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 ^.tk THE X 
 
 BEAUTIES AND UTILITIES 
 
 01 
 
 % f ibrarg: 
 
 FOKMINO 
 
 I THE STUDENT'S GUIDE 
 
 TO 
 
 f iteatart, ^mm, anb 
 
 AND CONTAINING 
 
 AN ANALYSIS OF THE CANADIAN PARLIAMENTARY 
 
 LIBRARY. 
 
 BY GEORGE VASEY, 
 
 Author of ** Delineations of the Ox Tnhe,''—Vasey'8 
 ^^ Elementary Seria," ^c. 
 
 TORONTO: 
 THOMPSON i CO.. PRINTERS, KING STREET EAST. 
 
 18 6 7. 
 
1 
 
 i 
 
•V 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 i 
 
 The pleasures and advantages of Literature and 
 Science have been often and eloquently set forth, even 
 from the days of Aristotle — (himself the famous ancient 
 Colossus of both Literature and Science) — down to the 
 times of our own Verulam, the no less famous modern 
 Colossus, who — (combining the fascinating familiarity 
 of Socrates with more than the dignity of Plato) 
 —boldly exposed the barren sophistry of the school- 
 men, and pointed out the only true methods of 
 investigation and reasoning, both in science and phil- 
 osophy. Since that glorious era many a rare and able 
 pen has felt a pride in extolling the pleasures and advan- 
 tages of Literature and Science ; and not only so, but 
 many have also taken the most effectual means of dis- 
 seminating and extending the opportunities of enjoying 
 those pleasures to all sections of the community, by the 
 establishment of public Libraries. 
 
 Books ar(f the universal exponents of all that is great 
 and good. If it be objected that they are also the means 
 made use of by wicked and designing men to sap the 
 religious and moral foundations of society, we may 
 answer — that this objection can only apply to the fleet- 
 ing and ephemeral literature of the periodical press, and 
 the trashy novels which maintain but a short-lived 
 existence even among the ignorant and degraded — and 
 has no reference to those works which compose the 
 entire bulk of either public or private Librari<>s. Those 
 
u 
 
 who establish Libraries, either public or private, are 
 rarely bad men j and the worst of them would shrink 
 from placing on the shelves of any Library works of an 
 immoral or vicious character. Such works are mostly 
 secreted away in drawers, or boxes, or dark closets ; 
 even those persons who indulge in them are usually 
 ashamed of them ; and after being read, they are gen- 
 erally destroyed. 
 
 This being the case — when we look at a great Library, 
 we then contemplate a monument of greatness, the 
 most perfect that human intellect and philanthrophy can 
 erect ; it is a Beauty and a Utility — whether we regard 
 it in the light of conferring present happiness, or as pro- 
 moting the progressive amelioration of human beings 
 in future ages. 
 
 The place that does 
 Contain my books — the best companions — is 
 To me a glorious court, where hourly I 
 Converse with the old sages and philosophers. 
 And sometimes, for variety, I confer 
 With Kings and Emperors, and weigh their counsels ; 
 Callmg their victories — if unjustly got — 
 Unto a strict account ; and in my fancy 
 Deface their ill-placed statues. Can I then 
 Part with such constant pleasures, to embrace 
 Uncertain vanities ? No : be it your care • 
 To augment a heap of wealth; it shall be mine 
 To increase in knowledge. 
 
 The following pages are devoted to a brief enumeration 
 of the various sections of the Parliamentary Library, 
 and to a summary analysis of its contents. 
 
 1 
 
 /^ 
 
 \ 
 
1 
 
 Ji 
 
 /i%- 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 THE 
 BEAUTIES AND UTILITIES OF A LIBRARY. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 TheologieSf Mythologies^ and Religions. 
 
 The first section of this splendid Library contains over six- 
 teen hundred yolumes, which consist of Theology, Religions, 
 and History of Religions, together with learned and antiqua- 
 rian researches into the Religions, Mythologies, and Philoso- 
 phies of the East. The importance of the present section will 
 be at once perceived when we make the reflection, that the 
 foundation of all sound morality is true Religion — not the Reli~ 
 gion of forms and ceremonies — of cant and mere profession — 
 but the Religion which is manifested by faith and good works. 
 
 It will readily be acknowledged (and almost universally)— 
 that every question relative to the great interests of the human 
 race should be based on Christian principles. Thou shalt love 
 the Lord thy God with all thy heart, with all thy mind, and 
 }yith all thy strength ; and thy neighbour as thyself. A new 
 commandment I give unto you, saying — Love one another. 
 Again, — Whatsoever ye would that men should do unto you, do ye 
 even so to them. 
 
 These sentiments and principles should be at the root, and 
 in the pith of all our institutions — they should be the Alpha 
 and Omega of all our transactions ; and in no institutions 
 should they be more conspicuous, and in no transactions 
 should they be more blended, than in those institutions and in 
 those transactions which are established and carried on for 
 the formation and support of laws to regulate human conduct, 
 and to ameliorate the condition of the helpless and unfor- 
 tunate. 
 
 Theoretically this is universally acknowledged ; but it is 
 precisely because it is not recognized practically that the 
 a2 
 

 wisdom of nations has failed so miserably to produce that 
 happiness among mankind — to insure which ought to be its 
 grand and only aim. 
 
 Every intelligent human being (but more especially such as 
 are invested with the dignity and responsibility of legislatmg 
 and governing) should be thoroughly imbued with a sincere 
 love of their fellow men, and with a never-dying anxiety to do 
 them every possible good. 
 
 Those legislators, who are not profoundly impressed with 
 those sacred principles so sublimely set forth in the Divine 
 Word, are not worthy to take upon them, nor are they capable 
 of performing, such exalted functions as the control and gov- 
 ernment of the human family. 
 
 The entire education and training of those in power should 
 be based on Divine Truth ; and it is on this account I consider 
 that great judgment has been shown in both the extensiveness 
 and variety of the theological and religious department of the 
 Library : — that no man in so elevated a position as that of 
 law-maker should err from want of knowledge. Let him be 
 thoroughly and practically impressed with the justice and 
 benevolence of the Divine Laws, and he will never dare to 
 enact Human laws of a contrary spirit, — his words will har- 
 monize with the word of Truth, and his actions will show forth 
 a noble example- 
 Here, — in the Theological and Biblical sections of this 
 Library, is all that can be wished to delight and edify the 
 young and aspiring politician, and to confirm and encourage 
 the mature and experienced veteran ; and not only the legis- 
 lator, but the divine, the scholar, and the philosopher will find 
 '* ample room and verge enough " to gratify their most refined 
 tastes. 
 
 The two most popular, and perhaps the two most important 
 books in the English language, on the subject of Theology and 
 its Philosophy, are the Natura' Theology of Archdeacon Paley, 
 written about 60 years ago, and the Physico-Theology of Der- 
 ham, written above a century ago. More recently, works of 
 
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 a similar character have been brought before the public, more 
 elaborate in their details, and exhibiting a host of new facts 
 which recent researches and improvements in science have 
 furnished ; in addition to which they have been embellished 
 with engravings and diagrams so as to surround this subject 
 with an attractive halo which it never before possessed. 
 
 As a first-rate sample of the highly embellished works just 
 referred to, I may mention those known under the name of the 
 Bridgewater Treatises, which were presented to the world 
 under rather peculiar circumstances ; that is to say, they were 
 prepared or *' got up " according to a bequest by will of the 
 Earl of Bridgewater, who died in 1829, — the object and scope 
 of which Treatises were to be " the power, wisdom, and good- 
 ness of God as manifested in the Creation." Men of approved 
 talent were to be selected, and they were to be rewarded by 
 the sum of £1000 each for their Treatises. Volunteers were 
 soon found to undertake this, and the following named works 
 are the result of their labours : — 
 
 1. On the Adaptation of External Nature to the Moral and 
 Intellectual Constitution of Man ; by Thomas Chalmers. 
 
 2. On the Adaptation of External Nature to the Physical 
 Condition of Man ; by John Kidd. 
 
 3. Astronomy and General Physics considered with refer- 
 ence to Natural Theology ; by Wm. Whewell. 
 
 4. The Hand — its Mechanism and Vital Endowments, as 
 evincing Design ; by Sir Charles Bell. 
 
 5. On Animal and Vegetable Physiology; by Peter Mark 
 Boget. 
 
 6. Geology and Mineralogy considered with reference to 
 Natural Theology ; by Wm. Buckland. 
 
 7. On the History, Habits and Instincts of Animals; by 
 Wm. Kirby. 
 
 8. Chemistry, Meteorology, and the Function of Digestion, 
 considered with reference to Natural Theology ; by William 
 Prout. 
 
