Law and of the Police, could evoke or draw before himself, all causes commenced in the Inferior Courts, as well Civil as Criminal, and he decided (exclusive of ail others) in all cases which concerned the King, aud which had not been brought before the Superior Council ; m cases concerning the Interior Police of the Country, and in all difTi'-iiltics, as well between Seigneur and Seigneur, as between Seigneurs and Censitaires, and Censitaires and Seigneurs. In his quality as head of the Law, he established and commissioned Subdelegates accord- ing to bis choice, and he lelected as well Inferior Jud.res as Council- lors, to decide in a summary manner, and without any cobi& or ox- pcnces whatever, all small causes, from oite Livre to one hundred Francs, and to maintain the Police; from wIiom- Judgn.uts the Parties conceiving themselves aggrieved, appealed to hin.: If. ThcCommissaireOrdonniiteur at Mcntival was by lighi his Sub- delegate or Deputy, in all difFertnces relating to Ficf-t and SvijTmu^ ries, and as to the Police, it was the right of the puities wiv coi.si- dercd themselves aggrieved by his judgments, to appeal ifun* tlnrm B i " id 1. I I' ii^ I I t] I tb tiae intendant, who confirmed or reversed them, as justice re<}ui> red. In all cases of Fiefs appealed before him, he assembled as As- sessors three or four CounciUorSf and the Proeureur General gave his conclusion Si All the Jurisdictions given to the tntendant^ did not occasion any costs to the suitors ; they stated their case in person, without the intervention of any Lawyers, and the judgments were rendered ^ra- ti/f which his Secretary countersigned. The Intendant, having no Chamber of Commerce established ia ' Canada, had the power and authority, upon the demand of one of the parties^ to jiidge and decide all Commercial matters, and exer> ciscd in Canada the functions of Juge Consul. In those cases, he assembled some well informed merchants to assist him as Assessors. When the Councillors, including himself, formed an equal number, and were divided in opinion, he (or in his absence the President,) had the Casting voice, as well in Civil as in Criminal matters. The parties had the right of Appeal to the King's Council of State, from the Judgments or particular parts of the Judgments of the Council Superior, and also from the Judgments of the Intendant. Since the first establishment of Canada, there have been but five 'Or six instances of Appeals to the King's Council of State, because the judgments of the Council were well digested and rendered upon mature deliberationj all pronoiinced and founded upon the laws of the Country, which were cited in the judgments in support of them. Such were also the judgments of the tntendants, which they never rendered in cases of importance but upon the advice of several Coun - cillors, who they called for the purpose, and in which the Proeu- reur General gave his conclusions, supported by I^aw Authorities, and founded upon the Royal Ordinances, and the Edicts, Declarati- > CDS and Ordinane<:s made by the King for the Country. Th# Municipal Laws of the Country consisted of j 1. Tlie Titles and Articles of th^ CUstbrti of Paris. 8. The Edicts and Ordinances of the Kirigdort of France, made before the Conquest, having been all put in force in Canada by the several Commissions of the Tntendants. 3 The Edicts, Declarations and Ordinances of the King, found- ed upon the representations made to him by the Superior Council, suired to the locality of the Country, several of whieh have alter- ed, abrogated, or augmented several articles of the Custom of Pans, and several of the principal articles of the Ordinances of the Kingdom. ^, The Arrets or Judgments of the Parliament of Paris in ana- lagous cases. 5. The Arrets eri rrghment of the Superior Council^ and the Judgments of the Intendants. These two last objects constituted an essential part of the Muni- cipal Laws, Customs and Usages put in force by the Act of Quebec. An extract carefully made of the principal Jikdgments inscribed in « I e rcijm- as As- al gave iion any out the red^rfl- ished ia F one of d exer- ases» he Bcssors. number* eaidenty) mncil of ntsofthe :i)dant. 1 but five , because red upon ; laws of of them, hey never ral Coun - le Procu- UhoritieSy beclarati- ^e Registers of the Superior Council* would be of great utility ; al. most all questions relating to Real Property having been decided. As to all the forms of proceeding f lUowed in the Civil Courts of Judicature, the Ordinance of IjOuis XlVth, or the Civil Code of May, 1667> was the Rule, with the exception of the Articles at. tered or abrogated by the Edict of the King, of 1679, made upon a Procet Verbal^ drawn up by the Superior Council of Quebec, on the 7th of October, 1678, which is enregistered in the Register A. of *< Insinuations" of the said Council, fo. 60. R**- As to those followed in the Criminal Court s-7-the Ordinanire of the month of August, 1670, was the sole Rule. No digest or re* daction of this Ordinance was ever made. The Edict of the King, of 1679, intitled, <* Redaction du Code Civile," suppressed a great number of the forms of Law Proceed- ings used in France, which rendered them for this Cpuotry more vmi^ei more easy, and lets complicated. i. .1 .•■•-- , «-, . r ^. '■■ -♦. .\ ^-J ■ .--''*: tee, made da by the ig, found. Council* lave alter, ustom of es of the n's in ana. and the the Muni- Quebec, scribed in B 2 1! #1^ ./I If No. IV. MiLrTiA or Cakada, bbfoke the Csitqubst ih 1760. ALL the Inhabitants of the Colony, by virtue of the Law of Fiefs (except such Gentlemen and other persons who by their employ- ments hdd the privileges of Nobles) were Militia men, and enrolled in the .several cumpnnies of Militia of the Province. The Captain* of Militia were the most respectable persons in the Country Parishe8« •nd were entitled to I he first seat in the Churches ; they also receiv- ed the same distinctions as the Magistrates in the Towns : they were held in great respect, and Government exacted from the inhabitants obedience to the orders they signified to them on the part of Govern- ment. If any of the itihabita.ita did not obey orders, the Capiaini weiT authorized to conduct them to the City, and on complaint, they wevf punished according to the natur; of the delinquency. When the Goveniment wanted the services of the Militia, as SoU diers, the C lonels of Militia, or the Town Majors, in consequence of a requisition from the Governor General, sent orders to the se- veral Captains of Militia in the Country Parishes, to furnish a cer- tain luimber of Militia men, chosen by ihose officers, who ordered the drafts into town, under an escort, commanded by an officer of Militia, who conducted them to the Town Major, who furnished each Militia man with a gun, a capot, or Canadian cloak, a breech clout, a cotton shirt, a cap, a pair of leggings, a pair of Indian shoes and a blanket. After which they were marched to the Garrison to which they were destined. The Militia were gene- rally reviewed once or twice a year, to inspect their arms. The Mi- litia of the City of Quebec were frequently exercised, and the Com- pany of Artillery, every Sunday, were exercised at the great gun practice, under the orders and direction of the Artillery Serjeant Ma- jor of the King's troops. To excite the emulation of the Militia men, a premium was given to such as excelled. The Captains in the Coun- try were obliged to execute all orders addressed to them by the Go- vernor General, and also all process from the Intendant, respecting the Police, and also with regard to suits touching Fiefs, 'i'hoy were also obliged to execute all orders repecting the roads, from the Grand Voyer. It was customary forthe Governor General to deliver to the several Captains of Mihtia, every year, by way of gratification, a quantity of powder and ball. il No. V. jtn Aeeoimt tf theammmt of the Value of the Importi am/ Eiportf* wUle Canaaa natu a Colony of Frantt, Yean. *'*^lExport8...1414900 DifFerence...4267190 _, I tay^^r Imports. ..5 154861 *' > * ''^ I Export8„.l 337000 Dif{erence...S8178Sl 4 , ».| J Imports ...4439490 * '^* |Exports...l515932 Diffi»rence...2923558 / 1.752 rExport8...6047820 *'*'^1 Imports... 1554400 Di£Ference...449342d j»-q rimport8...S195733 ''''^iExport8...1706130 Difference...348960S . •.jR^ f Import8...5147621 *'^*lExport8...1 576616 Difference...3571005 Arrivalft— •Vessels from FranceM.S2 From West Indies.,., 10 From Loaisbourg 1 ., & Nova Scotia J ** j-BR f Tmport8...S20S272 *'^^lExport8...15l5730 DifK rence...S687S42 The Liwe is of the value of lOd, Halibut Currency. £3 I '; h :)■ No. VI. ' ' LANDS IN CANADA GRANTED BY THE FRENCH GOVERNMENT EXCLUSIVE OF ISLANDS. Contents of the Fjrenph Grantt A great proportion in Mortmain, to the ChurcH &c. fpr the use* of Science and Religion. To the Ursuline Convent of Quebec. Cap Sarit6 - . » St. CroiX) 1 league by 10 leagues UrtulinM of Three Rivera. Riviere du Loup - • Recollect Convent. Notre Dame des Anges Seminary and Biahoprick of Quebec. Bl, St- Joachim, Petite Riviera St. Paul, '•'^•♦' Isle aux Coudres ••V . Isle Jesus - - . . ( I V Lcs Eboulemens in I684> ■ f in 1694 ffdas^lQ acref. 105,755 59860 508,82^ 47,888 35,906 125,706 ' ■ ' . ...... 693,32* On the Isle Jesus, the parishes of ". St. Francois, St. Rose, St. Mar- . ■ tin, St. Vincent 4e Paul. The Jesuits. Charlesbourg - - - 119,720 Lorette - . - - 23,944 Sillery . - - - 8979 Isle au Reaux - - - 360 Cape de la Magdelaine 282,240 Batiscan . - - - 282,240 La Prairie de la Magdelaine 56,448 St. Gabriel , . - 104,850 Isle St. Christophe 80 Pachirij>ny - - - 585 La Vacherie at Quebec 73 St. Nicolas, opposite Quebec 1180 Tadousac - . - 6 891,84Z NGH Cltft / IS St. Sulpicians at Montreal. I»Und of Montreal Lake of the Two Mountains St. Sulpice . Yamaska - . . 125,706 38,909 71,832 23,944» >! 250,191 73 Getierk] Hospital at Quebec. La Vacherie ... Belle Chasse Berthier 2 L. by 2 L. 28,i24 St. Francois de Salles General Hospital, Montreal St. Bernard • ^ ^ ^^q^ Hotel Dieu, Quebec. St. Augustin ... 14112 Fief St. Ignace, in Charlesbourg parish. SoBUrs Crises or Sister* of the Congrega tion at Montreal. Chateauguay ... St. Nicolas and la Paix Islands. 5» J'. -it 42,336 Recafitvlation. tJrsulines « . ^ . Three Rivers Ursulines - Recollets .... Bishop and Seminary, Quebee Jesuits ' ' i. . St. Sulpicians ^ . . General Hospital, Quebec Do. Montreal . . i Hotel Dieu, Quebec fioeurs Crises ... In Mortmain ... To the Church about one fourth. All the Grants ... To the Laity * i Ti 164,616 30,909 945 693,324 891,845 250,191 28,497 404 14112 42,336 2,115,178 acres. 7,985,470 5,870,292 I:" '' !* ''II r ;i , 1 f' j . 16 ;l I,; i No. VII. EEKARKS OH THB FRENCH GRANTS, wnou 1672totuc CONQUEST. 1. Some grant the Right of Fishing, Hunting and Trading with the Indians. Others do not, but except it. Those that do, are most generaL Excepted in the Grant of Gentilly to Mr. Duchenau 1676* Granted to Michel Cresse* of Isle de la Fourche, 4th NoTember, 1680. 2. Some grant the Highf Low and Middle Justice, or Jurisdic- tion. Others do not....Tne former most usual...Some only the mid- dU and hw Justice. 7/ir ConStions and Reufvatitnt art those on the Grant of Selgnoriet* There are five Grants according Fen'm Franfaisy in 1072. That to the Ist. Company, 15th January, 1636, was en Fief et SsigneurU tif JuttUtt and the like Rights which had been granted to the Company of New France, charged with Faith and Homage, at the Castle of St. Lewis, at Quebec, by a single Hommag^ Lige ^ ehaque mutation de Possesseury avee une maille vor du poids d« denue oncct et le Revenu tPune annSe. In the tniuquent manner of Granttngt we find these Condliiont and Ruervationst origin, 1672. ,' (i . 1. Faith and Homage at the C&stlc of St. Lewis. 2. For Settlement {Feu et Lieu) ia ' ' i . a year, both by the Seignior and .. !\. .his Tena^:** on their . respectite . U ■ . J. Concessions. w . . S. Oak Trees, for Ship Building. .-^ . 4. The Crown to be informed of all . . Mines discovered. - 5. Ground to be left or furnished for - > ■ - ^ Highways. 6. The Grantee to obtain the Royal '.'^i^ ' . . Confirmation in a year. • 53 Concessions of this Tenor be« fore 1675. 26 Grants in this short interval, sans Justice 7. The Censitaires to be compelled to inhabit and cultivate their Farms or Concessions, and build upon them, and have Stocks of Cattle. The terms vary. in 3 years. 6 years. After the War. Many of this naturefroml751to 1755 Grants to Bequet De Villerai Widow La Fond Mr. Cabanac Madame La Nau- dier« 27th April 1683 27th April 1684 28th Jany. 16S4 22d April 1695 5 6th April 1697 i 30th Oct 1700 **, T» SpuUnjM l«thOct. 1702 Vaudreuiri 29th Oct. 1738 E«tage 31st Deer. 1732 Vid. to Demoiselle RaniMy, on Lake Champlain, 25th Oct. 1749. ^r. Daiae, 1st Nov. 1749, Grand Isle. Mr. De Lanaudiere, Masqulnone^. 1st March, 1750. Mr. Desenevilk, 20th April, 1750, &c. jtc. 8. Re-ervation to the King, out of the Grant of such l^oriicn as may be wanted for Foriifici- tioiis et ouvrnget pul>/'p$et and Trees, both tur IjuiUi.fi^s u,.d the IVgris, and fur Fue: for the Garrsons, wir/iout pau. Tins new, a. id the first ui- 8tance..,.others are on tiie mar- gin, *.7S2 9. Grantee"! to make under cessi. ons, at the accu-.iomed Cens et Rentes, and of one arpeiit in , front, by f irty deep. Vid. Grant ai Leg S mlt, fr> t?ie Vaiidreuil's, 29. h Oct. 1 732,& Of Berthier, &c. to J^'it.s[a e, yibt Dec. 1732. This general to 17 f9. 10. The Seigneur to leave the Shore free to Fisheries, except what he may want for his own use. Vid Grant to Vaudreuib, 29th Oct. 1732. 11 Reservat.on of Oak, Masts & ' getierally all wood for Ship • Building. There had oeen an instance in a Grant of Gratinau, to Boucher, the son, at Lac St. Pierre, 3d Nov. 1672. It u common from 1749 to 12. R '.ervajion of Red Pines for Tar. Gram to Pierre Dupre, f50th IVc, 1682, of Riviere de GowfFre To Pierre Lecsard or Tremble, 1683, of Les liibouk'inens. na2 1J49 ^ Grants of a posterior period do not always contain condi- tions found in prior Grants: they add and they omit, for reas-.ns /tot now known. P^rh^ps the Governors and Intendaats liad fayo- ■ill ' 'M 18 II k « 11 :i #^' '%f :4 (1) Petition. (3) Description. %-., (3) Grant. ■ft* rites. The soils and situations might lead to some discriminations and divirsities. FORM OF A FRENCH GRANT, DATED IN 1697. Louis DE BuADE, Govemor, &c. Jean Bochart, Intendant, &c. To all to whom that shall see these Presents, Grecting...Be it known, that upon the Petition of Lc Sieur Boiscl lery Noel, Esqr. Comptroller of the Marine and Foriifications in this Coun- try, for a Grant of Land ten leagu^-s in front by four in depth, situated in the Bay of Chaleur, beginning at the River de Murgonick, and running to that of Menekik, with the Islands, Islets, Batures, Caps de sa devanture, and to give the Concession the name of Boisellery, We by virtue of the pow- er given to Us jointly by His Majes- ty, have given, granted and conceded, and give, grant, and concede, to the said Sicur de Boisellery, the said land, in manner above described, to which we give the name of Boisellery, to hold the same to him and his Succes- sors and Assigns m propriety for ever, with the title (a litre) of Fief and Sei- neurie, high, middle, and low Justice, with the right of Hunting, Fishing, and Trading throughout the said Con- cession, charged to bear Faith, and Homage at the Castle of St. Lewis, at Quebec, of which it shall be held to the duties and dues (^auguel il relev- ra aux Droits et Redtvances) accus. tomed, according to the Custom of Paris practised in this Country, to pre- serve, and cause to be preserved by the Tenants {Tenanciers) wood of oak, proper for the construction of His Ma- jesty'4 vessels, to give information to the King or the Governor of the Coun- try of Mines, Minerals and Ores, if a- ny shall be found in the said extent, to settle ^d'tftenir feu et lieu) and cause it to be settled by the Tenants, to clear (4) Name of the Seigniory. {5) Tenendum Fief and Segneurie. (6) Jurisdictions. (7) Hunting, Fishing, Trading. Charge. (1) Faith »nd Homage. (3) Duties and Dues of Paris. (S) Preserve the Oaks fit for Ship Building. (4) Give Intelligence of Mines. (5) Cormorancy or Settlement. minatioin 1697. ;rnor, &c. iant, &c. 1 see these own, that jr Boisel ler of tlie his Coun- II leagUv.-8 luated in ng at the uiining t3 2 Islands, devanture, le name of the pow . [is Majes- conceded, e, to the said land, to which ellery, to is Succes- r for ever, ^f and Sei- V Justice, ', Fishing, said Con- ''aith, and !t. Lewis, II be held lel il relev- 'i ) acciiS' [)u8tom of ry, to pre- ved by the i of oak, f His Ma- -mation to the Coun- Ores, if a- extent, to ind cause it 's, tu clear L.mi m 19 . i> (ti) Clearing Woods on Lines. (7) Penalty, Expui»ioD, the division lines [de detsrter ou faire deserter) as soon as the present war is ended, upon pain of being ousted ,„. , , ,, . of the possession of the said land, and (8) Leave Land forRoad,& Ways, and finally, tp leave Roads and Ways ,1^ necessary for ihe public utility: all subject to His Majesty' pleasure, of (9) Sue out confirmation in a year, which he shall be bound to sue out a a confirmation of these presents, with- in one year. In Testimony whereof we have signed, and to the same set the Seal of our Arms, and countersiijned it by our Secretaries. — Made and done at Quebtc, 23d Ma-ch, 1697. The whole Number of Grants inspected are : Teste and Date. «:;. By the Intendant, Jean Talon, from 1674 to 1676 Count Frontenac, Governor, Duchenau & Bochart from 1676 to 1680 Dela Barre & De Meules, to 1684 - l)e Nonville& Bochart, 1687-^1689 Frontenac & Bochart, 1691 to 1698 De Callicres & Bochart, 170G 1702 De Callieres & Beauharnois Yaudreuil & Raudot, 1 706 Vaudreuil & Begon, 1713 to 1717 Beauharnois & Hocquart, 1732 to 1744 De la Galissioniere & Bigot, 1748 & 1749 De la Jonquicre & Bigot 1749 to 1752 De Longueuil& Bigot, 1752 Du Quesne & Bigot, 1752 & 1754 Vaudreuil Sc Bigot, 1755 5 53 23 •81 7 S 3 9 37 1 5 S 3 5 47 3 16 1 4 1 •10 -80 229 r.i C 2 No. VIII. i^ JOURNAL OF THE SIEGE OF NIAGARA, IRANSLATEO FROM THE IR£NCII. • " 6th July, 1759. About seven at niglit, a Soldier, who was hunting, came with all dil'g '..CO to acquaint .'