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 iMustrent lainethode 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 32 X 
 
 -t- 
 
 I 
 1 
 
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 PU] 
 
GEOGRAPHY MADE EASY, 
 
 BEEMl 
 
 A J^TEW AHRWGMEJ^T 
 
 or THE 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY, 
 
 ON AN IMPnOVED PLAN i 
 
 CONTAIMNO 
 
 SEJyER^L VIEWS WITH qUESTIOJ^. 
 
 Airs ACCOMrAlfllD WITH A VEW 
 
 ATLAS, 
 
 ADAPTED TO TH£ WORK. 
 
 BY JEDIDIAH MORSE, D. D. 
 
 AND ' 
 
 ^ 
 
 SIDNEY EDWARDS MORSE, A.M. 
 
 ••'vcCe 
 
 nrSNTr'SBCOND BDjriOW. 
 
 '^A. 
 
 
 BOSTOJ^: 
 
 PUBLISHED BY RICHAKDSON & LORD, 75 COBNHILL. 
 
 !• H< A< froit. Printer, CoDgreii-iir««t. 
 
 October, 1820. ' 
 

 rv 
 
 I 
 
 UlSTUICrOFMJIfiSJICIlUSETTS. 
 
 UuTHicr Tmrk's OvnCB. 
 nK IT UKMKMHr,lll-.n. tliat on li.e cightetrll. 'W ^J *^''^. 
 her. A. n, IHJO. in the Ibrty-fif.l. year o» ^^'^ '''^'«P'7 1'^*,?! 
 tl.e Dmlcl Slates or Amciica. «>«" a"°'°.^, '^ ^°"f;,t^ " .Ir^^ 
 nistrirt, have dtposilr.l in this ..ft cc jl.c "'''^ "'I'', "^ Jl^'W^.t 
 wlu rcolthey claim us IToprietor., in the worcU foHowmK. w «« 
 
 '. Gfocraphv Made Ka«y. hcinp A New Abridgment of «»'« J^?^"' 
 can lJ..iversal fieographv, ... an •'^P'-"^*'* P'*" ' ^^^^'^^^ ."f, 
 «i..n.^ral Vicus with Quc.t'>..ns. and "fC"'^P*"''^^''j''l'' f uijlC Ed- 
 ,.h«>tp.l u, the work, ny Jcdidiah Morse. D. D. and Sidney ^u 
 wards Morse, A. M. Twenty-second Edition. . , _. ,,, 
 
 in contorn,ity to the Act of the <>"B'"^°]' ♦';,^„^"K ,S 
 entitled. " A.. Act for the encouragement f 4"" Jl'umi Pronri- 
 Vhe Cop cs of Maps. Charts and Hooks, to the ^"«»^o»^^nd W^ 
 
 Historical and other I'rints.' ^^^^^ ^ DAVIS, 
 
 Clerk of the District of MasBftchtuetM. 
 

 :; 6 
 
 USETTS. 
 
 r Clerk's Oitice. 
 
 lltc liKlepetnUi'CO oj 
 N 8t tOHD, of Uic Haul 
 
 lie of a Ut.ok. U\e i igjht 
 or<l9 follow inK. w wit = 
 ridgtncnt of tlie Atneri- 
 vt.l pUn i eoptaimng 
 initil with a new AtU«, 
 D. D. and Sidney Rd- 
 on." 
 
 li of the United Statei, 
 if Uarninff, by seeming 
 he Authors and I'ropn- 
 erein tneniioiied :" and 
 tary to »" Act, eniided, 
 r, by dccurinp the copies 
 and I'roprietors of such 
 led ; and e3(icmli"K the 
 Engraving and Etching 
 
 UN W DAVIS, 
 
 rict of Mas«achu0etti. 
 
 PUEFACE. 
 
 iKOGIlAPHV, an a dcience, ig yet iu in iulanc). 
 
 " "Mlerprike of modern travell-M and inod.Tii com- 
 
 ... .ve Jut. indeed furnisliid u» stiili u vast More of ...a- 
 
 lermU, but „c look in vuin, in (h,. I.est tnuti-i* „.. li. ,i- 
 
 eriil Oeographj, |'„r llmi btunlilul onlci und lutid m- 
 
 ningnn.-iit, «hicl. «« .nucl. ddiglu „. i„ ,.,1,,, .,;,„,,,. 
 
 llie Si-oint-trician n.uk.* us.; of no (erm lii; |.e I,uh dr- 
 
 fined It, and in his dcn.onslrali.,.,., uvaiU l.imst-lr of uo 
 
 ruth t.ll he h«« proved i. 5 hut the «eo«ra,d,er eonunon. 
 
 h ln-g>n, h.s book with introductory vie«H, «hiih it i, 
 
 impossible for any man to understand. III! he i.n.inul.Iv 
 
 acquainted h iih the detail* of Geography. 
 
 It is true, that from the imperfect Male of our know- 
 edge, and from the nature of the subjeel, there cat.not 
 be the same precision "' Geography as in GeomHry ; >et 
 geosrapL.cal facts may be arranged, a lueid order niav 
 be adopted, and classifications may he formed to assis't 
 the memory, as in other sciences. 
 
 Various methods have been devised to aid the memo. 
 ry. We remember the relative positioti of the fixed siara 
 bjr groupiDg then, in Constellations. A European geo^. 
 
 ^l 
 
 J* 
 
it 
 
 I'HKFVCK. 
 
 raplipr Imi D-i-fiillvlHirrotvfil lhi« «v|u'ili(>nt frooi Anlron- 
 tiiiiy, imhI uiritiii;i'il nil die cliierinwiiii on tlic glnlic into 
 ('iiiitlt'llAtioiK. Tliiit plitii tnit^lit III- iio(>riil ir (ifii^ra* 
 |)l V liH'l III fiiiiifiiH \nili (III* Huiiic tlitliciiliici* ii« Aotrn- 
 III. my. 'I'lir Iwii ritm-M, liouvvcr, nr«> wiilrly ilittVrvnI. 
 i'lii .\<iliiiiMiiiii-i-'i4 «wiilil ii II iiniviTKo iif iliiN, uhtl lio Iih* 
 III) Hiiv III l»'l|> III"* iiii'iiiiii V. lull til iiiiilc lliciii with iin- 
 i\'.>in>iy liiii'>«. iihI i-oiiiliiii(> lluiii intn fttrmn. Hut U<'ni{- 
 rupliy uliiiiiiiiN uilli ri>iil liiieit. It liai riven, rniiNti 
 untl miiiinl.iim ', Hiwl llii'in' iift")r(l i\ mipport to tlii' nn-m"- 
 rv, iiiiicli mon- tmlid anil vnlii^ilile lliuii iinnglnnry linn. 
 Anollicr inoile of ttimiiitin^ the memory i« by nn in» 
 t;c>ni<HM ciimliinuliun oi' (In* initinh of numctt. The 
 word VllUiVOll lonluiim iht^ initiaU of the seven |iri- 
 marv eolum, in llie onlor in which they H|i|)e»r in the 
 rftinlinw. This int-lhoil muy in lonie in<iluiieeM he «nc- 
 ce^Ht'iilly H|i|iiieil to (ai'ii^rHiihy- Fur exHinple ; (he 
 three Iari5e lownn. Uo<.t(»n, Ailiuny and Detroit, are near 
 (he Haine |iii.rul!el ol' latitude, and the iniliulu «|iell 
 U Al). Miinlreal, AHmny and New York are near the 
 name meriiiian, and tin- iiiitiuU spell MAX. 1 liese 
 MIX towns, taken liii?eihcr, lorm a eroni, on which IJAD 
 MAN in extended. Kxpedienln of this kind muy be 
 proiitahle in unmc cases, yet if (hey are pursued very 
 far till) MilHieeoine frivolous, and rather burdensomo 
 tliun useful. The Hume remarks are applicable to 
 rhijmes. 
 
 There are various other methods of aiding the memo- 
 ry, but (he most valuable, where (he subject admits of 
 them, are classijication and a lucid order. These are 
 the inedimU adop(ed in all the seieneeii. They are (he 
 mediods which (he memory loves, and which make the 
 acfiiiisilion of knowledge easy auJ delightful. 
 
I'lliont iVoiiiAiidoti- 
 \% uii tlic glitlii' into 
 ' iiHcfiil il' (iiMijjra- 
 lliciiliici* ii« Aitirn* 
 •e witlrty (lirtHrenf. 
 •if (liiN, niitl III' titiH 
 lilc llicrii uUli iin- 
 roriuK. Hilt {i>n^- 
 ha» riven, rniiNti 
 ippnrt lo iIm' memo- 
 itii imngiiinr;y linpi. 
 leniury i* by an iii> 
 s nf iiiiincft. I'lie 
 lit of the seven |iri- 
 tliey n|i|)ettr in ihu 
 e in«tuiicvH he kiic- 
 For t!XHiii|ile ; (he 
 n<l Detroit, nre near 
 I the iiiiliiilii ii|iell 
 iv York arc near (lie 
 pell MAX. Ihese 
 oitt, on whirli DAU 
 r litis kind may be 
 y are purmieil very 
 rutliiT biirili'iiitoinu 
 are n|i|ilicable to 
 
 of aiding the mrmn- 
 lie nuhjeet admits of 
 order. These are 
 ices. They are the 
 md which make the 
 lelighlful. 
 
 PHKFACK. \ 
 
 !u the foIlouiMH pnR.« the world i« pr«.,n»cd under 
 three dulinet view,, |. An Introductory view of eaoi. 
 •limner or ^rnnd division of the «lobe. ;*. A view of 
 oaeh eoiinlry in detail, a. A lieneral View, or Heca- 
 pitnlation. 
 
 I" the Inlrnduetory vitwH, the de«i,<n ha. been lo 
 give ...eh an online of the iuo,i,„Hi,„, rivers and other 
 grand lealure, orihe gJoI.e. u. „i|| ,„,,.«ro the ,.n„il 
 to eonie with advanla^e to the si„dv of doluiU. 
 
 In the vhw of each amnlry, the jilan I.h, been, to he- 
 g.n with «hal iH ,,|„i„, „„,| j.roeeed lo what i. „b.e«rc. 
 l-or this reason, (he bonndurie,, ba>*. «„,| ,«„,., ^^e 
 eoinmonly hr.t de.eribed, and then il.e mounlaiu., river. 
 And towns. ' 
 
 After the student has gone over the world In detail, 
 he IS then called upon to look buek, and classify the 
 ".l".'>nul.on he ha. obtained, and cunibii^e his knu.,led«. 
 ."'« liemval Views. These views are ealenlated .o fi, 
 ull Jh.. in.,,o,,u„, .letaiN more Krmly i„ ;.i, „„,,„„ 
 
 1 he Older whi«h is here pursued, it is believed, i. the 
 «rd.r ol nature; the order which .s best calculated lo 
 coinmun.eate to the mind a clear and impressive view 
 «l (ico^raphy. 
 
 It has become customary of late, in Oeographic. de- 
 signed lor schools, to omit boundaries and the d,scri„ 
 t.un of rivers. In this work they have been insertej! 
 It IS rue, that maps with a series of judicious question., 
 »..pp«y ". part the place of a deseripli„„. Yet thev do 
 It unperfeHly. In the best maps, especially i„ L. 
 on a .mall scale, errors are so nuuLrous. that the mind 
 cannot rest with confidence in their tesii„,o„y. We 
 want the confirmation of the book Besides, a Lu\ Je- 
 .enpt.on of a river is the result of much study, «„d a|. 
 
 
 m 
 
fflKKACK. 
 
 «vBy« Mii^^piU the belt Miocitttion* for the aid of lb* 
 
 mrniiirjf. 
 
 I'll** |mbli«lu'r« have prpparpil nn AlU« •» ncpompa- 
 ny till* work, 'riu- nmi»» nrv cjoeulfil in ft «l)lc ofi'ii- 
 grHvill^, •mM'rior tu wIihI i« roiiiinon in »*ork* »t "lie 
 ■Htnv kimi The ini»|i »f (liv I'ltiU'tl .MliUf* »|>|M>ara to 
 be ri'iiuirknblv w<'ll ilonc. 
 
 Tb" Jiib- p««»' "f tbi« Hrograpby ncnU pxplanalion. 
 Tbi- work i« <h«TP cnlletl •* A N^-w Abridi^mint of ihe 
 Am.riciin Univeraal 0«'o«r«pby," bccauie a ho.ik wiili 
 lliRt litli' brt"! btftt pronii*«'tl to Jbf pnblip, anil lieci«n«e 
 the American I'niverHnl (Irosrnpb) bai i.ei'n tb- prin- 
 cipal aource of ibe infonnatian wbieh it eontaina. Yft, 
 in truth, Ibin volume baa a* mneb claim (o (be rlinrac- 
 ter of an original proiluetinn aa any (lioKrapby wbat- 
 tver. It baa been tbc rcnult ofmneh labor anti atmly. 
 Every leulenee of it waa aent (o tbc prc«» in manu- 
 ■eript. 
 
for llir aiti of die 
 
 AlU* lo nreompft* 
 fil in K •i)li' "fen- 
 III in \Mirk« of )lie 
 I SliUf* nitpfar* lu 
 
 netiU rxplannlinn. 
 
 Aliritl^nifnl ul' llie 
 i<raii<i«* a honk uilh 
 {.ulilir, nnd liernuxe 
 
 liai iift-n (li» prin- 
 li it eonlaini. Vet, 
 Inim (n IIk' clinrao* 
 y (JfOffrapliy uliat- 
 eh labor anti *(u*ljr. 
 the prcii in manu- 
 
 COVI'KNTM. 
 
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 KmhIi 
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 Nciriii .ViD'-i'lra 
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 Alttiiie 
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 Midillc States 
 New Voik 
 New Jt-rsey 
 I'enimylvttnia 
 DeUvvgre . 
 Ma) I mil 
 
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 Virginia 
 North Carolina 
 
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 • 
 
 
 \\)S 
 
 • • 
 
 
 . l«7 
 
 • 
 
 
 199 
 
 » • 
 
 
 . WU 
 
 • 
 
 
 SU4 
 
 * < 
 
 
 . 307 
 
 ft 
 
 
 210 
 
 ft » 
 
 
 . 211 
 
 » 
 
 
 311 
 
 • • 
 
 
 . 313 
 
 • 
 
 
 'J 13 
 
 » 
 
 
 . 213 
 
 , 
 
 
 313 
 
 » • 
 
 
 . 216 
 
 t 
 
 
 219 
 
 • 
 
 
 . 333 
 
 CONTEN-ifc 
 
 Iiiilirin Kr|iiihlir 
 Tiifko) in i>'.iin>|M 
 
 A»iit . I 
 
 riii'li"y In \»iu 
 R'ltkM Ml Aim 
 
 I'l'i mi , , 
 
 lii(l|Ht,iUnt Tiiri»ry 
 IliiiiUni III 
 I'ui iliM IikIU 
 f:hiim 
 
 ChiiK M I'itrtary , 
 'I'lilniitfi'y Mt«(ft 
 Jnpuii ■ , 
 
 A»li4liC IthniU 
 
 lili'n (if NiiiiiU , 
 
 n fiico 
 
 HIiiiililHiiv Isltndt 
 C«li'*)«« , 
 
 M|»('<* UliiiuU , 
 
 AiKd uIhuU . 
 
 H<»l>nc«i« . , 
 
 Ali'icii I 
 
 >'-i?ypt . * 
 
 liiirliitry Siitlct 
 ■|'ri|i'ili . ^ 
 
 TUMIK , ,. 
 
 AlKitrt , , 
 
 KtilI'dCCIt , 
 
 W'oHi Al'ric* 
 H.mlli Africa , 
 Kiint Africr. « 
 
 Niilii« , ^ 
 
 Altjiiiiinu » 
 
 <;»'iiir4l Africa 
 AlVicun Uluiult 
 
 OENEHAL VIKW8. 
 
 I. Of tlie PiMte.l Siiiien . , , 
 
 '—-— KxieiU ami Population 
 
 "— — liicirime nf l'ii|>uliai(iii « 
 
 "~~— — — C'^Mhe* of InlivbituniH 
 — "— — — Caiiala » , , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a-M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 311 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •lU 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 341 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 'i44 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 94t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 349 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 as 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9.lt 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •Jti 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '•m 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •JH 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 «4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3<S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3«« 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 V«f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •JM 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 370 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 iri 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■37i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 37« 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .'Tfl 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •J77 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■177 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .?7» 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2») 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ?hi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2113 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3(13 
 
 » 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 38ft 
 
 » ft 390 
 
 » » 390 
 
 • . 391 
 • . 393 
 
 * > 393 
 
 If 
 
^,< 
 
 % 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 — — — Rivers . • 
 
 .— — — Uomls 
 
 — . Face of the Country 
 
 — — ^— lin[)i>rtunt lines • 
 
 Na\)- and Army • < 
 
 . ■ ■ - l<eli>;lon 
 
 KeliK'it'iu Cliaiitable Societies 
 
 .. I. Covimu rre t 
 
 -_—- — tlii'-'i' I'owns • 
 
 — — Col leg en 
 
 . l.ivc'iiic and Fsiicnditurc 
 
 — .- liicreaaK of the V. Statu- 
 
 . , Fiil.lit licbi 
 
 Ucvc:uie, ManufatUiiis and M 
 
 2. Of Americu ■ • _ • 
 
 __—__— K\;cnt and I'upii^aliou 
 
 I Principal TuwiiF 
 
 History of Setllcmenls 
 
 3. f)f Kiiiope 
 
 4. <)i Asia 
 
 — Estent and I'opiilatioM . 
 
 — Heli,<io:» iind Ciuvi-riitr.ent 
 
 — Navy 
 
 — ( i!ifK . • 
 
 — Foreifjn rosst»s'ioiis 
 
 — K.vteMl and l'i>;;ulalii.in 
 .'ities 
 
 5. or Uie Uoild 
 
 Questions on tlic Maps 
 
 F.xient and Population 
 — ^ C;iiials 
 — — Mountains 
 — - (^oniTTK ice 
 „— ™ I'iOtLStanl Missions to tlic 11 
 
 Winds 
 
 Volcanoes and Kariliquakja 
 
 Sts,n 
 
 Metals and Mincials . 
 
 Acgetublcs 
 
 Animals 
 
 'Uniperature 
 
 itia 
 
 atbc 
 
 3M 
 C95 
 
 '2\)6 
 X'96 
 297 
 807 
 
 S98 
 
 ~V9 
 304 
 3l»5 
 
 r.i)6 
 
 JU9 
 JU9 
 311 
 311 
 G12 
 312 
 314 
 314 
 315 
 
 ol7 
 317 
 319 
 319 
 320 
 321 
 321 
 321 
 322 
 o-'4 
 3.1.7 
 3)0 
 3J2 
 S:-i4 
 
 ;;.;5 
 
 337 
 338 
 340 
 34ii 
 
llitia 
 
 LUtbcii . 
 
 • • 
 
 ':93 
 
 i?9G 
 
 2i)7 
 V'Jll 
 -'.'9 
 
 r.u4 
 
 305 
 
 r.u6 
 
 3.-7 
 3U9 
 oU9 
 311 
 311 
 G12 
 
 sia 
 
 314 
 oU 
 315 
 ..I'J 
 cl7 
 .il7 
 319 
 319 
 oV'O 
 
 o-;i 
 
 321 
 
 3~'l 
 322 
 
 3.1.7 
 330 
 332 
 334 
 3.55 
 337 
 338 
 340 
 3t-> 
 
 HBRATA, 
 
 Page 23, line r, for six months rtiaipart of the year. 
 41, line 34', dele manned by. 
 173, line 14, for Baeliia read Bahia. 
 200, line as, for Nerva read JVeuo. 
 203, line 22, for 800,0'to read 80,000. 
 2«*, liae 14, for 1,800,000 read 800,000. 
 
1 
 
EI.EMENTS OF GEOGHAPHY. 
 
 an?^7S.;:,!^'' -ience ,vl.icl. trea<« of „.e Kar.l. 
 
 AsTHONOMY is (he science uliinli trvAta of iho ««.,n 
 Stars. |>i.„e,H, „„,l „„,cr llouvenly Hodu-l ^^""' 
 
 lhe«e(«0 8cienco« uie «» iniinialely connected tliaf 
 
 ' i 1 o'u'r'ie'T'-"^'^ "'■ «^?«^"''"> *^ "Sain ?e 
 wi an„ii P'^''^"'"* ar,|.,ainl«nce with amronumv 
 
 ASTRONOMV. 
 
 Tlie world which „.,. i„h«bit is a nrent cloh.. 
 
 i;;-':h^o^'rJz:-r££'i£-'^ 
 
 • larger world aa iu cenlre. ' """ """'' 
 
 SOLAR SYSTEM. 
 
 ""iversally rcyecled b/Ji.e l'carne<K ^^ "'""' *'•"■'" 
 
 r 
 
14 
 
 ELKMKNTS OF OKO(iriAlMlV. 
 
 t 
 
 Tlie Copernican Rjgli'm is llie Inie Solar System. It 
 flup|in<cM llint llie HUH is in the venire; (liat the i?arlli 
 an<l the otlier planelA move round (lie mum, at various 
 (li^tiitiees, and with ililViTent degrees oi' vehtrity ; and 
 that the apparent niuliun of the heaveiily bodies round 
 llie earth, is occasioned by a real rotation of the earth 
 on its axi.4. 
 
 The Holar System is composed of the xtin, the pinncts, 
 salelliten, asteroids, and comets. 
 
 A planet is a body which moves round the sun in au 
 orbit nearly circular. 
 
 A aiildlite or moon is a body movini; round a planet} 
 and in company with the planet round the sun. 
 
 Jhteroids are very small planets, eomelimes called 
 telescopic planets. 
 
 Comfts arc bodies moving round the sun in very ellip- 
 tical orbits. 
 
 The or^it of a planet is the path which it describes 
 in moving round tlie sun. 
 
 The planets are retained in their orbits by the joint 
 action of two forces. One, called the centripetal force, 
 or the aitraction of gravitation, if it acted alone, would 
 draw them directly into the sun ; the other, called the 
 centrifugal force y it it acted alone, would drive them oat 
 of their orbits, and out of llie Solar'System, in infinite 
 straight lines. Between the two, they can do neither. 
 They cannot be drawn into thesan, on account of the 
 centrifugal force ; nor be driven out of the System, on 
 account of the centripetal force; but are compelled to 
 move continually round the sun. 
 
 The ^un.'\ The Sun is the source of light and heat, 
 to all tha bodies in the Solar System. It is more than 
 a million times larger than the earth. 
 
 Planets.'] There are commonly reckoned seven plan- 
 ets, the names of which, according to their nearness to 
 the sun, are, Mercury, Venus, the Karth, Mars, Jupiter, 
 Saturn, and llersehel. 
 
 The following table contains a view of the magnitude 
 nf the sun, and ihe planets, the distances of the planets 
 from the sun. and the lime ivhich each employs in turn- 
 ing round its axis, and in moving round the sun. 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 (I 
 il 
 n 
 ti 
 
 ni 
 
 ai 
 
 P« 
 
 Sfl 
 
 hi 
 la 
 
 th 
 re 
 
 V( 
 
 Do 
 
 is 
 
 a:i 
 
 we 
 
 (o 
 
 ve 
 
 ed 
 
 Iti 
 
 if 
 
 ^4»(tf... 
 
riAlMlY. 
 
 ! Solar System. It 
 Ire ; (hat* the i?nrlli 
 tlic Hiiii, at various 
 PS oi' velitrity ; Htiil 
 willy bodicA roiinil 
 itution of (lie eiirdi 
 
 llic Htm, the pInnctH, 
 
 ouiid the sun in au 
 
 inj* round a plitnet, 
 
 iiifl (fie HUii. 
 
 !, «ome(iineB called 
 
 he «un in very ffllip- 
 
 li which it describes 
 
 orbits by the joint 
 the centripetal force, 
 t acted alone, would 
 lie other, called the 
 vou]A drive them ont 
 r'Hystem, in infinite 
 they can do neither. 
 1, on account of the 
 t of the System, on 
 ut are compelled to 
 
 ce of light and heat, 
 em. It is more than 
 th. 
 
 reckoned seven plan- 
 ; to their nearness tb 
 Karth, Mars, Jupiter, 
 
 iew of the magnitude 
 itances of the planets 
 »ach employs in tnrn- 
 ound the sun. 
 
 ELEMENTS OP OEOORAHIV. 
 
 15 
 
 Muu 
 
 IMeroury 
 
 Venus 
 
 Earth 
 
 Mars 
 
 Jupiicr 
 
 Sill urn 
 
 Ilernuhel 
 
 Muon 
 
 The li 
 
 (IT), 
 
 $ 
 
 in niili:>. 
 
 8H3,:2«0 
 
 7,928 
 ♦,18tt 
 
 8«,iro 
 
 79,0*i 
 
 Mt'»n ili^tancr.t 
 fiam Ihr lun 
 in inili'i 
 
 1)0 million, 
 
 flS do. 
 
 04 do. 
 
 i** do. 
 
 491 do. 
 
 901 dn. 
 
 1803 do. 
 
 94r do. 
 
 Kotslion on 
 llii'ir all). 
 '/. It. >n 
 
 ^0 1 » OH 
 
 Tim» of muviiif 
 Tutinii Oit) itiiti. 
 » il. h. m 
 
 
 St 28 
 
 87 23 10 
 
 28 22 
 
 384 IB 49 
 
 28 00 
 
 i 
 
 1 00 89 
 
 1 821 2218 
 
 9 06 
 
 It 3101489 
 
 10 16 
 
 i9 1«4 7 21 
 
 iinkiiowii. 
 
 83 394 b 39 
 
 29 13 44 
 
 1 
 
 once 
 lug 
 
 ih»/T f'" "" *'"'"™'' •" ll"? «^'»ve table it annears 
 
 n^^ntlsVwhulX? .' r'"' " .'-** •'""> •'"•^•^ »f »"«• 
 turies. """Iiel'i yoar is nearly ouo of our ceu. 
 
 nei^Tn?,,;:*'"' '.'"«"«'»' «f»''« planets, and being the 
 
 r»'e or 111,000 miles in an hour It ■<■ aim 
 po..d, that the heirt under the equa.o, „nhi. p|a„e7?; 
 .. gr-at, that water would contiilualU boil iran i,^ 
 
 it^tiiirto^'r' ••''•"" -"— " ''-«• 
 Venus i, n«t to M*rciwy. le veiy mnHi resembles 
 the .ar h. It is about (he same size, and performs (he 
 revolutiwi oaits a*i* i„ aba«t the s««« time. Ndl .or 
 Venus nor Mercury has any moon ; of ctMirse, a.e* have 
 DO light after smtsel but star-light. ^ 
 
 The EuHk is next in order to Venus, As to sixe ii 
 " '"<»»« middle of the seven planets, there being 3 larUr 
 aiid 3 smaller, t turns on its axis on..e in 24 hours, frfm 
 west to east, which causes the heavenly bodies to appear 
 
 n .1."'.^'^ '*' "•* "•'"' '• 'Pherical ; as is prov- 
 ed bj the ft.ct (hat many persons have sailed ronJd il. 
 It 18 not, however, a perfect sphere $ but is elevated at 
 
 
 m 
 
Id 
 
 KTiKMKNTS OF OKO(»U\PIIV. 
 
 (lu- cinftlor, uihI Unttciuil at tlio poli'M. The cqimJnrinl 
 iliamMt-r is longer lliaii llio polar iliiiiiu'ler Uy .n inilt.'«. 
 
 MiTPiii) tinil Vi'iiim HP' ottlliil inferior plnnetH iii rc- 
 laliiHi to the ourtli ; bfcaunc lliiy uie brtJtiv the Kurtli j 
 thai i* iicurur to tlip «iiu or ci-iilreof llioHv-tcni. IMum, 
 .liHiiliT,MiiHjrii anil IKtscIuI an t'ulli-.l s///- lior |»lanet», 
 liecaii-e lliey arc above the earth 5 tlial is, (arlher I'roin 
 tliu centre ol' the *y«tein. 
 
 .1/f.rs in the (*inalleNt of the planets exeept Merenrv. 
 His iliiy 14 altoiit an lone; a* onr*. l)Ut his year is nearly 
 twiee as lont;. Mnrs liiiH no ni<inn. 
 
 Jniiiti-r is by far the largtsl of the planets, his hnik he- 
 ini^ nearly l.^oo times ilialolthe enrtli. lie revolves vtry 
 nutiflly upon his axis, so that his <Iays are very short, 
 hein^' not cuiite ten oTonr hours; bnt his years are very 
 Inii'^. bcin^ nearly iZ nf our yenrie. Jupiter has four 
 miioo*. These must elViiril a very pleasing speclaele to 
 ♦ he inhabitants, for sometimes they all rise together, and 
 sometimes they are all together on the meridian, ranged 
 om; under another. The eelipscs of Jupiter's moons uro 
 cf !;reat iine in astronomy. 
 
 Stttnrn is aliout JOOO times larRer than the earth. His 
 dav is only iO of our hours ? but his year is equal to 
 m iirly iio of our years. Saturn is surrounded by a broad 
 fin". This ring must appear to the inhabitants like un 
 immense luminous areli in the heavens. Besides tho 
 li'ht *vliit!i he reeeives from the sun, and Woni the rc- 
 fleciiou of his ring. Saturn is further assisted by tho 
 light of seven moons. 
 
 Jferschel, the most distant of the planets, was diseov- 
 cred by l)r. Hersche! in 1781. In bulk it is about 80 
 times as large as the earth ; yet, owing to its immense 
 distance, il is but just visible to the naked eye. Its mo- 
 tion louud the sun is very slow, so that its year is more 
 than 8a of our vears A man would have grey hairs 
 long before he was one year old, if he lived in Ilerschel. 
 Six moons have already been discovered moving round 
 this planet. To an inhabitant of Hersehel, the diame- 
 ter of the sun appears only twice as large as that of the 
 planet Jupiter does to us. 
 
 I 
 \ 
 
 n 
 I 
 
 11 
 n 
 
 e 
 a 
 
 P 
 
 tl 
 tl 
 
 ti 
 
 ol 
 ni 
 be 
 
 B{ 
 
 ne 
 
 r 
 
 ul 
 
 pl< 
 
 ar 
 
 lol 
 w\ 
 
 ▼ei 
 
lit A I'll V. 
 
 I'M. The pqimlorinl 
 ineler liy .«» inilo«. 
 ^eriov |tlnne(M in rc- 
 brhnr llie KhtiIi ; 
 I" llicHy'eni IMur», 
 li'tl .s/;/'( i-iV<r plttneti, 
 liiit in, lurtliur I'ruin 
 
 Bts excppt Moreiirv. 
 It lii» juur is iR'ttrly 
 
 pliinclR, liiHiiiilk lie- 
 h. IIiTi'viilvcu vtry 
 iliivH lire very short, 
 It liiH yiM»r« HTP very 
 . .Iiipiter Iiii9 Tour 
 (loading H|)i'claplL' to 
 nil rlHelo^cllKT, bikI 
 he nu'ridiitii, ranged 
 r Ju|M(cr'!tniuoiiiure 
 
 llinn the earth. Hi» 
 his year i» equal to 
 iirroiinded by ahroad 
 c iiihabiliinlilikeun 
 aveiiH. BeHiden the 
 and from the re- 
 
 in, 
 
 Iher assisted by the 
 
 plane(», was diuoov- 
 bulk it i"* about 80 
 uwing to its iinnieiise 
 I naked eye. Its ino- 
 (liat its year is mora 
 jld have qrey haira 
 he lived in Ilerschel. 
 ivered moving round 
 tiersehel, the diame- 
 is large as that of the 
 
 ELEMENTS OF OKOdRAPIIV. n 
 
 ^MtUeH.] Tht-reare m«atellite»in llip Hol,»r8v«. 
 'cm. 1 he Kardi has om», called tlu-.Mmn : Junilei, » : 
 «atiiru, 7; and Hemchel, n. ' 
 
 The Mounit murh nearer In the earth than any of the 
 
 SO thai, Mi.h the heh, of (he teleJeope,' ju moun'lains can 
 
 he dutingumhcd. The earl' ■- -' ■ - 
 
 than the moon in bulk. 
 
 _ . 'I'" ^ ■•T ■■■i.uiMniiiB vnn 
 
 rth it about Ou times larger 
 
 I h. moon and planets do not shine with their own 
 
 h'A 'f'!*!. '"*" "" *]"■'' "8''t ♦■'•'"" tl«e •"". Only one 
 hall of the moon, »r of any of the planets can be ilfurai- 
 
 IT^L"' I*".™'' *"•' '»;eillnnm.ated half must airy, 
 be that tvhich „ i,»ward. (he sun. When the sun and 
 
 ^^.Ti'T/T:"" '"'""f •''•' e"»^ the whole illu 
 
 earth, and it » full moon } hut wliin the sun and moon 
 are on the same Hide of the earth, (he dark halfi.thel 
 presented toward, the earth, and it is ,1^,0 moZ 
 
 tWr«Hl/'*'i i""" 'T" '•"*•"*"' *•> it- entering into 
 
 the ear h's shadow. It can never happen except whea 
 
 he oarlh .. d.reetly in a line between the sun aid moon 
 
 JJiHf ;?;;: r " '^•' "^^^' "^ -"^'^^ "-p* - «"» 
 
 An eclipse of the sun, is caused by (he interposition 
 of the moon between the earth and the sun. It caJ 
 never happen e«ept when the n,.M.n is directly in • liJe 
 between tW earth and (he sun. Of course tife sul c2 
 never be echoed except at the time ofnewZn " 
 
 i he very hour and minute when aa eclipse is to han 
 pen, can be accurately calculated yearlbefo ^ha^d 
 1 h.s shows the wonderful regularity and exactness with 
 uh.eh the lipave,, ly bodies perform their reJouTnnr 
 
 JlsUroijU] There are four asteroids, or t" lesconic 
 planets, CVm, P«//a.s, ,/«»o, and Ve,ta Their orb U 
 
 Comets] The number of Comets belunKii* („ ,he 
 ar system .. unknown. In tsti, the iH.mfer of tho^ 
 whose elements had been eal-ulated was 103. 
 
 ^erse, with prodigious velocity, approach very near to 
 *he SUB, oad then ay ofFwith cquil' rapidity/aii frl! 
 
 i 
 
 4^^ 
 
 I 
 
Ill 
 
 i:i.i:mI';nth or fsKOiiHAPiiY. 
 
 i 
 
 t|uvnlly <lo nut rvliirn itgain till after llic Upin (tt'crntii* 
 riet. Momfiiiiu'K llii'jr n|i|ieiir hrigiit niiil rnunil. «omp- 
 tiineM wild liiTy (uil'4, aixl lomt'limi'* vmiiling lirniii* on 
 nil *iilf» like iiitir. i'licNC liln/iiiK Ixiilic* rn')|iicit(ly 
 CKUH llio nrbit* of llir plumlit, niitl it i» liy iin iihuiih iiii- 
 pnvtililc, tliut m mine ftiliiru day, ii romet in it» fiiriuus 
 coiirite niiiy mrike Hgnintt our tin III nnti <lu«li il In |iiei'eH. 
 FiKKU Hi'AHv] 'riioRv ittari wliieli rtlvvnyv u|t|MMirin 
 (lie name niluulinn willi rcii|ie«M lu chpIi oilier are eallrtl 
 jS.iW itlttrn. They ure eiwily «li»liiigui»he(l from llie 
 |»luni'U by llieir Mvinklin^. 
 
 The uuutbfr of the futtl Rtnri in not knoMn. About 
 3000 arc viiiblu In I he nuked eye ; but by the liel|t of a 
 teleaeope wr can diiteovcr niuny million*, ami the num- 
 her coiuinnnlly iucreuReit in prnporlion to the ma(i(nify- 
 in^ pitwer of the lelcfii'iipe, to (hut il ii im|io«iible to icl 
 nnv limiuin the number. 
 
 The ilUtfince of the fixed itarti from our earth ii im- 
 meninrablo luid uhnont inronceivnble. A cannon bull, 
 moving at the rale of Aoo milett an hour, would not 
 reach the neaieHt nf Ihem in iieven hundred ihouHand 
 yeart. If the earth, whieh moves round (lie nun at ihe 
 rate of a million and a half mileii a day, were In fly 
 louardH the fixed ttari with the Nunie veloeity, it would 
 not reach the nearcul nt>'lhein, after taking all the ttmo 
 which has elapsed since the creation of the world. 
 
 The magniltaU of the fixed slurs is unknown. 8nmc 
 probably are much larger than others. Hut all of them 
 must be many thousand times largerthan theearih,nr we 
 fchould be unable to see them at sueb nn immense distance. 
 The magnilude of the fixed slurs, and the circum- 
 stance that they shine by their own light, give reasoir 
 to suppose, that they are all suns to other worlds, and 
 that each one of them, like our sun, is encompassed by 
 a complete sycteni of planets. There is reason to be- 
 lieve loo, that nil these innumerable worlds are inhab- 
 ited by living, intelligent beings. IIow wonderl'ui are 
 the works of God ! 
 
 Compared with this universe of stars and worlds, our 
 sun and nil (be planets llint move around him arc us 
 Qutbing. To au inhabitant ot'iiuy of these distant wur!(l« 
 
 u 
 
 II 
 
 If 
 
 Pi 
 
 tu 
 
 in 
 ac 
 
 pii 
 lei 
 th 
 ca 
 eu 
 
 tw 
 
 5r( 
 
MAPHV. 
 
 Ilio Upie of crntii' 
 
 I mill rnunil. Huinp- 
 l>lniltil•^ lii'iiin* on 
 
 ^ lioilic* fn'i|iifiitly 
 i* liy iin tiHiiiin iin- 
 'omet in it» I'liriuut 
 itl ilutli il lo iiiocm. 
 Ii Hlun}» u|)|MMirin 
 rli ollivr lire fullrd 
 iigiiiNhed rroni (lie 
 
 Mil knoMn. About 
 ul \ty the lielp of a 
 ioMK, aMil tliir num- 
 oil lo (lie mH{i(iiifjr- 
 il iin|ioiiilile (o ict 
 
 Dm our rnrlh ii im- 
 le. A ciiniiun bull, 
 in hour, woiilil not 
 
 II hnndrtd lliouHand 
 iiund I he nun at I he 
 n day, were Jo fly 
 le velority, it would 
 
 tukin^ all the ttnio 
 I ol' the world. 
 i« unknown. 8omc 
 s. Hut all of them 
 hnn thp carl h, or we 
 inininieniediMlaiice. 
 », and the cironm- 
 light, give reanoiF 
 other worldn, nnd 
 > i« cncompaitited by 
 ere in reaaon to be- 
 e worldx arc iiiliub- 
 low wonder I'ul are 
 
 an and wnrldn. our 
 e around him are as 
 these distant nur!(l<: 
 
 em:mknt.s of ok()(jhai»iiv. tt 
 
 oiir.un aimeaiN no bi^^rrlhan a little ^l•n.n...rln» »(«r , 
 and the planet. j»re t„o .,„.,|| |„ l.„ nl;,, .„ .UJ.'^ •, ,„! 
 
 »i.r?» .'.?• Vh T ' 'i**' •' """""• ''" •••'■" -» ••" •■^"'» '•'"")• 
 tl ... ^''"" ">■"•"'"• "■ " *"*'^" '" '••• "'^"'•1' "Mt 
 
 hab„„,„„| j„. ,,r, j^.,,,,,,,^ „^ Il..,„.bel. U HI may 
 
 of t'hv llaMi .1 '"" "" '""r'"' "••• '""—«' ""• - "^ 
 ordained, what M „„.„ ,|,hi ,!,„„ art niindlul ol him !» 
 A comtelltttio,, i. » group or eolleehon of mveral 
 ne.«. boring ,t«r. and derived i„ n.,..e eomnH. ilj f !„ 
 
 lemble!""' ""■ ""'" "'''^'■*'' ^ '''"'' '' " *moJ\o re" 
 'ihe ^^fl/rt.,// or milkt way \% a broad circle in il.* 
 
 f.':i"",;;i''„" ;'"'• ?,r '"'•' "h-™"". -1 .lAil:: 
 .umr:.';;:,;?;,. .rV/r/iurr:. """"-' '» 
 
 OLOUES. 
 iiie i^uitre. A ftemis/iherc i» a half globe. 
 
 I he ce/.«//a/ globe exhibit, a picture of (he fixed «(ar. 
 
 f.r^fl< j.rcl.g are tho^e which divide the clobe into 
 Mvo eijual parts. The .,;„„/„, ^r ey«/L/ '/,^| I AoH 
 
 f 
 
 01,' 
 
 
 i 
 
to ELKMKNTH OK GKOOUAPIIV. 
 
 Ll»» eirclet •r«r llio»e whiili divid* llifl k'"***" •"'" '**'* 
 unr<|ual imru. Tim two Impicn anil the twti polar ctr- 
 cIm are I«m cirrl««. 
 
 Evtry eirclt* U diviiUil inlo aAO rqiml pkrls eikllfil 
 dtgrn*! caeli dfi(n>e it dividid inlo flo minule* t mid 
 •acli minute into «0 nrcomU. Thry aro m«rk<pd lltu* 
 »J" iM att" » that it, ^4 dfKrctMi, 11 ininntr*, and a« 
 Neond*. 
 
 Tlii« f</i«i/or in an imaginary ^rea« cirfl«> paMnig 
 round iho earlh from aaat to wMt at rinht aii«l«« with 
 iU aii*. It i« «qoidiitant from thn polr», and divide* 
 lb« fartli into northnn and tuuthtrn h»miiplt«rri. 
 
 ^/rii(/»an« are imaKinary gnat circle* pawing through 
 the uolei of the earth and culling the r.|ualor at right 
 angUa. The meridian of any plaee it the meridiiin 
 that cHlt (he harixon of that plaee iu the north and 
 ■oulh point*. The Jlnt wuvidtan i« that from whicb 
 longitudu i* reckoned. U divide* the equator into two 
 equal part* of 1 HO- ea«h. _ 
 
 On the arlificiul globe the meridian i* repre»cntcd by 
 K brazen circle. 'I'hi* eireic i* divided inlo four equal 
 nnrl*, of tto" eaeh, two numbered from the cquatoi to 
 the pole*, and two from the pole* to the equator. The 
 graduated tide of thi* braron eirele *erve» h* a meridian 
 for any point on the *urface of the earlh, the globe be- 
 ing turned about till that point come* under it. 
 
 There are drawn on the artificial globe i'i meridian*, 
 which divide it into 34 equal part*, eueh containing 1ft", 
 being the distance which the earth movi* in one hour in 
 it* daily revolution ; (o that tho*« who live a* far ea*t 
 or we*t of eaeh other, a* from one of llie*e line* to an- 
 other, have a difference of one hour in time. 
 
 The hjrixon i» either s$nsil)lt> or real. The artifim 
 horizon i» the «mall eirele which limit* our pro«peet 
 where the sky and land or water *eem to meet. The 
 rtal horizon i* a great circle, parallel to the former, 
 which divide* the earth into upper and lower bemi*- 
 phere*. 
 
 Tito horiaon i* divided inlo four equal part*, or 90" 
 eaeh, by th« fo«r eardinai point*, £ust, IVest, JVbrfA. 
 »od Suvih. 
 
 a 
 li 
 
 I' 
 
 t< 
 
 ei 
 li 
 
 ei 
 
 r< 
 li 
 II 
 d 
 
 PI 
 
 III 
 In 
 ei 
 
 to 
 
 (h 
 
 he 
 
 of 
 
 Ih 
 1 
 
 2 
 a 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 tf. 
 
 7, 
 
 8 
 
 V 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 i2. 
 
tAPIIV. 
 
 tli« n\a\>e inl» ivftt 
 ihe twu polar cir- 
 
 qiml imrU, e»lU<l 
 
 r «r« markrtl iltui 
 » luintilrtt KUil A* 
 
 •»l fireli* ptoiiig 
 ri^lit khkU* with 
 |i(>lir«, kimI (iivitle* 
 i«>nii*pli«rri. 
 I«( pntiiii^ tlirougU 
 le ri|uiilor kI riKht 
 ir it (III* ineriiliitn 
 > iu (he Durth niid 
 t tliut from wliicb 
 lie cquntor into (mo 
 
 ,n it rrprrienied by 
 (led into Tour rqnal 
 'rom llif cquatoj (o 
 (he ci|iia(ur. The 
 lervet ur a mrridian 
 tar(h, I be globe bc- 
 • untl4*r it. 
 i^lulie 14 mpridianii, 
 uch (unlaiiiiiig lA", 
 lovi'i in one hour in 
 tlio live a« far ea*t 
 if (heie liuei (o an* 
 in (imr. 
 
 rrnl. The sentihle 
 liniilR our proaueel 
 leim (0 mefl. The 
 kllel tu (he former, 
 r and lower bemit- 
 
 eqiial parti, of 90' 
 JEust, IVesI, JV\>rth. 
 
 LI.KMKNTM UF UKO«|{M>li\. ',>| 
 
 On (heartiflpinl afoh.- Iho hnrixon 1% ii|irp«entp<t l.y 
 a brrmi, Jf„l, u,m<l,i, rif. I,., h „ r,„Miii„i,|y .jiviilni 
 im.. ;i |i,irl«. 'Ihe iiincriiiool i. niurkiil miiIi nil (ht 
 poiiKt »r ihi- rMm|iii«» ( ihi' Ml \l uiih ihf niiiiHu. rliiirm-. 
 liT«, iiiiil 11^„|.•, 1,1 ihf lui-JM' Ki^n* I anil iho (hinl i« « 
 fMliiKliir i.r iiiiiiiilia mill iluifi, ciirni.|.oinlintf tw(h (ho 
 (Hi'Ui* aiifiN. ' ° 
 
 Thi- poinf of the hiuvrii, iliriMtly our our hiuiU 14 
 ciilli.l i|,i' ^f)(j^/ ; iiinl tlif oppoiii.* noiiii or (hat ili. 
 rcfiiy iii.ilcr uiir iVvi in culltil lhi> J\)iil,,'. Thi- nlrniuht 
 lin? I'niii.iTiiim ihi'«<* ««.., piiMP* (hroiiKh the ceiitri. of 
 ihf I.Mri/..,ii luiil i. «all. .1 ii< H«i*. '1 1,1. ^,,„i,|, „,„! „„. 
 Uir ..I iii.> pliai'. ihiTrlnre, urn the pole* ..f in hon/oii. 
 
 I III- eclijitic U an iinUKinHry gnat rin-lr in the hinv. 
 en*, ill th^ piano ol* whii-h ihe i-arih piiform. hir nn. 
 mm! r.*,, iiiir.n lonnil Ih.- mm. Ii !• calle.l the ecliplio 
 hfcatin. nil n-lip„* hnpiini uhin (he tun, moon, and 
 earili are ii itn* p||iiM> ohhin ciiili*. 
 
 'nic icliplii- it drawn on thuartiUiinl i(lolie ohlieniily 
 lo the cnnalor, and niaki'i «vi(h it an annio of .'.»• Jh'. 
 
 lUv iwilvfHi^ins are ih^ (.ininal parit into whicll 
 tin- ecliptic i« iliviilid, each coiiM^iinif of du". 
 
 I he if«/iVi.- i» u liioad circular npacc or hilt in llio 
 hcavcuH, 10" |,r,„„|, ..xiindinij s" on iMu-h .ide of the 
 
 • clipiic, and conlaiiii the iv{ coimn-Hationt, or eluntira 
 ol -lam whith arc called the til ti^n*. 
 
 The namcii and ehaiactirt of die twelve «i^n■ and 
 
 • tie linie oi the tun't entcrinaf Iheni are at I'ullowt. 
 
 Latin. 
 i. Arit't 
 2, Taurut 
 
 H. (leinini 
 4. ('auccr 
 
 0. I. CO 
 
 Virsfo 
 fiilira 
 Hcorpio 
 
 Ktintisti, 
 The Hant 
 Tl^e iinll 
 The Twint 
 The Crab 
 The I, inn 
 The Virgin 
 The Scale. 
 Thi' Ncorpioii 
 
 0. 
 7. 
 H. 
 » Hagiiiariuii The Arclur 
 
 10. rapricomus The (inat 
 
 11. Aqiioriu<( i'lic Wnicrnian 
 i2. PiiCL't The Fithct 
 
 Vharavtev 
 
 s. Timt. 
 
 00 
 
 March 'M\\\ 
 
 S 
 
 April .'01 h 
 
 n 
 
 May 3l8t 
 
 UB 
 
 June ijltt 
 
 U 
 
 July ;^ad 
 
 "R 
 
 An^imt ^.3d 
 
 tCa 
 
 Hcplf mhcr 2dd 
 
 "I 
 
 Oi'lobcr rnX 
 
 / 
 
 November iiA 
 
 vs 
 
 December iiA 
 
 an s: 
 
 Jaiinaiy ^(ith 
 
 X 
 
 FVbruary tuiU 
 
 
It iftmiRNrM OK (iKCHillM'MV. 
 
 Tht Aral lii irt «tH«a narthtrtt »igiM| ih« ImI >Ii 
 
 HOMlArril. 
 
 Til* i»/Mrf ^ ' r» {*9 tWeUu one pMtlni^ lhrniii(h tli* 
 fquinoriiNl |i. inl«, Arir* miil Libra, miil mlUtl lli« 
 •yuimWio/ ruluif ( .hroiliff |iii««iiiif (hruii^li lh« •«l»h. 
 tial imiiiii. C'kiirrr antl ('•(irirorn, «n<l rnllrtl lit* *»/. 
 •fltio/ iolurt.-m'lUt tMu culurv« «r«> ttruwu only on lli« 
 rpUtlinl i<lnhi>. 
 
 'I'lirt Intpicn nrf lw« /I'M plr»l»t, ilrtiwn pnrnllcl li» 
 llic cfiiiiiior ut ihn ilw»i»nf«« iif J.»' JH' » tini* north iif Ilia 
 9i\»iitnr,em\Ui\ ihr tmiiii' of Cunnr i tli«^ otlivr loulh, 
 ••lli'ii I Ik* tmpir nf Vaprlforn. 
 
 Tli« poUnr rirrlei art (wn /«» ei)fl»t ileiprihixi roiinil 
 Iht nniM at llir ilit<an«e of iJt' ift'i thai nrniinfi ilia 
 Ronli |iol« i« rnllfil Ihe aretk fircU | that aruiiniJ tk« 
 ■oiith piili<, Ihp utUnrtlii- rirrle. 
 
 JiS<>iMr» «ri> .ha <)ivi«iiiri« o( (he rarlh'a iiirriter, furm^ 
 hy ihi' trii|Hi-i niiil polnr e'trthn. Thrri" are H»a r.nnv | 
 •n* torrid, two hmtttrnh, aiul <iro frigid xiin«>«. 
 
 The lorrM xntiv la thai part nf thr vaith's «urfitra iii< 
 oliiilvil belwrrii (hi* two lropii>»| the tprnprralp r-nnt* ara 
 iiirliiih-il brlwfrn thr tropica an<l tha p ilar rirrlc* { and 
 the t'riffid zona*. hHtvern thc< \wUt riroira ami liic polea. 
 
 In avcrv part of the torrid xanr the inn i« vrrlia»l» 
 •r dirprlly ovrr thr heaila of Ilia inh.«bilanti», l«iioa 
 every jear, and the duja and nighia are ulwi^ya oaarly 
 t«|ttul. 
 
 In ihrtvmparatoznnaatha aun ia n«i^«r vt-rliaal, b»l 
 rioi-1 and M-ta evi-ry Ui Itaura. 'the da)* and uitfhta are 
 un«(|unl, an:l their iiivi|iialily inrrvaaea aa yon approach 
 till* p<il<>«. 
 
 In the rritfid /nnea, tho inn never aelt fur a certain 
 linmber or«lKy« in auinmer. aihI nvver riiea fur an «i|nal 
 num'"»r in winter. At the polea the aun ia « nionlba 
 abnva, and e mnniha below the koriMU t of cnurae he 
 ria«a only onee in a year. 
 
 The iwhiibitnnia of the different zoih'I rnnv be ditliu- 
 guiiilied bv the direction in whieh iheir shaauwa fall at 
 tiuun. — Thone who inhabit the torrid /.one, have their 
 ahadowa one part of the year north, and the reat of the 
 year aoulb uf them at noon daj ) but when the lun U 
 
 v< 
 
 •) 
 
 f» 
 i» 
 (u 
 
 Wi 
 
 ni 
 th 
 
 loi 
 lU 
 
 •r 
 
 ia 
 
 mi 
 ef| 
 
 •I" 
 un 
 
 he 
 
 aoi 
 ni^ 
 wi 
 
 «at 
 ha 
 
 e«t 
 
 nei] 
 ter 
 
 J 
 •iti 
 are 
 oni 
 oni^ 
 wh 
 wit 
 
 'I 
 div 
 
U.\I»IIV. 
 
 •igMf iM ImI ill 
 
 a, iitiil mllvU ill* 
 
 ihruii^li III* •oitii* 
 
 Mill rnllril ill* »nl' 
 
 ttruwu only aii iIiw 
 
 ilmwii pnralli*! In 
 
 ' \ tini' iiorili iif III* 
 
 / lliiF otlitrr lAulh, 
 
 iftiliraerihtil rniintl 
 'l Ihiil nrniind ilia 
 1 1 tlikt around lh« 
 
 li't iiirriter, foriiM^ 
 ii>r«* arr Hv« /.oiir* ) 
 rigid xnnvt. 
 p vaith'a «urfitr« in* 
 trmprritli* r,nnrn are 
 pilar rirrli'* ( and 
 mlm ami liic polei. 
 Ihe inn i* vrrlital^ 
 inh.«bilanl*, Iwiea 
 I arc alwiijt Dearly 
 
 nfli^fr vi-rtical, but 
 da}* ami ui|{liU are 
 ie« a« jiiii ttppruacli 
 
 r ■«(• fur a tcrtiUn 
 >r riiM fur an «<|iial 
 ihe HUD in A muiillit 
 lisau) of cnurav lie 
 
 ;oiM>i tiiftv be diiliu- 
 irir shaJuHH fall at 
 d /.one, liuvL- llicir 
 and Ihe ri'iil «f llie 
 ui when (be lun is 
 
 riK<IOHAI*liV. 
 
 8J 
 
 varlUal, v%||iHi is iwktt «ver* year, th«y liav« too 
 
 •I'lidnM al noiiii. 
 
 Ill ilir Irmperale /Mnr* ilic iihadnMi a( nrnti always 
 full on.' way , in lb<< nurll., rn Uinp«r»l« ann* lliryal. 
 ««y» fall loivardt ilic H„rib, «nd in lb* tuulhtirM alwaw 
 liMtariU Ihe •iiiiih. 
 
 In (ho frii^id XIMII4 (he <iuii for*l» mon(h« mavea rniinif 
 widioiil itliinif, and ih« *liadot«s are m every si4 hour* 
 nl thai period, iuceeuiv«|y «ai( luwarda e»er» point of 
 (he hori/on. 
 
 i'hr tatitu'l*' of a place ia iu di«lanee from Ihe equa- 
 
 or mea»iir.d in de^nea on (lie meridian. If Ihe pinee 
 
 Ilea norlh of Ihe eipialor. it ia in north laiihide s if aonih 
 
 •f Ihe equal m, in ,ou»K Uiie^de. A paralhl of laliludt 
 
 ia any /m« circle parallel wiiti ihe equator. 
 
 The luHgiUide of a place i i it, di.ianre from Ihe hrat 
 mendiaa.eiihir ea.l or we.t, rerkoned in degree* on (ho 
 aqiialor. It can never eiceeil tdo*. 
 
 The lahabitanl* of ihe earth are anmedmea dialin. 
 PIMuhed afleording lo (he several meridian, and parallela 
 under which (bey live. 
 
 t Thoae who live in (he aame lalilude, and aama 
 hemiaphere, but under oppnaile meridiana —Their sea- 
 aona are (he aume, aa aNo ih. lenslh of their daya and 
 
 "'TiI'V •'I'*''"' •» »• •"•JJa.V wiUi one, it i. midnight 
 M'ltb (he other. '^ 
 
 a. Those who live in Ihe same lalilude, and under the 
 same meridian, but iu oppn^iie himisphirea. Thiac 
 have noon and midniKhl at the anme time , but the lonij. 
 eat day with the one i* the ahorteat with the other j coii- 
 nequeiitly when it is midsummer with one it is midwin- 
 ter with the other. 
 
 a. Those who live In (he same latitude, but in opno- 
 Sllu hemiapherea, and under oppnaile meridians. Theao 
 are called Anlin'o-de*. When it is mid-diiy with the 
 one It IS midn^ht with tde other; the longest day uiili 
 one IS the shorlisl with the other | and conaequenily. 
 when It la midaumnier with (he one, it ia midwinter 
 with Inn nther. 
 
 The Aour drf/M are dcacribcd round the poFoa, and 
 divided luto H hours. Th^.y are aoinelimes represented 
 
 «1 
 
ft 
 
 ELEMENTS OF OEOHHAIMIY. 
 
 by a brazen circle attacluMl (n lli(> meridian, ami ionie« 
 tiniCH «le«crilied on the f^lolte iUfl'*. 
 
 Tlie quadrant of aUitude is a lliin ttlip of bras*, divid- 
 ed into ui)° corrc»|ioiidiiii; cxnclly in extent ^vilb (bosn 
 on th» equator. It isi used to nicHiiiurc (lie distance of 
 one place from auothcr. 
 
 Thf fnllowing Prnhbms,, may easilif he solved with a 
 terrestrial globe furnished with the proper apparatus. 
 
 Problem I. To find the latitude of any place. 
 
 Bring tlie given ])1ace to ilie graduated edge of l!ic 
 bru/en Dieridinn ; and (he degree imniedia(ely over it, 
 on the meri<!iun is (he la(i(ude ; if the pJace is north of 
 (lie equator it in north latitude; if south uf the equator 
 it is south latitude. 
 
 Thu« Fhi'.ultlphia-is in about 40 degrees north lati- 
 tude; and Cape Horn in about 3t> .d-grecs Kouth latitude. 
 
 What is (he latitude of Boston f of New-York ? of 
 YVasiiington ? of London ? uf the Cape of Good Hope P 
 
 Problem 11. To find the longitude of any place. 
 
 Bring the place to the brazen meridian, and the de- 
 gree on the equator under the meridun shews (he lungi- 
 (udi' from Loiiilon. 
 
 Tims (he lr>ii£;iiude of Boston is 71 degrees west ; of 
 Paris iibout 2 (jegreus east. 
 
 Wl.ut is (lie lim^iiude of Quebec ? of Jerusalem ? of 
 Gibraltar .' of Lisbon ? of Madras ? 
 
 Ifl 
 
 Prob 
 
 LEM 
 
 IIL 
 
 To find any place whose longitude and 
 latitude are given. 
 Find (he longitude on the equator and bring it U» (he 
 meridian; then find the latitude on the meridiaii, and 
 under it is the place Koui^ht. 
 
 Thus, (he place whose longitude is nearly yi" west 
 and whose latitude is 4^° 23' north, is Boston ; and the 
 jilncp whose loni^ifude is 18.'; east and wliose latitude is 
 Si soulli, is the (Jape of Good Hope. 
 
 to 
 if 
 l! 
 
 it) 
 m 
 tv 
 T 
 
 cu 
 
 Pl 
 
 ov 
 
 P' 
 
 Ti 
 
 mi 
 
 be 
 un 
 
 Pi 
 
 mc 
 ho 
 is I 
 po 
 
mAriiY. 
 
 neridian, and lonie* 
 
 ttlip orbraM4, divid- 
 n fxleiit willi llioso 
 sure (he diitlanee of 
 
 'll he solved with a 
 ' proper apyarntus. 
 
 le of any place. 
 
 raduated edge of (!ie 
 immediately over it, 
 tlie (liace is north of 
 south of the equator 
 
 ) degrees north lati- 
 ■grecH Kouth latitude. 
 i of New-York? of 
 ;ape of Good Hope ? 
 
 iude of any place. 
 
 leridian, and the de- 
 dun shews (he iungi- 
 
 71 degrees west j of 
 
 f ? of Jerusalem ? of 
 
 s? 
 
 whose, longitude and 
 
 H. 
 
 or and bring it Ut the 
 >n the meridiaii, and 
 
 lie is nearly 71° west 
 I, is Udstun ; and the 
 niid wlmsc lalitiidu is 
 
 1)C. 
 
 ELEMENTS OF GEOORAPHY. 
 
 What places are those which have the following 
 longitudes and latitudes ? 
 
 Long, fl W. Lat. in S. 
 
 31 
 
 liong. 13} K. Lat. ai N. 
 
 Long, 30 E. Lat. 31 N. | Loug. 18 E. Lat. •» N. 
 
 Phoblem IV. To find the difference of latitude between 
 two plucen. 
 If the places are both on the same side of the equa- 
 tor, subtract the latitude of one from that of the other; 
 if on opposite sides add the latitude of one to that of 
 the oth« r. 
 
 PnoBLEM V. To find the difference in longitude between 
 two places. 
 Bring one of the places to the meridian, and mark 
 its longitude on the equator; then bring theotherlo the 
 meridian, and the number of degrees on the equator be- 
 tween its longitude and (he first mark is the difference. 
 Thus the difference of longitude between Boston and 
 Meiico is 18". What is (he difference of longitude be- 
 tween Bosfan and Dublin? — between Paris and Cal- 
 cutta ? 
 
 Problem VL To find the distance of any two given 
 places on the globe. 
 Lay the graduated edge of the q.^adrant of altitude 
 over both places, and the degrees Lefveen them, multi- 
 plied by 6Ui will give the distance in English miles. 
 Thus the distance between London and Jamaica is 470o 
 miles. 
 
 What is Iha distance between Boston and London ? 
 between Calcutta and Cape Horn ? between Cape Horn 
 and the Cape of Good Hope? 
 
 PaoBLEM Vn. The hour at any place being given, to 
 find what hour it is at any other place. 
 Bring the place where the hour is given (o the 
 meridian, and set the index of the hour circle to that 
 hour; then turn the globe till the place where the hour 
 is required eomes under the meridian, and the index will 
 point to the hour at that place. 
 
 m 
 
It 
 
 ELEMENTS OP GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Or St iHKy tic founil hy caieuUtion thus : Find the dif- 
 fercnee of longitude between the two plaees aeeording lo 
 Problem V. and «et it down. Multiply the number of 
 de^reev in ihix difference by 4 and it will give you the 
 difference of time between the two place* in minuter ; 
 whinh may be reduced to hours by dividing tlie minulea 
 by CO. It' the place where the hour is required lies east 
 »t' the other, the time will he later by the difference ; if 
 U>est, it will be earlier by the difference.*— Thus suppose 
 tbiit it is 1^ o'clock at liondon, and it is required to 
 find the hour at a place 19 degrees west of London. 
 The dilference of longitude is 13 decrees, which reduced 
 to minutes gives «0 minutes, or 1 hour, fur the differ- 
 ence. of time between the two places. The place being 
 west, of I<oiid«,n the time i« earlier than at London by 
 «ae hour ; that is', when it is 12 o'clock at Londoa it i« 
 11 at the place wliere the hour is required. 
 
 When it is 8 o'clock at Boston what is the time at 
 liondon, Dublin, Mexico and Lisbon i 
 
 When it is midnight at London, what is the time 
 at Boston, DuWia, Lisbon and Meiie« ? 
 
 MAPS. 
 
 » 
 il 
 
 S 
 ii 
 
 it 
 tc 
 
 ai 
 •I 
 dt 
 
 fi| 
 ai 
 
 in 
 
 A map is a representation of the earth's aurfaee, or 
 tone part of it on a plane. 
 
 The tiu) of a map is north } the bottom is south ; 
 the right hand side is east, and the lei^ kand west. 
 
 * The reason of this rule will be obvious from a little reflection. 
 It is noon at any place when tite Sun comes to the meridian of that 
 place. Now every place on the surface of the earth revolves once 
 round the axis of the earth that is 360 degrees, every 24 hours, 
 wliich make 15 degrees every hour or 1 degree every 4 minutes. 
 Of course, if the difference of longitude between two places is 1 
 degree, that is, if the meridians of the two places are 1 degree 
 aiMrt the Sun will come to the meridian of one 4 minutes before it 
 will cume to that of the other, and of course it will be noon at one 
 
 filace 4 minutes before it is at the other ; ami if the difference of 
 ongitudi) is 15 degrees it will for the same reason be nonn at one 
 I-lace one hour before it is at the other j if the difierence is 30 de- 
 grees, 3 hours, &c. 
 
 eoi 
 
 90 
 
 th< 
 
 isti 
 
 tin 
 the 
 suh 
 int< 
 
 2 
 
 dL 
 
GRAPIIY. 
 
 I thus: Find the dif- 
 » plaeet aeeording lo 
 liply tke number at 
 it will give ynu the 
 I plaeev in minutes ; 
 dividing the minutes 
 ' is required lies east 
 by the difference ; if 
 ice.*-~-ThMs suppota 
 fid it is required lo 
 ees west of London. 
 ^rces, which reduced 
 liour, fur the differ- 
 !s. The place being 
 than at Lnndon by 
 ilock at LoDdoB it it 
 required. 
 
 what is (he (iine at 
 1? 
 
 i, what is the time 
 iie«? 
 
 e earth's surface, or 
 
 ^e bottom is south f 
 lei^ kand west. 
 
 s from a little reflection. 
 >8 to the meridian of ttimt 
 r the earth revolves once 
 degrees, every 24 hours, 
 degree every 4 minutes, 
 between two places is 1 
 two places are 1 degree 
 f one 4 minutes before it 
 rse it will be noon at one 
 i ami if tlie difference of 
 T)e reason be nonn at one 
 if the difierence is 30 de- 
 
 BLRMENTS OP Q£OQRAPIiV. 
 
 27 
 
 The lines drawn from (he (op (n (he bodom repre- 
 sent meridians or lines of longitude; those drawn i'roai 
 side to side represent panileU ofiatidide. 
 
 The fixnres along lite lop and boUoin express llie dc. 
 grtes of longitude from (he principal meridian. If ilia 
 figures increase from right tn left, (he longitude is west; 
 if, from left to right (he iongilnde i* eant. 
 
 The futures along ihe sides ot the map express (lie dp. 
 grees of lulilude. If they increase upward Ihe lulilude 
 is north ; if downward il is south. 
 
 Rivers are represenled on maps by black lines l»end- 
 ing irregularly, and are wider towards ilie moulh, thim 
 toward (be bead or spring. Mountains are represented 
 as on a pie(ure ; forests by small sliriihs ; snndif deserts 
 and shnltows in (he ocettn by clii«ler« of Koiiill dots; 
 depth of water in harliars is sometimes expressed by 
 figures, representing fathoms. 
 
 Towns are represented by an o or « small house; 
 and roads usually by double llnea. 
 
 Distances are measured by n scale of miles, placed in 
 fc corner of (he map. Where the map embraces only a 
 Hmali portion of country, the scale of miles is usually 
 inser(ed ; lo other eases it is commonly orailled. 
 
 THE EARTH. 
 
 Ea^tent.'] The surface of (he g'obe is estimated (a 
 contain 197,000,000 square miles, of which more (han 
 50,000.000, «r one quarter of (be whole, is land. 
 
 JVittural Divisions.} The great natural division of 
 the earth's surface is into Land and ff'ater. 
 
 , 1. The land consists ofcontiiipn(8.i»Ianil8, peninsulas, 
 isthmuses, capes, mouo(ain8, hills, dales, ai<d coasts 
 
 A continent is a great extent of land, no where en- 
 tirely separated by water.-Thcre are two continents; 
 
 lA^'''iV- *'"' i'"" '>''«'^'^- The Eastern con(inent is 
 subdivided into Europe, ^sia, and Jifrica ; (he Western. 
 into JSTorth .Hmerica and Houlh America. 
 
 An island is a portion of land entirely surrounded 
 fcjjvajer} as Great Britain, Mwfoundland, Cuba, Ma- 
 
 m 
 
«> 
 
 K..RMENT9 OF OKOGRAPHV. 
 
 A peninsula i* a poriion of land almost iiurroundeil by 
 water, »« Spain, Florida. 
 
 An istlimus, is the narrow neck of lanil uliicli Joint 
 a piMiinsiilu to the muiu land ; as the isthmiiH ui' Durien, 
 the isthmus o( Suex. 
 
 A cape is a point of land projecting into the sea ; 
 as Cape Cod, Cupe Horn. 
 
 A mountain is a portion of land elevated to a c;rpat 
 height above the niirroundin^ country. When (he land 
 rises to a small height it is calleil a hill. 'I'lio spaces 
 between iiilU are called dales or vallei/s. A volcano is 
 a burning inoiinl»!:< which emits smuke and flame. 
 
 A cousl ur shore is the margin oi' land bordering on 
 the sea. 
 
 2. I'he water is composed of oceans, lakes, sens, 
 sounds, bays or gulls, harbors, roads, straits, rivers, 
 friths, and swamps. 
 
 The largest collections of water on the globe are 
 c.il led ocpflws. There are live oceans; the i)i</ian ocean, 
 lying between Africa and New-Holland; the ^'Jtlantic, 
 b'elwcpn Anioriea on one side and Europe and Africa on 
 the other; the I'ucijic, between America on one side, 
 and Asia and New Holland on the other : the jyorthern 
 or .^7rc//c-, around (he north pole; the »S'ot4(/ierR, around 
 the south pole. 
 
 A lake is a collection of water, ia the interior of a 
 country, as Lake Superior, Lake Erie, 
 
 A sea is a large collection of water communicating 
 with an ocean, as the Mediterranean sea, the Baltic- 
 
 A sound is a small sea so shallow that it may be 
 sounded ; as Long Island .Sound. 
 
 A gulf or bay is a part of au ocean, sea, or lake, ex- 
 tending up into the laud. 
 
 A harbor or haven is a part of the sea, almost sur- 
 rounded by land, where veitsels may anchor with safety. 
 
 A road is a place at sonic distance from the shore 
 where ships may ialely ride at anchor. 
 
 A strait, is a narrow channel connecting two large 
 bodies of water ; as the strait of Gibraltar. 
 
 A river is a large stream of inland water ; small 
 streams arc called brooks. 
 
GRAPHV. 
 
 Jmost gurrounded by 
 
 of Innil U'liicli Joins 
 e ittlimiiH ui' Darien, 
 
 ecliiig into iho sea ; 
 
 elevnteil (o a i^reiit 
 ry. Wln'n (lie litnti 
 
 a liitl. 'I'lio Mpucei) 
 illei/s. A volcano is 
 i>ki' and 11iini(>. 
 )i' laud bordering on 
 
 orenn^, lakes, neatly 
 mdx, straits, rivers, 
 
 T on the globe are 
 H ; ibe Indian ocean, 
 dinnd ; the Atlantic, 
 Inropc and Al'rica on 
 inerica on one side, 
 illier : the JVorthern 
 he Southern, aronnd 
 
 in the interior of a 
 rie, 
 
 fater commnnicating 
 n sea, the Baltic. 
 Ilow that it may be 
 
 !an, sea, or lake, ex- 
 
 the sea, almost sur- 
 ' anchor with safety, 
 ince from the shore 
 lior. 
 
 onneeting two large 
 ibraltar. 
 inland water; small 
 
 « 
 
 KF.EMKM'S OF OKOOUAIMIV. SJlt 
 
 A frith or istimrif is the part of a river towards its 
 mouth which is allected by the tide. It niuy be consid- 
 ered us an unn of the seu. 
 
 Grand Divisions.^ Oeogr»|iherH have commonly con- 
 sidered the world nnder fonr i<rand divisions, JmpWca, 
 Jiurojie, Jisia and JlJ'rica. Hesides these lliiru arc three 
 clusters of islands, which form separate division)*, the 
 JFest India islands, ^'iiigtralasia, and Polynesia. 
 
 America i» remarkable for the sizi; and grandeur of 
 its mountains, lakes, and rivers. Lars,'"- parts of Ameri- 
 ca are inhabited only by savages and wild beasts, and 
 have never yet been visited by white men. 
 
 Europe is the smallest of the fonr grand divisions, but 
 is distinguished alwve all the rest for learning and 
 science, for excellence in the useful and elegant ails, and 
 for the intelligence, refinement, aotivily and enterprise 
 of her inhabitants. Owing to iur superior knowledge 
 and military skill, this little portion nf the globe holds 
 the greater pan of America, all the West-India islands, 
 and large portions of Asia, Africa and their islands in 
 eolonial bondage. 
 
 ^Jsia is remarkable as the part of the world where the 
 human race were Hrst planted, and as the theatre of al- 
 most all the interesting events recorded in the Bible. 
 Here was the garden of Eden; here lived Adam and 
 Noah, Abraham and all the prophets ; here our Saviour 
 was born and was crucified ; here was Jerusalem, and 
 Bab) Ion and Nineveh. Here were established the .\8- 
 syriun, the Babylonian and the Persian empires. 
 
 Jlfricu, is the most barbarous portion of tlie world. It 
 IS remarkable for its vast deserts of burning sands, for 
 the multitude of its ferocious animals, and for the I lutk 
 color of its inhabitants. The interior of Africa is uu- 
 kuuwn. 
 
 Political Divisions.j An empire consists of several 
 large countries under the dominion of one man, usually 
 called an emperor. 
 
 A kini^dom eoiiaists of a single country sul-jV-ct to 
 one niotiarch, culled a /%<■//"•. ' . 
 
 P 
 
M 
 
 KI-EMKNT8 OF (JF.OflRAI'Hr. 
 
 A dutrhif, a zmnd dtttchi/, nnd n prhwijiulitif, arc 
 •niHller iiorliuiia ul' «'Oiintry itulm-rl Nrverully lo a duke, 
 a grumi duke, and n prince, wlm uiu llii'niu'lvea luliJi'Ct 
 to lite iitivcrei^n |>oMvr. 
 
 Provinrea, coiiHtrieH, dfparfmeuts, ri/iVs, towuK, par- 
 ishea, htindrrdtif ike. are tlill »maller nubdiviitiuu* of 
 eountrict. 
 
 Oovernmentit] There are but llirpe limplo formi of 
 government, inonnrchi/, arintocraey and democracy. 
 
 i, A «ini|»li> momrchy, i* a Kovernnient in wiiich the 
 •ovi*rei«{n {luwrr is exi'rvi»ed by one man. 
 
 It'lhe nnwer of the monarch ia limited by law it i* 
 called a limited monurehy ; if not, it i% an ab'nulule mon- 
 archy. In un ab«olule monarchy, there it no law but 
 the will of the sovereign ; and if he in cruel he ii called 
 a despot, and hi« government » despotism. 
 
 t. An aritlocracy i* u government adniniiilered by a 
 few men, ntunlly slyled the nobility. 
 
 a. A democracu is a government exercised by the great 
 body of the people. 
 
 A republic is a government adminixlrrpd by a number 
 of men chosen by the people for a limited lime. 
 
 Population.'] The nnmber of people iu the world ia 
 variously eilimated, from 800.000.000 Jo 1,000.000,000. 
 llassel makes it 682,000,000. The following is his 
 statement of the extent and population of each of the 
 grand divisions of the globe. 
 
 .A'o. ofiit>\ahitfintitl 
 m ttjuuft mitt. 
 
 S3 
 
 3J 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 Sq. Jrnies. 
 
 Populatintt. 
 
 Europe 
 
 3,387,109 
 
 180,000,000 
 
 Asia 
 
 16,728,002 
 
 SSO,000,OOU 
 
 Africa 
 
 11,603,M2 
 
 99,000,000 
 
 America 
 
 16,304^,2911 
 
 21,000.000 
 
 Australasia, &c. 4,16 M20 
 
 2,000,000 
 
 Earth 
 
 62,130,137 
 
 682,000,000 
 
 13 
 
 The third column shows (he density of the popula- 
 tion, or the number of inhabitants in each squure mile 
 of the (trritory. 
 
 It 
 
 01 
 
 S( 
 
 ai 
 
 III 
 w 
 
 C( 
 
 bi 
 
 ai 
 li( 
 
 S| 
 I» 
 
 ro 
 D 
 
 se 
 tei 
 vi 
 
 ro 
 
 _.^*ri _- ^ 
 
RAI'Hr. 
 
 ft priiu'ijiulity, «ro 
 icverully lo a duke, 
 L> ilii>niu-lve« »ul)jvet 
 
 , cities, towui*, par- 
 ler nubdiviitioua of 
 
 rre timplo formi of 
 nil democracy. 
 nnii'iit ill which lite 
 man. 
 
 iinitrd by law it i* 
 t in an abnolule mnii* 
 there it no law but 
 in cruel he ii called 
 tism. 
 it adniiiiitlered by a 
 
 [erciHL'd by the great 
 
 ittlcTPd by a number 
 iinitvd lime. 
 
 i>|ili'i iu the M'orld !• 
 00 to 1,000.000,000. 
 he t'ollowiiig it his 
 lion of each of the 
 
 ion. 
 
 ,000 
 
 ,oou 
 
 ,000 
 .000 
 ,000 
 
 ,000 
 
 JVo. ofinhnhifanttti 
 m iijuait rni/t. 
 
 03 
 3.2 
 
 8 
 
 i 
 
 J 
 
 13 
 
 nsity of the popiila* 
 in each squure mile 
 
 KliKMKNTS OF (JKCXiUAlMIV. 31 
 
 IMiff'-mH.] The prinripal reli^ifnM oflbo wnrlil are 
 the ('hriHliatt,\he JliihotwtaH,lhv Jeii'inh, and ihu I'ngaUt 
 or llfttthen. 
 
 Vlirixtianity \% ihe reliffion of Kurope, and of Kun.pean 
 ■elileineiiiit in i-vcry part iif the world 
 
 ^taliomftnnism prevaiU in the norlhcrn part of Africa, 
 and the iiouiliern uud weitern parts of Ania. 
 
 The Jew* arc di<«p('r*rd all over the world. 
 
 The I'agam or lleathm are »nore numeroui than all 
 the rent and inrliide all •nvni^vn in every part of tho 
 world, Icgethcrwilh the inhabiiantRof the half-iivili/ed 
 countries in (he Houlheaol pari of Axia. 
 
 The numbers attached i« the difl'erent religion! may 
 be eitimated ai follow •.->■ 
 
 Pagnnii, 
 Christian! 
 Mahometans 
 Jews, 
 
 400,000,000 
 SI<(,000,(IOO 
 
 ea,ooo,o"0 
 s.uoo.oou 
 
 082,000,000 
 
 Christians are subdivided into three principal seels. 
 
 1. Roman Catliolics, who have a Pope at iheir head, 
 and arc thence oflen culled Papists. 'Che Koman Cat ho* 
 lies inhabit Ihe souihcrn parts of Kurope, and ihe 
 Spaniiih, French and Portuguese seltlenients in ditterent 
 parts of the world. 
 
 2. Protestants, who inhabit the northwest parts of Ku- 
 rope, the United .Slate.t of Anieriea, and the Kngluh and 
 Dutch selllements in diflVrent parts of the world. 
 
 Protestants are subdivided into n great inai.j smaller 
 sects, the principal of which are Fpiscopalians', Presby- 
 terians. Congregalionitlisis, Haplisls, Methodists, .l\loru- 
 Tians, Friends or Quakers, &c. 
 
 3. The Greek clinrck is established in Rutiia io Eu- 
 rope, and part of Turkey. 
 
 m 
 
AMERICA. 
 
 SUiintion and Kxtput.^ Amprica i» Itoiiiiilcit on ttie 
 rait, tiy tlu' Atlnuiiu, «vliii>li ncparulvR it IVoni tiurope 
 and Ai'rirn ; uiiil on (ho «vt*itt, by (lie I'ui'ilic, Mliiili 
 >rpnrHtt'<i i( from Aiiiaa TownrtU (Iil< nitrth, i(« liaiils 
 have not buen tiiHcoverpil. 'rutviiriln the nuuth, it ter- 
 minate!! in a poinl, culled Ciipc Morn. It in more than 
 U,UUU niileM long, and. on an uveragt-, about t3oo broad. 
 
 /listartj of its Dhrovery.] America wan unknoHn to 
 the eivili/.t'd world till about not) vear<i iigu. It tvaw 
 diiteoveri-d in ttu.', by l/'li.'itttopher I'olunibuH, a native 
 of (itnon. From loit!^ mudy ol' (ii-oi^rapby, (Jolumbiii 
 beeunie deeply inip:-ei«Hrd with the belicl', liiut (here mu» 
 u netv eontiuent in (he went. To delermine thii point, 
 lie resolved t:pou a voyage; and applied (o (he iroverii- 
 menlii of Uenoa, Spain, l'or(u^»l and nlhem, for (he 
 neeetsary nkititlance ; l:i>i hi* ap|ilieuliohit were rejected. 
 
 At length. Ferdti'.tnd and Uubella, the Hoverei^Ufi of 
 CuKtile and Arre^un. littleueil to hix propo'ialit $ a Nquud- 
 ron of llire" - .-U veH»eli4 muh fitleil out. vielualled for 
 twelve ino' . 
 a])i(uinle(l adu 
 
 lie left .Spair 
 the Caiiuiy ittlii.: 
 more (hiiii J(joo nn. 
 
 d with uu men, and L'ulumbuji 
 
 <Ht, and ((eeird hi« course for 
 lienee. Hailed due weitl, for 
 .ii ) an unknown oee>>n, uilhout 
 tieein:; land. IIin men now beeanie inipatieni, and be^^an 
 to nMiliiiy. and ColnntbuH wan forced to promise dial lie 
 would riiuiii, if hind wan not diHeovered in lliree duys. 
 Favoriible indiealioiiH .soon appeared. On the 1 Ith of 
 ()ctol>er, II lilile liefure iiiidiiinfit, (Wilunibn>t from (he 
 forecastle tleseried a light : and (thorlly after, the cry of 
 luitd.' luiid! resounded from the ?iiita. the heiiilmost 
 ship. 'J'lie inoriiiiig liglit eoiilirmed the report. One of 
 the Weat-iudiu isilundii wus directly before (Leni. The 
 
 (II 
 bi 
 di 
 
 m 
 il 
 
 01 
 
 III 
 C 
 
 i« 
 di 
 1. 
 w 
 
 iti 
 ol 
 
 01 
 
 i/i 
 at 
 tr 
 
 th 
 
 01 
 
 in 
 
 ru 
 (a 
 ra 
 
 in 
 
 Hi 
 pii 
 M 
 mi 
 lai 
 
 en 
 Jh 
 an 
 
 Tl 
 
 ^r «— i^*»i^--^ 
 
t i» lioiiiiiliMt nil tlip 
 uli>« it rrom tiurope 
 I he I'livilic, Mliii-li 
 lliL< iiitrlh, it* limiK 
 riln the nuiitli, it ter< 
 rn. It ifl more tliuii 
 ;l-, about 1300 bruuil. 
 
 ricn \vii« iiiikiinHii to 
 I vcnrM 11^. It \\&» 
 r ^'oliinibitit, n iintivu 
 li-ni^rnpliy, (>()liimbii« 
 lirlici', ihitt tbei-L> \uu 
 <lt'li'rmiii«; thii |iitiiit, 
 {ipliotl III ihu irovvni- 
 uiiil othem, for the 
 rulioiiit wore rejected. 
 Ilu, the Hoverei^ii!) ol' 
 
 |trit|IUSHltt $ H Nf|UUtl- 
 
 •il uiit, vicinal led tor 
 I (iieii, uud Culumbuji 
 
 lepird 111* course Tor 
 Hitjled due ueitl, lor 
 iiowii ocean, Milliout 
 
 iiiiputieiil, and bc^aii 
 i^d to promise tliul lie 
 •vereil in lliree dnys. 
 iired. On the mil of 
 
 ('olunibii)) from tlie 
 iirllj ttl'ler. the cry of 
 S'iiita. the lieiidiiiiist 
 d the report. One of 
 y belorc tLeni. The 
 
 AMKHICA. 
 
 9$ 
 
 crewuof all the iiliip^ uilh »hout« of joy (hen i^avc pruitie 
 to (iod ; and llirouinif theiiinelveii ui the IVel ol'('oliini< 
 bu»», implored hio lor^ivcncvt lor their iucrediilily uiitl 
 disobedience. 
 
 On the return of ('oluiiiliiii« tn Hpnin, the uvwn »( hi« 
 iuiTeii« toon Npreitd aliroad ; ollient were innpired uitli 
 the name npirit of eiilerprixe ( expedition* were liltcil 
 out rriiin vnriouit partt of Mnrope ; and, in a IVw years, 
 the whole coiitiueiii uu« diiuovered tVuin Litbrailur tu 
 Cape Horn. 
 
 hifidhftniils.] 'I'lie nnnihernr inhnliilanti in Aineriea 
 i« eoninionly cutiniuied at Alf.iuni.noo. 'I'hcy inii\ he 
 dividi'd inlu three clasici*, according to their color, 
 1. U'ltitfu. 'I'lu-y are the de«eendantii of IOiirr>pean«, 
 who have migrated to America, at va'-ioun periods xiiK o 
 iti diseoverj. j. JWhi-ih-h. They me the descendantu 
 ol* AiViraiiH, who weie lorced from their iiativu aoiinlry, 
 and *ot(l an *laveit to the Americiin pliinlerK. ;J, Iw 
 diatis : of a copper couiplekioii ; they are the descend. 
 Ant* of the Aliori;;iiies, or those who ucviipied the coun- 
 try nt the lime of it* diHcovery. 
 
 The white* constitute niore'lhnn haif the pi'',tulntion ; 
 the ne^^rocK, one eii^lith part; and the Indians, about 
 one third. 'I he whiles and negroes are rapidly incrcuS' 
 iiig : the Indian* are diminishing. 
 
 Mounluin^.] There is a ran^e of mountains which 
 run* lliruu(;h the whole length of the euniineiil, a dis- 
 tance of more than tt,uoo miles; and i* the longest 
 ran^e of mountains on the i;lobe. 
 
 Heginiiiii!; at the southern extremity of the continent, 
 in tat. 5+" 8. it runs along the whole western coast of 
 Houth America, and, crnssina: the isthmus of Darien, 
 
 S asses into Mexico in North America. After leaving 
 lexico, it continues in a couixe west of north, and ter- 
 minates, it is supposed, on the Frozen Oiean, in about 
 lal. 7o« N. 
 
 The diftcrcnt parts of this range ore called by differ- 
 ent names. The part in South America is called tho 
 Mdes ,• the part in Mexico, the Covdillfras of Mexico ; 
 and the part north nf Mexico, the Rocky Mmntains. 
 Tlie highest parts of this raugo are iu South America 
 
m NOUill AMERICA. 
 
 ■nfi Mrxicn. Theri» «rp miinjr ■Nmmili frnm M.rtOO (• 
 so.ouu hti in liviglil, ttiil •fvi-rttl oldie liil'ctfil are V'il< 
 
 tUllilfl. 
 
 iHvi»inn$] Amrriet ii tliviilcil lijr Ilia i«lhnii<* of 
 Diirirn into Sfurlh Hml Houlli Aiiiprirn. iK-(we«n lhr(« 
 Iwu diviniiMii art llit W«*t-iudi« ivlitnd*. 
 
 NOllTU AMEIUCA. 
 
 Situnthn.') Norfh Ainfrira i« bountled on Ihc E. \tj 
 Ihv Atliintio Orenn i nii the H. K. it it irpiiraloil I'rum 
 Houlh Ainrrica by ihc iiiihmiit of Uarien ^ on Ih* W. 
 it lilt) Vacitir Ocean. The toulhern cilrvniitjr it in N. 
 lat. /" 80'. The lim.i toward* the north have never 
 been afcertaiii«d. 
 
 Diviiiioit».2 The three great divitloni of Nurtb 
 Aniurica are, 
 
 1. Ilrili«h Ain?rira, in the norlh t 
 0. The Uiiilcd Htnien, in ihe middle, and 
 3 8panith America, in (he tiiiilh. 
 ThcHu Ihrte include ihe vthulc of Norlh Ameriea, ei« 
 or|il 
 
 4. Greenland (lielonging to Dcitmark) in tli* 
 
 nnrtheaitt, and 
 D. The Ku««ian .Sellleinenti, in the nnrthweit. 
 The two lant arc of lidle extent, and little eontc- 
 
 Suence, and liurdly Morth meationing under a general 
 ivitinii. 
 CUuiate.li The cliainte un the enstern tide of North 
 Ameriea is much colder than iu the same latiladea in 
 Europe. 
 
 MonntaiiiH} There are t*vo great ranges of inoun* 
 taint in Nort'h America, the tcestern and the tiantern. 
 The western it by far the lungctt. It comet from UiutK 
 America, over the itthmut of Darien, and after patting 
 through the whole length of Spanish Ameriea, proceeds 
 in a direction weit of north, till it termiiiatea on the 
 Fruzeo Ocean, in about lat. 70° N. In itt general 
 course, it is parallel with the coast of the Fa«ific Oe«tn( 
 
 f 
 
 r 
 
 y 
 
 / 
 I 
 
 Ci 
 
 ii 
 
 n 
 ri 
 
 •I 
 
 A 
 « 
 
 la 
 I. 
 
 Ill 
 N 
 Hi 
 
 th 
 •r 
 M 
 T 
 la 
 ru 
 
 ^1 
 
 ih 
 
 lu. 
 
 lal 
 
 mr 
 At 
 Kc 
 
 thi 
 an 
 
 Fr 
 
imiu from i.i.ooo to 
 r iIk* liit'lifil are fn\- 
 
 hjr lilt iithmitt of 
 im. iktwettii (hr«« 
 liindi. 
 
 IICA. 
 
 ountltfl nn Ihe K. hy 
 it i« trpnraloil t'rum 
 Uarien ) on Ih* W. 
 n rilrt- niitjr it in IV. 
 le north h»ve never 
 
 tlivStioni of Nurtb 
 
 Drlh t 
 iniiMIe, and 
 
 I (Ml) It. 
 
 North AmerieA, ei« 
 
 Dcitmark) in th» 
 
 , in the northweit. 
 rit, and little ronte- 
 ing under a geseral 
 
 astern tide of North 
 bo same Utiludee in 
 
 eat range* of inoun- 
 trn and the tartern. 
 
 It eoinei from Unuth 
 >n, and after pawing 
 b Amcriva, proceed* 
 t terminate* on the 
 
 N. In it* f^fneral 
 of tliePatificUcein, 
 
 NOHTII AMKKICA. !§ 
 
 fnm which it it aeverui hundred mile* dUfanf. Tfi« 
 part of ihit raoi^c which i* in Meiian, in ralird Ihf Cuv 
 4ilhra» nf M».riio, and the part north «f Miiioo, ih* 
 Hiuky JloHntaiim. 
 
 Theeailirn range i« wholly within llie IFaited Htate*. 
 It run* from touthwcat to norlhra«l, atMl ia il* general 
 courae i« parallel with the Allantio euatt from whinh it 
 ia SW)0 or .too mile* di.tant. It i« ealUd the .lunlachian 
 range, and i« niudo up of two diilinel and parallrl 
 rid:rea; the weeti-rn, or AlUgamj ridge, and the ea*tern, 
 •r /i/ue ridge. 
 
 Bay or Gulf* | The five large*) bay* in North 
 Amenta are, Hnffin'n Hag, llud*nn'» Hay, the Gulf „f 
 HI. iMwrtncf, the Gu{fofJltxUo, and the GulfofCaU. 
 fornla. 
 
 tHland*.] The moil im|iorlanl inUndu are Newfound, 
 land, t;ape Bri-lua, nud ht. John'*, in the flulf of 8t. 
 li«wr»Mce; Nantucket and liun.; hUnd, on IheenaMt of 
 the United Huij^ , and the Bermuda ulandi, in lat. UsI 
 N. The Wtit-lndia iaiand* lie between North and 
 Hnuth America. 
 
 iMkes^ There are more lar^e Ukna in N. Anirriea 
 than in any other part of the world. The aeven largeit 
 •re Nliive Luke, Lake IFinnipfz, Lake Suptrior, luike 
 Mulligan, Lake iiunm, Lake A'riV, and Lakt: Ontario. 
 The laat five are very ueur each other, and form a regu- 
 lar chain, by meana of abort rivera or airaita, whieh 
 run from one In the other. 
 
 Hivem,] The principal rivera of North America are, 
 JtiackfazieXA'i'lHim's the St. iMirtncf, ih«> MiHsimppL 
 the MiMouri, the Del J^rte, the Colorado, and the Co- 
 lumhia. 
 
 .Vackenxie^g river empliea into the Frozen Oeean ia 
 lat. 70 N. Thia river ia the outlet of Hiavc Lake, lit 
 moat diatant acurcea are, Unjigah or Peace river, and 
 Athape«cow or Elk river; both of which riae in the 
 Hocky mounlaina. The Alhupeacow, after naaaing 
 through Athapeienw Lake, unitea with the Unjigah, 
 and form* .Slave river, whieh emptiea into Slave Lake. 
 Jrom Slave Lake to the ocean, the river ia called 
 Maokenaiie • river. 
 
 I 
 
NOItril AMKNH \. 
 
 »\V/<fiM*« riftr tmniiv* inin lh« wtairrn liiU nt liml. 
 •an'* H«y. It U lU nuiUl of l.«k«< Winntpvi. lis 
 nii>«l <li«i«nl bmnrh it H»akiilrhaMfin» rivtr, whteh riir* 
 in ih« liork) niiMiiiUiiK, nixl Him* «*ii«l inlii t.ttkc \\ in- 
 nipfit- ^*"'** ''■*''*' ^Viiiiii|ir)f In llutl«nn'a Hay it it 
 tilirti Nflaiin'a rivi>r. 
 
 Thr Nt. lAwrtnet, fin|i(ie* into llir (iulfnl HI. I,««v 
 rrnef, in Isi. Ou N. Ii i* (he oulUt of tli«^ hv« ifrrat 
 Ukrt, Huperior, llnrnn, Micliigftn, Krir, tnd Uultrio. 
 lit ^rnvriti pourie it fnini H. W. lo N. h 
 
 'I'lii' .WM«i«<i)/>/;i rmpiir* liilii llie <»ulf of Meiito. It 
 ri«c* n«tr llu' «»#«t rml of l.itki* Hupcrioc, Mn<l Aom* 
 •oulh. The bruoclii*» of ilif !Mi«ai4iippi 4\ri» mififhljr 
 rivirt. The branclic* utt wry iiumerout, ft'i«l «pr«ail 
 out wiilfly, from ilie /^piiUrliian moiinlaina on Ibe ttMi| 
 to th» liorky moiinUin* on lliv wril. 
 
 'I'lir ^linHuuri it « wettrrn brtiich of Ihr MiM^Hippi. 
 It «'mplir« in ahoul lal. ^N N It .-ii«« in (hv Hocky 
 mnunUin*! anil Ho\v« louiliwtril. 'I'iio Mittouri it iba 
 Innifi**! rivrr on th* globr From iu aonrre in lh« 
 Korky mountain*, lo the moiilh of iho MiuiMippi, ia 
 thr (lolf of Mriico, i« more than 4,A00 miln. 
 
 M 'i (hi JWtrU pmiilip* into thf Uulf of Meiieo in lat. 
 SA N. It ri«i>i in tlit> Uofky MiMiutaina in about lal. 40 
 N' anti iu i^fiitTHl coume i* •ouiheatiprly. 
 
 'I'hr Colurmlo rmplir* into llii* (iulf of California. It 
 ritra on the Mv»t aide of the Uocky Muuntaina, and iU 
 
 gpurrai rourae it •outhweaterly. 
 t'oliimhin river en 
 
 Miiptipa into (hp Pacific Oppan in lai. 
 4(v° \. 1(4 aourrea are iimonK llic Uorky Mouniaiiia. 
 
 The length of the ubotf mentioned river* it cttimated 
 Ki fulluwt : 
 
 
 ,Milf$. 
 
 
 .mit». 
 
 M>irken/ie'*« 
 
 Si,()0(l 
 
 Mlaiitkippi, 
 
 3,0<iO 
 
 Ni'Uun*N, 
 
 i,im 
 
 INIuAouri, 
 
 4,000 
 
 Hi. La*vrencc, 
 
 2,000 
 
 Colorudo, 
 
 1.000 
 
 Hio del Norte, 
 
 1,M00 
 
 (!olumbiai 
 
 1,300 
 
 Iiidinns.] When Norlli America wnn diacnvercd, in 
 140A tbere \ftit not one while man in it. 'I'he whole 
 continent wat in poitieMion of Imlinni, who i^encrally 
 
 hi 
 
 tIT 
 
 nil 
 III 
 .Ir 
 
 Mil 
 
 an 
 
 ntn 
 lh« 
 
 s. 
 
 .Ml 
 La 
 
 rivi 
 
 \oi 
 
 ni'ii 
 
 I he 
 
 woi 
 
 f^pn 
 
 ami 
 
 1 
 
 fvei 
 
 war 
 
 awn 
 
 prol 
 
 .inn 
 
 M 
 
 Imli 
 
 liiiei 
 
 aboil 
 
 ivhii 
 
 by li 
 
 of en 
 
 livat 
 
 inhal 
 
 knov 
 
 ^r 
 
 begia 
 
fltirrn ■i<i« nt lluil- 
 ik« Winnlpvc. Iia 
 It rUir, Milii«n ritf 
 Ktl inlti Lake Win* 
 llu«I«nir« lUjr U i« 
 
 ir Oiiirol HI. |,«w 
 
 |«>i of tlic livr ifrrat 
 
 Krir, tiitl «hilkrio. 
 
 N. h. 
 
 liiilfof Meiittt. It 
 Hii|irrinr, maA (low* 
 li^iippi ttrn mii^hly 
 
 IIIIITIIU4, ft'ltl oprfBtl 
 
 Miiiuin* on ibe wMt, 
 
 I 
 
 '■tipni. 
 .'lucky 
 
 lioflhr MiuiMi 
 .-ii«i ill ihi* 
 I'lio !Vli«iouri u ilie 
 I iu aoiirre in lh« 
 Iho Miiaiuippi, in 
 l,AOO mild, 
 lir of Meiieo in Ut. 
 lain* in aIiuuI lat. 40 
 •iirly. 
 
 ilfor California. It 
 ^ Muuntaiiit, and iU 
 
 Pacific Orran in lal. 
 
 Itorky Miiuiiiaiiit. 
 d river* it cttimaUd 
 
 
 Mlm. 
 
 uinoSppi, 
 
 3,0li0 
 
 Ktduri, 
 
 't,noo 
 
 orudo, 
 
 1.000 
 
 unibiai 
 
 1,300 
 
 a wnn diicnvcrcd, in 
 
 II in it. 
 
 The whole 
 
 lianit uh 
 
 I i^encrnlly 
 
 MBtTH AMKRIC.I. a^ 
 
 jiirrj a u uidi^rlrn life, md min*d iMr .i»l.|...cui. !.» 
 huiiiiiig and Hiliiiiif • 
 
 .«!n*"" .'.i" *''""" •'"• ••"' "*'•'• "'"» •"'"'- " '•»* 
 •mall •.'MI...II.III. nn ilir MUmu ,;ui%i. ,\« lli^v 
 
 ..,rrra,,d ,M .....nbrr.. ih-y l,^^4n I.. 4.U«„..,. i„,„ ,h« i„. 
 
 .•r...r. n h.r piinhaMng th- Un.l of ihe liidiaN.. or 
 
 lr.v.M.4 .l...m.,l| hylor..,. Tha uhitr. h.iv.. ....w bV.n 
 
 »nd ll u, India... |,.m. !„..„ dimini.hi..^ and rHrr*..,,, * 
 
 mor.. Ih.y. .,„r ,,.,»rl.r «f .N„r.|i Amrrifa. 'n,..* «rr.,nv 
 .. ,«.Ml.ca,..r,. ,..rl. If v*. b.ni.i «„ ,h. coaJ. of K 
 
 y la«. illll alnkr. Ui« Miwi.ipp? ri*r?. (h.n up ihe 
 
 lll^rTr"'' """'"• ''•"'' ••"' ''"'"''«• «""' ••»« • ." 
 
 North ,\,„..riea .i.l.> .ho par... Thr while. poMe„ 
 
 "•r<y ail ,h. ..«,..in..,.i ,„..,h a„d .-a,! «f ,hi. li,'! a,, 
 
 n.. iidian. nearly all norlh and we.i „f j,. [T'Xl 
 
 sZ';:.."r '"•"""'. '••" •"*" "" "'- •"'r.l...rn pa . ,f 
 Np«n.»h America, .he He.lern i.arl of ihe IJni.eJ Si- „ 
 • Md nearlv ihe uhole «f llmij, America. ' 
 
 I he while, are now i..cr.a»ii.i( more raiiidiv than 
 -ver nM.|r.elllemenl. are eo„ii„u,||, ndv nelnl .? 
 ward. .1,. we.i and norlh. Th* Indian/are fa rmeSin, 
 ««ay before ihem, and, in .he eour.eofa f.w mX "' 
 probably, .her« will he lew «.uderiu« ludra.rieft ij 
 
 IndT.nl' r**"' i'" "." '■"""•'y "* P''"'"^ occupied by (he 
 Inrtl■n^ comprehe^d.n^ about ihree quar.er. of the e.V. 
 .i,.e„ ,t,„..y |„. re.„arked, ihatwi know ,. l V u 
 
 whi.e man. JV^e know, i» ^nieral, ihnt it i. inhabited 
 by Indian., who I ve entirely by hu„ii,,,and fi, J ..'j 
 
 (ivaud. Lven ihe name, of ,he L.dian iribe, 3 
 jnliabit thi. v..t country arc, in ma..y in.uree?;:,'! 
 
 ^n-flnjrj-mfn/.] In dc.rribin^ IVorlh America we .h.11 
 ».eg.o .. the north, with Greenland .ad the li.;.!"!;" 
 
i 
 
 m 
 
 GREENLAND. 
 
 Il."mcii«s, nnil then pniet-iMl to the three great «liv"mi(mg, 
 llniinh Americu, the Uiiileil StatcH, and bpauisli 
 
 Aiiierii'a. 
 
 GREENLAND. 
 
 Situation.'] Greonlnncl belongs (o Denmark. It in in 
 tlip northeiiHltrn jturi tifNorlli Anicriea,lniving Dav^irn 
 Htruits on llie went, and the Ocean on the CBst. How 
 far it extemU north has never been ascertained, lo- 
 ward"! the south, it terminates in a point, called Cape 
 
 Climate.'] Greenland is ono of the coldest countries 
 on the globe. The eastern coast is wholly inaccesttible, 
 nn account of the mountain** of ice, with w hich it is 
 lined all the year round. The summers are short ; the 
 M inters are long and gloomy. lo a serere « inter, many 
 of the inhabitants are commonly frozen to death. 
 
 Face of the country.] Greenland is a dreary country. 
 It is principally made up of nakud, barren mountains, 
 whose lops are covered with everlasting ice. The inte- 
 rior is wholly inaccessible on account of the ice. 
 
 rroJudionn.} In the southern parts of the country 
 there are a few mi«errtble trees, and shrubs of a small, 
 stinted growtli. There is no wood of a si/e fit for 
 building houses, and that which is used for fuel is prin- 
 cipally drift wood, which Hoats in grt-at iiuantities near 
 the shore, and is picked up by the bouts. 
 
 The food of tlie Grieiilandi^rs i>t derived principally 
 from seals, birds, and ti-^hes. Sometimes tjuy are re- 
 duced to the necexsilv of living on sea-weed and tram 
 oil ; and in very sevc'rc winters, many of them starve to 
 
 death. , . „ ^, , , . 
 
 FopnlaHnn.'] The whole population ol Greenland is 
 nbout 14,000, and is confined to the sea-coast. The 
 
 nooni i*,ijuu, niiu 11 vifiiiii.^" •" •■"- — 
 
 Danes nnu Norwegians have setllemenls along (he coast 
 which contain in all about 0,«>00 or 7,000 S'luls. Th( 
 number of the natives, 60 or TO years ago. was estimated 
 at ao.ooo. II does not now, probably, exceed 7,000. 
 The whcde Greenland nation has been diminishing 
 for manv years. This is owing to several eausts. 
 
 
 iiui 
 cui 
 
 thi 
 rie 
 to 
 He 
 
 I 
 sla 
 dis 
 hei 
 tre 
 liv 
 
 IISII 
 
 w« 
 Ian 
 
 nni 
 
 ciii 
 1 
 the 
 ([m 
 trill 
 liitii 
 l\w 
 con 
 
 liar 
 ben 
 lam 
 
 S 
 yer; 
 abn' 
 on « 
 
 11 
 is tl 
 ieal 
 fuel 
 clot 
 evei 
 Cat! 
 
 -M 
 
GHEKNLAND. 
 
 39^ 
 
 tree great (liviMidns, 
 atcH, and Spauisli 
 
 ) Denmark. It in in 
 rii-a, Iniving Duviru 
 on tlif ettsJ. H»>w 
 H aBcer(ained. To- 
 a puiiit, called Cape 
 
 the coIdcHt countries 
 wholly inaccessible, 
 ce, Willi which it is 
 imers are short ; the 
 serere winter, many 
 tzen to death, 
 is a dreary country, 
 d, barren mountains, 
 xlins; ice. The inte- 
 int oi'lhc ice. 
 parts til" the country 
 d shrubs of a small, 
 od of a si/e fit for 
 used fi»r fuel is prin- 
 i^rt-at i|uautitieH near 
 bouts. 
 
 1 derived principally 
 netimes tjuy arc re- 
 I sea-weed and train 
 any of them starve to 
 
 ftlion of Greenland is 
 the sea-coast. The 
 ments alous^ the coast, 
 or T.OOO s'luls. The 
 irs a^o. was estimated 
 •bably, exceed 7,000. 
 las been diminishin:; 
 c to several vausts. 
 
 but espeeiaily to the vast accumulatiou of ice on their 
 coasts. 
 
 /Wijpiow.] The natives were furmerly" Pagaus, but 
 throui;h the instrumentality of the Moravian niis^ioua- 
 ries, llipy have, to a considerable extent been eonvertid 
 to ChriHiiiinily. The missionary seMlements are at New 
 Ilerruhut, Liehtenfels, and Lichtenau. 
 
 Clinravter and manners.^ The n.itives are of low 
 stature, brawney, and inclined to corpulency. In their 
 dispuxitions they are cold, indolent, and sId'w of nppre- 
 heiiHion, but very quiet and good nalured. They are ex- 
 tremely filtby in their mode of jivin;;. In winter, ihpy 
 live in huts, made of stone or turf, and several families 
 usually occupy the same buildnii; Tlie*e huts are 
 warmed by burning train oil and moss in a kind of 
 lamp. 
 
 The only employment of the Orecnlanders is fishing 
 and. hunting. They can never live by agriculture ; the 
 ciini.ite is too culd, and the soil too sterile. 
 
 Before the Moravian misHionarii>« labored among 
 them, the (JifenluodiMs were burbnrians. Tbcv fre- 
 quently iiniini their old women alive, fo get rid of the 
 triiiible and expens.' of intiinlaiuiKg them. Children 
 hftv.; boiu known to bury their own parents in ilii.^ way. 
 itui these cu^ioms are row abolished, and ibev have be- 
 come, to a pon.iderable extent, a Christian people. 
 
 Jnimnts.j The quHdrtipnU are reindeer, foxes 
 hares, dogs, and while bears. The dr.g« are used as 
 ben vis of burden; ttud draw the sledges of the Green- 
 ian(!ers ro miles a day. 
 
 Sea fowl, eagles, r.'ivcns. ai.d other birds of prey are 
 very numerous. Whales, porpoises and other ti^h 
 abound on i he coast. Greenland is valuable nrincipallv 
 on account of its fisheries. ' ' 
 
 But the animal of most importance to the Greenlander 
 18 t be seal. Ii is every thing to him. The flesh of the 
 sea IS his principal food : the oil it instead of wood for 
 iuel ; out of ihe skin he makes his boat, tent and 
 Clothes; the fibres of the sinews answer for thread- 
 even the bonos and entrails are found to be valuable! 
 oatcliing seals is the principal emplovment of the inhab- 
 
40 
 
 BRITISH AMERICA. 
 
 hant*. It i« a difliriilt and <inngerou!t bii«iiie>«!i ; but (o 
 exci-l in it i» llie liiglieitt pride of I lie Grcenluiider. 'I'liu 
 man wlio eaiinut catuli itcaU is luokcd upuii with con- 
 tempt. 
 
 RUSSIAN SETTLEMENTS. 
 
 The RusMiiiii HcttliMncnta in North Amcriea arc on the 
 noitliwetit I'nast. Tlit-y ixu-nd from (^ipe Prince of 
 Walc», at Hi'hring'it Hiriiilii, ntar lal. »irj° N. to Forlloi-k 
 harbor, near lul 68*^. They contain, in all, about 1000 
 white iuhabilanta. The number of Jndianii tributary to 
 (he Russians, in more than 00,000. The principal cm- 
 uiojment of the Indians is ti«hing and hunting for the 
 KutthianN. who pay them for (heir far* in bendx and to- 
 bacco. The mode of living and' character of thexe In- 
 dians, in many poinUi resemble those of the GrecnluDiI- 
 tra. 
 
 BRITISH AMERICA. 
 
 Sihiation.'] British America comprehends all that 
 part of North America, which lies nordi of ihe United 
 Stales, excepting Greenland and the ilussiati settle- 
 ments. ^ 
 
 Divisions.'} Not .norc than one tehih part of this vast 
 country is in the posscssicii of (he whites. This part is 
 in the southeast, along the banks of the Si. Lmvrence, 
 aud the five great Lakes, and embraces the island of 
 J\''eipJ'oundtttnd, and the four following provinces. 
 
 i. Nova l^Kotia. 
 -3. New-Hrunswick. 
 
 Lower Canada. 
 
 Upper Canada* 
 
 British America, not included in the abovcmcn- 
 
 4. 
 
 All 
 
 lioned divisions, is generally called JWwUritaiii, aud is 
 in the possessicn uf the Indians. 
 
 I( 
 It 
 
 ai 
 
 St 
 
 \v 
 bt 
 
 th 
 
 u| 
 T 
 
 In 
 El 
 br 
 to 
 roi 
 Tl 
 
 eai 
 eri 
 
 13, 
 
 ler 
 in 
 iuij 
 J 
 de| 
 the 
 nea 
 usu 
 
DA. 
 
 Ml!* bii«itiei«fi ; but (u 
 Grceiiluiiiler. 'I'he 
 
 X'tl Upull with CUD- 
 
 ENTS. 
 
 America are on tlie 
 III (wipe Prince of 
 
 m:i° N. to Forilofk 
 I. ill ttii, aliout 1000 
 Iniliftnii tributary to 
 
 Tlie principal cm- 
 and hunting for the 
 urn in bendi* and to- 
 urarter of thpue In- 
 ! of the GrecnhiDiI- 
 
 ICA. 
 
 iprohends all that 
 lurtli of the United 
 le iluasiati settle* 
 
 mh part of this vant 
 hiteti. Thi<i part is 
 r the Si. JjKwrenre, 
 races the inland of 
 is; provinces. 
 
 d in the abovcinen- 
 IWw- Uritttin, atid is 
 
 m 
 
 m:wfouni)lam). 
 
 ii 
 
 Goi'ernmpnt.~l The island of New f.iundtiin.i U under 
 the governtnen! of an udniirHJ. All iln' rent oC Itiiii^h 
 Ani<.'iica is under u (>i>vt'rnor ^enertti, wlitme rcHidt-nce is 
 ul Quebec. Desides the governor general, caoh of the 
 four provinces has a governor, who is sljled lieutenant 
 guvernor. 
 
 NEWFOUXnr-AND. 
 
 SUmthn.^ Newfoundland is an island, 380 mile* 
 long, separated from Labrudor Uy the straits of Bellisle. 
 It is bounded by the Gulf of .St. Lawrence on the west, 
 and on all other kides by the Atlunlic. 
 
 Face of ihi country.] The country is hilly, and the 
 soil barren; the eoiuls are high and bold, and abound 
 with fine harbors. The iiK trior of the island has never 
 beeii explored. 
 
 Fhherk^.'] New foundland owes all its importance to 
 the hsheries, wliieh are carried oii upon its shores, and 
 upon the banks, which lie to the southeast of the island. 
 J he Grand Bank lies too miles from the southeaitt ex- 
 tremiiy of the island it is aoo miles long and 73 broad. 
 l!.ast of this IS Green Hank, 2M miles long, and 120 
 broad. \o less than 3,000 sail of small craft, belonffine 
 to Great Britain France, and the United States, and 
 manned by i00.0i>0 meu, are employed in these fislieriei 
 Iht-y are an excellent nursery for seamen. 
 
 ToKHs.] All the principal towns are on the south- 
 east side of the island, iu the neighborhood of the fish- 
 erics. 
 
 St. John's is the capital. It contained in 1815 aliout 
 12,000 inhulMtunts ; but three dreadftil fires, in the win- 
 lers of 1816 and ist7. laid nearly the whole of the town 
 in ashes. Placentia and Bonavista are nest in size and 
 luipurtiinee. 
 
 Population.-] The population is very flucfuatin*. If 
 depends upon the state of ihe fisheries. In 1813, when 
 the hsl^er.es were most prosperous, it amounted f» 
 nearly r„,,oo. 1 he largest portion of the seltlm has 
 usually been from Irelaud. '•"•ws uns 
 
 4* 
 
 ■it 
 
 m 
 
 i 
 
 }0 
 
4S 
 
 NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 /fW/srion] Mnre tliiiii llirei^inarlns of iLe iiilinlii- 
 taiiu are Uiiinnii i.'Htliolies. 'I'lic rest ure l'i'o(eitluii(>i, of 
 varioiit denoininulioiH. 
 
 Governmi'Ht \ 'l\m iAlaiiil Iteloiiiu;'* lit Great Briiuiii. 
 ftnd IB under the gnvuniiueiit ul' uii udiniral. 
 
 r 
 o 
 
 tl 
 \\ 
 a 
 
 NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 Situation,^ Nova Scolia is a narrow peninsula, more 
 tliuii 3G0 miles lung, slretehintj IVom soulliweMl to north- 
 easf. It is bounded, on llie north by the UulT of St. 
 Lawrence; on the west by the Bay of Fundy ; on the 
 northweHt bv the province of New-Urunswick ; and on 
 all other sides by the Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 History.'] No settlements, of any consequence, were 
 made in this country till the year I74tf. In that year, 
 the English government sent out a colony of about .3000 
 persons, who settled at Halifux. For several years, 
 ihev were murL disturbed by the French from Cnnadii, 
 and the Indians; but the conquest of Canada by the 
 English in 170O, put an end to thr«e troubles ; emigrants 
 then came over from Kugland in great numbers and the 
 colony has ever since advauced rapidly in ueuhh and 
 population. 
 
 Divisions.] Nova Scolia is divided into counties, 
 ^vhieh are subdivided iutu 37 townships. 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Halifai, 
 
 Hants, 
 
 King's, 
 
 Aonupulis, 
 
 Chief Towns, 
 \ Halifax, 
 I Truro. 
 Windsor 
 Cornwallis 
 Annapolis. 
 
 Counties, Chief Towm. 
 Sbelburne, Sht-jburne. 
 Queen's, Liverpool. 
 
 Lunenburgh, Lunenburg!). 
 Sydney, Manchester. 
 
 Cumberland, Cuml>erlaud 
 
 Population.] The population is estimated at more 
 than 10 0,000 The great body of the people arc of 
 English origin; princi}>ally emigrants from Ni-w-Eng- 
 lanii. After ihcRC, the .Scotch and Irish settlers are 
 must uumcTuus. '1 he Mitkinack liidiat:s were the abo- 
 
 li 
 
 e( 
 
 C 
 
 ■r 
 
 tri 
 Gi 
 
 m 
 
 Hi 
 
 tin 
 in 
 
 fer 
 ma 
 tov 
 lar 
 Ua 
 
 ere 
 arc 
 quti 
 -t 
 asp 
 aloi 
 goo 
 
 i 
 
 Sco 
 mai 
 feet 
 thai 
 tak( 
 
■Ifi's of ihe iiilinlii- 
 t ure I'roleHlaiits, of 
 
 ;« In Oreal Brihiiii. 
 Jinirul. 
 
 row peninsula, more 
 ttnulliweMl to north- 
 by tlie Uuir of 8t. 
 f nf Funily ; on the 
 Urunswick ; and on 
 n. 
 
 ' consequence, were 
 74». In that year, 
 nlony of aliont 3000 
 For several years, 
 icnch fiom Cnnadii, 
 I of Cnnadu by the 
 troubles ; emigrants 
 int numbers and the 
 lidly in weuhh and 
 
 Jed into counties, 
 lips. 
 
 s. 
 
 rne, 
 » 
 
 Chief Towm. 
 
 Shfjburne. 
 I, Liverpool, 
 
 turgh, Lunenburg!). 
 , Manchester, 
 
 rland, Cuniivcrlaud 
 
 I estimated at more 
 the people ure of 
 nts from Mi'W-Eng- 
 I Irish settlers are 
 idiatw were the abo- 
 
 NOVA HCOTIA. 
 
 43 
 
 ngn.es ol the province, and si ill i„|,uhit the .hore east 
 ol Hul.lu,. 'I h. y «re diminishing in n. ,er.. 
 
 th.. if !r "A 'f'-l/^'A"- ! '"'•' .•H.ubl..lMd r. limon is 
 
 ul o> the iJhu. eh of KngUnd. There in on. n^.|,„n, 
 
 uhose d.o<.e.eHe .„..|„,|,h N„v« s.o.ia. N..« Urnn-ui L, 
 
 ond (he .hIh,..Is ,.( fHpe H.Hon and I'.i.uu. Kd^nrd. 
 
