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Les diagrammes suivants iliustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 : #-!n;l!l|i|jlil!'' Ml I'll liC:; 'I'll' i:':iiil il n w P MM 11 lt.^.;i K!'!. 7v >';!"■'> '^"f/" <(^"^' '■^'^■''] ■ ' I 's ■: ^'^Jr^H-''^ ) ^^ ^' 'H ''iPPIPSillill if ■'o '^ o o * lli|ii;!t.,:ii!?»liSii|i|in,. -1^ w o o llli li:i'i:il m ds on n CANADA AS A FIELD FOR EMIGRATION. [From Saini>ek.s' News Lkttki:, July IGth, 1853.] The following extract from a private letter, written l)y an Irish gentleman to a friend in Dublin, exhibits some singular facts in cnnni'xioii with emigration from thi-; (oiintry ; — " Instead of my being astoni^lied at tlie inuiieuso amount of emigration tliat has taken place from Ireland during the last few years, my surprise is that the whole of it.s peasant population haw not already come, either to thi:^ country or the United States. During the few weeks tliat have elapsed since I lauded, I have tra\olled 1,R5U miles liy rail and steamboat; and although I am told that I have not ns yet \-isited bj- any means the best portion of Canada (Upper or Western (Janada), I liave seen quite enough to convince me of its inexhaustible resources, and the glorious held that it is for the Irish people. Far be it from me to wish to persuade any man to leave his native counfrj', but if they do make up their minds to quit it, from what I gather, I should say that tiie Oanadas are preferable to the United States, especially to the poor emigrant who lands with .scarcely a shilling in his pocket. The moment the vessel arrives at (Quebec, (the port to whicii all emigrants for Canada should come), the men are immediateh' engaged, eitiun* for tiie rail- roads, or for the government provincial works now in cnurse of construction. The wages for labourers are four shillings British per day ; tliey can be most comfortably boarded (with meat twice a day) for about one shilling, and allowing one shilling more for other expenses, it leaves two shillings per day of savings. Then again, on the Ottawa Kiver, one of the great sources of the inexhaustible supply of Canadian timber, " Lumbermen* earn at least one dcdlar per day ; and, as tliey advance in skill and experience, tlu;ir wages rise to a dollar and a half and two dollars. Tliat there need be no fear of the supply of timber becoming exhausted may be proved by the fact that recent and veiy accurate sur- veys made along this magnificent river and its innumerable tributaries, b\- order of the government, have shown that, if double the amount of timber now taken from Lkie district be continued for 500 years, it would not exhaust it. In the inmiediate vicinity of this river and its triliutaries, throughout their entire ex- tent, is magnilicent agriculture land. The farmers, four-lifths of whom are Irishmen, or sons of Irishmen, who came to this country as lumberers, and purchased i'arms witii their savings, sell all their produce without ever going to market as the nia.r lumberers purchase it to feed the men in their enijiloy. I am assured that Irishnieu nuike better lumberers than the natives of any other country ; for it appears that the guud and abun- dant food that they begin eating from the moment they arrive here expands, not only the muscular franns but also the intellect ; and no one wlm has not seen the cimtrast between the down-cast, ill-fed, and ragged Irish peasant in his own country, and the same man after even a ll-w months' residence in these provinces, could believe in its completeness. A few days ago, the driver of a stage-coach, between two portions of the Ottawa, unnavig- able for steam vessels, but which the government is now obviating, told me tliat he came to this district in ISil, with one dollar in his pocket, and I learned from a gentleman with whom he had originally worked as a conmion labourer when he first came out tiiat he is now worth 1000/., and has a capital farm. On my expressing sur{)rise that a man like hun could have an average of savings of 80/. a year since he aiTivetl, I was assured that so far from this beinf,- a solitary case, there was hardly an Irishman who is industrious and temperate (the latter is just as necessary as tiic former quality) that is not more or less in the same position. For myself, I can only say, that I have not seen an Irislunan since my arrival Avho has not an air of coiafort, cleanliness, and independence about him. But there is one attribute he never loses- the use of his vernacular; for the brogiu^ of each coimty of Ireland is heard on evi ry side, in all its native purity ; if is indeed the true undying one. The following is a circumstance connected with emigration to the 4 CANADA AS A FIELD FOIl EMIORAT-ION Ciinadas which ought to have an important influence. Whenever a district is about to be " settled," arrangements are immediately made for having religious worship, and chapels and churches invariably spring up with the other buildings of the settlement^ whilst each religious denomination supports (and respectably supports) the clergyman of its persuasion. In conclusion, I express to you my conviction, that the Canadas are the true California of the