 However, notwithstanding all these extraneous advantages, 
 (which are, indeed, the prominent feature in these modem 
 productions) — the books of Derham and Paley still maintain 
 their high standing ; and it may be safely said, that they have 
 
neyer been surpassed in the following important items, namely, 
 the accuracy of their facts — the ^ppositeness of their illustra- 
 tions, — and their unanswerable logic. 
 
 Having crept through many bushels of philosophic and 
 literary chaff (as every genuine book-worm is compelled to 
 do) in order to discover and appropriate a very few grains of 
 wheat, — I am enabled to lighten the labor of the young student, 
 by directing his attention to the best and most easily accessi- 
 ble sources of information. And now, having invested myself 
 with the character of an Index in this important matter, I have 
 no hesitation in stating, that a careful perusal of the books 
 named in the subjoined list will put the Tyro in possession of 
 what may be denominated a " gentleman's knowledge " of this 
 interesting and universal topic. As a matter of course, if the 
 student wish to obtain a critical and profound acquaintance 
 with it, he will have to enlarge the sphere of his investiga- 
 tions ; he will have to sift the wheat from the chaff — (or at 
 least endeavour to do so) — of all the theological writers from 
 Plato and Cicero down to Archbishop Whately; in fact, he will 
 have to devote his life to the study. 
 
 But the undermentioned will be found amply sufficient for 
 the popular reader : — 
 
 1. Derham's Physico-Theology, or a Demonstration of the 
 Being and Attributes of God, from his works of Creation. 
 
 2. Paley's Natural Theology — with Notes, and a Discourse 
 on Natural Theology, by Lord Brougham. 
 
 3. Harmonies de la Nature, by Bernardin de St. Pierre. 
 
 4. Etudes de la Nature, by the same. 
 
 6. Butler's Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed, to 
 the constitution and course of Nature. 
 
 6. Small Books on Great Subjects — ^viz. : 
 
 Man before Christianity. 
 Man subsequent to Christianity. 
 
 Christianity in the 2nd and 12th Centuries ; and Chris- 
 tian Sects in the 19th Century. 
 
 7. Ecclesiasticcl History of Eusebius Pamphilus. 
 
 8. Cave's Lives of the Fathers. 
 
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 5. 
 
 9. Leibnitz— Essais sur la Bonte de Dieu, la Liberte de 
 THomme, and I'Origine du mal. 
 
 10. Histoire de la Vio, des Ouvrages, and des Ecrits de 
 Calvin. 
 
 .*»> 
 
 The great Fenelon, when in company with some superficial 
 critics, was censured for repeating himself in certain of his 
 works. He modestly requested to have the repetitions pointed 
 out— this was readily done. "Ah!" said he, "I perceive 
 you recollect the passages ; and that they might be recollected was 
 my reason for repeating Ihem." 
 
 This anecdote refers only to particular and individual pas- 
 sages ; but it would be well to apply it (in the instance of 
 every good book) to the whole contents of such book. Many 
 young students think they are acquainted with a book after 
 a single reading : as well might an incipient musician imagine 
 he is acquainted with an opera, on his first rehearsal. If you 
 wish to master a piece of music, you must study it diligently, 
 with many repetitions; just so the literary student, — if he 
 wish to master an author, he, also, must study him diligently, 
 with many repetitions. If a thing be worth doing, it is worth 
 doing well. This maxim applies with the greater force, in 
 proportion to the greater importance of the thing to be done. 
 And what can be of more importance than the cultivation of 
 the mind ? more especially in relation to the most important 
 of all human studies. 
 
 The books pointed out in the foregoing list, I earnestly 
 recommend to the perusal of every one who has the least 
 ambition to enlarge the understanding. They are adapted to 
 the improvement of all classes of readers, whether they be 
 under the influence of the Koran, or Veda, or Bible: Jew, 
 Christian, Mahommedan, or Brahmin ; or of any sect — Boman 
 Catholic, Quaker, or Unitarian — Swedenborgian, Presbyterian 
 or Episcopalian — Arminian or Socinian ; — even if they be of 
 no religious denomination whatever, or proiess no creed in 
 the world— Deist, Pantheist, or Atheist — all, all will be highly 
 
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 6 
 
 benefitted by a diligent study of the works referred to. And, 
 more than this, I do not scruple to assert, that no one is 
 capable of either believing or disbelieving (in either theology 
 or philosophy), on anything like a rational foundation, -with- 
 out having previously gone through the course of study which 
 I have indicated, or some vei'y analagous course. 
 
 > 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 Metaphysics, or Philosophy of the Hwrnan Mind. 
 
 The next section of this Library consi jts of upwarc^s of five 
 hundred volumes on the subject of the Philosophy of the 
 Human Mind. 
 
 From Religions and Mythologies the transition is by no 
 means abrupt to Metaphysics — or mental and mo-al philoso- 
 phy — a theme which, although abstruse (nay, perhaps I may 
 say from its very abstruseness), has captivated the master- 
 minds of every age, from the time of Homer down to the 
 present. 
 
 Thousands of volumes have been written upon this subject, 
 which, instead of placing it in a clearer light, have only served 
 to envelope it in greater obscurity. Crude and imaginary 
 speculations have usurped the place of close observation and 
 careful experiment: and thus century aft<?r century has 
 faded away, and metaphysics has become a by-word of re- 
 proach to its exponents. According to popular credence, this 
 reproach remains. Metaphysics is still, by many, considered 
 to be synonymous with nonsense. But it is not so. Meta- 
 physics — or the stu dy of the operations Df the human mind, by 
 an analysis of the organs and functions which subserve man's 
 thinking and sensitive being — is of all sciences the noblest 
 and most beautiful ; it is however, at the same time, the most 
 difficult ; and it is just in conbcquence of this difficulty that it 
 has been held in such contempt by the vulgar and superficial^ 
 and that its advancement has been so ♦'eebie and tardy — so 
 that even now its very elements are oniy beginning to be 
 uuderst'jod. 
 
t 
 
 
 J 
 
 The truth and correctness of the Newtonian system of the 
 Universe, is not now questioned by one in a million, yet it has 
 required centuries of investigation to establish it. Centuries 
 of observation on the sidereal sphere had been made before 
 the least idea of it was conceived ; and when the first rude 
 elementi3 of a correct system were at last hit upon, they had to 
 pass through the ordeal of centuries of opposition and ridi- 
 cule — witness the struggles of Pythagoras — witness the strug- 
 gles of Gallileo— witness the struggles of Copernicus. The 
 true relation of the planetary bodies to each other have only 
 become manifest in proportion as the mathematical sciences 
 have been improved and made to bear upon astronomical 
 observations. 
 
 Just BO it is with the study of the ht.man mind. It is beset 
 with difficulties, and those difficulties have been regarded as 
 insurmountable. Thus, although it has been frequently taken 
 up, it has rarely been pursued ; and col sflouently small pro- 
 gress has been made. It is however, the inevitable tendency 
 of all study — (no matter on what subject)— to enlarge the 
 capacity and strengthen the judgment ; and every study has a 
 tendency, in a greater or less degree, to develop and exhibit 
 some peculiarity of the thinking faculty ; and in this manner 
 it is that the successful and persevering study of any branch 
 of knowledge throws a ray of light on the modus operandi of 
 the human mind. 
 
 Physiology has been of slow growth as well as mental Phil- 
 opophy ; it is only within the last fifty or sixty years that 
 either of them has been successfully followed up. The phil- 
 osopher had confined all his attention to mere manifestations, 
 and results, and states of consciousness ; and the physiologist 
 had been content to plod away upon the nature of the animal 
 functions, as exUibited by the animal organs — drawing all his 
 conclusions fiom observations made at the dissecting table. 
 But whatever may be the essence of the human mind, its 
 phenomena are all — and invariably — manifested through the 
 iuHtrumeuiality of the animal organism; ana tnereiore it ib 
 that a successful and correct system of Metaphysics can never 
 
be obtained without a thorough knowledge of the corporeal 
 mechanism ; and on the othar hand, the science of Physiology 
 can never be brought to perfection, without studying it in con- 
 nection with mental phenomena. This being the case the 
 metaphysician must become a physiologist, and the physiolo- 
 gist a metaphysician ; it is in consequence of this having been 
 done to some extent during the last half century that the pro- 
 gress of both these sciences has been considerably accelerated. 
 The writings of such men as Sue, Dostutt de Tracy, Cabanis, 
 Bichat, Blumenbach, MuUer, Abernethy, Walker, Sir Charles 
 Bell, Professor Owen, and Todd and Bowman, furnish ample 
 evidence of this. 
 