•!( iiMciir Pouchot, that he had discovered at the emvance of the wood, a party uf Savages, and that itiey had even fi.ed on some other hunters. Monsieur Pouchot immediately se.ii Ml". Sv-'lviiMt, C Jptain in the Regiment o{ RouhilKm, at the head of one Piquet, a liizon Canadian Volunteers pieceded them, and on their coming to the cJge of the woods, a number of Indians fired up- on them, wnicii tli'>*y returned, and were obliged to retire : they took Meshis. i'urnace and Al letter. The rcnuiindcr of this day the Eiiiriisli made uo motions. lucidiii/ lO/h At two o'clock all our mm were on the Ram- parts, and at day break wo perceived they had opened their Trench- es, at the cntrai.ce of the wilderness, at ahoui tlm'c hundred toi'^es fri:m the Fort ; we made a very hot fire I'pon them all day. Mr. Ciiab urt arrived with t e garrison of the Little Fort and seven or ci ht Savage iioquoise and Mississagas. Monsieur Pouchot went to palsade the oitches : the service as usual, only the addition of two oHic.rs to lie in the covered way. About eleven o'clock at night orders were given to make all^the Piquets fire from the covered way 1^ i 1759. wiih all vercd at liey had lediately he head , and on fired up- rc : ihey 11018, iwo discharge n. Mon- ;my-liine, parts 'till Lake, a lat it was d the Gc- tieries, to lately dis- ; of what lain of the he. could vcB un the n shot at nt at the ort. The nd fire on h officer >uchot, to rcatment ; unwilling is day the the Ram- Trcnch- nd ti>i'*e8 ay. Mr. Id aevcn or l>t went to |on of two at night Icrcd wav to hinder the workmen of the enemy. Mr. Laforce sent his boat pn shore for Monsii-ur Pouchct's orders. Wednesday Wih July. The W' rks continue on both sides. At noon a party of about fifteen men, So' Jiers and Militia, went very nigh the Trenches of the caetuy, a..d perceived them sally out be- tween four and five hundred, who enme towards them at a quick pace» but they Wi re stopped by our cannon. They bei;an on ttie other side of tiie Swamp, whicii is to the left of their Trench, ano- ther about twenty yards ; aid at five i. 'clock they began to play two Grenadoc Roy;ii M>irtars. At aix o\locktwo Savages of the Five Nations, who were invited by ne Caycnde'sie of their nalR.n, came to speak to Mr. Punchot ; the firnig ceased ou both 9:des during this parley. At ten o'cl ick we began to fire again, and then we found the English had eight mortals. Night between the Wth and \2th. The enemy ran their parallel from their first Trench to the Lake side, where it seemed they in- tended to estitblibh a battery. At two ia the afternoon four Chief& of the Five Nations, came to us on parole, a.id said they were going to retne to B die Famille. The enemy wrought ihe rest of that day, and pertecred theii night's work. Mr. Laforce had orders to pro- ceed to Fronti-nac, and to ret urn immediately: in the night between the r2th and lUih, they fired many bombs: 1 went with thirty men» to observe where ihee ciiiy wrought. Friday^ I3//i July. A canoe arrived from Monsieur De Ville, to hear how we stood at this post (or rather for the Canada Post.) The enemy threw a great many bombs all this d.iy, and continued to work to perfect their Ticnchcs; we fired a great many cannon •hot. Many t f their Sava;res cnwsed the River, and desired lo spcalt with us. There were but iwi» of those nations with us. I went out with five Volunteers to act as the night before. The enemy fired 110 bombs 'till abi)Ut midnight. Saturday, 14-//i Jidy. At day break we fotmd they had prolonged their Trenches to the Lake sid(^, in spite of the great fire from our cannon and imisquetry during the night, ai:d perfected it dur ng the day time ; they have placed fotir mortars, and threw many bombs. All our garrison lay in the covered way and on the Kampans. Sunday, \5lh Julf. In the niorning we perceived thty had finished their works began the night btfore : dniingihe niglit they threw about thirty shells; the rest of the day and night they threw a great nraity, but did not incommode us in any shaj.e. Monday, I6th Jidy. At dawn cf day we spy'd, about half a league vn, two liarges, at which we discharged r me c.umon, on which they retired : in the o.urse of the day they cmiiinutid to throw some shiUs. They have alieady disubled us ah iUt twenty men. All our men lie on «kinft or in their clothes and armed. Wc du what we can to incommode them W'th our cannon. Tuesday, Mlh July. Until hix this n orning wc had a thick iogt so that we could not diptern the works of the enemy ; but i: clearing a Uttic up, we »aw they had raised a Battery uf three piece i of can^ li ,1 22 -'-w' non and four mortars on the other side of the River ; they began to fire about 7 A. M, and Mr. Pouchot placed all the guns he cuuld against them : the fire was brisk on both sides all day, they seemed most inchned to batter the House where the Commandant lodges. The service as usual for the night. JVednesday, 1 8//* July There was a great firing on the preceding day ; we . had one soldier killed and four wounded by their shells. Thursday, \9th July. At the dawn of day we found the Enemy had began a Parrallel about eighty yards long, in front of the Fort. The fire was very great on both sides. At two P. M. arrived the Schooner Iroquoise, from Frontenac, and laid a-breast of the Fort, not being able to get in, the Enemy having a battery on the other side of the river, MoRsieur Pouchot will have the boat on shore as soon as the wind falls. Friday, 20th July. The English have made a third Parallel, towards the Lake ; they are to-day.about one hundred and sixty yards from the Fort : They cai'not have worked quietly at the Sap, having had n great fire of musqetry all night long, which they were obliged to bear. Dunng the day they made a great firing with their Mor- tars, and they perfected their Works began the night of the 19th to the 20th. We had one man killed and four wounded. The fire of the -nusquetry was very hot on both sides, till eleven at night, when the Enemy left off, and we continued ours all night. Two Canoes were sent on board the Schooner, who are to go to Montreal and Tironto. Saturday 2\st July. During the night the Enemy made a fourth ^ Parrallel, which is about a hundred yards from the Fort, in which it appears they will erect a battery for a breach in the flag Bastion : they have hardly fired any cannon or bombs in the day, which gives room to think they are transporting their cannon and Artillery from their old battery to their new one. The service as usual. Their battery on the other side fired but litile in the day. The Schooner went off to see two Canoes over to Tironto, one of which is to jHist to Montreal, and from thence she is to cruize off Oswego, to trv to stop the Enemy's convoys when on their way. The com- pany of Volunteer^ are always to pass the night in the covered way. Saturday 22d. All the night there was a strong conflict on both sides. We had one man killed by them and by our own cannon. We fired almost all our cannon with cartridges. They worked in the night to perfect all their works began the night before. The Enemy began to fire red hot ball,* in the night ; they also fired Fire-poles. AH day they continued at w >rk to establish their batteries. They fired as usual, bombs and cannon. The service as usual for the night of the 22d and 23d. They worked hard to perfect their batteries, be., ing warmly ■jnstained by their nuisquetry. > Monday, 2\'uL We added two pieces of cannon to the Bastion of the Lake, to oppose those of the Em-my's side. At ,8 A. M four Savages brought a letter from Monsieur Aubry to Monsieur Pouchot, ^.^ '2^ W by which we learn tiiat he was arrived at the great Island, beforp the little Fort, at the head of 2500 men, half French and half Sa- vages : Monsieur Ponchot immediately sent back four Savages with the answer to Mr Aubry's letter, informing him of the Enemy's si- tuation. These Savages before tliey came in, spoke to the five Na- tions, and gave them five Belts to engage them to retire from tlio Enemy : They saw part of the Enemy's Camp, and told us the first or second in Command was killed by one of our bullets, and two of their guns broken, and one mortar : We have room to hope, that with such succours, we may oblige the Enemy to raise the siege, with the loss of men ; and as they take up much ground, they must be beat, not being able to rally quick enough. At P. M. They unmasked another battery of — pieces of Can- non, 3 of which were eighteen pounders, the others 12 and 6. They . j began with a brisk fire, which continued two hours, then slackened; N About five P. M. we saw a barge go over to Belle Famille, on the / other side nf the river, and some motions ma(le there : One of the four Savages which went off this morning, returned, (his Porce- laine, i.e. Wampum) he had nothing neW. The service of ths night as usual. We worked hard to place two pieces, twelve poun- ders, on the middle of the curtains, to bear upon their battery. TuetJay 2ith July. The Enemy began their fire about four o'clock thirt morning, and continued to fire with the same vivacity the rest of the day. At eight A. M. we perceived our army was I / approaching, havhig made several discharges of musquctry at Celle ^ Famille. At nine the fire began on both sides, and lasted half an hour ; We wait to know who has the advantage of those two i At two P. M. we hear, by a Savrge, that our army was routed, and almost all made prisonprs, by the treachery of our Savages ; When immedi- ately the Enghsh army had the pleasure to inform ug of it by sum- moning us to surrender. > The above with some Letters, were found in an embrasure, after the English were in possession nf the Fort ; sitice which translated, and the Original given to Sir Willia.m JoUNSoii. \\vr-^'- Vt ^)- n ^ J. 4. 11 * (»■ 1 * • - .^-v ► - • tUi'^r ■;.vij,jVi , - , .•.td Li ,fii))( i«»n..O - ,'5',,>u .V'rj .; vi .lij-.'j. -■ - ■ ,::?:.;. . .v/^rrjj/ r-'P.*^. ,;t -mY .' .'*.J Jfijb %^tii^j.UOjvi... . . :• . n* : ": -x--- ,: ''.- :. ... ; No. IX. XrST OF THE NAVAL AND MILITARY FORCE ON THE EXPEDITION AGAINST QUEBEC, TOGE- THER WITH THE GENERAL AND STAFF OFFI- CERS. N ■■■:'" " ' Twenty Ships of the Line, two Fifty's, eight Frigates, nine Sloops, three Ketches, three Fire Ships, two Armed Ships, one Cutter, one Store 3hip. Charles Saunders, Commander in Chief, Vice Admiral of the Blue. Philip Durell, Rear Admiral of the Red. Qharlqs Holmes, Rear Admiral of the White. LAND FORCES. Major General James Wolfe, Commander in Chief» {Honble. Robert Monckton, Honble. George Townshend* Honble. James Murray. Lieutenant Colonel Guy Carleton, Quarter Master General. Major Isaac Barr6, Adjutant General. ^ ("Hervy Smith, 1 Aides de Camp to the Commander Capts. |Tho„a3 3^11^ j- {„ c^ief. r Richard Guillem, "l I-""^"- ] Hon. Richid Maitland, [ M*J°" °^ ^"«^^'' ' (.Henry Dobson. J Capts. \ i^a\\l^ * f Assistants to the Quarter Master Genl. -• Major Patrick Mackellari Chief Engineer. First Brigade, • * General Monckton, Regimenttf Commaiiding Officers, 15th, Major Irving, 43d, Lieut. Col. James, 4.8th, Lieut. Col. Burton, 78th, Lieut. Col. Fraser, Second Brigade, General Townshend, 28th, Lieut. Col. Walsh, 47th, Lieut. Col. Hale, 60th, Sd Bat. Major Prevost. Third Brigade, General Murray, 85th, Lieut. Col. Fletcher, 58th Major Agnew, 60th, Lawrence's, 3d Bat. Lieut. Cm. Young, The Grenadiers of the above ten Regiments, Lieut. Col. Carleton; 25 AC EON OGE. OFFI- Sloops, er, one le Blue. leral. fimandei- Gcnl. ,, rrt. Tf e 1.1 Ll- Col. Hon. Wm. Howe, Corps of Liffht Intaury iroin the | co i u a \/i ■ t u „ " fir- f 5Sih Rcjjt. and Maior Joha Retrimeiits at the Liue, - I ia u ^ ' J Dalling. A Corps of Rangers Major George Scott. *•; 'r > S' No. X. ■• fn ^ A JOURNAL Of the Expedition up the River St. Lawrence ; containing a true and particular Account of the transactions of the Fled and ytrmyy from the time of their embarkation at Louisbourgh, till after the surrender of QoEBKC, On the 1st. of June, 1759, wc embarked on board the transports at Louisbourg, bound on the expedition to Canada. The fourth day we set sail for the river St. Lawrence, which we made on tlic ninth, and were till the sixteenth before we gut into it. For about forty leagues up the river, the depth of wa^er is one hun- dred fathoms. The nineteenth day we came into seventeen fathom water; and on ttie twenty-third we joined Admiral Durell, who with seven sail of tlie line, and some frigates lay as guard to pro- tect the river at the Isle of Coudre. This Island is pleasantly situa- ted, lies panly high, and was very well peopled before we came up. And passing this Island about a league up, we anchored, and two uf our small boats went in shore, and was attacked by a small party of Canadians and Indians, and were obliged to retreat to their ships. The 25th, we made the outer end of the Isle of Orleans, and on the twenty-seventh landed on it without the loss of a man. A small party of the rangers were almost surrounded by a large party of Indians; but the rangers rushed through them with the lo^ii uf only one man, what damage the enemy sustained, is uncertain. The 29th, the French sent down five fire ships amongst our fleet ; but did no damage. The same day we marched six miles un- der the command of Colonel Carleton, and encamped that same night in sight of the French army, and likewise in sight of the town. Ge- neral Monckton'b brigade and a party of rangers landed on the south side ; we had a small attack, by which we had three killed, two wounded, and four taken prisoners. July 1st, the enemy came against Our detachment on the south aide of the river with floating batieiies ; but our shipping soon drove them off. The same day the Louisbourg grenadiers went a fo- raging ; we had two killed and scalped bclonu;ing to the '2'2<1 regiment. The 5th, a barge was sent between the Island and the main land, to sound the depth of water ; the French fired four caimon shot at her, and came down on a large bar of sand, from whence they fired bmall uuns ; also five canoes came down the river, full of Indians, who took the barge, made one man prisoner and wounded another. On the same day their floating batteries attacked our shipping ; but irleton* ; 1,1 i ' u ; 26 ■were soon obliged to quit their firing. General Monckton opened a •mall battery upon the sjuth side : the first day they cannonaded and bombarded on both sides, but lost not a man. The 8th, we landed on Quebec shore, without any intercep- tion, and marched up the river about two miles, when the Louis - bourg grenadiers were ordered out to get fascines, they had bcarce set down to take a small refreshment, and detached a small party of ran- gers to gua^d the skirts of the wood, before a large party of Indians surrounded them, killed and scalped thirteen, wounded the captain- lieutenant and nine privates ; they likewise killed and wounded four- teen royal Americans, wounded two of the 22d and one of the iOth regiment, we got only three prisoners, and killed two of the savages. The third day our shipping was drove off by the enemy's shells. We got only some few prisoners till the twelfth day, when the French built a battery against us, but had not time to mour.t any guns on it} for we soon demolished it with our field pieces and howitzers. The 14th day their floating batteries came off after our boats, but we soon drove them back again. The sevenieenth we set the town on fire, about twelve o'clock, which continued burning all that On the 17th, we went out a fasclning, and to make oars, with a small party to cover us, five were killed, of which four were scalped, and we were obliged to quit the wood directly ; the Indians came up very near, and killed and scalped one man close by us ; the grenadiers of the 45th regiment, fired upon them, and killed one, but the Indians carried him off; we had five killed and three wounded; but our people returning upon them, made them fly so fast that they were obliged to leave their watch-coats, with several other things be- hind them ; but could not get one of them prisoners. A deserter came to us, from whom we got some account of their forces, which, however imperfect, gave us some encouragement. The 18th, the deserter weiit out with the light infantry, show- ed them a place to cross the falls ; the Indians fired on them, but hurt none : likewise the same night some of the shipping passed the town, and one ran ashore on the south side of the river. The 19th day the floating batteries came out to attack our shipping round the harbour ; but our batteries on the land side drove them on, ao that the shipping received but two shot. The 21 Bt, all the grenadiers crossed over to the Island of Or- leans ; the Indians attacked us very smartly as we were marching to the water side. The same day the enemy opened two batteries on us, which raked our camps. Our troops with seamen, stormed a bat- tery on the south side, spiked the cannon, broke the mortars, broke into