peasant population of Ireland, and that if they emigrate here they have unceasing sources of steady wealth and prosperity. If half a million persons came here each year for the next twenty years, employment on the terms I have mentioned to you would be found for every man amongst them." [From the Sun London Newspaper, March 2d, 1854.] Among the causes which linpede the flow of emigration towards our colonial possessions, deficiency of sound information concerning them may be reckoned the chief; and this cause not only keeps great numbers in this country who might emigrate with advantage to themselves and the colony to which they might transfer their industry, but leads many others to colonies for which they are unsuitable, and from which they often return in dis- appointment and disgust, to operate as another cause of keeping at liome the labour that is wanted, and may be advantageously employed, in Canada or Australia. The former country is between two and three times the extent of the British Islands, its length, from he mouth vi the St. La^vrence to the shores of Lake Superior, being computed at ICOO miles, and its b;eadth varying from 200 to 400 miles. The distance of Quebec from Liver- pool is about 3000 miles, which is traversed by steam-vessels in from 11 to 13 days, and by sailing vessels in from thirty to forty days. It is, therefore, the nearest of om* colonies, and the consequent cheapness of the voyage recommends it to all those Avho, witli limited means of realizing their wishes, are desirous of improving their condition by emigration With a healthy and bracing climate, a soil which produces all the crops usually raised in this country, land so cheap and so easily attainable that every industrious man may l)ecome a freeholder, imsurpassed means of internal communication through its rivers and lakes, and a greater degree of secm-ity than can be enjoyed in any other Brit'sU colony render it a most eligible field for industry and enterprise; nor should superior educational and religious advantages be reckoned among its least recommendations. Churches and chapels of every denomination are to be foxmd in even the most remote localities, a national system of education extends its advantages over the whole colony, and private schools of a respectable ch-u-acter are to be met with in all tlie towns. The qualification of an elec- or is the possession of a freehold of the annual value of 40»., whicli is easily attainable. Taxation is about 80 per cent, less than in this country. The mineral treasures of the colony arc innnensc, but until very recently have been much neglected. Ores of iron, copper, lead, and antimony are frequently met with, and in the neighbourhood of tlie Coppermine River gold, silver, and tin have been discovered, as well as large masses of pure copper. The iron mines of St. Maurice have long been famed for their productiveness and the excellence of the ore, and those of Charlotteville, near Lake Erie, and Marmora, 32 miles ejist of the Bay of Qumte, are little inferior. Or the north shore of Lake Erie are immense beds of gypsum, and marble is quite common. Granite, limestone, sandstone, and slate are found all along the St. Lawrence, from Que- bec to Niagara. The soil is everywhere extremely fertile, having been formed by the de- cay of forests for tliousands of years upon sub-strata produced by aqueous deposits. In some districts wheat has been raised for twenty years successively on the same ground, without manure. The potato crops are excellent, and all the vegetables and fruits grown in England arc produced in abundance. Tobacco thrives well in the western districts, and hemp and flax are indigenous. The objections commonly urged tu Canada are the severity of the winter, the hard la- bour to be encountered by settlers on the uncleared lands, and the bad roads of the back settlements. ^Ir. lirown, wlio has recorded in his " Canada and the Colonists"' (a work invaluable to the intending emigrant,) tlie results (if eight years' experience of the coun- trj', declares the first to be much exaggerated. Tlie dryness of the air, and the absence of wind during the greatest intensity of the frosts, considerably mitigates the severity of the cold. In Canada West tlie climate is milder and more equable than in the eastern divi- sion; the duration of winter is less by six or eight weeks,- and field labour may be per- CANADA AS A FIELD FOll EMlOnATION. formed luaily all tlic year roiiinl. In ('anadii Kii.>r the toil which awaits the settler on the new lands, it is amply rewarded by the prosperity whieli eomes after, in pniportioii to his industry; and where is the fltrugf^linj; farmer or down-trndden labourer whn wo\dd not jirefer a few years of aetivo labour, fcdlowed by imlependenec and ciinifort, to ids present i)osition? The popidation of Canada in \s-lA was nearly a million and a half, and had doubled in til'.' ^ireoeding fourteen years, so that it may now be estimated at 'J\ millions. The coloured people number J}0,OW, and tiie Indians about !