 The Parliamentary Library is particularly rich in this class 
 of books, consisting of the best authors, ancient and modern, 
 and could hardly be surpassed, for extent or choice, in either 
 Edinburgh or Glasgow, the scene of the labours of Reid, 
 Dugald Stewart, Adam Smith, and Thomas Brown. 
 
 The young literary student, who aspires after Philosophy, 
 must avoid desultory reading as he would avoid a waste of 
 time ; he must study Philosophy as a lawyer studies law — 
 sedulously and methodically. His first book must be the Con- 
 duct of the Understanding, by John Locke, which will occupy 
 him about a month ; his second will be the same author's 
 Essay concerning the Human Understanding, to which he 
 must devote two separate hours every day for at least twelve 
 months. When he has made himself master of these two 
 books, he will have laid a foundation upon which he may 
 raise an intellectual superstructure of any magnitude what- 
 ever. But, indeed, a knowledge of Locke's celebrated Essay, 
 is indispensable to any one who has the least pretension to 
 education. 
 
 The first book, and the first and second chapters of the 
 second book, are the most important paits of Locke's great 
 Essay. They form the most unassailable portion — that por- 
 tion which is, in fact, irrefragable. The principle there set 
 forth and demonstrated, is simply thus: Thpt there is nothing 
 
 n ' 
 
9 
 
 in the intellect which was not previously in the senses ; that 
 is to say, that no idea can enter the mind through any other 
 avenues than those of the senses ; that no state of conscious- 
 ness can be induced but by or through the medium of the 
 external senses, nervous system, and brain. This is the grand 
 proposition, which had, indeed, been stated and confirmed, to 
 some extent, by the ancient philosophers in by-gone ages ; 
 but it was reserved for an Englishman in the 17th century so 
 to propose it, and so to surround it with Lemma, Corollary, 
 and Scholium, as to render it for ever impregnable. It is, 
 moreover, written in such clear and direct terms that none 
 but those who are wilfully and obstinately perverse, or who 
 are interested in the propagation and support of error, can 
 even pretend to object or deny. 
 
 This portion (namely, the first book, and the first and 
 second chapters of the second book) is decidedly the master- 
 piece of the Essay. Had Locke written nothing more, it 
 would have sufficed to place his name in the highest rank of 
 philosophers. The subsequent chapters (though generally 
 excellent) are by no means of so high a character ; many of 
 them still only occupy debatable ground ; and in a few 
 instances he is inconsistent with himself, and appears to be 
 even absolutely self-contradictory. Having made so bold an 
 assertion, it will be indispensable that I should prove it, in 
 order to avoid the charge of excessive presumption. 
 
 In Book II, chapter 23, he says: — " We can't conceive any- 
 thing but impulse of body caL move body; and yet that is 
 not a sufficient reason to make us deny it possible, against the 
 constant experience we have of it in ourselves, in all voluntary 
 motions which are produced in us, only by the free action or 
 thought of our minds ; and are not, nor can bo, the eflFects of 
 the impulse or determination of the motion of blind matter in 
 or upon our bodies, for then it could not be in our power or 
 choice to alter it. For instance, my right hand writes while 
 my left hand is still, — what causes motion in one and rest in 
 the other? Nothing but my will — a thought of my mind. 
 My thought only changing, the right hand rcsiSf and the loft 
 B 
 
10 
 
 moves. This is a matter of fact, which cannot be denied; 
 explain this, and make it intelligible, and the next step will 
 be to underbtaud creation." 
 
 The first proposition in this paragraph has the appearance of 
 being incontrovertible. Locke evidently thought so himself. 
 He could not have expressed it in simpler or clearer phrase- 
 ology — *• We can't conceive anything but impulse of body can 
 move body." It seems to carry conviction with it. It appears, 
 Indeed, self-evident. That two and two are equal to four, 
 does not seem to be more unquestionable '..ban that it requires 
 impulse of body to move body. And, indeed, the converse of 
 this appears an imposibility — namely, that body can be moved 
 without impulse of other body. I dwell upon this, even to 
 prolixity, that it may be fully understood. Being thus fully 
 convinced of the truth of this, — so fully, indeed, as not to be 
 able to conceive the posibility of the contrary, we yet, as Locke 
 immediately says, have daily and hourly experience of facts, 
 which appear to be (to all intents and purposes) diametrically 
 opposed to it. We seem to see body moved without the 
 impulse of any other body, as in the example, given by Locke, 
 of the motion of his hand in writing, which he says is caused 
 by his will, a mere thought of his mind. Locke here is evi- 
 dently out of his depth — he considers the matter inexplicable. 
 Explain this, he says, and make it intelligible, and the next 
 step will be to understand creation. 
 
 Having thus clearly and forcibly expressed himself in this 
 place, we find him in another section of the same book as 
 clearly asserting *' that the will is nothing but one power or 
 ability, and freedom another power or ability ; so that to ask 
 whether the will has freedom, is to ask whether one power 
 has another power — one ability another ability — a question at 
 first sight too grossly absurd to require an answer ; for who 
 does not see that powers belong only to agents, and are attri- 
 butes of substances, not of powers themselves. So that this 
 way of putting the question — whether the will be free ? — is in 
 effect to ask whether the will be a substance or an agent?" 
 
11 
 
 When we carefully compare these two passages, we per- 
 ceive, that in the former he has considered the Will as the 
 agent or subject itself; although it is obviously an abstract 
 term, merely denoting a particular state. He appears to be 
 thoroughly aware of this in the second passage, in which he 
 regards it only as a power or predicable — a quality or attri- 
 bute of the agent or subject. In the first passage he has 
 ascribed so much power to volition, as to make it the very 
 cause of motion and rest in bodies ; while in the second he 
 reduces it to its abstract condition, and treats it as a mere 
 attribute or quality — absolutely incapable of any action or 
 causality whatever. 
 
 It is probable that this mistake, in making volition or 
 thought the cause of the alternate motion and rest of the 
 right and left hands, may have arisen from the consideration 
 of the action being the consequence, or immediately following 
 the desire to move either of the hands, which is, in reality, 
 taking an effect for a cause. For thought or volition, being 
 mere predicables, or abilities, can have no power to cause 
 either motion or rest in bodies ; for thought or volition are 
 simply the abstract names of those states or conditions which 
 have themselves been produced in the human mind by some- 
 thing antecedent. Therefore to affirm that thought or will 
 can have power to cause either motion or rest in bodies, is, in 
 effect, to say (in the language of Locke already quoted) that 
 one power or ability has another power or ability — which is 
 an affirmation too grossly absurd to need an answer ; for who 
 does not see that powers belong only to agents, and are 
 attributes of substances, and not of powers themselves. 
 
 Locke saw clearly enough that thought and volition are 
 merely abstract terms, denominating states of consciousness, 
 the result of previous impressions. This is, indeed, the irre- 
 sistible inference to be drawn from the whola of his first book : 
 there is nothing in the intellect which has not previously 
 been in the senses. It i ^Iso equally true that he likewise 
 thought he saw daily and hourly instances of facts which 
 clearlv iiiflinnt,«fl tiiA nnnoait" of this- as in the examnle oriven 
 
12 
 
 of voluntary motion. It does not come ■within my present 
 scope to attempt to reconcile this apparent contradiction. In 
 this place, I will only add, that however specious appearances 
 may be, we must never allow them to control or even bias our 
 minds, if we can peiceive that they are directly contrary to 
 some really established principle, which has been demon- 
 strated, and of which we have no shadow of doubt. What 
 can offer a more specious objection to the truth of the solar 
 system (as based upon our present knowledge of Celestial 
 Mechanics) than the apparent rising and setting of the sun ? 
 To the untutored, this appearance passes for a reality ; it is 
 to them a demonstration. Just so in Ethics and Metaphy- 
 sics — there are many appearances equally specious, and 
 equally false. When we are in doubt (if the subject be im- 
 portant) we must investigate ; and if, after patient investiga- 
 tion, we still be in doubt — better remain so than rashly 
 decide. If Astronomy had to wait centuries for a solution of 
 its important problems, is it to be wondered at that the still 
 more subtle and difficult problems of moral and intellectual 
 science have yet many of their solutions in tempore futoro ? 
 
 The conduct of the life is always in perfect accordance with 
 the conduct of the understanding, and the control it exercises 
 over the feelings. The difference between a fool and philoso- 
 pher, — between a savage and civilian, — ^between a rogue and 
 an honest man, — between a murderer and a philantropist, — 
 is entirely owing to the difference which has existed between 
 them in the education of their intellects and in the training of 
 their feelings, as it respects both their quality and quantity. 
 I may, indeed, go a step farther, and add, that a vast amount 
 of the difference which exists between a handsome face and an 
 ugly one, — between a physiognomy attractive and a physiog- 
 nomy repulsive — is precisely owing to the same difference in 
 the cultivation of the mental and moral. This will be fully 
 corroborated by observing the superior expression of both 
 intelligence and beauty which is apparent iu iudividuais of 
 
V 
 
 both sexes who have had their intellect well cultivated, and 
 their manners well formed, compared with those who (unfor- 
 tunately for society as well as themselves) have been neglected 
 in these particulars. 
 
