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7^i^ 
 
 SYLVAN ONTARIO 
 
 A GUIDE TO OUR NATIVE TREES AND SHRUBS 
 
 VV. H. MULUREW, B.A., D.l'AEri. 
 
 Principal of the ( 'ravenhur^t Hi^h Sch<iul. 
 
 ILLUSTKAIED tt'lTH 131 I.E.t F-DKAiVlNGS 
 
 TORONTO 
 
 William briggs 
 '- . 1901 
 
L.X 
 
 230561 
 
 Father, thy hand 
 Hath reared these venerable columns, thou 
 Didst weave this verdant roof. Thou didst look down 
 Upon the naked earth, and, forthwith, rose 
 All these fair ranks of trees. They, In thy sun, 
 Budded, and shook their green leaves In thy breeze 
 And shot toward heaven. . . . 
 
 Ah, why 
 Should we. In the world's riper years, neglect 
 God's ancient sanctuaries, and adore 
 Only among the crowd, and under roofs 
 That our frail hands have raised ? 
 
 — Bryant ; Forest Hymn. 
 
 Entered aecordliu to Act oT 
 tbe ParUMnent of CaaatU. In 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 ■expkmcl to I^ml L.n«low„e, in .„,wer to .„ inquiry, ,h,t thr .hief 
 jndu,t,.y of C.n«li.„H w., the .L.truction of W,t,.' tL™ i ^1„ t^ 
 be .,ve. ho«rev„, th.^ el.i. «,>g.. in „„, „«ti„„,l development ha» l«n 
 
 c» .on „f the perm«,ent value of «rove and fo,e»t. Both the Domfniun 
 and the Provmoml K.,vernn,ent, have applied U.e,n8elv™ to the hu«l«nd. 
 mg o' "ur forest wea th and to the refor«.ting of our denude,! a«a». while 
 w 'T'"'""" '""' ''"^■» '"""«' *" farther Hhnilar end,. 
 
 l.„H K, .. T*" "* ""'""'" '"**"'" "■'' '"*" >"» "■»« the very 
 
 laudable de.,« to know -no™ „f then,, to learn their nan.e,, their habit, 
 and .he,r use. Such knowledge ha, been heretofore oonflli larZ .^ 
 
 ..J^"™'' I Tu'™' "I*"""™ •" ">" f"™*-- "r luml^erman afd the 
 learned research of the ,y,ten,atio l«tani,t, both „. the«, being equally 
 
 to introduce the subject m a popular way to the intelligent reader to 
 
 of C^L ">«•> may be apF;eciated without the endless terminology 
 
 and de«„pt.on .. apphed w.th the fewest possible technical terms, and 
 
 th J""! Tk™"** "V""" '""«"• ""»' •* l"" justification in approaching 
 th« subjec by a method wh.M. aim, to combine, in a popular manual he 
 most useful features of both these ^.pects. Having had the good fortune 
 
 tZl T"^ •""J™* "" » «— - ^•™. whirls uTde 
 favorable conditions, our best kindergarten yet introduced, he g. ned in 
 early years a practical knowled, - of the botany of the wo;ds Tm" 
 
 the zeal of the naturalist, and a, a result ha, now for «,me yea., made a 
 hobby of the life of the woods and waters a, an offset ,„ theTtire o a 
 teachers duties The trees, especially, so common and so intereltLg 
 Uiough so litt e known, he has tried to intnx-uce to hi, clasj^rne 2 
 tersworthyof attentive study-not a, mere units in a system, but Zt 
 mg thing, solving the proble;ns of life in their own way. In pursuance 
 
 High School an arboretum, where pra.tic.lly all the tree, and shrub, of 
 
4 SYLVAN ONTARIO 
 
 the ..U.ri.t may be .aen .nd .tudie.!. The coHec.inn -' -"" "^ ;^; 
 ,p«in,e„. h» m«le ..ece.».ry »n «c»«te knowMg. of 'he" '-t""^ 
 Sthemeth-l «™,.loy.-<l in intr.KluoinK them to .»o«»..ve cla»e. ta. 
 helped to make p.«.ible the prep-rnvtioa oJ tl.i» hand-l«».k. 
 
 Tfew wor-U n.»y he ad.1.1 by w-y »f intnxlact.on to our le«n.«' 
 ,rie„d» and the expert botanist. Althou«h thi- work .. mtended m. mly 
 (or beginner., it i» hope.1 th»t it may prove .«m!e.t.ve to more mature 
 »tu.le,ft. and help to .ti.nulate a ,„„re lively i„t..re-t '" ""J;-' ^^ 
 which in often little under,.,«.l even an,on« ardent colleet<,r» 1 1 ■- ^ 
 Uevcl that the meth«i employe.1 may fairly claun to heongmal CerUm 
 American authon. notably Apgar and Newha 1, have "PP^^ '«' "^, 
 j«,t in a «.mewh.t similar way, but the analy,.- of ''■« '■^""K"'''™ "" 
 Scarcely fartl.cr than to the natural o.,ler. while that of the former de- 
 ^"dHVery l„rgely on ttower and fruit and -top- at the genu,, wh.ch ., 
 often only the lieginning of difficulty. „„- „» 
 
 Fo.- the facts of distribution, e.peci«lly in the «.u h-we,tem part of 
 the Province, Maeoun'. Catalogue ha. b«„ chiefly rehe.1 "PO"- -'' the 
 nomenelatur; employed i. in m«st ca«» that with winch our .tudent. an, 
 familiar. The drawing, have been raa.le by the author, ami, m nearlj all 
 r , fn-m typical natural leave-. The accompanying fract.on, md.cate 
 t:r,Le a. comp.>r«. with the actual leav.. and the nu™'- --^"d 
 with tho«, of the Leaf Index and the .ucceed.ng page,. In 'he no'- "^ 
 the variou, -pecie, -pecial reference, are .n «.me ca«„ n.ade to the S.W^ 
 of Mu,koka, with which the author i. naturally mo,t familiar. Thi, ha. 
 jemed fitting f™m the fact that thi. intere,ting di.t„ct ha. app^ent^ 
 not received from bo.ani.t. the attention "hich .t de«=rve.. Mu^h care 
 ha, been taken to en.ure correctne* m de«!r.pt,on and habitat, and 
 ob«,rver, everywhere are requcted to make known the -/»". ""^ ;"'■; 
 .ion, brought to light by their investigations. From the ..milanty of 
 he Hora. in neighboring Province, and State, it i, ""pe^ 'hat the u«f u^ 
 ne,, of thi, r.anual will not be confined to the 'e^'^'^J^" J^' f^^ ""^ 
 been prepared, especially ,ince blank page, have been added for the u«, 
 of .tudent, in noting further specie, or other item, of interct. 
 
 Finally let it be kept alway, in mind that thi. « but an Index to one 
 page in the infinite Book of Nature. Taken by it.elf it -"y P™™ " 
 ^Xesting a, i, u.ual with an index or a dictionary. When read m con- 
 nection with the living thing, which it introduce. the« .. rea«.n to hop. 
 that it may happily combine in.tructiou with recreation in a way not 
 without interest to the thoughtful reader. 
 Geavsshuiwt, May, 1801. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Ix the very nuiiiiTimn fciriiiH of life with which wf mwt we citnnot 
 help noticing that there lire nil <le){ree« of likene»« nnd iliffenmce. We 
 IxOieve that all Miese fiirnw »iv in wmie senite i>elatefl tii each o'her, nnil 
 the clowr the Himilarity the cliwer we consider thin relation to lie. Whin 
 such likeneiw in an exact an we are aicuBtomed t" And in Nature, we «ay 
 that the fomw compared are of the same kinil S/Keun, and we mark 
 them by the name name, noticing that the ir idualn reproduced from 
 thene continue e<iually similar to each other and to the parent forms. 
 A number of Hpecien plainly related to each other, yet i.ot t/ie name, form 
 a Oeitiu, the plural of this Latin word lieing Otrurn. Thu all our 
 Maples lielong to one Genus, though there are five or six speciec d we 
 have at least a dozen distinct kinds ot Willows, all belonging to same 
 group or Genus in the same way. Similar Genera again are grouped into 
 Families, or Ordem, and these again into higher and higher classes, upon 
 which at present we need not dwell. 
 
 Such a classification would, of course, be impossible without some 
 accurate system of naming, and the method introduced by the great 
 botanist, Linnwus, about one hundred and fifty years ago, is now com- 
 monly used everywhere among students of Nature. In this system every 
 Genus has a distinctive name, and this name, with a modifying word 
 added, may become the full name of any species in that Genus. Thus, 
 Aeer is the name of the Maple Genus, while Acer mbrum, Acer UKchnri- 
 num and Acer doiycarpum are three distinct kinds of trees within this 
 Genus. To some it seems a pity that these names should be in Latin, 
 but they have the corresponding advantages of being the same in all 
 languages, and of having an exactness that would not be possible with 
 every-day words. Thus, Acer mbrum will be known by this title 
 wherever it is mentioned by botanists ; while " Bed Maple " or " Soft 
 Maple " might easily be applied to several trees, even within the same 
 6 
 
6 
 
 SYLVAN ONTARIO. 
 
 province or county. Since different names have at different times been 
 given in some cases to the «aine species, it is customary to add, for still 
 greater certainty, the name of the author who first gave this designation 
 to the species. Thus, Acer rubrum (L.) is the Red Maple, as so named by 
 Linnieus. It will be seen that this Linna-an system is practically only a 
 Latinized form of our common methods of naming persons as well as 
 things. 
 
 Patient observers have thus named, and classified more or less cor- 
 rectly, all the forms of life that they have found throughout the world, 
 and their work is still going on. The following pages are intende<l to 
 iiMsist the reader in the much humbler, thougli scarcely less interesting, 
 task of identifyiiiy a few common and conspicuous forms of vegetable 
 life, and learning the every-day and the Iwtanical names of these, with a 
 few interesting f.icts concerning their structure or habits. For this 
 purpose, I have selected the Trees and Shrubs and Woody Vines that 
 grow wild within our ProWnce, and have fixed (m their leaves as the 
 most suitable feature upon which to base our observations. In classifica- 
 tion all resemblances and differences must be taken int<» account; but 
 for identification it is, fortunately, necessary to consider only the more 
 obvious similarities and distinctions. It will be found possible, after a 
 little practice in observing the peculiarities of leaves and the terms used 
 in describing them, to identify any species included here, by means of 
 the Index given on pages 15 to 37. 
 
 In order to use this Index, tlie beginner should first become acquainted 
 with the terms and definitions given under the heading, *' Description of 
 a Leaf." This is Iwst done by comparison with natural leaves, and with 
 the drawings to which references are made. Begin by mastering the three 
 headings, "Kind," ''Arrangement," "Margin," so that you can at a 
 glance apply the proper terms to any given leaf ; e.^., " Simple— Opposite 
 Lobed" or "Compound — Alternate— Pinnate." When able to take this 
 step you are certainly well begun, and often more than half done. The 
 corresponding heading in the Index will give the group, and in most 
 cases the page, which contains the species you are considering. Then 
 follow the brief rule : " If description agrees, step to r^ht ; if not, step 
 doum." Compare the description carefully at every stage with the leaves 
 before you, and a few steps will bring you to the botanical name of the 
 tree or shrub you are examining. The common name, with a few added 
 remarks, will be found by number in the succeeding pages. 
 
OUR NATIVE TREES AND SHRUBS. 7 
 
 Hhl tilT'^^'r'i " **"" ""'"" ""'"'"^' ™ "» "-'-«J in - very 
 Hhort t.me bes.de, be.ng nearly all available tl,rou«h..ut the year. 
 
 spece, at the same t.me. I„ beginning, it i, well tu follow out a number 
 
 ^dlmettr "T? '""*■"• """' ""^ "■""'"<' >■- >-<=— — ' 
 
 tt! Sl*^ r> T"*'' ""^ """' '"• ^''«" M-Pl", the Red or Black Oak 
 the Beech, the Poplar,, and the White Pine 
 
 ..amt'"'Fortt"''"'':™ '° ,'^"°"'' fa"""ar with the proper .H,tanical 
 Z'ndfl, rr"""*'"''""^"' "■« P^—iation of these has 
 the J. ' T I ''•'"™' "°"'- '''"' '«=™'""' -""' - ■"■"■ke.l by 
 
 the acute accent when given the short or narrow sound a« in bhinda. 
 
THE DESCRIPTION OF A LEAF. 
 
 I. The Kisd. 
 
 Simple : When the blade is in "le piece. (See pp. 18 to 36.) 
 Compound : When the blade is divided into smaller parts, called 
 leaflet). A compound leaf may resemble a twig with 
 simple leaves, but the former never has buds growing from 
 it, never leaflets regularly alternate, and alwayt a leaflet at 
 the end, in our species. Notice also that leaflets grow only 
 from opposite sides of the central stalk, and so lie in one 
 plane, while simple leaves often grow on all sides of the 
 central twig. (See pp. 14 and 16.) 
 Pinnate: When the leaflets are placed along a central stalk 
 
 (See p. 16.) 
 Palmate : When the leaflets are placed around », centre. (See p. 
 14— 20a, 26d, 26f.) 
 
 Figures placed before these words, as 5-9-pinnate or S-pal- 
 mate, refer to the number of leaflets. 
 II. The Aerasgement. 
 
 Alternate : Growing one by one and each higher on the stem than 
 
 the last. (See pp. 16, 22, 24, 34.) 
 Opposite: Growing in pairs on opposite sides of branch and at 
 
 equal height upon it. (See pp. 18, 14— la, 22a, 36a.) 
 Alternate pairs : Leaves that are really alternate sometimes are so 
 near together as to appear opposite on very short side twigs, 
 while the true arrangement is seen on the newer wood of 
 the young shoots. This peculiarity is very noticeable in 
 the Birches. (See p. 30-68b, 68d.) 
 Whorled : In circles of three or moi-e around a branch or stem. 
 
 (See p. 36— 84a.) 
 Two-rowed : Growing in two rows on opposite sides of twigs, as in 
 
 the Elms. (See p. 36— 80a, 81a.) 
 Solitary : One by one, not grouped. (See p. 36— 79a, 81a.) 
 Shingled : With small flat leAve-n overlapping closely like shingles, 
 (See p. 36— 83a, 84c.) 
 8 
 
OUR NATIVE TREES AND SffRUBS. !) 
 
 III. Thk Mabgih of the Blade. 
 
 Entire : With the edge even, or very nearly bo, all around. (See 
 
 pp. 18, 22, 24.) 
 Serrate : With teeth pointing towards apex. (See p. .34.) 
 Two-Serrate : With smaller teeth on the margins of the larger ones. 
 
 (See p. 30— 60a, 60b, 70b, 71a, 68b, 68d, 69b.) 
 Toothed : With teeth pointing outward rather than forward. (See 
 
 p. 20— 37e.) 
 Crenate : With rounded teeth. (See p. 28 — 73d, 32a.) 
 Teeth incurved : Bent forward and inward so that points may 
 
 appear rounded. (See p. 34 — 24c, 24e, 28c.) 
 Notches : The hollows between teeth. 
 Lobed : Deeply cut or hollowed so as to form lobes. (See p. 20— 
 
 37b, 21a, 21b, 21c, 21d, 21e; p. 26, except 73c.) 
 Pinnate : With lobes arranged along a central stalk. (Sec p. 26 
 
 —67b, 73a, 73g, 73h.) 
 Palmate : With lobes arranged around a centre. (See pp. 20, 
 
 26— 19b, 26a, 3a, 55a.) 
 Sinuses are the hollows between the lobes. 
 Revolute : With the edge turned under or rolled in on lower side. 
 Ciliate : With a fringe of fine hairs like an eyelash along the edge. 
 
 (See p. 18— .TOa.) 
 
 IV. The Ve-vation or Veixing. 
 
 Veins : The framework of the blade. 
 
 Midrib : A central vein running from end to end. 
 
 Palmate : When main veins run outward from base of leaf. (See 
 p. 20— 21a, 21b, 21c, 21d, 21e, 37b.) 
 Veins from the base often curve to or towards the apex without 
 
 much branching, and are then called nermt. (See p. 22 
 
 86b; p. 32— 18a.) 
 
 Pinnate : When branches run from midrib towards opposite mar- 
 gins. (See p. 34.) 
 In leaves like those of Beech and Birch the pinnate veins are often 
 nearly straight and parallel, running directly to the points 
 of the main teeth. (See p. 30— 60a, 60b, 70b, 71a, etc.) 
 
10 
 
 SVLyAN ONTARIO. 
 
 VI. 
 
 VII. 
 
 The Stem or Footstalk of the Leaf. 
 
 This is called the petiole, but in a leaflet it is the ttalk. 
 The petiole may be perfectly round, or flattened as in the Poplars, 
 or with a groove above as in the Cherries, or bordered by a 
 narrow wing on each side as in the Sweet Viburnum, or 
 marked by conspicuous glands (See VII. below) as in the 
 High-busn Cranberry, the Cherries, or the Shining Willow. 
 The petiole is sometimes not in line with the midrib, and 
 may then becalled oblique, as in the very small leaves of the 
 Hemlock or the very large ones of the Basswood. The 
 length of the petiole often serves to distinguish a species. 
 A blade without petiole or stalk is temUe. 
 Stipules are small structures growing in pairs at the base of or 
 along a petiole. In many species these disappear as soon as 
 the leaves are unfolded, but in cases where they remain 
 throughout the summer they are often distinctive marks. 
 (See p. 16— 27a, 27c, 2. , 26b; p. 20— 37b; p. 26— 67b.) 
 Surface of Leaf or Twig. 
 Smooth ; Without hairs of any kind ; no reference to evenneia of 
 
 surface. 
 Glaucous : Covered with a bloom like a cabbage-leaf or a grape. 
 This covering is usually pale or white on the lower surface 
 of leaves. It gives the color to "blueberries" and is 
 noticeable in some cases on the upper surface of leaves, as 
 in the Juneberries. In all cases it may be rubbed off, 
 leaving a more or less shining surface. 
 Downy or Pubescent : With fine, soft, short hail's. 
 Woolly : With dense matted hairs. 
 Hoary : With fine, short, white or greyish down. 
 Rough: Applied to the " feel" of a leaf as in the Slippery Elm 
 
 or Red Mulberry. 
 Scurfy : Covered with loose scales, usually colored or shiny. 
 Resinous-dotted : With shining dots, caused by a resin-like sub- 
 stance. Such leaves are often sticky when pressed between 
 moistened finger and thumb. 
 Glands : Waxy-looking bodies or raised dots found on petioles, or 
 on the midrib above as in Chokeberry, or on the points of 
 teeth as in some Willows and Cherries. (See p. 34 — 24c, 
 24d, 24e; p. 20— 37b.) 
 
OUR NATIVE TREES AND SHRUBS. 
 
 11 
 
 VIII. OuTLixE OB Shape op Blade. 
 
 Oval : Egg-shaped, length about twice width, ends nearly e<|ual. 
 
 (Seep. 30— 71a, 09h.) 
 Ovate : Similar to last, but narrower toward apex. (See p. IS — 
 
 34e, 41a.) 
 Obovate : Similar, but narrower toward base ; like the last turned 
 
 around. (See p. 3i—UA, 28c, 1 3a.) 
 Lanceolate : Long and narrow, broader toward base. (See p. 32 — 
 
 76a, 76b.) 
 Oblanceolate : Long, narrow, broader toward ape.x, like the last 
 
 turned around. (See p. 32— 76g, 67a.) 
 
 Cordate : Heart-shaped. (See p. 30— 10a ; p. 20 37a.) 
 