(),<»( i(>. The country between Montreal and Toronto presents a very desirable tield for the emigrant, both from the fertility of the soil and the numerous rivers, which, besides beini;- navigable for boats mid barges, alford many eligible sites fur the erection of corn and saw mills. The Huron district is e(|ually fertile, and even the far-M-est shores of I.ake Superior will soon echo the sound of the settler's axe, as copjier has been found there in great ])U- rlty and abundance, and associations have been formed for developing this new sources of Canadian prosperity. The points of greatest interest to emigrants of the inda-itrial class are, the demand for labour, the rate of wages, the price of provisions, and I'le cost of the voyage. Upon these subjects we propose to give briuily the iid'ormation reijuired: In the first place, tiie iiner descriptions of manufactured goods are imported from Britain, and artisans engagel in such branches are not '.vanted ; and inferior Avorkmcn find sonn' diflleulty in obtaining employment. Bricklayers, house-carpenters and joiners, if good Avorkmen, are in un- ceasing demand, at from Os. to 7s. per day ; masons are in still greater demand, and earn from 8s. to 10s. per day. Plasterers are now much required, at from (is. to 7s. per day. Painters are in brisk demand, as, besides inside painting, wooden houses receive two or three coats of paint on every part of the outside : wages from Cs. to 7s. per day. Black- smiths are in constant demand, at from fis. to 7s. per day, without, or £(i i)er month with, board and lodging. Carriage-makers are required in the towns, and are able to earn fYom 5s. to 7s. per day. Tinsnviths earn Gs. per day, Avith board and lodging ; and many masters send waggons into the western parts of the country, bartering tin-wares for furs, which are sold at Montreal for shipment to England. Shoemakers usually succeed well in Ihiding employment, notwithstanding the quantity of cheap shoes imported from the United States : they arc paid by piece-work, as in this country. Tailors, if first-rate hands, find ready emidoyment, at good wages. The demand for printers is limited; wages from £2 to £2 lUs. per week. Good seamen are much sought for, llie trade upon the great lakes, especially as regards 5-teani navigation, being rapidly or?, the increase : wages, fnmi £3 4s. to £■') 12s. jier month ; mates, £l to £'>; masters, £10 to £12. The ivitions are good, too; but it must be remembered that navigation is suspended from Christmas till the Ijeginning of Miiv, when the lakes are frozen. Most of them have been Scotch fishennen, and find emiiloyment at farm-work during the winter, so that they often save money, and not a few have purchased land and become farmers. ]"'arni- labonrers get 12s. per week and their l)oard: employment is easiest found in the west. Female servants get from £10 to £12 per annum, and good cooks from £12 to £15: Eng- lish or Scotch are preferred to natives. Dressmakers, milliners, needlewomen, iVe., are in very great demand, and earn at least twice as much as in England, It is only in West Canada that mechanics and labourers are lodged and boarded b\- their emplo^ ers ; but board and lodging of a very superior description are to be had in all the towns at ti-om 10s. to 12s. per week. Tiie usual hour for breakfast is seven or eight, when the table is spread with steaks, chops, ham, or bacon and eggs, with good bread, roasted potatoes, and coffee or tea. The dinner hour varies from twelve to two, when roast or boiled beef or pork, with fruit pie or pudding, is served ; in cold weather, good soup id sometimes substituted for meat, and poultry or game occasionally vary the good cheer. The h 'ur for tea, or supper, as it is generally termed hi Canada, is six or seven, when the cold meat is placed on the table, with tea or c(>tTee, and a liberal sixply of preserves, such a* apple.s, plums, peaches, or cranberries. 6 CANADA AS A FIELD FOR EMIOUATIOX. Let the mechanic and hiliourer compare this \nl\ oft'an'\vitli tho scanty moulwhicli hcgete in Enf:,laiul, or thi> prices of provisions witli tlio.se whicli lie, has to [»ay lierc. IT lie siglis for political enfranchisement, it is in Canada he will obtain it sooner than in England; for tliere tho possession of freehold land is the rule, whiU' here the exception. The towii-bred mechanic will not miss the educational advantages he has been accustomed to, as he would in emigrating to the Cape, or Australia, or "New Zealand ; for in all the large towns of Canada there are public libraries, reading-rooms, and literary societies. Montreal has lt« Mercantile Library Association, its IMochanics' Institution, its Natural History Society, its Shaivspeare Society, its Iloyal Institution for the Advancement of Learning, its Cana- dian Institute, and its public news-room ; it has also live English and two French news- papers, and two periodicals, in addition to which all the English and United States' pc ri- odicals are to be obtained all over Canada. Toronto has nine newspapers, and Kingston five ; and Quebec and Hamilton have each a proportionate number. licnts are moderate : a four or live-roomed house, with a garden, may be had for £1'J per annum. "Wood is mostly I'sed for fuel : the price varies, according to locality, from 5s. to 2(is. a