I 4 ^^"^ WE MUSfilffl^ft5irOB^^6!rtimJFl^ «■'■ ..<.?■*. G0N1>IT1ON OF MONTREAL m A SANITARY POINT OF VIEW. 'V< -■"ij A ^«*^'^'*2ft»M**'«»%' ..■■'W'' , io /, long resident in Brazil have little or nothing to fear from it, while the newly arrived of the same nation are liable to be carried off. Amongst the most refined surroundings among ourselves diphtheria will claim some as a sacrifice. This must be due to our own organic instability under the circumstances. No doubt in the world's long history, unwritten and written, millions have fallen a prey to diseases from instability, and left the more stable. It is in this way that savages lose all those whose con- stitutions will not bear the circumstances and diseases among which they live, and so we see only the more stable survivors. 10 BEFLECTIONS. Health and vigor are attainable iu two ways : fitting our sur- roundings to ourselves, which is sanitary work, or allowing plagues to sweep away the unstable, leaving the rest to establish a more hardy race. Wild or undomesticated animals are seem- ingly exempt from anything like an epidemic, that is, we are not accustomed to see plagues attack them as they attack us. The sick and feeble die off, leaving few or no offspring. There are no doctors amongst them, nor does one animal feel it to be a sacred duty to nurse another. In the long run they have the advantage, for, while nearly all of them are so free from disease as to be wholesome food, many of us are so full of diseases that we die commonly without arriving at old age. Man, since he has been on the face of the earth, has accomplished many things, and amongst the most notable is the creation of pestilences that des- troy himself. Although we cannot claim to be able to create the animal and vegetable germs, we have, by our wanderings and our commerce, brought them from every remote corner of the earth into our denser populations, and from these reservoirs again diffused them. We seem, also, to prepare breeding-places for them in our surroundings, and to partake of such a diversity of food that we devour them and develop them within our own organs and muscles. It is the business of sanitary men to enquire in what way we prepare these nursery gardens for the germs that may approach us, and how to avoid their preparation ; and it is the province of the physician, in treating contagious diseases, to discover how they can kill the germs of disease within us without killing us also, and, if the germs be not killable, but must run their natural course, the doctors have to devise how to sus- tain the patient during the process. There is a marked distinction between a disease like leprosy, the germs of which seem to be heavy and to require to be planted by the physical contact of the sick with the whole, and a disease like diphtheria the germs of which seem to be transportable in the air. Sanitary measures most cer- tainly operate in checking cholera or leprosy, and, if applied also in the form of quarantine, would check the plague that is kept amongst us by irregular polyandry and polygamy, but diphtheria 11 overleaps them all> and enters where everthing is as pure as we can make it in the mansions of the wealthy, even in their parks. What can be done by the sanitary engineer is often overrated, for it does not appear that measles or whooping-cough can be arrested in their flight any more than diphtheria. Specialty of constitution, which makes some susceptible and others not, cannot be chatiged, so far as we know, by good sewers and drains. Many of us are doomed to be weeded out, and it is worthy of note that the best organized for brain work, or the best in moral proclivities, may be the least stable in presence of a plague. ODOBS AND PUTBESCENCE. It is in cities and crowded haunts, undoubtedly, that man pre- pares a nursery garden for the germs of disease. We must, how- ever, correct a popular opinion which attributes to foul odors or their sources the mischief that is bred in cities. Odors, whether pleasant or unpleasant are not sure indications, for odors exist of both kinds without germs or chemical poison, while there may be no odors when both are present. No one can smell ague in the air or taste it in the water ; not even the wind off the coast of Africa carries with it an indicative odor, nor can those on board a ship which is approaching a yellow fever port perceive by the senses anything but the pleasant balmy air of the tropics. ITn- pleasant odors there are of many kinds that contain no germs. Garlic and assafetida are not inviting. Our common coal gas is unpleasant. The fumes of burning sulphur are repulsive and pene- trating, while they are not only free from germs, but inimical to them. Sulphuretted hydrogen, which is the smell of rotten eggs, is in itself totally unable to initiate contagious or epidemic dis- ease. Carbonic aoid gas, the result of breathing and of combus- tion, is odorless, but can drown or suflFocate us. Ammonia, whether in a city livery stable or a lady's smelling bottle, although one of the most pungent among odors, is innocent of disease. A dead body may dissolve into its chemical or original elements, but these elements, apart from pre-existing germs from outside, do not com- bine and create new life. A neglected battlefield may throw off chemical elements that shall produce sickness in each individual, 12 simply as medicines disturb our functions, but no such fact is known as that any amount of putrefaction will, for example, absolutely generate smull-pox. If it were so, then like causes would be followed by like effects, and small-pox would be found wherever putrefaction existed, which is not the case. Our most skilled chemists and scientists have tried for many years to origin- ate the germs of life, and have failed entire'v ; it cannot, tlierefore, be a thing of daily occurrence for new life to come into existence independent of old sources. The germs of plague and pestilence are for the most part be- yond the powers of the microscope, like the seeds of the mould on a pot of jam, which are known to have alighted tb»re when they have germinated, and not before. In the midst of putrescence we find animal life derived trom germs that alight on it, as the seeds of the mould alight on the jam, but it would be a mistake to suppose that the minute organic life which accompanies fermentation and putrefaction is the same as that which engenders specific disease of contagious character. The yeast plant which is essential to fermentation does not create epidemics in breweries or bakeries. Undertakers do not die faster than other men, although they han- dle the dead and diseased, nor do we find that dissecting rooms are starting-points for our prevailing sicknesses; nevertheless there is this broad fact, that a filthy and undrained city, with do- mestic habits of the worst kind, is subject to plagues that better conditioned places escape, and even that the filthiest parts of cities show an increase of mortality. ITUBSERY GABDENS FOB DISEASE GEBMS. Filth and putresence, therefore, make a nursery garden for germs of disease, when such germs arrive from without, and thus cities become collecting reservoirs, and centres both of retention and distribution. More than this, it has been proved by the cholera in London, that sewers and drains may be perfect, and yet domestic habits alone may be such as to make a nursery garden for plague germs. Wherever, then, we find foulness of odor from bad drainage, filthy back yards, and impure cellars, or houses tenanted by poverty with its usual concomitants, we may expect 18 to find a camping-ground for epidemic disease. Until onr ex- perience has reached a point that will show us distinctly what it is among filth that is injurious, we must get rid of it all in order to include the nocuous with the innocuous; and, on the same principle, until we can discover who are unstable, and may be overthrown by contagious diseases, and who are stable and free from danger, we must all act as if the instability were general. When we resort to the country for health it is evident that a farm, well drained by