 Oblong : Length about three times width, and edges nearly 
 
 straight (See r. 24 — 14a.) 
 Elliptical : Similar to last, but sides more rounded, and narrower 
 
 towards each end. (See p, 24 — 49a.) 
 Awl-shafed : Small and sessile, and pointed. (See p. 36— 84a, 
 
 84c.) 
 Linear : Long and narrow, with nearly straight edges, like a blade 
 
 of grass. (See p. 36— 81a ; p. 32— 76d.) 
 Needle-shaped : Long and slender, like those of Pine and Spruce. 
 
 (See p. 36— 78a, 78b, 78c, 78d.) 
 Such leaves are often called needles; they may be somewhat 
 
 square, or three-sided, or four-sided, or half-round, or com- 
 pletely round. 
 The combination of two terms means that the form is between 
 
 them ; e.ij., round-ovate, linear-lanceolate. 
 
 IX. The Ends op the Bl.ide. (Base and Apex). 
 
 Acute : Forming a rather sharp angle, pointed. (See p. 22 — 48a, 
 
 76g, 76i.) 
 Obtuse : Forming a rather wide angle, somewhat blunt. (See p. 
 
 22— 45a, 46a, 43j.) 
 Tapering or taper-pointed : Curving out to a point. (See p. 34 — 
 
 24c, 24d, 24e.) 
 Abrupt : Suddenly forming a point. (See p. 34— 28o, 13a.) 
 Mncronate : With very fine and short abrupt point. (See p. 24 — 
 
 14a, 42a.) 
 
12 
 
 SYLVAN ONTARIO. 
 
 Ends of Blade — Cmitinued. 
 
 Cordate (base) : Heartahaped. (See p. 22— 86b, 46a, 5a.) 
 Sub-cordate (base) ; Slightly cordate. (See p. 20— 21a ; p. 26— 
 
 31a). 
 Wedge-shaped: Acute, with straight edges. (See p. 32— 67a; 
 
 p. 34— 24b.) 
 Oblique (base) : One side larger than the other. (See p. 30— 
 
 60b, 10a, p. 28— 32a.) 
 Entire ; The base may be entire for some distance, though the 
 
 rest of the margin is toothed or serrate. (See p. 32— 67a ; 
 
 p. 34— 24b, 28a, 30a, 30e, 63a.) 
 
 X. The Size of Blade ob Length of Petioles, etc. 
 
 > means "greater than." 
 
 < means " less than." The point is always toward the smaller of 
 
 the things compared. 
 3-5 in. means between 3 in. and 5 in., not ^ of an inch. 
 
 XI. Odob. 
 
 Many leaves when crushed have a fragrance by which they may 
 be known. Such are those of Sweet Gale, Sweet Fern, 
 Balsam, some of the Hickories, and Butternut. In some 
 cases the odor is unpleasant, as in the Fetid Currant, the 
 Staghom Su. lac and the Elders. 
 
 XII. Taste. 
 
 Leaves differ as much in this particular as in any other. The 
 Willows are particularly bitter, owing to the presence of a 
 substance which has been used as a substitute for quinine. 
 The Cherries and Juneberries have all the well-marked 
 flavor of the very poisonous prussio acid ; the Wintergreen 
 shares its aroma with two of our Birches ; and our two 
 species of American or Mountain Holly (so-called) have a 
 bitterness that cannot be mistaken for anything else. If 
 the true Poison Ivy and th^ southern Sumacs are avoided, 
 there is no danger of injury from the habit of "browsing 
 and nibbling," so well described by Maurice Thompson, in 
 "By- Ways and Bird-Notes." 
 
THE DESCRIPTION OF A STEM. 
 
 Unarmed : Without thurnn or prickles uf any kinil. 
 
 Many plants pitttect themaelvea by sharp-pointed hanl growths, wliii-h 
 are usually either stunted branches as in the Hawthorn and the 
 Wild Plum, or developed from leaves as in the Barlwrry, or men'ly 
 outgrowths from the Imrk as in the Roses. Such growths are 
 commonly called, in the order of their size and strength, thoruH, 
 gpines, (trickles and brisUeg, the last Iieing similar to very coarse 
 hairs. 
 
 Climbing : Rising by the support of other stems, walls, etc. Many 
 climbers take hold of their sup|H>rts by meiins of temlriU. 
 
 Twining : Climbing by winding around another stem. 
 
 Trailing : Running along the ground. 
 
 Prostrate ; Lying Hat on the ground. 
 
 Reclining : Between prostrate and erect. 
 
 Ascending : Risin<; slantingly from the ground. 
 
 Straggling: Applied to weak stems, especially when spreading widely 
 from the root, and ascending or reclining. 
 
 Stems grow from buda, which usually appear just above the petiole cjf a 
 leaf, i,€., in the axil of the leaf, <ir at the end of a stem or branch. 
 The buds are often distinctive marks, and differ very much in 
 different species. They are commonly covered by scales, but are 
 sometimes naked^ as in the Viburnums. The flowers are some- 
 times produced from the same buds as the leaves, and sometimes 
 from distinct ones. The buds show the arrangement of leaves 
 when the latter arc not present. 
 
 The Bark of the Stem : An experienced eye can distinguish most of the 
 forest trees by the appearance of the bark and the form of trunk 
 and limbs, but it is very difficult to put into words the features 
 which make this possible. It must also Ih* kept in mind that the 
 bark varies greatly with the age of the tree, and often with the 
 conditions of soil and light under which it grows. Only general 
 hints can be given here as to color, roughness and texture, but 
 the student is urged to note carefully all such marks and to prac- 
 tise identification by their aid, especially in the winter season. 
 Whatever may be the means by which we first make their acquaints 
 ance our aim should be to know the Trees at sight, as we know 
 other familiar friends. 
 
 13 
 
i.i.iu. iir'rii 
 
^ 
 
 «= 
 
 AN INDEX BASED ON THE LEAVES. 
 
 " l/ilr^ni^m, a,jrru, ,l,p u riuhl ; i/nol, Ve/j ,lan." 
 CoMPouKD Opposite. 
 
 Lenflettt 3, fihrubtt or vineii. 
 Clhubing shruh, clinging by |»ti„|„,, ,„„i„ „,ii, eo.umon. Virm.t:, r.,,,i,„V,„„ 
 
 Soe »!».,(» „hrub, „«„«l)y trailing, in r,«3ky ,,!««.«, rare). «,,«,/,, ,v,-/,V,7(,„.,-, 
 
 Erect .hrub, »i,lc le»Ht.t, nearly .cssik., Mcrrate, l«rk ,triped. »„;,*„(«, MMM., 
 i«iitletH, « or more, pinnate. ' 
 
 Sharply »errate,»t«lk»Hhort,ni,Mtly downy lwnenth,«hrub». (Elder») 
 
 LeajlotH 5.11 l„„g.ta,«,ring. stem ..ft, heart of „,..ra white. ,S„m/„„.,„CV,„a,/,„„-, 
 Leaflets 6.,, bark warty, aten, wocly, heart nf »ten, bmwn. »,ml„.,„, „„,.„.„*, 
 
 Leaflets ,-11, nearly aeMile, finely serrate, nearly Hni,K.th, 
 
 , u . - .. ... '"'• '■■'"-'• '"""'Ii"- Friij-ii,iiamMl„idf„lm 
 
 Leaflet. u-'J, stalked, not sharply and evenly serrate, trees. (Ashes) 
 Petioles and twigs pubescent, Hn ly tiKjthed, shore, of 
 
 Petioles and twigs sn.ooth, margins nearly ,,'-.'Sre. "'"' """• '"'''"'"'"' '"'''""" 
 Leaflets pale beneath, or slightly downy, rich wo,sls. F.„xi,.,„ .4„„,„„„„ 
 
 Leaflets green l«neath, .mooth, moist soil, not cunnn.m, Frnsim,, nriVf;, 
 See also (a southern tree with 4.sided twigs and finely Frajliui, 
 
 tcxithed leaflets). ifiiwlmmjiihitn 
 
 Compound-AlternatePalmate or of only 3 leaflets. 
 Stem, unarmed, low shrubs or climbing vines. 
 
 Leaflets 3, notched, or toothed, or crenate, or nearly entire. 
 
 Petiole long, ra,«tly 2-in. or more, teeth few, very poisonous. Khu, toxmnhndro,, 
 rotiole about 1-in. or less, leaflets nearly 8e,ssile, toothed 
 almve middle, fragrant. 
 Leaflets five, ciwrsely serrate, climbing or trailini!, harmless. 
 
 la 
 lb 
 L>2a 
 
 ■M\> 
 Me 
 
 Mb 
 
 03a 
 53e 
 
 53d 
 
 Blais Gtmidfiintit 
 
 quinqnefttlia 
 
 Stem unarmed, a small tree, leaflets 3, sessile and nearly entire. 
 Stems prickly or bristly, erect or trailing or climbing. """"'""■ ^"^"' '"^"'""" 
 Stem climbing, stipules joined along petiole, leaflets 3 or 
 J u 1 o - . 6-pinnate. Rm xHiiem 
 
 Leaflets 3 or o-pninate, imle-glaucous and downy beneath. (Raspljerries) 
 Twigs and petioles, densely bristly, bristles weak and 
 _ . , nearly straight. K„hm stiiijmm 
 
 Iwigs and petioles with stout hooked prickles, stems very 
 
 Leaflets 3 or o-palmale, not glaucous. *^'""""'- **'"" ■-•'•*"''■"» 
 
 Erect, downy beneath, stalked, with end stalk long and 
 
 Stems tniiling, leaflets green and smooth beneath. ''™'''^' ''"'"" """"" 
 
 Bristles numerous, weak and slightly curied, stem slender. ««fc», Imindm 
 
 Pnckles ecattered, stout and curved, stem shrubby. J(i,!i„., at„mL„,is 
 15 
 
 23e 
 23f 
 20a 
 12a 
 
 27a 
 
 26b 
 26c 
 
 26f 
 26e 
 
(Wild Wm.;) 
 
 LEAF IXDEX. I7 
 
 Coiiroi!«D.AtT«iiXATg-PiKi.AT« ; leaHeta 5 or more. 
 Stipulw long .nd nwn.w. joined itl.mi, |»,ti.,I., Iwiflutii 6-» 
 Slonm with ipineii in pain st bime iif atipulaii. 
 Spina, ahort, hookeil, laaHata moatly 7, flnaly aorratu, wot 
 u . Nhfinm. 
 
 Npiuaa alendar, atraight, laafleta inoatly fl, coaraely t(«,tli«.l. 
 
 dry »M.il. 
 Stoma mciatly without apinea in iHiira at linaa of .tipuloa. 
 Stoma unarmed or nearly «o, not rusinoua, common. 
 Stoma vory prickly, l„«ve« often ro.inoua or pulwscont. 
 Stoma climliing, loaduti often only ;), wuthwoatern. 
 Stoma or branohoa prickly or hriatly, »hruli». 
 
 Loaflota 8 or .1, downy-glaucoua beneath, moatly with narrow atipuloa 
 
 rwig, and petiole, don«,ly briatly, briatloa weak and atmisht. l{„h... ,(,„„„„. 
 iwiga and petioloa with atout h.H,ked prickloa, ateui vory 
 
 I u , .. , glauc<m». Hiihiia iHi-i,liiilaU.- 
 
 t.eanet8 mure than 5, without atipuloa. 
 Margina nearly entire, pricklea «t<rat, l«u s aromatic 
 
 i("«l Cnr.diui 
 }iimt liittllilia 
 
 HllMI Itl'il-ttlllf 
 
 Ititmt w/i'f/fca 
 
 27tl 
 
 i!ic 
 27b 
 27a 
 
 ^>ib 
 2lte 
 
 Xinttliuj'fitiim 
 
 Auifririntum 
 Aniliii ItiH/tiiht 
 
 Kit: 
 
 Millintt 
 
 Margina aharply lorrate, atom erect but ahort and bristly. 
 LoaHota 7-21, entire, or nearly »o, southern ahruba. 
 
 Petiole winged between leaHeta. l«»e» oblique, K.motimoa 
 
 toothed at apex. 
 
 Leatlota 7-13, <,uito entire, [ajtiole m,t winged, very [xriaonoua, 
 I „ . , awampa. /ft.,., rtnrimtn 
 
 LeafleU many, often > 17, aerrate, ahruba or atnall treoa, twig, coarao. (Sum«») 
 
 Twiga and petiole, thickly aoft-hairy, pale Inmeath, com.non. Him. typhina 
 
 Iwiga and petioloK smooth, leaflets glaucous beneath, rare, 
 Leaflets 11-17, nearly smooth, taper-jHiinted, a small tree, in 
 
 y swamps. 
 
 Seo alao (a northern shrub or tree .leaflets more downy and less 
 
 I ., pointed). 
 
 Leaflets 11-19, p, Uolea soft-downy, bark and leaves fragrant, 
 
 „ , . , , largo tree. 
 
 See also (a large ticuthom tree, leaflets sometimes > 20, petioles 
 
 flnely downy) 
 Leaflets 9 or less, finely serrate, trees. 
 r^oafleta mostly 5, long and taper-pointed, bark rough. 
 Leaflets 7 or 9, nearly smooth, fragrant, moist soil. 
 Leaflota 7 or B, densely pubescent, fragrant, southern. 
 Leaflets 3 to 7, often curved, nearly smooth, southern. 
 2 
 
 I la 
 
 aiiun ijlalini 
 
 Pijnia Avwrmtmi 
 
 Ptfrtta namhuci/Uiii 
 
 J'xjUtng finerea 
 
 Juglftns niijrn 
 (Hickories) 
 Canjn alba 
 Gtrya anuirn 
 Cartfti tomentvKi 
 Canja porcina 
 
 23c 
 
 2.t<l 
 
 23a 
 23b 
 
 2Hd 
 
 28e 
 
 66a 
 
 6Sb 
 
 Htia 
 AM 
 6eb 
 66c 
 
LEAF WDEX. 
 
 Itf 
 
 SlMrLK-OppnsiTK-E^TIHB. 
 
 I'liper IvKVM united in |Miini, NtuiiiN ofti>n twinini(, (tlont>y«iicklM) 
 
 LtiJitwi larifu, green uni) very downy on ImhI) Niden. hm'urm hiiAutn 
 
 Le»viM very tjUucuim twnuftth, HiniMith. nmuh Itrniiched. Limum* funnJIuKt 
 
 Petiultt ihDrt. ttbout ] in. nr Uiwi, ImvuH tixMtty < *2 in., n<<t l<>nt(-tn|M)ring. 
 
 M»r|{inii ciliftte, (letiulee nlundur, Urnnchinu Rhru)>t. (Hnneyauckltw) 
 
 Green nn buth eiduM, n|wx ixiinte*!, conininn tlinmuhoiit UnKu>-tu vUinttt 
 
 P»le and imWttcent b«'nuHtli, ft|Hjx nmndod, rare, n<irtliern. hmim-ti ntritl'-'i 
 Luaven oval or rounded, twipi ntund, mtt whity or »ilviTy iH-nvath. 
 
 Leavui about I in. or Iuhh, nninded, downy bunuath, low ithruli. Hiiin/thnii.iiiifn 
 
 fMiiirijIin-iiM 
 
 Leaves 1-2 in. oval, nearly Hm«>th, common in dry Hoil. 
 
 :t1iil 
 
 Mlbi 
 
 M 
 
 Hee atfto (a rare nhrub in Hwaiii[Mi, luavM aa in thu IahI). 
 I^eaveH li>n(( and imrrow, luathury, uvurgruun, twign round. 
 TwigN flattened, luavet whitenud lieneiith. 
 
 I^avm revolutu, white-glaucouH lnnvHth, nuai-ly »vm\\n, low 
 
 h*X "ihrub. 
 
 Silvery-acurfy Itenenth, petiolo about | in., tall ahrub. 
 
 Leivea glaucuuH livneath, dotted, width Iohh than k in., rare. 
 
 Petiole about ^ in. or longer, leAVua oval or t>vate, acute, or tai>er- 
 
 ing, mostly > 2 in. x 1 in., urect ehrubH or a Nmall tree. 
 
 Twigs bright red, nearly RUKMith, leaves [ulo or slightly downy 
 
 beneath. 
 Twi^s dull purple and downy, leaves (Ale-brown with fine 
 
 down liuneath. 
 Twigs brown or reudish, luaveH rough to touch above, do-vny, 
 
 Houthurii. 
 Twigs grey or greenish and nuarly smooth. 
 
 Leaves lai^e, round ovave, w<Milly beneath, twigs warty or 
 
 dotted. 
 Leav(.>i narrowly ovate, pale and pubescent Iwneath, dry soil. 
 See idso (a small tree with rough hark, in Houth-^est only). 
 I.eaveH nearly sip.ooth, green on both siden, twigs green, 
 
 wet shore**. 
 Leaves mostly finely toothed, often brown-scurfy beneath, 
 
 wet places. 
 
 Ltmifvi-it iiliiinuii/iiliti 
 Kiilinio tiiiiiiiKtifi'ti't 
 
 .'Mi 
 :i!*c 
 
 riOtt 
 
 KaliHh 
 
 iftanro 
 
 Ciiiutilentiit 
 K<ilminn»in 
 
 (Dogwoodf mainly) 
 CurnnH utiJnni/eni 
 Oirnti^ iteriren 
 C»»niu» tttperifiilia 
 
 Citrt.'in firrinnta 
 C't'iiifA imiiifiilnlti 
 Gfnina Floridu 
 t'epfuUtinthna 
 
 iMTitleutftlh 
 
 Vihu 
 
 rnnmv tn»i\ 
 
 nt/idet 
 
 50b 
 6Ha 
 1»a 
 
 aie 
 
 Ud 
 
 34b 
 34a 
 41ii 
 
 37ir 
 

 m 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 it 
 
 I 
 
 il! 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 illiii' 
 
LEAF INDEX. 21 
 
 SlMPtE-OPPOSITIi-SERRATS OR ToOTHED OR CrENATE (NOT LoBED), 
 
 Leaves very large, round-cordate, vein« rusty ..r woolly beneath, Vihurmim 
 
 stems straggling. lantimmiim (("a 
 
 Crenate or nearly entire, often slightly rusty lioneath, swamps. VibiimmiuiiiMhwid,. -.fig 
 Coarsely toothed, petiole i inch or leas, downy beneath, mostly 
 
 with 8ti])ules. V{l>,irntim puliescetiti a7e 
 Coarsely toothed, petiole > j inch, tall shrub, mostly with 
 
 . stipules, rare. Vibmnum lieuUtlum ;irf 
 
 Petiole nearly 1 in., flattened or winged, teeth fine and curved, 
 
 not ciliate, tjill or true-like. Vibvmum Lmtwi« ;(Th 
 Leaves ovate and taper-pointed, petioles j to J inch long. 
 
 Low erect shrub, in dry soil, margins usually ciliate. DkiriUit Irifiihi 4(la 
 
 See also (a tall shrub with leaves finely serrate, southern). Ein.iutiiuia 
 
 ntmpiirimrrn^ 16b 
 
 Leaves obovate and obtuse, nearly sessile, low spreading shrub. Eiuminnm 
 
 ArnericitntiB 16a. 
 IIMPLE-OPPOSITE-LOBEU. 
 
 Climbing shrub, leaves 3-lobed and serrate, bristly-hairy, HiimulHa Inpnhu, « a 
 Petiole with stipules and glands, leavec large ith scattered 
 
 hairs beneath. Vibttrnifm Opidu, ;!7b 
 
 See also (a smaller shrub, nearly siuooth, northern and rare). Viliiirmim 
 , faili^ijiiinnu 37c 
 
 Petiole about 1 inch or less, mostly with narrow stipules, very Viburnmn 
 
 downy. acerifiiliiim ;i7d 
 
 Lobes three, long tapering, leaves large, finely 2-8errate, small 
 
 tree, bark striped. Ai^erPfiimiilmmcum'nn 
 Suiusea rounded and entire, or deep and narrow with notch at inmost point. (Maples) 
 
 Sinuses rounded, lobes with 5 teeth < r less, |»ile beneath. Anr mn-harirmm L>lc 
 
 Sinuses deep, notched, lobes with many teeth, silvery lieneath. Acer ilnttimrpmn L'ld 
 Sinuses not rounded, not deep and narrow, not entire, margin 
 
 serrate, notches acute. (Maples) 
 
 Nearly smooth, pale beneath, mostly 2-aerrate, twigs reddish. Acrr itibnim L'le 
 
 Downy beneath, coarsely serrate, with wrinkled surface, shrub. Acer tplcatiim -Jib 
 
LEAF INDEX. 
 