 It will thus be seen that too great importance cannot be 
 attached to the cultivating and perfecting the study of the 
 human mind :— that upon the teaching and training of the 
 inner man, depends the form and beauty of the outer man ; — 
 that upon the proper treatment of human beings, in relation 
 to their principles and sentiments, actually depends the ratio 
 that shall obtain between moral good and avil. What is phy- 
 sically wrong cannot be morally right, and vice versa. That 
 the moral depends upon the physical is equally true, as that 
 the physical depends upon the moral— they are mutually 
 dependent — they move in a circle ; injure the one, the other 
 suffers a corresponding injury. 
 
 I cannot better conclude this little exordium than by an 
 important application of the words of Solomon—" Train up a 
 child in the way he should go, and when he is old he will not 
 depart from it." The grand desideratum is, that all should 
 be qualified to " train up a child in the way he should go ;" 
 but the actual fact is, that not one in ten is so qualified, and 
 herein consists the gist of these observations. Let all at 
 least endeavour so to educate and train themselves as to be 
 enabled to perform this paramount duty to the rising ~onera- 
 tion ; and let them not forget that this qualification cometh 
 not but by patient, persevering, laborious study. If it be 
 objected that there are thousands to whom this would bo im- 
 possible—granted ; this advice (it must be admitted) cannot 
 be given to these; but it may be urged upon those who, 
 through apathy or ignorance of the importance or means, 
 neglect to improve the opportunities they possess. 
 
 In subsequent articles (in treating of the various sections of 
 this extensive Library) I intend to present to the young 
 scholar, and indeed to all those interested in mental culture, 
 a list of such introductory Treatises in each department of 
 knowledge, as will serve to convey a thorough acquaintance 
 t2 
 
u 
 
 -with its fundamental principles ; and thus form the basis of a 
 sound scientific, literary, and .philosophical education. Hav- 
 ing proceeded thus far, the student will then be enabled to 
 select that department to nrhich (from its being congenial to 
 his naturo, tastes, and prospects) he will thenceforth give a 
 more undivided attention. 
 
 It is a much more difficult task to give a selection of authors 
 to constitute a concise course of study on Ethical and Meta- 
 physical Philosophy, than to give a list for a Theological 
 course : the reason is obvious — the standards of appeal are 
 not so settled in the former as in the latter. However, I may 
 pretty confidently name the following, as being admirably 
 adapted to initiate the student, and impart to him the leading 
 features of this exalted and exalting science. 
 
 1. Archbishop Whately'g System of Logic. 
 
 2. Taylor's Elements of Thought. 
 
 3. Small Books on Great Subjects : 
 
 Philosophical Theories. 
 Vulgar and Common Errors. 
 
 Connection between Physiology and Intellectual Phil- 
 osophy. 
 
 4. Lewis' History of Philosophy. 
 
 6. Hamilton Edition of Reid's Philosophical Works. 
 
 6. BrQwn's Lectures on the Philosophy of the Human Mind. 
 
 The Educational section of this Library will form the sub- 
 ject of the next article : — a subject of equal importance with 
 that of the preceding section — of which, in fact, it is to be 
 regarded rather as an extension or continuation than as a 
 new or separate subject. 
 
 ^•i^*. 
 
 h 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 Education — its Object and Importance. 
 We now approach that department of books which treats of 
 education — its history, statistics, and discipline ; its methods, 
 objects, and rationale ; and above all, its advantages, conse- 
 quences, and importance. 
 
 The importance of education, although often and loudly 
 
 + 
 
15 
 
 expatiated upon, has never yet been truly felt and appreciated; 
 and, consequently, education has never been adequately pro- 
 moted and encouraged. 
 
 Everything that may be done or enjoyed — labour, study, or 
 pleasure — is important ; there is an importance in every human 
 pursuit. But the amount of importance to be attached to 
 each individual pursuit must be estimated according to the 
 influence it possesses in producing and promoting human well- 
 being ; and as the grades of well-being are various, ascending 
 ^^ from the lowest degrees of lethargic content and animal com- 
 
 fort, up, through imperceptible gradations, to the highest 
 degrees of intellectual enjoyment,— just so will the amount of 
 importance vary which we ought to attach to the various 
 labours, studies, or pleasures which, in their exercise and con- 
 sequences, produce those various grades of human well-being. 
 Thus, though all pursuits are of importance, they are not all 
 of equal importance ; every pursuit having only its relative or 
 comparative degree. When we have ascertained (as far as our 
 faculties and means will allow) the relative importance of our 
 various employments, studies and pleasures, it is, of course, 
 our duty to give our attention to them in proportion to their 
 greater or less importance — devoting our best energies to those 
 pursuits which are of the greatest importance, and which pro- 
 mote, in the greatest degree, our best interests. 
 
 Many human pursuits are of little comparative value, and, 
 *consequently, of small importance ; whilst many of the pur- 
 suits which strongly attract a great majority of mankind are 
 positively injurious and degrading— to wit, all the great cur- 
 rent vices, as well patrician as plebeian. Unfortunately the 
 majority of mankind have strong passions and weak judg- 
 ments, and consequently their estimate of the relative import- 
 ance of human duties and pleasures is generally in the inverse 
 j ratio of their real value. 
 
 ^ On the other hand, those duties and pleasures which are 
 
 best adapted to promote and establish man's highest nhvsical 
 
 4^ state, as well as his purest moral, and most refined intellectual 
 
 6 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
16 
 
 enjoyments, are precisely those which require the soundest 
 judgment to appreciate and select ; and judgment is precisely 
 that faculty of the human mind which is of the slowest growth 
 — which requires the longest time to develope itself, and which 
 consequently is the very last in arriving at maturity ; this, 
 indeed, is wisdom — the highest of human attainments. 
 
 But before vrisdom can be practised, science and art must 
 be studied and applied. Wisdom (properly so called) is 
 unknown among ignorant savages ; they lead a life of warfare, 
 and plunder, and sensuality, and brutality — which are the very 
 antipodes of wisdom. But when science has been studied, and 
 art practised, then comes wisdom, which is the grand and 
 crowning consummation — ^namely, the right application of 
 science and art. 
 
 Solomon's beautiful eulogium, which is full of truth as well 
 as poetry, deserves to be written in letters of gold in every 
 academy and college in every land, and we might add, in 
 every house of legislature also : 
 
 Wisdom is the principal thing ; therefore get wisdom ; 
 And with all thy gettings, get understanding : 
 Exalt her, and she shall promote thee ; — 
 She shall bring thee to honour, when thou dost embrace her, 
 She shall give to thy head a graceful ornament, — 
 A crown of glory shall she deliver thee. 
 
 Now the grand object of Education is the attaintment of 
 wisdom, which is, to know truly and to act justly. By a good 
 educ ition, and by no other means, can this be accomplished. 
 Thus we arrive at the conviction of the immense importance 
 of education, which, indeed, cannot be over-estimated. 
 
 The books of the Parliamentary Library, in the Educational 
 Section, are not class-books, or text-books, or elementary 
 treatises on the different branches of art, science, or philoso- 
 phy ; but are chiefly books of advice and direction to parents 
 and teachers, heads of schools and colleges, committees and 
 councils, and boards of education ; and consist of the history 
 and statistics of Colleges and other educational establishments; 
 — of the history and management of Literary, Scientific and 
 
 \ 
 
 ^ 
 
17 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 Mechanics' Institutions; reports of Boards of Education; 
 books on the philosophy of education ; on theories of educa- 
 tion, and on the means and methods adopted at the various 
 celebrated educational establishments for the accomplishment 
 of the great object which they all have in view. 
 
 Of the two hundred volumes constituting this department of 
 the Library, the following will be found to possess the greatest 
 amount of interest to the general student. When the student 
 becomes a Professor, he will find them all interesting. 
 