nature or by art, is better than one that is swampy, so far as we may be affected bj'^ chemical causes of disease. It may be said of manures on farms that they are decay- ing, or fermenting, or oxydizing which is a slow process resem- bling combustion; but there is nothing that may be termed putrescence. Neither the cattle sheds nor even the hog pens when well kept exhibit it, although where hogs are raised there is more or less unpleasant odor. At all events, we have the broad fact that thousands of farms exi^t without becoming foci of epide- mics. On the other hand, domestic habits are powerful even in the most airy situations in inviting pestilence. It is supposed that all fertilizing matter, however offensive, may be removed from cities on to farms, without injury to the agriculturist ; but there is no proof of this. Manure in the ordinary sense is removed, but this may be free from evil consequences even while in cities. We have alluded to low ground in the country being improved by drainage. There is low ground in cities also, but the cases are different, owing to complication w?th other facts. It is often the case that low ground is built upon by the poorer classes, or that they reside there. In this case inferior food and inferior domestic habits may be the greater cause. It so happens that in London there is low ground on both sides of the river ; on the south side there used to be a great prevalence of poverty, and with it of sickness ; on the north side at Westminster a groat preponderance of wealth with higher domestic habits and health therewith. Here in Montreal wiB have Griffintown district in the south-west on the lowest ground, and the Quebec suburbs on the north-east on ground high above the river, but there is no marked difference in domestic habits, and no marked difiference as to sickness or 14 epidemics. Ton may tako a single house and by domestic habits make it a nursery for diseases. Whence comes ship fever but in this way; it is from domestic condition and habits in a floating house, on an ocean of pure water, and surrounded by an ocean of pure air. The same principles apply to a city as to the country with regard to surface drainage. There should be no stagnant water or saturated ground in back yards or empty lots. From experience in cities themselves, we know that all waste, whether fluid or solid, should be rapidly removed. If there were nothing liable to fermentation and putrescence, there would be no danger of those plagues which are dependent upon such matters as a camp- ing ground. If the waste of cities were like the stonecutters chippings, or the filings of an engine factory, we might be more at ease. But let us not suppose that we could call ourselves and our children secure from all harm, for the lighter germs travel in the pure air, and might still reach us. To remove the gross and visible waste, whether fluid or solid, is generally approved ; but there is another waste that we accu- mulate. It is the waste that saturates unpainted floors and porous walls and ceilings. The exhalations from food, from storage of things convertible into food, from human bodies, whether from skin or lungs, from excreta, and at times from the sick and dying. The more rude the usages are in a house, the more will the build- ing be saturated. Cholera has always found its camping ground where domestic habits have rendered buildings impure, and has by no means been governed by what is termed drainage. The same may be said of small-pox, its places of residence depend less on drainage than on domestic habits. It is frequently the case that the very fittings and conveniences of modern invention become an evil in the dwellings of those whose habits are of a past date: A water closet in an abused condition inside the house is far worse than a privy in the open air; and a sink in a kitchen, with its dark cupboard beneath, may be worse than a distribution of slops outside the back door. Cellars with earthen floors when once impregnated with rotten vegetables and unpicked bones, is beyond redemption except by digging deeper till all is pure, and then filling up again with clean material. Filth of the most 15 loathsome kind is often to be found in yards simply by accumula* tion and neglect. Time will change what was once harmless into that which offends the senses and invites disease, and time has had opportunity to work among us when we find houses tottering with old age that have never had a drain. BOABDS OF HEALTH. When people discover that the city in which they live is in a very unhealthy condition, their first and last idea ..i to appoint a Board of Health. When this is done they repose, believing 'hat a great duty has been performed. Boards of Health have their value and their functions. Outside of medical treatment they are like the fire alarm signals, and as those signals are useless without the Fire Brigade, so is a Board of Health useless unless supplemented by an efficient staff of civil and sanitary engineers well supported by the city council and the public. To demand of physicians that, by virtue of their office on the Board, they are to become suddenly inspired with engineering and sanitary knowledge, is to ask too much, and it is this error which leads to the usual com- plaint that little has been done. The Boards of Health do well in arousing public attention, and should press upon a civic govern- ment the necessity of giving their Citj' Engineer instructions to report as to what works are necessary, and then supply the means of carrying them out. When a Board of Health occupies itself with complaints about individual drains and such like matters, it may do some little good, but this course of action will not place a city in a satisfactory condition in a hundred years. All house drains are tributaries to sewers, and small sewers are tributaries to large ones. In reforming city drainage the large sewers are first re -constructed aright ; then all their branches should be systematically overhauled, and lastly the drains into them. It is reversing the order of things in a most mischievous manner to begin with the house drains, for if they be put in order and connected with sewers that are less deep in the ground than they should be, it will be necessary when these sewers are lowered to lower the drains. This will not be done, for the drains will be dipped suddenly down, and will be no more efficient than formerly 16 so far as the houses are concerned. Besides, the connections after being made are broken to be re-made. Outside of drainage, which is certainly of the highest import- ance, there are a great many matters in sanitary engineering with which physicians and private individuals are not familiar, although they may compose a Board of Health ; and such Boards sometimes try to enforce ideas that are based upon so little know- ledge, that they are apt to be not only erroneous but seriously hurtful. It is possible for a Board of Health in this way to do far more harm than would have occurred without their existence. They should, however, exercise a careful judgment when engineers present for their approval any schemes which they cannot explain. CITY ENGIITEERINa. City engineering is not now in its infancy, except in places like Montreal. There are sewers in the streets, and drains from houses into them. Let us pee what would be the conditions for working Buccessfully. Water is our great agent ; whatever it will dissolve, or whatever will mix intimately with it, it will carry along. Apart from this agency the more solid or insoluble matter must be otherwise removed. It is in vain to lay down any definite rules for the construction of sewers as to direction or grade. The drainage of a city, like the city itself, has been a matter of growth, or, rather, they have grown together. The drainage of a house is planned by the architect before the house is built, but not so with regard to cities. In nearly all the same course has been pursued in past times. The inhabitants have sought simply to drain down hill, and hence we find commonly that sewers have been built with no other design, and