their magazine, took all their powder, and threw their shot and •hells into the water. The 22d, set the town on fire, which burnt all the next day : some of the shipping attempted to pass the town, but the enemy fired so hot at them, they were obliged to turn back- f 27 The 2idf three hundred provincials landed on the Island of Or. leaim, vviiich was some reinforce3iei.t. The 25th, the Louisbuurg battalion and three more companies of grenadiers, with three companies of hght infantry, went ruund the IblaiiU of Oi'leans. The 27th, they arrived again at the camp ; and received the news, that our forces on Montmorenci side had been attacked the day before, and had got the better of tht enemy, in which it was said ihey had three hundred killed. Our loss was five officers and thiriy-two privates, twelve of whom wert killed, the rest wounded. The same day went to get the plunder which was discovered ou the march round the Island, consisting chief* ly of wearing apparel, and som? cash. The same night the French sent down five fire floats, which were towed ashore by the men of war's boats, where they were burnt without doing our shipping any damage. The 29th, Otway's, Hopson's, Whitmore's and Warburton'f grenadiers went on board two transport -ships, the resr in flat-bot> tomed boats, with & full intent to land on a part of the French shore ( battery; ont D 2 ' >i -i' 28 II. Hi' of the ship's boats being tent out tu f^e e what it was, and just as the seamen we'c going to get on it, it blew up, and killed one midship- man, and wounded four sailors. The same day about thirty sailors wt-nt a plundering on the south side of the river, but were surprized by a party of I: dians and drove off, with the loss of their plunder. The 1 1th, there was an engagement between our Fcouting parties and the Indians ; our people drove them oiF ; we had several killed and wounded. The 12th we had an account of General Murray's going to land above the town ; he made an attempt to land twice, and was beat off; he made the third attempt, and landed on the south shore^ with the the loss of ab«)ut one iiundred killed ar.d wounded. The same day we had an account from the enemy, that General Amherst's army was in such a bad condition, that they were obliged to return back again. On the 13th we had an account by a deserter from the enemy, that they were in great want of provisions, and that a body of French and Indians were come over the falls, the same side our army was on, had with them four days provisions, and were there still. The 15th, Captain Gorham returned from an incursion, in which service were employed, under his command, one hundred and fifty rangers, a detachment from the different regiments, highlanders, ma- rines, &c. amounting in all to about three hundred ; an a- med vessel, three transports, with a heutenant and seamen of the navy to attend him ; of which expedition they gave the following account : " That on the 4tli of August they proceeded down to St. Paul's Bay, where was a parish containing about two hundred men, who had been very active in distressing our boats and shipping. At three o'clock in the mcrning. Captain Gorham landed, and forced two of their guards, of twenty men each, who fired smartly for some time ; but that in two houi .s he drove them all from their covering in the wood, and cleared the village, which he afterwards burnt ; it consisted of a- bout fifty fine houses and barns ; destroyed most of their cattle, &c. Ttiat in diis they had one man killed and six wounded ; but that the enemy had two killed and several wounded, who were carried off. That from tlieiice they proceeded to Mai Bay, ten leagues to the eastward, on the same side, where they destroyed another very pretty parish, drove off the inhabitants and stock without any loss ; after which they made a descent on the south shore, opposite the Isle of Cou- drc, destroyed part of the parishes of St. Anne and St. Roc, where weie many handsome houses with good farn>s, and loaded the vessels with cattle, and then returned from their expedition." The same day, a party of highlanders came to the Isle of Orleans from General Monckton's encampment, in order to destroy all the Canada side. The same day our people set one <'f the enemy's float- ing batteries on fire j and in the night General Monckton set the town on fire, (being the fourth time) and the flames raged so violently, that 'twas imagined the whole city would have been reduced to ashes. \ 29 I. Orleans uU tl>e 's float- the town /lulcntly, to ashes. The 18th the enemy hove a shell from the town, which killed one of our men, and wounded six move. ^ On the 20th the Louisbourg grenadiers began their march down the main land of Quebec, in order to burn and destroy all the hou- ses on that side. On the 24th they were attacked by a party of French, who had a priest for their commander ; but our party kil« led and scalped thirty-one ot them, and likewise tiie priest their com- mander ; they did our people no damage. The three companies of Louisbourg grenadiers halted about four miles down the river, at a church called the Guardian Angel, where they were ordered to for- tify themselves till further orders : our people had several small par- ties in houses, and the remainder continued in the church The 25th they began to destroy the countr}', burning houses, cutting down their corn, &c. At night the Indians fired several scattering shot at the houses, whiejh- kill<:d one liighlander and wounded another ; but they were soon jepulsed by the heat of uur firing : it was said, that the number of the enemy consisted of eight hundred Canadians and Indians. September tst, they set fire to the enemy's houses and fortifications, and then iharched to join the grand army at Mommo- renci. The 26th of August, a Serjeant of the 35th regiment deserted a- cross the falls, and though our people fired several shot at him, he got clear off to the enemy. The 27th, some of our shipping went past the town, notwithstand- ing the enemy kept a constant finng of shot and shells at them, tho' witliout doing them much damage. The 29th, five sail more pas- sed the town, up the river, amidhi the constant firing of the enemy : and on the 30th, four more of our vessels passed the town, without receiving any considerabli* damage from the enemy's battel ies ashore, although ihey kept up a very b isk fire upon them as they passed up. September Ist, all the sick and wounded that were ou Montmo- •renci si'', came over to the Isle of Orleans: on the 2d instant a large body of Wolfe's troops came over, with the Louisbourg gre- nadiers, and encamped that night on the same island. The 3d day a^l the army Icfi Montmorenci side, they set all the houses and fortifications on fire, and then embarked in fla^ bot- tomed boats and came up above the fall ; the French fired very brisk all the time of their passing, but did them no damage, they went over to Point Levi and encamped there. The -tth, the Louisbourg grenadiers, and the remainder of the ar- my crossed over to Point Levi from the Isle of Orleans, and en- camped there. The same day four men came from General Am- herst's army ; they were twenty-six days on their journey, and m- foTined us, that we were in possession of Ticonderoga and Crown Point. The 5th, about five or six hundred men matched up the river on Point Levi side, to go above the town, and carried one montli's pro- visions up in sloops. The same day one of the Royal An made hh escape, and came to the i*orcupine Sloop rf War, which lay a little below the fall ; he infonncd us, that there were ibuut three hundred Indians with the enemy tiiat carried arms ; but that there were a great number of women and children, and that they were very scant of provisions ; likewise that he himself had been for- ty-eight hours without any thing to eat : he further said, that the enemy were very numerous in their entrenchments, consisiing of at least fourteen thousand men, of whom, eleven thousand were Cana- dians, and the rest regulars, the latter of whom were heartily tii«d of the siege • The 6th, the Schoonfcr Terror of France, went above the town, in the middle of the day, and passed, the enemy kept up a cons tant fire at her, and she received several shot in her sails, but lost none of her hands. The whole of the army being on Point Levi side, the main body were ordered to get ready to march above the town, on the south side, and to take with them imly one shiit, and one pair of ttockings, besides what thiey liad on : they marched up the river a- bout eight miles, and then embarked on board the men of war and transports that were up the river ; the number that embarked Werd three thousand three hundred and forty-nine men, with a party of the train of artillery. The 10th, the weather being very wet, and the troops very much croudcd on board the men of war and transports, the General tlitjught proper to land them on the sonth side again ; which was a great de- coy to the French ; we then marched to the church of St. Nicholas, under the command of General Monckton, where we halted. The next day we received intelligence of a small number of French and Indians, who were driving 8(jme cattle ; we dispatched a party of five-hundred men, who took the cattle, but the enemy got off. The 12th, we received orders to eml rk on board the transports again, and to hold ourselves in readiness to land next morning at day light, under the heights of Abraham ; accordingly we landed at break of day, ( 13th) and immediately att' eked and routed a considera- ble body of the enemy and took possession of their battery of four twen- ty-four pounders, <^nd one 13-inch mortar, with but a very inconsi- derable loss on our side. We then took post on the plains of Abra- ham, where Mr. Montcalm, (on hearing that we were landed for he did not at all erpect us,) hasted with his whole army, consisting of cavalry as well as infantry, to give us battle ; about nine o'clock, we observed the enemy marching down towards us in three columiis, at tt.i, they formed their line of battle, which was at least six deep, ha- ving their flanks covered by a thick wood on each side, into which he threw above a thousand Canadiai s aiid Indians, who galled us much : we got two six pounders to fire against the enemy very soon, six more, besides two royal howiizers, came up whilst the enemy were making haste to attack before our artillery should be got up, as they dreaded our quick firing; accordingly their regniuis ihen marched briskly up to us, and gave us their first fire at about fifty yards dis- I I' 31 tance, which we did not return, as it was General Wolfe's express orders uot to fire till they came within twenty yards of us : they continued firing by platoons, advancing in a very regular manner, till th«y came close up to us, and then the action became general: our artillery fired so briskly, seconded by the small arms from the regi* mcnts, who behaved with the greatest intrepidity, order, and regula- rity, with a chearfulness which foretold victory on our side, and ia about fifteen minutes they gave way, so that we fairly beat them in open field, drove them before us, part into Quebec, the rest ran pre- cipitately across St. Charles's river, over a bridge of boats, and some through the water. The enemy lost in the engagement. Lieutenant General Montcalm, who had three wounds from our six-pounder grape, of which he died next day ; one Colonel, two Lieutetiant- Colonels, and at least fifteen hundred ofHcers and men killed and wounded, and two hundred taken prisoners at their very sally-ports, of which many were officers. We lost the brave General Wolfe, who received three wounds, but had the satisfaction before his death» to see his own plan so well executed, as to beat the enemy totally : he then said, ** I thank God, now I shall die contented :" These were his last words. Brigadier General Monckton ; Colonel Carle- ton, Quarter-Master Gent^ral ; Major Barry, Adjutant General, and several other officers were wounded. At four in the afternoon, Mr. Bou^inville, appeared in our rear, with about fifteen hundred foot and two hundred horse, upon which brigadier General Burton, with the 35th and 48th regiments march> eu to the left to receive him, but he no sooner perceived our dispo- sitions made to engage him, than he faced to the right about, and made a most precipitate retreat. At ten o'clock at night we surprized their guard and took posses- sion of their grand hospital, wherein we found between twelve and fifteen hundred sick and wounded. We remained that night on the field of battle, and on the 14th in the morning we secured the bridge of boats they had over Charles river, and possessed ourselves of all the posts and avenues that were or might have been of any consequence leading to the town, and began to prepare for attacking the garrison in form, and got up for that purpose, twelve heavy iwenty-tour pounders ; six heavy twelve pounders, some large mortars, and the four inch howitzers, to play upon the town, and had been employed three days, intending to make a breach, and storm the city sword in hand, but were preven- ted by their beating a parley, and sent out a flag of truce with arti- cles of capitulation, and the next day, being the eighteenth of Sep- tember, the articles were signed and we took possession of the city, where we found one hundred and eighty pieces of cannon, from two to thirty-six pounders ; a number of mortars, from nine to fifteen in- ches, field pieces, howitzers, royals, &c. with a large quantity of artillery stoics, &c. &c. The day after the engagement the enemy abandoned Beauport, leaving behind them about fifty pieces of cannon and four mot t: rs, h. 32 !■! having first set fire to all their floating batteries, and blown up their magazine of powder. Mr. Vaudreuil, the governor-general of New France, stole out of the city before the capitulation ; leaving only about six hnndred men, under the command of Monsieur Ramsay, by whom the capitulatiun was signed. The poor remains of the French regulars, with about ten thousand Canadians, retired to Jacques Quartier, under the corn- mand Mr. Levy, but the Canadians deserted from him in great num- bers, and came in and surrendered themselves. Sept. 19th, the French garrison were embarked on board trans- ports ; such of the inhabitants as would come in and take the oath of allegiance were permitted to enjoy their estates. Brigadier General Murray is governor of the town, iind the whole army left to garrison it. During the whole siege from first to last, five hundred and thirty- five houses were burned down, amongst which is the whole eastern part of the lower town (save six or eight houses) which make a very dismal appearance. The enemy were above double our number by their own confes- •ion, besides their Indians, and were entrenched, had breast-works, fleches, redoubts, shore and floating batteries, &c. The enemy kept a diligent look-out, up St Lawrence river, from thence to hin. der any communication with General Amherst, and had intercepted two officers and four Indians coming from him to us. We burned and destroyed upwards of fourteen hundred fine farm houses ; for we during the siege were masters of a great part of their country along shore, and parties were almost continually kept out ravaging the coun- try ; so that it is thought it will take them half a century to recover tbe damage. ! I couu- No. xr. ..5 GENERAL TOWNSHEND'S LETTER TO THE SE- CRETARY OF STATE, GIVING AN ACCOUNT OF THE BATTLE OF THE THIRTEENTH OF SEP- TEMBER, 1759. ""•' ' : ' ' • Camp before Quebec^ Sept. 20t/i, 1759. I have the honour to acquaint you with the success of his Majes- ty's arms on the 13th instant, in an action with the French, on the heights to the westward of this Town ; it being determined to carry the operations above the Town, the Posts at Pointe Levi and I'Isle d'Orleans being secured, the General marched with the remainder of the Forces from Point Levi the 5th and 6th, and embarked them in transports, which had passed the town for that purpose. On the 7th) 8th, and 9th, a movement of the ships was made by Admiral Holmes, in order to amuse the enemy, now posted along the north shore ; but the transports being exceedingly crowded, and the weather very bad, the General thought proper to canton half his troops on the south shore, where they were refreshed, and reimbarked upon the 12tli, at one in the morning. The hght Infantry commanded by Colonel Howe, the regiments of Bragg, Kennedy, Lascelles, and Anstruthcr, with a detachment of Highlanders and the American grenadiers, the whole being under the command of Brigadiers Monck- ton and Murray, were put into flat bottomed boats : and, after some movement of the ships made by Admiral Holmes, to draw the at- tention of the enemy above, the boats fell down with the tide, and landed on the north shore within a league of Cape Diamond, an hour before day break : the rapidity of the tide of ebb carried them a lit- tle below the intended place of attack, which obliged the light Infan- try to scramble up a woody precipice, in order to secure the landing of the troops, by dislodging a Captain's Post, which defended the small entrenched path the troops were to ascend. After a little fi- ring, the light Infantry gained the top of the precipice, and dispersed the Captain's Post ; by which means the troop;), with very Httle loss from a few Canadians and Indians in the wood, got up, and were immediately formed. The boats as they emptied were sent back for the second embarkation, which I immediately made. Brigadier Mur- ray who had been detached