 2:j 
 
 Sim PLE- A ltern ate-Enti re. 
 Climbing by utipules, stums jjreeniah and briatly nr prickly, voins curved. 
 
 Stems covered with straight briHtles. lenves 5 to i)-nerved. Smihu- hhpitin 
 Sturas with stout scattered prit-kh-s, leaves o-iierved, southuni. SinUnx 
 
 Climbing ahrub, st.:m uniunned, leaven bnjudly ovate or lohed. MeniaiHrmum 
 
 Trailing or prostratt' i>r recliniiii,' evei^'ruens, slender mid scarcely wootly. 
 
 Leaves ovate-co ite, larger than 1 in. x i in., stems bristly. Efiiiju-i ifinnH 
 
 Leaves ovate, very aromatic to taste, with a few low bristly- GntiUlnnn 
 
 jHtiuted teeth. intx-umlii'im 
 
 Leaves o'.>ovate and obtuse, thick and leathery, stem much Arrtnufiifthiili's 
 
 l)ranched and reclining. (Ira-Ursi 
 See also (h)w heath-like shrub on northern lake shores, leaves 
 
 shingled, very small). Uii'f»iniii tinwiifo^t 
 Sterna slender, leaves about ^ in. or less, leathery, revolute. 
 
 Leaves about i in., ovate, acute, stems mc)8tly < 1 ft. long. F'(((riiti"iaO.<j/rt«vMN 
 
 Leaves oblong, obtuse, smooth, pale l)eneatb, stems l-IJ ft. Vocfininm 
 
 long, swamps. vutntuurpon 
 
 Leaves obovate ()r oval, pale and black-dotted l)eneath, dry V<io:lni>uii 
 
 soil. Vltl«-I'h,t 
 Leaves with wintei^recn flavor, pointed, green and bristly 
 
 lH.'iieath, Ijogs. CJiiii'jt^ni'K hinpidiU'i 
 See also (a low, spreading, far northern shrub, much 
 
 branchetl, very revolute). Empetrtuii niiiiinn 
 
 Strongly revolute, white or rusty bmwn beneath low marsh evergreens. 
 
 White glaucous beneath, narrow, mucrnnate, aciil to taste. Andfi'mf/i j)'ilifolia 
 
 Ruaty-woolly beneath, oldong, (il)tuse, twigs downy. Lftbuii Ifttifidium 
 
 Woolly or glaucous beneath, nmstly narrow und pointed, often 
 revolute, length mostly > '2 in., Iwirk very bitter, rubs 
 
 or a suial tree. (Willows) 
 Petiole about j in. or longer, brojid, pale and veiny beneath, 
 
 a small tree. S<dix rosfint't 
 Petiole about | in. or less, very woolly, somewhat revolute, 
 
 often in dry soil. jSf(//.'' hninHis 
 Petiole short, young twigs and leaves beneath white-woolly, 
 
 shrub in bogs. S«dix aindida 
 Leaves small, nearly seasile, smooth, jmlo beneath, low bog 
 
 shrub. Salix m>frtiUokb<s 
 
 SKK NEXT PAOK-t 
 
 Oil 
 
 4tia 
 47a 
 
 4»i 
 
 4;(h 
 44a 
 
 48a 
 ola 
 
 7*ie 
 7bg 
 70i 
 7<il 
 
LEAF INDEX. 25 
 
 Simpie-Altehnate-Extirk.— C<m<m«erf. 
 Erect (hrubs, loaves nearly sessile, petioles mostly < J in. 
 Width mostly 1 in. or more, obtuse, twigs very tough, each 
 
 _ . , tipped by » leaf. Uimi i^dmlm 57a 
 
 Kesmous-dotted, smooth, oval, ba.se acute, apex mostly 
 
 mucronatu. Gaitlmtstirtn jy-^ifew* 42a 
 
 hraall, leathery, often rusty beneath, or finely t<.othed. 
 
 swamps. Casmndm cnti/i-utul„ 4]»a 
 Scarcely woody, leaves nanow, jsiinted, almost sessile, in 
 
 Jry s<»il. HeUtintlieinnmC'DKt'hnu*' 7a 
 inching shrubs with slender twigs, often greenish, or 
 
 warty, or downy. (Blueberries) 
 V ery downy on leaves and twigs, leaves mostly < 1 J in. 
 
 " * "'■. '"W, in swamps. f'(ir<i,ili,m Cuiiiide>i^ 43d 
 Pale or downy beneath, width not <i in., height 
 
 often 6 ft. or more. Vwxinhim mr>pn)«,K::m 43f 
 \ery pale, or glaucous beneath, rather rare .shrubs of the south or far north. 
 Leaves <I in., roui. '.ed, veiny beneath, a low 
 
 northern shrub. Viminiinn idii/iimiimu 4.% 
 Oval or obovate, length 1-4 in., aiwi acute, or 
 
 ta|)ering, .southern. Vaccmii'm alnmineum 4.'la 
 Oval or obovate, length 1-2 in., apex rounded or 
 
 mucronate, southern. T'liTiniiim racillitiia Hie 
 
 hee also (a shrub of the far north, leaves silvery-scurfy ou 
 
 both sides). Elapitfjitus anjentea 6J)a 
 
 Trees or tall shrubs, petioles > i in. (the trees are mostly southern). 
 
 Petiole about 1 in. or less, some leaves lobed, ai-oraatic tree. S,ismf,-m ufficiimh 68a 
 
 Petiole abo;it 1 in. or more, not lobed, very large, downy 
 
 beiw.lh, tall tree. Mcujiwl'ii nniminaUi 2a 
 
 Petiole about J in. or more, apex taperM.g, veins curved, 
 often slightly toothed, or pale-puliescent lieneath, 
 
 a small tree, common. Conttis idternifolin 34g 
 
 See also (leaves nearly as last, rough-barked southern tree, 
 
 in awamjis). .Vr,M,( aiimticti 3oa 
 
 Petioles \ in. to ^ in., shrubs or .small trees, in mo: soil. 
 Leaves mostly < 2 in. x 1 in., petiole slender ai.d often 
 
 purplish. Nemopantlm Camtdcruia 14a 
 Leaves mostly >2 in. x 1 in., base acute, apex acute, or 
 
 tapering, pale beneath, bark very aromatic. Lindera Benzoin 56a 
 
 Leaves obovate, length mostly > « in., small southern tree. Aaimina triloba 4a 
 
 Z»r 
 
LEAF INDEX. 
 
 3i MPLE- Alternate- Lo II ED. 
 Pinnately lobud, long ami narrow, fnigmnt, ferii-liko shrub. 
 Climbing or trailing, luavt-H large, mostly cnrtlate. 
 
 Margin Ntuirply Hen'attj, IoImjm and notc-hitH aciitu, nearly NiinHitb. 
 
 Margin ttHithud, lowur surface white-wnnlly ur ruHty-w<>ully. 
 
 LoIhjs nut tnothfil, |)etiolu attached to lowt-r surface of bla'lo. 
 
 Seb also (a climber eocaped from cultivation, lobes irregular anu 
 
 eiitire). 
 Lobes pinnate, sinuses acute, siiinll trees or tall shrubs, thorny. 
 
 Leaves nearly smooth, teeth tipped with tiuu brown glands. 
 Base obtuse or cordate, leaves broatlly ovate, |ieti«le slender. 
 Base acute or wedge-sha[>ed, thorns mostly < 2 in. long. 
 
 Base acute or wedge-shaped, thornx > 2 in., petioles stout. 
 
 Leaves, twigs and petioles very pubeaceut. 
 
 Base obtuse or cordate, teeth tipped with tinu glands. 
 
 Base acute or wedge-shaped, teeth without glands. 
 Stems spiny or prickly, loltes palmate, siimsi.-s acute,not t^itl. 
 Spines mostly .'J or more at leaf-ljases, branches bristly, swamps. 
 Spines 1-3 at leaf-luises, prickles ' eak and scattered, dry soil. 
 Spines mostly solitary and pale, I -.aiiches nearly unarmed, wet soil. 
 Stems unarmed, lobes palmate and serrate, sinuses acute, shrubs. 
 Stems reclining, leaves ill-scented when crusheil. 
 Leaves resiti<»us- dotted beneath, length and width nearly ei{ual. 
 
 See also (rare and northern, leaves broader than long, swumiis). 
 Leaves downy beneath, not resinous, base conbite, wet soil. 
 Leaves smooth, Imrk in layers, height Jt-lO ft. gravelly shores. 
 Leaves large, hairy or slightly bristly, stipules narrow, IoImjs 
 
 ta|>ering. 
 LoImjs pinnate, sinuses rounded, branches unarmed, large trees. 
 Lol)e8 acute and bristle-pointed, often with a few bristly teeth. 
 
 Lobes mostly 8 or more, usually toothed, a common tree. 
 
 Lobes mostly ti or 8, sinuses deep, shining above, southern. 
 
 Very deeply lobed, much to<)tlied, shining, in wet soil, acmthern. 
 
 Lobes obtuse and rounded, large trees. 
 
 Smooth and pale < tr slightly glaucous beneath, mostly in dry soil. 
 White-hoary beneath, sinuses deep, low ground and shores. 
 
 27 
 
 .Ui/,-;..i .i»/.(m./..(;.i (i7ii 
 
 rii 
 
 
 mil 
 
 Ills 
 
 anmd.i 
 
 Sf'litntnn Ihilrmnin 
 (Hawthorns) 
 
 Ci'tttinjiiH ciii-t:ittnt 
 
 riiliiiull/ulin 
 Critttxjiia 
 
 imvfttfiititUti 
 
 Cintiiijitu miilin 
 Cruttiijtiti hnneiit'iiwi 
 ((!(.< welien-ies) 
 Hlhr.i Itei'ulre 
 
 liilnn it-iiiUfiiHlhoidiA 
 
 (('urrjuits iimitily) 
 
 KilH-AjImidum 
 liitwn lIinLniitittniim 
 
 SpiriKi iipiiliftilin 
 
 L'iln 
 
 2»i- 
 
 2!lli 
 
 2!K1 
 2!lc 
 
 :ilc 
 
 H-Mh 
 
 ;ua 
 :iie 
 
 31f 
 
 26c 
 
 ;;ii(,r,.. „,/,„ 
 
 (Oaks) 
 
 idi.. 
 
 Qnert' 
 
 Qiierru 
 Qvercii 
 
 If.. ,-»hm 
 
 : olhn 
 nuti-iort 
 
 7;{g 
 7ah 
 
 7-M 
 
 73a 
 731> 
 7;ic 
 
 Mai^in mostly wavy, soft-downy bene!ith,sovitlierntree,swamps. QHtmiH himloi 
 Lobes irregular, some leaves merely toothed vt entire, southern trees. 
 
 Lobes palmate, apex notched, sinuses rounded, a large tree. LirUxhniJrnn 
 
 T„lipifpm 3a 
 Lobes palmate, pointed, apex tapering, very broad, a large tree. riattiH*inorfUlentfUi.H^4ii 
 
 Margin entire or 1-3 lobed, petiole slender, aromatic tree. Sumfti/ras ojfir.innle 55a 
 
 Maiyin sharply serrate, nearly sni(M>th, length not > 3 in. Pi/nis cortnuina 28a 
 
 Margin toothed, very rough to touch above, downy beneath. Mwu.t nihiu t>3a 
 
 See also (tree with nearly smooth leaves, escaped from gardens). Muntu alh't 63b 
 
itniiWfriit 
 
 47a 
 15a 
 
 c hiitinilu 8*Jli 
 
 ■ '{niulmn'jiilahi (Uin 
 
 Prttnun Auw.rkana 
 CvHttfijns umllin 
 Crutmins tinH(titi>mt 
 
 VUU-ltt)(tlltlltf 
 
 24a 
 29n 
 20d 
 
 2J»b 
 
 L£AF INDEX. 
 
 iiipli-Altebsate-Sbrrate or Toothed or Crenftte (I). 
 SteniH creeping, or trailing, or climbing. 
 
 Round-oval or ovate, aromatic, toeth low and bristly, creeping. 
 
 Climbing high, quite wmnly, finely serrate, unarmed. 
 
 Climbing by stipules, stems groeniHh and bristly or prickly, 
 veins curved, nearly entire. 
 Stem covered with straight hristleH, leaves 6 to ft-nerved. 
 Stems with stout scattered prickles, leaves ft-nerved, 
 
 southern. 
 Branches thorny, base obtuse or cordate, trees or tall shrubs. 
 Noc deeply notched, (»vate, tJiper-iM)inted, thorns braiich-liKe. 
 Deeply notched, nearly siutxith, thornH snuwth and iK>intod. 
 DL-eply notched, pubescent beneath and on twigs and petioles. 
 Hninches thorny, base acute or wedge-shaped. 
 Deeply notched, pubescent beneath and on twigs and petioles. 
 Deeply notched, nearly smooth, thorns long, mostly > % in. 
 
 Nf>tched, nearly smooth, thorns rather short, mostly < 2 in. Citiim^mvutmuUpAm't^ 
 
 >ot deeply notched, smo(»th, leaves leathery, thorns 2 in. or 
 
 „ , , much longer. Crattttfus CiiM-Oalli 29f 
 
 >ot deeply notched, somewhat downy beneath, thorns 
 
 . . , , , mostly < 2 in. Cmt'tyna pnnctuta 291' 
 
 hee also (teeth with spiny |M>int8, spines 3-pronged, garden 
 
 shrub). Berhens rnhjttiis (Ja 
 
 V jins pinnate, parallel, not much branched, nearly straight to teeth-jxjints. 
 Le .ves broadly oval, mostly < 2^ in., not tapeiing, notches acute, shrubs. 
 Petiole i in. or less, brownish -woolly beneath, rare, swamps. Betula puviila fiSe 
 
 Petiole J in. or more, leaves rounded, slightly glaucous alxjve. Anulnnvhifr 
 
 lufnuiiifiiliit 30c 
 Margins not regularly 2-8errate, teeth at vein-ends mostly, leaves rather larue. 
 Teeth regular and acute, notches flat or rounded, leaves long- jioin ted, trees. 
 Petiole short, J in. or less, apex tapering, length < « in. Fnifm ftrrmjinm 
 Petiole J in. or longer, ..out, smooth and green on both 
 
 sides, very long. CtHfUniea mtirit 
 Petiole i in. or longer, slender, teetli curved, pale with 
 
 fine down beneath. Queirti^ ncHminnta 
 leeth mostly rounded, notches rounded, usually not long-taperi:ig. 
 Leaves pale and finely downy beneath, base not obIi<iue. (Southern Oaks) 
 Veins fi-8 pairs, margin wavy or lobed, moist soil. " " ' " 
 
 Veins jB-16 pairs, margin crenate, tree in dry soil. 
 Veins 5-10 pairs, a shrub < 10 ft. high, wavy or un- 
 e.|ually toothed. 
 Base oblique, margin wavy, teeth irregular, small tree. 
 
 Quercns hicUin 
 Qii*-ra>a prinus 
 
 ■EK N'ext Page). 
 
 QitercKS pyitiiiides 
 Hamamplis 
 
 Virfjiniaiia 
 
 75a 
 74a 
 73e 
 
 73c 
 73d 
 
 73f 
 
LEAF ISOEX, 81 
 
 8i«ple-Altersate-8erhate or Toothwl or Creiiftte.~CoM/i»:i/f*rf. (II.) 
 
 VeinH pinniitti, iwrallul, imt much branched, nearly ntraight to toeth-tiointH. 
 
 Regularly 2-Nurrat», iiicwtly oviil <tr uvntu, t(K>thud Iwtwuon vuin-uniU. 
 
 Bhw <ihli<|Uti. {Hitinle nlHiiit \ in. or Iunk, hlmlu tirnt, leavut 
 
 'J-roweil, veinrt iilain, Urgur tuuth curvud forward. (Elnm) 
 
 Sunitiwhat rmigh atxtve, twigH nearly ftiniH)th, branchen imt 
 
 corky. Uhmut Amir if nut ttOli 
 
 Very rough to touch h1m>vu, downy buruath and on twigH, 
 
 oftvn foriUtB. I'lmfufidm )iOi» 
 
 Quite KHiooth to touch aliovu, branches with narrow corky 
 
 ridgfH, UliHi'a lUi-eitiiif (iOc 
 
 Leaves in jdternate {lairn rtn old w<kh1, solitary on nuw twigM, 
 
 downy beneath. (Itin-huM) 
 Putiolu alMiut 1 in., twigs downy, tcuth Roniuwhat blunt, Imrk 
 
 paiierdike. Hrhda iH,i„j,lfnit «Wd 
 
 See also (a rare eastern tree, leaves sharply serrati; or 
 
 slightly lobud). h*-hdn j>i.p>ilifi>li,i (Wc 
 
 Petiole < J in., twigs with wintergreen tjwte, sharply serrate, tajiering. 
 
 Bark yellow, in layers, Imiso mostly rounded, dull alM)ve. Hftidn htten tt8b 
 
 Bark dark, nnt in layern, Ixise often subcordutu, shiny 
 
 ais.ve. liftul,, Intta ««*« 
 
 Apex tapering, petioles slender, niustly < k in., bbide thin and »ift, nut glaucous. 
 Length nearly twice width, teeth tai>er-pointed, small trees. 
 
 SmiMith alwve. veins downy Iwnuath, petiole mostly > J in. CuipimtH Onolinvtna 7iia 
 Downy on both sides, jietiolt; mostly < J in., bark brown 
 
 and furrowed. Ogtritn Vinjin'u-n 71h 
 
 Broadly ovate, teeth fine, shrubs in dry stiil (Hazels) 
 
 Deeply cut l>etween vein-umls, slightly downy Iwneath. CitnjlttM r-i train 70b 
 
 Not deeply cut between vein-ends, very downy beneath. CurtjlHn Americann 70b 
 Not long-tapering, petiole about \ in. or longer, low gr(»und. (Alders) 
 
 Pale, glaucous und downy Wneath, a small tree. AIumh incnnn (tHb 
 
 Light green lieneath, slightly downy, teeth fine, northern 
 
 shrub. Atnim riritUi <iOa 
 
 See also (petiole long, leaves very large, Iwise oblique and cor- 
 date as below). Tllni Amf/'innui 10a 
 Petioles long, mostly 1 in. or more, blade rounded or bi-oadly 
 
 ovate, (poplars mainly) 
 Petiole round, leaves very large, base oblique and cordate. 
 
 teeth sharp. Tititt Amerirmin 10a 
 
 Petiole round, leaves and buds shining, teeth flat, hardly 
 
 serrate. Popuhm btilmimi/era 77c 
 Petiole flattened, teeth coarse, notches rounded. Fujmbia ijrandiilentatn 77b 
 
 Petioles flattened, teeth tine, abruptly short-pointed. 
 Petiole slender, mostly < 2 in., blade rounded, stmietmies 
 
 ciliate. r*>i»dns tiemnlnides 77a 
 Petiole stout, very long, lea.^s very lai^e, broadly ovate, 
 
 southern. P'lpnlus iuoiwiifera 77d 
 
 f-EE NEXT PAOE.I 
 
/MAf- LWfiEX. 
 
 33 
 
 Simplr-Alternati-Birhatr or Tooth«d or Crenate.—^'on/inu^t/. (HI.) 
 