that the bulk of the sewage and rain water has been thrown into the lowest ground. Hence it is that modern engineers have been compelled to construct large main drains in the low ground, with only slight grades to carry it oflF to some natural outlet. The evil of this method which has been forced upon us is, that a great multitude of tributaries have swifter cur- rents in them than is necessary, and throw down a large quantity of silt which lodges on the bottom of the largest sewers for want of rapidity of flow, and has to be removed. If the drainage were 17 in toto matter of design, the bulk of the water would not be sent headlong into the valleys ; the total descent, would, as far as prac- ticable, be distributed over trunk lines and branches, so that an approximation to a uniform speed of flow would be established, thus causing all matter that began to travel, to go on till it reached the ultimate outlet. Even in this case the coarse grit of broken stone would gradually subside, if the city were on ground having but slight variations of altitude. In any case our drains and sewers should have su£Scient decli- vity to cause the water and what it contained of animal and vegetable matter to pass off freely, so that suffcient time should not elapse to allow of putrefaction within the limits of the city. Earthy and stonj' sediment, if it alone remain unconveyed away, is harmless, and can be removed at leisure. But this conveyance away of matter before it becomes changed by time is wholly vitiated and set at naught when the domestic habits are such that the matter is, much of it, long since putrid before it enters the drain or sewer. To fulfil all the necessary conditions, first of all no putrid matter should be harbored above; the drains and sewera should be made of such materials that what they received should travel on its way to the ultimate outlet, and neither be absorbed nor allowed to escape by leakage. All sewers should be con- structed of hard bricks set in cement, and, still better, if plastered with cement inside. All drains should be of pottery, non-absorb- ent, and jointed with cement. Metal pipes leading into drains should be sound and free from flaws or cracks, from the point where the water enters to where it is discharged into the tile pipe. Wooden sewers are absorbent, and have joints through which there is leakage; they are also flat-bottomed, and deposits of the foulest kind lie in them until absolutely black ; miles of such sewers exist in Montreal, and are seldom alluded to. Wooden house drains are still worse, for they are absorbent and leaky, and, when perforated by rats, which is very common, the leakiness is fearfully increased. In this case the soil beneath the houses becomes impregnated with decayed matter. To remove the wooden drain is not enough, all the impregnated earth should be dug out and replaced with clean subsoil before the pipe drains are B IS pnt in. Often the floors and joists are so contaminated as to need entire renewal. When rats eat through wooden drains and come up through the earthen floor of a cellar, a passage is formed for the sewer air to creep into the building. In winter a large supply is gradually brought in by the suctions of stoves. In this case the rats-hole is of far more importance than the rat. It may be inevitable in a new town, on a prairie or in the bush, to construct wooden sewers to begin with, but in such case they should be laid with one corner down, so that a little water may be concentrated and thus scour more effectually. The same rule should be observed with the branches to houses but no such branch should pass under a building. Metal pipes should be carried down, and out through the foundation for two or three feet beyond the wall, and then connected into the wooden drain. If wooden sewers and drains exist in a city, and want of funds prevents their recon- struction in brick and tile pipe, then the wooden drains under the houses should be pulled up, the foul earth removed, and the metal pipes prolonged to the outside of the building, utilizing for a while, and only for a while, the rest of the wooden drain leading to the wooden sewer. Few cities as yet have their drainage perfected. London within the girdle of its ancient walls, which is but a fraction of the great metropolis, has been for many years the most perfect, and health within it is equal to that In the open country where all is favorable from good land drainage and refined agriculture. This condition is probably due more to paved court yards, good domestic habits, and rapid removal of solid waste, than even to the perfected drains and sewers. But on this continent wo are far behind per- fection. Supposing, however, that we made a resolution to be per- fect in sanitary matters, we must be careful not only to create good sewers and drains, but to make them such that we can ex- amine them at any time, and see that they are performing their functions correctly. Largo sewers are easily inspected, and may be cleaned periodically. The trouble lies in the lesser ones, and experience proves that no sewer whatever should be so small as to prevent a small-sized man from entering and penetrating 19 through it ; thus it can be inspected and cleaned, and, if need be, repaired. The already too common cylindrical brick sower of two feet diameter inside should be abandoned. To clean these small sewers the public talk of flushing, as if it were posssibie to rinse out a sewer as one would rinse out a pail, or wash an open gutter with the aid of water and a broom. This is a mistake, it cannot be performed so easily, nor at all in some cases, owing to the flatness of the grade ; water will run only as the grade induces. Every heavy thunder shower flushes the sewers more effectually than can be done by any artificial supply of water, and yet the two-feet barrel sewers gather in them sometimes mudbanks that are felted together with old dishcloths and other fibrous matter. This of course is not supposed to enter the sewer, but does so abundantly, as experience proves. Eoad grit, and oven small stones from the macadam, get into the sewers, and all this has to be removed by labor and tools. VENTILATION OP SEWERS. The necessity for inspection and cleaning leads naturally to the much discussed subject of the ventilation of sewers. If sowers required neither inspection, nor cleansing, nor repairs, if all worked well when left alone, there would be no need of ventilation. But men have to go into sewers, and for this reason alone some degree of ventilation is necessary. Ventilating shafts with per- forated covers in the central part of the streets suffice for this purpose. This slight connection with the upper air induces some- times a very slow atmospheric movement in the sewer, but so slow that it can only be detected by the drifting of smoke from a pipe or a blown out candle. In the ventilating shafts neither ascent nor descent of air is detectable, for a little cloud of smoke merely hovers as if in doubt as to which way it would go ; it will rise a little, and fall a little, as it may chance to be affected by the passing wind above. It must not be forgotten that air is always flowing into sewers in company with water, and in this way a good deal is supplied. The air in well-conditioned sewers thus ventilated is to all sensation as easy to breathe as the air in a house. There is no lack of oxygen to sustain life any more than 20 in halls and churches. The common expression " sewer gas," which is frequently used, leads to a misconception on the part of the public. There is no such thing as sewer gas, any more than there is kitchen gas when cooking is going on. The term gas gives rise to the notion of buoyancy, but the air in sewers is not buoyant, it is like the air above, only dirty and with a slight faint smell, the perception of which is lost after you have been two or three minutes in the sewer. It is hard to believe that there are germs of disease in any sewers which are in proper order. The men who are frequently or constantly engaged in working in sewers in London, which is the largest