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The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent §tre film^s d des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour §tre reproduit en un seul clichd, il est film6 d partir de Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mithode. I by errata med to nent une pelure, faqon d I. 1 32X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 I'^J •i «y ^ -■fk h ' loiu to jjjin : or, the jjinnitij of |;iboi\ SUGGESTIONS TO YOUNG MEN, IN !!IR1:K 1,KCI'URES, '4 KOK IIIK KN( <»l r-Ai.HM KNl ol- '; :l AiiHKlLTlHK AMi TllK lM)lSTHi.\!, AllTS. '; '■' Bv L). H. XEWCOMH, rorntonllfs, X. -2&. li^ 2k A 6 30.^ • N4-2 "1^ f ^ "I w rouirlit hard diuiii'j; rlic hmirs alli>t'u ri'iid. wrott', or Aiilkcd. iliiriiiL' tlu' hours tJmt wfvc jnopcrlv my own. and 'J„^ f" was liapp\ ."' — Hr(;u MlJ.l.Bk. " I' LA B O /,■ OMNIA VIA ( 7 T. T>I^IOE :""IFTE£3i>T OE3M-TS- HALIFAX. N. S.; VOVA SCOTIA PUINTTN*(; COMPAXY.' 1872. m ^ x(^ :v "I ', xi' etc to lin ; or, tk SMGESTIONS TO YOUNH H£K, IN THREE LECTURES, VOU THI ENGOURAQBMXrr OF AGKICULTUEE AND THE INDUSTRIAL ARTS. By a B. NEWCOMB, 4 * I wrought hard during the hours allotted to toil, und wM content; and read, wrote, or walked, during the hours that were propwly my own, and was happy."— Hdou Miluu. LABOR OMNIA TINCIT, HALIFAX, N. S. : **NOVA SCOTIA PRINTING COMPANY,^ 1873. rREFATOEY REMABKS. The following pages contain the substance of lectures delivered in several places in the County of Kings, N. S., for th« encouragement of the industrial arts, before so many of the agriculturista and median i(-s, with some professional men and merchants, as were present on the several occasions. It is so much out of the usual course of agriculturists for one of that pursuit to appear before the public in the discussion of any matter of public interest, that when a man of the farm takes to the platform or the press, to agitate questions even of acknowledged importance, his compeers are apt to view tlie effort with a suspicion that the individual haa some selfish purpose in view. I am only induced, therefore, to give these Lectures to the public in the present form, because I conceive them to embrace principles of truth which should be impressed, if possible, upon the minds of the industrial classes in general, and young men of every class in particular ; and because the want of skilled labor is now becoming seriously felt in all branches of industry in this province, esjjecially in agriculture, on account of our active, energetic young men leaving us for other places and other business. My brethren of the farm have offered me little or no encouragement to publish, with the motive of our common good what has been approved of in sentiment, so far as an expression has been received ; tocause, it may be, the effort to awaken an interest in the profession of agriculture and the rights and claims of agriculturists, was looked upon, as some expressed it, " as an effort to reach the lied Benches," while a nuuilwr of professional gentlemen have voluntarily given evidence of their wish to see the Lectures placed before the public in their present form. Even if our farmers should be right in imputing ambitious motives to everv one who turns a furrow in the field of literature, 3 2^^^" IV. Preface. they are certainly not right in assuming that any one would take this course to reach the low moral and intellectual level to which political distinction — honors are few and far between — has now in many instances become degraded. With these hints, I think it my duty to lay before the public the reasons which induced mc to undertake the preparation of these lectures. I have always been unwilling to waste in unprofitable inactivity that leisnre which my occupation some- times allocs, and which diligent men, even with moderate talents, might often employ in a manner neither discreditable to themselves nor wholly nseleis to others. Desirous that my own leisure should not be consumed in sloth, I anxiously looked about for some way of filling it up, that might enable me, according to the measure of my humble ability, to contribute •omewhat to the encouragement of general industry and particularly to the skilful cultivation of the soil, in connection with the cultivation of the mind, as an inducement to onr young men to stay with us, instead of fleeing from their home and their country in pursuit of a phantasm. The writer has no interest in this matter only in common with every well wisher of our country, and it is submitted to the public without anticipating or answering the remarks of those who may perhaps sneer at roe for a departure from the vsual course of my calling, because I am desirous of employing in a rational and useful way that leisure of which the same men would have required no account, if it had been wasted on trifles or even abused in dissipation. D. B. N. TI me would \ level to ctwcen — he public iration of "Waste in ion Mine* moderate ditable to ,t my own ]y looked lable me, contribute str) and :onnection pnr young homo and L common bmitted to emarks of J from the employing same men 1 on trifles X B. N. THE DIGNITY OF LABOR. ■«o«- LECTURE I. *' Tb« camp has had its day of aong : The sword, the bayonet, and the pluin«, Hare crowded out of rhyme too lonjf The plough, the anvil, tmd the loom! O, not upon your tented fields Are freedom's heroes br«d alone, Ths training of the \V'ork-8hop yields More heroes true th.\n war has kuown ! Let Labor, then, look up and see Qis craft no pitli of honor lacks ; The soldier's rifle yet may be Less honored than the woodman's axe t Let Art his own appointment prize ; Nor deem Uiat gold or outward height Can compensate the worth that lies In tastes that breed their own delight — AKrnymou*. DO not claim for this subject anything new or very attractive, but I claim for it an importance ^1^1 which has been very generally overlooked by the very class that should be most interested in it. I have for some time be«n influenced by the impression, -—and whether properly influenced I must leave you to judge, — that as almost every other subject has been freely discussed upon the platform, and brought to the notice of the people by the lecturers and speakers of .-*^- How to Win; or\ the (lay, it ha.s rt^ally become the duty of some one to claim a Hhare of importiince for that which, it must ho allowed by everyone, lies at the foundation of all prosperity. There are other subjects into which wit and humor could be thrown by the speaker or writer, if he possessed these (pialities of mind, that would be more plejising for light entertainment ; but I contend that there is only one other subject of more importance for your consideration, than the one I havf* chosen for the present discussion, whether it is presented to you in manner attractive on tliis occasion or not. There is certainly a growing disposition in the young people of the present day, in this country, to let others do the work. They are influenced by the spirit of the times to resort to any shift, any way, any means, or almost any swindle, to obtain the means of living without work. They act upon the mistaken notion that a calling which does not require manual toil in the discharge ot its duties can be successfully followed without labor. Farmer's sons, whose parents have obtained a respectable degree of competence and a commendable dignity of character, by labor, are seeking to rise abov» a calling which they consider undignified, by going into the professions, or by leaving home for the neighboring Republic, which they mistakenly conceive will afford them an opportunity to obtain a competence, without that undignified exercise of the body, as thty regard it, called labor ; or, perhaps, they look for true dignity and a competence in a life behind the counter, or in the counting-room, since they vainly \ The Dignity of Labor. 9 one to inuftt bo 1 of all liich wit r writer, k^ould be contend portance losen for (1 to you in the ry, to let he spirit ly means, of living n notion il toil in followed nts have ce and a e seeking dignified, home for istakenly obtain a 3e of the aps, they fe behind ey vainly \ imagine that the stylo of life usually enjoyed, to ai)poaranc(% by the oerupants of these positions, will raise them to a dignity above tho sons of honest toil, and keep them from yielding to the temptation which may be for(;ed upon them by necessity, to conunit a deed they do so nuich abhor, — -an act honorable in itself, but one horribly rei)ulsive to their nature — tho act of manual labor. Anything against which the mind revolts by reason of mistaken notions, although dcsigne*! for a blessing and a pleasure, becomes painful and irksome by such perversion of the mind ; and there has been adisi)Ositiou in a part of mankind, from the earliest period, caused by a perverted judgment, to despise honest manly toil, and to regard the happiness of men only as they appeared to the world outwardly, by their dress, their education, their wealth and their rank, and most erroneously considering the balance of ha[)pines3 altogether against the man of toil. The class of young persons having these peculiar notions has vainly considered that, to obtain a position of dignity, they must rise supremely above all labor, and seek their happiness in what are regarded as the higher walks of life. Moreover this class of mankind has always been disposed to rob others of happiness, by taking to themselves, according to their own view, an easy mode of living, by leaving others to perform all the labor, and to live out, according to their mou<^ of estimating happiness, a life of irksome toil. But the physical, as woU as the moral laws of the Great Creator of the g How to Win ; or^ universe are immutable. Men cannot violate them with impunity; and those who live in obedience to them? if only through u necessity arising from the want.-^ of their nature, are made happy in the very nature of the case, by such obedience to those physical laws ; while those who have their wants supplied by other ways and means than those ordained by Ilira who said, " be faithful, multiply, replenish the earth and subduk it," will waste a life-time in striving to obtain the degree of happiness the laboring man enjoys every day he is employed at his industrial calling. There appears to be something wrong in the state of things when so many sons of farmers and mechanics are seeking the professions, the arts, the commercial branches, or some other position than that which their parents occupied, ostensibly for the purpose of arriving at a more dignified position without labor. In fine, they hope to be transformed into gentlemen, according to their notion of things, by a few polished njanners and a fine suit of clothes, that they may move in what are regarded as the higher circles of society, control the industry of those they are disposed to regard as below them, and live, if possible, upon the fruits of other men's labor. Why and where do young persons learn to dislike labor ? and why and where do they expect to gain position and dignity without it ? are certainly questions of some importance at the present time ; for the challenge may be thrown out broadly, to find a healthy man, who will honestly say that he is happier Tyhea idle, although he has no need to be employed, The Dignity of Labor. late them ;e to them* ! wants of ure of the iV8 ; while ;her wayg said, " be BDUK IT," lie degree day he is ppears to when so eking the I, or some occupied, a more r hope to to their nd a fine y^hat are itrol the as below of other »n8 learn y expect certainly me ; for 3 find a happier aployed, than when he is attentively engaged in some profitable business, or industriously laboring in some honest and laudable pursuit, the man cannot be found. Labor is a necessity, not only because by it the bodily