cord. Clothing is much the same as in England. The prices of provisions ai'e as follows :— Beef, 3d. to 4Jd. per lb. ; porii, iid. to 3Jd. ; potatoes, 2s. to 2s. 6d. per bushel; bread (best) Gd. per 41li. loaf; butter, 8d. to lOd. i)er lb.; cheese, 4d. to 7d. per lb.; fowls. Is. Gd. to 2s. per pair; eggs, 7 id. per dozen; tea, 2s. Gd. to 3s. Gd. per lb. ; coll'ee, Od. to Is. ; moist sugar, 5d. ; relined sugar, 8d. to 9d. ; rice, Gd. to 3id. ; can- dles, 7Jd. to 8d. ; soaj), 3d. to 3id. ; tobacco, lOd. to Is. In Toronto, Quebec, and Mon- treal the price of meat and vegetables is 20 per cent, above the price in country markets. Land is more easily attainable than in any other of our colonies. The crown lands in Lower Canada may be purchased at from 1<. to 4s per acre, according to situation, and those in Upper Canada at 7s. Gd. per acre. In Lower Canada the purciutse money in payable in five annual instalments, from the date of piu'chase, with interest; but no person is alloAvedto purchase more than 20(» acres on these terms. In Upper Canada the purchase money is payable in ten yearl}' instalments. In both provinces there are lands which the colonial government will allot, to the extent of lifty acres, to individuals of 21 years of age and upwards, who have never received a grant of land from the government, without purch.se, on condition that they satisfy the commissiouor or his agent that they can support themselves until a crop can be raised. The British American Land (.'ompany sells its lands in Lower Canada at from 8s. to 12s. jier acre, and requires only interest for the first six years, and then allows four years for tiie payment of the principal. The emigrant can, by this arrangement, obtain possession of lUO acres of laud by the annual payment of from £3 to ,€4 10s. The Company's otHce in England is 3r>i, Xew Ilroad- street, London. Tlie Canada Company has large tracts of land in Upper Canada, prhi- cipally on the south-eastern shore of Lake Huron, where the soil is a sandy loam near the lake, and a clayey loam farther from it. The price of these lands varies from 2s. to £1 4s. per acre, according to locality, the v;duc increasing with the naality as the settler ap- proaches nearer to the Huron tract. Those who cannot jmrchase may lease these land."* for ten years, no money being required to be paid down, and the rent six per cent, upon the purchase money. The office of this Company is Canada-house, St. Helen's-plaee, Bishopsgate-strect, London. Persons with means Avho do not wish to be the first .settlers on lands can purchase excellent farms, with good roads to the nearest market towns, at from 3?. to r>?. per acre, including house and farm buildings. The ordinary length of tho voyage has lieen already stated. April is the best time for sailing, and London, Liverpool, or (irecnock, according to the convenience of the emi- grant, the best ports of departure. The cost of passage from these ports to Quebec, inclu- ding provisions, is as follows : London, cabin, 12/. to 20/. ; intermediate, 11. to 10/. ; .steer- age, .5/. to (jJ. : Liverpool, cabin, 10/. to 12/. ; steerage, 3/. lO.s-. to 4/. 10.?. ; Greenock, cabin, 15/. to 20/, ; steerage, 4/. to 5/. Half fares arc charged for children from one to fourteen years of age : infants under one year old are not charged for. First-class screw steam ressels convey first cabin passengers from liiverpool to Montreal for 20 guineas ; second cabin, for 13 guineas ; and third class, for 7 guineas. The vessels run in the summer months once a fortnight to Quebec, and in winter to Portland. A.t present there is a complete daily line of steam communication, with vessels of speeds CANADA \ti A FIKLU FOR KMIOllATION. varyiri;^' from lo to 18 mik'S p. r liour, from tlie river Sii^iK.iiuy, on. of tlio triluUarics of the St. Lawren»-e, into wiiieii it pours its wiitors l;"it» miles kluw (iiiolmo, to tli" extreme weatcni point of Ciiiiada, at tiic smitlusni outriinec to Luivc Huron, a (liutanee of about 1200 miles. Tin: Graml Trunk Uailway sysliin atlorcls a eoraplete railway from nearly the ejwtern to the wrstern extremity of tin; provinee. It eonunenit s at Trois i'istolen, on the right Imnk of the Si. Lawreneo, nearly opposite to tlif mouth of the Sagucnay river, is eontinued to opposite (iuehee, and proceeds thence to Itichmond and Montreal. Crossing the St. LawreiKi! I)y tliu (ireat Victona Bridge, it. follows the left hank of the river, touching tint important town-, of Cornwall, I'reseott, and IJrocks ilh', to Kingston, situated at the (intrance of Lake Ontario. Tiienee it skirts the northern side of the lake to Toronto, the eapital of rp|)er Canada, or as it is (ailed >inee the union of the two pro- vinces, Canadii Wc.it, passin-- tlncn-h IJillcvillc, tlir head of the navigation of the Hay of Quinto, and the Heat of an innnen,se lumber trade, a.s also tlie stirring townis of Coburg ind Tort Hope, At Toronto the line ilivides, the (ireat Western system going sonthwanl ind westward by Hamilton, >itualed at the head of Lake Ontario, London, one of the towna that have most rai»idly risen in Canada West, and Chatham; and reaihing Wind- ■or, tlie western extremity