example both as to extent and number of hands employed, are not attacked by diseases any more than other people, if indeed as much. At the time of cholera not one of the many hundreds working in the sewers was attacked by that disease. Contractors' men who rebuild sewers do not suffer an epidemic while engaged in their work. But on the other hand the opening of a drain which is foul or choked, and in which domestic waste has been corrupting, is sometimes followed by sickness in the house above. But the two cases are different. There are domestic habits combined with the latter. With regard to what is I ommonly called " sewer gas," if it be allowed to escape systematically and designedly, it should pass through fire or flame. In conducting experiments on this subject in London for the com- missioners of sewers, 1 built a short tower on the back of a long sewer, and placed in it a floor or grating of gas pipes so thickly perforated that the little flames formed almost a sheet, and the sewer air passing up was completely deodorised. People complain of sewer gas entering their houses. This is simply the result of leakey drains, and the remedy is to make the drains perfect. The notion of pressure upwards by a buoyant gas is a delusion. The air in sewers simply obeys the same laws as all other air. If it be winter in a cold climate, the air in the sewers is comparatively warm, and will rise to the higher parts of the city, this is all. If the street shafts or sinks are untrapped, which is a great mistake, the warm air will issue from them at the upper ends of sewers, while cold air will creep down at lower points. Of course, if houses on high ground have imperfect drains, more sewer air will 21 enter them if that be the only place of escape on account of the street shafts bei^g closed. If the street shafts bo opened the warm air will find an easier mode of exit, and the occupants of the houses will simply have less from their ill-made drains, hence they will advocate open shafts ; but the true remedy is to make the drains tight. To ventilate sewers by pipes up to the roofs of houses is simply unnecessary, and it only serves in winter to draw out warm unclean air from the sewors, where it is harmless, and disperse it over the city where it may be Injurious, and at all events is unpleasant, and in the present state of our knowledge should be regarded with suspicion. Besides, the roofs of houses are near bedroom windows, and one house being often close to another which is higher, the higher one may receive any impurity which is near. This would apply even in summer when least air would ascend in pipes, but ever so little would be most unpleasant, and possibly dangerous. HOUSE DRAINS, &o. House drains should be executed with extreme care and fidelity. The same reason that is given for sewers being all large enouj^h for examination, applies in another form to house drains. Sewers have to be examined from the inside so that we have to enter them ; house drains have to be examined from the outside, and therefore should be externally accessible. All plumbers' work and metal pipes should be accessible by removing boards fitted and fastened so as to need no breakage, not even the drawing of nails* Screws can be taken out without any disturbance of other parts, and this should suffice even where portions of flooring have to be raised. Tile pipe drains under the basement should also be accessible for examination and repairs at any nomont when suspicion arises. It is to be regretted, in a sanitary point of view, that there are any basement kitchens, dining rooms, and servants' bedrooms, but as so many town houses are thus constructed, there is more reason for having all the drainage arrangement perfect. Tile pipe drains faithfully jointed with cement are theoretically imperishable, and might be entrenched and covered with subsoil/ 22 but practically they are sometimes imperfect, either in themselves or in the jointing, or cracked by unequal bedding or the settle- ment of the building, and thus render the soil damp with sewage. Beside this, the most marvellous things are sent down the soil pipes, Hueh as rags, hair combings, woolly sweepings, burnt matches, broken glass, worn out brushes, &c., &c., as though they could be got rid of as completely as if thrown overboard at sea. Thus stoppages occur leading to suspicion, and when suspicion arises there is no knowing where the investigation will end, or how much the house will be pulled to pieces. If there be only a cellar for coals or such like purposes, the floor should be of flagstone, or if th * be too dear, of cement con- crete, and the tile pipe drain should be laid in a trough of brick- work built with cement, the trough itself being plastered with cement inside. In order to provide a means of escape for any water which may soak in, or that may arise from accidental causes, such as the bursting of a water pipe, there should be a small lead or iron pijDO from the lower end of the trough leading to the sewer. This pipe should be furnished with a cock which may be opened if water is found present, and closed when the water hap drained off. If loft permanently open it would bring in a small stream of air from the sewer. The trough may be covered with flagstone, or with iron plates, or with pieces of plank, which, by resting in a rebate on each side, will be flush or level. If the posi- tion bo suitable, the water sujjply pipe may be brought in over the tile pipe, in the same trough, so that the stopcock may be acces- sible, and any water from it be readily got rid of In order to examine the drain inside, as to the flow of water, an inspection pipe should be established near the lower end of the trough. This inspection pipe is a branch upwards, or perhaps a mere eye, and may be closed with a painted plug made air-tight with a little putty to fill the crack around it. By removing the plug a candle can be lowered so as to see the water run. If the drainage be extensive there may be several inspection pipes, serv- ing when needed to flush by insertin^j, a water hose. When it is intended to have rooms in the basement, a practice has grown up of entrenching and burying the tile pipe drain, and 23 then filling up with broken stone. The floor joists rest upon this bed, and the spaces between them are filled also and finished off with cement. Over this the floor is laid. Now if the drains are ever to be overhauled all this elaborate performance is a fatal error. If there are to be living rooms constructed below the level of the ground there should be a shallow cellar below, sufficient for a man to creep about in, and with a trap door to enter it. This cellar, or sub-cellar, should have a cement, concrete, rat-proof floor, with the drainpipe lying on it, or in a trough or groove, as before described. In this case the joists and floor may be like those higher up in the building. If in any existing house there is an ordinary floor in the base- ment over a more hollow space, a board should be raised at a time when it is most likely to have water below, and, if there be water, the small pipe described above may be introduced, and protected by a few loose bricks, while directly above a small piece of flooring should be cut and fitted, so that by lifting it the arm may reach to the cock. In all cases, even of dry ground floored over, there should be some ventilation underneath. A small grating in the floor under or near the cooking stove, and some holes the size of one's little finger at a few feet apart all around the outside next to the foundation wall, is sufficient to prevent that stagnant, if not damp, air which is likely to create a gradual rot in the timbers beneath, or even in the floor boards themselves. The furring out on basement walls, in order to have dry rooms, or rooms apparently so, for that is all, is frequently a cause of suspicion ivbout drains. There is a mouldiness behind which affects the air. All the basement system is bad. There is a method of drainage for upper tenements by spouts descending outside the gallery. These spouts, if trapped, or if choked, freeze