with Anstruther's battalion to attack the four gun battery upon the left, was recalled by the General, who now sa\ -he French crossing the river St. Charles. General Wolfe thereupon, began to form his line, having his right covered by the Louisbourg grenadiers, on the right of these again he afterwards brought Otway's ; to the left of the grenadiers, were Bragg's, Ken- nedy's, LaS'celles,' Highlanders, and Anstruther's ; the right of this body was commanded by Brigadier Moiickton, and the left by Brigadier Murray: his rear and left were protected by Co- lonel Howe's light Infantry, who was returned from the four gun battery beforementioned, which was soon 'abandoned to him. E '00^::^. ¥ ' 3-i General Montcalm having collected the whole of his force from thu Beauport side, and advancing, shewed his intention to flank our left) where I was immediately ordered with General Amherst's Battalioti) which I formed en polence. My numbers were soon after increased by the arrival of the two battalions of Royal Americans ; and VVebb's was drawn up by the Geneial, as a reserve, in eight subdi- visions, with large i^tervalst The Miemy lined the bubhes in their front with fifteen hundred Indians and Canadians, and I dare say, had {tlaced most of their best marksmen there, who kept np a very gal- ing tho' irregular fire upon our whole Hne, who bore it with the greatest patience and good ordtr, reserving their fire for the main body now advancing. Thl? fire of the enemy Was, however, check- ed by our posts in our fiont, which protected the forming our own line. The right of the enemy was composed of half of the Troops of the Color. y, the Battaliohs of La Sarre, Languedoc, and the re- mainder of their Canadians and Indians. Their centre was a column, and formed by the battalions of Beam and Guienne. Their left was composed of the remainder of the Troops of the Colony, and the battalion of Royal Roussillon. This was, as near as I can guess, their line of battle. They broitght up two pieces of small artillery against us, and we had been able to bring up btit one gtin, which being admirably well served, galled their column exceedingly. My attention to the left, will not permit me to be very exact with regard to every cncumstance which passed in the centre, much less to the right, but it is most certain, that the enemy formed in good order, and that their attack was very brisk aud animated on that side. Our troops re erved their fire, till within forty yards, which was so well continued, that the enemy every where gave way. It was then our General fell, at the head of Bragg's and the Loiiisbourg Grenadiers, advancing with their bayonets. About the same time, Brigadier Ge- neral Monckton received his wound at the head of Lasce'Ies. In the front of tlie oppt»site battalions, fell also Mr. Montcalm, and his se- cond in command, who is since dead of his wounds on board one of the fleet. Part of the enemy made a second faint attack, part took to ■ome thick coppice wood, and seemed to make a stand. It was at this moment, that each corps Sv.'emed ni a manner to exert itself, with a view to its own peculiar character. The Grenadiers, Braggs, Kennedy's and Lascelles, pressed on with bayonets. Brigadier Mur- ray advancing briskly with the troops under his command, comple- ted the route on this nide, when the Highlanders, supported by An- •truther's, took to th^-ir bMad swords, and drove tliem into the town, and paitto the works at thcii Bridge on the River St. Charles. The action on our ktt and rear wa < not so severe. The houses into which the Light Infantiy was thrown, were well defended, being supported by Colonel Howe, who taking post with two c^*'J< 'ia}e)^ to 00 'luoaSjng ••juejnfpv OOOOO'hOOOO o -<«-nOO-hOOOO o OO'^'^OOOOOO o 00«^"^0^^0C0*^ ^^ -suSisu^ Z O 53 o (J ■tjueuainai'j u^cooa^oat-v^ooot- o u)A>H(oaotot^(0''0< 00 suie)de3 ■tjofte^ ■»|auoio3 'JT •tjauoiog *»ou>o^*i5i*i^ « p^pNPN^^OO^^OOO 00*^0>^>^'"0>**0 i^ «-ooooo-»oo I 0$ tdjog JO jaqiunN r-<-n : C^^'^^ •^ ^ — -* ti c g° J a « -^ bOw.iJ Si? ■s -s -9 3> -s -s -a -fl -Stj^ 01 V5 (O « S ' <■•■ ^ 1 ^ 3 u u 4^ » Rt S . , U . _ . V ^ fr ■ • s B ■ c^c3 •' tJ « ■•3 "O < • iyrr.;' il:-- ^ « 51 - J. c «« --■■ 1-3 ' u C U o t -ST ja ^3 u a C W4 s'a .a s -a w &,«::> C ti « 3 M J' 3 ^^ eS< • f^ "S u a u o h O i u a o .^ * 5B^- No. XIV. H LIST OF THE KILLED, WOUNDED AND MrSSING, ON THE l«th SEP- TEMBER, 1759. ^ u B 06 KILLED I5th 2oth n.7th 43il 47th 48th 58th 2dB _3d B 78th Lou, Gren COth 'I'otal. O! ' 3 6 3 ll 8. 5 2 Mj Si WOUNDED. a- = 0,4 3, 1 be 1 6 1 3 47 14 20 1125 4 506 5 1 2 13 B M C (« 06 52 39 28 18 26 3 80 80 2 131 47 s« M Oi o Artillervl STAF*. Slfe.O m:o» 4> "o C B o o 5 ^ ^ 5 1 1 1 1 1 ll 1 U « ill •J (••M C I c o I o: 'J ■1: I, I? AH Ranks, Kiiled, .Wounded and Missing — Six Hundred and Sixty-Four. '* ' ^ No. XV. Strength of the French ylrmy at the Battle of Quehee^ IS/A Sept. 1759. Right Column. .. i Colony Troops 550 "1 ' Languedi)c .550 j ;.: i Militia & 1 six pounder 4-00 I :j ^ ^ 2^0* Centre. RcgimcDt of Beam 360 i > Guienne 360 Militia 1200 St l» ■ f, ^' r'jcrjRp • r ii J r,;.' • § i.- 1920 , Left Column. Regiment Royal Roussillon 650 Colony Troop* 650 Militia 2.300 .3600 1920 2000 l.J c ^ ♦ Grand Total 7520 89 The Naval Force of the French consisted of the fottoiutug Vessels. \ King'rt Frigates. Guns. L'Atalante . m La Pomone ^•^ S8 Merchant Vessels. ■ .•;<■ y-^nw Le Machault . ■t Le iJeneclere '»' \ ' Le Due de Froiisac . ^ Le Bienfaisant • 2* The 'Luvciy Nancy - 24. La Chezme ^ » 22 No. XVL 1 770 150 90 f- :lV^V 1759. ■ « \ # ^n Account of the Guns found in Quebec on its Surrender. Guns 2H, Howitzers and Mortars 2i. \ \'3 inches •*• ' ' Shells \ 10 do. t 8 & 6 Brass Petards 2. 27 Pieces of Cannon and me Mortar, were found in the several Bastions, between St, Charles River and Beauport. XVIL EPITAPH FOR THE LATE GENERAL MONTCALM's MONUMENT. HrC JACET. Utroque in orbe aetcnivim Victuius LuDovicus JosErniJS de Montcalm Gozon, MarcliioSancti Verani, Bare Gabiiaci, Ordinis Sancti Ludovici, Commendator, Legalus Generalis Exercituum Gallicorum. -'t'l ^ Egregius et Gives et Miles, Nullius Rei appetens, praterquam vera: laudis, Ingenio felici et littcris exculto, Omncs Milicis gradus per continua decora cinensua« Omnium belli Artium, lemporum, discriminum gnarus , In Italia, in Bohemia, in Gcrmania, Dux I .dusirius; Mandata »ibi, ita semper gereus, ut majoribus par haberclur. Jam claris penculi^, Ad tntandum Canadensem Provinciam missus Parva MilitCim maiiu, Hostium copias, non scmcl repulit : Piopiignacula cepit viris armisiqvie, instruclissima. Algori'i), Inedix, vigilarum, laboris paticns. I *i nil hi' 40 Suis unice prospiciensy immemor sui, ' Hostis acer, Victor Mansuetus* Fortuiiam virtute, virium inupiam, peritii Et ceieritate, compensavit. ImminensColoniae Fatum et consilio et manu per quadriennium sustinuit. Tandem ingentem exercitum Duce strenuo et audaci, Classemque omni bellorum mole gravem, Multiplici pi'udencia, diu ludificatusj Vi pertractus ad dimicandum. In prima acie, in primo conflictu, vulneratui) Religioni, quam semper coliierat, innitens, Magno suorum desiderio, nee sine hostium moerore extinctus est. Die XIV. Septem. A D. M.DCC.LIX. iEtat. XLVIII. Mortales optimi Ducis exuvias, in excavata humo, Quam Globus bellicus decidens, debiliensque defoderat, Galli lugentes deposuerunt Et generosae Hostium iidei commendarunt. [TRANSLATION.] i. I I '.'-i-u HERE LIETH, In either Hemisphere to live for ever, Lewis Joseph de Montcalm Gozon» Marquis of St. Veran, Baron of Gabriac, Commendatory of the Order of St. Lewis, Lieutenant General of the French Army. — Not less an excellent Citizen than Soldier ; Who knew no desire but that of true Glory. Happy i[i a Natural Genius, improved by Literature ; Having gone through the several Steps of Military Honors With an uninterrupted lustre, Skilled in all the Arts of War, The juncture of the times, and the crisis of danger ; In Italy, in Bohemia, in Germany, An indefatigable General : He so discharged his important trust ; That he seemed always equal to still greater. At length grown bright with Penis, Sent to secure the Province of Canada With a handful of Men, He more than once repulsed the Enemy's Forcei, And made himself Master of their Forts Replete with Troops and Ammunition. Inured to Cold, Hunger, Watching and Labours, Unmindful of himself, He had no sensation, but for his Soldiers : - i ^ :ir 41 ■i'^^£.1 Is zax ,^•1 ' An Enemy with the fiercest Impetuosity; A Victor with the tenderest Humanity ,j; Adverse Fortune he compensated with Valour; ^he want of Strength, with Skill and Activity ; And, with his Counsel and Support ^ For Four Years protracted the impending , ^ Fate of the Colony. — . • ■iitoM .r: ••'.■' Having with various Artifices ^ Long baffled a Great Army, Headed by an expert ^nd Intrepid Commander, ,> , . . And a Fleet furnished with all warlike stores : 1/ Compelled at length to an Engagement, He fell, in the fiVst rank, in the first onset, wa' . • h those hppeK of Religion which he had always cheush'd— • ' ■ ' To the inexpressible loss of, his own Army, And not withput the regret of the Enemy's— ''"j^^ . .ii:m- Xiy. September, A. D. M.DgC.UXt ''^ ''^ ^^ , Of his Age xlviil: r,: : .• . ';''*";* His weeping Countrymen ' ' ' ' ^ Deposited the remains of their Excellent General in a Grave Which a fallen Bomb in bursting had excavated fur him, Recommending them tp the general Faith <)f their Enemies. \ •. ,. No. XVIII.' , . ',. *"' _; ~>ilifcl1 .•I'll »i.r*! 1 if ,.:i-H:>-'>^\ MONUMENT ERECTED TO THE MEMORY OF GE- NERAL WOLFE IN WESTMINSTER ABBEY. ' ■ The subject is the tragic story of the General's death in the very moment of victory He is represenred in the last agonies of expi- ring heroism, with his hand closing the wound which the ball that killed him> had made in his breast, and falling into the ai'ms of a grenadier, who catches and endeavours to support him on his haunch« es, while with one hand he holds his fe^-blc aim, and with the other points to glory, in the form of an Angel in the cloudp, holding forth a wreath ready to crown him. On the pyramid, in relief, is the faith- ful Highland Serjeant who attended him, in whose ccuntcnance the iig sorrow at the mournful sight of his dying master, is so power- fully and pathetically ^pressed, that the moi or the art of the sculptor, who could make a icprescn- F |: 4« , , , tation 10 strikiiij^. The inscription carries no marks of ostentatioa* bu "^Lnoly ecoid!* th>^ facts in the following words : ' To the rnem.ny of T . MES WOLFE, Major General, and Com- man.ler in Chief of the British Land Forces on an expedition against Quebec ; who, after surmounting, by ability and valour, all obstacles of art and nature, was slain in the moment of victory, on the 1 Sth of September, 1759: The King and Parliament of Great Britain dedicate this Monu* ment. No. XIX. A LIST OF THE SEA AND LAND FORCFS EMPLOY- ED ON THE EXPEDITION AGAINST CANADA, IN 1760. FLEET, ' . . Commanders. W. Gough. 5 Row Gallies 1 24 pounder each, A Scoutberg. 4 ditto 1 22 ditto. T. Macartney 40 Transports. "- — — — — 26 Boats. -5 Ships. Gnns Penzance 40 Diana S2 Porcupine 16 Gasp^ 8 LJND FORCES. A Detachment of Troops from the Garrison of Qaebec^ consisting of the Grenadiers of the Ten Battalions in Garrison, a Draft from each Battalion, Rangers and Artillery, making in all - The above to be joined by the 22d and 40th Regiments from Louisbourgt under Lord RoUo ... To be commanded by Brigadier General Murray, and to advance against Montreal, by means of the River St. Lawrence. The Army under Colonel Haviland, to advance by Lakes George and Champlain, attack the French Post at Isle aux Noix : and having reduced it, to advance against Montreal.— It was composed of. Regulars. 1st. or Royal Regiment, four Companies 17th Regiment _ .... 87th ditto 2600 1200 S800 :..J!'>/ soo 600 600 .„*) Mi i 7"t^v.;'f « 1 Battalion 1 ditto 1 anu 2 do. 3 ditto 4 ditto I 5 ditto J 1 » Provikcials. . New Hampshire Col. Goffe. '^i V \ Rhode Island Massachusetts. HartiS) Ruggles, • Willard, . Whitcomb, ThomaSk I 1500 250 250 1000 '■i- •3| 4$ Rangers; ^ *^ 1 Company • • Captain Rogen, 1 ditto • - Tate, 1 ditto . - Ja. Rogers, 1 ditto « - Brewer, 1 ditto - - Johnson. Indians. 1 Company • • Captain Solomon A Detachment Royal Regiment Artillery Total of the Corps under Colonel Haviland, embarked on the 1 1th August, in 80 Whale Boats, . SSO Boats, S Row Gallies, with one Gun each, 1 Radeau, carrying six 24 pounders, and 1 Brigantine. The Army under the Commander in Chief was composed of: 42d Royal Highlanders, Ist Battalion Ditto - - 2d ditto 46th Regiment 55th ditto ... 60th ditto . 4th ditto 77th ditto . - 8 Companies 80th ditto - - Light Infantry '•^fii0 150 50 100 3400 -^^ •« ■«? 500 450 500 500 500 600 500 Grenadiers of the Army, commanded by Colonel Massey 600 Light Infantry of ditto. Lieutenant Colonel Amherst 600 Rangers | ''P"* y^fjlgj Companies Royal Artillery . C Provincials 5070 '? i| Total A Corps of Indians, under Sir William Johnson Major General Amherst, Commander in Chief. Brigadier General Gage. Adjutant General, Lieutenant Colonel Henry Gladwin F2 10,142 70« IH 44 ?uurter Master General, Lieutenant Colonel John Bradstreet. ommander of the Artillery, Colonel George Williamson. Commander of the Armed Vessels under General Amherst. Captain Joshua Loring, of the Royal Navy. j " V No. XX. - <"••' r . [ - ' VK.U \ A PROCLAMATION, By His Excellency JaMes Murray^ Esquire, Brigadier General and Commander iu Chief of all His Majesty's Forces in the River , St. Lawrence, Governor of Quebec, and the Conquered Coun. tries. Whereas I have thought proper, for the benefit of His Majesty's Brituh and Canadian Subjects, to fix a price upon Corn and Flour, and it becomes requisite tu do the same upon Bread and Meat, which have been hitheito sold at exorbitant prices ; for this purpose, the following Regulations are made, and I do hereby strictly command the due observance of them :— All British Butchers and Bakers, who design to follow the said occupations, are to take out a Licence for the same from the Secretary ; and any, who shall pretend to ex- ercise the said Trades without Licence first had and obtained, shall, for the first offence be fined five pounds; and for the second, be- sides the said fine, shall l>e in^prisoned ; the whole of which said fines to be paid to the informer.-.-The price of bread being of pj-op^r weight and well baked as follows ; (: H, Brtadt ^ Per ih. f/,'/:" ^ ;i' White ..i. ..Five pence, iivH) ;;:.. w. Middling sort Four pence, ^ -,j j^ Bj"own Three pence. ... '.. Butcher's Meat as follows i Meatt Per lb, ---"•• eu-M - Beef«...... Five pence, Mutton .........Ten pence. Veal M..M.»»*»«Six pence, Pork. ...........Four pence. And I do hereby inform all Butchers and Bakers, to conform exactly to these Regulations, on pain of incurring the same penalties, as if they had not taken out a proper Licence. — Given under my Hand and Seal, at Quebec, the 15th January, 1760. JAMES MURRAY. By Hit Excellency's Comnund, H. T. CftAMAHX*. ^ > 4» XXI. .! 'vi*".'