of (lir province, on the river Detroit, and exactly opposite to the city of the same name in the I'niled States. The direct west course from Toronto is a continuation of the (irand Trunk; it runs through Guelph, and oth"'r towns of less im- portance, to Sarnia, at the head of the St. Clair river, and at the soutli-easteni extremity of Lake Iliu-on. Itevertuig to Canada Ivist, the railway extending from Portland, in the state of Maine, towards Montreal, join> the line from Quei)ee at Ilichmond. The railway distance from Trois Pistoles to Windsor is about 900 miles, and to Sarnia atxiut 8.'50. The .same figuras de^cribi' tlie distanees from Portland to the two Avestern termini. Tri''U- tary to this main cast and west artery will be several feeders, coming prim ijjally from the northern districts of the itrovinee. The most eastern are that from Bytown, the cen- tre of the great lumbering trade of the Ottawa river, to ^lontreal, and one from l>ytowii to Prescott. Further west there will be liie railway from Peterltorougii to Belleville, ami also one from Peterborough to (.'oburg. Toronto has a direct railway connexion with the northern and eastern shores of Lake Huron. Some of these rail\vay.s are already open for traffic, and the others are nearly tiuished. A few facts will illustrate the extraordiiuiry progress made by Canada, especially Up- ner Canada, within the last few years. Tin' population of rppor Canada increased at the rate of 10;{ per cent, from 1811 lo is'il, Avhile the increase of population in tlie Cnited States was onl}' iio per cent. The exports of wheat froni Canada in 18.T) was .'i.")0,000 bushels; in 1H5.:J it was nearly 8,0( )<•,("•" bushels, while, in the same period, ''with the ex- ception of the famine yc.irs of 1817 and 1818,) the exports of wheat from the United States have remained stationary. Not only ha.s a vast amoimt of land been brought into cultivation, but the average yield of wheat has risen from 11, to upwards of 17, bushels per acre. At the Great Exhibition of ls.')i it was Canada wheat that gained the first prize. The growth of oats, barley, potatoes, and llax has increased in the same manner The import duties into the port of 'i'oronto, the capital of Canada West, were 50')0f. in 1840, and have steadily progres.sed to l."(;,(>2n/. in 18.")'J, an increase of over 3000 per cent, in l.'l years. The total revenue of the province, consisting chiefly of an import duty of 12J per cent, upon all imports into the province, increased from about 700,000/. in 1852 to above a million in 18."»'5. [From tlic MiiitNixo Cur.ON'iCLi;, February 2d, 18.')4.] The Commissioners of Kniigration, in their thirteenth report to Parliament, gave the following extract from a desiiateh addressed to them by A C. JJuchanan, Lsf{., the emi- gration agent of the govornnient of Canada, stationed at Quebec, on the prospects of emigrants to Canada:--' Tlu' prospects and demands for labour are most satisfactory. The immense railway system undertaken by the provinces will greatly stimulate g(meral pro.«poritv, involving, a3 it will, the introduction and expenditure of a large amount of capital, which will secure steady and profitable employment for the labom-ing classes for several years to C(mie; so that (^uiada never presented a nn^re favoiu"able opening for the reception of all classes of her Majesty's subjects, or such others as desire to seek a com- fortable home. The demand for labom- of every kind is on the increase. The wages paid 8 CANADA AS A KIELU FOit EMIOUATIO.V. for imskilliil liil)our arc foiir HlullingH per day Mtorliiij^.* Mr. Hawkc, tliu iiniyration agent for Wisteru CaimJa, apeaks iu «iuiilar ty could raise something from the soil they A'.-ere destined to call tiieir own. You may travel for miles, and find, at everj- step, living illustrations of tliese facts; scores and hundreds and thousands of farmers now worth from £1,000 to £2,000 each, who, in their early days went into the Avoods almost Avithout a shilling. That kind of success is not excoj)tional in Canada. It is, Avith oulv rare exceptions, the ride. You constantly hear the remark that he avIio is sober and in- dustrious is certain to succeed in I'pi)er Canada. To tiie man Avho is content Avith steady but certain progress, avIio has none of the gambler in his composition, avIio is not of that reckless turn Avhieh causes life to be staked against the chance of sudden gain, who is Avilling to endure some hardships in the outset : to such a man, no matter hOAV poor lie may be, Canada holds out inducements the equal of Avhich Ave liaA'e been unable to find in all the gloAving accounts Avhich for some time past have come from Australia. We are satisfied that the paucity of emigration to these shores is to be accounted for in a great measure by the Avant of correct information among the emigrating classes of Britain. The resources of Canada are not yet by any means fully or generally known or appreciated ann' 4- the masses in England, Ireland, and Scotland. When they are, Ave feel satisfied tli.it much of that emigration Avhich now goes to other countries Avill be turned toAvards these shor(>s. CANAI»A AS A FIELO FOR KMIURATION. lor