wants are supplied, but because the mind must have something to keep it employed, and there is no saying nearer the truth than that, "an idle person's head is the devil's work-shop." The idler is very closely related to the swindler, and sometimes one and the same person. There should be no discrimination made between physical and intellectual labor, except that intellectual labor is far more difficult to perform, and far more exhaustive to the health and strength of man. Here is where the error in the minds of young people first arises. They see no labor, as they suppose, in intellectual pursuits ; and they dream of ease and luxury in professional or mercantile life, and only leam their mistake by a dearly bought experience, which teaches them that head aches and heart aches are more unpleasant than a little fatigue of the body. They see men of professional, and men of mercantile life, float into the Legislature and into offic i positions upon the tide of political feeling, when taken in the flood ; but they forget that the ebb tide of public opinion leayes those who a short *ime before floated upon its surface, sticking in the mud of political degradation ; and they forget, too, that men who are thrown upon the shore of political honors by a wave of public indignation, while clinging to some fragments of the wreck of political parties, will very likely be dashed away again 10 Hoiv to Win ; or^ li by the undertow of the succeeding wave, and lost upon the angry sea of public displeasure. Men who obtain their position by a negative vote of the people^ — that is, by votes which, through party determination, political hatred and personal dislike, are designed to keep others out — instead of the positive voices of the people, to put the right man in the right place, will be short-livcd politicians, the sooner ripe the sooner rotten. Sound politicians and real statesmen do not spring up like mushrooms, nor can the populace breathe upon men and make them such in a day. Labor is a grand principle in all creation. There is no such thing as life without labor ; there is no such such thing as purity without labor. God labored in the creation of the world, and in the creation of all that has life upon its surface, and on the seventh period, or on the " seventh day," as the Sacred Book records, " God ended his work which he had made." Young people or old people, young men or young women, who despise labor as beneath their dignity, have never properly learned to answer understand- ingly the catechistical question, — Who made you ? The individual who lives and enjoys an ordinary share of physical and mental strength upon the earth, and never applied any of that strength in obedience to tlie injunction to " subdue it," has come short of fulfilling one of the grand ends of his creation, and far short of enjoying as much pleasure as the Creator has placed within his power to secure. Labor, dignified manly toil ! healthful labor ! purifier of our that make the d restle active can li domiii the ail the ea proud All our sy planet to per arounc systen appoir motioi vegetE seasor of th( with^ breatl stornc with perfo selve vege putri I The Dignity of Labor. II id lost upon who obtain ople> — that :ermination, designed to [)iees of the ace, will be the sooner lien do not ace breathe on. There e is no such labored in tion of all le seventh icred Book lad made." or joung ir dignity, tiderstand- ade you ordinary :he earth, obedience short of n, and far eator has ! purifier of our corrupt natures,— sweetener of our daily bread ; that which lulls us so soundly to sleep at night, and makes the hard couch of the poor softer to them than the downy pillows are to the rich, in the lassitude and restless weariness of rest, — the regulator of the eyer active passions of mankind ; the means by which we can live upon the earth and " subdue it ;" and have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over every living thing that moveth upon the earth," — who would despise thee as beneath their proud spirit, when God himself hath sanctified thee ! All nature labors. The sun, though the centre of our syitem of worlds and the grand luminary of all the planets that revolve around it, has yet its own labor to perform, by revolving, with its planetary system, around the centre of some other more grand majestic system beyond ours. The planets perform their appointed revolutions by the power which put them in motion, and which holds them in their course. The vegetation of the earth is produced by the everchanging seasons, and by the everchanging and active operations of the elements of which the earth is composed, and with which it is surrounded. The atmosphere which we breathe is purified by motion ; and when the boisterous, stormy winds sweep across our country, and chill us with their disagreeable blasts, it is only the labor performed in the elements of nature, to purify them- selves for our use, and to strengthen the growing vegetation of the earth. The stagnant water becomes putrid by its stilluess, while the running stream is kept 12 Now to Win; or. pure by its motion and cannot be poisoned. The heart even of the man who despises labor performs the work of repeating, by a pumping process, through his system, the blood which in twenty-four hours will amount to twenty tons, to keep the despicable creature alive ; yet he will scarcely help that organ of his vital powers in its function, by the healthful exercise of his system in mental and physical labor ; and if the heart of every one who is too proud or too indolent to work, should cease to perform its labor accordingly, the industrious would soon be the sole possessors of the earth. Young persons who think to raise their dignity withour labor, by crowding into the already over- crowded professions, make a grand mistake. They are placing themselves in a postion where, unless they have a competence without, they must either work, beg, starve or steal. There are some crops that will grow on a farm spontaneously, but nothing will grow out of a profession without labor. In fact ; the reason that some get the name without the qualifi- cation required in the professions they seek, is because they seek these professions with a view to live without work; and, consequently, never apply the labor necessary to arrive at any great proficiency in their studies, or any great degree of dignity in their pro- fessions. We must not discriminate between physical and intellectual labor; they are mutually dependent upon each other. The merchant, the capitalist, the physiciaQ) the lawyer, the philospher, and the man of I 5Cien< will The The Dignity of Labor. 13 isoned. The performs the 1, through his r hours will able creature 1 of his vital ercise of his \ if the heart lent to work, »rdingly, the sssors of the heir dignity ready over- ake. They here, unless must either some crops but nothing r. In fact ; the qualifi- I is because ire without the labor cy in their their pro- eu physical dependent ►italist, -the the man c^ science are laborers in the highest sence, and the event will be disastrous when their claims are disallowed. The increasing disrelish for work is one of the sad symptoms appearing in our valley. The ambition to thrive by expedients, to be carried in itate through the world rather than add something by effort to its possessions, to act the part of a consumer rather than a producer,— this ambition is a sign of weakness and a prophecy of failure. And yet it is too obvious that the dignity of useful labor is passing out of sight, or loosing its power over no small portion of our young people. A great many fugitives from labor have left our favoured country for parts unknown. These fugitives have left labor for indolence, usefulness for ease, heroism for aimlessness, productive and beneficent effort for fast living and fashionable folly ; and in doing this they have traded away nobility for a cheating promise of distinction, and invited the peril which they will probably lack the requisite strength and virtue to keep at \m^. Primeval man in Paradise was required to labor, for the Bible says : " Ai^^ the Lord Grod took the man and put him in the garden of Eden to dress it and to keep it." Fallen man, when driven from the garden, was required to labor, because the earth was cursed for his sake, that he might fulfil the injunction, ^ That in the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread." But man was not c^sed for the earth's sake, but the earth cursed for man's sake ; inasmuch as God said : ^^ thorns and thistles shall it bring forth to thee," that by the 14 How to Win; or^ sweat of his face man might in some measure be kept in obedience to his Creator's Laws and enjoy on earth some of the redeeming qualities of his fallen nature. It is certainly with much phiasure thai we contemplate the economy of things, so beautifully arranged on earth, that the proud cannot triumph over the humble } because happiness results from a proper exercise of all the fa« \dties bestowed upon man, and does not so much result from the mere possession of an object, as it does from the exercise of the faculties in laboring to obtain that object, and the satisfaction of having obtained it by the legitimate application of one's own abilities. If there are any who consider that it is true dignity to look down from a proud position upon the labor of the humble as beneath them, such persons are only happy by vainly conceiving that the class which they dispisc must be unhappy, because they dispise them, and that they themselves must appear dignified to the laborer, because the laborer appears undignified to them. Sucli persons elevate themselves not actually, but only comparatively, by degrading others ; they aie never found among philanthropists, .nor in any way aiding thos© institutions which have for their object the elevation of our race. The proud may possess a large amount of self-inflat€d dignity, buf. they are tacitly despised by the world, and despised by Him who made the world, and who made his creatures susceptible of the highest degree of happiness, in whatever sphere of life they are placed, if they will live in obedience to his moral, spiritual, and physical laws. It is certainly a gi meni cannj of th| they althol theml well consi The i featlu charn rT'J"-* — nyjtiMtmimmmH''*'''*^ ^"'' The Dignity of Labor. 