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Lorsqus le document est trop grand pour itre reproduJt en un soul elicha. il est film* i psrtir de I'sngis supOriaur gauche, de gauche i droita, at de hsut an bas, an pranant la nombre d'Imegea nteessaire. Les diagrammes suivsnis illustrant la mathoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 Moocon "KMntOH TBI I (ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No, 2) 1.25 IM lit S lis 1.4 12.0 1.6 ^ ..APPLIED IM/1GP '6S3 Eail Moin Slr*.t (716) 388-5989 -Fa. 7^i^ SYLVAN ONTARIO A GUIDE TO OUR NATIVE TREES AND SHRUBS VV. H. MULUREW, B.A., D.l'AEri. Principal of the ( 'ravenhur^t Hi^h Sch<iul. ILLUSTKAIED tt'lTH 131 I.E.t F-DKAiVlNGS TORONTO William briggs '- . 1901 L.X 230561 Father, thy hand Hath reared these venerable columns, thou Didst weave this verdant roof. Thou didst look down Upon the naked earth, and, forthwith, rose All these fair ranks of trees. They, In thy sun, Budded, and shook their green leaves In thy breeze And shot toward heaven. . . . Ah, why Should we. In the world's riper years, neglect God's ancient sanctuaries, and adore Only among the crowd, and under roofs That our frail hands have raised ? — Bryant ; Forest Hymn. Entered aecordliu to Act oT tbe ParUMnent of CaaatU. In PREFACE. ■expkmcl to I^ml L.n«low„e, in .„,wer to .„ inquiry, ,h,t thr .hief jndu,t,.y of C.n«li.„H w., the .L.truction of W,t,.' tL™ i ^1„ t^ be .,ve. ho«rev„, th.^ el.i. «,>g.. in „„, „«ti„„,l development ha» l«n c» .on „f the perm«,ent value of «rove and fo,e»t. Both the Domfniun and the Provmoml K.,vernn,ent, have applied U.e,n8elv™ to the hu«l«nd. mg o' "ur forest wea th and to the refor«.ting of our denude,! a«a». while w 'T'"'""" '""' ''"^■» '"""«' *" farther Hhnilar end,. l.„H K, .. T*" "* ""'""'" '"**"'" "■'' '"*" >"» "■»« the very laudable de.,« to know -no™ „f then,, to learn their nan.e,, their habit, and .he,r use. Such knowledge ha, been heretofore oonflli larZ .^ ..J^"™'' I Tu'™' "I*"""™ •" ">" f"™*-- "r luml^erman afd the learned research of the ,y,ten,atio l«tani,t, both „. the«, being equally to introduce the subject m a popular way to the intelligent reader to of C^L ">«•> may be apF;eciated without the endless terminology and de«„pt.on .. apphed w.th the fewest possible technical terms, and th J""! Tk™"** "V""" '""«"• ""»' •* l"" justification in approaching th« subjec by a method wh.M. aim, to combine, in a popular manual he most useful features of both these ^.pects. Having had the good fortune tZl T"^ •""J™* "" » «— - ^•™. whirls uTde favorable conditions, our best kindergarten yet introduced, he g. ned in early years a practical knowled, - of the botany of the wo;ds Tm" the zeal of the naturalist, and a, a result ha, now for «,me yea., made a hobby of the life of the woods and waters a, an offset ,„ theTtire o a teachers duties The trees, especially, so common and so intereltLg Uiough so litt e known, he has tried to intnx-uce to hi, clasj^rne 2 tersworthyof attentive study-not a, mere units in a system, but Zt mg thing, solving the proble;ns of life in their own way. In pursuance High School an arboretum, where pra.tic.lly all the tree, and shrub, of 4 SYLVAN ONTARIO the ..U.ri.t may be .aen .nd .tudie.!. The coHec.inn -' -"" "^ ;^; ,p«in,e„. h» m«le ..ece.».ry »n «c»«te knowMg. of 'he" '-t""^ Sthemeth-l «™,.loy.-<l in intr.KluoinK them to .»o«»..ve cla»e. ta. helped to make p.«.ible the prep-rnvtioa oJ tl.i» hand-l«».k. Tfew wor-U n.»y he ad.1.1 by w-y »f intnxlact.on to our le«n.«' ,rie„d» and the expert botanist. Althou«h thi- work .. mtended m. mly (or beginner., it i» hope.1 th»t it may prove .«m!e.t.ve to more mature »tu.le,ft. and help to .ti.nulate a ,„„re lively i„t..re-t '" ""J;-' ^^ which in often little under,.,«.l even an,on« ardent colleet<,r» 1 1 ■- ^ Uevcl that the meth«i employe.1 may fairly claun to heongmal CerUm American authon. notably Apgar and Newha 1, have "PP^^ '«' "^, j«,t in a «.mewh.t similar way, but the analy,.- of ''■« '■^""K"'''™ "" Scarcely fartl.cr than to the natural o.,ler. while that of the former de- ^"dHVery l„rgely on ttower and fruit and -top- at the genu,, wh.ch ., often only the lieginning of difficulty. „„- „» Fo.- the facts of distribution, e.peci«lly in the «.u h-we,tem part of the Province, Maeoun'. Catalogue ha. b«„ chiefly rehe.1 "PO"- -'' the nomenelatur; employed i. in m«st ca«» that with winch our .tudent. an, familiar. The drawing, have been raa.le by the author, ami, m nearlj all r , fn-m typical natural leave-. The accompanying fract.on, md.cate t:r,Le a. comp.>r«. with the actual leav.. and the nu™'- --^"d with tho«, of the Leaf Index and the .ucceed.ng page,. In 'he no'- "^ the variou, -pecie, -pecial reference, are .n «.me ca«„ n.ade to the S.W^ of Mu,koka, with which the author i. naturally mo,t familiar. Thi, ha. jemed fitting f™m the fact that thi. intere,ting di.t„ct ha. app^ent^ not received from bo.ani.t. the attention "hich .t de«=rve.. Mu^h care ha, been taken to en.ure correctne* m de«!r.pt,on and habitat, and ob«,rver, everywhere are requcted to make known the -/»". ""^ ;"'■; .ion, brought to light by their investigations. From the ..milanty of he Hora. in neighboring Province, and State, it i, ""pe^ 'hat the u«f u^ ne,, of thi, r.anual will not be confined to the 'e^'^'^J^" J^' f^^ ""^ been prepared, especially ,ince blank page, have been added for the u«, of .tudent, in noting further specie, or other item, of interct. Finally let it be kept alway, in mind that thi. « but an Index to one page in the infinite Book of Nature. Taken by it.elf it -"y P™™ " ^Xesting a, i, u.ual with an index or a dictionary. When read m con- nection with the living thing, which it introduce. the« .. rea«.n to hop. that it may happily combine in.tructiou with recreation in a way not without interest to the thoughtful reader. Geavsshuiwt, May, 1801. INTRODUCTION. Ix the very nuiiiiTimn fciriiiH of life with which wf mwt we citnnot help noticing that there lire nil <le){ree« of likene»« nnd iliffenmce. We IxOieve that all Miese fiirnw »iv in wmie senite i>elatefl tii each o'her, nnil the clowr the Himilarity the cliwer we consider thin relation to lie. Whin such likeneiw in an exact an we are aicuBtomed t" And in Nature, we «ay that the fomw compared are of the same kinil S/Keun, and we mark them by the name name, noticing that the ir idualn reproduced from thene continue e<iually similar to each other and to the parent forms. A number of Hpecien plainly related to each other, yet i.ot t/ie name, form a Oeitiu, the plural of this Latin word lieing Otrurn. Thu all our Maples lielong to one Genus, though there are five or six speciec d we have at least a dozen distinct kinds ot Willows, all belonging to same group or Genus in the same way. Similar Genera again are grouped into Families, or Ordem, and these again into higher and higher classes, upon which at present we need not dwell. Such a classification would, of course, be impossible without some accurate system of naming, and the method introduced by the great botanist, Linnwus, about one hundred and fifty years ago, is now com- monly used everywhere among students of Nature. In this system every Genus has a distinctive name, and this name, with a modifying word added, may become the full name of any species in that Genus. Thus, Aeer is the name of the Maple Genus, while Acer mbrum, Acer UKchnri- num and Acer doiycarpum are three distinct kinds of trees within this Genus. To some it seems a pity that these names should be in Latin, but they have the corresponding advantages of being the same in all languages, and of having an exactness that would not be possible with every-day words. Thus, Acer mbrum will be known by this title wherever it is mentioned by botanists ; while " Bed Maple " or " Soft Maple " might easily be applied to several trees, even within the same 6 6 SYLVAN ONTARIO. province or county. Since different names have at different times been given in some cases to the «aine species, it is customary to add, for still greater certainty, the name of the author who first gave this designation to the species. Thus, Acer rubrum (L.) is the Red Maple, as so named by Linnieus. It will be seen that this Linna-an system is practically only a Latinized form of our common methods of naming persons as well as things. Patient observers have thus named, and classified more or less cor- rectly, all the forms of life that they have found throughout the world, and their work is still going on. The following pages are intende<l to iiMsist the reader in the much humbler, thougli scarcely less interesting, task of identifyiiiy a few common and conspicuous forms of vegetable life, and learning the every-day and the Iwtanical names of these, with a few interesting f.icts concerning their structure or habits. For this purpose, I have selected the Trees and Shrubs and Woody Vines that grow wild within our ProWnce, and have fixed (m their leaves as the most suitable feature upon which to base our observations. In classifica- tion all resemblances and differences must be taken int<» account; but for identification it is, fortunately, necessary to consider only the more obvious similarities and distinctions. It will be found possible, after a little practice in observing the peculiarities of leaves and the terms used in describing them, to identify any species included here, by means of the Index given on pages 15 to 37. In order to use this Index, tlie beginner should first become acquainted with the terms and definitions given under the heading, *' Description of a Leaf." This is Iwst done by comparison with natural leaves, and with the drawings to which references are made. Begin by mastering the three headings, "Kind," ''Arrangement," "Margin," so that you can at a glance apply the proper terms to any given leaf ; e.^., " Simple— Opposite Lobed" or "Compound — Alternate— Pinnate." When able to take this step you are certainly well begun, and often more than half done. The corresponding heading in the Index will give the group, and in most cases the page, which contains the species you are considering. Then follow the brief rule : " If description agrees, step to r^ht ; if not, step doum." Compare the description carefully at every stage with the leaves before you, and a few steps will bring you to the botanical name of the tree or shrub you are examining. The common name, with a few added remarks, will be found by number in the succeeding pages. OUR NATIVE TREES AND SHRUBS. 7 Hhl tilT'^^'r'i " **"" ""'"" ""'"'"^' ™ "» "-'-«J in - very Hhort t.me bes.de, be.ng nearly all available tl,rou«h..ut the year. spece, at the same t.me. I„ beginning, it i, well tu follow out a number ^dlmettr "T? '""*■"• """' ""^ "■""'"<' >■- >-<=— — ' tt! Sl*^ r> T"*'' ""^ """' '"• ^''«" M-Pl", the Red or Black Oak the Beech, the Poplar,, and the White Pine ..amt'"'Fortt"''"'':™ '° ,'^"°"'' fa"""ar with the proper .H,tanical Z'ndfl, rr"""*'"''""^"' "■« P^—iation of these has the J. ' T I ''•'"™' "°"'- '''"' '«=™'""' -""' - ■"■"■ke.l by the acute accent when given the short or narrow sound a« in bhinda. THE DESCRIPTION OF A LEAF. I. The Kisd. Simple : When the blade is in "le piece. (See pp. 18 to 36.) Compound : When the blade is divided into smaller parts, called leaflet). A compound leaf may resemble a twig with simple leaves, but the former never has buds growing from it, never leaflets regularly alternate, and alwayt a leaflet at the end, in our species. Notice also that leaflets grow only from opposite sides of the central stalk, and so lie in one plane, while simple leaves often grow on all sides of the central twig. (See pp. 14 and 16.) Pinnate: When the leaflets are placed along a central stalk (See p. 16.) Palmate : When the leaflets are placed around », centre. (See p. 14— 20a, 26d, 26f.) Figures placed before these words, as 5-9-pinnate or S-pal- mate, refer to the number of leaflets. II. The Aerasgement. Alternate : Growing one by one and each higher on the stem than the last. (See pp. 16, 22, 24, 34.) Opposite: Growing in pairs on opposite sides of branch and at equal height upon it. (See pp. 18, 14— la, 22a, 36a.) Alternate pairs : Leaves that are really alternate sometimes are so near together as to appear opposite on very short side twigs, while the true arrangement is seen on the newer wood of the young shoots. This peculiarity is very noticeable in the Birches. (See p. 30-68b, 68d.) Whorled : In circles of three or moi-e around a branch or stem. (See p. 36— 84a.) Two-rowed : Growing in two rows on opposite sides of twigs, as in the Elms. (See p. 36— 80a, 81a.) Solitary : One by one, not grouped. (See p. 36— 79a, 81a.) Shingled : With small flat leAve-n overlapping closely like shingles, (See p. 36— 83a, 84c.) 8 OUR NATIVE TREES AND SffRUBS. !) III. Thk Mabgih of the Blade. Entire : With the edge even, or very nearly bo, all around. (See pp. 18, 22, 24.) Serrate : With teeth pointing towards apex. (See p. .34.) Two-Serrate : With smaller teeth on the margins of the larger ones. (See p. 30— 60a, 60b, 70b, 71a, 68b, 68d, 69b.) Toothed : With teeth pointing outward rather than forward. (See p. 20— 37e.) Crenate : With rounded teeth. (See p. 28 — 73d, 32a.) Teeth incurved : Bent forward and inward so that points may appear rounded. (See p. 34 — 24c, 24e, 28c.) Notches : The hollows between teeth. Lobed : Deeply cut or hollowed so as to form lobes. (See p. 20— 37b, 21a, 21b, 21c, 21d, 21e; p. 26, except 73c.) Pinnate : With lobes arranged along a central stalk. (Sec p. 26 —67b, 73a, 73g, 73h.) Palmate : With lobes arranged around a centre. (See pp. 20, 26— 19b, 26a, 3a, 55a.) Sinuses are the hollows between the lobes. Revolute : With the edge turned under or rolled in on lower side. Ciliate : With a fringe of fine hairs like an eyelash along the edge. (See p. 18— .TOa.) IV. The Ve-vation or Veixing. Veins : The framework of the blade. Midrib : A central vein running from end to end. Palmate : When main veins run outward from base of leaf. (See p. 20— 21a, 21b, 21c, 21d, 21e, 37b.) Veins from the base often curve to or towards the apex without much branching, and are then called nermt. (See p. 22 86b; p. 32— 18a.) Pinnate : When branches run from midrib towards opposite mar- gins. (See p. 34.) In leaves like those of Beech and Birch the pinnate veins are often nearly straight and parallel, running directly to the points of the main teeth. (See p. 30— 60a, 60b, 70b, 71a, etc.) 10 SVLyAN ONTARIO. VI. VII. The Stem or Footstalk of the Leaf. This is called the petiole, but in a leaflet it is the ttalk. The petiole may be perfectly round, or flattened as in the Poplars, or with a groove above as in the Cherries, or bordered by a narrow wing on each side as in the Sweet Viburnum, or marked by conspicuous glands (See VII. below) as in the High-busn Cranberry, the Cherries, or the Shining Willow. The petiole is sometimes not in line with the midrib, and may then becalled oblique, as in the very small leaves of the Hemlock or the very large ones of the Basswood. The length of the petiole often serves to distinguish a species. A blade without petiole or stalk is temUe. Stipules are small structures growing in pairs at the base of or along a petiole. In many species these disappear as soon as the leaves are unfolded, but in cases where they remain throughout the summer they are often distinctive marks. (See p. 16— 27a, 27c, 2. , 26b; p. 20— 37b; p. 26— 67b.) Surface of Leaf or Twig. Smooth ; Without hairs of any kind ; no reference to evenneia of surface. Glaucous : Covered with a bloom like a cabbage-leaf or a grape. This covering is usually pale or white on the lower surface of leaves. It gives the color to "blueberries" and is noticeable in some cases on the upper surface of leaves, as in the Juneberries. In all cases it may be rubbed off, leaving a more or less shining surface. Downy or Pubescent : With fine, soft, short hail's. Woolly : With dense matted hairs. Hoary : With fine, short, white or greyish down. Rough: Applied to the " feel" of a leaf as in the Slippery Elm or Red Mulberry. Scurfy : Covered with loose scales, usually colored or shiny. Resinous-dotted : With shining dots, caused by a resin-like sub- stance. Such leaves are often sticky when pressed between moistened finger and thumb. Glands : Waxy-looking bodies or raised dots found on petioles, or on the midrib above as in Chokeberry, or on the points of teeth as in some Willows and Cherries. (See p. 34 — 24c, 24d, 24e; p. 20— 37b.) OUR NATIVE TREES AND SHRUBS. 