in les of |vn or we 111 be [From the UiiiMiNOiiAM Jouknai,, lUcombtr '.'4th, 1854.] The dilHoultiea of an emigrant on first landing are not those which au uninformed unuginution would Ix) apt to paint. Canada in no longer a n(^w province with little means of abHorbing lal>oiir : hIiu it* far advanced, and her powi^r of absorption far excccd.s the (luantity of lalmur likt'ly to be, thrown upon her shores hi any particular year. An Knglish, Iri.sli, or Scotch emigrant, of the labouring cla.ss, is wafe enough if, on landing at (iuobeo, hu ha.s sullicicnt means to carry him to the olil settlements ot Upper Canada, or the neighbourhood (»f those railroad enterprises everywhere going on. A few dollaif will sutliec for each individual ; and every able-bodied man is certain of obtaining imme- diate employmiMit at four shillings sterling a day, and more on the railways and other public works. As the ultimate object of every emigrant accustomed to agricultural labour nIiouKI be to become th<^ farmer of his own land, he cannot too soon begin to acquire tl.at knowledge, which he will find essential in his vocation. There is necessarily a wide dif- ference in the mode of farming here from that pursued in an old country and the poorer the settler the greater will ho tind that ditlerencc. It must Ije the fate of all aj^ricultural emigrants, without other resources than their labour, to clear the laud of its forests. This is to all emigrants a new occupation; and it is better that every emigrant should learn something of this and similar new occupations by working for another bef,ie he settles down to clear a farm on his own account. Whether ho work r.s a railroad or an agricul- tural labourer, the emigrant can hardly remain any length of tiuu! in the country without acquiring some knowledge that will houseful to him as a settler on his own land hereafter. As a farm-labouH'r the knowledge he will acquire will be of the most useful kind; but many would at first obtain better remuneration aj railroad labourers. There is one th'ng ■which all emigiants of the labouring class who have a desire to better their condition— and that Ave take to be the main oljeit of all voluntary emigration— should l)c careful to do: they should shun cities and towns as places of settlement, if they remain there, tcn> chances to ine they will be inere labourers for life; but if they go to the country, there is no reason in tlu^ Avorld why they should not become independent farmers, owning I'lO or 200 acres of excellent land, and enjoying as much real indcjiendence as can well fall to the lot of man. Tlu- agricultural emigrant should always keep in view as his great object the obtaining of land for settlement ; and whatever he does should always be made sub- servient to that end. When the emigrant has spent a year or two in the country, and earned sufhcient to pay an instalment on land, he will then have obtained some valuable knowledge to assist his future operations. Thi- worth of this preliminary knowledge can hardly be over estimated. It is more valuable than a considerable amount of ready cash, The emigrant Avho brings a small capital with hhn, and goes to work as a farmer, on his old country plans, instead of waiting to learn the methods which experience has proved to be prolitable here, is almost sure to miscarry ; while he who brings not capital, but his labour, and is, there- fore, necessitated to accufltom himself to the prevalent modes of farming, almost invariably succeeds. In such cases failure is almost unknown. The tenns on which the Govern- ment disposes of the public lands are most advantageous co the poor emigrant. The price varies from (Js. to 8s. an acre, for the best lands in the country, or indeed in the world. Of the purchase money only one-tenth is required down ; the remainder being payable in nine annual instalments. These conditions give the emigrant a great advantage, which would be denied in the United States, where the jmblic lands are sold exclusively for cash. The capabilities of our soil are being demonstrated in a remarkable way by the rapid increase of our exports, particularly of wheat, in which article we shall, as exporters, soon outdo the United States. If it is important for the class of emigrants who are bred to agriculture to avoid a resi- dence in the town, as tlie grave of theirprospect.s, it is no less needful to warn professional men and all who follow any description of skilled labour against the seductions of a farm- ing life. There is no greater mistake than for persons of these classes to become amateui farmers in Canada. No economy could possibly be worse. It is to render valueless whan it lias taken years tc learn, and to embark in a pursuit where they cannot hoiie to rival the labourer who has no pretensions to skill. It is a mistaken idea that because Canada is a colony mechanical labour is not in demand/ and that if mechanics emigrate to this 10 CANADA AS A FIELD FOR EMIQRATIOX. couutry they muat necesf'Trily tiun their attention to agriculture. Mechunical labour i.