 LiMvvii tiiimlly niirrow nnd iM)intii(l, And .• *J in. I^nd, not 
 frn^nnt, tuetli luw, often ^Uucoiirt i>r w<M»lly b«ni.'itth, 
 
 twi^N Hlcndur, tMirk very )>ittur. (Willnw-.H) 
 
 WiMilly iHinuAth, twJKii dnwny. touth irreguhir. or (ifti-n nuHrly untiru. 
 MirtfiiiM Hlightly ruvnlutu, |K*tinlu iittmit \ in.. NlintbH, 
 
 Downy aImiv*) nml on twiKt. ii luw hmiry ihriili, in Imi^i. AiHj- nntdidn Ttfi 
 
 Nearly NniiK»t)i iiliitve, grL'yinh Iwlnw, tHil nliruli, oftun 
 
 in ilry Noil. Silij- htimilin 7(H{ 
 
 Vointi very plnin, [it'tiolcH hImhU ] in. <tr nioru, ufteii 
 
 iilxiVHtu. rt Hniall truu. Sulix ifuititita TIhi 
 
 OlniicoiiN benuath, nuarly Htnuoth. 
 
 Nut IniiK-tiiperinK, not narniwly lanct-nliiti-, ti>uth often iriv^nlar. 
 ItaHe and ajiex acutu ami nuarly t'titirti, NideN unevenly 
 
 tiHithud, very {tale tx^nufith. S4tlh- diM-iiin- 7IIf 
 
 Baao rounded or cordate, teeth Hue, twi){H yvllnw- 
 
 hrown and shining. Hn^'w hiliunniffni 7Ck 
 Teeth irregular, tnoatly woolly iHsiu-atb, vuinn iiUtn, 
 
 often olxtvatu, Hninlltree. StUij- roAtrntii 7'kt 
 
 Base and ;iiH3X acute or tajK'rin^', inoitly silky l>enuath, 
 
 k-iiveH Hn:jill, n Hhrnli. 8"!1'- 'H-tittUtrii* ~i\\\ 
 
 Apox very long and ilendtr, petiole iiioMtly > J in., tret 
 
 with dark liark. StiHx ami/ifhihn'h/i ~Hh 
 
 Green on both aideH, nuarly Nniooth. Iong-|K>intfd. 
 
 Very gloNay, iHitiole Htout with glandti, brmully lanco4>late. Sfilij- Imithi '\\ti 
 
 Narrowly lanceolate, Ita^e nicwtly acute, petiolen < \ in. 
 Petiole diatinet, u>etli tine and clo8u, a miiall ti-ee with 
 
 dark bark, ikilix nuint 7'iii 
 
 Nearly seiwilut very narrow, teeth wide apart, a branching 
 
 ahrub. Hiilir lontjiftJiii 7(al 
 
 Petiole about i in. or longer, Immmj nioHtly rounded, or 
 
 Nulwonlate. Stdix rtn-ilnta "ttj 
 
 Toothed at apex only, nearly HeuHilc, ublanceolate, very fragrant. Mifrira Otde A7a 
 
 Leaves sinall. mowtly < J in. x U in., teeth very tine, nearly 
 
 HeHHile, small HhrubH usually under '.S ft. in heiuht, in HwainpN or {KKir soil. 
 I'ppermoMt leaves very small, leathery, often rusty beneath, 
 
 teeth not liristly, Ca^tttmlra i-uliiriUutu 4fa 
 Shining on both Hides, teeth liristly, twigs green or yellowish. Vnrilniiim 
 
 PftliiHyli-auiriim 43b 
 Pale and glaucous beneath, very low, much like the last. Vfin-inium iiiiinim 4.'k; 
 
 Leaves ovate, with .'J nerves from base, low shrubs, branching 
 from deep-red r«Mtt, in dry soil. 
 Base rounded or subcordate, apex tajwring, twigs and leaves Ceitn^fhun 
 
 downy. Amfrii'nii'"< li^i 
 
 See also (rare, siiialter, It-aveh lews jmihled, nearly nmuutli). Ci-iiiiufhiiH uiniiin 1-1» 
 
 tSBE NEXT rAGe.) 
 
L.-AF INDEX. 
 
 35 
 
 I J. 
 LI 
 
 /4t/ 
 
 (IV.) 
 
 (Cherries) 
 
 Pvnusijlvanirn 
 Pr'inus scitttiim 
 
 Pnin 
 Cflti 
 
 \» I'irijinifiii 
 ■i piimita 
 
 Simple-Alternate-Serkate or Tootht.t o, Creiiate.- Continued. 
 
 Long find pointed, teeth fine, base nut ci.L;;.. ard cortUte, 
 
 nearly smooth, petioles aljout A in., with grtwive above, 
 
 and usually with Klands or teeth at base of blade. 
 
 Teeth strongly incurved, trees with dark or reddish bark. 
 
 Teeth fine but very unemwl, usually 20 or more to the inch, 
 
 petiole Nlender. 
 Teeth alwut 15 or less to the inch, leaves larfje, petiole stout, 
 
 bark dark. 
 Teeth slender, leaves oval or obnvate, abruptly tapering, I>ale 
 
 beneath. 
 
 See also (a low shrub, Itase wedge-shapeil, toothed at apex). 
 
 Base oblique and entire, petiole short, downy, a small tree, rare. 
 
 Base round r)r cordate and entire, petiole alwiit \ in. or longer, without glands. 
 
 Some leaves with irregular loties, or deeply cut, apex pointed, small trees, southern. 
 
 Nearly snuMith on both .sides, length not > 3 in., sharply 
 
 serrate. P<irnx n.fnioriit 
 •See also (tree escaped from gardens in southern (tntario). Muios ,illi,i 
 Very downy beneath, and nKigh to touch above, leaves long. M<n-u.-i nihrn 
 Petioles round, without groove, teeth abruptly i«>intod, slightly glaucous above. 
 Leaves ovate and pointed, teeth fine, veins curving or branching. 
 
 Nearly smooth, a small tree in dry w(H»ds, common. Auifhinrhur 
 
 \ ery downy, especially when young, in moist soil. Amdnwhnr 
 
 Hoiniiniiiim 
 hee also (rare shrub of northern swamps, leaves small, 
 
 petioles short). Aiwhmchifr 
 
 otigiK-arpa 
 i-eaves oval or rounded, not pointed, Ijase mostly entire, shrubs. 
 Petiole long, veins nearly straight to teeth-points. Aiiu^ltinehifr 
 
 m . , , . , ,, rtituitdiftitiii 
 
 loothed above nuddle, vemscurving, north- western, rare. Amplnncliuralni/ol 
 Base Tnostly acute and entire near petiole, shrubs in moist soil. 
 Midrib dotted with dark glaiid.s above, teeth fine and much incurved. 
 
 Leaves very downy beneath, nearly smooth aljove. Pyrus arbuhfoUn 
 
 Leaves nearly smooth on both sides, mostly obovate. Pums mdnuiH-nrpn 
 
 Densely wof>lly beneath and on twigs, dark green abo\e. Spirtm Umientusft 
 
 Pale and smooth beneath, lower third mostly entire, not taper- pointed. 
 
 Erect and bushy, sharply serrate, petiole I in. or less. Spinnt stdinfoli.t 
 
 Mostly low and straj^ling, petiole i in. or more, teeth few. Prwmw pumila 
 Leaves 2 in. or longer, oval and pointed, twigs finely 
 
 downy. 
 Glossy green above, veins downy beneath, obovate, leaves 
 and bark bitter, teeth incurved, apex abruptly taper- 
 pointed. 
 <Jblongoroval, nearly entire, petiole slender and often purplish, 
 very bitter, apex often mucronate. 
 
 Rhamniis alnifdia 
 
 Ilex ve.rticill(itn 
 
 24c 
 
 24e 
 
 24d 
 '.;4b 
 
 2Ha 
 (i^tb 
 (i:ia 
 
 .SOa 
 30b 
 
 :Wc 
 ia ,'JOe 
 
 28b 
 28c 
 25b 
 
 25a 
 24b 
 
 17a 
 13a 
 
 NemojHtnthes 
 
 Canadensia 
 
LEAF INDEX. 
 
 CONE-BBARINfi TreES AND ShRUBS. 
 
 37 
 
 Leaves very Minall, linear, needle-shaiied, awl-shaiwd or awle- 
 like, moMtly evei^een, in clusters, ax in rows, or 
 scattered on the branchf^H, 
 Needles in clusters of 2 or 3 or 5 each, trees. 
 
 In clusters of 6, slender, len^h3-5in., alargetree, common. 
 In clusters of 3, stout, length 3-5 in., rare tree, eastern. 
 In cIusterM of 2, 4-<i in. long, large tree, Ijark reddish. 
 In clusters of 2, stout and curved, about I in. long, 
 
 northern tree. 
 Needles in clusters of more than 5, soft and not evei^reen. 
 
 Needles all solitary, sessile, 4-sided, not flat, not 2-rowed. 
 Twigs downy, leaves dark or slightly glaucous, swamps. 
 Twigs smooth, leaves |>ale or glaucous, moist wofxta. 
 
 Leaves all solitary, tlattened, inostly 2-rowed on horizontal i 
 Apex rounded or obtuse, not prickly, paler beneath, trees. 
 Leaves sessile, midrib dark lieneath. 
 Petiole distinct but short and oblit [ue, very pale beneath. 
 Apex very acute, dark green, not glaucous beneath, low 
 
 shrub. 
 Leaves mostly in circles of 3, prickly pointed, pale above. 
 
 Leaves either awl-shajted and opposite, or scale-like and 
 
 shingled on twigs. 
 
 Some leaves very prickly,twigs fine and 4-sided, stem erect. 
 
 See also (a straggling shrub on sandy shores, leaves as 
 
 in last). 
 Twigs flat, leaves closely shingled, not prickly, swamps. 
 
 (Pines, Cedars, SpruceH, etc.) 
 
 (Pines) 
 
 
 e:.i It ali;,hi,.-i 
 
 78a 
 
 Piuim ri-jitht 
 
 7811 
 
 Finns ii'siin'mt 
 
 7*1 
 
 Finns bttnksitimt 
 
 78c 
 
 Ijiirix Aiiu'tlnin'i 
 
 82a 
 
 (Spruces) 
 
 
 Fici'ii ni'jrn 
 
 Vila 
 
 Firtiu nllm 
 wigs. 
 
 7!lb 
 
 Abies bfttsanu'n 
 
 81a 
 
 Tsntjn CitHmlfusis 
 
 80a 
 
 Tium himila 
 
 83a 
 
 Jnnipems i-ommnnis 
 
 84a 
 
 (Cedars) 
 
 
 Jnnipvrns Vinjinittna 
 
 84c 
 
 Jnniperm Sttbinn 
 
 84b 
 
 Thntjit tnxidentalis 
 
 8;ia 
 
SYLVAN ONTARIO. 
 
 la. Cl^miUfi Vi,yini<hui (L.).— Virgin's Bower. Wild Clematis. 
 
 A climbing or trailing shrub, cnnnnon in low woods and along streams. 
 
 The fruit with its white plumes is very showy in late summer, suggest 
 
 ing one of the iMipular names " Old Man's Beard." 
 lb. Cl^mnti-* rriiiciUnris (DC.).— Whorled Clematis. 
 
 Much less coinniun than the last, and usually trailing over rocks. 
 
 etc., rather than climbing. It is known to the bf)tani8t by its large 
 
 purple flowers which, unlike the last, have small petals. The teeth of 
 
 the leaflets are also less regular and acute. 
 2a. Miujiwlin acuminata (L.).— Cucumber Tree. 
 
 Rare and local in southern ()ntari«j, but cultivated in various jilaces. 
 
 Named from the shape and size of the reddish fruit. 
 3a. LirUdendmn tulipifern (L.)-— Tulip-tree. White-wood. 
 
 A fine tree in south-western Ontario, and cultivated for its tulip-like 
 
 flowers in various parts of the Province. 
 4a. Asimina trlh>ba (Dunal).— Papaw. Custard Apple. 
 
 A small tree in moist soil in the south-western peninsula. The fruit 
 
 is quite edible, 
 da. Menisjie'rmum Camtdt'iiM (L.).— Canada Moonseed. 
 
 A woody climber griMing ,ilong the streams. The jwtiole is often 
 
 attached to the lower suiface of the blade, which is commonly lobed. 
 
 Reported as abundant throughout the province, but I h«ve not met 
 
 with it in Muskoka. 
 6a. Berlm-is vulgarU (L.).— Common Karberry. 
 
 Escaped from gardens, but growing wild. Easily known by the thorny- 
 pointed teeth of the leaves. 
 7a. Helidtdh^mnm Canadense (Michx.).- Canadian Rock-rose. Frost-weed. 
 
 A weed-like plant with somewhat woody stem and conspicuous bright 
 
 yellow flowers. Found in dry soil, but not very common. 
 da Hudsonia tumentosa (Nutt. ). —Beach Heather. 
 
 A low heath-like shrub found jn sandy shores in north-western 
 
 Ontario and reported from I'?>ke Erie. The very small pale leaves are 
 shingled clost'ly on the branches. 
 
 :i9 
 
40 
 
 SVLyylJV ONTARIO. 
 
 !)•. ihif/rmim Kiibuiaimm (L.)— Shrubby St. John's Wort. 
 
 BeiOTtod as common along Lnken Erie and Huron ; alao at Ottawa. 
 Britton and Brown Btata that it m found " at Muskolcn," but I have not 
 met with it here, in apite of this delightfully dehnite informa'ion. It la 
 interesting m the shrubby representative of the dottedleaved St. 
 John's Worts. 
 
 10a. Tltia Americhm (L.).— Basswooil or Linden. 
 
 One of our commonest soft-wooded trees. The lumlier is valuable and 
 the flowers yield much honey to the bees in early summer. Often 
 planted for ornament or ahade, though rather apt to be bniken by high 
 winds. 
 
 11a. Xanthdjijlum JiiicriVdiiiim (Mill).— Pricklj .ish. 
 
 Qjite common in eastern and southern Ontario, but apiHirently more 
 rare in the northern and north-western districts. Its common name is 
 ec|Ually appropriate whether referring to the obvious prickles of twigs 
 and petioles or to the pungent taate of the bark and berries which has 
 given it a place in medicine. 
 
 12a. Ptilea trifolMta (L.).— Hop-tree. 
 
 A small tree found only on the Lake Erie shore. The bitter fruit has 
 been made to do duty as " hops," and hence the name. 
 
 13a. Ilex vfviiciMtn (Gray).— Winterberry or American Holly. 
 
 A very striking feature of the swamps in early winter, while the clus- 
 ^ ters of bitter red fruit yet remain around the stems. The birds avail 
 themselves of the latter when better fare is denied them by the 
 snow, and it is credited with giving its peculiarly unpleasant flavor to 
 the flesh of grouse in December. 
 
 14a. Nenwpantkeji Canudensis (D.C.)— Mountain Holly. 
 
 Like the last, this shrub is very common in the northern swamps. Tlie 
 dark-red solitary fruit is e<|ually bitter, but the leaves are usually 
 entire, or nearly so, with slender purplish petioles. 
 
 15a. Celaalnu acdtuUns (L.).— Climbing Bitter-sweet. Waxwork. Stafl'-tree. 
 
 One of our best, or at any rate highest, climbing twiners, and 
 apparently common, at least in western Ontario. The red or orange 
 fruit is very conspicuous in autumn. 
 
 16a. En6iujmiu Atnericanm (L.), var. oboratiis (T. &G.). Running Strawberry 
 Bush or Spindle-tree. 
 Known by the four-angled twigs, which often rest upon the ground 
 and Uko root. Found only in the south-western peninsula. 
 
OUH NATIVE TREES AND SHRUBS. 
 
 41 
 
 X6b. Bnowjiwu atmpnt'piifen* (Jacq,), — Burning Bunh. 
 
 Largur than the last, l>ec(>iiiing a Hiiiatl treu, and still more s<)utbt>ni in 
 iti habitat. Distingu^hed by itH nize, by the longer putinlett or the 
 purple flowers. 
 
 17a. Hhtimmi:! (dni/dlia (L'Her.). — Buckthorn 
 
 Re[H)rted as connuon in swanipH throughout our range, but I have not 
 seen it in MuHkoka. The black fruit contains three set^dN, and the 
 HteniH, in Npite of the name, are tpiite unarmed. 
 
 18a. Oiniutlnui AmtfriraHun (L.).— New Jersey Tea. Red-root. 
 
 Thi» shrub, famed as the tea of the Revolutionary ariniuH in the 
 American War of Independence, is widely distributed with ns. It is 
 well marked by the three veins or "nerves "from the Imsu of each 
 leaf and l>y the reddish root. I have noticed it in only one locality in 
 Muskoka. 
 
 18b. Ceamthii:! in-<itii.i (Desf.).— Smaller Red-riK)t. 
 
 Found with the same genend rauj^o as the last, but much less conmion. 
 The leaves are smaller, smoother and less pointed, but marked by the 
 same peculiarity of veining. 
 
 19a. VltiH tfstinitia (Michx.). — Summer Grape. 
 
 Found only near our southern limits, and known by the large blunt- 
 tiMithed leaves, which are of*en somewhat wcnjUy. 
 
 19b. VHis Kipiirla (Michx.). — Riverside Grape. 
 
 Common along streams luid easily known by the sharp hibes and 
 teeth of the leaves. Tlie fruit is quite edible in September. 
 
 20a. AtnpelOpsIs qniniinffiilui (Michx.). — ^ Virginia Creeper. 
 
 Cultivated everywhere and growing native in moist woods throughout. 
 Sometimes avoidetl as Poison Ivy in spite of the obvious distinction 
 shown by its^iv, or rarely more, leaflets. 
 
 21a. Acer Penn»tflviinic>nn (L.).— Striped Maple. 
 
 A i)retty little tree, often called Dogwood or Moosewood. It is quite 
 common, at least in the northern districts, and is easily distinguished 
 by the striped bark and the large three-pointed leaves. 
 
 21b. Acer sfmatum (Lam.). — Mountain Maple, Shrub Maple. 
 
 The smallest of our Maples and usually only a shrub growing in 
 clumps. The leaves are easily known by the'r peculiar wrinkled 
 appearance and are more downy than those of other sjiecies. The 
 bark is somewhat striped as in the last. 
 
 21c. Acer mccharlnam (Wang.). — Sugar Maple. Hard Maple. 
 
 This is the Maple, well deserving its distinction as the emblem of 
 Canada. It is easily tirst for sugar, fuel, timber, beauty and shade. 
 A variety with dark rough bark and leaves less lobcd while greener 
 and more downy beneath, is known as the Black Maple — var. nlgntm 
 T. and G.). 
 
42 
 
 SVAyAN ONTAiaO^ 
 
 21(1. M-f.e tlttiin*-iirpum (Ehr.)-— Silver Mftple. Soft White Maple. 
 
 A Inrifu tree with white wood, gmwing enpecially on rich flatn along 
 Ukett or rivers. The seed, like th»t of the next 8i)ecieH, is ripened in 
 time to be dintributed by the floodR i>f early summer, and the seedlings 
 are firmly established before autumn. On account of its rapid growth 
 the Silver Miiple is very largely planted for shade and omainent. 
 
 21e. Arfr ;'H/<rpfm (L.).— Soft Ued Maple. Swamp Maple. 
 
 In some fonns the leaves of this sjiecies chisely approach the last 
 mentioned, l)Ut usually they are less ileeply lol>ed and nuue sharply 
 serrate or 2-serrate. This tree is less attiu:hed to the shores, and its 
 bright red foliage adds much to the splendor of our autunm wortds. 
 
 22tt. Staphtilm ^-i/.iiui (L.).— Bladder-nut. 
 
 Reported as fre«iuent from the Ottawa Ut the Georgian Bay, but I have 
 not met with it in Muiskttka. Easily traced by the compound leaves of 
 three leaflets and the striped branches, 
 
 2.*^. jf/i/fd t)fphinn (L.). — Staghorn Sumac. 
 