11 VIII. OuTLixE OB Shape op Blade. Oval : Egg-shaped, length about twice width, ends nearly e<|ual. (Seep. 30— 71a, 09h.) Ovate : Similar to last, but narrower toward apex. (See p. IS — 34e, 41a.) Obovate : Similar, but narrower toward base ; like the last turned around. (See p. 3i—UA, 28c, 1 3a.) Lanceolate : Long and narrow, broader toward base. (See p. 32 — 76a, 76b.) Oblanceolate : Long, narrow, broader toward ape.x, like the last turned around. (See p. 32— 76g, 67a.) Cordate : Heart-shaped. (See p. 30— 10a ; p. 20 37a.) Oblong : Length about three times width, and edges nearly straight (See r. 24 — 14a.) Elliptical : Similar to last, but sides more rounded, and narrower towards each end. (See p, 24 — 49a.) Awl-shafed : Small and sessile, and pointed. (See p. 36— 84a, 84c.) Linear : Long and narrow, with nearly straight edges, like a blade of grass. (See p. 36— 81a ; p. 32— 76d.) Needle-shaped : Long and slender, like those of Pine and Spruce. (See p. 36— 78a, 78b, 78c, 78d.) Such leaves are often called needles; they may be somewhat square, or three-sided, or four-sided, or half-round, or com- pletely round. The combination of two terms means that the form is between them ; e.ij., round-ovate, linear-lanceolate. IX. The Ends op the Bl.ide. (Base and Apex). Acute : Forming a rather sharp angle, pointed. (See p. 22 — 48a, 76g, 76i.) Obtuse : Forming a rather wide angle, somewhat blunt. (See p. 22— 45a, 46a, 43j.) Tapering or taper-pointed : Curving out to a point. (See p. 34 — 24c, 24d, 24e.) Abrupt : Suddenly forming a point. (See p. 34— 28o, 13a.) Mncronate : With very fine and short abrupt point. (See p. 24 — 14a, 42a.) 12 SYLVAN ONTARIO. Ends of Blade — Cmitinued. Cordate (base) : Heartahaped. (See p. 22— 86b, 46a, 5a.) Sub-cordate (base) ; Slightly cordate. (See p. 20— 21a ; p. 26— 31a). Wedge-shaped: Acute, with straight edges. (See p. 32— 67a; p. 34— 24b.) Oblique (base) : One side larger than the other. (See p. 30— 60b, 10a, p. 28— 32a.) Entire ; The base may be entire for some distance, though the rest of the margin is toothed or serrate. (See p. 32— 67a ; p. 34— 24b, 28a, 30a, 30e, 63a.) X. The Size of Blade ob Length of Petioles, etc. > means "greater than." < means " less than." The point is always toward the smaller of the things compared. 3-5 in. means between 3 in. and 5 in., not ^ of an inch. XI. Odob. Many leaves when crushed have a fragrance by which they may be known. Such are those of Sweet Gale, Sweet Fern, Balsam, some of the Hickories, and Butternut. In some cases the odor is unpleasant, as in the Fetid Currant, the Staghom Su. lac and the Elders. XII. Taste. Leaves differ as much in this particular as in any other. The Willows are particularly bitter, owing to the presence of a substance which has been used as a substitute for quinine. The Cherries and Juneberries have all the well-marked flavor of the very poisonous prussio acid ; the Wintergreen shares its aroma with two of our Birches ; and our two species of American or Mountain Holly (so-called) have a bitterness that cannot be mistaken for anything else. If the true Poison Ivy and th^ southern Sumacs are avoided, there is no danger of injury from the habit of "browsing and nibbling," so well described by Maurice Thompson, in "By- Ways and Bird-Notes." THE DESCRIPTION OF A STEM. Unarmed : Without thurnn or prickles uf any kinil. Many plants pitttect themaelvea by sharp-pointed hanl growths, wliii-h are usually either stunted branches as in the Hawthorn and the Wild Plum, or developed from leaves as in the Barlwrry, or men'ly outgrowths from the Imrk as in the Roses. Such growths are commonly called, in the order of their size and strength, thoruH, gpines, (trickles and brisUeg, the last Iieing similar to very coarse hairs. Climbing : Rising by the support of other stems, walls, etc. Many climbers take hold of their sup|H>rts by meiins of temlriU. Twining : Climbing by winding around another stem. Trailing : Running along the ground. Prostrate ; Lying Hat on the ground. Reclining : Between prostrate and erect. Ascending : Risin<; slantingly from the ground. Straggling: Applied to weak stems, especially when spreading widely from the root, and ascending or reclining. Stems grow from buda, which usually appear just above the petiole cjf a leaf, i,€., in the axil of the leaf, <ir at the end of a stem or branch. The buds are often distinctive marks, and differ very much in different species. They are commonly covered by scales, but are sometimes naked^ as in the Viburnums. The flowers are some- times produced from the same buds as the leaves, and sometimes from distinct ones. The buds show the arrangement of leaves when the latter arc not present. The Bark of the Stem : An experienced eye can distinguish most of the forest trees by the appearance of the bark and the form of trunk and limbs, but it is very difficult to put into words the features which make this possible. It must also Ih* kept in mind that the bark varies greatly with the age of the tree, and often with the conditions of soil and light under which it grows. Only general hints can be given here as to color, roughness and texture, but the student is urged to note carefully all such marks and to prac- tise identification by their aid, especially in the winter season. Whatever may be the means by which we first make their acquaints ance our aim should be to know the Trees at sight, as we know other familiar friends. 13 i.i.iu. iir'rii ^ «= AN INDEX BASED ON THE LEAVES. " l/ilr^ni^m, a,jrru, ,l,p u riuhl ; i/nol, Ve/j ,lan." CoMPouKD Opposite. Lenflettt 3, fihrubtt or vineii. Clhubing shruh, clinging by |»ti„|„,, ,„„i„ „,ii, eo.umon. Virm.t:, r.,,,i,„V,„„ Soe »!».,(» „hrub, „«„«l)y trailing, in r,«3ky ,,!««.«, rare). «,,«,/,, ,v,-/,V,7(,„.,-, Erect .hrub, »i,lc le»Ht.t, nearly .cssik., Mcrrate, l«rk ,triped. »„;,*„(«, MMM., i«iitletH, « or more, pinnate. ' Sharply »errate,»t«lk»Hhort,ni,Mtly downy lwnenth,«hrub». (Elder») LeajlotH 5.11 l„„g.ta,«,ring. stem ..ft, heart of „,..ra white. ,S„m/„„.,„CV,„a,/,„„-, Leaflets 6.,, bark warty, aten, wocly, heart nf »ten, bmwn. »,ml„.,„, „„,.„.„*, Leaflets ,-11, nearly aeMile, finely serrate, nearly Hni,K.th, , u . - .. ... '"'• '■■'"-'• '"""'Ii"- Friij-ii,iiamMl„idf„lm Leaflet. u-'J, stalked, not sharply and evenly serrate, trees. (Ashes) Petioles and twigs pubescent, Hn ly tiKjthed, shore, of Petioles and twigs sn.ooth, margins nearly ,,'-.'Sre. "'"' """• '"'''"'"'"' '"'''""" Leaflets pale beneath, or slightly downy, rich wo,sls. F.„xi,.,„ .4„„,„„„„ Leaflets green l«neath, .mooth, moist soil, not cunnn.m, Frnsim,, nriVf;, See also (a southern tree with 4.sided twigs and finely Frajliui, tcxithed leaflets). ifiiwlmmjiihitn Compound-AlternatePalmate or of only 3 leaflets. Stem, unarmed, low shrubs or climbing vines. Leaflets 3, notched, or toothed, or crenate, or nearly entire. Petiole long, ra,«tly 2-in. or more, teeth few, very poisonous. Khu, toxmnhndro,, rotiole about 1-in. or less, leaflets nearly 8e,ssile, toothed almve middle, fragrant. Leaflets five, ciwrsely serrate, climbing or trailini!, harmless. la lb L>2a ■M\> Me Mb 03a 53e 53d Blais Gtmidfiintit quinqnefttlia Stem unarmed, a small tree, leaflets 3, sessile and nearly entire. Stems prickly or bristly, erect or trailing or climbing. """"'""■ ^"^"' '"^"'""" Stem climbing, stipules joined along petiole, leaflets 3 or J u 1 o - . 6-pinnate. Rm xHiiem Leaflets 3 or o-pninate, imle-glaucous and downy beneath. (Raspljerries) Twigs and petioles, densely bristly, bristles weak and _ . , nearly straight. K„hm stiiijmm Iwigs and petioles with stout hooked prickles, stems very Leaflets 3 or o-palmale, not glaucous. *^'""""'- **'"" ■-•'•*"''■"» Erect, downy beneath, stalked, with end stalk long and Stems tniiling, leaflets green and smooth beneath. ''™'''^' ''"'"" """"" Bristles numerous, weak and slightly curied, stem slender. ««fc», Imindm Pnckles ecattered, stout and curved, stem shrubby. J(i,!i„., at„mL„,is 15 23e 23f 20a 12a 27a 26b 26c 26f 26e (Wild Wm.;) LEAF IXDEX. I7 Coiiroi!«D.AtT«iiXATg-PiKi.AT« ; leaHeta 5 or more. Stipulw long .nd nwn.w. joined itl.mi, |»,ti.,I., Iwiflutii 6-» Slonm with ipineii in pain st bime iif atipulaii. Spina, ahort, hookeil, laaHata moatly 7, flnaly aorratu, wot u . Nhfinm. Npiuaa alendar, atraight, laafleta inoatly fl, coaraely t(«,tli«.l. dry »M.il. Stoma mciatly without apinea in iHiira at linaa of .tipuloa. Stoma unarmed or nearly «o, not rusinoua, common. Stoma vory prickly, l„«ve« often ro.inoua or pulwscont. Stoma climliing, loaduti often only ;), wuthwoatern. Stoma or branohoa prickly or hriatly, »hruli». Loaflota 8 or .1, downy-glaucoua beneath, moatly with narrow atipuloa rwig, and petiole, don«,ly briatly, briatloa weak and atmisht. l{„h... ,(,„„„„. iwiga and petioloa with atout h.H,ked prickloa, ateui vory I u , .. , glauc<m». Hiihiia iHi-i,liiilaU.- t.eanet8 mure than 5, without atipuloa. Margina nearly entire, pricklea «t<rat, l«u s aromatic i("«l Cnr.diui }iimt liittllilia HllMI Itl'il-ttlllf Ititmt w/i'f/fca 27tl i!ic 27b 27a ^>ib 2lte Xinttliuj'fitiim Auifririntum Aniliii ItiH/tiiht Kit: Millintt Margina aharply lorrate, atom erect but ahort and bristly. LoaHota 7-21, entire, or nearly »o, southern ahruba. Petiole winged between leaHeta. l«»e» oblique, K.motimoa toothed at apex. Leatlota 7-13, <,uito entire, [ajtiole m,t winged, very [xriaonoua, I „ . , awampa. /ft.,., rtnrimtn LeafleU many, often > 17, aerrate, ahruba or atnall treoa, twig, coarao. (Sum«») Twiga and petiole, thickly aoft-hairy, pale Inmeath, com.non. Him. typhina Iwiga and petioloK smooth, leaflets glaucous beneath, rare, Leaflets 11-17, nearly smooth, taper-jHiinted, a small tree, in y swamps. Seo alao (a northern shrub or tree .leaflets more downy and less I ., pointed). Leaflets 11-19, p, Uolea soft-downy, bark and leaves fragrant, „ , . , , largo tree. See also (a large ticuthom tree, leaflets sometimes > 20, petioles flnely downy) Leaflets 9 or less, finely serrate, trees. r^oafleta mostly 5, long and taper-pointed, bark rough. Leaflets 7 or 9, nearly smooth, fragrant, moist soil. Leaflota 7 or B, densely pubescent, fragrant, southern. Leaflets 3 to 7, often curved, nearly smooth, southern. 2 I la aiiun ijlalini Pijnia Avwrmtmi Ptfrtta namhuci/Uiii J'xjUtng finerea Juglftns niijrn (Hickories) Canjn alba Gtrya anuirn Cartfti tomentvKi Canja porcina 23c 2.t<l 23a 23b 2Hd 28e 66a 6Sb Htia AM 6eb 66c LEAF WDEX. Itf SlMrLK-OppnsiTK-E^TIHB. I'liper IvKVM united in |Miini, NtuiiiN ofti>n twinini(, (tlont>y«iicklM) LtiJitwi larifu, green uni) very downy on ImhI) Niden. hm'urm hiiAutn Le»viM very tjUucuim twnuftth, HiniMith. nmuh Itrniiched. Limum* funnJIuKt Petiultt ihDrt. ttbout ] in. nr Uiwi, ImvuH tixMtty < *2 in., n<<t l<>nt(-tn|M)ring. M»r|{inii ciliftte, (letiulee nlundur, Urnnchinu Rhru)>t. (Hnneyauckltw) Green nn buth eiduM, n|wx ixiinte*!, conininn tlinmuhoiit UnKu>-tu vUinttt P»le and imWttcent b«'nuHtli, ft|Hjx nmndod, rare, n<irtliern. hmim-ti ntritl'-'i Luaven oval or rounded, twipi ntund, mtt whity or »ilviTy iH-nvath. Leavui about I in. or Iuhh, nninded, downy bunuath, low ithruli. Hiiin/thnii.iiiifn fMiiirijIin-iiM Leaves 1-2 in. oval, nearly Hm«>th, common in dry Hoil. :t1iil Mlbi M Hee atfto (a rare nhrub in Hwaiii[Mi, luavM aa in thu IahI). I^eaveH li>n(( and imrrow, luathury, uvurgruun, twign round. TwigN flattened, luavet whitenud lieneiith. I^avm revolutu, white-glaucouH lnnvHth, nuai-ly »vm\\n, low h*X "ihrub. Silvery-acurfy Itenenth, petiolo about | in., tall ahrub. Leivea glaucuuH livneath, dotted, width Iohh than k in., rare. Petiole about ^ in. or longer, leAVua oval or t>vate, acute, or tai>er- ing, mostly > 2 in. x 1 in., urect ehrubH or a Nmall tree. Twigs bright red, nearly RUKMith, leaves [ulo or slightly downy beneath. Twi^s dull purple and downy, leaves (Ale-brown with fine down liuneath. Twigs brown or reudish, luaveH rough to touch above, do-vny, Houthurii. Twigs grey or greenish and nuarly smooth. Leaves lai^e, round ovave, w<Milly beneath, twigs warty or dotted. Leav(.>i narrowly ovate, pale and pubescent Iwneath, dry soil. See idso (a small tree with rough hark, in Houth-^est only). I.eaveH nearly sip.ooth, green on both siden, twigs green, wet shore**. Leaves mostly finely toothed, often brown-scurfy beneath, wet places. Ltmifvi-it iiliiinuii/iiliti Kiilinio tiiiiiiiKtifi'ti't .'Mi :i!*c riOtt KaliHh iftanro Ciiiutilentiit K<ilminn»in (Dogwoodf mainly) CurnnH utiJnni/eni Oirnti^ iteriren C»»niu» tttperifiilia Citrt.'in firrinnta C't'iiifA imiiifiilnlti Gfnina Floridu t'epfuUtinthna iMTitleutftlh Vihu rnnmv tn»i\ nt/idet 50b 6Ha 1»a aie Ud 34b 34a 41ii 37ir m m m it I il! I II illiii' LEAF INDEX. 