in winter, and then the slops are thrown down to form a mass of impure ice. In the spring this ice melts and saturates the unpaved yard, making a nursery garden for disease germs. When the heat is sufficient the exhalations last a long time. If the spouts go down into the drain un trapped, so as to keep open in winter by the upward rush of warm air from the sowers, then 24 this impure air is spread over the gallery and yard and neighhor- hood. No such drainage should be permitted, for these spouts receive the worst of sewage. The drainage of roofs in the centre, by an untrapped pipe into the sewer, brings up a current of sewer air, which in the winter melts the snow very conveniently, but this is at the cost of diffus- ing the sewer air all around. While there are defects in many things, there is sometimes an attack made where no evil exists. Many are loud in their con- demnation of ourordinarj'^ traps. They admit that water prevents the passage of air but maintain that the pipe under our kitchen sinks, which is in the form of the letter S, lying on its face, is frequently emptied of its necessary charge of water. It is the droop downwards that constitutes the trap; this is followed by an arch upwards, the pipe finally descending so as to reach the tile pipe drain or other trunk line. When a sink receives much water, it dows into the trap and continuing on, it fills the long descending pipe. The column of water in the descending pipe tends by its weight and motion to create a vacuum above. As soon as the water in the sink grows shallow, the pressure of the air bursts through it with a noise and supplies the vacuum. The long pipe downwards is thus filled with air and the vacuum destroyed. It is contended by some that the trap is not only emptied of water and filled with air, but that it remains so; but an attentive observer will perceive that the rush of air ceases before all the water has passed out of the sink, and that a quiet flow occurs after the noise is finished ; it is this quiet flow which supplies the trap, and «11 is correct in the end. This can be readily verified by going through the whole process, and then opening the trap, it will be found charged. We will, however, suppose that traps are emptied by a descend- ing column of water, and that if one closet be on an upper floor, and another below having :. branch to the same soil-pipe, that when the upper one is used the lower one is^affected by suction of the trap. In this case there is a remedy without an air pipe to the roof, thus : The tile pipe into which the whole of the sewage is car- ried is always so large as never to be full of water. This can be seen 25 by the efflux from such pipes as you walk along the sewers. There is always a large air space above the stream that runs out of the fullest. What is necessary, then, is lo insert an air pipe of, say, three-quarters of an inch bore into an eye in the tile pipe at its upper end, and carry this up alongside the soil pipe and connect the two just under the trap of the upper closet. The air pipe should be bent over so as to enter downwards. This will cause a circulation of air which will follow any descending water and render suction impossible from any trap that connects with the soil pipe, and yet no sewer air is allowed to escape above the roof. Unfortunately our baths and fixed wash basins are commonly constructed without any traps, and, if the plug be left out on one side, which it usually is, the air from the drains below has a chance to creep up slowly into the rooms. Sometimes it is sup- posed that a trap is empty when there is none at all. The waste pipe of a bath usually goes to the water closet, and it is not unknown for the smell, and even substance, to pass from the closet into the bath. This arises from the waste pipe of the bath being carried to the closet horizontally, and entering above the trap. The proper plan is to provide a trap for the bath, and then carry the waste pipe with a slope downwards into the soil pipe, joining it below the closet trap. Water closets are, I believe, all trapped in some way. There are many modifications of them now, but it is curious to see that nearly all have cisterns, English fashion, while in our cities the water is laid on direct. The water direct, with what is termed the corporation pressure, is far better, with its rapid scouring action, than the comparatively feeble flow from a cistern. The oldest closet of all is as good as any of the many new patents, and better than some of them. In using the old pan-upsetting arrangement, the handle should be raised and propped up by some sort of crutch from the time you enter the little room until you are going to leave, allowing a continuous flow. To people of higher intelligence the automatic action of the water releasing valve is not necessary ; a tap in the descending pipe is more con- venient, for then water jan be allowed to flow at pleasure. When a house is left empty the water may dry up in traps ; to 26 prevent this the landlord shouM take a bottle of oil with him and pour in as much as will form a film on the water in every trap BO as to prevent evaporation, and, if winter approaches, all the water should be withdrawn for fear of freezing, and oil substituted in its place. A very common domestic usage in good houses is to ventilate the closet, or both it and the bath room together, by opening the window and door, or opening the window while a fanlight is open over the door. This mixes the air of the closet with the air of the house. It is often discoverable that you are on the bedroom floor which has the closet, although you may not see it. A closet in a house, wherever it may be located, should have a pipe of two or three inches diameter from close to the ceiling leading thence into the kitchen chimney. This will cause a continuous slight suction of air from the closet. The window should not be opened as a breeze may drive the air into the house. A pipe from the closet ceiling up through the roof is advisable if there be no kitchen chimney, as for instance when it is in a place of business, and this pipe should be surmounted by a cowl to turn with the wind. In this case there should be also a pipe to the chimney of whatever heating apparatus} is used in winter, and only one of these pipes should at any time be at work. If the pipe through the roof is not plugged when Sres are lighted to warm the building, there will be a descent of cold air into the closet and thence towards the stoves or furnace, thus ventilating into the building. But if the roof pipe be plugged and the pipe to the chimney be opened, the draft will go to the chimney. In a private house the door of the closet should fit well except at the bottom, where a crack or space should exist, so that the air of the house may pass in and go upwards to the ceiling pipe and thence to the kitchen chimney, which it will do summer and winter. It is objectionable to have a closet in a bath-room, for in that case the whole body of air is contaminated, and although there may be a pipe into the kitchen chimney, it will be a long time be- fore all the air will pass away from so large an inclosure. Hotels sometimes have a bath-room and closet attached to a handsome 27 Buit of rooms. This may secure a pleasant privacy, and, generally, nothing more is thought of. It i8 remarkable how our " modern improvements " have proved unsanitary. There was, some years ago, a prevalence of typhoid fever in the highest and best parts of Edinburgh instead of in the lowest and worst parts ; but if water closets are ventilated into rooms, and the house is supplied with air from the drains by untrapped baths and basins, it is not to be wondered at. With regard to privies, there are hundreds of them in this city that are beyond reformation, and that should be wholly eradicated. If there is to be one, a very simple and good form of construction for the pit is to excavate sufficiently and then plant in it a large circular vessel, such as a sugar hogshead with the top open. When down, and packed solid all around up to within about half a yard of the