 Common everywhere in poor noil. Known by its coarse twigs, covered 
 like the petioles with thick downy hairs, and by the masses of Hcarlet 
 fruit, Hometimes used for dyeing. The bark 1ms l>een employed 
 successfully for tanning leather. 
 
 23b. Rhfts 'fliihra (L.). — Smooth Sumac. 
 
 Very much tike the last, but with twigs and petioles nearly smooth and 
 leaflets glaucous beneath. Not so common, but probably found 
 thniughout the Province. 
 
 23c. Khfis cojHillhia (L.) — Dwarf Sumac. 
 
 A southern form, rare in (^tntiirin. The bark is largely used for 
 tanning in the Southern States. 
 
 23d. Hhfis venenata (DC). — Poison Sumac. Poison Elder. 
 
 Mare poisonous than the next, but fortunately much less common, 
 being ctmtined to swamps in the south-western peninsula. 
 
 23e. Khfis toxicodSidron (L.). — Poison Ivy. 
 
 Found throughout the Prt^vince, but in two very different forms. In 
 the north and east it isastiftj^gling shrub ; in the south-west a vigorous 
 climber. Both varieties are poisonous to many persons, especially 
 when the leaves are wet, and cause painful blisters where they have 
 affected the skin. Known by the three usually drooping leaflets 
 mounted on a long petiole. 
 
 23f Rhfts Canad^ntit (MAnh). — Aromatic Sumac. 
 
 A stra^ling shrub, growing in patches in rocky woods. The aromatic 
 leaves resemble those of its relative, the Poison Ivy, but this plant is 
 quite harmless. It is common in the grounds of the National 
 Sanitarium on Lake Muskoka. 
 
OL'K NATIVE TREES AND SHRUBS. 43 
 
 24». i*r«HHrt Xj»»Ti((>mi (Marsh).— Wild /lum. 
 
 A Hniall thorny tree found thrniB..'hout OntArio, but apiwreiitly leiw 
 common in thu Laurentian diistrictN. Itn lenveH ruaemhiu thoNtt of the 
 CherrieR, but its cohi-hu tho.iis ind large edible fruit Hhow it to lie a 
 true Plum. It is 8ometinr->8 {lUnted for hedguH, 
 
 24b. Priinus piimila (L.).— Dwarf Cherry. Sand Cherry. 
 
 The amalleHt of our Cherrien, and seldom mure than a Htraggllng Hhrub, 
 growing on Handy shoruM. It in plentiful on the iHlands of Lake Miia- 
 koka and on other waters of tli>- district. The leaveN may be known 
 by the fewness of the teeth, thu |iale lower surface, or by the charac- 
 teristic " cherry " taste. The fruit resembles that of the Choke-cherry. 
 
 24c. FriiHiiit Pennaitlii'inini (L.).— Wihl Red Cherry. Pin Cherry. Bird Cherry. 
 A very common little tree or shrub, growing rajiidly in the poorest 
 soil. It shows a wpecial fondness for land newly cleared or burned, 
 which, with thu aid of the Poplars and the White Birch, it covers in a 
 very few years. 
 
 24d. Primus Vinjlnuina (L.). — Choke-cherry. 
 
 Usually H shrul>, with ubovate {sunted leaves, very palo beneath. The 
 petiole generally l>ears twt) or more conspicuous glands on its upjier 
 surface. The fruit is intensely astringent or "puckery " to the taste, 
 but is not despised by the omnivorous small l)oy. 
 
 24e. Pr>niii>i iwmtinn (Ehrh.).— Wilu lilack Cherry. 
 
 Our largest species, becoming a fine tree, and yielding valuable lumlier. 
 The fruit is mtich more pleasant to the taste than that of any other 
 wild Cherry, and is used for making wine. The teeth of the leaves 
 are incurved, as in the Red Cherry, but are much less closely set . 
 
 25a. (Spij-rta mlirifiilia (L.). — Citmmon Meadow-sweet. 
 
 Common in moist places, and ijuite a pretty shrub when crowned with 
 its spires of white flowers. 
 
 25b. Spirmt tomeKtum {L.). — Hardback. Steeple-bush. Downy Meadow-sweet. 
 Differs from the last in its very downy leaves and twigs and its pink 
 flowers, which have well earned fur it the name of Steeple-bush. This 
 seems to he a northern form, and I have found it plentiful in the north 
 em townships of Hastings anil Peterboro' counties, as well as in 
 Musk oka. 
 
 2Bc. Spiraa »}pjdifolia (L.). — Ninebark. 
 
 A shrub found along the St. Lawrence and the Great Lakeu, but 
 apparently not coiumon in the interior of the Province. The old bark 
 loosens and separates in thin layers or strips. 
 
♦* SVLVA.V ONTARIO. 
 
 2t)«. RM,m inh.mhi, (I,.).— PurpleHoworini! RnnplwlTy. 8cotch-o»|.. 
 
 Dilfen fnrni the other nispherrieii hi the largo "iiiiplo lohwl le«ve», w 
 well i« in the oolur iif the llimeni. Plentiful along fence", with other 
 "IMwiea, in .>lder Ontario, but not no uoninion in Miwkoka. A fnnu 
 with white flowurK (A. /»in-(/(,iiiM_Nutt.) may be present in western 
 Ontario. 
 
 2lUi. Aii()"»»(ivV(i»i"«(Michx.),— Rcil RaxplHirry. 
 
 Abundant everywhere, and furnishing valuable fruit. In the northern 
 ilistricts the Long Dlatklwrry seenis partially to take the place of this 
 species, which is ccirresismdinijly less plentiful. 
 
 atk;. /("'ipi»(«'i'i(^iiMii»(L.).— Hlack Raspberry. Dlack-cap. 
 
 Quite common throughout the <il(ler iwrts of Ontario, liut apparently 
 rather scarce i]i the Laurentian districts. Varieties are largely cul- 
 tivated for the fruit. 
 
 IM,,,, r;H.»pi»(Ait.).-HighBl;,l.Vrry. L.mg Blackberry. Tliimblelwrry. 
 The tallest and stoutMt sp^^.es ; growing abundantly In open w.mhIb, 
 yielding large (|uantitifs of fruit in favorable seasons. It is especially 
 coniuiou in the Laurentian region, where it follows the lumberman 
 and the bush-tires. 
 
 Htthun Cunntif'ii^in (L.).— Low Blackberry. Dewberry. 
 
 Like the Long Blacklierry, but prostrate and trailing. The leaves are 
 nearly smixith, and the long stems are supplied with a few prickles, 
 or nearly unarmed. The fruit is large, and pleasant to the taste. 
 
 Ki'iluu hUfiithia (L.).— Running Swamp Blackberry. 
 
 Less woody than the last, but with numerous prickles. It is found 
 throughout Ontario, lieing iiartioularly common in grassy swamps in 
 Muskoka. The fruit is small and sour. 
 
 27a. Hdiui mliijtm (Michx.).— Climbing or Prairie Rose. 
 
 Our only climbing Rose. Found wild in south-western Ontario, and 
 often cultivated. 
 
 27b. Ht'wi aricnlafia (Lindl.).— Prickly Rose. 
 
 This is the most northern form, and is marked by an abundance of 
 straight prickles. It is found on the shores and islands of New 
 Ontario, and is common along Sparrow Lake in southern Muskoka. 
 
 27c. Horn Wimhi (Ait.).- Early Wild Rose. 
 
 A very beautiful little shrub when in full bloom along our hilly shores, 
 about the beginning of July. It is common throughout Ontario, and 
 may he known by the fewness or .ibsencc of spines on its stems and 
 branches. 
 
 ■MX. 
 
 2He. 
 
 2«f. 
 
OIK NATIVE TK/iES AND SHKU/IS. 
 
 4S 
 
 27d. Hum C.ii-Jm<i (L.).— Tlw Mwnmp li,mi. 
 
 ThiH ii4 till) HjiticiuH wliich lulornN the iiiHrHhy Nhort'H nf imr iHkvH in 
 iiiiilHUiniiiur. Liko itii iiui^lilxir, tlit> IluttMnliuMli. it »iiiii« to thrive 
 lie«t with itM feet uniler water. Very plentiful iinmnil the ncirthem 
 liikeH, thi(iif{h extendintJC Kniitli to FloridH. 
 
 27e. W«i hiiinili, (Miirsh.).- Dwarf Wil.l H„.e. 
 
 Low iiml l)ii«hy, with stmijiht npineH. This «iiucieK. including « vnrielj 
 with xhining lu»tletH (/(. ("."/n— Ehih.). i» the rotnnionext form, in 
 dry Hoil or Among rockH, 
 
 a»ta. l'iiiiiiii"n>niirl<t (L.).— Americiin L'riilj.n|>|ile. 
 
 Our onlynntive reprexentiitiveof the true AppluH. Though its fruit i» 
 Niuall hikI Huid, thin tree in by no uieans to lie ileNiiiNcd, for its ** wealth 
 and lioauty" of foliage, tlower anil fruit make it well worthy of cul- 
 tivation. The leaves are very irregular, Iwing often distinctly lola-tl, 
 liut always sharply serrate, anil usually nearly smooth. It urows 
 wild in southern ( tntario. 
 
 28b. i'lir". nrl:iit;fil!„ (L.).-Ued Chokelierry. 
 
 A shrub growing i arshes, and along lakes and rivers. The leaves 
 
 are downy, and the \ cry astringent fruit is red when rij)e. 
 
 2«c. I'linm iiihalifUi:!, var. iiulnmunrim (Hisik).- lllack Chokelierry. 
 
 This is apliarently the northeni form and ivseiiililes the last, liut the 
 leaves are nearly smisith and the ripe fruit is black. Both folnis are 
 marked by the small glandular Isidies scattered along the midrib on the 
 upper surface of the leaves. Abundant in Muskoka. 
 
 28d. I'ltfiin Amenraiin (DC.).— American Mountain .\sh. 
 
 Not so well known as its Kuriipean relative, the FSowan-tree. but some- 
 tinies planted in its stead. It is quite ciunmon in cold northern woods, 
 and its fruit furni.shes winter fare to nun-migratory birds, such as the 
 Pine-grosbeak. 
 
 28e. /'!//■".» itiMhmifMn (Cham, and Schl.).— Western Mountain Ash. 
 
 Still more northern than the last. A few years ago, Mr. Beadle, of 
 Toronto, in looking up materia! for the Vanderbilt Arboretum found a 
 few trees in a semi-wild state at Emsdale on the Northern Railway. 
 This is probably near the southern limit of the species. 
 
 2fla. C'ii((ii,V/».< .fiiTiiii'i (L.).— Scarlet Hawthorn. lied Haw. 
 
 This, with the two following species (which are sometimes considered 
 merely varieties of it), forms the greater part of the Hawthorns in the 
 east and north of the province. Professor Sargent is making a revisii ui 
 of this genus, which is certainly in some confusion at present. Tlie 
 classification followed here is mainly that of Britton and Brown. 
 
46 
 
 -syiy^iv o.WTAKio. 
 
 2«h. cutaiijm IIUI.T.1. .liiMii (UiU.). -Ijiiignpiiud Thiini. 
 
 CuiiiMiiin in Muiiki*kA itnd uHNturn OntAi'ii), hut vury vnruible in \m\w 
 nmX thoniH, Thu rtiiweni ure aUmt » week Inter thnn in C ••vrrinni 
 and C. rotiinillMiit nnd, like the fi>nner, lie«r pink nntheni. whila IhiMe 
 of the Utter nru white. 
 
 alk,-. Cmliifijiit ,i,l:nutif.ilm (Uiirck.)— UiiundleiiVKl Hnwthnm. 
 
 A common fttnit in Mutkokit, iiuirkud by iihorter thoniN and luHVeH 
 nearly iw in the Unt hut lena doe|ily cut. S|Hiciinenii which hnvo lieen 
 crnt>|ieil by cattleoften ilevuhtp very ninny hmK and stmit thnniH. 
 
 21M. Cmliiiiim iiuMia (Scheule).— Red-fruited Thnrn. 
 
 DifferH from C. i-m-i'iui'ii mainly in ita larger leaveH, which are very downy 
 lieneath. It in a|i|>arently not common. thoui;h diatributuil over the 
 Province. 
 
 yik'. Cmtti^'jim tiimrnlnMi (L.).— FV'ar Thorn. 
 
 Very downy on twig», petiolea and lower nurfacen of leave". The leaf- 
 iMwea are, however, unlike thu laat in being acute or wedge-shaped anil 
 the |ietiole« more or lew wingeil. It weiiia to lie oonBneU to uur 
 southern Imrder. 
 
 •2«f. Cm(o.'r/ii« f,//».0,iH;(L.).-Cock«pur Thorn. 
 
 Thia siiecieH and the next differ fnini the preceding foriin in the leavea, 
 
 which are merely lorrate or I'-aemite, and not cut-lobed. The thornn 
 
 are very nunieroua, long and iileiider. aometimeK reaching four incheH. 
 
 Common in the Niagani and Krie dlMtrictM. 
 Sllg. CriihifijttA i»inel,'itii (Jaci|.).— Large-fruited Thorn. 
 
 Iteaembling the laat, but with shorter thorns that are often branched. 
 
 The small leavea also are more downy beneath and very finely serrate. 
 
 Found along our southern bonier from the St. Lawrence to the St. 
 
 Clair. 
 
 aO«. Amrliim-luer Oiii.irffinia (T. & Q.).— Canadian Juneberry. Shad-bush. 
 May-cherry. Bill-berry. 
 The largest of the Junelierrius, and liecoming a tree even in the north. 
 All of our s]M»cies have a peculiar dull bloom on the upiier surfaces of 
 the leaves, which, with the round glandless [letioles, distinguishes them 
 from their cousins, the Cherries. The bark has the peculiar "cherry " 
 taste, while the fruit shows a close relationship to the Apples. This 
 species is usually found in dry woods and has its leaves nearly smooth 
 when fully grown. 
 
 3l)h. Amelt'iiirhier Butryapiiim (D. C.)— Swamp Juneberry. Bill-berry. 
 
 Smaller than the last, and preferring moist woods. The leaves are very 
 downy, especially when young. Common in Muakoka, and appearing 
 in at least two varieties. 
 
OC'K NATIVE TREES ANt* SHh'UHS. 
 
 47 
 
 aoo. 
 
 :mM, 
 
 31h. 
 
 aia 
 
 Ain^^whirf ruiHtyii/iilin (K<»uiii.). — Il<tuikl*leAv*d •tunelwrry. 
 
 Tht>r« n|ip(Mr to bu >im;iy fnniiM iinitiiiK thu two pruciKliiiu MiMiviut with 
 thiM niiu. which in iiiiirktMl liy itH Niimllcr Nizn, rimndvil iukI iiunrly 
 Ntmt^ht-vuinwl. loiittputioluil luavt-H, ami Uter Howunt aihI fruit, (.'mii- 
 mill) ill MuNkukit iti vnrioim fortiiH. 
 
 Aiiirlaiufnr,- ..lifj'x-'htxt (U<nMii.). Siimll Swiimp .luiiulH-rry. 
 
 Our Minitltuitt N|K>cit>>4, fi>iiiid in >\ ffw plnc-v* in cnlil nnrtliuni kwiuiijik. 
 It IH preHeiit in Mimkokti, hut hy in im uiuhiih coiniiioii. Tbu chmtiri 
 iii'VLT c"m(niii nmro thiiii fnur HowtTi* i.r InjirieH. itiiil the «hruh niruly 
 ux'>l>m18 tivu (vot in )u'it[ht. 
 
 Am'liinchii'i- nliu/'iio (Nutt.)- -SankHto'in. WuNttsni .lunulHJiTy. 
 
 In M»y, lUill), I iiii't with ii Juiielicrry <>ii ii little iNUn<l in 8[uirri»w 
 Ijtku (iin expfiiiNion iif thu Sevurn River) which (litfL-rt-il km fur from 
 our uitial fiirnm hikI Hiiim»fu:hutl w» cluHvly to ikuthurn' deMcriptiniiN nf 
 A. uiinfi'liaiixrA I stMit HpuciiiiunNtn IVoffMwtr MKcniiii,iutkinK if itcnuld 
 iHilong to that HiwcieH, Flu cuiitirined my idcntihi>iiti<in hb thu i-nNteni 
 form of the- Npfcii'hi, whii^h had not \mvn pruvinuHiy noticL'<l fUHt of 
 I^ake Nipigon. It in intl.>l■L>Htill^ hh our ruprcHuDtutive of thu " Saitkn- 
 to«in," the fruit-tree of thu north-wusti-m plainM. 
 
 Ii}h>-^ rf,n''"*h,ti (li.).— Wild (ioiweherry. 
 
 Thu common ^tMmuherry of ojiun wihmU with prickly iK-TricM mid 
 Hlunder Hpiiiu«, iiuwtly at luaf Iwnes. 
 
 liifM-zi (ixicu-intlhiiiiPt (L. ).- Smooth (J(M»»t'borry. 
 
 Known hy thu miUHtth fruit, hut thu atemH are only Hlightly prickly 
 and thu palu Hpinus are found ftingly Iwlow the leaf Iihhuh. It ii not 
 common in the nouth. 
 
 Hihrii Incfuhf (Poir.).— fSwamp (iiMwelwrry. 
 
 Thu ))ranchu8 of tluH specieH are very bristly and thu HpincH at luaf baHus 
 aru montly in gruui>8. Comuum in cold nnrthern NwampN. 
 
 }{il)*:t inonfiiitmn {L'Hur.)- — Fetid Currant. Hkunk-burry. 
 
 A straggling or prostrate shrub, freipient in northurn woihIh. The 
 crushed luavuH and bark have an offunHivu odor, and thu tantu of thu 
 bristly red berries in utiually unpluasant. The commonest currant in 
 MuHkoka. 
 
 Hif>€sjir,r ilium (L'Hur.).— Wild Black Curnint. 
 
 Found throughout the Province, but not very abundant. Known by 
 the leaves, which are resinous-dutted lieneath and often large. 
 
 RibfH H^((i/**tti(Wi(nH (Richards). — Northern Bla^k Cumtnt. 
 
 !n May, 1891, this species was found by Mr. 8cott. now Principal "f 
 the Toronto Normal Suhottl, on an expedition in company with the 
 
48 
 
 SYLVAN ONTARIO. 
 
 w 
 
 writer. Thm was in a Hwntnp just Houth "f Madoc vill^e, in the 
 utiunty of Hastings, and I have not heard of its occurrence elsewhere 
 in older Ontario. It is found in the north- weutern part of the Province 
 and frtr ii()rth. The leaveH roHemble those of the black garden currant, 
 and the sweet-scented flowers are in an erect cluster. 
 
 31g. ii;\>eH riihn'in (L.).^-Wild Rod CuiTant. 
 
 ITiis is the same species as the cultivated Red Currant, but grows wild 
 in the north. It reseuihles H. prostnftum, hut in erect and not 
 ill-Hcented, while the flower-clusters grow from seiwirate buds, nut with 
 the lenves. 
 
 32a. llntnaniHin Fm/iju'nna (L.).— Witch-Hazel. 
 
 A rather tall branching shrub, often growing in clumps in moist soil. 
 The yellow flowers appear in October while the fruit of the previous 
 year yet remains, which fact, with its fame as a divining rod, may 
 account for the pfjpular name. It is rei»arted as rare east of Toronto, 
 but I have found it rather connmm in parts of Durham county, 
 and fre<|uent in Muskoka, An extract of the Ijark has medicinal 
 properties. 
 
 33a. AiMid hhpida (Vent.).— Bristly .Sarsaparilla. 
 