 1. Memoire sur I'instruction publique chez les anciens, et 
 particulierement chez les Eomans, par M. Naudet. 
 
 2. Locke on the education of children. 
 
 3. Col. Amoros, I'education physique, gymnastique, et mo- 
 rale. 
 
 4. Clavel A., Traite d'Education physique et morale. 
 
 6. F. D. Maurice. Has the Church or the State, the power 
 to educate the Nation ? 
 
 6. Isaac Taylor on Home Education. 
 
 7. Lectures on Education, by Whewell, Faraday, Latham 
 and others. 
 
 8. Andrew Amos's Four Lectures on the advantage of a 
 classical education as an auxiliary to a commercial education. 
 
 9. F. D. Maurice's Lectures on Learning and Working, 
 
 10. Small Books on Great Subjects — on the Philosophy of 
 Kagged Schools. 
 
 The series of works under the head of " Small Books on 
 Great Subjects," are really first-rate Treatises, produced by 
 men who have not written their books for the purpose of be- 
 coming acquainted with their subjects, but by those who wero 
 thoroughly acquainted with their subjects before they wrote 
 their books. 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■* 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 Legislation and Jurisprudence. 
 
 The next genus of books we are called upon to examine is 
 that which takes cognizance of human action, as it regards 
 
18 
 
 both its national and civic relations. This genus is divided 
 into the following species, namely : 
 
 1. General and Foreign Jurisprudence. 
 
 2. International and Maritime Law. 
 
 3. Constitutional and Public Law. 
 
 4. Statute and Common Law of Great Britain. 
 
 5. Colonial and Provincial Law. 
 
 6. American Law, Government, and Politics. 
 
 7. French Law. 
 
 8. Ecclesiastical Politics and Law. 
 
 Legislation is the science of making laws to govern human 
 beings, and to regulate their conduct ; Jurisprudence is the 
 science of administering those laws, or of applying them to 
 particular cases. 
 
 That there should be so frequent a necessity to make laws, 
 and that there should be so frequent a necessity for their 
 administration, are simply proofs that there is something very 
 rotten in the social fabric. Fortunately there are some few 
 individuals — so organized — so taught— so trained — that they 
 pass through a long life of usefulness, turning neither to the 
 right nor tO the left^-but going straight forward in the path 
 of integrity ;— loving truth— doing justice ; and consequently, 
 performing all their various duties, without violating, or ren- 
 dering themselves amenable to any human law whatever: 
 these are, indeed, a law unto themselves. If a minority are 
 thus "trained up in the way they should go"— why may not 
 a majority ? 
 
 Were the fundamental principles of justice and well-doing 
 properly and thoroughly inculcated — were the good example 
 invariably given ; — were those principles and these cxxropleR 
 kindly set forth and firmly enforced in daily and hoiTrly prac- 
 tice ;— the intellect stored with noble sentiments, «,ii*i the 
 manners formed to acts of justice and benevolence; were 
 these teachings and trainings carried out with the same zeal 
 and indxistry that are exhibited in the hoarding of lucre, or in 
 the pm-s ait OS enervating luxuries and degrading pleasures; 
 were t u; 'V md: tions of intelligence and fine feeling timely 
 and securely established,— then indeed might we expect,— 
 
 I 
 
19 
 
 
 ; 
 
 that peace on earth and good-Trill towards men, would be the 
 general rule, instead of being, as they now are, the rare 
 exception. 
 
 On the one hand it hai been said— (and very plausibly, no 
 doubt)— "As the institutions, so the men;" on the other hand, 
 it has been asserted, with equal plausibility — " As the men, 
 so the institutions." Although these propositions appear to 
 be the very antitheses of each other, it requires no very 
 elaborate logic to show that there is truth on both sides. 
 Obviously society existed before its institutions : society is the 
 source — institutions the emanation, ergo — '* As the men, so 
 the institutions." But a little reflection may also show us, 
 that the institutions of a society are the oflFspring of the few 
 
 the most knowing and powerful ; — and that the character 
 
 of the great majority, who are of course ignorant, is almost 
 entirely formed by the influence of those institutions, combined 
 with the influence of the manners and examples of the powerful 
 few ; whose manners and example, it may fairly be presumed, 
 will be of the same character as the laws and institutions 
 which they themselves have constructed. 
 
 In proportion therefore, to the noble or ignoble character of 
 the few who form the institutions ; in proportion to their in- 
 telligence and honest integrity ; and more especially in pro- 
 portion to their acquaintance with that most important of all 
 sciences — the science of Human Nature, — so will be the 
 character of the great masses of mankind. We may therefore 
 arrange or combine these two propositions thus: — "As the 
 powerful and active few, so the institutions ; as the institu- 
 tions, so the ignorant and passive multitude." 
 
 From the foregoing statements (if they be allowed to be cor- 
 rect), I think we are fairly entitled to deduce the following, 
 namely, that inasmuch as the evils {as well as the benefits) which 
 are current in society are generated and fostered by the insti- 
 tutions of that society ; and inasmuch as these institutions are 
 framed by the wisdom, and kept up by the example, of the 
 enlightened few who possess the power,— just so are all the 
 
20 
 
 evils (as well as the benefits) which belong to tb?.t socinty, to be 
 attributed to, and charged upon, the wisdoni (or the lack of 
 it), the example, and the power of that knowing few : that is 
 to say (briefly), that the powerful /eif who make and establish 
 those laws and institutions which govern and form the charac- 
 ter of the many, are entirely responsible for the evils resulting 
 from those laws and institutions ; that is to say (more briefly 
 gtill)_the evils of society are chiefly owing to the mismanage- 
 ment of the managers. 
 
 The laws of every country (almost without exception), both 
 ancient and modern, have been founded upon false or imper- 
 fect principles—upon the narrow interests of a party or sec- 
 tion, instead of the broad interests of the whole human family; 
 in fact, it must not be disguised that laws, hitherto, have been 
 framed in the supremest ignorance of the nature (physical, 
 moral, or intellectual,) of that being to whom they were to be 
 applied. Ignorance and barefaced cupidity (usurping the 
 place of enlightened benevolence) have been the generating 
 impulses; and the off'spring has invariably been a hydra- 
 headed monster, vomiting up all manner of vice and crime. 
 Illustrations (which would be out of place here) will readily 
 suggest themselves to the minds of all the intelligent. The 
 present state of society will afford ample material for these 
 illustrations, and at the same time furnish incontestible proof 
 of the truth of our present observations. 
 
 From what has been now advanced, it will naturally be in- 
 ferred that the books forming this section, namely, those on 
 Legislation and Jurisprudence, are the least interesting por- 
 tion of this great and beautiful library. Of a verity, small 
 would be the damage, if (with a very few exceptions) the 
 books in this department were made use of to enhance the 
 brilliancy of the next grand exhibition of fireworks. But the 
 intelligent Pyrotechnist might, perhaps, object to the use of 
 them, on the ground that, from the dulness and obscurity of 
 the ideas they contain, they would possess but a very small 
 amount of illuminating power, if indeed they could be expected 
 to produce anything beyond mere smoke. 
 
 1 
 
 v^ 
 
21 
 
 The number of volumes in this section is, indeed, very great, 
 amounting to many thousands, and forms quite a ladicrous 
 contrast to the extreme littleness of their contents. The bind- 
 ings, too, are very beautiful, increasing one's chagrin at the 
 want of beauty so obvious within ; forcibly reminding us of 
 that remarkable fruit whose rich and glossy texture is so 
 tempting, but whose in&ide is full of rottenness. 
 
 The following is a list of the exceptions already referred to, 
 which comprises everything of interest to the general student, 
 that is to be found in this department . 
 
 1. De I'origine des Lois, des Arts et des Sciences, et de leurs 
 progres chez les anciens peuples, par A. Y. Goguet. 
 
 2. Esprit des Lois — Montesquieu. 
 
 3. Philosophie du Droit — Lernimier. 
 
 4. Legal Maxims, classified and arranged— H. Broom. 
 
 5. On the Study of the law of Nature and Nations, by Sir 
 James Mackintosh. 
 
 6. The Law of Nature and Nations as affected by the Divine 
 
 Law. 
 
 7. DeLolme on the Constitution of England; or an account 
 of the English Government, in which it is compared both with 
 the Republican form, and with the other Monarchies of Europe. 
 
 3. The Elements of the Art of Packing, as applied V7 Special 
 Juries — Jeremy Bentham. 
 
 9. The Doctrine of Equity, a commentarv on the Law, as 
 administered by the Court of Chancery. 
 
 10. Defence of Usury — Jeremy Bentham. 
 
 11. Medical Jurisprudence, by Allied Taylor. 
 
 12. On the law of Scotland, as applicable to Husband and 
 Wife, Parent and Child, Guardian and Ward, Master and Ser- 
 vant, Master and Apprentice. 
 
 13. The Constitution of the United States compared with 
 our own, by Tremenheere. 
 
 14. On Liberty and Slavery, by Bledsoe. 
 
 15. The American Slave Code; its distinctive Features, 
 Decisions, and illustrative Facts, by Goodell. 
 
 16. Despotism in America, an Inquiry into the Nature, fte- 
 sults and Legal Basis of the Slave-holding System in the 
 United States, by Hildreth. 
 