 Ihere is a (olhge ut Windsor, Mhi.h has a valnhblo 
 
 ClfJhuiJn'""'^ llAMKAx,(hocnpit„|, i, Hitua.ed on 
 Uiebucto Uuy, ,n (he eonire of the peninsula. )i has a 
 
 Selt'n!-, ■ ■" ';r'""'P»» "^'«» ••"'*"". belonging to 
 
 iSo * "' ^'"'"' '^'""'''"'' '*'"' F'l'ulalion is 
 
 Liverpool, i» on the Atlantic coast. 45 miles S. W, of 
 
 idf o'f'st"';'' ''"' '•">-i<'^T"ble trade. Pictou, on he 
 
 ftne harbor. Oieat qnanliiies of timber are exn..Med 
 from Piclou to Ureat Britain. ^M'""'" 
 
 f.H'^i "l"^ ^."T'''''^'-^ Intercourse between the dif- 
 ferent parts of the eoun(ry is ea.v. Hoh.Ih have been 
 made, at cons.deruble expense, fr'om Halifax hIIU 
 owns ,n the province ; and packets carry the mail eal 
 
 orI''^"""«.".""■*''' "'"' "^«'''' «'' ^'"va Scotia have in- 
 
 are tI'st"aJi:"' "'"' T"' ^"'"'^"y- ''^'•*'' »"J '""' "r 
 are the staple comuioduies, and are exporip.l in great 
 quantities to Great Britain, and the Wes.-lndies ^ 
 
 asS ^ Bl.''Jh!!!\*^- "'.'•"'■" n''"' " =?■'"""> «'"' barren 
 aspeui. tlul tile ctiunlies In iliu « \v „4' ti i-i» 1 
 
 ft.'l,!T»;;: ;*■ V,:.'' S'.;: cKr '" « 
 
i* 
 
 NKW nilUNMWKK. 
 
 fslnndt:,] Prince FAlward's iNlniul, formt'rly cnlletl 
 St .tiifni's, i* ninrt- tliun loil niilen loiii^. Il in in liic 
 Clulfof Hi. I.uMriiifc, Mt»l or ('u|i«* Dretoii, niid uear 
 tlu' iinrllifMi CMiimt (il'Novn Mcoiin. 'Hit- |irinei|iHi Utwn 
 in t'liarlutttlowii. 'Hie |)opululinn i» nbitut HOO. 
 
 It 
 ill 
 
 m 
 
 NEW BRUNSWICK. 
 
 Situation.} New (IrunHwick it bouiidt'il on llu' N. by 
 Lower L'uiiuda : on Uie K. by tlic UiiM" ol' Si. I.iiwreiife ; 
 on ibc H. K. Il) Novii Httoliii, and (he Buy ol' Fundy ; 
 on the W. by MHiite nnd l/unada. 
 
 Chief Towns.'} Frederickiou is the cnpilal. It iH on 
 Ht. Johit\ rivur, about 80 milcH from the mouth, ut the 
 head oi' sloo|i n'lvi^iilion. 
 
 The eily ol".*«. Julin'H in the lar^eil (own. It in near 
 (lie innnlli of Mt. John'tt river, uud cuutainit upward)) of 
 S,000 iulinbit:tiil«t. 
 
 I'opaUition.} The population of (he province is csli- 
 niated ut more ihiin O0,iii)0. 
 
 Biip.} The principal bay* are fHssumiupioddy, bor- 
 deriiit; on Maine; tlie llay of Fundy ; Chigneelo bay, 
 which IK an arm of the bay' of Fuu<ly ; Merrumichi and 
 CMialcnr buys, which coniuiunieale with the Guli'ol' Mt. 
 Laivrcnee. 
 
 y/uTrs ] .Sf. John's river is (he principal river 
 in (hi- pniv'iice. Il riHcii in Maine, and emptier ilo 
 (lie Buy ol Funil). Il in navigable for »loopi* bO miles, 
 and lor" boats. 2U0. The eomnion route from the eily of 
 Hi .1ithii*ii to Quebec is up this river. 
 
 Merrtimivhi river empties into Merramiehi bay. It 
 abiiumls Hiih talmon. 
 
 *»«/i7 and I'voductions.} The lands on (he rivers, es- 
 pecially on f'l. John's river, and its branche*. are very 
 rich and feriile. The pines on this river are the largest 
 in Brilisli America, and alVurd a con»>iilerable supply 
 of inHKis for the Biiiisli navy. 
 
 The limber with which the uplands are covered, 
 and (be cud-fisli, suhnun, uud beriiug, which abound 
 
 n 
 It 
 1. 
 
 N 
 >V 
 
 wl 
 di 
 
 an 
 thi 
 
 rii 
 
 dii 
 wli 
 nal 
 Lo 
 pri 
 the 
 Up 
 stei 
 ehu 
 huu 
 15,S 
 
 sub! 
 
 J. 
 
 the 
 
 180 
 
 The 
 
 com 
 
 is t> 
 
 7 
 
 on t 
 
 Que 
 
LK. 
 
 till, fonncrly culled 
 loiii;. Il in in lite 
 
 I*** Dretoii, niitl uear 
 'llie |irinei|iHi (own 
 it abuut Hoo. 
 
 K. 
 
 iiuiiiIimI on the N. by 
 iilf of St. liiiwieiife; 
 (he Buy of Fuiiily ; 
 
 lie cnpidkl. I( iH un 
 m (he mouth, ut (he 
 
 i'fl( (own. I( in nenr 
 cuudiinH uitwardfi of 
 
 (he province is csti* 
 
 'HS8uniii(|iioilily, bnr- 
 «ly ; Chigneclo buy, 
 ly ; Mvrrumiclii uiid 
 ni(h (he Guli'or Ut. 
 
 llie principnl river 
 ne, Hiid emptier itn 
 for ttloopH hO nnlt-g, 
 oute Fioui the city of 
 r. 
 ^Icrramichi bay. It 
 
 di* on (he rivprn, es- 
 
 8 hrnni'hf*. are *ery 
 
 river are the largest 
 
 con)>iilerable supply 
 
 pliitiilu are covered, 
 ring, which abound 
 
 I-OWKIt CANADA. 
 
 U 
 
 in (lie rivers mid on (ho ..ohsI^, «,,■ the priiicijm? pro. 
 •iiKlioiM ui the eouuir), aud ure txpoilcd m coiitiderablo 
 
 qiiaiiliiie*. 
 
 KOWMIt CANADA. 
 
 SUuiittoH.] Lower Camidii liei on both «;dr< nf ihe 
 rivcr M. Luwrenco, from it- 1......1I. („ l.uke M. l-Vanrm. 
 
 It iH Uiind.d.N. by New llniaiii; l). hv the Gull of Xt. 
 
 L.wrcnc.., «. K and S. Im N Jilinswick. Maine, 
 
 XSevv llamp«hirc, \ ermont, ui.d \tw \ oik. S. W. and 
 W. hy Upper Cunadu. 
 
 «£.?!!:"" ^ '"'7''; V""^-'" '* Jiviilcd into di.tricl«, 
 whieh are Mub.livi.l.d niin con, ,ie,. The ennn(ic. arc* 
 "'V.;'*" ,. "'.'" '""""''il'^ Hrisn..iic., nn.l pari^hpn. 
 
 ami ,1 all Hriii,h -Am. r.ci. ..and, on the .u.r.h side of 
 "lewt. I.awreiiee. at iIn conllnei.e.' wiih the river .S|. 
 CbarliM, about ;i.JO mile. Com the sea. 'rhe lo«ni« 
 divided into rpp.., „„,| L„„,r. The Up er ,; u 
 
 u Inch IK built ,.n a lii.nh, p roe!,, in a plue • „f ,re."f 
 
 naturaUtrengih.andi. extreoidy „ell llrtifud.J- , 
 l-owei- (own H much (be snidlesi part, ,i,„l j- i,,i,,.i,;,"| 
 jmncipally by tradesmen and .Hill.r. ' i « i u In^ 
 
 steeple 5 when the cannon of (he fortiJication* are dh, 
 r^ar Tl ' ''"f"'"""" "' ""■' «i'y, ill isis.^va. 
 
 Johiil; „.:i r ''"."e'l:^ "■'"""'^ Q"^^«° p'-««'=«<s u mo.t 
 
 sublime and beaudlul scenery. 
 JW^-a^ is 8i(ua(ed 0.1 the east side of an inland in 
 
 1 he populahon, ni 1 s ( 8, was e«(ima(ed a( ao,ooo. The 
 I^reTtfat ""^ " "'^"*'^^" '• '"^' I"'-i«^' ••--"' 
 
 on (he norths deof (he S(. Lawren.e^.„|f" VSen 
 Quebec and Moulreal, 90 miles from each. It was fi!r" 
 
 i 
 
low Kit CANADA. 
 
 t^ ^ 
 
 mfrly the «cnt of llu» Frnicli govfrinnriil. It voiiittiii^ 
 alitiiit J.itoo iiiliikliitttiiU. 
 
 SiivAlr in oil llie H. niilc of tlio M. I.BW rciicc, hall" 
 ua) liclMeen Muiilrt'u! aiitl Tlircv Uivcri, l.) iiiilcH rriim 
 eucli. 
 
 VnpnUifion. 1 I.owfr Cnnmlit poiiliiiiiN nlioiil ;j(mi.«1(I() 
 iiiliiiltitaiilx, ti imijiirily III' mIiuiii tin' of Kniiili iirii;in. 
 The priiiciiinl ^ciiU'iuViitu are nloiig «lii' liuiik* of tlir 
 **i\.. lillWTonri'. 
 
 Hfllx'toii.] A MiHioriiy of lli«' inlinliilrtnl* on- of llic 
 Huniiiii Cailiolic rfligiun; luil l'rt'Hli}li'iiuii«, na|ili«tii, 
 ^I'llioili'^iH. mill utlivr I'roli*«i;ku( icctit nrv fuHt iiii'ri-ai> 
 111^ ill iiiinihcrN. 
 
 Hiytiirij. j 'I'hiii roiinlry wiu ori^iiiuliy Hftili-il l<y ifie 
 FriMuli. imil K'limiiieil in llitir |Hi<««fN»ii.ii uitlil ITiU, 
 wlii'ii nn l*'nu;li»li uriiiy. iiimIit (U-iutuI WoIIV, tonk 
 Qiii'Ik'c: mill, kooii alur- lliu uliutv |iroviiiuL> iiui'ri>iitlt.T- 
 ImJ to (lie Urilinli. 
 
 Al Itif (•iiniiiiiiii-rmiMil of llic Aini'ricmi revoliMiou in 
 177.^. iImh |iiovinfi' \>a» iti\nili'il liy llic Aiin'rimn (roop"* ; 
 
 Mniitf'Hl v\ii>i iitki'ii, mill an ulliiik mum iiiiiilc it|)im 
 
 Qui-lier, but il faili-il ; Cifiierul Muiiti^oiiicry wits itlnin, 
 anil III* iroopH roiiii'iL 
 
 t'omiii'nr.] 'I'lii- conmiriTP of llii'^ jtrovinre Inn 
 liftn i/«pnllj ini'ifuiiiin f'lr miiiiy yenm. 'I'lii' priiici- 
 itui Hiiii'lit of export are I'iiih, liiinlier, potahlif)i, 
 ^lain. po:k anil Inif The proiliue of Tppi-r Canmla, 
 in liroi^lit ili>ivu liiu St. iiiivvrencc, uiiil rxported from 
 IVliiiitreal 
 
 CliiiKite'] I'lic «in)ern nre long, anil llie cold inlenHe. 
 The iee on ihe rivem is uinally two feet thick. Tliu 
 weather is very uarm in sunimer, and vegctuiion re- 
 markably rapid. 
 
 Far*' of (he vnunlvj, fitc. ] Severul ranges of monn- 
 tivitiH run from the coaiit into Clie interior, in parallel 
 rid^ert. Till' valleys bchveeu, have a fertile soil, yield- 
 ing gra^s and grain f.n abundance. The greater part of 
 the country i^ still covered with forests. 
 
 Ilh-iTs.'] The St. Laurence runs through this prov- 
 inee. front southwest to northeast, and empties into the 
 (iulf of St. Kawrenec. 
 
 ni 
 I. 
 
 S, 
 Im 
 II 
 III 
 bt 
 
 m 
 w 
 
 h 
 
 fe 
 de 
 do 
 
 .St 
 en 
 nn 
 (hi 
 
 MC 
 
 ser 
 inl 
 po| 
 
 cou 
 gie 
 on 
 t,.h 
 on 
 sop 
 Dii 
 J 
 div 
 
t^ ^ — 
 
 \. 
 
 riiini'ti(, ll I'liiiiuiii^ 
 
 • SI. |,a\tr<>iicc, linir 
 (ivcrs, a iiiilcH from 
 
 iiliiirDi nlitiiil aoii.oon 
 rt' (ll* Kmii'li <irii;iii. 
 iig (III' liikiikt III' (lir 
 
 ilialiilAiit* orr of (lie 
 <il(}l('iiuiiii, nupiUm, 
 LictM nre iuNt iiii'mu* 
 
 :;iiiull) Nftilcil \,y llic 
 i<«i4t'Nkii.ii uitlil 1T6U, 
 ^SciiiTuI WollV, tiiiik 
 L- |iroviiitie nurrcndLT- 
 
 ncrirnn ri'voliiliou in 
 ilic Ainfrii'Hii lriiii|i'« ; 
 lack wiiH III 11 tit* it|)(iii 
 )nt!{iMiiery \\>\% sluin, 
 
 f llii^ |irnviiire liii< 
 I' yi'Hrtt. Till' |iriiu'i- 
 
 . llllllllIT, polBhllfH, 
 
 ■»' ol' r|i|i<T Caimiln, 
 I*, uiiii rxported i'rtiin 
 
 oriil llie cidd inlcntd'. 
 wo feet lliick. 'I'liu 
 ', and vegi'tuiioii ru- 
 
 ral rangeR nt mniin- 
 inlerinr, in parHllel 
 
 'C a iVrtile Noil, yield- 
 Tlie greotcr jiarl of 
 
 resli. 
 
 ns throiigli tliiit prnv- 
 
 and empticH into tbe 
 
 I'I'I'KH CANADA. 
 
 4f 
 
 The Oulawnt iivit implic* iniii jIip fHj. Lnuronre, 
 iH-ar Miinlrcul. ll t\*ie% in (he hi^h iundii, belwecn 
 l.aki> Huron and Ifiidion'N liav — Tht- Sim-elh and thu 
 St. FraiiriH I'lnplv iiilii ihi* W(. LuMnnre from (he iuu(h, 
 lit'lvvi'tn Mtinlreal and (^niliep. 'I'he Sorelje ii the iiul- 
 lt( III" l.akc ( hainpluin— -The Vhunilwie t'omen frnin 
 (he Miiilli, and einplieit itUo (he Hi. Lawrence near Oia- 
 bi'c. 
 
 M\itural Curiositirs.'] The eeleliraled ralli of Mont- 
 morency are near (he month of a river onhe .anie iianie, 
 whu'h em^iiien into lite .S(. Lawrence, u mile* hrlow 
 yriei.ec. The river p.,nri o»er a precipice, and inMuul- 
 \y fall* perpendicularly lo the unloninhini; deplh of ^'jii 
 feet, preNentin^ a *ceiie of wonderful beauty and irran- 
 deur. Theie falU are in full view, as you tail up and 
 down (he HI. Lawrence 
 
 Jsla \d,} The inland of Cape Ureton, in (he (iulf of 
 H(. Lawrence i« altaclied (o (liiii iirovince. It lies north- 
 easl of Nova .Heoiia, from which it is separated by a 
 narrow strait, called the Hut of Canno. In 1743, when 
 this island beion^ed to France, (he liOieries on its shorea 
 were very productive, and emplnved no less (han 37,000 
 seamen. At present, (he priMci'pul employment of (he 
 inhabKants in, the working of ihe coal mines. The 
 I'opulation of the island it abonl .<,oo(). 
 
 UPI'KIl ( AXADA. 
 
 Situnlion.] Fppcr Canada is that peninsular tract of 
 country which lies between the river Oul.t* as and (he 
 great lakc^. Ontario. Krie and Huron, ll is bounded 
 on the euHt, sonih and we-jl by the United SiiUm. from 
 t>,hi.'h It IS sepiirated by the Hi. Lawrence and the Lakei; 
 on the nortlieust by Lower C .nada, from which it is 
 separated by Oiilawas ri»er j on Ihe nor(hwes( by Sow- 
 Ifiilain. 
 
 nivisions.} The sedled part of this provinc is 
 divided into S districts, uhich are subdivided inu. ;i4 
 
irpi'i'.ii r\v\n\. 
 
 ronnliri, «n(l thcie arc iigiiin dividfii iuUt IDA loun- 
 ktiipn. 
 
 mm iitt. 
 
 ,lllllll<llOUi|l, 
 
 Klidluml, 
 
 llnme, 
 NiiieitrH, 
 liOiitliin, 
 >Vt»uri», 
 
 H'hift iitiiairj. 
 
 on III!' He, LitMrfiicf, 
 
 on liiki' OiilHii", 
 
 ilo. 
 
 do. 
 on \irt^.*n« rivpr, 
 on l.iikf Krit*, 
 nit l.uku ^1. i'ltiir, 
 
 f.lii'/ Tuvini, 
 
 t^irintiill. 
 
 1*11 -cnH. 
 
 Kiii^Miiin. 
 
 N'l'ucuille. 
 
 Vwrk. 
 
 (^IliMnitOMOi 
 
 Sar dwirli. 
 
 Vopnliition'] T'pppr r ui'idd in a new I'niiiilry, anil 
 1lu> piinil.ilion infrt>uMi'>i Midi nn-at nipidilv In C^»3 
 i( uii« (>«|iin.iipd Ht n:>ly IO,(iUO| in ISliat iifl.ooo. 
 it mil pmbtitily ciMMiiiiit.' Im iiii-i'rA«c rH|iidly lor iiiiiny 
 yi'Hrii. 'I'Im* ii'iilfiiu'iiiii, n* pri'iiciiti ar<> rooliiit-d (o liie 
 neiglilinrhond oritii- Ht. Ijtwr^iicp, and llti> mhure* nf (lie 
 Hreiti luki* ; Imii llicy are iunl i-xlendiiiu; itiin the iiite-' 
 rinr. I'Iim <«i>titi>r« are |iriiicip:illy t*mi;i;raiiu from the 
 UiiiiciJ hinli'i. 
 
 hWf^ nf \hf amntrtj, nuiL Ste.J The roiintry on iKe 
 St. I<.|^vrl'lll•e tiad tlni li»ki"« i* it lini; level foiinlr}', mHIi 
 A rich miil, well adapiud fnr oiitlivalion. There i* • 
 great qiititility of IVrlile land, at preKi>iit iionciMipifd, in 
 lhi« province, hut the m'tltt'ini'iii* are fani exli-nding 
 over ii. Miirh of the intfrior of the province hait tietiT 
 hi>en ftplitrtfd. 
 
 dhiff TowiiH.] York U the neat nf government, It 
 i« retjiitnrly laid nut, im the iiurlhvvcHt mdo of Lake On* 
 tario, has a lieiuitiritl uiid commodious harbor, and about 
 i.aon inhabitanli. 
 
 Ktizi'ton Htaitds at llie egreM of the Hi, I<awrene« 
 from Luke Unlario. It io the moil flnitri^hinK town in 
 thi> provinee, and oimtninii about ^.ooo inliuhitaiitfi. It 
 hi* an exeilleiit harlior, and, in time of war. in the 
 priiieipal itatiun Tor the Brili«li nhipping on Lake On- 
 larin. 
 
 J\>irnrt iM at the month of Niagara river, where it 
 enter* Lake Ontario, ({ueemtown m on ihe mime river, 
 ?" mil,:B from Newark. Vhippncai/ in «u the aaine river, 
 
 i 
 
 ii 
 
 II 
 H 
 »} 
 T 
 L 
 III 
 th 
 
 ho 
 ra 
 ie| 
 coi 
 thi 
 
 CO I 
 
 lh( 
 
 La 
 
 on 
 
 in I 
 
 'J 
 
 aD«i 
 
 i 
 
 the 
 
 and 
 
 thn 
 
 C 
 
 hnn 
 
 rem 
 
 llur 
 
 oft 
 
 The 
 
 prod 
 

 IICl', 
 
 (Jinf TuMint 
 
 t^iriiuiill. 
 
 l*iccr>U. 
 
 Nt-ncuilb. 
 
 Y.irk. 
 
 Saiilvticli. 
 
 1 ft nPW fniiitlry, anil 
 t nipidily In 17^3 
 i in ISli at 1.i(t,0<iO. 
 ic rH|ii<!iy loi* niuny 
 li nr<> roiiluiftl (n ilie 
 Hn<l llti* ulifireit nf (lie 
 ■nifiiia; itiin the iiiic 
 ) emi^rittili IVoni the 
 
 I'll? ctMinlrj on iKe 
 le level fotintr)', «ilh 
 ivKlioit. There itt • 
 e«i>iit iiiinriMipicil. in 
 are Xm\ fxti-mling 
 p pruviiice huit \w\vt 
 
 It of ttftverhmcnl, It 
 cut xiiit* (»r Luke On* 
 lus harbor, and abuut 
 
 f the St. I<awrene« 
 il flniirinhinx town in 
 
 000 inhuhitaiitit. It 
 
 1 imp of war. i« (he 
 i|>|iiiig on tiokt' On- 
 
 (;ara river, where it 
 \* on the mtm^ river, 
 in oil the Mine river, 
 
 tPPKH CANADA. ^^ 
 
 to mif..« alM.ve QMeenM..»v». nail j «L„v. NiM»„r« f.,n, 
 r, „ I akr Kiie. .»/.,/,/r„ „„| .sv,„^,^,,/i are .oulli ..f 
 
 !'iri:;jV:?i:/'*" *^'''«'' "»'-•" '^••^^ «•• ^''-J 
 
 «ke T, « ' •! h'".-'' V^i"" •'"« •>"•" l.«k.. ll..r.M, to 
 IhroHuh Severn river into Lake Huron x near L.,ka 
 ».me«e are the Shallow lake., which eZ y ?hr,n uh a 
 
 I 'Ho-nrr I- ""^ "^ guinti. whi'h open, into 
 
 like 11 * """ ^ ""•*"•"• '"*•"■ ^'♦V,.«„./„ „ |.,r " 
 
 lt;;;:';^;i:2;;:;r-''^-''-*«'-M.;k^ 
 
 the province fr„,„ Michigan Territory •''P»'"««^« 
 
 LakeTrie'T 'V ''*'"«'' "'/''""'' «'"^'' "'"P'*- !"•« 
 
 :^«^;;;;'^;i.!;-^sii.:'i^^^^^^^^ 
 
 .n,^.e po.p„...» of ,h. Si, Nmi„,., of ,,;fi;;,V" •' '• 
 
 iiie lhamf» ruei near (he Doiireei of Oranil river 
 and flow. «outhwe.. i„i„ L„ke St. C:air ' 
 
 .1. ^^*.L *''"^ '"!'' »**Q"''»' '» ft lonff narrow harbor at 
 
 through it. whole 1^;,;'*' "'"' ''^''^* *^^' nav.,alio« 
 Commerce. The commerce of thi» province hitherto. 
 
 reniL, but h ,en the gr?.n canal from Lake Krre (o 
 Hudmm riven, completed, the tr«.le«nhe "extern nar^ 
 
 produSr ^ '• *"■" '"•'•'''*' •"'' «"'«' »3ricultur.| 
 
 i 
 
m NKW BIUTAIN. 
 
 n*Uxlitn. 'III.* |iilii»l»»(rtiiU lm»# rMfBth uninrmi-.l 
 frum *«rioM« piru "f ili» l'nilp«l Ml*if», mnl, «« iiiti^lil 
 br ri|irclril, ufi' "f mmiij iliJIftinl r»lii<tiiM« •IriiniMiM*. 
 lW»n«. Tin- MtllMMli»l» mv m«ul Hiuiirruti* i iii»l lo 
 them nrr llir H»iHi«i"i nml rrr»l»jl»r»tiM«. I.ik» all im^U 
 •rlllril rniiuirif« llii* |iruvineu i« |iourly (U|)|iliv<] willi 
 
 W(.fu/i. I'liliTiilily noml ri»ml» liBvr lurii mMf «mm 
 
 t)k| te of lln* ^llvl•rmln•l••. llir<.ii«li all llif |»riiiri|Mil 
 
 •I'lllcmi-iili. Nowrly llif wluilt- rcvmin'. nf lii« nr«vim» 
 hut. r<ir •ovrml ^puri, ljt'«ii ei|»cmlc«l I7 (lit King m 
 niM>iiii)«( iM'w itm«f*. .1.1 
 
 Climittf, I'lif provlnee !• In « morp ioiHhprn l«li- 
 Itiili' iliuii Lomr t'ttnatU, ttii«l llic ilmiulc !• niiicli 
 WKMiirr. 
 
 NKW imiT.MN. 
 
 Hllunllnu New nrilnlii eomprilieniI» »li (liR( part 
 of HrHinli Americn. wliicli Iim norlli itiitl n<irlliMe«l »t 
 lJp|Mr»ii<I I-«>w.tC«iiiuI«. Il i« » v««l country n- 
 IcmliiiK from the AilaiHio Ocean on llic catl, •» ■ .; la- 
 filkoii the w«l » anJ fmiu Cana.lft an<l llie LmWiX 
 8lalM on Jlie loinh, lo lli«- Kronen Ocean on I lie norlh. 
 
 invisinm. Ilutlion'* H«v diviilin llii« eounlry into 
 two |iarl», llie fn-lfrn immI llie ivesti-rn. The cailcrn u 
 •ubdivideU inio Ulmulor ami '^'l'' /'«•;«'»";' •"* 
 weilern into ^\w South n'alea anil *\>a> JS'iirth ft ales. 
 
 Faef of the coutitry. Thin !• » ilreary, ilenolaje 
 counlry. The »urface, to a Rreat exieni, i* nakcil rock, 
 or covered with a loil to ihio, Ihat nothing bul moM, 
 nncl .hrubn, or «lin(eil Ireei can av»w upon il. There 
 are innumcrahle lakei and po"d» of frc«h water icalUred 
 over Ihc whole country. 
 
 Ilttyt. l he two principal bav« arc Ihffiu a and nuit- 
 .son's. The loulhero pari of lludion'* Bay ii call..d 
 Jamen Bay. . , . 
 
 J^kes. 'f"^ ' •mall lakei are too many to be enumerat- 
 ed The > lee largest are Slave Lake, Mhapescow 
 l.ake, orliBKeofthc'hilU, and Lake Jt'inniprg. 
 
 M 
 I.. 
 
 Ai 
 m<i 
 
 wi 
 
 iid 
 en 
 
 t 
 
 liar 
 
 hill 
 
 buii 
 
 i 
 
 tm 
 
 nil) 
 
 Ira 
 
 Ind 
 
 ln» 
 
 liei'i 
 
 'I 
 
 eh II 
 
 «■*. 
 
 Ihc 
 
 e«(i 
 
 and 
 
 lOfn 
 
 this 
 the« 
 and 
 pa<t« 
 and 
 engn 
 carr 
 .S-, 
 Nmal 
 
 f'OIUI 
 
 The. 
 
 ^ttijei 
 
 UII'U. 
 
tiUca, mill, «« iiiii^ltt 
 rflli(tiiM« tlvnilllllMM- 
 MUMM'rtlM* I IH'tl III 
 III*. I.ikv «il lii-^vly 
 mi\y itiiiitlii-)! Mild 
 
 ivr lii'i'ii niKili* Ml llta 
 It all llif |triiipi|Mil 
 Miip. of ilt« |»riiviiM«> 
 
 mntf loulhfrn Uti- 
 le iliiimU i* niiicli 
 
 elienili all iliitl pnrt 
 ■ill mid ntirlliwvit u( 
 n va«t couiiir%, vi- 
 I I lie Oil, •<» * '■ Ht- 
 iiln ami (lie I'liilt'tl 
 Oceaii uii I lie norlh. 
 f» Itii* rounlry inio 
 frii. The cailcrn it 
 i»t Main I anil (lie 
 I ,\Vjf JShrth HaU». 
 I n tlit'ttry, tieioiale 
 'Xlenl, in iiakpil rock, 
 at nolliing but moM, 
 ritu iipiiii it. There 
 Trctli water •eallcred 
 
 arc IhJIin'i* ami //«</- 
 idiun't Day ii calli.'d 
 
 many lobe eniiitnTat- 
 vt Lake, Jilhapeacuw 
 nke jyinnipeg- 
 
 NKW UUITAIN. 
 
 ii 
 
 ffM#r*. M<i,i0HtU'» rlv«r, wfiUli U th^ mttUi nf 
 
 iV" .!:*"'• •'"' •^'•'/"""••« f'v'N wliieli •• flip »uilH i.r 
 l.»Wf W iniii|ir^, ttri> ttiiioMir ihc g(real»«l rivrra in Norlli 
 Amerua. rnjignh and Afhaii¥n,„w rivir* are lltt* re- 
 m..lo «.Mir<'M .,r \lark#n/ie'« rUrr , ami I'le Sa*kat,hn- 
 it'inf K ihc nmoli- •iMireo of VrUunN river. 
 
 rAWi<«and /if,;rn river* rmnly int.. (he we«lern 
 •i.li. of llii.Noii . Uuy. J/6«„y, jtuoH, and ///»«#r« ri». 
 er« empijr inin ||||. „im|„.rn purl «r.l.»mi'ii lluy. 
 
 I fwtmh.m*. VUt eiimaie i« .0 fold, and llie .ail 10 
 .arreii, ilhit niHliin^ of the ^l■^H4lll.• kind t>aii n.>ufi«li 
 •«r... \V,I.| niii.imU are abundant, riif nrineiii.il are 
 
 tiiv /'»i'^. N.-»v llrilain i^ tlia reni.m of llie f^r 
 lra,h^ On all llu. ,,ri..ci,,«l lak.,, and ai )h.. ni.i.'.l, 
 ami fork, ol ui>arly all llio ..,in<idHr„l,|,. riv,.r,, ihiri' arc 
 rrtd.nq hon.i-s •■,ubli.|„.d l.v llie Ki.Kli.h. \U-rr ihu 
 Indian, brio;/ ij... fur. of (I,., animal. «l,i,.|, (hey kill in 
 b.».hMit. ami .dl ilinii f..r blank.d, gun,, '..'.uder. 
 Iii'ikdii, ike. o ' I • I 
 
 The fur Irndi! i« earri.-d on by f»o oomiMiiiiiw of mer- 
 .linnu, (be /In<Un h It,,,/ «:om|.any, omi il.. .\ •,„■//,. 
 >CM Umnany. I l,i. irade of ihe former i. ..o„(i,„.,| t,. 
 the. niM^blMMhoodol lln n'» liny, ib„i „r ,h,, |.,„.., 
 
 and the Frozen C.c.an. Vbe Xord.uf.l Vumpuny i. 
 iofnno.id of Montreal iiiorrhMiiK. 
 
 M oflrai-mnx The only mode of (r«vp||i.,«. in 
 
 III desolate eoiinlry, .. in bircf. bark eum.M. \\ i,|. 
 
 lh.«M. li.e inlmbiinnl. |.um n|. „„,l ,I„„n I'.c river. 
 
 and lak..», ami uhen (biy m... t with « rapid, or vvi.h lo 
 
 pay from one nver to unolber. tlu-v «el out „ni,e ennoe 
 
 and carr^ it on , heir .houldert. h, ,hi. „.,v. , „,.,. 
 
 en«a^od in ihi. hir trade (ravel thon.amN of mile., .uiid 
 carry all (heir good*. ' 
 
 .mall .e. iemenU, aim,ng ,he K«i,uin.au« Indian,, on Ihe 
 J o ut of F-abr«dor, v./.. Ot,Uk, M,in, ami I/nimhl,. 
 I he.o, am! the lorti and hou.e. e.labli.hed by tho.e eti- 
 
 T.f '"n" '^"'"••'•"': T "'« ""'.^ H.|ll.m.„u of uh.ie 
 ui'u. Iho principal fort, arc Fort ChaiJewyan on 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 ^ 
 
 Athtpescow Lake, Churchill^ at the mouth of Churchill 
 river. iumI Vork at the mouth of NelHon'u liver. 
 
 Inhabitants. The Eni|uimau« Indiun» iiihubit the 
 roant of Labrador, and the shore* of the Frozen Oi-eau. 
 They are of the same race with lhi» OreenlnrnlerH. Like 
 them, they live principally on seals hucJ whales, and 
 cniifine themselves to the sea eoast. The interior is in- 
 hahiU'd hy various tribes of Knisfenenux and Chepew- 
 yan Indians. Their number is unknown. 
 
 8< 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 Situation. The United Slates is the great middle 
 division of North America. It extends from Britinh 
 Ameriea on the north, to Hpanish America on the south ; 
 and from the Atlantic Ocean on the east, to the Tacifio 
 
 on the wpsl. . ,. .. ■ 
 
 Civil Divisions. This extensive country is dividrd 
 into 24 States, ♦ Territories, and 1 District. The Slaus 
 are divided into ensfem, wi(/<//«', soutUern, and u-estem. 
 The names of the Slates and their capital towns are 
 given in the following table. 
 
 Eastern 
 
 States. 
 
 or 
 
 New 
 
 Ekoland. 
 
 States. Seats of Govemmen. 
 
 1. Maine, Portland. 
 
 2. New Uam^»hire, Concord. 
 
 3. Vermont, 
 
 4. Massachusetts, 
 
 0. Rhode Island, 
 
 C. Connecticut, 
 
 r 7. New York, 
 MiDDLS I 8. New Jtrsey, 
 Htaies. •> 9- Pennsylvania, 
 
 10. 
 11. 
 
 Delaware, 
 Maryland, 
 
 Monlpelier. 
 
 Boston. 
 5 Providence and 
 f Newport. 
 5 liarlfiird and 
 I New-Haven. 
 
 Albany. 
 
 Trenton. 
 
 Hnrriiiburg. 
 
 Dover. 
 
 Annapolis. 
 
 .s 
 
 Tf 
 
 Dii 
 
 Lai 
 
 the t 
 
 Unite 
 
 rior a 
 
 lirili« 
 
 M)i 
 
 are tl 
 
 mount 
 
 from i 
 
 J) until 
 
 Kiitisil 
 
 li'l wi( 
 
 iiessee 
 
 ItiVi 
 
 necticu 
 'hire, i 
 
,9. 
 
 mnuth ofClKirc'liill 
 hod's liver, 
 [iciiun* inliitbit (lie 
 (lie Krii/.eu Oi-oaii. 
 reenltttnlern. Like 
 8 Hiid mIihIi'a, anil 
 The interior i» in- 
 lenux and Cheiiew- 
 D»n. 
 
 ES. 
 
 fi (he great midille 
 [(pndu from Brilinh 
 icriua on the Houth ; 
 east, to the I'ucifio 
 
 country i» divided 
 IMrict. The States 
 tUern, and u-estem. 
 r capital tuwnii are 
 
 eats of Governmen. 
 
 Porilnnd. 
 
 Concord. 
 
 Monlpelier. 
 
 RostoD. 
 5 Providence and 
 } Newport. 
 5 llarli'iird and 
 I New-Haven. 
 
 Albany. 
 
 Trenton. 
 
 Mnrrixburg. 
 
 Dover. 
 
 Aniiapoiis. 
 
 I'MTKI) .^TATKS. 
 
 Stairs 
 ft-!. 
 
 Vi 
 
 I t.J. North (Jh 
 
 loUTHEU.V 14. South Ctti 
 
 WiAnts. «^ ta. tieori^in, 
 
 iri^inta, 
 
 rolina, 
 arolina, 
 
 Si'dts of (idvcnimewt. 
 Kiehinmiil. 
 Kiilei^Hi. 
 iJolurnbin. 
 
 Iti. Aliibanin, 
 . IT". iMisKixsijtpi, 
 [,tS, l.ijuisiunu. 
 
 Westeun 
 ••States. 
 
 no. 
 
 j 20. 
 
 )2t. 
 
 ^ 22. 
 
 I 23. 
 
 Tennessee, 
 Kenlueky, 
 Ohio, 
 Indinnu, 
 lilinolH, 
 Missouri, 
 
 rMichigan, 
 rEimiTo. )\orfh»ve»f, 
 wiES, i.Missonri, 
 
 vArkansaw, 
 
 DisTnicT of Columbia, 
 
 Aliiled-eville. 
 (Jaiiawha. 
 iMonticcllo. 
 New Orleans. 
 
 MurPrecsboro'. 
 
 Frankfort. 
 
 C'(ihnnhu«. 
 
 <"i>rjdon. 
 
 Kaikaiikiu. 
 
 St. Lotiig. 
 
 Detroit. 
 
 Arkansaw. 
 Washingtox. 
 
 J-af^es. Lake .^rlc/u^;an and Lake Champhuu are 
 he two largeni lakes, which lie wholly wK n He 
 United States. Lakes Ontario, Erie, /y«roH a SV ' 
 
 are'^rS '^'" '^*" P""'''''"' ''""S^'^f '"onntains 
 aie tUo Hoclcif monntains in the west, and the Me^aZ 
 mountains n the east Tlir. » .„i-., """ "'*-.*"'<^o«"y 
 (Vnin t!n„„:J. A . Kocky mountains come 
 
 lom .Snansh America, and niMnini,' northwest nearlv 
 Fral lef with the coast of the l-acit^; ocea , nl ?„ J 
 
 i" wIth'JrVM'- i'*''"^ ^^"•'^"".V mountains'rCa "u". 
 il with the A lantie coast, from Georgia, throu-h Ten 
 
 Lessee, V.rgm.a, and Pennsylvania loNew-S 
 
 Itu'ers. Among the principal rivers are i r,., 
 
 '- .c„. river, which dividL VeLont f^o, NW Hamn" 
 
 »i...e, and paHs.og through Maisachusctts a.nl Lnneel!: 
 
61 
 
 t'MTED STATES. 
 
 cut emplies iiilu LunglHland Soiinil. 3. lluilstw, wliioli 
 riiei) near Lake Cliuiiiiilaiii, anil running noutli implies 
 near JScw York ciiy. 3. Detauare, wliith He|iuraU'ri 
 New Jersey from IVnasylvaniii and eaiplics inlo Dela- 
 ware Bay. i. i'ofomaf,*wliieli sepuruleB Maryland from 
 Virginia, and empties into Clietapeak Hoy. 5. Savan- 
 nah, which beparafe* South Carolina IVoin Georgia, and 
 emptien into ihe Atlantic. 6. The great river Jij.ssis- 
 aippi, which rises near Lake Superior, and running south 
 empties into the Gull" of Mexieo. 7. The 0//io, wliieh 
 rise* near Lake Erie, and separating the stales of Ohio, 
 Indiana, and Illinois, from Virginia and Kentucky, 
 empties into the Mississippi. 8, », and 10. J\Iissouri, 
 Jirkamuw, and ]tedrh'ers,M of which rise in the Kocky 
 mountains, and run southeast into the Mississippi. 11. 
 Columbia river, which rises west of the Uucky inoun- 
 . tains, and empties into the Pacific Ocean. 
 _ Natural divi>>ions. The most important 'natural di- 
 
 "^ vision is made by the JUississippi river. This river 
 
 runs froni north to south, through the whole length of 
 the United States, and divides it into two parts. The 
 western part is a wilderness, inhabited liy Indians ; the 
 eastern is, to a great extent, d cultivated country, inhab- 
 ited by white men. 
 
 In the part of the United States lying east of the 
 Mississippi, a natural division is made by the Jlllegany 
 mountains. The states lying w holly west of these moun- 
 tains are called tyestern States. Those on the east of 
 the mountains, generally border on the Atlantic Ocean, 
 ttnd are called Atlantic States. 
 
 The rivers Hudson and Potomac divide the Allanlie 
 States into three parts. Those east of the Hudson are 
 called Eastern Stales, or New-England ; those between 
 the Hudson and the Potomac, are called Middle Stateti 
 and those south of the Potomac, including the three 
 vfhich border on tbe Gulf of Mexico, are called Southern 
 
 Shape. The part of the United States east of the 
 
 Mississippi, is narrow in the south, and grows wider as 
 
 • jou proceed north. It resembles the trunk of a tree, 
 
 with two short thick branches. Lake Erie is in the 
 
 crol 
 bra 
 mal 
 trill 
 boui 
 Virj 
 neai 
 
 S 
 east 
 Ver 
 
 S, 
 aboi 
 
 E 
 land 
 plac 
 
 .^i 
 rana 
 ofN 
 the( 
 sach 
 Com 
 near 
 Mas 
 _ t'l 
 pier< 
 ble; 
 cept 
 
 Ri 
 Engl 
 mont 
 chus 
 So 
 Meli 
 OntI 
 an al 
 
u. ..„^- ^ _ 
 
 s. 
 
 2. llwlstm, uliici! 
 iniiig siiiitli i'lnplii-H 
 e, Mliich He|iuraU'8 
 
 eaiplics into Dela* 
 uteB Murylniiil friiin 
 Ilk Hoy. 5. Savun- 
 I tVoin GeorijiH, uiid 
 
 i;reul river Jlisnis- 
 r, anil running soulli 
 r. The Oliio, «liich 
 ; (he !tlnlCH ol'Uhio, 
 liu an<l Kentucky, 
 , and 10. JHhsouri, 
 ch riHC in (he liocky 
 lie MissiHsippi. 11. 
 if (he Uueky inoun- 
 )cean. 
 iporlunt 'natural «!!- 
 
 river. Thi» river 
 Ihe whole lens^lh uf 
 ill) twu parts. The 
 ti'd by Indians ; Ihe 
 rated vutintry, inhab* 
 
 s lying east of the 
 ladc by the Mlegany 
 y west of ihrse nioun- 
 riiose on the east of 
 the Atlantic Ueean, 
 
 divide the Allaitlie 
 it of the Hudson are 
 land ; those between 
 ailed .^id(f/«Statee; 
 
 including the three 
 >, are called Southern 
 
 d States east of the 
 I, and grows wider as 
 the trunk uf a Irre, 
 jake Erie is in the 
 
 KASTKUN S I'A'l i:S. 
 
 bit 
 
 crotch. New York and the Kastern Stale* nmke one 
 branch, and Ihe Miebigun and Norihwc-st 'iVrrilories 
 make the other. The re»l of Ihe Sluies con^ljiuie Ihe 
 trunk. The parallel oT m" so' north lat. »bifh is Ihe 
 boundary beUveen Kentucky und 'i'cnneMcc, and beHvec n 
 Virginia and Norib Cirulini, cuts the trunk into iw« 
 nearly equal parts. 
 
 KASTEKN STATES, 014 NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 SUuttfion. The Eastern Stales are (liose which lie 
 
 east of llndsoii river, vir Maine, ^Yew JlampMre, 
 
 i ermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut. 
 
 Heacoast. New England has a long bold sea-coasf, 
 aboundine with as fine harbors as any in Ihe world. 
 
 Face of the country. The western part of New-Eng- 
 land IS mountainuus ; the rest is hilly ; but, in some 
 places, spreads out into plains. 
 
 Mountains. The Green niounlnins and Mount Tom 
 rar^je run from north to south through the whole .'eiigih 
 of New-England. The Green mountains commence near 
 the Canada !ine, and passing through Vermont and Mas- 
 sachusells, terminale at New Haven, in the south of 
 Connecticut. The Motint Tom range commences also 
 near Canada, and passing through New Hampshire and 
 Massachusetts, terminates also at New Haven. 
 
 Climate. In ihe spring of Ihe year cold, damp, 
 piercing east winds prevail, which are verv disagreea- 
 ble; the climate, nolwilhslanding. is very healthy, ex- 
 cept to those who have pulmonary complaints. 
 
 Biver. The Connecticut is the great river of New- 
 England. It rises near Ihe Canada line, separates Ver- 
 inont from New Hampshire, and passes through Massa- 
 ehusetts and Connect icut into Long Island Sound. 
 
 Soil and productions. The soil of New-England is 
 M-eli fitted for grazing. Grass is the staple prui^uclioo. 
 On this, large numbers of callle are led, which furnish 
 ao abundauee of beef, pork, &o. for exportalifca. 
 
 ■15 
 
 ^1 
 
s(! mainf:. 
 
 maim:. 
 
 Silitalinn. Ulnine i<t in tlir nnrllipimt nxiromily of tlic 
 \'nit('(l Studs. On llic norlli uikI «'a!>< nri" llio nriti<4li 
 p.'iiviiit'eH of lii»«t*r Cuiimla, hiiiI New Kiiinxuirk ; on tlie 
 south is the Atlikiitic, unil on the wi-nl, New lliimpHhire. 
 It liH» more stpii-ennftt, uiitl more good hurhoix, than niiy 
 other State in the I'nioti. 
 
 IHvisious. 'llie State, is dividcii into U counties, viz. 
 
 Counties. 
 
 i York, 
 
 a ('iiniherlanil, 
 
 a Lineoln, 
 
 ■t Hancock, 
 
 Waithington, 
 
 ft Oxford, 
 
 7 Keniiehee, 
 
 H Siiniersel, 
 
 9 Penobscot. 
 
 Chief towna. 
 York. >Yclltt. Sueo, Berwick. 
 I'oHTi.AND, Falmouth, UruiiKwirk. 
 WiHcansel, Bath, Wahhiborouijli. 
 Castine. Fenobhcot, Bell'uHt. 
 Machias, Kustpnrt. 
 I'aris, Frjeburj^. 
 
 llallowell, Angiisia, Ya«HalboroiigIj. 
 Xorriilt^cMock. Fairfield. 
 Bangor, Hampden. 
 
 The five first named, border on the sea-ennst. the rest 
 lie lii-liind thcui, in the interior. 
 
 //((_//.«. 'I'he principal bajH are Casco, I'enobscoty 
 Frencliman's, and I'assnmaqnodily. 
 
 Kivers. 'I'he I'eiiobsvut risen amongtbe lake§, in the 
 noribwcst pnil of the stale, and taking ti circuituus 
 ocMirse, cin|»iics into I'enobscot Buy. It is navigable dU 
 miles. Id Bangor, for huge vessels, and for boats, 60 
 miles further. 
 
 I he h't'tinehei: rises also among the lakes !n the north' 
 vest, and cnipliis into the ocean 16 miles below Balh, 
 It is navigrtlile l.'i miles, to Augusta. 'Vhv Jindroscu;rn^in 
 is II branch of the Kennebec, and empties near its month. 
 
 Saco river, rises Hmong the White Mountains in New 
 llainpsbirc. iind liuwing southeast, empties west of Port- 
 land. I'isc(il(i(/itn river forms a pari of the boundary 
 between Maine uiid New Hampshire. 
 
 i 
 
 lyi 
 
 is t 
 
 casi 
 
 Dthi 
 
 vcr 
 
 Lav 
 
 S 
 
 ( 
 
 Win 
 
 dce| 
 
 o»vr 
 
 ai (I 
 
 /i 
 
 <A n 
 
 A V 
 
 wid 
 
 h 
 
 Ken 
 
 nil 
 
 H 
 
 mile 
 
 dirci 
 
 corn 
 
 Unil 
 
 P, 
 
 inha 
 
 popi 
 
 half 
 
 plori 
 
 the t 
 
 ly fo 
 
 El 
 
 flour 
 
 whic 
 
 tains 
 
 A 
 
 alistt 
 
 porte 
 
 Re 
 
 'he p 
 
I ^^ 
 
 n*t PX(r('mi(y of Hip 
 it^l nri* llir liritisli 
 ItiiiiiMwick ; no llie 
 il, New lliintpHliiro. 
 il liurbiirw, ihitn niiy 
 
 into U cnunties, viz. 
 
 iftowna. 
 CO, Herwiclt. 
 iiniitli, UruiiKwirk. 
 , Waliliiborouijli. 
 
 Ot, Bl'llUHt. 
 
 rt. 
 
 Ma, VaRHalboroiiglj. 
 ^airfield. 
 
 M. 
 
 I' sea-cnasf. l!ie rest 
 
 Casco, Penobscot, 
 
 )n^ tbo ljike§, in tlic 
 
 akiii^ ti circiiituiis 
 
 Il in navigable SO 
 
 > anil fur boaU, 60 
 
 ? lakes ill tlie north' 
 miles below Kalh. 
 Tbe Jindroscu^<:;in 
 [>lies near its inoutii. 
 Mountains in New 
 injilies west of Fort- 
 irt of the boundary 
 
 MAINE. 
 
 5T 
 
 Lafieg. Thd Umhagog; lies fsrlly in Maine and part- 
 ly in New Ilainpsliire. Jlooaehead lake in llie nortliwent 
 is the largest in New England, It is the sonrcc of the 
 eastern braneh of tbe Kennebec, There are several 
 other very larsje lakes in the north and northwest, but 
 very little is known about them, the country around not 
 liaviiiy vet been explored. 
 Small lakes abound in every part of the district. 
 Chii'f Towns, i'ohtland is much the largest town. 
 It IS built on a peniimula in Casco tiny. The harbour it 
 deep, siife, eapacioii., and seldom frozen over. Portland 
 o»vns as much sbippiiig, in proportion to its population, 
 ai almost any town in the United Slates. 
 
 Hath is on the western side of the Kennebec river, 
 1« miles from the sea, at the bead of wint:r navigation. 
 A very large amount of shipping is owned here. Wruns- 
 wlck in on the Audrosco»^ill, near its month. 
 
 rViscaHitft is on the SbVepsKot. a few miles east of the 
 Kep-ielue. and 12 miles from liie sea. 'ihe river is here 
 ni» .u)e for the largest vessels. 
 
 HaUowfll Ufa on "both sides of llie Kennebee, 40 
 miles from its mouth — .//m^'1<.s/« lies on t-.e same river, 
 directly above Hallowell. J'orA-, near the southwest 
 corner of the state, is one of the oldest towns in the 
 United Stales. It was settled in 16S0. 
 
 Population. This state contained, in <810, 339,000 
 inhabitants. The part near the seacoasl is the most 
 populous; particniarly in the southwest. The northern 
 half of the state is yt't uninhabited, and almost unex- 
 plored. There is so much vacant fertile land, that 
 the population of Maine will doubtless increase rapid- 
 ly for many years. 
 
 Education. Hou-doin College, in Brunswick, is a 
 flourishing institution. It has a large propcrtv in lands, 
 which in time will be very valuable. The library con- 
 tains about 5.000 volumes. 
 
 A Theological Seminary, supported by Congregation- 
 alists, has been established at Ban<;or, an<l another, sun- 
 ported by Baptists, at Walerville. 
 
 Religion. The Congrcgationalists and Baptists are 
 flic prevalent denominations. 
 
I ...^ 
 
 DO 
 
 NEW iiAMrsmuE. 
 
 Goi'ernment. Maine was foriiierlv iinitPiI with Man- 
 KauliunellM, iiixler the same (;nveiiiiiieiit, bui in IMJO, liv 
 iiiiiIiihI Hgreement, the uiiiun wai uiiiicalilv «li«itolve(l, 
 ami Maine, atU>rioriniiig a vunittitution, wan erected iiitu 
 nil iiidi-pentleiit Htate. 
 
 Soil uiid prutluctiom. Along the ica coasl, the lan.l 
 is poor. Ill Ihu heart of the itaie, between the Kennelieo 
 anil Penobscoi, there i» a fine, fertile noil, yieiilini^ srnnH, 
 anil grain in abundance. The eastern and western part* 
 of the Htate are lens productive ; the northern hair is a 
 wilderness, about which lillle is known. 
 
 Uankn. Uuiiks arc established in Portland, Bath, 
 Ilaliowell, Augusta, Bangor, Castine, Kustport, Gardi- 
 ner, Kennebuuk, Saco, Waterville, and Wiscasset. 
 
 Commerce. A large portion of this state is yet unin- 
 habited, and covered with forests. This is the case 
 around the heads of, all ihe principal rivers. Hence 
 lumber, at present, is the great article of export. It is 
 brought down all the rivers in large quantities. 
 
 Maine is finely situated for cnniinerce. It has an ex- 
 tensive sea coast, abounding with good harbors. In the 
 amount of its shipping, it is already the fourth state in 
 the Union. 
 
 Isliinds, The island* on the coast nro numerous. 
 The principal arc, JIouiU Iksert, Ikvr island, i'o.v' 
 island, &.c. 
 
 NEW HAMPSIIIKE. 
 
 Sytuidion, Nmv Hampshire lies between Maine on 
 the east, and Connecticut river, which divides it from 
 Vermont, on the west. On Ihe north, it touches Lower 
 Canada, and ou the south, Massachusetts On the south- 
 cast, it borders on the ocean for 18 miles. 
 
 Shn\)e. It is narrow in the north, and grows wider 
 as you proceed south, resembling a fan, with its handle 
 towards the north. 
 
 liivisions. This stale is divided into fi counties ; 
 vias. 
 
 Cfi 
 Coi 
 (iru 
 Ch* 
 Mil 
 Hoc 
 Sin 
 
 Fa 
 coast 
 into 
 norib 
 peak 
 
 La 
 the I 
 north 
 few 11 
 west, 
 cut. 
 
 nil 
 
 Verm 
 Have 
 and r 
 state 
 the Of 
 bet we 
 
 Cm 
 aruun 
 can n( 
 piseoj 
 Winni 
 
 Chi 
 state, 
 river, 
 having 
 protec 
 well 1 
 iiecessi 
 
 Jixe 
 Phiilif 
 
(L. 
 
 Iv united with IVIhk- 
 lent, bul ill IM^O, '.iv 
 uiniculil) (liiitulveil, 
 on, wai erected into 
 
 tea coaul, the liin.l 
 Ineeii llie Kennolivc 
 Hoil. yieldiiiif v^ram, 
 rn und westerii parM 
 e northern halt is a 
 wn. 
 
 in Portland, Ruth, 
 le, KaHl|iort, Uardi- 
 ind WiltcaRHet. 
 his state is yet unin- 
 This is the cawe 
 lipul rivers. Henee 
 tie of export. It is 
 quantities, 
 crce. It has an ex- 
 nod harliors. In the 
 I tlic fourth state in 
 
 )aHt nro numerous. 
 I Jkvv island, I''o,\! 
 
 kK. 
 
 ; between Maine on 
 lich divides it from 
 h, it touches Lower 
 i«etts On the south- 
 miles. 
 
 th, and qrows wider 
 fan, with its handle 
 
 id into f) counties ; 
 
 M:\V ilAMl'SIDfiR. 50 
 
 Connfhn. rviun/ml iuwn». 
 
 *'""«> I.I|IICU<tl«T. 
 
 (iralton, Hu .over, Haverhill, T.elianon. 
 
 JuMhire, Kerne, Charlision, Walpole. 
 
 Milishorough, Amlierhl. 
 
 Uorkinghttm, l'(.:. isMOLiii. Cncnrd, E.v^tn: 
 
 **"■""""'» 'iilniiinlou, Harrington, Dover. 
 
 Face of the mnntnu nwunfani'i, Ji^^c. N,.„r (he soa 
 coast the land is level. Ju the «est'und north it rines 
 into lolHy mouiilaiui«. The ll/iite mountains, iu llio 
 north, arc the highest in tlie IJiiiled States. The loftiest 
 peak IS Mount n'ttshitis;ti,n ; it is nearly 7,000 r.cl lii<'|| 
 
 iMkrs. n inmiHsrn-si'e lake, is near the i-cnire of 
 the state. It is ij n.il,., \ ,n^. Vmhaj-os is in the 
 northeast, and lies partly in Maine. Hmam lake is a 
 few miles north of Winnipiseogec. Sumim- is in tho 
 west, and empties thrcugii hni^ar river into the Conuecli- 
 cut. 
 
 Rivers. Connecticut river divides this state from 
 Vermont. It is navij,'able to Bath, a few milts al.ove 
 Haverhill. 1 he Jlerrimac rises in WinnipiseoKte lake, 
 and runs from north to south, through the middle of the 
 state into Massachusetts. The PUcatm/iui empties into 
 the ocean at Portsmouth. It forms part of the boundary 
 between this slate and Maine. 
 
 Cnuats. Canals have been made in several places, 
 around falls and rapids in Merrimac river, so that boats 
 can now ascend without obstruction, and enter Wiuni- 
 piscogee lake. A canal has been proposed, to connect 
 Winnipiseogee lake with Fiscalaqua river. 
 
 Chief Towns. Portsmouth, the largest town in tho 
 slate, is on the sea-coasi, near the mouth of Piscatanua 
 liver. The harbor is one of the best on the continent, 
 having a sufficient depth for vessels of any siae. It is 
 protected from every wind, is never frozen, and is so 
 well fortified by nature, that only a small expense is 
 necessary to render it impregnable. 
 
 Exeter is about 15 miles southwest from Portsmouth. 
 Phillips Exeter Academy is in this town. 
 
k 
 
 I 
 
 fO 
 
 NEW llAMPSUlItE. 
 
 Concord, the tcut nru;nvprnin<>ril, i>t afliiuriiiliin^(uMi« 
 on (lie .Mt'rriiiiac. Hy iiieuiiN of (lie Mi-rririmc unil llie 
 Miiltlletei oaiiul there in now a liout «-uininiiiiicalion bv- 
 tweiMi lliit tuun and Uu>«litn, which much incrcaii«i id 
 importance. Much of (he trade of the upper country 
 centre! here. 
 
 Hanover, the teat of Dartmouth College, i* on Con- 
 necticut river. Haverhill ii a iluuriAhiiig town on thn 
 ■ame river, ultovo Hanover. 
 
 Eilucniion. Dartmoulh college at llnnover, it one of 
 (he oldeitt, and nioHl renpectahlf in (he Unilfd H(utei. 
 There is a medical i«cii:<ol connected widi the college, 
 eontitining from SO tu 80 Htiidculs. The college library 
 contains about 4000 vuliimeii. 
 
 I'liillip« Kxi'ter Academy, at Exeter, i« the beitt en- 
 dowed Academy in New Kriglatid. It lia« funds to (he 
 amiHiiit uf 80,000 dollam, a library of 7oo volume*, and 
 a nia(hcmi«ticul apparatus. It is in high reputation. 
 
 J'i)])u!ntiun. New tiampsliire contained, in tsto, 
 2t i.ooo iiihabitaniK. The great mass of the population 
 14 in (he sou(hern half of the state. Nortli of Winni* 
 piseogce, lake there arc very few inhabitants, except on 
 Connecticut river. 
 
 Itcligiun. The Baptists and Cungrcgationalists are 
 the prevalent denominations. 
 
 Commerce. New Hampshire has but one tea-port. 
 Roston, in MassachuscUs, is the centre uf trade for (he 
 grea(er part of this state. The Middlesex canal in 
 Massachusetts, connects Merrimac river with Boston 
 harlior, and opens a water communication between that 
 town and all the country on the Merrimac, and lake 
 "NVinnipiseogee. 
 
 Curiosity. The t\'otch or Gap in the White Mnun> 
 tains is a great curiosity It is a deep and narrow diiile. 
 The mountaiD appears as if it were cloven down quite 
 to its base, perpendicularly on one side, and on the other, 
 at an angle of 49 degrees. The road which has 
 been made through this pats, is crossed by the river 
 Saco. which comes tumbling down from the side of the 
 mountain. The tceuery i» ttrikiogly grand and pic- 
 turesque. 
 
 ail 
 ed 
 wt 
 
 by 
 
 na 
 its 
 V. 
 
 I 
 
 Be 
 
 W 
 Uii 
 \\ 
 
 A<l 
 Ch 
 l-'ri 
 Oi 
 Ch 
 Ks 
 Or 
 Wi 
 On 
 
 i 
 mo 
 nor 
 ami 
 ot I 
 Mo 
 tail 
 moi 
 Wi 
 L 
 Stat 
 

 IHE. 
 
 , in afl)Miriiiliin^(uHM 
 le Mcrrinmc unil llif 
 tit «'uiiiiiniiiicalion be- 
 much iiicrcanei h% 
 t the upper country 
 
 Collego, i* on Con- 
 iri«hing town nn ihn 
 
 at llnnnver, ii one of 
 (lie Uiiilfd Htittci. 
 
 td with the college, 
 The cullfge lihrnry 
 
 leter, i« (he liext on- 
 It \m» runtls to (he 
 ' »r 7uo volumes, and 
 n liio;h reputation. 
 [■oniiiiiuMi, in 1S10, 
 ussot'the population 
 e. Nortli of Winiii* 
 nhuliitantii, esucpl on 
 
 ingrcgationaliHts are 
 
 nn but one len-port. 
 nireuf trade for the 
 Middlesex canal in 
 : river with Boston 
 nicatieti between that 
 Merrimuc, and lake 
 
 in the White Moun- 
 I'epand narrow diiile. 
 re cloven down quite 
 tide, and on the other, 
 he road which has 
 crnsHed by the river, 
 I from the side of the 
 ngly grand aud pic- 
 
 VERMONT. 
 
 VKUMOM'. 
 
 91 
 
 Sitnntion. Vermont iv bounded north bv Lower Can- 
 adii; fiiKt by N'l'w llampuhirc, from wiiieii'u i« «cparHt> 
 ed by (.•.mueclii-ut river; Miuih by Mu4»(iihun'tls } mid 
 ue»i bv New York, from wbieh it it M-paraied in iiait 
 by f<i«ke Cbaniplain. 
 
 Shape. VermoiK it broad in the north, and nnt\\% 
 narrow a« you pric-.d sniilli. It rcitemhieii a fan," with 
 lid hiuidlf to^.inU the Nouih. New Mump*hire and 
 Vermont, taken together, form quite a regular four-iided 
 hgure. 
 
 DivisiotuH. Vermont i% divided into 13 counties; via. 
 
 Vounties. 
 Hennin^lon. 
 Windham. 
 Uulliind. 
 M'indnor. 
 Addition, 
 ('hittenden. 
 Kruiiklin. 
 ()lilll^e. 
 ()ale<loiiia. 
 KsHex. 
 Orlean*. 
 Wiiiliin^ton. 
 Grand lule. 
 
 r/iiV/ Toivns. 
 nennitigion, Manrheitler. 
 Hrutllebnrough, Wenliiiinnlcr. 
 Holland, I'oullni'y, Clarendon. 
 Windnor, Woodntoeko 
 Ivliddlebury. Veri^enoe*. 
 Burlington, (Miariotie, iMilton. 
 Ht. AlbanN, Swanton. 
 Newbury, Kundulpb, ThetrorJ. 
 Dauville, Feiiehnm. 
 (•uildliall, liUnenburgli. 
 Derby, Craftibury. 
 Moiitpelier, Waterbury. 
 Albur^h. 
 
 Face of the country, Mountains. S;c. Vermont is a 
 niouiitainouH eounlry. The Gmn nionnlaiiiH run from 
 north to south, through the whole lentil of the state 
 ariil J..ISS into Ma<isuuhu^eits. 'Ihe two highest summits 
 01 Ibis range are Cam^'I'a riimi>. about h:.IC «Hy belwien 
 Moiiipelier and l.uke Cliuuiplain, and MinsjiM moun- 
 tain, a few miles north of the other. 'Ihty are each 
 more than *,ooo feet high. Jiscutnei/ mountain near 
 Windsor is more than H.ooo feet. 
 
 L'lk-es I.,;ike Chnmplnin is the boundary between this 
 Htate aud iNi w York. It is 100 miles long, and from t 
 
 ;» 
 
 I 
 
«l 
 
 VK.n>IONT. 
 
 10 .M hfflinl. li pmplie* i.ilo Uip HI, I,ii«*r»n*f,H#lw. .1. 
 Moiilrr«l Ht«) V"*'*»«''' ••"•""«•> »►"' '•*«''■ '^""••Ip. l-itk" 
 .V.'m/i/»r.'iHrt;f.<;f ii liurll) in lliw •««l. , bul princ>|mll) in 
 Ijiiuir ('uniiiilii. 
 
 Hirer*. I'onnfrticut river ii Om boiiniUrjr bclMfni 
 Vtrmiiiil »nil N>'« llt»niptfiir«'. Tlir |iriiiti|)tl rivir* 
 tnt|il)iMg iiitit Luke (,ii.irii|iliiin nre Oiii«n ri»rr, wliifli 
 iM)< Ml llii>tu»l, iMtl |•l•••<ill^ ••) ;Monl|Mli«fr,rMii.«ifi luar 
 lliirliiiiftoni ami Otter Crrrk. AhtrU n»t» in lh« •iiuUi, 
 tnil ptttmiif; bj UuiIiiimI, Miiltlltbtiry, Ami Vfr^ninr*, 
 «-tnplH'« iiHUli of Oiimn river. Ijtmoilh kimI MMttjH* 
 iitipl) mirlli of Onion riviT. Tlic rivi-r* riiiplyini; into 
 the ('oiiiHelieul are •mall anil nuinfroii*. .Nunc of iheti* 
 riviT* «ri' MiiMj<»b|p, r»fipl for « few milm from their 
 iiiMutli*. but they hUoiiimI with viilM«ble mi'l teatm, 
 iM>|triiallv tMtrr C*rrk\ 
 
 C7(ir/"ioHH<. Urnuiiigt'tn, M^r iUe *ntti\\v>r*i enr- 
 |irr «•' tltP Hintc i« uiic uf iln* oltli«t to\v!M. it i« rainouH 
 fnr iIk- lialtl-; firAii«u»l, i:::, iu wliii'li tbc AuM'rio»n 
 tnililin, iiiuliT (J«'IiiibI Hmrk, difratei! (In- Hriiith. 
 
 It'ittthor i* ft boiiliful town, on the Imiik of I'onnceti- 
 rut liver. It U • place of euntitlerable butineu. Tiie 
 Virmont tlato pri>»i>ii »• in tbi« town. 
 
 .ViddUburi i» pUaianily •itualeil on Otter creek, at 
 Ma- full*, 20 milii* from the muuth of the river. A ton- 
 inferable nuinlier «f milU anJ fnctorie* are eitabliiheil 
 iiinr tlic fdU.— An eil'-n^ive nuarry nf .narble wan re- 
 r.-ntly iliiewvtfreil in tlii<« place, anti a mill hai been 
 ( rcf It'll, where it in "aweJ into Rlnb*. 
 
 Ilur!iiixl'i>' «lantl« on a ni«»t lieautifiil harbor, on Lake 
 fhninplttin .ni-arila' in«uth<ir'i)nton river. It isonele- 
 vnlril i<riiun<l, enmniandins^ a nubk* view of the lake ami 
 (he tt'ljtieeiit coiintrr. Byriinijton eArriea on t«n»iilera- 
 bic Iriiile "H I**ke Chaniplain. Almost alt the vctneU 
 Mhieh iiavii;nts the lake, are »«ncil here. 
 
 Miiiititrlirr ii the «eat «»f q:.ivernroei»l. It to on Onion 
 river, a liUle north of tlu> ccnire of the iilate. 
 
 St .i/6rtn.< in n Houri«!iiiij; town.on LakeChamplaiii. 
 near the northwest eorncr of tin* tilate. 
 
 Kihientioti. 'I'herfl in an in«titulinn at Murlinajtoii. 
 pitJIeil ihe Vennunt f'niffi situ, \shiv\\ hHsbecn libirall* 
 
Uer Siifi'lli'. I,,itk" 
 • , bul princ>|mll) iti 
 
 > boiiniliirjr bi'l^em 
 lir |iritifi|ul river* 
 Ouiun ri»rr, wliifli 
 l|»«'lii?r, eMit»ti«i««'«r 
 I rt»«i ill Ihu tnulti, 
 iry, Riiil ViT^ninr», 
 noiUf himI «tf(S»»iw/K« 
 ivrr* riii|ilyin|{ inio 
 roll* .Niiiir of lhe»i» 
 iw milcn from their 
 vulutlilr mi'l'ii'dlii, 
 
 (lie iiniitliMr«t rnr' 
 liitviM. It i« fuinoui 
 \s\\\vU tlic Aiiifriocii 
 tteil (lif Hriiiiii. 
 he bunk of Coniieeli- 
 rakle bunineii. Tiie 
 «. 
 
 il on Otter creek, Rt 
 nf the river. A ton- 
 irii't Krr ettabliibeii 
 •y of .narltic wan re- 
 111 A mill h«i been 
 %. 
 
 lifiilliarlinr, on Lake 
 n river. 1 1 i« onele- 
 vieu of the lake and 
 earriet on eonniilera- 
 lmo«t all (be vci*eU 
 il here. 
 
 Mriit. It ie on Onion 
 F the Ntate. 
 
 ,011 LakvCbaniplaiii. 
 Hie. 
 
 ulion nt l)urlina;(oti. 
 ifh hnstieen libirall* 
 
 I 
 
 MAttaACIlUOeTTfei. 
 
 »»♦ 
 
 S-atroiiized by thd •l»te i .nd a flouri.liiniir rolli ai. n( 
 .Utdillehurtf, whid. ba« briMi «ii|.|Mir|i^<l cliirlly 1.^ i.ri. 
 ♦ ate Iwiinsy. C'ommon «ehooU ar« univertullt tiiubli.b- 
 III IhrouKhont (lie iiate. 
 
 I'i'piilalioii. Vrriuimt eontained In IHIO. tJir.oofi in- 
 boliiunt.. About half ihi. (.opulnuon «*n« in ibc four 
 ».iiil hern eoiiMiei. T|,p nurlbern iiart of the Hale Ma* 
 Uiiiily •fUleJ. • 
 
 Hrliswn. The ni.p(i«i, and Congri-gationalitti are 
 I lie |>rev.iK'nt denoniinaiioni. 
 
 SuU anil imJuvlium. 'i'he toil it f.-rlili', virMinR 
 «rr«i» ami gram in abiimliinre The nuHHilaihou*'< minlrv 
 I* ijo.,.1 ^ra/in^J iuii.j, and large number* of caitic nr'i- 
 rtiicil tbiTi". 
 
 Tiailf. In the n.-rthern part of ibe «lnle, ll.p peonl^ 
 earry their |,ro.liife m M„„(mh! j in tl.o en^ie.i.. t,. 
 "'•»|<.n and Han lord ; und in the »oi;lbu. .t.rn. i.. .\>« 
 »ork. I be vi|.<>rt* ioii<i«t of lite trtitk., iff, pork. 
 |i'.t aoil penrl u»he», und n^ricullorHl prodiii ,•. 
 
 .Hinei-als. Iron mitti-, and ni.uld.- ..i.arii.* almond 
 >veit of tb- (ireen tn.Minhiin*. Tlioy huve botr. oiHOid 
 lu •eti-rnl jdtict*. ' 
 
 Curio',iit>-H. io (Mnrrndun ncni Uttllnnd. in Hie «.Hitli. 
 vie.urn part of (be «lnle. there i* a remnrkuM,. luve 
 in a inouniain. I be totranee in a narrotv pa»»rticc. J or 
 a rcct in diuin.ter, and Ju IVet l<,n^. which open* into a 
 *papiou* room M> feel loni?, U ui.ie.ai.d is or .•« Uii 
 high. At the rod of thi* room. Hiere i* another narro»v 
 |.a**aije leH.l.ng.lovvn to a .eroml r„om. lMr^.■r than ilie 
 lir*l. Iber,- «ro other eave* .-.pially rfniuikable at 
 iior»t'i aoiJ llauby iu (he tame neijjhbourhood, 
 
 MAS.SACni:SKTTS. 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 f 
 

 '■ 
 
 04 
 
 IHvhion*. 
 
 VnitnHif*. 
 H«rk»hirt. 
 ymnklin. 
 IUmp«liirr. 
 
 Ilam|iili'n. 
 
 Wurcv«(tr. 
 
 .Miililli*ipi, 
 
 .SulV..lk. 
 
 Vorl'ulk. 
 
 I'lyinoiiili. 
 
 Hurimtable. 
 
 DriMtal. 
 
 iJiiki'l. 
 
 Nttnluckel. 
 
 M\H8Ar||l'«KTT». 
 
 VMff Town: 
 rilbn^l'il, Mdii-khriilifr, I.cnna. 
 IlffrlWIil, (IrocriHi 1)1, 
 NiHlhnmiiliiM, llnillry, Anihmt. 
 
 iHnri^^Al'l)l, Wcil H|iriiiKlifl)l, 
 
 \V«f«'«'«lrr, Itrniikrii'lil. Miiiiim. 
 [Hitli'Mi. Ni-Mliury|M)rt, Mnrhlt'lirkii, 
 I Lviiii, Aiiili>viT.*lli'v«'rlj,<ilour«'»lfr. 
 
 (;li«ric<ilo«>ii, CHiiibriiliju, Coticurd. 
 
 l|r>S ION. 
 
 Kfidiiirv. Di'illiHDi. DorrhcAler. 
 I'lytnnii'lli, ltriili<i'\viil«'r, Mi-iiuwlf. 
 FHlmoiith, Vtirnioiitli, I'rovinrr town. 
 New Ui'dt'urd, 'i'auniun, Hvbubutk. 
 MtlKMrloii, 
 Naiituukift. 
 
 MoiiulnhiH^ Tliri' «re «evrr»l rnpa;ni oT mountaini 
 ill llif weoh-rn Jiurl hI' ihe uliHe, wliiuli ciiiin' I'roiii Ver- 
 mont Hill) New liani|iitliire, mid run ucroii* llif •Uli* into 
 OoniiGPliciit. 'I'lie i»rin('i|ial are (lie Ttiu;hconnuc, 
 (iii'en moiiulaiii, mid Mount Turn r«nni"». 
 
 Finht^iila The riiutity of Mnriwlnlili* in n |ieniniiiila, 
 (■oiiiinonly called the ittninsula of Unite Cod. Il« »lm|ie 
 ii tliut of ti man** arm lient inwaidH, bitli iit llic elltow 
 and wriit. A threat purt nrilii* |ti>iiii»>iitn i« naiidy and 
 barren, aud in uianpr p!aee«, wliolly dvAtitutP of vi^ela* 
 (ion ; vet il in )|iiite |iopnloiiii. The inhabilant* get 
 (heir liviii^ ulinimt I'litirt-ly i'roin thi> nri'iwi t tlie men 
 heins; ponntmitly finploved at mu t and the buy*, a» «non 
 an tbey have itlrrn^llt nimiijh to pull ii rodiikh, arc put 
 nil board tfie iiii|ittt)» boald. In coiii«'(|uciici' of llie vio 
 lent i>nitt wiii'lx, il in tuppuitvd that the cape i« j^rudually 
 wear nif away. 
 
 UntjM Mlssnchusfttn bay lie« bctwscn Cape Cod and 
 t'npc Ann. Harv i'hir bay is llto ^ouilicrn pnri of 
 MaMaubunelts Uay. Buxxtrd's bay i« on the »uiilh\vcit 
 
I'ti into l«««unii*«, 
 
 iillcy, Amhrrat. 
 
 kni'M. Million. 
 |Mirt, Miuhlt'lirtti, 
 li'v«'rlj,tilouri'»lrr. 
 iibri'lgu, (Juticurdt 
 
 II, Dorrhi-iliT. 
 •waUt, Mi-iiiiHlr. 
 iiitli, I'rovinrrhHvn 
 luniun, lU'bubulb. 
 
 in^m nf mniintalnt 
 
 lili iMiiiH' I'roiii Ver- 
 
 ernii* tlif iiMle intu 
 
 llie Tiigliconnuc, 
 
 :nkl<* it a |ipniii«iila, 
 tie Cod. Il« uluip* 
 b'ttli lit llif clliow 
 iiHiita ii miiiiljf anil 
 leiilitiitp ur vigeta* 
 le iiibabilanlii grt 
 i> nri'iwi t llie inrii 
 li lhi> liiiyi, a« ftnnn 
 Ii ruiliikh, lire put 
 ■i|ii('ii('t' uf llie vio- 
 e cape i« j^cudually 
 
 v»(>n Cnpe Coil ami 
 
 i^oiKlii'in |inrl oi' 
 
 is on Ibc tuiilhncit 
 
 .MAJ*H,\C'l|r(?ETr!», 
 
 *hI.< of iJiP nrmiMMlu of «:„,,.. r,..|. UI..I .iniiruUil fi 
 llirininlil.. Hrtv 1,1 « ,ittri.m miIhuim. 
 
 Hivtrn. lb.' i{iii,,ultiiinui- rM«'« in tbi> wttirrn imrt 
 nr«bi« »i,iii., ami [uh.^, jm,, «:.,iuivi'li«;ui. Hliiifkliriil«i> 
 •ml ?^b.lll.|.| mn ,„i lu huiik*. 
 
 <'""";•'•'("*' riMi- , ,, |m„i, ihr iiorib. uihI umtt 
 
 lliriMi^l.iibi' ulahi miit (!(iiiiii-p||fui, 
 
 .Uiriima,' rivt-r, in ihi ribt-mi, rotnf* from New 
 
 • 'iin|Mbi.i', Mild |i.u.ii.jj Uy llavirbill, fmiiiii-, m >',«. 
 liiirt|Mtrt. ' 
 
 IMi'l^H anil J\\i„>utd rlvi>r» nrr 4m«ll «lrp(iiiM nnpl* 
 
 '"< '"•" " •" b.nbor. Tnini/on river fiiii.iiM iiiiu 
 
 .Narru^.iOM'i buy in UbiMli- UUnil. 
 
 F.uenj-ihe ,,„»w,y, ,»„,/, &^. -j-i.p j,„rl of iliP aiaie 
 w«»l or tiMiiifPliciit rivifr i* moiiuiaiiioiM i (m.i of ibnt 
 river llie romitry i« hilly, t-xcpi i. (hi. .oulbeMlerii 
 co..ulii'», ivbire It U l«wl. (I,i il,c „.ft.oon,i, pinicu- 
 larlv III ibo •oiiibi'iiMiTii eoiiiiiie^. ibe Inii'l m poori 
 In ibe ret ,1 lb.. ...11,. iberi. i^ ne,:eiHlly « .Iroiig aouU 
 •oil. wi'll iitlnpttil 10 gri,»!iii« anil Kruiii. 
 
 CfiUf TuwHH. Ho.iu.v, ibf {:iipiial oi" 'bo miilf. anil 
 lb.' larne.! !»,»„ ,„ S^'^s Kn^hmJ, j, pK.,„Huilv .iiimi.'.l 
 0" 11 pHiiiiNula, nl lb.) biuii of A/,u.„ebii.Vii, ll,iv. 
 I he iituli.irM .1. i-p, .«ii«V. capui-ioim ari.l..,„ily i|.|,.,Ml.i|, 
 ll..,ioM oHM« iiiori' .bipnihg iliun uny liiy in i'„. irniie.l 
 Hla.e. ..x....p. NewNork. |i, ,810, it .oiMnim..! 
 aj.^no iiibabitanl., and «a« lb«> fourtb louiiofibe 
 Union in poini of popnlulion. •rb.'r« i,ri. probably IViv 
 ciii.-» III ibi. vvo.lil wb,rc Ihf re i, ,„ innrh wealib. in 
 proporlion to ibe p..p.i|nlion, a* in Ho»ion. Tbi. nun.biT 
 Jar ..''"'''"^ "" '*^*'" •'•'"""*=*' '"«'" '• sl'o unu^inally 
 
 Kxccpl tbe MiildU'iici canal, which oppn« n water enm- 
 mui,i,.ui,on uiMi the interior of Neiv Hamimbire. H..»i„n 
 ha» no connection iviih ihe lom.'ry.exeepi bv uo.mI n.u.l* 
 I be couuiryin ibe imni.MlmIe vieioiiy i^ i-omil.MU ,„„i 
 ■.eaunfiil. AmoMK ibe public b.iildi..^^ are « Lie Im! "o 
 and .JH bou-ea ol ,M.I.|ie »v«r,bip. .n,.,.y of ib.m HiuMnl. 
 6/i«r/^./««„ i,.|,ri.,.i|, north olHo.ton. anil foun.;...d 
 with It bv rb,,.!,.. rive, bii.l;:-. \„ |;„„„| ,s,,M.-«« 
 navy yard » in ibi« town. Aiuons lljc public buildingd 
 
 1 
 
Ot> 
 
 MAHSACIIfftiliTTS. 
 
 
 are (lie iMaHtiacliuselU' Slate prison, h niniiiic hospital, 
 nn*l A lioHpilul lor llie iii^iuie. The nieinnruhlc bnttli* ol' 
 Bunker Hill uuh fought in this town, Jiiih! 17th, 1773. 
 lii IHIO Chark'itt(>\»^ii contuini'il 4.<J3*.t inhubilunli. 
 
 Salem, the second town in New tliiglHnd in wealth, 
 uiul pupiiliitioii, is 13 miles nuitheaitt of Koslnn. In 
 ainouiil oi' bliipping, SHk'in is the Mixth town in the 
 Uuileil Slater. Her mei'chuiitH arc very cxtcuHively en- 
 gaged in the Kust-India trade. The pupiilatiun in 1810 
 waM 12,613. 
 
 lievei'ly is the next town to Salem on the north. It is 
 lar^^eiy concerned in the iiitheries. In 1810 it contained 
 4,n08 inhnhitiints. 
 
 Marblfhead is on a peninsula, 4 miles southwest nf 
 Salem. The inhabitants arc employed almost ex- 
 ciuKively in the li^heries. In miu it contained 3,U00 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Mwburyport is a bennliful town, 33 miles northeast 
 nf Boston, ni the mouth of MeiTiumc river. The harltur 
 is safe, large, and deep, but dinieult to enter, in 1810 
 the town contained 7,QSi inhabitants 
 
 •Ww Bedford is 02 miles south uf Boston. It is on a 
 hranch of Btizzard's Bay, and has a safe and convenient 
 harbor. In 1810 there were 0,Aai inhabitants. They 
 are largely concerned in navigation. 
 
 Plymoutk, 36 miles southeast of Boston, is the oldest 
 town in New England, having been planted in 1620. 
 Lynn is between Salem and Boston. It is the principal 
 geat of the shoe manufacture. fVorcester is 37 miles 
 west of Boston, and connected with it by a fine turnpike. 
 The principal towns on Connecticut river are JVor/Zuim/)* 
 ton and Sprinsjield. 
 
 Islands. JVantucket island is IS miles long. It con- 
 (ained in 1810 about 7,000 inhabitants, who are, princi- 
 pally, robust, enterprising seamen, extensively engngptl 
 in the whale fis(<ery. 'I'he Nantucket seamen are noted 
 as the most skilful and adventurous in the world. Tho 
 inhabitants of this island are prineipaiiy Friends or 
 Qnal<ers, who hold their lands io common. All their 
 cows, amounting to about 500, feed together in one herd ; 
 «ll their sheep, 14,U00, in one pasture. 
 
 iih*i 
 wr( 
 
 4a 
 
 * 
 
 mil 
 
 G«. 
 
 mil 
 
 sou 
 
 / 
 
 mai 
 
 ton 
 
 deni 
 
 '1 
 
 rive 
 
 the 
 
 nect 
 
 mosi 
 
 A c 
 
 Bay 
 
 Ji 
 
 Bris 
 
 have 
 
 Berl 
 
 Po 
 
 inha 
 
 sons 
 
 state 
 
 very 
 
 othei 
 
 grat( 
 
 coun 
 
 Hi 
 
 ous. 
 
 Ec 
 
 the 
 
 weal 
 
 If w 
 
 first 
 
 iuat : 
 
 the i 
 
'Tm. 
 
 I ninrinc hoDpilal, 
 leiniiruhlc bHltli' of 
 , JiiiH! 17tli, 17T3. 
 iiiliubiluiili. 
 liiglHiid ill wcallli, 
 mt of Koslon. Ill 
 Kixtli loMti in the 
 ;ry cxtciiHively eii- 
 {xipiilatiun in 1810 
 
 m lliennrlh. It is 
 I 1810 it contained 
 
 lili'ii Ronthwefit nf 
 iloyeil ulmofit ex- 
 it contained 3,U00 
 
 S3 milcH nnrtheatt 
 ivcr. The litirliur 
 lo enter. In 1810 
 
 Llimtnn. It is on a 
 lite and convenient 
 nhabitants. They 
 
 ostnn, is the oldest 
 1 planted in 1620. 
 
 It is the principal 
 rcester is 37 miles 
 
 by a fine turnpike, 
 ver are JSTorthamp' 
 
 liles long. It con- 
 s, who are, princi- 
 (feusively eni^ns^ptl 
 t seamen are noted 
 n the world. Tho 
 ;ipaliy Friends or 
 minon. All their 
 getlier in one herd ; 
 e. 
 
 MASSACIIUSETl'S. 
 
 or 
 
 lo the soiilhcHst of this inland are (he Nantucket 
 shoal*, where a «reat many vessoU have buiu shin, 
 wrecked. I'hey ixicid about 00 miles in len^lh aid 
 43 in breadth. 
 
 Mn-Uia's ^MPi/f/rrf, west of Nantucket, is about 20 
 rnilcH loug. The western point of the island u culled 
 Uayhead. hbxabeth island.* lie in a row, of about 18 
 nules lu length, iiorlhwesi of Martha's Vineyard, and 
 souiheaslof IJu/./.ard's Bay. 
 
 Jioadsand Caiwts. The roads in (his state are re- 
 maikably hue. Kxcelleni turnpikes proceed from Bos- 
 ton in evc.y direction} the principal arc those to Provi- 
 dence, Worcester, Newbiiryport, and Salem. 
 
 Ihere are canals around rhe falls in Connecliciit 
 river, at «oulh lladley. Middlesex canal is wholly in 
 the county ol Middlesex. It is 30 miles Ion;?, and eon- 
 necls Boston harbor with Merrimac river. This is the 
 most expensire canal yet completed in the United States 
 A canal to con„e..t Barnstable B ly with Buzzard's' 
 Bay has been talked of. 
 
 Jlinerals. Iron ore is found in lar?e quantities in 
 Bristol and Plymouth eouniios. Quarries of marble 
 have been opened in Slockbridge, and in other towns of 
 Berkshire county. 
 
 Population. Massachusetts contained in 1810, 4.72,000 
 inhabitants. It has on an avfrage more than 70 per- 
 sons to every square mile, and is ihc most ihicklv settled 
 state in the Union. The population does not increase 
 very rapidly, owing to the emigration of so many to the 
 other states. It is estimated that 20,000 persons emi- 
 grate annually, from Massachusetts to the newlv settled 
 countries. ' 
 
 Religion. The Congresaf ionalists are the most numer- 
 ous. Next to (hem are the Baptists. 
 
 Education. JIan-ard College, or, as it is now called, 
 the University at Cambridge, is the most ancient, 
 wealthy, uud respectable literary institution in America! 
 It was founded in 1638, in less than 20 vears after (he 
 hist setlleinent of New England. A Law School, a Med- 
 ical School, and a Theological Seminary form a part of 
 the institution. There are, in all dcpartmenlB. 20 pro- 
 
 « 
 
^8 
 
 MAS!SAf;HUSKTTS. 
 
 fui4sor8. The |iliilu!4ii|ilticnl and chemical apparatus art.- 
 citiiipletu. Tlie lil)rnry in tlie lurgeHt in Aiiit'iicu, coii- 
 taming :^0,UOO voluiiU'H, unil iH HiiiiiiHilly iiiiToaHin^. 
 Tde number ot'sluili'nlM in iiImmiI 300. The eulleges arv 
 3 mileH nurlhweKl of Do^lon. 
 
 f^'illiams Colle^e in William<«lown, in the northwest 
 corner of the state, was estubli^hed in 1703, anil is a re- 
 ipeetabie ini^tilution. ., 
 
 The Theological Seminnnj at Jlndover, 20 niiirs north 
 or Uoiton, was Tounded in 18U8. It hat* 4 proleHgorri, 
 and more than 100 students. It is very richly endowed, 
 entirely by private bounty. Within the first ten years 
 after its estabi'sltnient, it received more than 300,000 
 dollars, in donations from seven individuals, ':egides con- 
 siderable sums from others. 
 
 I'liiUips Jlcademij, also in Andover, is the most flour- 
 iiihing academy in the state. Its funds atiount to more 
 than 00,000 dollars. The number nf students in 1820 
 was 140. This Academy and the Theological Seniina* 
 ry are under the same Board of Trustees. 
 
 The other academics in the state are too numerous to 
 he mentioned; the principal arc i^Hmnifr Academy at 
 Newbury, and Leicester Academy at Leicester. 
 
 History. This stale is one of the oldest in the Union. 
 The first settlement was made at Plymouth in 10-20. 
 The original settlers were I'uritaus, who were perse- 
 cuted in England on account of their religion, and fled 
 to this country, then a wilderness, as an asylum. For 
 many years they endured severe trials from sicknessi 
 famine, and wars with the Indians. 
 
 While a colony, Massachusetts was always forward 
 in resisting the oppression of the mother country ; and 
 in the revdiutionary war, which broke out in 1773, she 
 acted a highly distinguished part. The first battles nf 
 that war were fought in this slate, at Leninglun and 
 Charlestown. 
 
 Productions. Grass and grain are the principal pro- 
 ductions of the soil. These furuish food for large num- 
 bers of cattle. 
 
 Fisheries. The inhabitants of many towns on the 
 sua- coast, are employed io the cod fislicry, and whale 
 
 fis 
 th 
 
 nil 
 sh 
 
 ex 
 
 »n 
 o\\ 
 Si 
 
 ve; 
 pri 
 hu 
 pii 
 bet 
 
 by 
 
 Cui 
 / 
 
 Cou 
 Pro 
 Net 
 AVa 
 Kei 
 Brii 
 
 E 
 
 pan 
 and 
 Intiu 
 isia 
 is CI 
 ralli 
 
'TS. 
 
 eiiiical apjiaraiut art.- 
 ;eHt ill Aiiit'iicu, coii- 
 ^iiiiUHilly iiiiToaHiii,>^. 
 0. The colleges un* 
 
 vn, in the northwest 
 in 1703, awl is a re- 
 
 ilover, 20 milrs north 
 It hat* 4 iiroleHSorri, 
 very richly enduwed, 
 1 the tir*)t ten years 
 i) more than 800,000 
 ividuiils, ':esides con- 
 fer, is the most fluur- 
 iinds HTiount to more 
 r of students in 1820 
 Theological 8emina> 
 'ustees. 
 
 are too numerous to 
 'Jitmnier Academy at 
 it Leicester. 
 !: oldest in the Union, 
 t Fiymoulh in 1K20. 
 lus, who were |ierse- 
 L'ir religion, and fled 
 , as an asylum. For 
 trials from sickness, 
 
 was always forward 
 iiother country ; and 
 uke out in 177ff, she 
 The first battles of 
 te, at Leninglun and 
 
 ire the principal pro- 
 1 food fur large num- 
 
 niany towns on the 
 d fishery, and whale 
 
 RHODE ISLAND 
 
 ^ 
 
 h«hory. A very numerous class of the population derive 
 their subi.teuee entirely from ti.e.e e... iloyments. 
 
 JIannfarure>,. Alamifaeluring eslahli.hn.enls are nu- 
 raerous. 1 he principal manunietiires are coiion l'o.kIs, 
 shoes, ardent sp.n.s. hats, glass ware, furniture, L. ' 
 
 Commerre. i h.re is a ,cry dense population on the 
 extensive sea-coust of thin slafe, who 'de .end fllr ,h "r 
 support entirely on commerce and the fisheries Thev 
 Stales " ""' '^"""^''•"*' ""^ "I'il'Pn'Sof the UuilcJ 
 
 'Ihe prodnee of the western part of the Male is eon- 
 vejed pr.iK..p«lly to X,.„ York.' A large porli.n. o« |^ 
 produce ol WT.nont and New Hampshire on th^ o'r 
 hu: J, IS exported from the ports of this Hinte. The 
 
 lUIODE ISLAND. 
 
 Situation. Rhode Island is hnunded north nnd east 
 by IVIa.sachnsetts : snuih h.y the AMu.tie : and «,.,, by 
 Com.eclieut. 1( i, ,he smallest .Slate in the U„i„„. ' 
 
 DnusioHs. Ihe State is divided into 5 counties; vi/. 
 
 Counties, 
 
 Providence. 
 
 Newport. 
 
 ^Vashil,'gton. 
 
 Kent. 
 
 Bristol. 
 
 Principal Towns. 
 Providence, Hcituate, Smithfield. 
 iVewporl. 
 .Soiiiii King'Jion. 
 W.irwiek. Ka«t Greenwich. 
 Bristol, Warren. 
 
 parts. It sets up between point Judith on the west 
 
 lot'::'; nr"i' ""!''•* r^- »' '^ """""' ^" -"- 
 
 s n,.s v. ;i""*' *■'"'"■'*'•••'' *^'''""' e'".sidernhle 
 
 ;•"";:;*;;':■;:;?■''''"'• -"'- -"le,; rx:,i'L;; 
 
HtlODE ISLAND. 
 
 nivers. Pautucket rircr crnitikeH near (ht U^vn of 
 Providence, anJ Pautiwet about miles below tlie (tiun. 
 They are both imaJI rivers, an<l abound with fdlls, which 
 furnish fine ■itualious for mill sealii and manufacturing 
 establishmenti. There are about 40 cotton factories on 
 the PautHxet. 
 
 Face of the country, ^'c. The northern part of the 
 state is hilly, the rest is chiefly level. About one tenth 
 part of the state is covered by the waters of Narragan- 
 set bay. A large portion of the soil is lean and barren. 
 
 Islands. The principitl islands are Hhode isluud, 
 from wliich the stale lakes its name, Cannnnicut and 
 Pi'H</<>nce islands, ail of whirh are embraced by Narra- 
 ganset bay; and Itlock island, which lies iu the ocean, 
 about 7 mi!cs from the shore. 
 
 Population. I'hc population in 1810, was 77,noo. 
 The slate is very thickly seltli'd, and many hundreds 
 emigrate every year to other states, licuee, the pupu- 
 lalion does not inerea*>p rapidly. 
 
 Chief Towns. Puomdenok is in the northeast part 
 of the state, at the iu'ud of Narragaiisel Ony, about a 
 mile above the mtiulh of PautuoTkCt river. Ships of al- 
 tnort any size come up to the town. It has an cxten- 
 sive commerce, principally with (he Cast Indies, and 
 the Southern Stales. In 1810, Providence was the third 
 town in New England in point of population ; containing 
 at that timi> about 10,000 inhabitants. Within a few 
 years, the commerce and population have increased very 
 rapidly, owing to the establishment of a great number 
 of cotton manufactories in the neighborhood. Among 
 the public buildings are three very elegant churches. 
 
 Newport is about 30 miles south of Providence, near 
 the southern extremity of the island of Rhode Island. 
 Its harbor is one of the finest in the world ; being safe 
 and easy of access, sufficiently capacious to contain 
 whole fleets, and deep enough for vessels of the largest 
 burthen. It isdefeniled by three forts. The fisheries 
 in the neighborhood are very valuable. There is proba- 
 lily no fish market in the world that afibrds a greater 
 variety offish, or of a better (][uality. The population 
 in 1810 was about S-OOO. 
 
 sli 
 Pi 
 
 to 
 
 P' 
 ai 
 
 If 
 
 P' 
 
 is 
 mi 
 flo 
 
 fai 
 rei 
 ed 
 
 nu 
 Kl 
 tai 
 
 rei 
 
 T» 
 
 of 
 
 It 
 
 Tr 
 
 a 
 
 ma 
 
 cle 
 
 <]UI 
 
 goc 
 exf 
 
 i 
 set! 
 an* 
 the 
 stn 
 
h 
 
 I near (he (n^rti cf 
 leg below the («>tvii. 
 id with rallii, which 
 ind maiiuracturing 
 cottoD factorieH on 
 
 thern part of the 
 . About one lenlli 
 aterii of Narragan- 
 i« lean uiid barren. 
 Eire Hhode iiluiid, 
 S Canonnicut and 
 ibraced bv Narra- 
 lies iu the ocean, 
 
 1810, was rr,ooo. 
 
 id ntuiiy hundred! 
 llcuce, the popii- 
 
 ho northeast part 
 imel Ony, about a 
 iver. Ships of al- 
 It haM an cxten- 
 Cast Indies, and 
 dencR was the third 
 ulation ; containing 
 8. Within a few 
 ftvp increased very 
 I of a 8;reat number 
 iburhood. Among 
 egani churches. 
 )f Providence, near 
 of Hhode Island, 
 world; being safe 
 laeiouA to contain 
 ssels of the largest 
 ts. The fisheries 
 t. There is proba- 
 t afibrds a greater 
 The population 
 
 tONNKCTlCUT. 
 
 t1 
 
 Urintnl It a wealthy commercial (own, on the cast 
 shore oli" Narraminact bnv, nbouf half way between 
 Providence and Newport. Tht great suppurt of the 
 town is its commerce, which is extensive, active and 
 protituble. The population in 1810 was 3,603, and (be 
 amount of shipping 7,uoo tons. 
 
 trarrm is the next town to Bristol, on the north. In 
 1810 the populiitio.i was 1,773, and the amount of ship> 
 ping about 3.0U0 tons. 
 
 raufucfcet village, in the town of North IVovidenee, 
 is built around the falls of I'autuekct river, about if 
 miles northeast of Providence. It is one of (he most 
 flourishing manufacturing villages in the United States. 
 
 Indians. In Charlesiown are the remains of the once 
 famous Narragansct Irilie of Indians. They are now 
 reduced to about luu souls, and ate a mistiable, degrade 
 ed race of beings. 
 
 Jieligion. '1 he Baptists are much the most nnmer. 
 nus denomination. Religion is not supported by law in 
 Rhode Island. The clergy are maintained by the volun- 
 tary contributions of their people. 
 
 Jiduccinn. Brown University in Providence is a very 
 reipeotable institution. There are eight proftssorships. 
 The library contains about o,ooo volumes. The number 
 of students for several yeafs past has been about 130. 
 It ii required that the President, and a majurily of the 
 Trustees of this University should be Baptists. 
 
 •Manufactures. In no State in the Union, is so large 
 a portion of the population and capital emploved in 
 roaDufactures, as in Rhode Island- The principal arti. 
 cle is cotton goods, which are manufactured in large 
 quantities in Providence, and the vicinity. Linen 
 goods, hats, &o. are also manufactured extensively, and 
 exported. 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 Situation. Connecticut is bounded N. by Massachu- 
 setts ; K. by Rhode Island j S. by Loo<» Island Sound ; 
 and W. by New York. It is very retfnfkr in its shape; 
 (he bound'iries on the west, north, and : ast. being almost 
 8traig!it lines. 
 
L-. 
 
 Divisions, 
 
 CuHutii's. 
 
 Ilarirnnl. 
 
 Ni'u UnTpn. 
 
 N> w l<oiiilon. 
 
 FairfieM. 
 
 Wiiiilhum. 
 
 liilclitklil. 
 
 Miilillt'Mex. 
 
 Tolluiid. 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 Cunnecticut in diviiti'il into 8 counties, vi/. 
 
 rrini i/inl Tinnis. 
 IKuipoKD. \V«' .iliciNliilil. HiTJin. 
 Nkw IIavk.n. Ctit'ohiiv, (JiiiU'it'd. 
 J\'rir LiDiiloii, .V«i7((i7j. Lmiu". 
 Fairfiiii Oiiil.iiit. Wiriiioril. 
 Il'titilliinii, I'diiiIViI, VooilHlock. 
 LUcltf\eld. Curnwiill, ^ ilmliiiij. 
 .Miilillftinrn. Sajliiimk. iviiliiiijworriij. 
 Tulluitd, C'livi'iit'iy, Hlutlord. 
 
 Harbiira. T!ie oiia«t ip i'«»«ry ulierp inilpntoil »vitli 
 liarlioi'!4, innny oi' wliicli are Huti' iiiiti ciinMUMlioiii*. i'hu 
 
 triiifipul tire tliute ul' New Lomloii, N«>w lliivi-n mid 
 liiiUfporl. 
 
 /'nee f<///ic L'onntry. f'onnectidit i* a hilly roiinlry. 
 Tli< tiiiiii are geiuTiilly nCu iiioilorale si/.c, and occur in 
 quick Hucrf^^iiiri, wliicli niakc<t a lii'aulit'iil and viUHtanl- 
 ly varying |iru8|i('rl fur the Inveller. 
 
 Hull and Productions, 'I'hc t;r»Mii Imdy of the slate iv 
 excelleul land. 'V\\v nxuuly uf P^tiriieldi and the inter- 
 val land on Conneclicui river. eKpeciully. are oC a very 
 •uperior riualily. Imlian corn. rye. !<raHH and putatnes, 
 are umniiij the must iuipurtmit prodiu-iionit. (.'onncvlicut 
 IH also fumuuH tor pmniikimtHnd nniuns. 
 
 liivevs Vonmrticut i iver come* IVoin MaKSHrhuHpttg, 
 and running tirHl south Kud ilii;n xituiheaHl. cuipiies into 
 liung Island Hound. It \% navigable to llurli'urd, iii'ty 
 miles j'rum ilt* mouth. 
 
 The Jlousatouuuc riites in th^ wenlern part nf 9?afiRa- 
 chujietts. and ai'ier pu>«<<in^ liy Siuekbridi^eand Sin Hit- lil, 
 enters Connpcticut, and runniutr Houthc.tHi ern|iiieM into 
 Loiiij Island Hound, a few milis went of New Haven. 
 
 The TAdnip.s is in the eastern part of 1 lie stale. It 
 empties at New London, and is navigable IJ- miles to 
 Norwich. 
 
 Chief Towns. There are five incorporated eilies, 
 Hartford, New Haven, New London, Nork\icli oihI Mid- 
 dietown. Hartford and New Haven are the eapituU. 
 
 Hartford stands on the west hank of ('onneciicul 
 river, SO miles Irom its mouth, at the head uf navigulion. 
 
 It 
 
 an 
 in 
 
 M 
 
 wi 
 
 "I» 
 
 Silt 
 
 An 
 ele 
 
 iaii 
 
 tow 
 
 *i 
 
 on 1 
 
 bur 
 
 J 
 
 hea 
 
 anil 
 
 mill 
 
 tow 
 
 ft 
 
 and 
 
 is a 
 
 the 
 
 Con 
 
 E 
 
 the I 
 
 Hiat 
 
 stud 
 
 The 
 
 hanr 
 
 lecti 
 
 wert 
 
 tutoi 
 
 whir 
 
 Bi 
 
 man; 
 
 is a i 
 
T. 
 
 il into 8 rountii'S, vi/. 
 
 nl TiiWfis. 
 ii'iNlii-lii, Dcrlin. 
 Itiiv, (jiiiirit'd. 
 /(•(i7j. |,Mni>-. 
 . Siriiioril. 
 
 , VoilllHlOI'k. 
 
 I, >> iIidIiiii'v 
 
 link. Killiiii;>ttort'd. 
 
 Hiutl'orii. 
 
 Iier(> InilcnttMl ivitli 
 •I I'linMiiMlioiiit. I'liu 
 I, ISew lluvfii mill 
 
 it I* a hilly roiintry. 
 lie siy.i', ami iii'iiir in 
 aulil'iil and L-<iiiHtuiil- 
 
 I liiiily of till' 8tnti> in 
 liii'ltl, uitil (h«> iiiior' 
 eitillv. are of a very 
 . uran* uiiil putatoes, 
 4'iioim. (.'onncvlicut 
 iuiH. 
 
 IVnm Miio^nrliuHptlg, 
 nlicuMi. i'iii|iiie§ into 
 c to llurli'urij, (ii'ly 
 
 iilprn part of ??afisa- 
 briili^eand SluHiflil, 
 itlii'.tAi rin|)iifM into 
 ■nl of New Haven. 
 rt of I ill- Hiale. It 
 vigttble IJ- miles to 
 
 ineorporated oilies, 
 U Niirk\if|i timl Mid- 
 n are the eapiluU. 
 uiik of C'onnci'iiciit 
 e head of navigdlion. 
 
 CONNKcrJCUT. 
 
 ;a 
 
 h 14 in t lie niiiM of « very plennuiit and fertile ecnnlrv. 
 Anions the P'tl'lic liinMinij. are.i lianiUoine Htale-lious;. 
 nni an ele|{u»t congregational ehurcli. 'I |,c popnialioii 
 in tsio wnn 0,003. ' ' 
 
 Maid.M.nind. 1 he harbor i« well defeniled from llin 
 »md,, hot IS extremely shallow, and ii f;ra.|„;,|lv lillius 
 up with mnd. Ihe city i. built on a pinin, „-hieh h 
 Mtrroun. ed on three »h e» by high hill. 'and n.onnlain,. 
 Ainon« the pnblic bnilding, are the cn||e;^e«, and three 
 elegant cl.nrcl.e«, one or the Kpi«copali«n«, and two for 
 l.ongrega lonah.ts. There i» n, burying.groiind on a 
 j.eu p!u. „; the. north p«rt of the U>J. 1,\ reyo^rl 
 aid out. and planted with (reei. The population «f, ho 
 (ownin 18to wa» 6,U96. i umuuu U4 um 
 
 Miv-London i« neur the southeast corner of the «tnte, 
 .the 1 ha,ne«, about 3 mile* from it, m„„th. It. har- 
 bor It the best in Connecticut. 
 
 head .,f navigation on the Tliumes. Jliddletowni, iileas- 
 at, ly situate.] on M.e west bank of the t'onnec. ie , t 1 1 
 m.les south of Hartford. The country around il idle- 
 town IS uncommonly beautiful. ^"luuit 
 
 J/m-uV'^'^'^ '" ,"""lf C"""<'=»'C"N between Hartford 
 
 and Middlelown. It is famous for its onion.. Litchfhd 
 
 about 30 mile, west of Hartford. Sayhrook; one of 
 
 con;itt!:ur;!:er'''^^"""'^^'^'*"'''*''''- "-»" »»• 
 
 iuftx^f^'x ^«'^C«''''5•^in^ew Haven, is one of 
 
 Sate ItT T' 7T- '"'''* '=""^«" '«""- »J"i««'« 
 stinenu '^ J,*' '""'"'^••' "« <701. I» has about 300 
 student.. Iheliurary contains about 8,000 volumes. 
 
 be chemical and philosophical appaiitn. are ery 
 handsome and complete. In isn.the two noblest cof. 
 lections of minerals, ever opened in the United Stale., 
 vere deposited her<. There are fl professors ani^ b 
 tutors, besides 4 professors in the medical institution, 
 which IS connected with the college. "«"uuon, 
 
 Bacon Mem>j, in Colchester, has « lar^e fnnil and 
 
 ra"L'.lr''r'" • V^? ^'""''^"'' Academy, ';t CMre, 
 » a flourishing institution. There are also aeuden.Ks «, 
 
T4 
 
 (ONNKCTItlT. 
 
 PliiiiiJ'iild, LiUhp'hU nnil almoit all ll.P |)iinci|)i\l ItnUi* 
 III llie »»tiUt'. 'llitTf lin* \»i<en for iiiui»y jenri a rc»- 
 |ieotalilu law nelioul at Litnlilielil. 
 
 At Cornwall, a fiw milei northwctt of I/itclil'ielil, 
 IliiTc i» a iciiool for tlie «Mlucalion of lieallicn joutli, from 
 variom |iarl« of Ihe world. Alter llioy Itavo rcci'ivetl 
 I heir I'lluralion at this neliool, they arc »eiil home to ia- 
 fclriirt llieir own poiintryincn. 
 
 Id 1810 an atylain fur tlie deaf and dumb wn» c»ti»lt- 
 liitliediii llartfurd. It I* a very iiitert»»liiis and u»vM 
 i'lulitiilioii. Ill 1HI« there were 00 |>ii|)iU, all of lliem 
 very happy, and making woudurlul pro re»i in knowl- 
 
 Common icIiooU are very lilierftlly lupporled in Con- 
 necliciil. Thn italc han u fund of more than t,0OO,(ioo 
 dollars, the income of which ii, hy law, forever applied 
 lo the Hnpport of common si-hooU. 
 
 Utligiun. In 1818, the (>'on(jresntionaIi«l» Imd 213 
 congrcgalionB ; Kpiieopaiiani, 7* ; Bapti»U, uo ; Method- 
 ists, 03. There were very few of any other denomination. 
 
 rupulation. The population in 1810 wai 261,942. 
 The population dopi not increase rapidly, owing to the 
 rmigration ofiio many to the western country. It ii 
 suppoHed, that from 12,000 to 10,000 people leave Con- 
 necticut every year, lo settle in other states. There i« 
 no state in the union which is to thicklj settled as Con- 
 neclicut, except Masiachunells. 
 
 liritl^es and Houds. There is a very handsome bridge 
 over Connecticut river, nt Hartford. The bridges on 
 this river are frequently carried awny by freshets, es- 
 pecially when the ice breaks up in the spring of thi' 
 
 There area great many turnpike roads in this little 
 state. The most expensive is that from Hartford lo 
 New Haven. 
 
 Mimrul Waters. The medicinal springs at Stailord. 
 24 inilftt northeast of Hartford, are more celebrated than 
 any others in New England. These waters are an cf- 
 feptual and speedy cure for salt rheum, and other cula 
 ncous alVections, and are much resorted to in the summer 
 !irn«on. 
 
 n<'i 
 
 '» I 
 ulii 
 
 « 
 
 Vl'H 
 
 (ill 
 
 I lie 
 IK- 
 
 mil 
 
 \\\\ 
 } 
 otb 
 h<i<< 
 fuc 
 i 
 the 
 
 PX(I 
 
 JimI 
 the 
 and 
 
 will 
 \.-\ 
 Mu 
 
 / 
 nexl 
 alj>n 
 
 C 
 not 
 the 
 »vett 
 chfti 
 
1. 
 
 I (lip ptinpipnl Iomii^ 
 iiiuhy jeitr* a rcit- 
 
 fiwc«t of liitcUfieM, 
 lie«llicn joulli, from 
 llu-y liitvc received 
 aru aeiil liume (u in* 
 
 nd dumb wn« citiili* 
 
 leri'Dliiiij and UKifiil 
 
 |tiipili, all of them 
 
 |>iu :rcki in kiiowl* 
 
 Iv lupiinrtcd in Cnii- 
 iiiore iliun t,0OO,(iuo 
 law, forever aiiplied 
 
 •>ntinnali4lR liad 313 
 lttpti»U,«0; Method- 
 y other denomination. 
 1810 wai 261,iti3. 
 ■npidty, owing to the 
 (lern counlry. It ii 
 DO people leave Con< 
 ler Htates. There i« 
 licklj settled at Con- 
 very handiomc bridge 
 rd. The bridge* on 
 ,w«y by freahelg, e«- 
 in the spring of the 
 
 e roads in this little 
 hat from Hartford to 
 
 \\ sprina;* at StaiTord. 
 i more celebrated thiin 
 vae waters are an cf- 
 leiim, and other cuta- 
 urtedto in the summer 
 
 MIUDLK STAiKS 
 
 tf 
 
 M.fiirnl CiirimitieH. Hctwreii CaihUiii itinl hiili^l.iirv, 
 iii-nr ilii- iioriliMeNt rorntr of (he stuti-, (lii> lloimn)' niiiii; 
 «» pri'tipiUhMJ perprndivulnrly ovtr a lidgc of rupkn, 
 uiioijt no fifi ill liiighl, forming the liiictt lataruti in 
 NtMv Kiitfliiinl 
 
 MiiiiifaLtitren. The inanufMoliire of tin into eiilinury 
 vi'HM-l» 14 earrii'il nri {,, u <ery grti't exkiil. The Mun-. 
 llitm miulo, it tukif !ty nedlitrs, und siiid in nil purls of 
 
 t le L' tilled HlaHs. in Florida, I iiiiiuin, ;iml Cuimdu. 
 
 Uorlin, neiir Huriroid, is the principal siut of the liii 
 niiuinrat'tnrc. 
 
 NVur New llnvon lliere i* nn extensive gnn fiicli.rv. 
 Hlipri- luigc (jimnlilic* of lire nrms hiive'liepn mm\V. 
 
 Aiiil*. UluHn, lirtN, buitoii!,. woodiMi cloi-ko, and munv 
 ollierarlieks ure itmoii.';;llif iniinufiicliirt'N. Cimnerlii n't 
 jiJia larKcr pnrtioii of iu |i(i|iulution cic^iimil •'• "livnii. 
 UnUmn Ihnn un^v oMur *lui,., t'%vf[H lUmU- Man.l. 
 
 Commi-rce. 'Mie Iradrof C.innf.'liiMit i% ihitllv «ith 
 the NVpNi India lniundM, and ih-; Hoiiili.rn malts.' The 
 I'xporN rnnsiil of Inirsi'n. iniili-i, linll^r nv.i] .••;.(•*.., eidt-r, 
 Jiidiim corn. beef. pork. <Vo. M„ih of il.f pr-iducc of 
 Ihf M.-st. ro purlm.f CotiiM'cliciii ,, carnr.l In New York, 
 and of ilic (.'Ukli'iii purls to MokIoii uud Providence. 
 
 JMIDDLE STATES. 
 
 Situntion. This division inelndes the five stales 
 wbii-b lie between the Hudson and ibc roiomup. viz. 
 New York, Ncm Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware anil 
 Aluryland. 
 
 Pioductiuns. The principal produclion is wheat, and 
 next to that is Indian corn, live, barley and onu are 
 also extensively cullivaled; and, in Maryland, tobacco. 
 
 Climate. The climate is healthy. The winters are 
 not so severe as in New England, and the east winds io 
 the spring are not so piercing and disagreeable. The 
 weather, liowever, is more liable to frequent and sodden 
 rhangcs. 
 
u 
 
 NKW YOliK. 
 
 NBW YORK. 
 
 Situalion. New York eHfiitf* fn.m tlie AilmiUc 
 '•CfAii In Ihr srral hkc«. Il it lioun'lvd ou iIip N. hy 
 Lnwtr Canndii} on Iht K. by Vrrni«iiii, MnmhcIiuipII*, 
 and C'nniifclirui, frnm llie fiirmpr nfwUieh it it »»piir- 
 uImI Ii}' Lnkp ('linmpUini on llir M. hy N< w ,lt>i'ii«'> and 
 I'l-iinnlviiniiit antl on llir W. and S. W. Iiy I^|i|mt 
 ''iiiiiMiit, from «vhicli il i* RPimrulrtl Wy Lakt Krie, Luke 
 (tiilnrin. nnti iKr rivvr St. liUMrrncr. 
 
 IHviMou*. in IHl* Nrw York nan ilividt'd Into 4 
 (li^tricl*, uIikIi wrr'- tuhdividid into au vouniio. 
 
 All 
 Sm 
 \\\ 
 W, 
 
 Km 
 
 Fin 
 Mo 
 
 BOL'TII DISTRICT. 
 
 ^uHolk, 
 Qiivenn, 
 Kiiii^«, 
 Hiclimnnd, 
 New York, 
 >Vm Che»Ur, 
 
 Ap. in 1810. 
 
 C/i/^/" Toitfw. /'o;». Id 1810. 
 
 fli.li* 
 
 Hiverhftd, *,7it 
 
 io,a3a 
 
 Norlh Hempiiead, fl,7dO 
 
 8,il()3 
 
 Urooklyn, 4,409 
 
 0,347 
 
 Houthfield, 1,007 
 
 011,87:: 
 
 New York, . eOjars 
 
 , ajJJ7i» 
 
 Uedford, 9,374 
 
 180,744 
 
 MIDDLE DISTRICT. 
 
 K'euniitt. 
 
 Pop. in 1810. 
 
 CA/j/" TotKfi*. /> 
 
 cp. in 16)0. 
 
 Sullivan, 
 
 e,f08 
 
 'riiomiifinn, 
 
 1,VU0 
 
 Dolnwarc, 
 
 20,303 
 
 Dcllii, 
 
 2,iitte 
 
 Kocklond, 
 
 7,70H 
 
 Ciarkittnwn, 
 
 i,gon 
 
 Oriuige, 
 
 34,374 
 
 Nowhiirg, 
 
 4,f)20 
 
 irutcr, 
 
 2o,o:rt 
 
 Kin^Hton 
 
 3,041) 
 
 Ureenp, 
 
 io,<}aA 
 
 t'Hi-kill, 
 
 *,na 
 
 r<dumbia, 
 
 ai2,3uo 
 
 Iludcnn, 
 
 4,048 
 
 UutclioKit, 
 
 H,i74 
 
 Pouj^likei'piie, 
 
 4,070 
 
 I'ninnin, 
 
 10,203 
 
 Chihi'I, 
 
 3,il20 
 
 iyt(..i39 
 
 8eh 
 Oi«< 
 Her 
 
 Ni 
 
 jrm 
 
 Lfw 
 f)ii(-i 
 0<w 
 
 Mu.l 
 
 (.'llCI 
 
 Onoi 
 r.iur 
 Hron 
 (Jay I 
 Seiiei 
 Tom 
 Tiog 
 Onta 
 Steul 
 (ieni'i 
 Allcg 
 
fViiin tlif Ailinilku 
 
 III, MHMHfllURrllt, 
 
 Mliirh it it ivpar- 
 
 hv Nrw J(>i'ii«'> iiiiil 
 N. W. I.y Oppfr 
 y Lake Krir, Luk« 
 
 M diviili'il into 4 
 ou Kuuinio. 
 
 m*. Pep. in 1810. 
 
 Ml, 1,711 
 
 lempilead, fl,7ao 
 n, 4,409 
 
 (»l, 1,007 
 
 rk, ao.ard 
 
 fll. 
 
 Pop. in 1810. 
 
 on, 
 
 l.VUO 
 
 
 fi,dg6 
 
 >\vn, 
 
 1,90ft 
 
 S> 
 
 4,A90 
 
 11 
 
 8,040 
 
 » 
 
 *,'i*a 
 
 
 4,0i8 
 
 ei'piie, 
 
 +,o:o 
 
 
 2,«20 
 
 1^ 
 
 KASI DISIRIcr. 
 
 Cimiiti. 
 
 UcnvarlUrr, 
 
 Atbiiny, 
 
 M«r»l.it(«, 
 
 Wiuhiimton, 
 
 WurruM, 
 
 Ktivx, 
 
 ('iinlon, 
 
 Franklin, 
 
 llainillon, 
 
 Hfheiicfindy, 
 
 Muni{{(iNi«<ry, 
 
 /•"/ I 'I 1810. 
 art .tott 
 
 .<.».l>7 
 
 10, .{01 
 4l.'.It» 
 
 liio,ot7 
 
 I roy, 
 
 Af.H»NV, 
 
 llulUtoii, 
 
 Hiilein, 
 
 CalUttcll, 
 
 Klixaliflhtotwii 
 
 I'lalitburif, 
 
 E/rairillc, 
 
 Hrlirnrcttdrt 
 Jobntloun,' 
 
 WKST DISTRIt; r. 
 
 Hehuhario, 
 
 iirrkiitifr, 
 N( Lawrence, 
 JfileriuDy 
 lifwii, 
 Oiiridn, 
 
 .Madiion, 
 
 ('lll>ll>llll{0, 
 
 Oiioiidiiga, 
 
 ('(lurtiund, 
 
 Hriinme, 
 
 Cayuifa, 
 
 Hciiecn, 
 
 Tompkini, 
 
 1 loga, 
 
 Oiiiarin, 
 
 Hteubcii, 
 
 (Jcneice, 
 
 AJIcgiiny, 
 
 /V- •'» 1810. 
 f4,U4.1 
 
 »*(,«oa 
 
 49,<i4« 
 
 7,9S3 
 
 la, MO 
 
 8,433 
 33,7l»J 
 
 a I. 704 
 
 2a.9S7 
 
 8,%es 
 fi,iwo 
 
 30.843 
 l'),0OU 
 
 7,809 
 43,033 
 
 7.346 
 12,9HS 
 
 1,013 
 
 Chitf Tu^ins, 
 
 Hehiiliarir, 
 
 (.'nopeiiiuun, 
 
 HfiKioier, 
 
 0)<dcii«hurg, 
 
 Walerlown, 
 
 Martiniburit, 
 
 IMicu, 
 
 CazcMovia, 
 
 Norwieh, 
 
 Onoiidat^a, 
 
 Nonier, 
 
 Hiojifhamptun. 
 