 This scarcely deserves the rank of a shrub, though its short bristly 
 stem is (juite womly. The leaves are twice-pinnate; i.e., compound 
 with the jjarts again divided pinnately intf> lesser parts or leaflets. 
 Rather common in sandy soil, at least in the north. It is a 
 near relative of the Wild Sarsaparilla and of the Ginseng of commerce. 
 Cornm Flutidn (L.).— Flowering Dogwood. 
 
 Our lanjest species, frequent in south-western Ontario and bearing 
 very c<m8picuou8 flowers and fruit. Its nearest relative in the north 
 is an herb of a few inches in height but with similar heads of flowers 
 surrounded by showy white leaves. Fruit bright red. 
 Coiii'iH riicitmta (L'Her.).— Round-leaved Dogwo(»d. 
 
 Common throughout the Province in rich woods. The lanse leaves are 
 nearly round and thickly downy on the lower surface. The twigs have 
 green Ijark with peculiar warty markings of darker colrir. Fruit light 
 blue. 
 COniUH ,ierii-eii (L.).— Silky Dogwood. 
 
 Resembling the Red Osier Dogw^hnl, but smaller and less brightly 
 colored, with more downy leaves. It is common along Sparrow Lake 
 and the Severn River. Fruit blue. 
 34d. Comm mprti/oUa (Michx.).— Rough-leaved DogwotxI. 
 
 Found only along Lake Erie and known by the leaves, which are rough 
 to the touch aiiove and downy beneath. Fruit white. 
 
 34a. 
 
 341: 
 
 34c. 
 
OUR NATIVE TREES AND SHRUBS. 
 
 49 
 
 'Me. C6ni»s sUAonifera (Michx.). — Red Onier Dogwood. 
 
 Gi-owin(; in cluinpN in wet Hoil, niid easily known by ita bright red hark. 
 Fruit dull white. This Hpecies with ('. nvricm furnished to the 
 Northern Indians a substitute for tobacco. 
 
 34f. C'firufM imnictilatu (L'Her.). — Panicled Dogwood. 
 
 I have not seen this species in Muskoka, b'lt it is very common in 
 eastern Ontario. It seems better adapted to dry soil and exposed 
 pnsitionH than any of its relatives. The fruit is white. 
 
 34g. C(»r(nw((i(er(it/<(Iia(L.).— Alternate-leaved Dogwood. 
 
 A small tree or shrub, apparently common throughout Ontario. Dis- 
 tinguished from its nearest relatives by the greenish pale-striiied bark 
 and alternate leaves, often with the margin aouiewhat irregular, as if 
 very finely toothed. Fruit deep blue. 
 
 35ji. Nifam Kiftrntirn (Marsh.). — Black or Sour Gum. Tupelo. Pep|ieridge, 
 
 A southern tree found only along the Lake Erie shore. The Iwirk is 
 rough and the soft W4Jo<l resists all efforts at splitting. Related to the 
 Dogwoods, and especially C. iilternifnliii. 
 
 IMin. Stimbftnis dmadeims (L.). — Sweet Elder. 
 
 Coumion in moist soil and along streams. This species is usually 
 described as nearly smooth, but in Muskoka at least it is very 
 markedly downy throughout the season. Known by the white pith of 
 the stems and the lai^er numlier of the leaflets, which often have at 
 their luises stipule-like growths, called stijwls. Fruit nearly black, in 
 late summer. 
 
 'M\h. Siimhitrtis rm-fmmit (L.). — Red-berried Elder. 
 
 Usually found in dryer soil than the last, and becoming almost a tree 
 in southern Ontario. The heart of the stems is brownish and the 
 leaflets are usually only five in number without stipels. Blossoms 
 about the end of April and ri[>ena its red fruit in early summer. The 
 leaflets of both species are often again divided. 
 
 ;i7a. Vihfntium lantatwides (Michx). — Hobble-bush. 
 
 Common northward, and conspicuous by the clusters of white flowers 
 in spring and by the very lar^e paired leaves on straggling stems. 
 Found always in shaded situations, and often confounded in name 
 with the Dogwoods. 
 
 3rb. Vibffriinm Opnlns (L. ).— High -bush Cranberry. 
 
 The bright red, acid fruit of this species makes a substitute for the 
 Cranben-y, and Jt is sometimes cultivated in moist gardens for this 
 purpose or for hedges. Plentiful in Ontario, and resembling the 
 maples, but easily distinguished by the glands and stipules of the 
 shorter petioles. 
 4 
 
50 
 
 SyLVAA' ONTARIO. 
 
 37c. yi6firni(m;OT'w(^<>n(ni (Pylttie.). — Few-flowered Viburnum. 
 
 A BtrAggling shrub resembling the last but smaller and bearing fewer 
 Sowers. This is a northern form and probably is not found in older 
 
 Ontario. 
 
 37d. Fi6ft)'iiinH a«'t*n/ofi»«« (L.). — Maple-leavet^ Arrow-wood. 
 
 A common shrub resembling the Manles in its leaves but with much 
 shorter petioles, usually Itearing narrow stipules. The leaves and 
 twigs are quite downy and the ripe fruit is purple. 
 
 37e. VihUr^mm jmbeaceiut (Pursh. ). Downy Arrow-wood. 
 
 Common throughout Ontario, and found like the last, in hilly or rocky 
 woodij. The leaves are coarsely toothed and downy beneath on very 
 short petioles. The fruit is dark purple. 
 
 37f. Vibdrnum dentatiim (L.). — Arrow-wood. 
 
 A rather rare form found in southern Ontario. It resembles the last, 
 but is nearly smooth and with petioles considerably longer. A variety 
 met with in Muskoka has downy leaves on petioles of ^ in. oi longer, and 
 I have not been able to satisfy myself as to whether it belongs to this 
 species or the last. 
 
 37g. Vibiirnnm cassiuoides (L.) — Withe-rod. 
 
 One of the commonest shrubs in northern swamps, though rare in 
 southern Ontario. Known by the small rounded teeth of the leaves 
 and in late summer by the long rusty buds. The slender straight 
 stems are very tough and are often used for basket-work. The fruit is 
 dark blue. 
 
 37h. Vibtmmm Lentaijo (L.).- Sheepberry. Sweet Viburnum. 
 
 Our lai^est species bearing bunches of dark fruit with a sweetish taste. 
 The leaves are rather finely serrate with winged petioles. Plentiful 
 along the Severn River and on islands in Lake Muskoka. 
 
 38a. Symphoricarpos racemosHs (Michx). — Snowberry. 
 
 Often cultivated for the white berries, and found native in older 
 Ontario. The leaves are sometimes slightly wavy or toothed, but not 
 pointed. 
 
 38b. Symphtmcarpos fHiucifldrns (Button). — Low Snowberry. 
 
 Like the last but very low, with small leaves and few flowers. This is 
 the form found commonly in Mutkoka. 
 
 39a. Lonicera cUiata (Muhl.). — Fly- Honeysuckle. 
 
 This is probably the most abundant nf our native Honeysuckles, and is 
 found throughout the province. Known by the slender branching 
 twigs, the ciliate margins of the leaveH and the red berries in pairs. 
 
OUR NATIVE TREES AND SHRUBS. 
 
 51 
 
 39b. iMmlc^sa ni-ynlea (L.). — Mountain Honeysuckle. 
 
 Himilar to the last but much lesH common, beir^ strictly n northern 
 form. The leaves are obtuse and less distinctly ciliate than the last, 
 while the fruit is blue ur bluish black. 
 
 ■39c. Liinicti-a Moiujiftiliit (Hook). — Swamp Honeysuckle. 
 
 A rare species, found occasionally in swamps. The red or purplish 
 berries are in jjairs, and the leaves resemble those of the Fly-Honey- 
 suckle, but are not ciliate. 
 
 3!M. Lonlvi-ra hii-aittn (Eaton). — Hairy Htmeysuckle. 
 
 A vigorous climber, easily known by the lai^ hairy leaves united in 
 paint at the summits of the stems. Plentiful in Muskoka and reported 
 from most parts uf Oatario. 
 
 39e. Lonkem ixirnfidm {hAin.). — Glaucous Honeysuckle. 
 
 Marked by the very glaucous lower surfaces of the leaves, which, like 
 the Inst, are united in the higher pairs. A common shrub, sometimes 
 
 climbing. 
 
 40a. Dierriltn tnjidn (Moench). — Bush Honeysuckle. Gravel-weed. 
 
 A common shrub, with short erect stenm. The serrate margins of the 
 leaves are often ciliate with short hairs, and the yellow flowers are in 
 groups uf three. Found in poor soil and on gravelly hillsides. 
 
 ■41a. Cephalanthiis occidentalis (L.). — Button-bush. 
 
 Found plentifully on wet shores, often with roots under water. The 
 sweet-scented flowers are in spherical heads and the fruit, unlike that of 
 Dc^woods and Viburnums, is dry. The upper leaves are often in threes 
 and the lower pairs have broad stipules between in early summer. The 
 leaves and greenish twigs have a slightly acid taste and are eaten by 
 cattle. 
 
 ■42a. GnyluMacin resimisa (T. and G.). — Black Huckleberry. 
 
 Commonly found in swamps in southern Ontario and in dry soil in the 
 north. Known by the resinous leaves, which are nearly smooth and 
 tipped by a fine point in most cases. The black fruit is edible, but not 
 e<tual to the blueberries. 
 
 -4;ia. Vacclnixm Htitminenm{h.). — Squaw Huckleberry. 
 
 A rare species, found occasionally along our southern border. The 
 fruit is greenish in color and, unlike most of its relatives, is not edible. 
 
 43b. Vucrimftm Pennaijlmnic nm (Lum.). — Low Blueberry, Blue Huckleberry. 
 This is the Blueberry of northern Ontario, where the rocky hillsides 
 are often covered by the little bushes. The fruit is gathered in im- 
 mense ({uantities during July and August and shipped to the centres of 
 
6S SYLVAN ONTARIO. 
 
 population farther aouth. It may he known by the {{reenish twigs, 
 the nearly smooth (not glaucous) leavei, with exceedingly fine bristlu- 
 pointed teeth, and by the abundance of sweet berries covered with a 
 delicate blue bloom. A narrow-leaved form (var. anguatifdia—Gmy) 
 is also found in northern Ontario. 
 
 4;k. Vfwctnima nujrnm (Britton). — Low Black Huckleberry. 
 
 Similar to the lant but smaller, and bearing black fruit without a bloom. 
 By a curious compensation of Nature, however, the leaves are quite 
 glaucous beneath and often above. Very common in Muskokti and 
 probably found everywhere with the last species, but not usually 
 recognized in uur Floras. 
 
 43d. Viu-e'mvim Canadenae (Kalm.).— Canada Blueberry. 
 
 This species is usually found in swamps, but although the fruit is abund- 
 ant and excellent it is less plentiful than the Blueberry of the hillsides. 
 The entire leaves and the twigs are thickly downy. 
 
 43e. Vncrinhim racil. • (Solander).— Blue Hucklelwrry. 
 
 Found in sandy soil in Kouth-weatem Ontario. The twigs resemble 
 those of the common Blueberry, but the pale leaveaare generally entire 
 and glaucous beneath, with netted veins and with the apex somewhat 
 tuucronate. This species seems to be sometimes confused with V. 
 nujrnm above. 
 
 43f. VacriHhnn cunpnhumm (L.).— Swamp Bluelierry. 
 
 A tall shrub found usually in cold swamps. The leaves are larger than 
 in our common species, with margins entire and sometimes ciliate. 
 There are sf veral varieties, often considered as distinct species. A 
 form with leaves very downy beneath and nmcronate at the apex, with 
 black berries (var. ati'ocoi-cnm—QT&y), is found in Ontario, 
 
 43g. Vacclniiim idiffinaaum (L.). — Bleaberry. 
 
 A form found only in the extreme north or on high mountains. The 
 smooth veiny leaves are nearly sessile, with a rounded appearance ; the 
 small berries resemble common species in the blue bloom and in taste. 
 Found also in Northern Europe and Asia. 
 
 43h. Vac"ininm Ki/w-w^m (L.).— Mountain Cranberry. 
 
 A low creeper, resembling the Cranberries, but found in dry rocky 
 soil. Reported as common to Ontwio except in the south, but I have 
 not iMjen able to find it in Muskoka, The evergreen leaves are thick 
 and leathery with rounded apex and black dots beneath, and the fruit 
 is similar to that of the true Cranberries. 
 
OUR NATIVE TREES AND SHRUBS, 
 
 53 
 
 43i. Ya^tUxima. oxncCcnis (L.)- —Small Craoberry. 
 
 Differs from the next chiefly in size, beiiij( smalliir in every reftpect. 
 The leaves do not exceed ^ in. in length and the whole item ia mrely 
 more than a foot long. Found in nearly the same locnlitieH as the i:<jxt 
 and connnon around MuNkoka lakes. 
 
 43j. Vticciiiium nini' rm-i'tr jx^i (Art.). —Large Cranberry. 
 
 A slendur creupur in cold bogs. The reddish acid berrios are nm.'h 
 esteemed for "cranberry sauce," and large ({uitntities are imported 
 from the Eastern iStates for local use. They are brought tt> market by 
 Muskoka settlers, but not in large quantities. The delicate vines and 
 small i> 'olutu leavei are not likely tti be mistaken for any other s|>ec;es 
 except the last'. 
 
 44a. Chi6i/eueg hi!tj)Uhdn (T. and G.). — Creeping Snowberry. 
 
 A very slender creeper found in swamps in the north. The small 
 leaves have the well-known flavor of wintergreen and the fruit is white. 
 Conmion in Muskoka marshes. 
 
 45a. Arctostaj^iylixt L^'tyi- (/m (Spreng). — BearbeiTy. 
 
 Common on northern islands and hillsides, where its trailing stems often 
 nearly cover the ground. The evergreen leaves are smooth and 
 leathery, and the red fruit grows in clusters at the ends of the twigs. 
 
 46a. Einifma r^petuf (L.). — Trailing Arbutus. Mayflower. 
 
 This pretty creeper, though, like the next, barely untitled to the name 
 of shrub, is adDiitted here partly on account of its ^ istoric fame and 
 wide popularity. It w found throughout northern Ontario, and is 
 abundant in Muskoka. The fragrant pink and white flowers with the 
 evergreen leaves make a favorite bou([uet in early spring. 
 
 47a. Qanlth^i-ia proc^inJieiin (L.). — Wintergreen. 
 
 Plentiful at least in eastern and northern Ontario, and well-known for 
 the bright-red aromatic berries that remain throughout the winter. 
 
 48a. Andrfnneda piilifuliii (L.). — Wild Rosemary. 
 
 A marsh shrub, recc^nized by the narrow, revolute leaves, with the 
 lower surface very white. Plentiful in bogs. 
 
 49a. CuMihtdrn ridijcHhifn (Don.). Leather-leaf. 
 
 A leafy little shrub growing in very wet soil or in Ix^. The leaves 
 increase gradually in size towards the Nummit of the stems, and are 
 usually finely-toothed, mucronate, and more or less rusty beneath. 
 
 50a. Kolmin auffudifi^ia (L,). — Sheep-laurel. 
 
 llejktrted as common in northern swamps, bul not seen in Masknka. 
 
54 
 
 SYLVAN ONTARIO. 
 
 50b, KMmvt glatten (Ait.) — Swamp-laurel. 
 
 Abundant in culd bogs, and very conspicuouN when the pretty pink 
 flowers are in bloom in early summer. Easily known by the flattened 
 twigs and the revolute evei^reen leaves, very glaucous 0:1 the lower 
 surface. 
 
 51a. LHitm latifviinm (kit.). — Labrador Tea. 
 
 A low bog shrub with revolute everjtruen leaves covered with rusty 
 wool beneath. The Indians use the dried leaves as tea, and it has 
 l>een clasaod by white men as a very good sulmtitute. 
 
 52a. Empetrum n'ujnim {Iaud.). — Black Crowberry. 
 
 A low evergreen shrub,' found only in the extreme north, where it 
 forms dense beds in bogs or on rocky soil. The stems are much 
 branched, with very small thickly-crowded leaves and black fruit, 
 which provides abundant food for the northern birds, 
 
 63a, Fn'u-intia Amerimnu (L.). — White Ash. 
 
 A fine tree, furnishing excellent timber, which is much used for imple- 
 ments, handles, etc. It is found throughout Ontario in good soil, 
 usually avoiding the swamps, llie bark is light-colored and the 
 smooth leaves, mostly with seven leaflets, are very pale beneath. 
 
 33b. Fraxinns pHl}^scens (Lam.) — Red Ash. Rim Ash. 
 
 Similar to the last, but smaller, and found in the same districts, though 
 usually along lakes or rivers. The twigs, petioles and lower surfaces 
 of the leaflets are very downy, as is not the case with any other of our 
 Ashes. Common on the shores uf the Severn River and Lake Muskoka. 
 
 53c. Ftitxinna ririV/w (Michx.). — Green Ash. 
 
 Specimens of the Red Ash show various degrees of pubescence aa 
 described above, and I have classed a smooth form found in similar 
 situations and with lower surfaces of leaflets ijreen as belonging to this 
 species. It seems prottable that thesu trees run into each other by 
 intermediate forms, and I have received contradictory determinations 
 (based on the fruit) from Canadian and American experts. 
 
 53d. Fr<h'innit qnadrang^data (Miehx.). — Blue Ash. 
 
 A lai^e tree found along the Lake Erie shore. The twigs are some- 
 what four-sided, and the leaflets finely serrate. 
 
 53e. Frf'fxinns mmhudfolia (Ijam.). — Black Ash. 
 
 A large tree, sometimes forming extensive swamps. The bark is dark, 
 and the soft wood, though not equal to that of its relatives in the 
 eye of the lumberman, is a staple with the Indian.s, who, by splitting 
 and pounding, reduce it to the thin and even strips used for basket- 
 making. The leaflets are nearly sessile, (<harply serrate, and usually 
 more numerous than in other species. 
 
OLR NAT/VE TKEES AND SHRUBS. 
 
 33 • 
 
 54». Siilaniim Diilmmiim (L.).— Nightuhiido. Bittersweet. 
 
 This £uni|>ean climber makes ittwlf i|uite »t Immu in iilder Ontario, 
 whore it no lunger needs the protection of man. The lilue Hilwers and 
 red berries show its relation to the Tomato family, while the deeply 
 lolled or nearly entire leaves distinguish the species. 
 
 55a. Siiamfim iijHeimile (Sees.).— Sassafras. 
 
 A large tree, common in south-western Ontario, and known by the 
 rough aromatic liark and irregularly lobed or entire leaves. 
 
 60a. LUulnit Beuzuiii (Blunie.).— Spice-bush. 
 
 A rather tall siiiiMith shruo found in moist places in various [larts of 
 older Ontario, hut apparently nowhere abundant. 
 
 57a. /''>V(f ;)tiM«fcw (L.).— LeatherwtMKl. Moosewoo<l. 
 
 A peculiar looking shrub with twigs which served as cordage for the 
 early settlers. The base of each petiole covei i a bud of the next 
 season, thus giving » jointed appearance to the branches, with api>ar- 
 ently a leaf instead of the usual bud at the end. The leaf-margins are 
 sometimes ciliate. Common in Maple wo<m1s ; plentiful in Muskoka 
 and throughout northern Peterboro' and Hastings to the Ottawa River, 
 though Professor Mscoun found it rare in the southern pan of the 
 latter county. 
 
 58a. Sfifiilie'rtliii Canufh-'mU (Nutt.).— Buft'alo-berry. 
 
 A shrub with silvery or rusty scales overing the lower surfaces of the 
 leaves. Common in central and new Ontario, but not noticed in 
 Muskoka. 
 
 o!)a. EUm(/nii.i artjeiUfti (Pursh.).— Silver-berry. 
 
 .V species similar to the last, but found only in the extreme north, and 
 easily known by the alternate leaves clothed on both sides with silvery 
 scales. 
 
 6<)a. XJlmnsfidm (Michx.).— Slippery or Red Elm. 
 