top, cut a hole in the side and insert a bent drain pipe four inches in diameter, the convexity of the bend being uppermost. The inner end or mouth of the pipe will look downwards, while the other end will droop outside, and may be prolonged until it reaches the sewer. After this fill up the ground to the top edge of the cask. When this is completed the cask must be lined, at bottom and sides, with brickwork in cement; half bricks will work most convenientl}'^, and finally the whole should be plastered inside with cement. This prevents any leakage into the ground, and leaves no outlet but the bent pipe, which is itself a trap. The floor of the little room should bo of plank, bedded solid on the ground, the sleepers on which it rests being first entrenched or sunk flush ; this prevents any air from passing under the floor. Before using this closet it should be filled with water until the water flows off to the sewer through the bent pipe, the mouth of which will remain dipped in or covered. If the pit be not thus filled with water there will be no trap, and the air of the sewer, especially in winter, will con- tinually pass up and extend over the premises. All fluid and soluble matter will pass off. It is an exceeding bad domestic habit to put old tins and broken pottery, &c., into such places, and still worse to throw down decayed meat and vegetables. If pro- perly and legitimately used a half pint of carbolic acid poured in once in a month or six weeks will prevent putrefaction or odor. 28 DOMESTIC HABITS. If a city is to be largely improved in sanitary matters either by force of law, or by the volition of property owners, there should be no earth-bottomed cellars, either in dwellings or places of busi- ness. There are domestic usages connected therewith which, when investigated, are enough to shock the strongest nerves. The abominations in earth bottom cellars, both indwelling houses and connected with business, would seem to indicate that, provided things are unseen, they may be equal to our conceptions of Con- stantinople, while our parlors and stores appear as though no such filthinees could be less distant from us than that plague- infested city. Our unpaved yards with their domestic uses como under the same category. There are hundreds of loads of rotten and foul matter carted away from thiscity of Montreal that would win a prize for sickening and pungent stench in competition with the whole world. If the death rate of certain classes be equal to that of Calcutta, their condition must be worse, for we have not tropical heat always present. The condition of the crowded dwellings of the poor is of great importance in a city. The visitations of cholera in Edinburgh are said to have began each time in the same house, showing how important domestic habits are. The last time it entered London it was an interesting study. I was on the London statf of En- gineers at that time, and had watched over the execution of some sewers of considerable length in the same locality. I was much under ground, reconnoitering and taking levels, and knew that the sewers were of the first class, and in good order. After this it devolved upon mo ofiicially to examine every house in which deaths had occurred. This duty was shunned by others with some- thing like a feeling of terror, so that when I willingly accepted the task they felt a relief, while I regarded it as a privilege. The neighborhood may be easily described as consisting principally of good streets and lofty well built houses. These houses had, most of them, been the abodes of the world of fashion and wealth a cen- tury or more ago, and were still strong structures. The drains appeared to be faultless and well trapped. Each arrangement, how- 29 ever, was for one household, bnt from the change that time had induced every room held a family, and the large old decorated par- lors seemed to have more than this. In each tenement thus arranged there was necessarily a pail or tub to receive waste or sewage, and this, whether full or empty, omitted an odor. The people thus circumstanced had to carry down their sewage vessel and empty it into the yard sink. The yards were paved so that no mud puddle could be created, and the insoluble waste was deposited in the ashbin which was frequently emptied. Of course, meat, fish, and vegetables were kept in the same room which served to eat drink and sleep in, and also to cook and wash. Many things in the way of housekeeping might be seen stowed away under the beds. The walls floors and ceilings with all their decorations were impregnated with a faint greasy odor. Thus was formed a well prepared nursery garden for all disease germs to lodge in. The people, however, had long since been acclimatized to the atmosphere, and, but for the arrival of a foreign pest of organic nature, were escaping pretty well. In some parts of the district, in the lesser streets and houses, I found domestic usages that were beyond my anticipation. The people had abandoned the kitchen or basement and made it a de- pot for waste, such as fruit and vegetables, and even fish, which they had failed to sell as hawkers, and in one case the place was 80 full that the very stairs were occupied and the door nailed up, a trap being cut in the hall floor to throw down as much more as could be thus disposed of. But there was a remarkable case of pure domestic habits in the very midst of all this. One house in a handsome street had been lived in by the family that owned or inherited it from the days when it was fashionable, and had all the internal appearance and condition belonging to people who had an income of five thousand dollars or more per annum. Eight and left of this house, across the street, and behind across the block, death had reaped a harvest, but in this one house there had been uninterrupted health both of family and servants. LetnotMontrealers imagine that the Atlantic lies between them and such pictures as I have drawn. In this city are to be found 30 the filthiest of wooden drains under houses, and cellars into which vegetable and animal matter has been thrown until the stench is fearful and the door kept closed; and there are yards worse than hog pens, and filthy privies, one story, two stories, and even three stories high, all of wood and saturated with sewage. Even when the '* modern improvements " have been carried out, many houses have in them such thin cheap soil pipes that they are rotted or eaten through in holes so that the sewage trickles down outside, depositing itself in various places, and many, very many, are the smart-looking houses that have, under their basement floors, a swamp of earth and sewage from defective drains. Domestic habits add to those evils. In some houses the nursing of children is so conducted that no corner is free from odors from year's end to year's end, and these special odors are frequently complicated with those of cabbage water and other cookery, sometimes with dirty clothes left in soap-suds, or a pickle tub already tainted, or a gallery spout fetid from top to bottom, or an ill-used closet, or dirty sink and cupboard beneath, or a pot of broth turned sour, or mouldy things in a pantry, or a foul spittoon, or, worse still, the floor itself a spittoon, or a bucket of old fat that is intended for soapmaking, with, as a standard institution, a scuttle to store refuse of all kinds intended for the scavenger. That some of this is inevitable no one of family experience will deny, but the differ- ence is great indeed between the little that is inevitable and the surfeiting quantity that is often to be found. The numbers of children in this city that are unwisely fed and clothed and ill- cared for is perfectly wonderful, and we have an awful multitude of humpbacks and cripples and blind, besides those that annually succumb. The great cause of all this is undoubtedly domestic habits directly, and also indirectly, by inviting disease, although the evil is increased by the quality and position of our unreformed sewers and leaky drains. Evils inside a house may neutralize the best external circum- stances that can