15 isiire be kept njoy on earth fallen nature. e contemplate iged on earth, the humble j ixercise of all 9 not so much jct, as it does ing to obtain g obtaineji it abilities. If cie dignity to '■ labor of the only happy they dispise m, and that the iuborer, hem. Such but only aie never I way aiding object the ioss a large I are tacitly who made [ceptible of sphere of ledience to Is certainly a grand satisfaction to those wlio do labor, either mentally or physically, that those who do not labor cannot rob them of what they enjoy in the performance of that labor, nor rob them of the true di;;nitv of soul they feel, nor the true dignity of character they bear, although they may, by a process of social sponging, rob them of some of tlie fruits of that labor. It would be well for young men, — and young women too — to consider what constitutes true dignity of character. The savage tribes ornament themselves with paint and feathers, which really to their lx)dios lend more graceful charms than the grecian bend ; but w 'th the ostensible purpose of making themselves appear dignified. They live by the chase and obtain their dignity, in their own estimation, by acts of savage cruelty and daring bravery, in the deadly battles of tribe against tribe. They leave the forest standing, the land uncultivated, the mines unopened, the sciences undiscovered, the world unexplored, the resources of nature undeveloped, and the true dignity of character unattained. The civilized class of men clear the forest and cultivate the land ; build ships to navigate the sea ; develop the mines, discover the sciences, explore the world, diffuse knowledge, elevate the race and attain to the true dignity of useful intelligent beings. It is strange, indeed, that the labors of the husband- man and housewife, in this agricultural part of the pro- vince of Nova Scotia, should be looked upon as so un- dignified, by so many young men and women of the present day, who have not descended from families of i6 Hoiv to Win; or^ such nobility and rank as to make it anything beneath their position to soil their hf^nds with work. There is certainly a wrong somewhere that should be put right, or an error somewhere that should be corrected. The occupation of the agriculturist, in this country, is either not properly and intelligently pursued to the best advantage, so that the children of the farmers may realize its pleasures and advantages, instead of con- sidering it an undignified life of drudger^ ; or else the amount of mental labor is estimated far too low, that is required to attain to any considerable degree of dignity in intellectual life. It really appears that the farmers have a low c^jtimaie of themselves, or they would rise in their calling to an intellectual and an educated position equal to the professions ; and when they educate a son, not to educate him for a profession, instead of for a farm ; and when they educate a daughter, not to educate her for for I dont't know what, instead of for a farmci's wife. How long our agriculturists will allow other classes to guide them by leading strings, and allow others to cut away their power by a more sharpened intellect, it is hard to tell ; but such a state of things is very well cal- culated to drive every ambitious youn? man from a life on a farm to some other calling, and from that to some system of scheming, or, if a little further, to swindling. Farmers as a class are certainly men possessed of good common ability ; but they place too low an estimate on their own position, quietly and peacefully tilling 3ir farms, to expend any portion of th< societ;! other rights,! c^re t( and oil tender! of the is in should and til But w attaine and thi such at wise, tl home a their \ dustrio they hi to raij establi barter certain occupj honor, from t which by the Hesh MM I lh$ Dignity of Labor. 17 rthmg beneath )rk. There is i be put right, rrected. The mtry, is either I to the best fanners may stead of con- ^ ; or else the 00 low, that is ree of dignity it the farmers ey would rise an educated when they a profession, y educate a for I wife. How sses to guide to cut away Jt, it is hard ry well cal- nan from a Torn that to further, to tainlv men y place too luietly and ny portion of their time and energy in gaining a position in society ecjual to their real merits. We leave it for the other more learned classes to fight the battles of our rights, and when the battle is over, these take good care to divide the valuable spoils between themselves, and only give to the farmer the compliment so often tendered to us, that we "are the sturdy yeomanry" of the Province ; intimating at the same time, that it is in perfect keeping with our intelligence, that we should remain ♦' hewers of wood and drawers of water," and that wo shouhl pay the taxes and foot the bills ! But when young men learn that true dignity is to be attained only by labor, both physical and intellectual, and that the responsibilities of elevated position, are such as to make them rather undesirable than other- wise, they may be more contented to find a happy home and a sphere of usefulness on a farm ; where their parents have distinguished themselves as in- dustrious, honest and respectable citizens ; and where they have gained a dignity and self-respect sufficient to raise them far above corrupt influences, and established for themselves a character they would not barter away for a little vain show in the world. It is certainly one of the greatest errors that can possibly occupy the thoughts of a young man, to conveive that honor, dignity ard r^'k are obtained by a speedy flight from the top of s- .e elevated position in society, to which he may be elevated without his own labour, but by the well earned means of a father or some one else. He should remember what was told the prince, " that i8 How to Win ; o^, f there is no royal rojul to loiirninj^," and remember, too, that there is no royd road to dististiuction as well. There is no such thin«^ in the records of the past, as an individual havinjr been carried to lasting distinetion, over a smootli road, in an easy chair ; for the battle must be fought before the victory is won. Take a sentiment froni the great Thonvis Chalmers, D. D. : "Every man wo meet carries about with him, in the unperccived solitude of his bosom, a little world of his own ; and we are just as blind and as insensible, and as dull, both of perception and of sympathy, about his engrossing object, as he is about ours ; and did we suffer this observation to have all its weight upon us, it might serve to make us more candid, and more con- siderate of others. It might serve to abate the mono- polizing selfishness of our nature. It might serve to soften down all the malignity that comes out of those envious contemplations that we are so apt to cast on the fancied ease and prosperity which are around us. It might serve to reconcile every man to his own lot, and dispose him to bear, with thankfulness, his own burden ; and I am sure, if this train of sentiment were prosecuted with firmness and calmness and im- partiality, it would lead to the conclusion, that each profession in life has its own peci/liar pains, nnd its own besetting inconveniences ; tnat from the very bottom of society up to the very golden pinnacle which blazen upon its summits, there i , much in the shape of care and of suffering to be found ; that throughout all the conceivable varieties of human condition, there give h The Dignity of Labor. 19 emenibtu*, too, ictioii as well. :>f tlie past, as ng distinction, for the battlo • nas Chalmers, •out with him, a little world as insensible, npathy, about ; and did wo i^dit upon us, nd more con- ito the mono* ght serve to out of those pt to cast on around us. his own lot, ss, his own timent were and im- that each ins, and its 1 the very lacle vvhich the shape throughout itiou, there are trials which can lu^ither Im; adccjuatcly told on the one side, nor fully understood on the other." * To the hand of industry, and especially to the culti- vation of the soil, is duo all the luxuries of life and all the splendors of the rich. Does the genthmian of ease and leisure, when he sits at his rich dinner of roast beef and turkey, with all the delicious concomitants, accompanied with the wine, consider that these luxuries have bften produced for his table by the labor of the husbandman ? and although tlu^ man of luxury would scarcely be willing to share his dinner with the beggar boy which he meets on the street, nor give him a pittrr.nce to buy a dinner for himself, yet ho would give a guinea for that boy's appetite, if he could purchase it, that he might relish a dinner as well aa the farmer by whose labor his was produced. Does th fashionable young man or young women consider that the fine and stylish garments with which they adorn their delicate bociies are produced by labor, for their gratification, and that those who labor for that purpose are far more at ease in plainer and coarser garments, by reason of the exercise afforded by such labor? Do those fashionable people, who despisQ labor, consider, when they see the farmer at what they think is dirty work, that it brings a clean conscience ? Let it be well considered by those who are looking for dignity in any particular position in life that the dignity must He in the character and abilities of tliQ man to give dignity to the position he may occupy. * Astronomical Discourses, page 51. so How to Win ; or, I To properly estimate the dignity of labor wo must take into consideration what has been accomplished by it throughout the world, in clearing forests, cultivating fields, ploughing the sea, building cities, building rail- roads, constructing canals, stretching telegraph wires across the continents and across the ocean, and linking together in loving but iron bands the nations of the earth, and making them as one, spreading the bene- ficent results throughout the whole social life. We need not go beyond our own little Province to see the great results accomplished by labor within the short space of a hundred and twenty years, as Goldsmith says in his address to Acadia: " (How short a period in the page of time !) " Since savaga tribes with terror in their train " Kushed o'er thy fields and ravished all thy plain.'* And now Nova Scotia has, according to the census of 1861,* 971,816 acres of cultivated uplands and inter- vale; and the agriculturist has dared in the dignity of his labor to say to the sea, thus far shalt thou come and no farther ; and with more power than Canute the King, with all the flattery of his courtiers, by the Dykes built with skill and labor, the farmers have given to our Province 35,487 acres of the most valuable land in the world, and to Kings county alone, our native county, 6,895 of the richest of the whole. By the labor of the ship-builder Nova Scotia owns about 400,000 tons of shipping, — a ton for every m' Ill I ■ I I m ^— ^» ■■ ■! - ■ ■■ ■ I M ■ I ■ I , .Mil n w - ^ ■ ■ , • Census of t871 not publiohedf man, of th( of fisi woodi King? T'WBnpi 1 The Dignity of Labor, 21 labor wo must icompliiihed by Bts, cultivating , building rail- ilegraph wires m, and linking lations of the iug the bene- ;ial life. We uco to see the bin the short M Goldsmith in plain." the census of is and inter- he dignity of ou come and Canute the iers, by the irmers have f the most ings county !hest of the ^ova Scotia •n for every man, woman and child in the Provinro. By the labor of the fiMhermen she obtains about $3,000,000 worth of fish from the sea annually. The forest, by the woodman's axe, yields an export of $732,873, and Kings county alone, by the labor of its farmers, has exporte>»i ney represents only a specifical amount of labor which has already been performed, or the product of that labor. That is to say : five, six, seven, or eight dollars in cash will represent a barrel of flour, according to the price, which was produced by labor equivalent to five, six, seven, or eight day's-work, worth five, six, seven, or eight dollars, according to the value ; and in the sf.me way a larger sum only represents a g»'eater number of articles, or an article of more value. For instance, four thousand dollars will represent a house that will require, in the production of the material and the labor iii building, what is equivalent to four thousand dav's-work. Moreover it is still to be ob- served in this, that money is only valuable for the labor that has been before expended, equivalent to the amount it represents in value already given for the money, and not for the labor, or its equivalent, which it may represent, to be expended for it in the future; as may be better explained in this way ; the individual who r( ▼alue fquival] benefitl obtainel given f| he is already already in mont to him position money ; its very and its compare an aven thousani material work, 01 in gold that,— 1 list) to purpose ever po which i gold mi It liypothi every i The Dignity of Labor. 