 Auburn, 
 
 Ovid, 
 
 Ilhai-a, 
 
 Mpencer, 
 
 CHiiuiidaigua, 
 
 Bath, 
 
 Ralavia, 
 
 Angelica, 
 
 .1,000 
 
 Po/i. in 1810. 
 
 3,749 
 
 1,H4U 
 1,700 
 3,idl 
 a,749 
 
 4,03J 
 flll 
 3,138 
 2,803 
 1,03S 
 3,845 
 43« 
 
18 
 
 NBW VOHK. 
 
 ^M-m^ 
 
 /V ••• Wt 
 
 f.:i,.,/ r»wM. 
 
 f*fi, <n lltO 
 
 Si»n*r%, 
 
 i.tri 
 
 nii(l'4lM, 
 
 liAoll 
 
 <'iitiHrM«^ii«, 
 
 
 Oli-an. 
 
 n>. 
 
 t'iiilliiur)uff, 
 
 
 i:il«l«U<)Uf, 
 
 l.Utff 
 
 a»7,»i4 
 
 i'oUl in itatv, V3v,]liO 
 
 r*/^/ T«irii«. 1 III" re «ri' -l infnrporAifd i'i(ff» in lhi« 
 •iKlfl Naur Voik, Alliitn}, llitilitttii, 'I'loy, Hiid Hdir- 
 iieclMtly, 
 
 AihanyU dip trat of KnvrrnniPiil.anil.in pnpiilnlion, 
 MPiillh, uihI rumnirrrr, iIip Mvpontl rtiy in llu- niiUt'. It 
 i«i)nllip W. hank of the liiidtoii, tAo niilp* iioiih of 
 Ni'u Vurk. Il wBt fuiinitfil hy llip Duteli in in.'.). A 
 lartfp |iurtinii uf llie iiiluliiluiilii are of lliilrli niiKi'i- 
 Albany it finely «iiiinli-ii fur roninu-rpc. Ii in nettr il.d 
 hi'ad uf ftluoii navt^tttiuii o:i tlii< llmlton, ■tul iIip ranali 
 nuw in pr(iij;rrM, will aonn runnpd it willi Litkc (Jhunf 
 
 rildin and Lak« Krie. TIip ciiy i« iiiitiilipd wiih rtrcl- 
 enl water from a •|>rinR ft mile* di*limi, liv nii aqucdupi, 
 ^.liicii cniiveyt il to every lioiiic Aiitong the pulilic 
 buildinK* itte a iilone ttate liuute, to arteiial, aud II 
 houiie* for public wur«liip. 
 
 Nkw Voiik, llie fir«t ennimercial city in Ameriea, ia 
 oil the B. end of Manhattan idand, on a lar^e bav, ur 
 harbor, formed by the union of lludiion river with lk« 
 ■trait of liCinif l«iand Hound, called Kait river. Il ia 
 Admirably niiunti'd lor eumnieree, on an excellent har- 
 bor, at tlic nioiuh of a noble rivur, with an fxtentive, 
 Fertile and pi.^iiiloui back eotintrv. Il impnrlit moat nf 
 the foreii^n ((O'nU con«unii'd in the date of New York, 
 the northern half of New Jemey, and the weilern parts 
 of New Enc^lniid } and i xpnrtii the produce of the laine 
 •eclioii. riiiacily own* mure than twice ai much tthip* 
 fUij; H4 any other in the union, and more than half ait 
 mui'li a« the city uf London. 
 
 The growth of the city, of late year«, haa been re- 
 fiarkably rapid. In 17U0, the populatiou waa 8d,l8t ; 
 
 1 
 
 m 
 ar« 
 i»ii» 
 mil 
 Kn 
 / 
 hoi 
 « n 
 a n 
 wh 
 cil; 
 
 Mcl 
 
 olh 
 ain 
 i 
 V. 
 
 iu i 
 in 1 
 of I 
 
 tow 
 
 i'oi 
 he I 
 the 
 
 i 
 (he 
 anij 
 Jul 
 «e« 
 
 /■ 
 Alt 
 Otu 
 
 i 
 Yoi 
 iaiH 
 
 J 
 
 Sti 
 wh 
 Th 
 aa; 
 
\ 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 tUM> 
 
 iV>«t itio 
 
 >» 
 
 ItOOf 
 
 
 »n> 
 
 lllf, 
 
 I.UHt 
 
 poritlftl ciifrtin lhi« 
 , 'I'loy, Hiid Hflir. 
 
 , anil, in pnpulnlinn, 
 ily ill llif ulutt*. ll 
 ino inilft nurlli of 
 Dutch in in;*J. A 
 re of lliilrli nri^in. 
 rri'. ll in netir ll.o 
 Itun, mxl ilir mniilt 
 I willi Luke Clmnf 
 iii|»plif<J with rtcifl- 
 aiti, liy nil ■(|ue<lu«'t, 
 Aiitonff (lie pulilic 
 an arteiml, aud It 
 
 eity in Amrrira, !• 
 
 on a larifp bav, ur 
 
 lUnn river with (he 
 
 li Mail rivpf. ll la 
 
 n an ex«!ellent har- 
 
 wilh an fxtenai«e, 
 
 ll imnnrU moat ni* 
 
 itatc of New York, 
 
 111 Ihe weilern parit 
 
 jirniluce of (lie lame 
 
 twice ai niucli itliip* 
 
 I more llian half an 
 
 yeor«, ha* been re- 
 tulatiou was 8d,l8t } 
 
 NKW \OHk 
 
 Ml lano, AflylWf «nd in imki, ttj.ei ». The iubat^junti 
 »ru from a great nunv ilitUreni iialiorf*. Morn (h«it 
 i»ii« (l.iril am of Nr»v KnuUmi origin Alu-r »hr«i', ihu 
 
 friittt a great many ilitl 
 
 tl.iril are of Nrtv Kngk ..,,.. „ 
 
 wo»i niinirriiu* arv ihn Dutch anil ?»c#il«h, anr| il<»> , ihe 
 Enffli«h, iri«h, mikI Freneh. 
 
 Ainoni< the pudlie buildniifn ar« the ulaie pri«en, iho 
 liotpilitl. fl« houNi-t fuf pulilia wonhin, and li.e eHj hmW, 
 
 • maifnilifent buiMiNg of white msrlilf, wNk' f«»i half 
 
 • niillion of ilolUr*. The prineipnl Birf el in liruailway, 
 which ruii« in a ttrniifht line through the eeii're uf (he 
 cily. ll i« three iinliii loir-, the hou»ea are generitlly 
 well built, aud in <i(iine pai;» are »ery Rplendid. The 
 other imporlani ilrceli ar* I'tarl •Intel, Oreenwivh 
 •ireel, and Wall tlrtel. 
 
 ttud»on ttand* ill the head of nhip navii/alion, on the 
 E bank of IlinUon river, r/» tnilen N. .,? New York, 
 and 30 H. of Aibnny. The flrni hou** wn» ireeied hero 
 inl7NMaodin 17ttii it «|fl|||Md 4,0^1 inhabiianU ; and 
 in INK), 4.o»N. VatHkimfm»ihem are in the ricirtily 
 of liudioM, on the nppoaita aide nf the river. 
 
 Troy, LanHiunhurg, and Ifatfrford are nouri»}iI(ig 
 town* on the Hudmin, near the ninu'ili of the Mi.hnvk. 
 l'iiu';hk«ep»if i* on the K. bank of the riier, httif way 
 between New York and Albany | and J>i\u'hurg in on 
 Ibe W. tinnk, a few milea below I'oui<hkeepiiie. 
 
 Plattthurg ia on Lake Champlain \ Ojgd^mbur^ m 
 the Hi. Lawrence J SnrAWii /All /»or on l.nke iMluVio; 
 and Buffaloe on Lake Krie. Cfirrnj Va'lfu, Cnxenovia, 
 •'iufrurn, (iemvn, and Vanandniifua are on «he ureal 
 woatern lurnnike, which lead* from Albai.y to Ilnflaloe. 
 
 ^VAenMfftfy is on the Mohawk, Itt milea N. W. of 
 Albiinyi Utica and JRome arc on ihe same river, in 
 Oneida eoonly. 
 
 Brooklyn ii on Lonj^ Island, nppniiite the city of New 
 York. 8agg harbor is on the east side of the same 
 island. 
 
 Education. The stale possesses a fund of r/iore than 
 81,000,000, and about 80,000 acres ofland, the income of 
 which is appropriated to the support of cnmnion ncbools. 
 1 he IcKisitttnre has also been very libcrui in its patro- 
 naje of colleges. 
 
fil> 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 The University ofJS/'ew Voi-k, in New York city, i» 
 eompoHed of Coluinbin College, and n HoiiriHhing Mt^d- 
 ical liiMtitutioii. li is well endowed. Tiie C'ullege con- 
 taini* ahout ion H(iidrn(8| the niedicHi institution hds 
 prnlVsHorA, and, in 18 1 M, hud 133 Htudents. 
 
 Union Coll(!;e is in Schenectad)'. It is handsomely 
 endowed, has 5 professors, u library of more than &,ooo 
 > olunies, a complete chemical and philosophical appa- 
 rratut, and about 120 students. 
 
 Hamilton College is near the villajze of Clinton, in 
 (he town of Paris, 10 mile^ west of Utica. It was 
 established in 1812. It has been handsomely endowed 
 by the legislature, and by individuals. There are a pro- 
 fessors 
 
 A Theological Seminary was established in 1805, in 
 the city of New York, by the General Synod of the As- 
 sociate Reformed Church. It has 2 professors, and a 
 library of about S.OOO voly|flk The course of educa- 
 tion is eompletc-d in four y^|||r 
 
 Population. In 1810 New York contained 959,000 
 inhabitants. The eastern part of the state, and espe- 
 eially the ^.,ulilea8lc^n, is the most thickly settled. The 
 counties bordering on Hudson river, contained in tSiO 
 about half the population. The northern and western 
 parts of the state were verv thinly settled. The rapid 
 increase of population in this state has no parallel, on 
 so large a scale, in history. In 1786 the pupuif iiun was 
 238,000; in 1790, 340,000; in 1800, 586,000; and in 
 1810, 959,000; having increased more than fourfold in 
 2* years. 
 
 Probably two thirds of (he inhabitants of this state 
 are emigrants fr'^m New England, or their immediate 
 descendants. T Ue remainder are Dutch, English, Irish, 
 Scotch, and French. 
 
 Jleligion. The denominations are Presbyterians, As- 
 sociate Reformed Presbyterians, Dutch Reformed, Epis- 
 copalians. Baptists, Methodists, Fmends, Lutherans, &c. 
 Religion is not supported by law ; the ministers are 
 maintained by the voluntary contributions of the people. 
 
 Language, The English language is generally tipiiken 
 tliioiighout the slate, but the Dutch coDtiuucs to be useti 
 
 III 
 '.a 
 
 Til 
 
 ^\ 
 
 pit 
 
 ih« 
 
 ha 
 
 in 
 
 Ut 
 
 i 
 me 
 lur 
 u<{ 
 
 ( 
 bet 
 spl 
 It i 
 wit 
 is e 
 can 
 cit^ 
 
 the 
 
 23 
 
 the 
 
 mm 
 
 nor 
 
 Ver 
 
 J 
 30 I 
 and 
 husi 
 cxtc 
 •am 
 
 Ii 
 in tl 
 wen 
 war 
 
 L 
 plait 
 
NKW VOHK. 
 
 Pi- 
 
 New York city, i* 
 n HoiiriMliiii!; Med- 
 Tlip Ciilli'ge con- 
 (1 iiistilution lus 
 dents. 
 It \h iiandgomely 
 oi* more than &,000 
 liiloHopliical appa- 
 
 »se of Ciiiitoi), in 
 (if Utiea. It was 
 ind»uniely endowed 
 , There are 3 pro- 
 
 litihed in 1805, ia 
 
 I Synod of the As- 
 
 prot'esgors, and a 
 
 B course of educa- 
 
 contained 959,000 
 e state, and espe^ 
 ickly settled. The 
 contained in l>ilO 
 theru and Mestern 
 tiled. The rapid 
 M no parallel, oii 
 the pupulf iiun was 
 I, 586,000 ; and in 
 re than fourfold in 
 
 Hants of this state 
 r their immediate 
 Ich, English, Irish, 
 
 Presbyterians, As- 
 !h Reformed, Ep'm- 
 ids, Lutherans, &c. 
 the ministiirs ure 
 tions of the people. 
 is generally xpoken 
 OQtiuuts to be usetl- 
 
 in some plaeei, particularly in the neighborhood of Al- 
 bany, roughkeepHie, and New York. 
 
 Indians. There are about 5.000 Indians in this stile. 
 Iliey are the reniiiins of the Iroquois, or Hix Naiimis, 
 a powerful ooiifidiraey of Indians, who formcrh oceu- 
 pied u great part of the stale. 'I'he principal tri'bes arc 
 the Mohawks, the Seneeas, and the Oneidas. The Mo- 
 hawks live in Upper CHiiadn, the S ■iiecas on the rivers 
 111 the western part of this state, and the Oneidas near 
 Utiea, lu Oneida cniiuly. 
 
 nonds. The turnpik-e roads arc too numerous (0 be 
 mentioned. The inost important is the great western 
 turnpike, leading from Albany lo Buftaloe oh Lake Erie, 
 a tlistaiice ot neariysuo miles. 
 
 Caiutls. The Grand typstern Caval, now makinR. 
 between Lake Erie and Hudson river, is by far the most 
 splendid work of the kind ever undertaken tn America. 
 It IS to extend from Albany to Buffaloe. If is 40 feet 
 wide on the surface, and 4 feet deep. The cxp'»n^e 
 IS estimated at nearly g5,000.000. The ohjeet of the 
 canal IS to draw the trade of the western country lo the 
 city of Xew York. 
 
 the A-orthern Canal connects Lake Champlani with 
 the Hndson, extending from W'litchal! to Fort Edward, 
 23 miles. When the obstructions to the navigation of 
 the Hudson between Port Edward and Albany are re- 
 moved, this eanal will probably divert the traile of the 
 northern part of New York, and of half the state of 
 Vermont from Montreal to the city of New York. 
 
 Jifamfactures. At Salina, in Onondago county, abont 
 30 mileu W. of Utiea, are the celebrated salt springs 
 and salt works. These works produce about soo.ooo 
 bushes ot salt annually, and the manufacture may bo 
 extended to any desirable quantity. The great western 
 •anal will pass directly by these works. 
 
 In .810, New York was the second stnie in the union 
 in the value of its manufactures. The principal articles 
 were cloth, distilled liquors, leather, das-s and iiou 
 ware. 
 
 Ifkps. h&ke Ontario, hake Erie, nnd Lake C/mm- 
 /j/flJH are partly in this state. Lake George lies south 
 
 U fi,M 
 
 K.1'5 
 
?/: 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 of Lake Chaniplitin, and cmplicii into it. It h J7 miltj* 
 Iiins;, nnti rroiii 1 lu 7 broati. On eufli vide it ix skirted 
 liy joity inountuinH. Its water in hu Iraiisparent il>ut 
 t lie (iul torn is visible ul ainioitl any depth. llenibosunH 
 more than 200 beautiful iitiandx. 
 
 Oneida Luke lies directly west of Rome, and empties 
 into Lake Ontario. Onondaj^o, Skenfafcles, Owasca, 
 Cayuga, Seneca, Crooked, and Canamt(iii;uu lakes lie 
 south of Seneca river, and commuuicuto with il. Cayuga 
 and Seneca are the two largest. 
 
 Nivers. Delaware river forms part of the boundary 
 between this state and Fenuiiylvania. JViagara river 
 rnnneuts Luke Erie with L..ke Onlarii», and forms part 
 of the weHiern boundary. The St. Lawrence separates 
 New York from Upper Canada. 
 
 The Hudson in the great river of this state. It rises 
 in the north, in the mountains west of Lake Champhiin, 
 and running south, empties into the Ailniitie, hrlnw 
 New York city. It is navigable for ilie largest sliijM to 
 Hudson, and for slnopH to Alhuny. 'I'ltere iire muny 
 flourishing towns npon its bniik«. Tlii!; river Mill ^oiin 
 he connected by navigable canals with Lake Erie and 
 Lake Ohamplain. 
 
 The Mi)hank is the principal l;rani'h of the Hudson. 
 It rises north of Utica, and flowing a little south of east, 
 empties into the Hudson near Lansingburg, about nine 
 miles north of 4lbany. By means of a snort canal be* 
 twcen this river and Wood creek, which empties info 
 Oneida lake, a boat navigation hus been opened from 
 Schenectady to Lake Ontario. 
 
 The rivers emptying into Lake Ontario are Genesee^ 
 Onondaga, and Black rivers. Genesee river rises ia 
 Pennsylvania, and flowing north empties into Lake 
 Ontario. There arc four great falls in this river, two 
 of them within five or six miles of its mouth, and the 
 other two about 70 miles further up Onondaga river 
 is the outle of Oneida Lake. It empties into Lake 
 Ontario . Fort Osv/ego. £ifneca river is the outlet of 
 Canundaigua, Seneea. and Cayuga lakes, and several 
 othem. It empties into Onondago river at Three-river 
 point- Black river rises northeast of Rome, and empties 
 into Liike Ontftrio, near Sackels barbur. 
 
 Os 
 
 lla 
 the 
 sta 
 
 Br. 
 
 am 
 
 syl 
 bri 
 ar( 
 
 mil 
 
 'n 
 
 fro 
 Isl 
 mu 
 wil 
 
 « 
 son 
 Ro 
 hijC 
 
 « 
 dai 
 bee 
 
 « 
 are 
 mil 
 Ba 
 dui 
 fas 
 Un 
 nea 
 visi 
 disi 
 
 •i 
 visi 
 
 i 
 son 
 par 
 
M^ 
 
 it. It h J7 iniltJi 
 
 'li viile it ix skirted 
 
 Iniiisparent ihitt 
 
 ![)lh. ll i-nibosunH 
 
 lome. and empties 
 enfatcles, Owasca, 
 mtaii^ua lakes lie 
 e with it. Cajuga 
 
 t of the boundary 
 I. J)/'iagara river 
 ill, and t'urins part 
 .awrence Heparates 
 
 liis state. It riHCS 
 'Lake Cliamphiiii, 
 le Ailaiitic, luliiw 
 lie larj^CHl »!tijM to 
 'I'liere iire inuiiy 
 lii.<! river Mill noun 
 itii Lake Erie and 
 
 I'll of tlie MtidKon. 
 little sniitli of east, 
 ^biiri;, about nine 
 f a sliort eanal be* 
 .'liieh empties into 
 been opened from 
 
 ntario are Genesee^ 
 see river risex ia 
 npties into Lake 
 in this river, two 
 8 mouth, and the 
 I Onovdago river 
 empties into Lake 
 ver is the outlet of 
 lakes, and several 
 iver at Three-river 
 Rome, and empties 
 t)or. 
 
 NEW VORK. 83 
 
 The rivers cmplyint; into the St. J.awrenpo are, the 
 Oswegatchie, which empties at Ogdensburi;, and Grass, 
 llacketf and St. Itegis i ivers, all of which empty near 
 the town of St. Itegis, on the northeru boundary of the 
 state. 
 
 The rivers emptying into Lake Champlain are, the 
 Bi^ Chazy; the Haranac, which empties at I'lattsburg; 
 amnlie Sable. 
 
 The rivers which rise in this state and rnii into Penn- 
 sylvania are, the Belmvare, the Sui^fjuehannnh, and its 
 branches, and the Jllkgamj. Tlie Tioga and Chenango 
 are branches of the Uusquehannah. 
 
 Bay. JV«fw York harbor is a bay, which extends nine 
 miles south of the city, and is from 1 to S miles broad. 
 The Hudson empties into it from the N. and East river 
 from the N. E. It has Long Island on the East, Stalen 
 Island on the S. and New Jersey on tht» W. It com- 
 municates with Long Island Sound by East river, and 
 with the Atlantic by a passage called the Narrows. 
 
 Mountains. The Catskill mountains, west of the Hud- 
 son, are the principal range. The highest peaks are. 
 Hound Top and High Peak; each more than a,ooo feet 
 high. 
 
 JVinerals. Iron ore is foand in many places in abun> 
 dance. Plaster of Paris, slate, marble, lead, &c. have 
 been met with in various parts of the state. 
 
 Mineral tVaters. The Saratoga and Ballston springs 
 are the most celebrated in America. Saratoga is 30 
 miles N. of Albany, and a few miles west of the Hudson ; 
 Ballston is li miles S. W. of Saratoga. These sniings, 
 during the summer months, are the resort of the gay and 
 fashionable, as well as of invalids, from all parts of the 
 United States. Large houses for entertainment,, wjth 
 neat bathing houses, are erected for the convenienue of 
 visitors. The waters afford relief in many ob«tinale 
 diseases. 
 
 JVeit- Lebanon springs, 29 tsiles S. E. of Albany, are 
 visited fur bathin^;. 
 
 Face of the Country. The country between the Hud- 
 son and the Chenango is mountainous. 'V'le nurtht-rn 
 part of the state i« hillv. and between lak<; Champlain 
 
 imt 
 
 ill I 
 
 ill i 
 
 '!?■ if 
 
8'l 
 
 .\ENV VOIIK. 
 
 and the St. liawrciipe it r'uoi into mniintaiiis. In liu 
 west, tile country is level. 
 
 Soil and J'roductiom. The hoII of flii« nfHle gener- 
 ally* i« sood, and u large |irupuition very fertile. Tim 
 country between the Hnnqneiiunnuli nnd (lie Genesee, 
 particularly on tlic rivern Cliennngo and (lenenee, and 
 between Meneea nnd Cuyn/^!i lakeit is excellent. Tho 
 lands on the Mohawk and on Kluck river are very«rich. 
 The connliesot'Uulchessand West Chester, which lie 
 between the Hudson and the slato of Connecticnt, are 
 excellent land, and in hit^h cuilivation. An exIeuMve 
 tract lying west of Massachusetts, has but an iudillercnt 
 soil. 
 
 Wheat is the staple piodnclion of this state. Iiidinn 
 corn, oats. lUx. (leas. &c are extensively cnitiva 
 Hye is chiefly raised for the distilleries, and barley for 
 the breweries \pir>les are raised in abundance. 
 
 ^"ttlurid Curiosities. The falls of JViag-arn are per- 
 haps the JDost wonderful natural curiosity in the world. 
 They are in Niagara river, about half way between 
 Lake ",rie and Luke Ontario This immense river liere 
 rushes over a pr.>cipice, and falls perpendicularly to the 
 depth of lfi2 feet. The tremendous roar of the waters 
 can aometimes be heard at the distance of 40 miles ; and 
 the vapor, which eontinually rises in clouds from below, 
 can be seen a'/ the distance of 70 miles. When the sun 
 shines on tlitse clouds of vapor, it forms most beautiful 
 rainbows. 
 
 In Mohawk river, about 2 miles from its moulh, are 
 the falls called the t'ohoes. The river here descend* in 
 one sheet, nearly 70 feet. A little distance below, a 
 bridge is thrown across the river, from which there is a 
 fine view of this sublime and beautiful cataract. 
 
 Comnurce. New York is the first cuinmereial state 
 in the union. Its exports exceed those of any other 
 state, and in 1815, it paid more than twice as much reve- 
 nue into the Treasury of the United States. In the 
 amount of shipping it is surpassed only by Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 The prinf jpp.I exports are wheat, Indir ^ r.-,, rye, 
 beef, pork, lumber, &c. A large portion of the exports 
 
 1 
 
iiniintaiii!). In ihu 
 
 f tliis Hfiile gencr. 
 vpry ferlile. The 
 iinil I lit' (4onc!<ee, 
 and (ietieHee, and 
 is exeellent. The 
 'iver lire vcryn-ich. 
 Jhcutcr, which lie 
 f Coniierticnt, arc 
 on. An exlfhiiivc 
 s bul ttn iudilil>r«nt 
 
 lliin stittc. Iiidinn 
 isivfly cnltivH 
 ts. and barlry fur 
 abundnnce. 
 JViagara are per- 
 kily in the world, 
 halfway between 
 mmcnse river liere 
 lendieularly to the 
 uar of the waters 
 eof 40 miles ; and 
 iloudti rrom below, 
 8. When the ftnn 
 •m» moil beautiful 
 
 im its moulh, arc 
 r here descends in 
 li»tanee below, a 
 1 which there is a 
 I cataract, 
 euinmereial state 
 one of any other 
 nee as much reve- 
 1 Srates. In the 
 only by Massa- 
 
 Indirv'i wrs, rye, 
 on of (!>(• exports 
 
 "SVW VOHK. 
 
 U 
 
 are donvor! from llie womcrii pints of Nfw Ku.-I.ind, 
 and llie ea.l.Tn | .rtn of New .1 -^ey. Wlii't. dii' (iiand 
 Canal m eiimi»lci.<l, ti.e coMinciTi' of a f^n.-al [tut ..f 
 Obi.., IJ|.ppr IIiim.k! ., and nil tlit« coiiiiirv l)order^.^ nu 
 tbi'>,n'at Liikfs, will piolmlilv finUi- m'tiieciiy ofAi-w 
 York. 
 
 MniidH. Lons: I>-I:tnd is Rcpurnlrd from CmnHUtieiit 
 by (he rtoiind ; fr-.m M.uiliatlaii isl tiiii h) ilic \\us\ rivpi-| 
 and from .Statcn i«liii)(| by tjie .Narrown. Tlii> Miaul ie 
 ocean washes ir on ihfvHKh. The t4»nd i,. lona nud 
 narrow like a fiMh, ai.d llie easlern ciid openH like a 
 sharkN nmiitfi 'I'iu. mom casiern point is a cape, well 
 known lo marinrrs, c;illfd Montaiik point. 
 
 Indian cnrn is ruined on llie ««iufli side of ihe inlund ■ 
 the easlern part furiiJKheH wood for llic city of New 
 York. The island is divided into a couniies, Suflolk, 
 Queens and Kin;;^. 
 
 Staten island lorms the eoiinlv of Richmond. Ii is 
 separated from L.iii^ island by the Narrows, and fiom 
 the Jers.-y shore by a narrow slrail, called Staien island 
 .Sound. New York bay is on the northeast, and Ainboy 
 bay on the south. # ' 
 
 Manhattan island, on whieli the city of Xe.w York 
 stands, is separated from New Jersey by the Hudson 
 and from Lon^ Island by Kasf river. ' 
 
 History. Tl>" first discovery of this state w.^s made 
 in 1609, by Henry Hudson, an Englishman in the 
 service of the Dutch. He was the first while man 
 who sailed upon the river which bears his name. The 
 first sellleinenf was made by the Dutch in 1614, on l«ie 
 island of Manhattan. The Dutch retained posses- 
 sion of !lie couoiry tilt 1664, when, it was taken by 
 the Eoglish. ^ 
 
 m 
 
8$ 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 
 II 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 
 SUiintinn. New Jersey i« boiiiiiliil N. by New York ; 
 K. Iiy ilie Allaiilie, niid Ity ilutUon '■iver Ivliiuli ftepar- 
 iiU'.-, ii I'roiM New York ; H. Iiy Dclawnre buy, ntiil W. 
 by l)i-lu\uu'e river, which He|Hirate!i ii Iroiii I'unnit}!- 
 V II Ilia. 
 
 Ill slinpc it benrn Kome <c«pmblnnce fo an hour-glnm, 
 bi-iiij:^ narrow in the middle, nnd brnad nt llie tuo ends. 
 
 /Hviswns. New Jersey is divided into 13 counties, 
 nnd liu tuwiishiiiM. 
 
 Countlct. 
 
 llergcn, 
 
 ]l)iirliii»lon, 
 
 IJiipo May, 
 
 Cumht-rluud, 
 
 Essex, 
 
 Gloucester, 
 
 Hunterdon, 
 
 Middlesex, 
 
 Monmouth, 
 
 Morris, 
 
 Salem, 
 
 Hoinersef, 
 
 Stissi'x, 
 
 \fi. in 18i0. 
 
 Cfiie/ 7<ni;7j. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 in 1810. 
 
 10,«03 
 
 HuekinHuck, 
 
 
 1.918 
 
 iJ4,or8 
 
 Burlington, 
 
 
 2,419 
 
 3.03^ 
 
 
 
 
 1 2,670 
 
 Bridgetown, 
 
 
 
 23,98* 
 
 Newark, 
 
 
 8,ons 
 
 19.741. 
 
 Gloueester, 
 
 
 1,728 
 
 34,003 
 
 THENTON, 
 
 
 3,003 
 
 20,38i* 
 
 New Brunswick, 
 
 6.312 
 
 21,100 
 
 Freehold, 
 
 
 4,78+ 
 
 21.828 
 
 Morristuwn, 
 
 
 3,753 
 
 18.761 
 
 SMleni, 
 
 
 
 14,729 
 
 Boundbrook, 
 
 
 
 23,349 
 
 Newton, 
 
 
 
 S»3,30!2 
 
 Uff^?. Delaitiare bay, in (he south, separates New 
 Jersey from Delaware, ^mboi/ bay lies directly south 
 of'Sfiiten Ixlaud. JWwark bay is directly north of 
 .Platen island. 
 
 Newark hay communiea*es with Neiv York bay on the 
 i\ist, through a narrow strait called the Kills : and with 
 Anittoy bay on the south, through a long narrow strait, 
 eulled Slalcn isIanrS :<$ound. 
 
 Caprs. Samlij Houk is a noted point of land, soulh- 
 M.st of Htatni island, A light house is erected upon it. 
 
 miaiiiifiiii 
 
NKW JEHHKV, 
 
 m 
 
 N. by New York : 
 viT uhiuli sp|(ar- 
 ure liiiy, nrid \V. 
 il train I'unnn}!- 
 
 lo an linur-glnRi, 
 il nt iliu t\\(» ends, 
 into 13 counties, 
 
 rj). 
 
 Pop. 
 
 in 1810. 
 
 nek, 
 
 
 1.018 
 
 ton, 
 
 
 2,+ 19 
 
 Dwn, 
 
 
 
 » 
 
 
 8,003 
 
 ter, 
 
 
 1,728 
 
 JN, 
 
 
 3,003 
 
 nnswick, 
 
 6.312 
 
 J, 
 
 
 4,78* 
 
 own, 
 
 
 3,753 
 
 rook, 
 
 I, sppnrntps New 
 Ipr directly Hoiith 
 lirectiy iinrth of 
 
 V York bay on the 
 e Kills : und with 
 >ng narrow strait, 
 
 it of land. 80utli- 
 s creeled npon it, 
 
 
 < W »Vfl// ii« thp •tonihern eslremitv of tlio slate, ntiil one 
 
 01 ine t'ii|ie* of Dcluunrt' bay. 
 
 llivers. ".7«/<'niy nver, on llie went, Kcpuruics S'l-w 
 
 ,ler*. y tioin I'niiiHylviiniii || i, „,„ i^abl,. loi li.c Uivx- 
 
 rni vfHMtU |« rbitHd-lphia, [iH miles •u.d lor »I....|,h to 
 ln;nfon, a.") iiiil..H fiirtlier. 'I'liere are fulU ut 1 renton, 
 
 uliu-a ohittrnil ib)> navii^mion. 
 
 /fwhon river ..n Mr. east, Krpariten New J.tm'v from 
 
 -><•« York. Ilaritfu, river rin.'s in (he w.Mern part of 
 le Mill.', and How in- ca»» . uptiei* into Ambi.v liav, at 
 be ,nM.h,.,n ex.r.n.iiy of S.«,..„ Uland. It is .mvi«ablo 
 
 J..r sloops to Ni-kv Hriiimnick. 1,1 milcfi. 
 
 'I'bi /'rtss«i( 
 
 is a *inull river wliit-b eorncu from (f;« 
 
 _,,.,, , . "■ """11 <-i.iiii-p, 111)11 
 
 no II, ,„„|i.„,|,i„,,„„„ >,',,^,„^,, ,,^j. .j.,^,^^, ^^^^^ |.^||^ 
 
 in llin river. i„ ii„. ,r,„„ „f |»u,u.rH«„. uliii-h are mn-h 
 
 eelel.raled lor (hi.i,r beauty and grand.-ur. IfcuHiisark 
 
 liver (..mpliea luiu Newark bay, u little east of ibe I'a,. 
 
 Chi^f Towns. All the prineipal towns in thi^ Mate 
 Ibli,"" ^''''" '"""*' '"■'"'■*»'" ^"'^ ^'"'•k ai.,1 I'biladel. 
 
 ■en Ibeben.UfD.irtWHre river, ut the faIN, about 30 
 m. e. uhove I'biladelpbiu 8,eam bouts ply' re.'l v 
 
 buMle of Ireolon was fotisbl at tbi* plaee, in December 
 
 .™''^q?"''"'j'^*;'r '''4 ""•■''''"' '* "•!''•* from if. 
 m^mu. .Steum bMute fmn, N^-u Vork OMeiid the liarilaii 
 «H f^ „, „,u Haca. lUU- of the inba^itant. ar of 
 Dn.eh origin. The. Tbeolo^ieal Sen.iaary olTbe Im\ 
 Iteformed Cbnreh i<i in tlii^ imvn 
 
 Princeton i» a pleasant viJ|».,. „„ ,|,p „re,-t road he- 
 twee,. IVew York and Pl.ilad.lpbia. 52 ..files I ro , J 
 fonnerand^from the latter. The College of Vev 
 Jersey and the 'n,eolo^ieal.Se„,i„arv of tbe Pt^sf.yiJ i .^ 
 Clnir.'b are in (his place. ' "^-''Ji'- '-n 
 
 cirrrrNi'Vrri;''%?-*^^ ''''' "«■«''*• 
 
 cny 01 rse v York. It .» eelebrni'ed or its cider and i- 
 
 1 'ironi'* 7:r' "•»?"'•-<"-' »»• ^i."e/«;;d e . ,. 
 
 Slates ''' "'"'' '"'*""'■"' '""'•« '» '^'^ United 
 
 .llll ta 
 
 ';f,fiiifi 
 
 'I i 
 
il 
 
 ni:nv jkusky. 
 
 Elixahdhtown. n milrn ^nitlli i»f Ni'waik, in plf««aiilly 
 iltiiiiii' I m (lie fr)nU( (>(' It IVriile fuiiiiin. Ii Ik HJiliiii 
 :i,ii il('» ol* Newark Imy- Hiciim IiduIm rigiilurly plj be- 
 Uvj'eii lliiit town ami \«!w York. 
 
 Uiirliiiiftim i* «n (he Delawurc. hclween Tipninn niiil 
 PliilHtlelphia. I'l-vth Jlinlwif, on Anilmy liaj, ul llio 
 inoiiili fll'ilie Riiriiiin, liua uim ul'lhe la>»i'liuiliur« unllio 
 ••oiilinciil. 
 
 Jitfui'iitliin. The C»IU<rp iifJS\wJ¥rffii.n\ I'rinn'loit, 
 lit (Hie III' till* filili-"! and iiidsI ri-Riierl.tiili- mi the UiiilcJ 
 Hdilp*. lu rmiils are NiniiU. I he Ithiury eoii»iKl« oi' 
 nlimii S. (»()(» Villi mix. The |iliiloi4n|iiiieHl *n|t|iarntii!« JH 
 Inline ami Mill delceleil, luiil llure U n valnaiile raliinet 
 iirniiiifriili<i!>y anil nainial hi«lui'j. 'i lie uuiiilier ol'iilu- 
 lii'itls. ill l-ijs, "Ms 1 j(). 
 
 A T/iciilrr;ic(il Sfiiiiunrif wan eitalilislml at I'riitrelon 
 ill 18l.>. iiiiilir thu ilireeiiun ni' (he General ANneinbly of 
 • he Presbyterian ehureh. There are 3 profeRHurii, and, 
 in ISIH, (he number of atuileuU wai 03. The (erm of 
 eiliieation i<i a yiari. 
 
 ((ncPii's Ci>Hcj;;e was eRtablinheil at New nrnnawick, 
 by the niiiiiiilerH (il'lhe Diileli Uelormeil Chureh,in 1770. 
 The ins<ilutinn in now eonvpr(e(l into a Theological 
 Seminary. There are 2 proreHHom, and about 20 ttu* 
 di:nt4. Tlie term oi'ednealion 14 ^ years. 
 
 Itiuuh and Cnnals. The ^reat road from New York 
 to I'hiladelphiu pasxes by all the principal lownu of (his 
 state. 
 
 A plan has heeii propn^ed to connect Philadelphia 
 with New York, by a canal, from New Brunswick on 
 Iho Raritan, to a point nn (tie Delaware, a few miles 
 hclow Treutoii. The distance ih m miles, and the esti- 
 mated expense nearly $ i,0(iu,ui)0, 
 
 I'opulaiinn. In 18 lU the population was 310,562. 
 The northern part of the state is the nioKl popiilniis. 
 New Jersey is one of (iie old slates, and many of the in- 
 habitants enli^l'ate every year to new seltlemenlx. The 
 population, of course, does not increase rapidly. 
 
 Ueli'^'mn. The Presbyterians are most numerous. 
 Besides these there are Friends, Dutch Heformed, Bup- 
 listH, and JCpiiseopuliuns, &e. 
 
 F 
 
 tl 
 
 V 
 
 u 
 e 
 
 tl 
 u 
 
 II 
 
VKW JKUrtKV. 
 
 m^ 
 
 fnik, in plpii<anlly 
 iin. Ii jo wiiliiii 
 I rt'giilurl) |il} bu« 
 
 wfen Tipninn nml 
 wUny lilt). III lliu 
 It'll liuilium un I ho 
 
 rw/. Ml I'rinrelmt, 
 )!<■ ill till' UiiilcJ 
 ihiiiry roiininlH of 
 ichI n|i|iHrntii!t jh 
 vaiimdlc rtiliini't 
 lie uuinlier ut'klu* 
 
 ihIu il at PriitriMon 
 lenil Aimcnibiy of 
 i profeiiRurii, and, 
 03. The lerm of 
 
 N«*\v Briiniuick, 
 ICIiurpli,inl770. 
 :o a Tlirnlntijical 
 nil about 20 stu- 
 irii. 
 
 from Now York 
 :i[)al towns of (his 
 
 lect Philadelphia 
 'IV Orunftwiek on 
 ure, a few miles 
 liles, ant] the esti- 
 
 ion wa* 3IS,5Ai2. 
 L' mo!>( po|iiilnus. 
 Ill m»ny of the in- 
 5t'tllcmen(8. The 
 i> rapidly. 
 
 muHi niimernui. 
 Ii Hefonned, Bup- 
 
 t'acif. of tlii^ iiiiiittri/. The nori horn pari of (he ulnle 
 ID miiiinlttiiioiM; llie hoiiiIhtii i« lint and «iinil) ; ihe ittid* 
 die i« ai^riealily divertilii'd itilli liilU iind vnllii-s. 
 
 Suit dud I'roiluctinni*. The noriliern pari »f the ulalo 
 ha» generally ii ulruiiij Noil, and ii a line i;ra/in^ eoun- 
 try. The fAron'n lliere rai<e rallle, in ifreut nuni< 
 bem, for the iniirkelit of New Vork and IMiiladelphiii. 
 AVIieal, rye, Indian uorn, putulueii, &c. ure aUo raited 
 in abniidance. 
 
 Orchards abound in all the norlhorn halfof the itnle; 
 the cider of New Jertey, particularly lliat of Newark, 
 i» in great reputation. I'eam, peaches, |ilu'n«, cherries, 
 ■trawberrien, and other fruitii arrive at great nerfeetion, 
 and are furniiilifd in larsje 4|uaiilitie<i for the New York 
 and Philadelphia iiMrkeln. 
 
 Tha «ouihern half of (he stlale, with few exceplinn*, 
 is sandy and baueu. It produces little else bckidc shrub 
 ouk<« and yellow pines, 
 
 Jtountains, A ridj^e of (he Allegany mountains romcs 
 from Pennsylvania and crosses this stale into New York. 
 It emiiosomi sueh amazing quantities of iron ore, (hat it 
 may not improperly be called (he Iron mountain. 
 
 Minerals. Iron ore abounds in this slate. Among the 
 mountains in (he nor(h, the inin^s are very nninerous. 
 In the single county of Morris there are no less than 7 
 rich iron mines, from which might be taken ore enoui^h 
 to supply the whole United Slate* The southern coun- 
 ties also furnish large (|nanlilies of bog iron ore. 
 
 Copper, lead, coal, plaster of Paris, and slate are 
 found in different parts of tlie slate. 
 
 Manufactures. The principal mnnufaclure is iron. 
 Furnaces and forges arc established in various parts of' 
 the state, particiiTarly in (he couiiiy of Mnrris, and a 
 very large qiianli(y of iron is annually manofitclnred. 
 
 InTrenlon, Newark, and Elizabel blown, ure many val* 
 uable tanneries, where a large quaniily of excellent feath- 
 er is made. Shoes are made in great numbers at Newark. 
 
 Commerce. Almost all the foreign i^uuds'iiunsumed in 
 this stale are imported at New York and Pliiladelphiiu 
 and the produce of the slate is principally carried II . 
 those cities for exportation. 
 a* 
 
 ;■ I 
 
l»K\NrtVI.V\MA. 
 
 I'KNNHVLVAMA. 
 
 SituntioH Pfnnk}lv«iiiH U IioiumI«>iI N. , %*w Vnrk < 
 K. Ii) Nf w Vork uml New Jfmcy, friMn mIiicIi it ii »v[t- 
 iirut«-«l li) l>i-lHHiirf river ; M b) Dilnuttre, M«rvlanil, 
 nii«l Virtfiiiia I W. Iiv Vir^iniu mnl <l|iio. Un ifiu N. 
 W. il loiirlioii u|>nn Litk^ Krie. 
 
 It i* vi'rv Tffiulinr in iutlinppt the iinrihprn, nnil 
 Kuiillicrn bouixlune* heiiri; itnrulleU tiT luliludi-, an<i Mir 
 weitlrrn ItHiiiMlnry. h lini* )il loiiifilutle. 
 
 /Hi'isioiin. IViinitvlvuiiia i* diviclvU into AU cuuntiei, 
 «ii<J nliuut nao lo\vniiii|i». 
 
 Oyunfiti. 
 
 A//). 1.1 irtio. 
 
 Countifi. Pfif 
 
 ).in t^lO. 
 
 AilaiiiM, 
 
 ta.iAV 
 
 lianriiNler, 
 
 03,Ui7 
 
 Alligany, 
 
 2j,air 
 
 Lebiinon, 
 
 
 ArniMlroMg, 
 
 fl.l-»3 
 
 l.eliii{l% 
 
 
 Heaver, 
 
 l.i.l«H 
 
 Lu/erne, 
 
 1H,10U 
 
 lledfurd, 
 
 i.i.rm 
 
 l.yoiiuiing, 
 
 11, 00 A 
 
 IkrltK, 
 
 43,140 
 
 M*Kean, 
 
 149 
 
 Bradrnrd, 
 
 
 Mereer, 
 
 8,sr7 
 
 Buckt, 
 
 33,87( 
 
 Minim, 
 
 42,18S 
 
 Builer, 
 
 r,a4» 
 
 Mnnlgiimcry, 
 
 2t»,703 
 
 Cumhriay 
 
 2.117 
 
 Nurtliam|il*in, 
 
 38.143 
 
 Centre, 
 
 10,681 
 
 Northumberland, 
 
 30,a^ 
 
 Clieiler, 
 
 Stt,aun 
 
 Philadelphia, 
 
 iii,<;oe 
 
 CleKrfielil, 
 
 H7a 
 
 Poller, 
 
 20 
 
 Columbia, 
 
 
 Pike, 
 
 
 CrawJftrd, 
 
 «,178 
 
 Behuylkili, 
 
 
 Cumberland, 
 
 2«.737 
 
 SomerBPt, 
 
 11,284 
 
 Duupliin, 
 
 8l,SH3 
 
 •Suitquehannab, 
 
 
 Delaware, 
 
 14 T34 
 
 'l"i"«a» 
 
 1,687 
 
 Krie, 
 
 8.738 
 
 Union, 
 
 
 Frtyetle, 
 
 21,714 
 
 Veiiungo, 
 
 8,060 
 
 Franklin, 
 
 23,083 
 
 Warren, 
 
 827 
 
 Greene, 
 
 17,044 
 
 Waahinglun, 
 
 36,289 
 
 Iliintinisdon, 
 
 i 1,778 
 
 Wajne, 
 
 4,125 
 
 Indiana, 
 
 a, 21 4 
 
 >Veittmurelnnd, 
 
 26,382 
 
 .JeRVrsoD, 
 
 lOi 
 
 York, 
 
 31,908 
 
 
 
 Total," 
 
 810,0U1 
 
 the 
 lyii 
 i 
 wa 
 i-i«i 
 the 
 
 bir 
 «'ni 
 em 
 
 Il I 
 
 tn I 
 
 M« 
 
 Ka 
 
 i« I 
 
 W. 
 
 at 
 
 Ku 
 
 III 
 
 i% « 
 
 il a 
 
 I 
 con 
 Vir 
 
 ( 
 ■yl' 
 and 
 i^ 1 
 Del 
 anv 
 
 ami 
 Hi 
 ayli 
 I* r 
 Ires 
 van 
 the 
 
 U— 
 
^. >N^w York; 
 II witivit it ii m-p- 
 luure, Marvlanil, 
 lio. Un ific N. 
 
 Ilie iinrthrrn, ami 
 Uliludf, and {he 
 
 I iritu au cuuiiti«i, 
 
 p,f.in mo. 
 
 1. 
 
 »3,u^r 
 
 'J 
 
 
 » 
 
 IH.IOO 
 
 '8. 
 
 11, (ion 
 
 f 
 
 iiij 
 
 
 8,277 
 
 
 12,132 
 
 nuTj', 
 
 30,703 
 
 n|itiMi, 
 
 38.143 
 
 iilierlaiul, 
 
 30,a'/r 
 
 phia, 
 
 iti,2oe 
 
 
 3» 
 
 ill, 
 
 
 «, 
 
 11,3S« 
 
 annab, 
 
 
 
 1,687 
 
 >» 
 
 8,060 
 
 > 
 
 8-'7 
 
 glon, 
 
 36,289 
 
 
 4,125 
 
 relnnd, 
 
 20,38:3 
 
 
 31,908 
 
 Totol," 
 
 810,0U1 
 
 I'KNNhVI.VAWM. 
 
 n 
 
 JS'miii'. 'Vhf lunif ol' lliU ntnit U tli-rivcil fritwi I'tnn,- 
 till* iiriKiniil |iiti|iiicliir, and ttiflva, a Liiliii Mwrd, *igiii< 
 r>iiii< unod, iir rnrrnl. 
 
 Uivrit, I'i (• iliri*i> uniicipal thtra are, ihf /W«- 
 «'fl»y, llie Snsiiuf/niiiHim, niid ili»* J//#jrff«y till of **lurl» 
 rixe ill Ni-w >ork. tuid pHii4 llirou^li iVmujIvmiia un 
 llirir uu^ lo the kuutli. 
 
 The Ofluivarf i% ilie eailorn bniiiulnry, nrpnraliiiK 
 I'oniiii}ltiiiiia fniiii Nfw Ji-rm-y. Ih it* fOMriii' ii renrni- 
 lilr« ihi' Iriirr W. 'llie l^hi/fh, a britiiidi <.l" ilii*i rinr, 
 «mpli)fii at Kniliin; imd llie «c/»i<y/Ai7/, aitollier liiuiich, 
 rinpti«i iit>ar I'tiiliidi'lithin. 
 
 'I hi» SHM(ju<hnnunh i* ilif i^rriil river «f Pi>nii«)lvunia. 
 It ronie* fnun New Voik, and iiiuking a (iiri-nlui' nuei-p 
 t» Ihf punt, and llirn aiinilu>r to Ihf Men), pasu'ii iiilo 
 Maryland, i'lic rivt-r it conipiui'd nP two lirniieliis, ilio 
 Kaitl branrh. and the Wfil liritrirli. I li«- hnvt liraiitli 
 i* the priiiripnl nni>, and cowed IVoni Xi-w York ; (lie 
 Wi'nl liranfli in mIioIIv in IVnnnylvaniii. 'i'liey uniie 
 »l NordiumbiTland. 'I'lii! Tiojra ' i» a braneli of llio 
 Ku«t branrli. Itti courto iii almimt wholly in New York. 
 It einplict near the nnrlliern boundary. The Juniatta 
 i* a wrttern branch ofthe Nnnquelianiiali, uniting with 
 it a lew niili'H above llarritburif. 
 
 In the wemern part nf the utatc, the JiUejfantf river 
 comeit from New York, and the JMunnui^nhela from 
 Virginia i and they meet n( Piiliibnr^, aud furm the Ohio, 
 
 Chief Towns. Philadelphia, the targeat town in Penn- 
 sylvania, i« re^nlarly laid ont, between the Delaware 
 and the 8chuylkill, S niile« above their confluence. If 
 i^ 110 oiilea from the oeenn, by the river and bay. The 
 Delaware it navigable as far as thin city,, fur ahipa of 
 tinT li/e. 
 
 riiiladelphia has a very extenMive commerce. In 
 amount of shipping, it is (he fourth city in the Union. 
 It import* foreign gondii for the greateHl part of Penn- 
 sylvania, for Delaware, and half of New Jersey; and 
 is contending with New York, New Orleans, and Mon- 
 treal, fur (he commerce of the wi'ittern Mtiilcs. In the 
 variety and extent of its uiauufaclures, Philadelphia is 
 the firiit city ia America. 
 
 (, ■ ii 
 
 W-i 
 
PKNNHVI.VANIA. 
 
 Aiiti»nd{ tlt» pulilJc !»uililii)^« are n li«Mj>i»i>l* ft »•»!.• 
 nrU<Mi. mimI f^U linutr* for pui hf t»<»n>ii|i, Thf hriilm' 
 o\tT «li« (»vliuyllktll,n|i|tniiilc lit NUrkrI .irii-I.U •iilt«'rl» 
 •| lio »*»l»r iMftI III lln* r\\y i« tliTnr«l fi wn lli« H»liiij|. 
 kill ll l» rui»»<l from «li» nver liy ntfiun m^iiiv*, uml 
 t»invfyf«l ill |ii|iM wliiTf'vf ll i» w^iilril. 
 
 IVnl'« ii<u»»iini, ill H>U citj, fiiiiUiii* ill!" I«rx»«l fol- 
 |»p(ii.ii urn«lnn»li'iiriti»iii<i'« Ml Aiiiiriru. Hie lilrfmy 
 nnil hiimmit' Ritcirlirs Hri* ion iiuni«THii« «o h«' mnilioni'i. 
 IMiilttdilpliiii i««o mill"* H. \V.»I" New York, himI ur 
 N. K. or Wl^«^lin^l«>ll. IN.|M.lHlinn, in Ihio. ui,i»r. 
 
 iMUcanttr, fto niili'ii wi'»l "f l'hiU<li'i|iliiH. i* linfljr 
 ■itiiHled, in tlie niiiUl of a IVrlile antl h>Kltly culiivaittl 
 rniinlry, 'I'lui iiilmbilanla hii' |irMiri|iiilly ill* (lurninn 
 denri-nl. i heir iiunibor, in lull), w«* fl.O'it. 
 
 I'it(»burg, ill llio wetCern pari of tlit utme, i» very 
 •dvaiiluKfouoly mtiialeil, at ilie pnint wlierrihe Allcifa- 
 ny n'xl MoiionnaluU iinili* lo furin llu' Olito. Hy inenn« 
 of Allegany riier, l*iil<tlinr^ Intn ii Mult-r rorinniuiiieal'on 
 wiih llie wenltrii part of Nfw York, ami laii Mpproaili 
 Hilliinaffwinilenof i^ake Krtf. Hy ilie Moitonnalieia 
 •nil a gooil turnpike roail, it in coniiprtitl with Halii- 
 Rinrr. Hy ihe (lino, il lia* an ea*y inleri'iMirte \uiti liiu 
 wrilvrn alate*. ll i* al»o ennnerliMl wilh I'liilatlelpliia 
 by an excellent lurn|iike roail 'I liene cireum»lance» 
 bavc made IMlUburg liie eeolre of a great commi ree. 
 
 All llic coiinlry in the neii^hhorhuod of Ihe eily 
 tbunnd^ with eoal. lii-nee it in ndinirably (itnaiid lor 
 Mucb inanufarlurinj;^ eAlabliNhmenU an require the una 
 o< fuel. A great many nueh eiitHbli»limenl« have neeord- 
 Ini^ly, bcin erei-ted here, and I'itlnburg bid* fair to lie- 
 fonie, at (fine future doy, one of the largest manufuc- 
 luring eitiea in the world. The popniaiinn, in iHtd, 
 waa eHtinialed at 12.()0() The dintanee of Hitl«btir|yt from 
 Philadelphia i* about 3()0 niiien, and from New Urleano, 
 hj the eoume of the river*. 2,000. 
 
 Ilnrrishurg, the neat of government, i* on the en«t 
 bai:k of the Muii«|iiehHiini<h, about 10(J niilen «e»t of 
 Philadelphia, ll ia re:;ularly laid out, and handnoniely 
 built. All elegant bridijc is erected acrota the !Jus(|[ue- 
 hannah, at tLi« place. 
 
\. 
 
 '. V 
 
 n lin4|Ai)itl, ft ilnh; 
 laliip riif bruise 
 kfl »irfi*l,U •iiitfrl). 
 il fi hd lli« Hvliii)|. 
 nlfiirn rti|jiii««, unit 
 iiril. 
 
 till* llii* litri^fol rot- 
 ririi. riif lilrfury 
 HI* lo hv mnilinnt'it. 
 ir<M Ynrk, niiil IJ7 
 ill INtii, Ui,il7. 
 ilailflpliiii, i* linrly 
 itl hiKlily ruldvHii'il 
 iici|iiilly <il' (ivrninn 
 
 lilt nititr, i* vrry 
 It wlipre \he '\llri(a- 
 III' Oliit). Uy iiiPHnt 
 aiiT romniiiiiii'iil'nn 
 , HMii I'mi ii|i|iroa('li 
 ty llie Mniiiiii^iilii-ia 
 miirrti'il wiili Halli- 
 inlfri'i'iime wiili ibo 
 il with I'liilaili'lpliia 
 Ill-HP (<irrum*liincr« 
 l^ri'at comini rt'i". 
 orhuoil (if the i-ily 
 liiiir«lily tiiiinit'il Tor 
 n» require lliv use 
 Jimeiitii httvf m-ford- 
 urg liiil'4 fiiir In hv 
 le Ittrm'iif iwaniifrtc- 
 o|iiilaiinii, in iHtfi, 
 ipi' of HiiuhiirKfriini 
 (1 from New Orlean«, 
 
 iriit, in on the enit 
 l()(j niiii'ii »!•»( oi 
 
 out, anil linniNoniel; 
 «cro«i (he isiuKiue- 
 
 fir 
 
 m 
 
i^^p 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 '^O 
 
 -^ 
 
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 '^ 4^ 
 
 
 m^i 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 /^/. 
 
 / 
 
 <9 
 
 «S^ /^ ^% 
 
 V. 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 1.25 
 
 m m 
 
 Ill 
 
 1,4 
 
 . 6" 
 
 1.6 
 
 Photogi^aphic 
 
 Sciences 
 Cor{)oration 
 
 WEST MAIN STREET 
 WEBSTER N Y M?80 
 ( 716 ^ 872-4!)03 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 %\ 
 
^ d 
 
 M.^ 
 
 ■fe 
 
 /. 
 
 i9 
 
 CIHM/ICMH 
 
 Microfiche 
 
 Series. 
 
 CIHM/ICMH 
 Collection de 
 microfiches. 
 
 Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions ' Institut canadien de niir.roreproductions histonques 
 
 ^•, 
 
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PKNNSYLVAM4. 
 
 tt.T 
 
 Afls^)H i% on flie Di'lnMiui'. nf ilic moiiili of (lie I,e- 
 I'.r .'■ . (''','"''".- i" "" "'i- WHinjIkill, 34 ii.iliK \ W. of 
 1 l.ilu.l.lphii,. Ii i.c<ltl.rali-»l lor llie ini.mi(«<;mre of 
 liuiM. n tltcshnn-e i^ on the iiihI hranrh ol the Hiimiiic- 
 Imiiiiu 1. J\'orl/iuwbnl<nid i* iit the r,„k8 of llif SuMiue- 
 liimniili. Carlhl^ in i.i d.iIc^ W, of llinriMbiii-^. I'uV.- 
 i«oii llie \v.«l «i<liof i|ii<!Sum|iii|iann«h, ai inilen from 
 JjiiJicttsKT. .MoadvUk \n nlioiii ;io i.iilv. from Luke 
 hno. on tnnd. c-rcik. a liianrli of ihc Allfxaiiy. 
 IMlMiem ix mi ihi- Lehit^h. i2 milcM from Edsfon : niul 
 Adxartth mi u f,nx milcx norih of ilellilelicin. lyashiw' 
 ton IS 23 miles S. W. «r Fillsliorg. Cunnomburs; ig'o 
 miles norili of \>!mliiiiy;ioii. 
 
 /:V«(r./;o» 'II,.. I u I versify of Pnimi/lvania, e*<»b- 
 liMied II. S ,iilai!e'|.liia, e.olinu'Ps 4 .l.'|'ittrlni.-iim, viz. 
 Juw, mediciiu', the arts, anri natural seience. There are, 
 in all departmcnis, tfl profe^sorti. The meilionl <Jepart. 
 menl m the moitt ilniiriHhiii); iimtitmion of (he kiiiil in 
 (he UiiiliMJ Stales, ni.il is hanllv »-xeclle4| hy any in 
 *iUro|)e IleoH.sisis of itrof».'.sJr»ltii»«, and has had 
 m«)re than BOO Ktiidentx 
 
 The «.ther colleges are JfJ}h-S(m college, at Cannnnii- 
 hurg; Jlil<;ga,,,, eollei^e, at Meadvilje ; arwi iVashington 
 college, at W ashiii-ion. These insliiutions are yet in 
 Iheir iiifuney. Dickinson eolles;e, formerly a flourinb- 
 ing niDiilHtion, at Carlisle, and Franklin collcKe, at 
 lianeaster, are not now in operation. 
 
 The Moravians have flourishing Hohools at Be(hle- 
 liem and i\arareth, in (he eaMern pan of (he Ma(e 
 Frovision has been made by (he legislature foren(nbli«h. 
 ing an academy in aycry conuly. 
 
 Population.' hx 18(o;P..nnsylvania condiined 810,000 
 inhabi(an(8. 1 he great muss of (he population i^ in (he 
 south, particularly in (he soulheast, near the bank* of 
 the Jsusquehannah and Delaware rivers The northern 
 hall of the sta(e, in 1810, did not ron(ain one eiirhili 
 part of thejpopulation. The population increases witk 
 considerable rapidity, though not so fast as in (he west- 
 ern Kta(es. 
 
 The inhabitants are of several difliient nations. 
 About oiie half are of English origin; one fourth, Ger- 
 
 
 ill 
 
I 
 
 94 
 
 PKNNSVLVANIA. 
 
 man ; ami nn cigliih, Irii.h. Tlic reinaiutlcr are Scolcb, 
 M'l'UIi, Hh»'«I»;* hikI DiiIcIi. 
 
 Lnnxiingi'- The lungiiuge rnmmnnly upoki-n i« (lie 
 Kiit;litili. Hut llif (■crmaiDi, Dutch luiil IrJKh, rediiii 
 Uii'ir tM»ii laii^^'iHge, and inuny of llifiii cuiiiiot sjiuuk 
 
 iteliffion. Tlicrc are a tjroiit many <Iiflr>rcnJ dennnii- 
 it'iliotig of (Jhi'iKtianit in Peiiiiiijivaiiia. A few )i'ur» 
 •iiiee llie I'leHbyli-riaiH, Oerniuii CalviiiixlH, (jcriiiun 
 LiiiliPi-anii, Frieiidi*, or l^iiakcrK, hidI Ha|)(ii(t«, hail each 
 Dearly loo PoDf^regtilioiiM itrsjiic* iIh-hi-, iheie were 
 MelhixtiNtti, Kitidcnji.tliaiiH, Hioleh I'rcohylerianit, Mora- 
 1 iiiiiH. 6ie. 
 
 Itoads. There are i^nod iiirii|iikeit leailini; frnm IMii- 
 Jnrlelpliia in vuriniis Hireelioiifi. The |)rinei|i:tl is fron> 
 I'hiladelpliiii lhioii:;h Laneumer to I'illHhnr:^. 
 
 Clmale. 'I'lip eliinnle of I'cniisylvaiiiii is more (em- 
 pernle than ihal of New Koi-land. The winter* aro 
 never so Hevere, and the Miimniei* are generally warmer. 
 Snow lien nn the :;round l)u» u short period, itiid iileighs 
 are hiil little used. 
 
 ^Mountains. The JlUe^fiinj mrmnlainn run aernns this 
 •tale from S. W. to N. K. 'There are many surtller 
 ranajeiiou each side of the Allegany range, anil [mrallel 
 with if. 
 
 Face of the conn I V If, The central parls of the state 
 aremountainouH. In the southennt and norlhwesi, the 
 country io either Jevel or moderately hilly. 
 
 Soil ajul productions. A great portion of the stale is 
 good land ; and much of it, excellent. The richest tract 
 is in the sonttuast, on hilh sides of the Husf|uehannali. 
 This part of the stale has lont; heen settled, and is finely 
 eultivated. The tract between I^ake Krie and Allegany 
 river has also a very superior soil, but it is us yet, very 
 thinly inhabited 
 
 Wheat is by far the most important production, and 
 
 frows here to nrreat perfection. The next in value is 
 ndian corn. Rye, barley, bnekwlu at, cuts, hemp, and 
 flax, are also extensively cultivated. 
 
 Jfiupyala. V.»n\ is found in abundance in the western 
 parts of the state. The country around TittBUurg is 
 
 N. 
 
"!'' 
 
 muiudcr are Siculuk, 
 
 only Rpoki'n U (lie 
 ■ii mill li-iitli, retuin 
 tlit'iii cuiitiut R()euk 
 
 ny <Iiir'ri>n( dnnnnii- 
 iiin. A fi'vv }i'iir» 
 ('HlviiiiNiH, (jcrinun 
 I Hii|)(iKt«, luiilencli 
 ilii'H'-, llu'ic were 
 'rcNbylvriann, Mora- 
 
 t Ii'iuli?ii5 ''■"'" '*''i- 
 p |)rin<'i|i:tl is fron» 
 I'illHliiii':^. 
 
 vaiiiit in more (eni- 
 
 The MJiiterK nro 
 
 .• cjcfwriilly uaimer. 
 
 l)eriod, itiid iili-iglis 
 
 ainA run aorons Ihig 
 are iintny Miir.iller 
 range, uiid [mrullel 
 
 parlfl of iliR gfafe 
 ind noriliwfsl, the 
 
 liilly. 
 
 rlioii of the Htale is 
 
 The rirhpst tract 
 
 I he Hu«f|UfhanTm{i. 
 
 filled, and in finely 
 
 Krie and Allegany 
 III it h us yet, very 
 
 »nt production, and 
 R next in value is 
 at, cuts, hemp, and 
 
 mice in the wesfera 
 round PittsUurg i» 
 
 DEI.AWAltE. 
 
 Oj 
 
 iiue cjrMt hed of eoal, and liie hilU within »ia;I.t »t the 
 toM 11 are riill „{' thai mineral. Iron ore uUn ahituniU in 
 tliejamf viiinily, and in other parts of the niale. 
 
 JVaunf net urea In ^tlue and variety of mannfailurei, 
 leniiH>l*aiiia h the firm stale in ihe Union. Theprin- 
 eipal Hriirli.s ,,re colion no.idn. iron, ^Ha^s pupir, &c. 
 » liilamlplim and Pittsburg are the hluIh of the princi- 
 pal iiiaiiiiluotorieii. 
 
 Commerce. Mo»t of the fon-i^n good* connumed in 
 tins Hiate, DelaHare. and the wentern pirl of New Jer- 
 sey, are imported at Philadelphia. Ooodi. to a lar^e 
 amount are alno transnorled in wagt^ons from Philadil- 
 pliia 10 1 ittubu'-;, and ilienee di>«iribnled through the 
 western country. In I8t5. the amount of revenue paid 
 by this Htate into ihe ^ ational Treanury was greater 
 than that of any other, j.ept New York. In amount of 
 shipping, Penufylvania is Ihe fifth state in the Union. 
 Jlistovy. This stale was first settled bv the Swedes, 
 in Iflir. They held it till l«34, when it Aas conquered 
 by the Dutch ; and ten years aflervvards, the Dutch 
 hurre dered it to Ihe English. 
 
 In 1681 Charles U gr.intcd it (o William Pcnn, who 
 soon nfHer came over from Kngland, with a colony of 
 iTiends, and laid the foundations of Philadelphia. 
 
 DELAWARE. 
 
 Sif nation. Delaware is hounded N. by Pennsylvania : 
 E. by Delaware river and bay; S. and W. by Mitry- 
 
 l?r *. I'"* l''e sinaJlest state in the Union, except 
 Rhode-Island. ' 
 
 p[vmons. It is divided into 3 counties, which are 
 subdivided into id hundreds. 
 
 Countiet. 
 Kent. 
 
 Newcastle. 
 
 Sussex. 
 
 Pop. in 1810. 
 30.49 a 
 
 rsjsr* 
 
 Chi.-f Tmune 
 J)ovtH. 
 
 5 Wilmington. 
 ? Newenslle. 
 WJeorgelown. 
 ( Jiewiiilown. 
 
 Pop. in tSIO. 
 900 
 
 4.4 1 A 
 3,440 
 
 b i 
 
 ';i « 
 
9t> 
 
 DEL WW UK. 
 
 Itiver^, Delaware rivrr uikI bay iie|)arHlt> lliiii stale 
 from New Ji-rscy. Hrandywine cr 'I'k, m Inch ri^en in 
 IViiiiMylvaiiiH, unil Chrhtiana crvek wliicli riica in 
 MarylrtiMl, unite in the niirlhfrn piirt ui* tin- tttute, anil 
 cmpiy iitio Delaware river. They uH'dDl an iiiicnnunnn 
 nuiiiltt-r of excellent Heats fur niilU ami niaiiiil'aetones. 
 
 Swamp. CypreMS hwuui|*, biHween thi« sinte und 
 Maryland, is t;^ miles loii^ and A l>r<iHd. 
 
 CVi/^- Cape Hfiilnpen, une of the capes of DbSauare 
 bay. is in this Htate. 
 
 Chiff Toivns. iyilminf;ton is in the northern part of 
 the state, bi-lween Urundywine and Christiana erei-ks, 
 one mile almve their continence noth streams are 
 navigable to Jie luvvn. VVilmintjton is celebrated fur 
 (he manufurture of flour. There are a great many 
 mills on the Brandywiiie, within half a mile of the 
 (own. 
 
 JVeivcastle is on Delaware river, a miles S. of Wil- 
 mington, and S3 below Philadelphia. It carries on a 
 \tt\nk trade with Philadelphia and Baltimore. 
 
 Dover, the seat of government, is 36 miles H. of New- 
 castle, on Jones' Creek, a small stream which empties 
 into Delaware bay. 
 
 Lewistown is a few miles from Cape Henlopen. Hero 
 are salt works, in which salt is manufactured from sea- 
 water, by the sun. 
 
 Religion. The Presbyterians are most numerous. 
 There arc besides, Episcopalians, Methodists, Baptists, 
 Friends, &e. 
 
 Population. In 1810 Delaware contained 7S,G7-|f ia* 
 habitants. About one quarter of this number are ne- 
 groes, and o!:e quarter of the negroes are slaves. 
 
 Canal A canal has been comm<'iieed between Chris- 
 liiina eret-K. in this stale, and VAk river in Maryland. 
 When tiniv:iiHi!, it will he 22 miles lon,^, and will open an 
 iul kod water eommunicatinn between Delaware river 
 and Chesapeake bay. In this view ii is of great im- 
 porianee. 
 
 Face of the country, soil S^c. A small part of tlie state 
 in tlie north <« hilly ; the n-st i* pi'm li.lly level Hud low. 
 The toil in the north, and along the Delaware is gencr- 
 
 I 
 
i' 
 
 aeparHtc lliiit sla(c 
 fk, w Inch r'mvn iii 
 >k wliicli rii)>N in 
 rt of till- Ntute, anil 
 iilV(ii'<l an iiiicnininnn 
 iiiiil inaiMil'aetonvit. 
 ecu till!) 8lnte und 
 
 '•IH(i. 
 
 I capes of Dbiau are 
 
 the northprn part of 
 Cliriitliuna crei-ki, 
 Ilotli RlreHmtt are 
 
 )ii is celebrated fur 
 are a great manj 
 
 half a mile of the 
 
 a mileR S. of Wil- 
 ia. It carries on a 
 Baltimore. 
 
 36 miles S. of New- 
 cam which empties 
 
 pe Henlopen. Hero 
 lufactured from sea- 
 
 re most numerous. 
 Icthodists, Baptists, 
 
 iontained 78,07-> ia- 
 his numlier are oe- 
 >s are slaves, 
 need between Chris- 
 river in Maryland. 
 u^, and will open an 
 'en Delaware river 
 V ii IS of great im- 
 
 niall pnrt of the state 
 irri'lly level Hud low. 
 Ueluwarc is gencr- 
 
 MAUVLWU. ff 
 
 ally ari>*hc!uy; in the midille, lliere i* a eoniti(|piitlil<> 
 mixture of sand: and in the muuIIi, tuiid pred'iniitiute<«. 
 
 I'roiluclionn. Wtieut is the ttiiple of ihe st^le. It 
 s;ro«H here to very i^reiit perl'eelion. Indian corn, rye, 
 uut«. &e. are uIno enltivuted. 
 
 %Manufi(rliiri's. Dehiwiire is pelelirnt^d for its mann- 
 fitetnres. The (lour mills, on Kruiidywine ereek, near 
 Wilmington, are the finest cnlleelion in the UuiUmI 
 Slateg. (iunpowdcr, imd cotton and woollen i^onds itrp 
 also nianufartured, tu a great extent, in the same 
 nciglibnrhood. In 181,7, there were within U miles of 
 Wilniini;liin, 44 flour mills, I3 collon manurueiories. 19 
 saw mills, n woollen manufucluries, and gunpowder 
 mill**, besides several others. 
 
 There arc extensive salt works al I<cwistown, near 
 Cape Ileulopen. 
 
 MARVLAND. 
 
 Situnttnii. Maryland is bounded N. by Pennstl- 
 vania) K. by Deluwnre, and the Atlantic; S. und W. 
 by Virginia, from which it is sepanited, principally, by 
 the Potomac. 
 
 ChcHapeukc bay runs tlironi^h the state from N. to S. 
 dividini:; it intf» two parts, l lie part east of the bay is 
 called the eastern nhore. and the part west of the bay, 
 the wettlern shore. 
 
 Diiusiona Maryland is divided into 19 counties: It 
 of which are on the western, and H, on the eastern shore. 
 
 Counties. 
 St. Marys, 
 Charles, 
 Calvert. 
 
 Prince (ieorgc, 
 
 Montgomery, 
 e <^ Ann Arundel, 
 
 naltiniore, 
 
 Harford, 
 
 Frederic, 
 
 Washington, 
 
 Allegany, 
 
 t^ 
 
 Pof). in in 10. 
 
 Chief Toxuns. 
 
 12,794 
 
 I^eonardstown. 
 
 20,313 
 
 Port Tobacco. 
 
 8,1)05 
 
 St. lieonard. 
 
 30,5S9 
 
 Mariborougli. 
 
 17,980 
 
 Unity, 
 
 3fl,6(K8 
 
 Annapolis. 
 
 73,810 
 
 Ualliniore. 
 
 2 1,2 J S 
 
 IkllAir. 
 
 34,4;}7 
 
 Frederiektown. 
 
 18,730 
 
 P.li/.i\betlito\\n. 
 
 0,909 
 
 Cumberland. 
 
 If I 
 
 i'H 
 
 ','Ti I it.- 
 
 It I 
 
 .! Wi 
 
t 
 
 f* 
 
 1< 
 
 MAUYLAM). 
 
 C'lU llU't. 
 
 Pup I'l 1810. 
 
 chiif r./i.'),.. 
 
 'Cicil, 
 
 i;i onn 
 
 KIkl'tii. 
 
 Ki'iii, 
 
 11. mo 
 
 riif.!!!-. 
 
 Qiict'ii Ann, 
 
 tn.iHN 
 
 (/Viilrivtllv 
 
 rulttnt, 
 
 It,. MO 
 
 Kit»lnn. 
 
 Diirclimtfr, 
 
 IMJOS 
 
 C'liiiiltrid^o. 
 
 Soim-Mi'i, 
 
 ir,i\(,i 
 
 I'riiii-m» ,\r 
 
 ('iirolirie. 
 
 l»,4.^J 
 
 Di'iiliiii 
 
 ,,WoictiU'r, 
 
 lo.ttri 
 
 biiow Hill. 
 
 38fl,ai0. 
 
 nniif. Chempeaki* buy lie« principally wiltiiii (lie 
 Itniiiiiluricii oi' MHrylniiii Tlirrc iin- iiinnv xmall li.iyt 
 wliicli lire nitTcly itruiii-liet of l!lii'»ii|)fnki' fm). Sever- 
 al III' ilic prinei|iul rivertt are very broiiil rionr llicir 
 niniitliit, and may be rcgiirileil, for lomo ditlanrc, uii 
 bayt. 
 
 Jiivera. Tbo Potdmar risen in Jhc Allc^iiny moun- 
 (ainn, mill rniplioH iiilo (.'hi'4ii|u>ake buy. During itit 
 whole courio, it i^ (lie boiinilury bp(Moen Mitrtliiiiil nnil 
 Virt^iuia. It i« luivi^ablc lor luri^L' vi'ttM-N, aoo milpi, 
 to (be pity ol' Watbin^toii. Above lliiii rity, there iiro 
 cviTttl falls, arouMil which however, eniiHU have been 
 niiule, so (hut the river \» now nuvit^uble, lor boHl*, to 
 Cumborlanil, nearly 200 inili>!i beyoiiil Wa«bioiftou. 
 
 The Susijupfiannah conie«t IVoni I'riiiihylvaniu, and 
 eniixieii into the head of Cliexapeuke bay. 
 
 The rivers wliieli rnn into Chf>ia|ifake buy I'roin the 
 western shore are, th." PuUtpsin^ wliicb t'in|ities two miles 
 below Kaltimore; the Sevirn, on whieb Annaiiolis 
 stands; and the I'atiwiitt, between the Severn and the 
 Potomne. 
 
 The rivers on the east shore are, Elk- river, on which 
 Elktovvn and Frenebtown stand ; Chester river, on 
 which is (;hestertown ; and Clti)i>lnnh\ x.Ynnticoke, IH- 
 I'omico, and Pocomiikp, all ol" wbieh rise in Delaware. 
 
 Chiff Tnwnx. Haltimore, the larj^est town in INIary- 
 land, and in |Mipiilalion the third in the United .Stale's, 
 is built uroiiiid a harbour at (be In aii of Pntupxpo bav, 
 whieh sets up IS miles iinrlhweit iVoiii (.'hi^aptake bay. 
 'J'he strait wliieh connects the harbor with I'uiupico 
 
 bu 
 
 W( 
 
 III 
 
 Wl 
 
 Me 
 «t\ 
 
 li.. 
 Hill 
 IN 
 nil 
 
 MH 
 pit 
 
 ;>oi 
 Htr 
 stn 
 Iki. 
 mo 
 thi 
 
 a n 
 nioi 
 son 
 
 I 
 W. 
 ntei 
 gre 
 
 / 
 lorn 
 trio 
 
 C 
 iieai 
 KIk 
 trad 
 thru 
 the 
 ship 
 
 K 
 (iity 
 
t 
 
 1 
 
 \><f T(/i.'/,«. 
 Ikl'iii. 
 Ill ilrr. 
 riilii vill«>. 
 U»loii. 
 kiiiliriil^p. 
 riiii-mn ,'\nn. 
 riidiri 
 low Hill. 
 
 Mpnlly wiltiiii (III) 
 
 I* niHMv xmall li.iyi 
 
 )i'aki' lirt). Sfvir- 
 
 bronti nonr tlii'ir 
 
 lOinC «lill(M!l('l>, UK 
 
 _• Allt'quny niouii- 
 biiy. During it* 
 pen Miirtliiiiil niiil 
 I'l'tt'ii'N, 300 inilm, 
 liiK rity, then' tiro 
 , i-niiHU linvo liL-en 
 ulili', r<ir hoHlH, (a 
 I Wiii«liiiiiftiiii. 
 '<'iirih}ivaiiitt, and 
 •»uy. 
 
 ■like bay rroin the 
 \ t'ni|itiL->t Iwn inileH 
 tvliicb AnniiiHiIis 
 
 11(1 
 
 ii> Severn and ihc 
 
 Ik liver, on which 
 C/ifKlPr liver, on 
 . iYanticoke, U'i- 
 Hc in Delaware, 
 fgt (own in INIary. 
 le IJiiitfil .Stiiles, 
 of Patupvpo bay» 
 I (.'hi!>iipt'ake bay. 
 r with I'ulaiiico 
 
 MARVLAM). f» 
 
 bay ii vrry unrrn... lenrrely a niitol wlioi acruni, anil it 
 well il.lViul.d by K.irl M'llenFv. 
 
 I'be t^rii«*tb <i|' ihi« cily li>is been remarkably rapid. 
 Ill irroilien- Mere only ;{<»0 iiiliabilantu; in IHIO, Iberu 
 Mere |tl,.>30. The nninber i« ittill rapidly inereaninif. 
 
 Ilnliiuiort' in will Niiuated for commeree. |i ii« con. 
 iieeKd by i?"od liirnpike* w itii variooD pnriA nf Fenn- 
 s\l\Miiiii, and ««iih ibe naviifnble walem whieli lend into 
 I lie Ohio. 1 1 iii)<»ieMiieii the Irnde of Maryland, and of 
 miinepitrlH of reninylvania, and the weilern ilalri. In 
 1«I0. Kaliiniore wa» the third cily in the Tnion in 
 ntnouni of ubippini;. The number of tons owned hero 
 
 Man lOl.Uflll, 
 
 Ahioiiii; the publifi buildinifit area penitcnliarv, n lio^- 
 piliil, a theatre, and Ibu exchange, an inrnenite edifice 
 bflii feet long. 'Ihe Waihintfton monument in n iuperb 
 ulroelnr.' of wlone, 163 feet )ii!;h ; on the iiimmil i* (he 
 • laliie of Wanlmi^ton. Another montinient of «lone 
 liiK been erected, tailed the bailie mnnnmeni, to comme- 
 morate Ihc defeat of the Hriiinh, in their allark upon 
 this city on the Uth of Septemlier 1814. 
 
 Jhinapiilin, the seal of government, it on the Serern, 
 8 miles from ill mouth. It it do miles Noulh of Haiti, 
 more, and 40 east of Wa..hina;lon. It conlaiuk a hand- 
 some itatehouse, and about u (lOO inhubilanti. 
 
 FmlerUktown in a flouriihini< inland town. 43 milet 
 W. of Ualtimore, and 43 \. of Washington, it it fiitu- 
 ttled in the mid»t of a fertile country, and truniportt 
 great quantiliet of wheat and flour to Baltimore. 
 
 liliiabet/itown, formerlv Ilaitantown. \» near the Po- 
 tomac, in a beautiful valley, iitt milut N. W. of Fred- 
 tricklown. 
 
 Cumberland it on the Potomac, went of Elizabethtown, 
 near the northwett corner of the ttate. Klkton U on 
 KIk river, near the northea»l corner of Ibe mate. Tho 
 trade between Baltimore and Philadelphia panHct 
 through this town. Snowhill on the Poeomoke, near 
 the toutheatt corner, ownt a considerable amount of 
 shipping. 
 
 Edncafioti. The University of .Maryland, in the 
 eity of Baltimore, is yet in its infaney. It it intended 
 
 1" 
 
 111: 
 
 m 
 
 
 If 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 i *! 
 
 hi 
 
MAHVr.ANU. 
 
 Iti rmhrken (he tlfpartni^nu nf mptiipiit ■« llir liinii(uag<>i, 
 ttrt«, Uw, anil tliviiiily. 'I'lie tiiiJioal <lc|itiriHipiii it 
 nlreatly in opi^riiliuiu Hni! it very rt^qiei'tabio aini fl»iir- 
 i«hing I it liui ft iirofouort. 
 
 at. »f/(tn/'i collri^p, al«(i in nftlliinorp, lin« n ((ihiiI 
 lihrary, a |ihilii«<)pliicKi rimI clii-niiral Hpimralii*. N pro- 
 Ivitort, H tutor*, nnd Mbnut l lo «liiili'iit«. Unltimmn 
 •ulli'ifv li*t« aiiiilriietora, nisd hIumiI Ho nluilt'iitN. 
 
 nanhn. I'licrr nrr 'jl Imiikt in ihitilktr, 10 of wliiuli 
 trc ill (lie city »t HiiUimore. 
 
 Hoiuli and Vmalt. Thfre i* a Knoil turn|iiko ro*il 
 IVoin Ualtiiiinre. through Cuiiilifrhiiiil on ihit I'liloinac, 
 III Umuiivillt; nil tho Mi)iii)iij;i«lirla in lVniii.jlviini*. 
 'L'hiN in oiiu of iho nhorloitt luitl hi-nt rniiiniiiiiiruliniK 
 liflMVPu the tidu-uHleruf th« Alluntic, Hoilthv nuv^a- 
 liii^ wi'ttcrn wulir*. 
 
 Thvrc Are ncverul eanali around (he rallmnil rupiiU 
 in thi! rutomac, lo that lhi« river it now navii$uble tor 
 Loatit, at hiji^h up at C'uniberlauii. 
 
 J'ui>Hlathn. In IHIH, Maryland cnnloiued yso.ain 
 inhubilnnlH. More than one third of thix number iiru 
 ncj^rooit, undnioro tliuii thn**! qiiarlernof the negroetarn 
 ulavcii. Till' ilav('<* are niutt nuniurou* in (he louthcru 
 half of (ho itatc. In tlii' connlifi bordering on IViin- 
 •ylvauia, llicrc urc live «hiic men wUvm (here it oiiu 
 
 •lavf. 
 
 lielixion. The Honian Culholict were the lir«t tet- 
 'itfrt 01 Maryland, and an- the niont niinifrout denomi- 
 nation. The other de iiinatiunt are, llpitcopaliuiM, 
 
 HaplitU, I*rc»bylerittii», FricmU, &.(!. 
 
 Face of the Cuuiilrii. On llu; eastl-rn shore, the land 
 it level and low, and in ni,»ny pliu'in,«!overed wilhtta^- 
 iinnt water. On the ni'uliTn HJiore, the liindnear the 
 bay it level, but at you |troc<i'd into the interior, it bt.-- 
 cooiei unevrn and iiiil\, itii.l in tlii' uiotcrn part of ihu 
 Mate it mouiilainoiii. "The AIU'j;any mountuintuml the 
 Blue KidgeerosH (he ueiltrn piirt of the tta(e, on Ihi-ir 
 way from Virginia to IVniisylviiiiia. 
 
 Niiil (1)1(1 rvuili(cli(jtt!(. 'i'JH' Moil it ffcncraJly good. 
 AVhial Hnil tolnH-io are llie prioei|»til produiMionM. Home 
 •ottuu it raisicd, but it it of uu inferior quality. 'I'he 
 
 ( 
 
k . 
 
 T 
 
 u ', I lie liin^itajfc*, 
 eai il)*|iiirlHiriii i« 
 i'ciahto ami nonr- 
 
 rnorf, lin« n h»ih\ 
 
 H|t|)Hnklii«i H pro- 
 
 ili-iil«. IliilUmitiH 
 
 u ii(uil*'nt«. 
 
 ■(•Ir, tOof wliiuli 
 
 mil (iirn|)ikn roul 
 
 l| (III I III! I'lltlMllilf, 
 
 ill IViiiiojIviintti. 
 >t roiiiiniiiiirulMiiit 
 II-, mill tlic iiu\ ^'i- 
 
 le faliiKinl rupiiU 
 now navi^uble I'lic 
 
 cniiUiiieil U!iO,3in 
 f tliU iiiiinber iiru 
 M»r (lie iivgriieiarn 
 lUii ill (lie loullicru 
 iirilvriii^ oil IViiii- 
 >hfre lliere in oiiu 
 
 I were I lie fint set- 
 
 iiiinicrou* ilenoiiii- 
 
 art*, l)|>i*coiialinii4, 
 
 t 
 
 l>rn uliure, (lie li\iiil 
 , «!()venMl willi tUv^- 
 tliu liiiiil near lln' 
 llie iiiti'iiur. it lii> 
 usieiii part of lite 
 1 iiKiuiiluiiinitiul ilie 
 I' the state, uii their 
 
 ii sciiornJIy goud, 
 [irniliicliuiiN. Hoiiiu 
 rior qiialit}'. 'i'lie 
 
 DHimrT OF ( OF.IMniA. 
 
 tut 
 
 oilii>r pniiliirtiiiiii nn* Imliati rnrii, hpin|i miil tiai. 
 I'riii'lii'* it|i|ilt'«, iimI iiiliiT IVuil :iit> ill ifrral jilt-iily. 
 
 'rin* rurolit niMiiiiiil »iili Hill", III! Mliicli \a%\ niiin- 
 licrit of ««iiiif an- Ci-ti, wliii'h run \kitil in (In- uoiiil*. 
 'I'lii-ir, V litii i'ltiiil, uii* cinii^lii, killi'il, barritlli'il, tiiiil 
 ••x|iiirlcil in ifrriti i|iiiiiililic«. 
 
 Jtiitrrdlu. Iiiiii urt' ulioumU in vurioiu pari* tiT tlit 
 iitali'. Oiiul i* fiiiinil in tlu' >ii'iiiiiv uf iliitliniiirv. 
 
 .^InniifartHviit. Fiiniiici-it Imu' Ihiii iri-i-lt'il in v»rl« 
 on* pl.ii'1'1 fur ill)' iiianiiritiMiiri' <if iron, nml inin ware, 
 (iliix, papi-r, ami \vlii«ki'y arc uUn iii;iili' in ciMHiili'rii<- 
 bli' i|iiiinlilit>» ) but (lie prim-ipal maniu'uclurp ii flour 
 
 Ciimmrrre. Kluur oiiil litbarro an ihr principal t'l< 
 
 florin. Halliimirc i« tlit^ rriilrc uf "oinniirri'. Mnrjr* 
 ami it tlie lliiiil »late in the Uiiiun, in niniiuut uf iLip* 
 
 Ihstnnj. '\'\\U trrritnrj \*a» cnntiilrrcil ai a pari of 
 Viri^iiiia, till 1'''3^, \\\nn it \sn* mranlcil tn C'rciliu* 
 i.'ahcrl, loril of Haltiiiiort> iii Irelanil. Tliu (lr»t nvtlle- 
 aieut siAi Riudu by a colony of Uouiaa C'atliolict. 
 
 DISTUICT OF r(»LrMIUA. 
 
 Situatum. Tlii« tli^lrict ii a traot of voiintry, t« 
 mik'i Mquare, lying on bolli Miik>* of the I'otoinac, be- 
 tween 30 anil 40 niili'« M. W, of Hallimnri'. It >va« 
 eeileil to llie IJnili'il Stale* by the ululeu of Maryland 
 and Viri^inia, that it iniglil bccnme llie neat of ihe'licn- 
 eral (iovernment. The district i» under the imniediata 
 
 government uf ('nngreii. 
 DivUious, The ditlr 
 
 Iriet i( diviiled itito 2 couiitic*. 
 
 Ci-iinfiet. Pup. ih 1810. 
 
 Waihington, 10»iri 
 Alexandria, 8,003 
 
 •2^.023 
 
 rhir/nvnt. Pep. in wo, 
 
 ^Wa»hington, h,208 
 
 ^ Gfi»ri;tlo\vn, 4,tl4» 
 
 Alexandria, 7,2i7 
 
 Of (he whole iiopulation, in ISIO, 0,305 were alaves. 
 
 ?'! 
 
 I' U I 
 
 i! 
 
IU2 
 
 niHTHUT OF r<ir,i Miin. 
 
 VUiffTuwn*. WAtMiMoruw, ib«> prin»i|iil iOHn in 
 lli» lli«lri)'l, anil iIh- •cni .iC i^iitrriiiniMti iil' ilii> I'ltiitii 
 Hi»ir«, U nil (III- M,tryliliiil «nl<' nf llif i'lilnniiti*. nil h 
 |ii»ieil i.f liiiil riiriiiiril 'lijr ilic Jiinfiiiiii nf ilial rivir uml 
 till' Ku^lirti lir.Mii-li. Ii i« oil iln- miiiii |io*i rnml uf lli» 
 Ifiiiti-il Mi»if», nbiiiil i(|iiiilly ilUtiinl rriim iliu iiiiriluTn 
 ami oiuiliiTii «*ilri'miliv« uC'llie rmnii. 
 
 'I'lif fiiy M liiiil tiiii nil It ri'gtiliir iiliin. cnniliiiiing 
 ciMiyfiiii<iir>M-|fi{iiiiri>, mill it (rff Pirruhliuii nf uir. It 
 UiliviiJt'it mil) <i(|iiiiri>( lij »|titriiiii4 vIrcfU, or uvi>uur4, 
 ruiiiiiiii{ \. uiitl .H. iiiici(i<i'tri| liy niht'rt nl riglil niijiflr*. 
 i'lifniii'ilti, m Uiil oiir, f«ii'ii'il I'nr j nr :i niiU« sloiiff 
 biHli lliu r\vtt% Wlii'ii ihf) «liiitl lif iicdipifil willi lino 
 linililinKs NVH«|iini(lon tull In- nn«« nf ila- liumUnmi'd, 
 ami nio«t tnininnilinn* i.iiii>ii in ilio ttorlil. Al |ir«'*p|il, 
 llif liuiMi'K, llinu^li I'lcni.ni, iiri> iVw, niiil iiritlli'reil. 
 
 AmuuK "'■ I'lil'lic liuililirigi »ic, |. I'lu. f '«/»//«/, 
 ■tliulvil on an rniinviiri*, cniiiniiiniliM!f li fini' |iro>|ifel> 
 It u liuilt of while* fr«e •toiii-, [u\n Imii Miiif<4, uml mIu'H 
 eom|ilflvil, willhfa nin<l inuKi>ili< >'*'< I'llirHi'. i. I'liu 
 t'rfiiileiil'H tliiunf, an p|«•^Hnl t(lirnM' nf »lnni', J tlniii'* 
 IiikIij .1. Fniir «|iiicioui« brick llllllllin^.. iifiir ilii* IVt-ii. 
 denfi liouio, coiiliiiiiinif nftici'* for llii- IIihiI* nf l)c|iiirt* 
 nieut. 4. The Uiiieral I'oU Onice, a. Tlii- Nnvy 
 V«ril. ' 
 
 The nnmhi'r of iiikttliiiiinli* in idiu, na« H.rfos, of 
 whom «,.i(i» wtrtf uliivti. Wtnliinmnn in Wb3 niili<» 
 from the mouih of ike t'olumuc, by the cour«c uf lh« 
 riviT. 
 
 Oforfi^toun 11 on Ihe Murjlnntl niilv of lhi> l>«»l«niaet 
 3 mill'* \V. nrWimhiimtnii. |l i« iileatunlly •ilUHtctl, 
 tnil it a |tlact! of tMinniilfralili* liaili>. 
 
 Jilexaudrin in il inilcn M. of Wit.,hinnl.»n, on Uii- Vir- 
 irinia liilf (iflhc I'olniiiHC. Il ix cnnvi'iiiunlly mliiitletl 
 fbr cnmmiTOc. In IH1«, ii ovwuti ii.Htl ton* of >.hin- 
 pinij. uml rnrrii*!! nn I'lin^iiU'ritiili' iraUe. 
 
 hdiirniiou. 'rhiTf it u Kninan Caihnlic Coll. ^o nt 
 0«-nrt{.ti>HM. Il hill iilioiil l.')(i stmliMiN, u lil.rary nl* 
 7,0UU vujuffica, uniJ a vuluttblv philotuithicul ttpiiurtituf . 
 
St* _^ 
 
 MUI.\. 
 
 prinri|ul (<)Hn in 
 iiMil III' I In- I Dili'ii 
 III' I'lilniiiiti', nil H 
 I iif llial rivrr iiimI 
 ill iiiml ronii uf lli» 
 rriiiii lliu imrilifrii 
 I. 
 
 r iiliin. «iiiiiliiiiin;f 
 Mi'iiliiiii iif uir. It 
 IrfvU, iir uvi'iiuc*, 
 *r« at right nntflri. 
 a iir a niilf 4 «iuii>{ 
 iir('ii|iii-il uilli lino 
 
 f lllf Ihlllliaiiliit'il, 
 orlil. At |irt'>ftil, 
 «iiil uritlit'ri'it 
 , I. I'hf Caititiil, 
 [ K niii' |iri).|M-c). 
 ) Ming*, ami ulicri 
 t riliiicv. J, 'I'lio 
 ifi«tiirii>, J i)lniif« 
 l^«. iKMir till* I'rc'gi- 
 
 ! ll('Htf»lll'l)l>|Mtrt- 
 
 I. 0. Till' \rtvy 
 
 U, ttn* H,i{OS, of 
 ;loii i» -Vb} m'\Wt 
 tliu cour«c' uf tb« 
 
 \v of liit.> I'utttniac, 
 
 tIMtUlllly tllUKtVll, 
 
 ifliiii, on till' Vir- 
 
 ii'iiiutilly Milindetl 
 
 sti iflns ol' uliip' 
 
 |p 
 
 ihiilic Cullr!{e nt 
 
 'III*, It liliriuy <>r 
 
 pliicul appurtttui' 
 
 MOI TIIKHN HTA IM. 
 
 80UTHKRN 8TATr:«. 
 
 10.1 
 
 Silimlltm. Th« NiMitliprn Hiair* «rp ltin«» «vliirh li« 
 iiiMili ut'iliA i'iili)iniii<, iinil uliirli linrili'r villier uii tlto 
 AllMiilif OrfHii. or Mil' fjiill'iir Mmini. 
 
 »\)tm»t. 'I'hry nr* 7 in iiiiiiilirr, viit Virginia, Nitrlli 
 ('ariiliMii, Hoiilh Cttruliiiii, (Jrorifin, AlnliHinn. Mi««i*> 
 ■ip|)i, nml l.iiiii*i«itA. Tlif llr<t fuiir uri> on iho AtlaiUic ) 
 llic liMl llirri-, lilt ilif (Itijf of Mciicn. 
 
 /•«i> iifthii counlrv. I'hv Intel orcotinlry aloni| ^^'• 
 ■riiriiHft of ||ii< mIioU •ertinii, ia m luw vanity plain, rle> 
 valfil liiit litllnabuvrlhe lf\p| nrilieiicKati. Tlifwiillli 
 of llii* Iriici in ■oni«> place* i» IKO miU'« H>i<-k iirilil«, 
 thp foiiniry ritet into liilli, unil ill Ia>iI inlu uiiiiiiiiiiina. 
 '1 III' Hill Country on llii* inHut i« eiiiinnoitly riillfd lit* 
 I.IIIV I'ountrif f ani4 llii* back country, lb« (///yiir or £//)• 
 land i-ouniry. 
 
 Hail. Till' low country i«i rhii fly ii canity iiine-burrcn. 
 The |irinci|>iil fti-fplion u the biiMknorilif riviT», uliii-h 
 in miinv intiancit urn fertile. 'I'bt' u|i|ii>r country hua 
 gtMH-rull) a giiuU «uil. 
 
 I'ruttuftionn. In the norlhi'rn purl of thin m-clioii 
 whftt! mill lobacro ari> thi> |iriiu-i|)iii iirotluctioiM ) inlhfl 
 luuilii-rn piirt, rifi>, cotton nml nugar. 
 
 Vlimntf The winter i» niiltl ami iilvanant ( but lh« 
 «'iiiiiniT, in tlie low country, i^ hot iiml niilii'nilli), iiml 
 fni(iii-nlly proM-H I'atnl lo olniogiT*. 'I'lio mnii'lbi of 
 July, Au!(UMl Hiiil ^S(•ptl•Hlbl•r tiie euli<-(l, in the luw 
 GouMlty. liif Nickly nt'iuon. 
 
 Hh\'i% AlmuMi all ilic hImvcm in tlio Fniteil Hlutet 
 *ri» ill |Im« neulioM. Thiy nrc numt nuinciniii, in ilie low 
 counir), itlicrc ihi' iliniiilc in ho hnl (hut white nivu 
 fri'«|Ufnlly caniiut lubur with nafuty. 
 
 VIlKilMA. 
 
 Sitmlinn. Vlrginin in bnumled on Ibr N". by I'enn* 
 •ylviiiiii; on lh<< \. K by M.irylitiiil. riuiii wlnuh il !« 
 ■rpiiruietJ by I'uluinuo river; on ihu L. by (Jhciupvaku 
 
 i 
 
 $ 
 
 'I I 
 
 <i 
 
lot 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 bay;ontltjS. by North Cumliiin, froin uliicli il in 
 )t)>|)urul(il liy ll,(« pardllel of an'' 30' N. I.ttiiude; on tlic, 
 W. by ki'ntucky J uiiil on the N. W. by Ohio< rrom 
 Mliicb il is !«c|iunil('(! by IIil- river Ohio. 
 
 Vi'^giniu in ibf lni'i;j(>4t hIuIu in the Union. Il in n» 
 Ihi^i* iih the six .\l>w Kii^lnnil Stiitus, tukLMi together. 
 
 Itivisivns. Virginia in iliyidcd into 100 countieit. 
 
 Ccuiilii't. jVo. inha'.itantt- 
 
 Oreenville, 0,803 
 
 Giles, 3,r+5 
 
 Ilulirttx, S2,ia3 
 
 Hiiinpitbire, b,78'l' 
 
 Ilnnnvcr, 13,082 
 
 llardj, !i,!52S 
 
 Harrison, 0,9()8 
 
 Henrico, 9,tt4a 
 
 Henry, 0,611 
 
 Inle (if Wi^ht, 9,186 
 
 James city, 4,0tt4 
 
 .TelTerson, 11,641 
 
 Kanhawa, 3,S0ff 
 King n.id Queen, Jto,088 
 
 King George, 6,434 
 
 King William, 0,28S 
 
 Lancaster, fi,092 
 
 Lee, 4,694 
 Lewig, 
 
 Loudon, Sl.SSS 
 
 LouJsa, 11,900 
 
 Lunenburg, 12,269 
 
 Madison, 8,.381 
 
 Matthewg, 4,227 
 
 Mecklenburg, 18,453 
 
 Middlesex, 4,414 
 
 Monongali'i, 12,793 
 
 Mouroe, 5,444 
 
 Moutgornerj, *i,ioa 
 
 Ma«n, 1,991 
 
 Nuiisoinohd, 10,32'^ 
 
 New Kent, «,478 
 
 Cuuntiet. JS'n. 
 
 inhabitauls. 
 
 AecoRinr, 
 
 iff,:4J 
 
 Albemaile, 
 
 18,20 '3 
 
 /Lnieliu, 
 
 10,091' 
 
 Amherst, 
 
 10,048 
 
 Auguitta, 
 
 14,308 
 
 Bath, 
 
 4,837 
 
 I Bedibru, 
 
 16,148 
 
 Berktey, 
 
 11,479 
 
 Botetourt, 
 
 13301 
 
 Brooke, 
 
 0,843 
 
 Brunswick, 
 
 10,41 ; 
 
 Buckingham^ 
 
 ^0,00'.» 
 
 \ Campbellj 
 
 17,001 
 
 Caroline, 
 
 17,544 
 
 Charles city. 
 
 0,180 
 
 \ Charlotte, 
 
 13,161 
 
 CheaterGeld, 
 
 9,979 
 
 Cumberland, 
 
 9,992 
 
 Culpepper, 
 
 IS. 9 67 
 
 Cabell, 
 
 2717 
 
 Dinwiddie, 
 
 12.524 
 
 Elizabeth city, 
 
 Essgex, 
 
 3,608 
 
 9,376 
 
 Fauqi'ier, 
 
 22,689 
 
 Fairfax, 
 
 13,111 
 
 Fluvanna, 
 
 4,775 
 
 Fre<'erick, 
 
 2^,074 
 
 Franklin, 
 
 10,724 
 
 Gloucegter, 
 
 10,427 ! 
 
 Goochland, 
 
 10.20 
 
 !. Grayson, 
 
 4,94 > , 
 
 Grcepbriir, 
 
 6,91* 1 
 
 T ♦ 
 
 
 
 
 Li* 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 i«(!AuAkr*fi*^'~i'^*^ ^-^ 
 
fro in uliicli il i^ 
 ^. l.ttitudc; on tlic 
 tV. by ()hi(K fiDiH 
 id. 
 : Union. It 18 RK 
 
 tukiMi In^etlier. 
 3 100 cuuntie*. 
 
 No. 
 
 inhaiititntt. 
 
 rillc, 
 
 0,803 
 
 
 3,7+3 
 
 «. 
 
 ii2,M3 
 
 Iiire, 
 
 b,78+ 
 
 T, 
 
 15,083 
 
 ) 
 
 a,!i2S 
 
 an, 
 
 0,908 
 
 »> 
 
 9,049 
 
 
 0,611 
 
 Wisht, 
 
 9,186 
 
 city, 
 
 4,0U* 
 
 )ti, 
 
 11,641 
 
 wu, 
 
 3,806 
 
 •id Queen, Jto,088 
 icorge, 6,434 
 
 Villium, 9,285 
 
 e,S92 
 4,0 94 
 
 Iter, 
 
 •» 
 > 
 
 )n, 
 3ni)urg, 
 
 '<t'X, 
 
 Sali'i, 
 
 "ntry, 
 
 » 
 
 nond, 
 
 ;ei>t, 
 
 21,338 
 11,900 
 12,269 
 
 8,381 
 
 4,2ir 
 18,433 
 
 4,414 
 12,793 
 
 5,444 
 
 s,ioa 
 
 1,991 
 
 10,32^ 
 
 0,478 
 
 I 
 
 4 ' 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 ins 
 
 Counlut. No. inhaiiianls. 
 
 Couillift. Nit. inh 
 
 il'ilantt. 
 
 NirhoUnn, 
 
 
 Ito'tkingliaiu, 
 
 12,733 
 
 Norfolk vuiinty, 
 
 13,679 
 
 KuxKCl, 
 
 0,310 
 
 Niirtliampton, 
 
 7,474 
 
 Hcott, 
 
 
 Nurtliumberland, 
 
 8.3U8 
 
 Slicnandonli, 
 
 lO.f. 16 
 
 Noltowuy, 
 
 9.278 
 
 8oulliani|iioii, 
 
 i;;,+u7 
 
 NeUon, 
 
 9,(>S|. 
 
 KjiotHylvuniu, 
 
 13,2<.)0 
 
 Ohio, 
 
 d,l'fl 
 
 i^ilnll'iird, 
 
 «,sao 
 
 Oranfjo, 
 
 12.323 
 
 i'urry. 
 
 0,833 
 
 I'alric-k, 
 
 4, ♦'.'J a 
 
 Hnsitex, 
 
 It, {62 
 
 I'endlvloii. 
 
 •},239 
 
 THZfrtull, 
 
 3,007 
 
 I'ittsylvHhiii, 
 
 t7.l72 
 
 'r,ler, 
 
 
 I'ovvlialan, 
 
 8,072 
 
 NViirwirk, 
 
 1.833 
 
 I'rcslon. 
 
 
 Wii»liinglon, 
 
 12,1.16 
 
 Prince lidivard, 
 
 13,109 
 
 Weslmortlo'id, 
 
 S,IS1 
 
 Princess Anne, 
 
 9,198 
 
 Wood, 
 
 3,036 
 
 Prince William, 
 
 ,311 
 
 WytJie, 
 
 8,336 
 
 Prince (ieorgc, 
 
 8,030 
 
 York, 
 
 8,137 
 
 Uandiiljili, 
 
 2.S,14 
 
 Ciiy of Riclimond 
 
 , 9.733 
 
 Rieiiniond connty, 
 
 0,214 
 
 Viirlolk iiorougli. 
 
 9,193 
 
 Hockbridge, 
 
 10,318 
 
 Petersburg, 
 
 3,008 
 
 • Total, 974,622 
 
 .^louutttins. Tlie Allc£;iiny mountains \n\%% (hrniigh 
 I he western ptrt of the BtiUe, from IS. SV. to N. K. 
 They cou»i»l of several rittiiiics. The ninin range pUititeR 
 between the sources of ' James and Kanhawa rivern. 
 The Blue Ridge i<t eaot of the main range, nnd iiarHJiel 
 -villi it. The peaks of OlttT, in the BImc Ridge, are 
 4,000 feet liigh. und are tin- highest land in the slate. 
 
 JVatiirid JJivision. The Blue Ridge passcH from K W. 
 to N. K. through the centre of the slate, dividing it into 
 two parts, nearly eqiiul. 
 
 Face oj the count r If. The country west of the Blue 
 Ridge is high nnd mrnniuinnus. On the e.^st of the 
 ridge, it is at first hilly, hut soon spread* out into a low, 
 fiftt pounlry, which extends to the seacoant. 
 
 Rivers. The Fotumac, on the M. K. i» the bonndary 
 aeiween Virginia aud Maryland. The Ohio, on the N. 
 W» acimralcs Virginia from the slate of Ohio. Th« 
 
 ■! 
 
 I^Wifll I 
 
■' 
 
 ^ 
 
 lOG 
 
 Vjn(;!N!A. 
 
 Via- Sntntif. on tlie W. it the boiindar) ljt't«cen Virrfiiia 
 ninl Koiitiicky. 
 
 Th" iiriiK'ipal rivor* wliicfi I'inpiv inio Tliomppake 
 buy. Iit'»i<|i „ the r<(toiii:i»;, ur • ihi* Itnppaliannock. I'ork; 
 and J«HiPs rivers. The Hipimliaiinock mid York liolli 
 risi' uti ilii> (M<»| of ihf IJIiii' llidgis nnd |itirniie n »ou(h. 
 ea»tl course to the lieNHiiOHko. The Jaiiie* ri»e»i on iho 
 wettf dideof ihe Blue lliil^e, and breuking throii^^h the 
 BiounlHiiH. I iirxnen h course iinuth of eaut, und vmnticii 
 inio the nouthern cxlremily of Clic*a|jeukc buy, li i* a 
 great river. 
 
 'A he prineipul river* in the wenlern part of llie ulate 
 are, the Jlig Saudi/, the Great fCatihaica. und the Little 
 Kauhttwat «il of which empty info the Ohio, 
 
 'I'he S/iemudanh is a branch of the Fotomttc. It emp- 
 ties at Harper's ferry, 63 miles northwest of the city of 
 WttHhin^lon. Tlie Jppnmntox is the principal nouliiern 
 brnnchof James river. The Roanoke is foriiied near 
 the southern boundary of the state, by the union of the 
 Dan und the Staunton; but ii soon passes into North 
 Carolina. The Chowan also, a river of North Carolina, 
 ' rises in this slate. 
 
 Swamp. The Dismal Sifamp is south of Norfolk, 
 near the southeast corner of the state. It is 30 miles 
 long, and in broad, and extends into North Carolina. 
 
 Chief Towns. liicHMOND, the seat of government, is 
 beautifully situated, on the north side of James rirer, 
 150 miles from its mouth, just below the falls. It is 
 well situated for commerce, being on a great river, nt 
 (he head of tide water, and having an extensive back 
 country, ubounding with tobacco, wheat, hemp und coal. 
 A canal arouird the falls has been opened, which makes 
 the river navigable for boats 330 miles above the city. 
 The growth of Itichmond has been very rapid In 
 4800, the population was 3,739; in I8t0, it was 9,788} 
 and in 1818, il wus estimated at 13,000. 
 
 Among the public bui[din!>g are the ea]tilol, or state- 
 house, a penitentiary, an armory, and an elegant Epis- 
 copal church, eallecl the Monumental Church, '{his 
 church was erected on the ruios of a Theatre, which, 
 in December^ 1811, was consumed by fire during aa 
 
 T 
 
 n 
 
 h 
 I. 
 
 ri 
 w 
 ti 
 
 ft 
 
 ti 
 
 hi 
 
 n 
 bt 
 th 
 m 
 of 
 he 
 ve 
 lai 
 
 14 
 It 
 
 an 
 th 
 
 ini 
 bel 
 T»i 
 ou 
 
 ] 
 Kli 
 
 'W:j»-^'iv*4bi(*i»atfi«w4«r^fe 
 
Iifluccn Virgtiiia 
 
 inio riiexnppnkc 
 ipaliannuck. J orA-, 
 !k mill York l)ot)i 
 I imrMiie n kouIIi- 
 Faiiien ii«c>H on llio 
 kini; throii!;;li the 
 'a«l, unil vnipticn 
 ;uke bay, li i* a 
 
 pari of llie ulale 
 .'<!. und tiie Little 
 Ohio. 
 
 otomne. It emp> 
 cut of the rily of 
 trincipHlsoiiliiern 
 • i* fonneil Honr 
 the union of the 
 i»»e» into North 
 f North Cnrolinay 
 
 )uthor Norfolk, 
 
 It is 30 miles 
 orth Curolina. 
 )f government, is 
 
 of Jnmes rirer, 
 he fails. It is 
 I great river, nt 
 
 exlennivc back 
 , hemp und coal, 
 d, which makes 
 
 above the city. 
 
 very rapid In 
 0, it was 9,780 i 
 
 apitol, or §tate* 
 in olegHnt Upig> 
 Church. Hm 
 Thenlre, which, 
 fire during aa 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 107 
 
 exhibition, and the govrrnor of the state, with 70 res- 
 l»citHbic ) iti/.('M«(. pcrirthcd in the flnm. .i. 
 
 •A'oi/o/A-, near lli<- NouiheuHt corner ..fthe Mlute, in on 
 the eaisi bunk of Kliztibeih river, a few milcH before its 
 cnirrtnce into Himpton Road. The harbor is unfe, 
 ciiniin.Mliou«, and lar«c .n.-i.^'h to contain ^00 nhips. 
 XXoiloik has more foreign coniniHrce thun any other town 
 in the slate. P<i|inlmion in 1810, 9,1; 3. 
 
 Petersburg. 2b mile, S. of Ru hmond, is on the Anno, 
 muiox hcloa the fHllH, u mile* from \h mouth, at i\w 
 fjeail ol liuvi-rtlion for l«ri{e ve^eln. |t carries on a 
 Urge eonimi ree in lobacn. and flour. It i^ the emno- 
 rininofa considerul.le dintriet in North Carolina, as 
 well H, of the «onlhern part of Virginia. Its popula- 
 tion in itjio, was 0,6«8. 
 
 Freder'cksbnrg \n on the Rappahannock, below the 
 fallH, 110 inileH from it« month, at the head of nHvim- 
 tion. Largequantiiiesorcorn. flour, and tobaeeo are 
 brought Irom ihe surrounding country, and exported 
 rom this town. 
 
 Lynchburg is 120 miles W. of Richmond, on James 
 river, 20 miles below the great fulN, where the river 
 breakH ihrongh the Bine Ridge. From its situation, at 
 the bead ot navigation, it has beconte the centre of com- 
 merce for the neighbouring districts, and a large extent 
 •f country west of the moniitains. Tobacco, flour, 
 liemn,&c. are lirought here, in Inr-e quaniitien, and con- 
 veyed down the river in boats to Riehmond The popu- 
 lation in 1818 was estimated at 8.S0O 
 
 Forktoun, or Fork, on the south Hide of York river 
 14 miles from its mouth, has lhehei«t harbor in Virginia' 
 It IS famous as the place where lord Corn>vulli« hii.I his 
 army were captured, on the 19th of October, 1781, by 
 the united forces of France and America. 
 
 JHount Vernon, the celebrated seal of General Wash- 
 ingion, is pleasantly siti/ated on the Fotomnc, 9 miles 
 below Alexandria. Mmticello, the deat of the Hon. 
 Thomas Jeftersun, is aliont 80 miles N. W. of Richmond, 
 ou a branch of James river. 
 
 fyiUiamabiirg iH 1 2^iilrs W. of York. Gosport i* on 
 Klizabelh river, a mile and a half south of Norfolk. It 
 
 ;■( w 
 

 too 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 ■ 
 
 ponteiitm art ITniloil Stale*' Navy Van!, Jamesloun in 
 on an inlumi in James river, Hi niilen from iu nuMilh. 
 It \vtt« formerly a place of impnrtnnci', Iml is now in 
 ruinn. Le.vingtnn, the cajiital of Uoi'khri(l;;e eotmty, 
 in wc»t of llie'lMiie Ri<l^i',38 milts N.W. of l.yiichluir?. 
 CAnnoffpsrJ//*, tlie capital of Alliemiirle oouiily, i* bl, 
 niileN N. W. of Riclimond, on a lirHOcli of James river. 
 WrtUH^oH in in the centre of llie «tutc, JO miles N.W. 
 of Charlotiefivillo. 
 
 Education. Thin stale has a literary fnnil, llie inter- 
 est of which is appropriated to the support of schools 
 anil colleges. The amount of the fun«f in 1817, was 
 gtt 3,808, and the interest about 860,000 per annum. 
 Uflhiksum S43,000 have been appropriated by the 
 le^i«lalure, to the support 6f common schools, and 
 Jtl8,000 to the support of the University of Vira;inia. 
 
 The University of Virginia was incornornted in isio, 
 and estttblislied nl Charlottesville, in Albemarle county, 
 hesides the University, there are three colleges in thia 
 stale ; IViUiam and J\Iari/, at Wijlinra<burg ; Washing- 
 ton college, at Lexington; and Hampden Sidney, in 
 Prince Kdward county, 89 miles S. W. of Richmond. 
 
 Canals, In the soiilbeaslern part of the slate there is 
 a canal, connecting Chesapeake bay with Albemarle 
 Hound in North Carolina. It partes Ihiough Dismal 
 Swamp. Canals have been made round the fnlls and 
 rapids of the I'otomae, which huve made it navigalde 
 lo Cumberland, nearly 200 miles above Washini-'ton. 
 There are canals around the falls, at lh"> month of ihe 
 Shenandoah, which make that river nnvigable for JOO 
 miles. There is a canal around the fulls in Ihe Appo- 
 matox, which has opened the navigation on that river, 
 for 80 miles above Petersburg. 
 
 The Board of Public Works in Virginia, have report- 
 ed in favour of a canal, which shall connect James 
 river willi the Ohio. 8uch a canal, would make (he 
 towns on James river, the centre of commerce for a large 
 ■ectinn of the western country. 
 
 Population. In 1810, Virginia contained or4,022 in- 
 habitants, of whom 423.088 were negroes. About three 
 fonrlhs of the pnpi'lalion live east of the Blue Ridge, 
 
 li 
 bi 
 w 
 
 81 
 
 m 
 
 o< 
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 ai 
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 tl 
 
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 ni 
 
 b; 
 
 ci 
 
 C 
 I 
 
 tl 
 
VIROINIA. 
 
 art!, Jamestoitn is 
 en from ilH nioiith. 
 tntiri', hill it nnw in 
 Uockhri(l;;e roiinly, 
 V. W. of l.yiichluirt;. 
 miirlc roiiiily, it hi 
 iicli of James river. 
 I', 40 miles N. W. 
 
 rnry fiinil, (lie iiiler- 
 Bupnort of nelinols 
 fun(f in 1817, was 
 )eo,no() per nnnum. 
 ipprnpriKteil by the 
 nimnn Hclinolii, and 
 Tsily of Virs^inia. 
 iicorpornted in 1810, 
 n Alliemarle county. 
 Jircc colleges in lliit 
 am'iliurg ; IVaHhing' 
 fatnpdrn Sidney, in 
 
 W. of Riehmoiid. 
 ( of the state there is 
 my wiih Albemarle 
 ses thioiigh Dismal 
 ! round the falls and 
 e made it navigable 
 
 above Washinirlon. 
 at till' mouth of the 
 •r navigable for JOO 
 ie fulls in the Appo- 
 igaiinn un that river, 
 
 Kir^lnia, have repart- 
 shall connect James 
 nal, would make (he 
 'commerce for a large 
 
 contained or4,622 in- 
 [legroes. About three 
 ist of the Blue Ridge. 
 
 I 
 
 tet 
 
 In this part of the stale the slaves arc vi^ry niimerons} 
 but MCkit of the Htue Kidge, there are seven wbile men 
 where there is one slave. Virginia is one of ihe old 
 •tales, and furnishes a great many emigrauN In the 
 newlpr ssltlcd countries in the west. 
 
 thntoru. Virginia was sel'led emlicr than any olhel- 
 of the United Slates. The first |.erindncnt selileineul 
 was made bv an Knglish colony, at Jatneslown, in ICOX 
 
 In 1732, Washingloii was born. 
 
 Virginia was highly distinguished for Ihe resislance 
 sh« made, when a colony, to the encro(>ehmenl'4 of the 
 mother country. The revolutionary war terminated at 
 Yorklown in this slate, by the surrender of the Urilish 
 army, under lord Curnvvallis, tu the united forces of 
 France and America. 
 
 Udigion. Virginia was first sotlled by Kpisropalians, 
 and for a long lime, Ihey were the prevulenl denomina- 
 tion. They are still numerous unioiig the old seille* 
 ujenls in the eastern part of the state. 
 
 The most numerous deiiominaliuns at present are, 
 Baptists, Mjlhodist*, and IVesbjIeriaiis. The Proby- 
 terians are prineipally wet>| of the Blue Itidge. 
 
 Manners and Customs. On I he east of the Blue Ridge, 
 the inhabitants are principally piaiilers. In lliis part 
 of the state each niiui eoinmonly lives on his own 
 plantation, in an independent style, kurmiiniled by bis 
 slaves. On the west of ibc ridge ihcre are few slaves. 
 Labor is there performed Ly the whites, us in the 
 uorthern slates. 
 