 Best known by the liark, which has medicinal value and is used as 
 chewing-gum by the country Isiy. The leaves are large with wrinkled 
 surface, very rough above and downy beneath, with the veins usually 
 more brancheil than in the next. It seems to be lacking in the 
 Laurentian parts of Muskoka though common along the Severn River. 
 
 60b. Ulmiis Amen'fihui (L.). — White Elm. 
 
 Our largest elra, valuable for timber, and frec|uently planted for shade 
 or ornament. In large trees the btnnchea curve quite gradually from 
 the trunk, making it very suitable for avenues and distinguishing it in 
 appearance from the last species. The young leaves are often rough 
 above, but not so evidently and visibly so as in the Slippery Elm. 
 
56 
 
 SV/.yAJV ONTARIO. 
 
 AOc. Ulmm metmimt (Thuiiuw).— Cork or Rock Elm. 
 
 Fartiien and lumbennen distinguish two forms of this species, the 
 msgnificent "Rook " Ehu of the original woodn and the Hecond-gmwth 
 "Scrub " Elm in clearings and along fences, the iormer being respected 
 as one of our hardent and toughest wikkIs. It may he known by the 
 corky ridges on the branches while the leaves are smaller and smoother 
 to the touch than those of the other species. 
 
 61a. CMi» iKtuhnUxU* i^.). — Nettle-tre*. . Sugar-berry. 
 
 A small elm-like tree, found here and there in Ontario, but nowhere 
 plentiful. The net-veined leaveH are shan^ly serrate toward the 
 taperinft apex with the oblique base mostly entire. The cherry-like 
 black fruits Hp[)ear singly in the axils of the leaves. 
 
 «2a. Hnmulna Ifipnlua (L.).— Wild Hop. 
 
 A native plant, found also in the'Ohl World, and extensively cultivated 
 fur its bitter hops. Though scattered over the Province it appears 
 not to be very plentiful except towards the north-west. 
 
 63a. Munm rfibra (L.). — lied Mulberry. 
 
 A native tree along the Lake Erie shore. The leaves are rough al>ove 
 and very downy beneath, often lobed on young shoots. The clusters 
 of dark-red fruit are very pleasant to the taste. 
 
 63b. M6ni9 iilba (h.).— White Mulberry. 
 
 Famous as the food of the silk-worm and now growing wild in some 
 districts of southern Ontario. The leaves are often oblique at base, on 
 slender petioles, with the surface smooth and shining, and often lobed 
 in various ways. 
 
 64a. Pltitanvn occidentidin (L.). — Buttonwo^. 
 
 This is probably our largest native tree, but is found only in the 
 south-western portion of the Province extending east as far as Toronto. 
 The leaves are very large and broad and the wood difficult to split. 
 The round heads of dry fruit remain throughout the winter. 
 
 6oa. Jnfjlann vinPrea (L.). — Butternut. 
 
 A common tree in older Ontario but apparently not adapted to the 
 Laurentian districts. In Muskoka its northern limits appears to be 
 near the Severn River where it is very abundant. The large leaves are 
 quite downy and, like the l>ark, are fragrant. The fruit is too well 
 known to need mention. 
 
 65b. Jfttflana nigra (h.). — Black Walnut. 
 
 A very valuable specie, native in aouth-westem Ontario and sometimes 
 planted on a large scale for its excellent brown timber. It has been 
 
OUR NATIVE TREES AND SHRUBS. 
 
 57 
 
 propfMod to introduoi! it in the denuded LKunntirui dittrictM by plant- 
 ing the nuta, and the experiment, if attempted, will lie watched with 
 inteniat. The leaflets are cimimonly more nuroertms and leaa downy 
 than in the laat speciea. 
 
 tma. Chv\in alba (Nutt.)-— 8hell-bark Hickory. Shaf{-lHU-k. White Hickory. 
 A valuable tree, with timber nmch enteemed for strength and tough- 
 neaa ; found conmionly in the wentem iwninButa and eaatwurd along 
 Lake Ontario. I had quite decided from auarch and inquiry that the 
 Hickoriea were miknnwn in Muakoka, when I waa handed recently for 
 identification a number of nuta taken from the hollow in a Htick ut fire- 
 wood which had been cut within a few milea ()f OravenhurMt. The} 
 evidently belonged to this ipecieN, having been discovered and 
 appropriated by that very induHtrious botaniat, the Red Kquirrel. I 
 have not yet had an opportunity to determine whether the latter ac- 
 quired thum liy honettt means. The leadets in this 8i>ecie8 are usually 
 five in numlwr and the liark ia very rough. 
 
 66b. Canja tmHenti'mi (Nutt.).— White-heart Hickory. 
 
 A rather scarce tree along Lake £rie, with twiga, petioles and leavea 
 very downy and fragrant when cruahed. The fruit is edible and sweet. 
 
 C6c. Canja p*/n-i'»«i (Nutt.).— Pig-nut Hickory. 
 
 Found in the name localities aa the hut, but rather more plentiful. Tlie 
 leaflets are usually seven in number or fewer, nearly smooth, and the 
 fruit very bitter. 
 
 66d. Carya amitia (Nutt.). — Bittemut. Swamp Hickory. 
 
 The commonest species in Ontario, though far from being the most 
 valuable. The leaflets are usually seven or nine in number, slightly 
 downy and quite fragrant when crushed. The nuts are bitter. 
 
 67a. Mitrira Qiile (L.).— Sweet Gale. 
 
 Abundant along wet shores and easily known by its fragrance, which 
 resembles that of the last species. The leaves are entire except near 
 the apex and the pale dots beneath contain the aromatic resin that 
 furnishes the chamcteristic fmgrant odor. 
 
 67b. Myrit-n asjileHiftiliu (Endl.). — Sweet Fern. 
 
 Common on sandy soil, especially in the northern districts. The fern- 
 like leaves with their peculiar fragrance cannot be mistaken for those 
 of any other woody plant. 
 
 68a. Be'lula le'nta (L.). — Black or Sweet Birch. 
 
 This species somewhat resembles the Black Cherry in Ijark and appear- 
 ance, while the twigs and leaves, as in the next species, have a stnimt 
 flavor of Wintergreen. The leaves are described as shining above, but 
 this is most noticeable in sunlight while they remain on the tree. 
 
58 
 
 SVL^AX OiVTARIO 
 
 1I8I1. mtdn Uit^i (Michx.)-- Vellow Birch. 
 
 A Ur^u Forent treu, common uvurynrhere. The leaves iire not easily 
 (lintiiijjuiBhed from those »( the last, but the yellow [ia|iery bark 
 genurally a auHicient mark of this specieM. 
 
 *(8c. Bf'tida papii/t'din (Marsh). — American White Birch. 
 
 An eastern sjiecies found rarely along the 8t. Lawrence. The chalky 
 white bark resembles that of our Pai>er Birch, but it i»e«lN much less 
 readily. Common in the Atlantic Pntvinces. 
 
 68d. B^tulii papiirifera (Manh).- Paper »)r Canuu Birch. White Birch, 
 
 Common everywhere and familiar as the source of the itajier-like birch- 
 Iwrk ani the Indian canoe. Young trees, with dnrk-ruddish bark, may 
 be known by the downy {mired leaveM on rather htng (letinleit and 
 lacking the arr)matic taste of the yellow and black HpecicH. 
 
 (J8e. Bt'tntn fitimUn(L.).—hiiw Birch. 
 
 A shrub in northern bogs known by the coarsely -toothed leaves on 
 short petioles and covered with browniHh wool beneath. 
 
 <iH». Altvii- ('ind*j* (DC). —Green Alder. 
 
 A shrub of the far north, prt>bably not found in older Ontario. The 
 leaves are very finely serrate, and, unlike the next, are green on both 
 sides. 
 
 tfOb. Alnim (nf«»a (Willd.) —Black or Speckled Aliler. 
 
 A very common shrub or low tree along every stream or river. It 
 resctiibles the Birches in the s^wckled Urk, but the leaves are less 
 tapering, somewhat glaucous )>eneath and not conmionly found in pairH. 
 The fine veiuH connecting the parallel ril»i give a ladder-like appear- 
 ance on the lower surface. 
 
 70ft. Oinjim AtMiicanu (Walt.).— Hazelnut. 
 
 Not BO common as the next, and found only in the southern parts 
 the Province. The hunks of the nuts do not form a beak as in the 
 next, the leaves are finely woolly beneath, and the margins are finely 
 serrate without deep hollows between the vein-ends. 
 
 "Ob. Cdri/luH ro»trata (Ait.).— Beaked I . elnut. 
 
 The common Hazel of northern Untario, and found alno throughout the 
 south. The edible nuts are covered by a bristly husk lengthened into 
 a narrow beak. Th j leaf-mai^ins are hollowed between vein-ends, 
 and the surfaces are less downy than in the last. 
 
 71a. Odrya Vinjinkn (Willd.).— Ironwood. Hop-Hombeara. 
 
 A small tree common throughout the Province, and Romewhat resem- 
 bling the Elms. The liark is marked by long and narrow furrows. The 
 hard, heavy wood is often used for hand-spikes, binding-poles, etc. 
 
OL'/i NATIVE TftEES AND S//R(/BS. 
 
 59- 
 
 i2i*. UirpJnru CVii»/i(itt)fMt (WalttfT).— Blue Buech. Water Beech. Htirnlwniu. 
 A aniHU tree with riiltfiid trunk, found in cluni|M in wut Miil througlmut 
 older Ontario. The smooth Imrk haa aome refiembbince to that of the 
 Beech, but in lenvuN and fruit and w<mm1 it ruaenibluH vury cloaely the 
 InmwtMid. It ent^rn Muakoka along the Huvurn Kiver. 
 
 73a. V.(.Vr..« Mbit (L.).— White Oak. 
 
 A coniinon tree, growing to a large Kizu in the Kotith, though genvrally 
 snmll in the north. Like all the White Oaks, thin apeciea yielda very 
 valuable timber. 
 
 73b. f^ui'rftm mrn-ivMvir/wi (Michx.).->MoH87-cu|> Oak. Blue Oak. 
 
 Thiit iH the much-eKteemiHl Blue < ink of faruiura and liiinbcinien, and is 
 found in wet noil and along ahoruH throughout thu iVtvincu. The 
 leaves are hoary, with line greyiith wool benuath, and are generally 
 lolled deeply, esjHJcially near the middle. The Urge acurnH with 
 fringed cu|m dintinguish this ajmcies in autumn. 
 
 73c. QwW IS hi,;io,- (Willd J.— Swamp White ( >ak. 
 
 i''ound mainly in the south in nioittt soil. The luavea are hoary 
 beneath, but the margins are wavy oftener than lobed. The acorns are 
 produced on long atemN. and are i|uite edible. 
 
 7'M. V"'''''"''/>Wiiim(L.).— Rock Chestnut Oak. 
 
 A large true along thu Lake Eriit ahore, with hniwn ridged l»rk. The 
 leavea have ciwrse rounded toeth and slender petioles, often an inch ur 
 more in length. 
 
 73e. i^teifiu iu-uminithi (Sarg.). — Cheatnut Oak or Yellow Oak. 
 
 Thia speciea in also a southern fo^-m, and showa its cloan relation t^p the 
 Chestnut and uren the Beech iii the toothed and pointed leaves, which 
 are quite different froui the lolied foruiH of the north. TIun tree hiia 
 rather narrow leaves, pale and downy t>eneath, with coarse hooketl 
 teeth. Unlike the Chestnut, however, the leaves Heldom exceed six 
 inchus in length. 
 
 73f. Qiivirn^ prinolflfs (Willd.).— Scrub Chestnut Oak. 
 
 A shrub closely related to the two preceding apecies and found along 
 Lake Ontario, as well as in the aouth- western peninsula. The leaves 
 ha\e coarse teeth, mostly obtuse, but acarcely rounded. 
 
 73g. VMfVow W(6m(L.)— RedOak. Black Oak. 
 
 The commonest representative of the Red or Black Oaks, which include 
 this and the two following Hpecies, all lieing marked by the bristle- 
 tipped lobt!* of the leaves, and acorns that re<juire two neasonH to 
 ripen. The timl>er is coarse-grained, and much inferior to that uf the 
 white varieties. 
 
m 
 
 SYLVAN ONTARIO. 
 
 ;:ili. i4%wrfm cmtImh (Willd.).-8<Mrlet ftak. 
 
 RiniiUr U* thv iMt, but miiifintd t4i th«) timth-wefit. The Imtm hnra 
 UMually fewer teeth od the Inltett, with a iwimewhat thining Nurfitce, 
 vflpeoiiiUy above, while the eupN uf the fruit are letw sftucer-Hha|HKl, 
 covering abuut half of the aoom. A form of thi" H|>ecieM (var. i'mftm ia 
 —Gray) haa duller leave*, ai<tnuwh«t dnwiiy beneath, and atill dee|>er 
 oujia. 
 
 7:ii. V^i/rrtM jMiUnttU (Du Hoi).— -Bwanip Oak. Pin Oak. 
 
 A ■wain|i tree with leavei very deeply lolwd, amuoth and shining oii 
 the upper Hurface, the lohen inoatly with xeventl teeth. Like the Uat, 
 fiiund only in the aouth-weatem peninaula. 
 
 74ii. Cdtffftftfa wiMrri (Mill), VHT. .4(tM'rM;(ifm (Miohx.)- — Cheatnut. 
 
 A large tree of the aouth-weat. The leaves reaemble aoinewhat thoaa 
 of the Beech, but are much longer, with ahar]> tapering teeth. 
 
 7Aa Foijiiifrrriiginea (Ait.).— Beech. Red Beech. 
 
 Farmeni diatinguiah two varieties of this tree, with white ana red 
 woods, resiwctively, but the ditferenoe appears to be altogether de- 
 pendent ujton soil and other conditions. It is easily known by the 
 •mooth grey bark and apreading branches, with leaves toothed only at 
 the ends of the very straight and plain veins. 
 
 76a. 8Mix nUim (Marshall).— Black Willow. 
 
 The largeat of our Willows, forming a amall tree with dark brown l>nrk. 
 The leaveH are nearly ainixith and green on both sides, with petioleK 
 usually less than one-half inch, and the iMute nut at all cordate. Not 
 very common, and jirobably displaced in many districts by the next 
 species. A variety with long and narrow leaven (possibly var. faliutu— 
 Torr.) grows along Sparrow Lake in southern Muskoka. 
 
 7Hb. 'VfilkT ami;r/rfniot<l«» (Anden).— Peach-leaved Willow. 
 
 In Ontario this rather handsome tree appears to be coiumonly mistaken 
 for the laat species, which it resembles closely in flower and fruit as 
 well AS in the appearance of the tiark and twigs. The leaves, however, 
 are distinctly gl<niama beneath, ijuite broad at the base, with long- 
 tapering apex and with slender petioles, often nearly an inch in length 
 when fully gmwn. Although satisfied for si>me years as to the identity 
 of this species, I was unable to find any mention of its occurrence in 
 this Province, and finally, in the spring of lUOO, appealed to Professor 
 Macoun. who determined my aiiecimena as above, adding that it had 
 not been reported previously. Since then Professor Macoun has sought 
 and found thin species in the east, and I have noticed it in various 
 places throughout n()rth«rn and central Ontario, where it iwemM to he 
 rather common. 
 
OVK XATIl'E TREES ANli SHRUBS. 01 
 
 7«c. Shlit l,;,-i,l, (Muhl.).- Shining Willow. 
 
 A Imutihil ihnili with •muoth xhininn Iwkvoii, •i.niewluit rawmliling 
 IhuM of thii Cherriaa The putinlw hiivii unuall^ Iwii .ir nxirv liUndii 
 »nil thii utipiilua cimiuiinly ruiimin ilurinK the numiner. Uh yalliiwith 
 twigs uri) nnKxith and ahining, unci it iirnt.-ra w«t nitiuitiiinii. 
 
 ril.l. S,ili.r /„.,,,.|,j;,i (Mulil.). — Ldng-lenvml Willow. 
 
 .\ ri»ur-lj«nk iiiwcim, niarkwl by tlio very loiiK and nnm>w loavcw, 
 nearly Mmaile, uruon on t«ith aidea anil with low taeth wide apart. 
 
 TIte S,)li,' r:mtmt,i(RKh.).^-Uvu\ Willow. 
 
 .A tall «hrub or ainall tree very con n throughout Ontario. The 
 
 loavea are dull jjreon and more or lean downy alaive. glaucoua and gen- 
 erally w.mlly Iwneath, with very plain netted veina. The nuilgina are 
 inwvinly lerrato, with a few low teeth or nmrly entire. 
 
 THf. ah;..- ilii^ij,,,- (Mnhl.).— (llauwiua WiUow. 
 
 Thia vury connnoii treelike Willow may be known by the loavea, which 
 are » hite-glnucoua la-'neath but not downy, and unevenly tca.thed 
 along Iho aidea, while nearly entire at the enda. The Howera of thia 
 " Puaay W iUow " are very conapicuoua in early apring. 
 
 7tig. .'<(i/o*"M.(/» (Marshall).— Prairie Willow. 
 
 .\ shrub with downy twiga and rather narrow leaves, which are nearly 
 entire and often aoniewhat revolule, with the lower lurfaoe densely 
 Krey-w.H.lly. Uaually found in diy aoil, but not very comniiin. 
 
 7«h. ».(/j irli,J,\n, (.Smith).— Slender Willow. 
 
 \ awanip ahrub, growing in clunipa with tough twiga, often used for 
 Imaket-work. The leavea are amall and narrow, with tine blunt teeth, 
 and the lower surface pide and glaucuua, with fine silky down, e»|wcially 
 when young. One of the corumoneat apeciea in Muskoka. 
 
 7«i. Sixlit .viiKdifaCWilld.).— Hoary Willow. 
 
 A lK)g ahrub, marked by the woolly twigs and surfaces of the nar- 
 row leaves. Reported aa common in northern Ontario, but rather 
 rare in Muskoka. 
 
 7lij. .*iii> .urrfnfc, (Muhl.).— Heart-leaved Willow. 
 
 In spite of the name the leaves of this siieciu are usually not cordate. 
 Though common in southern Ontario and to the northwest, I have 
 not met with it in Muskoka. It ia described as being very variable in 
 different localities. 
 76k. *ii;..' Imlmviifem (Barratt).— Balsam Willow. 
 
 A low Willow of the northern swamps and perhaps not foui.d in older 
 Onturio, though very common in Muskoka. It nay be known by the 
 l.r<«d leave, glaucus snd veiny beneath, with flue teeth, and by the 
 shining brownish-yellow twigs. 
 
62 
 
 SYLVAN ONTARIO. 
 
 761. Siiiix mf/r(iHoi((«8 (L.).— Bog Willow. Myrtle Willow. 
 
 Our sinalleBt Bpecies and found only in cold bt^s. The smooth, Blender 
 fttenis are commonly about two feet high or less, with snmll entire 
 leaves, which are quite smooth, and pale or glaucous beneath. 
 
 N'OTK.— Mftiiy MpccimcnH of wIUowh are plainly the ro«(iilt of ctomhch between dUUnct 
 Mpecies, and wre then known nis hybrldi* : e.g., S. humiUx x dUcoior. Owing to thin fact and 
 the very variable leaf-forinn thin Genu* is one of the nio«t difficult for beglnncrn. 
 
 77a. F^imhm trewdoidea (Michx.).— American Aspen. Poplar, 
 
 Perhaps the commonest of the Poplars, and especially abundant where 
 fire has destroyed the original forest. In such places it sen'es a valu- 
 able purpose by furnishing shade to the seedlings of Pine and other 
 valuable trees, which in time again displace their protectors. The 
 wood is little valued except for pulp or fuel. The bitter leaves and 
 b]*rk fonn a favorite food of the Porcupine, who neems to be almost 
 the only friend of the much despised " Popple." 
 