23 grow, int, if we had ;al sum of mo- noun t of labor product of that • eight dollars cording to the v'alent to five, e, six, seven, and in the ts a gf-eater value. For sent a house material and ent to four 1 to be ob- il)le for the alent to the t'on for the ilent, whicli the future ; > individual Who receives a sum of money as a free gift, to him the Talue of that money is in the amount of labor, or its fquivalent, that it represents, by which he is to be benefitt€d in the future ; but the person who first obtained that money, to make it a gift, must have given for it, what it represents in value, and therefore he is only making a gift of the value of the labor already expended, and it is only a transfer of the work already done, that the individual who receives the gift in money, may have the labor, or its equivalent, given to him in the future. But to still better illustrate our position, let us take the value of gold, the standard for money ; and we find gold very valuable on account of its very great scarcity, compared with other metals j and its scarcity arises from its very great fineness, compared with other metals ; and, taking the mines on an average, to obtain a quantity of gold, valued at ten thousand dollars, it requires in time, expenses and material, what represents about ten thousand day's work, or the equivalent ; and therefore for every dollar in gold must a dollar in labor be expended, or nearly that, — leaving perhaps a profit to the miner or capita- list) to obtain it from the mines for commercial purposes ; and this is just all the commercial value it ever possesses, and it receives that value by the labor which is required to bring it into use ; were it not so, gold might become of less value than iron. It may readily be deduced, then, from these hypotheses, that it is labor which gives value to every thing we possess ; and that it is labor that ■I 'Ifl 24 How to Win; or^ makes life itself valuable. To live merely is only a passive state of existence,— the trees of the forest live — ^but to live and labor, is to live for a purpose ; and to live and accomplish something wortiiy of our exist- ence, is to live and enjoy life ! Those who travel in classic lands, to study the architecture, the sculpture, and the paintings of those places so celebrated for their magnificent works of art, should remember that those splendid works are tlie result of mental and physical labor, and not a grand creation of the imagination of those who first con- ceived them. If the visitor stands in St. Peter's church at Rome, which covers five acres of ground, and cost about $75,000,000 ; and if he contemplate its magnificent columns, its grand arches and lofty dome, he may reflect that such a splendid structure is not a creation of the imagination merely, but a work of art, accomplished by laJxir ; and he may also reflect that Bramante, Raflaelle, and Michael Angelo, the architects of this great Pontifical Cathedral, although performing no work with their hands, had a mental labor to endure far more severe than the labor ex- pended by workmen in rearing the building. The visitor may gaze with some degree of astonishment at such a structure as the Victoria Bridge, across the St. Lawrence, the most i^emarkable structure of the kind in the world, and wonder how an iron, tubular, railway bridge, nearly two miles in length, with twenty-three stone piers, embedded twenty feet below the bed of the river, where the w^ter is constantly running I T/ie Dignity of Labor. 25 rely is only a the forest live purpose; and ' of our exist- to study the ings of those works of art, rorks are tJe not a grand rho first con- i St. Peter's >s of ground, contemplate les and lofty . structure is ^ but a worh ,y also reflect Angelo, the ral, although sid a mental le labor ex- ilding. The )nishment at cross the St. of the kind lar, railway wenty-three the bed of Jy runuing twenty-three feet deep, and built sixty feet above tlie surface of the water, could possibly be constructed by the art of man in such a difficult place ; but labor accomplished it all. It is somewhat amusing to the working man, and it teaches him a lesson as well, to observe the many substitutes which the rich have introduced^ to give the exercise to the body required for their health, instead of resorting to labor, which would give the very best exercise required. They resort to the gymnasium, where an individual may practice athletic exercises from time to time, until the muscles of the body are nearly torn from their ligaments, and they learn no profitable art, nor enrich the world one cent ; whereas the same time expended in usefhl labor would give a more healthful exercise to the body, and make some one richer, or add so nmch to the general good, according to the amount of labor expended. They institute sports and games, practice hunting and angling for amusement, court fatigue and hardships by strange adventures, and travel the world over seeking for that which the working man finds in his daily labor ; and while the working man, ennobled by his vigorous constitution, his strong, hard and enduring muscle, and the healthy activity of his brain, feels a degree of that dignity inspired by honoring Him who commanded his creaturr upon the earth to " subdue IT," the man of leisure becomes tired of himself, and, losing the true dignity of feeling which belongs to man as the noblest work of creation, he sinks into 2 26 How to Win; or, I dissipation, and becomes weary of a life of restless weariness of rest ! Yes, some may say, but would you expect the rich to descend to the level of the poor and perform manual labor ? It is a question we will leave you to settle, whether it would be ascending or de- scending for the rich mens* sons to do that which would conduce to their happiness and to the lueans of relieving the wants of others, by merely laying aside a little pride and vanity. We believe there is much evidence to prove that it would be ascending in the scale of honor and dignity for the rich to make themselves as healthy, happy and useful in the social relations of .mankind, by a profitable application of their time, as the honest, virtuous, intelligent working classes are in their habits of industry by which they are mtade virtuous and happy, although the rich are apt to despise them. It is a mistaken notion that manual labor and intelligence with reJSnement cannot go together. I have worked on roy farm beside a man that could read in six languages, and he was a good workman. I had once in my employ the best historian I ever conversed with, and I had no fault to f^nd with his work. I have worked beside men who could per- form a good day's-work and perform equally as well on an instrument of music in the evening. The most peribct pattern of moral uprightness and refined manners that I ever knew, so far as my perception could discern, was a young man from a neighboring Province employed on my farm as a laborer. In the city such favorable opportunities and inducements may not be enjoyed for The Dignity of Labor. 27 e of restless Lit would you the poor and ive will leave oding or de- that which the lueans of laying aside lere is much ading in the ch to make in the social pplication of jent working T which they he rich are notion that [nent cannot eside a man ivas a good st historian o find with could per- y as well on The most ed manners Id discern, B employed favorable snjoyed for young men to ei:gage in healthful pursuits, but in the country it is no uncommon thing to find our wealthiest and most intelligent men the most industrious and smartest men in the field. We all know that some rich men can, and will work, although it may generally be intellectual labor they perform,yet if it be intellectual, it is only the harder ; and we know, too, that on this side of the Atlantic our rich men have all firs^ become wealthy by industry and perseverance. If our young people could only see that the fashionable rich are actually working harder in a perplexing struggle to maintain their position in society, and to further advance, if possible, to higher and h\, her rank, bj an everlasting round of fashionable indulgence,that becomes excessively tiresome, and a sickening, disgusting satiety of luxurious so-called pleasure, that becomes most painfully dis- tressing, by such an artificial life, they would have stronger confidence in the doctrine that " Contentment, with Godliness, is great gain," and would be less inclined to leave the quiet pursuit of agriculture, to rush out into the busy bustling world, in pursuit of riches, or honor, or pleasure, while there is so great inducement for them to accept the remuneration now offered to the men who will work skilfully on a farm. I have seen all grades of men, from the Street sweeper up to the Prince of Wales, and there were none that ever appeared to me to be so happy, and to enjoy life with such a real zest, as men I have had employed to till the soil. A young man who had learned to farm in youth, but had engaged in speculation and trade very ti 28 How to Win; or^ snccessfully, and had made money, turned in with me a month in haying, through my solici.ation and for a change, and he told me when done, that it was the happiest month he ever spent. We worked together, conversed toget? er, sang together, played together and were happy. The sons and daughters of farmers and mechanics that sigh for an easy way of living and for distinction in the field of literature, thinking that it is a mere pastime to practice a profession or to write books, have but a slight conception, we may presume, of the amount of severe labor expended by celebrated individuals ia gaining their dignity, and in the production of their works. The philosopher is not whiling away his hours in a dreamy revery, when he is seeking out, by the penetration of his mind, the laws which govern the universe. Sir Isaac Newton was laboring most ardently in the development 08 Science, when his attention was drawn to the fall of an apple from a tree, as a consequence of a law of nature now known as the law of gravitation. He was not pilfering fruit out of his neighbor's orchard, because he was too proud or too indolent to labor and earn it, or to plant trees for himself. The mathema- tician is not dozing away his time in an arm-chair when he is solving those abstruce problems by which the magnitude, distance, and relation of objects and bodies are ascertained. The poet does not dream his effusion and imprint it upon paper by some magic art ; his work is the creation of his genius, by the labor of his brain. The orator does not acquire hk eloquence by a mere stret appl| brinj the suppl to hi| nor The Dignity of Labor, 29 I in with me 9n and for a t it was the ked together, together and d mechanics )r distinction it is a mere e books, have >f the amount idividuals ia 3tion of their ray his hours out, by the govern the lost ardently tention was consequence gravitation. >r*s orchard, labor and ?>• mathema- -chair when which the and bodies his effusion ; his work his brain. 