 Mineral Springs. The Hot s/jrin"- is in Balli poumIv, 
 about 00 miles S. VV. of Isiaunion. Tbe m ah-rs, nl soine 
 seasons, are hot enough lo buit an egg. IJerhii'i/ >.pringSf 
 near the Polomac, 110 miles N. W of Wa^liicigion, lue 
 much resorted to by ihe gay niid fashionable, as w.!! us 
 by invalids. There arc sulphur s|iringH in (jreeiibriar 
 county, .Montgomery oountv, and some oilier placett. 
 
 JVaiural Curiosities. I'he J\'alural tr/J/ye over 
 Cedar creek, in Rotkbrldge eoui;ly, 12 miles S. W. of 
 Lexington, is on» of llie nioi,! woiidiTlul euriooiliis in 
 Ihe world. The river at iliit place, runs (brongb a gnp 
 or chasm 'a » hill. Tlie chasm is m fctt wide at tbe 
 10 
 
 I u 
 
 fuglUll^ 
 
110 
 
 VIROINIA. 
 
 top, «50 feet deep, Mnd tlie «ide» almost perpeiiilicular. 
 Th« briilKf! ■» forou'd by a huge rork, lliiovvn compJeteJy 
 •ero8« lliid oliuHfn at the top. The rock which forini 
 the bridge, i* flo feet broad iii the middle, and ii covered 
 wilh eurlh and ireek. It farmi a rnont •ubiiine gpecla- 
 ele, when yon look up at it from the mnrKin of the river. 
 
 IHowiiiff cave in in one of the ridge* of the Allegany 
 muuiiluin* ll II* a hole, about loo feet in diameter, in 
 the lidc of a hill, from which a current of air eonliuu- 
 ally iinue*, mnwig enough to prostrate weedi at the 
 diRtance of (VO feet. 
 
 J/flf/ison's cave, in near the eenlre of the Btale, a few 
 niileit N. E. of Staunton, ll i* in the iide of a hill, and 
 einnds into the earth about 300 feet. There it another 
 cave in the northern part of the •tate, on the top of a 
 mountain. You at firm go down 30 or 40 feet as into a 
 i»ell, and then proceed horizontally about 400 feet. 
 The jtatixage ia from 20 to 00 feet wide, a. d high 
 enough for n short man to walk without stooping. 
 
 The piistta};** of the Potomac through the Blui' Ridge, 
 at Harper's ferry, is celebrated as a beautiful and »ah. 
 lime ttneelacle. 
 
 Soil. As respects ioil, Virginia may be divided into 
 
 4 section*. 
 
 1. The low country, in the eastern part of the state, 
 is sandy and barren, exeept on the banks of the rivers. 
 S. Between the low euunlry and the Ulue Hidge. the 
 land is alternately barren and fertile. «. Between the 
 Blue Ridge and the mam range of the Allegany monn- 
 lains, it is a fertile valley. 4. West of this, it is wild 
 and broken, in some parts fertile, but generally barrel. 
 
 Production*. The staiile productions of Virginia arc 
 wheat and tnbaceo. Indian corn, rye, hemp, flax, Stc. 
 are extensively cultivated. 
 
 JSlinrrah. Coal, of an excellent fjtinlily, is found in 
 abundance, on the bank* of JauRs nver, near Itich- 
 rnond. Iron, coal, lead and sail abound west of ihe 
 Blue'Ridi;e. 
 
 Mimifact'i^es. Guns, swords, and pistols are made 
 at the armory in Richmond, and iron works are e«.tab- 
 tishad in various parts of liuf state. 
 
 1 
 
 awa a fci iWtMm iii tr i nmn i - 
 
 p'll 
 do 
 
 exi 
 
 BOI 
 
 ^ 
 
 eo 
 
 Cci 
 
 M 
 
 Ut 
 B« 
 Cu 
 Ge 
 8u 
 ¥t 
 W 
 Ci 
 Gr 
 Gr 
 Bu 
 Ra 
 M 
 Bu 
 Ec 
 Be 
 W 
 Cc 
 Ru 
 Di 
 Ro 
 Re 
 W 
 Ire 
 Gu 
 
i 
 
 nn*i perpfiirficular. 
 , lliroMii compiett'iy 
 rnck which forini 
 ildle, and ii covered 
 lofil iiililiine ipccia* 
 nariciii of the river, 
 en of the Allegany 
 feet in diameter, in 
 rent of air euntiuu- 
 rate weedi at the 
 
 of the Rtate, a few 
 e aide of a hill, and 
 There it another 
 lie, on the tup of a 
 or 40 feet as into a 
 ly about 400 feet. 
 >et wide, Hi d high 
 loul itooping. 
 igh the Blue Ridge, 
 k beautiful and tuh- 
 
 iiay be divided into 
 
 n part of the itate, 
 lankii of (he rivers, 
 he Blue Hidge. the 
 e. H. Between Ihe 
 (he Allegany moun- 
 Rl of this, it is wild 
 lit generiill) barrel, 
 inna of Virginia arc 
 rye, hemp, flux, Stc. 
 
 f|tinlity. is found in 
 8 liver, near Itich- 
 tbouiid went of the 
 
 d pititols are made 
 i)i{ works ure es.tab* 
 
 NORTH CAROr.lV V. 
 
 Commf.rcn. Tobacco and llfiur are the principal e«- 
 piiris. Virginia o\vn« very liUlf ahippiiim I'lie pro- 
 duce of her planlulion* i* exported, lo ii coiiHidfrtible 
 exieni, in vesiels belonging to the iuurclianl« of (h» 
 ■orlhern slates. 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Situal'wn, Norih Caro 
 ciiiia ; E. by the .\llantic 
 W. by Tennessee. 
 
 Divisions. 
 
 In 1810, tl 
 
 counties. 
 
 
 Countit: No. 
 
 qf inhnhilanli. 
 
 Moore, 
 
 6,3nr 
 
 UaywoHd, 
 
 2.780 
 
 Beaufort, 
 
 7,303 
 
 Cabarras^ 
 
 (1,108 
 
 Gates, 
 
 0,909 
 
 Surry, 
 
 10,366 
 
 Fraaklin, 
 
 10,160 
 
 Washington, 
 
 3,464 
 
 Currituc, 
 
 6,tt80 
 
 Green, 
 
 4,867 
 
 Qranville, 
 
 10,076 
 
 Buncombe, 
 
 9,277 
 
 Randolph^ 
 
 10,113 
 
 Montgomery, 
 
 8,480 
 
 Burke, 
 
 11,007 
 
 Edgeeomb, 
 
 12,433 
 
 Bertie, 
 
 11,218 
 
 Warren, 
 
 11,004 
 
 Colnmbus, 
 
 3,023 
 
 Rutherford, 
 
 13,203 
 
 Duplin, 
 
 7,863 
 
 Rockingham, 
 
 10,310 
 
 Robeson, 
 
 7.628 
 
 Wayne, 
 
 8,087 
 
 Iredell, 
 
 10,972 
 
 Guilford, 
 
 11,420 
 
 linais bounded. N. by Vir- 
 } tf. by Houtli Carolina; and 
 
 i« stale was divided into 6S 
 
 Countui. tfo. of inhubitantt. 
 
 Atiiion, 
 
 8,831 
 
 Oiiabtvv, 
 
 6,669 
 
 (.'ui4well, 
 
 11,707 
 
 iVrsuu, 
 
 6,643 
 
 Nitsh, 
 
 7,268 
 
 Orange, 
 Martin, 
 
 30,130 
 
 0,987 
 
 Craven, 
 
 13,676 
 
 Brunswick, 
 
 4,778 
 
 Camden, 
 
 0,347 
 
 Pill, 
 
 9,169 
 
 New Hanover, 
 
 11,460 
 
 Sampson, 
 
 0,630 
 
 Carierel, 
 
 4,823 
 
 Jones, 
 
 4,968 
 
 Tyrrel, 
 
 3,361i 
 
 Perquimans, 
 
 6,003 
 
 Richmond, 
 
 6,690 
 
 Halifax, 
 
 lfl,620 
 
 Chatham, 
 
 12,997 
 
 Bladen, 
 
 0,671 
 
 Wuke, 
 
 17,080 
 
 Stokes, 
 
 1 1,640 
 
 Pasquotank, 
 
 7,674 
 
 Cumberland, 
 
 9,382 
 
 Nortiiamptun, 
 
 13,083 
 
 wJttMiwaiBi. 
 
 '— ^w i j fc u -*... 
 
tit 
 
 NOHIH CAIIOU.VA. 
 
 CoHiittri. 
 
 s,. 
 
 »/ 
 
 inhaliU wiu. 
 
 Wilks 
 
 
 
 tt.Oj* 
 
 Akh, 
 
 
 
 3,0U» 
 
 liCMoiri't 
 
 
 
 6,a:i 
 
 Joliii«r>ii, 
 
 
 
 ••Hiir 
 
 riiOMHli, 
 
 
 
 0, .'U7 
 
 Ruwaii, 
 
 
 
 3l,JtJ 
 
 Caiiniirt So. ^ inhabilanti 
 llnli'oril, ft.o.is 
 
 I.HM-oln, tA,a09 
 
 iMi'«kleHburg, l»,3Tj 
 
 Total 0AA,ao«> 
 
 Cfl/BM. 'I'hf ilirci» priuci|iitl enp«« arc Ctipp I[ult»ra$, 
 CajH' Loiikuttt mimI ('«/;«? i'Vflr. All nflliifm ure dnnurr- 
 •II* Id mnriiitTi. |iitrlii'iilarly ('ape IIiiiUtii*. 'I'he 
 wenllivr it f'rrr|)ii'iit!y iriuiiLHiijau*, niiii niauy a g^u<} 
 vetiiel liMH lifn Hlii|»\tri>Rkeil tlifrc. 
 
 Inlands 'I'lic «ht>l«» citaitJ in linril «illi Inni^ narrow 
 inlttiiiU, uliirh gri'ally iniptile ii««igutJon. I)«t«»««n 
 the iwlMiitU nru iiiltM*. 
 
 Tnlets. 'I he prinripal inlfU twc Currituck; Roanok*^^ 
 anil (hrucokt \ llie lual only i< nn\ igiiMe. 
 
 Sounds. Tlie principal iDund* arc JilbemnrU and 
 
 Sicamps Great Jhamal Swamp ii lietween Alh». 
 marlr feoiiml and Clirnapi-Mlcc bay. It in 80 milei long 
 and 10 broad, and lien partly in thin Hialc, and partly in 
 Virginia. Little IPinmal. nr Jllligator iMuinp i» between 
 Albemarle and I'ainliro Hoiindi. 
 
 Rivera. The Chowan rinen in Virginia, and emptiei 
 into Albemarle Hound. The Iloanoke in made by Iht 
 union of the Dan and Staunton, both of whioh rite in 
 Virginia. It cniptieR al«o into Albemarle Hound. 
 
 Pamlico and JSeuse rivern empty into Fnmlieo Hound, 
 Pupe Femr rivtr empties into the ocean near Cane Kear. 
 All theie rivers hi.ve bars at their mouths, which ob- 
 atruet the navigation for large vessels. 
 
 The Yadkin T'wt% iu the wenlern part of the slate, and 
 passes into South Carolina, where it assumos the name 
 of the Pedee. The Catawba rises also in the west, and 
 parses into South Carolina, where it assumes the name 
 of the Wateree, whieb is the eastern branch of the 
 Hbntee- 
 
 Face of the country. The low country in North 
 Carolina extends about 80 miles from the sea. Beyaod 
 
i\. 
 
 NOHTH CAROf.lNA. 
 
 U3 
 
 i iVo. ^ 
 
 f inhabiianti 
 
 irti, 
 
 n.ofls 
 
 1 
 
 0,0 J» 
 
 In, 
 
 tA.aoft 
 
 leiiUurg, 
 
 i4,arj 
 
 Total 0A0,OO«> 
 
 nrp Cii|)(> UulUratt 
 if llii'm uro (Innucr- 
 te IIiiiUtiii. 'I'he 
 
 mill niauy a gpoti 
 
 fl uiili Inni^ narrow 
 igutioii. iietwivn 
 
 'urrduck, Roanolea^ 
 
 ijiilili*. 
 
 iiru Jllbemnplt and 
 
 U lielween Alh». 
 1l id 80 milei Iniig 
 Male, nni} pitrlly m 
 r tuuinp U belweea 
 
 rginia, and emptiei 
 t« i» made by Iht 
 ih of wliiah rite in 
 nurle Sound, 
 ilo Pamlieo 8oiind. 
 in near Cane Fear, 
 mouthi, which ob- 
 1. 
 
 irtof theilafe, and 
 assutnaii the name 
 so in the weit, and 
 aiRumes (he name 
 ern branch of the 
 
 country in 
 1 the UK. 
 
 North 
 Bcy«a4 
 
 (hi«, a* you procppil iuto the interior, it i« Hrit hilly, and 
 •nerward* mouiitainou*. The All«'t5any mouutniii* 
 oruM the *liil<* iK-ar Ihv Mi'tti'rn boundary. 
 
 Chief TowiiH. Ualkioh, ilie icat of Kovcrnnitnt, ia 
 IiK'«K«iiily nilmiU'd, ni'ur the centre uf the •talc, und 
 coMluin* a «la(c Ikhuc, and upward* of 1,000 iuhaliitunti. 
 
 AVM'6cr«, on llie Ncune, in the Urgent town in lite 
 •tate. It ha* con*ideruhle eoininercc, and contained in 
 181H, about A,ooo inhal'ilanl*. The river i« navigable 
 to tbi* place for hcii vcnkrU. 
 
 Fayetteville, on Cape Fcur river, near the head of 
 navigation, i* a flnurinliing town, and well aituatcih for 
 commerce. Larije quantitie* of tobacco, ci;tlon, flour, 
 &c. urc brought here from tlie btiuk couulry, and carried 
 down to Wilmington in boat*. 
 
 fyitniiiis;lou, on Cnnc Fear river, .IB mile* from Ihw 
 ■ea, export* more pr-juiict.' thun any other (own in the 
 •tate. 
 
 Eilenton ii on Alhenmrle Hound, near the mouth of 
 <^how. HI river, tlilhboroti^k i* ao mile* N. W. of 
 Uitlcigh. t'lijmmth i* ne.ir the nioulh of tin- Uoaiiokc. 
 Salishitry i* 3 niil»* W of Vmlkin river, and more ihaa 
 100 W. of Uuleigh. SaUm i* 31 mile* N. K. of Sali«- 
 bury. 
 
 Harbors. There ate no goo.l hnrboi* in thit »la(c j 
 their inouih* are all obmrueted by hiiimI bur*. The be»l 
 are ^Vilmio^lon, Newbern, mid l*d. nli.n. 
 
 Education. Ih.- U iversity of J\'orth Carolina i* at 
 Cli-ipel Hill, iH will'* W. Ill Uiliigli il li.»» 3 proftit- 
 Boi*. I'liere i* mi HCiiileiiiy for feiiiuli-H ai Salnn, under 
 the ilireclion of ibe MiiriiCiniii. whirli i* in lii^li repute. 
 
 Catials. I lieie is i« eanul cuniu'cliiig ilic vvuii-r* of 
 AllieiiiHrle Hoiiiiil will' Chi->upeake liny in Virniiiia. 
 Ciiii»Ih li.kve been niud*> hmhiiiiI lie i'alU in Cu|ie Fcur 
 river, uliicli have iitlielt impiiivii) it'* tiittig'tiiuo. 
 
 Jlintrnl SprinjiS. AMnciul spring* ubnurd in ihu 
 moiiiil.iinoiiK eiiiiiilrj, in ilie wenierii pari (if llie siule. 
 Tliey are ettii-neioHi» in the cure of inmiy ili«m>i<« 
 
 Curiosities Arnral. or Fiioi nion.i.iin. near >vil<;m, 
 i* a i;ie(il emi '»iiy It rmfi ;:imiIui»I!>. I ki a |>ji. nid, 
 to the Ik'ii;!)! oI overul Ihou&und fcii, mul ilnu Khuuls 
 it*- 
 
 ■Mm 
 
Ill 
 
 NOUTII TAHOMNA. 
 
 np tiiilitciily likf It <il«r|ilf, lit the llri^h( of 40(1 Tif (, kniI 
 ItrniiuNlcw tn ii iTm HDri'itcr, rinm Hliivh liii-r* i* n nabl« 
 view of llic nuiiiiuuiJini^ fniiiitry, fur hii iminrti*^ di4' 
 tanrc. 't'lii> iliHini-u-r ul'lhe nirriili* |inr( of tlir iidiuii- 
 tain, at llii- liniiunt, i* not iimru tlian loo or -JOd r«-i'i. 
 
 'I'hi4 miMiiiinin ruH lir «i'cii «l (lie liiRlnnri* of Ao nr 
 TO mile*, nvi rluiikiiiK l^** «'iniii(r^ lirliMv. It wn* CNili-tl 
 I'ilnl iniiiiiiliiin liy tin- liMlinin. bi>«iiu«e it arrvfrf ihcm 
 fur « benrnn. Uy which Ihi'ji coiMluetrtI llivirrouttt in th« 
 olil liiHinn \\nin. 
 
 I'liputnliiin. In Itlio, Nnrlh fitroliiia cinttainotl 
 aa.l.3uu inhiiltilnnu ; about nn« (hirtl »T \»hiini wvre 
 <lavr«. 'l'\\v uliivf* arc |triiici|nll} fonfini-tl lo ihr low 
 eniinlrj. In llii* MctU-rii or iiiounliiiiioiiN purl uf ihp 
 iilntc, the ilavi'ii aru nut more than unu tuM-uih part of 
 thi' popitialion 
 
 liiligiiin. 'Vhir MfihoiliKU iinil nnpii*!* arc much tlia 
 ino'tl nuiiioriiiiM tli-uonitiiitliiin*, «>»piMiHlly in (he luw 
 rnuHiry. Tl.i' tu'iiirn part ol' ihu «tnle wa* leltUil bj 
 l'ri"(liyti'riiiii« fimn IVnnKylvnnia. 
 
 SoU. As in VirKiniii, liic «nil of (hp low rnunlr^Ti 
 except nn ihc bankx of (he rivcr», ii unnily unti poor j 
 and thai ofth;- iiilly ami moiinlniiiuu* tiutricU ii vari> 
 •lUi* hut i;)-iieiiiil}' ri-rlik'. 
 
 J'roduclifm'*. Whene, rye, hurley, oatt, ami hemp, 
 are eultivnted in (he hilly ruuntry s nrid riee of a tine 
 quality ia rained in the Nuampii. 'Tobueco aud Indian 
 corn are rxlermively cultivated. 
 
 Ail the low country ii rovered with fore«l« of pitch 
 pine, which ;;ro»n here la i^reat perfeelinn. This val- 
 uable tree yield* pitch, hir, lurptniine, boardit, and 
 variou* kiudi of Inuilier, which together eonttitute about 
 half the exporln of the itale. 
 
 Commerce. The prinripal exporti are pileh, tar, 
 turpentine, lumber, Indian corn, tobuern. Ike. 
 
 Much of till' nrodueo of North Carolina it exported 
 from the neigbbourini^ <(t«te«. That of the northern 
 part ftoen lo Lynchburg and Peternburg. in Virginia, 
 •nd that of the weilern, lo Cbarkaton, ts. C. 
 
K 
 
 ;h( of 400 r)'Pl,iiHi( 
 ivh liifr« i« It iiulilr 
 ' NO iminrii«i* ilu. 
 |mrl of tlir iidiuii- 
 100 or mnt ri-vi. 
 B tliilitni'i' «f flo or 
 iMV. It HUM eiilli-tl 
 iu«fl il arrvfii ihcm 
 I lli«irroul«« in the 
 
 'nroliiiK rniilaiiioil 
 r<l (iT wlmni ware 
 iMiiiiinctl lo thr low 
 iiiiiiniit purl uT (lip 
 iiu tiMfulh part of 
 
 [)ii«l« nrc niiifli tha 
 (■JHlly in (lie low 
 nio \tai leltlcd lij 
 
 ifip low PotinlrT, 
 *niiily utiil poiir ; 
 \* <li«tricl« il vari- 
 
 nntt, ami hrmp, 
 nnd rice of n tine 
 liucro aud Indian 
 
 III furriU of pitch 
 eclioii. 'riii» val- 
 tliiie, ItnardN, and 
 er conititiite about 
 
 Is are pileli, tar, 
 
 OPO. &,P. 
 
 irolinu it pipnrto4 
 it of I lip nurilicra 
 Oinri;. in Virginia, 
 in, tj. C. 
 
 WMJTII rAnot.llVA lib 
 
 •OVTII CAROLINA. 
 
 Sihinlioii. Moiiili Carolinii i» hoimilnl N, and N R. 
 by Norlli Ciirolinu ; M. |;, l.y i|,t. Ailuntic ; uimI H. W. 
 Iijf (U'l.rijirt, from mIiicIi u i« kipurulid b) .Suvaiiiiah 
 river. 
 
 Jilvitionn. 8uulli Carolina i« dividid into 3S DitlrUtl. 
 
 Dhiridi. Pup, in 1810. 
 
 i'liurlcotan, flj ITO 
 
 (Miinlrr, ll,»7u 
 
 Hpnilnnijur^li, I »,J.lu 
 
 LHiirun^, 14. US J 
 
 Marlliiirouuli, 4,060 
 
 l).irlirii{toii. tf.oir 
 
 C'lii-iii'HieM, 3.001 
 
 Union, tO,0U3 
 
 FaiilieM, 1I.H.17 
 
 reniliit.iii, fl^Hor 
 
 Newberry, <a,«fl4 
 
 Marion, «,hh4 
 
 lii-iii^ton, o,fln 
 
 Williomiburjj, fl,s7l 
 
 Total, 413,110 
 
 Face of the country. The poiinlry it divided into 
 Lower niid ITpppr, nn in .North Curolina aud Virginia. 
 The Hid^p which divide* ihein it about 140 niilei from 
 the keu. The lower country it between the llidxe and 
 Ihe (jCftcoaHl. It it principally un iinnienup tandy plain, 
 detlilute of ttonet. The upper eonnlry liex beyond the 
 RidKC, and it at fint hilly, and aflerwurd* moiinlainout. 
 
 J^ountaina I he Aile^un) ntotinlaint erui* the iiorth- 
 wettern corner of the time. The higbptl ttuinmit ii 
 Table nioiiniain. which Ih entiiniiled at 4,000 feel. 
 
 Rivers. The .Havaimalh "" the wett, teparalct .S«ulh 
 Carolina fr«iiii (ii uri;ia II rite-* in the AlleKuny inuua* 
 (aiot, and ila course ia Jd. E. (o llm oteaD. 
 
 r 
 
 DniiitH. 
 
 P»p. il, IHIO. 
 
 (Jriiiiijeliurgh, 
 
 I4,it9 
 
 I<iiiiPii«ler, 
 
 A.illH 
 
 Kd^eliild, 
 
 aj.ino 
 
 Oeor^eliMtn, 
 
 la.rtro 
 
 Horry, 
 
 4;ltll 
 
 niirnwell, 
 
 IV.VNO 
 
 Ab'.evillc, 
 
 si.iao 
 
 Kernhuw, 
 
 o.Hor 
 
 Urernviitc, 
 
 13,188 
 
 Mum pier, 
 
 19.0A4 
 
 UcHufiirt, 
 
 S3,HS7 
 
 Vork, 
 
 iu,o.ia 
 
 Hicbhnd, 
 
 ».0i7 
 
 Colleton, 
 
 80,800 
 

 IH 
 
 f*orTII CAROMVA. 
 
 Til* IV(/#tf, In Ih* •••icrn fiMrt uf lk« •l<«l<', rinBlii* 
 Into flptififi'lKwn but. Il rtnm in Norili rarolm*. v»»ii«rr 
 M i* mllril III* Ymlkiii II 14 iiAviifK*'!" (»r Iiom^i, <»«rl) 
 III ihr linutiilaiy >i#tM*-»n llip Imh •mica. 
 
 Thi« SiHilt* I* lli^ uri-m riviT of •^niiih ' '•roliiiM. It 
 tm|iliv« a ffw miU» ri<iin ilio ■ i oih nf ilir I'tilrc It 
 !■ roiii|Mi«rt| itf iwii liiniipl I -, ),i> Cungttrff, antl tbf 
 H'atrrt*. 'I'lir Wuletrr nut* in Nortli I'lirolinH, Mhfre 
 it is CKllril (ill* ('hIamIiii. 
 
 Caitftrr ami Ji»hli^>j riviT* rmntv iiiia ('hnrlrtlon linr- 
 bor. /fi/i*/» rivpr rm|itii-4 Nl vM*i» itUnil, vo unlet 
 N. W. of (;h«rli>*lun. 'lli» Vimhtiht* finptirt A few 
 niilf« riirlhiT Mr»t. 
 
 CAiV/ Tnu'ttn Vharltnlim, the Uri<r«l town in ifit 
 •tutf, \% iilualril on n Inni^ur of Uitil, r»riiirii liy the 
 riiiifliiriipc of lli»« MviTt rooMiT Mint A*!!!!-),? inilr* 
 froni tlip oi-citn. Thr liarhor u barrnl by n «Ancl hnnk 
 Mf roil Ibr nioiiili, wliiib, liuwavrr, at all linii-t adinili 
 vi'4<ir|ii «lrHMiiii( lc«it iImh I J feet water. Clinrlrdnn it 
 a nUri* of iiiiiph wohIiIi hmiI PoiiimiTrt*. Il ini|Mirlt mutt 
 orilii* riiri*i«n i^ODilii puntunifil in Mi>ulb Carolina, a roii- 
 •iilcrable |i>rl of Nurib Carolinii, nml a |»trl ofOpurgia. 
 Ill tsiA It WM tbp liflb tuHU in tb« Ifiiiird Siatn, in 
 ■tniMini of «lii|t|iiiiK. 
 
 In 1NI0. ibi- nuinht'lriif inbabilantt wiu 21,711 of 
 whom (.Ml:i ui-rv bUi-k<i. AnionKlbf |Mihllc iMiiMingt 
 are an l>»rbnll^l■. oi|ilinn 'ioimp, ibi-uiri*, liu<i|iilitl, and 
 ii lioiit'o for jMiblic Hiimliiii. 
 
 The t-liinHlp of lhi« liiy t» more brnlihy than ihiit of 
 lb(> low poiinlry i;ini-tull). Ilrnrc. iliiriiii; thr kiikly 
 ■i-aton. il 14 ihi* iroorl of )hp |iIiiiiIiti« fiom olbiT |iHrti 
 of thf 4"«ii'. nnii from the Wcit liulif*. 'I |if ri- i* nini-h 
 rrHhi <'i'i« II' rr. ami Ihf inlittbitaiilf have lung bi'i-n 
 ei'li'bff'i'' fi-r I'^'ir li<i»|Mlii'iiy 
 
 Cot'w: 1 I. tx MM* of i;ot</i(im«'iil. i« on llii* ('onu;nrre. 
 Il i* ri>i|oii*rly iniil out. on ho i-livtucil |ilt«in, iinil hnt 
 hail a ni|)iil If itwli, A olHaiii bout |ilii-« btlwi'i-n Iliia 
 town HiiiJ riiiirlintoo 
 
 (intrpi'h.irti j. •» (Jeorgi'own hiiy. iirariiip month of 
 thi- IVilfi-. I\i>, iii'f . •» I. II I n inli iiH. 72 n'ilt'«. >^ W. 
 of C'burkttou. t'(i"ii/rn la at Ijiir Lead ul uuTiguiiun, 
 
r lh« •Into. rinDlitt 
 irili ('arolina, ^hfre 
 iiitn fur lion!*, iitarl) 
 
 ^niiih ' arnlinn. It 
 I nf llir Ftdrc. 1 1 
 
 ('ongtifff, »n*\ ihr 
 irlli Cariilinii, whtte 
 
 into (.'harlr«(on linr- 
 ii) itUiul, JO inilci 
 A/ir# i-mplirt K f«w 
 
 liir^)-*( loun in lh« 
 Uiiil, r»riiirii liy lh« 
 imI A«tilr), 7 milrt 
 rril by n «an<l bnnk 
 •t nil linifi adinili 
 alrr. (!linrlr*liiii ii 
 ri*. It iniporu mutt 
 iiih ('Miolina, a roii- 
 <l a purl iir(i«urgiM. 
 r Uuiird Hiatri, in 
 
 ant* wiu 3 1,7 It of 
 
 ;lhr public biiil<liii|i;« 
 i-uire, lioKpitHi, und 
 
 lii'itliliy I ban I hut nf 
 , tliiriiiif till* kii'kly 
 ft* rioni wlbtT pHrt« 
 lie*, 'i'llrri' U llDlvh 
 laiilf huvL* lung bti-n 
 
 . i« on ibe ('onunrrc. 
 itiU'il iiUiii, Hiiil lin« 
 It plii-ii btlwft'ii Ibit 
 
 V. iH ar tbf nutitth of 
 'iirt, 7'i n-iif". H \V. 
 Lfdil ul uiivi5uiiun. 
 
 novTH r.iiiai.iNA. 
 
 in 
 
 •N llw >Valrn>r, $9 wilM ^ K irf C„U«iW». |i (. 
 *»t-l| tiliiiiifit fur Irnilt* ihnHgtt^tf; i< Ml imlrt M uf 
 Cuiuiiiliu, on u braiii-hor \\\>- l.tiitin Ja,i,»i,t)hurn»rk 
 u oil Ibv KiImIo, J.I mil** NV. ol ('b«rlf*i«n ^Ibh. vfU» 
 i» I JQ mtWn NV. ori'uluuiliia. himtburoinh i» j<»iiiiIm 
 N. of CnlNinbiM. 
 
 i'anni Tbri. i« i% rainil, Jj milr* long, ,>oMNf^|iii|| 
 MaiiiM- uii'l Co.p.r rivtr., I,y Mbii-bibn pr ilnir h( % 
 lttri<i- >i*iiioii of I hi* •»iil<-, iiiitl ol n pan of >»flli I'urw- 
 linn i< biiiui^bl lo ibc fily of Cbarlrtlini 
 
 KJutaiioH. SiiHfh CaritJinn VnU*Kt, hI CaIuii bia, la 
 liHvrully p4iroMi/.<il Uy ibf •luif. |i bn* a vrry valiiablw 
 fb»mi«Hl miti pbtloKopbifHl NppH'iiMM, nnil n Utwr libra- 
 ry, 'rbfiit art- I proli .Nom, hhiI omif Ibmi lou niiMltHla. 
 CollrKi'* luw> It.i'ii )'.i.«)|li.|ii'tl in Abbitilh* diiiiiirt, 
 In lifiuifoil, uml in NViniiaboriMii^b, but ibi-y liava Itot 
 tak(>ii a biffbcr rnnk ibiui antilciiiii't. 
 
 TliP »|iili' \u\* Hppr.priiiiril ib« tnin of ;jl.t(»,(mo annu- 
 ally for Ihi' <iip|M.ri of li('i«,liii.iU, wbirh are f«iNblitli. 
 til Ml cviry nan of Ibr ulttic. Tbirr nri» ■ociclira alto, 
 wilb liirm' funiN. fur llii< tilncitlinn of poi.r rbililrrn. 
 
 Rulix'utn. \\\<f MiMbodiitu anil Htnii*)* nrf ikv mnil 
 ■itn.arou*. Nem In lliem art ihe IVi «bylerian« and 
 Kpiieiipaliant. 
 
 Fopulation. Honlli Carolina cnnlninrd in 1810, 
 ♦ 19,11 J inbabitnnli, of whom Itifl.yiia (nrarly otip half) 
 wire Nlavri. Tbi- ulnvei nri* principally eonfiucd to 
 the flat rounlry near llii* cnunl. 
 
 JStanntrt and VuMimt. Th« mounlainoui dialricU 
 are inbabilid by farrofm, uho have few or no alavetf 
 but depend upon (heir own I'lerlions for luppori, aa in 
 Ihe norlhern ilalri. The low country in inhabilid by 
 planter*, who aro mipportcd by the labor of Ihrir ilavri. 
 The planter! havi> lar^e inromea, live at (heir eaie, 
 and pomeai much of the independent character of Kng- 
 li»h country gentlemen. Hunting it one of their favor, 
 ite amu«ementa. 
 
 Climate. Theelifflnte nf the upper country i» healthy, 
 at nil Ncason* of th« year. In the low country, the 
 tuminer monib* nre iiickly, particularly Aiigimt nnd 
 Hi'piember, and ihi- climate, nl thii neaiion, IrtMueiitly 
 prnvci fatol lu tlranijcr^. 
 
 II 
 
 )i 
 
 II 
 
118 
 
 (lEOnGIA. 
 
 FroducHons CoUon und rice arc llie HlapJcii of SoulL 
 C&i'oliim. Tlie vlimtUt' i\ii<l mtil uic wfll u<lu|i!f(l to 
 tohacfd, iiMligo, ijrHit), itf. hicI thi-se were ♦oiiiutIj 
 eullivnlol lo H .5r<'Ht ♦■xieiil } )iu( airu-o llie iiivi-i)lii>ii. by 
 Mr. Whiliu-y, of llii inm-liine lo olcunse MpluDil foiioii 
 from itH »i'e'lM, tlf «'n'iiv,iiit>M of i'<)l|.(ii li;it« li.cinne ^^o 
 proiilabie. iJml hIiimi.? t'viT> ihun^.Uc in iihi;;Iiiici). 
 
 JVanufavtures. Ver\ liilie ulltiiiinii iw paid (» niHtiii- 
 faelurc4 in llii* Miaie! Ajs^riinllnri' in so bhh'Ii oiore 
 profilalde. ihiit till' inhaliiiHMitt will proliably rotitiniie, 
 i'or inany year*, lo look to foreign oouotries for inoBl of 
 thfir inaniitiuMiirfM 
 
 Commercp Cotton intlie capital article of export. HiVe 
 i« now of Hceond cotiMeqiience. 'i'he ollitr arliclcH are 
 IiiuiImt, pilcl), tar, turprtuiiip, &,e. '1 he Hiuie ouns 
 very little nhippiiit;. A lar^e part c,f tlie produce of 
 Souili Carolina ii« exported iu nhipn, Ix-longiog to iner- 
 •liantH in the northern ilates, und nianued by A'ew 
 England seamen. 
 
 fslands. Tlie 8ca coast is bordered with a fine chaio 
 of islands, between which and tbe shore there is a very 
 convenient navigation. Sullivan's island, James island, 
 and John's is'and border on Charleston harbor. Edisto 
 island and Hunting islands lie U. W. of Charleston. 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 Situation. Georgia is bounded N. by Tennessee ; N. 
 E. by South Carolina, from which it is separated by 
 Savannah river; E. by tbe Athnlicj 8. by Florida; 
 and W. by Alabama. 
 
 Divisions. The eastern part of this state is settled 
 by the whites, and is divided into counties; the western 
 part is in the possession of the Creek Indians. The 
 part occupied by the whites was divided in 1810 into 38 
 counties. 
 
 Countitt, 
 
 Pop. in 1810. 
 
 Counikdt 
 
 fop. in 1810. 
 
 Wayne, 
 
 ortj 
 
 M'Intnsh, 
 
 8,739 
 
 Camden, 
 
 s,e4i 
 
 Liberty, 
 
 6,238 
 
 Qlyim, 
 
 3,417 
 
 Bryan. 
 
 • 2,835' 
 
e Hln|)i<><f ofSotilL 
 I' well u<lu|i!f<l to 
 '»e Mere loriiicrljr 
 I llie iiivi-iitiitii. by 
 nue Mpluiid col (on 
 •til h:i* licciiine HO 
 
 I- in IIHi;|iMf(Ml, 
 
 I i» piiiil (II nmnii- 
 \>* so Riiicli (iiore 
 ioli.il»lj I'otitiniie, 
 iitries fur inoBl of 
 
 Ic of export. RiVe 
 ullier urIiclt-H tire 
 'I'lie Hiuie uuiii 
 f tlie |iroiliiep of 
 M'loiigiii)ij lu tner- 
 nianiieJ by ^.'ew 
 
 with a fine chaio 
 e there in a very 
 ind, JumPR i*ilaiia,. 
 I liarbnr. Edisto 
 }f CbarleHton. 
 
 ly TenneHRee ; N. 
 is 8e|iHrated by 
 «. by Florida; 
 
 1 state is settled 
 iti«8; the western 
 k Indiiius. The 
 :din 1810 into SB 
 
 fop. in 1810. 
 3,73a 
 6,228 
 2,837 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 lid 
 
 fkuniiet, 
 
 Hiilloph, 
 
 Ktfitigh.un, 
 
 Chatham, 
 
 Culumhia, 
 
 Warren, 
 
 Jeiferson, 
 
 Burke, 
 
 Seriven, 
 
 WaMhiiigton, 
 
 Montgomery, 
 
 Talnal, 
 
 Ric-hmon«l, 
 
 Hancock, 
 
 Oglethorpe, 
 
 Clarke, 
 
 JackHou, 
 
 fvt>. in 1810. 
 
 2,309 
 
 S,3N6 
 
 13,1)40 
 
 6.7-23 
 6,tll 
 
 10.8<)8 
 4,447 
 9,940 
 2,904 
 2,20« 
 0,180 
 
 1.3,830 
 
 1 2,297 
 7,,ti8 
 
 10,969 
 
 Count ict. 
 
 Pep. in 1810. 
 
 Franklin, 
 
 10,819 
 
 KIbcrt, 
 
 12,190 
 
 Lincoln, 
 
 4,996 
 
 Wilkes, 
 
 14,8S7 
 
 Walton, 
 
 1.026 
 
 Junes, 
 
 8,907 
 
 Janper, 
 
 7,973 
 
 Morgan, 
 
 8,detf 
 
 Greene, 
 
 it,ta9 
 
 Putnam, 
 
 10,07>« 
 
 Baldwin, 
 
 6,396 
 
 Wilkinnon, 
 
 2,194 
 
 Lnurens, 
 
 2,;2t8 
 
 Telfair, 
 
 74i 
 
 FulaHki, 
 
 2,093 
 
 Twiggs, 
 
 8,409 
 
 Total, 492,433 
 
 Face of the country. The face of the country very 
 much resembles that of the Carolinas. The coast is 
 lined with iiilands. The low country is a flit, sandy 
 pine barren, extending about «o or 90 luileM from the 
 coa»t. Beyond this, the enuniry becomes hillv, and in 
 the iiorihwe»t eornrr of the slate, rises into mountains. 
 
 Islands The prmcipnl isil inds on the coast are Tu- 
 bee. St. Catherine's, Sapelo, at. Himun's, Cumberland, 
 and Jmelia, 
 
 Hicamps. Okefomco swamp is partly in this stale, 
 and partly in Florida. It ii« I80 miles in ciroumference, 
 and is full of alligators, snipes, frogs, and swarm* of 
 niutquetoes. It is uninhubilatiie .' v any hamaii being. 
 Cypress swamp is near the sources of Salilla ri»er. 
 
 Rivers. Havannuh river separates Georgia from 
 South Carolina on the noilbeast. 'ITie Tennessee \u»l 
 toiiflien the stale on tbe northwest. The Chatuhno'chee 
 sppanilis it from Alabrtina on the sonihwest; and the 
 Bl Mn.fs. (Voiii Floriilu on the south. 
 
 'I'hi Suniiiiiuh rises in the Allegmiy monnlains, and 
 funs soul beast 10 the oieuu. Ji ia navigable for large 
 
 __ i 
 
:- 
 
 IM 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 f 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 vensels 48 milps, to Saraiiiiali, and for snialter vcxneli 
 toUie rttlU at AugiiHia, X4n mHc* furl her. Above (lie 
 faH« lioHiH run go 00 itiileM uillioiil nliMlrunlion. 
 
 The Os^erhee emplies 13 niilex ti. W. of Savannnli. 
 
 Tlip ^/2imnAa i« H great liver. It liaH two brartclics, 
 Ihc Oconee from the east, and the Oafimulgee from the 
 WPit. It is navigiihle for vessels of 30 toim as far as 
 Milledgevilie, on tbeOeonce branch, 300 miles from the 
 •oeaii. 
 
 Satilla river empties north of Cumberland island. It 
 ri«e« near ('j|>rHHM wvanip, in the connlry of itie Creek 
 Indiana. The »S/. JUary's is n remarkably deep river. 
 It rises in Okefminco swamp, and i mplies between Cum- 
 berland and Amelia islands, h is navigable to its 
 •ourer. 100 miles. 
 
 Flint river joins the Chatidiofieliee in trie southwest 
 corner of the stale, and the united stream takes the name 
 of Appalarhieota. 
 
 The Coosa and Tnllaponsa rise in flie northwest part 
 of (he state, and p;iss into Alabama. 
 
 Chief TowHf,. Savannah \«, on Bavaimnh river, 18 
 miles from the bar at the mouth. It is the centre of 
 commerce for the slate. Vessels drawinj; 14 feet water 
 ean rome np to the city; larger vessels receive their 
 cargoes 3 miles below. Savannah contained in 1810 
 upwards of S.OOO inhabitants. In January, 18:20, a 
 terrible fire laid k large portion of the city in ashes. 
 
 Jin^usttt is on the Havanoah, just below the falls. 127 
 miles, by land, north of Savannah Large quantities of 
 cotton and other produce are hroui^hi to Augusta, from 
 the hack country, and carried down the river to Savan- 
 nah. Population, in tBtO. about 4,000. 
 
 JUilledgevitle, the seat of government, is on Oconee 
 river, near the centre of the state, and about .^00 miles 
 from the ocean, by the (nurse of the river. BoHts of 30 
 tons can ascend as far as this pkce. rupulalion, in 
 18 1 9, about J,<'3a(t. 
 
 7/rtnVn is on \llamalia river. 12 miles from the bar 
 At its mnulh It v> ill probably sonn be a place of great 
 importance, ns it is i' e cetitre of comoierce for the 
 country on the Altamulia and its branches, which is 
 
 
^or smaller vcKxels 
 rlher. Above (lie 
 littlruclinn. 
 V. uf 8uvannn1i. 
 liHH (MO brandies, 
 ifituulgee from I be 
 30 tons AS far as 
 300 miies rrom the 
 
 berlani] islnntt. It 
 in(ry of ifie Creek 
 kiib!y deep river. 
 )(ie« between Cum- 
 ) navigable to its 
 
 in the sontbu-est 
 'ttMi lnk(-« Ibename 
 
 be northwest part 
 
 ivaimnh river, 18 
 is the centre of 
 wing 14 feet water 
 iseU receive their 
 contained in 1810 
 January, i8-20, a 
 e city in ashes, 
 elow the falls. 127 
 Lnrsfe quantities of 
 to Auj^usia. from 
 lie river tu Savau- 
 )0. 
 
 nt, i<4 on Oconee 
 
 it about .iOO miles 
 
 iver. IViHtH of 30 
 
 I'lipulaliiin, in 
 
 iles finiii the bar 
 
 be a place of great 
 
 cniiiiiicrce for tlte 
 
 ranches, which is 
 
 r.EOROIA. 
 
 ni 
 
 hccomin!? populous with great rapiilily. In ISIO (he 
 piipiilalion was J<J(i, aiitl in IS.'o, pmbably ten times 
 that niiinber. 
 
 Sunliiiri/, Bruiisu'icl,; and S^ ».l/nr//'s arc on the nea 
 coast, S, \V. of Savannah. I'eti'rshurg is on the .*Savaii- 
 nab river, a» miles above Aiigusia. )r«,s7/j(;;;/o« is 5(i 
 miles N. >V. of Augusta. Jt/wiis i<* on a branch of the 
 Oconee, about 70 miles N. of .MilledgeviKe. 
 
 Education. There is a college at Athens, culled 
 Franklin college. Its funds are very lespectable. 
 
 Provision has been made by the legislature, for the 
 establishment of an academy in every cminiy in the stale ; 
 and a handsdnie sum has also been appropiiated to the 
 establishment of free schools. 
 
 CuriosH;/. A-icknJac/c cave is in the N.W. corner of the 
 state, within half a mile of Tennessee river. It com- 
 mences in a precijiice of the Rackoon mountain, with a 
 mouth 50 feet high, and Kio wide. Ti has a Hat roof, 
 formed of solid limestone. The cave consists chiefly of 
 one grand excavation through the rocks, preserving for 
 a great distance the siime dimensions as at its mouth. 
 
 What is more remarkable slill, it forms for the whole 
 distance it has yet been explored, a walled anil vaulted 
 passage for a stream of cool and limpid water, in some 
 places feet dee^, and OO v^ide. Col. Ore, of Tennes- 
 see, explored this cave a few years since, lie followed 
 the course of the creek, in a eanoe, for three miles within 
 (he cave, and was prevented from proecedinsr further bv 
 a fall of water. ' 
 
 Iteligion. The Baptists and Methodists are much 
 the most numerous deuominiitiuiis. TliL-re are but few 
 settled ministers in the state. 
 
 Population. In I8t(), Georgia contained 2,12,432 in- 
 habitants, of whom ll.'>,m were whites, and 107,000 
 were slaves. This population is toiiliiied to the eastern 
 part of the slate. The western part is mlialiited by the 
 Creek Indians. The population oCGenrijiH has increas- 
 ed very rapidly. In 1790, it amounted to rt.',0(m ; in isoo, 
 to 102,000; and in tsio, to iHiiAOO. J\<. ihere is inueh 
 unoccupied land, the inereiise will probably continue to 
 be rapid for many years to come. 
 11 
 

 k 
 
 Its 
 
 ALAUAMA. 
 
 Tmlinnn The I'lei-k- ItitlimiM occiipj- iho wrsliTii |»nrf 
 iil'tliix ilitto, Hiid ihe eiiHttTii part of AIhImimih. 'I'liey 
 iiilinliit I lie voiiiilry wuterotl by I lie C<iii«h, 'rallnporiMu, 
 unit ('liHluhiincliei' river*. 'I'liey ore the iniml >vnrlikt> 
 mill iiDwerl'iil Imliaim I'nst ol' the MiitNiit>'i|i|ii. Their 
 iiiimhor is uliout 20,000. The Cherokefn iiihuhil the 
 iinrlhweHt euriier nl'lhiit ttlate, and the udjiicent |iurti» of 
 Alithiiina mid TeiineH<iee. 
 
 Soil. The noil oFUeiirgia very much renemhleg tliat 
 ofttie CaroliiittR. The low ceuntry, which extendi* HO 
 or <J0 miles from the coatit, is sandy and barren. The 
 upper country has generally a stroni;, fenil:; soil. The 
 islaiMU and the banks of the rivers have u rich Koil. 
 
 i'roduclinns. Cotton is the principal production of 
 Geor;;ia. It is of two kinds; the Iduek seed, or sea- 
 inland colloii, which is raised on the inlands, aid near 
 the coi'.st ; and the green seed, or uiilnuil, w hich is rai»cd 
 ill the upper country. The sea island is the best. 
 
 The otlier productions are rice, which is raised in the 
 swamps of the low country, tobacco, sugar, tigs, oranges, 
 ponipgranutes, olives, lemons, &c. 
 
 ^Vauitfartures. The cultivation of cotton is so lucra- 
 tive, that manufactures cannot (lourish. The inhabit- 
 ants, for some time to come, will probably chouxe to de- 
 pend on the uorlheni stales, and on foreign countries for 
 a large part of their manufactures. 
 
 Commerce. The great article of export is cotton. 
 Savannah and Darien are the principal ports. Georgia, 
 like all the southern states, owns but little shipping. 
 Most of her produce is exported in ships belonging to the 
 merchants of the northern states. 
 
 ALABAMA. 
 
 Situation. Alabama is bounded IV. by Tennessee; E. 
 byOeoi^ia: S. by Florida, and the Gulf of Mexico; 
 uiid W. I.y the slate of Mississippi. 
 
 ])ivisiiin>t. A large portion of this state still iielongs 
 f(i the Indians. Congress, bimeier, are continually pur- 
 chasing their lands. The Indian title is already extin- 
 
 L 
 
k^.- 
 
 ALABAMA. 
 
 183 
 
 ipj- )!iP wi'ukTii |mrl 
 r AIhImimih. 'i'hey 
 C<in«H, THllnpoditu, 
 ■e llii> mii<tt wHrliku 
 liitNiit>ii|)|)i. Tlicir 
 erokpfti iiiliuhil llit> 
 liu udjiiccni I'urU of 
 
 iiirli rpRctnlilefl tliat 
 wliicli oxtendi* HO 
 ntui barren. The 
 ;, fen;!:; (toil. The 
 Hive u rich koH. 
 !i|iul |iroiluctiou of 
 iluck Heed, or sea- 
 n iMluntlst, nid iieur 
 %U(l, uhieh iit raided 
 1(1 \h tlie lieHt. 
 hich ii« raised in the 
 liugar, tig4, urangus, 
 
 f eotlon in so luora- 
 ish. The inhabit- 
 ibably choose to de- 
 breign countries for 
 
 f export is cotton, 
 al ports. Georgia, 
 but little shipping, 
 lips belonging to the 
 
 \ by Toime«»ee ; K. 
 > Gulf of Mexico ; 
 
 s state still lielongs 
 nre eotitinnally pnr- 
 lle is already exun- 
 
 j^nittied to several large sections. That part oP ifm 
 stale uhieh belonged to the whites in IHIN, was divided 
 into Ji counties. 
 
 liiveva. The Chatahuuchee on the snnthrasi, separate* 
 this state from (ieorgia. The YVfUK'N.see enters the slain 
 nt its northeast corner, and beading runnd in a curve, 
 leaves it at ihoN. W. corner. 
 
 The other rivers of this slate are, the JilubiU and its 
 brrtnt'lii-s. 
 
 The J/o/;//(' is formed by the union of the Alabama 
 and the I'onibeekbee. Aflcr the jonclirm of ibese two 
 rivern, ttie united Klreini pursues a southerly eiiurse fur 
 i< fiMv miles, nod then dixiding. empties lliroogli two 
 eliKtini-ls into Mobile Uay, which eunwnunicales with 
 the (iiilf of Mexico. 
 
 I'be .'llabuma is the eastern branch of the .Mobile. It 
 is fiiroti'd by the union of the Coosa and Tallapoo^ia, It 
 is niivii'ublp for sen vessi'U lo F(m^ ('luiborne, and for 
 l.(<-gc lid.its through i's ubole exienl. lis general course 
 is S'lUl Invest. 'I'liC 6'oosa nod Titllaimnsu rise in Geor- 
 giii. ami flow soulhucHl. 'i'liey are itol navigable except 
 for n i'vw miles. The Cdhnwha empties itilo the Alu- 
 bamii. a IVw miles lielow the cunllueiice of the Coo^a 
 and 'i'ltllnpiiosa. 
 
 The Tomheckboe is the western branch of the Mobile. 
 It ri.es ill the northern part cf ilie stale, near the Mus- 
 cle shouts in 'l'eiinei>see river, and running south, joins 
 the Mabitma, about 70 miles from the Gulf of Mexico. 
 It is nnvigable fur sloops to St. Stephens. The Blttck 
 If'arrior empties into the Toinlieekbee from the east, 
 S.I miles above St. Stephens. It is navigable for boats 
 through the greater part of its course. 
 
 I'oivildtirm. Alabama has been but recently settled, 
 and tlie population is now increasing with wonderful 
 rapidity, in 1810, there were less than 10.000 inhabit- 
 ants ; in 1816, there vtere 29,6^3 ; and in 1818, only twn 
 years after, TO.ddl The settlementg, as in all new conn- 
 tries, are principally confined tu the banks of the great 
 rivers. 
 
 Indians. The Creeks occupy the goutheastern part 
 of the state, the Cherokees the northeastern, the Choc- 
 
fc^-. 
 
 I '.'4 
 
 ALABAMA. 
 
 i 
 
 •r 
 
 tnwH (lie soulhwcitcrn, aik! the Cliickftrnwn (!ie nortli- 
 ne»torii. 
 
 Chief Towns. ^Muhile in on the went »itlp of Moliil.. 
 river, iit ioi onlratice iiiio Mdliilf buy. It in a placi' of 
 coiiiiidi'rnlile trade, hut the harbor ii d;niciill of ttcee»« 
 ior lar^c %c«Rt>lK. 
 
 ntakely is a now town, about 10 inilcii cant of Mobile, 
 on the easlirn t'hannel of Mobile river. It is well sit- 
 iiiited for commerce. Its harbor in good, and eii^y of 
 Here<(fi. 
 
 St. Sh'jilinis \n on the Tonibeckbce. 120 miles above 
 ]Mobile, al the head of Hchooner niivi|jalion. 
 
 Cd /id If ha ii the hoiU of ^'ovtTiinienl. It ii at the jun(.. 
 lion of Cahawba river with the Alabama. 
 
 A*rt;>-/«i-;//f iti a French nettlement, near the junetiou 
 of the IJInek Warrior with the Tombeckbee. 
 
 Jliiutsvitlr \» pleananlly siiuiited, about half way be- 
 tween Tennegece river, and the northern boundary of the 
 stale. The iturrouiidiii!» country is very fertile, and 
 ra])idly increasing in population. 
 
 Furls. F(.rt Stoildart is on Mol)ile river, nl)ou» lialf 
 way hctwe.Mi Mobile and .St. Sicplicns. Fort Cluibnrm 
 in on the Alabama, at the head of achooner navigation, 
 20 mileg K. of St. Stephens. Fort Jackson is near the 
 junction of the Coosa and Tallapoosa. 
 
 Education. Two townshipH of land have been granted 
 by Congress for the support of a eollesje, and a section of 
 land in every township, for the support of schools. 
 
 Jlonds and Canals- One twentieth part of (he money 
 received from the sale of public lands in this state, is 
 appropriated by Congress to making roads and conals, 
 ibr (he benefit of the s(ate. 
 
 Face of the coitittn/. The land gradually rises as yon 
 pioceed from the coast into the interior. On the coast 
 it is low, and level; in the middle it is hilly j and in the 
 north, it is, in some places, mountainous. 
 
 Soil. The soil is generally fertile, particularly on 
 the banks of the rivers. The lands between the Tom- 
 htckliee and the Alabama, and those on the Tennessee, 
 are among the best in the. state. The low lands in the 
 southern part of the state are well adapted to the culti- 
 vution uf rice. 
 
U-. 
 
 hickamwn (fie north. 
 
 wcKt tide of Miiliilc 
 
 buy. It JK a plact' ut' 
 
 ii d;Hicuh of ucceNH 
 
 inilcB caul orMoliilr, 
 ■iver. It IN well »it- 
 n goud, and VAfy ul' 
 
 Jirc. t20 niiloii nliovc 
 ivifjiilinii. 
 
 III. It is ut the jun(.« 
 ali:ima. 
 
 it, near the juncliou 
 inlu'ckbee. 
 
 > ahuiit half tvay be- 
 
 ihiTii boundary ui'the 
 
 is very I'erti'lc, aud 
 
 lilc rivpr, nbniit half 
 I'us. Flirt Claibornp. 
 ichuoner navigation, 
 Jackson is near the 
 isa. 
 
 ud have been granted 
 lego, and a Hcutionof 
 port uFschnolH. 
 ih piirt of the money 
 ids in tliis Riate, is 
 g roads and canals, 
 
 [radnally rises as you 
 erior. On the coast 
 t is hilly ; and in the 
 inuug. 
 
 lile, particularly on 
 8 between the Tom- 
 se on the Tennessee, 
 'lie low lands in the 
 adnplcd to the cuiti' 
 
 MIHSISSIIM'I. 
 
 l-lh 
 
 t'l'Dilui'fioiiH. (!iiMon Ih the Htii|ili' |iriiduuliiin. Tlio 
 other |iroiliiiMions are rirr, corn, wheat. {*ce, The sugar 
 cane, the vine and the ulivc, it is Kii|iiiosed, may be cul- 
 tivated with sueeess. 
 
 Comrnvrrf. Coiion is ilie great nrlirle of export. 
 HIakely and .Mobile are the |tiiiiei|ial ports; and one or 
 bolli ot I hem will probably be tlie centre of commerce 
 for the Ntale of 'Icnnessee, and the exieiiiive country 
 watered by the Mobile and its branches. 
 
 MISSISSIPPI. 
 
 Situation. Mississippi i* hounded \. by Tennessee ; 
 K. by .Mabama; >S. by the Oiilf of Mexico, and Louis- 
 iana'; and W. by Mississippi river, which separates it 
 from Ijouisiana and Arkaiisaw Territory. 
 
 Divisions. The northern part of this state belongs to 
 the Chickasaw Indians ; the middle and largest portion, 
 to the Choctaws ; and the southern, to the wliiles. The 
 part belonging to the white* was divided^ in lUlG^ into 
 IJ cunnties. 
 
 Countitt. 
 
 Pap. in 1816. 
 
 Counrii'i. 
 
 Pofi. in 1816. 
 
 >Varren, 
 
 1,909 
 
 Lawrence, 
 
 i,rn4 
 
 Claiborne^ 
 
 3,606 
 
 Pike, 
 
 2,t;i3 
 
 Jefterson, 
 
 1,906 
 
 Marion, 
 
 1,701 
 
 AJanis, 
 
 10,000 
 
 Wayne, 
 
 2,081 
 
 AVilkinson, 
 
 7,'275 
 
 Greene, 
 
 
 Franklin, 
 
 2,700 
 
 Hancock, 
 
 1,000 
 
 Amite, 
 
 5,05!) 
 
 
 
 Total, 44,208 
 
 River.^. The .yFissiFsippi fs the western boundary, 
 from lat. 35* to .M". The I'azoo rises in the northern 
 part of the state, in the Chickasaw country, and running 
 « little west nf south, empties into the Mississippi, 140 
 miles above Natchez. The Valo' Busha is an eastern 
 branch of the Yaxoo. Black river rises in the Choctaw 
 country, and running southwest, empties iato the Mi«' 
 sissippi, about .^0 miles above Natchez. 
 
 I 
 
 « 
 
no 
 
 .MH>»ISSirPI. 
 
 /Vrti' riv»T riii'« in th*' C'li<'<*<«w <MMtn(r,v, mnl runiiiii); 
 xiiiilli. i'iii|itieii iiiln n niirriMv •trnil. vthlcticoiiiiet'U I.ukii 
 I'uiitrliitiiriiiii miiIi \,tikv llol'^l)r. l.iiki> Hor^fiii* ooin- 
 liiiiiiii-iitei* tviili ihcOiill 111' Menipn. Houlh nl' lul ;(l*, 
 I't'Hrl riviT in |lu> buumlnrv bi'lttioii Mi>ti«i»ii|)|ii niiij 
 liOui'tiiiMn. 
 
 I'tiHcagoiila river ri»r» in Ifip ('Imrtuw roiinlry, nnil 
 running uniitli, fiii|tlii'4 into tlic (iiiU'iil' IVIexiro, iw milfii 
 \>'. (if .Nliiliilf liiiy. It drains llir t'onnlry liet\tren the 
 'runilicrklicc iiml IViirl rivt-r*. Hiuiw of the wi-tli-ro 
 liriiMi'lii'4 III' llif 'I'linilirt'kliev riito in lliit t'lite. 
 
 Vh'ii'f I'dwiis. w\\i/(7icx, in Ailiinii viiiint), id much 
 lliv lilr^^lll liiwn. It in on the Mi«itiii«i|)|ii, :!'.'(( niileit 
 nihive Neu Orliunit, liy the course of the river, mid l.'iti 
 hy lund. It ulnndii on u hliiH'. elevated more ihun 150 
 feet above the iiurfuee nf the river. The inrrounding 
 country is fertile, popiiloiiN, luid well rultivalcd, and 
 producpH great i|iiunliiieii of eotlon. Natehe/ iH the 
 eoniinercial depot for all the letllementa in the uvcilern 
 part of the itate. Punulation, in HU'l, abuut .'),UOU. 
 
 Wunhiw'ton in miles E. uf Natchez. It ha« a very 
 pieaNAnt, healthy lituatiou, and is surrounded by a line 
 country. 
 
 8hiddsborous:h in on the Bay of Si. Louin, about 10 
 miles N. K. oi' New Orleant. It has a nlc-wnnt and 
 liealthy situation, and is a plare of resort fe. (he inhab- 
 itants of New Orleans, durinjif the sickly season. I'm- 
 rnsnititt •« near the mouth of Puscag ' "r, 
 
 Monticello is the seat of gover-'-nci. Pearl 
 
 river, about Do miles E. of Natchez. 
 
 AV/ioMs a missionary station, in the C^ '"'un- 
 
 iry. It is on liie Yalo Uusha, about .30 m tv it» 
 
 junction with the Yn/oo, and has a water coR..ui.iiicatioa 
 with Natchez and New Orleans. 
 
 ropulatiun. In ICIO, this state had about MD.OOO 
 inhabilanis, exclusive of Indians; in liilC, 11,201}, 
 uearly one half of whom were sluvcp. The prineipal 
 part of this population ti near the Mississippi river, 
 ^uuth of the nioulh of the Yazoo. 
 
 Iiiilians. The Chickasaus inhabit a fertile country, 
 (ii'.'ji'uclii;^ the u.irthcru ].art of i!ii<) Hiate, and the udja* 
 
 I 
 
iiiilry. ftii'l niMiMiij; 
 litfli coiiii»>flii l.iiko 
 .iik(< Hiir^iie cuin* 
 Houih ollul :ir, 
 I Mitnisiipiii niiii 
 
 diiw country, anil 
 il' IVIfkiro, iw mill'* 
 iin(ry ltel\ti'en the 
 ic of the wi-«(i'rn 
 litis (*ule. 
 
 voiinl), in inuvh 
 
 iiii«i|i|ii, .VH) mile* 
 
 llie river, mid I')<1 
 
 eil nior« tliun loU 
 
 The ■urrouiiilinK 
 'II ciiltivalt'tl, aiiti 
 1. \at(lH>7. JH ihq 
 •nt« in (he uvMlurn 
 I'l, abuiit :),U()U. 
 ex. It hail a very 
 irruundeil hy a fine 
 
 t. Loui<i, ahnut 10 
 IS a nIpp.Niuit nntl 
 '!<ort Ir. ila> iiihnb- 
 •.k\y »paion. J'aii- 
 
 I. Vearl 
 
 IC- C 
 30 m 
 iter COR..MI.; 
 
 ■"^un- 
 
 vw its 
 
 Jicatioo 
 
 had ahnut MD.OOO 
 in 1)3IG, 11,201), 
 9. The |iriii('i|tal 
 MissiiiBiiipi river, 
 
 a fertile country, 
 laic, and the adja* 
 
 I 
 
 
 MISSIS8IPPI. 
 
 m 
 
 th a ca|tilal 
 
 cent prl» of Tcnni'»'«ce and Alahuma. Their numluT 
 i« alMiuMi.Joi*. They arc fricndl) uitil hiiMpituhlc, aii«l 
 cunniilcrahly advanced in many of itic nrUofcinli/rd lil'Ci 
 
 'I'lic (7iw7nir.H inhultil the central parltof ihi<i Hialc. 
 Their country cxIcniU Ironi the iMi4«iii»ip|ii,nn the weitt, 
 In the Tonila-cklice on the cu«l ; and from the Chicka* 
 ■aw country on the north, to about lnl.:iJ°, on ihenouth. 
 
 The number of the ('hoclawn i* cxiiinuted at Jli,UUO. 
 Within a few jeari, they have made ffrcal advance* in 
 agriculture, and the art*. They now rai<4e cattle, corn, 
 and cotton, and Nome of Iheni Miiin anil weave. Thcjr 
 are bcginnini; to leave oil' the wild and iinvai^e life, and 
 are bcconiiiiK civili/ed. The American Hoard of Com- 
 miMiuncra nir Fureii^n Misitionii have iicnt nevcral miii- 
 ■ionaricH and iichonl-inaiitcri, to teach them to read, anil 
 initrucl them in religion. The Indiani treat the mil- 
 iionarict very kindly. 
 
 Eduratian A college linn been iiicor|iorated at 
 Waithinglon, und another at Hhicldnborun^h. 
 
 Hank: There it a bank at Natchez, with 
 of gl,ooe,000. It has several branches. 
 
 Ituads and Canals. Coni^rciis have a|iprnpriated one 
 twentieth part of the money received from the sale of 
 
 iiublic lands in this stale, to making roads and canals 
 or the benefit of the state. 
 
 Face oJ'tliK cimntnj. The southern nart of the state, 
 for about 100 miles from the Uulf of Mexico, is level. 
 Further north it becomes agreeably uneven and undu- 
 lating. Near the banks of the iMiHsissippi, the lands, 
 in several place*, are liable to annual inundation. 
 
 Soil. On the Mississippi, and the Vazoo the soil i« 
 exceedingly rich and productive, and well adapted to 
 the cultivation of ontluii. The southeastern part of the 
 state is the least fertile. 
 
 I'rodnctions and Comvterce. Cotton i the principal 
 production, and is raised in large iinantilies for expor- 
 tation. The climate and soil arc well adapted to indi- 
 go, toliaccn, grain, &c. but the raising of cotton is so 
 much more profitable, that they are neglected. Mont 
 nf the flour and grain uised in the seUlemciits on the 
 Mississippi is brought from Kentucky. 
 
 I 
 
i 
 
 m 
 
 M>UI,m.\NA, 
 
 i.nriMiANA. 
 
 Mmf ttitil Kxt.iit. Tlif u liolf rttithtry Wtwfpn l?i« 
 lVli*<ti>«tii|ii ii«i-r hihI llif I'ltnliu oifuii, nitw litliiiiKiiiit 
 lit llif I iiilxt MttleH, Htta iiiM-c ouiirJ liy Fritiire, ami 
 wtm eutli'il LnnisiunUfinUutntr til Luin* aIV. In Ittiij. 
 Iliia v«s( ciMiiilry miu »oltl by France li« llie IJnilvtl 
 Sluleii, I'lir Kl'^iOOO.iKiii. It liN* wiiiri- lifi-ii tlividfil inlii 
 4 |titiu, v',/. I. Miikuiiii IVrriliiry. 2. The ■lulo of 
 ISIimtiiuri. S. ArkHiiiMW 'IVrrilory. l, 'I'lii* ntutv nf 
 LiiiiMana. The imme, h)ni!<iuiia, i» nuw H|i|ilu'd iiiily 
 lo (he luitt oflheite <livi»iniiii. 
 
 Situation. Lmnn'nuin i« bouiiilnl N. hy Arkuiitnw 
 'I errilorv « K. hy llie Nta'r ol' .MiMiii«ippi ( H. hy ihe 
 (iiiH'ol' Mexico t and W. hy (he Hpaninh ilitmiiiiont. 
 The stale liei |iriiu'ipKlly nii ihe Me»t nide of the Mi«- 
 nimiltlii river; n uni.tll (tart in on ihe ea»t siiie. 
 
 JUvisionn, Tbi* tlaie wan divided in ISIU iutu 25 
 pnriuhe*. 
 
 J'urh/ut. Pnp, 
 
 in 1810 
 
 Nitiehiloehen, 
 
 'j,o:o 
 
 tluairhitia, 
 
 1,0-7 
 
 Knpideii, 
 
 ".',:joo 
 
 OcHtahoolb, 
 
 1,1114 
 
 Concordia, 
 
 '.'.87.^ 
 
 Aviiyelle«, 
 
 I,l(l<.l 
 
 l'lHt;<|ueminei, 
 
 1,510 
 
 <>rleitn«, 
 
 2»,56i.' 
 
 Hi. BernnrJ, 
 
 ',0'JO 
 
 S(. ("hurle-t, 
 
 3.'ii)l 
 
 8t. John naplinte, 
 
 '.',!t!IO 
 
 HI. JamPM, 
 
 :i,ar)r. 
 
 A^een^iun, 
 
 i-.S!!! 
 
 Assumptiun, 
 
 2,17'-' 
 
 Partthn. P>.p. in 1810. 
 
 lulerior la Kuurehe, l,9!)ri 
 '.',(17!) 
 1,U1.» 
 IfiJ'J 
 
 Iberville, 
 
 Wcsl Ualon Kougc, 
 I'oinl ('ou|>ee, 
 New-Kelirinna, 
 Kaxt Itiiion Uougp,^ 
 SI. li-lenn. 
 Hi. Tttinmany, 
 Hi. Mary's and .Si. 
 
 MarlinN (Atia- 
 
 rapnii,) 
 Hi. Landre, (Ope- ] 
 
 iuuian,} ' 
 
 10,000 
 
 r,300 
 
 S,OiH 
 
 Jtii'frs. Red river ri«c« in llic f^paninh dominion*, 
 among llie Uocky moiintainR. and Jliiwing Houtlieaxt, 
 cuter* this itale Dear the uurthnent corner, and empties 
 
MMMmIXNA, 
 
 M^ 
 
 piMMilry WtMfpn ifie 
 i-ntii, now licliiiiKiiiit 
 irJ liv Kritiire, aiiil 
 <>iii» A IV. Ill tttiij. 
 uncr In llie IJiiiltMl 
 in- lifcii ilividril mill 
 y. J. 'I'lie ■(»(<.■ of 
 r. 1. i'lte iitute of 
 i* now apiilirU utily 
 
 I N. hy Ark«iitiiw 
 MiMippi t 8. Ilj lIlK 
 Hpaniuli ilominioni. 
 L-kt nidc of the Mit- 
 le i-a»t tiiic. 
 tfd in 1810 iutu S5 
 
 rA<«. A^. ID 1810. 
 
 r la KuureliL-, l,9!)5 
 
 I 
 
 laliMi Kougp, 
 
 flipinna, 
 nluii Uougp,^ 
 Iviin, 
 inmany, 
 ,ry'» and Hi. "J 
 tin's (Alia- | 
 
 «.) J 
 
 rtilrc, (Ope- > 
 
 l.Ul.-i 
 10,000 
 
 r,300 
 
 S,04H 
 
 Speninh dominioni, 
 I iltiwing Houtlieaiit, 
 , cornor, and empties 
 
 into III.- Mi>MMippi nliiiiii Ih(, ;!i» || ), ^ -rfni r|vrr, 
 
 nuirp 1I1.111 i.'oo mil,., |„nn. Tin- nt«i.<iti in Inii-i. 
 
 riipli'il in .iMTiil |ihip.'» Ijy lrn». ««hirli liuw n<M«i,d 
 
 UitMii in iiniiiinx' numliom. luiil ctntkiil u\> Ihr i'IuimmiI. 
 
 I'Ih' ll'iiiiiilii ri»c« ill Arkuii.ijM riirilor). anil run. 
 
 nnn^»(inil(iiui, cinpiii** miu Id-d river, nrar ill hkimiIi. 
 
 II i>« iiiivii(Hlilf I'lir iwio niil<«. 
 
 riio tMiuMt^lpjii i» ilic riuli'rn Itiiiiiidurv of ilii* «lnn>, 
 Ini.n lal. .Ij" I.. Jl". |J,.|„»v U\. Jl' lU i.Mir,.- lmLoIIv 
 
 III Ihu kimc. IJfr.ir.' (Mini ih^ III,. (j,i||- „(• ,M,.»i,.„, ,1 
 jliviili'i iiilit .1 ».n,| liniiulu*. rii,. miiiii •ir.uni pn^.,'* 
 
 >> llie iiIjiiINVm Orli'un*. and iinplii'. 100 mil,-, tie. 
 ioH, l._v »,.v..r.,l inon;l,4. 'riip Jt,l,„ft,l„i/n l.-avi-n ilie 
 iii«in-.lrfi»m .1 inilii In-low llii- inoiiili'ol' lii-d rivrr. itnd 
 rnitnin^; «oii(li, murly im inilti., t-nipiir. iiiiu Atili iCa. 
 
 Inja Ijmv. 'Ih,. Hwivillv Icau-i, ilu- inuiii Hin-iim ro 
 
 tlian 100 mile. Im-I.hv iIh- moulli ol li.d riu r. and run. 
 iim;? i-unl, i-mpiif< into I.uki- .Manri-(i.i«. |,.,k,- \\»urv- 
 I»u« t-injiiii-, into I.uki- I'oiiii-hnrlruin, ind L:iIjp r„i,i- 
 «• i..:lr«.ii i:ii„ Luke llorijiie, and Lake H<ir.;n«ibilu the 
 Uull ol Mcxii-o. ^ ^ 
 
 rrart rivir. ImIoh lal. 31*, in llic lionndarv •loUv.-cn 
 llitt mate ami .MiH«i»»ippi. |i eniiiii,-, into il,.: Ui;;oli(«, 
 I a narrow nlrail runiiini; Iroiii I.uki- Poiitclmrlraiii lu 
 Liakc Uori^ni'. 
 
 Tile 7'.(/(f empliet into iW Alrliafalnvu. 13 niiiea 
 from III moulfi in llie (Jair,,!' Mexic-o. iii,- IWinillioit 
 II wt-ii of the 'I't-plii., aiiil nn|ili(>i. into \ i-rinillmii Imv. 
 1 he .Vfrm('«f<j«,llit- Catraxhi, and llu- S„hi„f <'>iipi\ ii.iu 
 lheOuir.,r.Mi.xi(-o, wi-m of the Vermillion. llVloie 
 eiik-ring the (iulf, they all spread wtt iiiio Ijroad lakei, 
 and then conlract a^nin into narrow riven. 
 
 VlneJ' Towns. Nhw Ohi.kans. the capital of the 
 ■Inte, II on the eail bunk of ih,- IMiMi.Mppi. 10.1 niilei 
 from it« mouth, liy the coufM.- of ihe riv,r. It i« admi- 
 rably Hiinalid for trade, near llu- nioulh of a nuble river, 
 who«e brnnehes exiei.d for ihonnandH ofmilen in oppoiile 
 dirpclioni, and open eonimnnirationx t\illi the whole 
 vn ey of the MiMMJ-iNippi, ||„. ,„„8, ,.xi,.,„iv,. and fertile 
 valley ,.n the faee of Ihe earth. 'I hi* eiiy i« already 
 one ui Ihe greateit enijioriuoii of commerce in America, 
 
 I 
 
 li 
 
 H 
 
 Vi 
 
m 
 
 LUUlKiA.VA. 
 
 iMiriiiliii'V)! iMilh* MM«i*>ii)|iii Ncm Oitiitiu Mill |ir>iliit< 
 Illy li)MMtMl<*, •! ii"« ili«li»nt <liij. iitit* t>r llii- i^ri'tilr*! i-illi<i 
 ill ili» Miirhl. 'riii< |iii|>iiIhIii)M liii<« iiircft* 'i| HJiti ifrrnt 
 rn|iiilil^. 1)1 IHO.'. II MH«c«tiiii'iiril Hi |ti,iH)oi in Jntii, 
 il w»« 1 7,.' 13 1 Mini in HUH, ii hii« ««lintiil<'tl Hi 
 
 ;ir,.«HHi, 
 
 ,>*i/<"Ai7«i''Ac"<, lhi> Ur'^f«i iiit*n in ilii* •Uf^ «•••» itrilii* 
 Mi4<>i4*)|*|M, i« nil lii'il riviT. hImiiH jnn niih'* kIiovo il4 
 J'liKlioM uilli ihf MM«i<i«i|i|)i. Jli.vintiii-iit i< uti linl 
 ri»fr, • Ji' iimIi'h f.Miii iu nmuili, iiini «(» mil* lulu** 
 Nni<'liilitrli«>4, lliiliiit ttinist i« I'll ilif t'H«l liiiik »f III'? 
 Mi**!**!!!!!!, 1 10 mill* ii'iiiv* Ni-w OrleiUH. .*•^ t'rnii- 
 rlnvilt' ix !••» )li«' •nmp river, .Mt mill-* Htin\«' Mitlnn 
 M"lig^ ,Uiili*«uiill'' i" 'in llir N. »iil)' oi' (.iikc I'uni* 
 ihiiririiin, J7 iiiiltn \. nf %'<•«»■ Orlpun*. 
 
 /-/<«n'N I li»* fit* "f N'»v Orli«.Mi"« «»Tiiil< nn nn i«l- 
 mill, Mliirli i* fiirnii'fl liy I'u' ri»i-r Mi««i«»ii<Mi on iiin* 
 •iilc, nnil the lliirMllc. iiii{<fli<'r mIiIi l,iikf« Si tin i';)!!!!, 
 pMiih-t^lruiii. mill niiru;iii« mi (lir (iilnr. Il it h 
 inil<'« nmif. 'Ilwri' i* n oinii!! itlnni! in Itiiruiuriii l)>i>, 
 Mi-Hi ul' llic ini'iiili i.r ilif >li»i»«ipiii. Il ii liiiiltliy, 
 liiK n Kitl'i' nii'l dtii.iriuiM luirliir, uml u cnpiiltli' iirliiiiii} 
 Wfll iliTi'iiilcil. 
 
 lli^tnni, 'I'lii* pnnntry mi\* orii^innlly inwii-il Hn<l 
 •clllcil Ity I'll' FriMiili. Wliilf il ri'miiiin-i! in fln-ir 
 ImiiiU, il wnn in n liiii^iii«liinn I'tmiliiinn, 'I'lie piiinnii-rri', 
 Mcnlili, nnd |Mi|iiiliiliiin wen' very ini-iinniili-rulilc. In 
 ICO), Frnnci- knlil it to llio rnitf'il StntF«, uml il liu« 
 ever ninfc lliiurj«lirtl ni"*! «oinlrrfnlly. 
 
 In IrtI I. lliP Hrili*li iniuli' mi iiltiirk nn \«w OrlciuM, 
 but wen" r.'linUi'il wiili i<r«'ul li»4, by llie AiniTiciui 
 troiip* mihIit (JeniTiil .Itu-k'tiHi. 
 
 I'njmliitiitn. In I'IU>, llitri' wrro Ili'i.OdO inlmlii'nnK, 
 tlinnt onf half i»r wliiim wcri* hIiuim. Tliin itn|MiIi«iion 
 U (letlli'tl prinpipully on llif liiuikt of llif i>li4i«it«ippi,^ 
 aliovi* nnil ki'loM New Ortenno. For I hi- iliUnnce «f 
 more lliiin lOH inilei nloii^ thin rivrr, llii> Imnkii preiti-nt 
 thi- nppprtruncf of a roiiliniieil villnt^e. In llii" ollifr 
 Iiarlt ol'llif »lrtt'-. Ilin »''lt'cm*nt« are cliitfly cmiDuod 
 lu lli« bauki of the riven. 
 
III li'iui* w ill |iriiliii ■ 
 r llii- i^ri'r»li'«l I'ilh <• 
 firrr i«'i| MJili ifrfHt 
 Ml |i>,iM)H| in in|(», 
 ««!«« ('•lirthiii'iJ Mt 
 
 III- (lltlf Hl><l Itf llif 
 
 JOii mile* hIiovi* iM 
 viiHiiriii i< oil Hi-il 
 III Nil niil> « III |ii«* 
 llP rM«l it ilik of llio 
 • rliniiH. .•»^ Frnti' 
 
 inili'4 nliovi- Itnliiri 
 villi' III' liitki* I'unl- 
 in*. 
 iii<t «(inil'4 nn an i*\- 
 
 !^1i«<«i«tiiijii nil mil! 
 h l.iikF« Si iiiii-;mi», 
 
 iiiliir. Ii U I'lO 
 I ill ItariUuriii H><>« 
 ijii. Ii i* lii'iiltli_V| 
 I u i-npiiltli' iiI'lMing 
 
 ii^initllv i)«wii-il mill 
 
 I rt'iiiiMiii'il ill llii'ir 
 
 ion, 'I'lie piiiniiii>rci> 
 
 infoiiniili-rulilc. Ill 
 
 Sintr*, uimI il littt 
 illy. 
 irk lilt \«w Orli'nn*, 
 
 bj- I lie Atticriruii 
 
 tli'i.OOO itilinlii'nnK, 
 I. 'I'liin j><i|iiiIrtiion 
 or tht* i>liiii«ii|)ii|i|ii, 
 *'or I lie iliUniice nf 
 r, llii' ImiikN |ire«i'nt 
 Int^i*. Ill till* ollifr 
 are cliiiflv cutiKmciI 
 
 I.OI'ISIA.NA. 
 
 ttit 
 
 Vh* pnpuhitiin U inrrt<a«ing wllh Krrat mpiiliiy. It 
 
 i* IMMlli- ll|Mir lllilliy tflltiTflll iHtllUlM, Ktl-lioll, Klllflivll, 
 
 H|iMiiiiiri|<, (ii'mmiK, dm. A liw )i-nt» mfo ilic Finich 
 wrri' fur ilif inii«c niiiiicroiin, liiii rniii(riiiii« fruin ili« 
 unrllii'iii •lull* Mrf lloekiiig in \rry rml, anil tnll •uun 
 tiiiinuiiilifr (III) Fri-nch. 
 
 L»ns;nagr. A •hurt limp linep llii> Knncli lan^ullg• 
 \\<k* hIiimkI uiiiyiTtiil.liiit mv> i\\v Kni^livli jtrciloniinBlri 
 HtUifiuH. riir UnniNn (.'Hltmlii- rt'liijion i« iIih mii«' 
 pnviilinl at prfmnt. In |i:ij (JMrn tvii* not »m I'm- 
 (ftlaul cliurdi, of nuy ilpnuniinniioii in llii' •tati*. Hiiu-« 
 llml limi'. rniiMv Iih*b linn furnitil. 
 
 Jitlmatiun. 'Till titj iic.mly iilnrnlion li«* beirn 
 niMi'li nr|||lpcliMl. Mun> of tin- inliuliiiunl* an- nnnhlHtu 
 reail. 'Ilif gnvrrnnii'iit liu* ni>w roninii-ncrii llio futab- 
 li«liini'iil of «tiiiioU iinil (If .nil- mil-*. 
 
 /•(4.Y of Ih* cmiHtrif. rh.> I'oiiiilry on (lie dulf of 
 Mfiico, from I't-arl rivir to llii> Mabinf, fioii»i«i» of low 
 |irairip,or miiuJow land. Abont the nioutlii oflbi- Mi*- 
 *iii<i|ipi, for .JO niili'i, it \% oni> continiifii Kunmii. More 
 Iban one iWih part oflbc Mirface of ihi« ■iiiio in liablo 
 to III' iMiinilatfit, every year, by lli« uveriloiviiig of Ibu 
 lMu«i»iii|ipi iinil |(i.,| riMr». 
 
 _ Ltvrin. |.evi'i-» uri- buiikv crecU'il tiloni; lhi> »idfi of 
 river*, in prevent the water froiii overlloMiiii^ ihe plan* 
 lalion», during the prrioilicul flood*. Tbrre i« a levee 
 Mionjt the iVIiiwiuippi, „|,„ve and below New Orleaim, 
 t:5(t mile* long. W hen the »iater« bumi lhrou^h lliene 
 leveen, n« ihej vomelinieii do, ihev leiir every iTiinn be- 
 fore them. deMroyin^ the crop», lind buildiligi, and fre- 
 quently, ruininj^ Ihe noil. 
 
 8uil. The pari* of the Hale which are cultivated arp, 
 nliiiom e»p|uitivelv, alluvial IhimN on Ihe bank* of the 
 Mm.Mippi, the Tech", Red river the WuchiU, and it* 
 hranche*. riic land* or. !{cd river are considered the 
 be»f^ in Ihe irnited Hiaie* for the cnllivaliou of cotton. 
 
 1 luiliicliims. The vlaple production* are cotton, 
 an^ar, and rice. Collou Muoceed* be*l on the deep al- 
 luvial noil nf ||,|. river*, but i* very proliliible al*n on the 
 Jirairie land. The principal »iiniir plantation* are on 
 thebanktof the Mi«»ii(iiippi, feche. and Vermillion, 
 
L 
 
 139 
 
 LOUISIANA. 
 
 below ]a(. 31°, III 11117, tliere wcic :20,000,000 poiiniN 
 oi'!4iiu;iir mitilc in IIiIh xtitti*. 'riiiTc is ii vti^ l.tii^o i'\< 
 ti'iit of country, udiiiintlil} uilapiuil l» (he ciillivutiuii ut' 
 rice. 
 
 Toliiiccn, imlii'o, Mlieut, rye, pciioliP'*. oruiisics, figs, 
 pomi'^rniiiifi'fs, |ilitiiix, i^niiics, &,!•. Mould i^iinv Inxiiri- 
 anll), ImiI tlii-y ure not fulliviiliMl to iiiiy conHkiliiulile 
 cxleiil. Colloii, Hiig'ir, anil rini- jiclil iinnu'inte piotits 
 to the iilatitcrA, itiid I'ligrn^H nil (heir utii-ntion. 
 
 Cattle. Till' exit'nsivu |iruiiii' lands in (lie southwes- 
 tern jiurt of the stale, are udininildy adapted to the 
 rearing; of cattle, and are extt>iisivcly used lor tlii<* pur< 
 pose. .Many ol* the farmers in t1ii« district count (heir 
 ealtle liy the thonsund. 
 
 Salt. Salt spring!* abound helween Red river and 
 the Waeiiita. Near Natchiloehe«, suit is made in sulfi- 
 eieni qiiantitii'S Cor the supply of all the settlements on 
 Ited river. 
 
 Commprce. The IMIsnissippi empties in this state. 
 This river i^ the natural outlet for all the country from 
 the Allegany to (he Rocky inonntaiun, and from the 
 great Lakes to the Spanish dominions. The produce 
 of all tlie eiiltivalt'd parts of this Territory is floated 
 down the Mississippi, and exported from New Orleans. 
 
 The diHienlty of ascending the rapid current of the 
 Mississippi, lierclofure, prevented New Orleans from 
 supplying this country witli foreign merchandize. It 
 was found cheaper lo purchase goods in Philadelphia or 
 Baltimore, and transport them by laud to Pittsburg, and 
 thenee down the Ohio, than to carry them up the Missis- 
 sippi. I)>M steam bouts are now nuecessfiilly employed 
 in aseeiiding the Missi..>iippi, and New Orleans is 
 rapidly becuiuini; the enipurium of the western country. 
 
4- 
 
 I'c 20,000.000 poiiniTu 
 
 (' is II Vt'H l.tiyio t\- 
 to lliu ciillivutioii ut' 
 
 NU'liP'*. oraiis;('», figs, 
 ^\()til(l i{iii«\ liixiiri- 
 In :iny ((iiiNkili'i utile 
 yield innnerinL* i)iiiiils 
 ir iilu-ntion. 
 uiiils ill (lie Aoiitlivvcs* 
 >ilily ii(lii|ttL'cl to tim 
 ly used lor I his iiur- 
 li district count thfir 
 
 IwciMi Red liver and 
 , Hult is madu in suifi- 
 ill the seltlcmeiitti on 
 
 mpties in tliis stale. 
 - all the country iVom 
 ntuiiin, and from the 
 iiiions. The produce 
 Territory is floated 
 d from New Orleans, 
 rapid current of the 
 1 New Orleans from 
 gn merchandize. It 
 tU in Fliiladeiphia or 
 'and to Pittsburg, and 
 y them up the Missis- 
 Mierettsfiiily employed 
 iiid New Orleans is 
 ' the western country. 
 
 TENNESSEE. 
 
 WESTERN STATES. 
 
 tU 
 
 The western states, are, 
 
 1. Tennessee, 
 
 2. Kentucky, 
 
 3. Ohio. 
 SUuation. These states 
 
 4. Indiana, 
 0. lllinoi<4, 
 6. iMis<ioMri. 
 ie Mcst of the Allegany 
 
 mountains, between 33° and -n" N. lat. 
 
 ^0*7. The soil of this scctinn.is generally very fertile. 
 
 Productions. The productions are very various. 
 The most common are wheat, Indian corn, hemp, rye, 
 oats, barley, &c. 
 
 Population. This section has been but recently set- 
 tled, and the population is increasing with wonderful 
 rapidity. Emigrants are constantly pouring in like a 
 tide, from New Englund, and all the old stales. In 
 1790, the population of this section was only 1U9,:3C0 } 
 in 1800, it was 377,0 1 tJ : and in 1810, 'Jni'^niAB. 
 
 Commerce. All the Western Hiatus lie on the Missis- 
 sippi, or its branches. Their produce is floated down 
 the diOerent rivers, to the Mississipiii, and down that 
 river to New Orleans. The current of the Mississippi 
 is so strong, that hei-etofore boats could not ascend it, 
 and the Western States were supplied with fdreign goods 
 from Philadelphia and Baltimore. But since steam 
 boats have been used to stem the current of the Missis- 
 sippi, these states begin to receive foreign goods from 
 New Orleans. 
 
 TENNESSEE. 
 
 Situation. Tennessee is hounded N. by Kentucky: 
 E. by North Carolina; S. by Georgia, Alahama, and 
 Mississippi; and W, by Arkansaw rerrilorv,.from 
 which it is separated by Mississippi liver. 
 
 ]^t is very regular in its shape, its northern and south- 
 ern boundaries being parallels of latitude. 
 
 Divisions. This slate is divided into West Tennes- 
 se^, and East Tennessee. West Tennessee is divided 
 into 31 counties, and East Tennessee into ir. 
 12 
 
nil lilt, IIRIWJB 
 
 l.il 
 
 TKNNKSSEE. 
 
 West Tennesfpe, 
 
 (.uuntira. l\p. in 18i0. 
 
 lU-iltord, 
 DuvidHoii, 
 Dickoon, 
 Kraiikliii, 
 
 llickinaii, 
 
 lluni|tiii'iei, 
 
 Jackoun, 
 
 Liiivoln, 
 
 Moiiigomery, 
 
 Maury, 
 
 Overton, 
 
 Ilobcrtion, 
 
 lluilierforil, 
 
 Smith, 
 
 Stewart, 
 
 Sumner, 
 
 AVilson, 
 
 Williamson, 
 
 White, 
 
 Wurren, 
 
 8,2*2 
 
 1S,«08 
 4,(516 
 B,730 
 4,010 
 2,S83 
 1,511 
 
 e,40i 
 
 6,104 
 
 8,021 
 
 lO,:i0O 
 
 0,613 
 
 7,270 
 
 10,205 
 
 11,640 
 
 4,262 
 
 13,793 
 
 11,902 
 
 13,103 
 
 4,028 
 
 6,723 
 
 160,370 
 
 East 
 
 CoUntin. 
 Andortton, 
 KiedHOP, 
 UlounI, 
 Cam|iliell, 
 Carter, 
 Claihorne) 
 Cocke, 
 Granger, 
 Green, 
 Hawking, 
 JeRerson, 
 Knox, 
 Rhea, 
 Roane, 
 Sevier, 
 Sullivan, 
 Washington 
 
 Tennessee. 
 Pop. in 1810. 
 3,959 
 8,S3U 
 8,259 
 2,668 
 4,190 
 4,798 
 0,104 
 6,397 
 9,713 
 7,643 
 7,309 
 10,171 
 2,004 
 0,008 
 4,000 
 6,847 
 
 , 7,740 
 
 101,277 
 West Tennessee, 160,370 
 
 Total, 361,647 
 
 History. No white sellloments were made in this 
 state lill about the year 1775. Until 1790, it was a 
 part of North Carolina. In 179b it ' as admitted into 
 the Union as an independent state. 
 
 Rivers. The JUissifsippi is the western boundary. 
 The other great rivers are the Cumberlanil, and the 
 Tennessee, both of w hich empty into the Ohio, near its 
 nioHth. 
 
 The Cumberland rises in the Cumberland mountains, 
 in the southeast part of Kentucky, and running into , 
 Tennessee, makes a circular bend, and passes into Ken- 
 tucky ngttin. It is 000 miles long, and is navigable for 
 louts* 500. 
 
E. 
 
 JRast Tennessee. 
 
 oUntiii, Pop. 
 
 in 1810. 
 
 lorHoii, 
 
 3,900 
 
 dsop, 
 
 8,%3U 
 
 lint, 
 
 3,2au 
 
 n|iliell, 
 
 2,068 
 
 'ter, 
 
 4,190 
 
 ilionie, 
 
 4,798 
 
 :ke, 
 
 0,104 
 
 inger, 
 
 6,307 
 
 !en, 
 
 9,713 
 
 wkins, 
 
 7,643 
 
 ergon, 
 
 7,309 
 
 ox, 
 
 10,171 
 
 en, 
 
 3,004 
 
 niie, 
 
 0,008 
 
 k-ier, 
 
 4,000 
 
 I'lTan, 
 
 6,847 
 
 ttshington, 
 
 7,740 
 
 101,877 
 est Tennessee, 160,370 
 
 Total, 261,647 
 
 nts Mere made in this 
 Until 1790, it was a 
 9b it * as admitted into 
 le. 
 
 the western boundary. 
 
 i Cumberlandf and llio 
 
 iuto the Ohio, near its 
 
 Cumberland mountains, 
 ifky, and running into ^ 
 id, and passes into Ken- 
 ig, and is navigable for 
 
 TENxNESSKK. 
 
 tip 
 
 Tenneniiee river rises in Virginia, and runs soulliwoit, 
 through the state of Tennessee into Alabama; it Iht'ii 
 turns and runs northwest through Tennessee again, and 
 empties in Kentucky, near the mouth of the Ohio. Its 
 course resembles the letter V. 
 
 The Tennessee is navigable to the Muscle shoals, 250 
 miles, at all seasons of the year. Here it spreads out, 
 and becomes so shallow, that it is difficult for bunts In 
 puss, when the water is low. Above the shuals there 
 is no obstruction fur 250 miles, till you cnine tu th» 
 Huck, or Whirl, where the river breaks through llio 
 Cumlierland mountains. Here the stream is very rapid, 
 but Itoats aseend without much danger or ditlicully. 
 
 The principal branches of the' Tennessee are, (liu 
 Iliwassee, which empties near Washington, about To 
 miles above the Stick ; the C7(/it/j, and the Ilnhlon, both 
 wf which rise in Virginia, and running S. W. join the 
 Tennessee below Kn(»xville. French Ilroml river emp- 
 ties into the Holston ai Knox^illo. Duck riveremptiis 
 into the Tcnneiisee, about 80 miles W. of Nasiiville. 
 
 Ohian, Chickasaw, Forkrd Deer, and /loZ/are small 
 rivers which empty into the Mississippi. 
 
 Mjimtniiis. The Ciimlwrland mountains run fioin 
 8. W. to N. K. through ihi' middle of the state, between 
 Cumberland and Tennesste rivers, and pais inm Vir. 
 ginin, where they are called the Laurel nionntnins. 
 
 The Megany mountains are the eastern bonndnrv of 
 the slate, separating it from North Carolina. 1 here 
 are many small ridges between the Allegany and Cum- 
 berlund mountains, and parallel with them. 
 
 Curiosities. The ff'hirt, or Suck in Tennessee 
 river, where it breaks through tlie Cumberland motin- 
 tains, is as great a curiosity as the bursting of the I'oio- 
 mac through the Blue Ridge. It is about halfway be- 
 tween Knoxviile and Muscle shoals, near the point 
 where the southern boundary of the state crosses thi> 
 Tennessee. 
 
 The river is here compressed to a width of about 7o 
 yards. Just as it enters the mountain, a large roek 
 nrojects from the northern shore, which causes a'sudden 
 bend in the river j the water is thrown with great vin- 
 
IM 
 
 TENNESSEE. 
 
 Ipnce and rapidity against the loutliern shore, whence it 
 relioutids around the point of the rock, and produce* the 
 whirl. Boats pass down the whirl with great velocity, 
 but without danger. 
 
 Chief Townn. Murfreesborough, near the centre of 
 (he state, 32 miles 8. E. of Nashville, is the seat of 
 t^nvernment. The situation is pleasant and healthful, 
 und the surrounding country very fertile. 
 
 ICnoxvUle is on the HoUton, near the junction of 
 French Broad River. Population, in 1818, about 1,400. 
 t.VushvUtc, the largest town in the state, is on the Cuni- 
 herlaiid,, which it navis;able to Ibis place for vesiteU of 
 oO or 40 tons. A htcam boat iiasses between Nattlivillc 
 and New Orleans, and a ruau is opened through the 
 Indian country to Natc^hez. It is in the midst of a pop- 
 ulous and fertile country, and has a flourishing trade. 
 J'opulalion in 1818, between 3 and 4,000. 
 
 ClaricsviUe is on the Cumberland, 60 miles N. W. of 
 Naslivillc. Greenville is 75 miles E. of Knosville. 
 Columbia is on Duck river, 40 miles S. of Nashville.^ 
 Washington is near the Tennessee, 75 miles 8. W. of 
 Knoxville. Brainerd, a missionary station among (he 
 (^'herokees, is 00 miles S. of Washington, on a small 
 creek which empties into the Tennessee. 
 
 Education. There arc, nominally, 4 colleges in (his 
 stiile; at Orccnville, Knoxville, Nashville, and in 
 Washington county. G»re«i'j7/e college is a flourishing 
 institutiun. It has a philosupliical apparatus, a library 
 of between 1 and 2,000 volumes, and about (io students. 
 
 Fopulation. In 1810, Tennessee contained 201,000 
 inhabitants of whom 14,000 were slaves. This state 
 tias been but rccfMitly settled, und the population has 
 increased with very'^reat rapidity. In 1790 (here were 
 but 33,000 iul!\bitaut*} iu ISOO, 105,000; and iu 1810, 
 261,000. 
 
 The most populous district in the state, is the country 
 for 30 mik'8 around Nashville. This district contained 
 ill 1810, ninre than one third of the whole population. 
 
 Indians. The Chickasaws own all the country in the 
 western part of the state, between (he Mississippi and 
 theTpniiessee. The Clierokees own a largo section iu 
 
 --^ ii-f>i iwAi 
 
Iiern ■hore, whence it 
 
 tck, and prodiii^es the 
 
 witlt great velocity, 
 
 I, near the centre of 
 viile, is the teat of 
 iitaiit and liealtlifiil, 
 lertile. 
 
 near (lie Junction of 
 in 1818, about 1,400. 
 state, is on the Cuni- 
 • place for vesiteU of 
 es between Nashville 
 opened ihroiigh the 
 in the midst of a pop- 
 a flourishing trade. 
 I 4,000. 
 
 d, 60 miles N. W. of 
 eg E. of Knoxville. 
 ilea S. of Nashville. 
 , 75 miles 8. W. of 
 ry station among the 
 hinglon, on a smalt 
 nessee. 
 
 ly, 4 colleges in this 
 , Nashville, and in 
 college is a flourishing 
 I apparatus, a library 
 nd about (io students, 
 e cunfained 201,000 
 i slaves. This state 
 1 the population has 
 . In 1790 there were 
 05,000; and in 1810, 
 
 e state, is the country 
 'his district contained 
 e whole population, 
 all the country in the 
 I the Mississippi and 
 ivn a, large section iu 
 
 TE.V.NKSriKK. 
 
 137 
 
 the soutlieitxl corner of the stute, on both Kides of Hi- 
 wassfe river. 'I'hey own uUu the tieiglthoiing purls of 
 Georgia and Alubnma. 
 
 The number of the Chornkces 'm ubont t J,UOO. They 
 arc partially civili/eH. Many of iheni own cattle, 
 sheep, ploughs, mills, &,l-. There is u mittHioiuirv sta- 
 tion at Ui'uinerd, and suliooU in several other places, 
 where the children are taught to read and write, and 
 arc instructed in religion. The Cherokees are very 
 desirous that their children should receive a good 
 education. 
 
 Religion. The principal denoniinutions are Metbe* 
 dists, Baptists and l're«bylet'ians. 
 
 Face of the country. East Tennessee is mountainous. 
 West Tennessee is partly level, and partly hilly. 
 
 Soil. In East Tennessee the mountains have a bar- 
 ren soil, but the vallies between them are fertile. la 
 West Tennessee there is much fertile land. 
 
 Productions. Cotton is the staple production. To- 
 bacco, hemp, Indian corn, and wheat, are also cultivated 
 to a considerable extent. Cattle are raised, in large 
 numbers, in East Tennessee. 
 
 C»mmerce. The principal exports arc cotton, tobacco, 
 and flour. These are carried <iown the Tennessee ami 
 Cumberland to the Ohio, and theme down the Ohio and 
 Mississippi to New Orleans. This course is very cir- 
 cuitous. It is expected that a road or canal will soon 
 be formed, connecting Tennessee river with some of the 
 branches of the Tombeckbee, which will shorten the 
 distance to New Orleens more than one half. 
 
 Foreign goods imported into the state have hitherto 
 been brought from Philadelphia and Baltimore to Ea.st 
 Tennessee in waggons; and to West Tennessee, princi- 
 pally by waggons as far as Pittsburg, and ihence bv 
 water down the Ohio, and up the Cumberland, 
 
 : i 
 
 
■■ '-M.t. 
 
 131 
 
 KENTUCK.Y. 
 
 KENTUCKY. 
 
 Sititntion. Krntiicky is liniiiiileil on (he N. Iiy llli- 
 iini<«, ]ii'iliniia, ami (Miio, I'roni Miiicli it i* Hi>|mru((Ml liy 
 Oliiii river; K. !iy Virginia, I'niin wliiuli it is aeiiaratrtl 
 by Hit* Handy river and Cuinherland ntountaina ; S. by 
 'leniie*H»'e; and W. by the Miit^ifoiipjii. 
 
 Keulucky \vu« divided in 1810 into Sli 
 
 Diviiiiom, 
 
 Keulucky 
 
 couulie*. 
 
 
 Cuuiiliei. 
 
 Pop. in 1810. 
 
 Adair, 
 
 6,011 
 
 Diirriu, 
 
 11,2S6 
 
 Boone, 
 
 8,()U8 
 
 Bracken, 
 
 8,706 
 
 Breckcnridge 
 
 , 3,4ao 
 
 Bourbon, 
 
 18,000 
 
 Biillcr, 
 
 3,181 
 
 Bullet, 
 
 4,811 
 
 Clarke, 
 
 11,010 
 
 Casey, 
 
 3,28fl 
 
 Campbell, 
 
 3,478 
 
 Christian, 
 
 11,020 
 
 Cumberland, 
 
 6,101 
 
 Clay, 
 
 2,308 
 
 Caldwell) 
 
 *,208 
 
 1<:stle, 
 
 2,083 
 
 Fayette, 
 
 21,370 
 
 Franklin, 
 
 8,QJ3 
 
 Fleming, 
 
 8,«J*7 
 
 Floyd, 
 Oallatin, 
 
 3,485 
 
 3,307 
 
 Greenup, 
 
 2,369 
 
 Green, 
 
 6,739 
 
 Grayson, 
 
 2,301 
 
 Garrard, 
 
 0,185 
 
 Henry, 
 
 6,777 
 
 Harrison, 
 
 7,752 
 
 Henderson, 
 
 4^703 
 
 Countiei, Pep 
 
 . in 1810. 
 
 Harden, 
 
 7,B81 
 
 llo|ikins, 
 
 2,»64 
 
 Jensamiue, 
 
 8,377 
 
 JelVeriou, 
 
 ia,3ttt) 
 
 Knnx, 
 
 »,875 
 
 Livingston, 
 
 8,67-l> 
 
 Lewis, 
 
 3,397 
 
 Lincoln, 
 
 8,676 
 
 Logan, 
 
 12,123 
 
 Mason, 
 
 12,409 
 
 Mercer, 
 
 1^,680 
 
 Madison, 
 
 10,040 
 
 Muhlenburg, 
 
 4,181 
 
 Montgomery, 
 Nieholai) 
 
 12,970 
 
 4,8»3 
 
 NelsoD) 
 
 14,078 
 
 Ohio, 
 
 3,793 
 
 Pulaski, 
 
 6,8»7 
 
 Pendleton, 
 
 3,001 
 
 Rock Castle, 
 
 1,731 
 
 Scott, 
 
 12,419 
 
 Shelby, 
 
 14,87- 
 
 Wayne, 
 
 0.430 
 
 Washington, 
 
 13,248 
 
 Warren, 
 
 11,937 
 
 Woodford, 
 
 9,600 
 
 Total, 
 
 406,011 
 
 — *-'" ■«■■ ■*■ 
 
_ L 
 
 I on (he N. Iiy llli- 
 
 ill it in HP|mrul<Ml hj 
 
 tliiuli it i» neparatrtl 
 
 itl mountains } 8. bjr 
 
 ipiii. 
 
 «d in 1810 into a* 
 
 tnliei. Pop 
 
 . in 1810. 
 
 en, 
 
 7,981 
 
 (init, 
 
 2,»61 
 
 uiiue, 
 
 8,377 
 
 nou, 
 
 ld,30tt 
 
 t> 
 
 l»,879 
 
 igston, 
 
 a,67-l> 
 
 ». 
 
 3,aa7 
 
 oin, 
 
 8,676 
 
 in, 
 
 12,123 
 
 on, 
 
 12,409 
 
 :er, 
 
 1^,680 
 
 isont 
 
 10,940 
 
 lenburg, 
 
 4,181 
 
 Igomery, 
 olai, 
 
 12,979 
 
 4,898 
 
 OD, 
 
 14,078 
 
 < 
 
 3,792 
 
 Hki, 
 
 6,8»7 
 
 leton, 
 
 3,001 
 
 . Caitle, 
 
 1,731 
 
 » 
 
 12,419 
 
 iy. 
 
 14,87- 
 
 ne, 
 
 0.430 
 
 hingtoD, 
 
 13,248 
 
 ren, 
 
 11,937 
 
 dford. 
 
 9,690 
 
 Total, 
 
 406,011 
 
 
 KKXTUCKV. 
 
 tfh'ey$. Kenliii' 
 WHlir*. 'I'he Ohiu 
 
 130 
 
 t(aliln 
 own 
 
 i',kj( ik ninioiit mirroiiiKliMl hy nftvii^i 
 
 -■■ iu •« the northfrn boundary. It llinvn 
 
 Klorig the bordemol'lhe mate for more than fioo niileit. 
 Ihe JImissippi it the wenterii boundary. Tho 7% 
 
 It ein|ilici into ibe (Miiu 4U inilea 
 
 Handy i» the eaitcrn. 
 abii\e I he iSc'iolo. 
 
 Cumberland river ritiPM in the Cumberland mounlaimi, 
 and puRNci uilo the male or'IVMne«i.ec, where it inakeii a 
 circular bend, and returniiiji to Kentucky, empiie* into 
 the Ohio, 6u iiiileH I'loni the Miiiiiit«i|)|M. The Tenimsee 
 cmjitiett into the Uhio 12 niilet below the mouth of the 
 Cumberland. 
 
 The other riverg which empty into the Ohio from 
 this stale are Green, K'eutuchi/, and Lickiut'. Thcue 
 rivers arc uavi^able, by boats, for a consiclerable dis- 
 tance, during the winter Hoods, but in the summer and 
 autumn are much reduced in si/e. 
 
 Chief Towns. Frankfort, the seat of governntent, is 
 on Kentucky river, 60 miles above itti conlluence with 
 the Ohio. When the river is high, steam boats of aoo 
 tons come up as far as this place. Population in Ibio. 
 1,099. • ' 
 
 I.e;riWjg:<o«, the largest and wealthiest town in the 
 state, is pleasantly situated about 30 miles S. E. of 
 Frankfort, in the midst of a fertile and delightful plain, 
 of 40 miles in diameter. It has considerable commerce, 
 and flourishing manufactures. Its growth has been 
 rapi'' The site of the town was not long since a mere 
 forest } the first tree was cut down in 1779 ; the town 
 was laid out in 1783; in 1810, it contained more than 
 4,000 inhabitants, and in 1818 about 7,ooo. 
 
 Louisville, situated at the rapids of the Ohio river, 
 00 miles W. of Frankfort, is the second town in the 
 Btate in wealth and conseuuence. A very extensive 
 
 1 5?''*'* •'O'"™^"^ '■ earned on bctwe..i this place, 
 and Natchez, New Orleans, and St, Louis. The great 
 command of water power afforded by the rapids o? the 
 river, and the other advantages of its situation, wi:i 
 probably make Louisville, at no distant day, a great 
 manufacluriog town. Population in 1819, about 
 9,000. ' 
 
t40 
 
 KENTUCKr. 
 
 Mmin-ilU, on the Ohio, fio mile* N. P. nf reiin^lnn, 
 tin* cuniiderttltle Irnile. HusHfUille i» Mur the miulh- 
 eiii hounilory, 93 niilen N. of N»ihvill«', in I «;iinc»ii'i'. 
 timilhfeld in oit the Ohio. 3 milci hi'ltuv the iiioiUh uV 
 the CuinberUiicl. Hendenon i% on ihe Ohio, helow »he 
 mouth of tlrt'cti river. A'eiiport i« al ihe mouth of 
 Licking river, opuutite Cincinnati in Ohio. Ihnvillc 
 \t 40 mile* H. of FrHnkfort. 
 
 Education. Traiisiflvania Univer$ittj, nt Lriiiiglon, 
 had, in 1S18, » |ire«idenl, and S proffoorn, beiiifei ft 
 iirofciior in the law nchool, and + |)roft'»«ora in the 
 medical •chool, which are connected «ilh Ihe Univer- 
 
 litv 
 
 A eolle«e, hat been recently citabliihed at Danville. 
 
 Pitpulation. In ISiO, Kentucky contained 4()n,91l 
 inhabitanlK, of whom 90,()00, or one lifth, were ilavci. 
 The nopulalionof ihis ilate htt» increaied with a»lon- 
 iHhing rapidity. The ftrnt ietilcmcnt by the while* wa» 
 made in 1779; in 1700, there were 73,000 iuhaliilanH ; 
 in 1800, 220,000, and in ISto, 406,000. As the ■tale is 
 now to a considerable extent settled, the population in 
 future will not increase so rapidly. 
 
 Hfligion. The most numerous denomiDations are 
 Baptists, Presbyterians, and Methodists. 
 
 Face of ihe country. The eastern counties are 
 mountainous ? those on Ohio river are hilly and broken ; 
 the rest of the slate is par«ly level, and partly undulat- 
 
 iniC' 
 
 Soil. The eastern counties, and those on Ihe Ohio, 
 are the poorest parU of the stale. The interior is very 
 fertile, especially the country for 30 miles round Lex- 
 ington, and the district between Green river and the 
 Cumberland. 
 
 The whole slate, below the nionnlains, rests on an 
 immense bed of limestone, usually about 8 feet below 
 Ihe surface. There are every where apertures in this bed 
 of limestone, through which the waters of Ihe rivers 
 •ink into Ihe earth. The large rivers of Kentucky, for 
 this reason, are more diminished during the dry season* 
 than those of any pari of the United States, and the 
 small streauis entirely disappear. 
 
 
 J- _i_aiJ*rKM*»'=** 
 
 _J 
 
OHIO. 
 
 lit 
 
 N. E. nf r-eiin^tnn, 
 • it iirur llie miulli- 
 ivillf, in 'I'f uneitii-e. 
 ii'Invv llir iiiuudi uF 
 (he Oliio, Ill-low I lie 
 i« al (lie mouth of 
 in Uliiu. Danville 
 
 r$ity. At lirtiiigton, 
 irorcMion, bviiilet a 
 t' pmrviRor* ill the 
 d with the Univer- 
 
 kli»hetl at Danville, 
 y contained 4(ifl,dl t 
 e iil'lh, were ilavci. 
 created with astoO' 
 nt by the vihilet ua* 
 73,000 iiihaliilanli ; 
 )00. At I he iiate is 
 I, the population in 
 
 • 
 
 I denomioationt are 
 
 iditti. 
 
 olern countiet are 
 
 kre hilly and broken ; 
 
 , and partly uudulat- 
 
 1 ihotte on the Ohio, 
 
 The interior it very 
 
 30 milei round Lex- 
 
 ■rern river and the 
 
 inlaint, regis on an 
 ahnut 8 feel below 
 apertures in thit bed 
 ivaters of the rivers 
 crs of Kentucky, for 
 uring the dry geason» 
 ited State*, and the 
 
 ProJuclwm. The principal pnHluctioni are hemp, 
 tobacco, wht'nl, Intlian corn, rye, &,c. 
 
 Salt. .Mall tpringt or lickn abound, and talt it ob. 
 laiued from thfin in MolfK-ienl (|uunliiiet In supply, nut 
 only Ihit tialc, but a gn-nl pan of Ohio and reuncitee. 
 
 Commrrcf. Hi-inp, Jobacco, and wheat are ihe prin' 
 cipal rxporlt. Thite are curried down the Ohio and 
 MinsitHippi lo New Orlciint, and foreign t;iHid« received 
 from ihe tame plaec in return. l.niiiHvilluoH Ihe Ohio, 
 al Ihi' rapid*, it Ihe centre of (hit trade. 
 
 Canal. A canni it about lo be opened around the 
 Rapidi of the Ohio, at l.iMiitville. Tln-ie rnpidt ar« 
 the only im|>orlHiit obttruelion tu the nuvitjulioii of the 
 Ohio from its mouth In i'ill^burg. 
 
 Curiosities. In the touihwctfern pari of the tiale, 
 between Oreen river and ihc T'omberlmid, there are 
 several wonderful cavet. One, culled thu Mimmuth 
 cave, i* said In be S or 1 J milet loni?. 
 
 The bankt of Ihe Kentucky and Cumberlind rivern, 
 are great curiotitict. In nianv placet they are perpeu- 
 dicuTar precipices, sou feel hi^li, of tolid limetione. 
 
 OHIO. 
 
 Situation. Ohio it bounded N. by Michigan Terrl. 
 lory and Liike Erie? K. by I'enndjIvHnm ; S. by Vir- 
 ginia and Kentucky, from both of which it it separated 
 by Ihe river Ohio; and W. by InrI una. lit eaitlera 
 and we»tern boundnrie*t are lihet of l.m^iitide. 
 
 Divisions. In lyio, Ohio was divided iulu 38 couD' 
 ties. 
 
 Countiet, 
 
 Pop. in tfUO. 
 
 Cuunttet. 
 
 Pup. in 1810. 
 
 Adams, 
 
 9,»3I 
 
 Columbiana, 
 
 10,878 
 
 Athens, 
 
 Vf" 
 
 ('ayahoga, 
 
 l,4.'>9 
 
 Belmont, 
 
 11,097 
 
 heluuare, 
 
 2,000 
 
 Butler, 
 
 11,160 
 
 Fairfield, 
 
 4,361 
 
 Champaign, 
 
 (5,003 
 
 Fayette, 
 
 1,864 
 
 Clermont, 
 
 9,9G6 
 
 Franklin, 
 
 »,48G 
 
 Clinton, 
 
 2,1374 
 
 Ijallia, 
 
 4,181 
 
 
 
 J 
 

 I. ! 
 
 i 
 
 il 
 
 . in into. 
 
 Oiii uitt. i'i,p 
 
 . in IDIC 
 
 tt/U7 
 
 I'ifkaudjr, 
 
 7,1 il 
 
 n.(»M 
 
 |'»rlu)ff, 
 
 2,'.t'.i . 
 
 f.,KH) 
 
 IViliU, 
 
 ;»,ao» 
 
 l.'iV.T)!! 
 
 i(uK«, 
 
 I5,r»n 
 
 r>,iM 
 
 Mciiito, 
 
 ;»,.iit',' 
 
 l7,'.»ii(» 
 
 Htnrk, 
 
 '.•,r:VJ 
 
 •.Mi;» 
 
 'i'rumlMiil, 
 
 0,011 
 
 ;»,ii5'j 
 
 Tiiicnrana*, 
 
 r»,oifi 
 
 i/.d.i 
 
 Wnrreii, 
 
 !»,!iiri 
 
 :!,!» 1 1 
 
 WualiiiigliiM, 
 
 f.,liui 
 
 7,7 V 2 
 
 
 
 U),o;io 
 
 Total, 
 
 «:)u,7t»> 
 
 I4t UIIIO. 
 
 Ctunliti. 
 
 Oeauifit, 
 
 Oiicriiit'y, 
 
 (Jrii'M, 
 
 llniiiillon, 
 
 llii^hlunil, 
 
 JflV«*r«on, 
 
 Knox, 
 
 Licking, 
 
 Mailituii, 
 
 Miuiiii, 
 
 MiiiilK<iiiifry, 
 
 Mutkiiiguin, 
 
 (flixliM'ii coun(it>« httvi* Hinoc keen riirmcU, rix. AnIiIii. 
 hiilii, nrtiwti, Cliirk. ('i)Hlii>etiiii, Umk, llarrimui, lltiron, 
 Jiivk^tim, Loi^iin, Mctliim, Muiiruf, Murijuii, I'tn v, I'ikf, 
 UifliliiiMl, \Vu)iii;. 
 
 nivm. Oltio river riin« along lli<* ulmle ftoiitlirrn 
 bordvr, a ilistiiiKM' oC 4^0 uiiltr*, ii-jmratisig lliii aluie 
 from Virniiiiii und Kentucky. 
 
 Tlie |iriMci|ml river* cmpijliin ii>lo lli»' Ohio, I»««t5in- 
 nins^ ill llif fUHl, uro. tin" ►♦/unA in;,'ijm, Uie Ilfickhuvkiii^'-, 
 tlie Silotth anil ilic <»rpnf .^liaini. 
 
 The |>ri«('i|»iil rivtm ivliieh lull into F*«ke Kri««, he- 
 
 Si'iniHg iti ihe vvent, are ihe tMiami of tlie Laki>«, at 
 tiumie**, «hf Samlu^ki/. ami the Ca'jnhnga. 
 Camls. Tliu niivi^abiu water!! of the Mii«kingiitn 
 nriil ihe Caynho^ii ajtproacli vvithin » few mill"* of eiiivh 
 other, no that if *i short canal were cnt, a uitter poni- 
 munication woMlil l»t> oppncil bet ween Luke Kric. anil 
 Oliio rhcr. Tlit; uttoie objeul might hi; ellucleil hy n 
 canal between the Snniliinky ami Ihe Mciolo. 
 
 Chief Towm. Viminmti, the largest town in Ohio, 
 in neai' the louthweNt enraer of the Blulr, uii Ohio river, 
 JO mile* above the month of the On at iMiatni. Nuoier- 
 ouR and eilennive manufacturing entabliKliment* have 
 been erected here, and the commerce and popuiat'on 
 have increaned with antoninhin^ rapidity. In iHtu the 
 population was 2,910; in 1810, it was estimated at 
 0,001); aod ID 1819, at io,ooo. 
 
 m. 
 
lint. 
 
 y./i. >i iitic. 
 
 sway, 
 
 7,rii 
 
 *«••. 
 
 2,!»!t.» 
 
 \t, 
 
 ;i,3t)i 
 
 • 
 
 i5,r»M 
 
 •». 
 