21 SlMPtE-OPPOSITIi-SERRATS OR ToOTHED OR CrENATE (NOT LoBED), Leaves very large, round-cordate, vein« rusty ..r woolly beneath, Vihurmim stems straggling. lantimmiim (("a Crenate or nearly entire, often slightly rusty lioneath, swamps. VibiimmiuiiiMhwid,. -.fig Coarsely toothed, petiole i inch or leas, downy beneath, mostly with 8ti])ules. V{l>,irntim puliescetiti a7e Coarsely toothed, petiole > j inch, tall shrub, mostly with . stipules, rare. Vibmnum lieuUtlum ;irf Petiole nearly 1 in., flattened or winged, teeth fine and curved, not ciliate, tjill or true-like. Vibvmum Lmtwi« ;(Th Leaves ovate and taper-pointed, petioles j to J inch long. Low erect shrub, in dry soil, margins usually ciliate. DkiriUit Irifiihi 4(la See also (a tall shrub with leaves finely serrate, southern). Ein.iutiiuia ntmpiirimrrn^ 16b Leaves obovate and obtuse, nearly sessile, low spreading shrub. Eiuminnm ArnericitntiB 16a. IIMPLE-OPPOSITE-LOBEU. Climbing shrub, leaves 3-lobed and serrate, bristly-hairy, HiimulHa Inpnhu, « a Petiole with stipules and glands, leavec large ith scattered hairs beneath. Vibttrnifm Opidu, ;!7b See also (a smaller shrub, nearly siuooth, northern and rare). Viliiirmim , faili^ijiiinnu 37c Petiole about 1 inch or less, mostly with narrow stipules, very Viburnmn downy. acerifiiliiim ;i7d Lobes three, long tapering, leaves large, finely 2-8errate, small tree, bark striped. Ai^erPfiimiilmmcum'nn Suiusea rounded and entire, or deep and narrow with notch at inmost point. (Maples) Sinuses rounded, lobes with 5 teeth < r less, |»ile beneath. Anr mn-harirmm L>lc Sinuses deep, notched, lobes with many teeth, silvery lieneath. Acer ilnttimrpmn L'ld Sinuses not rounded, not deep and narrow, not entire, margin serrate, notches acute. (Maples) Nearly smooth, pale beneath, mostly 2-aerrate, twigs reddish. Acrr itibnim L'le Downy beneath, coarsely serrate, with wrinkled surface, shrub. Acer tplcatiim -Jib LEAF INDEX. 2:j Sim PLE- A ltern ate-Enti re. Climbing by utipules, stums jjreeniah and briatly nr prickly, voins curved. Stems covered with straight briHtles. lenves 5 to i)-nerved. Smihu- hhpitin Sturas with stout scattered prit-kh-s, leaves o-iierved, southuni. SinUnx Climbing ahrub, st.:m uniunned, leaven bnjudly ovate or lohed. MeniaiHrmum Trailing or prostratt' i>r recliniiii,' evei^'ruens, slender mid scarcely wootly. Leaves ovate-co ite, larger than 1 in. x i in., stems bristly. Efiiiju-i ifinnH Leaves ovate, very aromatic to taste, with a few low bristly- GntiUlnnn jHtiuted teeth. intx-umlii'im Leaves o'.>ovate and obtuse, thick and leathery, stem much Arrtnufiifthiili's l)ranched and reclining. (Ira-Ursi See also (h)w heath-like shrub on northern lake shores, leaves shingled, very small). Uii'f»iniii tinwiifo^t Sterna slender, leaves about ^ in. or less, leathery, revolute. Leaves about i in., ovate, acute, stems mc)8tly < 1 ft. long. F'(((riiti"iaO.<j/rt«vMN Leaves oblong, obtuse, smooth, pale l)eneatb, stems l-IJ ft. Vocfininm long, swamps. vutntuurpon Leaves obovate ()r oval, pale and black-dotted l)eneath, dry V<io:lni>uii soil. Vltl«-I'h,t Leaves with wintei^recn flavor, pointed, green and bristly lH.'iieath, Ijogs. CJiiii'jt^ni'K hinpidiU'i See also (a low, spreading, far northern shrub, much branchetl, very revolute). Empetrtuii niiiiinn Strongly revolute, white or rusty bmwn beneath low marsh evergreens. White glaucous beneath, narrow, mucrnnate, aciil to taste. Andfi'mf/i j)'ilifolia Ruaty-woolly beneath, oldong, (il)tuse, twigs downy. Lftbuii Ifttifidium Woolly or glaucous beneath, nmstly narrow und pointed, often revolute, length mostly > '2 in., Iwirk very bitter, rubs or a suial tree. (Willows) Petiole about j in. or longer, brojid, pale and veiny beneath, a small tree. S<dix rosfint't Petiole about | in. or less, very woolly, somewhat revolute, often in dry soil. jSf(//.'' hninHis Petiole short, young twigs and leaves beneath white-woolly, shrub in bogs. S«dix aindida Leaves small, nearly seasile, smooth, jmlo beneath, low bog shrub. Salix m>frtiUokb<s SKK NEXT PAOK-t Oil 4tia 47a 4»i 4;(h 44a 48a ola 7*ie 7bg 70i 7<il LEAF INDEX. 25 Simpie-Altehnate-Extirk.— C<m<m«erf. Erect (hrubs, loaves nearly sessile, petioles mostly < J in. Width mostly 1 in. or more, obtuse, twigs very tough, each _ . , tipped by » leaf. Uimi i^dmlm 57a Kesmous-dotted, smooth, oval, ba.se acute, apex mostly mucronatu. Gaitlmtstirtn jy-^ifew* 42a hraall, leathery, often rusty beneath, or finely t<.othed. swamps. Casmndm cnti/i-utul„ 4]»a Scarcely woody, leaves nanow, jsiinted, almost sessile, in Jry s<»il. HeUtintlieinnmC'DKt'hnu*' 7a inching shrubs with slender twigs, often greenish, or warty, or downy. (Blueberries) V ery downy on leaves and twigs, leaves mostly < 1 J in. " * "'■. '"W, in swamps. f'(ir<i,ili,m Cuiiiide>i^ 43d Pale or downy beneath, width not <i in., height often 6 ft. or more. Vwxinhim mr>pn)«,K::m 43f \ery pale, or glaucous beneath, rather rare .shrubs of the south or far north. Leaves <I in., roui. '.ed, veiny beneath, a low northern shrub. Viminiinn idii/iimiimu 4.% Oval or obovate, length 1-4 in., aiwi acute, or ta|)ering, .southern. Vaccmii'm alnmineum 4.'la Oval or obovate, length 1-2 in., apex rounded or mucronate, southern. T'liTiniiim racillitiia Hie hee also (a shrub of the far north, leaves silvery-scurfy ou both sides). Elapitfjitus anjentea 6J)a Trees or tall shrubs, petioles > i in. (the trees are mostly southern). Petiole about 1 in. or less, some leaves lobed, ai-oraatic tree. S,ismf,-m ufficiimh 68a Petiole abo;it 1 in. or more, not lobed, very large, downy beiw.lh, tall tree. Mcujiwl'ii nniminaUi 2a Petiole about J in. or more, apex taperM.g, veins curved, often slightly toothed, or pale-puliescent lieneath, a small tree, common. Conttis idternifolin 34g See also (leaves nearly as last, rough-barked southern tree, in awamjis). .Vr,M,( aiimticti 3oa Petioles \ in. to ^ in., shrubs or .small trees, in mo: soil. Leaves mostly < 2 in. x 1 in., petiole slender ai.d often purplish. Nemopantlm Camtdcruia 14a Leaves mostly >2 in. x 1 in., base acute, apex acute, or tapering, pale beneath, bark very aromatic. Lindera Benzoin 56a Leaves obovate, length mostly > « in., small southern tree. Aaimina triloba 4a Z»r LEAF INDEX. 3i MPLE- Alternate- Lo II ED. Pinnately lobud, long ami narrow, fnigmnt, ferii-liko shrub. Climbing or trailing, luavt-H large, mostly cnrtlate. Margin Ntuirply Hen'attj, IoImjm and notc-hitH aciitu, nearly NiinHitb. Margin ttHithud, lowur surface white-wnnlly ur ruHty-w<>ully. LoIhjs nut tnothfil, |)etiolu attached to lowt-r surface of bla'lo. Seb also (a climber eocaped from cultivation, lobes irregular anu eiitire). Lobes pinnate, sinuses acute, siiinll trees or tall shrubs, thorny. Leaves nearly smooth, teeth tipped with tiuu brown glands. Base obtuse or cordate, leaves broatlly ovate, |ieti«le slender. Base acute or wedge-sha[>ed, thorns mostly < 2 in. long. Base acute or wedge-shaped, thornx > 2 in., petioles stout. Leaves, twigs and petioles very pubeaceut. Base obtuse or cordate, teeth tipped with tinu glands. Base acute or wedge-shaped, teeth without glands. Stems spiny or prickly, loltes palmate, siimsi.-s acute,not t^itl. Spines mostly .'J or more at leaf-ljases, branches bristly, swamps. Spines 1-3 at leaf-luises, prickles ' eak and scattered, dry soil. Spines mostly solitary and pale, I -.aiiches nearly unarmed, wet soil. Stems unarmed, lobes palmate and serrate, sinuses acute, shrubs. Stems reclining, leaves ill-scented when crusheil. Leaves resiti<»us- dotted beneath, length and width nearly ei{ual. See also (rare and northern, leaves broader than long, swumiis). Leaves downy beneath, not resinous, base conbite, wet soil. Leaves smooth, Imrk in layers, height Jt-lO ft. gravelly shores. Leaves large, hairy or slightly bristly, stipules narrow, IoImjs ta|>ering. LoImjs pinnate, sinuses rounded, branches unarmed, large trees. Lol)e8 acute and bristle-pointed, often with a few bristly teeth. Lobes mostly 8 or more, usually toothed, a common tree. Lobes mostly ti or 8, sinuses deep, shining above, southern. Very deeply lobed, much to<)tlied, shining, in wet soil, acmthern. Lobes obtuse and rounded, large trees. Smooth and pale < tr slightly glaucous beneath, mostly in dry soil. White-hoary beneath, sinuses deep, low ground and shores. 27 .Ui/,-;..i .i»/.(m./..(;.i (i7ii rii mil Ills anmd.i Sf'litntnn Ihilrmnin (Hawthorns) Ci'tttinjiiH ciii-t:ittnt riiliiiull/ulin Critttxjiia imvfttfiititUti Cintiiijitu miilin Cruttiijtiti hnneiit'iiwi ((!(.< welien-ies) Hlhr.i Itei'ulre liilnn it-iiiUfiiHlhoidiA (('urrjuits iimitily) KilH-AjImidum liitwn lIinLniitittniim SpiriKi iipiiliftilin L'iln 2»i- 2!lli 2!K1 2!lc :ilc H-Mh ;ua :iie 31f 26c ;;ii(,r,.. „,/,„ (Oaks) idi.. Qnert' Qiierru Qvercii If.. ,-»hm : olhn nuti-iort 7;{g 7ah 7-M 73a 731> 7;ic Mai^in mostly wavy, soft-downy bene!ith,sovitlierntree,swamps. QHtmiH himloi Lobes irregular, some leaves merely toothed vt entire, southern trees. Lobes palmate, apex notched, sinuses rounded, a large tree. LirUxhniJrnn T„lipifpm 3a Lobes palmate, pointed, apex tapering, very broad, a large tree. riattiH*inorfUlentfUi.H^4ii Margin entire or 1-3 lobed, petiole slender, aromatic tree. Sumfti/ras ojfir.innle 55a Maiyin sharply serrate, nearly sni(M>th, length not > 3 in. Pi/nis cortnuina 28a Margin toothed, very rough to touch above, downy beneath. Mwu.t nihiu t>3a See also (tree with nearly smooth leaves, escaped from gardens). Muntu alh't 63b itniiWfriit 47a 15a c hiitinilu 8*Jli ■ '{niulmn'jiilahi (Uin Prttnun Auw.rkana CvHttfijns umllin Crutmins tinH(titi>mt VUU-ltt)(tlltlltf 24a 29n 20d 2J»b L£AF INDEX. iiipli-Altebsate-Sbrrate or Toothed or Crenftte (I). SteniH creeping, or trailing, or climbing. Round-oval or ovate, aromatic, toeth low and bristly, creeping. Climbing high, quite wmnly, finely serrate, unarmed. Climbing by stipules, stems groeniHh and bristly or prickly, veins curved, nearly entire. Stem covered with straight hristleH, leaves 6 to ft-nerved. Stems with stout scattered prickles, leaves ft-nerved, southern. Branches thorny, base obtuse or cordate, trees or tall shrubs. Noc deeply notched, (»vate, tJiper-iM)inted, thorns braiich-liKe. Deeply notched, nearly siutxith, thornH snuwth and iK>intod. DL-eply notched, pubescent beneath and on twigs and petioles. Hninches thorny, base acute or wedge-shaped. Deeply notched, pubescent beneath and on twigs and petioles. Deeply notched, nearly smooth, thorns long, mostly > % in. Nf>tched, nearly smooth, thorns rather short, mostly < 2 in. Citiim^mvutmuUpAm't^ >ot deeply notched, smo(»th, leaves leathery, thorns 2 in. or „ , , much longer. Crattttfus CiiM-Oalli 29f >ot deeply notched, somewhat downy beneath, thorns . . , , , mostly < 2 in. Cmt'tyna pnnctuta 291' hee also (teeth with spiny |M>int8, spines 3-pronged, garden shrub). Berhens rnhjttiis (Ja V jins pinnate, parallel, not much branched, nearly straight to teeth-jxjints. Le .ves broadly oval, mostly < 2^ in., not tapeiing, notches acute, shrubs. Petiole i in. or less, brownish -woolly beneath, rare, swamps. Betula puviila fiSe Petiole J in. or more, leaves rounded, slightly glaucous alxjve. Anulnnvhifr lufnuiiifiiliit 30c Margins not regularly 2-8errate, teeth at vein-ends mostly, leaves rather larue. Teeth regular and acute, notches flat or rounded, leaves long- jioin ted, trees. Petiole short, J in. or less, apex tapering, length < « in. Fnifm ftrrmjinm Petiole J in. or longer, ..out, smooth and green on both sides, very long. CtHfUniea mtirit Petiole i in. or longer, slender, teetli curved, pale with fine down beneath. Queirti^ ncHminnta leeth mostly rounded, notches rounded, usually not long-taperi:ig. Leaves pale and finely downy beneath, base not obIi<iue. (Southern Oaks) Veins fi-8 pairs, margin wavy or lobed, moist soil. " " ' " Veins jB-16 pairs, margin crenate, tree in dry soil. Veins 5-10 pairs, a shrub < 10 ft. high, wavy or un- e.|ually toothed. Base oblique, margin wavy, teeth irregular, small tree. Quercns hicUin Qii*-ra>a prinus ■EK N'ext Page). QitercKS pyitiiiides Hamamplis Virfjiniaiia 75a 74a 73e 73c 73d 73f LEAF ISOEX, 81 8i«ple-Altersate-8erhate or Toothwl or Creiiftte.~CoM/i»:i/f*rf. (II.) VeinH pinniitti, iwrallul, imt much branched, nearly ntraight to toeth-tiointH. Regularly 2-Nurrat», iiicwtly oviil <tr uvntu, t(K>thud Iwtwuon vuin-uniU. Bhw <ihli<|Uti. {Hitinle nlHiiit \ in. or Iunk, hlmlu tirnt, leavut 'J-roweil, veinrt iilain, Urgur tuuth curvud forward. (Elnm) Sunitiwhat rmigh atxtve, twigH nearly ftiniH)th, branchen imt corky. Uhmut Amir if nut ttOli Very rough to touch h1m>vu, downy buruath and on twigH, oftvn foriUtB. I'lmfufidm )iOi» Quite KHiooth to touch aliovu, branches with narrow corky ridgfH, UliHi'a lUi-eitiiif (iOc Leaves in jdternate {lairn rtn old w<kh1, solitary on nuw twigM, downy beneath. (Itin-huM) Putiolu alMiut 1 in., twigs downy, tcuth Roniuwhat blunt, Imrk paiierdike. Hrhda iH,i„j,lfnit «Wd See also (a rare eastern tree, leaves sharply serrati; or slightly lobud). h*-hdn j>i.p>ilifi>li,i (Wc Petiole < J in., twigs with wintergreen tjwte, sharply serrate, tajiering. Bark yellow, in layers, Imiso mostly rounded, dull alM)ve. Hftidn htten tt8b Bark dark, nnt in layern, Ixise often subcordutu, shiny ais.ve. liftul,, Intta ««*« Apex tapering, petioles slender, niustly < k in., bbide thin and »ift, nut glaucous. Length nearly twice width, teeth tai>er-pointed, small trees. SmiMith alwve. veins downy Iwnuath, petiole mostly > J in. CuipimtH Onolinvtna 7iia Downy on both sides, jietiolt; mostly < J in., bark brown and furrowed. Ogtritn Vinjin'u-n 71h Broadly ovate, teeth fine, shrubs in dry stiil (Hazels) Deeply cut l>etween vein-umls, slightly downy Iwneath. CitnjlttM r-i train 70b Not deeply cut between vein-ends, very downy beneath. CurtjlHn Americann 70b Not long-tapering, petiole about \ in. or longer, low gr(»und. (Alders) Pale, glaucous und downy Wneath, a small tree. AIumh incnnn (tHb Light green lieneath, slightly downy, teeth fine, northern shrub. Atnim riritUi <iOa See also (petiole long, leaves very large, Iwise oblique and cor- date as below). Tllni Amf/'innui 10a Petioles long, mostly 1 in. or more, blade rounded or bi-oadly ovate, (poplars mainly) Petiole round, leaves very large, base oblique and cordate. teeth sharp. Tititt Amerirmin 10a Petiole round, leaves and buds shining, teeth flat, hardly serrate. Popuhm btilmimi/era 77c Petiole flattened, teeth coarse, notches rounded. Fujmbia ijrandiilentatn 77b Petioles flattened, teeth tine, abruptly short-pointed. Petiole slender, mostly < 2 in., blade rounded, stmietmies ciliate. r*>i»dns tiemnlnides 77a Petiole stout, very long, lea.^s very lai^e, broadly ovate, southern. P'lpnlus iuoiwiifera 77d f-EE NEXT PAOE.I /MAf- LWfiEX. 33 Simplr-Alternati-Birhatr or Tooth«d or Crenate.—^'on/inu^t/. (HI.) LiMvvii tiiimlly niirrow nnd iM)intii(l, And .• *J in. I^nd, not frn^nnt, tuetli luw, often ^Uucoiirt i>r w<M»lly b«ni.'itth, twi^N Hlcndur, tMirk very )>ittur. (Willnw-.H) WiMilly iHinuAth, twJKii dnwny. touth irreguhir. or (ifti-n nuHrly untiru. MirtfiiiM Hlightly ruvnlutu, |K*tinlu iittmit \ in.. NlintbH, Downy aImiv*) nml on twiKt. ii luw hmiry ihriili, in Imi^i. AiHj- nntdidn Ttfi Nearly NniiK»t)i iiliitve, grL'yinh Iwlnw, tHil nliruli, oftun in ilry Noil. Silij- htimilin 7(H{ Vointi very plnin, [it'tiolcH hImhU ] in. <tr nioru, ufteii iilxiVHtu. rt Hniall truu. Sulix ifuititita TIhi OlniicoiiN benuath, nuarly Htnuoth. Nut IniiK-tiiperinK, not narniwly lanct-nliiti-, ti>uth often iriv^nlar. ItaHe and ajiex acutu ami nuarly t'titirti, NideN unevenly tiHithud, very {tale tx^nufith. S4tlh- diM-iiin- 7IIf Baao rounded or cordate, teeth Hue, twi){H yvllnw- hrown and shining. Hn^'w hiliunniffni 7Ck Teeth irregular, tnoatly woolly iHsiu-atb, vuinn iiUtn, often olxtvatu, Hninlltree. StUij- roAtrntii 7'kt Base and ;iiH3X acute or tajK'rin^', inoitly silky l>enuath, k-iiveH Hn:jill, n Hhrnli. 