3y a mere stretch of the imagination ; the labor of years, in close application to the necessary culture, is required, to bring him up to the proper Standard, even with all the talent he may possess. Fhe Statesman — and I suppose we have such in the Dominion — is not borne to his position on the wings of universal approbation, nor wafted thither by his ambitious sighings for distinction ; he has to travel over a rough road of public criticism and censure ; has to climb over high hills of opposition ; has to get across, as best he can, wide gulfs between himself and public opinion. The author of a bood accomplishes his work, — if it be a work of any merit — ^not as a pastime, but by committing the labor of his brain to paper, in the tedious process of writing line after line and page after page ; the writing of which in itself, in a work of much extent, is the labor of years ; and most of the bright authors that have shone in the intellectual heavens, have gained their illuminating power by a repetition of effort, as their first works were not generally well received by the people ; and not giving way to discouragements and disappointments, they have continued to move on in their orbits until the telescope of other men's in- tellectual visions has brought them to the notice of the world. You may turn to the career of any distinguisbed writers you please, and you will find, i.» most instances, that their first literary productions were not favorably received ; but the hard rubs, under repeated effort, gave them the true polish at last Johnson the 30 How to Win; or. h celebrated lexicographer, and one of the most distin- guished writers of the eighteenth century, was quite unsuccessful in his first efforts. His boarding school was a failure ; his " Tragedy of Irene" was a failure, and his poem called " London" attracted but little attention ; but when his Dictionary appeared, the University of Oxford thought proper to confer upon him the degree of Master of Arts, and it was then, of course, his brilliancy began to appear, and then he commenced to reap the reward of his labor. David Hume, with whom many are familiar as a celebrated historian, philosopher, and miscellaneous writer, but particularly as a historian, had the labor to perform and the disappointments to endure, common to every one who finally succeeds in arriving to a distinguished position. His " Treatise of Human Nature" met with an indifferent reception ; nor were his moral essays any more successful ; but his works entitled " Political Discourses," and an " Inquiry concerning the principles of Morals," by the favor with which they were re- ceived, began to draw upon him, and, after the labor of ten years in the preparation of the work, the publica- tion of the " History of England" brought him out into the first rank of historians. Noah Webster, the author of Webster's Dictionary, which may be con- sidered the ground-work of " Worcester," who is now taken as the standard of our language, was forty years from the time he commenced the preparation of his work, — years of close application to study and re- eearch, and years of constant labor in connection with tlu; Anil Wu this geiij the \ The Dignity of Labor, 31 ! most distin- ry, was quite arding school was a failure, ted but little appeared, the confer upon was then, of and then he labor. David a celebrated us writer, but [• to perform non to every distinguished ire" met with noral essays Bd " Political ;he principles ley were re- • the labor of the publica- ght him out iVebster, the Qay be con- who is now forty years ation of his idy and re- lection with the preparation of his great work — in completing an American Dictionary of the ICnglish language. The Walter Scott centenary celebration reminds us that this eminent Scottish Poet and Novelist, who is generally placed at the head of English novelists of the 19th century, did not find it an easy grade to ascend to the height of his ambition. '' Though his emoluments were large, pecuniary difficulties with his publishers involved him in the common ruin ; and his debts he determined to reduce by noble efibrts, many of which, though they answered the end which the author had in view, added little to his fame and utterly destroyed a robust constitution in writing them." In all departments of literature in which we find distinguished or eminent men or women, we find that they have arrived to distinction by laborious effort, until, by their labours, they have overcome opposing difficulties, and have con(iuered the territory of the world's approbation. This may be said even of " happy Will. Shakspeare," the most illustrious dramatic poet of England ; of "jolly Bobby Burns," Scotlands's immortal bard ; of Gassendi and Descartes, the celebrated French philosophers ; of Demosthenes, the Athenian Orator, and the greatest oi'ator of antiquity ; of Cicero, the prince of lioman orators ; of Edmund Burke and Daniel O'Connel, Ireland's bright political stars; of Sheridan in the English Parliament, famous for his celebrated speech on the Begum charge against Warren Hastings, before the House of Lords, who, when he had delivered his first speech in parlia- 32 How to Win ; oty ment^ was told by Woodfiill, the reporter, that he had made a failure, it is said that he " rested his head on his hand for some minutes, and then exclaimed wit'i vehemence, * it is in me and it shall come out of me!* " and by labor he brought it out, and afterwards made some of the most celebrated speeches on record. It is stated that some of the popular authors of the present day have been known to rewrite some of their manuscripts so many as seven times, to prune them of inaccuracies, and to amplify them and perfect them to their taste. Farmers think it hard enough to sow their grain once or hoe their potatoes twice for a crop but what would they think if they had to cultivate a piece of ground seven times to obtain one crop. The fact of the late Charles Dickens having gained such celebrity ioT his writings that large audiences would pay two dollars each per ticket to attend his dramatic reading, on l\is last visit to the United States, has made his name familiar to almost every one, if not his writings, as a man of great popular talent ; yet such was his mental labor, notwithstanding his natural talent, that during his reading engagements, he kept himself much secluded from the festivities of society to which he wan invited, which ordinary men enjoyed, until his engagements for reading were finished. I have this on the authority of a professional gentleman who was living in Boston at ihe time of Dickens's last visit there, who heard him read. Horace Greely is one of the great self-made men oi modern times, who is evidently standing near the Presidential Chair of the f. ^ Th$ Dignity of Labor. 33 jr, that he had i his head on xclaimed with ; out of me f " ierwards made m record. It uthors of the ! some of their prune them of >erfect them to nough to sow vice for a crop I to cultivate a ne crop. The ff gained such diences would d his dramatic id States, has one, if not his ent ; yet such ^ his natural nents, he kept s of society to men enjoyed, •e finished. I ►nal gentleman ' Dickens's last •ace Greely is ern times, who al Chair of the lliiiti^d States of America, in which through his popular ability, the voice of the ptople may yet seat him ; hut hi any of our young men read his " Re- ilDolh**!tions of a Busy Life" and they will learn that he fauts attained to his present fame and position by a great amount of labor. Wo can point to our practising physicians, that have gained a respectable position in their profession, as among the most in- dustrious in the community. They have driven night and day, braved wind and storm, witnessed suffering and affliction, without the time to enjoy the recjreations enjoyed by persons in humbler circumstances. We can point to our practising attorneys, that have gained an influential standing by their profession, as among the most diligent workers to be found. They toil at the hard and dry subtleties of the law, in their offices, day after day, where the rustling of the leaves of books and papers are far less pleasant than the rustling of the leaves of blossoming fruit trees and growing plants. We may point to the reverenced position of the Bishops, Priests and Ministers, and if they are really servants of the Most High, they are required, " As every man hath received the gift, even so minister the same one to another, as faithful stewards of the mani- fold grace of God." " Not numeiuus years, nor lengthenea life, Not pretty children and a wife, Not pins and chains and fancy rings, Nor any such like trumpery things ; Not pipe, cigar, nor bottled wine, Nor liberty with kings to dine ; 'i^ 34 I/ozv to Win; or^ % Nor coat, nor hoots, nor yet a hat, A dandy vest, or trimmed cravat; Nor all the world's wonlth laid in store; Nor Mister, Kov'rend. Sir, nor Squire, With titles that the memory tire; Not ancestry traced hack to Will, Who went from Normandy to kill; Not Latin, (Jreek nor Hel)rew lore; Nor thousand of volumes rambled o'er; Not Judge's robes nor Mayor's mace, Nor crowns that deck the royal race. These all united never can. Avail to make a single man, A truthful soul, a loving mind, Full of aifection for its kind; A helper of the human race, A soul of beauty and of grace. A spirit firm, erect and free, That never basely bends the knee; That will not bear a fetters weight Of slavery's i.hain, for small or great; That truly speaks of God within. And never makes a league with sin ; That snaps the fetters despots make, And loves the truth for its own sake; That worships God and him alone. That trembles at no tyrant's nod — A soul that fears no one but God And thus can smile at curse and ban; That is the soul that makes the man." The fair sex are constituted under the same laws which govern their protectors, and they have a life to spend profitably or otherwise, as well as their guardi- ans. They were once, in this country — and perhaps now — not too proud to work and enjoy the dignity which that labor gave to their character. It made ■& Till Dignity of Labor. 35 them tlic trii« helpnirots they wero dcsirrnod to be in •the creation ; it gave thorn healtii and strength and beauty ; it gave them the rosy clu'ek without paint. They vrorktul butter as well as embroidery ; mado cheese as well as crochet ; i)layed upon the spinning wheel as well as upon the piano-forte, and raised themselves to the true dignity of women that could enrich their husbands and make themselves graceful without the chignon or grecian bend. the same laws J have a life to IS their guardi- — and perhaps oy the dignity cter. It made %. " Miranda is exceeding fair With painted cliceka and purchased hair; She dresses splendidly I know, For other girln have told me so. Her tinf^ers glitter with her rings, She smiles most weetly when she sings* Likes Verdi bettor than Mozart, And sneers at all that's called High Artj Tint dances with consummate skill, At croquet hits the stick at will. Of needle work affects a dread, Is fond of breakfasting in bed. Can act charades, delights in balls, In pic nics, "drums," and morning calls) Can prattle French and German too, But scarce oac useful thing can do. Attends the races, chaff-*, and bets, And talks of "animals'" and " vets." Can ride to hounds or drive a pair, And knows what gloves are best to weari Her " Peerage learns well-nigh by heart, But ne'er could make an apple-tart. Devours sensation tales by dozens, And loves to flirt with handsome cousins. Ah ! but that she might play me false, I'd ask Miranda for a valse I" !'{ II u Amanda belter pleases me, XJnfasbionable though ^;^^^^ Disdaining purchased cbarm^^,^^ She neither pamts nor dyes n Her manner simple as herd ess, Noartcanaidherlovelmess, She rises cheerful as a bird, Kor e'er lets fall a sulky word, ens:, her rival decked in ace Nor wear a frown upon her face. Tries to m»ke >> ^PW ith„„t hef i So that they scarce can do Love, simple pleas«r«,-mP,„„k,. And thinks bat Ittle how 9 rt:::-m:raerHUi„« T„„rthat,heeandam.^oekmg, I„d, though unskilful as a fl^. She'll sew a button on a sh.rt. IhlwerelintheP'-rf)*' Vd ask Amanda for a wife. . ,w interest that our lady friends Whatever may be the mt^res ^j^ieh taUe in their o.n -^"1--^ *^^',<,Hh, it is not sensible men pU^e «tpo- ^^ ,„ „oUcing, nor modest in me to be ""'^^ J sentiments; but should I be bold in ^''P^^'?!^ "Luemen take in ,Uh regard to the -^^^^^^l^,,,, „ecessary to the .ittalifications «:»'l.;'="r£es that wUl become good wives, 1 very iu^v I'M X. The Dignity of Labor. 