 M,Jlti» 
 
 k, 
 
 2,7W 
 
 It bull, 
 
 0,071 
 
 nranKK, 
 
 a,045 
 
 rt'ii, 
 
 i),f»ar. 
 
 liiiiijdin, 
 
 fi.tJUl 
 
 T«ittl, «:»u,7b ) 
 
 fiirmol, viz. Aiiltta- 
 rk, llarrimiii, iliirnn, 
 Murgtiii) I'tri «j i'lkf, 
 
 ttie «vltiil(> fioiitliprn 
 ii'|>iiratisig (hit tluie 
 
 ilo tlic Ohio, h««t5iH- 
 m, I he //ivi-^ftoiA JHjr, 
 
 nto Lske Kriv, bp- 
 It iif the Lakvi, of 
 i>j(iltnga- 
 
 of the Miiftkingiim 
 I H fe^v inilt'H 111' rm'.h 
 
 cut, n uitttT P(jm- 
 vn Iiuk«» Kric. ami 
 {ht bt; cll'fcteil by u 
 e Mciolo. 
 
 largptt tinvn in Ohio, 
 Kittle, uii Ohio river, 
 
 Bt Miami. Numer- 
 eiitabiiKhmentt have 
 >rce attd {lopulul'nn 
 pidity. Ill iHto ihe 
 t wa» estimated Ht 
 
 OHIO. 
 
 IH» 
 
 VhiUu'Dlltir i» oil lh« Heiato, To mile* from lU nioulh. 
 I'lijiulatinn in |»|H, about U.ouo. 
 
 I'olumlmt, (he teat of goveriinirul, li on ihc HeinlA, 
 *iear ifin ««Btr« of the iilair, «il inilen north uf Chillienihe. 
 U uai Uid'out in tnn, and in l^tH eonlainrd 1,.1(>*) in< 
 hubiluult. The turruundiuff country ii |tk'aiaut and 
 fertile. 
 
 Jhrielta, the nidfal town in (he niale, i« on the Ohio, 
 at the itinuili of Ihe Mn•kill^un1. The lowii i« liable lu 
 annual innundalioai $ an ineonvenJenee which hat mueh 
 retarded iu ii^rowth. Hhip-liiiilding hat been carried on 
 here to a roM«iderablc extent. 
 
 XtmtivUU ia«n (he Muikin^um, flo niilet N. of Mari- 
 ella. StouhonvUlf i" on the Ohio, near ihe I'enntylvnniA 
 Uuudnry. I'urhmauth it on (he Ohio, at fhe inuullt of iho 
 Heioto. AthfM it on the Hoekhocninif, ahnut SO iniUa 
 K. of Chiiiiicathc. Clfvelnnd it on tiake Erie, at the 
 ntoulh of the Cayahoga. 
 
 Edunttion. '1 he Ohio tJnivertilij, at Athent, it Ihn 
 moit revpeotable literary intlitutiun. It it in itt infau- 
 ey, but ill protpccit are proniiting. 
 
 Po^uhtioH. In IHto, the population waa aao,7AO. 
 The inereate of population in thit ttate it almott unei. 
 •mpled. In 1740 it wat but a.ooo; in t<4nu, 4«,taA ^ 
 in 1810, 330,7A0} and in IHIA, it wat ettimated at 
 33^,700. There are no tiavet in Ohio. 
 
 Indiana, In 17«i3, nearly the whole of thit ttate, wat 
 owned In the Indiant, but (hey hare tinee eoded nearly 
 •II their landt to the United Htatet. The few that re- 
 main live in tlie norlhtvett part of ihc tlate. 
 
 Ueligim. The Frethyleriant are inott numeroui, and 
 next to them are the Methodittt. 
 
 Face, o' the Cimntri/, The ioulheattern part of tfic 
 •late it iiilly, the rent it, Kenerally, level 
 
 Suit and rrodueliimH, The toil it generally fertile. 
 The eouiitict on the Heiolo, and Great Miami are per- 
 liapt the beKt in (he ttate. Wheal it thettaplc produe* 
 lion. Other kindt of grain ara iilto eilentively eul(i« 
 vated. 
 
 Commerce. The principul exportt are flour, pork, 
 and tobacco. Theie are carried dott u the Ohio and Mit' 
 
 J 
 
mpmm 
 
 U f 
 
 ut 
 
 INDIANA. 
 
 •Iiilppi to New Orkkiit, ami fbrtign Ko<Hi« ntthti 
 frnm llimamf pUcc by Ihr •lom boait, and rnim I'hiU* 
 dclphia «ii(l lUllimorc, ncrum llir All«-i^»n| mountaint, 
 «Vin'ra/i. <'<»i KbaMOiU in lh«- rstlrrvr part of lhr> 
 •Ul», ntar lh> Ohi«. Halt tiirinif* an rnunil near 
 Hfiolo ami Muikingnm river*. Iron or« and rreaitono 
 abound on Ihr banki ofllic liofkboekiog. 
 
 INDIANA. 
 
 SUmUnn. Indiana U boandrd N. by llllnoii, and 
 Mirhii()tn Terrilorj i I*', by Oliiu i H. bv Krntueky, 
 rrnm wliicb it i« avparatrd by th« river Oliioi W. by 
 Illinois. 
 
 iHviiioni. The norlhcra and 'middle part* of the 
 ■late belong to the Indiaiie. 
 
 Tlip while »eltleifieni« in the south were divided in 
 Iflia into 13 eounlica. 
 
 Ctuniiti, 
 
 A/>. in 1811. 
 
 Clark, 
 
 7,000 
 
 Dearhnrni 
 
 4,4«« 
 
 Franklin, 
 
 7,970 
 
 flibiinn. 
 
 0,Kau 
 
 llnrriitoD, 
 
 «,7»H» 
 
 JelTrnion, 
 
 4,0tta 
 
 Knox, 
 
 6,N0fl 
 
 Perry, 
 
 8,000 
 
 Poney, 
 
 Mwitxerland, 
 Wnrwirk, 
 W'athingtoO| 
 WttjnCi 
 
 Total, 
 
 I'ofi. 
 
 in 1815. 
 3,000 
 
 a,aoo 
 
 «,«0A 
 3,000 
 
 e.sito 
 
 67,000 
 
 Rtverx. The Ohio ii ihe •oiithern boundary of the 
 ■tair, from the moiiih of the Urrat Miami to that of the 
 Wabath. 
 
 The fVabath riiei in the nortleatt part of the *tate, 
 and Oowing inulhweKl. (-mplie* inlo I he Ubio SO mile* 
 above the mouth of the Cumberland. For the laiit half 
 of ilai eour«e it i» the boundary 'irtMeen Indiana and 
 lilinoiH. It ii more than ;)00 mile« long, and i« naviga- 
 ble fui keel boaU lOO milt <*, and for tmall boatt nearly 
 to it« (ouree. Tipptcanoe river, in the northern part of 
 the ttate, ii a braneh of the Wabaih. 
 
L 
 
 nrftifii goAili rrrrivcJ 
 boait, and rmm I'hiU- 
 F Allc^ani m«ttntain«. 
 l« i>Mlrr«rB«rt of llii< 
 in^» mn tnani nt«r 
 I Dim or« tntl frfattona 
 borkiag. 
 
 «l N. bjr lllinoii, anil 
 ill I H. bv Krnluckjr, 
 he river Ohio I W. by 
 
 I'tnitldle parts of the 
 
 •outh were divided in 
 
 nn'fj. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 f'l 181 J. 
 
 »ejr, 
 
 
 3,000 
 
 itxerland, 
 
 
 a,sou 
 
 nrwirk, 
 
 
 «,«on 
 
 ii«liiiigton, 
 
 
 3,000 
 
 tt)ne, 
 
 ■ 
 
 e,8ito 
 
 Total, 
 
 «7,000 
 
 thrrn boundary of the 
 It Miami to that of the 
 
 leait part of the *tate, 
 iilo ln# Ubio so mile* 
 icd. For the lam lialf 
 ' 'letween Indiana and 
 lr» long, and i» naviga> 
 for amall boat* nearly 
 in the northern part of 
 bath. 
 
 ILUNOlA. 
 
 i«^ 
 
 WhUf river i% a branch of the Waba.b. It rtiM fn 
 • be catlrrn purt nt the ttalr, m ihh liriiMrhrt and jutn* 
 ihe Walia»b alin<j| wo milr* bfbnv Vinf-rniir*. 
 
 tt'htlfuuittr river empliet inlti ib«- (irvat Mii«mi,neap 
 the ■iHiih<-««( earner of »be tlale, Hiibin a few mile* of 
 ita inouib. 
 
 Vanal. The Aaviifalile walert of the W«ba«b ap« 
 proaeb wlibin a frw mile* of ibe navip{iibl)- Mater* of 
 the Miami or Maiimee, vvbieb emplip* iniu |,ake Kria. 
 A eanni ennnerting ibe Imd river* would iiprn a eoin* 
 muiiiralinii helweeii P^ake Krie and ibe Miii»ji«ip|ii. 
 
 CMtf Town*. yiHernntt it on tbc WaUa«b, about 
 aoo milea from ilt mouth- It waa flrit teltled by lh« 
 Freneh in t7ilo. The Niirroundiiig roiinlry ia fcrlile. 
 
 Corydnn, ibi* aeat of noveriiment, i* 3fl milea W, of 
 liuuitville in Kentucky, on ■ tmail creek whieh emiititt 
 into Ibe Obiu. 
 
 Femv ia a Switt aetllemenl, near the innlheait eor. 
 
 ni*r of the ttate,on the llbio, 15 milet below f'ineinnali. 
 
 ,Mndiion ia on the Ohio, 'Ul niilea below Vevay. 
 
 Pofinlation. Tbi* i< a new atale and i« urttliiif^ very 
 
 ra|>)ly. In IHOI the while population waa le«» than 
 
 A,000} in IHIO itwaaslM^Oi and in iHiA, aHtTNi. 
 
 Fane of the eonntrt/, &c. Near the Ohio the eountry 
 
 i« billy; further north it it level, obonndinif with ex« 
 
 •entive and fertile prairiea. The ooil i» rieh. parlicu* 
 
 iarly on thu Wabaib and While rivera, yieldiiii^ Indian 
 
 corn, wheat :..id other grain in nbundanre. 'J'hv vine ia 
 
 culiivatid by the 8witt teitlera near Vevay. 
 
 ILLINOIS. 
 
 Situation. Illinnit it bounded N. by the NorlhweiTt 
 Territory { K. by Lake Michigan, nrid liidinna ( 8. by 
 Kenluckv, from which it ia aeparnted by the Ohio 
 river } W, by the Mitiitiippi, which aeparatet it from 
 Miiiouri. 
 
 tHviiiont. The northern part of the tlate belonga In 
 the Indiana. The white aptllemeni* arc in the touth, 
 and were divided in 1818 into 10 couDtiea. 
 it 
 
 f 
 
 I 
 
t4« 
 
 ILLINOIS. 
 
 Cauniiet. 
 
 Fop. in 1818. 
 
 Bom), 
 
 1,383 
 
 Crawford, 
 
 2,07* 
 
 KdwnnlK, 
 
 1,9+8 
 
 Friuiklin, 
 
 000 
 
 Gallatin, 
 
 3,290 
 
 Jackson, 
 
 l,-^^)* 
 
 Johiiitou, 
 
 6"/S 
 
 Mudibon, 
 
 0,406 
 
 Countia, 
 
 Monroe, 
 
 Pope, 
 
 Kaiidnlpli, 
 
 m. Clair, 
 
 Union, 
 
 Washington, 
 
 White, 
 
 Pop. 
 
 in 1818 
 
 l,3fi8 
 
 i,tt7a 
 
 3,030 
 4,010 
 
 3,4Ka 
 
 i,7or 
 
 8.030 
 
 Total, 80,220 
 
 /fivers. The Mississippi, Ohio, and JVahash are 
 houndary rivers on the west, south, and east, for more 
 
 than 1,000 mile*. . ,»t l , * 
 
 Little mtbash river empties into the Wabasli a few 
 
 miles from its mouth. M Vase empt .es into the Mis- 
 
 cissitipi more than 50 miles above the Olno. 
 
 Kaskaskia river rises in the eastern part of »hc stale, 
 
 and Bowing 8. W. empties into !«'« ^"^W, J!? 
 
 miles above the Ohio. It is navigable for boats 130 
 
 ""/Jinoi.s river rises in Indiana, near Lake Michigan, 
 and pursuing a southwest course, em^Hies into the Mis- 
 s"s,ippY 21 miles above the Missouf It .s navigable 
 SKit. whole extent. Its head waters approach 
 veryTar to the waters of Lake Michigan, and a canal 
 is in contemplation to connect them. 
 
 Hock river rises near the northern, boundary of he 
 f,tate, and eaters the Mississippi 160 miles above the 
 
 ^^^ Chief Towns. Kaskaskia, the seat of government, is 
 on Kaskaskia river, 11 miles from its mouth. It is an 
 old French settlement, mere than 100 years old 
 
 Cahokia is a French settlement, near the Mississippi, 
 miles from St. Louis, on the opposite side "f «he mer. 
 Shawneetoum is o.i the Ohio, 9 miles below tl'e mo""! 
 «t' "he Wabash. EdrvardsviUe is 10 miles N. of Caho- 
 
 ^'""population. In 1810, the population h as 12,282; 
 in 1818, 33,220, and very rapidly increasing. 1 be set- 
 tfement; ar; in the south, Jar the banks of the great 
 
 rivers. 
 
MISSOURI. 
 
 ,m 
 
 tici. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 in 1818 
 
 roe, 
 
 
 1,308 
 
 E, 
 
 
 1,973 
 
 (Inlpli, 
 
 
 3,030 
 
 Clair, 
 
 
 4,010 
 
 on, 
 
 
 3,4Ha 
 
 ihington, 
 
 
 i,7or 
 
 He, 
 
 (al, 
 
 8,030 
 
 To 
 
 80,220 
 
 hio, ami iVahash are 
 (j, and east, for more 
 
 » the Wabasli a few 
 empties into the Mis- 
 the Ohio. 
 
 itern part of the Mate, 
 
 the MisuiMippi 130 
 
 rigable for boats 130 
 
 near Lake Michigan, 
 empties into the Mis- 
 louri. It is navigable 
 lenil waters approaoh 
 Michigan, and a eanal 
 
 m. 
 
 hern, boundary of the 
 160 miles above the 
 
 seat of government, is 
 II its mouth. It is an 
 1 100 years old. 
 t. near the Mississippi, 
 posite side of the river, 
 miles below the month 
 1 IB miles N. of Caho- 
 
 ipulation was 12,282 ; 
 |r increasing. The set- 
 he banks of tie great 
 
 Education. Congrass have granted one tectinn in 
 c^rcry township for the nupport ui schools, and two town* 
 ship* for the support of a university. 
 
 Face of the country, &c, liliuois is a flat country, 
 abounding with extensive prairies. The soil is gener- 
 ally very fertile, particularlv on the margin of the 
 rivers. Corn is the staple production. 
 
 Salt. Tht re are extensive salt works belonging to 
 the UiMled Slates, 12 miles W. of Shawneetown. Be- 
 twoiii ;20o.ooo xnil dou.ouo busheU of salt are annually 
 made at these works. 
 
 MISSOURI. 
 
 Situation. Missouri is bounded W. and N. by Mis- 
 sunn IVrriinry; K. by the Mississippi, which divides 
 it from Illinois and Kentucky ; and 8. by Arkansaiv 
 Territory. 
 
 Rivers. The Mississippi is the eastern boundary. 
 Moitif or des Miynes river, a branch of the Mississippi, 
 miiki's pnrt of ihe northern boundary. 
 
 The Jlissouri comes from the west, and passing 
 through Ihe middle of the state, empties into the Mis- 
 sissippi, 20 miles below the mouth of the Illinois. The 
 principul brandies of the Missouri which empty in this 
 stale, are the Gasconade, Great Osage^ and Mine rivers 
 from Ihe south, and Clwrlatan and Grande from the 
 north. 
 
 The Marameck empties into Ihe Mississippi 14 
 miles below St. Louis, 'it is navigable 3t;o miles. 
 
 Chief Towns. St. Louis is on the Mississippi, 14 
 miles by laud bilnw the mouth of Ihe Missouri. It is 
 admirably situated for commerce, near the junction of 
 the three great rivers, Missouri, Mississippi, and lili- 
 nois. The population is increasing very rapidly. In 
 18(0, it was l,eoo, and in 1819, about 4,000. 
 
 Herculaneum is on the Mississippi, do miles below 
 St. Louis. It is Ihe placeof depot for the lead obtained 
 from the rich mines 40 miles west of the town. Here 
 they manufacture shot. 
 
 n 
 
148 
 
 MICHIGAN TERRITORY. 
 
 St. Oenevieve is on the Miss'iMippi, 6* miles below 
 8l. LnuiH. Population 1,000. 
 
 St. Charles in on the MisHonri, 19 miles northwest of 
 St. LouiH. Franklin i» on the Missouri, 160 miles 
 from St. Louis. Cape Girardeau is on the Mississinpi, 
 SO miles above the mouth of the Ohio. J^Tew Madrid 
 is on the Mississippi, 73 miles below the mouth of the 
 Ohio. . , 
 
 Fopulation. The population is increasiug very rapid- 
 ly. In 18J0, it WHS only 20,000; Bn«l in 18t8, 60,000. 
 The settlements are principally aloug the banks of the 
 Mississippi anil Missouri. 
 
 SuiL Sec. On all the rivers there are extensive allu- 
 viul tracts wliich nic very fertile, thongh in some 
 idttces exposed lo inundution. A very extensive tract^ 
 on both siile* of the Missouri, between the mouths ol 
 Osage and lvnii«as rivers, is very fertile. The produc- 
 tions are Indian corn, cotton, \vheat, rye, oats, 8ic. 
 
 l^ad Mnes. Tiie famous lead mines of this country 
 arc near the river Marameck,4B miles west of Flereula- 
 neum. The ore is exceedingly rich, and thymines are 
 extensive enough to supply the whole world. 
 
 Salt springs abound, and salt is obtained from them 
 in great quantities. Coal is found in abundance 
 
 Commerce. The principal exports are lead and furs. 
 A large capital is employed in the fur trade with the 
 Indians up the Missouri and Mississippi St. Louis is 
 the centre of commerce. Boats are continually passiflg 
 between St. Louis and New Orleans. 
 
 MICHIGAN TERRITORY. 
 
 Situation. Michigan Territory is a peninsula, lying 
 between Luke Michigan on the west, and Lakes Huron, 
 St. Clair, and Erie, on the east. On the S. are Ohio 
 and Indiana. , 
 
 Lakes and Bays. Half of Lakes .VicAt^-aii, Huron, 
 anASt. C/air, aiid a small part of lake Erie, arem 
 this territory. Saganaum bay is a long deep bay, on the 
 
[TORY. 
 
 tpi, 64 miles below 
 
 S miles northwest of 
 Missouri, 160 miles 
 s on tlie Minsissinpi, 
 Dhio. Jyew Madrid 
 low the mouth of the 
 
 nereasiug very rapid- 
 
 an«i in 18 1 8, 0O,U00. 
 
 tug the bauks of the 
 
 e are extensive nllu- 
 ile, though in some 
 very extonsive tract 
 ween the mouths of 
 fertile. The produc- 
 l, rye, oats, &.c. 
 mines of this country 
 iiles west of Ilercula- 
 h, and thennines are 
 ole world, 
 obtained from them 
 in abundance 
 rts are lead and furs. 
 ' fur trade with the 
 issippi St. Louis is 
 e continually passiitg 
 ns. 
 
 ITORY. 
 
 1 is a peninsula, lying 
 ;8t, and Lakes Huron, 
 Od the S. are Ohio 
 
 es wMichigan, Huron^ 
 »f Lake Erie, are in 
 I long deep bay, on the 
 
 MICH JOAN TKURITORY. 
 
 iJf) 
 
 we^t side of Liikp lliinm. Traverse bay is on the N. 
 li. (tide oI'Lakf Michiijim. 
 
 JtivevH The river or slniiU of >}IiiltUimnckinac con- 
 nect Luke Micliigiin with Lake Hiimn. Si. Vlnir river 
 connectH Luke Huron with Luke St. Clair. Detroit 
 river connects Lake Hi. Clair with iiuke Krie. Baga- 
 naitm river emplie<t into Siii^anaiini buy. Many small 
 rivers empty on the east side of Luke Micbiijan; the 
 principal i* Grand river. 
 
 Cfiief Tijwiis. Detrnit i<* on Detroit river, between 
 Lake Erie and Lake St. Clair. It has a fort and a 
 garrison, and is concerned in the fur trade. Population 
 in 1810, 770. 
 
 JitichiUmackinac fort is on an island in the river or 
 straits of Michilimuckinac, between l^ake Michigan and 
 Lake Huron. It is the grand depot of the Canadian fur 
 traders. 
 
 Historif. This country was settled by the French 
 more than 130 years asjo. In 1730 it fell, with Canada, 
 into the hands of the British. Since 1783, it has be- 
 longed to the United Stales. 
 
 PoptUatinn. The white population in 1810 was only 
 4,762. The settlements are principally in the south- 
 east, along De' oit river, and Lake Erie. 
 
 Indians. The number of Indians is about 6,000. 
 The names of the tribes are, Cbippewas, Ottawas, Po- 
 townttamies, Wyandots, Munsees, Shawanese, and Del- 
 awares. 
 
 Face of the country, &c. The country is flat, and the 
 soil generally fertile, producing wheat, oats, barley, 
 rye, fruits, &c. 
 
 Inlani JSTavigation. This territory is almost sur- 
 rounded by navigable \»pter9. Steam boats ^o regu- 
 larly during the summer, from Detroit to Biiftuloe on 
 the east end of Lake Erie, and occasiouuliy from De- 
 troit to Miehiliniackinae. The ice closes tks uaviga> 
 tioa for nearly e months of the year. 
 
fm 
 
 AKKANsANV TKUfUlOUV 
 
 I 
 
 NOKTHWKST TKRIillOUV. 
 
 Situntinn. Tliin U-rrilory lies bH«een MixMMiitin 
 liver on il«e »i*l, nml LtiK' ^ Superior ami Mitlngnn on 
 the eaul. Il Iiuh llie Hrili i |)0«»pitgioii« on ihe iiorlli, 
 ftDtt lllinniit on tlie soulli. ,.. , . • 
 
 Jakes. One liuH' i»f llu« great hikes Micliignn, and 
 Superior, and of the Lake of llie Wood* i» in tl>i» «er- 
 
 t ilory. , ... . 
 
 n'au. Oreen bay i« a lonj. narrow bay, Ml.ieli pnts 
 i.ul li'uni the N W. »i<le ofl^Hke Micbigun and extend* 
 fn»m iiorib lononlh uboul 100 mile*. 
 
 Jlivfvs. The Mississippi i* ibc western boundary, 
 i be river .«*t Marif's eonneets Lwke Superior wilb Lake 
 Huron. 'Mitre are fulls in tbis river wbioli prevent tbe 
 jiseent of boats from Lake Huron. 
 
 Fux river eniptie* into tbe bottom of l>reen Bay. 
 The Ouisconsin empties into the Mississippi near the 
 Honthwest corner of tbe territory. The navigable 
 waters of these two rivers, at one place, are only s miles 
 apart. The common route from Cireen Bay to the 
 iiississippi is up Fox river; then, aeross the portage lo 
 Hie Ouisconsin, and down the Ouisconsin to llic Missis- 
 
 ^'^Black river, the Chippeway, and the St. Croix empty 
 into the Mississippi above tbe Ouisconsin. 
 
 Forts. The United States have a fort and garrison 
 on Green Bay at the mouth of Fox river. There is no 
 other while settlement in the ierritory. 
 
 Indians. This territory is inhabited by various small 
 liibes of Indians. Very little is known about them. 
 
 ARKANSAW TKRUITORY. 
 
 Situation. This territory is bounded N. by Missouri 
 Territory and slate; E. by the Mississippi; S. by 
 Louisiana, and the Spanish Dominions ; W. by the 
 Snanisb Dominions . . i 
 
 River'i. The Jilississippi is the eastern boundary, 
 and Ked river the southweslerD. 
 
I(>U\ 
 
 MlnSOlIUl rhURITOHV. 
 
 151 
 
 llOUV. 
 
 iel«een Mix^iKsiiil'i 
 ior Hiiii Mielii{;anflii 
 nniis on llie iiurtli, 
 
 i«kr» Micliignn, and 
 ^Voi)d» i« in «l>i» «er- 
 
 row bay, mIupIi pnl» 
 lidiigun und cxlendu 
 I. 
 western boundary. 
 Superior wilb Lake 
 IT wl'ioli prevent the 
 
 illfim of Green Bay. 
 ^lissiiHippi near Ine 
 y. Tlie navij|;able 
 lace, are only 8 miles 
 (ireen Bay to the 
 acroHti the portage lo 
 consiu to tlie Missis- 
 
 the St. Vroix empty 
 iconsin. 
 
 e a fort and garrison 
 ( river. There is no 
 lory. 
 
 liled by various small 
 nown about them. 
 
 IITORY. 
 
 jnded N. by Missouri 
 ? Mississippi ; '^. by 
 linions; W. by the 
 
 le eastern boundary, 
 
 this slate, and passes into 
 
 Tlie .hkinisiiw is a mighty rivor. It lUfs in the 
 Itiipky (niMin)uiiis, and running H. K. niore than 2000 
 iiiilin, eniplii'M into the Mii«sis>iippi, 400 miles uliove the 
 entrance of Ited river. It is navigable almost to its 
 souree. 
 
 H'hite river empties into the Missi'<*ippi 20 miles 
 above the Arkaninu. It nulers a great ekteni of coun- 
 try, and is navigoble for 1,000 miles. 
 
 The St. I'lancia rises in the state of Missouri, nnd 
 flowing south, empties into the Mississippi ior miles 
 above the Arkonsaw. The banks of this river and of 
 White river are annual 'y overflowed, for 100 milea 
 above their mouths. 
 
 The H'acltittt rises in 
 Louisiana. 
 
 Soil, &c. The eountry on White river and !(• 
 branches is the best in the territory, and among the best 
 in America. It is well adapted to cotton. On the 
 other rivers the land is very fertile, except on the 
 Wachifa where it • r and'stony. 
 
 Settlement, ^^rhatisaiv, on Arkansaw river, C.l miles 
 from its mouth, is an old French settlement. Topula* 
 tion in I8I0, 874. 
 
 I'opulation. In 1810 the white population was only 
 J, OBJ. In 1817 it was estimated at 3,000. 
 
 The Indians occupy nearly the whole of this territory. 
 A part of (he Cherokee 'tribe have lately removed 
 across the Mississippi, and settled on Arkansaw river. 
 
 Jiniimls. The country on the Arkansaw furnishes 
 line hunting grounds. It abounds with buflaloes, deer, 
 oik, bears, wolves, panthers, &c. Wild horses abouud 
 iu the prairies between the Arkansaw and Red river. 
 
 MISSOURI TERRITORY. 
 
 Situation. All the territory of the United Slates 
 west of the Mississippi, not included in the slates of 
 Missouri, Louisiana, and Arkansaw Territory, is called 
 Missouri Territory, ll extends from the Mississippi on 
 the Fi. to the Pacific Ocean on the W. und from the 
 British possessions on tie N. (0 the Spanish nossessious 
 oa the S. 
 
 n 
 
 \ *$ 
 
 a €3 
 
 I' 'J 
 
 ifl 
 
m 
 
 MISSOURI TEIlHirORY. 
 
 t 
 
 I': 
 
 Miuntains. The Uorky mountains run from S. K. to 
 N W. acniNi thiti terrilorv, dividing it into two |i«it«. 
 'itiven 'ri>« Mmimjipi i* (lie i-anlern boiiii«l«ry. 
 Ill iiriiicii.al l.ranche* from llii* l«'rrilory arvSt. Fetor'a 
 river, wlii.h ciii|.lie« mar (he falln of St. Anthony, anrt 
 M'linff river, whitli forms part of the northern bouu- 
 ilary of Hie Male of MiMoiiri. .„..., 
 
 'rhe isreiit river »Vissoiiri is almo«j wliolly in thi» ter- 
 ritory it riHP'^ in the iiocky moiinlain*, ami il» general 
 course i* H. K. The prinnpal hranolieH on the west 
 iiitJeare (hase. ICansan, la I'lntte, and lellnwstone ,• ttad 
 on the east M.le, Grand, Sioux, an<l Jacque. 
 
 IMnmbia river is llie sreal river we.l of the Rockr 
 Mountain.. It rise, ahout lat. &5 N. and (Inw. S. W. 
 into the Pacific ocean. It is nftviguble to the M\», about 
 :J00 mileg. The three princinal bra.iche* are Multnomah, 
 Lewis, and Clark riveri, all of which ri»e in the Kucky 
 mountains, and flow went. . • .nu 
 
 All the abovcinentioned rirers are ttrcat riveri. I he 
 imallest of them is more than 000 miles long. Most of 
 them are navigabU throu^h the Rreater part of their 
 course. 1 he Mississippi is navigable to the tails of St. 
 \nthony, 2,400 miles from the Gulf of Mexico. I he 
 Missouri is naviKable to the Great Falls, *000 mile* 
 from the same Gulf. 
 
 Settlement. There is a white settlement called 
 Mioria, near the mouth of Columbia river. The inhab- 
 itants carry on the fur trade with the surrounding 
 
 Indians. ... , , „ • . • l 
 
 Indians. The whole of this vast territory is inhab- 
 ited by numerous tribes of savages, or wandering In- 
 dians. The principal tribes east of the mountains are 
 the Siowa-, in the norlboasi, between the Missouri and 
 Mississippi ; the Osages, in the southeast, on the Osage 
 and Arkansaw rivers; the Kansas, on Kansas river; 
 and the Pawnees, between the Missouri and the Platte. 
 Verv little is known about the other tribes. 
 
 Face of tke country, soil. &e. Very little of this ter- 
 ritory is fit for settlements. On the east n\ the Kooky 
 mounlains the country is principally destitute «f wood. 
 
ronv. 
 
 ns run from S. K. to 
 ng it iiiln two \nxrl*. 
 a i'H!tli>rn boiiiiilary. 
 rilory nre St. Feter^s 
 of St. Anthony, an<> 
 r (lie northern bouu- 
 
 os( wholly in thin ter* 
 lininM, unii i(» general 
 liranciieH on the west 
 nil yellnwstone ; and 
 <l Jacque, 
 
 cr west of the Rockjr 
 5 N. and flows S. W. 
 ikble (oihe falli, about 
 .iche« are Multnumnh^ 
 lich rise in the Uovky 
 
 re ijrcat riveri. The 
 n)ile8 long. Most of 
 greater part of their 
 able to the falU of St. 
 lulf of Mexico. 'I"he 
 ■eat FalU, 4000 mile* 
 
 i(e iettlement called 
 Ilia river. The inhab- 
 with the Burroundint; 
 
 a»t territory is inhab- 
 ge«, or wandering In- 
 t of the mountains are 
 Aeen the MiHOouri and 
 outheast, on the Osaga 
 .SOS, on KansaH river; 
 iissouri and the Piatte. 
 Ijer tribes. 
 
 Very little of this ter- 
 Ihe east of the Rocky 
 ally destitute uf wood. 
 
 I 
 
 FLOIUI).\. 
 
 xm 
 
 Jinimals, Dufl'alors abound, especially near Arknn> 
 saw river. They are hunted by the Indians for ihuir 
 hides and tallow. Hears, deer, elk, wolves, panthers, 
 M'ild horses, and other wild animals are very numer- 
 ons. The country un Arkansaw river is the paradise of 
 Imuters. 
 
 FLORIDA. 
 
 Situation. Florida is a peninsula, bounded N. by 
 Alabama and (iuirgiat K. and 8. by the Atlantic, and 
 W. by the (Julf of Mexico, 
 
 Bays. The principal hays are on the Cfulf of Mexi- 
 rn. Cfialham bay is near the southern extremity of 
 Florida, between (.'ape Sable and Cape Roman. Fro* 
 ceeding north we come to Charlotte harbor. Spiritu Santo 
 bay, St. Joseph's, Jipalachy, and Fensacoln bays. 
 
 Rivfrs. i'he Ferdido is the weslerH boundary, separ* 
 ating Florida from Alabama. The St. John's is the 
 largest river. It comes from the south and tmpties intu 
 the Atlantic 3(* miles N. of Hi. Augustine. 
 
 The Jippnli. hicola, formed by the junclion of the 
 Chatahoocnec and Flint rivers, empties into 8t. Ueorge's 
 sound, whirh is the wexlern part of Apalnchy bay. 
 St, Marks river empties also into Apalaeby hay, and the 
 Conecuh or Encamhia into IVnsaenIa bay. 
 
 Swamp. Okefonnco swamp lies between Florida anil 
 Georgia. 
 
 Chief Towns. St. Augustine is on the Atlantic roast, 
 3U miles below the month of St. John's river. It has a 
 good harbour and about 3000 inhabitants. 
 
 Fensacola is on Fensacola bay, SO miles K of Mobile. 
 It has a ileep, safe, and capacious harbor. St. Marka 
 is on Apalaehy bav, at the mouth of St. Marks river. 
 
 FopuMion. The white population is estimated at 
 1-a.OOO. They are principally Spaniards. Most of the 
 country is in the possession of the Seminole Indians. 
 
 Face of the Country ^ &c. Florida resembles the low 
 country of Georgia and the other southern itates. It is 
 
 M 
 
 i 
 
 
 'I 
 
184 
 
 MKXICO OK NKW H|»A1N. 
 
 li'Vfl, nnil eseepl on llie border* of rivcrt, awampi inJ 
 lakfn, i^ liiirrt'ii. 
 
 Vrodiu-tiotiH. TIm' proiluclioni «ri« rice, coHon, «u- 
 gar, liidmn cum, uruiijjeK, li>inai)«> iigi, ^c. 
 
 SPANISH POSSESSIONS. 
 
 The S|iaiii»li poMni'Mioin in Norlh America coimiHt of 
 (lie Vicerojally "• Mexii-o or New 8paiii, uuti llie cup- 
 taiii-gciierulihi'p of Uuuliinulii. 
 
 MKXICO OR NEW SPAIN. 
 
 Sitmtion. Tlti« roiinlry i* Jioiinilnl N. Iiy llie UnUrd 
 HttkH-n K. by the Untied Mlnieii and ibe Oiilf "f Mexi- 
 eo; H. K. by'GiialimftIa: and W. hy the Pacifie Oeean. 
 
 Divisinns. Miieh of the northern part of the roiinlrv 
 it inlialiited by navage liidiann. The remainder it divid- 
 ed into ta provinces or intendrneies, as followi : 
 
 Northern Provinces. 
 
 Sq. Mllu. 
 
 Pop in 1803. 
 
 C/ii't/" Tuvnu. 
 
 Old Crtliforr . 
 
 B3,880 
 
 o.nno 
 
 Loreto. 
 
 New California 
 
 16,378 
 
 18,600 
 
 Monterey, 
 
 Hnnora 
 
 14n.633 
 
 121,400 
 
 Arittpc. 
 
 Duran^o 
 
 12«,24.r 
 
 109,700 
 
 Diiran^o. 
 
 New Mexico 
 
 48.731 
 
 40,200 
 
 Snnla Fe. 
 
 Han Luis Potoii 
 
 303,109 
 
 334,(100 
 680,800 
 
 Bt.LuiBPotoai 
 
 
 631,B!iO 
 
 
 Southern Province!. 
 
 
 
 
 Gimdalaxara 
 
 7^,028 
 
 630,000 
 
 Gnadalaxara. 
 
 Zucaleeaa 
 
 18,039 
 
 103,300 
 
 ZaratecaH. 
 
 OuunaxuHio 
 
 6,«T8 
 
 817,300 
 
 Guanaxualo. 
 
 Valladolid 
 
 2A.39ft 
 
 376,100 
 
 Valladolid. 
 
 Mcxioo 
 
 40,401 
 
 1,811,800 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 Puebia 
 
 2O,A01 
 
 813,300 
 
 Puebia. 
 
 Vera VnvA 
 
 31,720 
 
 106,000 
 
 Vera Cruz. 
 
 r 
 
k 
 
 W HPAIN. 
 
 or rivers, iwampt and 
 
 !• «rc rice, coUod, »u- 
 t, tiijo, &c. 
 
 ESSIONS. 
 
 I'orth Amerira cniiiiHt of 
 Jew iBpaiii, uud the cap- 
 
 W SPAIN. 
 
 iiinilfil N. Ity llie UaiJod 
 n and (lie Giilfor IVIexi- 
 kV. hy the Pncific ()<>t>aii. 
 ihern part of the country 
 The remainder ia divid- 
 li'ies, as iollnwt: 
 
 /> in 1803. 
 
 C/iit/" 'VWw. 
 
 o.noo 
 
 Loreto. 
 
 la.floo 
 
 Monterey. 
 
 21,400 
 
 Arixpc. 
 
 89,700 
 
 DuranRO. 
 
 40,a0(» 
 
 Santa Fe. 
 
 d»,llOO 
 
 Bt.LuiiPotoii 
 
 )80,d00 
 
 130,000 
 153,300 
 H7,3(>0 
 irttjtOO 
 JUjHOO 
 it 3,300 
 36,000 
 
 Gnadalasara. 
 
 Zaratecas. 
 
 Guanaxtinlo. 
 
 Vnlladolid. 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 Puebla. 
 
 Vera Cruz. 
 
 MKXICOOH NEW SPAIN. 
 
 i6:> 
 
 louihern Pitvinctt. Sif. tniln, 
 
 Oaxnca 84,on» 
 
 Vucatau or l^Ierida 4a,7H4 
 
 Pbp. in 1803. Cliiff Tavini, 
 
 03-»,8OO 
 4AO,tiOO 
 
 Oaxaea. 
 Merida. 
 
 802,iini »,tatt,^oo 
 
 Oraml Total »A7,941 fl,840,t»00. 
 
 I'oimlation. The population was eittimaled in 1803 
 at o,Htoooo; id 1808, at 6,000,000; and in IM^o. at 
 8,000,000 { more than one third of whom were civilixed 
 Indians. This population is settled prineipully in the 
 southern provinces, lielow the parallel of •^iJ" N^. lat. 
 The northern provinces contain ninn- than two thirdt of 
 the territory, but uuly about one tenth of the popula- 
 (ion. 
 
 Face of the Countrtf. The land on both the coasts is 
 low, but rites gradually as you approach the interior, 
 till it has attained the heii^ht of 6 or 8,0(io feet above 
 the level of the ocean; it then sprnads out into broad 
 plains, which are called table land, presenting the strange 
 spectacle, of a level country on the top of a lofty rungu 
 of mountains. These plains or table lands extend along 
 the range from lat. 18° to lat. 40* N. a distance of 
 171)0 miles. 
 
 Mountains. A range of mountains passes through 
 the whole length of this eoiintry from southeast to 
 northwest, called the Cordilleras of Mexico. Il is a 
 pari of (he great chain whieli runs through the Ameri- 
 can continent from Cape Horn to the l^ro/en Oeean. 
 Its top, as we have already mentioned, ennsiuls of ex- 
 tensive plains or table land From these elevated plaint 
 tingle niuuntaihs oceasionally shoot up, whose summits 
 arc covered with everlasting snow. Several peaks near 
 the city of Mexico are more than 19,000 feet high, and 
 the lotiiest are volcanoes. 
 
 Climate. In the low plains, on both coasts, the heat is 
 very oppressive, and the elimatc unhealthy to Kurope- 
 uns ; but when you advance into the interior, and begin 
 to ascend the mountains, it heconn's more temperate, and 
 at the elevadun of 4 or 5,000 feet (here reigns perpetu- 
 
I' 
 
 !!W) 
 
 MEXICO OH NKW Ml'AIN. 
 
 ally » »n(l <pr3ng ttmotrnUiTf, wMeh !• very lietUliy. 
 Ai you tttlvaiirp ilill Ii'kIkt the cl.mair bfcom*-!! ewWr, 
 ami »t Ifnglh, nn »lif i .t|»i of lomf of Ihp lufiiint nmun- 
 Uini, you cnnie to llie rfKi.m of pfrpe(u»l tnow— Tliui, 
 in llie eour«B of 2 or J »la)-t, «lie Irtivdlrr may riijoy •! 
 tli«> vnriilv of •unimeF, »piiiig, uml winter. 
 
 Suii ami /'n«/m*t«0H)i. TIib pro<l«elion» of ihU eoun- 
 try are ii* v«rioi;: h« iU clim*Ce. In lite eourie of « 
 few huntlreil mil«>i. you inny moel with iilmotl nil the 
 fruiU of Ih*- leinp<'rtt(« ami torrid zorn-s, 
 
 Thf noil of the table land it rfmarkalily produclivf. 
 Mai/.e ii far the moat iniporlanl olijiet of agriculture, 
 and in lonip plaee«, from 3 to 3 har»«>ita may »»e luken 
 annually. Wheat, rye mnd barlt-y art e»teu»ively eulti- 
 
 vaied. , . .... . 
 
 Hivfrit. .frfcdwuflic tnd lied riveri riae in Ihu country 
 and flow noulheaul into the ITnilt»d Mtaten. The Sabtne 
 \% the ea«tern biMindurj Jth dd JS'urle ri»e» in tha 
 Uo«ky w.mnJfttrii., uiHrflowinu »niMli.«H»>l, empt|e« inlo 
 the Gulf of M<-xieo It i« iHiiOmil.H Ions?, ll.rCo- 
 lorado riuH mi the went «ide of llie mooiiliiM»<<, an'l How. 
 inK ioulhwi^l, emplien inl" ihe (Jull of Crthfonu... It 
 ii l,tiOO nul(«t lontr. Tlie (iih .omrn from 'he eail, 
 and ••mptien iit'o the Colorado near it* mouth. It U 
 
 800 mile* long. . ,i q 
 
 CMff Tuwm. Mexico, th<' l«rge«t town in all Mpan- 
 iih .^mtTica, i« below Int. i ' "O thi- hi^h table 1""^. 
 hulf w»v between the dull' of Meiieo and the PaciBo 
 Ote'in. ' It i» m-ar Lake rezeiieo, in a deliKlitful Talley, 
 380 wile* in cirenmferenee. mid elevated more tiian 
 " 000 feet above the level of the tea. Tlie strevti are 
 broHil. elean, generally paved, and well lighted. Thia 
 beauiiful city «• supplied with water by two aqueduott } 
 and it* vegelahlei are rai«e«« on the elpjjaMt flouting 
 gardenii of the lake of Tezeuco. It conlaina upwarda 
 of 100 churchea and 487,000 inhabitant!, of whom one 
 half are whilea anti the rcat Indian*) mulattoea, and 
 
 meatiroPt. ^ »> «« • 
 
 GuumxuaU) i» about iBOmtlea aorthwcat of Mexieo. 
 The inhabitants are employed principally in the gold 
 and Hilver mines, for which the city is famoui.— I opula- 
 
 tion,6(ioon. 
 
L 
 
 *Meh ft very lie»llli). 
 
 l< tlf lIlP Illflii-Ht (tMMin- 
 
 irprtual tnow. — Tim*, 
 rKVflli-r limy enjoy •!' 
 ti \« titter. 
 
 uiliintiontor thi* eouo- 
 In lite eourip ut a 
 !t with ftlmuat all the 
 I /nneii. 
 
 imarkiibly proiliicljve. 
 I wlijtet or a({rirul(ure, 
 harvvita may he Ittken 
 y Br« eiUucivrly euUU 
 
 \tt» rite in thin country 
 •li Htnten. The Sabine 
 tel ^'iivle ri»e» in the 
 »rll)lh<^H^I, emplii'M into 
 I otilcH Inns?. 'I'l"' Co- 
 If moiiiilnin:'. mi'l flow, 
 iiill nf Cnliroriti.!. It 
 (•om«"i» IVom 'lie eati, 
 near itt inoutb. It it 
 
 rj^ett town in all Span- 
 it thf high table hind, 
 feiieo anil the Paeifio 
 [), in aili'liKlitfulTalleT, 
 III I'li'vateil more than 
 B »ett. lit' slreet'i are 
 nd well lighted. Thit 
 ater by l»o Hqiieduelt j 
 in Ihe elpj|aMt floating 
 It conlainii upwards 
 habitantt, of whom one 
 iidiani, mulattoei, and 
 
 « aorthwett of Meiiflo. 
 priiieinally in the {^old 
 itv i< ramoui.— Popula- 
 
 MKYICO OH M:\V SPAIN. n? 
 
 Ptifbin i« ?o pniliii •anlheaii ef Me»ieo. PopuUlion, 
 W<On. Aarntcrnn, famoii* for ('« rich tilvir niin.«, \% 
 iilMtnt .'M milei norlkwetl of M«iieo. I'opiilrtiiiin 
 
 „ ^'Z*^ 0'"/"' ""' Oiilf of Wp«Jco, and.lrrtini/ion-i 
 thi Piictflr Oeean are the principal »i««|irli. V\w 
 port of Aeipiileo it the be»t on the we^ten, coast, Inif 
 I he- place U eiireinely unhealthy. I'he popnlaliuu doei 
 not e«ceeil »,ooo, and tliey are ehierty mulattoei. 
 
 Hithtn /-.' i4 the moil northern lov»n of any note. Il 
 M on the llio Uravo del \ortc, in lat. an" ao', about tooD 
 Diilet northweU of New Orleani. 
 
 Jfuw^my. the eapital of Ihe «w.i Calir.irnlai, {.ion 
 the iihoriM.f Ihi Pacilie Oeean in lat. ao» jo'. h i» a 
 mere villajjp containing Ton inhabitiintn. 
 
 Boad*. There i« a road fl-om Mniro to New nrleatis 
 1519 tnilet. There ii alto a Heuuiir,,! level r»ud for 
 noo mile, along the bank* of ,he U,o del Norte, front 
 Mnnta Ke to Chihuahua in lat. 28» 43'. 
 
 //./i^-i««. The religio.i.at in all the .*<panUh pror- 
 sneet, iMhc H, man Catholic. There are in thi« couutry, 
 1 arebhmhop, h hmhopa, and lo.ooii clrr>»y. 
 
 Education. There it a University in iho .jty of 
 Mexico, end eolleget ar.. emubli^I.ed in oth,-r places, 
 but the bigotry of thoie who conduct them renderMheni 
 or little value. 
 
 I^k'». Lake Chnpala it about iro miles wett of 
 Meiico. It It «0 inilet long, and ao bruad. 
 
 There arc four imalllaket in the valley of Meiico. 
 The walert in thete laket u.ed formerly t« ri,e above 
 i-J« .u'"'' ""' "•'"•'«<« <»'•' city and the valley. In 
 «29 there wat a great inundaffon, which la.ted for 
 
 . r*"?./"'' *'"'■".'? "•• *'"''• «f «hat time, the 
 ttreels of Mexico could be paMcd only in hoal^.l-To 
 prevent the recorrcnce of thit evil variout mcait. were 
 emp oyed without effect. At firti, a huge d ke «r mourn! 
 
 hjet broad ; but the water* burtt throogh if and i,.re it 
 away. A .ui.lerrPiieon pattage wan then diiir th.„«.jl» 
 the inountaint which surround the valle' 'o \ t <v if.a 
 ^alert j but the earth caved in and filled . .i,^ j.u-«.Lf.c:. 
 
i^Kr .^ *»%* ' 
 
 ti» 
 
 on:; aoti in *»si»'' |>l»e«« ■ft"< 
 
 _l. ^... III iLii tMtkllllIrt AHA. 
 
 U letuili A dfftin. t a mile* \on^ aot! m ionu- |>»iiM« H»> 
 Vri .|..f|i. hm lipffi flit »hr<M^»» « ^«|» "i tlu' inouiiImM, 
 njtilliiiiPrm* lo ttiuMfr Ih^ ixirp'ur. • 
 IVinfi. 'l'li«< «'iM mill •ilvtr min«« of Mf »ip.» uro «lm 
 .1 „...l...ii..« in ili» ikiirld. riipv Nrc vt-rv niimrniu*. 
 
 _ aiivrr iiiint-w 111 .»•• •!••■ ■•'• ■"•- 
 
 mo»l proiluflivpHi iIk* worlU. Tlipy ure v.ry niim.r..u», 
 .•.tiffliiilly in lltfl pr..»iii<-.» of Cl(i»ii»«iiiiHi. /HrntPPM, 
 mill ilieiautherii p"''* "f Durangu, ami Mnn liUi* I ©• 
 
 UUA'l'IMVLA. 
 
 Sitiialion. Thr c«pt«ln gfner»Uhi|iof OunUiniiUM. 
 U'i>il« from Mfiii-" on lli«J nnrtliM<->it. nearly to llif 
 •«lltnuii of Dariin. On U... K. Iie» llie Cdribbe.n Mut, 
 And on tlitf W. Ilii* F*eiH«' 0.f.in. 
 
 IHviainnn, ll i« "liviilpd inio ft provmcM, viz. 
 (Milttua, Vrra Pi»«, (MmUmuln, iiondura«, Nietrtgut, 
 iind (la%l% Rica. . ., , , ^, ... 
 
 nnif. TliB luy of llondiiriii difldw ihU cownlry into 
 two uenimullt. . 
 
 .Voun/nim. 'riie ureal American r»ni^c of mounlnin* 
 ptt««v« Uirougli llie u!"lc •••ngil'. of tliii couiilry inio 
 Mexico. It nhound* will* voleai.oeg. 
 
 I^kts. Mrar-ixua Inke it uliont aoo mile« in eip- 
 enmfeicnce. It eoinoiuniciitft with ll«e (iulf of Me«ic« 
 liy the Hio H(. Juno Of Nicarai<nii river. Luke i^an 
 lift «e»t of lake Nicaragua, and communicate* «ith it 
 by a narrow »«rait. . . i .♦ 
 
 Population. The population ha* been eitimale.1 at 
 t,H00.OO(). They are principally Indian*, and very III. 
 
 tie i» known ahont them. , . ^.v 
 
 ChifJ Townn. Guatimala. the capital, i* in lat. II «. 
 on the coast of the I'aeilio ocean, ll ha* a good harhor, 
 and contain* a nniveriity, numeron* convent*, au<l about 
 80,000 inhabitant.. The city ha* been twice dclroyed , 
 in I9H by a tempe»t, and in trra by an earthquake, 
 whieh •wallowed up 8,000 familie* in an in»lant. 
 
 Leon, the espitul of the province of Nicaraijua, i« on 
 the we.t *idc of lake l.eon. Popnlation, l.M>«)0. 
 Ciwlad Real i* near the border* of Me«iro, delisl.il.illy 
 *itoated aiiinni; the mountain*, almo»t equidistant from 
 
 i 
 
lu-«. 
 
 )«1 ill SjMIIi' |»lMt* ^»<l 
 
 i^np ill tli» inuuiilAinii 
 
 i«r. 
 
 Ilf« of Mf*!*"" T'' •It" 
 
 ry itre viry mhumthU"", 
 iKiiMtiiiilo. /Hrtitrru*, 
 », Kiiil Mmii l.iii* I'u- 
 
 UhiiinrOuAllmiiUfi- 
 h\\i-«i, iir.trly In lilt 
 tn llie i;*rlljlK'aii Mi'«, 
 
 f» ft pniviiipf*, vi/. 
 lundum*, Nickragiia, 
 
 videi ihU eounlrjr into 
 
 •an ranirc of mnunlftina 
 
 li of llii* ciiuiilry initt 
 
 itifi. 
 
 limit :J00 mill-* in rlr- 
 
 tli iJti' CiuUof Mixicn 
 
 iia river. Lnkf /yj-nn 
 
 1 comniuiiioaiv* \w(li it 
 
 liti been eiiiinali'tl at 
 1 Iniliiini, aiiJ very lit- 
 
 capital, ii in lat. ti N. 
 It hn% a t^ood harhor, 
 niiH ciinveiilt, auil nliout 
 in been twtcp «le«lroyed | 
 TTa liy nn carlluiuake, 
 ie« in an intUnt. 
 nee of Nicarai^'ia, i« nn 
 . PdjuilalirtiN l-',000. 
 of Minioo, dt'lii^hiriiily 
 almotl equidiRlant froiu 
 
 WEHi isuiun. 
 
 H» 
 
 tli« Inn nrran*. tMupa U llie lari^eit TnitUn tnnn lit 
 ttiMlini.ilii. tt it iiifar t.'iuiUd Id' il, and ciMluiiia 
 Jt),< 0(1 iiitiiiliiianli. 
 
 I'luiilurfiiiiin, TliB iiriidiiciinn* an*, ^rain in atinn- 
 ditiiifi*, i<r.t|it'«, liiinvy, rtttton, liiii' wtml, )I,>i'uimmU, &,!•, 
 'I'ln- |iiiitMii'«* «f lliHiiliiras i« itnrliciilariy rVU'lirutrd fur 
 l"iH«<niil luiil niHtioi(>tny. 'rin? Kni^litli Imve «clllfnii'nt< 
 ill Ihi* iiriititier, and carry un iho trade in (line arliclvi. 
 
 WKMT INI)Ii:s. 
 
 SUuation. Tlifl enllerliun of iilandt bilMctu Florida 
 •nr| .liiulli Anierit'a in ealli-d ili« Wfit Indii**. I'riui- 
 i\iM\ \i llie fnrilii*ii| loiitli I lltirbiidiieii, the farihril runf i 
 Cuba, Ibr lArllicit \\vl\ and the Ualiania iiiaitda thb 
 fiirilifiii nitrlli. 
 
 IHvisionH. The four larKPit i»litndii, Cuba, Uhpttn- 
 i(i/rt, (or Mt. I)»inini(n,) Jamaica and I'orto Miro, are 
 callfd the tirentrr AutiUf». 
 
 All the i*liind« north of Cuba and |{ii|ianiala are 
 eallfd the Itnhnmat. 
 
 Trinidad and all the itlandu north of if, till you come 
 to I'ortii Hico, ari' prIKmI Carilthfnn iiiluniN. 
 
 Populutian. Th<« nhnle pniiulaliim of the Went India 
 iilandt i« more than :i 000,000, three riiurth!» of ,\lioni 
 are ncijro ulave*. The n«itii<i of the i»liindf4, with their 
 Iio|iu|atioii and extent, i» given in the lolluuing table. 
 
 Sifuart Mi/et. 
 Tuba, 64,(M)0 
 
 lii*|iar.iala, SiB.OOO 
 
 Janiaira, 
 
 Porlo Itiro, 
 
 Ouiidalnu|ie, 
 
 IVIartinion, 
 
 Barbudoeg, 
 
 Anlif^na, 
 
 Saiita Cruz, 
 
 0,tKK) 
 4,110 
 
 200 
 
 lOiJ 
 
 93 
 
 234,000 
 
 40,000 
 9 1,000 
 13,000 
 10,000 
 16,0(h> 
 *,I00 
 3,000 
 
 Jt.'nch 
 
 li)H,000 
 
 650,(M)0 
 
 3jO,0(X) 
 
 0,000 
 
 on.ooo 
 
 78,000 
 65,000 
 33.000 
 
 ao,ooo 
 
 mo/e Pof, 
 
 432,000 
 
 €60,000 
 
 3110,00 
 
 100,000 
 
 101,000 
 
 00,000 
 
 81,000 
 
 35,000 
 
 ajjooo 
 
160 
 
 WEST INDIES. 
 
 Square Mitti. 
 
 Whites. 
 
 htm ' . mole fop. 
 
 81. CIiri»(opIier, TO 
 
 4,000 
 
 Dominica, 
 
 ?[>1 
 
 1,600 
 
 Trinidad, 
 
 
 2,000 
 
 Ureiiada, 
 
 109 
 
 1,100 
 
 Kt. Eu«ta(ia, 
 
 
 5,000 
 
 Tobago, 
 
 
 900 
 
 St. Vincent, 
 
 131 
 
 1,500 
 
 St. Lucia, 
 
 
 2,100 
 
 Margarita, 
 
 
 8,000 
 
 The Daliamas, 
 
 
 3,000 
 
 Nevis, 
 
 
 1,000 
 
 ^Montfierrat, 
 
 47 
 
 1,000 
 
 26,000 
 25,000 
 23,000 
 20,000 
 1 5,000 
 15,000 
 13,600 
 11,700 
 6,000 
 11,000 
 10.000 
 10,000 
 
 30,000 
 26,000 
 25,000 
 21.000 
 20,000 
 16,000 
 15,000 
 1 4,000 
 1 4,000 
 14,000 
 11,000 
 11,000 
 
 443,000 1,083,000 2,126,000 
 
 Poxsessors. Cuba and Porto Rico belong to Spain ; 
 (j(iadalouj)e and Martinico to France / Sauta Cruz to 
 Denmark} St. Eusiatia to Holland} Hispaniola is 
 independent. Jamaica, tlie Bahamas, and, in genera), 
 aU the other islands belong to Great Britain, 
 
 The small islands are frequently changing owners. 
 Whenever a war breaks out in Europe, the nation which 
 has the strongest nuvy, generally sends a squadron to 
 the West Indies, and captures the islands belonging to 
 its enemies. In the lute war the English captured all 
 the islands belonging to France, Denmark, and Holland, 
 and restored them again at the return of peace. 
 
 Religion. In the islands settled by the Spaniards and 
 French the religion is Roman Catholic ; in those settled 
 by the Dutch, Dunes and English, i^ is Protestant. In 
 the English islands the Methodists have missionaries, 
 who have labored among the slaves with very good 
 success. 
 
 Climate. In summer the heat is very oppressive, and 
 the climate unhealthy. In winter the temperature is 
 delightful : tu the sick and aged during this season it 
 is the climate of paradise. In autumn nurrieaues are 
 iVequeut. 
 
 I 
 
 _i 
 
GS. 
 
 Ultii ' , Whole fop. 
 
 20,000 
 
 30,000 
 
 25,000 
 
 2G,000 
 
 23,000 
 
 25,000 
 
 20,000 
 
 21.000 
 
 1 5,000 
 
 20,000 
 
 15,000 
 
 10,000 
 
 13,600 
 
 15,000 
 
 11,7C0 
 
 1 4,000 
 
 6,000 
 
 14,000 
 
 11,000 
 
 14,000 
 
 10.000 
 
 11,000 
 
 10,000 
 
 11,000 
 
 ,683,000 2,126,000 
 
 tleo belong to Spain ; 
 ance j Sauta Cruz to 
 land ; Hispaniola is 
 imas, and, in general, 
 Qreat Britain. 
 tly changing owners, 
 rope, the nation which 
 f sends a squadron to 
 s islands belonging to 
 £nglish captured all 
 lenmark, and Holland, 
 (urn of peace. 
 I by the Spaniards and 
 holic ; in those settled 
 , i^ is Protestant. In 
 sta have missionaries, 
 laves with very good 
 
 s very oppressive, and 
 
 ;r the temperature is 
 
 durins tliis season it 
 
 itumn nurrieaues are 
 
 i 
 
 ST. DOMINGO. 
 
 m 
 
 Productions, Sugar, rum, and molasses are the great 
 staples oJ" the West Indies. The other productions are 
 cotton, indigo, coftee, cocoa, ginger, allspice, cloves, cin- 
 uamoii, &e. The fruits are oranges, lemons, limes, 
 pine apples, figs, pomegranates and many others. 
 
 THE- BAHAMAS. 
 
 The Bahamas consist of sei ".ral small islands, inter- 
 sperscd with an immen!«e number of sand banks and 
 rocks, which render the navigation extremely dangerous, 
 riiousands of vessels i ,e been wrecked among these 
 islands. The principal business of the inhabitants is 
 rescuing shipwrecked vessels with their crews and 
 cargoes from destruction. 
 
 CUBA. 
 
 Face of the country, &c. A range of mountains runs 
 from east to west, through the whole length of the 
 island. On the coasts the land is level and very fertile, 
 |iroducing sugar, tobacco, and coffee in abundance. 
 The tobacco of Cuba, from which the Spanish cigars 
 are made, is esteemed the finest in the world. 
 
 Chief Towns. Havannah, on the cftrth coast, is the 
 ca|)ital. Its harbor is one of the best in the world, 
 being very capacious and secure, difticult of access, and 
 strongly fortified. The commerce of Havannah is more 
 citensive than that of any other town in Spanish 
 America. The population is about 70,000. 
 
 St. Jago, in the southeast, has a spacious and secure 
 harbor, and about 40,ooo inhabitants. 
 
 HISPANIOLA OR ST. DOMINGO. 
 
 History. This island was formerly divided between 
 France and Spain; but in 1791 there was an insurrec- 
 tion of the blacks in the French part of the island, vrhich 
 i!*sued in ihe expulsioa of the whites. The island is 
 14* 
 
162 1»0RT0 RICO. 
 
 MOW untler the govrrnment of two or three imlependent 
 ne{»Po phicU, \vh(» live on oj)poHito aiiiei of the inland, 
 unil are IVi-quontiy «l war with each other. 
 
 Chief Towns. Cape Ilenry, Ibrinerly Cape Francoia, 
 is the rapital of one of the negro chief*. It is on the 
 north side of the iHtand, and hus an excellent, harbor. . 
 It was forinfrly the cnjiital of the French colony. 
 
 Port au Prince is at the head of the larj^e hay on the 
 west tide of the island. St. Domingo is on the south- 
 west side of the island. Population 12,000. 
 
 Soil, &c. The soil is very fertile, producing sugar, 
 eoffee, eottoD, and indigo in abundance. 
 
 JAMAICA. 
 
 Soilf &c. The north side of the island is mountain- 
 ous. The south side has a deep, fertile soil, and is well 
 cultivated, producing sugar in abundance. Large num- 
 fcers of cattle are raised on the island. 
 
 Chief Towns. Kingston, the chief town, is on the 
 southeast part of the island, on a beautiful harbor. It 
 is a place of great commerea, and contains mora tbaa 
 ^0,000 inhabitants. 
 
 PoKt Hoyal, on the sonth side of Kingston harbor, 10 
 miles south of Kingston, was formerly the chief town, 
 but it was destroyed three times, first by an earthquake, 
 then by a fire, and afterwards by a hurricane. After 
 tho last calamity the inhabitants removed and founded 
 Kingston. Spaniehtown ii 20 miles west of Kingston. 
 
 PORTO RICO. 
 
 Porto JRico is the fourth island in size. Its capita^ 
 St. Juan, is on the north side of tho island, and contains 
 abovt 30,000 inhabitants. 
 
 BERMUDAS ISLANDS. 
 
 The Bermndaa islands are a cluster of small islands 
 about 1,000 miles northeast of Cuba. They have a de- 
 UghtfUl climate and abont 10,000 ioiiabitants. 
 
 M- 
 
L 
 
 .(t. 
 
 or tliree imlependent 
 
 itu gides of the inland, 
 
 ach other. 
 
 •rinerly Cape Francois, 
 
 ro chief*. It is on the 
 
 8 an excellent, harbor. 
 
 e French colony. 
 
 of the larj^e hay on the 
 
 ningo is on the south- 
 
 :ion 12,000. 
 
 >rtile, prodneiog lugar, 
 
 iidanee. 
 
 i. 
 
 the island is mountain' 
 , fertile soil, and is well 
 Itundance. Large num- 
 ilaud. 
 chief town, is on the 
 a beautiful harbor. It 
 ind contains mora than 
 
 of Kingston harbor, 10 
 rmerly the chief town, 
 , first oy an earthquake, 
 by a hurricane. After 
 Is removed and founded 
 niies west of KingstoD. 
 
 CO. 
 
 id in size. Its capita\» 
 the island, and contains 
 
 LANDS. 
 
 elnster of small islands 
 ^nba. They have a de- 
 10 iniiabitaDts. 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA. 16J 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 SUmtion. On the N. is the Caribbean sen, and the 
 Atlantic; on the K. the^tJantic ; on the S. it comes to 
 a point; on the W. is the FaciHc Ocean; and on the 
 • V 'i l^ connected with North America by tht 
 isthmus of Daricn. In shape it resembles a pear. 
 
 Divisions. 
 
 New Granada. 
 Venezuela. 
 Peru. 
 Chili. 
 Buenos Ayres. 
 
 > Spanish provinces. 
 
 Guiana. 
 
 Brazil. 
 Patagonia. 
 
 Spanish, Dutch, English, Frcieh and 
 
 Portuguese. 
 Portuguese. 
 Aborigines. 
 
 rolitieal Condition. The Spaniak provinces, htt sev- 
 eral years have been iu a revolutionary state. All, ex- 
 cept Peru, have declared themselves iadependent. Bra- 
 ztl is a kingdom, having become the residewe of the 
 royal family of Portugal. Fatagmia belonss to the In- 
 dians. Qwam\% divided between the Spaniards, Dutch, 
 English, French and Portuguese. 
 
 Mountains. The Jindes run along the whole western 
 coast of South America, from Cape Horn to the isthmus 
 ot Uarien. Ihey are a part of the great American 
 range. 
 
 Jfivers. The three greatest rivers are the .amadou, 
 the La Flata and the Oronoco. 
 
 The ^maxon is the largest river in the world, and, 
 axcept the Missouri, the longest. It empties under the 
 equator, by a mouth 160 miles wide, and the tide flows 
 up 500 miles. All the rivers which rise on the east of 
 the Andes, from lat 2^ N. to Jat. SO" S, are broBches «f 
 the AmazoQ. 
 
 II 
 
k. 
 
 164 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 nmw 
 
 l- 
 
 Its moRt ilistant »ourre is ihe river Beiti. Mliich ruen 
 in Ihe Andes in lat. 19° 8. and running «orl!i, j"in» lli« 
 ^purimac, and forms the Paro or Ikayate. 1 he Ueu- 
 vHle luim north, and joining th« J»/rtr<JHon or lungura- 
 hta forms the ^maxon. The course of* the Amazon is 
 then east to the ocean. This mighty river is navigable 
 for vessels of OOO Ions, from its muuih to the veiy loot 
 of Ihe Aiide*, a distance of 4,000 mihs. 
 
 The La Plata empties into the Ailantio on the south- 
 east side of the conlineni, in about lat. 35". It is 
 formed by the Uru:-mu and the Parana, which unite u 
 little above the cily of Buenos Ayrcs. The Paraguay, 
 the nrincinni branch of the Parana, empties into it near 
 Corrientes. The Uruguay and Parana both rise id 
 Brii/.il, and flow southwest. 
 
 The Oronoco empties on the north coast, opposite the 
 island of Ti midad, by 00 mouths. It drains Venezuela 
 and Spanish Oiiuna. . ' . . ,, 
 
 Belision. The religion of each province is Ihe same 
 with that of the European country from which it was 
 aeuled; that of the Spanish, Portugu^je, and French 
 settlerocnts is Roman Catholic, that of the English and 
 Dutch is Protestant. . , j • .u 
 
 laiandi. Terra del Fuego is a large island in the 
 soul h, separated from the rest of the conlinent by the 
 ■trails of Magellan. Cape Horn on the south side of 
 the island is the most southern extremity of South 
 America. Falkland islands are northeast ot 1 erra del 
 
 "jm"* island of Juan Fernandez, nearly opposite Val- 
 paraiso on the foast of Chili, is uninhabited. Alexan- 
 ller Selkirk^ a sailor, lived here 4 years in «!»>»"««?• 
 This circumstance gave rise to the story ot Robinson 
 Crusoe. The Oallipagos islands are further north, on 
 both sides of the equator. 
 
 Indians. The Indians are of two classes, the uncoii- 
 nuered or independent, and the conquered or civilized. 
 The former nccupv the interior of the continent ; the 
 latter are mixed io with the whiles, and many of them 
 ave slaves. 
 
k 
 
 mcA. 
 
 river B^fiJ. Mhich riteM 
 •unning uorlli, j"iii» lli« 
 r Ucayale. The Vta.- 
 
 Mnranon or Tungurtt' 
 )utw of (lie Amttzuii is 
 iglity river i» imvigable 
 
 muuili lo the veiy foot 
 } inilt'ti. 
 > Ailantio on the south- 
 
 about lat. 35". It is 
 
 I'arana, which unite u 
 \jre8. The Faraguuy, 
 ina, empties into it near 
 J Parana both rise iu 
 
 lorth coast, opposite the 
 s. It drains Venezuela 
 
 ,ch province is the same 
 ntry from which it was 
 Portuguiie, and French 
 that of the English and 
 
 8 a large island in the 
 of the continent by lh« 
 irn on the south side of 
 »ru extremity of South 
 B northeast of Terra del 
 
 lexy nearly opposite Val- 
 » uninhabited. Alexan- 
 dre 4 years in solitude. 
 lo the story of Robinson 
 ids are further north, on 
 
 f two classes, the uncou- 
 
 conquercd or civilized. 
 
 p of the continent ; the 
 
 tiles, and many of thew 
 
 NEW GRANADA. iCi 
 
 NEW GRANADA. 
 
 ^Jtuation. Nctv Granada is in the northwest corner 
 of S. America. It is bounded N. by the Caribbean sea: 
 I;, by Venezuela and Guiana; S. by Peru j W. by the 
 Paeihc ; and N W by GualimAJa in North America. 
 
 Uivittons. New Granada is divided into 3 audiences, 
 Panama, Santa Fe. and Quito, which are subdivided 
 mto 21 provinces. 
 
 • ,/*"^*' J*,"l'" ?"* ofVamma is on the south side of the 
 
 &r.ofXu'""' "'''*'"'f"' Guaya^HUu^ur the 
 
 Momtaim. The Andes come from Peru, and oass 
 
 lll"J, fT'^ "**/'" ^"r^? ""*"' •'"•""S'' '»»« «••«»« 
 tnn,\ I ''"""'•■yv At Popayan the range divide. 
 
 .?.„.• ri'"''?u°\" ' '^* '*"*'"'•'' '• "•* P"P" A ndes, and 
 run. iBto North America acrowi the isthmus of Darieu ; 
 the eastern, called the chaiu of Venezuela, run. along 
 tne coast of (hat nrovi.iSP and terminates opposite the 
 island of Tr.n.dad; the middU branch runs north, be- 
 tween the rivers Magdalena and Cauca, and terminate, 
 at (he junction of those two streams. 
 n..« ^"T* .1 ^ « "^"' *'"''='' "•* "»' "f the Andes flow 
 ?hl a"? i* *^''''""." *":' ^^^ Amazon; those vvest of 
 the Ande. flow west into the Pacific; those between the 
 !„"fl7h •»^.yf«<"" '»'•»"'»« of the Andesflow no ?J 
 into the Caribbean Sea. 
 
 The Mtgdalena is the great river of New Granada. 
 It rise, among the Andes, near Popayan, •.nd ruunins 
 north, empties into the Caribbean sek. It'is looo 3 
 long, and navigable about 600. The Cauca rise. aUa 
 near Pop«yan. It is the great western braneh of the 
 Magdalena, and run. parallel with it. 
 
 he .mall river Bogota, which empties into tlie Magda- 
 Jena. It is built on n spacious, fertile plain, which i. 
 elevated more than 8,000 feet above the level rf the ' 
 «ea. Population, 30,»00. 
 
r^ 
 
 NKW GRKNADA. 
 
 (iuilo Wet ainonj5 the Amlc«, almost under llit? eqiintor 
 It iH built on the side ol' k volcanic mnunluin, iind \* ele 
 VHti'd more ihiin f>,(tOO fVrt above »hi' lt'\el •( the tti-a. 
 The umiu'ralnrc hire in mild and jtleasaiit ihroiighoiif 
 (he year, but there are frcquenllj dreadful lenipe»(» of 
 thunder and liu;hlning. I'npula'tion r.r.,U()(». Vupnijan 
 is on the Andes near the sources of ihe Cauca and Mag. 
 dalena. 
 
 The principal seaporls on the Caribbean sea are, 
 Cartliaf;cm, which has a sale and extensive harbor, anrf 
 au,0'Jl) inhabitants; St. ^Martha, i;H) miles N. H. of 
 Carthagena; and larto Hello, on the north side of the 
 isthmus of Dariin. 
 
 The ports on the Facifie are Panama on the south 
 side of the i»thmu» of Darit n, opposite Forto Bello, and 
 GunyaquH on n river of the same name, which empties 
 into the (Jnlf of Guayaquil. 
 
 Fopultttion. The population is estimated at 1,800.000. 
 A very large proportion are Indians. The principal 
 netllementrt'are nlopg the Andes, elevated many thou- 
 sand feet above the level of ihe sea. 
 
 Fare of the country. The western part is mooniuin- 
 ons : the eastern, is an immense plain, ejtending from 
 the Andes to the great river Oronoco. 
 
 Climate- In the low country the climate is hot and 
 unhealthy ; hut in the mountains every variety is expe- 
 rienced, according to the elevation. On the hi£?hest 
 anmmits you meet with everlasting snow, while at Quito 
 and some of the other principal cities, the temperature 
 is delightful threughout I Ik- year. 
 
 Productions. New Gr.»nadii is celebrated for the 
 richness an4 variety of its productions, in the vegetable, 
 mineral, and animal kingdoms. Here are found all the 
 fruits of tropical climates; the mountainli are rich in 
 gold and silver, emeralds, and platina. Tiiere are also 
 animals of an enormous size. The condor, a largt bird, 
 has been known tr fly away with lambs. The jacuvia- 
 tup is an immense serpent found in the plains east of 
 the Andes, 11 or 12 feet long and a foot in diameter. 
 
 ■J^atural Curiosities. About 70 or 80 miles south of 
 Quit« i j tUe celebrated Chimboraxo, the loftieit summit 
 
 lis 
 
.'ADA. 
 
 ilino^l iinilcr iUf eqiintur 
 iiiio inouiiUin, titiil ix ele 
 [)ve llii' If* el si" till' Mi'U. 
 and jilen^uiit llirougliniif 
 (ly «lrett<lfiil <Hnip«'»(ri ol' 
 lalinii r>ri,Ui)(». Vitjmijan 
 ;s of (he Cauca and Mug- 
 
 (he Cnribhenn tea are, 
 ind rxtetmive harbor, ami 
 ha, VM miles N. H. of 
 un the north side nf (he 
 
 e Vanama on the aoulh 
 9p|)ortitc Forto Bcllo, and 
 me name, which emptiest 
 
 i«e«tima(ed«t 1,000.000. 
 
 Indians. The principal 
 
 le«, elevalfd many thou- 
 
 le lea. 
 
 iveslem part is moanhiin- 
 
 me plain, entunding from 
 
 rnnoco. 
 
 ry the climate ia hot and 
 
 lins every variety i» oxpe- 
 
 >va(ion. On (he highest 
 
 iting iinow, while at Quito 
 
 »l cities, the temperature 
 
 ■ar. 
 
 \a is celehrntcd for the 
 
 dilutions, in the vegetable, 
 
 . Here arc found all the 
 
 he mounlaink are rich in 
 
 I ptatina. There are also 
 
 The condor, a largt bird, 
 vilh lambs. The jacuma- 
 bund in the plains east of 
 
 and a foot in diameter. 
 It 70 or 80 miles south of 
 boraxo, the loftiest sumsiit 
 
 VENEZUKLA. 
 
 16: 
 
 lit" the Andes, and the hiuheit mountain in .\mpri('a. Ii 
 i* -'1,440 I'l'i't above the level of the neii. In mormons 
 siiruinit is covt-red uith snow, ami i- lii.i'tv tnuiruiied 
 with the diM'p «/,(ire blue of ihe rf|ii,»((iri.il .kv. 
 
 Cotopa.vi,\\\f higheNt volcano in llif H.irll. i<i nbiiut 
 iO miles soMthcAst of Qiiii<». li U is.'-.il'j :-cf almve 
 the level of the xen. lu i'X(il(i.iMn< ari- trf,|i!cnl iin<l 
 itreadfril. When an ernpMon litken piiii-e ihe .now 
 ■ rnunil the volcnnn i:* i>u<Mcnly mtlM'd, and a lurrenl of 
 waloi i4 p, -"vil down from thV mnnnfrtin. Athi-s, fire, 
 and rocks are I'-n thrown forth with a dreudlnl roar- 
 ing noixe, and spread dcxohnion over llie snrioundinir 
 plains, "'he roar of the »o|pano continues d»y and 
 night so lon^ as theernpiion lasts, and has been heard 
 at the distance of noo milex. 
 
 Th(! cataract of Tequendama is in th" river Bogota 
 near Santa Fe. This river, after watering the elevated 
 plain on which lliut city xtands, breaks through thu 
 n'ountains, and wi;li two bounds rushes down a preeipica 
 <o the astonishing depth of 87o feet. The culuniii of 
 vapor which rises i;ke a cloud from the shock is *vcn 
 IVom Santii Fe, in miles distant, reflecting the mott 
 beautiful colors of (he rainbow. 
 
 VENEZUELA. 
 
 Situation. Venezuela includes Spanish Guiana. It 
 extends from New Granada on the west, to (he river 
 Essequcbo, which separates it from English Guiana oil 
 the east ; and fwui the Caribbean sea on the north (o 
 ro'ingiiese Guiana on the south. 
 
 Mime. This country is called the Captain-general- 
 ship of Caraccan by the Spaniards, but ut (he deelara. 
 tion ot independence in 18H, it assumed the name of 
 the Republic of Venezuela. 
 
 JHvisions. It is divided into 9 provinces. 
 
 Prvvincet. 
 
 Caraceas, 
 Margarita island, 
 <)Hmana| 
 
 Chiif cities, 
 
 C'aiiaccas 
 
 Asuncion 
 
 Cumana 
 
 Pop. Iff eititi, 
 30,000 
 
 24,000 
 
 i 
 
»G0 
 
 VENEZUELA. 
 
 Bnrflplnna 
 
 1«.000 
 
 Trtuilb 
 
 7,«CM» 
 
 Mfiida 
 
 li,«0O 
 
 VrtriiiHH 
 
 0,000 
 
 Mnr«rajho 
 
 31,000 
 
 Ml. i'liniiinK 
 
 N,000 
 
 RarMlAna, 
 
 Truxilio, 
 
 Meridn, 
 
 Varinui, 
 
 Miirncayhn. 
 
 Hpaiii«li (Juiana, 
 
 Lakt and Boy. Jilarncnylm luke, in (Iip mtrthweit, U 
 Itto niile« lung iiiul too biuHit. In nIiuih* it n>«rmbtei a 
 tlecanttir. U emptiei into iho Uiilj nf Mnrarayho 
 throuf^li a neck to inilei wide. 
 
 Face of the Coiintrtf, Th« nortlicrn part ia moun- 
 tainouk. A branch oi' the Andm, culled the ehaia of 
 Vfrf>Kuela, runs along ihc whole 'Vor(h(*rii coiiitt and ter- 
 ininati'i oppoitile Ihe iitlniid of Trinidad. Itt'low tlie 
 mountain* there are ininicnie plainH which »tr«toh loiith 
 beyond the Urouoco, and wc*t into Ne«vGraiiada. In 
 the rainy hchrod the Urnnocn overflowR itM bunks,. and 
 tbcae plains are inundiited to a vast extent. 
 
 Jtiuers. The Uronnco in tlio great river nf this eoiio- 
 try. it empties into the Oceun near the iitland of Trin- 
 idad by 50 mouths, ihi; tun most dintHnt of wkieh are 
 lOO miles apart. The course of the Oronoco ia very 
 crooked, somewhat resiMnblinjc the figure fl. 
 
 The principal branehes are the C'aroxi, from the south, 
 and the Jpures and .yfetu from the west. The Apures 
 and Meta ii'.tb rise in New Uranadu at the foot of the 
 Andes, anu fiow west till they join the Oronoco. The 
 Oronoco ia navigable QU miles above the mouth of the 
 Meta, and 7 H) Irom the oecau. The Mela is naviga- 
 ble 370 miles. 
 
 Soil and Vrodudiom. The soil i* very fertile. The 
 mountains are covered with forests of most valuable 
 timber; the vallies between the mountains conlaiu 
 the principal plantations, and produce cocoa, indigq, 
 cotton, sugar and tobacco, in abundance ; the plain!) fur- 
 nish immense pastures for numberless lierd« of eattle. 
 
 Chief Towns. Caraccas is in a valley between two 
 mountains, near the northern coast, elevated s,»00 feet 
 above the level of the sea. In IRTi an earthtiuako de- 
 stroyed a part of the city, aud biirieil I'AOOO persons 
 
.\. 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 l*,ooo 
 
 
 
 
 7.fl(»0 
 
 
 
 
 11,000 
 
 
 
 
 r.,000 
 
 ho 
 
 
 
 si.oun 
 
 HH 
 
 
 
 H,0()0 
 
 ke, 
 
 in 
 
 ilir nnrthweit, is 
 
 In 
 
 hliu 
 
 III* ii 
 
 ri'»rinl)lc» a 
 
 9 
 
 tiitlj 
 
 f"f 
 
 Maraanjhn 
 
 nrtlii'rn part ii moun- 
 N, culled the chain of 
 'torthern coiiitt and (er- 
 Trinidad. Ilidow tlic 
 ins which »tr«toh lotith 
 ilo NewGraiiada. In 
 yerfloHR itn bunks,. and 
 a«t extent. 
 
 ;reat river nf (his eoiio- 
 icar iht> iMiand of Trin- 
 «t dinlitnt of wkieh are 
 f the Oronoco is very 
 lie fignre •;. 
 
 I C'aru»i, from the south, 
 he wnDt. The Apitres 
 inndii at (he fool of (lie 
 joiD the Uronuco. The 
 hove the mouth of the 
 The Mela is naviga- 
 
 III i» very fertile. The 
 'csts of most valuable 
 he inountaius contaiu 
 produce cocoa, indtgq« 
 iidance ; the plains fur- 
 iherlcNs lierd« of cattle. 
 I a valley between two 
 1st. elevated a,»00 feet 
 1RI2 an earth(|Uuko dc- 
 buried I'AOOO persons 
 
 nnies d.j,.u.,, „,., i. .,..,, tn,,u, .hanr;::;.;;:.; 
 
 «f'?L n""""* "'?"' "^•"'ernmenl, i, „„ .1,,. ,„„„. ,„,. 
 
 «r lb. o,„„„co. uiioui 270 oiiic* r,„„, ,h,. .,, <.';'" 
 
 iith ;;;;.";;;',;."•' ^•"" ^'-'' '•••"-" i^-^e m....:;:;!;; 
 
 '«"."<«>. It IS comjiostd of w lit.*, no'-r..... l..,i" 
 n..'lai.oc.. „„d „...,/,„e., .u follow': ZC'^^IZ' 
 Dc«ro sill ve«, '21(1.1(10; Indiaoi '*j ho/, i ' '*" 
 
 meNti/oM, jui Wo 1 1 /.? ' . '■. "'"'»""•'* and 
 
 Indiana. Tribes of indeDendent %viirlil,« i i 
 
 . 6//ma/<'. |„ ,|,e |„»v country 'be cllmiti,. i. i. , i . 
 in the mountninii very MleumiiK » ,l ..'' ''"* 
 
 quakes are common i,^!;;rp;;t,*' '"''''''^- *=««••''• 
 
 GUIANA. 
 
 noelJat Amt? '^;^;7'"^v•'t<ween ,be Oro. 
 the Ocearon be N .J'.''"* ^"™''''""'he N. W. , 
 NewOranaSionibesV """•'' "" "'^' **• '*'' ' •^•"' 
 
 f^tuantyn. 3. DukfiGuiaJT, '^ ?'""'l"'l>'> l» the 
 ijurom. *. /TfruACMujMw extends from the 
 
m 
 
 nruNA. 
 
 M«rn„4HHl.e Aru.ry. ». IWtugum (iukim .lima. 
 I'liiiii ill!' Ariintv i» >»•' Anirtif""- ., . ._ 
 
 ,i„rl f ..01 .lH.rmMH..I,un.l.l...r.-.. ..o ».;r^». y r»r «• 
 irmi .i..K li.en., l.^-niu.o the uL.t- .H.lM»r..., ,lu no 
 cXl!! r?r f. om.l.* ».« r»a.., .I.c .n.vrior luiua «e«u,..cd 
 
 i%"froH'VH l'ar»>maribo, Hip f«pi hI of OuUl 
 «.,!l run ii .• • . r l.Oi... inlmlHlnnU. Stuhr,u,k, iho c«I.- 
 hcalJhy. Th«.oil ...u.,.riM..g»} fer..le,)'«W'»8»"8*^ 
 
 ofll.«po|.ululi«n are negro .Uve.j there are lei. man 
 SO,UUU wltilcB. 
 
 VKRU. 
 
 %[:3:;t"'^;«UdivWedi»loeiutende„eie. 
 TruxiHo, i"'*l ' flfiOO 
 
i«M liulann ttUni* 
 
 vikiuiii in lliu inl«> 
 
 III) tieri«Mily for «!«• 
 
 •fllUiiii'iii* ilu not 
 
 frior tK'iiia oeaujiicd 
 
 I «iiliili«iilti] into ili<> 
 mil llerbkf. IJuIpIi 
 ■imm, *nA Fr««ch 
 
 re Ktaetiurho, Ikma' 
 
 i. 
 
 f «apiiHl of l)ut«h 
 tin Wiirinum river, 16 
 00 iultdltimnii. 
 linaiia it «» nn isUn'l 
 
 ir«rtt rn^T, iifwi" »*• 
 
 nun«ry i» fl«< •«"' ""* 
 k'rliU.) '"-'••" '•S•"8»^ 
 
 itay bp t«<iin«1v(i ot 
 S|»aiiif>li Uuiana li«« 
 Ihiin 70,000, Dulcli 
 la 30.000. Thf "•>»•» 
 »{ tUere are !«•• ili»n 
 
 J. by NcwOrnnada ; 
 yip» » H. by Jill' ileiert 
 iroin Chili, arrf W. by 
 
 8 iutenilcnciet. 
 
 Pop. ofeiliei- 
 
 ' 0,600 
 
 62,027 
 
 PEHU. 
 
 Ifl 
 
 thitrnttiMiti. 
 
 UijancK Vclic«, 
 
 UuanunifM, 
 
 Uuiiiilajitya, 
 
 tJuitti, 
 
 Ar«<|ui|iii, 
 
 h'ae» nf tht enunlr>j. The Anil»'« m** Jhroiixh Urn 
 whnle Itfiijflh uf I'crui pttrulli'l with ilii> l'ti>-itic Oernn. 
 
 Chir/ tiltri. 
 
 /V/>. r/ litit. 
 
 (iuiHifu Vfiita, 
 
 •,000 
 
 Uuii>ii<iiitr» 
 
 JU.OOU 
 
 (tiiaiiliija}a, 
 
 
 (y'lmv)*. 
 
 ai.ooo 
 
 Ari>r|uip«, 
 
 u»,uuu 
 
 'I'Ker* are Imo prineiiml ridgf* eitlliil ihi< i-aiit.Tn niiil 
 Mr«lfrn Cordillfra. 'lliu rnunlry lic(Mi-t>ii ibnn i* an 
 rievali'il piniii or tulilo l.inil. (^fiirrally ruiiii h,(I(mi (ii 
 10,000 fi(!t abnvtf th" lf*i'l of I lie «t'i«. i'lit? nurniw 
 tract bet\»«en thi> M«!»(rrn i/'<ir)liili*ra ati<l llii^ I'aeific it u 
 |ilitiii, |irinri|tnlly ■miily mimI biirrt-n. 
 
 ChifY TuwuH. Lima, (hi* cHiiiiitl, i* in the rvnlrr of 
 n ipnriuu* an<l difliKhtful ViiMry, on a «niHll livtr whieh 
 tnijtlii'ii into ihi- I'acifli* <)ei*uo It \% ihc ci'iiiroof thu 
 coniinercc of I'tru. Va'Jan, ihr port of (.iuiu. ii 7 milt>« 
 liiiilnnt, 
 
 Viiiifo an anripRl anil mni(ni(ir«>nt city, once the neat 
 of l!i« ini'ii'«,i» anionif the Aniii>« ei»«t of Linio, near iha 
 riviT .Ifiiiri mac, nnn of the >«oiii'rfi« of ihe ,\inii/'tn. 
 
 Triwillo f* on the Tiicilie, uoo mile* Sf. of Limn. 
 .^I'l'ivi ■• a seaport noiilh nt Limit. ^Iret/uipa in helweeii 
 Arici\ niu\ liima. It i« hIkhii in leni^ueii finm the tea. 
 
 Pc/pulatiim. The po|iiilHlion in I.o70.l;jj, of which 
 nouihkT CIU.OOO are eivili/ed InitiitiH, utiil the retl an) 
 whilei, negroen, mulnitoeN, anil nie<«ti7:fleii. The Hpan- 
 ith •ettlcmentA are un (he hi^h table land between the 
 mnuntnin*, nod on the nea cohhI. They do not exiend 
 en-ti of the And^•■«. 
 
 Clitnafe. The lof^y Andes iire covered twtli eternal 
 Know, and (he low country on the enuitt i« hot and un- 
 healthy, whili' the intcrmcdinle liible Innd enfity* a uni- 
 form imd delightful elimHte. Karlh(|Make<« are eninmon ; 
 J<inia hiiii been repeatedly ainiott ruined by Iheui. 
 
 Mines. There are 70 t;iild niinei, 7on nilver mine* 
 and 1 of quiekiiker, he«ideH several of copperund lend. 
 The annual produce of the gold aud lilvi-r miaes it 
 more (htui $4,ooo,ooo. 
 
 ■If 
 
IT! 
 
 RRA^IT.. 
 
 Rii'*ri. The /Ifiit, ilir jljiiirimitf, (ht> GuaUtiga, Iht 
 TtiHiilnriiKuu uiiil ik'utkI imiilUr hmul Urnnthr* »f (lit 
 Auiuiun rid* iii IVrii. 
 
 DIIAZIL. 
 
 flilunKim. Rraitil nlpmU from llic Am«y.nn almnit 
 Id iIic Ih I'IuIii. Ii U hii itntncnip Fmiiiirv inrluiliiiff 
 
 tlllllf' inilW'H* 11 lit nil llilll|»Ii-*l- *<t|flf>«T iiiviia'aii*^ 
 
 morf ifiaii oiu* Hiinl ofHtiiiili Vniiriii* « hniindcil N. Inf 
 Oiiiiiiin HtiiJ lilt' AlUiiln-i K. bt ih*' AiUnlint mi tin! n. 
 |»4)iiit I UN llir \V. are I'vru and llu«no« 
 
 II i« liiviiluil into 1 1 diitricia culled 
 
 it COillf* to 
 
 Ayr'* 
 
 l)ivi»iiiun. 
 cnpitHiiia*. 
 
 C'liPiiiiniiU' 
 
 Pari, 
 
 Mill nil linen, 
 
 HiMiru. 
 
 IVrniiiiiliucni 
 
 Hiiliin, 
 
 I'arj. 
 
 St. Luin. 
 
 Hi-Bru 
 
 I'crniuiihiieo 
 
 Hi. MtilvHdur. 
 
 ruLiiitnlai. 
 Hill Janeiro, 
 Ml, I'ahI, 
 Hi» Oraiide. 
 Uoyu/. 
 
 Miuai (if rupn, Villa ilica 
 
 cki,r 
 
 Hiu Jit 
 
 Iitnviru. 
 HI. Fuiil. 
 Kill (ilriinde. 
 Villa Hua. 
 
 Mattu Urouoi Cuiaba. 
 
 Fare nftheeimntry. A riilf^c ormniinliiiiia riion algilg 
 itiF I'lii'.d IVoni litl. 10° lu Inl. ;)U" H. Tbe iiili-rior of 
 Ihr ciiiinlry it rlnllifd willi ilie itiont luiuriaiit vo^eta* 
 lion, inid rovervd in inuny parli uilli an alniont iinpen- 
 etrulili- foreil. 
 
 Ahvr>. Tfie principal river* of nruxil arc branclici 
 ortb<> Aniaxon and La I'laln. Tlii> riili^i' of moiinlaiua 
 ulonif the cotut prrvenl* llu-ir ciilrunce into ttic oci-uii 
 by •» more direct course. 
 
 'I'lie St. Franciu-u und Ibe Tocantim arc the princi* 
 pnl river* »bifb empty on tbc coatl. Tbe St. Fran- 
 i.mo rinca in lat. iO°< und iiricr rnimins alon^ tbc we»l> 
 crn tkir* of Ibe mnnnluinii for t,oou niilci cmptiew north 
 of St. Hnlvador. 'I'lic Tocatitins riiici near (lie nonrcea 
 ul' ibe Hi. Franeinpn, and rnnning north lAOO inilei, 
 cmplicM under ibe eqnulor, near tbc mnulb of tbe Ama- 
 zon. Tbc Ar(t<ina>ja in the principal branch ol'lbo To* 
 cantiiK. 
 
 L 
 
Ill/-, the Ounllagti, lh« 
 he««l t<r«nf he* of llit 
 
 n ihe \m»tnn ■Imnil 
 IIP piiiiiiirv iiii*lu)liii^ 
 •ritu I hr>iintlc<l N. Iiy 
 III' A linn) in t mi ttio n, 
 ire I'iTii tinti llueno* 
 
 II diitricii cnlleil 
 
 \lat. Ckitf TiMin- 
 
 iincirot Hiu Jitiieiru. 
 kill, HI. Fuitl. 
 
 Iraiiilr, Ri» dtmnilc. 
 r., Villa Hoa. 
 
 t UroMo, Cuiaba. 
 
 'mniinlnini ruaa along 
 " H. Tbe iiilerior of 
 nn»t luiuriant vo^rta* 
 itiili an aliMuiit iinpen* 
 
 ir nruxil are braiicliti 
 III* riiljG^i' »t moiiiilaiuf 
 ilrunce iiilu tlie oci-uii 
 
 'antifiH ari' the princi* 
 ontt. The St. Fratt' 
 liming along tlii> wf»(- 
 )0 mile* cmnlieK iiorlli 
 rJHci near (lie tiuiircc* 
 ig liorlli tttiW inilei, 
 III' mnulli nl' llie Aina- 
 ijiiil branch ni'tlio To* 
 
 Thf Xingii anil iUv T.ymjot tU» in thv f^nitw wf 
 SoiUli AiM^-rii'ii, iiimI (1 m( till/; nxrili iiiuri' (htm l,o«iu iiiilc*, 
 rmptj Mtiii ilir \iiiii/.iii. ri„. ^Untliirn. ibf Inrgpwt 
 Irilniurjr «r llic Aiii«/imi, ri«i i in ili»! iKtrihcrii (iHrl of 
 lUrniK A>r««, (Mill ruiiiitug n«niivtt»i, iiniitt?* iiftiir • 
 tiiurtK of I. ^1)0 Miilr*. 
 
 The t'arnjfHiii,, ili.> fnrnm, ami iIm' Vrnfmij, iho 
 great hrnMclii* „l Hie i.it I'IiiIm, ri«e m thi- Miilbi'm 
 part of ihu niiiiury Hiiii |iii*« iiiln Hut ii04 \)(*ik, 
 
 Vliiif Toiriin. ' Itio Jaufirii or SI. s,l:,i,tiau, lh« 
 
 tiiiil, i« till- Urgroi lowii iii Hoiilh Ami-rioH ll ha* • 
 
 Gain 
 nob! 
 
 le hurlior, niiii » great coiuiiierce. I'lie poiinluiiua 
 it more than 100,000. 
 
 Mf. Snlvailor or tiachia it nn the buy of All Haiiiln, 
 mnre ih«ii Too mile* north of Km Juihiki. |i m lurge, 
 neh and wril bnili. Tl,.. |innei|iitl p.irt of ihr Hiy ia 
 oti the top of H hill whieh ri*e* Niiil(l»-ii|y lo the height 
 of 400 f.'.t. The *iMmii.iii i« airy unJ httAllhful. Tli« 
 poptilrtlion exeeeil* rii.lioo. 
 
 i*irnamhiiro i* a lloiiriahing lown, 4an itiilet N. K, of 
 Hi. Hi»lvu(lor. ll hu* a great Iruile in enllon. I'opnla. 
 tioit, «0,ooo. Miranham, or .S7 Liiih, i* a eonnnereinl 
 lowii oil Ihu north eoatl. Htu UraitiU i» in h populout 
 dittriei near ihe «nnlhern enremiiy of HrHxil. 
 
 r<7/a //<ra it ill the inlrrior, tiorlh of Hio Jmiejro. 
 Popniftlion. VO.ooo. 7V;ij<-o, the eapiltil of the dianiniia 
 diMlriel, i* north of Vil|„ Uicti. i:,iial>a i* in ihti went, 
 trn part of Itra/.il. anil bat rich goliiuiinet in ilt viciu* 
 ily. Piipi.latioii JO,<i(io. 
 
 VnpulatiHn. The pnpulution i»e*(imnliil ai a.ooo.ooo. 
 It I* coinp,.*cd of HJiitet, negrovi, Iniliant, inulalloei. 
 •nil me»liio«i. 
 
 Oovtrnmnt. The government it an abtolule mnii. 
 arehy. Itruzil wut formerly governed by 11 vieeroy; 
 bul tinee t8or, the royal family of Porlugal have r«- 
 tided here. 
 
 i'roJuctions. The nnrlhrrn provinee* produce eof (nn, 
 •ugar, eoBee and lobueeo t the middle eontain the u;..ld 
 and diamond di*lrieli ; the toulhcrn proiliiee "heal and 
 entile in abundanee. The foreM* abound with VMiiona 
 kiudtf of Hood UHtlnl fur dyeiog and cabiaet Wurk. 
 15* 
 
171 
 
 ntJfiXOS AYRES. 
 
 Gold atnl liinmotuh, Tlie t;oI<I nnd <llnm(iii(N (if 
 Ui'n/.il nre toiiiMl iiriiifipiillv in llii* bcil'^ of the inoiin- 
 tuin lurii'iiJH. Tim lioml \»iilor« ol' lltt? I'Aruiiu, ll»c 
 Fi'inu'iseo, uikI ot'ull tlii'giTuI rivers tvliicli flaw north 
 into the Amazon, are proilnrlivc of ^old. The printi- 
 |ial iliiiinoiid iliHtriet iv40() niili'» N. uf Itio Janeiro. 
 
 Commerce. The txjKirttt are iMillon, *iiit;nr, ci'llVe and 
 lohiici'o from I'ernambiico, St. Salvador, and Maraii- 
 hain : and hides, (allow, and beef from lliii Grande. 
 NVheal i^ Hhipped from Itiu (.irnnde to all partH uf the 
 coast. The principal imports arc British manufactures. 
 
 DUKNOS AVKKS. 
 
 Mme. This fi.untry wa* railed the Viceroyally of 
 Bwnos dyres, while under the dominion of Spain. Since 
 thf declaration of Independence, it haH a»»nmed the 
 iiime of the Uni'ed Provinrfs of South Jimericn. 
 
 Situation. It itt hounded N. and K. by Uracil ; S. K. 
 by the Atlantic; S. by l'ata,(5oiii.» ; W. by the Andc«, 
 which ficparute it from Chili; and N. \V. by IVni. 
 
 Divisiom. The northern and untral parl!« uf this 
 country, embracing one half the territory, are in the 
 }io8Hes»ion of the Indians. The parts owned by the 
 whites are divided iuto pruvinces. 
 
 Chief Toviiis. 
 
 Bueno.4 Ayres. 
 ]Vlflnt('\i(!cu. 
 Santa Fe. 
 Cordova, 
 
 Province*. 
 Duenox Ayre«, 
 Banda Oriental, 
 Entre Iliox, 
 
 Cordova, _ 
 
 Punta St. Luis, PuntaSt.Luis. 
 Mer>du7.n, Mendoza. 
 
 .St. ,luan, St. Juan. 
 
 Uioju, liinja. 
 
 ("alimiarca, Caiauiarca. 
 
 St. Jago del Estero, St. J ago. 
 
 Provinces. 
 Tncuniau, 
 Salla, 
 
 J<'j".V, 
 Chiras, 
 Fotosi, 
 Mis >je, 
 C ha reus, 
 
 C/il(f Tvixnit. 
 Tucumaii' 
 S.ilta. 
 .liijuy. 
 '1 upica. 
 FotoKi. 
 Misque. 
 Charca*. 
 
 Cociialmmba, Oropesa. 
 La Pd/., La Pit/.. 
 
 Paraguay, Assumpiiun. 
 
 Rivers. This country is drainnd by the La Plata 
 ■iiid i!s branches. The L(i I'hita is a very broad 
 
KS. 
 
 1)1(1 nn<I <Iiai)i(in<U of 
 lie bi'il'4 of tliu inoiin- 
 I oJ* jIil' I'Armiu, ll»c 
 I'CTii wliicli (low ni>rth 
 of ^old. The |iririci- 
 N. Ill' Itio Juiu'iro. 
 it (nil, »iiit;nr, ecilVe nnd 
 alviuldr, niitl Marnn- 
 i-i' i'roiii Kill Gruixle. 
 lie l() all partD uf tho 
 British inanufuctures. 
 
 {1:3. 
 
 I'd Uie Vicernyajly o€ 
 iniiiioii f)i'S|)ain. Since 
 , it lian ttSKiimed the 
 South Jimericn. 
 id K. by Uracil ; S. K. 
 I ; W. i»y the Andes, 
 d N. W. by IVrii. 
 i-iMilral |iarU ui* this 
 ! territory, are in the 
 ! parts owned by the 
 
 "rovinces. 
 
 C!ii(f 'fotvitit 
 
 'ncuniau, 
 
 'I'lieuinan 
 
 allu, 
 
 Saltu. 
 
 "j".v, 
 
 .liijuy. 
 
 liiras, 
 
 '1 u|Mca. 
 
 otosi, 
 
 PotoKi. 
 
 lis !je, 
 
 Misque. 
 
 harcaii, 
 
 ('harca*. 
 
 loeiiabHinba, Oruprsa. 
 .a Pd/., I.a Pa/.. 
 
 'araguay, As»uui|iiion. 
 
 innd by the La Vlala 
 'lata is a vcrv broati 
 
 r 
 
 RUKNOS AVRliS. 
 
 m 
 
 river formttl by the union of the Uvnunny and the 
 Payariii. 'I'lie I'avnuct risen union™ lin- iiiuuiituitis of 
 Hrazil, near Kio Janeiro, utid runniir.; soinliwcst lu-jirlv 
 2.000 miles, Join* tlie Urasjuay a lillle ahovt> ijie ciij oV 
 IJiniios Ayns. The Uruguiiif rises in llie Moiithern fi.nt 
 of Unizil. It!4 general course in nuuilinesl, and lii 
 leii^'ih, I'^oo niih'H. 
 
 'Ihe I'aranmnj in the prineipal branch of the Parana. 
 It rises near !be ci'iilre of Ura/.il. and running noiith 
 about IflOO miles emplieH inio ibe Parana at Con ieiites. 
 The Pilcowuijn and the Vermejo arc the two largest 
 wesicrn branches of Ihe Parasjuuy. They both rise in 
 the Andes and flowing soutiieast, about 1,000 miles 
 each, empty into Ihe Paraguay below ihc town of Ac- 
 sumption. The Saliulo is the largest western branch of 
 the Parana. It rises in the Andes, and flowing south- 
 east more than 800 miles, empties into the Parana at 
 Santa Fe. 
 
 Numerous bi inches of ilie Mtdeira rise in the north- 
 ern part of this country, and flow ndrtli inio Bru/.il. 
 
 Face of the. country. The western provinces border- 
 ing nn the Andes are mountainous; the lerrilory east, 
 of the Paraguay and Parana is a Jlne, waving, well 
 watered country; the intermediate dislritt lying between 
 the Paraguay and ihe mountains, and extending from 
 norlh to sunlh through the whole length of ihe counlrv, 
 consists of extensive plains. 
 
 West of the city of Buenos Ayres is a vast plain of 
 pauiprt extending south into Patagonia. It is 1500 
 miles long, and from the ocean to the Amies 500 bread. 
 
 Indians. Independent tribes of Jndians occupy the 
 country watered by the Sakdo, rermrjo, rUcumut/o. ami 
 the head branehen of the J\iaddra. This tract consists 
 of vast plains extending from the Paraguay on the east 
 to Ihe mountains on the west. 
 
 Product lotift. Cattle nnd Ihe precious melals are the 
 staple productions. The vast plains and panijias are 
 c.ivered with immense hi ,(ls of horses., mules and eallle ; 
 and ilie provinces along ihe Andes abound with ;;old 
 and Mlver. .Mining and ruisin.'; cattle are ihe prineipul 
 busiiici^s of the inhabitan'..., 'o the neglect of agnculture, 
 
>7* 
 
 BUENOS AYRE9. 
 
 altliuiigU the stiil in Cerlile and would yield wheat, Indian 
 cum. lobavco, 6u'. in abundance. 
 
 I'liputtttion The |i»|»ulaii'in iit eHtiniatcd at 2,000,000, 
 of which iiumher 700,000 art' civilized Indianx. The 
 intlejicndeul Indian* are nut included : Iheir U'luiber ia 
 unknown. 
 
 Lake Lake Titicaca is in Ihe northwest corner ot 
 (he counirj beiween iwo ridgcH of the Andes. It is 240 
 miles in cireumierenee, and lias several islands, one of 
 wliieh was the residence of Mauco Capac, the first of 
 the incas. and Ihe fnnnderof the Peruvian nionarehy. 
 
 Chief Towns. Huems Jiyres '\* on the west bank of 
 the Lt. Flat a, ISO njilt> from the ocean. The honsei 
 are buili of brick. The population is 6'i,000, one half 
 of whon» are whites, and the rest Indians, negroes, &c. 
 The euj is celebrated for the pleasantness and Halubrity 
 of its climaie. 
 
 Montvvideo is on Ihe east bank of the La Plata. 80 
 milei. from iU mouth Population 10,<)00. Santa Fe it 
 Btthe confluence of the Halado with the Parana, and 
 lias 6,00) inltabitanis. CoiTimtes is at the confluence 
 of lite Paraguay wilh the Parana. Msumption is on 
 Ihe east Imnk of the Paruguay, a little above Ihe montli 
 of Ihe Pileoma}o, and about 1,000 miles from the sea. 
 Large vessels ascend from the ocean as far as this place. 
 Polosi. famous for its rich silver mines, is on Ihe An- 
 des, near the hourees of the Pilcomayo, in about 20° S. 
 Ittt. ll contains roouo inhabilanls. besides 30,000 
 tiaves employed in the mines. Salta is nearly in the 
 cenire of Ihe eoiiiilr). It canie* on a great trade in 
 mule-s with Pern. Twcj/mwn is 160 miles 8. of Salta. 
 M'.nduzn is at the loot of ihe Andes, near the southwest 
 corner of the country. 
 
 Government Buenos Ayres formerly belonged to 
 Spam. In 1816, ii declared itself independent, and 
 eslalilished a republican government. 
 
 Education. Previous lo ihe revolution, education and 
 learning were discouraged; bi>t now schools are eslal- 
 lishetl. and I ooks imported vr .out reslriclion. 
 
 Character. A largo pof..in of the population are 
 Lerdsmeu, who lead a Military life od the great plaiua^ 
 
RK9. 
 
 luld yield wheat, Indian 
 
 fHtiiimtcd at 2,000,000, 
 vili/A'd Indiann. The 
 ud«d : (heir uuuiber \t 
 
 le northwest eorner of 
 if the Andes. It is 240 
 several islands, one of 
 uoo Capac, the first of 
 ■ Peruvian nioDarehy. 
 is on the west bank of 
 he ocean. The houset 
 It ion is 6'i,000, one half 
 t Indians, negroes, &c. 
 easantness and ftalubrity 
 
 nk of the La Plata. fiO 
 ion 10,000. Santa Fc is 
 
 with the Parana, and 
 ies is at the confluence 
 na. Jissumption is on 
 a little above the month 
 ,000 miles from the sea. 
 cean as far as this place. 
 ver mines, is on the An- 
 comayo, in about 20° S. 
 ihitants. befides 30,000 
 
 SaKa is nearly in the 
 ie« on a great trade in 
 
 160 miles S. of Salta. 
 odes, near the southweiit 
 
 9 formerly belonged to 
 itself independent, and 
 iiment. 
 
 revolution, education and 
 I now schools ore eslal- 
 .out restriction. 
 I of the population are 
 life OD the great pluiua. 
 
 CHILI. 
 
 Iff 
 
 being constantly employed in (ending immense herds of 
 cattlo. rhey are the most expert horsemen in the world. 
 
 Mmm Gold or silver mines are found in all the 
 provHiees bordering on the Andes. The richest is the 
 silver miocoFPotosi, which hits been wrou;;ht nenrlv 3 
 iciituries, and yields several millions of dollars annually. 
 
 Ihe Indians near I'otosi are compelled by the Span- 
 iards 10 work (he mines, which usually kills them in th« 
 course of to or 12 mon(hs. For three centuries whole 
 nations have been perishing in this way. The Indians 
 III these provinces are habitually melancholy ; they 
 hand down from father to sun the story of their wrongs, 
 and constantly watch for revenge. 
 
 Commerce. The principal exports are gold and siN 
 ver, hides, beef and tullow. The imports are manufac- 
 (iired goodi^, principally from Great Britain. The city 
 ol Buenos Ayres is the seat of thi<i commerce. 
 
 Mules in immense droves are collected every year at 
 Salta from the southern provinp<<8, and tiience'se'iit over 
 the Andes to Peru, a distance of isoo or 2,000 miles. 
 Almost all labor and iransportation i» Peru as well as 
 Buenos Ayres are performed by mules. 
 
 CHILI. 
 
 Sitmlion. Chili is bounded N. by the desert of Ata- 
 oama, which separates it from Peru : K. by the Andes, 
 which separate ii from Bueoos Ayres ; H. Iiy Pataijonia; 
 and W. by the Pacific Ocean, It is a lon« and narrow 
 country. 
 
 Divisions. The southern part of the country, below 
 lat. 37», belongs (o independent tribes of Indians. The 
 remainder is divided into 22 districts. 
 
 Face of the Country. The lofty Andes run for more 
 
 e"ni*i- '*""'' "'"*'* **'""? ^''« "'•'"'e eastern boundary 
 of Chill. The country below is made up to a cnnsidcr- 
 able extent of detached vallies, separated from each 
 
 other by high ridges. The scenery is picturtsnue and 
 grand. .- i i 
 
na 
 
 cinu. 
 
 River,. Few eountrie. are «o well walere.l a« CMli. 
 ren .»il, b»l «re rich in imiiCT »l ■"Vt"' 
 
 '"'Anno,, ««d B.n«,«.lv,. Volf.n.e. «..«r .n.»..B 
 
 5n'S?2;^n:f::::;^i:rr;s;:i^"'« 
 
 popHlatlon IH 46,000. . ,^ j^ ^^^,. 
 
 ConoF/jfion is an a ''7"''*^"V/^;' I • river Biobio. It 
 ,no.li»u/ harbor near iW 'j;"^';;;; X; V Jltiou 
 lias been twice deslroytti by earuiquttiits. . i 
 
 13.<'00, 
 
 harbor is -he gafest. ami most «*P'»°',""» " '''f. " «*"" 
 "ohm of America. It i» very strongly fortihe.l. Popu- 
 lation 40,000. 1 !. « 
 i>»,>«?fl<.V,„ The popnlation is 1, 200,000, exclusive 
 
 of iudtpendent Indians. 
 
 2, 
 
 i 
 
PATAGONIA. 
 
 well waleretl at» Chili; 
 ii,HMnu*« In !*onic|mr«!» 
 leld, ciui be regulnrly 
 i.iiin. TIr" iirincipal 
 
 Routhern pUrt of the 
 wliettt, »ii»p, an«l «■' i 
 llivatt'd, ftiiJ cuttle iiro 
 H» have a tlry u»«l bur- 
 f (ill, copper, silver ami 
 
 liHtriets it never rainn, 
 « urc scarcelv perccp- 
 ut a cloud and the tem- 
 iiarts or this region are 
 le AihK'8 and arc very 
 
 Volcanoes occur among 
 erval, along the wliole 
 
 14 which art* in a state 
 lakes usually occur 3 or 
 
 f. capital, is on a brnnch 
 id extensive plain. I'l'e 
 til (he cities of Chili, are 
 if the earthquakes. The 
 
 Iviy, which affords a com- 
 h of the river Biobio. It 
 arlh«iuak.-s. I'opulatiou 
 
 near the mouth of the 
 St of Si. Ja!?o. 11 is the 
 
 Population f>.50« 
 lies S. of Concept ion. Its 
 «apaoioiis on the westeru 
 strongly fortified. Popu- 
 
 on is 1,200,000, exclusive 
 
 ,i 
 
 ^Iraiicanian Indians. I'he Araucanian Indians oc- 
 cupy fill' country between the llinbio and ihc Tolteii. 
 They are brave, warlike, fjenu'rous, and enthusiaHli* 
 lovers of lilieriy. The Hpaiiiardx have tried in vain 
 for nearly a cenlnries to sulidui- ibem. 
 
 Quvernment. Cliili was forniirly subject to Spain. 
 In 1318 il declared itself independent. 
 
 Desert. The desert of Jltacama lies between Peru 
 and Chili. It is a dry, ?«ud> plain, 300 miles lonj;, 
 without one living thing upon it either vegetable or 
 animal. 
 
 Mands. Chiloe island on the coast, near the south- 
 ern boundary, is IH • miles lonji;. There are many small 
 islands ncar'it. The island of Juan Fernandez is more 
 than ^00 miles west of Valparaiso. 
 
 PATAGONIA. 
 
 Sitmtion. Patagonia is the southern part of Sr)uth 
 America. Il is bounded N. by Chiii and Buenos Ayres } 
 E. by the Atlantic; S. by the straits of Magellan, which 
 geparnte it from Terra lei Fuego ; and W. by the 
 Paeific. 
 
 Face of the country. The Andes pass through the 
 western pari. '! heeaslern part is level, consisting of 
 immense pampas or plains which stretch north into 
 Buenos AyrcH. 
 
 Inhabitants. The country is inhabited by indepen- 
 dent tribes of Indians, about whom very little is known- 
 Some of the tribes are said to be of » gigantic size. 
 
EUROPE. 
 
 EUROPE. 
 
 puliation. Europe in boiindeil N. by llie Frozen 
 Oce»ii ; E. by Ada ; 8. by Ibe Mediterranean Sea, which 
 8e|iara(pit it Irom Africa ; and VV. by (be Allanlic Ocean. 
 It in (be Hinatlest general division of I he ,t;lobe. 
 
 Ifivisions. The principal countries in Europe are, 
 
 Norway, 
 Sweden, 
 Russia, 
 
 in the 
 northeast. 
 
 I'ortnijul,'! 
 Spain, (in the 
 Italy, r south, 
 Turkey, J 
 
 Great Britain, 
 
 France, 
 
 Netherlands, 
 
 Denmark, 
 
 Uermauy, 
 
 Prussia, 
 
 Austria, 
 
 Switzerland, 
 
 in the 
 'middle. 
 
 Seas. The principal sens are, (he Mediterraneaoi 
 JMiinnora, Black, Azuf, North, Baltic, and White. 
 
 The Mediterranean sea lies betwet-n Europe, Asia, 
 and Africa. It is the largest sea in the world, being 
 2 000 miles long from east to west. The Blark sea lies 
 betwceit Europe uud Asia. It is northeast of the 31ed- 
 iterrnneKn, and comniunicates with it through the sea of 
 JUarmora. 'l!\i^ sea of Azof i* northeast of the Black 
 sea, unil eommunieatcs with ii through a narrow strait. 
 
 The JS'ortU .'•ca lies between Great Britain on the west, 
 and Deiimitrk on the east. The Baltic lies between 
 Sweden on the wep(, and Russia on the east. Prussia 
 and Germany are on the south. The White sea it in 
 thenoriliern part of Russia. It opens into the Frozen 
 Ocean 
 
 t'lianneh. The English channel lies between Eng- 
 land and France. St. George's channel lies between 
 Englitndand Ireland The Cattegat. Iietween Denmark 
 and Sweden, and the Skuger Rack, between Denmark 
 and Norway, are the channels through which (he Baltic 
 eoniniuiiientes with (be German Oecnn. 
 
N. by the Frozen 
 iterranean Hea, uiiich 
 ly (lie Af!ai)(ic Ocean, 
 of I he ,t;lob«>. 
 riea in Europe are, 
 
 Britain, 
 !e, 
 
 trlanth, 
 lark, t in the 
 
 any, ( middle, 
 
 ia, 
 •a, 
 erland, 
 
 the Mediterranean, 
 ■tie, and White. 
 wetMi Europe, Aeiay 
 in the world, being 
 The Blark sea liea 
 lortheasit of the Mcd« 
 I it through the sea of 
 theaHt or the Black 
 )U£;li a narrow strait. 
 i< Britain on the west, 
 
 Baltic lies between 
 n the east. Prusttia 
 
 The White sea it in 
 )en8 into the Frozen 
 
 'I lies between Eng* 
 :htinnel lies between 
 at. between Denmark 
 ', between Denmark 
 ngh whieh the Baltic 
 •enn. 
 
 EITKOPK. 
 
 ^«t 
 
 Stmiii. The ylvaits o/ Gihrulhir, b..( woni Hnain •»,><! 
 A r,e« rnnnoet Iho Me.ii.errn.u.un «i.h th" A ,.1 c 
 li.e ««,../«».//.,. between Knrope ,„,.| A,ia, eonno pi 
 AltM .,err.u.eu„ «i,h the ... of'^armnra. 'Tb, r« • 
 
 //r/.ys „,. 6',,//s. The «,///*,-/• feuire \, in (he ]\f,.,Ii 
 «<'rru„ean, luMvecn Turkey Hn.ll.alv. The C oJi/ ' 
 Ti! :''"■;•; '%"',! "V'"»«'" ••"'"'^en Fran S 1 a , ' 
 
 »£;5^':^':he:£.K^=ri;,.^^^^ 
 
 mrwaj. lhe6flr/;rtf/„«H mnuniaiii, are in Auslrin. 
 they separate Hungary fron, G»lipi« Ti.l /> • ' 
 
 the eastern and eentnil nn u «K> It drams 
 
 |...o,heCa.pi.n:e?n a'S h ""ooo m! "T''^" 
 The 7^on enlptips f-uo the «ea of ^lo/S.r n • "«• 
 and />n,W i„l„ ,i,„ Black Sea *^'t1 '''t ^"'''^^ 
 southern part of H„„,a. ' ^ '">' •''■°'" "'« 
 
 m (iermanv, and run, east (h.-oi^^h Ilui'Z' and T T 
 key into the Bl,iek Sea. It is ?60( mS 'ion "^ t,.: 
 
 (»»<(, ..,1 «,„,(,!„ ,i,e Au.„,i. d,f.'„T.?5':r™[„'; 
 
 ff 
 
161 
 
 KNOI.ANI). 
 
 h!\!»iUMl iOaiiiU o( Si)itd<erf-«n and »Yo('« iii-mbla in iLi: 
 Frozen Occnn. 
 