8"!1'- 'H-tittUtrii* ~i\\\ Apox very long and ilendtr, petiole iiioMtly > J in., tret with dark liark. StiHx ami/ifhihn'h/i ~Hh Green on both aideH, nuarly Nniooth. Iong-|K>intfd. Very gloNay, iHitiole Htout with glandti, brmully lanco4>late. Sfilij- Imithi '\\ti Narrowly lanceolate, Ita^e nicwtly acute, petiolen < \ in. Petiole diatinet, u>etli tine and clo8u, a miiall ti-ee with dark bark, ikilix nuint 7'iii Nearly seiwilut very narrow, teeth wide apart, a branching ahrub. Hiilir lontjiftJiii 7(al Petiole about i in. or longer, Immmj nioHtly rounded, or Nulwonlate. Stdix rtn-ilnta "ttj Toothed at apex only, nearly HeuHilc, ublanceolate, very fragrant. Mifrira Otde A7a Leaves sinall. mowtly < J in. x U in., teeth very tine, nearly HeHHile, small HhrubH usually under '.S ft. in heiuht, in HwainpN or {KKir soil. I'ppermoMt leaves very small, leathery, often rusty beneath, teeth not liristly, Ca^tttmlra i-uliiriUutu 4fa Shining on both Hides, teeth liristly, twigs green or yellowish. Vnrilniiim PftliiHyli-auiriim 43b Pale and glaucous beneath, very low, much like the last. Vfin-inium iiiiinim 4.'k; Leaves ovate, with .'J nerves from base, low shrubs, branching from deep-red r«Mtt, in dry soil. Base rounded or subcordate, apex tajwring, twigs and leaves Ceitn^fhun downy. Amfrii'nii'"< li^i See also (rare, siiialter, It-aveh lews jmihled, nearly nmuutli). Ci-iiiiufhiiH uiniiin 1-1» tSBE NEXT rAGe.) L.-AF INDEX. 35 I J. LI /4t/ (IV.) (Cherries) Pvnusijlvanirn Pr'inus scitttiim Pnin Cflti \» I'irijinifiii ■i piimita Simple-Alternate-Serkate or Tootht.t o, Creiiate.- Continued. Long find pointed, teeth fine, base nut ci.L;;.. ard cortUte, nearly smooth, petioles aljout A in., with grtwive above, and usually with Klands or teeth at base of blade. Teeth strongly incurved, trees with dark or reddish bark. Teeth fine but very unemwl, usually 20 or more to the inch, petiole Nlender. Teeth alwut 15 or less to the inch, leaves larfje, petiole stout, bark dark. Teeth slender, leaves oval or obnvate, abruptly tapering, I>ale beneath. See also (a low shrub, Itase wedge-shapeil, toothed at apex). Base oblique and entire, petiole short, downy, a small tree, rare. Base round r)r cordate and entire, petiole alwiit \ in. or longer, without glands. Some leaves with irregular loties, or deeply cut, apex pointed, small trees, southern. Nearly snuMith on both .sides, length not > 3 in., sharply serrate. P<irnx n.fnioriit •See also (tree escaped from gardens in southern (tntario). Muios ,illi,i Very downy beneath, and nKigh to touch above, leaves long. M<n-u.-i nihrn Petioles round, without groove, teeth abruptly i«>intod, slightly glaucous above. Leaves ovate and pointed, teeth fine, veins curving or branching. Nearly smooth, a small tree in dry w(H»ds, common. Auifhinrhur \ ery downy, especially when young, in moist soil. Amdnwhnr Hoiniiniiiim hee also (rare shrub of northern swamps, leaves small, petioles short). Aiwhmchifr otigiK-arpa i-eaves oval or rounded, not pointed, Ijase mostly entire, shrubs. Petiole long, veins nearly straight to teeth-points. Aiiu^ltinehifr m . , , . , ,, rtituitdiftitiii loothed above nuddle, vemscurving, north- western, rare. Amplnncliuralni/ol Base Tnostly acute and entire near petiole, shrubs in moist soil. Midrib dotted with dark glaiid.s above, teeth fine and much incurved. Leaves very downy beneath, nearly smooth aljove. Pyrus arbuhfoUn Leaves nearly smooth on both sides, mostly obovate. Pums mdnuiH-nrpn Densely wof>lly beneath and on twigs, dark green abo\e. Spirtm Umientusft Pale and smooth beneath, lower third mostly entire, not taper- pointed. Erect and bushy, sharply serrate, petiole I in. or less. Spinnt stdinfoli.t Mostly low and straj^ling, petiole i in. or more, teeth few. Prwmw pumila Leaves 2 in. or longer, oval and pointed, twigs finely downy. Glossy green above, veins downy beneath, obovate, leaves and bark bitter, teeth incurved, apex abruptly taper- pointed. <Jblongoroval, nearly entire, petiole slender and often purplish, very bitter, apex often mucronate. Rhamniis alnifdia Ilex ve.rticill(itn 24c 24e 24d '.;4b 2Ha (i^tb (i:ia .SOa 30b :Wc ia ,'JOe 28b 28c 25b 25a 24b 17a 13a NemojHtnthes Canadensia LEAF INDEX. CONE-BBARINfi TreES AND ShRUBS. 37 Leaves very Minall, linear, needle-shaiied, awl-shaiwd or awle- like, moMtly evei^een, in clusters, ax in rows, or scattered on the branchf^H, Needles in clusters of 2 or 3 or 5 each, trees. In clusters of 6, slender, len^h3-5in., alargetree, common. In clusters of 3, stout, length 3-5 in., rare tree, eastern. In cIusterM of 2, 4-<i in. long, large tree, Ijark reddish. In clusters of 2, stout and curved, about I in. long, northern tree. Needles in clusters of more than 5, soft and not evei^reen. Needles all solitary, sessile, 4-sided, not flat, not 2-rowed. Twigs downy, leaves dark or slightly glaucous, swamps. Twigs smooth, leaves |>ale or glaucous, moist wofxta. Leaves all solitary, tlattened, inostly 2-rowed on horizontal i Apex rounded or obtuse, not prickly, paler beneath, trees. Leaves sessile, midrib dark lieneath. Petiole distinct but short and oblit [ue, very pale beneath. Apex very acute, dark green, not glaucous beneath, low shrub. Leaves mostly in circles of 3, prickly pointed, pale above. Leaves either awl-shajted and opposite, or scale-like and shingled on twigs. Some leaves very prickly,twigs fine and 4-sided, stem erect. See also (a straggling shrub on sandy shores, leaves as in last). Twigs flat, leaves closely shingled, not prickly, swamps. (Pines, Cedars, SpruceH, etc.) (Pines) e:.i It ali;,hi,.-i 78a Piuim ri-jitht 7811 Finns ii'siin'mt 7*1 Finns bttnksitimt 78c Ijiirix Aiiu'tlnin'i 82a (Spruces) Fici'ii ni'jrn Vila Firtiu nllm wigs. 7!lb Abies bfttsanu'n 81a Tsntjn CitHmlfusis 80a Tium himila 83a Jnnipems i-ommnnis 84a (Cedars) Jnnipvrns Vinjinittna 84c Jnniperm Sttbinn 84b Thntjit tnxidentalis 8;ia SYLVAN ONTARIO. la. Cl^miUfi Vi,yini<hui (L.).— Virgin's Bower. Wild Clematis. A climbing or trailing shrub, cnnnnon in low woods and along streams. The fruit with its white plumes is very showy in late summer, suggest ing one of the iMipular names " Old Man's Beard." lb. Cl^mnti-* rriiiciUnris (DC.).— Whorled Clematis. Much less coinniun than the last, and usually trailing over rocks. etc., rather than climbing. It is known to the bf)tani8t by its large purple flowers which, unlike the last, have small petals. The teeth of the leaflets are also less regular and acute. 2a. Miujiwlin acuminata (L.).— Cucumber Tree. Rare and local in southern ()ntari«j, but cultivated in various jilaces. Named from the shape and size of the reddish fruit. 3a. LirUdendmn tulipifern (L.)-— Tulip-tree. White-wood. A fine tree in south-western Ontario, and cultivated for its tulip-like flowers in various parts of the Province. 4a. Asimina trlh>ba (Dunal).— Papaw. Custard Apple. A small tree in moist soil in the south-western peninsula. The fruit is quite edible, da. Menisjie'rmum Camtdt'iiM (L.).— Canada Moonseed. A woody climber griMing ,ilong the streams. The jwtiole is often attached to the lower suiface of the blade, which is commonly lobed. Reported as abundant throughout the province, but I h«ve not met with it in Muskoka. 6a. Berlm-is vulgarU (L.).— Common Karberry. Escaped from gardens, but growing wild. Easily known by the thorny- pointed teeth of the leaves. 7a. Helidtdh^mnm Canadense (Michx.).- Canadian Rock-rose. Frost-weed. A weed-like plant with somewhat woody stem and conspicuous bright yellow flowers. Found in dry soil, but not very common. da Hudsonia tumentosa (Nutt. ). —Beach Heather. A low heath-like shrub found jn sandy shores in north-western Ontario and reported from I'?>ke Erie. The very small pale leaves are shingled clost'ly on the branches. :i9 40 SVLyylJV ONTARIO. !)•. ihif/rmim Kiibuiaimm (L.)— Shrubby St. John's Wort. BeiOTtod as common along Lnken Erie and Huron ; alao at Ottawa. Britton and Brown Btata that it m found " at Muskolcn," but I have not met with it here, in apite of this delightfully dehnite informa'ion. It la interesting m the shrubby representative of the dottedleaved St. John's Worts. 10a. Tltia Americhm (L.).— Basswooil or Linden. One of our commonest soft-wooded trees. The lumlier is valuable and the flowers yield much honey to the bees in early summer. Often planted for ornament or ahade, though rather apt to be bniken by high winds. 11a. Xanthdjijlum JiiicriVdiiiim (Mill).— Pricklj .ish. Qjite common in eastern and southern Ontario, but apiHirently more rare in the northern and north-western districts. Its common name is ec|Ually appropriate whether referring to the obvious prickles of twigs and petioles or to the pungent taate of the bark and berries which has given it a place in medicine. 12a. Ptilea trifolMta (L.).— Hop-tree. A small tree found only on the Lake Erie shore. The bitter fruit has been made to do duty as " hops," and hence the name. 13a. Ilex vfviiciMtn (Gray).— Winterberry or American Holly. A very striking feature of the swamps in early winter, while the clus- ^ ters of bitter red fruit yet remain around the stems. The birds avail themselves of the latter when better fare is denied them by the snow, and it is credited with giving its peculiarly unpleasant flavor to the flesh of grouse in December. 14a. Nenwpantkeji Canudensis (D.C.)— Mountain Holly. Like the last, this shrub is very common in the northern swamps. Tlie dark-red solitary fruit is e<|ually bitter, but the leaves are usually entire, or nearly so, with slender purplish petioles. 15a. Celaalnu acdtuUns (L.).— Climbing Bitter-sweet. Waxwork. Stafl'-tree. One of our best, or at any rate highest, climbing twiners, and apparently common, at least in western Ontario. The red or orange fruit is very conspicuous in autumn. 16a. En6iujmiu Atnericanm (L.), var. oboratiis (T. &G.). Running Strawberry Bush or Spindle-tree. Known by the four-angled twigs, which often rest upon the ground and Uko root. Found only in the south-western peninsula. OUH NATIVE TREES AND SHRUBS. 41 X6b. Bnowjiwu atmpnt'piifen* (Jacq,), — Burning Bunh. Largur than the last, l>ec(>iiiing a Hiiiatl treu, and still more s<)utbt>ni in iti habitat. Distingu^hed by itH nize, by the longer putinlett or the purple flowers. 17a. Hhtimmi:! (dni/dlia (L'Her.). — Buckthorn Re[H)rted as connuon in swanipH throughout our range, but I have not seen it in MuHkoka. The black fruit contains three set^dN, and the HteniH, in Npite of the name, are tpiite unarmed. 18a. Oiniutlnui AmtfriraHun (L.).— New Jersey Tea. Red-root. Thi» shrub, famed as the tea of the Revolutionary ariniuH in the American War of Independence, is widely distributed with ns. It is well marked by the three veins or "nerves "from the Imsu of each leaf and l>y the reddish root. I have noticed it in only one locality in Muskoka. 18b. Ceamthii:! in-<itii.i (Desf.).— Smaller Red-riK)t. Found with the same genend rauj^o as the last, but much less conmion. The leaves are smaller, smoother and less pointed, but marked by the same peculiarity of veining. 19a. VltiH tfstinitia (Michx.). — Summer Grape. Found only near our southern limits, and known by the large blunt- tiMithed leaves, which are of*en somewhat wcnjUy. 19b. VHis Kipiirla (Michx.). — Riverside Grape. Common along streams luid easily known by the sharp hibes and teeth of the leaves. Tlie fruit is quite edible in September. 20a. AtnpelOpsIs qniniinffiilui (Michx.). — ^ Virginia Creeper. Cultivated everywhere and growing native in moist woods throughout. Sometimes avoidetl as Poison Ivy in spite of the obvious distinction shown by its^iv, or rarely more, leaflets. 21a. Acer Penn»tflviinic>nn (L.).— Striped Maple. A i)retty little tree, often called Dogwood or Moosewood. It is quite common, at least in the northern districts, and is easily distinguished by the striped bark and the large three-pointed leaves. 21b. Acer sfmatum (Lam.). — Mountain Maple, Shrub Maple. The smallest of our Maples and usually only a shrub growing in clumps. The leaves are easily known by the'r peculiar wrinkled appearance and are more downy than those of other sjiecies. The bark is somewhat striped as in the last. 21c. Acer mccharlnam (Wang.). — Sugar Maple. Hard Maple. This is the Maple, well deserving its distinction as the emblem of Canada. It is easily tirst for sugar, fuel, timber, beauty and shade. A variety with dark rough bark and leaves less lobcd while greener and more downy beneath, is known as the Black Maple — var. nlgntm T. and G.). 42 SVAyAN ONTAiaO^ 21(1. M-f.e tlttiin*-iirpum (Ehr.)-— Silver Mftple. Soft White Maple. A Inrifu tree with white wood, gmwing enpecially on rich flatn along Ukett or rivers. The seed, like th»t of the next 8i)ecieH, is ripened in time to be dintributed by the floodR i>f early summer, and the seedlings are firmly established before autumn. On account of its rapid growth the Silver Miiple is very largely planted for shade and omainent. 21e. Arfr ;'H/<rpfm (L.).— Soft Ued Maple. Swamp Maple. In some fonns the leaves of this sjiecies chisely approach the last mentioned, l)Ut usually they are less ileeply lol>ed and nuue sharply serrate or 2-serrate. This tree is less attiu:hed to the shores, and its bright red foliage adds much to the splendor of our autunm wortds. 22tt. Staphtilm ^-i/.iiui (L.).— Bladder-nut. Reported as fre«iuent from the Ottawa Ut the Georgian Bay, but I have not met with it in Muiskttka. Easily traced by the compound leaves of three leaflets and the striped branches, 2.*^. jf/i/fd t)fphinn (L.). — Staghorn Sumac. Common everywhere in poor noil. Known by its coarse twigs, covered like the petioles with thick downy hairs, and by the masses of Hcarlet fruit, Hometimes used for dyeing. The bark 1ms l>een employed successfully for tanning leather. 23b. Rhfts 'fliihra (L.). — Smooth Sumac. Very much tike the last, but with twigs and petioles nearly smooth and leaflets glaucous beneath. Not so common, but probably found thniughout the Province. 23c. Khfis cojHillhia (L.) — Dwarf Sumac. A southern form, rare in (^tntiirin. The bark is largely used for tanning in the Southern States. 23d. Hhfis venenata (DC). — Poison Sumac. Poison Elder. Mare poisonous than the next, but fortunately much less common, being ctmtined to swamps in the south-western peninsula. 23e. Khfis toxicodSidron (L.). — Poison Ivy. Found throughout the Prt^vince, but in two very different forms. In the north and east it isastiftj^gling shrub ; in the south-west a vigorous climber. Both varieties are poisonous to many persons, especially when the leaves are wet, and cause painful blisters where they have affected the skin. Known by the three usually drooping leaflets mounted on a long petiole. 23f Rhfts Canad^ntit (MAnh). — Aromatic Sumac. A stra^ling shrub, growing in patches in rocky woods. The aromatic leaves resemble those of its relative, the Poison Ivy, but this plant is quite harmless. It is common in the grounds of the National Sanitarium on Lake Muskoka. OL'K NATIVE TREES AND SHRUBS. 