 16. Coleridge on Church and State. 
 
 17. Baptist Noel on the Union of Church and State. 
 
 The next subject will be that of Political and Social Science, 
 and will open out to us an extensive field of highly interesting 
 iuvcstigation. 
 
22 
 
 SECTION V. 
 
 Political Economy and Social Science. 
 
 The department of books, consisting of Political Economy 
 and Social Science, forms a cognate gemis with that of Legis- 
 lation and Jurisprudence ; but the books in the former depart- 
 ment are incomparably superior to those in the latter — the 
 reason of which disparity is simply this — that whereas the 
 latter have been chiefly written by those who are interested 
 in the abuses necessarily concomitant with class legislation — 
 the former have been written chiefly by the philanthropist and 
 philosopher, who have labored disinterestedly on behalf of 
 humanity, and who are, indeed, the leaven which is destined 
 ultimately to "leaven the whole lump." 
 
 It is to the writings and exertions of the scientific philoso- 
 pher, and the enlightened philanthropist — and not to the 
 enactments of legislators or the policy of diplomatists, that 
 we are to attribute all the blessings of civilization that we now 
 experience ; and we may with equal truth charge all those 
 existing evils which are remediable by human means upon the 
 ignorance and selfishness of the wealth-accumulating legislator, 
 and the ambition and false pride of the diplomatist, who, in 
 lieu of promoting the progress of human improvement, pre- 
 sent, in too many instances, an inveterate and perverse opposi- 
 tion to all improvement save that of the balance at their 
 bankers. 
 
 I have endeavored to show, in a former section that the 
 morality and intelligence of the lower classes (who, of course, 
 form the bulk of a nation), are in the direct ratio of the intel- 
 ligence, morality, and institutions of the superior and powerful 
 few ; and if I am correct in the very low estimate I have taken 
 of the legislative character, it must be quite clear to a very 
 moderate degree of penetration, that before we can expect 
 much amelioration in mundane aff'airs, we must have a vastly 
 superior class of legislators to the one now current. Honesty 
 and benevolence they must have, to begin with, or they will 
 not have the desire to do good ; knowledge and wisdom they 
 
 (•« 
 
 f 
 
23 
 
 (-« 
 
 it 
 
 must possess in the second place, or they will not be able to 
 select the appropriate means. 
 
 When we shall have legislators endowed with these attri- 
 butes, they will doubtless perceive, that education is the grand 
 and only lever by which humanity can be raised, and that, 
 therefore, the promotion of the cause of education should be 
 their first and most important object ; they will thus become 
 philosophers as well as legislators— philanthropists as well as 
 diplomatists. The education they will insist upon (as well for 
 themselves as for those whom they govern), will be such as to 
 promote wisdom and goodness as much as wit and le.^.rning ; 
 such as will produce prudence and virtue as well as teach 
 their etymologies ; an education that will enable us to select 
 and prefer those books which impart and instil into our minds 
 the truest opinions and the soundest principles, rather than 
 those that are written in the loftiest and most clasbic diction ; 
 recognizing and appreciating the fact— that an industrious and 
 virtuous education is a better inheritance than a great estate. 
 
 I have read in a book, of which I now forget the name, that 
 — as the beautiful art of sculpture is to a block of marble, so 
 is a good education to the human being ; the poet, the philoso- 
 pher, the man of science; the good, the wis3, the great — are 
 often hid and concealed under the poor and despised plebeian : 
 whereas, with the advantage of a proper education they would 
 have been brought to light. 
 
 All the evils existing in society, which are the eflFect of 
 human agency, either immediate or remote, may be, (in a 
 moral point of view) divided into two great classes ; namely, 
 those that are produced by bad or malicious feelings, and those 
 that are simply the result of ignorance. If we desired to gen- 
 eralize still further we might, perhaps, be able to reduce the 
 category to unity; for in almost every case that we have 
 experience of, the immediate cause of the bad or malicious 
 feelings has been the result of a mistaken idea of the nature 
 of some or all of the circumstances of the case upon which the 
 ill-feelinor haa been eThihitfl 
 
 nnf 
 
 thus it ma" h 
 
 V rrtrs-l l-. 
 
24 
 
 the resnlt of ignorance. But indeed, the ignorant (by reason 
 of their ignorance, and in proportion to their ignorance) are 
 continually inflicting evil both on themselves and others. 
 Moreover, in the ignorance of the statesman and law-giver, it 
 has been considered necessary in all ages of the world to co- 
 erce or cajole the ignorant. It ought, however, in this age of 
 the world, to be clearly perceived, that the most efl&cient way 
 of managing human beings, and, at the same time, the most 
 compendious way of reforming them, is, by giving to all a 
 good education ; this, indeed will be an effectual prevention of 
 evil, whereas all other methods are merely palliatives. 
 
 When our Statesmen shall have cultivated with sufficient 
 diligence the science of Anthropology, which is the most sub- 
 lime science — which is, indeed, the science of all sciences — 
 then will they perceive the necessity of applying the National 
 Revenue to its legitimate object ; and, instead of a few paltry 
 thousands, we shall have millions devoted to the cause of 
 Education, and the promotion of Literature and Philosophy, 
 which are the choicest fruits of Education. Happy will that 
 Statesman be, and immortal will be his name, who shall take 
 the initiative in this glorious cause. 
 
 Tbia class of books in the Parliamentary Library is a very 
 complete collection ; it has been selected with great liberality 
 of sentiment and opinion, and very excellent taste. The fol- 
 lowing list contains the names of the most important works in 
 this department, forming a little library of literature on the 
 subjects of Political Economy and Social Science. They may 
 be read very profitably in the order in which they are here 
 enumerated : 
 
 1. Essays on the Formation and Publication of Opinion — S. 
 Bailey. 
 
 2. Two Treatises on Government — John Locke. 
 
 3. Passive Obedience, or the Christian Doctrine of not resist- 
 ing the Supreme Power. 
 
 4. The Spirit of the Laws — Montesquieu. 
 
 5. Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations. 
 
 6. The Aristocracy of England, a history for the people- 
 John Hampden, Jun. 
 
25 
 
 7. Sophi^mss Pftrlem^itaireB— Benth^v. 
 
 8. Political Essays, vith Sketches of PuWic Characteraw^, 
 WiUiam Hazlitt 
 
 9. Perils of the NatioB ; an Appeal to the Legislature, the 
 Clergy, and the Higher and Middle Classes. 
 
 10. Remedies suggested f(^ some of the Evile which oonsti-, 
 tuite the " Perils of the Nation." 
 
 11. Morality of Public Men; two letters to the Earl of 
 Derby — ^by DeVere. 
 
 12. De la Vraie Democratic — Bartholomew Saint Hilwre.^ 
 
 13. Popular Tumults, iUustrative of the Evils of Social 
 Ignorance. 
 
 14. Swear not at all — Bentham. 
 
 16. Bacchus, an Essay on the nature, causes, effects and 
 cure of drunkenness — K. B. Grindrod. 
 
 16. Dr. Carpenter on the Use and Abuse of Alcoholic liquors 
 in Health and Disease. 
 
 17. Peace — Permanent and Universal: its practicability, 
 &c. — Macnamara. 
 
 18. The opinions of different authors on the Punishment of 
 Death — Basil Montagu. 
 
 19. Philosophic de I'Economie Politique — Dutens. 
 
 20. Economie Politique — Destutt de Tracy. 
 
 21. Benjamin Franklin's Essays on Political Economy and 
 Commerce. 
 
 22. Natural Elements of Political Economy^-^Biohard Jen- 
 nings. 
 
 23. Lectures on the Nature and Use of Money — J . Gray. 
 
 24. Money and Morals, a book for the Times— John Lalor^ 
 26. Du droit de Vivre — par \m ancien manufacturier Lyon- 
 
 nais. 
 
 The next section comprises Chronology, UniyersaJ History, 
 and Philosophy of History. 
 
 SECTION VI. 
 
 Chronology — History, and its Philoaophy. 
 