 (Uimnte. Kurupo lie* nlmoHt wholly williiii llie 
 iiortiiiMn ttmperuto xone, unil eupy* a line liculllifiil 
 
 climati'. 
 
 Character. F.ti rope ii the abode of civiliznlioD, re- 
 llucmcnt, WL'allh, ncienco, learnitij?, ami the arU. Thi* 
 it peculiarly Iruo of drcat Britain, Franct^ and U«r- 
 niiUiyf 
 
 BRITISH EMPIRK. 
 
 The Urilish Kinpire ii compoied of Great Britain. 
 Iri'liiinl, and tlio .nfjacenl inland*, together with cxteu- 
 -ivf countricii in A»ia, Africa, and Anirricn, 
 
 Great Britain is divided into Kngland, Scotland, and 
 ■V^'ftleg. 
 
 ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 Situation. This country ia hounded N. by Scotland ; 
 i:. hy the North Sea ; H. by the Engliith ehannel and the 
 straits of Dover, whieU separate it from France; W. bv 
 St. George's channel, which separates il from Ireland. 
 
 Divisions. England is divided into 40 counties, and 
 Wale* into 12. 
 
 1 
 
 n 
 
 Comtka. Pop- in 1811. 
 
 Norlhumberland, 172,1«1 
 
 Cumberland, jas.T** 
 
 Six northern j Durham, 177,033 
 
 counties. "S Yorkshire, orH, 3a« 
 
 I Westmoreland, 43,9a2 
 
 ^Lancashire, 828,3()« 
 
 fCheshire, 227,081 
 
 Fourb'trder- J Shropshire, 1»*,398 
 
 ingonWales.} Herefordshire, fl4,073 
 
 (.MonmouMishir*!, 62,127 
 
 Chitf Tuvam. 
 
 Newcastle. 
 
 Carliele. 
 
 Durham. 
 
 York. 
 
 Applehy. 
 
 Lancaster. 
 
 Chester. 
 
 Shrewsbury. 
 
 Hereford. 
 
 Moumouth. 
 
). 
 
 (I lYoivi Xiinhla in llit: 
 
 Nt wholly williiii tlie 
 iijoyi a nia* lirullhriil 
 
 do of civili/alioD, re- 
 l^, aiitl I he* nrti. ThiM 
 uiii, France and (J«r- 
 
 IIHRK. 
 
 laed of Great Britain. 
 I, together with csteu- 
 id Amrricn. 
 r^iiglandy Mcolluud, and 
 
 WALES. 
 
 iiinilcd N. by Scotland ; 
 KngliMh rliniincl and the 
 it from France ; W. bv 
 parates it i'roni Ireland. 
 ;d into 40 counties, and 
 
 ofi. in 1811. 
 172,161 
 
 177,023 
 
 43,922 
 
 828,3()« 
 
 227,081 
 
 Idl'jSOS 
 
 94,073 
 
 62,157 
 
 Chief Tuwii. 
 
 Newcastle. 
 Carliele. 
 Durham- 
 York. 
 Applehy. 
 LancaHler. 
 Chester. 
 Shrewsbury. 
 Hereford. 
 Mouoiouth. 
 
 'I'm rive 
 midliiiid, 
 
 Kighl casl- 
 
 Ci'lt. 
 
 1'hrec south 
 eastern. 
 
 RXOLAND. 
 
 iVotfiiighamihire, IflJ.'JOO Nothngltum. 
 l>eibyi.liire, lH3,ls7 Ihrhj. 
 
 Staftiirdshire, 2«a,lflj .Siuftord. 
 
 I.cic«'(tieri<hire, loo.no Liictsler. 
 Hullnud^hire, 10,j»o Oki liani. 
 
 Northamp»onshire,Hi,«,ij NorlliMoi|.loii, 
 ) Warwickshire, 23H,7aa Warwick. 
 Wiirceslershire, l(lo,3»B Worcester. 
 (Gloucestershire, UHS^DU (ilnieeslier. 
 (hCurdshire, IIU.IUI Oxford. 
 
 Huckiiinliumiihirc, Il7,(i30 Aylesbury. 
 [.Kt'dfurduhire, 70,213 Hedlurd. 
 
 hincohiKhire, a»r,HUl Lincoln. 
 
 llnnliiiifd.iiKihirc, -IVjaOM lliinlini^don. 
 
 101, lou CHiriliiiilije. 
 
 2Ui,0Utt Woiwich. 
 
 2an,211 Ipswich. 
 
 232,-17a Chelmsford. 
 
 111,034 Hertford. 
 
 903,270 London. 
 
 i 
 
 Four south- 
 eru. 
 
 Three south 
 wustero. 
 
 .1 V 
 
 Cnmliridireshire, 
 
 Norfolk, 
 
 SiiftoJk, 
 
 l'i«scx, 
 
 Hertfordshire, 
 
 Middlesex, 
 'Hurry, 
 
 Kent, 
 ^. 'Sussex, 
 
 Berkshire, 
 
 M'illsliirc, 
 
 Hamiishire, 
 , Dorsetshire, 
 "Somersetshire, 
 re. 
 
 823,891 (J III I Curd. 
 
 Sii, North 
 Wales. 
 
 H\x, South 
 Wales, 
 
 i 
 
 373,003 Maidstone. 
 
 1«0,0«.i Lewes. 
 
 Il.s,2r7 Heatling. 
 
 103,628 Hiilixbury. 
 
 243.080 Winchester. 
 
 124,093 Dorchester. 
 
 803,180 Taunton. 
 
 .S83,308 Kxelei. 
 
 210067 Laiinceston. 
 40,818 Flint. 
 
 S.?,lll Denbigh. 
 
 49,336 Carnarvon. 
 
 87.043 Beaumaris. 
 
 , 30,924 Bala. 
 
 LMonlgomeryshire, si, 931 Monlgomcrv. 
 (Radnorshire, 20,900 FresteiL'ti, ' 
 
 Cardiganshire, oo,200 Curdigiii.. 
 . 1 enibrokeshire, 00,013 Pembroke. 
 1 Caermarljienshire, 77,317 Caermarlhen. 
 
 Brecknockshire, 37.7SS Brecknock. 
 l^Ularaorganshire, 83,067 Caerdiff. 
 
 ■ Devonshin 
 , Cornwall, 
 Flintshire, 
 Denbighshire, 
 (/arnarvonshire. 
 
 . .'Vnglesen, 
 
 I Merionelhihire, 
 
 I 
 
 J 
 
I 
 
 iH 
 
 KNUI.ANU. 
 
 'liio I'ltUuttiiiit tr» i}ie princi|ial Xuwm, arranged in 
 tlir vrdKr ufthiMr |i<)|iuliiiiiiii, 
 
 liUlllloili 
 
 Mim-luitiT, 
 
 l)illllllll^llulll, 
 UriUol, 
 
 t'l«lllliUtll, 
 
 I'uiliiniiutliy 
 .Vnrfulk, 
 
 OtI, 11(10 
 
 Ch'ir/T'iKiiU. 
 
 NiiHingliam, 
 
 Ne»('»iille, 
 I.eii-eilcr, 
 Hull. 
 Vuik, 
 
 Pop. /« 1311. 
 311, MIA 
 
 y/iivis. 'I'hi.' fitur |iriiiripnl rlveri are tiie Unmbitv 
 Vi\ lliL« iiorlluust, llic 'iVmmi'K in llti' »oiilhettil, tlie A'e- 
 Vfr« ill lliu «()ui!iMfitl, and the MtiKfij in iho norlitwfut. 
 Tlit' minenil »;our«<' ol'llu' 'i'liumeit i» catl, nf lUe tie»eru 
 miilli, and ol'llic Mersey went. 
 
 'i'lie Otne und (lie Trent urc llic (wo , ureal liranehct 
 
 ol" (lio Himher. Tin- Oiuf drain* llie exieiiHivc coiinljr 
 
 til' Yiirksliiic. Il hu* muny liibunirien. 'I'lie Trent 
 
 ri»ftn ncor llie «i'nlrc ol'Kn^Und. and tlowt norlheait. 
 
 The other rivcri uri- the 'iVf.i, Tme, nnd Tureil, wh'tth 
 
 i<ni|ily ii» the e.V4l const nortli oi the llunibcr, und the 
 
 the, whicli ei«ptie« on the mi-hI c»ii>tf, near llio Merney. 
 
 Cliiff Tdivus. Till- l"i»nr iiriMfipal coinnierciul louni* 
 
 Htund on the lour priiiripul ri>eni ; London, on iho 
 
 ThaineM, ill the Miulh'iii'ii ; IhistitU «" the Severn, in 
 
 ihe iiouthwe*! ; tAverpuol, on the Meritey, in the north- 
 
 Mfiil ; und Uiitl, on the llumher, in the noilheust. 
 
 London, the cii|iit«l of the kingdom, is on the 
 riiiiinen, <t> mile* I'rorn ita mouth. It \* the most 
 populous citv in Europe; und in regard In comnicree, 
 Mtiilih, inuiuit'uetnreg, url«, literulure, und charitable 
 inilitnliomi, in the lirst eily in the world. Il htm nior« 
 ihiui a inilkon inhnliitan(>i, and mure than hull* a mil- 
 liuu tons ol' shipping, :J0 lioBoituli, iOO ulmshouses 
 and hetween 3 and 100 ehiMches. The hou.nes are ul- 
 T!i..Ht «hollv ol'hrk'k. The printipa! piildie huildin^* 
 urc the n 'ujciitie cathtdrtil of *>t. /^«i(/'*', the chict 
 ofuiunii.l orthccitv, and ircstminster Mbeij, a {;riuid 
 Huthic cdifici', the suiu'luury of the illustrious dead. 
 
-•« 
 
 * w** 
 
 EXOLwn. 
 
 m 
 
 towiui arrang«ii iu 
 
 'TiimU. 
 
 Pop. ;« 1311. 
 
 U'lll, 
 
 aj,M40 
 
 ngliani, 
 
 a»,'jj)a 
 
 % 
 
 Si, Mia 
 
 '»«lle, 
 
 27.flHr 
 
 (»lcr, 
 
 ■^;I,IM 
 
 
 iJI.JtfU 
 
 t 
 
 l^^,v{lr 
 
 veri are tlt*> Iluiiiber 
 hi> RDiilheuit, tite Se- 
 tiwy ill the nurllHvr»t. 
 « i»c-ati, »f tbe i^eteiu 
 
 lie (wo threat liranehc* 
 u (III- CMfiiHive county 
 •utnrien. The Trent 
 , KniMlow'4 nnrllieakl. 
 iV/ne, niid Tureil^wh'tth 
 i' the lluiiitior, nml llie 
 ;(»!iitf, near tlii« MtTHey. 
 i\m\ coiiuiicreiul tounit 
 vtTH ; London, <in ilio 
 ,tuly on till' Severn, in 
 
 Merney, in tlie nortli- 
 , iu llic Murllieusl. 
 
 kingiloni, is on llic 
 )ulb. It \* llie most 
 II regnrd In conimiTce, 
 riilure, und charitable 
 le world. It htm nioru 
 mure than hall' a inil- 
 tul«, lou ullll^thou«el•, 
 >s, The houxL's me ul- 
 icipa! (Miliiie buildini^t 
 
 t>t. PauVi, the chief 
 minster Jibliey, a. grivnd 
 
 the illni>triuu» dead. 
 
 FJvfrpnnl in ihit •«eon«l «ity in eonimercr and *»fall!i. 
 Iltfoffign trnde i« prinri|>ally with the ITiiilcd SihJl* 
 and the >Voit Indict. It i« ronnectrd liy ttuiul* with 
 the |irinci|ial maniiftcturing town* in Ihr intrriur. i'lio 
 growth of ihf city ha* hri-MVery rM|tid. 
 
 liriitnl \* a very wealthv city, and Ihfi rivol of 
 liivcrpool in the commerce with America and the Wcit 
 liidie*. It it not to eitentiveiy connected with tite 
 grcnl inanurnclnring tnwnt. 
 
 Hull it the f.turih liiy in (he amount orthippin^f. 
 It it largely concerned in the whale H^hei v, and in thci 
 tradfto the Hallic, and it ritentivrly connected with 
 the great mununu'iuriiig tount in the interior, by nicaut 
 of the Trent and Oute und the caualt coniniunienlinic 
 Miththcm. 
 
 rhe fnlhiwing are (he principal (ownt nn the rount. 
 Falmouth it in the tuulliwctl. near iho Liuid't end. 
 I'aekett tail regularly from thit place to Mpain and the 
 >\eHt Indict I I'/ymnuth it a little eatt of Falmouth | 
 rortumoHth, eatt of the Me of M'ight, it the principal 
 iiavul itation of tJreai Dritain. lit harbor it (he bett 
 in the kingdom, und lurgc enough to contain the whole 
 Uritith navy. Ilartvich on (he cat! eoatt, it (he port 
 from which packett tail (o Holland. Varmouth, far- 
 ther north, It celebrated for (he herring lithery. Uer. 
 n-kk tiiion-Tiveed it on (he Lordcrt of Knglandaad 
 Scotland, and beiongt (.> neither. 
 
 TheJiiltowing arc (he principal (ownt in the north- 
 rrn coMtieH. J^'ewcastte it on (he Tyne, in the centre 
 of the grand coul minct. Vark it on (he Oute, and ia 
 rank it (he tecond city in Knglaud. Leeds, on a branch 
 of the Oute, it (he moit celebrated (own in the world 
 for (be inanurac(ure of woollen goodt. Ske^leld, altn 
 on a branch of the Ouisc, it famous for (he manufae- 
 lure of kniveaand filet. Manchealer it 33 milca eatt 
 of Liyernool. It is (he Diot( populuui manufacturiuK 
 town in England, and is etpecIaJly famous for cottoa 
 goodt. 
 
 Coveuiry, celebrated for the manufacture of ribbont. 
 It in the centre of the kingdom, and connected bit 
 .aualH with the four great porti. Birmngham, a lUlft 
 
lUlk 
 
 KNOLANI) 
 
 wist of Cnrfnity, i« «iie nf the fir«( mintiiriulurii^ 
 fowii« ill Kurnpe it i« pnrliculari) Uninu* Tor iork*. 
 liinKc*! Iiiitliiiu, giiiu bihI •M«riU. Ilath, H iniUa cnM 
 •r ltri«lol, i« rutintn* fur iU liiit liMlli*. It i« (lio iiiotl 
 eUgaiil eitv in Knglitiiil, ami one of llic inuit keitutii*ul 
 in tlio wurltl. 
 
 'I'll* iirineipiil Inwnt in ll'altt «r» Caevmnrthtn in 
 Soiitli vV«|ft, ami Caruarvm in Nnrtli >VbIp». 
 
 Cannh. I'lic rlvir Trent i* miviijaltlfl lo llie ccntm 
 tif iIh* kingilom, Hiiil it i« tlirr« ennniTtcil l>jf ennuU witli 
 llip Mffnf), lli«> HiiMin nml (lie 'I'linnn'o. An itilnnti 
 \vn«cr eominuiiifalinn i« tliu* (t|tfniMl lifiMcrn llu? I'.Mr 
 
 I.diiiloii i* ronnrrli*)! Milli 
 re !• Iipnitlt't A 
 
 (real port* nf Ihr kini/ilom. I.diiiloii i* 
 <iv»rpool, and Hritlol willi Hull. 'I'lic 
 
 «anal from (he Mevern to lln' 'I'liameii, conni-cliiig Hri». 
 tnl ilireclly with liiimlun ( and another rroni the Mer< 
 «ey to the Hrvrrn. fonnectinj^ Livfrpool dirfdlf with 
 Ariitnl. The »ninll caunU nn> loo nunierou* lo be men- 
 lioned. Ruveral jeam iiiiire thtTo were more than i^oo, 
 intertttling the island in every diree tinn, and imparling 
 life and nrliriljr locomnierre and inanufaelnrt'n. 
 
 Vopnlaimi. The populaiion nT (Jreat Uritain in mil 
 wai ls},9A:2,t44 I the itenm were hi folluwi : 
 
 Kngland, 4.8»»,«ftr 
 
 WiHm, S»9,4M. 
 
 Scotland, s^n.arr 
 
 Army, Navy, Hcf. nio.ooo 
 
 (Jrcot nritniii, fl,810,M8 n,«H.500 lS,8fl»,144 
 
 OovvrmMni. The gftvernmcnt i« a liniiled monarchy. 
 The nuprpme power ii vetted in a king and parliament. 
 The parlikinirnl conti^tc of luo liouiei, I.ordi luid Com- 
 RMnt. The former are hereditary peers, and the latter 
 repretentalivei chosen hy the people. 
 
 Ae/t^ion. The established refigion is Kpiseopaey | 
 All others arc tolerated. Dissenters from the establish- 
 ■d church are Raman Catholics, Independents, Unplisls, 
 IVsbyterians, Melhodisti, Quokers, Unitarians, and 
 dwedcflborgian*- 
 
 I'finnlet. 
 4,944,143 
 
 .Tir,»no 
 
 9ro,'»8r 
 
 Total. 
 U,4tt0,40O 
 
 flO~,.380 
 l,»J04,8tt* 
 
 aA),coo 
 
I in* mntiiiritcliirni^ 
 rljf fitrnnun f»r liicl**. 
 Halli, ii milt* i'n»t 
 Kill*. It U llie ino»i 
 ut llic must beKUiilul 
 
 I art Carrmnrthtn in 
 ^fl^rlll \VhIp». 
 
 .vilf«l)lA to lIlP CClHl* 
 
 tinccU'tl tijf ennnU witli 
 'ritnmi'v. An itilnnd 
 nvA lit-iMi'fii \\\i' I'Mir 
 imIoii i« roiinrrli><l uilli 
 'I'licre i« limitlft a 
 mnm, cnnncrliiig Hri«- 
 ni»llicr from (In? Mir- 
 livt-rpnol •lin-dlj willi 
 f)o iiunierou* lo be men- 
 •e were more llinii ^oo, 
 ircctinn, nn«l im|iftrliiig 
 I inanufnchiri**. 
 r(ir«at UriUiiiin IHIl 
 Ml folium : 
 
 014,143 
 
 air,»«o 
 
 Total. 
 
 U,4U4),»0O 
 flor,3SO 
 
 l,8()4,8ft4 
 «ft,SOO 
 
 iu.am 13,992,141 
 
 t in a lintilfd monarrliy. 
 a king anil parliAmfnl. 
 louoeii, I.onlii luitl Com- 
 ry peers, and (lie taller 
 jplc. 
 
 >ligion IK Kpitenpaey ; 
 lent from llie eotablith- 
 Independentt, DnpliHls, 
 ken, Unitarians, and 
 
rb 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 M/. 
 
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 o 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 "h^o 
 
 '/ 
 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 |3? 
 
 1 20 
 
 1.8 
 
 1.25 ijil 1.4 11 1.6 
 
 p^ 
 
 <9 
 
 /} 
 
 
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 W/M 
 
 ^. 
 
 /%/ 
 
 •^d/^ 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 i^ 
 
 PhotogiBphic 
 
 Sciences 
 CoipoRition 
 
 73 WfST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER N Y 14580 
 
 , 716 872-4503 
 
) 
 
 '"''^io 
 
 w/J.^ 
 
 CIHM/ICMH 
 
 Microfiche 
 
 Series. 
 
 CIHM/ICMH 
 Collection de 
 microfiches. 
 
 Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut catiadien de mic roreproductions historiques 
 
 , '^O 
 
 
EN'OL.Wn. 
 
 IC7 
 
 A'avy. In 181 i (lie DritUli nnvy conniitcd of more 
 iliRii 1,000 vi'KiieU of vvur, niuiiiiud by 240,000 Beainen. 
 Of flic ve»H('l«, 2fl* Moie sliip* of the line. Tlio navy 
 of (ireat Diitnin t» her grout bulwark nnd defence, li 
 is fur-superior to that of any other nation on the globe. 
 
 Climate. The climate iti moiiit, and liable to fre- 
 (jiient and sudden cliaiigeti, but the cxlremeg of heat and 
 lold arc leHii than in other countries in the aaine 
 latitudi;. 
 
 FHceoflhPCDunlrij. Kngland in beautifully diverii. 
 lied with hillii and vales, covered with a rich verdure. 
 Wulen in innuntainodii. 
 
 Soil and rroJuciions. The soil is the richest in the 
 Houtheni and iiiidlauil counties, nnd is under excellent 
 cultivation. The principal productions are wheat, bar- 
 Icy, oats rye, &c. 
 
 Mineral Haters. The most celebrated min<>ral wa- 
 ters are those of Bath, Bristol, Tunbridge, Buxton, 
 Scarborough, £psom nnd Harrowgate. 
 
 mminea. The tin mines in Cornwall, in the south- 
 west extremity of the kingdom, are 8uppo«ed to be the 
 richest in the world. The conl mines of the northern 
 counties are a source of much wealth and power to 
 Great Britain. They have for ceiiluries furnished the 
 cast and south of England with fuel; and the transpor- 
 tation employs several hundred vessels and many thon. 
 saud seamen. Mines of roek salt arc found near Liver- 
 pool which produce more than 60,000 Inns annually. 
 Manufactures. Thfi manufactures of England are 
 very extensive. They are supposed to employ more 
 than 1,500.000 persons, and their annual value is esti- 
 mated at £68,000.000. The principal articles are wool- 
 len and cotton goods; articles of iron, tin, lead, and 
 elegant earthen ware. 
 
 Commerce. The commerce of Great Britain extends 
 to every portion of the globe. The exports amounted 
 in 1816 to more than £30,000,000. They consisted 
 principally of manufactured goods. The number of 
 merchant vessels in 1803 was 18,000, measuring more 
 than 2,000,000 tons, and manned by 137,000 seamen. 
 
 Debt and Revenue. ]n 1814 the national debt amount- 
 <fd to more than £roo,O0O,O00, and the annual interest 
 
 % 
 
183 
 
 ENGLAND. 
 
 wn* more Hian £ao,oo(),ooo. The annual revenue for 
 tlielaot 10 or ii jeari li<i? been on an average about 
 £00,000,000, and tlie expenditure hat usually exceeded 
 that sum. 
 
 Paupers. The taxes Tor the mpportoftne poor m 
 England amounted in 18 la to neailv £8,000,000, 
 and the number of persons who received relief, iu and 
 out of work -houses, was more than 1,000,000, about one 
 ninth of the whole population. 
 
 Ocrjpation*. In 1811, the number of families in 
 Knglund and Wales was 2,143,147, of which 770,199 
 were eugiiged in agriculture, aud 059,632 in trade and 
 manufactures. 
 
 Universities. The Universities at Cambridge and 
 Oxford are among Hie most celebrated in Europe. 
 Cambridge university consists of 16 colleges and halls, 
 and has more <han 2,00U f»(udenls. It is most distin- 
 js-uislu'd for mnthemalipnl learning. Oxford has 2fl col- 
 leges and halls, and is most distinguished for cla8 si||t 
 learning. They are both very exleusive esiablishmoPR 
 ond ric!ily endowed. Oxford is on (he Thames, BO 
 miles west of London. Cambridge is flo miles N. of 
 London. 
 
 Education. Great attention is paid (0 education by 
 the higher and middle classes; but, tilMlic establish- 
 ment of Sunday and Lcncasterian schools, tie education 
 of the lower classes was much neglected. 
 
 Charitable Institutions. The British and Foreign 
 r '2 Society was established in 1804, and in 1818 had 
 dis..ibuted more than 2,000,000 Bibles and Testaments, 
 in more than ao different languages. There are several 
 Missionary societies, employed in introducing civiliza* 
 tion and Christianity among the ignorant heathen, in 
 almost every part of the world. 
 
 Islands. The isle of fVight is opposite Portsmouth 
 on the southern eoast. The small ides of Jilderne^, 
 Ouernsetj, and Jersey are near the coast of France, 
 southwest ef the isle of Wight. The isles of Scilly arc 
 30 miles west of the Iian<r« end. Jlnglesm is on the 
 Welch coast. The isle of Man is in (he Irish sea, about 
 equally distant from England, Ireland, Scotland and 
 Wales. 
 
Hie annual revenue for 
 >en on an average about 
 iro hat uiually exceeded 
 
 ■npport of the poor in 
 lo iieailv £9,000,000, 
 received relief, iu and 
 lau 1,000,000, about one 
 
 number of familiei in 
 ,147, of which 770,199 
 id 959,632 in trade and 
 
 ities at Cambridge and 
 celebrated in Europe, 
 if 16 colleges and halU, 
 inls. It i» most distin- 
 ing. Oxford bat* 30 col- 
 tinguished for class^^ 
 fxteuxive esiablishm^lpt 
 is on the Thames, 80 
 'Uge is 60 miles N. of 
 
 I is paid (0 education by 
 1; but, till the extablish- 
 ian gchoftU, the cducation^ 
 neglected. 
 
 he British and Furei|f;n 
 in 1004, and in 1818 had 
 > Bibles and Testaments, 
 ages. There are several 
 [1 in introducing civili/a- 
 Ihe ignorant heathen, in 
 
 t is opposite Portsmouth 
 small icics of Jilderney, 
 »r the coast of France, 
 ;. The isles of Scilly are 
 fnd. JttJglesra is on the 
 n is in the Irish sea, about 
 d, Ireland, Seotland and 
 
 SCOTLAND. 
 
 SCOTLAND. 
 
 1U9 
 
 Situation. Scotland is bnunded W. and N. by thu 
 Atlantic; K. b> the North .Sea ; and 8. by Knixland. 
 Divisioni. i^eullaud is divided iutu HJ (outiiies. 
 
 Southern Countie*, 
 
 Jiinlithgow, 
 
 Editiburj^h, 
 
 Haddington, 
 
 Berwick, 
 
 Roxburgh, 
 
 Helkirk, 
 
 PeehleM, 
 
 Dumfries, 
 
 Kirkcudbright, 
 
 Wigtown, 
 
 Ayr, 
 
 Lanaik, 
 
 Keufcew, 
 
 MiddU Countict, 
 Nairn, 
 Kl>?in, 
 Ban if, 
 Aberdeen, 
 Kincardine, 
 Forfar, 
 I'urth, 
 Fife, 
 Kinross, 
 Cinckmannan, 
 Stirling, 
 Diinibarton, 
 Bute, 
 Argyle. 
 
 Northvrn Counties. 
 Orkney and 
 Mheila'iid, 
 Caithness, 
 .^^Blherlitnd, 
 
 UOKS. 
 
 Crt.u irty, 
 loveruest. 
 
 Jtivers. The principal rivers on the eastern coasf, 
 beginning iu the south, are the Tweed, which separates 
 Scotland from England, the Fortli, the Tay, the Dee, 
 the Spey, and the JVess. The ojly river of consequence 
 au (he west coast is the Clyde. 
 
 Friths. At the mouths of the principal rivers are 
 broad friths or estuaries, connecting them with the sea. 
 The principal ou the eastern coast are the Frith of 
 Forth, the Frith of 'l\iy, and Murray Frith. On the 
 western coast are the t\ith of Clyde, at the mouth of 
 the Clyde, and Sulway Frith which separates Scotland 
 from England. 
 
 Chief Towns. Edinburgh, the capital and literary 
 metropolis of Scotland, is about 2 miles from the Frilli 
 of Forth. It is on all sides surrounded by lofty trills 
 except towards the north. It is composed of two parts, 
 the Old town and the New town. The Louses In the 
 
lift 
 
 SCOTLAND. 
 
 Old town are very loHy, and in tome inatancei It 
 stories high. The new tuwn is built eiitirvly of stone 
 with great elegance and taste. Leith is the seaport nt 
 Kdinburgb. It is on the Frilh of Forth, 2 miles north 
 of (he city. Population of Kdiuburgh, ineluding Leith, 
 103,087. 
 
 Glasgow, on the Clyde, is the first eity in Saotland in 
 regard to pn|uilation. commerce, and manufactures. It 
 is admirably situated for n nianufttcturing and com- 
 mercial town. It is on the borders of one of the 
 richest coal districts in Oreat Britain, and has the 
 Atlantic open to it on one side, through the Clyde, and 
 the North Sea on the other, through a canal cnnneciine 
 the Clyde with the Forth. Glasgow is disiiuguiiheu 
 fur its literary institutions. Population, 110,480. 
 
 St. .Andrews is on the cousi, between the Frilh of 
 Forth and the Frith of Tay. Perth, on the Tny, hns ex- 
 tensire linen manufactures. Dundee is a manufae* 
 turing town on the Frith of Tay. Aberdeen, the largest 
 town in the north of Scotland, is near the mouth of the 
 Dec. Pahlet/, celebrated for its manufactures, is 8 milea 
 ,"W. of Glasgow, on a branch of the Clyde. Oreenock is 
 a flourishing commercial town on the Clyde, west of 
 Glasgow. Stirling, on the Forth, 23 mileo N. E- of 
 (•lasgow, was often the residence of the kings of Scot- 
 land. 
 
 The following are the chief towns arranged iu the 
 order of their population. 
 
 Tovin*. Pop. Tovin: Pep. 
 
 (Hasgow, 110,460 PuiKley, 19,tt37 
 
 Edinburgh, 102,987 Greenock, 10,043 
 
 Dundee, 2»,61B Perth, 1«,»48 
 
 Aberdeen, 21,089 Dunfermline, 11,649 
 
 Lakes, The north of Scotland abounds with small 
 lakes. They are too numerous to be mentioned. Loch 
 Lomond is the largest in Scotland, and most celebrated 
 for its romantic scenery. It is a little north of the 
 Clyde and empties into it. 
 
 There is a chain of long, narrow ^akes running from 
 Murray Frith iu a southwest direction to the Allantie. 
 
ro. 
 
 ill lome inilancei 14 
 
 built eiiliri'ly of stone 
 
 Leith ii the aeaporl of 
 
 of Forth, 2 milci north 
 
 iburgh, including Leitb, 
 
 first city in Saotland in 
 , Hud manufactures. It 
 inufncturing and corn- 
 borders of one of the 
 I Britain, and has the 
 through the Clyde, and 
 Kigh a canal conneciinc 
 aw^ow is disiiDguiiheu 
 pulation, 110,480. 
 , between the Frilh of 
 ^rth, on the Tny, hns ex> 
 Dundee ii a manufae* 
 Merdeen, the largest 
 I near the mouth of the 
 manufactures, is 8 inilea 
 he Clyde. Oreenock is 
 on the Clyde, west of 
 trih, 23 inileo N. K of 
 le of the kings of Scot- 
 towns arranged iu the 
 
 mt. 
 
 Pep. 
 
 Kley, 
 
 10,937 
 
 eiioek, 
 
 10,043 
 
 th, 
 
 lff,»48 
 
 nfcrmline, 
 
 11,649 
 
 nd abounds with small 
 lo be mentioned. Loch 
 nd, and most celebrated 
 s a little north of the 
 
 ■ow ?akes ronning from 
 rection to the Atlantie. 
 
 \ 
 
 1 
 
 5JC0TLAND. itM 
 
 They are Loch «V««s, Loch Oich, Loch Lochy, and Lock 
 Lime. A canal a miles long, counecting Loch Oich 
 and Loch Looliy, would open a water communication 
 between the Atlunlic Ocean and the North Sea. 
 
 Caml. There is a canal from the Forth to the CItde, 
 connecting the Atlantic Ocean with the North Sea. U 
 M on a much larger scale than common canals. It ad- 
 mits vessels drawing 7 feet of water. 
 
 Jloitntains. Tho Grampian hills commence at Loeh 
 Lomond, near the mouth of the Clyde, aud run north- 
 east, completely across the country, to Aberdeen on the 
 North Sea. Thev are the natural boundary between 
 the HighlanJii and Lowlands of Scotland. 
 
 The country north of the Grampian hills is intersected 
 by numerous mountains in various directions. Bun 
 JVevis is 4,.S30 feet above the level of the sea, and is the 
 highest mountain in Great Britain. It is near Look 
 Lochy. 
 
 Pace of the country. The country north of the Gram- 
 pian hills, uxeept a small district on the eastern coast, 
 consists ot barren hills and mountains, interspersed with 
 numerous laices. The southern or Lowland count es 
 have in many parts a fertile soil. 
 
 Produotiona. Scotland feeds vast herds of cattle, and 
 the hills are covered with sheep. Grass, oats and 
 turnips are the prineipul agricultural productions. 
 Iron, coal, aid lead are ihe principal minerals. 
 
 Religion. The established religion is Presbyterian. 
 Ihe establishment is divided into 19 Synods, which are 
 •ubdivided into 78 Presbyteries. They are all under 
 the government of the General Assembly. The num- 
 ber of ministers connected with the establishment in 
 1803 was 936. 
 
 Fopulation. The population in 18 1 1 wits 1,804,80+. 
 
 Universities. There are universities, at St. Andrews, 
 Abei-deeo, Kdinburgh, aud Glasgow, i'he Universitf, 
 oj hdinhurgh is one of the most celebrated in Europe. 
 Jt had 111 1H14, 27 professors and more than 2.000 sln- 
 'ri" IU '* P'""''«''''»''')' celebniled as a medical school. 
 1 lie library contains flo,000 volumes. Gla.ij^ow Uni- 
 versify had in 1814, 16 professors and more than 1400 
 students. 
 
r 
 
 192 
 
 lUKI.AM) 
 
 Kdneation. Hpollaml is celchrttletl for lU exfplleul 
 •yntcin of iMliiPftliiiii. llieri- i« no country in Kuropi- 
 where ilin lower cli»<i>ioii •ru »» univerially tauj{lil to 
 ri'uti mill writ)', 
 
 Miuufnrluyex. Tlie prinripal munufrtcliiren aro 
 
 potion iHi'l linen fjooiU. ('ttrron,in Hlirlinmhiri'. i* the 
 iiinitt cell hrntitl pluce in Kurope for llie uittnufacluro 
 of rnnnon. 
 
 Inlanih. The prineipal i«l»\n(l» ore tli«> Hehriile*, nr 
 >Ve»lirn inland*, alone; the wpntern rouM ! the Orkw>j 
 inlmulH oil the north cna»t, and the Shetland iMlaudK, 
 noriheant of tlie Oi knoji. 
 
 IRKLAM). 
 
 SUuafion, Ireland in bounded on (he K. by (lie Trinh 
 Mca ami Hi. Ororge't channel, which acpiirutc it from 
 Kiiitliind ; on all other side* by the Allaniic. 
 
 IHvisinns. Ireland it dividi'd into |. nrovinees, viz. 
 UUler in the norlheait; (JollnllU^h^ in llie northwest ; 
 Leintter in the iioutheant,and Miinnter in the ttoulhwcst. 
 Thene provinees ar^ iiub<livided into 33 count ie*. 
 
 Rivers. The Shannon i# tin? principal river. It 
 rines near the north coa«t, and runnini; houI Invest emp- 
 ties on ihe wcHt oast. It is navi^uble almost to its 
 source. The Harrow rises west of Unblin, and running 
 south empties into Waterford harbor. The Lifty emp- 
 ties into Dublin bay. The Boijnp emptic* north of the 
 Lirty. The Uanna empties on tlie north coast. It is 
 the outlet of Lough Neagb. 
 
 Chief Townn. Dublin, the capital, is the second city 
 in the United Kingdom. It is on the Liiry, nt its moulh. 
 It has n univer^^ity and 190,ono inhiibiiiints. Cork: in 
 the southwest, is the second city in Ireland. It has a 
 noble harbor and «0,000 inhabitants. Aimmr/r, on the 
 Hhannon, is the third city in importance, nn<l contains 
 00,000 inhabitant*. 
 
 Ualwiiy is on Oiilway bay on the west const ; Sl>f!;» 
 is on .'jliso bay in the northwest; Lnndonderrtj is in 
 tht north, Itelfast in the northeast, ft'p.vfurd and 
 
 1 
 
so 
 
 diralrtl For lU (•xfplleiit 
 4 no foiintry in Kuropi- 
 > iiniverially lau^lil to 
 
 ipnl mHiturAeliireH nro 
 )n,in Hlirlin^«hirc, i^ the 
 pe for the iiidnurncture 
 
 tiih are (li'? Ilcbriilf*, or 
 Hti'rn foit'tl ! iIh' Orknuj 
 1(1 the Shvtliitid iitlaiidi', 
 
 Si). 
 
 ?(l on tlio K. by I In* Trinh 
 which Rcpiiratc it fruni 
 y III)' Allnniic. 
 led iiilo 1 provincpR, vix. 
 iiui^ht in llip iiuiihweikl ; 
 MiiiiKtpr in the southwest, 
 (i inin 33 cniiiilieii. 
 the principnl river. It 
 I ruiinini; H'lulhwpflt einp- 
 navii^itble aliiin<*t to its 
 >iil oi' Dublin, and running 
 harhor. Tlic Lilly enip- 
 oiftiP emptic'4 iitrrth of the 
 )n the north coast. It is 
 
 capital, in the aecond city 
 ou (he liitfy, nt itR moulh. 
 mo inliitbil lints. Cork; in 
 ity in Irrlund. It ha** a 
 ^itanli*. Limvrif/f, on thR 
 imporlnuce, nn<l contains 
 
 in the west const ; Sl'p;» 
 vest ; Londopderrij is in 
 northeast, iyp.vfurd and 
 
 l-AI'I.\M). 
 
 llM 
 
 U-al,'rl'„ril in the southiMmt. All these towns are on or 
 u.!ur ihi- Pd lil. drmniih [* m, i„iorior town in the 
 uiirlheu«t, iukI K'dkwnnij in the soulheH>it. 
 
 Unii-erHtti/. The l/nivfVMitif «( Dublin had in(8(» 
 la proti>s<ors and uoo students. The library cuutains 
 40,001) volumes. 
 
 Education. The educalion of (he lower classes hat 
 been much nenleet.d in Ireland, but eH;„u are now 
 inakin^ to eiinliliHh schools in ull parts of (he island. 
 
 JM'iiion. VUe established reli^ion is that of the 
 ehureh ol hu^laud, but more than three nuarters of the 
 inhabitants are Roman (:«(holics, and of the remainder 
 tt lari?e portion lue Presbyicrians. The i'rcsbytcriunt 
 are in (he norih of Ireland. ' 
 
 t'opulatiiiH Tho poituliKion is 4,300,000. 
 
 Uiaradn. The Irisli are iobus(, Bc(ive, heahhy and 
 brave. Ihey make hue soldins. Their food consists 
 principa Iv of potatoes and milk, and their houses are 
 M retched hovels of mud. 
 
 Fact of the country, &c. The country is principally 
 evel and fertile. 6,ie of the most striking featuJcs is 
 the numerous bogs which disUjjure the country 
 
 Productions. Potatoes, oats, and grass are the iirin- 
 cipal productions. Ireland is a fine grazing country, 
 and supports numerous herds of cattle. 
 
 Mmiifacturesand Commerce. Linen is the principnl 
 inanulaeture. I he principal eiports are linin, beef, 
 bides, tallow, and butter. 
 
 Curiositif. The Giant's Causewa,, Jg „„ ,i,c north 
 
 hS rj! "' ."*" V'"*'""*'*''*?- '» •^"""isfof many 
 hundred thousand columns of hard black rock, risinj 
 perpendicularly from iJOO to loo feet above the water. 
 
 LAPLAND. 
 
 Situation. Lapland is in the northwest of Europe : 
 extending from the Culf of Bothnia ou the south, to the 
 trozen o«ean on ihe north, and from the White Sea 
 on the east, to the Atlantic Ocean on the west. 
 17 
 
 *! 
 
 * 
 
IM 
 
 NORWAY. 
 
 l 
 
 Divhiiiri$. Thi" eontorn |»»rt i« oallnl HiMtinn I.ip- 
 IniiiJ, tlie r.titldir, Htvfiliili I.Niiiiiiid t »'••> (lit* weitirn, 
 Norwfj^iiin I,ii|»I«imI. The whole country beluiiif* (v 
 
 rionatf. liiiitUiiJ i« prinripully within Ihe friKi*! 
 nun; and the wiiiler* are iiitrntrly cold. Hnow oover« 
 Ihe ground the ^renter ;»art of the year, i'ho auni- 
 men are thort, but the heat fur a few wetk» U «ieei. 
 ..ve. . 
 
 t'acti of th« country. The country » made up of 
 drenry niouulaini, iiin-rtpericJ with nnmerou* Ukei 
 and pond*. In the uorthern parts there are nu trrei 
 except the birch. 
 
 Vopulathm. The country U thinly inhabited. Tlie 
 population ii eitimated at only (SO,NUO. 
 
 Mimali. The rein deer i« the pride of Lnpland. 
 Thii animal drawi the HKd^ei of the linplandf r ^oo 
 milea a day. lie feedn in nuinmcr on leaveii, and in win- 
 ter on mo«i. tlii fleih and milk are uiied for food, hi« 
 •kin fur clothing, and hi* linew* and inleitinci for 
 . thread and corda^e. Heali, whalei and other fiih 
 aboiind on Ihe eoast. 
 
 Character. The I.aplandem are generally only four 
 feet high, with liirge hei»d», thick linn, and u nwiirtli) 
 complfiion. They are but lillK! mlvaaced in eivili/d- 
 (ion. Thev profeM Christianity, but unite with it many 
 of tJieir old I'agun •i';'.eritiliou'». 
 
 NORWAY. 
 
 Situation. Norway is bounded E. by Sweden, an<l 
 on all other lidei by the Atlantic Ocean and the North 
 
 Sea. 
 Uiviiions. Norway it divided into four provmcea. 
 
 .)/■ Tovitu- 
 
 8,840 
 
 18,0U0 
 
 U,UOO 
 
 4.78- 
 
 Province*. 
 
 Drontbeim, 
 Bergen, 
 Christiania, 
 Christiausand. 
 
 SituuSion. Chitf Tuwnt. Pop. 
 
 in the north, Drontbeim, 
 in the went, Bergen, 
 in the eail, Chri»tiania, 
 in the south, Chrisliuuvand, 
 
ff 
 
 i« nnlli'il HitKtinn lAf- 
 ilitiid t ntiil lilt* weiti-rn, 
 lioiti country bi*luiitf« (v 
 
 |iKlly within Ihe frlKid 
 rly coM. Hnow covert 
 if the yrar. 'I'lio auni- 
 r a r«w we«k» it «iei(i< 
 
 country ii mii<l« up of 
 I with niimerouii Ukei 
 larti there lire nu tree* 
 
 thinly inhabited. The 
 
 (SO,HUO. 
 
 I the pride of Lnpltind. 
 I of the linplandfr 20U 
 ler on teuveii, and in win- 
 ilk are u«ed for food, hi« 
 lew* and inlenlinei for 
 whalei and other fiih 
 
 I are generally only four 
 ck linn, and u Hwurlliy 
 iL; udvKHced in riviliK4- 
 y, but unite with it many 
 n. 
 
 i\. 
 
 ided E. by Sweden, and 
 iic Ocean and the North 
 
 ed into four provinces. 
 
 '*(■{/■ Town. Pop. of Town*. 
 
 Drontheim, 8)840 
 
 IJerfjen, 18,000 
 
 Chrinliania, U.ooo 
 
 Chri»liuH»and, 4.rs"' 
 
 8WKDEN. 
 
 i*t 
 
 Onff nwnt. n^ric*n, the enpilnl, fiai an MCflleof 
 harbor, and cnniidifrubif PHiiinirri;!-. Ihoiiihfitn, north 
 of lirrifen, derive* ii. ini|iiirlanp« from iti virinily to 
 the i-opiier mine*. Chri>,tiania, in (he aoulh, ii nt ihfl 
 hrad <if a buy which run* up between Sweden and Nor- 
 way. Chritliiimand i» on the coaii luuthweil of 
 Chrmliania. 
 
 (iov^rnmfnt. Norwny belong* In Sweden, but hui ita 
 own l«;Ki»laiure niid n tepnrale adminiilraliun. 
 
 Itelifftun. The relii^ion i» Kulhrran. 
 
 Fucf of t/i^ country. The eounlry i* moiinfainouf. 
 A range, ealifd the Unfrnjldil or JS'ortVfian range, 
 cominenee* near the Naze, we»l of t'hri«iiun«anil. un<l 
 run* nonheuKi into Lnpland. It* Ifngili i* more than 
 1,000 milev "lid »oiiw of the HiHtmiil* are inorj than 
 /,U00 feet high. Mo»t of Norway i* covered with 
 foredl* of iiiiif Hnd fir. 
 
 ,Min>rals. Iron, »ilver and cobalt are found in large 
 i|nantitie» nenrthe aoulhern ooiiM, at »everal placet be- 
 tween Chri.titiniaand (;hristian»und. There are rich 
 copjttT mine* near Drontheim. 
 
 tummnce. The prineipnl exports are timber, lum- 
 ber, hsh, copper, and nilver. The importa are corn and 
 nmniitarturiMl good*. 
 
 ^ mirlpool. 'ihfMdstrom h a remarkable whirlpool 
 in ilie »in, near the touthern extremity of the Lolloden 
 »lttn.l*. I he roar of the water* cun be beard many 
 league* ofT. and ihip*, trees and whales at the distance 
 or .1 ,n,le., are sometime* irresistibly drawn in, anj 
 uaslicd to pieces against the bottom. 
 
 SWEDEN. 
 
 SUmtiov. Sweden is bounded N. by Norway « E bv 
 Russia and the Baltic) S. by the Ballici and w! bj 
 Norway. ' 
 
 nivisions. Sweden is divided into four distrieli, 
 which are subdivided tiMo provinces. 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
m 
 
 hWbUEN. 
 
 KlmUhm. 
 ill )!)« nuritii 
 
 tiilltttH, 
 
 l.a|i!a»)!, 
 
 J"''i""''{ ill t|,t. ••li.l.llc, 
 
 Ciutlil»nJ| in llir luutli, 
 
 •0,000 
 
 94^,000 
 
 t'iiittinit, iMi llii* cii«t of Ihf Uiilfof noiliiiin, furmrrly 
 
 fcrl.Mm»'4l (it Hm-ilfii, liiil «n* «m(IimI rn llii««iii in tHOH. 
 
 Pniiiilitlion. 'I'll* |io|iiil«li..i( i< i.;istn.;j«, nrurly tli« 
 
 whiih- i.rwIiH'h IK HI iJif iwo •KKilMrii »li«irirM. I lie 
 
 llorUnrii nnii nl'lli" ciuiilry i« vtry tliinly iiiliHliiii-il. 
 
 /^Arx. 'I'ho llirif iMinfipil Irkfn m* lli-wxtT, 
 r^./^ r, iitiil .1/./. r. I.ukf »V((«(T i* in Uip •ouiliwc*!, 
 Kiiil »iii|tlii» into \Uv*en iil (iii(iiiilMir»<iMt llif ««••« i'«iu«l. 
 It i« hi) iiitli'H Ion; nii'l f^"' Itnu.il. I.iiki- IIV.'f( r, I'utllur 
 fc-inili, eiu|.lii"« iiil" tlif Huliir. I,iiki< .V.7if coniBJuni' 
 »-uli'« Willi III** Hullium Mitirkli'ilm 
 
 Hii'fiH. 'I'lio itriucipul river* »re the Gutha, Matala, 
 />itA/, anil 7orw«'<;. ... . 
 
 Thf Oiitha in «Iip outlfl of f.nko Wenncr, cnnnMiing 
 it with tho (Jfttti'KUI. Till' Mnlnln i» lli*- outltl of Lnke 
 Wf tliT Poiincctiii« it »itli llii* lUllifi. The IMd enip- 
 
 tie* n I ftti mil.'» N <.«' •'|>»hI 'riu- Torneij empti.ij 
 
 into (he nortlii-rn enlri'mit) of the (iolfor Bolhni«, and 
 ii the lioiniiliiry l.tlMveii ftvu-den unil Uuniiii. 
 
 Chi,/ ToitiiH. Stock lihlw,\\if eiipilrtl, In on «'ven 
 Mnttit n.rkv itluniU, in the ifmit whieh eouiiept* l.uko 
 Miler uilh the IJaltie. The Hiluati..n i* roinunlie. 
 l'..piiliiiion, 70,fljr. iiotlfuhurn, the neeoml town hi 
 ■• piilitlion nnil conimerei. i* on the nest eoiiit iit the 
 lo.'ulhorihe (Jolha. Population, 2I.S1H. J\Ti>iJkiupivx 
 i4 a mnnul'ietiirii^ town on the Moiiilu, a.' inile* Iroiii 
 .14 nioiilh ill ihe IJiiltic. Cnrlsnuiiiu the princiiml »la- 
 lion r.ir the rtMi(li«li navy, i* on tt Mniiil iilami in the 
 Haiti)-, in the noulhea»t exlreniily oClhe kin^^^om. 
 
 (i,l1>' i« near the nioiilh of Ihe Diihl. Toriifn in «t 
 ihe h.n.lof thetiiilfora-.tliMiii, at the mtiiHh .i» the 
 Torni'a. I'li-^aL formerly tlie enitilal orHweilm, i« ID 
 milcn N. "f r'tnekholm. I'Mnn ii in the inton-.r. \»e*l 
 
•u.oou 
 
 1,»3t,4A3 
 
 nlfof Hollinin, funnrrly 
 I (lf)l III Miiiiin III IHON. 
 1 i4 i.litn.iJU, iifurl) ilie 
 •oiMlii'rii «li«lrifU. 'I'll* 
 vtrv Ihinlv inliHliilnl. 
 ».il 'liki-*' me lli'iiwr, 
 (HIT i« ill llip •oiiiliwi'»l» 
 
 flllMir»<lMt lllf ««'«l CMttKl. 
 
 il. I.iik.' ir,,'f(r. ruiMur 
 I.iikf .ViVic ciiiiwuuiii' 
 iilin 
 •• are (h« Gotha, Jthtata, 
 
 ,nkt> Wenncr, cnnnffUng 
 )t(iln imli*- oullii ofl.Hku 
 Hithic Tlie /Ai/i' rnip* 
 il Tlio ■roriH'41 eniplii'* 
 the (iiili'Dr Hollinia, and 
 i-n uiitl ItiiH^iu. 
 lie citiiiliil, in on »i'ven 
 ivit Mliinli foiiiU'Plii l.uko 
 V Hiliinliitn U roiiiuiilic. 
 tri;, llie ki'PimhI l»wn in 
 oil lllf nest <•"«'*• "t <lic 
 (»n,2l,slH. XmJkiopiiijf 
 III- Moliilu, 2.' inili'i» iVoui 
 ^ifuiiii, tlif |»riiiciiml %\A- 
 oil u -ttniill itiaiul in Hie 
 iiily til' (III* kinK*Iom. 
 
 Ihc Diilil. Toriifii 'f* nt 
 liii, nt lllf mttiiMi nf tlie 
 * cnitilul ol' Swcilcn, i« 10 
 Inn It ill U"' iulerior. \ro*l 
 
 
 i 
 
 in;N,>i\uk 
 
 1*7 
 
 ..»• 4i.-Hi'. l.uni i« in iji. ».,ui|,imi i-klivtMly of ibt 
 kiiitfiinm. ' 
 
 f«Hrt/. ,\ (innl frnm f,«k.. \frf..r i.i J,,,kB WVnner 
 vonl.l roi.„..,.| ni,„klM.|,M u.ili (l.iiri.l.iM <. nn.l l|i« 
 lt.ilii« »ii II lU N,„,|,Mr«. Till. «r«ml\»n»l t»u. 
 ciimmeiicifil ttviral )«-iir<i «iiifr. 
 
 KiltiaiUoii. 'ni..r.. ,ir,. itv.. ntiivi r»iilr«. Tht I>m/ 
 
 i;i»iver*ily liii« '.I |irulV.,..r., I'm .i„.|..,.u, ni.ll k 
 
 ilirnry »)• Iu.Dik. volum.,. 'ri,, llMiu.r.My m Lun.t 
 
 o!'..,.*. I"""'^*'*""' »«o •ni.l.MiU, AM.I a •|,|,r«ry of 
 
 I.*! '"?•, *'"""""" '"■'"'"I* "n- nnivLMdly 
 
 e«l4l»h«rn.l, nii.l |lio inliubilnnli gtMiirally oah rvail an.l 
 
 Uoveiu„unt. The «.)vcrnincnl it a liniilrd i ,„n. 
 arcny. 
 
 hflii^ion. The rrlitfion U l.uiliviiin. 
 
 t ace of the nmitri,. Tli« ('«ri. of ili« roiintry It 
 inou«t«iiioui,r»,,e,.|„||y i„ ,iie iioriliern ili.lrhu. The 
 monnlHin. iirc rovrrr,! nidi i.nincn.o lurrtt. of (lis 
 \orwny itine anil (he (ir. 
 
 JlhternlH. Nj.«r Fnl.ltin i« a i^rertl cojiner min.. wlileli 
 
 celcliruti'tl (e:f }u.r inm niincK. 
 
 Cumwrr.c rjie ron.nuTce „f Mwrnlon ret), chicny 
 
 DKNMAHK. 
 
 Situntiou. Denmark it a neniniHlfl, bounded N. and 
 E. by tlje enlranc. of the Butiic. ()„ ,|,c 8. it ex u„J. 
 
 s 
 
 ♦ 
 
iO« 
 
 Provinces. 
 Jiitlaiiil, 
 Hle^«ick, 
 lloUU'in, 
 Laiit'tilnirg, 
 Xeiilniwl, 
 
 nENMAOK. 
 
 Populatitrit 
 400,000 
 
 auo.ooa 
 
 350,000 
 
 3J,000 
 
 .5.13,000 
 
 175,000 
 
 Chirf Tuvms. 
 Anchors. Wiborg. 
 8lcs vifk. 
 Altinin. 
 liituoiibiirg. 
 
 ('OI'KNHAOKJJ. 
 
 Oilfiisoc. 
 
 1,003,000 
 
 /s/ntii/s. Xealanil AuA Fanen nrc (lie largest islanth, 
 and i!H*re are niHiiv «nmll islands «djuctnt. 
 
 Chii'f Totcnu. 'Copenha<^en stands on tlie eiist sliore of 
 tlie islitiii! i)f Zealand. Il has a Hjimious, convenient, and 
 well forlified liarbor and extensive commerce. It is the 
 best built city in the north of Europe. I'opulatioQ 
 
 105,000. . r ,. u 
 
 Moua 'i» on ihe Elbe wiilt'm qiinshot of llamburg. 
 it his coasideriiblc commerce and ;;o,000 iiilialitanls. 
 Kiel stands ai the bottom of a narrovTjay of ihe lidltic, 
 47 miles N. of Hamburg. It ha., a good harbor and 
 8,000 inhabitants. Elsinore, 20 miles N. of Copenha- 
 cen, in the narrowed part of the strait helveon Zea- 
 land and the Swedish shore, is the place where all for- 
 eign ships that trade to the Baltic pay toll. 
 
 Canal. There is a canal on a large scile connecting 
 the Baltic wilh the North Sea. U is in the narrowe'^t 
 part of the pcninscla, extending from the bay of Kiel to 
 the river Eyder, which empties into the North Sea. It 
 is to feet deep, and admits vessels of 120 ton?. 
 
 Vviversi:'-es. The University at Copenhagen has 
 about 600 students, one of the best botanical gardens in 
 Europe, and a library of 60,000 volumes. The Uni- 
 versity at Kiei has 24 professors and 200 students. 
 
 Educntion Great attention is paid to the education 
 of children in Denmark. There are eommon schools in 
 every parish, and numerous Latin schools in ev ry pro- 
 vinc6» 
 
 Religion. The religion of Denmark is f Aherao. 
 
 Governnient. The go.ernment is an (tb at" nioi- 
 ftrehy. 
 
JL- _. 
 
 UK. 
 
 Chhf TuV'Kn. 
 Aaihors, Wiborp. 
 SIcs vifk. 
 Altokin. 
 liitticiibitrg. 
 
 CorKNUAOkK. 
 
 Oili-nsre. 
 
 '« arc (lie Inrgi^t isIuDtlH, 
 ntls ntljuci'iit. 
 
 stands on tlic enst shore of 
 
 I H|MHMous, convenient, an«l 
 
 isi*e commerce. It is the 
 
 of Europe. I'opiilatioa 
 
 lin •;tinshot of llnmburg. 
 e ttnd ;'>0,000 iiiiittlitanls. 
 1 narrovvljay of the Ijiillic, 
 It hh., a good hurbor and 
 , 20 mile^ N. of Copenha- 
 ' the strait between Zea- 
 ls the place where all for- 
 laltic pay loll, 
 n a large scile connecting 
 ;ft. It is in the iiarrowe'^t 
 ng fi'om the bay of Kiel to 
 es into the North Sea. It 
 esseig of 120 ton?, 
 rsily at Copenhu^en has 
 e best botanical gardens in 
 ,000 volumes. The Uni- 
 sors and 200 students, 
 nn is paid to the education 
 kere are eomnioD schools in 
 Latin schools in evry pro- 
 
 ' Denmark is t' 
 lOieDt is an tb 
 
 jtlieraa. 
 at'' nioj- 
 
 RUSSIA. 
 
 199 
 
 Face of the Counlrtf, Slc. Denmark is principally a 
 level c«unlrj,p.nd in the nor(h covered with forests. The 
 soil is feriile and well cultivated, particularly in the 
 south, and om the island of Funen. Wheat is the 
 staple [iroduclion. 
 
 Cummerce. Denmark has a large extent of seacoasf, 
 and is well situated for commerce. The principal ex- 
 ports are grain and cattle. 
 
 Iceland, a large island htlonging to Denmark, lies 
 far In the norihwesf, in the Atlantic Ocean, in Int. 68 N. 
 tt is chiefly celebrated for its volcanoes and its sponiing 
 springs of hot water. Mount Itekla is the principal 
 volcano. It is 6,000 feet high, and someliknes throws 
 out stones and lava Jo the distance of x50 miles. The 
 eountrjr for 20 miles round was laid waste by one erup- 
 tion. The siioutjng springs throw up large columns of 
 boiling water, often to the height of 100 feet. 
 
 The inhabitants are about »0,ooo in number. They 
 Jive in a cold <!limate, nnd on a barren soil, yet are 
 strongly attached to their country. They import their 
 torn and part of their wood from Denmark, and give 
 in exchani;e fish, oil, and eider down. 
 
 The Ferroeor Faroe islands, about halfway between 
 Iceland and Norway, belong also to Denmark'. Popu- 
 lation, 0,209. 
 
 RUSSIA. 
 
 Extent. Tije Russian empire is the most extensive 
 on the globe. It embraces one half of Europe and more 
 than one third of Asia, besides a portion uf America. 
 
 RUSSIA IN EUROPE. 
 
 Sliuation. Russia in Surope extends from the Fro- 
 zen Oceon on the north to the Black Sea on the south, 
 and from Asia on the east, to Sweden, the Baltic, Pru«. 
 sia, Austria, aud Turkey ou the west. 
 
'JUO 
 
 RUSSIA. 
 
 Sean. Tliere nrc four sens bortloring mi Husntu ; ilie 
 llhiieScaun «lie north, the Uitllic on (lie Mt»l, the 
 IJluck .Sea mid the sea of .^ro/on the south. 
 
 Gulfs. There are five large baj* or gul^. The 
 (iiilfof Bothnia, the dulf of Finland and tlie ihilf of 
 min are armn of llie Ualtic. The bay of O/jc^fl, and 
 llie bay of JJrvhunsd are ilie '.rnis of the While Sea. 
 Lakh. 'I'here are many hikes in the northuest 
 nrouiid the (iiilf of Finhtnd.' The prineipal are A«Ac 
 Ladoga, east of (ht liulf. and conneeled with it by the 
 river Neva ; and Lake Onega, east of Lake Ladoga, and 
 conneeted with it liy the river S\ir. 
 
 Itivers. The i'olga, the great river of Knrope, emp- 
 ties into tlie Caspian'Sea in Asia by many mouths. It 
 rises between I'elersburgh and Moscow. Its general 
 course is first east and then soHth. It is m«re than 
 3,000 miles long, and is uavigable to the town of Tver, 
 nearly to its source. 
 
 The IJon rises a little south of Moscow, near the 
 centre of European Uussia, and flo»ving south 800 miles 
 empties into the sea of Azof. The Dnieper rises west of 
 Moscow, and flows south 1200 miles into the Black Sea. 
 The IJuiestcr empties into the Black Sea west of the 
 Dnieper, li rises in the Carpathian roouutains and 
 flows southeast 000 miles. 
 
 The Jhiiua rises near the sources of the Volga and^ 
 tlie Dnieper, and flowing west emnties into the Gulf 
 of Itiga. The JV^erva connects Lake Ladoga with the 
 Gulfx of Finland. The Svir connects Lake Onega with 
 Lake Ladoga. The Onega empties into the W'lile 
 Sea at tlie t!iwn of Unega. The northern Dwina empties 
 into the White Sea at Archangel, after a course of 
 0on miles. 
 
 Chief Cities. St. Feteraburgh, the capital of the 
 Russian empire, is on the Neva, near its entrance into 
 the (3ulf of Finland. It was founded in 1703 by Peter 
 the Great, and is now one of the most magnifircnt cities 
 in the world. Population, 283,000. Cronsladt, the port 
 of St. Petersburgh, is 20 miles distant, on an island in 
 the Gulf of Finland. It has an excellent harbor and is 
 the principal station for the Russian navy. Population, 
 40,000. 
 
bordering n" liuss\& ; ilif 
 Bitllic nil (lie «t'»l, the 
 'on the Moulli. 
 rge ba\!» or sulf". Tlic 
 h'iiihwd and I lie (^z/// «/ 
 The b»y of Oi'cga, and 
 e '.rnis oVjIio White Sea. 
 
 h«ki'8 in tlie northwest 
 
 The principal are Luke 
 
 coiincricd with it by (he 
 
 caot of i,ake Ladoga, and 
 
 ■ S\ir. 
 
 eat river of Knrnpe, cmp- 
 iHia by many months. It 
 d Moscow, lis general 
 
 ROHth. It is m«re than 
 jable to the town of Tver, 
 
 th of Moscow, near the 
 id flowing south 800 miles 
 The Dnieper rises west of 
 ) miles into the HIac-k Hea. 
 the Bljick Sea west of the 
 nrpathian roouutains and 
 
 sources of the Volga and 
 St empties into the Gnlf 
 Its Lake Ladoga with tiio 
 conuecis Lake Onega with 
 I empties into the W'lile 
 he northern Dwina empties 
 langel, aiter a course of 
 
 burgh, the capital of the 
 eva, near its entrance into 
 IB founded in 1703 by Peter 
 the most magnifiecnt cities 
 39,000. CronsUidt, (he port 
 fs distant, on an island in 
 I an excellent harbor and is 
 liussiaa navy. Population) 
 
 lUJSSIA. 
 
 :J0: 
 
 j/osivjw, the ancient capital, is on (he M(i,>kvu near 
 the centre of Kuropeun HiiiiHia. It was biirnl in 1S12. 
 when IJonapaiij inviuled Uiis.>ia. I'livjoii* id itt ilf,' 
 strnction it eontaiiu'd aiO.OOO iiihiibiluiils. It has oince 
 been rebuilt. 
 
 The piineipal ttenport^ are, ^Irchmv^d n\\ (lio While 
 .Sea, 6Vf>/j,s/fv/M»nd 7/*>aon Ihe Bailie, and (iihfsn vn 
 tlie Black Sea. ^IstvoUiuii on the ('as|iian, at the moiiiii 
 of the Volga, is in Asiiiiie Uimnin. Tin- priiuiiial Iommh 
 in ihe west are It'arsnu; on (he Vistula, and n'itna. 
 norllieaHl of Warsaw. 
 
 Ftice of the cuiiittr!/. European Russia eonsists chief, 
 ly of immense plaiii!*, covend in many parts with fur- 
 ests. The principal ninuntaius are Hie Ural inountuiiis 
 in the nniilicasl wimli scparule it from Asia. 
 
 Canal. There i<* u eaiial iiiii.iiiiL' the river .\eva wiili 
 the headwaleisof the Volga. This eunal opens an 
 inland water cumniiiiiiealion between the Baltic and the 
 Caspian. It i* supposed il-,at 4 000 vessels pans on 
 this rout annually between St. Petersburg and Astrak- 
 han. 
 
 Population. The population of the whole Russian 
 empire is about 4S,()00,o.io, and is r«|»i'lly increasing. 
 Of this number as.0()0,0(i0 are in Kiiropt-an Russia. 
 The southern and wislern provinces eoiitaiti the gnat 
 massof the pojiuluiion ; the northern and tusleni are 
 very thinly inhabited. 
 
 The population of Uiissia is made up of many difler- 
 enl tribes and nations, speaking dillerent languages, 
 and having dillerent customs, and religions. Some are 
 barbarians, some are civilized, and some half civ- 
 ilized. 
 
 Education. There arc universities at St. Petersburg, 
 Warsaw, Abo and several other places. Kducalion 
 has heielofore been almost entirely neglected. An 
 increasing Htlention is now paid to it. 
 
 lidigion. The cstatlished religion is (hat of the 
 Greek church, but all others are tolerattd, Mahome- 
 tans, CalholicK, Jews. Lutherans and Pagans arc 
 numerous, Bible Societies are now exteiisivdy estab- 
 
 J. 
 
goo PRUSSIA. 
 
 Ii»heil. Tlicy have piihlUhe«; llie Bible in 2S different 
 
 Iall^uHgeH, and are dLtribuliiig it in every part of the 
 
 empire. , ., ,. , 
 
 Government. Tlie governmeRt it a connlitutional 
 
 nioniirchV' 
 
 Cinnmerre. IluMia liim an extensive eonime rce car- 
 ried (in through the Baltic, Black, Caspian and White 
 
 Hean. .... 1 . I I 
 
 Islnmts. JS'uva Zembla in a large uninhabited inland 
 «r oolltclionol'iHlandH, in the Frozen Oeeun, northiHa 
 of Archangel. The inlnnds of JIand and Oesel in the 
 Bailie belong to Uussia. The Crimea iii the Black 
 ttea it a peiiiiuula. 
 
 PUUSSIA. 
 
 m.1 
 
 Situation. The PruMinn dominions coniist of lw» 
 territorien, entirely distinct and separate from each 
 other, oue lying in the eaiif, the other in the «e»t of 
 (jermunv. 
 
 The eastern division i% much the largest, comprehend- 
 ing five Hixths of the whole, and is bounded N. by the 
 Baltic. ; E. by Kuisia ) S. by the Austrian Dominiods 
 and Suxony *, VV. by several small German States. 
 
 The western division lies on both sides the river 
 Rhine, and i« hnunderl \V. by the Netherlands, and on 
 all other sides by small German Slates. 
 
 Divi^'ions, The eastern division is divided into f 
 provinces. 
 
 Provinces. 
 
 Eaut Prussia, 
 
 West PrusHia, 
 
 P,.s.n. 
 
 Piipierania, 
 
 Britndenburjr, 
 
 Haxtmy, 
 
 Silesia, 
 
 Chief toviiu. 
 
 Konigsbcrg, 
 
 l>ttnlzie, 
 
 Posen, 
 
 Statin, 
 
 Berlin, 
 
 ]\Iagdeburg, 
 
 Brchlau, 
 
 Fop. tf tOKtlS^ 
 
 5M10 
 60,007 
 15,992 
 18,463 
 166,000 
 32,013 
 63,000 
 
 J 
 
i\ the Bible in 25 diffiTPiit 
 ig it in every part of the 
 
 nmeRt i> a conolitutional 
 
 n extermivc eonime rce car- 
 Bluck, Caspian and While 
 
 a large uninliabiteil island 
 L' Frozen Oeeun, norlhittsl 
 »1* Jlaml Hiul Oesel in the 
 he Crimea in the Black 
 
 SIA. 
 
 dominioni consist of lw« 
 
 and Rcparale from each 
 
 , the other in the itett of 
 
 ph the largest, pomprehend- 
 and in bounded N. by the 
 )y the Austrian Dnininiods 
 
 small German States. 
 4 on both sides the river 
 y the Netherlands, and on 
 man States. 
 
 division is divided into 7 
 
 PRUSSIA. 
 
 SOJ 
 
 tovini. 
 
 ;sbcrg, 
 
 zie, 
 
 h 
 
 i»» 
 
 n, 
 
 leburg, 
 
 au, 
 
 Fop. tf tovtm, 
 
 5(5,410 
 60,007 
 15,992 
 18,463 
 166,000 
 32,013 
 63,000 
 
 The western division is called the Grand Dutchy of 
 the Lower Uhinc, and the pr.-ucipal (onus are Alunnter, 
 C3ulo^ue Hiid DuNseidorf. 
 
 Rivers. The four principal rivers art the Vistula, 
 the Oder, the Kibe, and the Uliine. 
 
 The Vistula rises in the south of Prussia and emptied 
 into the Baltic at Ditntzic. The pnneipal purl of its 
 course is in the Russian dominions. The Oder is al- 
 most wholly in Prussia. It rises near the sources of 
 the Vistula, and running northwest .')80 miles, empties 
 into the Bailie. The Elbe rises in the south of Prussia, 
 and running northwest 500 miles, empties into the North 
 Sea. About half its course is in Prussia. 
 
 The Ilhine runs thront;h the middle of the Grand 
 Dulcliy of Lower Rhine dividing it into two parts. The 
 small rivers are, (he Havel, u branch of the Elbe ; the 
 Spree, a branch of the Huvel ; the tVarta, a branch of 
 the Oder ; the Jtfemel and the Pre^el. 
 
 Chief Towns. Iterlin, the capital, is on the Spree. 
 It is a beautiful city and has eommunication by canals 
 with the Kibe and the Oder. ICutiigsbepg is on the Pre* 
 gel. I^is well situated for commerce. 
 
 Dantxic, on the Vistula, near its mouth, is an opn. 
 lent commercial city. Thorn is on the Vistula, south 
 of Danlzic. Fosen is on the Warta, south of Dantzic, 
 and w est of Warsaw 
 
 Breslau, Frankfort, and Stettin are on the Oder. 
 Bresluu has an extensive commerce. It is eonnected 
 with Hamburg, by a canal which joins the Oder with 
 the Elbe, Magdeburg i» on tlw Elbe, It is strongly 
 fortified, and is well situated for commerce. Halle, 
 famous for its university, is south of JVlagdeburg. 
 
 Coblentx. Cologne, Aod Dusseldorf are on the Rhine, 
 in the western division of Prussia. Cologne has 42,000 
 inhabitants and considerable commerce. Jix la Cha- 
 pelle, once th« favorite residence of Charlemagne, and fa- 
 mous for several treaties made there, is west of Cologne. 
 Universities. The mos* famous universities are those 
 of Halle, Kouigsberg. and Berlin. 
 
 Population. The populnticn of tie Prussian domin- 
 isus is estimated at 10,&00,0<)0. 
 
 tJ 
 
 J- 
 
.'Ol 
 
 ArSTHIA. 
 
 XnHX'«'5''' 'f ''8 t'trman luiiguuse it the oiout iirc- 
 vnli'iit. .... , . 
 
 //i'/»"ioH. rhpi'filHl)li'Hlu'<I ri'li«i"n la Liiilieraii, Itui 
 al! HoiMH ure tu'.'raled, uud ou»; third of the population 
 uru It inmri i'litholicH. 
 
 Uuvenmeut. The government h an absolute mon- 
 
 •ri'hy. , . 
 
 Face of the country, &c. The Sudetie moiinluiiia run 
 alon^ lliediMilhern liouudiiry mptiralios Silesia from the 
 Ausiriun dnmiiiions. The n»l of Fru»sia is a level 
 country, uiid huH tsenenilly a good aoil, producing grasi, 
 t>iiiiti.'flux, hcnip, &c. 
 
 l.^land. The island of Jtii^en in the Baltic belongs to 
 I'ruktia. 
 
 W* 
 
 ml 
 
 AUSTRIA. 
 
 Situation. Tlie Austrian dominions are bounded N- 
 by rS.iiony, Prussia and Uussia ; E. by Russia and 
 Turkey ; S. by Turkey, and the Gulf of Veniee ; S. \V. 
 by the IlaSlan Stales; W. by Swilzerland and Bavaria. 
 
 JJivinions. The empire is divided into 13 provinces. 
 
 Austrian 
 domin- 
 ions in 
 Uerma- 
 By. 
 
 AuRtrinn 
 Italy. 
 Poland. 
 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 3. 
 *. 
 
 5. 
 f'. 
 
 ProK'incet. 
 Archdutchy 
 of Austria, 
 Sliria, 
 Tyrol, 
 Bohemia, 
 Moravia, 
 Laybach, 
 Trieste, 
 
 Venice, 
 Milan, 
 
 10. Galicia, 
 
 11. Hungary, 
 
 12. Transylvania,l, 600.000 
 
 13. Dalinaiia, 295,068 
 Four mililarv districts, 940,589 
 
 \l: 
 
 Population, 
 1,001,215 
 
 79P,05G 
 717,512 
 3.'i03,222 
 1,680,935 
 637,3:51 
 531,060 
 
 1,950,096 
 2,161,853 
 
 3,755,454 
 8,200,000 
 
 Chi^ Towns. 
 Vienna. 
 
 Uratz. 
 
 Inspruek. 
 
 Prague. 
 
 Brunn. 
 
 Laybaeli. 
 
 Trieste. 
 
 Venice. 
 
 Milan. 
 
 Lemberg. 
 
 Buda. 
 
 Hcrmansladt 
 
 Zara. 
 
 28,176.137 
 
IIA. 
 
 uii^iiugo it the muitt \nK- 
 
 religion in Liillieran, but 
 lit; third of the populatiun 
 
 nciit ht an abtolule mon* 
 
 rhe Sudetie mniinluini run 
 U'lmraliii!; 8ilr«ia friiin the 
 v»l of FruHsiA is a level 
 i^ooil «<)il, iirudiiciiig grass, 
 
 <-en in the Baltic belongs to 
 
 RIA. 
 
 (luDiinions are bounded N. 
 iMsia ; K. by Iluitsia and 
 the «ulf of Venice; S. \V. 
 r Hwilzerlnnd and Bavnria. 
 i divided into 13 provinces. 
 
 "ipuJation. Chiq/" Towns. 
 
 1,001,215 Vienna. 
 
 79P,05G 
 717,542 
 3.'iOy,222 
 1,680,935 
 637,3;J1 
 631,066 
 
 1,950,096 
 2,161,853 
 3,755,454 
 8,200,000 
 
 1,1,600.000 
 295,009 
 
 ts, 940,589 
 
 28,176.tJ7 
 
 Gratz. 
 
 Inspruek. 
 
 Prague. 
 
 Brunn. 
 
 Laybach. 
 
 Trieste. 
 
 Venice. 
 
 Milan. 
 
 Lemberg. 
 
 Buda. 
 
 Hcnnansladt. 
 
 Zara. 
 
 AirSTUlV 
 
 20b 
 
 Un-ern. 1 ho WnHi/ftt; is fhc principal river of AiistrlR 
 It ri«p* in the soullnvrst corner of (l,.roi.inv, n...ir tho 
 borders of France and iSwii/erland, end rnnninjc from 
 wesi to enni ihroiiu'h the heart of fhe Annfriun do,i,ii,. 
 i.m*, pa,»e* into Turkey, and rmpiifH into the Block 
 «<Mi. I he Drove and Save are l.ranchis of tl„, Danube, 
 lliey rue in the mountains north of the (inlf of Venice 
 and flow east. The Have empties at Belgrade It 
 form^ part of the boundary between llunn„ry ' and 
 inrkey. The Feme is the principul eastern branch of 
 the Danube. Its course is wholly in Hungary 
 
 The river Po, and the Tesino one of its branchcf 
 which rises in the Alps, are the boundary of Auitriii on 
 tlie side oj Italy. The Po empties into the Gulf of 
 Venice rU^Mige empties into the same Gulf a little 
 nnrtii nl the Po. 
 
 i'kief Ihwns. Vienna, the capital of the Austrian 
 dominions, is on the Danube. It is one of the larcest 
 
 lw"J!'i "'"'.' /'"".^'"'"S '^2».^^8 inhabitants. 
 
 Imbrue he capital of Bohemia is the next largest city. 
 
 SnoVnn^"/ •'''"'**'!„""?'' "'■•'•'^' ''*'"'''• »-."J contai,.. 
 800,000 inhabiunt.. liuila, the capititl of HunKarv. i> 
 
 "" )00 p't' '?? •""'" ?*• «-.^''''»"«- Popnlatio,; 
 -...uuo. fest, on the same river, directiv r ppo^ile Buda 
 
 lias 40,000 inhabitants. I'resburs is o'. the Danube 35 
 uiilcs east of Vienna. 
 
 7.8ni6«',r,the capital of Galicia, has 50,0()0 inhabitants. 
 nrunn, the capital of Moravia, is «„ a |,runch of the 
 Danube. Population, 25.000. Gratz, the cnpiial of 
 Mini, IS on a branch of the Drave, 70 miles 8. of 
 Vienna. Ilerrmmtait, the capital of Transylvania, is 
 near the soolheasleru extremity of the Austrian domin- 
 ions. Irieste. is a seaport on the (J.ilf of Venice. 
 
 I be prio«.pal towns in Austrian Italy are Milan, 
 \enice, Verona, Mantua, and Padua. Milan is 
 a walled city, and has 230 churches, 40 monasteries. 00 
 nunneries, and 128.000 inhabitants. Venice is built on 
 73 islands at the head of the Gulf of Venice. It makes 
 a srand oppearance at a distance, seemin:; to float ou 
 the sea. Population 116,000. Verona is wi^st of Venice, 
 on the Adige. Population 60,000. Mantua, the birth 
 13 
 
SOo 
 
 ADHTUIA. 
 
 jilnfc of Virgil, u on tin outlet of a lake which cm|> 
 lie* iiili» till- Pn. #Whu, the birlh j»lacc of Mvy, it 
 bi'Uvi'eri Mantua ami Venice. 
 
 Uiiivi-rnitii'ii. 'The priuelpal iitiivcMitie* are ihoie of 
 Vipimn, I'rugue, Hett, Li'inbiirg and I'ailua. 
 
 Rdighn. The Roman Catholic in the eitablinhnl 
 ritii^ion, and all otheri are loleralrcl. About three 
 fuurllit of the inhnbitantM an; lioman Oalholie* ; but 
 in Hungary and 'rratmylvania the mHJcirily of the 
 
 Kipululiou arc ekher frutettantu or adhurcult of tho 
 reek church 
 
 ODvernmmt. The government U an hereditary mon- 
 archy. The empire ii made up of man> dilVerent coun- 
 triei, which are jijoverned by different law*. In lome 
 prnvincei the emperor hua much wore power than io 
 othera. 
 
 Langungf. The lan^uaKen are various. The prln- 
 nipal arc the OcraiHn, Hdavouiu, Hungarian and 
 Italian. 
 
 Population. The number of inhabitants i« more than 
 3'},(»00,000. They are made up of muny difterent na- 
 tions, Hulavoniana, (iermant, liungnriunN, llaliaMt, &e. 
 I'heir characters area* heterogonunun a* their language 
 and their government. 
 
 Mmntnins. The Mps icnarale Austrian Italy from 
 the rent of the empire. 'I'lie Carpathian mo«Minin« 
 •cparate Huni^ary rroni Oalicia. BoluMnia w almoHt 
 turrounded by moiintainR ? the Erz,^i'.ljprff moiiiilain^ 
 ■eparale it from Saxony on the N. W. and Iho Smli'tic 
 chain divides it from Silesia, in the Prussian domin- 
 ions, on the N. K. 
 
 Mhierah. The mountains of Austria are rich in 
 valuable minerals, iron mines abound in the mountain- 
 ous tj*;, Ion near the gulf of Venice. Quicksilver and 
 lead are obtained there also in large quantities ; but 
 the principal mines are in the provinces of Hungary 
 and Transyivanirt, bordering on the Carpathian moun- 
 tains. Here are numerous gold and silver mines ; an<l 
 enpper, coal, and salt are found in various places. The 
 celebrated salt mines of Wielitskn are in Oalicia, H 
 miltts S. of Cracow. In working these mines, pits 
 
of A lake which cin|)- 
 irth |iii(C.e of Mvy, i« 
 
 iKiivmitie* are thoie of 
 anil I'ailua. 
 
 nlie in (he eitabliiihril 
 ticruteil. About three 
 Uomuii Oalholie* ; but 
 i (he uiHJiirily uf (lie 
 nt* or adhureiilt »f tho 
 
 fit '.* an hereditary mon- 
 
 of mail) clilVerent coun- 
 
 nVrrnt law*. In lome 
 
 li uiuro power than ia 
 
 ire variouH. The prin- 
 iToiiiu, Hungarian and 
 
 inhabitants i« mure than 
 |i uf muiiy ilitt'erenl na< 
 lungnriuiiN, lialiaMt, &e. 
 jnununa* (heir language 
 
 ate Au4trian Italy from 
 Carpathian mniiMt>tin« 
 \. HolK'inia w ulinoHt 
 '. Erx^e.ljprff m<iUMt«in« 
 \. W. nml Ihf Suili'tir 
 n (he Pru««inn iluniin- 
 
 !tf Ainlrift are rich in 
 abound in the mountain- 
 nice. Qniekiiilver and 
 
 in large quantilien ; but 
 I provincei* of Hungary 
 
 the Carpathian moun- 
 I and lilver mines ; and 
 
 in various places. The 
 (ska are in Oalicia, H 
 rkini; these mines, pits 
 
 UKRMANY. 
 
 t07 
 
 have been sunk (n a great depth, and galleries and 
 subterraueous chanibrnt of inii entu ti?.e have bren 
 fornii-d. The principal mine in more than a mile long, 
 l,nuo feet broad, and 743 feet deep. It has been worked 
 above ouo y*-ars and is apnarenltv inexhaustible. 
 
 Soil and I'roJnctiuns. The soil is generally fertile, 
 parti><j|arly in Hungary and Austrian Italy, producing 
 corn and uiuii. 
 
 OEUMANY. 
 
 JS'anie. Germany is (he country united under (he 
 Germanic (/'onfederation. It embraces (he greater part 
 of the Prussian Dominions, abuu( one ihird of (he 
 Austrian dominions, Holslein, belonging lo Denmark ) 
 Luxemburg, now a provinee of the Netherlnnds { the 
 kingdom of Hanover, of which his Brilannic majesty 
 lakes (he (itlcof kiiijji 80 iiidcp.ndeni slates, governed 
 by native German princes, and 4 free cities. 
 
 Situation. Germany is bounded N. by the North 
 Sea, Denmark and the Baltic ; K. by the eastern parts 
 of the Prussian and Austrian dominions; 8. bv Italy 
 and Switzerland; and W. by France and the kingdom 
 of the Netherlands. '^ 
 
 Diviiims. Germ«ny is divided into independent 
 states. They may be olasicd in two divisions, (lie 
 greater and smaller. 
 
 Greater State*. 
 Austrian dominions > 
 in Germany, J 
 Prussian dominions > 
 in Germany, ^ 
 Kingdom of Bavaria, 
 Kingdom of Wirtembcrg, 
 Kingdom of Hanover, 
 Kingdom of Haxony, 
 Grand Dutchy of Uadeo, 
 
 Greater 8iate»f 
 
 Population. 
 0,303,367 
 
 7,023,439 
 
 3,500,000 
 1,300,463 
 1,308,31)1 
 1,232,000 
 1,001,603 
 
 Chief ToMsni, 
 
 Vienna. 
 
 Berlin. 
 
 Munieh. 
 
 Btuttgard. 
 
 Hanover. 
 
 Dresden. 
 
 Maubeim. 
 
108 
 
 ORRMANY. 
 
 Small j/i/i«. 
 lirnMii Uiitrlir or HfHff, 
 
 lluUlfiit Niiil Laurnliiirif, 
 
 HRiiMimick, 
 
 Mfi'kli-iiliiirgHphwcrin. 
 
 MefkhnbuiK-Mliilil/., 
 
 NttlkHU, 
 
 HHii'-Wfimur, 
 
 HHke>(ioilia, 
 
 8uif<i!iil)uri(, 
 
 MHxe-Meiniiigpn, 
 
 Hitxi>-ilil(iliuri^linii«fn, 
 
 IliiUlfiii Oldt'iiliurg, 
 
 \llllKll-l)('t*HU, 
 
 Aiihitit-llMrnbLTgi 
 Aiihall^'ollii'n, 
 hwariKburK-HondrrhaiKm, 
 Swarly.liiiriij ItiitluUiaili, 
 lichfny.ollviii-Hechiniifen, 
 nnhen/iilleru*Higu)uriugcii 
 liichteiiRtein, 
 Wahlerk, 
 
 K«-u««()rei(x, * 
 
 UeuMii-hubeiiHlciii, 
 SchuUfiiburg-Lilipej 
 Lippe-Dvtnioltl, 
 lleitke-Huiiiburg, 
 
 Free Cilifn, 
 
 Liiheck, 
 
 Frttnckfort on the ^fayti, 
 
 lirenien, 
 
 Hamburg 
 
 Smaller Staten and 
 free cities, 
 
 ] 
 
 Pnfiulitlinn, 
 
 AHN.OOO 
 AlA.Olin 
 tfrt-l.tMH 
 
 SMI.AOH 
 H.'.dllO 
 
 81.HU0 
 Ad,<i(.1 
 
 44,0A0 
 14.100 
 
 aH.000 
 
 a,54A 
 
 47.900 
 Mi,H90 
 
 04,rai 
 
 72,500 
 iO,U64 
 
 43,927 
 
 ra,4oo 
 4t).aoo 
 
 12tt,73tt 
 4,216,009 
 
 Mrntx. 
 
 Kiel. 
 
 l.uxrinbiii'^. 
 
 HrtiimHiek. 
 
 Hcliw-riii. 
 
 Hirt'lil/.. 
 
 NnKHiiii. 
 
 Weimar. 
 
 (ioilia. 
 
 ('obiiri(. 
 
 Meiiiingen. 
 
 Ililtlburi^liaiiiPn. 
 
 Oltlciiburg. 
 
 DfMNNU. 
 
 Uentberg. 
 
 C'tithcn. 
 
 Hontlerhaanea. 
 
 Kiiiioliitttilt. 
 
 Ili'cbiiigeii. 
 
 HiKmariiig<>n4 
 
 liiclitenktviu. 
 
 Wahleek. 
 
 Oreilz. 
 
 liobiMi«tein. 
 
 Hcliaiienburg, 
 
 DL'tmnUi. 
 
 llumburg. 
 
 Lubee. 
 Frniickfnrt. 
 Bromen. 
 Hamburg. 
 
(.HUMAN V. 
 
 9» 
 
 Mriilx. 
 
 Kiel. 
 
 l.uiirinl)ii>'i|. 
 
 Hrtii)»»itk* 
 
 Hcliw-riii. 
 
 Hin'lil/.. 
 
 >Veiin»ri 
 
 (iotllH. 
 
 M«itiinK«*n. 
 
 llil<llMiri;liAUirn, 
 
 OMfiiburg. 
 
 DeitMHU. 
 
 Ueritbergi 
 
 Cdlhcii. 
 
 Hiin<lerhHniie«. 
 
 Kii<liil«ttt<tt. 
 
 Ili-cliiiigfii. 
 
 hiKmariiigcn. 
 
 liiclitenktiiiu. 
 
 Wnltleek. 
 
 Oreitz. 
 
 liobeixtein. 
 
 Hcliaiienburg. 
 
 Detmold. 
 
 lluinburg. 
 
 49,827 Lubee. 
 
 73,400 FrftiK'kfort. 
 
 4«.300 Bri'men. 
 
 iatt,r3tt Hamburg. 
 
 Siliialldnoflhf greater »tntf I. The I'ru«iinn ilomin* 
 lotia MFH in |Im< \, K. ( the Audrian tlomiiiiiuii nrr in llm 
 H. !■:. t llikvnria, Wirlrnibrrir, anil tin«ti-n, in tin* M. W. i 
 nmi liunovrr in (lie N. W. Mamnjr in bt-hM-cn tho 
 I'rnikian nnil Autlriaii doininioni, in (lif «n»l i anti llic 
 wetlcrn tlivitinn of I'ruiiiu it luulli nf iliinuver, in llir 
 
 HfMt. 
 
 Silunll'in <if the smaller ntaten. The Hmitilcr ilnlo* 
 are prinnpally •>> (he north, between (he twn «li«i»iiin» 
 nrtho l*ru««iaii duinininni. 
 
 (inverntn.nt. The Uerman •talcM are in<le|trn(lenl. 
 |irin(*iuali'iee, but united under a Conffdcratiiin I'nr 
 niuluul defonoe and |irotfrlion. Tho F«'di>rativi> Diet 
 cnnititia uf t7 |il('ui|iiitentiarirH, and (he (it'nrral A«< 
 Hcmbly nt A» m^mberii. The aeaiiona are held at 
 Franrkl'urt on thi* iMaine. 
 
 Population. 'I'hr pniiulatinn ii 30,033,78 1. 
 
 JleJiffion. The l*rolc«(nnt religion nrovena ir (he 
 north of (lermanvi and (ho Catholic in the tnuth. The 
 iiunibfr of C'a(holicii i« 1,1,0 ^7,OiiO{ (ho remainder ol'tha 
 po|Hila(iitn are principally i'roteHlanI*. 
 
 Literature, The Uermani have urrivi^d to a hiuh 
 decree t.f eminence in literature and (he NPiencPH. In 
 many branehci they lurpiui all ntlier nation*. Thcru 
 are about ^0 univtrriitien, containing in all U,ooo ntn- 
 dentil. About a,oou new bonk* arc iiubliiihfd every 
 year. There arc lur^e librurieH in all (he principal 
 tuwu!!, many of which are open (o (he public. 
 
 Language. Th( Uerman lani^unge prevniU in all ihu 
 •tate*. It in opnkeH in (he i(ren(eiit purity in Haxony. 
 
 liivera. The Oder in wholly in (jerniiiiiy. It eniptie* 
 into the Haltic. The Elbe t'nen in ilie ea«t, and run* 
 north went into the North Men. The ITeiier em|ilie* u 
 little fouth nf the F]lbe. It riite* in the centre of (Ger- 
 many. The Uliine then in Mwilzerlaiid. For lome din- 
 tiince it leparatPH France from (lennacyt after which 
 it pasiieM throuijli the we<*trrii diviwion of the Prufwian 
 dominion* into the kingdom nf the Netherlandu, and 
 emptier into the North Sea. The Jlnine is a brnneh of 
 the Khiue. It riMe* on the coniiiiei of Bohemia, and 
 flowing weat, emptieii at Menlz. 
 18« 
 
m 
 
 ^\X^l^^ 
 
 Tlie Vauiilm r»»««in lUtli-n, ticir lli.' ...uitnuil Mrnpf 
 of (k'luiany, kimI fl«iwiiiK <'i»»i iltroiiali ^V iiU inUfi^. lU 
 varia, ill* AuMriiin Juwhiumi*, uml l'iifl»«y,«mpllM inn« 
 till* ilUrk He* riie |iriii(i|ii»l braiieliit urili* lltinub* 
 mt* ill* l»fr ami il«f Inn. 
 
 Frr>' Vitit*. Ilnmhurff i« ft forliluMl rity on «lif v 1m". 
 •0 inilf* from !«• muuili. It u ilu- »lr«t nly in Urrnmwjr 
 Ml iioinl of co'nn«<*ree, anil liui bp»n ri-i-koiii'd »li« «lii<«l 
 ill Kuro|ii'. l.iJn- u Horilirunt of llanilmrg, ni-ar Ihi- 
 iiiottlh nl'n •luttll rivfr wIih-Ii i-mjilii* Into \U<- Hallic. 
 Hicmrnuon llio Wi-iifr.iOUllnvMl ollUiiiliiirn. FrnHrfc- 
 /i<rn»u llm .Vein*- i» llir »i'»l of I If Fnltrtiiivi' |li»f. 
 rhi* luft'CMort of CliaiUniaiiMP fiiriii»rly ruttthA in 
 Fian#kft.rl, arid llie tuijicror* of (Jeniiuny wero uiually 
 ciowiiril ilirrr. 
 
 Ftir^ nfth¥ tountrif. Tho norltiiTn purt of fJcruinny 
 ••iuj»i»l» iliiill> iil«'nl«' *nii'ly |iluin4( ilif houiIhu.: jiart 
 )• nttuvlaiiiou*. 'I'lii! »uil i* gviieruliy iVriil«. 
 
 BAXONV. 
 
 Situation. 8n»ony i* in «h<' rn«t of (iorinany, lietwff n 
 tlio I'i'iKitian anil •\iutiiiiii Ptiiiiininin. 'The Kibe run* 
 llii-oii^li llii' kingtlnin fruni H. K. to N. W. 
 
 (•l'i<>fTotrnH. Ihnulun, llie capital, \% on the Kibe. 
 ll iiom'ofii.e hrtiitU<»n»'»» lowiiii in Kuropc. It con- 
 tuinn II mn«nilieinl pnUce, rtirnithetl with a library of 
 l.io.OMO voliimeo. It liaa ruriom maiiufaclnre*, ami 
 4U,000 inhabitant*. 
 
 Lfii'Hir, wim of Dreidtiii, i» « utrVbralid mart of 
 i;,rinHn lilenilure. At the Jair, \ h b are hcl h .c 
 ll..ee iiin»'» a year, imin.^n*- -n ?>UrJ! • n" book* are •old 
 and bartered. The University at Lcipnie ia one of tlia 
 m..-,t f«inuuk in Europe. Population 32,()0(). 
 
 Uttrature. Sa»ony it celebrated for it* irhnoU, and 
 il« litiTalure. The Herman language ii npuken here in 
 it! greatest putilv, and many of the most celebrated 
 writers in that langoage received their education in 
 Saxoiiy. 
 
lfA\«»VKl! 
 
 «h 
 
 >M till- .iiitlliW»'»( Mrfltf 
 ruiiuli \\ hii-intii fif, 1)4- 
 ml litrl»«)i,rm|»li»« inlw 
 liraiiehit utiU* lUnuhe 
 
 itrlilifd riljr on ill* '-' 
 \iv »ir«t fily inllrrnirtiiy 
 vrri rci'koiird (liu lliiid 
 uf lUniliurg, iKar (he 
 in|iiic* inlii ill)* lUliir. 
 ■(uiilmitlMirif. Fratii-k- 
 if llif Fnlirtiiive |li»f. 
 le riiniKfrly rKtiilcil in 
 f (i«!riiiitn> Mero uiuntljr 
 
 rllirrn purl of ClpnnftH) 
 luiiK I ilir iiniitli**).: |inrt 
 iitfrull) iVrlil«. 
 
 1141 of (Jerinanjf, l»elwfi«n 
 iininii«. 'lite Kibe run* 
 :. to N. W. 
 
 cii|Ml«l, U on (he Kllie. 
 vn» ill K 11 rope. It con- 
 lithril with a lihrary of 
 riuut muiiuravtnrci, iinii 
 
 i« A cr'ebralcd mart of 
 r« \>h<ih are licl h .e 
 !.n!i«ri) i'f hook* Ar« tolil 
 I at LcipKio i» unc of tlia 
 ilation 32,i)0(). 
 rated fur it* irhoola, and 
 inguagc ii «puken here in 
 of the inoiil celeliratcd 
 eived (heir education in 
 
 Orf^rnuuHt. Thtgovern«..n( U ««„,r.|,v. „,.,,. i 
 
 /r,«/«W4„„< Thr Und i, «%r|| r„|liva|„|, »,,! „„, 
 <l«i.-.'. .11 kMMU of ^r«,„ .,,.1 v.gH.,t,le.. tU K,i' ! 
 
 -HMum »alu.,.|. ,„i„.., of ,i,,,,, „ ,/.j ;';';j 
 
 IIANOVKU. 
 
 ti' u 1;^;:.;;..-:? r'^^r^^i:^^^ '- 
 
 nj.a»...«i,.* (.v//„.,.« i. .,.. .„. i.,i„.., •. ./i'";; 
 
 ll«....vn. N u...ve..i.y J, o,,, „r U... ,' ,; . |, ,;, 
 
 »" the world K ha, t^^ ,,n,i; ,.. „ M,,., .r ,'o ,o 
 
 am'^rumvnt. The- kin, of Oreaf UrJ.ain •» kin» ..I 
 Ilanovor. Ihe governmei.t i. cauduCed Lv a c«L!.c 
 
 //f/<>ion. The religion i« l.tnluTnu. About «■>• 
 leiilh of (be inbahitaHt* are t«il,«lip,. "^ -""' ""* 
 
 BAVARIA. 
 
 «"" .....I ^v. I nihVk.U^rof 'vi :„.tr' T, •'"• 
 
 long* to nnvHrin. "'"cii oe- 
 
c>,« WIRTKMBEUO 
 
 .ilk anil 00.000 iiii.al.i.an(«. Jius;^bur?; 38 ii>ile» N. 
 w .rx .nich has i8,ooo in!ial.i«ani«. Jtatisbmh «n 
 1 llmA K.-r Munich, ha. 3.,000 inhabitant.. 
 (ioZTmiU The government \n absolute monarchy. 
 iSSr The prevailing religion in Romaa Cn ho- 
 He Onlv one fifth of the-inhahitant* are P^'e-'t^'t ; 
 EduatioZ Education uan formerly much neglec e. 
 in Srria The ehild.eu are no. general y - rue e. 
 in the common branches of education. There aie niree 
 imiversilieR, and about twenty academies. 
 
 TnToftiecuuntr,,. On the south Bavaria is scpar- 
 ateXcm heTyro/in Austria by rusged mountains 
 and on the northeast there is another range betweeen 
 
 Rnvaria and Bohemia. , . 
 
 Srs The Danube, Inn, her, and Mame, are the 
 
 principal rivers. 
 
 WIRTEMBERG. 
 
 8\tmtion. Wirtemhorg lies between Bavaria oa the 
 "Siv.";' "ftX'r^tancb of the Rhine, is the 
 
 jSe^lnTSS inhabitants. 'Tubiugen is on the 
 Kar,Vo.nil''«S- ''^Stuttgart. It has a university, 
 and e.roo inhabilimt«. 
 Eeligion. The religion is Lutheran. 
 
 BADEN. 
 
 'sitmHon. B.ulen is in the ^"'^"^".""rknJ^u 
 
 ii K i« Wiripiiibera on the h. ; !?«ii/.eiinii" uu 
 
 r S. ; Ind tie llSe , wl^ieh separates it from France, 
 
 ""c!;'.r5t»,s. Miuheim, the largest town, is siluated 
 at the conflueuce of the iNeckar with the Rhine. It has 
 
G 
 
 f.s6wr2"j 3* miles N. 
 ii«anl!4- Jtatisbnn, "ti 
 IB 2:i,ooo inliabitttiit?. 
 is absclule nioimrchy. 
 ;ion iH Romaa Cntho- 
 inU are ProlestantH. 
 merly much neglected 
 w irenerally iustructed 
 ion. There hie three 
 idemies. 
 
 iiilh Bavaria is icpar- 
 jy rugged mo'.intaing, 
 other range betweeen 
 
 er, and Maine, are the 
 
 RG. 
 
 Btween Bavaria oa the 
 
 li of the Rhine, is the 
 into Baden. 
 
 e capital, is near the 
 , It has a large public 
 nt palace, various man- 
 j. Tubiugen is on the 
 t. It has a university, 
 
 itheran. 
 
 nuthwest corner of Ger- 
 he K. ; Switzerland ou 
 eparattigitfrom France, 
 
 largest town, is situated 
 • with the Rhine. It has 
 
 POLAND. 
 
 213 
 
 18.000 inhnliilanls. Carlsmhr, the residence of llio 
 grand duke, has 1.1,000 inhubiianls. 
 
 Ueligion. A majority of the inhabitants are Lulher- 
 ans. 
 
 POLAND. 
 
 Situatio7i. Poland was formerly a powerful kingdom 
 of Europe. Ij inj^ between Russia, I'liissia, and Aunlria. 
 It i'omprebeniled the province of Gnlieia, now belonging 
 to Austria; the province of Posen. now belonging to 
 Prussia; and nearly all that part of Russia which lies 
 between the Dwina on the north, the Diiieper on the 
 east, and the Dniester on the south. 
 
 History. In 1773, Poland was distracted bv internal 
 dissensions, k'his furnished Russia, Pni8sia,Vnd Aus- 
 Iria, with a pretence for interftrence. Tluy accordingly 
 took possession of a large portion of the country, and 
 divided it between them. In 1793 they interfered a 
 second lime, and dismembered a second portion ; and in 
 1789 they divided the remainder, and annihilated the 
 kingdom. 
 
 The greater part of Poland is now under the domin- 
 i»n of the emperor of Russia, who takes the title of 
 king of Poland. 
 
 Chipf Towns. fVarsaw, the capital, and ICilna, be- 
 long to Russia ; Lemberg, to Austria ; and Foseii to 
 Prussia. Cracow, ou the Vistula, is a free city. It has 
 2S,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Umversities. There are universitieg at Cracow, 
 AVilna, Posen, and Warsaw. 
 
 Religion. Most of the Poles are Roman Catholics. 
 Jews are very numerous. There are probably more 
 Jews in Poland than in any other country. 
 
 SWITZERLAND. 
 
 Situation. Switzerland ia bounded by Germany on 
 the N. and E. ; by Italy on ttie S. and by France on the 
 
 JDivisions. Switzerland is divided into 22 cantons. 
 
 4L. 
 
S14 
 
 SWITZERLAND. 
 
 Cantoiit- 
 
 1. BAle, 
 
 2. Holeure, 
 
 3. Argnw, 
 
 4. Zurich, 
 6. Hcliuflliauaen, 
 
 6. Tliurgow, 
 
 7. Appenxell, 
 
 8. St. Gall, 
 
 Cantom. 
 17. Neuthatcfll, 
 to. VttuJ, 
 10. (Icncva, 
 
 20. Vallttii, 
 
 21. Tessirio, 
 
 22. Uriioui. 
 
 Cnnloiit- 
 9. (llarus, 
 
 10. Hchwfilz, 
 
 11. Zu8, 
 
 12. Uri, 
 
 13. UnJerwalJen, 
 
 14. Lucerne, 
 
 15. Berue, 
 jia. Friburg, 
 
 Lakes. Swilzerland ha« mnny heantiful lake». 
 The principal are the Lake of Constance in the 
 northeLt, al.d the Lake of Gcneca in the .oulhwtst. 
 Both theU lake, are celebrated for their p.ctur«que 
 •eenery. Lake Lucerne i» in the centre of hwitzerlHuJ. 
 The lakes of Zus and Zurich are imall lake, norlheait 
 of Lake Lucerne. JV«uc/.fltenake i. in ihe we.t near 
 the border, of France. The four la.t "«»"{*;' 'l^" 
 emptv through amail rivers into the Aar, a branch of 
 
 ""^JlWfl'in*. The Jllp^ run along the «hole .outbern 
 boundary separating HwitzerUi.d from Italy. ine 
 principal summit, are ,Mont ^'««^ "'« '"« '"Sr"i' 
 tain in Kurope, and Mont Romj each more than 1 5,000 
 feet high. Mount St. Qothard is in the centre of the 
 
 ^ ^Uivers. The Rhine rises in mount Ht. Gothard, anJ 
 flow. N. E. to Lake Constance. After leaving that 
 lake it first run* west, scparatmi; Switzerland from 
 Germauy, and then north, sepHratiiig France from Uer- 
 many ; aid .!..-.. N. W. through the -"tern division of 
 the Prnssian dominions and the kingdom of the Wether- 
 lands to the North Sea. ^ _ , . • 
 
 T he Rhone rises near Mount St. Oolliard and runs 
 west to the lake of Geneva. After leaving that lake, i 
 runs southwest to Lyons in France, and then south to 
 the Mediterranean. The Mr and the Renss rise near 
 Mount St. Goihard and flowing north unite, and empty 
 
 into the Rhine. ,, ,, ., , j „ .t,^ 
 
 Chipf Towns. Geneva is beautifully situated on the 
 
 southern extremity of the Lake of Geneva, at the egrese 
 
 h 
 
D. 
 
 leu, 
 
 Cantom. 
 17. Neuthalrt, 
 to. Vttud, 
 10. Oenc^va, 
 
 20. Vallaii, 
 
 21. Tessino, 
 
 22. UrUoui. 
 
 nny beautiful lakei. 
 ,f Constance in the 
 tea in the Houlhwest, 
 lor their pictur»»que 
 •entre of Switzerlaml. 
 
 smnll lake* northea»t 
 kc 18 in the west near 
 mr last named lukea 
 
 the Aar, a branch of 
 
 ng the whole tootbcra 
 a from Italy. '^he 
 iKC, the higltest inoun- 
 each more than 15,000 
 i in the centre of the 
 
 ount Ht. Gothard, anJ 
 ?. After leaving that 
 ng Switzerland from 
 tiiig France from Ger- 
 Ihe western division of 
 kingdom of the Nether- 
 
 St. Oolliard and rurts 
 er leaving that lake, it 
 ,nce, and then south to 
 nd the lieuss rise near 
 north unite, and empty 
 
 utifully situated on the 
 )f Geneva, at the egrese 
 
 SWITZERLAND. 
 
 ttft 
 
 of the Rhone. The surrounding country is re markahly 
 pictUH'ique. The lukes, the hills, (lie dlNfaut AIjir 
 eovtred with eternal snow, and Mont HIanc rearing itit 
 lofty head to ihe cloudu, give « wonderful beuiiiy and 
 flulilimily to the prospect, (ieneva in celebrated as Iho 
 residence of Calvin, and the asylum of the rerormed 
 religion. Population 26,000. 
 
 Bale, or Basil, is in the northwest, on the Riiine. 
 Population 10,000. Ihrne is on the Aur, south of Hale. 
 Poptilalion 13,000. Schafffinusen is «!aMt of BiUe, ni-ur a 
 celebrated i-afaract in tlie Rtii.;?. Lucerne, Ziis^, Zu- 
 rich, and Constiince ure on lakes of the same uaincs, nt 
 their reHp-eiiv* oiitltts. 
 
 Education. There is a Univertify at fionevn, which 
 has 22 profesKors, 1.000 stiideutM, and a library of 
 BOjOOO vdlumes. Tht-re is also a Univi«r!,ily ai BiVie, 
 and college-) at Zuricii, Uenie, I.ucpr., •, and Sclmtl'Jbau- 
 sen. Common sehonU are univrrs.iiij L'stublishud. 
 
 Government. Each caiiiou i« 'in iridcpcndent repHb- 
 lie; but for the common sncuriiy tlie rations are united 
 in a confi'deracv, governed by a gi-npru! dit-t. 
 
 Religion. 'I'he inhabitaii'ls me eitbei tJalvinists nr 
 Coolies. The former are most numtrout. 
 
 Populntinn. The population is about 'J,'WO,000. 
 Face of the conntnj. Swilzei land, esppcially in the 
 south, is made up of higb moiinliiiiis iiiid deep vallies 
 interspersed with beautiinl jukes. It abounds with wild 
 and picturesque sceneiy. 
 
 Chararter. The Swiss are a people of simple nifin- 
 ners, iuduntrinus. brave, fond of liberty, and slroni-ly 
 afiacbcd to their country. The absent soldier wt'H|,s 
 when he thinks on the lakes and the vallies, the brooks 
 and (he mountains, among which he passed the happiest 
 season of his life. ' ' 
 
 JS'ntvrnl Curiosities. The summits and ridges of the 
 Alps are covered with glaciers, or fields of ice, of vast 
 extent and inaguiBcence. They often reach down the 
 sides of the mountains, even to the borders of the culii- 
 vated vallies. These immense masses resting in an 
 ini'Iiiicd position, sometimes slide down the declivity, 
 and in a moment overwhelm the villages below. 
 
tie 
 
 NRTIIERLANUH. 
 
 The mountain* Ihemselveii arfi Bomctime* iindcrminptl 
 by torronti, iin<l prepin'iiated into llie viillifn. In IHOft 
 a part of llu' RiMenlicri; mountiiin f« ll,nntl Ituried kovi'iuI 
 popnlous villancH of the canton of sichweilz, willi all 
 
 their inliahitnnln. 
 
 Vroiluclions. Switzerland produce* corn, wiue, cat- 
 tip, 5cc. 
 
 NETHERLANDS. 
 
 Situation. Tbe kini,'dom of the Nftherlands in honnil- 
 ed \. and W. by ibe North Sea; E. by Oerniau), and 
 Sj. bv France. 
 
 jJivisioM. This country is divided into l-l prov au-es. 
 
 Provincfi. 
 
 1 Oronin{»cn, 
 
 3 Frieitland, 
 .1 Overyjtsel, 
 
 4 Uuelilerland, 
 6 Utrecht, 
 
 6 II tllimd, 
 
 7 Zealand, 
 
 Chiif Town. 
 tirooin^en. 
 
 Li-warden. 
 
 Dcvciiter. 
 
 Nimei^uen. 
 
 Ulrecht. 
 
 Anntcrdani. 
 Middleburg. 
 
 Provincei. 
 8 Hntbant, 
 1) Flanders, 
 10 Haiiiitiit, 
 tl Namur, 
 13 Lii'^'e, 
 t3 Lunburg, 
 H Luxemburg 
 
 Chirf To WW. 
 nriiH>te!ii. 
 (iiient. 
 
 Nrtoinr. 
 Liege. ^ 
 
 LiinhnrfiC' 
 Luxemburg. 
 
 The seven provinces mentioned in the first eoluma 
 are in th<> north, and conMiniie the country formerly 
 called Hulland. or I he Seven United Provinrps. 
 
 Bail. The Zuydpr Zee is a great bay ol the North 
 Sea, Bctliug up from the north into the northern prov- 
 inces. . ^ II- 
 
 llivers. The Rhine conies from Germany, and di- 
 vider into several branches. On^* branch proceeds north, 
 andempiies info the Zuyder Zee: the rest flw west 
 into the North Sea The Meune rises in the east ol 
 Fran.'^, and running north into tbe Netherlands puns 
 the Rhine near its mouili. The M>se.Ue rises also in 
 the east of Fiaii'f. and running norib"asl tbrougb tbe 
 Netherlands miIi- l»iri><>»ny, empties into the Rhine at 
 Cobieutz. The Scheldt rises in the northeast of France, 
 
 J 
 
lNUS. 
 
 •e ■omctime* iindprminptl 
 
 lo ihe vullifii. In IHOrt 
 
 in f« ll,Butl Itiirieil nevfiul 
 
 of sichweilz, willi all 
 
 ruiluce» corn, wine, oa(- 
 
 \NDS. 
 
 llie Netherlands is honntl- 
 u ; K. by Ueriniui} , and 
 
 divided into 1-t [iruvliiecs. 
 
 Prcvincet. 
 Hritbiint, 
 Fl<iii(ler8, 
 Haiimiit, 
 i\amur, 
 
 Liiiiburj;, 
 ' Luxemburg 
 
 Chirf Tovini- 
 DriiMHelii. 
 (iiient. 
 
 Moil!). 
 
 NrtMiiir. 
 Liese. ^ 
 Liinburfi^. 
 Luxemburg. 
 
 ined in the first eoluma 
 lie tite country formerly 
 United Provinces, 
 a great bay of the North 
 into the northern prov- 
 
 from Germany, and di- 
 iii* bratiph proeeeds north. 
 Zee; the rost fl')W west 
 "use rises in the east of 
 to the Netherlands joins 
 he Jfi)se.lle rises also in 
 ig norihi'iist through the 
 mpties into the Rhine at 
 iu the Dortheast of France, 
 
 NKTHKULANDS. 
 
 *'17 
 
 and runmng N into the Netherlands, empties intn the 
 North Mia near the mouths of the Rhine. 
 
 nr« .If. "-^ *'','' '""« "'-y' .'^'''^ provinces on f he soaeoust 
 are every xvhere flat and sumfy ; nml so low, that (he 
 ...habitant* have been obliged to build dikes ir moun U 
 a ouga great part of it to prevent inunda.ioi.s from! lie 
 
 viiiees I, that of a large marsh that has been drained 
 Mueh oJ the surface is bclo»v the level „f the nel 
 
 1 he interior provinces in ||,e south nre a;rreeublv 
 d.vmihed «ah hills and vallie., fertile atid HnHly cul^ 
 
 nw5?M'*" T^f^''" canals in the flat country are innw 
 n erable. They are almost as frequent as rouds in 
 
 :Se:;rXtes!"'''^^^"'"^''^'"''^''''-'--H 
 
 C/iief Towns, .imstenhm, the largest, richest, niid 
 
 ot «oo^ Ihe houses ure of briek or stone, an( are 
 
 ngsis he stadthouse, which is esteemed one of the 
 Jiues structures in the ^vorld 5 it is built on 1 |,( 00 
 wooden pile,. Amsterdam was once the seemid eily iu 
 Ijuropc in noinl of commerce, but since the French ?ev 
 olutiou, anii the events which grew out of it, it has mui 
 declined. Population, 193,000. »» mu(,ii 
 
 fhf Tf ' * 1' r i"'."' "J'y '" '''" '''"?'''""' a"J ""e of 
 .Scheldt. It IS celebrated for its manufacturen, parlicn- 
 
 -Antwerp, on tluj Scheldt, north of Brussels, about 250 
 vears ago was the most commercial ciry in the world 
 
 Ihe commerce is still considerable, and the manufaci 
 
 tures extensive. Population, 6I.OO0! « ""^""'ac- 
 
 The llague is in (he i.orlh, abo„t half a league from 
 
 be coast. It was formerly ,he rcMdeoce of i^e VtX 
 holder, and the seat of government for the Seven Un ted 
 I rovioce.; and is now one of the residences of the kin" 
 ol x\e herlands and his court. It is one of the ,nos^ 
 beautUui towns in Europe. Population, 42,000 
 
^,„ NiyiKKULANDS. 
 
 IMterdnm, a few milen .ou.l. of H.e IhS""; '"» >; "^ 
 
 linen au.l »ilk. Population, 6;.,0U0. 
 /^ w(/<'rt U near the eoH«t, a few miles norm oi m^ 
 
 un the «anie river, 2» niilei ». w. oi uicgc, 
 ^•'■SSi:n.ion5l7Portif.ed town «„ the ^ea-eoa... 
 
 J erda t own in Europe, in the 14lh «l'|";y;,/'V«pTi: 
 ; e ce and manufacture, are .til »«"«" '' ^'''j' p^'J 
 lalion MM)0. Toiirmy i» near llie bor. leri «f */«»«• 
 'Sni;?^ i. u-r t;.e',outhea«t extremity "f the k.ng- 
 
 have bee" very celebrate.!. There are un.ver.it.e, aUo 
 It Utrecht, Ghent, and varioui other pluceH. 
 
 Golvr m.«f . I'lie government in a limUe.1 hcre.J. ary 
 
 'I'hPMven northern provinces were formerly inaenenaeiii 
 r'epK "Id un'der a general g.^ernn^n., adminis- 
 tered by a Stadlholder and SlatesOeneral. 
 
 ILJation The population i» ahout 8,000,000, 
 TlK u . y'i.tl.e.noSt'^^ickly settled of any .n E«- 
 rouc. The?e are more than 200 on every s'l"";""'*' 
 The eoiintry is crowded with cities, towns and villages. 
 T?,: dSant. of the «even northern prov.noe^ar^e 
 called Dutch, those of the southern provinces aie 1< lem- 
 
 "'^rkullure. Manufacture!, and Commerce. In all 
 
 th^e Ibis country was once the most famous id Kurnpe. 
 
 „ r- ic It ".X t is now rivalled by England and Lom^ 
 
 bard}Tn.''»J 'ranches of it. manufactures have been 
 
 
fc. ^ 
 
 f lli»«niii?"<'J»n»'» »=""• 
 mmercitti t*i<). '^ "»» 
 Erasmtii. I'opululion, 
 
 west of Anfworp, liHt 
 rii^ive innnufiicliire* ol' 
 
 ouo. 
 
 rew miles north of the. 
 
 university and 2n,00M 
 
 I S. of Amsterdam. 
 
 JO inl'abilunts. JV'ajn«r, 
 
 r. of Liege, is one of the 
 
 town on the sea-coast. 
 , was the greatest com- 
 l+lh century. It* com- 
 ill eoiisiileialile. Popii- 
 • the borders of France. 
 It extremity of the king- 
 ast of Brussels, 
 es at Lanvain and Leyden 
 lere are universities also 
 
 other places, 
 ■nt is a limited hereditary 
 uxerohurg is part of Gcr- 
 fetherlands, as Duke of 
 Germauic Confederation, 
 tere formerly independent 
 ral g(»vernment, adminis- 
 ifttesGeneral. 
 inn is ahout 8,000,000, 
 ly settled of any in Eu- 
 
 00 on every square mile, 
 eilies, towns and villages. 
 
 1 northern provinces are 
 them provinces are Flem- 
 
 and Commerce. In all 
 le moHt famous in Europe, 
 ed by England and Lorn- 
 i manufactures have been 
 
 FHANCE. 
 
 WIf) 
 
 (rftiHrtrrod In Eiii^lund ; and in ciiiiinierce i( is Fnr mr- 
 pai-ii'd t)y l';!i^!t\iiil. iind the rni<i d Htuks of America. 
 ^ /li-ti^iiiin. 'I ln' Dulch are generally talvinnlsj the 
 Fl'iiiiiii;^ I re (>'itlli<ilics. 
 
 Chaiartu'. Tlie Diilcli are noted fur neulnesN, fru- 
 i^aliiy. imliisiry, perseverance, and a emil, plile^mniio 
 I tnju'rauK nt In proof of (heir induslry we n^ed only 
 niealinn, lliul (heir eouniry luts Iieen redi-etned frcmi ibe 
 neean by great labor and exnenne, nnil filled uilb lieiui- 
 (ifnl and populous pities. The Ihiteh are much addicted 
 to smokini; tobaeco ; and skating is a f.nourile amnne- 
 nient. In winter the canals are covered with men and 
 *vni»ien, wlm pai^s nil skates with great rapidity from 
 i>n<> village to anolber. 
 
 FHANCE. 
 
 Situation. Prance is bounded on the N. W. by the 
 i;ngli»h channel ; on the N. E. by the Netherlands; oo 
 the E. by Germany, Hwitzerland and Italy; on the S. 
 E by the Mediterranean; on ihe S. VV. by S;»ain; and 
 on the \y. by the Bay of Biscay, and the Atlantic oeeau. 
 
 Divisions. Before the revolution France was divided 
 into provinces. In the northeast were French Flanders, 
 Artois, Picardy, Isle of France, Champagne, Lorrain, 
 Ahace, Burgundy, akd Franche Comple ; in the north- 
 west, Normandy, Brittany, Maine, Anjou, 'I'ouraine, 
 Orleanois, Berry, Nivernois. Poitnu, Marche, Liniosin, 
 Saintonge, Angoumois, and Bourbonnois ; in the muth- 
 west were Ouyenne, Gascony, Housillon, Languedoc, 
 Lyonnois, and Auvergne; in the southeast, Provence, 
 Avignon and Venuissin, Dauphiny and Corsica. 
 