 77b. Fvpidm grandvhutdta (Michx.). — Eargo-toothed Aspen. Poplar. 
 
 A common tree, especially in the north, with stjft wood, as in the last 
 species. The leaves are smooth in sunmier, but densely woolly when 
 first unfolded a week or more after those of the last species. 
 
 77c. Piifmlm Imlmmiffm (L.).— Balm oiGileAd. Balsam poplar. 
 
 A large tree, well known for its resinous sticky coating on the buds and 
 young leaves. It is distinguished from the other native poplars by 
 the roinidfd petioles of the leaves (which for this reason do not tremble 
 like the others), and is much less common in most parts. A variety 
 with the upper surfaces and the petioles of the leaves somewhat 
 downy and cordate at the base (var. rAurfiVajw— Gray), is commonly 
 cultivated under the name Balm of Gilead, and is also found wild. 
 
 77d. Pdpfdfts lAunoli/em (Ait.). Cottonwood. Necklace Poplar. 
 
 A large tree found along our southern borders. The leaves are larger 
 than in any of our native species, and with petioles comparatively 
 stout. 
 
 78a. Pinm atrdbm (L.).— White Pine. 
 
 Our most important timber tree, and originally as abundant as valu- 
 able, although, like the other Conifers, it was never plentiful in the 
 extreme south-western peninsula. As a forest tree it has largely dis- 
 appeared before the lumberman and the fires throughout older Ontario. 
 This need not to be regretted where agriculture has been rendered 
 possible, but the bare rocks of the unproductive Laurentian districts, 
 once cover«d by a magnificent forest, form now a most complete 
 picture of dMolation. It is to be hoped that the efforts being made to 
 encourage the reforesting of these wildernesses will be crowned with 
 success, and that the districts farther Dorth wiU be carefully protected 
 from such a future. 
 
OUR NATIVE TREES AND SHRUBS. 
 
 (iS 
 78b. Pi'iiiu rifji'da (L.).— Pitch Pine. 
 
 A Biuall tree with long leaves in bundles of three. Repoi'ted only 
 frtim the eantern districts along the St. Lawrence. 
 
 78c. Pinna iifinj»i,iiia (Lambert). —Grey Pine. Scrub Pine. Jack Pine. 
 
 This species is rather rare in older Ontario, but is abundant in the 
 north-western districts. With us it is a small tree, though much larger 
 towards the north-west. The short leaves grow in pairs, and the stout 
 curved cones cling for several years to the branches. Not uncoi:inion 
 on the islands of Lake Muskoka. This is one of the pulp-wcHid trees 
 of great future value to New Ontario. 
 
 78d. t'mm leaintMi (Ait.)— Red Pine. Norway Pine. 
 
 Less common and less valuable than the White Pine, though found in 
 nearly the same localities in [Hwr s<.il. The lumber is ciilM ali>ng 
 with inferior qualities of the white species with which it is cut, though 
 preferred f.ir building purposes when great strength is reijuired. The 
 tree is easily known bj the long half.round leaves growing in \mita, 
 and by the reddish liark 
 
 7»». Ficeit niijra (Link.) — Black Spruce. 
 
 This is the swamp Spruce, while thf next seems to prefer the more 
 open woods. The cones of this species remain through the winter, 
 and are shorter (about one inch or less) and stouter, often with a 
 purplish tinge. 
 
 79b. Plmi rt»«i (Link.).— White Spruce. 
 
 This species and the last are the great pulp-wood trees of northern 
 Ontario. They are not easily distinguished by the leaves alone, 
 though in the present species these are usually longer and paler. The 
 twigs, which in the last are finely downy, are here quite smooth, and 
 the cones are commonly about two inches long and pale, or somewhat 
 brownish in color. 
 
 80a. rai'i!(oC5im»</fiMi»(Carr.).— Hemlock. Hemlock Spruce. 
 
 A large tree found commonly in moist woods. The timber is not 
 highly valued, although Urge quantities are cut yearly for the bark, 
 which is used extensively in tanning. The leaves are flat and pale 
 beneath on short slanting petioles. 
 
 81a. AbUa Macmma (Miller).— Balsam Fir. Canada Balsam. 
 
 A slender and graceful tree in moist soil, and often planted for orna- 
 ment. It is distinguished from the Spruces by the flattened leaves, 
 which appear to grow from opposite sides of the twigs, as in the 
 Hemlock. The soft gum which forms in "blisters" on the bark is 
 valued as a healing ointment, and yields the "Canada Balsam." 
 used as a tianiparent cement for microscopical slides, etc. 
 
64 
 
 SYLVAN ONTARIO. 
 
 82a. Larix Americnun (Hichx.).— Larch or Tamarac. 
 
 The Tamarac is peculiar among our cone-bearing trees from its habit of 
 shedding the needle-like leaves in late autumn, along with the broad- 
 leaved species. Its resinous wood is harder than in the evergreen 
 species and is more durable, whether as timber or fuel. The sombre 
 " Tamarac Swamp " is a common feature of our landscapes. 
 
 83a. Thi'njn uccidentdliH (L.).— White Cedar. 
 
 A very common tree in swamps, with light timber, valued for pcMts, 
 etc., being very durable underground. The small leaves are shingled 
 in four rows on the slender flat twigs and resemble no other species 
 except the Red Cedar, which has sijuare twigs and some of its leaves 
 awl-shaped and prickly. 
 
 84a. Jnnipertu commt'ouH (Linn.). — Common Jumper. 
 
 The typical Juniper is an erect shrub or small tree, found throughout 
 Ontario, but not plentiful. The common form (var. alpina — Linn.) grows 
 in dense itiund patches in poor and dry soil, and is seldom over three 
 feet in height. It is marked by the stout sharp-pn-nted leaves 
 arranged in circles of three around the stems and often <|uite pale 
 on the upper surface. 
 
 84b. Jtinipenia Sabina (L.), var. jyrociimheiis (Pujflh.). — Low Red Cedar. 
 
 A low shrub usually creeping or straggling on sandy shores. The 
 leaves are very much as in the next and the distinction is mainly in 
 size and habit. 
 
 84c. Jimipenut Virginidna (L.). — Red Cedar. Savin. 
 
 A shrub or low tree, with aromatic red wood, found commonly in dry 
 soil on shores and islands. The small flat leaves are shingled on 
 slender four-sided twigs, but those on young shoots are often awl- 
 shaped and op)K>8ite with spiny points. The wood is used for making 
 pencils. 
 
 85a. Tdx'is bticcdta (L.), var. CanadenM (Gray.). — Qround Hendock. 
 
 A low shrub in moist woods or swamps. The leaves resemble those of 
 the Hemlock, but are sharply pointed and not whitened beneath. The 
 fruit is red and berry-like, enclosing a single seed. 
 
 8(i«. Smilax qitadtxmgnlitris tWiUd,).— Green Brier. Cat Brier. 
 
 A southern form found only akmg the Lake Erie shore and known by 
 the stout prickles and the few-veined leaves. This species and the 
 next are interesting as our representatives of the woody endc^ens 
 which are so highly developed in tropical regions. 
 
 8(ib. SmUrix hinpida (Muhl.). — Bristly Smilax. 
 
 A somewhat woody climber with the stem thickly armed by straight 
 bristles. The veins of the leaves, usually seven in number, run from 
 end to end, and the petioles have often a pair of tendrils which are 
 apparently stipules. The leaf-margins are sometimes finely toothed. 
 This form is common throughout the province and plentiful in Muskoka. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Abie«, 37, 63. 
 Abrupt, 11. 
 Acer, 21, 41, 42. 
 Act-ent, 7. 
 Acute, 11. 
 Alder, 58. 
 AlnuB, 31,58. 
 Alternate, 8. 
 Alternate pairs, 8. 
 Amelanuhier, 29, 35, 46,47 
 Ainpclopsis, 15, 41. 
 Andrometia, 23, 53. 
 Apex. 11. 
 Aralia, 17, 48. 
 ArbntUB, 53. 
 ArctoataphyloB, 23, 63. 
 Arrangement, 8. 
 ArroM'-wood, 50. 
 Ascending. 13. 
 Ash, 40, 49, 54. 
 Asiraina, 25, H9. 
 Aspen, 62. 
 Awl-shaped, 11. 
 Axil, 13. 
 
 Balm of Gilead, 62. 
 Balsam, 63. 
 Balsam Fir 63. 
 Barl^rry, 39. 
 P.ark, 13. 
 Base, 11. 
 Basswood, 40. 
 Bearberry, 53. 
 Beech, .^9. 60. 
 Berberis, 29, 39. 
 Betula, 29, 31, 67, 58. 
 Bill-berry, 46. 
 Birch, 57, 58. 
 Bitt«rnut, 57. 
 Bittersweet, 40, 55. 
 
 Black-cap, 44. 
 Blackberry, 44. 
 Black (ium, 49. 
 Black Walnut, 56. 
 Bladder Nut. 42. 
 Bleaberrv, 52. 
 Bloom, 10. 
 Blueberry, 51, 52. 
 Blue Beech, 59. 
 Botanical Names, 5. 
 Bristles, 13. 
 Buckthorn, 41. 
 Buds, 13. 
 Buffalo Berry, 55. 
 Burnins Bush, 41. 
 Bush Honeysuckle, 51. 
 Butternut, 56. 
 Button-hush, 51. 
 Buttonwoud, S6. 
 
 CarpinuB, 31, 59. 
 Carya, 17, 57. 
 Cassandra, 25, 33, 53. 
 Castanea, 29, 60. 
 Cat Brier. 64. 
 CeauothuH, 33, 41. 
 Cedar, 64. 
 Celaitrus 29, 40. 
 CeltiB, 35, 56. 
 Cephalanthus, 19, 51. 
 Ciliate, 9. 
 Cherry, 43. 
 Chetttnut, 60. 
 Chiogenes, 23, 53, 
 Choke-berry, 45. 
 Choke-cherry, 43. 
 Classificatinn, 5, 6. 
 Clematis, 15, 39. 
 Climbing, 13. 
 Compound, 8. 
 Cone-bearing, 7, 37. 
 65 
 
 Cordate, II, 12. 
 Cornua, 19, 25, 48, 49. 
 Corylus, 31, 58. 
 Cottonwood, 62. 
 Crab-apple, 45. 
 Cranberrv, 49, 52, 53. 
 Cratffgus". 27, 29, 45, 48. 
 Crenate, 9. 
 Crowberry, 54. 
 Cucumber Tree, 3ft. 
 Currant, 47, 48. 
 Cuatard Apple, 39. 
 
 Description of a Leaf, 8. 
 Description of a Stem, 13; 
 Dewberry, 44. 
 Diervilla, 21, 61. 
 Dirca 25, 56. 
 Dogwood, 41, 48, 49. 
 Downy, 10, 
 
 KlivagnuB, 25,65. 
 Elder, 49. 
 Klliptical, 11. 
 Elm, 55, 56. 
 Empetrum, 23, 54. 
 Enaogens, 64. 
 Entire, 9. 
 Epigwa, 23, 53. 
 Euonymus, 21, 40, 41. 
 
 FaguB, 29, 60. 
 
 Family, 5. 
 
 Fern, 67. 
 
 Fir, 63. 
 
 Fly -Honeysuckle, 50. 
 
 FootaUlk, 10. 
 
 Fragrance, 12. 
 
«6 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Praxinus, 15, TA. 
 FroHt-weed, 39. 
 
 Gale, K?. 
 
 Gaultheria. 23, 20. 5». 
 GayluBHacia, 25, fil. 
 Genera, S. 
 Genua, 5. 
 Ginseng, 4M. 
 Glan<lH, lU. 
 Glaucous, 10. 
 Gooteberry, 47. 
 <lrape, 41. 
 Grax'el-weed, SI. 
 Green Brier, 64. 
 <!roun(l hemlock, 64. 
 Gum, 40. 
 
 HamameliB, 29. 48. 
 Hardhack, 43. 
 Haw, 45. 
 Hawthorn, 4&, 46. 
 Haswl, 48, 58. 
 Hazelnut, 58. 
 Heather, 39. 
 Helianthemuni, 25, 39. 
 Hemlock, 83. 
 Hickory, 57. 
 
 Hif{h-t)U8li Cranlierrv, 49. 
 Hoary, IM. 
 Hobbte-biuh, 49. 
 Holly. 40. 
 
 Honeysuckle, 50, 51. 
 Hop, 56. 
 Hop- tree, 40. 
 Hop-Hornbeam, 58. 
 Homliram, 59. 
 Hucklelterry, 51, 62. 
 Huasonia, 'J3, 39. 
 Humulus, 21, 56. 
 Hybri<l, 62. 
 Hypericum, 19. 40. 
 
 Identification, 6. 
 
 Hex, 35, 40. 
 
 Incurveil, 9. 
 
 Index by Leaves, 15-37. 
 
 Iron wood, 58. 
 
 Ivy, 12, 42. 
 
 Juglans, 17, 56. 
 JuneWrry, 46, 47. 
 Juniper, 64. 
 
 Jiiniperufl, 37, 64. 
 
 Kalmia, 19, 5^4, 54. 
 Kind, 8. 
 
 L 
 Labrador Tea, 54. 
 Lanceolate, 11. 
 Larch, 64. 
 Larix, 37. 64. 
 Laurel, 53'54. 
 Leaf Index, 15-37. 
 Leaflets, 8. 
 Leather-leaf, 53. 
 Leather-wood. 5.5. 
 Ledum, 23, .'>4. 
 Linden, 40. 
 Lindera, 25, 55. 
 Linear, II. 
 Linnif UB, 5. 6. * 
 
 Lirioden.lron, 27, 39. 
 Lol>ed, 9. 
 Lol>eH, 9. 
 Lonicera. 19, 50. 51. 
 
 Magnolia, 25, 39. 
 Maple, 41. 42. 
 Margin, 9. 
 May-cherry. 46. 
 Maytlower, 63. 
 Aleadow-Bweet. 43. 
 MeniHpemium, 23, 27, 39. 
 Midrib, 9. 
 Moonseed. 39. 
 Moosewood, 41,55. 
 MoruB, 27. 35, 56. 
 Mountain Anh, 45. 
 Mucronate, 11. 
 Mulberry, 56. 
 Myrica, 27, 33, 57. 
 
 N 
 
 Needles, II. 
 Needle-shaped, II. 
 Nemopanthes, 25, 35, 40. 
 Nerves, 9. 
 Netlle-Tree, 56. 
 New Jersey Tea, 41. 
 Nightshade, 55. 
 Nine>>ark, 43. 
 Notches, 9. 
 , Nywa, 25, 49. 
 
 Oak, 69, 60. 
 
 Oblanceolate. 11. 
 Oblique, 10. 12. 
 Oblong, 11. 
 Oho vat e, II. 
 ObtuHe, II. 
 Odor. 12. 
 
 Old Man'i Beard, 39. 
 Opposite, 8. 
 Onler, 5. 
 Osier, 49. 
 Ostrya, 31, 58. 
 Outline, 11. 
 Oval, II. 
 Ovate, 11. 
 
 Palmate. 8, 9. 
 I'apaw, 39. 
 Parallel. 9. 
 Pepperidtte, 49. 
 Petiole, 10. 
 Picea, 37, 63. 
 Pig-niit, 57. 
 Pine, 62, 63. 
 Pinnate, 8. 9. 
 Pinus, 37, 62, 63. 
 PlatanuB, 27, 56. 
 Plum, 43. 
 Poison Kider. 42. 
 Poison Ivy, 12, 42, 
 Poison Sumac, 42. 
 Poplar, 62. 
 Popple, 62. 
 PopuluH, 31, 62. 
 Prickles. 13, 
 Prickly Ash, 40. 
 Pronunciation, 7. 
 Prostrate. 13. 
 Prunus, 29, 35, 43. 
 Ptelea. 15, 40. 
 Pubescent, 10. 
 Pulpwood, 62, 63. 
 Pyrus, 17, 27, 35, 45. 
 
 : Quercus. 27, 29, 69, 60. 
 
 Kasplierry, 44. 
 I Reclining, 13. 
 I Red Cedar, 64. 
 '■ Red-root, 41. 
 ' Kesinous, 10. 
 ■ Revolute. 9. 
 I Rhamnus, 35, 41. 
 
RliuH. 15, 17, 42. 
 hilwH, 27, 4". 48. 
 Rock mie, .39. 
 Rofia, I-», 17, 44, 45. 
 Itune, 44, 4S. 
 Kiwemaiy. 53. 
 Rougli, 10. 
 Rubus, 15, 17, '27, 44. 
 
 S.lix, 123, 3.3, 00, 61, fi 
 SambiicuH, 15, 49. 
 Marsaparilla, 48. 
 Siukatoon, 47. 
 KaMafraa, 25, 27, 55, 
 Havii), Gi. 
 Heoteh.cap, 44. 
 Scurfy, 10. 
 Serrate, 9. 
 SesHile, li). 
 Nhad-huHh, 46. 
 •Shag-bark, 57. 
 Sheep-lierry. 50. 
 Kheep-Itturel. .>3. 
 Shell-bark, 57. 
 Shophenlia, 19, 55. 
 Shingled, 8. 
 Silver-berry, 55. 
 Simple, 8. ' 
 Sinuses, 9. 
 Skunk-berrv, 47. 
 Sniilax, 23,29, 04. 
 Smooth, 10. 
 Snow-berry, ,W, 53. 
 Sulantim, 27, 55. 
 Solitary, 8. 
 Sour Gum, 49. 
 Speciert, 5. 
 Spii-e-biish, 55. 
 
 WDEX. 
 
 Spindlu-tree, 4^). 
 Spitief), 13. 
 Spirwa, 27, 35, 43. 
 Spnice, 03. 
 Statrtree, 40. 
 Stalk, 10. 
 Htaphvlea, 13, 42. 
 Steeple-bush, 43. 
 Stern, 13. 
 Stipels, 49. 
 Stipules. 10. 
 St. John's Wort, 40. 
 Straggling, 13. 
 Strawberry Bush, 40. 
 SulKJordate, 12. 
 Sugar-berry, 56. 
 Sumac, 12, 42. 
 Surface, 10. 
 Swamp Laurel, 54. 
 .Sweet Fern, 57. 
 Sweet Gale, 51. 
 Syniphoricarpoa, 19, 50. 
 
 Tapering, 11. 
 Taper-pointed, 11. 
 TaDiarac, 04. 
 TaBte, 12. 
 laxuK, 37, 04. 
 Tea, 41, 54. 
 Tendrils, 13. 
 Thimble- l>errv, 44. 
 Thorn, 46. ' 
 Thurna, 13. 
 Thuya, 37, 64. 
 Tilia, 31, 40. 
 Toothed, 9. 
 Trailing, 13. 
 Trailing Arbutus, .53. 
 
 67 
 
 Tauga, 37, 63. 
 t Twice-pinnate, 48. 
 Twining, 1,3. 
 Twri-rciwed, 8. 
 Two-serrate, 9. 
 Tulip Tree, 39. 
 Tupelo, 49. 
 
 Ulmus, 31. 55, 50. 
 Unarmed, 13. 
 
 Vaccinium, 23, 2."), :«, 31, 
 
 .12, 5.3. 
 Veining, 9. 
 Veins. 9. 
 Venation, 9. 
 
 Viburnum, 19, 21, 49, 50. 
 Virginia Creeper, 41. 
 Virgin's Bower, 39. 
 Vitis, 27, 41. 
 
 W 
 
 Walnut, 56. 
 Waxwork, 40. 
 Wedge- Hhaiied, 12. 
 Whitewood, 39. 
 Whorled, 8. 
 Willow, 00. 61, 02. 
 Winterberry, 40. 
 Wintergreen, •')3. 
 Witch-Hazel. 48. 
 Withe rod, 50. 
 Woolly, Uf. 
 
 Xnnthoxyhim, 17, 40^