 Chronolgy is comparatively a simple and mechanical affair, 
 
 involving a moderate acquaintance with mathematics and 
 
 astronomy. It is the name of that branch of knowledge which 
 
 treats of the various divisions of time, and the order and 
 
 succession of events The study of chronology comprises an 
 
 examination of the divisions of time that have been adopted 
 
 by all civilized nations ; of their methods of subdividing the 
 
 c2 
 
26 
 
 year into months, weeks, days, hours, &o. ; of the various 
 eras, eppihs, or periods which have been made use of in dif- 
 ferent ages and nations; and the cycles, circuits, or other 
 periodical revolutions of years. Chronology calls in the 
 assistance of the numismatist to decypher the dates, mottoes, 
 legends, or other devices which are found on coins and medals. 
 It also enlists the services of the astronomer in calculating 
 the various eclipses which have been recorded in relation to 
 certain events. In faet, it comprises all those researches 
 which have for their object the adjusting and arranging of 
 events according to the order of their succession. 
 
 The following list of books contains all that can be desired 
 on this branch of study: — 
 
 1. Rudimentary Chronology of Civil and Ecclesiastical His- 
 tory, Art, Literature and Civilization, from the earliest period 
 to 1864. — Weale's Series. 
 
 2. The World's Progress ; a Dictionary of Dates with tabu- 
 lar views of General History. By G. P. Putnam. 
 
 3. Todd's Historical Tablets and Medallions, illustrative of 
 a system of artificial memory ; exhibiting a connected outline 
 of historical and biographical chronology, &c. 
 
 4. Sir William Jones on the Chronology of the Hindus, with 
 a supplement. 
 
 5. Syn-chronology; the History, Chronology, and Mytholo- 
 gy of the ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Phoenicians, and the 
 harmony between their Chronology and that of the Holy 
 Scriptures. 
 
 Those who have not the means or the time to study more 
 than one book on this subject, will find " Rudimentary Chron- 
 ology," Weale's Series^ a most excellent work. [I may here 
 be allowed to mention, parenthetically, that the series pub- 
 lished by Mr. Weale includes some of the best elementary 
 treatises in the English language. ] 
 
 SECTION VII. 
 
 History — Political^ Scientific^ and Social. 
 
 That History is not generally so interest'cg as several of 
 the subjects we have passed in review, is because it has never 
 
 f 
 
 a 
 
 • 
 
 11 
 e 
 I 
 
 8 
 1 
 
 e 
 I 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 i 
 
 t 
 
t 
 
 \ 
 
 I 
 
 f 
 
 27 
 
 been treated in a manner equal to its importance. It pro- 
 fesses to render a faithful account of all human transactions 
 and institutions, — apolitical, scientific, and social ; and were 
 it to perform truly what it professes, it would be a valuable 
 embodiment of the rationale and philosophy of these three 
 interesting subjects — giving to each that amount of attention 
 and elaboration which its relative importance demands. But 
 historians in general have beer carried away by the glitter 
 and show, and pageantry and ostentation, of the events con- 
 nected with the political sphere, because of their noise, and 
 bustle, and flashy externals ; courts — embassies — camps — 
 battles — conquests. The whole resources of science, and the 
 blood and muscle of the great body of each nation have been 
 made subservient to the contentions of great rival powers ; 
 and the historian has too often mentioned science and "the 
 people" as merely subsidiary and accessory to the pride and 
 pomp of crowns and sceptres. 
 
 Thus the great triumphs of science, and the social history 
 of the people have been almost entirely ignored. For one 
 volume that has been written to record the discoveries and 
 progress of science, or social amelioration, there have been 
 a hundred written to trumpet forth the glory of combats, and 
 sieges, and spoliations. 
 
 But this is absolutely reversing these subjects in the order 
 of their importance ; for who does not see that the prosperity 
 and happiness of a people, and the progress of science, are of 
 infinitely more importance than all the affairs of diplomacy 
 that were ever transacted, added to all the battles and con- 
 quests that were ever recorded. To remember the various 
 discoveries of science that have been made in ancient times, is 
 obviously of the greatest importance. To remember, and 
 have continually placed before us, the various resources and 
 arrangements for the production of domestic and social feli- 
 city, is also of the utmost importance. But that we should 
 recollect that such a battle was fought at such a time, and 
 fhp.t Huoh a number were slain on either side, — ^that such a 
 general or such a king won that battle — that such a number 
 
zs 
 
 were made prisoners, who were either shot after &e battle, or 
 reduced to slavery, to satisfy the revenge, or add to the luxury 
 of the conqueror-— Is it of the least import««M5e that such hor- 
 rors should be had in remembrauce ? I imagine enlightened 
 benevolence will a|i once answer—decidedly not. Would it 
 not be infinitely preferable that the memory of all such trans- 
 actions should be obliterated for ever ? Should we not gladly 
 rather drink of the Lethean cup, in regard to all such abomi- 
 nations ? Would it not be better far to. begin, de nouveau,-^ 
 to turn over a fVesh loaf— to commence a new page of his- 
 tory — unstained by such sanguinary records ? I have always 
 had a supreme contempt for all such details. I pride myself, 
 at this moment, in not knowing the history or details of a sin- 
 gle battle that ever was fought ; and so far from this ignorance 
 being any loss to me, I look upon it as a decided gain. Those 
 who have devoted themselves to the study, and have got pos- 
 session of those histories and details, have, of course, used up 
 a considerable amount of time in the acquisition of them, 
 which, undoubtedly, they might have spent in acquiring 
 knowledge of a much superior character. To take up with an 
 mferior acquisition when you might have a superior one at the 
 same cost, is evidently a decided loss, equal in amount to the 
 difference in the value and importance of the respective 
 acquisitions. 
 
 When Listory comes to be written with judgment and t^ste 
 ^^illustrated by the lives of great and good men — enriched by 
 the never-ceasing discoveries of science, and replete witii the 
 i;olden precepts of ** divine philosophy"— it will then be as 
 entertaining as a fairy tale, and as instructive as the fountains 
 of wisdom. 
 
 The Parliamentary Library contains a very superior coUecr 
 ^n of books in every department of ancient and modern his- 
 tory, amounting to several thousand volumes. Mr. Todd hap 
 shown his extensive knowledge of books, and excellent judg- 
 ment in their selection, which offers a rich treat to the diligent 
 mad critical student. 
 
 4 
 
 i 
 
4 
 
 4 
 
 29 
 
 The works named in the following Ust, will impart as com- 
 plete a knowledge of this important subject as the genertd 
 student will require. 
 
 1 Tytler's Universal History, from tho Creation of the 
 world to the beginning of the eighteenth century. 
 
 2 Tytler's Elements of General History, ancient and mod- 
 em, continued to the death of William IV. *,„^ ♦>,« 
 
 3 Ramsay's Universal History Americanized ; ft^om J^» 
 earliest records to 1808 ; to which is annexed a brief view of 
 historv from 1808 to the Battle of Waterloo. , , ^ 
 
 5 View of the World; a delineation of the natural and 
 artificial features of each country, and a ^a^Tf^V^ f ^^J?^^' 
 ferent nations, their revolutions and progress, by John Bigland. 
 
 6 Bell's N^w Pantheon ; or an H storical I>ictionary of the 
 Gods, Demigods, Heroes, and fabulous persons of antiquity, 
 with their temples, priests, altars, oracles, &c. ^ 
 
 7 Neibuhr'? Lectures on Ancient History : the History of 
 the Asiatic Nations-the Egyptians, Greeks, Macedomans, and 
 
 ^^r^Nfibuhr^s Lectures on Ancient Ethnography and Geogra- 
 phy, comprising Greece and her colonies, fPi^J^S' Macedonia, 
 nivricum; Italy, Gaul, Spain, Britain, North of Africa, &c. 
 9 SS and actions of Alexander the Great, by J. WlUiame. 
 
 10. The destruction and Re-discovery of Pompeu. 
 
 11. Secret Societies of the middle ages. . ^ „ . , 
 
 12. W. F. P. Napier's History of the War in the Peninsula, 
 and the South of France. . . „ . 
 
 13. The Gael and Cymbri; or the ongin and history of the 
 Irish, Scots, Britons and Gauls, and of the Caledonians, Picts, 
 Welsh, Cornish, and Bretons, by Sir Wilham Betham. 
 
 14 The Pictorial History of England, being a history ot 
 
 ,a People as well as a History of the Kingdom ; by George L. 
 
 iik and Charles Macfarlane ; from B. C. 55 to A. D. 1»^U. 
 
 m 'index to the same, forming a chronological key to 
 events, the Lives of remarkable persons, and the Progress of 
 the Country, by H. C. Hamilton. 
 
 16. Continuation of the same during the 30 years Peace 
 *rom 1815 to 1846, by H. Martineau. 
 
 17. Lives of John Pym and John Hampden. 
 
 18. Life of Oliver Cromwell, vide Forster's British States- 
 man, vols. 6 and 7. ^ , _.,, . . -n ^i.^* 
 
 19. The Comic History of England, by Gilbert A. Becket, 
 
 with engraving by Leech. 
 