37 f lady friends mation which >rth, it is not noticing, nor ntiments; but temen take in J necessary to ,t will become y man in thi» country, however high his position, will esteem a young woman very highly for her qualifications, who has not become qualified to take charge of domestic duties by a practical application of her abilities in the management of household affairs. Furthermore, if any of our young ladies wish to write popular Romances, like Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe, they will find, that like her, they must be content with a plain manner of life, and satisfied with homely features ; and they will find that it is necessary to work hard for the object they have in view. Farmers' girls, of course, are not required to have a very high degree of literary qualification to fit them for the duties of a farmer's house ; but a good practical education, with its attend- ant refinement, and taste for chaste literature and the fine arts, is quite essential, and need not disqualify them to be " Up in the early morning. Just at the peep of day, Straining the milk in the dairy, Turning the cows away, Sweeping the floor in the kitchen, Making the beds up stairs, Washing the breakfast dishes. Dusting the parlor chairs. Brushing the crumbs from the pantry, Hunting for eggs in the barn, Cleaning the turnips for dinner, Spinning the stocking yarn — Spreading the whitening linen Down on the bushes below. Ransacking every meadow Where the red strawberries grow. Hmto Win; <»'> T^ the firings fo'S""*"", Starcninb cream, Churnms the 'now Rinsing the pa.ls and. he s ''"""Ihf.V-^ttu.Ue. reeding the geese ,„»H?htro^t--' ^ . • ,. «wav the flies . Driving awa> Grace in every motion. Music in every tone ffnrm and feature Beauty of form an ^^^_^ Thousands might vet^^ rheeks that rival spnn^ '^''^th.he.-hl.estofpeur ; ^^^ One of these eoantryma,posLgaudwriUng *e J^^f ^^^^^^^ he wa. and from that place of ««"''"\ to the world :1 .. prevent bi»P-«;; J,, ,Uegory in our lat is considered the /n« j,., g,,,t speeches language. ^^\''^'ZoZ^ -^^'^ -'^ ^"'2 V.th the care of *« "^^ „ of laborious duty resting upon ^^^f"^' "^^J . „hen sinking under „ public life, and ^^^^^^.. ,„d sometimes, too, Jweight of y-",*"^Jtnd supported on crutches « «hen wrapped .nflannds a J^ ^^^^ g^^^^„,3, of Who of us would e»;« J^ P; ,„ i^^ense expense of Count Vou Bismarck a such ^^^^^_^^,^, .ar ? Wood and treasure a. th U ^^ ^^^^^ „ It costs millions of '^''^^^^^.lUngton, a Bonaparte, a the battle fields, to make a Wei g ^^^ j „eed Grant, a McMahon, or a Von ^_^.^^^ ^^^ not multiply instances ^ P'"^ ^ geuerally Xeady so fully fttii" of any one will prove, understood; &' *^; ''T^ very little effort wUl that what can be obtamedw'thy^ ^^^ ^^^^^, tave very little apP^^^^T^^a «ith little care and ,na that which can be prod^J^^ ^,1„,. m weeds labor will possess 1 1 le ^^.^^^^ ^^^^^ ^ut the The Digftity of Labor. 41 and proud iristian. ic voted )gre88 ;" he was world in our speeches well as labor. the delicious fruits, must be produced by s rosperity ous duty ng under imea, too, crutches, eatness of expense of rman war? [ slain upon ionapart«, a Jut I need >les that are >e generally le will prove, 5 effort will e possessor ; tie care and 5. Ill weeds tiem, but the dof uaan, as " Natur xpects mankind should share The duties of the public care. Who's born for slcth ? To some we find The plonghshare's annual toil assigned; Some at the sounding anvil glow ; Some the swift-sliding shuttle throw; Some studious of the wind and tide, From pole to pole our commerce guide ; Some, taught by industry, impart With hands and feet, the works of art; VThile some, of genius more refined, With head and tongue assist mankind: Each aiming at one common end, Proves to the whole a needful friend . Thus from each other's useful aid. By turns are obligations paid : The monarch, when his table's spread, Is to the clown obliged for bread ; And when in all his glory drest. Owes to the loom his royal vest- Do not the mission's toil and care Protect him from the inclement air ? Does not the cutler's art supply The ornament that guards his thigh ? All these, in duty to the throne. Their common obligations own ; 'Tis he (his own and people's cause) Protects their property and laws. Thus they their honest toil employ, In every rank, or great or small, 'Tis industry supports us all." If you wish to see man in the eden of his purity, before he has tasted the forbidden fruit of pride, or covered the pure simplicity of his moral nature with i\A Ho^v to Win ; or, 42 __________ — — — - •— — ' 1 v nt a 2roup of busy ,,., «g leaves of fasK>on ^o^^ J^^ , t eUUaven, on the Uwn, or JX ^'^ ^^^;„„, ,i.eir minaB aU their plays. F" 1 "H' e •- » ^;, -,,„,« «oria, a ,„,ow with activity, they a^e • .,„,ao„ wUh ,;,v, created by ^'^'/J.j ,uh an instinctive desire 'plentyWorethcntodo^au^J^^^ .^ ^^^^^^ ^,^, ,, to do it, impl''"'«'l m the r n ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^.tu .Uoald receive the necessary e^ ,^^^^ a ,„a development of the.J ^,„m play ^0^^ skip, jump and run, spo a. >l ^^.^^ ,^ hips ,vith such material as tliey can » .^^^ ^^^,j^ ,„ ll sail them on ^^^%^'^;^^t Wtle streams for ,,e road hanks, dam ;!:S ^er for teams, ren.ovo their imitation u^'"«'f ",•=;'; b„Ud little bridges and ,and banks on little ^^^^^^'X «» '^'^'"''' ''t grade little path roads, and carry ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ !vith something U, -P-^^^^;'^^ ;„' ,„d and sand, little fellows are hardest at J^ j^,,,,_for cliiUlren ^th a fair quantity upon t^m^ ^^ ^ ^.^^,^ ,-„, have not yet learnt '".^^ ,, gentleman, however the hands and clo'^^^^-f^i^he Uttle fellows, they fine in appearance approaches h ^^ ^^^ ^.^^_ ^^^ ^m stand up and look a' h ,^^^,^, be dignity of royalty ; for they ha ^j ^t. a^iauL of their ^o Jj^" ^ *^. ^^ J, .hich are Little girls, too, love their out ^^^^^^^ ^^ ^,,,„ .oessentialtotheir heal h, and y^^^ ^^^^ ^„^^, own domestic affairs in J^^ fj ^.y „ot be fashion- their dolls themselves, althongtv 1 t The Dignity of Labor. 43 e of busy Hired at nliuls all vorld, at on, with ive desire that they growth hop and ay houses toy ships n mills in treanis for ms, remove bridges and ation trade when the [ and sand, for children tie soiling- of nan, however fellows, they with all the t learnt to be proud of it. is, which are ttend to their d they nurse aot be fashion- able for ladies to nurse their own children or to do their own work. It appears to me that children are not generally regarded with the importance their purity and excellence deserves. If they are sometime stubborn, wilful and ugly, it must be because their parents were 80 before they were ; if they are diflicult to manage, it must be because they are not managed according to the requirements of their nature. But the fond father who takes his sweet little bright-eyed daughter, with her flaxen hair and rosy cheeks, upon his knee, and hears her little prattle, and doats upon her i'nocency, the purity and loveliness of his darling chiM, that has entwined herself arouu^l the warmest affections of his heart, can see some of the primival innocence that belonged to the first parents in the garden. The affectionate mother, too, when she has her brave little boy upon her lap, and answers his numerous little philosophical questions, while she is twisting his silken, curly locks around her fingers, and playing with his plump, little, fat, dimpled hands with tapering fingers, and gazing at the sparkle of his bright eye, can see in him some of the excellency of her beau ideal husband, before the fall. But, in my opinion, no one has ever appreciated children fully as a pattern of innocence and virtue, as an example of purity without pride, but Him who said, " Suffer little children to come unto me for of such is the Kingdom of Heaven." 44 How to Win ; or^ "When from the sacred garden driven; Man fled before his Maker's wrath; An angel left her place in Heaven; And crossed the wanderer's sunless path. 'Twas Art! sweet Art! New radiance broke Where her light foot flew o'er the ground; And thus with seraph voice she spoke, — *' The curse a blessing shall be found.' " oy^&y^ LECTURE III. -k " stand up erect ! Thou hast the form And likeness of thy God ! — who more ? A soul tts dauntless 'mid the storm Of daily life, a heart as warm And pure as breast e'er wore. What then ? Thou art as true a man As mores the human mass among As much a part of the great plan That with creation's dawn began. As any of the throng." |T may well excite much surprise, and provoke some discussion upon such an important matter, to observe how frequently the time^honored calling, upon which all other callings depend for their support, is undervalued and dishonored by the very class who pursue that calling. The statistics are not before me, but I have it on the authority of Sir William Young, Chief Justice of Nova Scotia, as stated by him in his speech at the opening of the last Provincial Am The Dignity of Labor. 45 ad provoke tant matter, me^lionored id for their tie very class e not before Sir William IS stated by 3t Provincial Industrial Exhibition of N. S., in 18G8, that mqre than half the population of this Province draw subsistence from the soil ; which shows that even in this somewhat unfavorable country for agriculture, the farming interest is much greater than any other. But, strange to say, our interests are less reg. ^.ed, and our calling less respected than other callings even by the farmers themselves. If a farmer has means to educate a son, he educates him for a profession, and. plants in his breast by that course a feeling of disrespect for his father's calling. The farmers exercise no great ambition in qualifying themselves to fill official positions, and when they choose men to act for them in public matters, or for their Representatives they generally choose professional men or merchants. Ambitious young men, of course, are always looking anxiously for some situation that will give them an opportunity of preferment ; and as there appears to be the least prospect of it in agricultural life, they expend their energies some other way. When a man sees some uncommon development of mind in a son, — and parents are apt to see that in cliildren of no very extraordinary powers of intellect — he thinks it degrading to his son to confine such talants to a farm; and so the feeling pervades the whole class, that the farm is no place for talent. The clerical profession takes its choice ; trade takes its choice ; the sciences and fine arts take their choice ; and the farm has to what are left : and whether the class left for accept of what are left ; a the farm is the least worthy of respect, I may at 46 How to Win; or, present leave an open (juestion, but one thing is certain, that as long as farmers regard their own calling as undignified, respect other professions before their own, and place the power into the hands of other professions to manage their affairs and tax them as they will, so long will the farmers be used as the tools of other mens* ambitious desires, and the true dignity of tlieir own position will be disregarded. A considerable number of our forehanded farmers have educated sons for the profession of law or medicine, but not an instance of a farmer in Nova Scotia educating a son for the profession of Agriculture has ever come to my knowledge, although there are Agricultural Colleges in the neighboring States within two or three days' ride from any part of this Province, where hundreds of young men are being educatled for professional agriculturists, expressly for the farm and with no other object in view. Hear President White of Cornell University on this point. " Let me here mention," he says, " two of those great indirect wants which should be kept in view in any large plan for instruction in Agriculture or the Mechanic Arts. First of these is the want of due representation of the agriculturists and mechanics among the men of political power and influence. It is a want which every thinking man recognizes. It is one great cause why ambitious and energetic young men are constantly deserting the farmers' profession. They constantly see ' tonguey' men taking positions of influence over substantial working men. There is but one way to The Dignity of Labor. 