43 24». i*r«HHrt Xj»»Ti((>mi (Marsh).— Wild /lum. A Hniall thorny tree found thrniB..'hout OntArio, but apiwreiitly leiw common in thu Laurentian diistrictN. Itn lenveH ruaemhiu thoNtt of the CherrieR, but its cohi-hu tho.iis ind large edible fruit Hhow it to lie a true Plum. It is 8ometinr->8 {lUnted for hedguH, 24b. Priinus piimila (L.).— Dwarf Cherry. Sand Cherry. The amalleHt of our Cherrien, and seldom mure than a Htraggllng Hhrub, growing on Handy shoruM. It in plentiful on the iHlands of Lake Miia- koka and on other waters of tli>- district. The leaveN may be known by the fewness of the teeth, thu |iale lower surface, or by the charac- teristic " cherry " taste. The fruit resembles that of the Choke-cherry. 24c. FriiHiiit Pennaitlii'inini (L.).— Wihl Red Cherry. Pin Cherry. Bird Cherry. A very common little tree or shrub, growing rajiidly in the poorest soil. It shows a wpecial fondness for land newly cleared or burned, which, with thu aid of the Poplars and the White Birch, it covers in a very few years. 24d. Primus Vinjlnuina (L.). — Choke-cherry. Usually H shrul>, with ubovate {sunted leaves, very palo beneath. The petiole generally l>ears twt) or more conspicuous glands on its upjier surface. The fruit is intensely astringent or "puckery " to the taste, but is not despised by the omnivorous small l)oy. 24e. Pr>niii>i iwmtinn (Ehrh.).— Wilu lilack Cherry. Our largest species, becoming a fine tree, and yielding valuable lumlier. The fruit is mtich more pleasant to the taste than that of any other wild Cherry, and is used for making wine. The teeth of the leaves are incurved, as in the Red Cherry, but are much less closely set . 25a. (Spij-rta mlirifiilia (L.). — Citmmon Meadow-sweet. Common in moist places, and ijuite a pretty shrub when crowned with its spires of white flowers. 25b. Spirmt tomeKtum {L.). — Hardback. Steeple-bush. Downy Meadow-sweet. Differs from the last in its very downy leaves and twigs and its pink flowers, which have well earned fur it the name of Steeple-bush. This seems to he a northern form, and I have found it plentiful in the north em townships of Hastings anil Peterboro' counties, as well as in Musk oka. 2Bc. Spiraa »}pjdifolia (L.). — Ninebark. A shrub found along the St. Lawrence and the Great Lakeu, but apparently not coiumon in the interior of the Province. The old bark loosens and separates in thin layers or strips. ♦* SVLVA.V ONTARIO. 2t)«. RM,m inh.mhi, (I,.).— PurpleHoworini! RnnplwlTy. 8cotch-o»|.. Dilfen fnrni the other nispherrieii hi the largo "iiiiplo lohwl le«ve», w well i« in the oolur iif the llimeni. Plentiful along fence", with other "IMwiea, in .>lder Ontario, but not no uoninion in Miwkoka. A fnnu with white flowurK (A. /»in-(/(,iiiM_Nutt.) may be present in western Ontario. 2lUi. Aii()"»»(ivV(i»i"«(Michx.),— Rcil RaxplHirry. Abundant everywhere, and furnishing valuable fruit. In the northern ilistricts the Long Dlatklwrry seenis partially to take the place of this species, which is ccirresismdinijly less plentiful. atk;. /("'ipi»(«'i'i(^iiMii»(L.).— Hlack Raspberry. Dlack-cap. Quite common throughout the <il(ler iwrts of Ontario, liut apparently rather scarce i]i the Laurentian districts. Varieties are largely cul- tivated for the fruit. IM,,,, r;H.»pi»(Ait.).-HighBl;,l.Vrry. L.mg Blackberry. Tliimblelwrry. The tallest and stoutMt sp^^.es ; growing abundantly In open w.mhIb, yielding large (|uantitifs of fruit in favorable seasons. It is especially coniuiou in the Laurentian region, where it follows the lumberman and the bush-tires. Htthun Cunntif'ii^in (L.).— Low Blackberry. Dewberry. Like the Long Blacklierry, but prostrate and trailing. The leaves are nearly smixith, and the long stems are supplied with a few prickles, or nearly unarmed. The fruit is large, and pleasant to the taste. Ki'iluu hUfiithia (L.).— Running Swamp Blackberry. Less woody than the last, but with numerous prickles. It is found throughout Ontario, lieing iiartioularly common in grassy swamps in Muskoka. The fruit is small and sour. 27a. Hdiui mliijtm (Michx.).— Climbing or Prairie Rose. Our only climbing Rose. Found wild in south-western Ontario, and often cultivated. 27b. Ht'wi aricnlafia (Lindl.).— Prickly Rose. This is the most northern form, and is marked by an abundance of straight prickles. It is found on the shores and islands of New Ontario, and is common along Sparrow Lake in southern Muskoka. 27c. Horn Wimhi (Ait.).- Early Wild Rose. A very beautiful little shrub when in full bloom along our hilly shores, about the beginning of July. It is common throughout Ontario, and may he known by the fewness or .ibsencc of spines on its stems and branches. ■MX. 2He. 2«f. OIK NATIVE TK/iES AND SHKU/IS. 4S 27d. Hum C.ii-Jm<i (L.).— Tlw Mwnmp li,mi. ThiH ii4 till) HjiticiuH wliich lulornN the iiiHrHhy Nhort'H nf imr iHkvH in iiiiilHUiniiiur. Liko itii iiui^lilxir, tlit> IluttMnliuMli. it »iiiii« to thrive lie«t with itM feet uniler water. Very plentiful iinmnil the ncirthem liikeH, thi(iif{h extendintJC Kniitli to FloridH. 27e. W«i hiiinili, (Miirsh.).- Dwarf Wil.l H„.e. Low iiml l)ii«hy, with stmijiht npineH. This «iiucieK. including « vnrielj with xhining lu»tletH (/(. ("."/n— Ehih.). i» the rotnnionext form, in dry Hoil or Among rockH, a»ta. l'iiiiiiii"n>niirl<t (L.).— Americiin L'riilj.n|>|ile. Our onlynntive reprexentiitiveof the true AppluH. Though its fruit i» Niuall hikI Huid, thin tree in by no uieans to lie ileNiiiNcd, for its ** wealth and lioauty" of foliage, tlower anil fruit make it well worthy of cul- tivation. The leaves are very irregular, Iwing often distinctly lola-tl, liut always sharply serrate, anil usually nearly smooth. It urows wild in southern ( tntario. 28b. i'lir". nrl:iit;fil!„ (L.).-Ued Chokelierry. A shrub growing i arshes, and along lakes and rivers. The leaves are downy, and the \ cry astringent fruit is red when rij)e. 2«c. I'linm iiihalifUi:!, var. iiulnmunrim (Hisik).- lllack Chokelierry. This is apliarently the northeni form and ivseiiililes the last, liut the leaves are nearly smisith and the ripe fruit is black. Both folnis are marked by the small glandular Isidies scattered along the midrib on the upper surface of the leaves. Abundant in Muskoka. 28d. I'ltfiin Amenraiin (DC.).— American Mountain .\sh. Not so well known as its Kuriipean relative, the FSowan-tree. but some- tinies planted in its stead. It is quite ciunmon in cold northern woods, and its fruit furni.shes winter fare to nun-migratory birds, such as the Pine-grosbeak. 28e. /'!//■".» itiMhmifMn (Cham, and Schl.).— Western Mountain Ash. Still more northern than the last. A few years ago, Mr. Beadle, of Toronto, in looking up materia! for the Vanderbilt Arboretum found a few trees in a semi-wild state at Emsdale on the Northern Railway. This is probably near the southern limit of the species. 2fla. C'ii((ii,V/».< .fiiTiiii'i (L.).— Scarlet Hawthorn. lied Haw. This, with the two following species (which are sometimes considered merely varieties of it), forms the greater part of the Hawthorns in the east and north of the province. Professor Sargent is making a revisii ui of this genus, which is certainly in some confusion at present. Tlie classification followed here is mainly that of Britton and Brown. 46 -syiy^iv o.WTAKio. 2«h. cutaiijm IIUI.T.1. .liiMii (UiU.). -Ijiiignpiiud Thiini. CuiiiMiiin in Muiiki*kA itnd uHNturn OntAi'ii), hut vury vnruible in \m\w nmX thoniH, Thu rtiiweni ure aUmt » week Inter thnn in C ••vrrinni and C. rotiinillMiit nnd, like the fi>nner, lie«r pink nntheni. whila IhiMe of the Utter nru white. alk,-. Cmliifijiit ,i,l:nutif.ilm (Uiirck.)— UiiundleiiVKl Hnwthnm. A common fttnit in Mutkokit, iiuirkud by iihorter thoniN and luHVeH nearly iw in the Unt hut lena doe|ily cut. S|Hiciinenii which hnvo lieen crnt>|ieil by cattleoften ilevuhtp very ninny hmK and stmit thnniH. 21M. Cmliiiiim iiuMia (Scheule).— Red-fruited Thnrn. DifferH from C. i-m-i'iui'ii mainly in ita larger leaveH, which are very downy lieneath. It in a|i|>arently not common. thoui;h diatributuil over the Province. yik'. Cmtti^'jim tiimrnlnMi (L.).— FV'ar Thorn. Very downy on twig», petiolea and lower nurfacen of leave". The leaf- iMwea are, however, unlike thu laat in being acute or wedge-shaped anil the |ietiole« more or lew wingeil. It weiiia to lie oonBneU to uur southern Imrder. •2«f. Cm(o.'r/ii« f,//».0,iH;(L.).-Cock«pur Thorn. Thia siiecieH and the next differ fnini the preceding foriin in the leavea, which are merely lorrate or I'-aemite, and not cut-lobed. The thornn are very nunieroua, long and iileiider. aometimeK reaching four incheH. Common in the Niagani and Krie dlMtrictM. Sllg. CriihifijttA i»inel,'itii (Jaci|.).— Large-fruited Thorn. Iteaembling the laat, but with shorter thorns that are often branched. The small leavea also are more downy beneath and very finely serrate. Found along our southern bonier from the St. Lawrence to the St. Clair. aO«. Amrliim-luer Oiii.irffinia (T. & Q.).— Canadian Juneberry. Shad-bush. May-cherry. Bill-berry. The largest of the Junelierrius, and liecoming a tree even in the north. All of our s]M»cies have a peculiar dull bloom on the upiier surfaces of the leaves, which, with the round glandless [letioles, distinguishes them from their cousins, the Cherries. The bark has the peculiar "cherry " taste, while the fruit shows a close relationship to the Apples. This species is usually found in dry woods and has its leaves nearly smooth when fully grown. 3l)h. Amelt'iiirhier Butryapiiim (D. C.)— Swamp Juneberry. Bill-berry. Smaller than the last, and preferring moist woods. The leaves are very downy, especially when young. Common in Muakoka, and appearing in at least two varieties. OC'K NATIVE TREES ANt* SHh'UHS. 47 aoo. :mM, 31h. aia Ain^^whirf ruiHtyii/iilin (K<»uiii.). — Il<tuikl*leAv*d •tunelwrry. Tht>r« n|ip(Mr to bu >im;iy fnniiM iinitiiiK thu two pruciKliiiu MiMiviut with thiM niiu. which in iiiiirktMl liy itH Niimllcr Nizn, rimndvil iukI iiunrly Ntmt^ht-vuinwl. loiittputioluil luavt-H, ami Uter Howunt aihI fruit, (.'mii- mill) ill MuNkukit iti vnrioim fortiiH. Aiiirlaiufnr,- ..lifj'x-'htxt (U<nMii.). Siimll Swiimp .luiiulH-rry. Our Minitltuitt N|K>cit>>4, fi>iiiid in >\ ffw plnc-v* in cnlil nnrtliuni kwiuiijik. It IH preHeiit in Mimkokti, hut hy in im uiuhiih coiniiioii. Tbu chmtiri iii'VLT c"m(niii nmro thiiii fnur HowtTi* i.r InjirieH. itiiil the «hruh niruly ux'>l>m18 tivu (vot in )u'it[ht. Am'liinchii'i- nliu/'iio (Nutt.)- -SankHto'in. WuNttsni .lunulHJiTy. In M»y, lUill), I iiii't with ii Juiielicrry <>ii ii little iNUn<l in 8[uirri»w Ijtku (iin expfiiiNion iif thu Sevurn River) which (litfL-rt-il km fur from our uitial fiirnm hikI Hiiim»fu:hutl w» cluHvly to ikuthurn' deMcriptiniiN nf A. uiinfi'liaiixrA I stMit HpuciiiiunNtn IVoffMwtr MKcniiii,iutkinK if itcnuld iHilong to that HiwcieH, Flu cuiitirined my idcntihi>iiti<in hb thu i-nNteni form of the- Npfcii'hi, whii^h had not \mvn pruvinuHiy noticL'<l fUHt of I^ake Nipigon. It in intl.>l■L>Htill^ hh our ruprcHuDtutive of thu " Saitkn- to«in," the fruit-tree of thu north-wusti-m plainM. Ii}h>-^ rf,n''"*h,ti (li.).— Wild (ioiweherry. Thu common ^tMmuherry of ojiun wihmU with prickly iK-TricM mid Hlunder Hpiiiu«, iiuwtly at luaf Iwnes. liifM-zi (ixicu-intlhiiiiPt (L. ).- Smooth (J(M»»t'borry. Known hy thu miUHtth fruit, hut thu atemH are only Hlightly prickly and thu palu Hpinus are found ftingly Iwlow the leaf Iihhuh. It ii not common in the nouth. Hihrii Incfuhf (Poir.).— fSwamp (iiMwelwrry. Thu ))ranchu8 of tluH specieH are very bristly and thu HpincH at luaf baHus aru montly in gruui>8. Comuum in cold nnrthern NwampN. }{il)*:t inonfiiitmn {L'Hur.)- — Fetid Currant. Hkunk-burry. A straggling or prostrate shrub, freipient in northurn woihIh. The crushed luavuH and bark have an offunHivu odor, and thu tantu of thu bristly red berries in utiually unpluasant. The commonest currant in MuHkoka. Hif>€sjir,r ilium (L'Hur.).— Wild Black Curnint. Found throughout the Province, but not very abundant. Known by the leaves, which are resinous-dutted lieneath and often large. RibfH H^((i/**tti(Wi(nH (Richards). — Northern Bla^k Cumtnt. !n May, 1891, this species was found by Mr. 8cott. now Principal "f the Toronto Normal Suhottl, on an expedition in company with the 48 SYLVAN ONTARIO. w writer. Thm was in a Hwntnp just Houth "f Madoc vill^e, in the utiunty of Hastings, and I have not heard of its occurrence elsewhere in older Ontario. It is found in the north- weutern part of the Province and frtr ii()rth. The leaveH roHemble those of the black garden currant, and the sweet-scented flowers are in an erect cluster. 31g. ii;\>eH riihn'in (L.).^-Wild Rod CuiTant. ITiis is the same species as the cultivated Red Currant, but grows wild in the north. It reseuihles H. prostnftum, hut in erect and not ill-Hcented, while the flower-clusters grow from seiwirate buds, nut with the lenves. 32a. llntnaniHin Fm/iju'nna (L.).— Witch-Hazel. A rather tall branching shrub, often growing in clumps in moist soil. The yellow flowers appear in October while the fruit of the previous year yet remains, which fact, with its fame as a divining rod, may account for the pfjpular name. It is rei»arted as rare east of Toronto, but I have found it rather connmm in parts of Durham county, and fre<|uent in Muskoka, An extract of the Ijark has medicinal properties. 33a. AiMid hhpida (Vent.).— Bristly .Sarsaparilla. This scarcely deserves the rank of a shrub, though its short bristly stem is (juite womly. The leaves are twice-pinnate; i.e., compound with the jjarts again divided pinnately intf> lesser parts or leaflets. Rather common in sandy soil, at least in the north. It is a near relative of the Wild Sarsaparilla and of the Ginseng of commerce. Cornm Flutidn (L.).— Flowering Dogwood. Our lanjest species, frequent in south-western Ontario and bearing very c<m8picuou8 flowers and fruit. Its nearest relative in the north is an herb of a few inches in height but with similar heads of flowers surrounded by showy white leaves. Fruit bright red. Coiii'iH riicitmta (L'Her.).— Round-leaved Dogwo(»d. Common throughout the Province in rich woods. The lanse leaves are nearly round and thickly downy on the lower surface. The twigs have green Ijark with peculiar warty markings of darker colrir. Fruit light blue. COniUH ,ierii-eii (L.).— Silky Dogwood. Resembling the Red Osier Dogw^hnl, but smaller and less brightly colored, with more downy leaves. It is common along Sparrow Lake and the Severn River. Fruit blue. 34d. Comm mprti/oUa (Michx.).— Rough-leaved DogwotxI. Found only along Lake Erie and known by the leaves, which are rough to the touch aiiove and downy beneath. Fruit white. 34a. 341: 34c. OUR NATIVE TREES AND SHRUBS. 49 'Me. C6ni»s sUAonifera (Michx.). — Red Onier Dogwood. Gi-owin(; in cluinpN in wet Hoil, niid easily known by ita bright red hark. Fruit dull white. This Hpecies with ('. nvricm furnished to the Northern Indians a substitute for tobacco. 