bo selected. I remember a road along the crest of a narrow range of hills in the coal and iron region in the centre of England. Strung along this road were a great many cottages of the poor nailmakers. Each cottage had its little forges and 81 dwelling-place, for in these families all were blacksmiths. You might see the girls as well as the boys working rapidly with their small hammers on the hot nail rods, seemingly from morning till night, that the whole group might earn their bread and the poor- est of clothing. No wonder that domestic habits were reduced to the lowest. All went well till the cholera came, but then there was a terrible sweep. A similar sweep of yellow fever passed up a romantic road in Southern Brazil, leading from Kio along the slopes of the Organ IVIountains, where the elevation and compara- tive coolness promised exemption ; but here again we have domes- tic habits of such a kind that what with us passes down a soil pipe, is with them an indoor domestic matter to be carried out in a vessel by a darkey, or, worse, to be stored with waste from fowls and fish, and fruits in a tub until worth while to remove and empty it. Domestic habits are the most difficult of all things to deal with. There is an old saying that every Englishman's house is his cas- tle. This implies that there is no right of intrusion. This is well if what is done inside the castle affects no one outside, but when it is possible by domestic habits to create a nursery for the germs of contagious epidemics, it is clear that the castle should be in- vaded by authority, and remedies, if possible, applied. The in- mates themselves may not suffer, owing to difference of constitu- tion or organization, and may luugh at the fears of others. Nev- ertheless, we all have the right to resist trespass, and when what is done by one household injuriously affects another it is an act of trespass. But it will be said that domestic habits are to a great extent the result of our surroundings. People who are compelled by force of circumstances to live in one room, without the necessary conveniences, cannot do as they wish ; and if the building be such as to compel unsanitary usages, it is not the fault of the occupants. Property owners may be considered blameable, but they may not know what is right or wrong ; and, even if they do know, it is difficult to compel a man to overhaul his property at considerable cost to comply with the dictation or the by-laws of those in author- ity, when, at the same time, much dispute may exist as to what 32 oaght to be done. I would myself resist, tooth and nail, any order from whatever source to ventilate the drains of my own residence by carrying pipes up to the roof, or to put a ventilating shaft to my privy. First of all we must have new theories solidly verified, and not simply started on authority and repeated by mere follow- ers of authority, while the whole group live above ground, know- ing nothing of sewers or the air in them, and having no practice in drainage except on sheets of paper. When knowledge becomes sure and definite and beyond all cavil, then it should be diffused and it will work ; then those who are willing, for their own sakes, and the sakes of others, to do what is right, will do it with comprehension, seeing both its pro- priety and importance. Those who are fearless, and whose innate proclivities are opposed to things orderly or clean as being unne- cessary or a mere bother, will not do what is right under any effort at compulsion, and much less by instruction or advice. Nothing is more simple than a kitchen sink, nothing easier than to keep it clean, and yet hundreds, nay thousands, of kitchen sinks are eternally dirty. Men who have looked into sanitary matters practically know that if a privy be left open to the use of the multitude, it will be made unutterably beastly, whether it be in a back lane in the greatest city in the world, or in a little prairie village in the far west of America. Nor is this proclivity to do wrong, confined by any means to the uneducated, for in large business buildings full of ofiSces, there is much trouble in keeping things decent. To explain to people of this contrary and cross- grained nature that it is or may be injurious to themselves, is of no avail. No one can deny but that the unsanitary condition of things among Asiatics is due to mental proclivity. This is true also of Spaniards, Portuguese, and their descendants in South America. Let an American or an Englishman rent one of their houses with a garden, and build a privy for decency and comfort, and what will be the sequel ? as soon as a native tenant takes possession it is demolished. Streams of filth are poured from upper windows into courtyards below, and left for the sun to dry into a residuum. This horrid practice, too, exists to a limited extent in Montreal, 88 and has rorainded me of Southern regions. Neither books, nor lectures, nor by-laws will change the nature of a people. Unfor- tunately schooling does not create intelligence, nor does intelli- gence or talent of the high'est order create good proclivities, hence the difficulty of dealing with domestic usages unless they become an act of trespass, and then only force of law will operate ; but th'elaw will neither be made nor enforced unless the law makers, and the administrators too, have risen to a certain standard of excellence in will as well as in knowledge. The degree of advancement to which we have attained here at present as to domestic habits is very varied, as we have different nationalities as well as different chisses. Some tidy house keepers burn all organic waste matter, and have nothing for the scaven- ger to take away but ashes. Soluble matter passes away without difficulty , and when cellar and pantry and bedrooms are treated with a volition in the right direction, all is wholesome, provided the building itself is right. It is to be regretted that so much of what is good for fertilizing should be destroyed or poured into our rivers, but until there is a great advance in intelligence it will have to be done. Even corporations may have now to encourage or enforce measures which a century hence will be regarded as antique and wasteful. The public scavenging might even now be partly improved by an approximate sorting of domestic waste, the organic matter being kept separate from the imperishable, and differently disposed of; or, by burning in public furnaces purpose- ly constructed a great deal that is not acceptable on farms, and objected to wherever deposited ; fines, too, should be exacted, whereever putrid matter is found. Much mischief ar'ses in cities from small yards being unpaved. When there is enough ground to constitute a garden, the waste may fertilize, but in a very limited space it is mere saturation. Even where there is ample room, it is well to divide it into yard and garden, the yard being paved as a precaution against this evil. The dwellings of the poor should not only have paved yards, and paved or cemented floors to cellars, but all floors and stairs, in fact all woodwork, should be well painted, and in many cases the plaster of partitions and the ceilings also should be thus treated. 