47 combat this, and that is to combine with special education in your departments of Af^riculturo and Mechanic Arts good general education in history, in the fundamental principles of law, in the master-pieces of thought and expression in our owu language, and the like. Thus shall you make your master-farmer and mastor-mechanic a power not only on farm and in workshop, but in the world ; thus and thus only shall you give agriculture and mechanic arts their due representation in the politics of the country. A second great evil to be met," he continues, " i» the constant depletion of the farming districts of the greater part of their best men and the over-stocking therewith of the city populations. Every thoughtful man sees this and deplores it. This is not so in England. There the ambition of thriving men is to get out of city into country ; here, the ambition of thriving men is to get out of country into city. Why this difterence ?" he asks ; and, sure enough, why ti.is difference ? Our farmers' sons have been going, going, going, and are gone from the country, not only to the city, but to another nation ; and there is scarcely now a journeyman farmer, who understands hig business, that can be hired, in this part of the Province. What else may we expect but our present position, if farmers expend their money in educating their sons and daughters for the professions, in institutions where their companions and classmates only regard farming as a menial occupation, and even expend money upon their sons in foreign countries to elevate other professions above their own. The idea 48 How to Win ; or^ seems to occupy the brain of the industrial classes that honor does not l)elong to their callings ; and if they have means to do anything for the advancement of their children, they think they must place them beyond the necessity for manual labor. The rich give their sons a liberal education, expend large sums of money upon them, to favor their oppor- tunities for advancement, and then experience a disappointment in seeing young men from the humble walks of life outstrip their sons and take the high positions to which they hoped theirs would have attained. But the laws of the Most High are so beautifully arranged in his wisdom that the elevations in society, caused by rank and wealth, find their level by the degeneracy of the race, through a lac of stimulus for the mind; while the depressions in society, caused by want, find their level in the eleva- tion of men, by the stimulus afforded to the mind in supplying these wants. One of the greatest cares which perplex the rich is to make something of their sons and keep them up to the rank of themselves, while it is the great perplexity of th« working man, in a new country with free institutions, to keep up to the rapid advance of his sons. The boy which the hard- working man had with him at his humble occupation, a few years ago, is now, perhaps, carrying on ship- building, or some other extensive branch of business, with a large number of men employed, owning shipping and other property, handling a large amount of money every year, and carrying on a large amount \)f profii man's a cTiergie to desc would 1 ing to t talents than th( do not ( which 1] Jangua^ "I w physica the neo world, that the that the anticipa offer nc world ' his gro^ will, thi Easy, p does no to endu that fo: avail nc are pla< imports schools, physica element those si The Dignity of Labor, 49 ABses that d if they ement of m. beyond 1, expend 'ir oppor- jrience a humble the high uld have h are so jlevations heir level 1 lac of ssions in he eleva- mind in iest cares \ of their emselves, g man, in up to the the hard- xjupation, on ship- business, owning e amount e amount v)f profitable business to the country ; while the rich man's son, who had no noccssities to stimulate big energies is in a situation that would bo unpleasant to describe. Men wh 'ro wealth and influence would like to have, no u .1, the power of appropriat- ing to themselves all the honor and distinction due to talents and troe merits; but there is a power, mightier than theirs, which controls these things by laws that do not change to suit the caprice of men, a sentiment which has been eloquently expiH3sseerseverance, to steady force of will, that force without which all other acquisitions will avail nothing. Manual labor is a school in which men are placed to get energy of character, a vastly more important endowment than all the learning of aJl other schools. They are placed indeed under hard masters, physical suffering and wants, the power of fearftil elements and the vicissitude of all human things ; but those stern teachers do a work which no compassionate so How to Win; oTy friend could do for iis ; and true wisdom will bless Providence for this sharp ministry. * * ♦ * Work we all must, if we mean to bring out and perfect our Bfiture. EVen if we do* not work with our hands, we must undergo equivalent toil in some other direction^ No business or study which does not present obstacles, tasking to the full the intellect and the will, is worthy of a man. In science, he who does not grapple with hard questions, who does not concentrate his whole mtellect in vigorous attention, who does not aim to penetrate what at ficst repels,. wiU never attain tO' mental fotrce.." All great and illustrious men, whose names brightea the annals of history, have gained high positions, and Bumortalized their names, only throu^ their hardships. They tell us that labor is the noblest blessing which. God has bestowed iq)on the human race> that it is its^ own reward ? that by it yon achieve the greatest acts ^ by it you can acquire fluency of speech, and by it only can you render yourself versed in all the studies requisite for future life. " There i» nothing," says< Scott, " Worth having, that can be had without labor^ from the bread which the peasant wins with the sweat of his brow, to the sports with which the rich man must get rid of his ennui. The only difference between them is that the poor man labors to get a dinner to his appetite,^ the rich man to get an appetite- to his dinner." The industrial occupations have always been; honored as the sphere of life from which eminent men have arisen, and from which those distinguished characters have been chosen, who have marked the: j^eat ( played •worlds ling to and the arisen revolut their ce the circ bis cou taught t were as "wisdom carpent€ bis bretl And his ^ath th: offended and we were offe liim only low to m( they desf ,the work principlej empires, ( ized the mankind, What wa: «yhen call V*"' u 11 bless ' Work feet our mds, we irection^ bstacles^ 1 worthy )le with s whole aim to kttain to- brighten- Lons, and ardships- ig which. i it is its^ est acts r y it only studies g," says- t labor^ ic sweat lich man lifference to get a appetite- rs been; jnt men iguished Iked the The Dignity vf Labor, 5^ great epochs in the progress of our race, and have -pilayed such a conspicuous part in the drama of fhe world*s history. The opulent have ever been unwil- ling to acknowledge the merits of the industrial class, and they think it strange indeed tbat men should have arisen from the humble walks of life wTio, by the revolutions tbey have caused, have shaken nations to their centre, and tbe moral world from the centre to the circumference. Our Blessed Lord once surprised bis countrymen when, as the Scriptures saith, " Tie taught them in their synagogue, insomuch that they were astonished and said, whence has this man this wisdom and tbese mighty wortis? Is not this the carpenter's son ? is not his mother called Mary ? and liis brethren, James and Joses, and Simon and Judas? And his sisters, are they not all with us? whence then hath this man all these things? And they were offended in bim.'* So reads the sacred Narrative; and we may presume, with vei^ little doubt, they were offended in him, simply because they regaixied him only as the ■** carpenter*'s son,*" and his rank too low to merit any distinction from tliem. But He whom they despised as a carpenter''s son, revealed himself to the world through this humble capacity, to establish principles of Christianity, which have overthrown empires, dethroned kings, subdued nations, revolution- ized the world, carried on civilization, redeemed mankind, abased the exalted and exalted the humble. What was the great lawgiver of Israel, Moses, doing, when called to li3ad his countrymen out of the bondage 52 Hoiv to Win; or, of the King of Egj-pt ? Was he speniling his time iit fashionable folly, or discussing the situation with Pharaoh's Prime Ministers, over a bottle of champagne, with the view to obtain better terms and a good salary for himself? No, he was employed at the calling which, of all others, is the most simple, but one from which many distinguished men have been chosen by the Omnipotent j and one from which many have arisen to make their mark in the world by their own exertions. He " kept the flock of Jethro, his father- in-law, the priest of Midian." You know, too, that this was the occupation of this great personage in the history of the Jewish Nation, who performs such a conspicuous part in the history of God's dealings with the children of men ; " who was raised op on high, the anointed of the God of Jacob and the sweet Psalmist of Israel." He was not lounging in a hotel, like a fashionable young man, with his hat peculiarly set on one side of his head„his feet mounted on the back of a chair, a cigar mounted like a miniature cannon in the embrassure of the left corner of the mouth, puffing the smoke in delicate whiffs from the right, while the cigar is supported tastily between the tip ends of the fore and second fingers of the left hand, the right hand twirling a fancy cane artfully, discussing the merits of the horses engaged in the last horse races, or the men engaged in the last boat races, the demerits of certain young women and the peculiarities of his last flirtation, with a face finely flushed with brandy, be fore he went out to slay Goliath, the Philistine of Gath. No : he a roS( left t duty time and h had d their ; thouW with tl from tl well as by the menibe: fiice, tl laborers present and if r selves f mental durance, economy place; ai hy a go motives, popular founder o now stanc tions, in have prea( is time iit ion with lampagne, )od salary le calling one from :hosen bv a/ any have :heir own lis father- too, that ge in the 3s such a lings with high, the Psalmist il, like a ly set on ! back of annon in h, puffing vhile the Is of the ight hand merits of the men )f certain (lirtutiou, he went No : he d-'y to perform. Then^'Z; noT" ' "'" ""o*^' t"ne with David; he ha,I !! "° '"'""^"S "way the "-' -defied the afiX:," """" ""= ^■■'""' ^^ The Apostles of Chrlef ,^ their Lord and Master frl ,7' -'T'""'"^ ''''"'«" ^y 'hough their teachi„; ;C :;t*'-^' ^''''— '^ 'vith the people of that dav i^ ^^' T ""'"' ''"P"'''^ f'-om the higher rank J't . S ""' ''''^" ''''-- 'veil as now, cannot boa/tlf ' ^ ''""''■' ""•"' »» hy the choieo of a , Z " """" ''^'"''^^"^ honoured men.bers. We have the f^ ' f •"' '""' """"' "'«- fi'ee, that the great ml , T" "' *'"''"y '" 'he '"borers in the ICLZrlV !'' ''"'""•"*«'' K-ent day, have aril fi" '' "" '!'' •'«""'"' '» "'« -" if not from this "iT^",'' ""'"^'™' -^'"-e^ i selves for the duties o'f ,.,' 7 " ^""^'''''^ "'«"- ™«ntal and plS , ""'' ''' """'""-" V a government that LS. m ^ir ""^■""" motives, or that chaneared finest * * lb or VKED ^^ ni^r„i,y ^j. ^^^^^^^ IT, .i.vn i,o,;„ ,.r , , ^ -"'" -ve,. ,.„„; ' ,,;;-- "";»o.. .•,. s..™.,,„„ ;«« nae to college in ordc, : „ T ""' ''"' ""' «"'- '•«^' of el,e e),il,,,,„ ,.. '° ""«'<-' ".e equal to the Do yoii know at vvliat W, I • ''at Jms grown to a .'Z '""""' "'' » country ' -f-«« of 1,« eo„„.,.v P .. • •""' ■^<'<--'"'' 'he in.Iepen.l- '"o.