-* (equally sought for as a^jn-iciUtural ; and thecuinpetitiuu among employerd has, during the last year, boen severely felt in some brivn eolonios; aud Sweden, witli a population of three millions, only beats Nova Scotia in sliipping by 30,927 tons." At the same time, the; comparison with the United States is also remarkable. Out of the 31 States which constitute the Union, there are only hix (New York, ,Massaclui~> tts, Maine, renn^ylvania, Louisiana, and Maryland) whose tonnage exceeds tliat of Nova Scotia, aud the last tlu'ee of these she is likely to outstrip in the course of a year or two. Considering that the colony is only 1(!0 years old, and tliat lier pnpulation does not exceed 300,000, these results are beyond anything ever belore witnessed. But it is ih't alone as regards tisheries and shipping that the energies of tiio pi'ople are manife^ ted. The agricultural capabilities of Nova Scotia arc great, and an- being turned to good account. '• With the wheat-growing countries which surround the great lakes, whether on the British or American side, she is not," it is re- marked, "to be compared. She does not raise her own bread, but vhile one barrel of her mackerel will purchase two barrels of tlour she can idways afford to buy what slie re- quires. It is curious, however, to discover that even as a wheat-growing country she beats five of the New England States and 12 of the more recently settled States and territories." In the growth of rye she is far ahead of 16 of the States and territories of the Union ; in oats she exceeds 13, in hay 21, in buck-wheat and potatoes 23, and in barley every State and territory except Ohio and New York. Under these ch-cumstances, coupled witii the fact that the province enjoys, in common with Canada and New Brims- wick, tlie full development of representative institutions, it is evident tliat the prospects of its prosperity are unlimited. CANADA AS A FIELD FOK EMiUUATKi.V. n ir lA tlie I for Uis- .:h is the m [From the Livekpool Joi;unal, January Ttli, 1863.] Cui'ious fuoiifili, (jauacla bctjan to dovulopc itself si'.iiultaiieoubly .villi Australia; and thus, at this moment, we have two colonies attracting emigrants I ly large tem^ilations- In the Paciiic any niiml)er of hard-working peopli; can gd abundant employment ami good wages ; beyond the Atlantic there i.> also a demand for laboiu-, :ir.d ami.le payment. If Canada cannot promise to adventure 'gc'od lui U ' and a speedy I'ortunc, it is more readily accessible, and lioid.s out an eciual prospect of ultimate succes . Liuth places have their advantages: tiiose wlio can allbrd it :-hould proceed to Victorl.i; tliose whose resources arc more limited sliould go to the United States, or to British North ^Vjuerica. The lat- ter is now perhaps more preferable, because Avages are liigher and ihe held not less largo. ( )ur home wants create a marltet for agricultural produce in even the clistant ^vild.s, and a fruitful soil and cousid> rale n gulaiious admit industry to almost uislaut occupation and independence. On a recent occision svo showed that (,'anada was maturing luon.' rapidly than even the L'nited States ; anel a despatch from tlie (jlovernur, tlic Earl of i'^igin, ju.st published, dis- closes new views still more encouraging. We now e.x[)(u-t to the colony nearly 3,000,000/. worth of maniifavtures, but this is merely an indication of a proximate future. Railw.iv 0)>erations are calling into existence new wants and new enterprises, creating new mar- kets, and filling i.u n with bigger thouglits; while a region more than a miniature of the valley of the, .Mi-slssip|)i, now for the (irst time practically iiresents itself. Lord Klgin, in a recent excursion, visited the * gold iliggings" of Canada, where he found luunl— ■!■, cm- ployed profitably by capitalists in gold getting ; and subsequently he visited th, .alley of the Ottawa — " The district iix'iicli is probably / other single sec- lion of the produce to eaabla Canada to enter the marktti of the world as a purchaser. This important rc'/ion,'' says Lord Klgin. ' takes the name by which it is desiynated in popular parlance from the miyhty stream which foics thruuyh it, and which, thouyh it be hut a tributary if the St. Lauorence, is one of the laryest of the rivers that run uninter- rnjytedly from the source to the discharye within, the dominions of the Queen. It drains an area of about SO,U«tO square miles, and receives at various j'oints in itscourse the waters oi streams some of which equal in muynitude the chief rivers of Great Britain.'' On the banks of the Ottawa and its tributaries thousands are constantly employed, winter aad sumnu-r, in providing for the export timber trade. The water is necessary to \U contlViBce where it can be shipped for Great Britain and the United States. * From the nature of the buaimss,' says the despatch, * ihe lumberlny trade falls luxtasa. rily in a yreat measure into the hand* of persons of capital, who employ laryc bodies of men at points far remfgfuuj^om markets, and loho are therefore called upon to make conaider- able advances i»:j i |ip | || food and necessaries Jor their labourers, as well as in buildmt/ slides and ^'^''^iHlMp^^'"'.