 France is at present divided into 86 department*, 
 »vhich take their names prineipally from the rivers on 
 which they are situated. 
 
 Rivers. The Rhine is the boundary between France 
 and Germany. The other principal rivers are the 
 Rhone, the Garonne, the Loire, and the Seine. The 
 fthone rises in Switzerland, and running through the 
 Lake of Geneva, proceeds S. W. to Lyons, whence, after 
 
 ^ 
 
m» 
 
 VRANCK. 
 
 ri-fi»iviMr< (III. Rnovf frnrr. tli.. norlli. it riin< S. (« ||„. 
 iMiMlKiTrahcaii. 'I he finronp^ ri.e, in il.,. ,„„!|,. jn »f„. 
 I ♦n-'MM... und rulltli^^ .\. >V j.n.i* the Ihrilwjnf hIiohi 
 1.' h.iirs hilnvv K..r<l(mui. <uiil vn\\\^u-% into ili,- |,„y „f 
 lli-'pny. Mie /.o.'iv ri«tM. ill ih,. «„,„|, oC FiHnci', ami 
 mill, iiorlli 10 lilt, (•.•i.iri'orthf kinj;(l.,in. luid il.ni «,.», 
 U. Ilif 0.-..H., 'IM... .SV,»a' riM-* ill the iKMllifum or 
 riniicc, mill liii>«* iinriFnvciif to llip noPMn. 
 
 Tltc lllioiic nii.l it« Itrmiph.., iliuiii llu- .^o,,//,,.,/)!/ „! 
 Frnii.c: ili.' (iuroniif, ihf nuilhwest t tlio r.oire, iho 
 vnih-i', luiil lliu mrthui'M t (lie M..iiu', the uuHhaist. 
 
 Mmnfaiiis Tl,,. J>,,rtncfs t.('|.nriite Frimcc from 
 S^piiiii : ilie .^//,s «(.|,nrttli' il from Itnlv. nml the M»iint 
 Jiii-n cliiuM, from Swii/orln,;.!. Tl.p 'rns:r>'>, moiioliiinii 
 iim near the eaufprii honii.larv, pnriillcl uith the Hhiiie. 
 IhoCeinnifs moiiiitaiiit ore Mcm of the nhom-, atid 
 Jinrnllcl \\iih it. 
 
 Ciliosnml Tuwm. rari>t, (he ^nyp%t am] mont umIpm- 
 Uul I'liv III iMirojif, i* on the Heine, in ihc niiiltt of an 
 .xUiiitivi. and il»-li^hifiil plain. It conlnin* an immi-mie 
 niimlKT of lnn^ni»l^■l'nt piiblie mnnninent* ami work* of 
 an, nncicnt uml mndfrti. The ro\nl palncoH are the 
 l/oiivie, (he Thuillerie*, and (hc'l.iixcmboiirff. 'I'he 
 hoiiM* HIT (;.MU'rally from i (n 7 Morlm hj^h, huilt of 
 frrcKloiie taken from qiiarriei underneath the rity, 
 « hii-h have lieen no extennively exeavoti d, that a ulii^hl 
 ••arthqiiak*» micrlit easily hury Ike oily. Paris i» the 
 fcat of Moveral noble imiiilnlioiiH for the promotion .-f 
 •eienee and the elegant arli. The nopulutiun is more 
 than roo.noo. 
 
 LtjwD. al the eonflueiiee of the Rhone and the Saone, 
 i* next to Taris in population, and superior to it in eom- 
 ineroo and manufnrturcs. It is particularly celehrated 
 for ilH mannfactures of rich silks, and gold aiifl silver 
 stulT'^ Topulation lot.noo. 
 
 Marseillps and Bourdeaux ore (he principal seaports. 
 »Vtfiwj//f.«i is on the Medit* rraneon, and is the centre of 
 (he French commoicp on (hot sea. Population 9(5.000. 
 BminUaux is* in the southwest of Krance.on IheGaronne, 
 and carries on an extensive trade with the Fast and 
 M'cst Indies; and lite uortli of Europe. Population 
 
K. 
 
 HIAN( K. 
 
 831 
 
 'irlli. it run* S. (o ||„. 
 ri«PH in ihf *i!ii!l), in jf.c 
 »in» I lie Ihriluftne nhniii 
 »ni|ilii'ii into tin. \u\y of 
 ' Mnidi of Fninci', aiitl 
 irij;(liiin. nrnl ihni wenl 
 
 l* ill (llP IIUIllKIDit ol* 
 
 IIP noPMn. 
 
 •Iiuiii 1\h> siwfhfUht nt 
 hwest t tlio Loire, the 
 '«'iiU', the vnrthrust. 
 M'Munile Friiiice from 
 n jtnlv, nn«l the Mnnit 
 Tl.o ro.«;!v.5 mnimtiiinii 
 nriillrl uilh the Hliino. 
 ic»t of the niionc, atid 
 
 tfHTPsf am] moHt <i|»!ph- 
 nf, in llic niiiltt -)f nn 
 It conlninit no imnie(i«p 
 inninpnt* ami work* of 
 
 roynl pulacoH arc the 
 he l.iixcinbourG;. 'J'h»« 
 
 f«torIf« hinh, built of 
 
 iindcrneoth the pity, 
 XPavBtdl, thnt n ulii^hl 
 Ike oily. Paris id the 
 
 for the promotion of 
 he populutiun is mure 
 
 Rhone anil the Saone, 
 d superior to it in pom- 
 l>arlicularly cplchraliMl 
 , and gold anfl silver 
 
 (he prineipal seaports, 
 an, and is the centre of 
 »• Population un.ooo. 
 Krunpp.on the Garonne. 
 le with ilie Kust and 
 r Europe. Population 
 
 ,»j,no(). niiit, on the wpfierii roast, aod Toidmi on llip 
 .Mfiliterraueui), aru (he piiuuipul stations for the Freiiclt 
 navy. 
 
 'I he other towns nn the poast are,V'/J'';)<'//<'r, near the 
 ninnlli of the lilionc, Pelctiralt'd lor the oiihilirity of it« 
 air; limjtiunt, un llio Hay of lliscay, near the nnulhuc*! 
 torner of ihe kingdom \ Itnvre ile. '(Ivncf, at the inoulli 
 of the ^Jeine ; Cnlairt, on the slruiln of Dover; and Ihiih 
 hlrk:, near (he lioiiiidary of the Ni-llierlnnd*, pil'-bruled 
 for the itlreniflh of it* forlifieaiioMt. 
 
 The oilier pcklirated tov\n^ in the intr rior urn 'J'lU- 
 totise, on I lie (iuiunne, at the hif{hr»l n<kvi:i;ulde point : 
 ^Vntttfs, on the Loire, one of the lar<.;int Iradiiis; citicn 
 ill Franee ; Ituwn, on the .Seme, n liir^o ronimereial 
 and inanufiichirinif town, and the fifth in the kiiiKdiim 
 in popniaiiun ; fiTSitillfn, nciir Puriit, reiniirkal)l>- fur iIn 
 Nplemlid piiliiee anil ^ntdcn't. LUlc^ i\ strongly fnrlilied 
 ciiy, and Jmif/t.«, on the >oinnie, arc north of Paris, 
 near the boundary of the Nftlierlmidi. 
 
 C'aunls. The most celebrated eaual is (he eitnnl of 
 Lam^iiedoc, -.vliich conneefM the Mediterranean with the 
 Day of Uiieay. It begins on the coaxt of the Mediler- 
 raneun and meets the (jaioiinc near Toulouse. It is 
 I8(» miles lonn, and « feet deep. 'I'here is a ennal from 
 the I<oire. near Orleans, to a brunch of tne Heine, eon- 
 neetini; Paris with the ue^tern provinceit; and anuthet 
 fconi the ()i*e, a branch of the Seine, to the Homuie. 
 
 I'lieelini; Paris with the northern provinces. 
 
 I'liimlatioH, The population'of France is 20,327,000. 
 
 ^'elili'on. The established religion is the Hornan 
 
 .1. die. but others are tolerated, and more than one 
 :enih part of the inhabitants are Protestants. 
 
 Lanf:;uns!c The French language is more generally 
 spoken in Kurope than any other, and a knowledge of it 
 is now almost neees»>ary in a polite edueution. 
 
 Kdticatinn. Koyal colleges and aeademie<« are estab- 
 lished in the principal towns: but the great mass of the 
 people are uneducated. Literiirv assoeintion* ure nu> 
 nierous; the prineip.tl of these is the N'alioual Invtitutc 
 ai Paris, the most celebrated scientific society in the 
 world. 
 
 4»« 
 
Ill 
 
 m 
 
 *» 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 rtimtHf. Tlic q[«vf riiim'nt i< h liniiii'tt nionHrc Ii) , 
 liii!j!lis«i>f Urtal ilritiiiii. lUe lvKi*luiivi> piiwrr 
 
 thvrrnmtHf. 
 
 U vi-nUil ill H king, « lutiue of |ii!vri, aud n iioliie of 
 uelcicnii'*. 
 
 Ilisiuty. Since iru^ Frniicc lin* bien th« lliiairo of 
 uondiTlul rrvnIiitioiH. 'ih.- g-iviTiiim-nl lia«l pri\ iuu»ly 
 been Hii nbnohiic inorittrcly iiiidfr iliP Hiiurlioim. Hut in 
 «r«i ilir |t(>u|ilc ihrt-w on (lie govcrnminl ; u Nutloniil 
 CoiiveiitioM »•• furiiud, \tlio vainleniHcil Kouii* XVI. 
 the n-igniiig monnrch, (n br h«>lit-ii<lccl. 'I'be bloody 
 •eiileiui' wan iieciKrd. Cmitendiin< nnrlii'i then iilriii(. 
 jifd for Ibi* niccndency. Tbe mom liorriblc ilau«(blur 
 iMuui'd. Ki'volulion iiirrieded rotolution, and maMaere 
 i«ure«i'dt'd nm«»iicro, till ihe govirnmeiit leUled in a 
 military de«potiNm under Napoleon Honaparle. 
 
 l/iidfr HonHpnric (lie Prei.di beeamc a nation of 
 ioldieri, nnd extcntled iheir roni|uc«ti ovi-r nearly Ihe 
 whole oJKurope. In 18U HonupHrte ua* marrhing at 
 Ihe head of 000,000 men Hgiiini«t Humia. Hut here ha 
 wtt« checked in hi* career. After taking Moicow, hia 
 iirniy perilled by lliooitaiidii with cold and liunger, and 
 eommenring their retreat, were haraiied and deitruycd 
 by the Kuitiani. 
 
 A new army wa« railed by Honaparle to reeaver hii 
 power; but in vain: — themoit powerful nalioni in Eu- 
 rope united airainit him; and altera leriei of dinailrous 
 battlei, he at lait lurrenderrd himielf to the Kngliih, 
 and wai lent a priioncr to Ihe iHland of 8t. Helena. 
 The Bourbiiiii are now 'again on the throne of Frunce. 
 
 Character. The French are j^ay, lively, iiiipeluoui, 
 fund of glory, and buoyant ngninit adveriity ; they are 
 polite nnd amiable in their manneri, nlwa'ya ready to 
 ttidige, and attentive to tbe Hanti of olhera. They ar« 
 wanting in Mtability. 
 
 Face vf the country. In the louthettst Ihe country ii 
 
 )untttinoui. In the rcHt of the kingdom Iheiurface in 
 
 mount 
 
 undulating, preienting every where new and iutereiling 
 landiicapei to the traveller. 
 
 ClUnate. France hai a fine climate, favourable to 
 health, and to the growth of the richest fruiti. The 
 goath of France is tbe resort of invalids from other 
 e.ouutrie«. 
 
 r 
 
al»Al^. 
 
 iiU 
 
 It UnliniiiiMt nionArrli), 
 
 1 lie ln<i»lulivf |MiMvr 
 
 |u-cri, auU A iiiiuie of 
 
 liN* bi-i-n thg llii-airo of 
 '<Tiimt-iil lia«l prf\i(iu*ly 
 r ili(> lldurliutiii. Hiu in 
 ovi-riiiiienl ; u Xuiionul 
 nnilemnt-il l.oui* XVI. 
 chiHiled. 'I'lie bloody 
 iliiitf narlii'i llieii iiiriii<- 
 111(1*1 liorrililc ilnitt^liivr 
 I'Tolution, and maMKere 
 ;ovfrninpiit iculrd ia a 
 '•III Huiiaparlp. 
 Ii Iteeaiiic a nalion of 
 i|ii(>«ta oviT nearly (he 
 iipHrIf wan mnrrliing at 
 itiiiNia. But here ha 
 IT (nking Mnicow, hit 
 1 cold and liiingep, and 
 liarniird and deitruycd 
 
 innparto fn rpcaver hit 
 [lowerful nalinnp in Ku- 
 lor a *rrie« ni' dinaiilrouf 
 imifir to the Kngliib, 
 iHland of Ht. Helena, 
 the throne of Frunce. 
 ;.-iy, lively, iiiipeluoui, 
 iRt advemity ; lh<'T are 
 nor«, alwayK ready (o 
 s of olheri. They are 
 
 iiitht-bsi the country is 
 kingdom iheHurface ia 
 ere new and iuierentiiig 
 
 elimale, favourable to 
 p. richeat fruits. The 
 f invalidH from otber 
 
 .•*«!/ and Produetwnx. A ureal portion of the vounlry 
 U« a very lertil« ,.,i|, y^i ||„.re arc lllr^e liaits untU 
 fur culiivHiion. Iheprnuipd |.rodi.eti...u nre mai/e. 
 Tinea und ulivea. 
 
 Jhniijacfures Fraiiee has lung been rel.-l.iHted foi 
 her inuniifHCfurea, parlieulurly silka, xsmAUu irooda. 
 brandy, rlarel, and othpi winei; and iheav ariielea onn 
 Blilule her prinei^ial enporla. 
 
 Unndn Cunieu i» a lari^c inland in the Mtdilerra- 
 
 !•!"*.'.'■ '''"■"''*"** '*^'" •'"*'*''«"<' «•' >*nrdinia, and ihe 
 t.ull ot Uen.in. It i. the liinh pl-ice of Napoleon Bona, 
 pane. 1 he //y»-re.i i.lnnda are on the eon«t near Tou- 
 Ion, I ho iile of 01,'ron, Jhllisle, and the i«!e of (/««„ 
 '<ant arc on the west coaat. 
 
 spAiiy. 
 
 Siluntion. Spain ia hounded N. by the Brtv of Bis. 
 eay and trance > K. by the Mediierrnnejin ; M by the 
 .Medilerraiieun, theatralt of (Jjbrallar.a.id the Allantic 
 Ocean; U. by l'or(u{<al and Ihe Atlantic, 
 
 Ifivisionn. Spam la divided into t4 provinces which 
 are sub.livided into auialier distriols. 
 
 Provincet, 
 
 Clalieia, 
 
 Aaiuria, 
 
 Biacuy, 
 
 Navarre, 
 
 Aragon, 
 
 ('aialonia, 
 
 Leon, 
 
 Capitalt, 
 
 Conipoatella. 
 
 Oviedo. 
 
 Bilboa. 
 
 I'nnipelona. 
 
 Saragoaaa. 
 
 Biirceloua. 
 
 LeoD. 
 
 Pruvlncti. 
 Old Caatih', 
 New Caatilc, 
 Eatremadura, 
 Andalusia, 
 Granada, 
 Murcia, 
 Valencia, 
 
 Chiif Toti'Hf . 
 
 Burgoa. 
 
 Madrid. 
 
 Bttdnjos. 
 
 Seville. 
 
 Granada. 
 
 Rliircia. 
 
 Valencia. 
 
 Vnppi,. The most noted eapes are Cape Ortceal and 
 tape timst,rre in Ihe northwest, and dape TrafaUar 
 in the southwest. * ^rujaigar 
 
 JSIomtaim The Tyrenees separate Spain from 
 F ranee. All «hc other rangea in Sp,,!,, ppri,,^ from the 
 Pyrenees m Ihe following manner. 'Ihe Cantabtan 
 •ham runs west, parallel with the northern coasC, «ud 
 
I 
 
 i 
 
 Icrmiiulf* ftt C»p« rinl«««rrt. TIik liVrru .V-.tuin 
 ■iiriiiK* from iht ♦«•« ♦••hI of ih* (.'•nlMiriBM cliaiii, mtil 
 riin« M. F.. <« llin Mrtlihrrnnfiiii. Tl*" mo/iri^fliii» '>/ 
 Crt./iV.-, lh« metinlainn »/ Toledo, iiml iti*- Sifrrn Monttii, 
 til ■iiiinK riiHii llio Hi.rrii M.iliim, nml run H. VV. into 
 FurliitfHl, parallel «ilh r»fU oJli.r i ih.' <iulilf moiin. 
 Uitu ill ll»« Horlh, llif Toh-.lo in ili«' mnltlU-, ami tlie 
 Moriim in ihe «oii(li. Tlir .S/rrrfl w^'iiWrt ii aiumlirrn 
 l.raiicli of llif Hierra Morcna, ami Itniiinal** near lit* 
 tiniil of Uihralliir. . .. , i 
 
 ///iyr«. I'ht (^rt-al rivrr* arr nn* «'"•'<, Jhc (umilitl' 
 «ii(Ji'ir, llu> aumliann, (lie 7Vr;r««, anil ihc W«fr<». 'I'ha 
 Wi i« in tliP norllifail | il il'am* the roimiry lictwri'n 
 llie rvrt-nrr* nnti llie Hlirra ,\l<ilina, uml i* Hi* only 
 ffrenl 'river wliidi fmiilii-n inio lli." Muliltrraiiran. Tlie 
 (iuatlatiiidvif in in I'l.- •onili. Ii <lr«H.» ih.- roni.lrv he- 
 Iwi'fii llif Sli-rra Nivmlt* miil Sicr.fi Morfrin. Tlio 
 ISumUnnn ilrAiii* llif ••'•iiniry In-lwi'.n llie Micrra Morrna, 
 hii.l lli^ niMuntiiin« of I'oli'do} «•»•• '!'"■!"» 'Irw""* tlio 
 trnef tielv»«en iIh- iniinnlitin* of Tnl^il" ami llio«i> of 
 rM.lil« ; ami llu- Dtifro tin- true! bilMi-eu ilu- miiiinlaimi 
 orCunlilf anil llif rNnliilninn, or ^rt•^l^ ik.iiIi.mi «li«in. 
 •nil- (iuuilituiH, lie Tnun*, ami liic Dutro ull run H. W. 
 anil i-inply into I'nrinnnl. 
 
 CHifH. .V(i'/n</,«lM- eHpilal,i» in llii* renlrc ofSpain, 
 on rt liranrli ol' llif Tano«. Il lni« lillle trmk'.aiiil 
 i»iii«itiT« rliitllv liy (III? prixpuri' 'if •!••• i'ourt. Tlie 
 rojiil piilurf oi" Mu.lriil i^ om- of llie mo«l timijnilifi lit 
 ill K.iirope. PopuUlion Irtrt.nt o. 
 
 C(i(/i* i* in Hh' Ki.nl liMtol. Iii\lf »vny Intwccn Tupo 
 Traful^nr. uml ilif month of ilu- (intt<lal«|uivir. Ii !■» the 
 flrcl poninnre-iKlril) III Hpniii, iiihI tlif centro of ihe 
 trmlf Willi AmificK nml llif \Vi»t liidieH. IVpnlnliou 
 
 7i).(ioo. . . , . 
 
 Unnelum i* on tli«" Midi't-rrum'tin. in Ine norlliea«f. 
 I( !« tli«' i<fcoinl I'ominerciiil .iiy of Hpuin, lunl liu» »»- 
 <«;ii^iv»' miuinlHcinrti*. l'opnlali«>n tll.oiio. 
 
 TliH oihfi- iow"H on the Jlnlitcnamaii oust are 
 VatfUfia, wliicli Ihih rxM'nMivi' niik inHnitfiirlurp*, ami 
 li),l,(.<'0 itiliutiiiHiilH; jUUaiite. oonlli of Valencia: Car- 
 thu!:i'tin> wl.i"'li !'»'• ''•'' •'•"<' ••"''""■ '" i^puiu ; and JJal- 
 ai^i?, leUIirund ior its wine* und fiuitn. 
 
■. THk Hirrrit Mitnia 
 t CunUliriBn rliain, mitl 
 ••n. 'I'Im* moiiri^niiii* «>/ 
 I, Knit itir SUrra .Vor«-«", 
 inn, mill run H. VV, intii 
 |i«*r I *()•• CuAtilc nioiin- 
 in (Ih> ini)l*llvi «n*l llm 
 rrnA'ivada U h aiiullit-rii 
 anti itrminitU-* nrni' ilia 
 
 ■f iht* Eliro, ihf ditutliil' 
 i*, antI I III' Diirrit. The 
 am* tlif ciMiiiiry lirtwrcn 
 liilinH. tui<l i« lltt! only 
 llic M»ilit<-rranr«n. The 
 ll ifiMiii* ill** roiiiilry tie* 
 il SitT.fi Murfiin. The 
 iwiMMi till* Hit-rra .Morrna, 
 I tie 'I'niSu* •Iriiiim llin 
 nf 'riilfilo ami llinif uf 
 iirl liilwfrn ilii< moiinlaimi 
 , (ir i^ri'itt iinUlifMi t linin. 
 J the Diitro ull run H. >V. 
 
 I, i« in llHM't-ntri' of Sjiaiii, 
 
 ll Inn liitlu tritili', ttiiil 
 
 'uri' iif lln* eourl. Tlie 
 
 uf (lie muni iiuiKnilici lit 
 
 10. 
 
 Iii\lf »vHy liclwci'n riipe 
 lu> (iuii(lal(|uivir. Ii it the 
 , hihI lilt* cenlri' nY the 
 W'«»t liidieii. I't>|>ulnliuii 
 
 rrnni'iin. in (he nor(hea«t. 
 iiy of H|iain, iukI Iiu» ".\- 
 aii<>n III.UDO. 
 tMnlitcrramaii cntist are 
 e Hilk tnHni)fucluri>)i, antl 
 I, fioulh of V.tlinfin ; Car- 
 iiirhor in M|iuiu ; uutl JiJat- 
 lud fiuit«. 
 
 S3& 
 
 riii» liiMii« mi (hf H»rthtrn fnint arp, Cnrunm, on ih« 
 tiay of ('oiiinna inllifnotiliMi^t ( /Vrc,)/. tin the mmt 
 liny, nni* of ilii- |iHnci|iiil •Uiion* of iIip ^|luni•h na»y | 
 mul Hilhim,thf |»nnci|ial coninifrnial lOMn in lli* mirlb 
 if Mjiuin. 
 
 Ill* |irinpi|iMl luwnt <n lfi» ifilrrior arf, S»ntl*, on 
 llii>Uun<UI.{uivir, onrt'lhc llril intvn in Hpnin in roin- 
 mpr»i anrl pnpnlAlion. ami •lillfohiuininif hO.ood iohali. 
 tiaulu Uviimiln. t-ntl of Mi-vill.*, in ihi- miiUt i.f a IVr- 
 lilr itnil llrli^||lful rnuulry j S(irauo»sn, i.u (lie liliro, 
 mi-morttblH f«r Ihf .irgp hy |hp Krmch In linu Uutla. 
 i>i» it on lhi> liuNiliann, on ihr fnmliiTi nf P«»r»ui<nl. It 
 |« • ilronff foriri'o. hoiI wih iHkfn li> utoim Uy iho 
 llriiUh, umler Lor.l We||iii!tt„ti. in tnij. Tolvthn* on 
 
 '','" ''1"5"«'/- "•■ ^» »••«••'•. Salumanca U loo niili'« N. 
 W. of Mailriil. 
 
 Vnivfrnthn, The univer*ily of Halamnn.'! kaa m 
 profeMort, ami formerly had la.ooo ktuil«>ntii ihitl ..f 
 .Sarai^oMa haa 3,(HiO atudenK. Th.-re arc many olhir 
 univeriilifi, bn( Ihcre it »o much hi^olr* in tUv ninnutfe. 
 nient of Ihem Ihai Ihoy an* pompnrativily of linl.. valno. 
 
 Lausfungt. The Mpaniah lanKunse. like Iho Frencli 
 Jintl Italian, it derived from lhi« Latin It i« arave, 
 •...nnroui. and meiodiou*. The dialect of Caililo ji ihe 
 pnrc«t. 
 
 ^ ll>'lil!'>on. The Ananiardi are bigoted Calholioi. 
 I ho ini|nitilirin, n diiiliulienl in^lllntion, which puninhed 
 liereliM with the mnm eicrucidling lorturen, wan iu 
 full force for three ccnturien, but hai n-eeMlly been 
 nbniuhea. 
 
 OofPrnmeut. The Kovernment till reemlly wa« an 
 ahxolnte monarchy. The kin^ i<i now limicd by the 
 (.'nrle*. or '(tBted of Ihe kini^dom. 
 
 Viipulation. The population i« 10,400,000. 
 
 Charactir. The Hpaniardu are of on olive complex- 
 ion. In their mantierM (hev are urave and polit--; in 
 llinrdi«po»ition«. proud and revingi ful ; in Iheir hahitM. 
 loIxT and tempirnle. 
 
 S„il and product iun^. The noil in many partN 14 fcr- 
 ull', cdpecittlly in the provinici on (he Mcdilerrnneun, 
 ttud produce* the olive, the vine, fign. Icmom, otid vari- 
 
'i0^-^. 
 
 PORTUGAL. 
 
 oii» kiiwlii of grain in abundance. The norihern ami 
 Ci-n(rHl proviiiei>>t contuiii niillionH of Merino ulinep. 
 
 JUaniifaduves and Commerce Tlic iirincijml inimu- 
 fncturc JR «ilk. Tlie exports ;ir(> silk, 'vnol. Mine, fi^«i, 
 raigins, Icinuns. &c. Tlie inlp(lr(^ ure t^old .md silver 
 from Mexico and Peru, Imrdwan! from England, ami 
 iiitli from Newfoundland. 
 
 VnriosUy. MonUerrat, 20 miles N. W. of H ireelonn, 
 is a sleep Holilary rock several thousand feet lli^ll, in 
 uhieii there is a miDiculuus image of the Virgin Mary, 
 which attracts hither an immense niimlier of pili>rim8. 
 A convent has heeji built here inhal)ited by fiO monks j 
 and higher up the nmuutain are l;j hermiiai^es eaeh 
 having a small chapel, a eel! and a little garden, I'he 
 hermits are chiefly persons of family and fortune «ho 
 have retired from the world and devote themselves here 
 to medita:inn and silence. 
 
 'I'he fortress of Gibraltar lielongs to Great Rritain. 
 ft is built upon a rock at the southern extremity of 
 Spain, and is so well defended by nature and art that it 
 is considered impregnable. 
 
 Islands. Tlie inlands are Majorca, Minorca and 
 Ivica. 
 
 PORTUGAL. 
 
 Situation. Portugal is bounded N. and E. by Spain , 
 S. and W. by the Atlantic. 
 Divisions. Portugal is divided into C provinces. 
 
 Provinces. PopuUuitn, ChitJ Tuittns, 
 
 Entre Duero e Minho, 817,167 Oporto. 
 
 Bragauzo* 
 
 Coinibra. 
 
 Lisbon. 
 
 Kvora. 
 
 Faro. 
 
 3,558,712 ' 
 
 Tras OS Montes, 
 
 308,984 
 
 Beira, 
 
 1,123.245 
 
 Estremadura, 
 
 876,289 
 
 Alentejo, 
 
 339,555 
 
 Algarve, 
 
 93,472 
 
JGAL. 
 
 (lance. The nnrtliern aiiti 
 llionn of Merino ulinep. 
 ce 'rill' {irincijinl inrtiiii- 
 I ;ir(> silk, 'vnol. Mine, fii^^, 
 iiporls ure ^ol<l and silver 
 Iwiirt! from England, anti 
 
 ) milei N. W. of B ireelonn, 
 ru! ihouffand feet lii>;li, in 
 image of the Viri;iii Mary, 
 imenup ntimtier of pilcrims. 
 re inhal)ited Ity flO monk* ; 
 1 are l;j hormiiaijen eaeh 
 ! and n lillic garden. The 
 of family and fortune «ho 
 and dcvuto themselveR here 
 
 lielongH to Great Britain, 
 the southern extremity of 
 d by nature and art that it 
 
 e Majorca, Minorea and 
 
 FGAL, 
 
 indcd N. 
 
 nn 
 
 d E. by Spain , 
 
 f ided into C 
 
 proTincea. 
 
 litn. 
 
 
 Chief Tuvnc. 
 
 67 
 
 
 Oporto. 
 
 84 
 45 
 
 
 Brat;aiiza. 
 Coinibra. 
 
 89 
 
 
 Ligbon. 
 
 55 
 
 
 Kvora. 
 
 72 
 
 
 Faro. 
 
 Ifl 
 
 T 
 
 I'OIITUGAL. 
 
 227 
 
 tUountaiiiS. The mountains of C/ts^i/c, ihe inoiintainR 
 ■rf TolfJu, and the Sierra Moreiia come from Spain and 
 run ueroM I'ortuijal to the Atlantie roaat. 
 
 Rivers. The Minho, Ihe Jhiero, tlie Ta;;;u!i and the 
 Umdiana eome from Hpain,aud empty into the Atlantie. 
 
 CVmV/ Towns. Lisbon, the capital, 'i» at the mouth of 
 ihe Tugiis. li hu8 a large, deep,8afe and convenient hur- 
 imr, and is one of the most commercial cities in Europe. 
 Jiisbon wine comes from this city. The greatest and 
 best part of the city was destroyed by an earthquake iu 
 1 755 but has since been rebuilt. Population, 240.000. 
 
 Oporto, (he second city in the kingdom in commerce 
 and population, is on the Duero, 5 miles from its mouth. 
 The wine, culled Port wine, takes its name from this 
 city ; about 80,000 pipes are exported annually. Popu' 
 lation 70,000. 
 
 Cape. Cape St. Vincent is the southwest extremity 
 of Europe. 
 
 Universittf. The University of Coimbra contains 
 300 students. 
 
 Religion, &c. In relii^ion, bn^nage, and character, 
 the Portuguese strongly resemble the Hpanish. 
 
 Oovernment. The royal family of Portugal in 1807 
 removed to Brazil ; and Portugal is now governed by a 
 regency. Portugal is, therefore, in a stale of colnnial 
 depcntlence on the kingdom of Brazil. This is the first 
 instance in which an American king could boast of 
 Kuropean subjects. 
 
 Population. The population of Portugal is 3,558,71 2. 
 
 Soil and Produations. The soil is generixijy fertile, 
 producing the vine, the olive, oranges, figs and otiier 
 fruits in abundance. 
 
 Manufactures and Commerce. There is a celebrated 
 hat manufactory at Braga ; suit in abundanep is manu- 
 factured at St. Ubes. near Lisbon, and silk at Oporto. 
 The nrincipai exports are wines, salt, wool, and fruits ; 
 and the imports are harii^ware, fish, and woollen goods 
 from England, and gold, diamonds, cotton, cotfee, sugar 
 Ifce. from Brazil. 
 
iTAi.r. 
 
 ITALY. 
 
 Sitnatwn. Italy hns iiatiinil hoiindnricH on nil siilei^. 
 The Aljm on the N. sc|rurule it from Frame, Switzer- 
 land, utid Germany; tlio Golt'ni' Venice Ih on the K; 
 and the Mudiierniiieun on the S. and W. In shape 
 Italy resembles a hoot. 
 
 Divisions. Italy ih divided into 9 gtaleg. 
 
 State*, Sulidiviiiont, 
 
 3. Kinc;dom 
 SaVd 
 
 omof P^: 
 inia. 1 f« 
 
 } 
 
 t. Loiiibardy, or C Venetian territorie«i, > 
 Au!)lrian Italy, ^ Milan, and xManina. 5 
 Davoy, Piedmont, 
 Genoa and the 
 . Hland oi' Sardinia 
 3. Dutchy of Modenu, 
 K Dutchy of Lucca, 
 
 5. Diitehy of Parma, 
 
 6. Grand Dutchy of Tuscany, 
 r. States of the Church, 
 
 S. Republic of St. Marino, 
 9. Kinsdnmofthe ? «r i • o- m 
 
 T«'o Sicilies, 5 ^"P''^* '""^ '"'^■'y 
 
 Population. 
 4,05C,OUO 
 
 3,975,000 
 
 415,000 
 
 1. '3 1,000 
 
 .'383.000 
 
 1,264,090 
 
 2,425,000 
 
 7,009 
 
 G,7G6,000 
 
 19,424,000 
 
 Situation of States. Lnmbnrdy or Austrian Italy, is 
 lu the N. K. ) the kingdom of Sardinia in the N. W. ; 
 the kingdom o fthe Two Sicilies in the S. ; and the six 
 smaller stateii in the middle. 
 
 Gulfs. The Oulf nf Venice or Adriatic Sea U on the 
 E.; the Gulf of taranto on the S ; and the Gulf of 
 Genoa on the M \V. 
 
 Straits. The strait ot Messina is between the gout hern 
 extremity of Italy and the island of Sicily ; and the 
 strnit of Bonifacio between the islands of Corsica and 
 Sardinia. 
 
 Miuntains. The Jlps, which form the northern 
 boundary, are like an Krch wilh one end restin;; n'l the 
 (»ulf of Venice, and ilis other on the Gulf of Genoa. 
 
 
Y. 
 
 Y. 
 
 tl hoiindnricH on nil »'uh*, 
 it I'roni Frame, Swit/er- 
 I'or Venice Ih on lliu K; 
 he S. and W. In Mhape 
 
 into 9 stales. 
 
 itont, 
 
 iiritorles, ) 
 xMautna, ) 
 Inionty 
 1 the 
 'Sardinia 
 
 } 
 
 Population. 
 4,050,000 
 
 3,975,000 
 
 415,000 
 
 1. '3 1,000 
 
 .'JBa.OOO 
 
 1,264,090 
 
 «,425,000 
 
 7,000 
 
 nd Sicily, 0,706,000 
 
 19,421,000 
 
 irdy or Austrian Italy, is 
 Sardinia in the N. W. ; 
 es in the S. ; and the six 
 
 ' or .Adriatic Sea i* on the 
 the S ; and the Gulf of 
 
 na is hetwpen the southeru 
 iland of Sicily ; and the 
 le islands of Corsica and 
 
 hieh form the northern 
 h one end restin;* im ihe 
 • on the Gulf of lieiioa. 
 
 IT.VLV. 
 
 I'he JppPnnhiP.o are a branch of d.e Vl,„ 
 r.Miml the (i„|f „f CJonoa, and i.roead S 
 SDiilheni cxtrcmiiv of I(aiy. 
 
 Hivevs The h i, th'e princinal river, h 
 nc'arly the nl.ole of .he couulrv i. (henolh , 
 In- "oen the A!,.. «r,d the ApjnM.nineH s 
 
 -Mi'Ho.. <laM,orders„f FraVe..,„„,Mlou e„s, 
 
 They 
 
 1-:. to 
 
 SJ9 
 
 run 
 (he 
 
 drains 
 Italy, 
 
 III (III! 
 
 to (lie 
 
 111 Lull III V cii,™ iiiirlli 111- IP,, |.„. ■]■! . ] ' L ' 
 P...I !■ 1 • '""»Sl> liiMiliril cily i>n iIr. Ho, „,,■ .r, 
 
 fool orPiB Alp, »i,i, , ,,i,p„l,„i,;„ „r mma- (i,m. 
 
 I le l.,«l,.|,laoe of (;„l„,„{,„', „, ,„. |ie.,| „',■ tlii Cinll'rf 
 
 world. 1 he eonntry for many miles aronnd tlie bjv U 
 ornamen ed w ih niollii>ri-v Aii-^ «"<»"ii«i mi uaj, is 
 ..,:ii. . .""" niuiucrrj, olive and ornnne srove« 
 
 isfii «";'i;ra;er^i7'*' "'•" f "s'"''"' -"""3 
 
 u iurismng > ilages. 1 he ajiprouch to the ?itv from tho 
 liDe^ljnule, from us month. The city 
 
f 
 
 I- 
 
 fiO 
 
 ITAI.V 
 
 aboiini!* «iili »ii!i'n(litl monuimiits ol' anrifiit nifigiiiii- 
 irriuf, mull a^ euluniiiH, ti'in|ili'»», uiii|tliilluHlr('t., iifjMC- 
 iliii'is, bHlli<t, miiliU'H, ise. I lit' rliiJicli of Si. I'elur in 
 llic Inr^e.xt ftiitl nio.^t biiiiiiirnl eliiircli in llie world, aiitl 
 Ihe nio»l i*n|iiMl> tdilice oT inuiItTi) (iiiii's. It in ';10 IVtt 
 Ung. f'.'t' briMu!, uml, lo iIip lop of (lie cros!', 150 lii;;li. 
 The VuticHii is a vnitl ituiuce conhtiiiiitfj 4,U()a n|tHrt- 
 imiils. Tlie lilsraiy of llie Valii-rtti lius more tliHH 
 .'.(•11,000 voluini'n, Hiiil is llie luigcsl i^ llie world. In 
 the dajHol' liir liinliest <;l'»ry. Hmm i* miid (o have 
 loiitaliied 0.('UO,OO0 inhuhitaiits. At prcseni it has only 
 l2iJ,00U. Bulogua, AnnouH Cor its iiiiiversiiy, aud its 
 beniilil'ul paiiitins*, luis (..:5,0liu inhubilaiits. 
 
 In the Grand nutclii/ of Tut<cany are Florence, 
 Legliorn, and Fifta. Florence \» on the Arno, at the 
 foot of llie Appennines. Next to Home it is the most 
 (icautifiil eily in llalv. It abounds with elegant paint- 
 ings and statues. Population, 80,000. Leghorn is on 
 the coast, 12 miles to. of the Arno, It is one of the 
 inoitt commerciiil towns in llalv, and is parlieularly 
 famous for its straw hats. Population, 'i8,000. I'ha is 
 on llie Arno. 4 miles from its mouth. 
 
 ^Modena. the eiipilal of the dulehy of Mndena, is 30 
 miles l-i. of Mnntiiu. Piirma is a lilile west of Modcna, 
 on a branch of the Po. Liura is 10 miles N. K. of Pisa. 
 
 Oovt-rnmenls. Ijonibardy is a part of the Austrian 
 dominions. Bt. Marino is a republie. The rest of 
 the slates arc independent, each under its own sover- 
 eign. „ , , _rv 
 
 ^ Uiiiver.oltie.-!. The university at Bologna lias lO pro- 
 fessors and 500 students There are universities also 
 at Cagliari, (Julunia, Florence, Mantua, Milan, Padua, 
 Turin, and oilier places. 
 
 JteHixion. '1 he religion is Roman Catholic. 
 Vup'tilittion. 'llie population, inelnding the islands 
 of Sardinia and .'^icily. is more than 10,000,000. 
 
 Cl'uiititt: llie eriuiHle is esteemed the finest in 
 Ewroiif, but varies* in ditt'creul parts, 
 
 Soil- The soil is very fertile, and generally umlcr 
 high cultivation. Lombardy in parlieji'Hr has fur 
 L'enuirivs been styled the gnri!' n of Kuropo. 
 
lilts oi' niirii'iit ningiiili- 
 L'H, uiii|tliilluHtrc*., uf|tit'- 
 11" cliiircli of Si. IVlur in 
 L-liiirt-li ill llie unilil, aiitl 
 Til (iiiu'H. It in I'M) IVt t 
 |i of the crosn, \M) liif^li. 
 
 roiilniiiiii!5 4,0(10 n|iHrt- 
 ^'aticHti lius more tliHH 
 uigciil i'l llie \M)rlii. In 
 
 lloine i* Hiiid lu have 
 i. At prcseiii it has only 
 ir its iiiiivcrsiiy, and its 
 I inlialjilaiits. 
 
 Tuscany are Flnrencc, 
 ' \» on the Arno, at the 
 t to Home it ia the moKt 
 ouikIs with elegant paint- 
 , 80,000. Leghorn is on 
 
 Arno, It in one of the 
 lalv, anti is jiarlienlarly 
 jiuialion, '0,000. l'i»a is 
 mouth. 
 
 dutehy of Modena, is 30 
 in a iilile west of Moilcna, 
 lis 10 miles N. K. of Pisa. 
 s a part of the Austrian 
 , republic. The rest of 
 ach under its own »over« 
 
 ly at Bologna has 70 pro- 
 lere are universities also 
 ?, Mantua, Milan, Padua, 
 
 Roman Catholic. 
 
 on. inelnding the islands 
 
 L' than 10,000,000. 
 
 esteemed the finest i» 
 
 parts, 
 
 rlile, and generally under 
 !y in parlienlHr has ft'!" 
 f II of Kurcj)'*. 
 
 TL'UKKV I\ LLUOl'i:. 2j: 
 
 Vi'odadims. Italy aiiounds in produciionu of the 
 richest kind ; fruim, m ine, eorn. silk uud oil. TLcio 
 articles eons'. ilute it* princi|;iil ex|i!irts. 
 
 Chnractcr. Italy was tlie eouiiirvof the ({iimaui, tl.' 
 coiKjiierors of the world; Ijut thfi in, idem lliili:ins l.isu 
 no reseml.iiuice to the Romiuis. They aie illLminate, 
 iiiji^rclilibin uud *liivisli. 
 
 Curiositipn. Mount Jifna. on tlie east end of the 
 i-Iiuid of S?ieily, and Mount I'lstiviic^, U miles K. of-Xa- 
 pK's, arc Ci'lehruted voleiiiuies. The sides of Mounl 
 Ktti.i are I'ertili-, uiid eovered with towns and village*, 
 wiiich lire consumtly liulile to be destroyed liy the erup- 
 tions of the volcano. The urlilicinJ curiosities of Italy 
 are too nniiierous to he muniioiieil. Ampliilhcalres, 
 hriiL'e-, anuednots, the ruins of temples, triumphal 
 archer, sfiilues, (jue paintinajs and other monuments of 
 aneieiif mai-niricince abound in the principal eilie«, par. 
 ticulaily ill lioipL', 
 
 Inlands. Corsica, north of Sardinia, hcloinjs (<» 
 Iranoe; Elba is between Corsicn and the coast; the 
 Jf}Pftri i^lalllIs are north of Sicily. *Vn//«. south of 
 wieily, helf.iiijg to Great Biitain. It has a rocky surfac*- 
 and contains 74,000 inhabitants. 
 
 lONIANT REPUBLIC. 
 
 fv 
 
 This Ropnblla consists of the seven followinaf islands 
 ,inj; near the coast of Turkey: Covfu. (Vphalonu,, 
 s^nnte, St. Mnira, Ceriffo, Tlieaki, and Pa.vu. Th« 
 population is isr,oo«. The republic is under the pro- 
 tection of Great Britain. 
 
 TURKEY IX EUROPE. 
 
 Situation. The Turkish empire lies in the centre of 
 thp Eastern Conlineut, embracing a portion of Europe, 
 Asia, and Africa. Turkey in Europe lies between 
 Hungary on the N. and the Mediterraaean on the rt. 
 
VIPV 
 
 TrUKMY IN KITROPK. 
 
 IIImI hltW,"'*':, 
 
 ^'t'liici' or 1- 
 province*. 
 
 ■J "t'U'k Neil on the K. anil llie (iulf of 
 HiMoiii i* on I lie .\. F. 
 \urk('y ill Kiiro|ie iit ilividcd inin ii 
 
 Pn.%incrt Piwincti, 
 
 IM'ildAviii, IJiiInnrin, 
 
 \Valm'liin, |{oiiiiuiiH, 
 
 f^c'via, Alhniiiii, 
 
 ilosnin, JVnxince of iJip 
 
 t'fl|)iain I'uclia. 
 
 Stun, The Dlnck Sia, sen ut tUaimtiva, ftiul Jlrchipe- 
 (ago, lepiirale Turkey in Kurojie Trom Turkey in 
 Atiii. 
 
 f^tritits. The slrnilii nb Connlautiiiople connect Jlie 
 Bluik f^ia Willi llic Sea of Marmora, uml llie Dar- 
 ilavetles connect the fe'cu of Marmora wilh the Areliipe- 
 lago. 
 
 rcuiusula and Islhmus. Tlie tVuren, in lie noutli, is a 
 lurj^e |itiiiiiNula, conneeiiMl uilli llie main l:tiiil by ii nar- 
 row iKilimu)>, caileii the isthmus nf Corinth. 
 
 Gulfs. Tlic (iiilf of LpjKiuto in on llie N. nide of llic 
 Moreu. Tilt (iuif of Eu'xiu it on (lie eaiit jii!e of iho 
 Morea, uiiil "(puratiil from ilic Gulf of Lrpantu by the 
 istliniu4 of,Corinth. Tlie i\u\\' »\' Huluuica '\i the nurth< 
 western arm of ibc Areliijielago. 
 
 M)iiittiiiiis. Tlie Ca.jiathian mount ains form jiart of 
 llic boiiiiilary btlweeu 'I'uikey and Hungary. The tliaiii 
 of lliiinis IK Houlh of (he Uaiiiibe, and divides the waters 
 which How into that river from Ihoxe which flow into 
 the Gulf of Venice and the Arcliitielago. There are 
 nUo many short ranges and Hiiif^le mountains in t):e 
 houlh, which have been rendered faniuus by the Orcek 
 poetg ; such as Mount Oltjwjius, Petiou, Osja, iVirwrts- 
 >■?.<••, and Iltlicov. 
 
 /livers. The Ihriubp and it« branches drain the 
 provinces lyini^ belwten llie Carpathian inounlain<i and 
 tlieclir.inof llenius. The principal branches are ijie 
 7'ri(//i, which forms lie boundary belwceii Turkey and 
 Uii<i)!ia, and the Save, which is the boundary between 
 
RITROPK. 
 
 I) lli(> K. ami ilie (iulf of 
 
 ri I lie N. F. 
 
 iro|ie is tliviilcd inin H 
 
 Piitvinctt, 
 Hiilt;nria, 
 Koiiiiuiin, 
 .\ll)niiiii, 
 I'rnxiiice of llie 
 Cfl|)iain I'uclia. 
 
 f .Vuniiorn, ftiul Jlrchipe- 
 iro|ie Truiii Turkey in 
 
 iislautiiinple connect llie 
 M armor u, uiiti the Dar- 
 rmnru willi the Areiiipe- 
 
 .Vurcrr, in llio noiilli, is a 
 I ilie main litiid b) a nar- 
 * "/ Corinth. 
 
 ) iit on llie N. itide of llic 
 I on (lie i'tt!»t jiile of the 
 
 Gulf of (jcpaiitu Ijy the 
 ' ut' Siiluuica i« the north- 
 o. 
 
 { nioimlainN form part of 
 nil lliini;ury. The cliniii 
 II', and dividi'H the waters 
 n (tiosie which flo>v into 
 riliiritlago. Thvre are 
 Hiiifjie niountiiins in tlm 
 I'd runiuus liy the Oreik 
 s, Peliou, Osi^a, rarnas- 
 
 it« branches drain the 
 nrpatliiun niounluin<i and 
 ni'i|ial hrani-lii'H are tjit; 
 iiy belucen Turkey and 
 » the boundary Lelween 
 
 TUUKRY IN KUROFE. ij3 
 
 n.;Jih;h;;d:;?.h;£,^;tC;;r'^''''''^ '^"•''"'' 
 
 -mp.re, .s on the Ho^pl.oruH. ,„• s.riii of (Jo, h.hm i oi I, 
 vails vL, , '"^'"""''' "■"*''•'""'' ''"""nonndtd 
 
 ua I 'I'hn r..>.< P.I ",r'"> ""•' surrounded by a 
 
 "HI. 1 he part of the seraglio occuiMed bv the uiv.. 
 and coneub.nes of the Snlian i, cal e ih. II„ro ' 
 ('onstan.innple ig built principally rruood and Z' 
 quentlv suftVrs from desolating fire,. Th ri,v ,, ahi * 
 
 000 000 P»l»ultttioii ,a eslimuted nt 
 
 Ui'lL^rade is at the confluerue of the Save nnrl n,« 
 Danube, on the frontiers of Tu, .vnniM ««>" the 
 
 finely situated for c, mme ce ha hli '''^"'^- '' '' 
 cation with Vienna amiThe B 1^1- I " t«/y cmmuni- 
 i;or.ified,and a. it ^oZ'anl T^^X « dTs^tj 
 ot Hungary .t has been frequently an obiee o ' fi. rZ 
 3""7," ^'*'''"' "*« Austrian^ .?n? he Tn k? 
 ^^/'ms, the principal city of ancient Greece is oil.." 
 northeast st.ie of the liulhr Kngia Here arisTl !^ 
 bo seeu the ruins of the aneient%valf the tem ' .A' 
 iag;m:;nc"e' """""""^ °'"^^ -«^ "i' "-»eie;;; 
 
 estimated at e,000,ooo, cons.st.ng principally of Greek.. 
 
 i' 
 
iol 
 
 lUUKbV IN KlfllOriv 
 
 I! 
 
 and I'liikn. TIic Tiirk* Imvc lln' «liiniiitioii, liul arc tti- 
 t'eri'ir to I lie Clit'ckn in niimliiT. 
 
 UAix'oin. The Turk* uie MuliomctanN. Tliey 
 lielitvc klint Mulioniel wuh a ^rl•ttlp^ prii|ilu'l tlinn Jcitin 
 CMirixl, unil ciml (In* Koniii itt llic wuni ol" tioil. l lie 
 Turk* urc ii vory »iui»t'r»tlili«u» |(i'o|i|i'. iiinl |»Ihpo ^roat 
 conliilfnce in onicuji anil ilreHiO'*. Tlii-y are lii^oUfd \\v 
 *liiir altucliini'ia lo tlairoMn fnilli. iiml Irent all nllu-r 
 dcniiiniiMliitn* at iIo^h. Tin; (•ici-kH uio CliriHliunH, 
 anil are »;illeieii to enjoy lla'ir reli><ion, himI lo relain 
 (heir (irieNlSi Itntiinpii, HrclilMthnpi, iiml pntriarclii- 
 
 Ouvi'iumftit. The i<ovi'rnni«nt i* ili'«po(ic. The 
 Enipntir, \\\\» in nUo hIjIimI Hullaii, or Uianil Seignor, 
 liim ali««ilutc po\vi;r oi'lilc am! deulh. and Hninelimcii I'X- 
 iTpiHCH it uith hriilal cnii-lly. IIi« prime niiiiiHier in 
 called I ho Grand Vizier. The pnixinces are governed 
 liv pac.hrtit or bu>»hu\vn, wliu IViquenlly rebel u«ain»t the 
 s'uUuii. Ihe Sullan iit nonitltnie* deposed by tho 
 Huldirrt calltd .lani/.iirieg, 
 
 .'Planners uud fwsfoHis. The Turk* dillVr pjrenlly in 
 their manner* from other Kiirnpeun natiuii*. Tolyi^amy 
 in praciiscd. Kvery Mu«iiulman i* Hilowed lo have 
 four wives and u* many coneiibini.4 a« lie j)leuHe«. The 
 concubineK are usually slavcii, purchased in the markif. 
 In oftlinij, the Turks make no une olknike* and forks, but 
 divide tiieir food with their finders. They are extrava- 
 2onlly fond of opium and tobacco, and Hpend a great 
 deal of time in chewing and smokinK- Their dre«» con- 
 Mists of loose flowing robes, and the men use turbans 
 instead of huts. 
 
 The Greeks. Greece was formerly inhabited by a 
 free, brave and enliglilcned people ; but after the Turks 
 conquered the country, every tiling became the prey of 
 ignorance and bigotry. The modern Greeks, oppressed 
 by a despotic government, have lost the spirit of their 
 anceslors. Their language is corrupled, their minds 
 depressed, and their whole eliaraeter degraded. Athens, 
 •nee the scat of hcienee, rcfinenieut, and all that was 
 elegant in literature and the arts, contains now a scanty 
 population, who live in wretched hovels, amid the ruina 
 nf splendid temples, and mai^nificent marble columns. 
 
lie «iiiniiiiion, ItuI arc tii- 
 
 Muliomflanx. Tlicy 
 utcr pr)i|ilu>t tlinii .Icmiii 
 lie tuiril oC (.iiiil. I lie 
 |iL-o|i|i'. 1111*1 pliipo Djrent 
 . 'I'licy ure liinuiu-d i\i 
 lilli. lUitJ Irent all oilier 
 [•ici'kH uro CliriHliuns, 
 
 religion, niiil to rutnin 
 |)4, unit pntriurcliit' 
 i«iil i<t «lt>Kpii(ic. The 
 llaii, or Uiiuiil Si'ignor, 
 Iciiili. ai»l Hoinetimt.'* I'S- 
 lli* prime niiiiii*ler ix 
 
 pni\ ince« hi'l- )^(iveri)i'il 
 |Ui-iilly rvliel uuiiirut tliu 
 elinif* (li'po»eu by (lio 
 
 Tuiks (lifl'tT pjrpnlly in 
 euii niitiiiiiti. rolys^nmy 
 lui U alluwcil tu liiive 
 1)14 ni lie nleuHe*. The 
 iiirrhiiseil in the iiinrkt-t. 
 coi'knik'eHUiiti lurkiibtit 
 i'r§. Tliey aiL' cxtniva- 
 acco, aii)l itpciitl a ijrrat 
 tkiii^. Their dre«» Cdii- 
 nd the men u»e turbans 
 
 trmorly inhabited Ity a 
 pie 5 but after the Tnrku 
 iting became the prey of 
 odern Greeks, oppressed 
 c lost the spirit of their 
 corrupted, their minds 
 icter degraded. Athens, 
 enieul, und all ihiit unn 
 ts, eniitains i)ow a scanty 
 d hovels, amid the rniuti 
 Gcent marble columns. 
 
 T 
 
 
 AMA. 
 
 s:r<A 
 
 d.l..;,..M e ,mu,.., ,|.e ,ur i, pure and h.ulihv. 'I J 
 .. / u I. rl.l.. y...I. h„. c..r„. ui„,.a„.| ,.i| |„ „|,„;,danre ; 
 
 pnne.Hly ,,,,.,; I.,a „.,. . „.nn. ....bridn, ..11 Z. 
 
 i:n;„!::;;:;;r ''•""'''^'' -""""-' v«iiie., and 
 
 a.lureHaru. lii.k-v rarpcl., minlin., erupt% mu,OH 
 
 bra.. e„,.no„. ,„n.k.,.. p |., and H^/.rd., Vll of hie ,' 
 
 are held ,n ^M.,„, ,.n,..Hli:.,. by ruvn->Jr 'I he ex 
 |M.rl,, be,,.!.. ,lu.M. mannlurlur.,. ,„Vrorn. uin" oil 
 h«». enrran... ««,.l, eamel\ huir. &,.. The m rehnni- 
 
 'Ihe natural adva»laqe« of Turkey for «L.rio. Kure. 
 eo.nmereeandn.an«rac,urrH. are n... Hurpas^nlby a ny 
 country on the «lobe. 'ihe .limale, ,h . soil, „ .d Tl « 
 Mtuat.on are unecjualled; but un.ler the pr ' e de ! 
 pnt.c government there ore no moliven to v^ertio , .ho 
 
 ^7Z. '"""""^ •"■' ''''""^•''' "'"' '"'^y •»""S Ian- 
 J»lamls. The islands are very numeroin. The lar"- 
 Mt are „„,/,«, „„c,enily culled (Jre.e. Xffp-opovt, J.nt 
 vos, Ji,/o, .V^.r.« and raros. The, have a K.ecU. 
 male and ie,tile .oil, producing corn, w.ne aud «i 
 
 ASIA. 
 
 or 
 
 iiitunt.on. Am ,« ,„unded N. by the Arctic oi 
 i-rozen Oeenn ; K. by .-{.e Pacific Ocean : S. by the In- 
 d.nn Ocean: and W. by Kurope, ,he Meditmanean 
 bV"i.e Red S^a"' '"" ''" '"^' *"" ^^'^'^ '^ '^ -P''- "^ 
 ^Livhiuns. The following arc llie principal countrict 
 
I 
 
 Counlni >• 
 
 liiiHtia in A*iA( 
 l!|iiMi>ie Kmpiro, 
 Fiirllivr liiiliu, 
 |liii<(o*i<ilnri, 
 lii(l*'|it:iiili'i!t 'I'urturv. 
 
 I'lTKIII, 
 
 Tiiikfy in A«lu, 
 Araltin, 
 
 in»,o(H),i)iio 
 
 >J,(I(I<I,OIIO 
 
 1U0,0O<),O()ll 
 
 .<,(IOO.()(l() 
 
 11,(I0(),I'I)0 
 10 000,1)00 
 11),000,000 
 
 (:)titf Ciiittt 
 Aittriiclittn. 
 I'vkin. 
 
 UmnuTiipnurB. 
 i'alcutfii. 
 Hatniircniitl. 
 Iiintlittil. 
 Ai«'|ipr». 
 Meoctt, 
 
 Svas, ttnii<t or (iulft In ll«« mmlli ftri- llie Rfd Sen, 
 IctMCi'n Aiiii ami Alricaj tdc Pfrninti <f'/<//, lieiwecu 
 Anihitt and I'cntiu ; nnil (lie //(m/ "J' lifniful, liemftn 
 IlintlootUu and lite Uirman Knipire. All ilip«e com- 
 nuiiiicule wiili llit> Indian Oeran. On I lie cimI I'oaiti 
 titcrr afr four oea*, tliu I'ltina «ra in tlie koiith, thfi 
 Knstern n-A and llie ura of Japan in the middle, and 
 the sea »f Okhutsk in ilie north. All ihfRp i*«mnuini- 
 uate with the Paeific Oeran. The i^nlf of Siam and !be 
 l^ulf of TuH(/'<'« cro urnm of the iJhina Moa, and ihe 
 |V//a«' Sea I* an arm of (he Kamern Sea. The «ea o^ 
 h'ara and llie nea ufOhy, in the nurthuest, romniunicat) 
 ^^iththe Arctic Oeean. 
 
 Stt'aitii. The itrbiti of Jiabclmandel connect the Ked 
 Sea with the Indian Oceans the fitrait* of OrmuB con- 
 nect the Persian Gulf with (he Indian Ocean; ther/ian 
 nel of Tartary ennneet* the sea of Jaiiftti with the tea 
 of Okhotsk. 
 
 hihmus. The iHthmnfiof 5«ps: in the sarrow neck of 
 lujid between the Hi<d Sea and the Mediterranean. 
 
 Lakes. The Caspian (ea !« n large salt water lake, 
 lying eaitt of the Rluek ^ea. It is more than fiOO milea 
 long, and hait no nutlet. The sea of dral, cast of the 
 Ca»piaii, is ^00 niiU-K long. 
 
 StoiiHtains. The two principal ranges are the JHhitf 
 and the Himv.nleh The .?/fny range commenres near the 
 sea bf .'Vval, and ar.slcr various names, runs N. E. to the 
 Paeifie Ocean, teparalini; Hussia in Asia from (he Chi- 
 nee Empire. It is ff,QUO uiiles lon,^, and except the 
 threat Auiericuu runge, is kXic longest ud the globe. Thfi 
 

 Chitf Cii.ti. 
 
 01)0 
 
 AntrHvlitin. 
 
 0(10 
 
 IVkin. 
 
 Olio 
 
 UniiiiiTiipoiini 
 
 ,000 
 
 i'ftlculfu. 
 
 .1)00 
 
 Hmnurcoiitl. 
 
 1)00 
 
 Itimliun. 
 Alt'ppo, 
 
 noo 
 
 ,000 
 
 Meoco. 
 
 000 
 
 JlM«'' . 
 
 miiilli arc (lie Ped Sea, 
 f Per»iHn Unlfs between 
 //(ii/ dJ lieiijtul, liefwetn 
 Kmpire. All ilip«r t'<im- 
 mn. Oh (In* cntl eoa»t 
 la ica ill tlic kiuilh, Ihfi 
 Inpnn in tlic miiiijtp, and 
 ih. All llicKe rt^minuni- 
 The <;iilf of Siam untl I be 
 (he iJliiiia HfA, and the 
 snierii Hea. The nea at 
 c nurtbu«ftt, romniunicat) 
 
 Mmandel connect the Ked 
 lie Rlraitt of Omiua cod- 
 > Indian Ocean ; the fhan- 
 8(>a of Jaii&a with the lea 
 
 'uei in the sarrow neck of 
 
 the Mediterranean. 
 I a large salt Hute r lake, 
 
 It ii more than fiOO milea 
 ! ica of Jlralj cast of the 
 
 !ipal ranges are the Jltay 
 r^nge commenres near the 
 IS nameH, run* N. K. to the 
 HHia in Asia from the Chi- 
 lilcK long, and except the 
 iungcit 00 the jjlobe. Thu 
 
 1 
 
 A-^IA. 
 
 in 
 
 I itMt and llu,do,..lH„. It i, ,1... h.Kh..,. mn^ .h- 
 
 ?loH Iht. ,»,.»u.r„ ,.,„.„iiii,., ofiht. Allrtv nnd lliir.- 
 .....Kh njir^r, are cmoievlul i.y l.rrtothi. ur mmi.,, „r«. 
 
 IlnrvA Ihc priiicinni riv.r. of A»i« n.ny he divid. 
 
 .1 into .» eluMj... 1. l-h.-^e «hi,.|i rmplv i,,.., ,|,v Arc 
 
 •a «lee„.i, I huy drain lh«f ,.„.,n(f^ „„ri}, „r ih.- Altiiy 
 
 ee..n. 1 h. y druui the < ouuiry h..t«f,.„ ,!,« All.»y and 
 
 uwrtiaM. ino«n.a..;;. .,. Th wl.i.l, ,.,„,„, „„o the 
 
 Jd. u. »o..,u, They drain .he couul.y *,H,fh ui.d He,! 
 
 /.-I'' In ''T' 'i'"V ''"'""^ ""' ^'*'^' ""• ^''"■'•'''' «"'' "'» 
 fl.;; r I '. A "*i'' "'»"' ""^^ ^""y •n«""'«ins and 
 f e oTv : , 1 ^^'''i- ;>'•••«»; Th.y are «rn,t ri»e„, 
 
 Mlh „.t.. n .Ik. a (ny «„.,w,m„,,. ^ t.,„i„^ ,„,» 
 
 lii.en. t he //->««:£.,//,. „.,.| ,1,.. AV-.w-A',. l.-nh ri,e neur 
 h« "Uine .p.t, Ml (he eeniral p,»rt .,f A.i... ....d b.i.h 
 
 unply ,„ ,1,,. M..m.. .p„t in.h,. KuHlirnSra. I.Hheir 
 '•Hir-..-, he 11'.....^ I „ „M,d. to ll.e n..r.h i.nd .he Ki.in, 
 
 M i« , ,, .0... U. I U. Jainw.s, ,U>. i„ ,i,« .......nlain* 
 
 ".( I ihH atid llo«H .S. I.;. ,„ ,|u, ll,i, ,, sitt. All the.e 
 rivir* aie uliout ^,000 milts lon^. 
 
 To .he lhi„| da.. Indon; the Clauir.s, ,1,,. r,uh^ „n,| 
 'he luiphral^s I la, a,r,^..,, ..j,,,, j,, „,^. Hi.Mm.il.h 
 momi.unm «„,| [„„ ;„. m. ,.;_ ^.,„,„i^^ j,, „ „^^. ,j ^j, jj^^^^_ , 
 
 Ii • u «' '"' '""." '" "'^ "'"""aiih moiinmin, a,,.! 
 II..Hin,{ H. W. ...nptif. into the li.diaM Ocfftti. Th- 
 hiqurate^ mes near the nhtelt St-a and ll..vvi»>'S. K 
 •■'nplH-s into the IVr.ian Uulf. All Huh- ri^m a;J 
 nmieihan t,:M)0 mil.-^ |mi^. 
 
 J^.^dxinn. The p^evail;„^. reli-ion, in Asia are Pa. 
 Kin.sm and Muhoine.ani.m. The Kn^li.h have .ei. 
 i«'.nen.« in varioug parts, and are no» niHkinsr ureat 
 
 ^"'a'" «« Chnstianily over these populous countries 
 
 
 i 
 
tM 
 
 rniKKV I.N M^W. 
 
 rnimlalioH. Tlif p«pulmion of nlinn»l lu-ry fiim- 
 trv HHil rily in \»U U iiiiknuttii, Hn<l I'e kiNir.ucnu 
 wliich urr iitiKli' oil ihU »iitijii« iir«' inuollr ""^'i' '■'•'•• 
 ji'flurf. 'I'lii* ooiij'fliiri-* ri«ji.i'iiii< th»' wlnil** |t"|iuln. 
 Hull of A»!i litt»« »4fii'*l from vJO,no«»,o«o ltnM»u ooo.ooo. 
 
 Tl'ilKKV IN AHIA. 
 
 f^ilujtioti. Tuiktv in A»ii» U li*>imi!««l S. Ij lie 
 nini'k Sta K'll Uii'itnj K. I»v IVroltn H. Ity AmbiNi 
 till! W, liy llif MiMlilrrrnni-H!, urn! lli* Arrliipiflunii. 
 
 J)ivi»ioni. 'I'utl<ey in A«it» ciiii«i«l« of lour roiin- 
 trif*. uliirli are lubdividuJ iiita 17 |iavltaliiki. I'lic 
 4 euuiilti«» ixn, 
 
 A»ift Minor, Armftiiu, 
 
 S^^iia, Diailji'kir. 
 
 Jliin J>i:it<>r i« in lli» N. W. I( i-mliracfi (lie putin- 
 lulu iiii'ImiIciI I'ciMven the HIack Htfa, (ho MvJili-n 
 rnmiiii, niitl llii* Arcliip«'ltti5«. Syriii ii in llie S. W . 
 It I'XifniU from ihe Arubiun ilcscrl uiitl (lie Hivcr Kii' 
 iiliruli'* i>n lliL' in»», (o tliv Mi>iliifrrni4.'iin on (lif went. 
 The •(.uiliiTii pHK of Myriii in l*ulc'»liii« or (lie Holy 
 Liiiiii. »'irm»uia it in (lie N. K. It txltritlri neiiily to 
 the C'.Mifuniun motiniuiiiii. Dinrbfkir i$ in (lti> H, E. 
 I( entciiilii to (III' I'l'minn (iiilf, itnd luilirurim un rxtrii* 
 %\%e ronti(f> \«nii'rfi| li\ (lie Kii|ihraltt nml (lie I'igiiii. 
 
 HinvH. Till* Euiihrvlr* ii»in in A rruiiia nt-nr (hi- 
 niin-k Sett, ami H"Wi H. K. (o (lie IVrnitin (iiilf. It in a 
 huiuiiliry river ilnrinx nci'riy (lie whol» of it* coiir«e, 
 «p|mratln^ AMi« MiiHir from Armeniii, Dinrln kir from 
 Hyriii, ntiii 'rurkcj from Arnliia. The Tis,ris ii the prin- 
 ti'|t!iil hruncli of ihc ICiniliratei. It riten nUo in Ar- 
 ini'uiii mill lloMK M. K. '1 he rwvr Jordniu »» often men- 
 tiiHioil ill the niUlc, 14 n tinnll river in I'uleKiiie, which 
 run* >ouih inlii the Di-ml !"f;t. 
 
 Miuiilniua. The Mo,i,it Tuuruf rnoge rnna alang tfin 
 hMUthern uliitrc of Atin Minor nnil utretehea i'a»( to- 
 \var(}« the Ciupian !*en, ■eparalitig Aiia Minor froni 
 
 
11 of «Iinn»t nttry fitijn- 
 iiiMii, iinil I'll* nittii-.iii'ni* 
 I't nri' inuolly mvtv vm- 
 iri'iiii< \hi> Mliiilf iMi|mla- 
 
 In U lioimifid S. Ij iliP 
 y l'i*r«tii I H. Iiy ArttbiM | 
 ', Nriil \\\e Arrliipirlugn. 
 in C)iii4i*l« nf liiur roiin- 
 u[>> 17 {)«clittlicki. 'I'lic 
 
 Arm^niii, 
 Diaiht'kir. 
 
 /. It i'mlir«c»i llif p»iiin- 
 UUck HfO, (lio MvdiliT* 
 I. <S'i/»ui it in till' 9. W. 
 
 «it<!i/rl aiitl (lie Hivcr Vu- 
 |i-ilii)'rrnii.'iin on llif »vfiif. 
 
 IN I'uli'itlitic' or tlir Holy 
 . Vi. J I cxti-ii)lri npiiiiv lu 
 Diarbi'kir i$ in lite H, E. 
 f, und iHiliruri«t un exicu* 
 Cii|ihrikU-t nnii (lie Tigii*. 
 
 ixN in A mt'itln iifiir (he 
 
 tlir IVroiHii (iiiir. It i» u 
 f llie uhule >if iu coiir««>, 
 Armcniti, l)!Hri)ikir IVom 
 in. Tlie Tis,ris it the prin- 
 iti'i. It r'\»vn nUn in Ar- 
 •\\vr Jordntu »o nl'ien intn- 
 
 riv'«r in I'uleiline, HliicU 
 
 Wurus rnoge rnnt alang tlin 
 inr Hnil Ktrvtelu'R i'ii»( to- 
 araliii^ Aiia Miiior from 
 
 lUIiKliV IS ASIA. 
 
 9Sf 
 
 byri«. Rnil Dinrhrkir ftain Arm-ni* Tht r„„>'a»i,in 
 mmiiiiuin*, ul.irh run l,.,m llir hl*. k Mn, |„ ,|i«. («•• 
 pirt't, .MTi- •■..rriinl, (1... l.o,..,.Lry l...(«r..ri llio ilominimu 
 .inim.it on il,,. norlli.aiMl t|ioM< „r |Vr.i» imil Turki-v 
 <'<< <li« .ouili, iHit (he |{.i..idn. Ai« nort in n..Mr«,ion ..I* 
 a lurrnw ii.lriiM on il.r ioulli of Hip... mouMluiin. Hkv 
 .rul •r.nflu'* prorrnl Iroin Hi.. CmicMian mnjfo !*. k. 
 ml.. IVr.iH, hihI h. ,', into 'I'm kfy. 
 r./«V.. .//.-/v/r,, ill (|„. ,i„r(h oFHyri*. hn« n vfir ft- 
 
 I.« M..l.l..|r«n un ,l !,«, i„l.rr,Mir... „ii|, Kurom 
 Ilu»inMti.(run.«ct,.,l princ.milly |,y Arm..niur.i, J.«, 
 
 I nrki«li (Icitniinou., nii<l liai adO.ooo inliuliitniiii. 
 
 mmanait, lonlh of Alqipo, li«. mimurariur... of .ilk 
 aiiU rolton.anil foritiprly w<i. p.le»,r.ii.Ml for tli« l>,..t 
 .»oid. «..d ,nhre. i., ih, uorhl, ul.irl, wrre in..!, .f 
 •tee mid iron of .a hue . ,,„«li,y, .|„», ,|,ey „„„|,n,c„4 
 
 Tl^iL r;'""" •';7'*""' ''"t «»..' nrl i, „«« W. 
 I If .Ilk cloth eolled (ltma,k Inkt'. it. nnnic froi;. ihii 
 citv, n. aUo (he .necif* of plu,„l, c«||hI dn^^son, uhirh 
 .« a cuntracdon uf /)amn.ce,e. The city i, .iMmfd in 
 u piru.ant country, and ha. aoo.oi.o i^.^«bil„r..^ and » 
 wry cxtcn.ive coinniiTct l.y mi-iin. of cHranui. 
 
 #iayr«n, i« on (he ««.iilrrn coait of -♦.^ia Mi,,,,-. „„ - 
 very lar^e an.l coinmodio.u huy or harbor of (he ArHii- 
 n..|uj;o«ea. It j-arric, on a vry e«lenM»c tra.l.. «i,h 
 Kuroiic, particularly with Kr.^land. ]M„nv Kuroman 
 ...erehant. rc.ide h.r.., and |.ve\.. a par( oni.; .^ ' 'JJ 
 ihemHclve.. Ihc pl.rjue fr..,,KM.(ly ' ,„„k,, Jrcn lf„| 
 rava«e., and cartl -,uake« «onu.(ime« do.troy (he ti'v 
 PoBuladon tflo.ono. ' '* 
 
 Evteriim, (he cani(al of Armenia, i. n( (he foo( of n 
 mountain, near (he Lead of (he K.ipl.rate,. Th. hou ..^ 
 nre bu.lt of ..one., «ij. «.., roou! ..ovm-d ..iih e r | 
 and Kru«, and .!itu-p are pimtun-d there. Thr cK* ha. 
 ttnext..n..vetra.|e«i/(, |V,„ia und hwlin, nnd IaIm.oo 
 .nhab.taut*. /harhnir, (he ..a,,i,ul of ,1... proline -of 
 «l.e ..ire unmc, ,. „„ ,h,. Tiijri,. JJasm-l near (I e 
 
S4U 
 
 TURKKY IN ASIA. 
 
 moulli of die Euphrates, in a place of sreal coinnicrciiil 
 consequence, being frequented by incrcbunU anJ vuagelit 
 from various parts of Europe and Asia. The ciljr is ill 
 a groat inuHtture inilependent of the Turks. 
 
 Jncient cities. Tliis country was once the scat of many 
 celebrated and flouriithing cities, which are now in ruins. 
 On the Euphrates, stood Jtabylon, the great city, with its 
 walls 00 miles in circumference, and 390 feet iiigh, and 
 its 100 gates of solid brass; but it has passed away, 
 and the'place where it stood is scarcely known. JV*t««- 
 veh was on the Tigris, and its ruins may still be seea 
 opposite Mosul. Troy was in the northwest part of 
 Asia Minor, near the Dardanelles which connect the 
 Archipelago with the sea of Marmora. Balbec and Pal- 
 myra were in Syria, and their ruins are more magnill* 
 cent than those of Greece or Italy. 
 
 Bagdad once the seat of the caliphs, and the scene of 
 many" eastern fables, is on the Tigris. It has some 
 commerce, but retains little of its ancient splendor. 
 Jerusalem, the Holy city, is still trodden down by the 
 Geatiles. It is S, \V. of Damascus, and is he resort of 
 numt ous pilgrims. Tyjre, whose merchants were once 
 princes, is now a desolate rock where the fisherman 
 dries his net. It is ou the coast of Syria, west of Da- 
 mascus. 
 
 Iiihabitants. The number of inhabitants is estimated 
 at 10,000,000. They are composed of various nations 
 and religious denominations. The ^irmenian^ ore prin- 
 cipally merchants. Th,ey are inlL'lligenl, industrious, 
 and economical, and r|;markable for their enterprise. 
 They emigrate in great numbers from their native 
 country, and are found scattered in all the principal 
 
 cities "of Asia, engaged in the most extensive coinmer- 
 cial undertakings. They may be styled the Yankees of 
 Asia. The Armeniaus profess Christianity. The 
 ire a wandering race, who inhabit the eastern 
 Turkey, and the neighboring districts in Per- 
 
 [.f 
 profess i;urisiianiiy. I'he 
 Curds are 
 parts <»f „ , 
 
 sia. They live chiefly on plunder, and are not subject 
 either to the I'urks or Persians; they own great num- 
 bers of cattle which they drive with them from place 
 lu place. 
 
IN A9IA. 
 
 t place of sreal coinnicrcinl 
 J by incrcliunU aiiJ vt-HseU 
 > und Asia. Tiie cily is in 
 of the Turks. 
 
 y was once the seat of many 
 ies, which are now in ruins. 
 ylon, the great city, with its 
 ice, and 390 feet iiigh, and 
 ; but it has passed away, 
 is scarcely known. iA'tnt;- 
 its ruins may Mtill be seen 
 I in the northwest part of 
 anelles which connect the 
 Vlarmora. Halbec and Pal- 
 >ir ruins are more magnill- 
 Italy. 
 
 ic caliphs, and the scene of 
 the Tigris. It has some 
 e of its ancient splendor, 
 still trodden down by the 
 mascus, and is he resort of 
 rhose merchants were once 
 rouk where the fisherman 
 coast of Syria, west of Da- 
 
 of inhabitants is estimated 
 amposed of various nations 
 The ^irmeniam are prin- 
 ire intelligent, industrious, 
 k&ble for their enterprise, 
 umbers from their native 
 tiered in all the principal 
 he most extensive commer- 
 ay be styled the Yankees of 
 rofess Christianity. The 
 •e, who inhabit the eastern 
 'ighboring districts in Per- 
 lunder, auJ are not euliject 
 ins; they own great num- 
 drivc with them from place 
 
 nUSSIA 1\ ASIA f^t 
 
 "i.h .«lph„ro,.. «„,! bi.„mi„Urv.p„r,! ,V., n. M.''! 
 
 RUSSIA IN ASIA. 
 
 P.^b! I 1 ■mmen.e TOunlrr nlnii from ih, 
 
 Pm,«c Ocejn .n Che eH.l, (o ISuropJ on cP,e we.c • «,,,l 
 from Ihe Fioien Ocenn on Clio iiirch. In iha rV'i. 
 Kn.p„e,T.rc.r,. Per,i».„J T„,kov .„ L.c,«h iH! 
 .b,,«. ,„,ce ., large „ all Kuropefand .CI," "tl. „f 
 
m 
 
 n 
 
 2U RUSSIA IN ASIA. 
 
 and (owardi its easlcni extremity nentl* forth a brnncli 
 to ti.e north, called Hlaiinvoy, wliioh run* almcHitotho 
 Ari'lic Oceun. The Ural mounlHins form purl ol ihe 
 boundary between Kuropean and AniHtic Russia. I lie 
 CaucaHian inouiitaini, lietween the Black Hea and the 
 I'aspiim, were formerly the boundary on the mde of 
 Turkey and Persia. . 
 
 Rivers. The great rivers arc the Oby, the hmcei, 
 and the Lena, all of which rise in the Allay mountitinf, 
 and flow north into the Arctic Ocean. The Selenga, one 
 of thp head branches of the Knicei, rises on the Chinese 
 side of the mounlains, and crossini? the frontier, empties 
 into the great Lake Baikal. The /r/isA, the great 
 western branch of the Ol.y, risen also on the Chinese 
 Dide of the mountains. The Vitima is the principal 
 branch of the Lena. The Ural rises in the Ural moun- 
 tains and flows into the Caspian Sea. . 
 
 F^ce of the Country. This country is made iip of 
 vast plains, covered with almost perpetual snow, and 
 iiervaded by enormous rivers, which, under masses of 
 lee, pursue their dreary way to the Arctic Ocean. 
 These plains are called stepps, and are principally san- 
 dy and barren. In the northern half of Siberia, where 
 the winters are long and severe, there are no trees, but 
 in the south, along the Altay mountains, there are im- 
 mense forests. , 
 
 Population. The population is 10,000,000, nearly 
 the whole of which is in (he southwest, in the provinces 
 bordering on European Russia. Siberia, or the country 
 east of the Ural, contains less than 2,000,000. 
 
 Tartars. Under the general name of Tartars are 
 comprehended all the wandering savages of Siberia, the 
 Chiiipse empire and Independent Tartary, but they con- 
 sist of many different tribes and several distinct races. 
 The Tartars live a wandering life, and subsist princi- 
 pally on their herds, of horses, oxen, sheep and goats. 
 In summer they live in tents, and remove from place to 
 place for pasturage. In the northern parts of Siberia, 
 they form huts parllv under ground for their winter 
 residence, and spend' the cold seasou iu smoke and 
 iiltii. 
 
N ASIA. 
 
 etnity nentl* forth a branoli 
 , wliioh nin* almcut t» iho 
 naiinluinH fiirtn part of the 
 and AsiHiic Ku^sia. The 
 en the Black Hea and the 
 i boundary on the hide of 
 
 ) arc the Oby, the Enicei, 
 i»e in the Allay inountnin^ 
 f. Ocean. The Selenga^ one 
 t<jnicei, riaes on the Chinete 
 ■08«ini? the frontier, empties 
 il. The Irtish, the ^reat 
 , riseM aUo on the Chinese 
 le Vilima is the principal 
 'ral rises in the Ural moun- 
 )ian Sea. . 
 
 lis eonntry is made «p of 
 tlmost perpetual snow, and 
 rs, wliich, under masses of 
 vay to the Arctic Ocean, 
 ps, and are principally san- 
 liern half of^ Siberia, where 
 ere, there are no trees, but 
 ly mountains, there are im- 
 
 ition is 10,000,000, nearly 
 southwest, in the provinces 
 4ia. Siberia, or the country 
 183 than 3,oeu,O0O. 
 leral name of Tartars are 
 ering savages of Siberia, the 
 [ident Tartary, but they con- 
 » and several distinct races, 
 •ing life, and subsist princi- 
 rses, oxen, sheep and goats. 
 t, and remove from place to 
 le northern parts of Siberia, 
 er ground for their winter 
 cufd season iii smoke and 
 
 KUSS 
 
 i\6 
 
 Govfrnment. Th' .mtry is under the 
 
 dominion of Russi are nt such a tVn. 
 
 lance from the capital, ti.. ror has little con- 
 
 trol over them, and they are aiiuont independent. The 
 chief mark of subjection is the annual tribute. 
 
 Soilandrroductions. In thesouthweslerii provinerg, 
 between the Ural on the east, and the Volga nnd Don 
 on the west, the land slopes to the south, the climate is 
 mild, and the soil is good, producing vines, figs, nl- 
 monds, peaches, &c. Out most of Siberia lies sloping 
 to the north, and exposed to nninterrnpted blus)« of the 
 north wind, feels a rigorous cold. Here the oak dwin- 
 dles to a dwarfish size, and none but the nioitt hardy 
 plants can flourish. 
 
 Animals. The reindeer is found in most parts of Si- 
 beria, and performs the oftice of the liorxe, the cow nnd 
 the sheep. Beavers live in the great rivers, and sonls 
 inhabit the shores of the Frozen Oct an. Wolves, foxes, 
 bears, and sables are hunted for their skins. Manv in- 
 genious methods arc used to destroy the bear. Some- 
 times they lay a rope in his path, with a heavv block at 
 one end and a noose at the other, contrived 'in such a 
 way that the bear becomes entangled, and then is either 
 exhausted in dragging so great a weight, or atfackins 
 the block with fury, he throws it down some precipice, 
 where it seldom f-iils to drag him after it to deslruc- 
 tion. 
 
 Chief Toicns. ^strachan near tlie mouth of t'he Vol- 
 ga is the largest city. By means of the Volga uixi the 
 Caspian sea, it has an extensive trade with St. Peters- 
 burg and Persia. The principal articles of commerce 
 are salt, which is made in prodigious quantities in its 
 neighbourhood, and fish which abound in the Caspian. 
 It has 70,000 inhabitants. Orenburg on the Ural has 
 considerable trade. Tobolsk, at the conflux of the Jrtish 
 and Tobol, has 20,000 inhubilauts, and is the largest 
 town in Siberia, and the centre of the Hussian fur trade. 
 The inhabitants are principally Russian exiles, or 
 the descendants of exiles, banished hither for their 
 crimes. 
 
 Kolhjfvan is on the Oby near some rich silver mines. 
 
34't 
 
 ARABIA. 
 
 Irkutsk it on (he river which iisiies from Lake Bai- 
 fcal, Hnd i» the |)riiiei)ml seat of the coHimei'ce lietweeii 
 HimHii and China, ynknluk in on the Lena, and Ok- 
 hotsk If on the Hca orOkhoNk. 
 
 Heli^ion. The Greek religion and Mnhom'tnnifiin 
 prevail in the suiilhwcHt The Manderiiig tril> ^ of Si- 
 beria are principally Pat^unii. MiH<4ionnriei) liuve re- 
 cently been sent to Ihifi conntry From Urealllrilain, and 
 are stationed nt Astrachan, Orenburg, Irkutsk and other 
 plurrs. 
 
 Fenintinla. Ktimt!)chatkn,\n the eastern part of this 
 couniry,is a peninsula. The inhabitants aresmull, with 
 little hollnw eves, flat noses and lavuiy eomplexibn. 
 Tiieir priiicipaf employment is catching fish and seals, 
 and instead of reindeer, they use dagu to draw their 
 sleds over the snow and ice. 
 
 ARABIA. 
 
 Situation. Arabia is in the southwest of Asia; 
 bounded N. by Turkey; K. hy the Persian Gulf and the 
 Indian Geean; 8. by the Indian Oci-an ; and W, by the 
 Hed 8ea. whieb separates it from Africa. 
 
 Faci> of the Country. The whole interior of Arabia 
 is an immense desert of burning sands, interspersed 
 ^vi'h some few fertile spots, which appear like islands 
 in n di-sniate ocean. A hot and pestiferous wind called 
 the <S7inof>7H, frequently bluws over the desert, and in- 
 stanily suflbeates the unwary traveller; and whole car- 
 avans are sometimes buried by moving clouds of sand 
 raised by the wind. The edges of the country on the 
 sea const contain some flnurisliing provinces and settle- 
 ments : hut io rII parts they suifer for want of water, 
 there being no river of any consequence in all Arabia, 
 nnd no ruin for months and sometimes a year to- 
 gether. 
 
 Iliviainnit. Arabia is commonly divided into three 
 parts ; Jirahia Feli.r, or Hiippy Arabia, bordering on 
 the Pits an tiuif. the Indian Oeean and the southern 
 part of tlie Red Sea; tHrahia Pcfroea, or Stony Arabia, 
 
lA. 
 
 ch i«8ues from Lake Bat* 
 of tlie coHimei'cc hetweeii 
 in uii tlie Lena, and Ok' 
 
 :;i(>n and Maliom'tniiifiin 
 c uHtideriiig Jril lofSi- 
 I. MiH>4iunnrii>8 liuvc ro- 
 y Froni Urfal-llrituiii, and 
 eriSjurg, IrkiilHk and other 
 
 llip rastPi'ii part of (his 
 nhabitaiilit arc Htnuli, uitli 
 
 and lavuiv pinnplexirin. 
 IK calching iisli and hohI*, 
 ' use dogii to draw their 
 
 [A. 
 
 the •niilliweRt of Aiia; 
 - the I'crgian Gulf and the 
 n Oci-an ; and W. by the 
 from Africa. 
 
 ulinle interior of Arabia 
 ■ning aandH, inlcrspersted 
 ivhich appear like iutands 
 id pesliferoua wind called 
 I over the desert, and in* 
 raveller; and whole car- 
 by moving cloiidi of sand 
 PR of the cbiintr} on the 
 ina; provinces and settle* 
 
 Muifer for want of water, 
 ^nnt-qiicnce ill all Arabia, 
 I sometimes a year to* 
 
 monly divided into three 
 ipy Arabia, bordering on 
 Onean and the southern 
 '^ctroea, or Stonv Arabia, 
 
 AUABIA 
 
 »»6 
 
 l»iiig on (he Uid Sea north of Ariibia Fnlix ; and Jim- 
 lim Ihstrlii, or ilie Desert, iiieliitliui; nil tlie inltiior and 
 northern parts of the coiiiitiy. • 
 
 C/tief ToivHs. All thu towns in Arabia :iro near the 
 coast. J/mvj is about a day's journey fi..in lite Kcd 
 hL-a. It was the biiih-place of Aluhomtt. The Ma- 
 hometans ^e^ar<l it a^ a holy city, and pil-rims resort 
 to It from distant parts .,f Ahiii and Africa. It Jms 
 20.000 inbabitdiils. Jledina, ISO miles .\. of Mecca, 
 contains the tomb of Muhomel, aruniid »biuh .100 silver 
 lumps arc cuntinualiy burning, and his colHn is covered 
 with cloth of gold under a silver canopy. The other 
 (owns are JiilUn, a seaport near Mecca ; Jlncha, near 
 the straits of Babelmandel, famous for its colfee ; Sana, 
 mirth of Mocha, and Mincat^nu tho eastern coast. 
 Aorie of these cities are populous. 
 
 Language. The Arabic is one of the most extensive- 
 ly dilhiHed languages ill the world. It is spoken not 
 only in Arabia, but in Syria, Persia, Tarta' „t of 
 ludirt, and of China, half of Africa, all the .ca coast of 
 the Mediterranean, tnid i'urkey. 
 
 jyiahometanhm. Arabia «as the birth-place of \Ia- 
 Iiomet, and is still (he eenlie of his religion. The Ma- 
 hometans are called also Mussulmen. Kvery true Mus- 
 sulman believes that (here is one God, and that Ma- 
 hornet IS his prophet, llo says his prayers five times 
 every day, at day break, at noon, middle of the after* 
 noon, at sunset, ami at twilight ; he abstains from pork 
 and spirituous linuors; at one season of the year he 
 neither eats, drinks nor smokes between sunrise and 
 sunset, for 30 days in succession ; and ouce in his life 
 he performs a pilgrimage to Mecca. 
 
 Manners. The Arabs of the desert are called Be- 
 douins. They are a roving, lawless race of robbers, 
 wh.i traverse the country in troops on horseback, anil 
 plunder travellers and caravans; yet they have some 
 noble qu ulilies. They are hospitable and generous, 
 and li a i:edouin Arab consenN to eat bread and salt 
 wi(h a guest, he would not for the world betray him. 
 
 bovernment. Arabia is governed by numerous petty 
 (hiets called imams, emirs, or sheiks, most of whom are 
 21* 
 
946 
 
 PERSIA. 
 
 riecleil liy (lie |ii'oplr, nnil miml ron<<iill llirni in all iin- 
 liortitiit iraiiHttrtiunt. 'i'lii* Arulii* nre u iicople oi' t^rtut 
 Hiiril Kiul viilur, ntnl riKolutc in iltfint-c ol" their IiIh-iIv. 
 'llii'V nioiic of all Asiatic nulionn littve never Ixun hiifi- 
 •'ueil, but ktcp ali\p at tlii« ilav llie HHcrert llnnie iif 
 ireeiloni, nliitli wbh kindled bj Ikiinmel ibeirgreul jiro- 
 gcnitnr. 
 
 t'hiimnlii. CanielK ahunnd in tliin eounlry. Tliio ani- 
 innl is wonderfully tilled by Providence lor Iraveming 
 the hot and parrhed de«erl. 'I'he camel can travel (i or 
 i> dnvR willioul Matrr, and unuhIIv earrirt UOU pnunds 
 upon bin biU'k, uliirh ii« not taken oft'during liix Journey. 
 \yben weary be kneelu down lo rest, and hleepn with 
 lii« load upiin bi» biiek. Iliit feet are made of a bard 
 llehliy Rulixlanee, well filled lo rv*i<i\ ibe heal of ibc 
 «iiindH— The Arabian burites are the bent in the world. 
 I'bpy are hwift vet docile, and will live whole dujs 
 without food, and 'icar inrrcdibte fatigue. The Knglish 
 jjive great prices for Arabian hor«eR. 
 
 Caravans. The inlitnd trade of Arabia, Perisia.Tur- 
 licy, Tarlary, and Africa in carried on |;rincipiilly by 
 raravani, conRi8ting of lar^e fonipnnies ol merehanlK, 
 irarellcri and pilgrimg, who niareh willi their eamela 
 over the sandy dcHertt. They tarry tboir provioioni 
 and drink with Ihem. Their water 'i* carried in fikins 
 by the camels. They go armed, and Imvel in company 
 to defend themselves from the wandering Arabs. This 
 mode of travelling and trading has subiiste*! from I be 
 earliest antiquity, for it was to a caravan that Joseph 
 \v&» sold by his brethren. 
 
 Jntiqmttes. Near the north end of the Hrd Sea is 
 .Mount iS'inni, w here God delivered to Moses the ten 
 t'ommandmenis, and near it in Jluunt /lureb, where Ihe 
 uiigel appeared in the burning bush. 'J'hcse mounlnins 
 are now inhabited by monks, who pretend to shuw the 
 very spot where the miracles happened. 
 
 PEUSIA. 
 
 Siiuation. T'ersia includes nearly Ihe whole country 
 leiween tic Tigris and the Indus. It is bounded N. bv 
 
I'KHMIA. 
 
 lit roniiill llirni in all irn- 
 ruliK Hri> tt |if<i|»lf til' (;rcHt 
 in lit fint-c III' (heir lilicttv. 
 lionn Ititve never l)ren niih- 
 
 * iIhv llie HHcrell llnine of 
 )} Ikiinmi'l llieir greul {iro- 
 
 n lliiii eounlry. Tliin uni* 
 I'roviilence for Iraveming 
 
 '1 he camel eun travel (> ur 
 
 xuhIIv earrirs UOU |ii)unils 
 
 ken oft' during lii!i Jnurnry. 
 
 n (0 re»t, anil kieepii vtitli 
 feet are mmle of a hard 
 lo rv*iH\ the heat of the 
 are the lieitt in the v«orld. 
 and uill live vthniedujs 
 
 ibte fatigue. The Kngiiah 
 homes. 
 
 lie of Arahiu, Periia, Tur- 
 curried nn |;rinri|>iillv \iy 
 rnnipnnie« ol iiierehantN, 
 niareh willi iheir eameU 
 
 ey tarry thoir iirovisions 
 
 • wnler in earried in (tkins 
 led, and travel in euin|iany 
 e wandering Arahn. This 
 i)g has suhiisteil from I he 
 
 to a caravan thai Joseiih 
 
 ih end of the Krd 8ea is 
 livered to Moses the len 
 i •Mount llureb, where the 
 g hush. 'J'hcse nioiintains 
 , who pretend to shuw the 
 happened. 
 
 lA. 
 
 9 nearly the whole eniintry 
 udua. It is luundcd N. bv 
 
 217 
 
 HiiMitt and Indeppndent I'ttriarv , i.' i n- * 
 |.hy.jeindian!;eea„a„;iXl4:;a^.:!rrtn': 
 
 from each ".h^r b/a stcessio,;:/- 1! r'V'''^' *'•'"""""' 
 i"S from (he moutVol'TiriC il . .Ir/':*''"'*; •'''•^'•';'- 
 Casnian Men 'l'l,«.„ . j- • ' """ "'••"•••t (o (he 
 
 *epira,e gov'ern „S: Z ir'"""" '*'" ""." "'"'" '"" 
 other S»irnnuni», wholly unconnected with eueh 
 
 JLuzislan, kJ^ "a'n ' Re ',J "^ 7^'""; '-k-Agemi, 
 ^'«..bul, Candahar, ChoZ n^t'^ iTrTV'^' 
 
 Ch 
 
 ■■I".l««, •lid M,lr.,i. ' "*"'' "•Si-inn, D«li)«- 
 
 llie limit. ^°"' ' "'■' "'I"! «l»r 
 
 «r;' :;r,;„v::^l, in?:,";"'-- ■' "f -• --«J 
 
 luwcMui ruci in hufci Persia are the AI'i.Iihi.. 
 
 distinct fiovi'mment, Who i ' -'^ "^ ""'^'■''' '"» 
 monarch\ho . ' e .i e f i^r V'V, " J'''^'*""" 
 Jer the government of the Ant" a C ^'T '^?■ 
 race of men, who have «l«o conq, ePcd sc eriV.l"'^^^ 
 ing provinces in Ilindoostan. ^ '"' "eighbor. 
 
 .fij^hans. The number of (he Af-hn,,* : i 
 
 4,000,000. 'Ihev a,e div^ilJ f. , 'S'lans ig more than 
 <lent tribes, eacl/«f ^J, .', ' JJ , ' ," ''""7,?"* i"«l;i-»- 
 
 ernedbyi.„woy.ano;ti;Lj''^^Ki:':fr,S;: 
 
S40 
 
 INDKI'liNOKNlTAUrAUN 
 
 S) 
 
 of iIk> mIioIi! nation, Tli 
 
 cnlHin 1 »..t..(»,(>0() i„habil«..(-, anJ arc I,) .on... call.. I 
 
 hixion. '11.0 rrevuilin^. religion bolli m ha»l nn.l 
 
 tVi'/Wn^..' Ispahan, .he lar«.l city, .h .« We» 
 Per ,, al.o.,r half way between tl.e ' hM-h" Mca u... 
 
 I e rer^ian (Jnlf. !• containH 400,000 .nhub.tan.., un. 
 tnrrnun.lea by a mu.l wall. Shiraz, 1 .0 n,.le« H, .. 
 I'pJltu" U ,IeliV.irully .itt.u.e.l in a CerMle valley, atul 
 oEinH lO.OOt) inh.bilanl.. Teheran, the ,.re«enl ca,.. 
 iUl of Went i'er.ia. i» :iOO mile. N. of IM'"!"*". *'»' «»"' 
 tain» 60,000 inhtthitiuil«. . .i.:„f,;,v 
 
 Cauhk the capital of East Per..«, an.l »'»' '' «"/ 7'> 
 of the Af«han», in in ihenorlheaHLneai a branch .1 the 
 ?,.,, It ont'ain, about 200,OtKJ inhabitant., (anda^ 
 lar in S W. of Caubul, on the great roa.l from ipahan 
 
 Delhi in lndoo*tan,anJ in u plaee of t^n..derablc 
 
 :„u„erce. //-,«< and .Meschui lie etween Caubu and 
 the Cam.ian .Sea. Halk; north of Herat, i» u h..s« «"' 
 nopuiou', city, the eentre of trade between Independent 
 
 I'artary and llindoostan. 
 
 ' INDKPKNDENT TARTAUY. 
 
 ria in Ihe loutheuHt, Ka.a/in in the »oulhwe»t, and 1 ur- 
 
 '^t;;;.;;/«I:;s.""T!;e nnmber of inhabitant- ha, been 
 Jm te. u ^..000,000. I'hey eo.'Mst ,,nne,p.,il) of 
 " oT b * of Turtar*., the Kir^ee. in 'he north, «..d. I.o 
 
 :„f I hree Iv.rde., twn of whieh are w.lh.n the Uu.Maii 
 
 r:;!i;^;^^."• !'-«-•'' 'v-'t '^ '';Hir''^C'«r^ 
 
 «,.rv The Unbeeks are in tKe soiifh. Hiey an ino 
 Si civilized of ull the Tartar.. They l.ve m town. 
 
TAUrVKN 
 
 hf whole iialinn. TI18 
 i-iilprii iiroviiirtu of Iliu 
 Ki^flhtr witli Kiw« IVroiu, 
 t\ aiitl arc by »<>"••' ealU il 
 Kiiin<lom "• (-'iiitlnil. 
 religion bolli in V.Mt nnti 
 
 I. 
 
 1 larireil city, in <" West 
 een llie ''u^piivn Mca uiiil 
 100,000 inlittbiiiinU, anil 
 Shiraz, HH* niilen M, of 
 A ill a IVrlili' valley, ami 
 Teheran, the |»rt'»enl cnji- 
 j»N. of i«iii»lmn, aiulcoii- 
 Perttin, and llu" fliief city 
 east, near a branch r.f the 
 ,000 inhabihiiitn. CandU' 
 > great roail from lipahan 
 in u place of tnii»iderablc 
 d lie between Caubul and 
 li of Herat, i» u liirm' and 
 ■ttde between ludepeudent 
 
 ' TARTAUY. 
 
 artnrv i» in the interior of 
 ; K. 'by ihi! tJhniese Km- 
 il W. by tlie Caspian Sea. 
 uniprehendw tireat Uuelia- 
 in ibf south went, and lur- 
 
 of inhabitants has been 
 key tourist prineipiillj of 
 •i^ees in •be north, uod iho 
 .il j^ee* 'r^rturs are divided 
 [•b are williin the UiisMiiii 
 do in ill li.tloiu-ndeiil I'ar- 
 
 tite sonfh. They arc iho 
 tars. They live in tow n^ 
 
 IIINnoOSTAV. 2,0 
 
 i«. «voni the ri"! z /^ : ;r'''S 
 
 »vilh Ml,. Alittian chu.h ' '"'"l"' '* «'"""««*le.l 
 
 ••'ills of M.lnr Ing. ' , ' , •"•.■^'/'"« rt^e. in H.e in.Miii. 
 
 city, i/oi. lie So,d?h;r"Y'r ;'"';:••"' "-"' ^nebrated 
 
 "• re.or(ed to from ull Ir , .,^ ., 1 . "^ '''""'"«■ ""«' 
 carr e« on an exfen»i.... "•••^hborinf< Pou„(,i,.,. ^ 
 
 ^clmol for tie,,,;; ,;/ .^7'«^''«"<'. ha. a c..M,nm.d 
 
 tl.e we»t of tbp (ir. al^'v w "; s' ^'^'^'•^ "" 
 
 on con.i.ierablo trade wHh iir,Vi ^^""''"■^•""•'. currie. 
 
 C7jm„/p &/ Vr ^ »" Mahometunim,,. 
 
 in many p'»,„-,,as a^ood'S ''Kn" '""": "■"""*"'' ""'» 
 districts Mere highly on 1,71 " I '""' '""••* '"""X 
 
 hot tho,.. of -I'arja/, thl n i "'"' '".""•'■ ""'«"'" '"•'"l» 
 bluntly productive' '""'"'^ """''' ""»v be abua- 
 
 HINnoOSTAX. 
 
 ll«y"f l)ei,„l, II,' I„!«lV ".,'" .""'"• '■«• "■» 
 •W lliffl„,l?|,';„* iVi"" "««". >!•' river l„d«,, ..J 
 
IIINDOOSTAN. 
 
 /JiWsiorn. Hini?oo»Un may bi» ilivi<!f«l i!)Jo i pnil*, 
 v\r. i (iatigeiic Ilindnoifan, nr lli»f |irininpi« dntinnl 
 by llic liter Uaii,!^!'*. Tlii* (liviKinii i« in ihi* imrlliriui, 
 Mdti incliiilr* tlie'|irftviiier<i oflUMigiil, Hiiliiir. Allnliabtiil, 
 Otiilo. Agm. Ilrllii. Ai<iiiii>re, MnlMa, HimHkii, niiil 
 Nf|iniil, u. Siudrtir llinilooktan, or llif |i('iiviiip<*« 
 draiiieilby Ihe fiver Hiiiilo or IimIiu. Tl.i^ •livinioii i« 
 ill (lie iior'llivvfuJ, »ii<l infludi-^ the |trnviiirei« of I'nwli- 
 miT*, I.Bliore. ^Iolllll^n, anil •^inilc. 3 ifiiuihgt'ti Hin- 
 duotlan, nr the proviDrfR noulli »f tlir rivi-r Kidiia, 
 'I'hii diviiiiiin iMrtudrt Mv*orr, the Carnaiir. &.n. 
 4. Ontrat Hmhmstan. 'I'liU ilivi«inii lira bflwi-fn (be 
 n\\itr llirrc, ami inrludi'i iIip n'mnining nrovinpr*, 
 (Jiiz.fral. ranileiiib, llirar, Orinaa, tJolronda, ViniajMior, 
 I»<iMU>al)«<l. Coni-an, Np. 
 
 MoxmUilm, Tbe H'mvunUh mntnntain*, wbifb form 
 Mie noiilu'rn biundarj, arc ilir bighcal in tb«' world. 
 Tlicrearesi ix-uk*, raf h i.f wliiih f»-i'fd» 20.o«io frpt 
 in ln'ia;li«. and ibe hiirbi>ii(, fallnl Ihvcalngeri, i« s<r,«77 
 IppI above »b»^ levrl I'f the «c?a. '1 bi-i*' i« aiiolhpr ran^e 
 of nintiiilainii, a litll(< iiotith of llie Hiinmalob chain and 
 liarallel Hlfji iJ. The prnvinrpM of NepRiil and HMotan 
 crp iiirludcd ln-lvvfen the Ivvo The Gnutn are a ranijB 
 of mnuntaiitf which exlt'iid alitn^ ihe wi-!('rn rat«*t,wiih 
 few inlerrJijilioB«, from t'ajie C'ommin lo ihe cii» of 
 Hllrtt^ 
 
 Nivrrn. Thp OnPgfs Hppb in the llimnialch moun- 
 lains, nnd flovviniif M. K. f.OOO niilefi, einplifn into Ihe 
 Wny orHcii;i;Hl by many moiithN. ll ha« numerona lari(e 
 tribu(Hrit'«. The llurrnmfxioter, the larnesl iribiitary of 
 the (Jaiii^fs, ri»e« on the n'»r(h lide of the liiinmaleh 
 inniinlainn under (be name i>V Manpoo river, and runnina; 
 iiril east and then vouthwest, join* the (inni^ex 40 mile* 
 from ila monlh. The Indus or Sind« riaea in the Him- 
 innleli mounlairn, and running H. W. emplifH into Iho 
 Indian Ocean by many mouth*. The Indun haa iiumef' 
 ou« branche* in the upper part of it* course. 
 
 The Oodavery and kistita ri*e in the Oauta near the 
 w-eglern coa»l, and flowing east empty into the Day of 
 Bcnsjal. The J^'frhitdda rise* in the eastern part of 
 Hindnuttau, and flowing wcit en»plici into the Gulf of 
 Ciiinbnv north of Sural, 
 
 ■■,2s:- 
 
TAN. 
 
 ' bv itiv)*S<*<i i!)io 4 |inrli, 
 Fir tlir |)riitinri'« ilntinril 
 kikinii i<i ill the imrllinut, 
 ItMigitl, Huliiir. AilHlmbiiil, 
 T, iMntwii, HnolKn, niitj 
 mtiin, or rlif iiroviiip«'» 
 Initti*. TI.M tUvjuiiMi i« 
 i|t<* |trnviiireN of ('a«li. 
 >>itiiti>. 3 Houthtrn ///»• 
 ml) »f ilir rivi-i* KUtiiH, 
 •orp, Ihi* Curninir, &.«. 
 ilivi«inii lir« lirturrn (tie 
 lip ri'innining nrovinprt, 
 mia, linlroiida, Vi4iH|Mior, 
 
 h ir^Mhtaiiiin, wliipli form 
 ir )iiyl*ril in tli«> world, 
 vhii'h tt-Kfdt ^0.01)0 fppt 
 |f«l Datt'iihgeri, i« W7,ft77 
 
 '1 iM'ie i« aiiothfr rmijije 
 lite llimmaleli rhuin ami 
 •pN of NepHiil anil Himtiin 
 
 'I'hp (inuts nrr a rani^n 
 n>5 llip vu'Jt'rri pat«*t,Hiih 
 
 Cumorin to tlie eii« ul' 
 
 in tlip Ifimniali'h inouo' 
 [)0 niile«, Hiiptifti into ihe 
 N. It iia« iiumvrotia lari^e 
 T, tlic lurii;i'«l Iriiiiilnry of 
 -til tide of the lliiniiialeli 
 Hanpoo rivpr, nritl running; 
 joint llie (JHoa^Pii 40 milca 
 r Sind« risPH in the Ilini- 
 ig H. W. cniplii^H into iho 
 I, The Induii liai uumtT' 
 t ofit* courte. 
 \%t in (he Uatila nenr (lie 
 i»t empty into (lie Day of 
 e* in the caiitern imrt of 
 
 emplici into ihe Gulf of 
 
 ifiM)no.4rAN. 
 
 ttt 
 
 Ci/w. I he eiiiPi „f ||„ni„,„,an are in >Pncr»l built 
 on O.K. plan, with very narrnw, c«on.,e.|, .r,,! croo.'^e.l 
 .trPPl., a «re«, „„„.H«r of rewrvoir, f.,r ^a.ci, «„,!,.« 
 <ner..uMHr.|p„, i,„er*per«J. ThP hoou-. are »ar o,«. 
 ly hu.l., ..,r«e „f br,«|., „„.er. of „,„,|, »„.! „i|, J, '^V 
 bumliooR tuu\ mad. 
 
 on the Moo,|y, an outlet of the (ian.^.,, «|,„,„ ,i„, ,„;|,, 
 
 .nZ .'fir' '! '" • ';'"^* »'' ''"'"'"'»• '•••"-"err . 
 "Sir, .,lk,, mu.l.ni. caliroe.. &e. The ho...., „f ,|," 
 
 Dative, are HPnerally mu.l eottaijP,, but (lu..o of he 
 £2;; aV •':•-"•"'.'•"'''' P"'""' '»'"•' fnpulat.I.. of 
 
 nihalitant.. iTpwarPi ii on the (Inngi.., I ^) ,„i|„ ;,.,t 
 
 llie Utilise., »P,t of Beifure., at Ihe ronnutnce of th« 
 Jumna w.ih the iunga,. ,^gra i. «„ ,he .»„m«a 5 W 
 
 rnhab ?a»/!* /i! *? * ""? '?'«' "''t containing (Joi),(MMJ 
 yihabitaut*. Uflhi, on the Jumna, N. W. of Airra. waa 
 formerly the capital of Himloo.lan and the .eat of The 
 
 The follomng lownt are in SMdk iiindoosian. 
 
 La/tore U \ w,.r nil- •" """"f"- ^"'naoosiati. 
 jjoftore i% iM. w. of Dilhi, on a branch of the Indiii 
 
 J... contain, I r,.),.K,o inhabitant. , Ca^hmer. irnor , J 
 
 Lahore, ir a delightful valley, called by the MokuI. the 
 
 pHr.. .,e of wie Indie,, and contain. 15U,Ouo i„ ffi an 1. 
 
 Ma„ non^ |.r„„ch ofthe Indn. .s! W. of l!ih„r'' 
 
 50 mile. 
 
 5 dace o( 
 I imhay^ on 
 
 north. AfHra/ i* .outh of''lWiay' It i« « 
 
 great trade, and ha. .V.io.o,),) inhabitant!. 
 
 •"'"" '"''iHd, .iiuth of Suriif, hu. an 
 
 JTsia. Ihe uland contain* -lOO.OdO inl.«biia.u« 
 Ju,'.^ernaut, the .eat of the THn-.M,. H„.lo . idol itm,' 
 the ea.tern poa.t. M mile. S. of t -.Ifiek \h, • ,1,11 
 
 il'e temple at tht. place. Mullitudei nvri.h on' thei, 
 
«• IIINDOOHTAN. 
 
 jfiiirnrjr. anil ihp country fur 60 niii«< roiinil is <trf>M«d 
 Hllli liutinin lt>itii'« ami «kiill«. 
 
 'I h»» follfunii^ hiwii* Nre in Suuthfrn tliiuloi)»lan, 
 Mi'lra^.m ilip L'liriiiilii', or rnuiitry lyiii^* mIuh^ (ho 
 (>ori>iuitiiil<-t <'i«it4t, I* ilie tirittcipnl riiiitmcreiiil ri(y in 
 Hiiinht'rii IliiiiiiiiuUii. It IiH( u p'liir Imrlmr tinJ a ilitu* 
 Krfciililv (ilUKliiin, jrtM eontitiiu )Hi,i)()o inh«bi(«n(i. 
 ^ircuf H«< M. W (if M«ijr«<i. Seriiii{tti>afain it 21)0 
 niilixt wi'tl nf ^lailrm I'liii rity ma« takvn by tho 
 llrili«h in \TM). 'iftcr n h'hiM ^ififf, liy itotitult. Uoa, nti 
 llw wi«<li*rn oniMl, M 4 l'<iriiii(ii(>4i- ««!lllt>uivnt, nii«l wm 
 onp» the •(>•! iif It imifil Iii<)iii4iiiun. li* lurbur ii one 
 nf (he hi'xl Ml itiMil<)ii4(itn 
 
 P>ipnlntinn. 'l'b«* |>ii|)itlttiion of lli'iilnailiin ii 
 IO)),OOil,Ui)i). The lliiiilnti* r(in4lilitff tlti* ar>nt m-^** of 
 the iiopuUtion. Fi4r<ieei, xMnh<jm«-(ani, aud Kurupean* 
 are Hunnrnu*. 
 
 Ilishirif. Thi* country hat lin-n rpiipainily ronqiierei]. 
 Ali'Xtiniler the (ire^l itoMi|iii'ri*<l ihi' iiorlliMfgiem iiart 
 inni'«< thitn '2,0()i) ypitr* Ai^u. It wa* ncii coiiniHTeii by 
 (he VInhonii'lan*, iiml nflprwtird* by the Mnt<iii I'nrlara. 
 Wiiliin the hut M) ypnra it hn* been runqiii r«'il by (he 
 UniKih, who now have iinilur their ihiminion or uiflufiie* 
 nearly the wholi.' cmintry, exempt (he iKirihwcutPrii 
 proviHRiM, whi<*h are in, the poi«ie«»ion of (he Afghani) 
 (III* !Sikh«. anil several in<lf|icn(li'iit K.iJit'iN. 
 
 (invernnu'tit. 'I'he f^jovemnipnt of the Hritinh pn<*pa« 
 «ion« i* iliviili*il into the I'reiitliMicica of nengnl, 
 .Miiilruii, anil Huinbity 
 
 UitiiliKis. The llinilooa are a lame, timirl, halfrir- 
 ili/i-il iiiiil Kiiperilitioii* race of men All their eu'toina 
 and fti'^liioiM nre regulated by their religion, and rem un 
 unaltered from age to n^e. TIip llindno* have (he niiin* 
 niunnem and eiiftlomn now, which they had 'i OiU) yenra 
 a^o. They are divided into four cnitet or el,t«<f*t. 
 I. The llrnhniini or prientn. 2. HoldierN ; 3. Thnte 
 devilled to a^rieullure and eummerpp i I Soodem or 
 liiliorpm. Thewe ea«tp« are all kept diHtinrt. mid trfl 
 nni perniitied to intermarry, or even to eat and drink 
 wilb each other. 
 
bO niii«« roiiiiil ii <trf>M«d 
 
 in Soulhern Wntkuttan, 
 country l>itif ulun^ (ho 
 «(!i|>Hl roiiimcreliil ri(v in 
 ii p'lnr Imrliiir tind a tiit»> 
 ill* iiio.iXM) inhtbitmilf. 
 I. Strhiitnitatain i« '*".>U 
 4 rily MA* i:ikfn by tlio 
 ii**i;i*, hy K^nitull. (V'm, on 
 ifiiro- <iullli'uu*nl, iiihI wm 
 Miiiun. lu litrbur ii ooe 
 
 Uiion of IIi')iliio«liin It 
 iin^tiliitf till* grint in<>«i of 
 liuinclitni, ftuJ Kurup(>ant 
 
 liet-n rp|iraifiily ronqiiereJ. 
 '•••I I hi- iioriliHesiem iiart 
 It wh» ncil conqiifran by 
 riU by the Mot<iil 'I'nrtftrs. 
 in* bi-eii roni|ii>'i<'i| by the 
 lieir iloiiiiiiioii or iiinufiiee 
 i!X(*H|it the ttoribvtcnt^rn 
 lonietiion of the Afghaaif 
 ndi'iit KiiJit'iM. 
 ipnt of tlie Hrilidh |)n«*i'i> 
 i're*i(liMici(>a of nengnl, 
 
 e A lame, timid, halfriv* 
 f men All tbeir eu'toint 
 their religion, and rem lin 
 'he llindno* have the niiina 
 ii'h they had "i OiU) year* 
 9 four cnite* or cl.tuvi't. 
 I. 2, Moldiern; 3. Tlni*© 
 eummerrp ; 4 Snoder* or 
 all kept diHtinrt. iiiid nre 
 or CTCD to eat and drink 
 
 illMMMHt'AX. 
 
 tV 
 
 /*Wi|r«"''. , rho Hindoo, „i. idnlitm. Their lem- 
 fUn ar. hll.d .vilh idui* of ,v,M,d nnd ^lone, ,.f i„.,u*(r.,.ii 
 »b.ipet, and evry family h..* ii* h«.i,..ho(d M or 
 im«^.. of bruM vvlHch i. pfaeed at the door of llieloiMe, 
 and honor.-, b. oin.ri..«, ..f ,io,., II.Mver* an.l frull. 
 he •acr.d book* of lb.- Hindoo, arc pallid veda*. and 
 Mie •hn*ter ■• a tMimmfiiiary on the veda* 
 
 Hellgioun VutNmM. Tho Hindoo b..|ieve. that if he 
 v.dM.. aril* dr..H.H him*elf in lh» (*.,„«.*, .,r burie. '.im. 
 »elf alive he .hall bp happy forever, and Ihou.an.l. have 
 .iMlroycd thj.m.elve. «vith thii oinectation. Furmeriy 
 they .awed ihenuelve. to death. Vhp tew wa. .o eon- 
 •irueted, that the p.?r»on wi.hini? to .aerifiee hi,„,df, 
 would « It in motion with hi. feel, H„d in.tantly lea^ 
 himielf to pi«ee.. It i* « very common cu.lam for 
 women to burn Ihem.elve. lo death, on the funeral u.le 
 of their hij.bund.. Hcif torture ie al.o nracli.ed In 
 *Hriou, way. Hometi.ne* the man Mretehr. him.eU' nil 
 A bed ►p'l'"..or of burning eoaU. and .ometime. he 
 hang. In the^ air, .o.pended on an iron hook, ptunKcd 
 hrough the fle.h of hi* b«, k. Infant, are fm.u miy 
 thrown into the (Jan;?,*, ..„d are there devoured bj 
 
 irom tlie god*. «* 
 
 Christhn Jtimonarie$. Since (he Driti.l- have had 
 no.»e.*,..n of tin. country, numoron. iniMionarieH have 
 been mm out by S,,e,el,e. in Knghnd, to iMM.cl tho 
 
 •talion la el >.r«mpore, near (.'ulenllu The B.-pli/i 
 
 SiT'',"lVi «•' " •'"."•" '"*''' 'ranU. (ed part. «f\».« 
 Bible inlu 27 dilterenl lun((nagri. 
 
 Face of the cmnlv;,. Hindoo.i^r, cnn.i,), e|,:.ft, „,- 
 eiteimive ,. an,., fertilized by -umero.* river, 'and 
 H ream. I'be only eon.idorailc monn.nin, are tl e 
 li.nim,iMi mountain., •» ihe northern frontier, and tho 
 Gaat., alon.. .he W e.tern (.•ua.f. In ihe nor.bwe^t there 
 u n ...udy de.ert b<H) ,„,|e, hng and Hm broad Tber. 
 arc exien.ue l..re.t. in variou. nhee., partieularly be' 
 Iween tliemoMlh«of(heGange». ' nuiaiiyoe- 
 
 Jfoil and ClUmte. A more fertile *.,J, md a clifPate 
 '.Piter adapted to bring the fri.ii, „f, he earth tVpX* 
 
 
Id4 
 
 HINUnOsTAN. 
 
 lion, cftnnot be foumi in (lie world. Tlirro are double 
 JiiuvfvU of grain, and two crops of fruil rrnm many of 
 'till' iri'i'K. 
 