* COVERNOR MURRAY'S GENERAL REPORT ON THE ANCIENT GOVER:NfMENr, AND ACTUAL STATE OF THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC, IN 1762. STATE OF THE GOVERNMENT UNDER THE FRENCH ADMINISTRATION. The Governor General was Chief in all Military, and the Inten> dftnt in all Civil aifairs, the latter superintended the Justice, Policct and Finances uf the Gv)vernment, he heard and judged definitively, all trifling causes, appeals from the regulations of the Inspector of Highways were left to his decision. He issued regulations for the PoUce of the Town and Country, and emitted his Ordinances fixing a price upon all kinds of provision, at his will and pleasure. For the easier administration of Justice, he commissioned three fub-delegates residing at Quebec, Muntreal and Three Rivers, who took cognizance of such matters as were not very intricate ; but from their judgment the parties might appeal to the Intendant. The Prev6te of Quebec, was a Court of Justice, composed of a Lieutenant General, a Lieutenant Farticulier, a Procureur du Roi, or King's Attorney ; they judged all matters Civil in the first in- stance, and all appeals from their sentence were brought before the Conseil Superieur. The Prevdt6 likewise took cognizance of appeals from the private jurisdiction, which could be carried again from this Court before the Consetl tuberUur. In capital crimes, or such as deserved severe penalties, the Lieute* nant General called into his a^^sistance two of the most eminent Law- yers, but still their sentence could not be carried into execution, un- til the same was confirmed by the Council, at which seven must at least be present. Attending this Court were six Notaries Public, a Clerk, and six Huissiers, of which one was Crier. The Government of Trois Rivieres and Montreal, had each their Lieutenant General, a King's Attorney, Clerk, Notaries and ffuu' uers. From these, several appeals were brought before the Consetl Supe- rieur established at Quebec, composed of a First Counsellor, who generally presided, and eleven others, of which one or two were Priests ; these never were present in Criminal matters : the other of. ficers attending this Court were, an Attorney General, a Chief Clerk, and a Premier HuitsUr. At Quebec was also a Court of Admiralty, consisting of a Lieute- nant General , commissioned by the High Admiral of France, a King's Attorney, a Clerk, and a Huissler : this Court took cogni- zance of Maritime affairs, and appeals from thence were carried before the Cttueil Superieur. There was also an Inspector of the High Roads, or Grand Voyer, who had the regulation of all matters relative to them ; difficulties which arose from this Officer's regulations were decided by the In- tendant* 48 The only Laws were the King's Edicts, or the jlrrtit of hit Council of State, registered ut the Consail Superieuty and the Inten« dant's Ordinances : in matters of property, they followed the Custom of Paris, but in marriage settlements they were at liberty to follow the custom of any other Province in that Kingdom. The age of majority was fixed at twenty-five, but at eighteen, or upon marriage, the Council granted them letters of emancipa- tion, which iiititled them to enter immediately into the enjoyment of the moveables and income of their estates. Guardians are chosen by an assembly of seven of the nearest relations of the minors, and for want of these, of so many of their friends, a public act is drawn out for this transaction, which it registered, and the person elected is sworn to administer faithfully* The tenure of Lands here are of two torts ^ieft. 1. The Fiefs or Seigneuries, — These lands are deemed noble; on the demise of the possessor, his eldest sou inlierits one half, and shares . with the otiier children in the remainder, if any of these die with- out posterity, the brothers share the portion of the decensed ex- clusive of their sisters. The purchaser of these Fiefs enters into all the privileges and immunities of the same, but pays a fifth of the purchase money to the Sovereign, who is lord of the soil By law the Seigneur is restricted from selling any part of his land that is not cleared, and is likewise obliged (reserving a sufficiency for his own private domaine) to concede the remainder to such of the inhabitants as require the same, at an annual rent, not exceeding one sol, or one halfi>enny sterling, for each arpent in superficies. The Seigneurs had the right of haute moyentUt et basse justlcey in their several fiu-fs, but this was attended with so many abuses and inconveniences, that the inferior jurisdictions were mostly disused. Terres en ^^^ lands conceded by the Seigneur is the second sort of ten- Roture. u re, and these all called, terres en roture. The property is entire- ly in the possessors, and the rent they pay can never be raised upon them ; they can sell it as they please, but the purchaser is obliged to pay a twelfth of the purchase money to *he Seigneur. Thf: cluldren cf both sexes share equally in the lands, but if up- on a division, the several parts are found unequal to the subsistance of a f imiiy, they are obliged to sell to one another. By Law, no man can build upon a piece of land of les^s extent than one arpent CaJ iiaU" in front, upon a depth of thirty or forty ; this was done with a view to promote cultivation, and to, cjbhge the inhabitants to spread ; edicts have been publinhed from time to time, to re- iin'te such lauds to the crown as were not settled within a terra of years prescribed, the last of these was published in one thous- and seven hundred and thirfy-two, a copy of which is annexed. The Canadians are formed into a militia, for the better regula. tion of which, each parish, in proportion to its extent and num- ber of inhabitans, is divided into one, two, or more companiet» /;; An arpent consisti of ten perches, a perch is eighteen feet French mearare. // i; h 41 who have their officers, Captains, LieutenantSi Ensiafni, Serjeant-Ma- jorn, 8cc. and all orders of public regalations ar° iddrcsscd to the Cautains or Commanding Officers, who are to see the same put in- lo execiiti >n ; from these companies d.'tachmcnt; were fo»-med and ■ent to ai'iy distance, and >n' one thousand seven hundred and fifty- nine, and one thousand Seven hnudied and sixty, the whole were in Armf fur the defence of their country. 7, ir;.^ , OBSBRVATION3, '-'■'''"'''"' '■^■' ' - V.^r The Intendant's fixing a price upon provisions at his own will and pleasure, was liable to much abuse, for though the country was abounding with all kinds of •rial i ; yet under pretence tuit a large quantity was wanting for the Kin'];'9 service, repeated levies were made up )n the Inhabitants, tlirougii every pi>-t of the province, pra- portionably lo what it was supposed they could oare, the Inteiida't paying such price as he pleased to set upon it ; great part of which grain, was afterwards exported by Commissaries lo the French Is- lands, and when a scarcity was apprehended, they sold ^l.e re;!^uiiider to the public at an advanced price. Under pretence of a scarcity of black cattle, and before tie British troops had made any impressii^n on the Colony, horses were ItiH-^ and served to the troops, probably to excuse the exorbitant char ;e of all kind of provisions purchased on the King's accoun ^ tc not- withstanding the waste made by the two contending Ambits, and that the French troops lived intirely upon the country 'jr near two J ears, we have the Strongest occular proof, there was nu occasion to ave had recourse to this expedient, if the King's ofiicers had not meant it as a cloak to their knavery. 2. The members of the Courts of Justice were mostly natives of old France, and minded more their own affairs than the Kla.iuibtva- tioij of justice ; their decisions therefore were not much respected, and indeed for success, the parties depended (generally more upon ilie favor and protection of the great, than upon the goodness of their cause. ,. 3 Though the Governor General, the Bishop and the Inlendant -Were by their several offices, presidents of the Council, and that heretofore they had used to be present at the',- .'.liberations, in latter times they honored it very little with their prt-ence ; a circimscnnce ^which contributed much to the general disesteem in which this part ^^f the judicature had fallen. 4. The office of Grand Voyer or inspector of the High-way, under proper regulations and restrictions, se:;ms to be highly necessary for the ease and benefit of the interior comme ce. 5. The Canadians mostly of a Norman race, are in general of a litigious disposition, the many formalitie'> in their proceedings and the multiplicity of instruments to be drawn upon every occasion, seems to encourage this disposition. A short and well digested code, by laying aside many of these, may in a good .neasure icrve to eor>. rect it. iw 48 5 Po«tR I Tadotisac Checoute- mie. IMalbaye. Iilets de Jereniie, Sept Isles, £0 1 JC8018 PiKingtheage of majority at tvTCnty-one, as in other parts of Hi* Majesty's dominions, is an innovation which could not fail of being agreeable to the youth, as the freedom of building where they see convenient) and upon such extent of ground as they think proper, would be acceptable to all the people in general, and promote new establishments ; especially the fisheries in the lower parts of the ri- ver and gulph of St. Lawrence. KEVENUES AND EXPENCE OF THE GOVERNMENT UNDER THE FRENCH ,,'■- ,. ADMINISTRATION. Though I should pwperly give a state of the Revenues and "Ex- penc. s of the Government of Quebec only, yet the whole under thfc French Administration was so blended ti^gether, it does not ap- pear practicable to separate the same, and nave therefore collected here, all that has come to my knowledge upon this head, with- out distinction of governments. -!r-. ■; ^* REVENUES. .r.~-'i 't Five posts, part of the King's Domaine, which Were tifidei' the ■ immediate management of the Director General of it ; he furnished them at the King's expcnce, with tlic merchandize and effects proper for the Indian trade, or fisheries, which was carried on st these several posts, and receivid from thence likewise on the ■ King's account, the furs, oil, lish, or other produce of the same. They had been farmed, but the lease expiring in one thousand seven hundred and fdty-six, they advertised, and no one bidding for them, on account of the war, the Intcndant, lest the savages should quit their usual haunts, ordered them under the foregoing management, wliich continued until our arrival ; the expence far ex ceedcd the produce. They set down tlic highest rent paid for them when farmed under the French Government, - • 7000 livres. —about je291 18 4' Sterling. (2) DUTV ON LIQUORS IMPOHTSD. Ltvrei. 10 Wine by the hoj:shcad - •• - . 1200 Rum by the hogshead - . - . 24 1 VeliU, or measure of 2 gallons of Brandy « 14 Oi Ordinary Wine botMed, per bottle » - 10 1 1 Bottled sweet Wine per bottle - . 3 5 Eau de Vic de Liqueur per gallon . - 10 2 3 In 1757 the several duties produced - 192,434 14 «e92l (3) I'OTS ET VBNTES. ^ This arises from the sale of Houses and Lands, en rotuff, ttpon those in the King's possession, the purchasers paying him a twelfth* as to his immediate lord, about »;, ., 13 ti;— This produced in 1757 - . . 22,120 15 2 49 ♦W1[».*. 71 CENS ET RENTES, Or Ground Rents of Houses built on the King's Iam!» in tlie City and Suburbs of Quebec. These are very trifling, as ihsy tet to the iiKfividu'la for no moie than six deniers one 8ol» six deaiers tvois sols, six denicrs. or five sols per annum. tar? These were collected in one thousand seven hundred .uid fitty- «" ^ght, for twenty-iHiie years together, and produced only •. rf93 2 9 Livres 2235 6 2 UUTIES OW DRY GOODiS IMPORTED. -,im *3S63 18 S*, This produced in 1 7o5 - - 60733 18 4. A Tariff was fixt-d ngulating wiiat each species of goods w lo pay, those that were trifling were vulued, and p.iid thne per c i of their vahration. N- B. Cordrige of al' "orts, Salt, and the produce of the i-^Iie- ries and other trade in the River St. Lawrence were exempted from this duty. <-i DUTY ON DRY GOODS EXPORTED. ' 't'-'YT *JT,;„ This produced in 1757....* Livres 38,442 2. There was a Ta iff hkewise for ttuse, in wnicli all ki uls of Furs were includfd« a» the Easl India Con pany had the exclusive privilege of buying and • xporting all the btav. r of the country, pay- Wig the owners foui livres a pound, for the green or vviiiter beavei, the Company paid the King a du*) of three per cent for the quantity exported, according to the above rate. < «. ,^i«i DUTY OS EXPORTATION OF MOOSE DEER SK'INS. I i I t .3*1:1 This duty was of two livres per skin, and was t'n' first establish- ed in the Colony. The exportation of this article has been considera- ble, but was of late years much diminished. £56 3 4 in n57, it produced - - 134'8 livres. All sortH of provisions of the gnnvih of Canada, goods for tuc Indian Trade in the lower partsof the River, horses, shipping- c mii- Iry built, tiinbcr of all kinds, and salt herruigs, were exempted frotn this duty. 8 In one thousand seven hundred and forty-nine a tax was laid up- on every house within the City and Suburbs of (Jncbec tor re tir- ing the Uanacks, and keeping the same m order ; ihe re|>.n',itio was made by the officers of Justice, and a deputy fri>ni the uadi, ,ppro- ved by the Governor Ge.icral and the Intendant. o 4C5G2 2 8i la 1749 it amounte d to 13,191 3 9 livrei. 552 2 6 1 750 do. to I :.,':5I 57H 7 6 1751 do. to 13,^501 552 2 6 1752 do. to 13,551 ...,#.' i so *570 17 6 1753 do. to 13,701 6 livrei* 569 s t 1T.-+ do. to 13,666 ( 578 16 3 17^5 do. to 13,891 10 571 7 11 1756 do. to 13,713 10 • 572 11 6 1757 do. to 1^7 4-1 563 13 4 r.58 do. to 13,528 II if. pretty remarkible, that notwithstanding this tax was levied from the year •>ne tht>U'*and seven hundred and forty nine inchisive, the King's Edict, ordering ihe same to be raised from the ensuing January, is dati-d only in June one thousand seven hundred and fifty* three Besides the foregoing, tliere were certain casual Duties, aucb at -.^ DROITS d'aUBAINE. A Foreigner dying intestate, and without Children^ the King •ncceevls to hi; F t'v'e. J>ro'.: Dtshirancc, likew'se to Estates which fall to persons under monastic vow , and th' '.-fure incapable of inheiiting, as to persons illeguwuatt>, who diewulnnit posterity and intestate. •♦' ' SUOITS D'EPAVEt. Where whales or wrecks arc drove on ihore above the high water mark, nil expences first deducted, the King had one third, the high Admiral another, and the person who saved it, the remainder. 8018 921 336:J 1601 56 2 13 18 15 3 The Recapitulation in 1 759, itood thus, 3 To raised oil Liquors imported 192,424 14 11 To Debts on the Lots et Ventes 22,120 IS 80,733 18 88,442 1 1,S4S 3t To ditto oil Dry Goods Imported 0^ To ditto on ditto exported 4 To ditto on Moose Skins exported 2 5 jSI 3,964 12 lOi Total 335,079 8 11 IXPENCB OF GOVERNMENT IN 1757. By duties paid on Liquors imported on the 523 10 King's account 2719 S-v 9 By Sundry Contingent Expence* ISS242 13 9 Th particulars of this sum were :— 1. Expences of Lnmiral Suits, apprehending and guarding Criminals, exieiu's of cvidencts, &c. This article of expentt- viined every year more or less, it seldom exceeded the above, and has been as low as 1 0,000 hvres 2. Ttie maintenance of Foundlings, and Bastard Children of the Governments, at the rate of 10 livrcB per month -•-.-. 12,564 65,260 77,824 26,004 13 8/ 18,511 5 ft '^'^ 5V ll,9i9 15 8 r, ^1653 'J ' n This alflo varied, one year it amounted to 24^000< Livrei. S. Public Woiks and High Roiu.s - 9494 15 This vanes, it has ctten exceeded 12,000. , 4. Expe.'ce u Public Prisons, and tubsistauce of Prisoners ....... This article exceeded the usual e^pence, on ac- count of the English Prisoners By the Cantine of the Troops in the three Gar. 5 3i ribons Livres 15,678 7 2 This way a douceur allowed the Staff of each Ganison ; the Town Major made out Roll^ of the Soldiers oi each G-irnson, and these were cert iiied by the Ctnu^.tiollfr if the Mar.n ; it was suppo- tKd three half pints of rum per day weie in. ported t^r then a.iuw> ance, the duty on the anicunt of wluch was reluriod by ttie kecei* ver General. This (jerquisice wa-« shared amongst the Governors, who had one half of it, the biaff divided the other half. , Proportion of the several Governments in 1757. Quebec - - 8,063 8 7 ]/, ^ Montreal . - 6,122 Three Rivers - 1,492 3 7 i1. " " Livres 15,678 By allowed the Attorney General for mak- d4il 13 4 ing out a state of the King's Rents By duties paid on goods imported on the iC923 1 6i King's account .... By Salaries of officcis, and otiier expences attending the receipt of the King's Reve- 1(1540 1 6| nues 6 14 1000 22,160 6 S 86,961 17 1 it » 1 »» Livres 69,121 2a 4 This last article comprehends : 1. (a) The Salaries of Clerks, Land Waiters and other icvciiue Officer* .... 37,792 11 6 2. (b) Uaual gratifications ... 1270 o 3. by sundry other expences, trifling repairs of offices 200 House Rent of ditto .... 4000 Fuel for ditto 1450 Repair of Canoes .... 4>00 Stationary 990 5 7 Salary of the Clerk of the Treasurer General of Marine 600 .:. I ToaGauger 250 Livres Sb,96i 17 1 (s\ A Lilt of theM for 1758 U anneied [No. 3.] That for 1757 did not . (1) M'hi^ article of Gratification wai to rvimburie the Covtrnork wid other oScert what it WM ^uppoKd they paid fur dutiii. O 3 :i,.*.- St V i .*»•»♦ Yhe foregoinjr expences were not always the same, and were paid V ? ■ tipdn the Intendant's orders, and by his directions, in which they diff-red from ttie fiiHoM^Hn^, which was called, Etat du Oomaine du Ro'h and was the establisimient paid by a yearly order from the King, sij^nified by his warrant, signed in Council, and which gene- rally imoumed to 1 1 ♦,000 livres, or thereabouts. The Governor General received of this 609 5 The TiueiKlant . - . \ - 450 2 6 The Governor's Secretary - . - - 75 10 The Iiitendani's Secretary ... l+S rf53 7 6 - - - - - Lims 1270 «5 18 fi S 6 £\15 157 €0 75 50 S3 1 o 6 , By Expence of Fortt and Garrlsoiu. Governor General as Gvjvernor (a) of tlie Town and Castle of Quebec - - - - 3000 8 Pay and Provisions of the Garrison (a) - 3770 Fuel of ditto .... 480 Lieutenant du Roi (i) . - - - 1800 Town Major (r) .... 1200 5 Captain of the Gates . - - - 800 ». O 0' MONTREAL. Livres 11,050 1?S O Governor (a 54 3 83 6 8 Lieutenant du Ri i (i) 50 Town Major (c) 4 Pay of the Ganison (a) TROIS RIVIERES. 125 5i 75 50 3 Governor (a) . . - 4 Pay of the Garrison (a) - Lieutenant du Roi (^^ Town Major (c) - 3000 1300 2000 1200 3000 1300 1800 1200 7,500 • A i) 7,300 But du Roi ^,850 (a) At no Girrisent were kept either at Quebec, Montreal or Troii Rivieres, the above were perquuitt-s to the several Oovjnior*. (a) '1 liis Officer had by wjy of gratuity from the Marine Chett, 1000 Iivre«, and 3 per ' cent from the hant India Company, «»n the Beaver they exported, amounting to about 15000 more. (4) The 1 .ieutenanto du Roi had each about 1800 livre* : the Senior of theie, had a gra> tuity of S(X) be!ti000 {a) To the support of seven superannuated Priests 83 6 8 or Missionaries - - - 2000 316 -13 4 (3) Vo supplement to Cures of poor parishes 7600 .554 13 4 To the Jesuits for their Missions and Professor of Hydrography - . . 50 To the Recollects of Quebec 62 10 To the Convent of Ursnlines 512 10 To the Convent of Hotel Oieu . 83 10 To the Convent of Hospital General 83 125 i\,V;*. AT MONTREAL. 10 To the Hospitaliers To the Fillcs de la Congregation 13,300 ('..'. 1200 l.WO -, 7500 i.\'. 2000 45,000 ! ■»■■ . i t f 2000 31)00 5000 ETAT DU ROI. 76,650 if 3497 18 By the Salaries of the Officers of Justice, ' ' To the first Councillor of the Council Superieur 500 To ten others at 450 each - - 4500 To the Attorney General - - 1500 To the Greffier . ■ . Yoq To the Huissier - . , , « joq 29 25 12 4 Salaries of the Oncers of the Prevote de Quebec. 4 Lieutenant General Civil and Criminal 700 600 300 100 Lieutenant Particulier 10 Pncureui du Roi 3 4 Greffier tk>.i^. MONTREAL. 18 10 15 Lieutenant General Civil 8 4 Piociircur du Roi 4'JO 250 4. 