^ ^'''^ passage of timber alony the streame and rivers. Many thousands of mtl^^j^^l^hyed duriny the winter in, this,' remote forests, preparing t/te timber which is tr itl lK^ tr ted during the summer in rajts, or if sawn in boats, to Quebec when destined for England, and up the Richelieu River when intended for the United SUttes. The valley of the Ottawa is undoubtedly fertile, and is supposed to be rich in mine^alK. ' Tlie distance, says the (hspa.tcli,f rcmMontreal to the Georgian Bay, immediately facing the entrance of Lake Michigan, is, vift..«fte Ottawa, about 4(M) miloi, against uptvards ef 1000 via t/ie St. Lawrence. From this point to the Sault St. Marie, the highest of the thate narrows {Sault St. Marie, Detroit, and Niagara), at which the regifois lying on either aitk of the fmr great lakes (Superior, Huron, Erie, and Ontario) approach each otfier, is adi$. tance of about 150 miles. It is highly probable, there/ore, that before many years ht^ elapsed this route will be again looked for w.? furni.ihing a favourable line fur raiUoa^, if not water communication with the fertile regions of the north-west' If we have neglected the coiony, the V-'nkees have not. In 1851 they sent to Canada 35 ships, 20060 tons ; and in 1B52 the ships were 7.3, the tonnage 36;J.54. 12 CANADA AS A FIELD FOR EMIQRATIOX. Ip««> [From the Boston (United States) Transcript.] No portion of this country ia making more marked and rapid progress at the present time than the Tv-estern section of Canada. We are surprised at the rapid growth of the Western States and cities of the American Union. And yet smce the year 1800 the growth of Canada West has been nearly twice that of the United States. In the last fifty years, the increase of the States, according to the best authorities, has been about 400 per cent. But during forty years, between 1811 and 1851, the increase of Upper Canada was upwards of 1100 per cent. Take even the three great States of the West — Ohio, llicliigan, and Illinois, and compare them Avith Canada West, for the past twenty years, and great as has been their growth, our Canadian neighbours exceed their increase during the same period by the large ratio of 55 per cent. This immense increase in Western Canada is not confined either to the cities or the rural districts. It is a general movement, and there are potent causes in operation which will accelerate the growth for the next decade. The increase of the city of Toronto, when compared with cities in the States, is found to exceed that of Boston, New York, St. Louis, and Cmcinnati. COMMERCIAL PROGRESS OF WEST CANADA. )LLECTED AT TORONTO, WEST CANADA, FROM 1840 TO 1840 ... £ 5,050 7 1 1841 ... , , 6,720 9 11 1842 ... , ,,, ,,, 8,390 3 3 1843 ... ,,, , , 17,401 3 8 1844 ... ••• «•■ ■■• ••« ••• 25,103 13 8 1845 ... ,, ,,, 22,212 7 8 184G ... , 33,533 16 2 1847 ... *•• ••■ •*• •■• •■• 32,658 7 5 1848 ... ■•• ••• ••• ••• ••■ 27,762 13 7 1849 ... ■•• ••• ••• ••■ •■• 62,336 11 1 1850 ... ::: ::: ::: ::: :^ 90,367 11 1851 ... 94,330 5 8 1852 ... 93,303 19 1 1853 ... 156,026 10 1 1863. An increase ot over 3,000 per cent, in the short space of 13 years. — Toronto Leader. PROGRESS AND PROSPECTS OF NOVA SCOTIA. M'. W. Chambers, so well kno^wn by hi^ numerous cheap publications, ^fli|lirti com- mencea, in his * Journal of Popular Literature,' the record of what he saw ■Bmeard on the opposite side of the Atlantic. His observatioiu commence at Halifax, of which he speaks with much adjat||«tion, particularly of itd'fine harbour. ' No one,' he says, ' can see this remarkably bi««itiful sheet of water without reflecting ^MilMlliN's a hai-bourage of almost unexceptionable excellence, and will possibly at sonHfll^H|dfiy grace the site of a great emporiiun of commerce.' His impressions of Nc^lH^tiMpre on the whole extremely favourable. It is commonly supposed that the comaBMpi&cky and sterile j but, according to Mr. Chambers, this is very far from being the CBWr^otatoes are ex- ported in large quantities to the United States, and the quality of the wheat is excellent. Lai^|tt|uantitie3 of apples are also produced ; and he describes the country about Lower Horran and Wolfville as being ' as beautifljjUjLjprolific as a garden.' The mineral re- sources of the country are very great, ^^o^^J^^^P of excellent quality existing in abun- dance ; but these treasures require a larger f||3|Ktion for their development. The far- mers complain of the scarcity of labourers, though the rgmuneration of agricultural laboiir is 20^. per year, with board, in reference to which Mr/wambers says that a farmer told him that his men lived on the best of everything, and would be discontented if they did not get fruit pies every day as well as meat. Mackerel literally swarm along the coast, and would afford profitable employment for thousands. There arc districts in which Mr. Chambers thinks cattle-grazing might be carried on with great advantage ; but all thwe elements of future prosperity must wait for hands to develope them. There is an electric telegraph between Halifax and St. John's, New Brunswick, communicating with all Canada and the United States; and a railway is contemplated to run from Ilalitiix to Amherst (there to join a projected line to St, John's), and another to Quebec. m # 11 i