34f. C'firufM imnictilatu (L'Her.). — Panicled Dogwood. I have not seen this species in Muskoka, b'lt it is very common in eastern Ontario. It seems better adapted to dry soil and exposed pnsitionH than any of its relatives. The fruit is white. 34g. C(»r(nw((i(er(it/<(Iia(L.).— Alternate-leaved Dogwood. A small tree or shrub, apparently common throughout Ontario. Dis- tinguished from its nearest relatives by the greenish pale-striiied bark and alternate leaves, often with the margin aouiewhat irregular, as if very finely toothed. Fruit deep blue. 35ji. Nifam Kiftrntirn (Marsh.). — Black or Sour Gum. Tupelo. Pep|ieridge, A southern tree found only along the Lake Erie shore. The Iwirk is rough and the soft W4Jo<l resists all efforts at splitting. Related to the Dogwoods, and especially C. iilternifnliii. IMin. Stimbftnis dmadeims (L.). — Sweet Elder. Coumion in moist soil and along streams. This species is usually described as nearly smooth, but in Muskoka at least it is very markedly downy throughout the season. Known by the white pith of the stems and the lai^er numlier of the leaflets, which often have at their luises stipule-like growths, called stijwls. Fruit nearly black, in late summer. 'M\h. Siimhitrtis rm-fmmit (L.). — Red-berried Elder. Usually found in dryer soil than the last, and becoming almost a tree in southern Ontario. The heart of the stems is brownish and the leaflets are usually only five in number without stipels. Blossoms about the end of April and ri[>ena its red fruit in early summer. The leaflets of both species are often again divided. ;i7a. Vihfntium lantatwides (Michx). — Hobble-bush. Common northward, and conspicuous by the clusters of white flowers in spring and by the very lar^e paired leaves on straggling stems. Found always in shaded situations, and often confounded in name with the Dogwoods. 3rb. Vibffriinm Opnlns (L. ).— High -bush Cranberry. The bright red, acid fruit of this species makes a substitute for the Cranben-y, and Jt is sometimes cultivated in moist gardens for this purpose or for hedges. Plentiful in Ontario, and resembling the maples, but easily distinguished by the glands and stipules of the shorter petioles. 4 50 SyLVAA' ONTARIO. 37c. yi6firni(m;OT'w(^<>n(ni (Pylttie.). — Few-flowered Viburnum. A BtrAggling shrub resembling the last but smaller and bearing fewer Sowers. This is a northern form and probably is not found in older Ontario. 37d. Fi6ft)'iiinH a«'t*n/ofi»«« (L.). — Maple-leavet^ Arrow-wood. A common shrub resembling the Manles in its leaves but with much shorter petioles, usually Itearing narrow stipules. The leaves and twigs are quite downy and the ripe fruit is purple. 37e. VihUr^mm jmbeaceiut (Pursh. ). Downy Arrow-wood. Common throughout Ontario, and found like the last, in hilly or rocky woodij. The leaves are coarsely toothed and downy beneath on very short petioles. The fruit is dark purple. 37f. Vibdrnum dentatiim (L.). — Arrow-wood. A rather rare form found in southern Ontario. It resembles the last, but is nearly smooth and with petioles considerably longer. A variety met with in Muskoka has downy leaves on petioles of ^ in. oi longer, and I have not been able to satisfy myself as to whether it belongs to this species or the last. 37g. Vibiirnnm cassiuoides (L.) — Withe-rod. One of the commonest shrubs in northern swamps, though rare in southern Ontario. Known by the small rounded teeth of the leaves and in late summer by the long rusty buds. The slender straight stems are very tough and are often used for basket-work. The fruit is dark blue. 37h. Vibtmmm Lentaijo (L.).- Sheepberry. Sweet Viburnum. Our lai^est species bearing bunches of dark fruit with a sweetish taste. The leaves are rather finely serrate with winged petioles. Plentiful along the Severn River and on islands in Lake Muskoka. 38a. Symphoricarpos racemosHs (Michx). — Snowberry. Often cultivated for the white berries, and found native in older Ontario. The leaves are sometimes slightly wavy or toothed, but not pointed. 38b. Symphtmcarpos fHiucifldrns (Button). — Low Snowberry. Like the last but very low, with small leaves and few flowers. This is the form found commonly in Mutkoka. 39a. Lonicera cUiata (Muhl.). — Fly- Honeysuckle. This is probably the most abundant nf our native Honeysuckles, and is found throughout the province. Known by the slender branching twigs, the ciliate margins of the leaveH and the red berries in pairs. OUR NATIVE TREES AND SHRUBS. 51 39b. iMmlc^sa ni-ynlea (L.). — Mountain Honeysuckle. Himilar to the last but much lesH common, beir^ strictly n northern form. The leaves are obtuse and less distinctly ciliate than the last, while the fruit is blue ur bluish black. ■39c. Liinicti-a Moiujiftiliit (Hook). — Swamp Honeysuckle. A rare species, found occasionally in swamps. The red or purplish berries are in jjairs, and the leaves resemble those of the Fly-Honey- suckle, but are not ciliate. 3!M. Lonlvi-ra hii-aittn (Eaton). — Hairy Htmeysuckle. A vigorous climber, easily known by the lai^ hairy leaves united in paint at the summits of the stems. Plentiful in Muskoka and reported from most parts uf Oatario. 39e. Lonkem ixirnfidm {hAin.). — Glaucous Honeysuckle. Marked by the very glaucous lower surfaces of the leaves, which, like the Inst, are united in the higher pairs. A common shrub, sometimes climbing. 40a. Dierriltn tnjidn (Moench). — Bush Honeysuckle. Gravel-weed. A common shrub, with short erect stenm. The serrate margins of the leaves are often ciliate with short hairs, and the yellow flowers are in groups uf three. Found in poor soil and on gravelly hillsides. ■41a. Cephalanthiis occidentalis (L.). — Button-bush. Found plentifully on wet shores, often with roots under water. The sweet-scented flowers are in spherical heads and the fruit, unlike that of Dc^woods and Viburnums, is dry. The upper leaves are often in threes and the lower pairs have broad stipules between in early summer. The leaves and greenish twigs have a slightly acid taste and are eaten by cattle. ■42a. GnyluMacin resimisa (T. and G.). — Black Huckleberry. Commonly found in swamps in southern Ontario and in dry soil in the north. Known by the resinous leaves, which are nearly smooth and tipped by a fine point in most cases. The black fruit is edible, but not e<tual to the blueberries. -4;ia. Vacclnixm Htitminenm{h.). — Squaw Huckleberry. A rare species, found occasionally along our southern border. The fruit is greenish in color and, unlike most of its relatives, is not edible. 43b. Vucrimftm Pennaijlmnic nm (Lum.). — Low Blueberry, Blue Huckleberry. This is the Blueberry of northern Ontario, where the rocky hillsides are often covered by the little bushes. The fruit is gathered in im- mense ({uantities during July and August and shipped to the centres of 6S SYLVAN ONTARIO. population farther aouth. It may he known by the {{reenish twigs, the nearly smooth (not glaucous) leavei, with exceedingly fine bristlu- pointed teeth, and by the abundance of sweet berries covered with a delicate blue bloom. A narrow-leaved form (var. anguatifdia—Gmy) is also found in northern Ontario. 4;k. Vfwctnima nujrnm (Britton). — Low Black Huckleberry. Similar to the lant but smaller, and bearing black fruit without a bloom. By a curious compensation of Nature, however, the leaves are quite glaucous beneath and often above. Very common in Muskokti and probably found everywhere with the last species, but not usually recognized in uur Floras. 43d. Viu-e'mvim Canadenae (Kalm.).— Canada Blueberry. This species is usually found in swamps, but although the fruit is abund- ant and excellent it is less plentiful than the Blueberry of the hillsides. The entire leaves and the twigs are thickly downy. 43e. Vncrinhim racil. • (Solander).— Blue Hucklelwrry. Found in sandy soil in Kouth-weatem Ontario. The twigs resemble those of the common Blueberry, but the pale leaveaare generally entire and glaucous beneath, with netted veins and with the apex somewhat tuucronate. This species seems to be sometimes confused with V. nujrnm above. 43f. VacriHhnn cunpnhumm (L.).— Swamp Bluelierry. A tall shrub found usually in cold swamps. The leaves are larger than in our common species, with margins entire and sometimes ciliate. There are sf veral varieties, often considered as distinct species. A form with leaves very downy beneath and nmcronate at the apex, with black berries (var. ati'ocoi-cnm—QT&y), is found in Ontario, 43g. Vacclniiim idiffinaaum (L.). — Bleaberry. A form found only in the extreme north or on high mountains. The smooth veiny leaves are nearly sessile, with a rounded appearance ; the small berries resemble common species in the blue bloom and in taste. Found also in Northern Europe and Asia. 43h. Vac"ininm Ki/w-w^m (L.).— Mountain Cranberry. A low creeper, resembling the Cranberries, but found in dry rocky soil. Reported as common to Ontwio except in the south, but I have not iMjen able to find it in Muskoka, The evergreen leaves are thick and leathery with rounded apex and black dots beneath, and the fruit is similar to that of the true Cranberries. OUR NATIVE TREES AND SHRUBS, 53 43i. Ya^tUxima. oxncCcnis (L.)- —Small Craoberry. Differs from the next chiefly in size, beiiij( smalliir in every reftpect. The leaves do not exceed ^ in. in length and the whole item ia mrely more than a foot long. Found in nearly the same locnlitieH as the i:<jxt and connnon around MuNkoka lakes. 43j. Vticciiiium nini' rm-i'tr jx^i (Art.). —Large Cranberry. A slendur creupur in cold bogs. The reddish acid berrios are nm.'h esteemed for "cranberry sauce," and large ({uitntities are imported from the Eastern iStates for local use. They are brought tt> market by Muskoka settlers, but not in large quantities. The delicate vines and small i> 'olutu leavei are not likely tti be mistaken for any other s|>ec;es except the last'. 44a. Chi6i/eueg hi!tj)Uhdn (T. and G.). — Creeping Snowberry. A very slender creeper found in swamps in the north. The small leaves have the well-known flavor of wintergreen and the fruit is white. Conmion in Muskoka marshes. 45a. Arctostaj^iylixt L^'tyi- (/m (Spreng). — BearbeiTy. Common on northern islands and hillsides, where its trailing stems often nearly cover the ground. The evergreen leaves are smooth and leathery, and the red fruit grows in clusters at the ends of the twigs. 46a. Einifma r^petuf (L.). — Trailing Arbutus. Mayflower. This pretty creeper, though, like the next, barely untitled to the name of shrub, is adDiitted here partly on account of its ^ istoric fame and wide popularity. It w found throughout northern Ontario, and is abundant in Muskoka. The fragrant pink and white flowers with the evergreen leaves make a favorite bou([uet in early spring. 47a. Qanlth^i-ia proc^inJieiin (L.). — Wintergreen. Plentiful at least in eastern and northern Ontario, and well-known for the bright-red aromatic berries that remain throughout the winter. 48a. Andrfnneda piilifuliii (L.). — Wild Rosemary. A marsh shrub, recc^nized by the narrow, revolute leaves, with the lower surface very white. Plentiful in bogs. 49a. CuMihtdrn ridijcHhifn (Don.). Leather-leaf. A leafy little shrub growing in very wet soil or in Ix^. The leaves increase gradually in size towards the Nummit of the stems, and are usually finely-toothed, mucronate, and more or less rusty beneath. 50a. Kolmin auffudifi^ia (L,). — Sheep-laurel. llejktrted as common in northern swamps, bul not seen in Masknka. 54 SYLVAN ONTARIO. 50b, KMmvt glatten (Ait.) — Swamp-laurel. Abundant in culd bogs, and very conspicuouN when the pretty pink flowers are in bloom in early summer. Easily known by the flattened twigs and the revolute evei^reen leaves, very glaucous 0:1 the lower surface. 51a. LHitm latifviinm (kit.). — Labrador Tea. A low bog shrub with revolute everjtruen leaves covered with rusty wool beneath. The Indians use the dried leaves as tea, and it has l>een clasaod by white men as a very good sulmtitute. 52a. Empetrum n'ujnim {Iaud.). — Black Crowberry. A low evergreen shrub,' found only in the extreme north, where it forms dense beds in bogs or on rocky soil. The stems are much branched, with very small thickly-crowded leaves and black fruit, which provides abundant food for the northern birds, 63a, Fn'u-intia Amerimnu (L.). — White Ash. A fine tree, furnishing excellent timber, which is much used for imple- ments, handles, etc. It is found throughout Ontario in good soil, usually avoiding the swamps, llie bark is light-colored and the smooth leaves, mostly with seven leaflets, are very pale beneath. 33b. Fraxinns pHl}^scens (Lam.) — Red Ash. Rim Ash. Similar to the last, but smaller, and found in the same districts, though usually along lakes or rivers. The twigs, petioles and lower surfaces of the leaflets are very downy, as is not the case with any other of our Ashes. Common on the shores uf the Severn River and Lake Muskoka. 53c. Ftitxinna ririV/w (Michx.). — Green Ash. Specimens of the Red Ash show various degrees of pubescence aa described above, and I have classed a smooth form found in similar situations and with lower surfaces of leaflets ijreen as belonging to this species. It seems prottable that thesu trees run into each other by intermediate forms, and I have received contradictory determinations (based on the fruit) from Canadian and American experts. 53d. Fr<h'innit qnadrang^data (Miehx.). — Blue Ash. A lai^e tree found along the Lake Erie shore. The twigs are some- what four-sided, and the leaflets finely serrate. 53e. Frf'fxinns mmhudfolia (Ijam.). — Black Ash. A large tree, sometimes forming extensive swamps. The bark is dark, and the soft wood, though not equal to that of its relatives in the eye of the lumberman, is a staple with the Indian.s, who, by splitting and pounding, reduce it to the thin and even strips used for basket- making. The leaflets are nearly sessile, (<harply serrate, and usually more numerous than in other species. OLR NAT/VE TKEES AND SHRUBS. 33 • 54». Siilaniim Diilmmiim (L.).— Nightuhiido. Bittersweet. This £uni|>ean climber makes ittwlf i|uite »t Immu in iilder Ontario, whore it no lunger needs the protection of man. The lilue Hilwers and red berries show its relation to the Tomato family, while the deeply lolled or nearly entire leaves distinguish the species. 55a. Siiamfim iijHeimile (Sees.).— Sassafras. A large tree, common in south-western Ontario, and known by the rough aromatic liark and irregularly lobed or entire leaves. 60a. LUulnit Beuzuiii (Blunie.).— Spice-bush. A rather tall siiiiMith shruo found in moist places in various [larts of older Ontario, hut apparently nowhere abundant. 57a. /''>V(f ;)tiM«fcw (L.).