-'-aplicr; and I ,J^ f""" ^ <-''"o..." sav. ins -«'/>ation the be.t 7euU /""'""■""' '" """-aa P-dent .pirit, and ..^o f, "' ™"'-'^ »" i^^e- ^f/'-atWo „,an,who sto^ .rr^ '" "'-' breast •"attest l.o„r.ofhe..hi.to' » T, ' '""""■>' '" "'« tl'we were not all th.f , ^ ' "fl-o'-'^-ities, |.„t •>;■-% which ever i,:!'V''''''^''-- '^'a fa 'nan ; the power ofto ''""""•'■ "* "'« cl.a.-aoter '"e .eakne. of ,na ^ tr;'"'"' ""'^■'' -^ -"alcl <='^I"va,ed and po«.e,«.d ° f ; T T""'"' """'''' "-« ''•": ami no place conk Z,f\ ''''''' ''>' "■■'»'■-- ;f -'« .l.e.o virtu; ' ,.,".: ':'"•'- -M better "'ull.r and honestiv, he vi. M , '" '■""""•y '0 the world, where thev i!,, i "'' "" '"'^ ''onorl ''«' '•enVen.nt, J'th'^^tSr? ''^"' "-" -« P'"Mnt of ag,.iou|,ure, on 58 llow to Will ; or, liis favorite estate, where he remained at peace with all the world, for the most part, the remainder of his days; cultivating the fine graces and virtues of his character, while cultivating his estate, until he was called to give an account before Him whom he had served in carrying out the Divine purposes among the nations of the earth. I need not weary you by repeating what is so familiar to many, in the early history ot those men who have risen from humble circumstances to sit at the head of forty millions of people, and rule a country that has taken its place among nations of first rank in wealth and power ; for however much the aristocracy of tUe world may enviously sneer at such a man as " honest Abe, the rail-splitter" having been elected President of a powerful nation, the honor cannot be rubbed out, by the proud and the haughty, which the lovers of Justice and Mercy have inscribed on the character of honest Abraham Lincoln, who was willing in his youth to split rails with his father, to obtain an honest livelihood, for having wiped the stain of slavery off the character of the American Nation. Even unpopular as the late occupant of the Presidential Chair, Andrew Johnson, was, it is a matter of strong doubt whether any man in the United States, or in the world, could have better managed a nation under such peculiar and trying circumstances as he was placed in when he came into otlice by the death of Lincoln, or could have checked so successfully the rash measures of an excited House of Representatives afid the Senate, al hi h{ ci^ we PU! so E T show and pursu that s proud Wars t human itself, J then, t< come u past an( which n have do; cloud of of the G Scripture ^ith his with )f his )f his J was B had ig the is so ! men sit at )untry ink in ocracy Lan as ilected lot be ih the n the illing in an avery Even entiul Itrong )r in mder llaced ^cohi, isures nate, 7'/te Dignity of Labor. «s he cli,l ; a„rt vot Preaiden. iT ' afterwards became P^eSf V ^T'"^' ''"'"'■■""'' "^o •■ov- to read and wrife tlr' ''■'= United States have disting„i„.e, ehemseh" t 2' TT'^""" '^'"' r" «-' -«'<««"« Genera. L^, J'" P '"'"•'■''''" were attending to their industri 1 oT. • ''"'*"'' pursuits when the war T "^''"'"'"'usiness given new proof that grraL;°^' """ '^''ich ha,, --oha.thetimesSrr"'"^''""'^"- J 'how'^ih^rnerrir:? --' ""'^ - «- - -d remunerative li;.: ^ t":-- °^P™Per pursuits for the peoDlenf? "•" industrial •hat so „»n, thoCaSl rtf' '^ °"'"' "-" ~ proud and revengeful rule« t '""'•^ "^ambitious, wars that bring s^ muchtX^r" ''" '"^''^•" human famil.y. This feature of ^ Z '"""' "' "'" "-if, afford a length, dis sX ' ,?:' "<"■"'' ■" 'hen, to notice, in conclusion, a few oTt'f!, T'^ ""' <»me up before our mental viln l^K ' ''"'' ""»' past and the present, from tie ''"'"'"^ ""^'he which man hZ, been reZr J /""'? '"''"" "^'"hor have dominion over tbeZlt r."""' "''" ''« -^ght eloud of witnesses whThaveV /'"'"'^ "•" '"''a of the Great Creator ^ t"""'' "''' ""■••^"anship Scriptural declar^ that "if ;^"" '""" "^ "'e --^-^.. he ha;h't.t:rt-- tr 6o How to Win ; ofy irna,i»'v,tioii of their hearts. lie hath put down the micfhr ■ rom their seats and exalted them of low deijree. He hath lilled the hiiuij^ry with good things and the rich he hath sent einf)ty away." Yes, and may I repeat emphatically ! " He hath lilled the hungry with good things and the rich he hath sent empty moay^ IMan is not formed of the precious metals with such a brilliant polish that he may be very proud of himself, nor mad(^ of gold and silver that he may attach a very high value to his mere existence, without doing anything to make his existence valuable. It pleased the Maker to form us of the dust of the earth and we concede to him the right to know by what hiwg the creatures of his care shoukl be governed, and by what means their powers should be perfected and developed. It is the constant tendency of man to degenerate, not by going back to the simplicity of primitive life, but by indulging in the excess of pride and fashionable folly ; and one of the great works which appears to be carried on in the world by the Diety, is the work of elevating man to the standard of perfection, by means ordained, up to which be was first created.* To do this, the Creator appears, as it were, to go back again to the earth, when occasion requires, and bring up individuals from obscurity, to declare his praise in all the perfection and brilliancy of their gifts ; and when these individuals appear on earth's stage, the multitudes that are astonished, and * The wisdom of Mr. Darwin's theory of the *' Descent of Man" Is foolishness with God> tA oi\ cJij Woi nan of a nam< wiih clippc ani'mji The l^oy, ft -Anieri( ^vhom . aithourr ^le pursi ^he aJtaj yet in A crowd o <^oJJars Hi '- of tl,e ,,crfi.,io, of On .""""" "^ "■" "•""''■- SP'-'-goon, ami P, ■" "'"''^ "•'■'"ored. •'-wn of „„ „,„„, .; , 2". r'"'"' "" '••■■"' "'"' c'"-..sto„.,o,„. .vere not 1 Jr to r.^'T""'' ""■""«'""" '^"■•W, nor had conno.tio ^ L " ""»'«^ '" ""is "-los „i,, ,,,,„„„, ,„,;;h,.oval blood, yet their names Lome and Louise win k """"'"'"'' "'""' "-o '''•'h the commercial II b "'' ''''^''' ""P"'" <="Pper built ships, artid o?rp" ""'^' '« "ame animals. "'' <''^fi»«l"On, or fi,vorito prize The Rev. Nicholas Murrav D n boy, forced to leave his own \, "'" " f"""' ^'•''^l' ^■"erica, by the intolerable o' ""' '''^ ^'"""O- for ''•'■om he was ai.prlnred?''''''''''™ "' ""' '"■■^'- '" although the di p ea rTof ," "'r'""''^ "'"'•'^ '^ »"'• '>eP"rsued,w..sL;rrtat:V"" ,"'''•■■ "'" --« "•« altar " of the church to wl T^ '"" " ""'"'^ ^o"' yet in America, wherrhel:d'fJ:r ""^'' "'"'"'S^^' «--owd of Irish emigrant f> '■• '"'^<=e"aneo«3 Joilars as al, his possS'off.lir^h ^'"" "^^'^ distmguished for learnin.. » ' * '"'''« 'o be -1 famous as the a^f he'T'.t '" '"^ "'""^'^^ by which he forced Ard.hV T"^ °^ " ^^''"^an," church from whose afj'oth iic ^'^i'o».,„. _ . "'"'ffs ,vm.„ 1 . "• As , '> ""■» ,v/,o ,,., . ,'" "le force of I,- , ""^ '"''^'aker ecame chan,e,/ „ '*^^ ^^H.ir ,.. . * ^^'^ evemn„. '""•'•'"•» of „• '^ ;* "'•""i-ar,r« X- '■'""■""•""^ of ,f" -'■"I'l b,,,. •""'"-■"eo „,,, ' ; '""" «>en .,„,, „ " "'« 'cno,. ,; '^"'' f n,.,.,, , """ '"■'■"CO of 7v ''" "• «"■■" reform „ '"•' «ten(,V,,, r ," "''"'•■' of I,; """"'^ "".i .vow,,. ' ' "'" '"i""Vof ,,, ^ '"^ «-^>"/.>.s, 66 How to Win; or. a mechanic, and he lias attracted the largest audiences of any man in tlie world I * We will suppose again that the Deity looks down upon the children of men, to see if they have culti- vated, developed and perfected that sweetest of all gifts, the gift by which our troubled spirits are assuaged, oui boisterous passions calmed, our happiest feelings exercised, and by which the angels sung, " Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace, good will towards men," — the gift of music, — and he sees that the feathered songsters warble forth their sweetest notes of melody to his praise ; in all the force and beauty of tlurir uncorrupted natures ; but they are his inferior creatures. Where is the voice of man, the noblest work of his hand ? He hears it not in the force and imvver and sweetness it once possessed. He would that He could see this beauty in His works developed in all its excellency. But man has de- generated through indolence, because he is satiated with plenty ; his powers have become weak, because he courtj^ ease, and is too proud to develope them by labor The Creator would show them his power in his works in greater perfection. Who will labor to perfect this gift which He has bestowed upon man, if He will bestow it abundantly ? And away in one of * Since writiiifj the above, I have seen a paragrapli in tho Canndian }ft;sseni;er stating that Mr. Gou{,'h'H popularity liad not waned in the least, as there were over a hundred invitations to lecture awaiting him on his return from a recent lecturing tour in California. 8 b m givi i/ai its s< the , stars ^yud the mi lint ture thi name, cc is Ilugl ^onstvat and brim iiences down culti- of all its are appiest sung, peace, and he h their le force hey are aan, the t in the id. He works has de- ^atiated )ecause leni by wer in bor to nan, if one of in tho Ihad not litions to tour in ^ Dignity / i„i.^^. tW distant countries JiLT t ' ^ r."^ "' "^ -ntinont-!ot J^r "'« -'l.ornn,„«t 'eg'ons from which thTi !|- '" '^'"^'^ '""' kv -" never come, a po ftST .T '""''<-• »"<' -'g «» overcome stern UiffluS "' ^'"'S^'-^"' ''-' -^''hood, gave to the wo^Mt ii'tV'"^ ="" '""-' °« proud to elevate, ^^" '""'f «'^' "«« «a, not ^«veIop her uncommo . T.!™ ''""' ^"•'^"fe"'"'"- and J' '""-r; and this lit '";r"'^ f ""--l .aient -■•mount everv <4c ,tv « ndT ^ "' "'" '"" - 'o honored me." And shedutoj l^T "" «'^' ">=" "as '»e"t>' and ''«'. 'o "^ -al ofapp,.,ba,-„.",:"J^;'' ''.'^^"<'«'-"''", l.a.l sot '^'e Svveedish Songstrei L T"T' """ "^'-'-'''^hI J"-" that g,ow i„' „."'''« ''^'Sh'-^t of the living Lynd has da^xled and en^r'n 7'. "' "'"S- ''ennj '^"h l.er vocal genius c!"' "'" "'""eal world ''i«- '""^^ "'""h issue,! from her But who is tliat hri.rh, i • •"- that .0 efl-ectuaiur , ':;7^-^- ''" ^-"-" 'item- 'ame, combined the workl '" ■""'•' ''"'""• '" hi., " ""«>. Miller, than :;:7''^^^ It monstrated to the world ml" , .'""" '"'^ "vcr de- -<'hrilliantattainmentr.S-';'/l''r"*'''^''^'- fe'"iy ot Jabor. Xhat 68 How to Win ; or^ poor stone mason could work hard, and fiire scantily, and sleep in barracks that we would hardly think fit for our cattle to he kept in, and yet educate his mind all the while, by reading books during his leisure hours, and studying the " footprints of the Creator" in the formation of the Earth, while at work in the quarry. Time will not allow me to dwell upon the man I do so much admire, it is enough for me to say that Hugh Miller was a whole man ! and his name now shines in Scottish literature as one of the bri<;htest men that any country has ever produced ; and I cannot better conclude this lecture than by quoting what this brilliant author wrote, after he had been acknowledged by the literary world as among the brightest stars that had risen in the intellectual heavens, in the nineteenth century, as a tribute to that labor by which he made himself a man. Speaking of his early days, he says : "Thpt best and noblest of all schools, save the Cliristian one, in which honest labor is the teacher, — in which the ability of being useful is imparted, and the spirit of independence is communicated, and the liabit of persevering effort is acquired ; and which is more moral tlian the schools in which only philosophy is taugh% and greatly more happy than the schools which profess to teach only the art of enjoyment. Noble, upright, self-relying Toil ! Who that knows thy solid worth and v^alue would be ashamed of thy hard hands and thy soiled vestments, and thy obscure tasks, — thy hiiivible cottage and thy hard couch, and '"^t^^'S'ntyofr^^,^^, 69 »-'«y wouM „;^ :;/7 ">-« »"<' <'.v ic^o,, o' tlif Hp,„i , •'^ "''«'■« sink ,•„,„ ■ '"■' ">'"' in -« ee i; :"" "■'•'" <--, , „„„" ; » •;;'<' eon,,. , S5iys : the ., and h the Ich 13