7300 1 i » < •• 1700 T '-V (00 {a) These were distributed hj the Bishop ; of late years he liad a gratuity of 150 livres from the Marine. ijk) I here w»s a vacancy of one this year ; the wlarios of the three eldest had, of latf JCftrs, been augmented with a gratuity to each of 150 hvret, also from the Ma^uie. 54 Salaries of Officers of PoRet, {a) To the Grand Voyer [b) To the Prevdt du M^ri-chaux de France (c) To an Exempt under hinj - \d) To four Archers, 175 livres each To a Hangman - - - By the expences of the Hospital at Quebec. 600 Livre*. SCO 800 7«0 300 2430 £50 Salary of a Physician 50 First Surgeon 36 6 8 Second Surgeon 35 Midwife r 1200 i2oa 8oa 600 ' By sundry Extraordinary Expeneet. 41 13 4 To puhlication of Decrees in Council 1000 4 3 4 (rt) Expences of Fuel iii Council Room 100 8 6 8 Travelhng charges of the Archers 200 Allowed the Bishop, in lieu of duties paid by him 500 3800 1800 By paid to the Establishment of Louisbourg, a ' ' pension to the Count of Gracie, 8«,n to the •, Marquis uf Maintcnon, in lieu of some lands 250 taken into the King's hands - 6000 333 6 8 Ditto to the Religious Brothers of la Charite 8000 62 10 Ditto to the Nuns of the Congregation 1500 SO Ditto to four Counsellors at 300 each 1200 16 13 4 Ditto to the Procureur General, all at said place 400 83 6 8 By a Pension to a Botanist at Louisiana 17100 2000 4757 10 Total of the Etat du Roi 114,18a l^he Salary and Perquisites of the Governor General. 500 From the Marine Funds Appointment 12,000 From ditto, alh^vvance of freight of necessaries 125 from France - - - 3000 (a) This Officer had, of late years, obtained an addition of SCO livres, out of the Muiii* funds. (b) ThU Officer had likewise an allowancp of 10 livres per dirm extraordinary, when out upon ii>s July. If the liihabitant*> applied to him to nuke out Roads for their own privatt advaiitA^u, ;hev were at all the exptiict-s ..trending the same. (t' 'V\y.i Officer h»d likiwise an allowance of 7 livres 10 sols per diem, travelling char- get, wnv 1 ' ut up m the execution of his office. Id) riiese wtre srvcrally allowed three Uvres per diem, whenever sent in pursuit of de- Krters, or oth->r criminals. It) This was a perquisite of the Lieutenant General, and as the firing would havt coM three times tlie sum, the Inttndant lupphed the same out of th« King's Yard. re*. 2430 S8M <* 180# 1710» 2000 14,18a ! Marin* irhen out privata lig char- lit of de- kav* COM 125 157 25 55 From the Domain, as private Governor of Quebec 5000 Livres. 1 8 From ditto by the Garrison - 3770 Fram ditto iM lieu of what he paid for duties 600 From the Marine a Company of Guards, called Caribineers to attend him, they iiad usuallv two ' . or three, and on ;)ublic and state days they * .' fouid neopte enough to complete the numbers; '*■ '' it consisted of A Captain at A -.unuenant do. - - - " 6 3 .58 41 25 An Ensign do. - 238 15 Seventeen private men, at 27 livres per month 1400 1000 600 5610 S6S 5 8610 From the East India Compaiiy, ■*. present of 2 per cent on all the Beaver exported by them, valuing the whole, upon an average, at two li- vres per pourd ; this varied every year, but 250 O upon a medium, may be set down His share of the Cantire as before stated ; this likewise varied, in 1757 it produced The Belts of Wampum presented by the Sava- ges to the Cyovernor^ at the sevc il coiifercnces he had with the different Tribes, which Belts he sent to the King's Stores, to be worked up 8S 6 8 into another form, and for which the king paid him 2000 6000 4031 1782 2 6 Soo 125 The Salary and Perquisites of the Intendant, o o From the Marine Appointments O o From do. allowance of Freight of necessaries from France 18 5 o From the Domain, in lieu of Duties paid From the East India Company, a present of li per cent on all the Beaver exported by them, at a medium ... o o From the Marine allowance, for a Secretary o o From do. fur a Gardener 187 lo 5o 5o 12ooo Sooo 45o 45oo 12oo 12oo 43,01 1 22,35© From the foregoing it appears, that the Country Duties raised in 1757, together with the other Revenues belongmg to the King, produced that 13961 12 \o\ year, the sum of . - 335,o79 8 11 From which deducting the Etat du Roy, 9. mounting to • - - 11 4, 1 80 o o . And the cxpences ordered on 111S8 To 5J this side by the Intendant 153,GL'4 lo 6 . , ^67,So4 lo 6 rf28o3 2 54 Surplui. Remains Surplus Livres 67,274 18 B ^ 56 ' ' Which fturplus, when there was ^ny, was paid by the Receiver General of the K: g's Domain, iiito the hamls of the Co mis of the Treasurer General of tiu> Marine, as an aJditi )n to that fund, out of which all the general ex- peiices were paiJ, such a<> the subsistance and provisions of the French Bat- talions, forty companies of Marines and detachment uf Royal Artillery serving ii Ca. ida, the officerb of the Naval Y;ird at l^Uijbec, and in short all other extnuifdinary expences attending the military and civil government of Canada ^ the i.ffic^is of the Courts of Admiralty only excepted, who were paid by the High .Admiral i.'f Fiance. ^ ^1 0i ' The expence of Government in this country was formerly very moderate } for a series uf years to that uf 1726, it never exceeded 36'o,Ooo livres ; the t.v 1 mining ones u was a'lvaijc- d to about half a million, on accouit of the Color.y bciii^ at vvar at that tinu- with the Indian nation of Rcnards ; from tills p'jri.d It gi id'ial'y increased to a ni'llion, and from the breaking out of the war with Gr.^at Britain in I 7 14, till [ eac>' was concluded wth iier in 1 74-8, the aiKUiai expence a i.'.;tii:ttd to about two nu'.lions, in ilie month of August of 'ha! vei-y year, tiie lale latendant, M.nisieuf. Bigot came over; the expen- c;'s ^i.ive ever smce i•::c^ta^ul, ard to 1753 inclusive, did not amouat to less than four or five millions every year. In ITtI- Bills of Exchange were drawn on France for 17.'>5 on ditto ditto 1756 on ditto ditto - - _: 1757 on ditto ditto - -' (-. 4 1758 on ditto ditto - . '. ' 1759 on ditio ditto In 17(3o the Ii.teudant was directed not to exceed two millions four huudred thousand livres, and draw only for To the above is to be added, the paper money .... remaining in the country, ai.d for which no ^4,533,333 6 8 Letters < f Exchange have been drawn _,. Of the whole, upon the n-ost moderate com- putation, at least eighty imllions are still due 3,333,33 6 8 ,; '«,>:. >; -< — :.... . -J_ ':...."■•■", -•• , ^... : ,. Livres Livres, 6,000,000 5,5ou,.)oo 8,000,000 12,000,000 24',ooo,ooo 3o,ooo,ooo l,3oo,ooft 22^00,0000 io8,8oo,uo« The method of transacting the business was this. The Intendant for every expence emitted ihe ordinal. ces which passed current with his bare signature only, <'ne of which is annexed (No. 'i;) to shew the nature of it; in August no- tice was given to the proprietors to bring them into '.he treasury within the month of Septcnbcr, and until the loth of October, the ordinances in their jiosses- sion, for which they took, the Treasurer's receipt, and commenced drawing the letters ot exchange, which continued fifteen or twenty days, or until the na- -viga'ion was shut np. From the year 17io to that of 1746, letters of exchange were drawn only for three feurths of the value brought into the treasury, the=e indeed payable in six, seven, eight, or nine months, wh^'ii they were duly discharged, the remaining fourth, was reinburscd the proprietor.'!, by a card money, of which there is nearly to the amount of a million still existing in the Colony. V V » 57 posses- king the ihe na- wn only payable ed, the ^f which From 1746 to 1752 Letters of Exchange were drawn for the full 6,um brought into the Treasury, and were all made payablt* some time within the ensuing year. But the expcnces having increased considerably, orders were given to divide those of the year into three equal parts, payable in one, two, or three years. This was put in execution in 175S, but the very year following, another arrangement took place, only oiw; fourth part was made payable in the course of the ensuing year, one half two years after that, and the remaining fourth in three, and this method was never after observed till the year 1760. By this means great numbers of those drawn in the preceding years, were not yet come in course of payment, when the King's arrfit of October 1759, suspended their payment entirely. N. B. The Clerk of the Marine, and other OiBcers employed in that department having left the Country, it has not been possible to procure certain accounts of the expence of that branch. N. B. Throughout these calculations, and every other part of this Kcpuit, the French pence sterling. «'*0* livre, to avoid fractions, is estimated at ten OBSERVATIONS. 1. 1 had the honor to inform the Lords of the Treasury very ful- ly of the State of the King's Posts, in a letter to Mr. Martin, their Secretary, of the 7th of November last, at the same time that I transmitted all the Accounts relative thereto by Mr. Ainslie, whom I entrusted with the management of them until I could receive in- structions from home ; 1 am thoroughly persuaded, the proposal I therein made to their Lordships, of letting them to the highcjt bid- der, for a term of years, is the surest expedient to make them profit- able to His Majesty. 2. The duty on liquids will ever bring in a considerable sum, for though the Canadians are not in general given to dnnikenness, yet men, women and children, are used to drink a certain quantity of stiTjng hquors, the severity of the climate having probably introdu- ced thiit practice ; by the great improvement likely to be made in the Fisheries, the consumption of these will considerably increase 3. As the Canadians seem thoroughly reconciled to the use of Bri- tish Corn Spirits, the consumption thereof could suffer no diminuti« on from a moderate duty upon the same of six pence per gallon, and that of Rum or New England Spirits might be raised to a shilling; this will check the importation of the latter, and favor that of the former ; that the Revenue may not suffer by this measure, it will be uccessary to prevent any attempts which may be made of smuggling by the Lakes, while they are navigable, as well as when they are to be travelled over by carriages. • -' CHt;RCH QOVERNMENT. ' ; The Bishop — When the Bishoprick of Quebec was erected in 1664, the see was endowed by Louis XIV, with the revenues of two Ab- bacies, those of Benevent and L'Estrie ; about thirty years ago the H b !■ 1 1*1 .58 then Bishop finding it difficult, considering the distance, to recover the revenues of them, by consent of Louis XV, 'resigned the same to the Clergy of France, to be united to a pai'ticuTar revenue of theirs, stiled the ceconomats applied to the Augmentation of small livings, in consideration of which, the Bishop of this see, has ever •ince received yearly 8000 livres out of the said revenues. A few years before the late Bishop's de.-.th, the Clergy of France, granted hin^i fyr his life only, a further pension of 2,000 hvres ; the Bishop bad no estate whatever, except his Palace at Qupbec, destroyed by our Ariillery, a garden and the ground rent of two or three houses adjoining it, and buill on some part of the lands. THE CHAPTER OV QUEBEC. The Chapter consisted of a Dean and twelve Canons, their reven- ue consisted of an Abbey in France, which brought them in about four thousand livres, and a pension from the King of eight thousand, paid out of the D' mainc, the whole was divided into fourteen sharesj ef which the Dean had two. There is one vacancy in the Chapter; the present Bishop, the Abbe de la Ci!tne, a Canadian, and five «)f the Canons are in France. The Town and suburbs form but one parish, which is very exten- fflvc, and is served by a Cure with two Vicars under him ; the Church is Piirochial as well as Cathedral, no part of it is left standing but the bai>» walls ; a Chapel of ease in the Lower Town was like.'*::; burn- ed during the siege. The people at present perform their devotions in the Chapels of the several Religious Communities ; some part of the Lordship of Que- bec; is the property of the Cathedral or parish Church, stiled here, la Fahnque^ and is appropriated to the repairs of it j a dispute subsists between the Chapter and Seminaiy about the nomniation of the Cure, the affair was to have been judged by the King but was still undecided. '" "'"' " *■ THE JESUITS. They possess a large commodious house, handsome Chapel, and a spacious garden, within the Upper Town ; the house and Chapel suffered a good deal from our artillery, but might be easily repaired ; no other place in the town being so proper, it has, and is still made use of as a magazine of provisions ; for this reason it was necessary tjo dislodge the Fathers the first winter, lest their turbulent and intri- guing genius should prompt them to play some trick which might Kave proved fatal in the then critical situation of affairs, and w! ich they could perhaps have easily compa<;sed, had they been suflfered to reudeinthe house. After the capitulation of Montreal, they were re-admiited, are conveniently lodged in one wing of it, and have free- ly consented to his Majesty's makiiig use of the remainder. Their particular province is the instructing of youth, and the mis- sions of the Savages ; the King allowed on account of the latter, fif- teen thousand, three hundred livres. They had a very large estate in this country, and hold some lands. ^t to recover led the same r revenue of ion of small ;e, has ever lies. A few ice, granted ; the Bishop Jestroycd by three houses their reven- lem in about ;ht thousand, trtecn shares^ ip, the Abbr France. 5 very exten- the Church iding but the kc'.v::; burn- hapels of the hip of Que- tiled here, /a pute subsists of the Cure, II undecided. lapel, and a and Chapel y repaired ; is still made as necessary nt and intri. vhich might and \v! ich sufJcred to they were id have free- r. nd the mis- ; latter, fif. some laodlt 111 the Town en Roturct but are Lords of very large tract» in thw Government, and of vtry cuusiderable ones in the other two. They p.-sse-is in tliat oi" Quebec, the best part of the large a-:d lich parishes of Charlebour^, that of L»r^tte, and most of Ste Foy ; by the best accounts their revenues cannot be short of thiny thousand livres per annum, and mbst probably eJccecd it, of which they have in this Government, about 1 1,000 livres. They have only two missions here, one to the Hurons at Jeune I.o^ rette near Quebec, the othef to the Montagnais at Tadoussac and Chicoutimi. The whole number in Quebec Government, the two missionaries included, is nine ; the Superior is nominated in France, and holds hi» office generally six years. THE llECOLLETS. ' This is an order of mendicant Friars, who possess nothing of their own but a house and garden in the Upper TOwn. They had a piece of ground in the suburbs of St. Roc, on which they had formerly a house and Churi:h which has been abandoned for some years. A small part of the Intendants buildings is erected upon a piece of this land, in consideration of which, under the French Government, they were paid ffty livres a year from the Marine by way of charity, as they can receive no rents ; they acted as Chaplains to the army and at se- veral Fot'sand PostSj and in failure of regular Clergy, served vacant Cures. They have a provincial Commissary resident herej who superin- tends the whole in Canada, sent from France,- and changed every three y^ars ; the present one has discharged it twice on account of the war. They have in this Government, Fathers 10 '»!» Ij;<: M-j As Servants or Brothers 9 .('T ift- ! .IV ii>tri SEMINAUT or Qt;tBEC. These are secular Clergy ; their institution is to educate the youth and fit them for the priesthood. They have a large house and Cha- pel in the city of Quebec, both in a ruinous condition ever since the siege of I'tSS; it is a dependancc upon the Seminary for foreign mis- sions at I'aris, who nominate the Superior and Directors cf that of Quebec, and the Whdle extent of the country from' the Sault de Montmorenci totlw rivek- du Goufre in the bay of St. Paul's inclu- sively, and the Island of Coudres. This immense tract does not" bring them in very considerably ; their great revenue in these parts arrising from the two large farms in the parish of St. Joachim, where bfcfor* the breaking out of the war, they had between three and four hundred head of Cattlft j on their estate in the bay of St. Paul's, they discovered some years ago, a lead mine', the veins which have been tried are slight, but two Germans who were brought over to the country H'2 60 on account of the like discoveries in the upper couw : .^icj'-iincd this and thought it worth the working ; the war has j . .A- J making further essays upon it. The income of their estate in this Govern- ment is about 9,000 livrcs per annum. They consist at present only of the Superior and four Directors. ' ■ CONVENT OF HOTEL D1£U or QVXBEC. . ..,y g. j,> This is a community of women particularly instituted for the care of the sick They had been in good circumstances, but iheir house having been entirely consumed by fire a few years ago, they are con- sideraby indebted for the rebuilding of it. This house has two distinct purses, one belonging to the commu- nity, another to the poor. The former owes about 1 Ofi,000 livres to different Artificers arid for sums borrowed towards rebuilding the Convent. They have a rent charge upon the Hotel de Ville of Paris, which brings them in ...... 