— LeatherwtMKl. Moosewoo<l. A peculiar looking shrub with twigs which served as cordage for the early settlers. The base of each petiole covei i a bud of the next season, thus giving » jointed appearance to the branches, with api>ar- ently a leaf instead of the usual bud at the end. The leaf-margins are sometimes ciliate. Common in Maple wo<m1s ; plentiful in Muskoka and throughout northern Peterboro' and Hastings to the Ottawa River, though Professor Mscoun found it rare in the southern pan of the latter county. 58a. Sfifiilie'rtliii Canufh-'mU (Nutt.).— Buft'alo-berry. A shrub with silvery or rusty scales overing the lower surfaces of the leaves. Common in central and new Ontario, but not noticed in Muskoka. o!)a. EUm(/nii.i artjeiUfti (Pursh.).— Silver-berry. .V species similar to the last, but found only in the extreme north, and easily known by the alternate leaves clothed on both sides with silvery scales. 6<)a. XJlmnsfidm (Michx.).— Slippery or Red Elm. Best known by the liark, which has medicinal value and is used as chewing-gum by the country Isiy. The leaves are large with wrinkled surface, very rough above and downy beneath, with the veins usually more brancheil than in the next. It seems to be lacking in the Laurentian parts of Muskoka though common along the Severn River. 60b. Ulmiis Amen'fihui (L.). — White Elm. Our largest elra, valuable for timber, and frec|uently planted for shade or ornament. In large trees the btnnchea curve quite gradually from the trunk, making it very suitable for avenues and distinguishing it in appearance from the last species. The young leaves are often rough above, but not so evidently and visibly so as in the Slippery Elm. 56 SV/.yAJV ONTARIO. AOc. Ulmm metmimt (Thuiiuw).— Cork or Rock Elm. Fartiien and lumbennen distinguish two forms of this species, the msgnificent "Rook " Ehu of the original woodn and the Hecond-gmwth "Scrub " Elm in clearings and along fences, the iormer being respected as one of our hardent and toughest wikkIs. It may he known by the corky ridges on the branches while the leaves are smaller and smoother to the touch than those of the other species. 61a. CMi» iKtuhnUxU* i^.). — Nettle-tre*. . Sugar-berry. A small elm-like tree, found here and there in Ontario, but nowhere plentiful. The net-veined leaveH are shan^ly serrate toward the taperinft apex with the oblique base mostly entire. The cherry-like black fruits Hp[)ear singly in the axils of the leaves. «2a. Hnmulna Ifipnlua (L.).— Wild Hop. A native plant, found also in the'Ohl World, and extensively cultivated fur its bitter hops. Though scattered over the Province it appears not to be very plentiful except towards the north-west. 63a. Munm rfibra (L.). — lied Mulberry. A native tree along the Lake Erie shore. The leaves are rough al>ove and very downy beneath, often lobed on young shoots. The clusters of dark-red fruit are very pleasant to the taste. 63b. M6ni9 iilba (h.).— White Mulberry. Famous as the food of the silk-worm and now growing wild in some districts of southern Ontario. The leaves are often oblique at base, on slender petioles, with the surface smooth and shining, and often lobed in various ways. 64a. Pltitanvn occidentidin (L.). — Buttonwo^. This is probably our largest native tree, but is found only in the south-western portion of the Province extending east as far as Toronto. The leaves are very large and broad and the wood difficult to split. The round heads of dry fruit remain throughout the winter. 6oa. Jnfjlann vinPrea (L.). — Butternut. A common tree in older Ontario but apparently not adapted to the Laurentian districts. In Muskoka its northern limits appears to be near the Severn River where it is very abundant. The large leaves are quite downy and, like the l>ark, are fragrant. The fruit is too well known to need mention. 65b. Jfttflana nigra (h.). — Black Walnut. A very valuable specie, native in aouth-westem Ontario and sometimes planted on a large scale for its excellent brown timber. It has been OUR NATIVE TREES AND SHRUBS. 57 propfMod to introduoi! it in the denuded LKunntirui dittrictM by plant- ing the nuta, and the experiment, if attempted, will lie watched with inteniat. The leaflets are cimimonly more nuroertms and leaa downy than in the laat speciea. tma. Chv\in alba (Nutt.)-— 8hell-bark Hickory. Shaf{-lHU-k. White Hickory. A valuable tree, with timber nmch enteemed for strength and tough- neaa ; found conmionly in the wentem iwninButa and eaatwurd along Lake Ontario. I had quite decided from auarch and inquiry that the Hickoriea were miknnwn in Muakoka, when I waa handed recently for identification a number of nuta taken from the hollow in a Htick ut fire- wood which had been cut within a few milea ()f OravenhurMt. The} evidently belonged to this ipecieN, having been discovered and appropriated by that very induHtrious botaniat, the Red Kquirrel. I have not yet had an opportunity to determine whether the latter ac- quired thum liy honettt means. The leadets in this 8i>ecie8 are usually five in numlwr and the liark ia very rough. 66b. Canja tmHenti'mi (Nutt.).— White-heart Hickory. A rather scarce tree along Lake £rie, with twiga, petioles and leavea very downy and fragrant when cruahed. The fruit is edible and sweet. C6c. Canja p*/n-i'»«i (Nutt.).— Pig-nut Hickory. Found in the name localities aa the hut, but rather more plentiful. Tlie leaflets are usually seven in number or fewer, nearly smooth, and the fruit very bitter. 66d. Carya amitia (Nutt.). — Bittemut. Swamp Hickory. The commonest species in Ontario, though far from being the most valuable. The leaflets are usually seven or nine in number, slightly downy and quite fragrant when crushed. The nuts are bitter. 67a. Mitrira Qiile (L.).— Sweet Gale. Abundant along wet shores and easily known by its fragrance, which resembles that of the last species. The leaves are entire except near the apex and the pale dots beneath contain the aromatic resin that furnishes the chamcteristic fmgrant odor. 67b. Myrit-n asjileHiftiliu (Endl.). — Sweet Fern. Common on sandy soil, especially in the northern districts. The fern- like leaves with their peculiar fragrance cannot be mistaken for those of any other woody plant. 68a. Be'lula le'nta (L.). — Black or Sweet Birch. This species somewhat resembles the Black Cherry in Ijark and appear- ance, while the twigs and leaves, as in the next species, have a stnimt flavor of Wintergreen. The leaves are described as shining above, but this is most noticeable in sunlight while they remain on the tree. 58 SVL^AX OiVTARIO 1I8I1. mtdn Uit^i (Michx.)-- Vellow Birch. A Ur^u Forent treu, common uvurynrhere. The leaves iire not easily (lintiiijjuiBhed from those »( the last, but the yellow [ia|iery bark genurally a auHicient mark of this specieM. *(8c. Bf'tida papii/t'din (Marsh). — American White Birch. An eastern sjiecies found rarely along the 8t. Lawrence. The chalky white bark resembles that of our Pai>er Birch, but it i»e«lN much less readily. Common in the Atlantic Pntvinces. 68d. B^tulii papiirifera (Manh).- Paper »)r Canuu Birch. White Birch, Common everywhere and familiar as the source of the itajier-like birch- Iwrk ani the Indian canoe. Young trees, with dnrk-ruddish bark, may be known by the downy {mired leaveM on rather htng (letinleit and lacking the arr)matic taste of the yellow and black HpecicH. (J8e. Bt'tntn fitimUn(L.).—hiiw Birch. A shrub in northern bogs known by the coarsely -toothed leaves on short petioles and covered with browniHh wool beneath. <iH». Altvii- ('ind*j* (DC). —Green Alder. A shrub of the far north, prt>bably not found in older Ontario. The leaves are very finely serrate, and, unlike the next, are green on both sides. tfOb. Alnim (nf«»a (Willd.) —Black or Speckled Aliler. A very common shrub or low tree along every stream or river. It resctiibles the Birches in the s^wckled Urk, but the leaves are less tapering, somewhat glaucous )>eneath and not conmionly found in pairH. The fine veiuH connecting the parallel ril»i give a ladder-like appear- ance on the lower surface. 70ft. Oinjim AtMiicanu (Walt.).— Hazelnut. Not BO common as the next, and found only in the southern parts the Province. The hunks of the nuts do not form a beak as in the next, the leaves are finely woolly beneath, and the margins are finely serrate without deep hollows between the vein-ends. "Ob. Cdri/luH ro»trata (Ait.).— Beaked I . elnut. The common Hazel of northern Untario, and found alno throughout the south. The edible nuts are covered by a bristly husk lengthened into a narrow beak. Th j leaf-mai^ins are hollowed between vein-ends, and the surfaces are less downy than in the last. 71a. Odrya Vinjinkn (Willd.).— Ironwood. Hop-Hombeara. A small tree common throughout the Province, and Romewhat resem- bling the Elms. The liark is marked by long and narrow furrows. The hard, heavy wood is often used for hand-spikes, binding-poles, etc. OL'/i NATIVE TftEES AND S//R(/BS. 59- i2i*. UirpJnru CVii»/i(itt)fMt (WalttfT).— Blue Buech. Water Beech. Htirnlwniu. A aniHU tree with riiltfiid trunk, found in cluni|M in wut Miil througlmut older Ontario. The smooth Imrk haa aome refiembbince to that of the Beech, but in lenvuN and fruit and w<mm1 it ruaenibluH vury cloaely the InmwtMid. It ent^rn Muakoka along the Huvurn Kiver. 73a. V.(.Vr..« Mbit (L.).— White Oak. A coniinon tree, growing to a large Kizu in the Kotith, though genvrally snmll in the north. Like all the White Oaks, thin apeciea yielda very valuable timber. 73b. f^ui'rftm mrn-ivMvir/wi (Michx.).->MoH87-cu|> Oak. Blue Oak. Thiit iH the much-eKteemiHl Blue < ink of faruiura and liiinbcinien, and is found in wet noil and along ahoruH throughout thu iVtvincu. The leaves are hoary, with line greyiith wool benuath, and are generally lolled deeply, esjHJcially near the middle. The Urge acurnH with fringed cu|m dintinguish this ajmcies in autumn. 73c. QwW IS hi,;io,- (Willd J.— Swamp White ( >ak. i''ound mainly in the south in nioittt soil. The luavea are hoary beneath, but the margins are wavy oftener than lobed. The acorns are produced on long atemN. and are i|uite edible. 7'M. V"'''''"''/>Wiiim(L.).— Rock Chestnut Oak. A large true along thu Lake Eriit ahore, with hniwn ridged l»rk. The leavea have ciwrse rounded toeth and slender petioles, often an inch ur more in length. 73e. i^teifiu iu-uminithi (Sarg.). — Cheatnut Oak or Yellow Oak. Thia speciea in also a southern fo^-m, and showa its cloan relation t^p the Chestnut and uren the Beech iii the toothed and pointed leaves, which are quite different froui the lolied foruiH of the north. TIun tree hiia rather narrow leaves, pale and downy t>eneath, with coarse hooketl teeth. Unlike the Chestnut, however, the leaves Heldom exceed six inchus in length. 73f. Qiivirn^ prinolflfs (Willd.).— Scrub Chestnut Oak. A shrub closely related to the two preceding apecies and found along Lake Ontario, as well as in the aouth- western peninsula. The leaves ha\e coarse teeth, mostly obtuse, but acarcely rounded. 73g. VMfVow W(6m(L.)— RedOak. Black Oak. The commonest representative of the Red or Black Oaks, which include this and the two following Hpecies, all lieing marked by the bristle- tipped lobt!* of the leaves, and acorns that re<juire two neasonH to ripen. The timl>er is coarse-grained, and much inferior to that uf the white varieties. m SYLVAN ONTARIO. ;:ili. i4%wrfm cmtImh (Willd.).-8<Mrlet ftak. RiniiUr U* thv iMt, but miiifintd t4i th«) timth-wefit. The Imtm hnra UMually fewer teeth od the Inltett, with a iwimewhat thining Nurfitce, vflpeoiiiUy above, while the eupN uf the fruit are letw sftucer-Hha|HKl, covering abuut half of the aoom. A form of thi" H|>ecieM (var. i'mftm ia —Gray) haa duller leave*, ai<tnuwh«t dnwiiy beneath, and atill dee|>er oujia. 7:ii. V^i/rrtM jMiUnttU (Du Hoi).— -Bwanip Oak. Pin Oak. A ■wain|i tree with leavei very deeply lolwd, amuoth and shining oii the upper Hurface, the lohen inoatly with xeventl teeth. Like the Uat, fiiund only in the aouth-weatem peninaula. 74ii. Cdtffftftfa wiMrri (Mill), VHT. .4(tM'rM;(ifm (Miohx.)- — Cheatnut. A large tree of the aouth-weat. The leaves reaemble aoinewhat thoaa of the Beech, but are much longer, with ahar]> tapering teeth. 7Aa Foijiiifrrriiginea (Ait.).— Beech. Red Beech. Farmeni diatinguiah two varieties of this tree, with white ana red woods, resiwctively, but the ditferenoe appears to be altogether de- pendent ujton soil and other conditions. It is easily known by the •mooth grey bark and apreading branches, with leaves toothed only at the ends of the very straight and plain veins. 76a. 8Mix nUim (Marshall).— Black Willow. The largeat of our Willows, forming a amall tree with dark brown l>nrk. The leaveH are nearly ainixith and green on both sides, with petioleK usually less than one-half inch, and the iMute nut at all cordate. Not very common, and jirobably displaced in many districts by the next species. A variety with long and narrow leaven (possibly var. faliutu— Torr.) grows along Sparrow Lake in southern Muskoka. 7Hb. 'VfilkT ami;r/rfniot<l«» (Anden).— Peach-leaved Willow. In Ontario this rather handsome tree appears to be coiumonly mistaken for the laat species, which it resembles closely in flower and fruit as well AS in the appearance of the tiark and twigs. The leaves, however, are distinctly gl<niama beneath, ijuite broad at the base, with long- tapering apex and with slender petioles, often nearly an inch in length when fully gmwn. Although satisfied for si>me years as to the identity of this species, I was unable to find any mention of its occurrence in this Province, and finally, in the spring of lUOO, appealed to Professor Macoun. who determined my aiiecimena as above, adding that it had not been reported previously. Since then Professor Macoun has sought and found thin species in the east, and I have noticed it in various places throughout n()rth«rn and central Ontario, where it iwemM to he rather common. OVK XATIl'E TREES ANli SHRUBS. 01 7«c. Shlit l,;,-i,l, (Muhl.).- Shining Willow. A Imutihil ihnili with •muoth xhininn Iwkvoii, •i.niewluit rawmliling IhuM of thii Cherriaa The putinlw hiivii unuall^ Iwii .ir nxirv liUndii »nil thii utipiilua cimiuiinly ruiimin ilurinK the numiner. Uh yalliiwith twigs uri) nnKxith and ahining, unci it iirnt.-ra w«t nitiuitiiinii. ril.l. S,ili.r /„.,,,.|,j;,i (Mulil.). — Ldng-lenvml Willow. .\ ri»ur-lj«nk iiiwcim, niarkwl by tlio very loiiK and nnm>w loavcw, nearly Mmaile, uruon on t«ith aidea anil with low taeth wide apart. TIte S,)li,' r:mtmt,i(RKh.).^-Uvu\ Willow. .A tall «hrub or ainall tree very con n throughout Ontario. The loavea are dull jjreon and more or lean downy alaive. glaucoua and gen- erally w.mlly Iwneath, with very plain netted veina. The nuilgina are inwvinly lerrato, with a few low teeth or nmrly entire. THf. ah;..- ilii^ij,,,- (Mnhl.).— (llauwiua WiUow. Thia vury connnoii treelike Willow may be known by the loavea, which are » hite-glnucoua la-'neath but not downy, and unevenly tca.thed along Iho aidea, while nearly entire at the enda. The Howera of thia " Puaay W iUow " are very conapicuoua in early apring. 7tig. .'<(i/o*"M.(/» (Marshall).— Prairie Willow. .