84 The wealthier classes, too, would find a purer and loss dusty atmos- phere in their houses if it were fashionable to paint bedroom floors and abolish the carpets. Silicate paints are highly esteemed in Europe as being free from everything hurtful. It is already acknowledged that houses for many tenants should have water supply and drainage for each family, but the non- absorbent surfaces are perhaps more essential. Property owners look upon these matters in a very different light. Their solo idea is rent compared to cost, and it must be acknowledged that there is a measure of reason on their side. The dill'erenco of the one view and the other is often only one of time. The rent of buildings compared to cost must bo computed with the element of time included. A house that is ill built, and des- titute of proper appliances, is destroyed so rapidly that its lifetime is short. The better the building, as a rule, the better the class of tenants, and the more certain the rent. It requires intelligence to see all this, and intelligence cannot bo created by wealth, but must bo waited for in the slow process of human and of national evolution. VENTILATION AND HEATING. There is a great deal said about ventilation, as if that subject were more neglected than any other. In the summer all our houses are almost as open as in a tropical climate, so that without any special arrangements ventilation is abundant. In the winter the houses are closed on account of the severity of the climate, but when stoves are used there is always an influx of air equal to the current passing up the stove pipes. So penetrating is cold air that it rushes in rapidly through every crevice, and* even oozos through the walls. It is in vain to reiterate the theory that so many cubic feet of air are necessary for each occupant, and then regard the rooms in a house as tight boxes. If they were tight like a ship's bottom or a steam boiler, and the estimated amount of air or oxygen could not and did not enter, the inmates would find their breathing grow so laborious that they would confess to the fact. But this does not happen. The famine for oxygen may be felt in 35 wells or shafts, or in very foul sowors of small diamotor and con- Hiderablo length, but it is not found in houses. What wo do find is that there is not Hiifficiont change in the air to sweep away the unclean exhalations from people and domestic operations, and those exhalations iti oxoosh are the result of habits ongendered by poverty anregoing I have lighted on two English books on this same subject. One of these is by Pro'essor Fleoming Jenkin, F.R.S. He looks upon contagious diseases somewhat as I do, but follows other writers in dilating on the subject of " sewer 40 gas." He proposes to send all the drainage of a city residence out into the yard, or the area which is a very little yard between the house and the sidewalk at the basement level, there to be received by a sink which is trapped. This is impossible in our limate as it would become an unmanageable mass of ice, and seems to me wholly unnecessary in England. Such a system would taint the air of a whole city. He insists upon ventilating drains by pipes up to the roof, and thinks that sometimes the sewer itself should be thus ventilated. Now if "sower gas" is always liable to contain disease germs, one of which in a house may, he says, breed millions, it is very strange that he considers them fit to be let loose all over a city by a system of ventilating pipes. When these germs escape from all these pipes at the vary- ing heights of roofs, I may well ask him, do they inevitably shoot up like a shower of rockets and perish of cold in the highest atmos- phere ? I should say not. Let anyone let loose a pound weight or raoi'e of thistle downs, as I have done, and he will find them at every level, high and low, and saili..g into all openings into which the slightest zephyr passes. I warn the public solemnly against such a method. Moreover, this ventilating can easily co-exist with defects in drains under the house, and is only an abatement and not a remedy for that evil. There really seems to be a morbid craving on the part of recent writers to get all the foul air possi- ble out of the drains and sewers and give it to us to breathe. The other book is a health primer, and is called " Houses and their Surroundings." It contains a great deal of valuable matter especially adapted to England, but of great service here too, pro- vided you know how to select it. It has, however, the now fash- ionable theory of ventilating drains against which I protest. I also diifer from the writers as to ventilating the pits of orivies into the open air. Fact before theory, however groat iiu . ames of the theorists. The privy which I have described is so oaorless that in the dark you might think you were entering a work shop or even a pantry, so far as smelling would detect; but if the principle in vogue is to have all the stinks possible dispersed in the air, then by all means cover up nothing, not even the dead in a cemetery. I condemn also the ventilation of water closets by a 41 ■window into the open air which the health primer advocates, and in which it is supported by the model by-laws quoted, inserted at the end of the same book. ' If this little Montreal pamphlet of mine should be reprinted in / England and the States, it will add some original matter to what / has appeared in print, and lead to fuller experimental tests on dis- puted points. It will be apparent to every reader that it has been written by a man in actual contact with facts, and not by one [ sitting in a library referring to authors. There is too much of this library writing. I may as well state that I have watched closely over the execution of works of drainage, from the four inch tile pipe to the largest sewers, the last being the great arterial drain of this city, known amongst ourselves as the Craig street tunnel. To Englishmen in England I may say that, notwithstanding tlieir boasted firesides, their houses during their mild winter are full of discomfort. True enough it is that when halls and stair- cases and bedrooms are chilly, sometimes miserably so, the fireside is attractive, and becomes the focus of comfort, but this is by contrast. If they had one of our elegant hall stoves by the Messrs. Gurney placed inside the front door, fed with American anthracite coal, the chill of the whole house would be dispelled, and they might still sit around their nice open fires and not repri- mand everybody that left the parlor door open. There are more comfortable houses here when the thermometer is ten or twenty degrees below zero, than in England when it is five or ten below the freezing point. Here our room doors are nearly always open to the halls and staircases, summer and winter, and if bedroom doors be shut there are generally louvres above them. All the comforts of warmth and ventilation are by no means monopolized by the British Isles. 42 NON- POISONOUS S/UGATE PAINTS. These Paints have boon approved by all the Governments of Europe. They are hard and pure, preserving metal from rust, and preventing all absorption of foul matter when applied to wood and plaster. Considering the greater amount of surface covered by an equal weight, they are also economical. Samples of Fainting of various colors in both wood and iron may be seen at this office. These Paints are only to he had at the Agents, P. THOS. GIBB & CO., 18 St. Sacrameixt Street, MONTREAL. DRAIN PIPES, ROMAN CEMENT, Caixada CemeTzt, FIRE OL^Y^ FOR SALE BY W. & F. P. CURRIE & CO., 100 Grey Nun Street, MONTREAL. 43 MATTINSON, YOUNG & CO., 577 CRAIG STREET, ARE PREPARED TO EXECUTE ALL KINDS OF Plumbing and Gasfitting, And METAL PIPE DRAINAGE, Upon the most improved Sanitary principles and of the best workmanship. All waste pipes trajiped and all joints perfect, so that no gases can escape from the drains into the building. Also, the fitting up of Heating Apparatus of the most improved prin- ciple, by Hot Water, Steam and Air combined, with direct and in- direct circulations. Estimates for HEATING, PLUMBING, &c., given on application. FLAGSTONES Of various sizes, and either heavy or light, for Flooring Vaults and Cellars of places of business or of private resi- dences, may be had from CONTRACTOR. 18 Prince Arthur Street^ cor. Shuter SL Flagstone Flooring excludes rats, prevents soakage into the ground, and renders it possible to enforce perfect cleanli- ness. Flooring laid at such prices as may be agreed on with FroprietorSi A. M. CRAIG, Of ]Vo. 8 Blaunj Street, l» prepared to paint Floors, Staircasesj, arnl, if required^ Walls and Ceilings, witli Silicate Paints for all who desire to render tlieir houses as healthy as possible by having no absorb- ini;- siirfares. Kloors when painted save much labor, as they caii be washe: ' '^'. Headquarters for all the most efficient Disinfectants: Carbolic Acid, .CblorkleotLlme, Sulphat^^f iron, Chloride of Zinc, ' ^ Nitrate of Lead> M Bronfio-^Rl&riltim, &€., &C., &C.