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I'APER READ BEKORE THE PIONEER AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF THE COUNTY OF YORK, July 7, iSgi, BY HENRY SCAODING, D.D., Preshk'iit of the Society, TORONTO : Patrick Boyi,e, Printer, 1891. / 1 I THE MAPLE LEAF AS AN EMBLEM OF CANADA, The beautifully shaped loaf of the sujrar maple {acer sacchatinum) has become of late years tlu- received emblem of the whole Dominion of Canada. It i> to be ^een on our coinage; on our copper coin in a convenlional form, and on the silver pieces arrang- ed in a natural wreath. It will be of some interest to consider the circumstances that may have led to the adoption of this symbol. Selections from the leaves of the forest and Howers of the field, as emblems of States and countries, are ahvas pleasing to Ihe eye, and are ofentimcs quite important, as inspiring, sentiments of patriotism, to say nothing of their great utility occasionally in rhetoric and poetry. It was quite a stroke of policy on the part f)f the people of the United States to choose for their country within the past twelve months an emblem from the tloral world, although Its application is net so self-evident as it might be. The flower selected is said to have been the golden rod; in allusion possibly to the wealth so readily to be acquired throughout the whole Union by the exercise of energy, shrewdness and thrift. Already several of the States had their sylvan emblems Connecticut, for example, has on its seal or shield of arms the grape vine loaded with rich clusters; Maine show~ the pine or spruce; Vermont displays the same symbol; South Carolina has the palmetto. Our grand Canadian sugar maple leaf resembles in some degree the leaf of the mulberry tree in form, and by an associa- tion of ideas it will remind some readers of the curious fact long ago noticed, that the famous Peloponesus bore in its outline a like- ness to this leaf, whence the modern name of that part of Greece is derived— Morea, denoting the leaf of the morus, or mulberrv. The Peloponesus was also likened in shape to the leaf of the platemis or Plane-tree, the Canadian Button-wood. It is certain that the production of sugar from the sap of the maple tree was known to the Indians of this country before the i ^/L arrival of Europeans among them Father Lafitau, in his " Man- ners and Customs of tl»e Indians," vol. i, page 343, gives a full page engraving showing the I.uiiaus l)usily engaged in its manu- facture. Joutei, a compan''Mi of La Salle, in one of his letters, speaks of the maple sugar as of a kind of manna provided for sojourners in the wilderness. " We had not much meat," he says, "but Providence furnished u-^ a kind of manna to add to our Indian corn, which manna was of a juice whicii the trees eject in tliis season, and notably the maples, of whicli tliere are many in this province, and which are very large;" and Captain liossu, who travelled in Louisiana in 1770, refers to the use of the maple sugar among the native Indians. His words are: "Thev brought me a calabash, full of the vegetable juice of the maple. The Indians," he proceeds to say, "extract it in January, making a hole at the base of the tree, and apply a little tube to that. At the first thaw they get a little barrel full of the juice, which they boil to a svrup, and being boiled over again it changes to a reddish sugar, looking like Calabrian manna. The ajiotbecaries justly prefer it to the sugar which is made of the sugar cane." "The French," Bossu adds, " who are settled at the Illinois have learnt from the Indians to make the syrup, which is an exceedingly good remedv for coughs and rheumatism." The Indians are even said to have called one of the early moons or months of the year "the sugar moon " The use of the sugar thus manufactured entered largely into the domestic economy of the early French habitans, who consid- ered it almost an article of food. The French, while learning from the native Indians the manufacture of sugar from maple sap, would probably thus learn likewise to give special honour to the source of a commodity so pleasant and useful, and at length make choice of a spray of maple leaves to be an emblem of their nation- ality. Hence on the monunuiit of Ludger Duverney, in the Cote des Neiges cemetery at Montreal, founder of the Jean Baptiste Society oi Lower Canada, is eulptured a wreath of maple leaves. Ibis Jean Baptiste Society was instituted in 1S34 for the purpose of stimulating and maintaining a spirit of nationality among the French inhabitants of the country as opposed to the strongly felt English inHuence. The Jean Haptiste Society and its wreath of maple leaves during the troubles of 1837 were held to be the expo- nents of a somewhat anti- British sentiment, and the modern Jean Eaptiste Society is understood to maintain its old attitude in this respect as regards the French inhabitants of the Lower Province. On the restoration of peace and quietness after the troubles of 1837, it would seem that literary men in Lpper Canada, accus- tomed to allude constantly to the beautiful, well-known emblems i i i I i of En{,'laiu!, Inland, Scotland and France, the rose, the shamrock, the thistle and white lily, were led to look about for a fitting emblem of Canada likewise; and ol)serving tiie emplovment of the maple leaf as a syniliol of a part of the country, were induced to adopt that leaf as a symbol of the whole of it. The idea pre- vailed and was very generally adopted. It was like capturing a gun from the enemy, and then turning it upon the enemy; for it now represented the loyal and patriotic feeling of all the English- speaking population. It may not he generallg known that emMe, the P'rench for Maple, is a barbarous transformation of the Latin acer arhor, maple tree, by the intrusion of an /, at least so says Scheler in his Etymological French Dictionary. One of the earliest oc( asions of a literary use being made of the maple leaf as a Canadian emblem was the aiijilication of the title " Maple Leaf " to a handsome series of quarto volumes pub- lished at Toronto in 1847-48-49 by Mr. Henry Row sell, and edited by Rev. Dr. McCaul. In the preface to the Hrst volume of this work, the editor uses the following graceful language: "When we formed the idea of offering to Canada a literary wreath, we determined that the only hands which should weave the garland should be those of her children by birth or by adoption, and that no tlowers, however lovely, should be twined with the maple leaf but those that had blossomed amidst her forests." And at the beginning of the third volume of the same work we have an allusion in verse to the newly adopted emblem as follows: " Hurrah for the leaf— the Maple leaf ; Up, Forresters, heart and hand ; High in Heaven's free air waves your emblem fair — The pride of the forest land.'' The emblem appears to have soon successfully established itself, as may be seen from numerous patriotic effusions in verse bearing date from '49 down .vards. On each side of the handsome- ly bound Toronto publication was stamped in gold a large leaf of the sugar maple, bearing o;i it the title " Canatlian Annual." In 1867 appeared at Quebec : compilation of legendary and other matter by Mr. Lemoine, entitled "Maple Leaves"— a name evi- dently borrowed from the Toronto publication. In connection with the mention we have made of the St. Jean Baptiste Society, it may be added that St. John the Baptist was selected, it is said, a patron of French Canada, in a great measure on account of his being a preacher in the w iiderness, and clothed in skins, albeit not of the beaver, another very generally received emblem of Canada. Is it not possible that the wild honey (the Mel sylvestre of the old Latin Bibles) which was a portion of the S^f-^ 6 food of John the Baptist in the wiUIerncss, may have helped to the adoption of the leaf of the sugar maple as an enii)lem of Canada? It was a happy thoiij,'ht on the part of the authorities of the Herald olVice of Great Britain lo enihlazon maple leaves on the shields of arms of both the I'rovinces of Uppir and Lower Canatla alike, that is to say oi the I*r()\ Inees of Ontario r.nd Quebec alike, when the elaborate arms for the whole Dominion were otricially constructed, -t- -r