1330 Livrea* A Seigneurie in Charlebourg, wth estates and a garden in this Town. - - - - i!i it;<: A .j.' •-••fl .I'-y.i,.. For it! share of the 7»500 paid by the King 3500 4830 3000 •HI, Livres 7,830 They keep some pretty large farms in their hands, cultivated by their domesticks, out of the produce whereof they are at present chiefly.subsisted. Number of Nuns 33 (a) Invalids - - 33 -'i iii%l to ■ -ft' 66 The poor have a rent charge on the Hotel de Ville of Paris, foun- dation of a Dutchess d'AguiUon. - - Livres 646 12 The Lordship of St. Augustin - - - 1200 Their other estates in the suburbs of Quebec including, a small one in the Island of Orleans produc;e about - - ■ - - • » 500 Their part of the King's bounty - - - 400() Livres 6346 1.2 CONVENT OE THE URSULIXES OF DITTO. This is likewise a community of women, their institution is for the' education of ybung girls. They have a lent charge on the Hotel de Ville [i \*!;-. ; of Paris for Livres 1400 A Farm in Normandy - - - - - 900 ,00 The Lordship of Port Neuf in this country, i. ■;;«-»•; and St. Croix, about - - - - - 772 O . .1 • (a) They are not in circumstances to take in any. -lined tKis J making is Govern - Directors. or the care I heir house sy are con- he commu- tificers and aris, whicJi ) Livrcs* •! ■: ■■••! .yr 0' • ■ '• y.'-'-- ultivated by at present Paris 646 200 , foun- 12 500 ooq 346 1.2 • Tf'f' >n is for the '',^' JVfE 400 900 772 61 Their other eitatea iu and about this Town 960 ' ' liivres 4082 Nuns - 38 The chief estate of this community consists in there Boarders, and u number of little ingenious works, for which there is a great de- mand, by means of which they live decently and comfortably. , THE OEXERAL HOSPITAL NEAR QUEBEC. This is a community of women ; they have a foundation for taking care of thirty invalids, idiots, or incurabU.-s, which they are at pre- sent in no condition to fulfil, their revciuK's be iig no way equal to the expence, and as a large sum is owing them by the King of France for the sick of his army. In the time of the French, they were al- lowed rations for as many of the above as they took in, and a pen- sion of two thousand livres. The Ladies of this community are of the best families in Canada, and by the presents they were continu- ally receiving from them, theyvvere chiefly enabled to subsist ; that resource is now at an end, as the gentry, in general, are in the most distressed circumstances. They owe a very large debt, contracted in a good measure for the sick officers and soldiers of the French army ; the French Kitig owes them a large sum sufficient to discharge it, but they must be redu- ced to the utmost beggary and distress if he does not; the sale of ali their houses and lands will scarce be sufficient to satisfy their credi- tors. Their wiiole estate in this country does not bring them in at the most above - - - - - 5000 Livre?. A rent on the Hotel dc Ville at Paris . 1800 i.iii! • .. Their Numbers, Nuns SS 'V Invalids - 33 Livres 6a00 .Vi iy-'^ r. ;:hj: 66 ;'M„'- FILLES DE LA CONGREGATION, This was an institution for teaching young girls to read and write; they take the vows but are not cloistered, and go abroad about their business ; they are poor : however besides what they possess in the other two Governments, they had a house in the Lower Town des- troyed by our Artillery, one at Pointc au Tremble, and one with a small Farm at St. Famille in the Island of Orleans. Their num- ber atpresent in this Government is four. This Government is divided into fifty Parishes, some of which are small and not thoroughly inhabited as yet ; for want of regular Cler- gy, several of the kecollets serve the Cures, and in some places one Cure serves two, the whole is under the inspection of a Vicar Gene« ral at present, during the vacancy of the see. OBSERVATIONS. 1. The Canadians are very ignorant and tenacious of their religion. f ^ ' r 62 nothing can contribute so much to make them staunch «ubject« to His Majesty, as the new Government giving them every reason to Imagine no alteration is to be attempted in that point. 2. Care was taken under the former Government, to keep up a jjreaf part of the Clergy, French, especially the dignified fart j to prevent the further importation of tnpse, it would be necessary to encourage the natives to engage in the profession, which cannot be so well done except the see is filled Up ; as without a Bishop there can be no ordination ; no difficuliy will attend this, as it is unendow> ed ; though hereafter means may be futmd out for making up this defficiency. 3. A like dificulty occurs in relation to the Chapter, their num* ber might be reduced by letting the vacancies lie dormant, if some provision cannot be made for them, as will hereafter be proposed. 4 An expedient to assist the people in rebuilding their great Church, would much ingratiate their new masterK with them. 5. The Jesuits are neither loved nor esteemed in general, and this order may be easily removed, whenever the Government shall think proper, without giving offence out of part of their estate, and a sui^cient, fund might be made for the BiNhoprick and Chapter, which wo.dd ease the Crown of fuitherexpence on that head. 6. The R'-coUcti is an order of Mendicants ; as they depend upon chanty for subsislauce, they are careful not to give offence ; proba- bly, should they find the inhabitants upon the present change, cool towards their oider, they will of themselves seek a better living some where else. 7. The Seminary educates the youth and fit them for Orders, it will be necessary to preserve and encourage thin house on that ac- count ; and it is to be observed, this was the only religious house or order, that heretofore did not participate in the French King's boun* 8. As to the community of women, they are much esteemed and respected by the people ; the narrowness of their circumstances will probably prevent their being filled up so easily as in former times. When llie Canadians become a little more reconciled to British cus- toms and Government, it may not be amiss, under colour of serving these comnuiuitics in tlu*ir distressed situation, to restrict the ad- mission of any under a certain sum ; thi> regulation with another, fixing a certain age, under which, no vows are to bo tak mation by slow degrees, and must at least prove to the Canadians, there is nothing in our Holy Religion repugnant to virtue or nior. *lity. INDIAN NATIONS RBIIDINO WITHIN THE GOVERNMENT. In order to discuss this point more clearly, I shall first take no- tice of the Savages on the North shore of the River St. Lawrence, from the ocean upwards ; and then uf such as inhabit the South side of the same river, as far as the present limits of ihe govern- ment extends on cither side of it. 1. THE SAVAGES ON THE NORTH SHORE. The first to be met with on this side, are tb" Esquimaux, these are the wildest and most untameable of any, and are emphatically atiled by the other nations, Savages; they lever dress their fuod, but en fish rotted in the sun, and drink the oil it produces. Trav-'lers represent them as hanly, active, and expert naviga tors ; in summer they come with their whole families ir. cha. loups to fiah ni all the Streights of BelLislt? ; these they leave in the bays, and go out themscUrs to a considerable distance m ca- noes made of skins, wherein they sew rhemsclvcs up; their clothes and the sails of their vessels are made of the skins of wild beasts, rhoy are reckoned treacherous, and have hnd many rencounters with the Freiich and Canadians employed in the fisheries. In those parts they are much fairer than other Indians, and an? bearded, their language is not understood, but a few words they make use of nearly resembles the dialect of some of the most northern Europ'^an nations. A f -W here have traficked with them and have made cjnsiderablc advantajjei by it, but they never agree well together ; any trade however with the Esquim;iux must be precarious, the coast is rocky and difficult of access, the seasons for navigation short, and the risqucs too groat to entice adventurers ; they have never been known to have come on thi« udc of la Fortune. 2. MONTAGiSAIS OR MONSONIS, Inhabit a vast tract of country from Labradore to the Sagucnay ; they are again distinguished into those who livt in tli'' inland parts callfd Nasrapis, and the inhabitants of the water side, for this reason stiled Chichouselapishouets, they take as in.my different names as they have different villagco, but are all the same people, and speak the same language ; as in the interior parts of the country, there are mrxny Lakes and Rivers which communicate with Hudson's Bay i the former .'ften trade on that side, which the latter would also have been obliged to do if the interruption caused by (Ik war had con- tinued for any time, iho' from the more c<>nvenient situation they would ever have reverted to thcwvc who were mastefi of the St. Lawrence ; these are the mildest and most tractable of 11 savages, and never enter into war, tho' their country is extei.sive, their r.ii uberi are inconsiderable i from Labrador t9 Minvan, iht iraderi 64 n i flu not reckon more than from eighty to one hundred families and of those who rcs*)rt to the King's postSjthere maybe about two hun- dred and twenty families in all, but as their habitations are easily mn> ved they arc ever changing and shifting from one place to another : a Jesuit missionary meets them ai Tadousac, when they come there for the trade, and he resides in the neighbourhood all the year. 3. The most civilized of all the Indians in this part of tlie world, are the Hurons settled at a little village called Jcune Lorette, about three leagues from Quebec ; these arc all Roman Catholicks, and are a decent, well behavtd pet)ple. It is now many years since they were removed there fiom their ancient habitations about Lake Huron or Eric, are settled upon lands belonging to the Jtfiuits, and live much the same manner as thj Canadians ; they have excellent good houses, cultivate their own lands and live upon the produce. In the hui.ting 'eason they go into the woods, and hunt themseivx's, oriraf- ni k witii the more remote India'iS for tlier peltries ; some of the el- ders have been so tenacious of their niotlier tongue, they hardly speak a word of French, but most of the younger ones speak it tolerably well ; indeed it ever has been the policy of the rreiicli Go- vernment to make them retain that, and as much of their ancient customs as possible, that they might j)rove »^f great use to them in caocofwar with other nations ; at the same time, they endeavour- ed to attach them to their interest by every tie ; a Missionary re- sides among them, they have a neat Chapel where Divine Service is constantly performed; at which all the Savages ashist, with a punc- tuality and decorum, worthy of imitation by more enlightened peo- ple; they seem to be well sati;;fied with the change of masters, and were so particularly pleased at their village being spared during the winter 1759, tho' forced by the French to abandon it, that they never could prevail upon them to act with any degree of vigour a- gainst us. They have at present but thirty-two warriors, and the whole village, mtn, women and children are short of one huiidred ; their number is decreased at least one half within these forty ye-^ s, and the Tribe would, by this time, have been almost extinguished but for the supplies they got by captures in war, and the sale of un- happy infants, witosc parents choose to conceal their own shame at the exrcncc of sucl. unquitous bargains. .' 2. SAVAGKS ON THE SOUTH SHORE. These have wandered about the country so very much, and hav* been so unsettled by continuing wars and frequent revolutions that have happened on this part ofttie Cjntinent, it is hard to give any tolerable account of them at this time. By tlie best information we have been able to collerr, the Micanuis were settled and some arc •till about the Bay ties Chateurs, and upon the coasts and bays in rhe Gulph ; they are not ul present very numerous, in 1759 about one hundred of them joined the Preni'li. The Kencbccks and Micmacs inhabit about the River St. John's and Pentagouest ; their i igii3g« and that «>f the Abenaquis is pretty nearly alike, anU tho Three Nations are a jjocd deal intermixed ; the 111 nilicA, and t two li un- easily mo- I am.ther : ome there ear. the world, ttc, about icks, and sinci- they ke Hurou , and live llent good ;. In the ;s, oriraf- of the el- ley hardl)- speak it 'reiich Go- fir ancient to ihem in .Mideavour- ionary re- ne SiTvicc all a punc- cned peo- isters, and luring the that they vigour a- s, and the hundred ; rty yer- -s, tinguished sale of un- shame at and have ions that give any mation wc some are d bays in 759 about St. John's is is pretty ixed ; the Jatter were settled about Naranbsouac and Ponouansfee, noe at St. Fran^Ms and Bccaiicour in tlie (roverninent of I'lip-e-Uivers, it computed thej' may amount to twelve or fifteen hundred fimilics, and in I7.5f>, about six hundred fighting men ot these three nations juintd the French army near Quebec. Under the Frencli, tiny were the only Indians who resorted to this place, where they received from the Gnvcrnmcnt presents of powder, suot, vermiilion, and other trifles, in time of war, cloaihing and provisions. Muiitre.d was the chief seat of the Ftir Trade, and the greattst concoirrse of remote and back Indians are of those who traded with them, was tiiere. There iho Govern., r Genera! used tu meet and confer with Chiefs, and all busiiics* relative to them was mostly tram- acted there. .!...,. From tlie Governf)rof Montrenl, therefore your Lordshi[.:s will cpr- tainly get fullcrand better accounts on this head than I can possiblygive. I have, and shall ever be» very attentive that due justice a:> far a& in my power shall be done to tiicm ) few comi'laiiits have ai yet beet> made ; when there have been any, they have met with instant redress. 7. NATURE OF TIIK SOIL AND ITS I'HOPUCI. "With very slight cultivation, all sorts of grain are here easily pro- duced, and in great abundance ; the inhai)itant.s are inclinable enough to be lazy, and not much skilK d in hu>-I)aiidry. 'J'he great dependence they have iiitherto had on the gun and fish- ing rod, made them negleci tillage, beymd the requisites of their own consumption, and the few pmcliasts they needed ; the monopo- lies that were carried on hcie in every bni.cli, made them can-' uf acquiring beyond the present use ; and .heir being often sei . \»n dis- tant parties and detachments to serve the p.iri ;cular purposes ofgreedy and avaricious men, without the least view of public utility, were cir- cumstances under which no Country could thrive ; as they wiil not be subject to such inciiiivenieneej under a British Gov, rnnient. and being necessarily deprived of arms, they must of course apply more closely to the culture of tlu-ir lands. The Mines already discovered, and the mineral and •^i.lph'ironi waters in many parts of this Country, leave m room to dimbr, na- ture has been bountiful to it in this-espect ; and that further discuxeies and improvements are lik'ly to be made with r< jard to these, when- ever it becomes more pipulous, Notwitiisunding the wiste of war, which they have mi>re sevjivly felt from their pretended friends, than from their declared foes, the Country will u^xiund, iii three or four years, witli all kinds of provision, suHuientto answir not only their home consumption, but evei to export, if a inatkct can be procured. OD^ERVATIONS. '" 1. They grow both flax and hemp in Some partt of the Coimtr} , and many of the lands are well cultivated for this production : rt will be right to turn the thoughts of the ])e()p!c t. wards the cultivatimi of this articl".', so essemial to Great Britain, and tor which she annually pays gre:it sums to foreigners ; a few prerniunis properly disposed of, some Germans and Russians skilled in raisiiig aiid preparing the same, and cnc uvaged for that purpose to become settlers here, may, in a iihort time, greTtly improve this most useful branch of agriculture. 1. Tiiis will be ctie means of cmployipg the won en and children^ during the long winters, in breaking and preparing the flax and hemp for exportation, will divert tlu-m from manufacturing coarse things for their owr u^r. as it will er;ible them to purchase those of a belter lort» manufactured in, and exported from Great Britain* POPULATfON. The present state of population may be easily seen by the ac- count of the number of people in this Govermrjent, taken about a twelve month ago * Then' is great reason to believe this Ci)Iony has been upon the decrease in this respect, ft>r near twenty years past j the wars which thev have been almost tonstautly Carrying on ; the strictness with which marriages within certain degrees of consangui- nity were forbidden, except by dispensation, the obliging bir;in,',er8 incHned lo engage in that slate, previously to prove their not being married before, and the prohibition of intermarriages between Pro- testants and Roman Cat I'oHckb, were so ttiaiiy bars to the propaga- tion of the species ^ ihcsc difficulties are now, ia a good measure re- moved ; the rni.n are an active, strong, and healthy race, the women extremely prolifick, and in all human probability the next twenty yeai 8 will produce a vaat increase of people. 