\ shrub with downy twiga and rather narrow leaves, which are nearly entire and often aoniewhat revolule, with the lower lurfaoe densely Krey-w.H.lly. Uaually found in diy aoil, but not very comniiin. 7«h. ».(/j irli,J,\n, (.Smith).— Slender Willow. \ awanip ahrub, growing in clunipa with tough twiga, often used for Imaket-work. The leavea are amall and narrow, with tine blunt teeth, and the lower surface pide and glaucuua, with fine silky down, e»|wcially when young. One of the corumoneat apeciea in Muskoka. 7«i. Sixlit .viiKdifaCWilld.).— Hoary Willow. A lK)g ahrub, marked by the woolly twigs and surfaces of the nar- row leaves. Reported aa common in northern Ontario, but rather rare in Muskoka. 7lij. .*iii> .urrfnfc, (Muhl.).— Heart-leaved Willow. In spite of the name the leaves of this siieciu are usually not cordate. Though common in southern Ontario and to the northwest, I have not met with it in Muskoka. It ia described as being very variable in different localities. 76k. *ii;..' Imlmviifem (Barratt).— Balsam Willow. A low Willow of the northern swamps and perhaps not foui.d in older Onturio, though very common in Muskoka. It nay be known by the l.r<«d leave, glaucus snd veiny beneath, with flue teeth, and by the shining brownish-yellow twigs. 62 SYLVAN ONTARIO. 761. Siiiix mf/r(iHoi((«8 (L.).— Bog Willow. Myrtle Willow. Our sinalleBt Bpecies and found only in cold bt^s. The smooth, Blender fttenis are commonly about two feet high or less, with snmll entire leaves, which are quite smooth, and pale or glaucous beneath. N'OTK.— Mftiiy MpccimcnH of wIUowh are plainly the ro«(iilt of ctomhch between dUUnct Mpecies, and wre then known nis hybrldi* : e.g., S. humiUx x dUcoior. Owing to thin fact and the very variable leaf-forinn thin Genu* is one of the nio«t difficult for beglnncrn. 77a. F^imhm trewdoidea (Michx.).— American Aspen. Poplar, Perhaps the commonest of the Poplars, and especially abundant where fire has destroyed the original forest. In such places it sen'es a valu- able purpose by furnishing shade to the seedlings of Pine and other valuable trees, which in time again displace their protectors. The wood is little valued except for pulp or fuel. The bitter leaves and b]*rk fonn a favorite food of the Porcupine, who neems to be almost the only friend of the much despised " Popple." 77b. Fvpidm grandvhutdta (Michx.). — Eargo-toothed Aspen. Poplar. A common tree, especially in the north, with stjft wood, as in the last species. The leaves are smooth in sunmier, but densely woolly when first unfolded a week or more after those of the last species. 77c. Piifmlm Imlmmiffm (L.).— Balm oiGileAd. Balsam poplar. A large tree, well known for its resinous sticky coating on the buds and young leaves. It is distinguished from the other native poplars by the roinidfd petioles of the leaves (which for this reason do not tremble like the others), and is much less common in most parts. A variety with the upper surfaces and the petioles of the leaves somewhat downy and cordate at the base (var. rAurfiVajw— Gray), is commonly cultivated under the name Balm of Gilead, and is also found wild. 77d. Pdpfdfts lAunoli/em (Ait.). Cottonwood. Necklace Poplar. A large tree found along our southern borders. The leaves are larger than in any of our native species, and with petioles comparatively stout. 78a. Pinm atrdbm (L.).— White Pine. Our most important timber tree, and originally as abundant as valu- able, although, like the other Conifers, it was never plentiful in the extreme south-western peninsula. As a forest tree it has largely dis- appeared before the lumberman and the fires throughout older Ontario. This need not to be regretted where agriculture has been rendered possible, but the bare rocks of the unproductive Laurentian districts, once cover«d by a magnificent forest, form now a most complete picture of dMolation. It is to be hoped that the efforts being made to encourage the reforesting of these wildernesses will be crowned with success, and that the districts farther Dorth wiU be carefully protected from such a future. OUR NATIVE TREES AND SHRUBS. (iS 78b. Pi'iiiu rifji'da (L.).— Pitch Pine. A Biuall tree with long leaves in bundles of three. Repoi'ted only frtim the eantern districts along the St. Lawrence. 78c. Pinna iifinj»i,iiia (Lambert). —Grey Pine. Scrub Pine. Jack Pine. This species is rather rare in older Ontario, but is abundant in the north-western districts. With us it is a small tree, though much larger towards the north-west. The short leaves grow in pairs, and the stout curved cones cling for several years to the branches. Not uncoi:inion on the islands of Lake Muskoka. This is one of the pulp-wcHid trees of great future value to New Ontario. 78d. t'mm leaintMi (Ait.)— Red Pine. Norway Pine. Less common and less valuable than the White Pine, though found in nearly the same localities in [Hwr s<.il. The lumber is ciilM ali>ng with inferior qualities of the white species with which it is cut, though preferred f.ir building purposes when great strength is reijuired. The tree is easily known bj the long half.round leaves growing in \mita, and by the reddish liark 7»». Ficeit niijra (Link.) — Black Spruce. This is the swamp Spruce, while thf next seems to prefer the more open woods. The cones of this species remain through the winter, and are shorter (about one inch or less) and stouter, often with a purplish tinge. 79b. Plmi rt»«i (Link.).— White Spruce. This species and the last are the great pulp-wood trees of northern Ontario. They are not easily distinguished by the leaves alone, though in the present species these are usually longer and paler. The twigs, which in the last are finely downy, are here quite smooth, and the cones are commonly about two inches long and pale, or somewhat brownish in color. 80a. rai'i!(oC5im»</fiMi»(Carr.).— Hemlock. Hemlock Spruce. A large tree found commonly in moist woods. The timber is not highly valued, although Urge quantities are cut yearly for the bark, which is used extensively in tanning. The leaves are flat and pale beneath on short slanting petioles. 81a. AbUa Macmma (Miller).— Balsam Fir. Canada Balsam. A slender and graceful tree in moist soil, and often planted for orna- ment. It is distinguished from the Spruces by the flattened leaves, which appear to grow from opposite sides of the twigs, as in the Hemlock. The soft gum which forms in "blisters" on the bark is valued as a healing ointment, and yields the "Canada Balsam." used as a tianiparent cement for microscopical slides, etc. 64 SYLVAN ONTARIO. 82a. Larix Americnun (Hichx.).— Larch or Tamarac. The Tamarac is peculiar among our cone-bearing trees from its habit of shedding the needle-like leaves in late autumn, along with the broad- leaved species. Its resinous wood is harder than in the evergreen species and is more durable, whether as timber or fuel. The sombre " Tamarac Swamp " is a common feature of our landscapes. 83a. Thi'njn uccidentdliH (L.).— White Cedar. A very common tree in swamps, with light timber, valued for pcMts, etc., being very durable underground. The small leaves are shingled in four rows on the slender flat twigs and resemble no other species except the Red Cedar, which has sijuare twigs and some of its leaves awl-shaped and prickly. 84a. Jnnipertu commt'ouH (Linn.). — Common Jumper. The typical Juniper is an erect shrub or small tree, found throughout Ontario, but not plentiful. The common form (var. alpina — Linn.) grows in dense itiund patches in poor and dry soil, and is seldom over three feet in height. It is marked by the stout sharp-pn-nted leaves arranged in circles of three around the stems and often <|uite pale on the upper surface. 84b. Jtinipenia Sabina (L.), var. jyrociimheiis (Pujflh.). — Low Red Cedar. A low shrub usually creeping or straggling on sandy shores. The leaves are very much as in the next and the distinction is mainly in size and habit. 84c. Jimipenut Virginidna (L.). — Red Cedar. Savin. A shrub or low tree, with aromatic red wood, found commonly in dry soil on shores and islands. The small flat leaves are shingled on slender four-sided twigs, but those on young shoots are often awl- shaped and op)K>8ite with spiny points. The wood is used for making pencils. 85a. Tdx'is bticcdta (L.), var. CanadenM (Gray.). — Qround Hendock. A low shrub in moist woods or swamps. The leaves resemble those of the Hemlock, but are sharply pointed and not whitened beneath. The fruit is red and berry-like, enclosing a single seed. 8(i«. Smilax qitadtxmgnlitris tWiUd,).— Green Brier. Cat Brier. A southern form found only akmg the Lake Erie shore and known by the stout prickles and the few-veined leaves. This species and the next are interesting as our representatives of the woody endc^ens which are so highly developed in tropical regions. 8(ib. SmUrix hinpida (Muhl.). — Bristly Smilax. A somewhat woody climber with the stem thickly armed by straight bristles. The veins of the leaves, usually seven in number, run from end to end, and the petioles have often a pair of tendrils which are apparently stipules. The leaf-margins are sometimes finely toothed. This form is common throughout the province and plentiful in Muskoka. INDEX. Abie«, 37, 63. Abrupt, 11. Acer, 21, 41, 42. Act-ent, 7. Acute, 11. Alder, 58. AlnuB, 31,58. Alternate, 8. Alternate pairs, 8. Amelanuhier, 29, 35, 46,47 Ainpclopsis, 15, 41. Andrometia, 23, 53. Apex. 11. Aralia, 17, 48. ArbntUB, 53. ArctoataphyloB, 23, 63. Arrangement, 8. ArroM'-wood, 50. Ascending. 13. Ash, 40, 49, 54. Asiraina, 25, H9. Aspen, 62. Awl-shaped, 11. Axil, 13. Balm of Gilead, 62. Balsam, 63. Balsam Fir 63. Barl^rry, 39. P.ark, 13. Base, 11. Basswood, 40. Bearberry, 53. Beech, .^9. 60. Berberis, 29, 39. Betula, 29, 31, 67, 58. Bill-berry, 46. Birch, 57, 58. Bitt«rnut, 57. Bittersweet, 40, 55. Black-cap, 44. Blackberry, 44. Black (ium, 49. Black Walnut, 56. Bladder Nut. 42. Bleaberrv, 52. Bloom, 10. Blueberry, 51, 52. Blue Beech, 59. Botanical Names, 5. Bristles, 13. Buckthorn, 41. Buds, 13. Buffalo Berry, 55. Burnins Bush, 41. Bush Honeysuckle, 51. Butternut, 56. Button-hush, 51. Buttonwoud, S6. CarpinuB, 31, 59. Carya, 17, 57. Cassandra, 25, 33, 53. Castanea, 29, 60. Cat Brier. 64. CeauothuH, 33, 41. Cedar, 64. Celaitrus 29, 40. CeltiB, 35, 56. Cephalanthus, 19, 51. Ciliate, 9. Cherry, 43. Chetttnut, 60. Chiogenes, 23, 53, Choke-berry, 45. Choke-cherry, 43. Classificatinn, 5, 6. Clematis, 15, 39. Climbing, 13. Compound, 8. Cone-bearing, 7, 37. 65 Cordate, II, 12. Cornua, 19, 25, 48, 49. Corylus, 31, 58. Cottonwood, 62. Crab-apple, 45. Cranberrv, 49, 52, 53. Cratffgus". 27, 29, 45, 48. Crenate, 9. Crowberry, 54. Cucumber Tree, 3ft. Currant, 47, 48. Cuatard Apple, 39. Description of a Leaf, 8. Description of a Stem, 13; Dewberry, 44. Diervilla, 21, 61. Dirca 25, 56. Dogwood, 41, 48, 49. Downy, 10, KlivagnuB, 25,65. Elder, 49. Klliptical, 11. Elm, 55, 56. Empetrum, 23, 54. Enaogens, 64. Entire, 9. Epigwa, 23, 53. Euonymus, 21, 40, 41. FaguB, 29, 60. Family, 5. Fern, 67. Fir, 63. Fly -Honeysuckle, 50. FootaUlk, 10. Fragrance, 12. «6 INDEX. Praxinus, 15, TA. FroHt-weed, 39. Gale, K?. Gaultheria. 23, 20. 5». GayluBHacia, 25, fil. Genera, S. Genua, 5. Ginseng, 4M. Glan<lH, lU. Glaucous, 10. Gooteberry, 47. <lrape, 41. Grax'el-weed, SI. Green Brier, 64. <!roun(l hemlock, 64. Gum, 40. HamameliB, 29. 48. Hardhack, 43. Haw, 45. Hawthorn, 4&, 46. Haswl, 48, 58. Hazelnut, 58. Heather, 39. Helianthemuni, 25, 39. Hemlock, 83. Hickory, 57. Hif{h-t)U8li Cranlierrv, 49. Hoary, IM. Hobbte-biuh, 49. Holly. 40. Honeysuckle, 50, 51. Hop, 56. Hop- tree, 40. Hop-Hornbeam, 58. Homliram, 59. Hucklelterry, 51, 62. Huasonia, 'J3, 39. Humulus, 21, 56. Hybri<l, 62. Hypericum, 19. 40. Identification, 6. Hex, 35, 40. Incurveil, 9. Index by Leaves, 15-37. Iron wood, 58. Ivy, 12, 42. Juglans, 17, 56. JuneWrry, 46, 47. Juniper, 64. Jiiniperufl, 37, 64. Kalmia, 19, 5^4, 54. Kind, 8. L Labrador Tea, 54. Lanceolate, 11. Larch, 64. Larix, 37. 64. Laurel, 53'54. Leaf Index, 15-37. Leaflets, 8. Leather-leaf, 53. Leather-wood. 5.5. Ledum, 23, .'>4. Linden, 40. Lindera, 25, 55. Linear, II. Linnif UB, 5. 6. * Lirioden.lron, 27, 39. Lol>ed, 9. Lol>eH, 9. Lonicera. 19, 50. 51. Magnolia, 25, 39. Maple, 41. 42. Margin, 9. May-cherry. 46. Maytlower, 63. Aleadow-Bweet. 43. MeniHpemium, 23, 27, 39. Midrib, 9. Moonseed. 39. Moosewood, 41,55. MoruB, 27. 35, 56. Mountain Anh, 45. Mucronate, 11. Mulberry, 56. Myrica, 27, 33, 57. N Needles, II. Needle-shaped, II. Nemopanthes, 25, 35, 40. Nerves, 9. Netlle-Tree, 56. New Jersey Tea, 41. Nightshade, 55. Nine>>ark, 43. Notches, 9. , Nywa, 25, 49. Oak, 69, 60. Oblanceolate. 11. Oblique, 10. 12. Oblong, 11. Oho vat e, II. ObtuHe, II. Odor. 12. Old Man'i Beard, 39. Opposite, 8. Onler, 5. Osier, 49. Ostrya, 31, 58. Outline, 11. Oval, II. Ovate, 11. Palmate. 8, 9. I'apaw, 39. Parallel. 9. Pepperidtte, 49. Petiole, 10. Picea, 37, 63. Pig-niit, 57. Pine, 62, 63. Pinnate, 8. 9. Pinus, 37, 62, 63. PlatanuB, 27, 56. Plum, 43. Poison Kider. 42. Poison Ivy, 12, 42, Poison Sumac, 42. Poplar, 62. Popple, 62. PopuluH, 31, 62. Prickles. 13, Prickly Ash, 40. Pronunciation, 7. Prostrate. 13. Prunus, 29, 35, 43. Ptelea. 15, 40. Pubescent, 10. Pulpwood, 62, 63. Pyrus, 17, 27, 35, 45. : Quercus. 27, 29, 69, 60. Kasplierry, 44. I Reclining, 13. I Red Cedar, 64. '■ Red-root, 41. ' Kesinous, 10. ■ Revolute. 9. I Rhamnus, 35, 41. RliuH. 15, 17, 42. hilwH, 27, 4". 48. Rock mie, .39. Rofia, I-», 17, 44, 45. Itune, 44, 4S. Kiwemaiy. 53. Rougli, 10. Rubus, 15, 17, '27, 44. S.lix, 123, 3.3, 00, 61, fi SambiicuH, 15, 49. Marsaparilla, 48. Siukatoon, 47. KaMafraa, 25, 27, 55, Havii), Gi. Heoteh.cap, 44. Scurfy, 10. Serrate, 9. SesHile, li). Nhad-huHh, 46. •Shag-bark, 57. Sheep-lierry. 50. Kheep-Itturel. .>3. Shell-bark, 57. Shophenlia, 19, 55. Shingled, 8. Silver-berry, 55. Simple, 8. ' Sinuses, 9. Skunk-berrv, 47. Sniilax, 23,29, 04. Smooth, 10. Snow-berry, ,W, 53. Sulantim, 27, 55. Solitary, 8. Sour Gum, 49. Speciert, 5. Spii-e-biish, 55. WDEX. Spindlu-tree, 4^). Spitief), 13. Spirwa, 27, 35, 43. Spnice, 03. Statrtree, 40. Stalk, 10. Htaphvlea, 13, 42. Steeple-bush, 43. Stern, 13. Stipels, 49. Stipules. 10. St. John's Wort, 40. Straggling, 13. Strawberry Bush, 40. SulKJordate, 12. Sugar-berry, 56. Sumac, 12, 42. Surface, 10. Swamp Laurel, 54. .Sweet Fern, 57. Sweet Gale, 51. Syniphoricarpoa, 19, 50. Tapering, 11. Taper-pointed, 11. TaDiarac, 04. TaBte, 12. laxuK, 37, 04. Tea, 41, 54. Tendrils, 13. Thimble- l>errv, 44. Thorn, 46. ' Thurna, 13. Thuya, 37, 64. Tilia, 31, 40. Toothed, 9. Trailing, 13. Trailing Arbutus, .53. 67 Tauga, 37, 63. t Twice-pinnate, 48. Twining, 1,3. Twri-rciwed, 8. Two-serrate, 9. Tulip Tree, 39. Tupelo, 49. Ulmus, 31. 55, 50. Unarmed, 13. Vaccinium, 23, 2."), :«, 31, .12, 5.3. Veining, 9. Veins. 9. Venation, 9. Viburnum, 19, 21, 49, 50. Virginia Creeper, 41. Virgin's Bower, 39. Vitis, 27, 41. W Walnut, 56. Waxwork, 40. Wedge- Hhaiied, 12. Whitewood, 39. Whorled, 8. Willow, 00. 61, 02. Winterberry, 40. Wintergreen, •')3. Witch-Hazel. 48. Withe rod, 50. Woolly, Uf. Xnnthoxyhim, 17, 40^