 [N. B. In this Comic History, there is much matter for 
 serious reflection.] 
 
30 
 
 20 Thomas Moore's History of Ireland from the earliest 
 
 *^2l! T^^ffl Ve'lt in ; a Pictorial aad Literary Sketch 
 nf thp, T^ritiah Emnire. published by Charles Kmght. 
 
 22 Ss ; iS^histJrical Buildings and its Revolutions, 
 revised to the present time--1849. 
 
 23. Memoir of the Life of Peter the Great. 
 
 24 India: Cries to British Humanity, relative to the Sut- 
 tee, infanticide, Idolatry, Ghaut M^f rs and « w^^ 
 Hiits for the melioration of the state of society in Britisn 
 
 ^?6%hl Thugs? niustrations of their History and Practices; 
 andVoSis for the suppression of the crime of Thuggee. 
 
 26. History of Java, by Sir T. S. Raffles. 
 
 27 History of Sumatra; of the Government, Laws, Cus- 
 toms*, fnd Manners of th^ native Inhabitants, by William 
 
 ^28.'^Les Harvis de I'Egypte and les Jongleurs de I'Inde. 
 
 ^'29.XS:; Tasmania, &c., their rise, progress, and 
 
 ^To."poJynesian Mythology, and ancient traditional history 
 
 ^'ai'SftrynSn Researches, during nearly eight 
 years on the Society and Sandwich Islands. 
 
 SECTION VIII. 
 
 The Philosophy of History. 
 It is a rare qualification in a Naturalist to be able to describe 
 accurately and intelligibly the conformation and peculiarities 
 of a plant or an animal; but it is one of the rarest quahfica- 
 tions in the worid to be able to relate the particulars of an 
 event exactly as they occurred. When we consider that His- 
 tory takes cognizance of the moral and intellectual character 
 of tiie individuals engaged in the events which it descnbes,- 
 the — ious interests and motives which influenced these mdivi- 
 duals-the antecede It drcumstances whichledto those events, 
 -the numerous collateral incidents which took place simul- 
 taneously with those events, and the consequences resulting 
 from all those combinations :— when we have taken all these 
 circumstances into consideration, we cannot >oo highly esti- 
 mate the difficulty involved in the task of those who have 
 
81 
 
 undertaken the duties of the Historian; and we need scarcely 
 be surprised at the very few instances which have appeared of 
 those who have prosecuted this task successfully. 
 
 An anecdote is related by Sir Walter Raleigh, which will in 
 some degree illustrate this matter :-This celebrated courtier 
 was one day seated in a window in his house in London when 
 a skirmish took place in the street exactly opposite his house, 
 which was followed by the arrest of some of the most active 
 parties concerned. Sir Walter saw the whole affair from his 
 window directly above the scence of action. Immediately after 
 the melee was over, two or three of Sir Walter's friends who 
 had also witnessed the affair, called in to see him, and each 
 cave a detail of the most prominent circumstances : singular 
 to relate, their accounts differed very materially from each 
 other in the majority of the particulars ; and Sir WaWs ver- 
 sion of the matter differed in an equally remarkable degree 
 from the whole of them ! 
 
 Now, if it thus appears, that from eye-witnesses of the facts, 
 (and that, too, immediately after the occurrence) we find it 
 impossible to obtain more than a very brief and imperfect ac- 
 count-what degree of accuracy and minuteness can we 
 expect from a recital of those events which have taken place 
 in distant countries, at remote periods: and frequently on no 
 more foundation than mere hearsay ? Yet such is the material 
 of which a great part of history, both ancient and modern, is 
 composed. It therefore behoves us to be extremely on our 
 guard, in the study of history, and not to take for granted, 
 whatever may be set down ; we must make every page of his- 
 tory a lesson whereon to exercise our judgmeni in determining 
 what to accept and what to reject. 
 
 If we may be allowed to regard history in the light of a 
 science, and compare it with the physical sciences, we shall 
 discover a remarkable difference between the former and ttie 
 latter The physical sciences are made up of never-ceasing 
 facts, which can always be appealed to, and of which expen- 
 ment can be made at any time ; aud these Q^ycv.m 
 
32 
 
 Repeated and re-repeated, until we arrive at satisfactory evi- 
 ddnoe of the truth; but with respect to history — the facts 
 have passed away, leaving no vestige behind, and can never 
 be recalled. Again — the facts of science can be brought into 
 material relation with the senses ; but the facts of history can 
 only be seized by the imagination, and retained by the memory. 
 Thus, we perceive that there is an important distinction 
 between the evidence which is presented by the facts of physi- 
 cal science, and the evidence which is presented by the records 
 of past events ; in physical science it amounts to a certainty 
 — in historical records, it only amounts to certain degrees of 
 probability. 
 
 In estimating the truthfulness of history, and the degree of 
 reliance we may rationally place on its details, there are two 
 farther considerations which must also be particularly attended 
 to ; In the first place, we must enquire, are the facts recorded 
 consistent with the nature of things ? Are they in accordance 
 with the lex naturce ? Are they within the sphere of possibi- 
 lity ? Secondly, were those individuals (who have taken upon 
 themselves the duties of historians) intellectually qualified for 
 their tasks ? Had they the means of gaining the necessary 
 information ? Were they men of integrity, and free from pre- 
 judice ? The facts and events related, although very possible, 
 — are they, at the same time, very probable ? We cannot read 
 history with much advantage, unless we take all these points 
 into careful consideration. The application of the foregoing 
 remarks are, of course, strictly confined to the records of pro- 
 fane or secular history. 
 
 How much soever history may present us with heroes in all 
 respects fitted to '* adorn a tale," it will have failed in its most 
 important object, if it do not also present, in the most promi- 
 nent manner, heroes who are qualified *' to point a moral." — 
 We are not satisfied with knowing the history of kings and 
 warriors — legions and cohorts — we desire to have the history 
 of the employments and enjoyments of all classes of men, from 
 the King to the beggar ; and in our eager pursuit of knowledge 
 we may be all allowed to ask — What is the difi^erence between 
 
f 
 
 actory evi- ] 
 —the facts 
 can never 
 •ought into 
 listory can 
 le memory, 
 distinction 
 s of physi- 
 the records 
 , certainty 
 degrees of 
 
 3 degree of 
 e are two 
 y attended 
 <s recorded 
 iccordance 
 of possibi- 
 ;aken upon 
 lalified for 
 necessary 
 from pre- 
 y possible, 
 annot read 
 lese points 
 foregoing 
 rds of pro- 
 roes in all 
 in its most 
 ost promi- 
 moral." — 
 kings and 
 he history 
 men, from 
 knowledge 
 le between 
 
 '33 
 
 and origin of this evi , -f * °\»™ ' ,;, „„» indeed, the 
 
 suggest to said histonan that "' ^'^ "^i i,e to write 
 
 only) method of traeing thie evil to its sowce, will 
 
 „ Jly minute and eareful histo^ ome^Uve. o^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 raoters which constitute the two extremes ol on. 
 
 namely: the Mng and the -^-^-X^;^^^^ 
 
 .as heen f.,«ently -^-^^e: t^:r:^U ^ 
 
 r^e z rp":;:^ttrr.. wm .a. t„ the write, of 
 
 history to decide. ., ^ -n v^ ;„ 
 
 uL to apply the remedy-by remo^g the cause. We 
 
 heartUy wish them both-God speed 1 
 
 The books, whose names are hereto appended, «" "" 
 Jstndent i the mysteries and attractions of this highly in- 
 teresting and important snbject :- 
 
 i ^^l^Trct^^'orio'^^^o^'^^' a lecture by 
 
 ^TBunsen's Outlines of the Philosophy of Univeral History 
 
 applied to Laaguage ™* ?«^;^1";„_ jn » course of Lectures. 
 
 \ ed~t'e?^^°S"= dela phUosophie de 
 
 I'histoire. 
 
 END OF PART I. 
 
84 
 
 VriLL C0MPEI8B THE FOLLOWINO SECTIONS: 
 
 1. Biography. 
 
 2. Heraldry and Genealogy. 
 
 3. Voyages and Travels. 
 
 4. Natural Philosophy and Chemistry. 
 6. Mathematics. 
 
 6. Natural History. 
 
 7. Geology, Mineralogy, and PaleBontology. 
 
 8. Anthropology and Zoology. 
 
 9. Botany, Agriculture, and Horticulture. 
 
 10. Medical Sciences. 
 
 11. Fine Arts and Architecture. 
 
 12. Useful Arts and Manufactures. 
 
 13. Philology, Criticism, and Rhetoric. 
 
 14. Classics, Poetry, and the Drama. 
 
 15. Bibliography. 
 
 I 
 
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