9. TRAUK. The Fre:;ich bent their whole attention in this part of the wortd to the Fur trade ; they never entered heartily, or with any spirit, into the Fisheritts ; most of what was dime in this way, was by adventu* rers from the Ports of France ; some ftsh indeed, lumber and provi- sions, were exported to the French Isla id's. Had this trade been opened, and agriculture promoted here, with any degree of warmth, this branch of commerce mast have become both valuable and exten- sive ; but it was monopolized into the liandaof few, by the connivance and management of the Chiefs I'he sole view of these, being to en- rich themselves by every means, the interest of the State could not fail of being sacrificed upon all occasions By the best accounts we can procure, the value of furs exported in the year ITS*, and 1755, taken from the duties paid thereon, stood thus. if 64,495 4 1\ - (u) In iTol- - l,5t7,885 11 52,735 8 4 - {b) In 1755 - 1,265,650 O But the most intelligent Traders here estimate the exportation of • In 17.')!>, the Pnpulition of jhe whole I'rovincr wai counted at COjUOO wul*. faj No 7, shiiwing «i furs and Quelicc price. (ij No. », ditto «i!uo. 67 :ion : it will lultivation ot" she annually disposed ot, ng the same, , may, in a agriculture, uid children, lax and hemp oarse things le of a belter 1 fcy the ac- akei) about a !s Colony has years past i iiig on ; the f coiisangui- ing bir;in^',er8 •ir not being Dctwceu Pro- ihe propaga- i measure rc- , the women next twenty the worrd to spirit, into 3y adventu< r and provi- trudc been of warmth, e and exten- e connivance being to cn- V. could i.ot in exported lid thereon, S85 11 650 O pnvtation ot" co^uoo wult. this one article to have amounted, one year with another, to near one hundred and forty tliousai.cl pounds sterling per antiv.m. The exportation of these two years apparenly fnl] very short of this estimation ; but it is probable a considerable quantity was run, for the value of imports amounted 2I(>,769 4- 9^ (a) I.i 1754- - - to 5,202,461 15 75,560 8 9\ The oxpovts of the same year only to 1,813,450 11 Ballance agamst the Colo. 1 — — ■ rf 14-1,208 16 ny would onseque.itlv appear J Livres 3,389,011 4 Whicli parries with it no degree of probability but a strong pre- sumption, that in this as indeed in every other branch, the public were ill served Such of their Custom House books as have come into our handa are so confused and irregular, that even the late Mr. Tarrant, sent by the Lords of the Treai^ury to inquire into the com. mercial state of this Country, though sensible and skillod in transac. tionsof the like nature, pould collect little information from theti. The French East India company had the uole privilege nf ex- porting Beaver ; for th's purpose the company had an Agent ia each government, a director and a comptroller; a htated price was paid for it, four livres a pound for the green or winter Beaver, and one livre ten sols for the parchment, oi summer one ; the company's of- ficers gave their receipt for the quantities brought into their store houses. These became current in tlie colony as cash ; and in Oc- tober, the Agents drew bills of exchange on the company for the amount of receipts brought into their oflire, which were ever held in more esteem than those drawn on the royal treasurj'. The Province of New- York and Philadelphia, now share witli Canada, a great part of the Fur Trade, formerly in the hands of the French ; but that proportion of it whicli the Quebec govern- ment enjoyed, must remain hers unalterably. The foregoing is an attempt .o sketcli the trade of Canada, while subject to the French governini. it, but, under the full en- joyment of his Majcsiy's mild and ytntle adminibtration, its com- merce must furnisii a j^reater extent. Almost immense and extensive cod U:)h?ritsca!i be catablished in the R'" and Giil[)h i;t St. Lawrence and r^ay, in time, prove an inextiaustable source of wealth and power to Great Britain. Set- tlements mjiv be formed in the neighbourhood of the best fishing places, to wliicli the industrious and intelligent in that brancli, may be invited and encouraged Jo icpair ; a rich tract of country on the South side of the gulph, will in consrciuenee, be settled and im- pioved; a port pr pcits establlsiied and furnished with every materi- al leq'iisite to repair ships tliat have suiTeied by stresti of weather, or the ditliculii'.s attending navigation in such narrow ^ea^, a point much wanted, wliieli will Icf-en the risks and consid.iably incrcaif •he profus of the commerce of this colony. ^aj No. ', itn|>ori« and «x|''ort» of 1 7,';i. / ' mm J? h ! !:i 6g It is further to be observed, that the fish caught upon the coast and in the bays, far exceed the bank cod, and Knch an advanced price iii foreign markets ; the fishermen being on the spot, will com- mence fishing the very ii.stanr the season permits, and will continue to the veiy la^t of it ; whereby at least, two months will be gain- ed to the trade, which are just now, a heavy expence to it, with- out producing the least profit. Next to the cod, in importance, is the whailc fishery, which can be carried on to the greatest advantage in the River St. Lawrence, with less risk and exjience than in any other seas, where these animals resort ; under this head, may be placed, the seal and sea cow fisheries, of which there is a prodigious abundance, and an immense quantity of oil and whalebone may be annually exported to Great Britain. There are several small rivers on the coast of Labrador, abound- ing with vast quantitieb of excellent salmon; this, if folK>wed with spirit and inda-try, might very soon become a considerable object to the Briiish trade. 4. His Majo-ity's yards may, by the bt .-t accounts, be supplied with masts from Chambly, at a much cheaper and easier rate than from New England ; by ilie latter, a tcdiuus land carnage of seve- ral miles, and the immense fall of a most rapid river, over which, they must be rafied, and where many are lost, must greatly en- hance the value of tiiis useJ ' and necessary branch of nival stores; whereas, by the former,- w h little or no risk at all, at a proper season, thi re is an easy »vater carriage for them all the way to Quebec, the port for shipping them to Eumpe. It is likewise prolwbk that this very brai ch may be much fur- ther extended than over it vvasn.id.r the French, by reason of the superior d;iige;ice and applicaiion of the British traders. It u ust be allowed the French w.-ie laudable in restraining the vent of spiri- tuous liquor! to the SlIvu^'i-s, b. yon I a certain quantity. By this means many br ils \vireavoidi.'d., for they are f.;i.d to excess of every thing striMiJi;, aud an- all mad ui their intoxications. Rais-'ig hemp and tlux, for which the L.nds arc in many places pxtre .I'ly proper, must be an object of the mo^t serious consi- deration ( and I must repeat here, how ust ini this nuist prove to tin; end of promoting Agriculture , of emplvAing the women and cliildieii during the tedious winter inoinh-, and of procuring, in a sh.rt time, a vast exportation of that usefd commodity, for which iheretuii- wil' be made in British manufactures. 7. As the eiMitry vvery wlieie abounds w ih oak, ash, wal- nut, bnth, bee^h, traplf, M\ii . !vm haid wood^, wli'ch, by ex- perience, aukiovnto yivhl iln; most salts, t!ie article of potash so much demanded in our mannhicturiex, may be easily produi.:dand soon become an obieet of cons'-qiienc? ; the essay,; for llif, pur- po»e, whicli have been made in our other co'onits and have mis- carried, ought not to discourage an attempt in this; the high price of labour, the woods being in many parts remote from water carriage, and the gKHi tncjura^emcnt for growing and exporting I the coast 1 advanced , will com- itl continue ill be gain- u it, with- whicli can Lawrence, i'here these iiid sea cow in immense i to Great 51', abound- kuved with able object be supplied ;r rate than Te of sevo- Ljver which, greatly en- i.ival stores ; at a proper the way to • much fur- ason uf the It n ust be lit of spiri- y- ie must be Tery cheap, in a few years, f^r the navigation being closed six months out of the twelve, this country can never vie w:h our Sou- thern Colonies, in the West India trade ; besides, the country be- ing settled clo^e to the river side, the conveyance (f the com- modity to the Port, where it is to be shipped, will be ooth cheap and easy ; it will likewise be a means to enij-loy the men all win- ter, in the busmess of felling and drawing of wood, which time they chiefly dedicate to idleness and smoaking. 10. CIIARACTJER OF THE PEOPLE. The Canadians may be reckoned urider four different classes. 1. The gentry, they call the nobility. 2. The Clergy. ' ..,'... -^ ' . ti. The Merchants, or trading part. ' .,• /•^e . 4. "^riie Peasantry, or what is here stiled Habitants, 1. The Gen'tky. — 'These are descended turn military and civil oflicers, who have settled in the Country at differenl ;imes, and were usually provided f >r in the Colony troops ; these 3>>n^isled formerly of twenty-eight, afterwards thirty, and had been lately augmented to thirty-three companies ; liny are in general poor, except such as have had commands in distant Po^ts, wliere they usually made a fortune in three or four years ; the Croix de St. Louis quite compleated their happiness. « They were extremely vain, and have an v.tter contempt of the tra- ding part of the Colony, though they in.ide no scrnj)lc to engage ia it, pretty deeply too, whenever a coiweujent opj>c5rtunity served; they were great tyrants to their vassals ; who seldom met wnh redress, let tlurir grievances be ever m) just. Tiiis class will not relish tlie Bri- tish Governineiit, from which they neither can expect the same em- ployment, or the sann' douceurs, they enjoyed under the French 2. The Ct^ERGY. — Mov. of the digiiif'.'d anx ng them, are Frei eh; the rest Canadians, and are, in geiK-ral, of the low. r cKi.-s of people ; the former no doubt will itaveg'vat diiiicnlty to reconcile tlietrsclvijs to us, but nui' t drop oif by degnn-s ; few if the latter me very clev^T ; however if the ecclesiastical state w<.s once composed cotitely of na- tives, they would soon become easy and saiidfied ; their intiurncc over 1 he peo le, wa;, and is siill, very great ; hut though wo have been so short a »ime in the Country, a dillerenee it to be pciceiv. d ; they dv) not sub nit so tamely lo the yoke, apd under HUi.clion of tiic capitulation, they every day take an opportunity to dispute the lylhes with then cures. Tlu.'se were moved f-om tiieu' respective Pa- rishes at the Bishops pleasure, who thereby always kept them in awe. It may n:'t be perhaps improper to adopt tiie '^aine mcilnd in case his Majesiy should thmk right, io\- the sake of keeping them in proper subjection, to nomiihi:- thnn /linui!/, or hij those 'who act uiuitr his mwth'ir'ily. It is not improbible that thi' Jcsuiis, warned by their late di-gra- ce» iu the dumiuiuns of tho^e pulentulcii who sccnicd to fuvur theiH li!! ill •70 the moet, and apprehending the like or worse treatment from those they slile hereticks, will choose to dispose of theii estates and retire. As they may, pos; ibly, find some difficulty tn get purchasers, the Government might buy their lands at an easy rate, and dispose of the »ame to many good purposes. 3. The Traders of this Colony, under the French, were either dealers in gros or retailers ; the foriiier were mostly French, and the latter, in general, natives of this Countiy ; all of them are deeply concerned in the letters of Exchange, many are already gone to •olicit payment ; and few of those who have any fund of consequence in France, will remain. 4. The fourth oider is that of the Peasantry ; these are a strong healthy race, plain in their dress, virtuous in their morals and tem- perate ill their living ; they are in general extremely ignorant, for the former Government would never suffer a printing press in the Coun- try ; few can read or write, and all receive implicitly for truth the many errant falsehoods and atrocious lies, industriously handed among ihem, by those who are in power. They took particular pains to persnndc them, the English were worse than brutes ; and that, if they prevailed, the Canadians would be ruled with a rod of iron, and be exposed to every outrage ; this most certainly did not a little contribute to make them obstinate in their defence ; however, ever since the conquest, I can with the greatest truth assert, that the troops have lived with the inhabitants, in a harmony unexampled even at home. I must here, in justice to thosi: under my command in this Government, observe to your Lord- ships, that in the winter which immediately followed the reduction of this country, when from the calamities (if war, and a bad harvest, the inhabitants of these lower parts were exposed to all the hojrors of a famine, the officers of every rank, even in the lowest, generously contributed towards alleviating the distresses of the unfortunate Ca- nadians by a large subscription ; the British merchants and trader* ■ readily and chearfully assisted in this good work ; even the poor sol- diers threw in their mite, and all gave a day's provision or a day's pay in the month, towards the fund ; by this means, a quantity of provisions were purchased and distributed with great care and assidui- ty to a number of poor families, who without this charitable support, must have i.ievitably perished ; such an instance of uncommon gene- rosity towards the conqueied, did the higlust honor to their con- querors, and convinced these poor deluded people, how grossly tficy had been imposed upon. The daily instances of lenity, the impar- tial justice which linsheen administead, ko far hcyoiid what they hnd formerly t-xperienced,* have su altered tiicirojiinion w^tli regard to us, I may safely venture to affirm, for tliis most useful order of the state^ that thev have not the least design to emigrate from their present habitations into any other of the Frencli Coliwiies. Their gieatest * The General mij^ht have addetl, that it i< only in will balanced Govern- ments, not in Despotisirn, or Democracies, that justice is well administered— Jn England the law is the Sovereign, its will executed in its Courts of Justice. n dread is least they should meet with the fate of the Acadians, and be torn from this their Native Country Convinced tliat this is not to be their case, and that, ihe free exer- cise of their Religion will be continued to thtm, if onct Canada is irrevocably ceded by a peace, the people will soon become faithful and gcud subjects to his Majesty ; and the Country they inhabit, will, in a short time, prove a rich and most useful Colony to Great Britain. Before this report is closed, it will net be in proper, to ob.ietve to yon I Lordships, h w imposs.ble it is to ascertain exactly whai part of North Air.cricathe French stiled, Canada, no Chart or Map what- soever i.aviug fallen into our hands, or public records of any kind wh.atevcr, to show what they under-^tcod by it. However, it is to be hoped, tiie limits on this side at least, will need no canvasMiig or admit of any dispute. Should I be able to procure further lights eithei to tS^se limits or the several other nmtters contained in this report, wniij of no- tice». you may be assured they shall be forthwith transmitted lo your Lordships; happy if n^y labors c:in any way Conduce to His Ma- jesty's service or -he good of my Country Quebec f 5th June, 1762. ,* , . , V' <• . -■ No. XXII. AN ACCOUNT OF THE TEMPERATURE, WINDS AND WEATHER IN CANADA— WITH MAGNE- TIC OBSERVATlOvS. Temperature of Climate from Thermometrical Observatlom. Quebec, L-AT. 46. 35. 1 Year's Obs-i vation. Months. January ..------ February ...----- March ' " April -' - ■ May - June .----- ■ - July ....--.. August ...--.-. September - - - - -- • • October ..------ November ..------ December ..------ M. of the Year 4'2 Greatest Heat 8S \Gautier Hist. AeuJ. Roi/al Scien. 1745, /. 194.] The direction of the Winds at Quebec. 17U! and 4. Mtaii Heat. lOdeg. 10 22 40 .52 67 "^ G9 67 51 44 36 '" 20 ■'■' Place. Time. 1743 N. N.E. E. S.E. S. s. w. w. N.W. Quebec. to 1744 1 194 1 14 261 2 35. :o, of Ob. 508. :M. Ill rt : 11^ s -. State of the IVeather at Quebec, from annual Ottervatlons. Place. Quebec. Times. Fair. Cloudy. Rain.j.Snow. 1743 128 and 1744. 277 88 32 Hail. Frost. 14. Thun, Hazy. No. of 01/ 405. j1 vieiv of the extremes of Heat and Cold, at Quebec, f^r ten years, beginning ivith the year 1 80©. ti ". Extreme Cold. Extreme Heat ■ --, Years. Months. Days . Cold. Months. Days, Heat.- 1800 Jan. 29 6 July, 6 •96 ; —. 30 4 — 8 92 ' 1801 Jan. 4 10 July 31 89" Feb. 13 10 August 9 89 , 3802 Jan. 23 15 July 27 86 ■ Feb. 6 20 August 10 84.. 1803 Jan. 4 18 July 8 93 ; , Feb. 1 14 — 9 90 ^ 1804 Jan. 20 17 June 22 ._ 21 22 — 23 90 '^ 1805 Jan. 3 18 July 14 89 — 5 20 — 15 91 1806 Jan. 17 8 July 14 84 Feb. 6 8 — 15 85^ 1807 Jan. 22 15 July 12 96 _^ 26 20 — 27 95 1808 Jan. 3 12 June 23 91 — 16 13 July 16 96 ?.809 Jan. 14 26 June 27 92 Feb. 4 23 July 9 90 1810 Jan. 20 26 June 18 90 *> Feb. 10 22 — 19 90 A In the C olumn respecting the Cold, the figures denote below zero *'.' Magnetic ( Observations made in Canada. I Places." Time. | Variation • Obser. 1649 16= 0. W. Des Hayes. 1686 15. 30. Quebec. 17J<5 12. 30. 1 Holl 12 5. veyor and Sur- Occober J 7s)3 j General Three Ri vers. 1785 9- 30. J of Canada •' Montreal AugOBt 1749 10. 38. M. Guillon* 1785 8. 24. Holland. .-*' r'-'-- - • "^:- - ' ^ ♦ '■' :J;^-5Jb i''i .* K, . . '■ i*.* » ' .«-.'/'■'.'-;•:.' 4. -I. I ..'.-IW ■^v;,..■uvf■ , • . '.N V,n'lV :i'.'' . ' ■^, S.\ , ■ ' .}. 1 .ar-'ik . .'*:.- ;s '■' 1 - ^^yk' .r»» .!., 1 ; V f J) i J., t t t y'pvt 1 •■■' : :.,t/v/^'^ vattons. ay. No. of Oy 405. r ten years, / eat. Heat. 96 92 89 89 86 84 93 97 90 90 89 91 84 85 96 95 91 96 92 90 90 90 zero. Obser. = Des Hayes. Hlolland Sur- yor General Canada VI. Guillon*, BoUand. ' ■ • * A.- -li '. I