 Productuma. Hicc in flic grain cliicfly cullivatrd, 
 nnd the princiiial food of (lie |ii'u|)!e. Indiiin corn, iho 
 •ngar cane, and rot ton are alxu raised in great quanti* 
 ties. The trnitsi and plantit are too numeronH to be spc- 
 eified ; but almoHt all tliut can delightllie eye, or giaiify 
 tbe taste of man, are prnduced in lltorichi'itt abiindauce. 
 Here grow* the lofty palm, with a simple (rnnk, withoat 
 hranchen, but lerminiiled by a simple tuft of leaves; 
 the cocoa-nut tree, with its nutritiiiRs fruit, whose fibrous 
 I'overing is formed iulo the most elastic cables ; and a 
 species of palm, bearing leaves so large, that r. single 
 one will cover ten or a dozen men, and two or three of 
 ihem are sufficient to roof a eotiage — Among the mine- 
 ral productions are gold and diamonds. 
 
 ^Mannfnctures. Cotton good? are the principal manu> 
 factures of Hindoostan. The muslins and calicoes, and 
 gome silk goods are exported to Europe and America. 
 The shawls of Cashmere are highly esteemed. 
 
 Commerce. The commerce of this country is nor 
 principally in the hands of the English East India com- 
 
 Sany, whose charter is from time to time renewed by the 
 riiish Parliament. The exports consist of cotton 
 goods, rice, 8n£;ar, diamonds, silk and saltpetre ; and the 
 principal articles received in return are silver and gold. 
 Animals. The most terrible animals are the royal 
 tigers of Bengal. Some of them are 5 feet high, ancf so 
 strong that they will carry oft" bullocks. They abound 
 in the vast forests at the mouths of the Ganges. 
 l\irlie8of pleasure on the islands in this river, have 
 often been shockingly interrupted by the fatal spring of 
 the tiger, which is said to extend a hundred feet. If 
 disiippointed in the first leap he couches his tail and re* 
 
 (reals. The rhinoceros with one horn, also inhabits the 
 
 swamps in the Delta of the Ganges. Bengal produces 
 tine flephants. which are used for carrying the camp 
 equipage of the army, and by the opulent Hindoos for 
 
 riding The other animals are apes, monkies, leopards, 
 
 pftDlhers, bears, wolves, &i'. 
 
•lil. Tlirrp ftie double 
 i ul' fruit iViiin many uf 
 
 tin cliipfly cullivatnl, 
 j|)le. Indian cnni, ihe 
 raised in {jrunt quanti* 
 
 00 numeroiiH to be spc- 
 ighylie eye, or giaiify 
 the nchi'st nbundiiuce. 
 i simple trunk, willinat 
 uinple tuft of leaven; 
 iir.4 fruit, V. Iidse fibrous 
 
 1 elnstic eahleit ; and a 
 go large, lliat r. single 
 
 'n, und two or three of 
 ge — Among the mine- 
 noiidn. 
 
 irc the principal manu- 
 islins and caliroes, and 
 Europe and America, 
 hly esteemed, 
 f this country is now 
 nglixh Kast India cam- 
 to time renewed by the 
 orts consist of cotton 
 and BBltpetre ; and the 
 irn are silver und gold, 
 animals are the royal 
 arc 5 feet high, and so 
 illocks. They abound 
 luths of the Ganges. 
 id*i in this river, have 
 I hy the futttl spring of 
 nd'a hundred feet. If 
 couches his tail and re* 
 horn, also inhabits the 
 iges. Bengal produces 
 for carry in j; the camp 
 be opulent Hindoos fur 
 pes, monkies, leopards, 
 
 FARTHER INDIA. 
 
 £55 
 
 Ckylom. This island belongs to Great nriloin. The 
 first European niiiIi mentson the inland were made by the 
 Portuguese, more «han three centuries ago The Poi lu- 
 guese were expelled by Ihe nBliveH,nsNisted by the Dulcli, 
 and in !7!»5 the Dutch were expelled by Ihe English— 
 The island is prineipally valuable for its cinnamon, and 
 M>ices, and the pearls which are taken upon its const. 
 Ihe principal towns are Columbo, Ihe eupilnl, on Ibo 
 wcslern cwst ; Candi, in the centre of the island; and 
 Irincomale, on the eastern coast, whose harbour is of 
 great consequence to the British, because there is none 
 on the eastern coast of Hindooslnn. 
 
 The population is estimated at 1,500,000. The reti- 
 ffion is idolatry ; but there are several stations occupied 
 by Christian missionaries, sent out by the English und 
 Americaus.— The climate is not so hot as that of South- 
 ern Hindoostau, being tempered by the sea breezes. 
 
 FARTHER INDIA. OR INDIA BEYOND THE 
 GANGES. 
 
 Situation. India heyond the Ganges includes all the 
 countries between Hindoostan and Cliina. It is bounded 
 N. by fibet and China.: E. by the China Sea ; aiid \Y. 
 by Uindonslan, and the Bay of Bengal. On the 8. it 
 comes to a point. 
 
 Divisions. India beyond the Ganges comprehends 9 
 dislinet countries, viz. 1. 'J'he liirman Umpire, which 
 inc udes the 4 ancient kingdoms of Ava, Pegu, Aracan 
 and Cassay. 2. Malaya. ;i. Siam. 4.: Cambodia. 5. 
 Chiampa. 6. Cochin China. 7. Tonquin. 8. Laos. 
 9. Jissam. ^ 
 
 Situation of the Divisions. The Ilirman Empire, 
 much the largest division, is in the west, borderins upon 
 Hindoostan and the n^j «f Dci.Kiil. JUuluyu ia u ulns 
 narrow peu.nsuia, south of the Birman Empire. Sium 
 Cambodia, Chiampa, Cochin China, and ToLdn nri on 
 the coas of the China Sea, between Malaya and Ch'ua 
 Laos, ,s ,n Ihe interior, between Tonquin aid the I^ man 
 
 EmPru' Ttr " '" ''' ""''"' ^^'^^- '^^ «^-- 
 
180 
 
 FARTHER INDIA. 
 
 Population. The population is uncertain, but may be 
 eitimaleil at 42,ooo,ooo, of which the Girman Empire 
 contuini ir,ooo,000 } Laos, 3,000,000 ; Siam and Ala- 
 laya S,«00,000; AHsam 3,000,000 and the four remain 
 fng countries l8,ooo,ooo. 
 
 Political condition. The political condition of this 
 country ib very fluctaating. The Birman empire is of 
 modern grow th, being tnude up of the four ancient king- 
 dom« of Ava, Peeu, Aracan, and Ca«»uy. The Bir- 
 inanH arc freqoently at war with the Siamese,' and have 
 sometimes almost conquered them. There is an invete- 
 rate eninily between the two nations. The five prov- 
 luccs east of 8ium and the Birmau empire are partially 
 dependent on the emperor of Cliina. 
 
 nivers. The principal rivers are the Japanese, the 
 Meinam and the Irawaddy. The Japanese is one of the 
 largest rivers in Asia. It rises in the mountains of 
 libet, and passing through the 8. W. part of China, 
 and through the countries of Laos and Cambodia, 
 empties into the China Sea. It is 2,ooo miles long; 
 and in diflerent parts of its course has difterent names, 
 as Cambodia, Mecon, Kiou-long, &c. The Jileinam 
 thea also in the mountains of Tibif, nnd running 
 ttirough the Birman Empire and Siam, empties into tbo 
 Uulf of Siam. The Irawadd;/ rises in the sitme moun- 
 tains, and passing through the Birman Empire, empties 
 into the Bay of Bengal, bv many moullis. 
 
 Chief Towns. The following ore the principal 
 towns in the Birman Empire. Ummerupoora, the cap- 
 ital, is on the Irawaddy, 400 miles from its mouth. It 
 was founded in 1783, and in 1800 the population was 
 eMimated at 173,000. *1va, the former capital, is 4 
 miles from Ummerapoora, and is now almost deserted. 
 Pegu, ou a branch of the Irawaddy, was formerly one of 
 •be moBt splunJiJ cJi'io. in Asin. but was destroyed by 
 the Birmuns, when they conquered tliii vuu..i.j i.I ira^. 
 Uangoun m the principal seaport. It is on Rangoon 
 river, one of the outlets of the Irawaddy. It is a modern 
 city, and promises to become a place of importance. 
 vhaaiH is near tliu coast, i2io miles S. E. of Calcutta. 
 
lA. 
 
 ncertaiii, but may be 
 
 (he Dirman Empire 
 
 100 ; Siatn and Ma- 
 
 kud (be four remain ■ 
 
 al cnndition nf (bi8 
 Birman empire is of 
 lie Tour ancient king- 
 Caiiuy. Tbe Bir- 
 i Siamese,' and have 
 There is an invele- 
 ms. The five prov- 
 empiro are partially 
 
 e (he Japanese, the 
 '^apnnese is unc of the 
 n the mountains of 
 
 W. part of Cliina, 
 iQS and Cambodia, 
 is 2,000 miles long; 
 has diflerent names, 
 &f. The Jlteinam 
 ribct, and running 
 am, empties into tho 
 s in the siuiie moun- 
 lan Empire, empties 
 oulhs. 
 
 are the principal 
 merapoora, ttie cap- 
 f'rom its mouth. It 
 
 the population was 
 former capital, is 4 
 low almost deserted. 
 
 was formerly one of 
 ut was destroyed by 
 
 Illl.i vuuiiiij^ if iratt 
 
 It is on Itangoon 
 ddy. It is a modern 
 lace of impuiiance. 
 S. £. of Calcutta. 
 
 rAirnir.u imha. Co? 
 
 8iam, the cnpitui of Sitim, U «n an ixliiiul in (lie 
 Meinuni, seveiul leamies (Vdm its indiilli. Jlulaccd, ih(5 
 pniieipiii tuMii (III the ptniiisiil t of Miilu\a, is xilnaled 
 on the struils ol" tin- siune HKim-. luirl uot !aiiM t .'."lOO 
 inhubiianls. Cumhodiu^ llie cipitul of the .ioiiniry oi' (he 
 same mime, is on tju' Jxpuiicte. 
 
 Character. The JtirmiiitH uie a lively, pasiiomito 
 and iulelli.^ent race of inin, very dillennt frmn fl.eir 
 neij^ibbrs the iliiHlotm. The Jlalai/n aie ferieioiiH and 
 resilcM!*, fond of nuvigation. war, plunder and desptiriite 
 enterprises. They ore pirates, and oHen attack Laro- 
 pean sl.ip*. Tliexe suvagen will KoineliiiieH seize a 
 vessel iiy snrprixe. and murder all ilie crew. The 
 Mnltiy history is full of enteiiirises. wliieli prove the 
 fenieity anil (.reiiehery of thene uiirbariaas. 'i'lie inhab- 
 itaals of the remaining pro\ !.ices, in many respects, re- 
 senilile llie (.'hiiiese. 
 
 Punishments. The mode of pnitishin^ crimes among 
 the Biimani is of the mast horrid kind. Aninni; the 
 modes of inflietin.^ capital piinishmenl ,ire, belieaiiiii|;, 
 erueifyiii^, starvia:; (u dei.lh, ri|)|iirit; open the liaiiy, 
 suwiiM' it in two, poarini; red hot lead dawn the (hroat, 
 plunging; tiiio Iml oil, and roasting to death by u !<low 
 lire, rhe milder pnnishnients are pulling out the eyes, 
 cutting oH'ihe tongue, the hands, feet, ears, iiorte, &e. 
 
 Jieligioii. the religian is idolatry. The llirnians 
 and Siamese adhere to tlie Hindoo faith and vv(ii>bip. 
 Tht y have nunietou* temples and idols. 'I'he English 
 and Amerieaii K.<p(i>>t» Imve sen( niissioiaries to (iiis 
 coun(ry, wlio are >«(alii)ned at RuKgoon, and have made 
 considerulde progress iu translutiiig the Uible into ihu 
 Birman laiisuage. 
 
 Productions. Itiee is very extensively eoitlvated, and 
 is the prioeipal food oi (be inlmliiiaiKs ('i>tton, sogar 
 cane, ginger, cinnamon, orange.', lemons, tigs, and nu- 
 merous other exquisite froiis are piudneed in abondaneo 
 in this fitvored region. The forests iiiild irtesof the 
 most useful and lieanliful kind in rieh utiundaiiee. Mere 
 are also I'unn'l rubies, and miiiv other preeious sloneii. 
 
 Islands. The Jitulamon and J^icobur islands are in 
 (he Buy of Bengal, west of the iieuiubula of Muluyu. 
 22* 
 
 H 
 
 % 
 
^i)(.i 
 
 ciiiNKsi: r.Mi*iHi:. 
 
 Here are fniirnl liird'H iieHtM, niaile of n viscous siilmlaiipo, 
 ri'Si.-raltliii':; iHin-^Iiixt, \^liicli, wlii-n ilis'tilscd in binlli, 
 lifCKincn tt jcllv III' «lt'lii'iou« Divvor. 'riu- Cliiiii'ne cut 
 tlieic iieslg, uii(i etilticnt llu'iii ii qtvixI iluiiv \ov. 
 
 CIMNKSK KMI'IIIK. 
 
 Silnnlinn. TIic riiiiiesf Kmpirn is lliat immeiifte 
 Iriaiigular cniinlrv. lyiiis; bclwceii iht' Allny iiiounlaiii» 
 on tliL- norlli, and il*" Hiinmaleli moiintiiiiiH on (lie Hoiitlt ; 
 Htiil hftwcen ItKli'pendent 'rurtary* on (lie west, and ilio 
 Ciiiiitv Hvi\, and Sea olJiipaiMin the cast. It is hfluixU 
 fd bj llinsiii on (lie N. ; liidi'|)CMdt'nt Tariury on tho 
 W. nml llind<iu>tan and Farllicr India on (lie h. 
 
 I)ii'i''inns. The Chintse Kmpire consists of China 
 Vropt'i-, Ciiiuete TurUrj, and Tribuluiy slalts. 
 
 CHINA FROPI'Ml. 
 
 Situation, China in bonndi'd N. liy Ciiinese Thifarv; 
 E. I)y the rfea; S. by the St-ii und Fiutlier India; atid 
 W. by Tibet. 
 
 JJivisions. China is divided into 1(> prnviners ; viz. 
 Pe-chc-le, Kiang-nan, Kiangsi. Telie-kiuni;, F<»-hien, 
 liou-pe, Iluii-nun. 8ban-ton,!;, Shan see. Hi;; tnin, Knn- 
 snii, Se-cLucn, Quan-long, Quauuee, Vmi-nan, Kuei- 
 tcheou. 
 
 Seas- The sea« bordi'rins^ on the casfern eoaul of 
 China are, the Yellow Sea in the north, (he Eiisteru 
 ■ea in the middle, and the China sea und iiuii' of Toii- 
 quin in the fiouth. 
 
 Itivers. The two principal rivers are the Jloniif^ho, 
 end the K'ianKa or Vung-l!»e Kitinj;, both of whieb rise 
 in tbf mountains of Tibet, and emj.ly into the Kastern 
 Sea. Tl)e Ilnaiii^-llo run-* ihroiif^blhe northern (irov- 
 inees, oiid the Kiaii-Ki! t)iroi)!;h the centre of the 
 country. 
 
 I'npuhiion. China i* (lie n\m\ populous country it; 
 lUe world. The jiopiiltiitun liaii bceu variously l-i^\\- 
 
 m 
 in 
 w 
 
 "1 
 I" 
 
 HI 
 
 lb 
 
 .^' 
 ». 
 
 '1" 
 
 w 
 
 OtI 
 
 S 
 \\ 
 
 t!i 
 at 
 ui 
 to 
 
 CO 
 
 CI 
 Ai 
 e.s 
 
 CO 
 
 re 
 
 tic 
 
 Ai 
 
 ex 
 
 110 
 
 be 
 nil 
 wi 
 dei 
 
 pe 
 vvl 
 
 Ra 
 lor 
 
 am 
 
viscous siilmlaiipo, 
 
 i^'iiKrd ill brnlli, 
 
 'llie CIiiiii'HC cut 
 
 (IflictPV. 
 
 v.. 
 
 is llial immoiifie 
 ■ AIIhv iiioutiiaiii» 
 tiiiiiH (III (he ttdiidi ; 
 I (lie west, Bitd iliu 
 cast. It is IioiiikU 
 nt 'rarliiry on the 
 a on the h. 
 
 vonHi<i!t of China 
 uiy slatts. 
 
 jT Chinese Thitani 
 'ultlier India; mid 
 
 Ifi provincfs ; viz. 
 lie-kiuMi;, Fi»-hien| 
 iee, Hig tian, Kan- 
 t, Yuii-nan, Koei- 
 
 ? casfern count of 
 lorth, (he Eiisteru 
 und (JuU' uf Ton- 
 are the 7/o«j;^ /io, 
 both of whifh rise 
 I int(» the Kastcra 
 the noKhern (irov- 
 ihe cen(re of the 
 
 opiihiUK roijiitrjr it: 
 L'tu vaiioublv e*ii- 
 
 CHINA PRdPEK. 
 
 U» 
 
 mated from ISO.ooo.ooo to 3.M,ooo,ooo. The firm p»t(. 
 inaH; ii |>rubii!>!> in-an-Ht the iinth. China i* mi ernuded 
 wi(h (H'ojile, Unt iniil(iiiidi>i lue c-oiioanilv in boats 
 upon the rivers When the harve^H are xniiili n<:uiv 
 jieriHli «iili famine ; and ratn. rat-., do^'*, tro^s u!i(l 
 •snakes are Poii*taiilly sold in the market for fooil. 
 
 C/i iff Totem. I'i'Mu, (he (\,|)i(.ir, ami re«.idenre of 
 (ho etn|ieror, is in the northeast, \silhin :>(( miltN of iho 
 .qreut wall. The |).i|)iilation hai been estimated at 
 8.000.000. It in (tnrronmk'd by a wall Jo feel hi-h. 
 The sdueis are wide, siraii^bl, n'od conM ii.ily (hroni^ed 
 wilh foot |>a*Hen;^erH and eurriat^cs. The iimiM-.s ar.''of 
 one slory The imperial palace consists of niuiiy ele- 
 gmt edifices, and niit^nificenl gardens, snrroumlid" by a 
 wall two miles in cUMit. 
 
 A'anhin, tin* former residcnee of (lie emperor, is near 
 flic banks of the Kian-Kn. The popiilati'm is esiimiMed 
 nt between 1 and iJ.OOO.OOO, ImiI it has lost mtieb of Ua 
 uneient splendor. Amon^ the public biiil.iin-s is a 
 lower 200 feet Iii^h, covered with porcelain. The 
 cotton cloth called nunheen comes fniin this rjiy. 
 
 Canton is a large commercial city in the sont!i of 
 China, and is the only p.,rt to which Korop«an nnil 
 American vessels are admitted. 'J'he popuhition is 
 estimated at 1,000,000, of which number .^oo.ooo live 
 constantly in boats npon (he wa(cr. The boa(s are 
 regularly ranged in (he form of streets. Vast ,iiii,nti- 
 lics of tea ere shipped from this port for Europe and 
 America. 
 
 Cunah. China surpasses all other fount ries in 
 excellent roads and canals. The imperial canal in the 
 iionhcast is SOO miles long, and is said to have been 
 begun m the tenth century, and to have employed ao.ooo 
 men for 4J years. The royal canal, eonoeein.g l»,.kiri 
 with Cuiiton, is 825 miles long, 00 ftcl wide, and 9 feet 
 deep. 
 
 The great tveill. The Chinese wall is the most stn 
 petidnus work of art in the world. Il runs aloni? the 
 whole northern frontier, and was desij.'ned as a banner 
 Rannsi the incursions of the Tartars. It j^ ir.O'i miles 
 lonsf. and is carried over rivets njioii arciits. over vallevs 
 and Liounliiius. It is built of briik aud stoue, ,'a fe"et 
 
*: 
 
 I 
 
 CHINA FUOPLIt. 
 
 liijjh, anJ •» thick ihat lionemcn can ride al.reait on 
 tUc (on. . , . ,„, 
 
 //e/i;r«on. The Chiiiene ar»« i(lol«tor«. 1 hvTv i« a 
 ChriMrmi Minhioimry iil Cantoii, uiid iho Nt'w 'l'«»ja- 
 iiieiit hus liitii iruii^lulcd iiilo Chinese, and txlt-iihivclj 
 
 (limriltuifd. . ■ , 
 
 Govirnmint ami ilniuf. 'I'lic «;mperor m an almnliile 
 wonurcli, Ijut ihf j5ovt'iiinn'nl is Uiuall) Kdmiiiisteied 
 Midi iniuli of l!ie puliiun'hal (tpirit. The eis«|ieror 
 reif<!.dH hi'4 |ifo|>li' aH hirt ehildrun, and not aw his uiaveii. 
 The olVuem «iJ' government are eiilletl inundarini, and 
 Ihey aie rrnnlurly educated for Ihe ofliieM \vhieh they 
 till. The t liiitese army eonlnin» 800,000 nun, of whom 
 600000 are infantry, and ^00,000 cavalry 
 
 Manners and Customs The exces8i»e in>pulou»ncg« 
 of lhi« country han ^i\en rise to the cruel custom «if 
 cxposiiHt- infantK. Farenli* who cannot 8U|t|»ort their 
 IVuiale children, are allowed to ea*t ihem into the river; 
 but Ihey fiiMen a i;ourd to the child, that it may float on 
 the wafer; and there are often rich people of coin|»as- 
 
 stun, who iire moved hv the erics of the child to save 
 
 them from dcaili. A practice pievaiU of hindini? the 
 feet of female children in ti^hl banda^e»l till they eeaso 
 toarow. Ihis is done thai they may have handsome 
 feet, for a »mall foot is deemed a i?ieal lieuuly. The 
 foot of a full sized Chinese woman i* not more than 6 
 
 inches Ions- . . . , i . .i 
 
 It is not allowed to bury the dead in towns, but tlio 
 sepulchres are coinnioiily oil barren hilU and mouniMins. 
 Jl.iuiners tloihe tlutnsclves in while. IJ*' Ihineso 
 treat their parents with t^reai r"vcience. To strike a 
 parent is puni-hed with d« ..tb in all casis. Kvery 
 Chinese keeps in his hou»e a laMe, on which are written 
 the Urtmes of his father, u;p nilfatber. and gr^-iii s"»"«'- 
 fnthrr. bifore v\liieh he frtciuenlly hums incense and 
 l>ro''i''.tc« l.imself. 
 
 Charuvt'T. The Chinese are luKhly cultivated, mild, 
 aflabi". and v.rv ceremonious They arc remarkably 
 v.in. timid, ar'tiil. and j.alous. Forc.^mrs are euie- 
 I'ullv exriiiil.d Irum Hi c-untry, l'oK>;.imy i» permit- 
 ted,' uud llie womvi. aie iu the most abjt vt degrttdatioD. 
 
II ride iilireaat ou 
 
 ^r*. Tlion- i« ft 
 
 till' Ni'u Test a - 
 
 , and ixli'iiNivcly 
 
 or in Hii uliitnliile 
 illy ndmiiiiftteied 
 . The eisnieror 
 not nw Ills lilavt'N. 
 I inunddrint, and 
 Xivvn wliii'h they 
 )00 iiu-ii, of Mhont 
 kiry 
 
 ii>e iiopuloiiHiiCR* 
 r cruel ciisiom (if 
 lot 8U|)|)iirt their 
 lem inlo Iho river; 
 lut it miiy flout oa 
 eople III' ('(iiii|tttti- 
 []' i'hililieii 10 Hiive 
 liU nl' liiiidini; the 
 ^e« till lliey eeiiHO 
 y hit\e hitiidiHome 
 cHi lifuuiy. The 
 I not more than 
 
 I in to>vn«, hut the 
 lU and miiuiiiuino. 
 te. I (e IhiiieHC 
 lice. To silrike a 
 all frtsi'x. K*ery 
 «hii'h Hre wrilltii 
 and u,rfui ^rand- 
 >urns iuueOHe and 
 
 ly rulfivaled. mild, 
 '\ are rt'iiiurkutily 
 -ligmm an- eaie- 
 h)».iniy i» |M'rniit- 
 iiijtvi UegrttdtttioD. 
 
 CHINESB TARTAHV. 
 
 atji 
 
 Fact nf the country, &e. China iH iirincirially a level 
 country, with e, ferlile «oi7. The clhiate it very differ- 
 ent in different partit. In the north, the uinlem are 
 eold and leverc} in the louth, the (einperaturc i» wuriu 
 at all neiiitnnii. 
 
 •^IffriaUture. Thin country in in a (late of high culti- 
 vation. The population i« lo t-rowded, that every 
 method mn»t he adopted lo raitc fiwid for their nupport, 
 and agrieullurc i« carried to tht? hiuheii n«rfection. 
 Kvon Rtcep hilU and mountainn are cullivnteil. They 
 are converted into tcrrncei, one aliove another, eaeu 
 HUpporlcd by a mound of Hlnne, and remrvoiri are mnda 
 an the lop, in which rain water i» rollecled, and con- 
 veyed down the Rides to water the plantH. Old men, 
 women, n<id children are conftantl) employed, with a 
 baiikut in one hand and a imull r^ke in llie other, iu 
 collecting from the road« and caoaU every particle of 
 manure. 
 
 Productions. The mont celeL at.?d pr<iduelion U the 
 tea tree, whose l"avp« are the principal nrt'cle of export 
 from China. Ainnni; other prnduction<i ate the cam- 
 phor tree, from the root* of which thai frai^ranl sub- 
 Ktance, camphor, is obtained by distillation ; the tallow 
 tree, from the fruit of which a green wm i» procured, 
 that iit made into CBiHlles ; and the paper mulberty tiee, 
 front the bark of whicli a species of paper ftnd cloth are 
 made. 
 
 Manufactures and Commerce. China hug been cele- 
 brated from remote aires, for that beaulifnl poreeluiu 
 ware, commonly called 'China. Sill is nhn inunufac- 
 tiitfed in great quantities, and these article*, together 
 with ten, are the principal exports. 
 
 Islands. The principal islands h.-longing to Chiu^ 
 are Formosa, Hainan, and the Leoo Keuo isles. 
 
 ClllNESJs. 
 
 1 ^U t x\tt I • 
 
 Situation. Chinese Tnrtnry includes the central parts 
 of Asia, and stretches on the east to tha sea of Japan. 
 It is bounded N. by Russia ; K. by the sea of Japan ; 8. 
 by China and Tibet ; and W. by Independent Tartary. 
 
208 
 
 'rilllHTAUY STA'IKS. 
 
 Fncr of ihf Cimntnj. The Ainiy mounlftiu* ikkirt 
 llii* roiiiilry on llii* tiorlli, ilif Helur Tug on the «itt«, 
 niul tlipniniintninit of 'rilici nn tin* itaulli.Cvliile iht jnto- 
 rinr i« a v««) rtevatiil |>liiii>, iMi('r>cei)><l Uy an iiiiiniMiic 
 disi'il,, dilii'il (lif dt'nerl ol'ShHiiiu or (JoUi,' 
 
 niyerit eitid Lokef. 'iln» |iririri|iiil river in (he .Imnur, 
 or HMi^hitliitn, wliii'li ri»M in the Aliny iiioiiiitain*, 
 nnil flow* I'HHl into the iiriiu|»|in»ii(; lhi> i«laii<l td" h^nqhn- 
 lit'H. The iiriMpiptil Inken are Halkaiih in the ucit.an'l 
 K'ulcn A'tir, ni'ar C'liinu, in the onHl. 
 
 Inhabitants. The nritieipal Iribei who wander over 
 lliii vnul region, are the Mnn^iiU and the IManilthnrx— . 
 The VAuU iind (he Kalka* are hranchen of lite MohkuIii. 
 The whole iinpnialiun of Chinese Tartury ii enliikial^d 
 ftl nnlj s.ooo.ooo. 
 
 Inland. Sashnlitn Inland, whieh ii Reparuted from 
 the o(iu«l by the Channel of Tartary, i» ooo uiilei long, 
 •nd is but lillle kiiuwu. 
 
 THIBUTARV STATES. 
 
 TiBKT. Tibet i» one of the tributary 8ta(p<, of China, 
 and lies between CliineHe Tartary on the N. ind Hin- 
 diiodan on the S. It Ih a hi;^li nHiuntuinouii country, 
 nndi* the source of nil thelnrt^ext riven* in iheitoutherii 
 Jiaif of Asia, as the lloanj;-Ho, the Kian-Ku, the 
 Japanese, the Hnrramponter, the GaufreR, and the Indus. 
 
 AfiijifioK. The tJrand Lama in the sovereign ifal 
 
 Crineipal priest, a »*' is worshipped not only in Tibet, 
 ut ill Chinese Tanary and Siberia. When the Lama 
 dies, it is believed that his spirit passes into his lueces- 
 
 §or. The palaec of the (ir»'j'' * '• "* »-—- , 
 
 -■» •-! "< iiic iTJuntrv. 
 
 xr S?'*'\^,. .""^ kin-dom of Corea is a peninAula, lyine. 
 N. L. o» (Ji.na. It has Chinese Tarlarv on the N the 
 sea o» Jajian on the E. and the Yellow sea on the W — 
 .1 he population i» estimated at l.dOo.ooe. It i« but lit- 
 tlukuowD. 
 
 in 
 
 l"» 
 
 I hi 
 
 cm 
 
 isli 
 
 roa 
 
 la 
 
 islii 
 
 I 
 
 oon 
 
 wai 
 
 bay 
 
 ■an 
 
 wor 
 
 proi 
 
 / 
 
 tain 
 
 Tht 
 
 eicc 
 
 and 
 
 Aur 
 
 CIki 
 
 fuli 
 
 a 
 
 an a 
 h di 
 a p 
 
 v»h 
 
 do'is 
 tram 
 wick 
 till t 
 
 A lar 
 
tnounlftiu« iikirt 
 i'Hg on itie Ml Hi, 
 III while (III- iiiic- 
 '<! Iiv tin iiiiiiti'iiic 
 ubi. 
 v«T in I he .Imnur, 
 
 JlHV IIHilllltllill*, 
 
 i«laiid 1)1' ^iiqhn- 
 ill th«> >vcit,un'l 
 
 'ho waniler over 
 le MHiiiUhiirx,— > 
 of lh«' lMoll^lllll. 
 tury ii ctlibiuled 
 
 uppnrutcd from 
 I oou uiiJei long, 
 
 Omr.n TAinrTARr HTAxn. 
 
 1^9 
 
 Hcvprnl of ihn kinici 
 
 «(u(oi. of China, 
 the i": iiid Hin- 
 tuinouH cntinlry, 
 H in iheNoiitherti 
 ! Kian-Ku, the 
 fi, nnd llip Indus. 
 > sovereign tftid 
 : only in Tibet, 
 iVhcn the Liima 
 
 into his lueces- 
 
 ... : . .» F — ^, 
 
 penioAuIn, lying- 
 ry on the N. the 
 
 iPft on (he W 
 
 le. It i« but lit. 
 
 n^v i^it / r "•' "t'*^'' '"'^« nlrettdylKcn de..ribed, 
 fill «» ''"'-.bNt th..y «ro.u nearly independent, 
 
 lh«l they can hurdly be reckoned a part of the Chine.e 
 
 JAPAN 
 
 f^if nation. The empire of Japan ron«ii(M of one iarsc 
 .•land and .evcriil »,naller «nr», |y„,^ „|r „,e eastern 
 eoa.t of A»ia, and separated from Corea nnd Chinem 
 larlary bv ihe lea of Japan, ii.e name of the larKO 
 i»land la Mphon, nnd it in Too niilei Ion*. 
 
 Fi,c, o/tltP. Cmnlry. All (he eoa.t* of ihe.e iilandt 
 oonM.r „f h.g ,, piaj^gy a„,| i„acee»Mble mountains 
 waahed by ahallow boiMeroua acaa; and ihe creek, and 
 baya are for the moit part ehokeii up with roeks nnd 
 •an.la «o that Japan aeems excluded from the rent of the 
 worm. 1 he country ^vithin ia aa pleasant, as the ap- 
 proach to It ia fri^htful. * 
 
 luhahitanh. Japan like China is very populous, eon. 
 taining, it is supposed, at least Ifl.oooJ.oo 'nhubilan<». 
 I hev are as highly civilized at the Chinese, and even 
 ««cel them in seferal manufactures, particularly in silk 
 and cotton goods, and in japan and porcelain ware.— 
 Agricullure «N« ,. carried to the .«me perfeeii,,,, as in 
 U ina. 1 he Japanese cultivate literature and the use- 
 lul arts. 
 
 Government ami Religion. The emperor of Japan it 
 an absolute monarch who is hereditary, but the e.nnire 
 18 divided into provinces, each of which ia L-ovemed br 
 a prjnce, who i« «!,« hereditary. TheW,V,« i 
 polyihei*m, resembling in many points that of th. Hj,,. 
 do-isand Chinese, parliculaily in ihe doBtrine of ,he 
 
 tranHimgration of »ouls. 'Jhey believe that the I, „f 
 
 '.y.eked men, alier death, occupy the bodies of uniumls, 
 till they are purged from their <«ins. ' 
 
 Chief Towns. Jedo, the eapi'al, in at the bottom of 
 a large buy, on the south side of the ibland of Nipho» 
 
 
 •If' 
 
I 
 
 M4 
 
 AHlAXrC IHLAN08> 
 
 The Imrbnr U •« •litlinw (dM Kurnnean aliipi rtnnot 
 ■|ipriiH«li v.Mliin •,vti«i (V«i,<>i»». The eiljr mntniii* 
 nnny »nl"P(li»l h<.ii«M, l<i>ltiliK>"<< •>» '•'«• lor«l», uiraiiilfVi, 
 ■ml |»ritieif)i of Jhe rmpire, nil of \»liom rmtle hi-re 
 during die ureaier fiiirt of the )?«r. The pitnirrorN 
 piiUre U (he iiMiit lup^rb niiliee in ihe rinpire. I( •« 
 L'inbrurfil in nevprul inela«uri<t, the whulo more than l» 
 niilvii ill riri'iiiiifi-rfiire. The pnpuUliun of Jcdo U c«- 
 timiiitil Ml i.ooo.nuo. 
 
 mVntco in III llie inlitrior, nljoiit 100 niilt>« H. W. «if 
 Jeilo. ll \SM formerly ihf capital uf (ht> vnipire, aiul ia 
 ■tilt lhi> rimt ruuuner«!ial cilv, and the graiiil •torehouta 
 of jkll Ihc niHiiufuclurfa ol Japmi. The population it 
 eittimatvtl at more than t,a(Hi.()<)0. 
 
 ,^'ugnnaki, on the itilanil uf Kiu«u, in the only harhor 
 where fiireignfm are peruiitteil to cuter. 
 
 ASIATIC ISLANDS. 
 
 Situation. The term Aiiulic Ulanda it applied lij 
 WA) lit' ditttiiiclinii, to lho«c iwl.tuiU which lie between 
 New llnllniiil iiiid New Ouineu un the M. K. and Ania iMt 
 the N. \V. '1 hey include ifi'oupfH, vix. 1 The iiles 
 of Hundu the priiu-ipat «tf whieh are Htiinatru, Juva. 
 Bunca and Timor. J. Unrni-o, and the imail itlnndt 
 adjaoi-nl. 3. Th)- I'liilippine inliindi, the principal of 
 whicti are Liitiin luid Mni^indunao. •!■. Olflien. b. 
 The Hpice inluntU, Ihe principul of which i* Ciilolo. 
 
 Jiitmtiun of the p^roupfs. Horneo and Celebea are in 
 the eenlre. the Philippine iHlnndk in iho north, thn 
 Spice iilnndK in the eaitt, and (he i»le» of tSuiidti in the 
 ■outh. The China neii ttepuratca itieiie iaiunda from 
 Alia. 
 
 1 The Isles of Sunda, on Sumatra Tblands. 
 
 Sumatra in m-naraled from the peniniiula of Malaya 
 bv the NtraitH of Mulneca. If i* ttSO mileH loii,j, nnd a 
 cnnin of monnlninH runn through the whole i«ii' Mount 
 Ophir, the hi(slie»( sninniit in the range iv ia,':-K feet 
 
 
 w_ 
 
can nhipt fAimut 
 he cily fanlniii« 
 
 horn Tvtiiln here 
 The pitiiicror'* 
 le riiiplrc. ll it 
 ule more than 10 
 ion of Jcdo ii ci> 
 
 I miles H. W. of 
 
 ihc empire, aiid ia 
 
 ^ratu^ •torehout* 
 
 he |iopiiUtioii ia 
 
 « the only harbor 
 r. 
 
 iida is applied Uj 
 Jiich lie between 
 M. K. and Asia u>n 
 vix. 1 The isles 
 e Uumatrii, Java« 
 thr smnll i*lnnds 
 I the principal of 
 +. Celpbe*. &. 
 Iiicli ii« (iilolo. 
 ind Celebes are in 
 in iho nnr>li, thn 
 » of Miiiidii in the 
 >e«e iaiunds front 
 
 \TRA Islands. 
 
 nintiula ofMalava 
 niilcH lob,;, mid a 
 bole Mil' Mount 
 ntre is la/?*-; fed 
 
 T 
 
 ASIATIC ISLAVIM. 
 
 Ml 
 
 thoT* (he level of (ht a#t. Allhniith this i^lind liei 
 Uireclljr under ibeeqn»»f.r, the elimat* is mil ver» hot, 
 Ihe ihermiinictvr «<-l>)oni ri»^n^ above Sit', 
 
 I'he prijtlucUon of most value is pepper. Other pro. 
 dMfllions art silk, euttoii eamphor, tin, ^«|,|, fiie. lh« 
 only British aetllement i* at BmouUn i aud ihe princi. 
 pal article of eiport i» pflpn-r. Iho pupulalion !• etti- 
 mated at i.iloo.ooo. The inhabititots of the roast ar« 
 Malm*. Thoie in tho Inferior are eannibaU of th« 
 moiil •avage character. Amoni( iheir horrid cuntumH ia 
 that of eating eaeb other. Whe., a man becouien auvd 
 and infirm, h« invites bis children and frienils to coino 
 and e*t him. He aseendi a trre, round which hia 
 friend* assemble, ami join in a funeral di^J^e, the lm> 
 port or which is " Ihc season is come, Ihe fruit ii ripe, 
 •n«l must descend." After this tiis old nan dtaetod*. 
 ud ia ealeo by his children. 
 
 Java lies H. E. of Hnmatra, and is leparated from it 
 by the straits of Hunda. It is flflo mile* luoir, and An- 
 i»nf;s to Ihi* lluteh. The fact of thn country m the in- 
 terior is rountainuus and lb« climaU healthy | but ths 
 coasts ara low, marshy and very unhealthy. The pro- 
 ductlona are timilar to those of Huniatra ; the mntt 
 vahiablu ia pepper. Tb« ptf;»M/a/ion ia emimuted at 
 #,000.000. The prevailing rrtigion i» l^faboinetani«m. 
 Batavutr an the N. W, aide of the islaud, ia a place 
 >f immense trade, and the capital of the Dutch Kuat 
 India possessions. It is extremely unhealthy, and with- 
 in a taw yetra the population has very much diminii^h' 
 M. it once contained 160,000 inhabitants, but now 
 only 47,000. 
 
 TiMon Itft fur to (he east of Java. Between (hfl« 
 are Humbava, Flore*, and cM^al smaller itiauds. 
 
 S. BORNXO. 
 
 noRMRo, (he largest island in (he world except Vpw 
 Holland, is in the centre of the Asiutio islaudit, borilur- 
 jnn on (he China Sea It ii 800 miles long and rgO 
 broad, The coasts are low and swampy. The interior 
 •» very little knowa to Europeftua. The princind 
 »3 
 
! 
 
 I 
 
 Mt ASIATIC ISLANRH. 
 
 •expnrh %t« i^olil, iliamontit, liinU' nrt(«, ncppfr nnd 
 vitmnhor. 'i'h« eitmmrrer i« |iriiiri|inli^ ia Ilia ImntU »t 
 Itir (;iiinfio,(liBre bviiig na Kuruiiifan ivlllcnirnl* un (he 
 itlntiil. 
 
 'I'ht pipulntiiin U Mllmnfrd at », 000,000. Tl»<» //rnnif 
 Oulang, «a miimiil very nineh rrat-niMini^ man, ahoumU 
 in Rorimn. 'I'lit prineifrnt iown U Horupo, on tha iinrih 
 «iiK«t. It contltl* of alutiit 9,000 hou«ft Mhich arc liuilt 
 on raflt, am) ran bo mnvni from iiUrp lo |)lace accurd- 
 iug to till' coiivenicuee of the iiiliabiluntt. 
 
 3. FiiiLipriNr. Iit.AND<i OR TNR Mamillai. 
 
 Tlii>io Uland* li« N E. of Biirnpo, and burdrr on the 
 Chinn Hfitt. Thfy Mon;? to the Spaniard*. 'lUiffirn. 
 tliictiim* i\rc riff, cotton, nuf^Ar caiif, foeoa Irpm, brrud 
 fniil, ({old, crtpprr and iron. The ^o;7u'afion it eoi- 
 nmtfd at .i.soo.ooo. Thr ro arc aevartl volcaiioea, and 
 MHrlhqo.'ikf 4 ar« frfqiifnt. 
 
 /.uroM, th<p prinripul inland, it fioo tnlirt Ion;;. Tho 
 prini-ipul cilj i« Munillu, on the M. W. eoaiit, which 
 contnint I2,ooo ijhri'ttian inhabitant*, h>-<iid«>» (Miini'ie 
 mid .l«p«ne»ti« who are mnch nioro numiM-uu*. \n iin- 
 porlant rontmorce ha» lonn been carried «n bet ween fli«« 
 vily of Manilla und Acd|iulco in Mexico. ' 
 
 '.Uagindanao, the ut-it i»Iinid in •vm, i« S. K. oILucon 
 
 4. CELKor,*. 
 
 tekfx'^ lion iindi-r the cqn.itor ea«t of 11 rnno. I« ii 
 •bout i.oo ntilea l«n«5, but very crooked in iln ihape. 
 The popufntion i* e*timatcd at J,00() ooo. The/mM/uc- 
 tiun^ are rice, coiinn.pepj^r and camphor. The island 
 14 •oint'liuiei culled MacasMr, fr»m a town of that name. 
 in the louthern part of the i*land, which in the prineipal 
 aettleinent belonging to the Dutch. 
 
 S. SriCE IlLAND*. 
 
 The Spice Ulandi lie ea»t of the Celebe*. The* 
 are jionielinifn culled Moluecaf" They brlont; (<• the 
 
f ia llio liantU of 
 fUlcmenli un the 
 
 I0(t. Tl»c f/rnnf 
 ng mtn, khoumU 
 iiro, on th« iiorih 
 • which arr built 
 i<( |tlace aceurd- 
 («. 
 
 Manillai. 
 
 ml bunler on the 
 iiinN. 'Iltf pro' 
 ifiiH trt'in, lifMitl 
 tpuladnn i* e<ii- 
 il volcmiuei, kdiI 
 
 ntlot lon^. Tho 
 tV. coiiNt, which 
 h>'«iilr» (!hini>ie 
 neruun. \n iin* 
 il «ti bctwrriifli<* 
 CO. • 
 
 il !<. K. oi'Liicuii 
 
 f>r n rnoo. Il il 
 I'll in iu ihiipe. 
 U). 'Vhffrodw- 
 lior. The iilami 
 )\vn of that name 
 h il the priiieiphi 
 
 Celfibci. TUvy 
 ey brfontf tn tH« 
 
 AUtTHALAi«l4. %f 
 
 Iliiteli. Thry arr eMehr«f«d, M Ihfir nintd imliAiitt*, 
 for th« proiluelion of ihi> richrit ipicfi. Cloto., nut. 
 mi-H*. riironi, or«ni<.«, lenioni, iiml p^pp.T, urf n^mnx 
 Ih- prrri.MM pro.lurhoMi of ihri^ ulaiiiU — The riili 
 pr.Hlurf or III.. Spi,.,- Mni,.U ha« ^iven ri«« l« muuhVoii. 
 ij'Mii.Mi «nioin< iho i.r.nripal Kiironean nntioiui' ih.. 
 M,.rioianli. HorlM^iiri,, lluleh no.l Koi^li.h hA%io^ .„c 
 ei'MiwIy rliiiiMKil iml f.njKhl for ih.- po«.<>Mion of ihnu 
 — I hi. n«.ne» of the principal iilMn.l* ur.! Oiiolo, Ccu«i. 
 AiMlio^iitt, lernalemiJIJaotla. 
 
 Al>iTllAM9l.\. 
 
 Situnthn. Aiuiruliioiii n.niiid of irveriil laiao ii|. 
 All.!, I,, on louihea.i of i;.o A iiili.^ iilnn.U. The hiIh- 
 i^.pil II New IlolbDiI, which il ♦» largo ih4t nmny'mo- 
 «rupl...ri j.,|| i, ,» condoer... Tl.o oiher i.liiM.N are 
 •New Ci.iMiea. New Unluio. \,h. |rela«.|, Molomoo'i M. 
 
 > on l),em.ii i l.in.l .New (;.,iu..i U neparulcl froiu the 
 
 :SviV;.Uh'"'^'^ 
 
 j^''''^ IIo...,AN» i. .Miual i„ .lip.o ,.» ,1,.. „|,.,;,, „,.,;„. 
 
 •|»c >cl very ImiI« h koov.n ., I. i, vo.t a.oulrv. Ku ,, 
 H' » .ore* wereiMver (.x,,lor.U l.y Kun.peun, (I'll wi,|,. 
 male>v year., aoJ noiSini; i, know,, ofihe ir.ten,>r 
 1 he e,i,t,.r„ rou.t ii eull.-.l Ni ,» .S,.,i(h Welt., urul we» 
 eM'lore.l by tapt Cook abou, oo yenr-i o^o, u .^ Ik , 
 ,J:|«ci*u.n of ,n ,he name of ,he kfo^ of llUi H.i.ai. 
 
 he Br.t., . novv have a He.ll.jn. ,., ,a V^a Juekson «„ 
 . c S L. ,nle of ihe ulmid, a„d to ihii nlace ihey truni- 
 piiri their erimiimln. * / • ■■» 
 
 The «,.;.i¥s of New Ilollunil, .„ far hi they ore 
 fvriowii. are inion^ the most ile^ru.le.l of the human .pe. 
 ■ le,. Ihev are ugly ami dirty. Their nniei are llaf. 
 ""•ir ip» ih.ck, their mouthi itrelch alinoit from ear to 
 
 h'HlLl ..^i 'ri!"!""* .I":' ''.':'"P".'«/'''. «»■> nib their 
 
 in hot weather 
 »vo 01) religion. 
 
 ar , ,,„.y imu woriMi Aiiil culerpillari, 
 boil.ei all over with tiih oil, which ir 
 aittkeg an intolerable •ttiicb. They bat 
 
 4 
 
 I 
 
 « 
 
 / A / 
 
S€8 
 
 POLYNESIA. 
 
 but are a poor 8uper8titiou» race, believing in ghosti 
 
 aud witches. • i * 
 
 New Guinea, sometimes called Papua, is north of 
 New Hoilaiul. It is about a» large as Borneo, but much 
 longer, being more than iUQO miles in extent from 
 N. W. (0 H. K. There is no Kuropean settlemtnt upon 
 it, and very little is knpwn about it. The shores abound 
 with cocoa trees, and in some parts with nutmeg tree?, 
 and as far as it is known it appears to be a beHutiful 
 fertile country. The inhabitants arc black and have 
 BIOS) hideous countenances. 
 
 New Britain, New Ireland, and Solomon s Isi^ 
 AND3, lie east of New Guinea; New Heuhides and 
 N:-.w Caledonia are 8. K. of the same island. Very 
 little u known about any of the« islands a* they were 
 «ot discovered till latcl v, and f ontuin no Kuropean set- 
 tlements. • I 1 I „« 
 
 Nfw Zealand consisl: "f two large islands, lying 
 east of Van Diemen's l.»nd. The most valuable prodac- 
 tion is a species oi flax, which has a beau, ful silky 
 HPiieirauce aud seems to be peculiar to this island. 
 The natives of New Zealand are a noble race of men* 
 Thfv are as tail as the tallest Europeans: their fcn- 
 tareii are regulan they have uncommon strength ot 
 mi'idand sagacitv; ih.-y are warlike, naturallv kind, 
 atrectionute and goi.ei -'s. Vet they are cannibals, and 
 „|H-n provoked are veiy ftrociou., but under proper 
 cullivilinn they will makeoneoflhe finest people in the 
 world. An English settlement has rectnlly been nia«Ie 
 here, for the purpose of intrnducing the hleMings ni 
 miliziuion, and the knowledge of (Jhristiai.itv. 
 
 Yery little is known about Van Uikmen s land. 
 
 POLYNESIA. 
 
 ,Vame and Sitnation. Poljnesin is derived from fwn 
 Greek words 8ignif>inj; many islands. It embraces tho 
 ,.,„.,ero«H island* iu tl <• Paciiic Ocan, lying east ol the 
 milippine inlands a..' Ai.^tra asm. ,.1 '"" ,P^'""i^'» 
 ..rorpes are the Pelew l.l.-^uls, the Caroline Islands, .he 
 hadrones, and tlie gundwkh Islands, lying north of thf 
 
, believing in ghosti 
 
 Papna, is norlh of 
 as Borneo, but much 
 iles in extent from 
 lenn settlenunt upon 
 The shores abound 
 viilh nutmeg tree?, 
 »rs to he a beHtitiful 
 arc biuck and have 
 
 and Solomon's Isi 
 New Heuhides and 
 
 same island. Very 
 islands, m they were 
 uin no European set- 
 
 Inrge islands, lying 
 iiosl valuable prodac- 
 18 a beau, ful silky 
 uliar to (his island. 
 A noble iHce of men* 
 uropeans ; their fcn- 
 eomnuin strength of 
 ■like, naturally kind, 
 ey arc cannibals, and 
 IS, but under proper 
 le (iiiest people in the 
 is reeenlly been made 
 cing thelilonsings «f 
 ' Christianity. 
 
 Uii-.MEN*& land. 
 
 a is derived from fwn 
 nds. It embraces tho 
 cfran, lying east of the 
 isia. 'The principal 
 L' Caroline Islands, .he 
 lids, lying north of thf 
 
 iHii.YNr^rv. 
 
 -!•>*» 
 
 equator: and (lit: Friendly Islands, Navif^ah.j's Islands, 
 tJie Society Islands, uiiil the Marquesas, south of the 
 (.({uutiir 
 
 ^ The reUtv islands lie east of the IMiilippine island). 
 Capl. WiLsou was shij)wrecked here in J7M.J, and de- 
 scribes the natives as mild, and simple ii- their manners, 
 and hospitable, but they have no religion, though they 
 appear to believe that the soul survives the body. 
 
 The Caroline i^tlands lie east of the Pele>v islands and 
 are about 30 in number, but are little known. Tho 
 Ltuirones are 16 in number, and lie north of the Caro- 
 line islands. 
 
 The Sandwich islands are 11 in number, anu are in 
 the northeast extremity of Polynesia. Owhyee (he larg- 
 est ivland in the groupe, is 8j miles long. The popula 
 tion of the Sandwich inlands in estimated at 400,000. 
 The climate is rather more temperate than that of the 
 West India islands, which li* in the samu latitude. 
 Among the productions are bread fruit and sugar cane. 
 
 The inhabitants arc a mild, alleclionale, and docile 
 race. They discover a good share of ingenuity, and are 
 very desirous of improvement, fhey Lave already in- 
 troduced several of the arts of civilized life, but they 
 filill retain the barbarous practice of sacrificing human 
 victims. Several of the natives of these islands have 
 been educated at the school for heathen youth at Corn- 
 wall in Connecticut, and have now gone home, in com- 
 pany with several American missionaries, to introduce 
 Christianity among their countrymen. 
 
 The Frimdly islands, lie'east of the Neiv Hebrides, 
 and are inhabited by a friendly people. JVfljwn-w/or'h 
 •siands are east of the Friendly islands, and are inhabit" 
 jd bv a ferouiuus people. 
 
 The Society islands lie still farther east. Otaheiic 
 is the largest of this groupe, and has attracted much 
 attention. It is about 120 miles in circumference. TJvj 
 country is beautiful, the soil is fertile and producer 
 bread fruit, sugar cane, cocoa nuts, and bananas in 
 abundance. The people are mild, aflFable, and politr, 
 but they are idi^lnters, and offer human sacrifices.—l 
 In 1810, however, ttie hhabitants gf several of these 
 S3* 
 
 m 
 
sro 
 
 AFRICA. 
 
 islands rpnnunced llieir godi and embraced ChrisliaQ- 
 
 The Mnr(]uestts island*) lie N- K. of llie 8ocii'(y 
 i«landi4. They are 5 in niimlier, and the inhuliitanln 
 arc 6aid to tie the ht^ndHotnest people in the uorld. 
 
 AFUICA. 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 e 
 
 ei 
 
 J» 
 
 y. 
 
 ai 
 
 Situaiinn. Africa 18 bounded N. by the Medilcrra* 
 ncan, K. by the Ited Sea and (he Indian Ocean; W. by 
 the Ailiinlie. Oeean. On (he H. it comet to a point. 
 
 Isthmus and Straits. I'lie iHthniuK of Suez lies be* 
 tueen the Ited Sea and the Mediterranean, and connects 
 Africa with .^sia. The straits of Oibraltar connect 
 the Mi'diterranean with the Atlantic, and separate 
 Africa from Europe. The straits of 77a6«^mffn(ie/ con* 
 necl the Ued Sea with the Indian Ocean, and separate 
 Africa from Asia. 
 
 Capes. (Jape Ouardafui is the eastern extremity of 
 Africa, Cape Serra the northern, and Cape Verde the 
 western. The Cape of Good Hope is in the south. Cape 
 Bojador is north of Cape Verde. 
 
 JUountains. The two principal ranges ore the Moun« 
 lains of the Moon, and the Mount Alias chain. The 
 Mountains of the Moon commence near Cape Verde, 
 in the western extremity of the eontinest, and run east 
 almost to Cape Guardafui, a distance of nearly 3,000 
 miles. The Mount Mlas chain commences north of 
 Cape Bujadur, and runs northeast along the eoust to 
 Cape Serra. 
 
 Rivers. There are few large rivers in Africa. The 
 largest is the i^Tile, which rises in the eastern part of 
 the Mountains of the Moon, and runs N. to the Medi- 
 terranean, a distance of more than S500 miles. The 
 JV^er rises near the west extremity of the Mountains 
 pf the Moon, and flows east for a very great distance, 
 bnt how far is not known. Some suppose that it is lost 
 in the sands ; others, that it empties iato a great inland 
 •ea, aad ethers itill, tbat it is » brancbof tb« N»r%t 
 
 ol 
 iti 
 m 
 bl 
 
 (e 
 St 
 A 
 te 
 til 
 m 
 irn 
 uc 
 isl 
 ini 
 ni( 
 po 
 pe 
 an 
 
 riu 
 bu 
 to 
 
 kit 
 div 
 of 
 cot 
 
 Jifl 
 
 the 
 4. 
 
 in I 
 
^braced ChrigtiaQ- 
 
 1. of llie Socii'tf 
 1(1 the ihhutiiluiilg 
 in the \vorhl. 
 
 by the Me«li(crra* 
 iaii Ocean j W. by 
 meg to a point. 
 IK of Suez lies be> 
 nean, and connects 
 
 Oibraltar connect 
 itic, anil 8ppara(e 
 f liabetmandel con- 
 :ean, and separate 
 
 nslern extremity of 
 )d Cape Verde the 
 in the south. Cape 
 
 rmen are the Moun« 
 Alias chain. The 
 near Cape Verde, 
 nent, aud run east 
 tn sf nearly 3,000 
 mmenees north of 
 along the eoast to 
 
 rt ID Africa. The 
 Ibe eastern part of 
 IB N. to the Medi- 
 I 2500 miles. The 
 ' of the Mountains 
 ery great distance, 
 ipose that it is lost 
 iato a great inland 
 rutcbof ttr« Nrflt 
 
 AFRICA. 
 
 m 
 
 lo solve theHe donbts is a grand gP02rnnIu>nI problem, 
 and several Kiiiopean (ravHler« huvi- HlK.npied to i.en- 
 elrale llie interior oi Africa lor this purpose, but hilfi. 
 erto Without i-fliet. 
 
 The ^e>,>'gal, the Gambia, the Rio Grande, and the 
 ^emrada, all ri^e in tin- weHtern exlmniKv of ibe 
 Moiinittins of the Moon, near the sources of liicNi:{ir, 
 and flow west into the Atlantic. 
 
 .SW The fpart of Africa, south of the Mountains 
 Of the xMoon, resembles a nugar loaf, or a pyramid with 
 it« apex towards the south ; the p*rt north of the«e 
 mountains is of a semicircular shape, somewhat resem- 
 biingun Ind.an bow. 
 
 Deserts. Afripa is distinRuished from the other quar- 
 ters of the world, by its immense sandy deserts. The 
 Sahara or Great Desert, occupies a large proportion of 
 Africa, north of the Mountains of the Moon. It ex- 
 ends with lew inlernipiions completely across the eon- 
 t.nent from the At antic to the Ked Sea, a distance of 
 more ban 3,000 n„cs, and its breadth in some places is 
 more than 800.--Ihis desert appears like an immense 
 oetan of scorching sand, interspersed with various 
 islands, or fertile spots, called oases, which serve as rest- 
 irig and wateritig places for the curnvans in their iiiur- 
 n.e, over the desert. When the caravans „,e iZ- 
 Kl f'" .'I !"S '""i" "• ""*•" P'''''^''' t'-'^y Sequent y 
 and 1800 eamels perished in this way. 
 
 nor of Africa. Few travellers have penetrated that 
 burning region; Our knowledge is prinJipuHy confined 
 to the coumries Iving directly upon the coast. 
 
 Uivmons. Africa is divided into a great many nettv 
 kingdoms atjd states : but tbey may be'clas.ed uJd'lr 5 
 d,v,s,ons.-i. JVWfAcrn J/nVa, or the countries north 
 of Ihetrop.c of Cancer; 2. Southern Jl/rica. or the 
 countries south of the tropic of C«pricor|-;; J E^str^ 
 
 u£ SnV f T"'"" '^ "•^"" ""^ '"'' «'»"«' '••'"v.eea 
 
 U Z^l n /"'"' *"' "i? ««"«'^*«»«n «l'e west coast 
 U.wwn the tropics. B. Cenfral Jlfvn-n, or the couulries 
 la the interior between Ibese four divisious. 
 
V2 
 
 EOVPT. 
 
 Northern Africa comprcLemli KgyiU aud the Barbtt 
 tj stttte*. 
 
 KGYPT. 
 
 Sittitttinn. Kgvpt is in (lie nortfieast part of Africa. 
 It '\» boiinded N.Uy liie Mediterranean; K. by the isth- 
 mus of Sutz, and the Ued Sea; S. by Nubia; anil AV. 
 bv a dexert. It lie<i on both aides of the Mile, from iti 
 niouth to 8vene in lat. in,". 
 
 Jliver. I'ho Nile is the j»reat river of Egypt. It 
 rites in the mnuntain<i uf the Moon, and pasHex through 
 Abyssinia and Nubiii before it enters Kgypt. After 
 entering Egypt, it runs north for 800 miles, and then 
 divides into two branches, one of which Hows N. E. and 
 the other N. \V. toihe Mediterranean. The country 
 included between the two branches is called the Delta. 
 
 Face of the country. The only habitable part of 
 Egypt is the long narrow traat, which is watered by 
 the Nile. This river runs between two chains of moun- 
 tains, which are usually at tho distance of 8 or 10 miles 
 iVoni the hanks. The country beyond the mountains, 
 both to the east and west, is a desert. 
 
 jy,visions, Egypt is divided into two [flirts, Upper 
 and Lower. Upper Egypt extends from Syene to 
 Cairo ; and Lower Egypt, from Cairo to the Mediter- 
 ranean. 
 
 Canals. The Delta of the Nile is intersected by 
 canals running in almost every direction. It is suppos- 
 •d that a canal might be formed across the isthmus cf 
 Suez, connecting the Red Sea with the Mediterranean ; 
 and opening aa easy coinmunicatiou between Europe 
 and India. 
 
 Climate. The climate of Egypt is much hotter than 
 that of other countries in the same latitude. During 
 one season of the vear, scorching winds blow from the 
 desert, and bring with them particles of fine du'*!, wbieh 
 are very injurious to the eyes. It seldom rain* in this 
 country. Ttio moat coinmioa diseases are tke plague.) 
 
 lh« 
 thi 
 
 Ni' 
 liv 
 E^ 
 the 
 wa 
 coi 
 '111 
 
 i'm 
 An 
 are 
 tiiii 
 All 
 
 tiiU 
 
 a,. 
 
 E«> 
 
 ol' i 
 
 tnea 
 
 Bai 
 
 coll 
 
 J»ru( 
 
 all 
 
 tant 
 
 stan 
 VVh 
 inhs 
 Tlosi 
 i'l on 
 and 
 east 
 1th 
 coni 
 S, 
 
 ;iy 
 
 Fro! 
 
pi aud the Barbft 
 
 ih( part of Africa, 
 III ; K. by the isth- 
 y Nubia; anil W. 
 ' the Mile, from its 
 
 iver of Egypt. It 
 inii pnsHeit through 
 »r9 Kgypt. After 
 
 00 mileii, and then 
 ch lIowD N. E. and 
 •an. The country 
 A nailed the Delta, 
 habitable part of 
 liieli is watered by 
 ivo chains of nioun- 
 ice of 8 or 10 miles 
 nd the mountains, 
 
 two pfcrts, Upper 
 lis from Syene to 
 ro to the Mediter- 
 
 ■ is intersected by 
 ion. It is suppos- 
 ross the isthmus cf 
 he Mediterranean ; 
 ou between Europe 
 
 8 much better than 
 latitude. During 
 inds blow front >be 
 
 1 of fine du<>l, which 
 eldoni rain!* in this 
 les are tJie plague.. 
 
 EGYPT. 
 
 tn 
 
 the colic, and the oplhalmia, a severe disease affecline 
 the eyes. '^ 
 
 Soil and Jlgriailture. The soil on the banks of the 
 Nile is'i black fiil lunm, which is exceedintriy produc- 
 five. I he most fenUo district is the Delta, in Lower 
 K^ypt, winch IS uiinually ovirllowed, and enriched by 
 the deposit of mud and slime. In Upper Ettypt the 
 water is conveyed to the lands by machinery This 
 country hi.s been cilehraled in uM ages for its fertility. 
 
 1 he prineipal produciions are rice and wheat. 
 
 ^ ropubtion, Jteligion and Oovertment. The popnla- 
 tion IS eslimuted at a.soo.ooo. They are composed of 
 Arabs, Co])l*, I'tirks, Jews, and Ben'libers. The Arabs 
 are much the nwn numerous, c(.ll8!i^')lin^• about (wo 
 rhirdsoflhe whde. TI.e t„pls ,,n . s Chiisiianity. 
 All thi) other classes, except the .fows, are Mahome- 
 tans. Egypt IS subject to Turkey, and is governed by 
 a pacha. * o / 
 
 Citien. Cairo, or Grand Cairo, the metropolis of 
 Latypt, H near the Nile, about lo mileH above the angle 
 of the Delta. It carries on an extensive »ommerec,'bT 
 means of caravans, with Syria, Arubin, Abyssinia, the 
 Barbary States, and the interior of Africa. Here are 
 collected the merchandize of Africa, and (he richest 
 pruduclii.ns of the east. The city contains 300 mosques, 
 all ndori.cd with lofty minarets, and 300,000 inhabi- 
 tants. 
 
 .Alexandria, once a splendid city, but now in rnins, 
 stands on the Medilerrnucan, 128 miles N. W. of Cairo. 
 When in its glory, it is oaid to have contained COO.ooo 
 inhabitants; now, the population is iO, or ^g.ooo. 
 Jioselfa IS un the west branch of the Nile, about 6 milea 
 fiom its mouth. It is a place of considerable commerce, 
 and has 8 or 10,000 inhabitants. Damieita is on (he 
 eastern branch of (he Nile, about 2 miles from its month. 
 ft has a largo commerce, particularly with Syria, and 
 contains 80,000 inhabiiants. 
 
 Smz is on the Uulf of Suez, at the northern extrem- 
 *|y of the Red Sen. It \, r the midst of a desert, 
 trom the tops of the housi; ti- eye cannot discern a 
 Jingle free, or the saiallest jpt- f verdure j yet it is a 
 
 m 
 
m^ 
 
 cii 
 
 DARBARY STATKS. 
 
 \t\ofe of cninidcrnble conimerco, heini^ visilr J by (lie 
 carfiVHriH, ftriif ronlaiiis 0,000 inlinhitunU. Tlte priiici- 
 pttl linvng iit Ujiprr K,s;jpJ ure Siutf Oirge^ AuA Syene, 
 hII on or iiCHr the iXile. 
 
 JittiijititU'H. The rcli'bralcd pijraniiils, recknncil liy 
 tlie uiuii'iils nnioni' llic seven «oiiilor* of the Morld, 
 are xtilll Hinniiini;. Tlicy iire Kiiii-tru itiicx ui' 8(oiic 
 rising 'r. n point. TlitTc are '.i !ar5;e on«'B opposite 
 (Jairo. J'lii; largest is f>00 IVi t liigli, anA jmuIi sitlf nl' 
 the Imsr i^ Ooo feet lonjj. The eaturumbs nre lonn sn')- 
 terriinvui) ^aMerien and ohamberH eominonly eul out of 
 t'le Roiid roi'k, wheri dead bodieit were aneienlly dt-pos- 
 jU'd. Tlie nin»t elobrated are tho«o of Alexnnd'rin, and 
 Tfiebe*, and ire still to be scfii. Many other gplendid 
 nioiitimenls oi oliquity arc found in vuriou* purm uf 
 Kg:tpl. 
 
 Jlnimnh. Crocodiles nre found fn Ejreat nnmher!^ on 
 the banks of the Ni't;. liuls and miee ine so niimerou* 
 that they would render the country niiinhabiiuble, were 
 it not for the aniiiiiU di'!nu;i'. 8eurpiuns, cameleuiiH and 
 !i7.urdi* are also found here. 
 
 Commerce. Ucl'oro the discovery of the passage to 
 India n.ijnd the Citpe of Oood Hope, the conimeree 
 between Knrope and India wan eariied on Ihrottt^h 
 Afexandria ar.d Cairo. Thu I ittcr is AtilJ the centre of 
 th<; trade of Ki^yftt, and has iiiiereoiirse by curiivuiu 
 ivilh a lur^e port of Africa and .Vsia. 
 
 IJAftHARY STATES. 
 
 Silaul'mu The Barhnry Stales occupy that long 
 uarrowcounlry, Ivint? along the Mediterranean Sea on 
 the N. and ilie' Sahara, cr Gieaf Desert, on thu 
 S. and extending from Ki5>pf on the IJ to the Alluutio 
 II n the W. 
 
 lih'hiom. The Rarbary State* are Tripoli, Tunis, 
 Al^iers and Momreo. 
 
 Face, of the Countyi/. The eastern part nf this 
 country is a dfsert, conneeied vvil|» the Sahara or Great, 
 Desert. The western part is dividci! by the chain of 
 Mount Atlfts, which runs from N. E. to S. W. TKp 
 
s, 
 
 !f visilfd by llie 
 if«. Tlie priiici- 
 'iirgef ami Syeiie, 
 
 tills, recknripd liy 
 T* of the Morlil, 
 ru imK-x ut' 8(oiic 
 {c niicH i)|)|M)»*ite 
 nnil «!iit'li Nitlt' nt' 
 mfjH i\rc lonn niih- 
 iniiiily cur out of 
 nnciiMiily <i«>|)os> 
 Aloxnndrin, uml 
 ly other gplcniliil 
 vuriou» {larii of 
 
 i^rciit nnmliprx nii 
 
 iiix* su ntimcrDiis 
 
 inhabiluliir, were 
 
 s, eameleuiiii und 
 
 f llie pu«sat»e in 
 ', the coinimree 
 ied on thnitti^h 
 ttill the ci>nlrL> of 
 rse by curavuiu 
 
 !Ciipy (hot long 
 
 priarii'arj Sea on 
 
 Dfserl, nil thu 
 
 tn the Ailuutio 
 
 Tripoli, Tunis, 
 
 n part nf this 
 
 Sahara or Great, 
 
 by the chain of 
 
 , to S. W. Tffft 
 
 _J 
 
 BAUBAUY STArES. 276 
 
 sract hehvcen (he '.tia* rauye nnd the M.-dilerrnneftn 
 1* from 30 to -00 tiiilcM wide, uud i. „,„Mly a level, vull 
 watend and fertile country. The traci between (ho 
 AtlR, ranafeand (he de-eit i* nioiintHinoui, »andy nnd 
 barren ; bu( producPH dates in Hueh ubundance, tha^ it i. 
 called the countrv of date*. ^ 
 
 Jnhttbitants. The tnl.abitanfn may be divid* d into * 
 cianseH. 1.1 he .Moors, who are the ruUni^ people, hikI 
 constitute (,.e inas« of the population in all thi cili,,,. 
 
 7.S u'' ** '" r*"'!** I"^'"'''P*'' -■'•«'rehant», and are 
 «OD(iuoally injulted. and ni(.«l cruelly opprcH.ed by the 
 Moor.. 8. Tie Jlrahs. who wander with their flocks 
 and herd* in the interior di8lrie(ii, on the borders of tlie 
 desert 4. The Jirehers, who are dencendants of il.t 
 ancient natim. and inhabit the muuhtainous recion*. 
 
 llmmle. Th* climate is* (emperare and pleasant — 
 1 he piHgue. however, occasionally visits Ibis country, 
 and IS awfully destructive in itn ravages. The leprosv 
 IS very common. There are mauv other dreadful dig- 
 easPi, wljioh arine not from the climate,. but from the 
 iJiominable vices of the inhnbitauts. 
 
 iJ^n^i""' o^"*"* M»l'omc(un reli-ion prevails in all 
 he Barbary States. The Jews, however, are numerous. 
 Uut arc moHt cruelly oppresNcd 
 
 Manners and CuHtoms. The Moors are amor»<» the 
 most VICIOUS and profligate people upon (he ennh — 
 Ibej are pirates, and formerlv committed great dci.n-- 
 dations on the commerce of Christian imtions ih *h.> 
 Mediterranean. The Arabs live in tents, «nd wa-ider 
 near the de»*3rts in independent tribes. They are a 
 lawless and turbulent race, and are frequently iit war 
 wKh eaeh other. The Brebers live also ia tents, and 
 pay little respect to regular jjorernment. 
 ^nitnnls. Lions, leopards, and other fierce animals 
 abound la the forests. Venomous snrpents of un enor- 
 raoas size are also common. The hufika is a black 
 venomous serpent, 7 or 8 feet long, which coils itself up 
 and tleo darts to a very great distance, fn a few 
 minutes after the bite, the suftrrer turns black nnd ex- 
 Ifipes. The boa, or serpent of the desert, is often 80 
 Ret long, aud as thick as a mac's bodv, but it is not 
 
 I 
 
176 
 
 BARBAUY 81 ATCS. 
 
 vennmou*. It movrt with itieh iwiftneis that it ii im« 
 pDtiHible (n (>«capn from it. It will kwiit ilnelf ruuiiil 
 an 01, and after eru»hingitii hunei will swallow it graiN 
 nally, uiiiJ then lie lupiuely on the groubd, fur two or 
 (brae days unable to move. 
 
 Soil and Productions. The eeuntrT bttwfen the 
 mouHiain* and ooant ii very fertile ancl well watered, 
 and produce! wheat, olives, almondi, and ihu moit deli> 
 cioiiY fruit« in abundance. Between the moiiiilaiiit and 
 the deiiert the (tail i» barren, but produces {D;reat qu.<inti- 
 ties of d.ites, whieh coustltute the chief food of the in- 
 habitants. 
 
 Commt-rce. This eonnfry has an eifeniive commercv' 
 with the interior of Africa, aud with Kgypt aad Arabia 
 by means of oarav .\oi. 
 
 TRIPOLI. 
 
 Situation. Tripeli extends on the MeJiterraneali 
 from the aulfof Cahes to Egypt, lioe miles. It ia 
 hounded N. by the Mediterranean ; £. hy Egypt ; 6. 
 by the Desert ; and W. by Tunis. 
 
 Population. The population is estimated at 1,000,000. 
 
 Chief Town. Tripnli^ the capiteJ, is on the coast of 
 the Mvditerranean, and is surrounded with high walls. 
 The population is esiiinated at 40,000. 
 
 Ilarca. The eastern half of i'ripidi is called Barei^, 
 and iM sometimas considered as a province of Tripoli, 
 and sometimes as a tributary state. It is principally a 
 desert. General Eatoa took Derae, the aapilal of 
 Barea in 180S. 
 
 TUNIS. 
 
 Situation. Tunis lies west ef Tripoli, and is hound- 
 ed N. bv the Mediterranean ; S. by tha Desert ; and 
 W. by Algiers. 
 
 Population. The population is variously estimated 
 frttm 1 to 3,000,uoo. 
 
s. 
 
 Ml that it i» int" 
 wilt ilnelf ruuiitl 
 I kwailuw it grail- 
 oui.(l, I'ur two or 
 
 try between the 
 mi well watered, 
 tiul (be molt deli> 
 it motititaiiit and 
 cet great qii.'inti* 
 t food of the in* 
 
 leaiif e commerci> 
 ^gjpt and Arabia 
 
 s Mediterranean 
 toe milei. It is 
 S. by Egypt } 6. 
 
 ated at 1,000,000. 
 is on (he coast of 
 witU high walls. 
 
 i is ealied Barei^, 
 vinee of Tripoli, 
 t is prineipally a 
 , the oapilal of 
 
 [>1i, and is bound- 
 tha Desert; and 
 
 rioasly estimated 
 
 BAUDARY STATKH. ^n 
 
 •an w<iicr lake, ahoiit A mile. Irom il.e |,c«,| of il.c c.ilf 
 or I iinis. 1 |,e Ittke i. .onncoted l.y « „,„ row puisaae 
 with the sea. I he c.!y » .„cIo«.mI (,y « ,„i,er,ible m Jd 
 ««l . I lie populution m uIioui t20,mo. ll.e r.iiiM of 
 
 t5"«^l!!'W"r'r''r"''*'"*"""''^' ure still ,0 be .een 
 to nilea iV. b. uf 1 uoiih 
 
 ALGIERS. 
 
 eituation. Algiers is bounded N. l.y the MedHcrra- 
 Man } h. by 1 uuu } 8. by the Desert ; and W bv 
 (Vloroeeo. ' 
 
 Fopulation. The popiiUiion is estimated at t,8oo.ooo. 
 
 il.fW . "'"* •?"''■'■■• ' '"' ^'"•♦'"«'' '« •"• "'« «■■"•«' "f 
 the MediterruM..«ii, .ibmii aoo mile« VV. of i uni* U is 
 
 built on ibe side of « mountain, and .he houses ri^e 
 
 gradually one above another. The ciSy and harbor are 
 
 sfToiigly defended with wall., forts, and Utleries. 1 |,e 
 
 lurks call .. Mg.ers the nurlde. Tl.is eity was botn! 
 
 birded by an American fleet under Commodore Deca- 
 
 tur ,n 1816; a„,| afterwards, ihe same year, by a 
 
 British fleet under Lord Exinomh. Tbe ponulitiou if 
 
 Tarirtusly iratiroaled from loo.ooo to 200,0' o. 
 
 Cwtstantim is a strong eity, i60 ntileii E. of Alffieri. 
 Oran is a »lr«»g town, i7o mile.. S. W. of Aleiers In 
 *''?.'•,",*'.'"' ■''""*"*'^*""y*'^ ^> «" e«rtb«l"ake. 
 
 Biledulserid. 'Ihe southeiu parts of Tunis ami 
 Algiers, or those parts whioh lie between the muuDtami 
 and the Great Desert, are .ailed Biledulgerid, which 
 •igmhes the Comfry of Dahs. Tbi. co.mtrv is inhab- 
 
 de eider "*' '^'**"'* *""'*' "*" *''""" •"" ^"''"'^ 'a* 
 MOROCCO. 
 
 Situafian. Tlip empire of Morocro extends on the 
 coast Irom Algiers to the Great Desert. It i. bounded 
 W bv the Mediterranean j E. by Alj?iers and Biledul- 
 send J to. by the Great Desert ; aud W. by the Atlaniici 
 
 24 
 
WAimAnV STATKft. 
 
 IHvi$ion». TliP empire of Morocpo romprpI-pn^U (lu 
 fornuT •mull kiiiK.I«mii ..f !•>/, M«f »«•'». Iniudanf, jiml 
 Tufik'l Thp«lir«>«« firil burder on li.e •eu comI; rr* 
 ill lliF N t Moro.t'0 ill llir renin-, itml 'rHrudHnt iii 
 tlip H. TttfilH in ill llie interior, oa (he »»il "idt ol tlie 
 Rloinil AiIhh clitin. i • „« 
 
 Vopulation. I'lie populalioB of llii« empire ii va- 
 riously .'ilimnleJ from »,()(>o,ooo li. 14,000,000. 
 
 (Vovirnmpn/. Tlie Kovernmeiil of Morocco !• the 
 inoit iib.olute .le«poti.m on ihe fufe "f""' ,"'•""- 
 'llicre i« no check wl.ftiever upon the will of thf »ove- 
 rt\itn. Life tnU properly lire «li poned of according to 
 the caprice of ihe momenl. fiom« of the monarchs have 
 even /on.idere.l an adherence lo their inRWmenU a« 
 an unlawful cheek upon iheir nower. *• luke.l thou 
 mc for an infidel." unid one of ihem to a foreigner, 
 *' that I mum be the ulave of my word." 
 
 Chitf Citm. Morocco i-» niiuaied in a pleaiant plain, 
 at the foot of M'..iinl Allan, UO milef from the lea. II 
 iR .urrnutided h, n wall, and i» «aid to have once eon- 
 laincd 7on,000 inhabitant*, but tJie population at preicnf 
 i. cttima.ed at only ao.ooo. U Mill retain* uumcroui 
 tcmplci, •pL-ndid inonqtien, and other vc«tige» of Ht an- 
 
 oicnt grandeur, » u . :- 
 
 Fez, the capital of the ancient kingdom of I- ez, i# 
 200 milci N. K. of Morocco, nod ifto S. «'f «'»»"»!|»'; 
 It it the moHt uplendid city in th« Barbary Statei. 1 he 
 TOOinuP* are very numeroiiii, utid -^ome ef them magniti- 
 cent. 'Uie iiopulmiou i« more than 100,000. 
 
 JUequimx i* in a heaatiful valley 33 mile* 8. W «l 
 Fez. It ill surrounded with walls and contains 110,oot 
 
 iobabitaots. . -i a w 
 
 Migador iu a seaport, on the Atlantic, 80 pules 8. » . 
 of Morocco. The country around it lor several miles is 
 K nelaneholy desert. Considerable comniorce is oarrieU 
 on from this port witli vorious parts of Europe. <»ne 
 of the principal exports is goat sTsins. Tm population 
 
 is abont 10,000. ..... Sc 
 
 Mamtfactures. The most celebrated manufacture is 
 morocco leather. The gun poivder piiide by the Arabs 
 is of a quality far superi^ir to that of Europe, 
 
 
 Situ 
 
 ';'"«' 
 (Jreat 
 
 Rlvi 
 aro thi 
 Mcimn 
 Mo«n, 
 flow* ] 
 Canibi 
 ruila 8 
 is the I 
 
 nu-i 
 
 iiidepei 
 hetwetv 
 the Ja 
 
 cnuiitry 
 Uuiiieu 
 
 L-UUHt, ll 
 
 of Ihe 
 crl'ul n 
 Atliitiit 
 mo ihii 
 ami Hi'i 
 
 CI i nil 
 /one, ai 
 *(!imoti 1 
 Slave 
 trade, 
 lion*. CM 
 them lo 
 uow abii 
 
 Chart 
 a very d 
 in witcli 
 Jiuri:/ 
 selileme 
 that oan 
 
'nmpr<>li(>n<l4 (lu 
 I, rniuilttiit, antl 
 
 ■ftt ronvl t Vti 
 i«l 'k'ttruilant in 
 
 rail •i«lf ul' the 
 
 I empire ia vft- 
 
 (00,000. 
 
 Moritcco U <lie 
 of (he earth — 
 vill of llifi »"**• 
 of acciTding to 
 B monarflis hava 
 cnnttKtmenli at 
 
 to a foreigner, 
 
 a pleaiant plain« 
 rom the vea. It 
 ) have once con* 
 lation at preient 
 I'taiiH Dumeroui 
 i<«tige« of its an- 
 
 ijilom of Fez, \t 
 
 H. of Gibraltar. 
 
 mry Statei. The 
 
 if them magnifi- 
 
 o,oo<>. 
 
 I milcii 8. W. of 
 
 contain* 110,00t 
 
 c, 80 piilei 8. W. 
 r Huveral milei it 
 nnioree is carried 
 jf Europe. One 
 1a\. population 
 
 d manufacture 11 
 iide by the Arabi 
 Europe. 
 
 WEST AFHICA. 
 
 WK8T AFRICA 
 
 filtuntinn. We»t Africa inrluile* nil Iht* counlrien 
 Ijinf on the eoatt of the Atlantio Oce/tn, between the 
 (Jreat l)e«ert ami the Tropic of Capricorn. 
 
 Rlvtr». The principiil river* iiorlh of the etiuulor, 
 an- the Senegal, the Uambia, tbu ///« Wivinr/e. iiinl ih« 
 Mi'Huriida, a.\\ of wKieh ri«e in the Moiiniainn of the 
 Mi>«ii, near ihe aourue* of Hit! Niger. Tho Mffle^a^ 
 flow* N. W. uml elliptic* north of (Jiipe Venlei ibe 
 (ianibia, anil the Rio firnmle flow W. mimI the M.»u- 
 radii S. W. Tho prini-ipnl river louth of tho emmlor, 
 I* the ion^o or Ziiirv. 
 
 Divisions. \Ve»i Africa i* liiviikMl between iiiinn'rMii* 
 iiiJepeiHleiit tribe* of nt.«roe*. The prinripnl tril.m 
 hetweiMi (he Mtnej^iil mid ihe IVIe»urada, i.ro the Futtlult^i, 
 the Jaloff^, the Fetoojis, und I lie ^ManJingLi-a. The 
 c<Miiilry eiiit of Ihe M.inrad.i i* culled the C'o;*M of 
 Uuiiica, and eoni|M-ebi'ud» llie Grain cooxl, the /tor// 
 aiast, Ihe Ould couit, and the K'lui^dim of IJeiiiit. Hack 
 o» I he Ivory count i* Jhhuntee, Nuid to be the m«int pow- 
 erful nnd civilized kiu^^doin in W**t Africa. \U%\ of 
 A-jhiuitee I* Dnhinmy. .Sooth of ihe kingdom of Heiiin 
 III..' I be eo.inirie* of Uinj'ut^ Loaiijro, Coii'-o, dnxoUt, 
 and IhnirmUi. a ' » 
 
 t'U'.iuite. NVc*t Africa lie* wholly within the tiitrij 
 /.one, und the eliniiite i* very bol, und during the rainy 
 siiimon very nnhealMiy to Kiiropean*. 
 
 Slave Tritdf. Thin eonnlry wa« the sent of the ulave 
 traile. For three eeit;urie« the nhip* of Kuropean na- 
 tion». carried olT annually ihouHand* of negroes, und *old 
 them 10 Ameiiean plantem. This abominable traffic ia 
 now abolished. 
 
 Character. The iirfiabitants are negroea. They are 
 a very degraded, and Hupernliliou* race They believe 
 in witchcraft, and offer saoriiice* to devil*. 
 
 Enri:pean Settlenwnts. The mit«l impor'ant European 
 nelilemenl i» the colony of Sierra Leone, on a river of 
 ibat naa-e, between the Hio (irnnde and the Meaurada. 
 
 I 
 
 ^^ -.JL 
 
•M M)U TH AFRICA. 
 
 Tii)« fAionf Ha<i r«lii(ili4h#il in trvt, with ft «ip\v to 
 ilnrodurc Hgrifiiliiiri-. hikI tlic u«t'iiil ttrU, into ilii* pMrt 
 III' Aft'ii**, hikI to rituililnle (lie nlinlilioii ot tlti* •lava 
 Iriitlt*. 'I'll* riiliiri) i« imn in a ll<iiiri«liiiii{ ruriiliiioit, 
 •tiiiluiiiinff i'.;,*iuii iiihuHilAiir*, nio'vt of ilit-m ll(^ru«••. 
 lit re nr(> iiiinicroiK •rltooli.ulirifi all ihi> rliililirn in ilie 
 •ttlonv uip Uiiiflil In re III itnil wiilc, kidI iIhtc »t* 
 fli)ir«:lii'ii tvlitrt) tlify n«iViiililH rri^iiiHrly on llir Mulilitiih 
 In Hiti'iiil (li«ifti> uor«lii|t. 'I'lie iiritti'ipiil louii oi iho 
 •"•lonv i* h'rfffnwn. wliiefi i* alioii* « inil«"» frttm i!i« 
 liiniiin nl' lltp riwr. n»iI fnniniii* l.ooo Inlinliitaiilii, 
 
 Tlie Dulrh iiikI KiikIi*'! Iiiive if vi>ral tinull I'ltri* ami 
 •rllli'iiiftiU on llif (iold i',»ii*\ \ ftnti llip I'urliigiicov on 
 lln* cimil nF H<*M;;ijol.i. 
 
 Jinnrivun cutniii/. 'i'lu' Anifricnn (;(ilimir'\(irtn f^ori- 
 cly, iciil out a on- II i>o!ony of frei' iiluckt in IN.-ii, mIio 
 liHte forniPil a kcUlnnt-nl nii ihp phuaI oniiiii nf ^iirrd 
 iiCotir. ir (lit< I ii|ii<rinH'iit nutreciU it in inlintlf«l ti 
 ■t'n*t out man/ niiir«>, 
 
 I'rudurfionf. Tin' rotii-fry jiiliN ull llif frniu nl'linl 
 cliMiiitc* in itliiiiiilaner) »ugiir rftnr, intligo, cwUun, ricr^ 
 liitliuii iMirii, 5ia. 
 
 BOUTI! AFRICA. 
 
 Situallnn. Routli AlVicu iiicliMli-it llie wliolc of the 
 •oMtiHviil HiMilli rfl'tltt* I r<i|iii' or < n|irit'ui-n. 
 
 hivislonn, 'I'liio couiitry tuny lie «!ivii|i'<l into (wo 
 puiit. I he Hiiiillif rii purl lirlont^H In tlie Kii!;li'h, an<l it 
 GhIIimI llit'iMilnny orilic i^npf nf (inoil l|ii|ii>. ri)t>nnri|i> 
 iM'ii part i<t phIIciI Callruriu, aiiil i* |ioati>(tv(l l>y vuriuui 
 Uibf« uf ua(i«eft 
 
 1. Colony of the Cape of Good I/uiie. 
 
 Sifmdon. Thi« folnny i* ljniin(l«>,l nn the N. by a 
 loDi; iHMi^e of niniintttiMi : on llu- K. iiy Fi^li rivrr i and 
 nn till' K nn'l W. Iiy the OcrKn. Il ix noo mill** lung 
 I'roni raitt to \ve»l, and on an aveinge aliout 3U0 broad. 
 
r»t, with a vipw to 
 il uru, iiiio I III* part 
 olilioii ol till' •lavg 
 '>iiri«liiiiif Kiiiiliiiort, 
 t of ilit-m utifuitft. 
 II the rliililiftt ill the 
 lilH, Kiiil tliffi' »Tn 
 Hrly nil llii* Mitliliiilh 
 ui*i'|titl tiiuii «ii iho 
 il A mile* (mm tii« 
 100 intinliitaiilii, 
 f ml »iimII I'liri* anil 
 I the l'iirliigiir<«v oil 
 
 1 (;nloiiirnll»n Mori- 
 lilni-kt ill IM.'ii, wild 
 iiititt »iiiilli nf ^lerrii 
 \a it i* inlinili'tl U 
 
 ikll lilt' friiiii i.r h»t 
 indigii, cwllori, ricff 
 
 ] 
 
 '» the uIikIc of the 
 
 priiMirii. 
 
 M> iliviilcil into two 
 
 I the Kii:;ti'li, ami i« 
 
 I l|ii|ii>. Tilt' nort|i> 
 
 ioa>c(»v<l liy vuriuui 
 
 'ooil Hope. 
 
 iIpiI on the N. by a 
 liy Fi'tli river ; ami 
 ll iN /too mili>« liiiii; 
 ;e about 2U0 liroail 
 
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 Sciences 
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 WEBSTER N Y 14580 
 
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 CIHM/ICMH 
 
 Microfiche 
 
 Series. 
 
 CIHM/ICMH 
 Collection de 
 microfiches. 
 
 Cnnadian Institut*^ for Historiciil Mi< roroprodm.tions ' Institut ciinadien de iiiicroreproductions histonques 
 
 m 
 
 
M*L lil AKUICA 
 
 «8t 
 
 Fact' nf lhi> countnj. 'I'Ikto uie Ihrcc rangps oP 
 miiiiiiiHiti-j, (til of wlia-li mil from t-imi (« ui'«i, jiarulle: 
 uilli the HoiilliLTii couMt, untl llan liirn intrili. nnd run 
 ]>aralii'l wiih ihe wesleni coast. The couiilrv tiotween 
 the lower mii^e uiij Ihc cohuI in iVrliJe, uud weH wnttred; 
 between llie lower hikI tniilille rnnj-eg, are barren hills 
 and naked pluiim n>tern|)er»ed with some fertile spots j 
 between the middle and npiier ranges in a dry desert, 
 inhabited by no human oreuturf*. 
 
 J'oputatim In ij*io, the poiiulutiun was 81,000, one 
 third of whom were slaves 1 he free inhabitants are 
 divided into 4 classes, viz. the inhubilants of the capital, 
 wine growers, corn-farmers and graziers. The wine 
 glowers and eorn-farniers live in the neifjbborhood of 
 the capital ; the graziers are in the mokt distant parts 
 of the colony, and are leNS advp.nced in civilization 
 (ban the other classes. 
 
 Chief Tuwnx. Capetown, the capita?, is in the south- 
 western part of the colony, on Table Bay, about 30 
 miles N. of the Cape of Uooil Hope. The harbor it 
 sale during 8 months of the year, but during the remain, 
 ins; four, when the N. W. winds prevail, ships 6.re 
 oblige d to resort to Fal*e Hay, on the other side of the 
 cape. Capetown coutaiued iu 1810, about 17,000 in- 
 habitants. 
 
 2. Caffraria. 
 
 Sitiuttion. All that part of South Afriea which lies 
 N. of the Colony of the Cape of Good Hojie, is iii,.|,„|,.,l 
 »D Caffraria. This name is sometimes made to include 
 also the southern part of Central Afriea. 
 
 Face of the vountry. The eastern parts of this 
 ^louatiy are fertiie, but in the west there are extensive 
 deserts. 
 
 Inhabitants. The country is occupied by manr 
 savage tribes, the principal of whom are the HolientotB 
 and Caffres. 
 
 Chief Town. The principal town ia Lattakoo, v/h'c% 
 4S said to contain i2,ouo iuliabitantc. 
 24* 
 
iiac 
 
 KASr ATKICA. 
 
 .V/xsiViMflH/ utitt'imH, I liri-dian Mi^^innnrics huvo 
 bpi'ii tinjilo\(<l r«r iiMiiy yi'iT'* annnn; llio Hmit'iiioiK 
 iiiul olliir Miivuijo III' llii^ Koiiiitr), willi very ^iiixl mih;- 
 i'MkM. Till- lii'iidnii MMoiiiiiiiry Society have nuw UO 
 mia»iuiiury ttatiunt in Hmilli AtVicii. 
 
 i:\SV AFUICA. 
 
 Sifiinlian. Kiisf A.'rii'ii incliideH all iho ooiiiilrien on 
 till' jMt.i^l Ix'twt't-n i'<j{y,1>t iiik! tlii< 'rrii|iiR oi' Capricoriu 
 
 IHvii-iuUS. V'l'ry lull)' in kiioMii ahdiit KuhI AlVicft, 
 liiit it may liu tliMilc*! into Niibiu, Aby»Kiuia, atiil the 
 luuiilrioH south of Aliyii»iniu. 
 
 t. JVi/ft/fl. 
 
 Sitnnfion. Nubia is bnuntli'tl N. by I''«ypt ; K. by 
 the llvd Si'rt ; S. by Ahyssiiiia : W. hy the interior of 
 Africa. It 'i» HinioHt Hiirrotinilt.'ii by tlciterti*. 
 
 Divisivns Nnbin it dividtMl into Hovcral kingdoms, 
 the principal of wlii '.i arc Hcnnaar and Doiii^ola. 
 
 Face of the country. Tlie greater purl of the country 
 18 a barren spnily dcnert ; bul (he Nile and several of 
 it!t branches pass through the country, and the lands on 
 tliei'- banks are fertile. 
 
 Chief Towns. Sennaar, the capital of the kingdom 
 uf the same name, i^ on a brancii of tin* Vjle, and is 
 gnid to contain 10(),<>00 inhabitan's. Suakem,fi port on 
 the Red Sea. had eonsiderible trade with Araliia, K^ypt, 
 and the Kast-lndies. Dotigola. t'.e eapital of the king- 
 dnni of Dnnt^nla. is on the. Nile. 280 miles S. of Syene. 
 
 Climate The climate of this coiwilry is hot ana un- 
 beallhy. The simoom, or (loisonims blast from the 
 desert, often proven fatal to those who are overtaken by 
 it. The only resourVe for the traveller, when he sees 
 it enmini;. is. to fall flat upon the ground, with his face 
 to the earth, till the noxious wind has gone by. Another 
 curious plicnomenon of the de«ert is the lofty pillars of 
 sand which sometimes move across the desert with such 
 rapidity, that the swillexl horse wtmld in vain attempt 
 to escape tb^m WI<en they ^ass between the traveller 
 &nd the tuo, lUty huye the appearance uf pillars uf &rct 
 
•A. 
 
 UAHT Al UICA. 
 
 siB:-. 
 
 p Mi4*innnri«'H huvo 
 
 willi vcrv i^iiixl itiio 
 ■Society hdve now iO 
 
 >< all tlip ooiitilrieii on 
 rrt>|iicr of Capriconu 
 4 11 about Kui«l AtVica, 
 II, Abv»Kiuia, anil the 
 
 N. by K^yI>t ; K. by 
 W. by ihe interior of 
 by »lf»erti». 
 
 iito Hpvcral kitii;iloinR, 
 Hf and Doiii^dla. 
 liT piirt of the country 
 e Nile antl several of 
 ntry, and the lands on 
 
 aj/itiil of the kingdom 
 ell of the \ile, and iii 
 !f). Suakein, a port on 
 [!e with Araltin, lO^ypt, 
 >.e eapilal of the king- 
 280 miles S. of Svene. 
 coiwitry U hot ana un- 
 lonous bla«l from the 
 ! who are overtaken by 
 raveller. when he sees 
 grnnnd, with hU face 
 
 has gone by. Another 
 rt is the lofty pillars of 
 is« the desert with sneh 
 
 wtiuld in vain attempt 
 8s between the traveller 
 Eiranee uf pillars uf &re« 
 
 2. Jlbj/ssiiiia. 
 
 SitunHnn. AbyHniniii is lioniided N". by Nnbia; K. 
 by till' It- (I .Sea ; S. by several kinqdom" bordirioir on 
 the .Mojinlain'* of the Mion ; and W. by tht; Nile 
 
 invert Ihe eastern branch of the Nile ri^es in the 
 mountains of Abytisinia, and the country i* uell watered 
 b> several other large streams, all of which emniy into 
 the Nile. ' ' 
 
 Relb^hn. The Abyssinians profess Christianity, hut 
 in a very corrupted form. 'I'liev are very ignoraiii of 
 its doftriiieN, and uiimiiidful of ii« precepts. They 
 practise circunieisioii and several other Jewish riles, 
 and keep the seventh dny as well .. the first. 
 
 Manmrs and customs. The nmnners «if iIk Abvssi- 
 iiians arc characterized by a peculiar barbarism 'and 
 brutality. Ih.y kill each other on very trifling occa- 
 sions, and leave the dead bodies in the streets to be 
 eaten by dogs. They eat the raw (lesh of animals im- 
 mediately after they are slain, while the blood is warm : 
 and they sometimes cut steaks from living animals, 
 and leave the wound to close u;i. Marriage in Abvssi- 
 nia is a very slight connexion, formed and' dissolved at 
 pleasure. 
 
 Govemm?nt. The governmrnt is despotic, but for 
 several years has be.-n in a very unsettled slale, owins 
 to the feuds of various chieftains, who aspire to supreme 
 power. ' 
 
 PopulttHon. The population is variously estimated 
 from 2 to 8.000,000. 
 
 Chief Towns. Oomlar, the capilnl, is near Li.ke 
 Dcinben, on a hill surrounded by a deep valley and 
 roMtains about 0(»,noo inhabitants. Tli,- »,..nses are 
 chiefly of eluy, with ihaiehed roofs in the form of eones. 
 d.iHiii, .he ancient capital, is lio miles N. L. of Gon- 
 uar. It is now a mere heap of ruins. 
 
 3. Countries south of Myssima. 
 Divisions. The countries south of Abyssinia may be 
 divided into (wo parts, l. The conuiries m, ihn coa^t 
 oj JJjan, lucludiDg the |)owerful kingdom of Add and 
 
 «! 
 
 
 I 
 
tl^ 
 
 CENTUAL AKIllCA. 
 
 •evcral olhcru, niul extrD<lin« from Alijr««iiiia (o Ilia 
 tMiiiiitur. 2. 'I'lir countriei* on llic cnaat of Zaui^mbart 
 ^iiVlmJinij MoHamliique ttiiil many nllierH, und enU'iidiiiij 
 from till' ' qiialor lo the tropic of CHpricorn. 
 
 roriui^uesi' I'ossensions. 'I'lie PorliigueHe formerly^ 
 Iiail no*se*Hioii of all the iirincipal places on the coast of 
 Zangiii'bnr, and carried on an extensive commerce with 
 the nntiveu. Hot all their jiofi«e»iiion» north of I'ane 
 Delgado, have been wrested from Ihem by the Arabi 
 und the natives, and they now own only two or three 
 places «'f importance, lying between Cupo Delgado and 
 Cupe Corrienies. , ^ e 
 
 thief Toicna. The prin<«ipal town on the coast ol 
 Ajiui is JSIa^adoxa, a place which carries on considera- 
 ble commerce with the Arabs, and the p«ople of Add. 
 The principal towns on the coast of Zangnebar are 
 MAinda, jsfambaza, qniloa, Mosamhiqiie, and Sofala, all 
 of which were formerly in the hand* of the Portuguese j 
 'out they now retain only the two last. MoBan)bique is 
 aow the capital of the Portuguese postsessinns in Eastern 
 Africa. It contains about 3,000 inhabitauts, one hali' 
 of whom are negroes. 
 
 Inhabitants. The inhabitants of the coast of Zangue- 
 bar are negroes, very much resembling iu appearance, 
 manners and customs, those on ibe western coast of 
 
 Africa. 
 
 Commerce. The same articles are exported from this 
 coast as from West Africa. The principal are gold, 
 ivory and slaves. The slave trade has much dimin. 
 ished within a few years, in eoasunuence of the exertioBS 
 of the English. Myrrh and frankincense are exported 
 from the country between Cape Guardufui aud tlia 
 straits of Babelmandel. 
 
 CENTRAL AFRICA. 
 
 General Remark. We know VP17 little about Central 
 Africa. South of tie Mountains of the Moon every 
 part of it is wholly unLnown, and norlh of those moun- 
 tains there are exteniiive districU, wliiih hav*? ut'viJ 
 beea visited bjr Curopeaus. 
 
 tl 
 
 SI 
 
 vi 
 h 
 IJ 
 
 m 
 s< 
 /i 
 
 01 
 
 fl 
 II 
 h 
 
 Ci 
 
 K 
 I) 
 
 ta 
 
 B 
 
 til 
 oi 
 01 
 U 
 bii 
 ih 
 
 M 
 nil 
 Hi 
 
 on 
 
 Al 
 i\v 
 
 Tl 
 
ICA. 
 
 tni Altyttinia to tlis 
 : ciittit of Zan^ufbitr, 
 itliorit, uiid ekU'iidiiii; 
 !H|>ricorn. 
 
 I'ortugiieHe ftirmerlly 
 plMceM on the count of 
 fiisive commerce wiili 
 Ruionii north nf ('upe 
 II them by the Arab* 
 jwn only two or three 
 .•n Cupu' Delgaila and 
 
 town on the coast of 
 carrifs on coii»iii(>ra< 
 I the puople of Add. 
 Mt ol' Zanguebar arc 
 nhiqiie, and Sofala, all 
 id'< of the Portuguese } 
 last. Mosambique i* 
 pnitHegsions in Kailern 
 inhabitants, one hali' 
 
 f the coast of Zangue- 
 
 nbling in appearance, 
 
 the western coast of 
 
 are exported from this 
 le principal are gold, 
 ude hat* much dimin* 
 [juence of the exerlioHS 
 kinceniie are exported 
 s Uuardufui and tha 
 
 [UCA. 
 
 pry little about Central 
 IS of the Moon everi' 
 I north of those nioun- 
 :tB; which have iievi'I 
 
 (^KNTHAI. APIIICA. 
 
 ff/ivM. The (wo prinripii! rivcr«t are Ihe Ni^tT and 
 till- Wiid-i'l (la/(.|. I'll,. A'i'j;er riteii in (liu western 
 itiirl nf ihH Muiiniaiiis nf Ihe Moon, nod II'iwm eHsl ) 
 how f,ir is nnt known. The frmM-Gazvl ri.e* west of 
 thf ijoiir»-.K ofthf Nile, nnil ilovvs N nil ii i% lo^i i„ i|,o 
 sttiiiK of the dt'Sfit, 
 
 tUvisiiins. III). priri(i|inl kini<ilom«i which have been 
 visii-il I.J Kuioj.emm Hri« liiiiiliarra, T.nnbii.'ioo. IIouohii, 
 Kif^iiMt, HorHoii, BiTxIii'rnu-, Il.r^oo. Ki/zdii, ami 
 D.ir.tiir. 
 
 HUnniihH uf the k''ns;<liim^ Ihimbiirr'i is n pitwcrful 
 ni'i»ro kiiii? 'iiin on i.oih s.ilci ul' liio Ni^T, near lis 
 si.'ircc. Toiuhwt,') is on ibc Mi^cr i'.»,t of n.imlmrni. 
 J/inissfi 14 on (III- Sijirv cjhI of 'I'.i.nbu.-i.to. k'tmsina i» 
 on tilt' .\ij;erciist of Hoii^sii. l}„nmi \* a very powiT- 
 fiil kiii-dmn on lb<- W,.(l i-l (i;iz,.|. Ihr-lin-me ami 
 Itpr^ni} Hry (ril)iilary to Moriiou, unit lie himiiIi of it. 
 Jlar-Fur is still farlber soit'li. and fxifiiiU ciisl (o the 
 cimlines of .Vobia. Fezinin is in the iiorih. bet « inn 
 Korntm lu <l Tripoli, and HiinouBiletl l.v the (ireat 
 Desert, like an island by I he oi-cau, Fez/an is tribu- 
 tary to Tripoli. 
 
 thiff Cities. Segn. the eapitnl of the kingdom of 
 Bamb:trri«. is on the i\i!»er, umi cniiiains a(),iiOO inliabi- 
 tanU. Tomhudnn, a fnoiuns i-ity, rapilnl of the kingdom 
 of TonJiuPloo. is 13 miles N. of iliu Nii^.r It curries 
 on comnierco. by means of earavniis. with Moroeeo. iho 
 burliaiy States, and Kj,'yp(. //oHssn lipH pmt „r r„m. 
 boetoo, and is said to have more (rude and pnpulaiioa 
 llian Tomiiueton. 
 
 The city of tiornou is near the Wad-el-Onzel river, 
 Mourzouk. the capital of Fezznu, is (he eentre of eom- 
 meree between Kajvpt on the east, Morocco and the 
 Barbary States on the west, and the interior of Africa 
 on the south. It contains 20,000 inhabi(an(s. 
 
 InhahUmta and Reli^^ion. The inhabi(untM of Central 
 Africa are principally Nesfroes, Moors, and Arabs, and 
 their reli«;ion is Mahometanism. 
 
 Commerce. Monrzouk is the centre of commerce 
 
 The principal articles carried to Mourzonk are s^old, 
 «iave«, ostrich leathers, Ciger skins, &e. and ihe articles 
 
 
 to 
 
!8U 
 
 AFIIICAN ISLANDS. 
 
 re<rrivPfI in exrhnngp, Kr<> Rati India f^nmU, ftr^ ArMii, 
 4Abr«», kutvei, luuking-glaMi-*, re«l Moritvd cup*, {^c 
 
 AFRICAN ISLANDS. 
 
 SKiiatiou 
 llii« I'limiry 
 
 TliP priiiciphi Ulandii Are Mnilcira nnd 
 iHliiiitU ill llio nitrlluveiil ; Cn(ii> Vtid 
 
 %tl< ^ ■..III*. J .-... --.- T f- 
 
 iNlitiiilii ijiiii^ n(V (.'ntip Verd in llie \\vnl ; ht. ili-lvna in 
 till' KiiiuhwfDl ; .MailKgiKCAr, (lie itie of Uuiirbori, «nil 
 Miiiiriiiiu, iir ttiu i*l<- iil' France in (he iitij(liea'«t ; and 
 HoPolru, oiV rapi> liiianliifni, in tlie cn«t. To (hcie 
 niiiy lie aildi'il ilif A/ortu iir Weilcrii iiluiidN Ivinj;; in the 
 Airnniip, midvv«y liet«vci>n Kurnpf, AtVicu and Aini-riia. 
 
 Oinien. The A/nren, Mudeira and Cnpe Vird 
 iiUiidit lii-loni- lo l*ortui5i»l ; thp Canaripn (o 8|»Biii ; Ml. 
 Ili'li-na mill IVIuiiriliiin tit (lie Kii^lish { the i»le ul' Dour- 
 boll III tlip FifiK'ti t mill the ri-sl lo tlie nulives. 
 
 Mttli'irii. iMudt'ira it a Hniali iitlaud, only i7i< mile« 
 l»iii{. itiid Jl broad, coiiiiHlin:^ of a cnlleclioii ul' iol'tj 
 tnoiiiiliiiiiK, thu' lii^hp>il of whipb riHPM upwiinU of .^UOO 
 fet t abovu the li!Vil ol" tlu' hpu. On the deelivily of 
 IhcHi- mminliunii the vine ii cultivated, whii-li prtnlucis 
 till? f.iniontt Miidiiia wine. The coiiiinfrce ol" the 
 island eonsiitH iilmiiHt entirely in the expoit nl' itH wine, 
 the aii'iiiiil amount of which ix abnnt 10,0UU pipes. 
 The populitti'iii i* psiiniated at OO.OOO. 
 
 Canaries. Tlit; ('miaries are a |L;roupc of inliuiiN ly • 
 inj; »omh uf MuleirA, near t!ie AlViean count. The 
 iirincipiil are T-neriifpi (irund ('anury and I'ulina. 
 The cliiniite ii delit^hii'ul. and (he prodiii-tinni arp wine» 
 aui^ar, ^ruiii and frniti. The eeUliraled peake of Ten- 
 eriif'e ik more than 12. 000 feet high, and visible at sea, 
 at the ilMlHiiee of 1^0 ini^es. 
 
 St. Ilflma iH a Rinall inland, 10 miles long and 6 
 broad. Thenhores are lined with hii;li uleep roekH, and 
 Ihe i"lerr,.- \% aceetsible only through a few narrow 
 
 CaKsex, which are utroni^ly foriified. Thi§ inland is cele- 
 rated as the prison of Ntipoleua Bonaparle, wliu \\9a 
 ikCMl here iu AuguBt;, 1815. 
 
VNDS. 
 
 ndin ffnoili, iir» drwii, 
 :(1 Hor«tv<l enpit) i!ic 
 
 \NUS. 
 
 iiila Are I^Inilcira nitd 
 irlli»e«( ; t'api' Vtitl 
 le wcMt ; M. Ili-lvna in 
 
 ide of UuiiiboM, niiil 
 in (he luudieaHt ; and 
 I tlie cntt. To (hcie 
 cm iitluiitU \ym,i in the 
 f, Africa and Amcrlia. 
 eira and Cupe Vird 
 'anarim to Hpniii ; Ht. 
 lish { (he i»le uf Uour- 
 to (III* niilives. 
 I iitlaud, only i)i< milert 
 r R colleclioii <if lol'ty 
 ritti'M npwiirdit uf .^uoo 
 . On (tie dt't'livi(y of 
 ivalL'd, tvhi(^h pioduci^ 
 I'ht* coinineicf of thu 
 (he expoit of itH wine. 
 JA altnut 10,0UU pip(!9. 
 0.000. 
 
 a iLjroupe of isliiiulH Ij 
 n African coaH(. The 
 
 ('aniiry and I'ulnia. 
 (> prodiii-tinn>« are winv, 
 k'ltrad'd peake ttf Ten- 
 igh, and visible at neu, 
 
 10 
 
 miles long and 6 
 
 h hii;li Hieep rockH, and 
 through a few narrow 
 ed. 'I'liie island it cele- 
 la Oonaparle, nbu na^ 
 
 APRICAN ISLANDS. m 
 
 Miulaf^agi'ar ii mora thai 8oo tnijf* long, and i< onv 
 of the lar^eit Ktland* in the world. It i* ifiiaruted from 
 the eaulern coaNi of Africa by (he channel of IVIo>iani. 
 bi«|oe. ihf |iopululion it variounly rilimated from 
 l,»oa,«ioo to 4,0(10,000. 
 
 I'lie IsU if Jhiurhon liei cail oiT Madasaiear. It en- 
 joyi a fine climate, and nrodurra eorn. eoffee. rice, lobae- 
 CO, aloe*, &e. in abundance. The jiopulution in 18(0 
 W'n «o,ooo, of whom 70,000 were •tavei. The i*land 
 belong* (o France. 
 
 Alauritius or (he Inle of France, liei *Utl further eaut. 
 It it itron^ly fortified, and wu« formerly the chief iiaval 
 •(a(ion of the French in the Indian lea*. It was cap- 
 tured by the RritiNh in 18(0, and (hey M(ill retain it. 
 
 The Azores conHiil of tt inland*, the principal of which 
 are Ht. l\Iirhap| and Fayal The A/ores enjoy a de- 
 lightful climate and are fertile in corn, wine and fruit*, 
 llie grea(m( inconvenience i* (hat they are subject to 
 violent carthriuakes, as well as to the fury of (he waves, 
 which fremiently rush over fhe low grounds, and sweep 
 oft whole fields of grain, and folds of catde. 
 
G MINERAL VIEVVlS. 
 
 ft 
 
 
 
3 
 
 AKMUIAL VIKWb. 
 
 I. OF riiK i\vm:n hv.ites, 
 
 FxrrKT ANi> l*"PtLATioN. Tli*iffon«l column in 
 till* ^l(llllMl||^ Itiltli- ftliow* llir <iUi> <if the <tin(>rpii( 
 •lul«« I tltD lliinl klioM* ilic pnimlatiun in IHlii i (Iip 
 foiirili, llii> iUn»Uif uf iiiipulutim, or lli« iivfr«(<i' immbur 
 (if iiilnthilMMl* oil rvifry «quarR mile t ihe lifth, (hr vutn- 
 *•)• iij' »/aivj( ill 1 110. 
 
 «/«/«*. 
 
 Sauart 
 
 Pup. m 
 
 irlio. 
 
 /V- 
 
 1 lHnu$ 
 
 4. Mnili4 
 
 ai.f»o 
 
 <t«,7oa 
 
 m 
 t 
 
 ■'""NoBt. 
 
 0. .N. Ilumpuhlrt 
 
 f, Itt t 
 
 ai4.4no 
 
 
 None. 
 
 a. Vfrinoni 
 
 tiMlJ 
 
 aiT.hUD 
 
 
 None. 
 
 4. Mii><iHrliii«rtl« 
 
 7,iao 
 
 4 T 3.0 10 
 
 
 Nouf. 
 
 Kli<ii|i> IkIiiiuI 
 
 I.AHO 
 
 Tfl.UiJI 
 
 
 los 
 
 II. ConnecliriU 
 
 4.TH4 
 
 jni.uM 
 
 
 aiu 
 
 r. New York 
 
 III.OUU 
 
 ttA9,0»tt 
 
 
 10.017 
 
 M. N»w Jrrifjr 
 
 H,S«U 
 
 «is,on4 
 
 
 lO.H.U 
 
 U. IVniiojIvuiiiii 
 
 411,000 
 
 M 10,001 
 
 
 79» 
 
 lo. I)rln\tari> 
 
 i,l:i0 
 
 :i,«74 
 
 
 4,177 
 
 11. MHrjIiiiiil 
 
 l.'),U3U 
 
 aHO,SIA 
 
 
 111,002 
 
 i3. VifKiiiia 
 lU. N. L'Hralinii 
 
 « 1.000 
 
 »74,flJi 
 
 
 SUt,014 
 
 4M,000 
 
 •aA,noo 
 
 
 1A(1,S34 
 
 14. H. Cttrutina 
 
 a 1.000 
 
 410,111) 
 
 
 IU0,3«0 
 
 in. Urorifin 
 
 ftO.OOO 
 
 aa-3,*3d 
 
 
 ioa,«ia 
 
 m. Alubnma 
 17. Mii«NiMi|)|ii 
 
 44.000 > 
 40,000$ 
 
 4o,aff]( 
 
 
 17,0Hi 
 
 Ifl. LouikiKiiiii 
 
 4n,ooo 
 
 r«,snrt 
 
 M 
 
 34,0«0 
 
 l\t. 'IVnni'ifce 
 
 40.000 
 
 «fl 1,797 
 
 
 
 44,A30 
 
 SO. KMiltivky 
 
 4i.0U0 
 
 4on,oii 
 
 
 
 H0,061 
 
 31. Ohio 
 
 MIt.Ono 
 
 :i30,7flO 
 
 fl 
 
 None. 
 
 au. Iiiiliniia 
 
 30,000 
 
 3t,3«'0 
 
 1 
 
 None. 
 
 2p. Illiiioi* 
 
 O'i.OIIO 
 
 14,38 2 
 
 \ 
 
 inn 
 
 Hi. Mii^KUiiri 
 
 «o,uoo 
 
 1U,788 
 
 \ 
 
 3,011 
 
 ... .„ 1. Which if Ihe Itrffcititetc 
 
 3. How utanv ilnlei contain uiorl than 
 ao.iKMi »(juiiri' mile* ? 3. Whiil nre their nninet ? 
 \, Whieli in ihvimnlleal KlMle.^ 0. >Vhicli are ibe three 
 
 Oin'tlitiiif* un ihe Tuhle. 
 in ilti- I'liinn ? 
 
I i:\Vtt. 
 
 M HT.riES, 
 
 lit •ffnn<t eoliimn in 
 niif <if ihe (liHiffriit 
 iiilation in IHlii i lhi< 
 tr lliu iivfraKf tmrnhnr 
 It I ihe tiflh, the uutH' 
 
 'lip. in 
 IMIll. 
 
 
 /(Inrti 
 irt I II 10. 
 
 N«n«». 
 
 Nonu. 
 
 None. 
 
 None, 
 ins 
 no 
 
 iB.uir 
 «,!7r 
 
 111,003 
 SUS,01« 
 1A(1,S34 
 
 1O0,«1H 
 
 ir,oHi 
 
 34,0AO 
 4»,A3S 
 
 Ho.oei 
 
 None. 
 
 None. 
 
 inn 
 
 3,011 
 
 hich !• Ihe Itrffcit ilBtc 
 Ales ciuilain uior^ than 
 I Bre llicir nninet ? 
 >. >Vhicliare the three 
 
 S,7()i"» 
 
 - 
 
 i.ino 
 
 
 r.hoft 
 
 
 9.010 
 
 
 A,tl.ti 
 
 
 1 ,(l %i 
 
 
 9,0 H» 
 
 
 S.OAI 
 
 
 0,001 
 
 
 A«T^ 
 
 
 O.SIA 
 
 
 »,«J.J 
 
 
 A,1U0 
 
 
 a,iiA 
 
 
 3,4Jii 
 
 
 i),»nu 
 
 J 
 
 «,!»«« 
 
 ll 
 
 1,797 
 
 
 
 n,aii 
 
 u 
 
 o,7flo 
 
 fl 
 
 t»,3W0 
 
 1 
 
 V.JHJ 
 
 \ 
 
 U,7a3 
 
 1 
 
 AL VIKWt. 
 
 «mitllrtt r fl. How m«nv •i()t«ri< inilctin Ma««K*hii«<*ll« i 
 7. In .M«rirUnil f N In ,\»Mr llitinpthira i> u. Whi4l 
 iHn «iAi«i h«v« (he Urgi-«t |iii|imUiiiiii f in, Mi'Mliun 
 lhi> <ii neit in Iho nrilcr iif thftr |iit|itiUlian. tl. Wliitli 
 iif Iho alaO* 10 moil (hifkly ivlilnl, llmt U, Mhich r«n* 
 iHtn* Ihe i(r)*iiti'«i nninher of iiihalitlanU nn m ii|nAre 
 inilf r tJ. Miiiiion the Iwn null. N. NVhirh *ii ari» 
 m<ut ihinly «rllUil ^ 1 1. Ilnw m»ny inhMbiUni* un A 
 M|mire mile in N«««r Vurk f ii. In l'rnn«yUiini« ^ It. 
 In Virginia ? 17. In HoulhCarolina i' in. In M nine ? 
 lu. Wliiah itMlo hit* ninvt dinvM t ao Huw many 
 ■lMli*4 h*v« mort' ilmn iito.ooii «Uve«, ami whet nru 
 (h«ir nemot ? .'1. \Vhii;h alntvt hnvc nn iliivri ? 
 
 iNORKAtr. or I'opKi.ArinN. In the fullewing Ubie 
 the eeeiiml, third end funrlh eoluinnt nhuw ibe |MipulA« 
 lion Ht tlirtVrfiit |i«>riodt \ the flflh, (he inrrea»p ofeHeh 
 itnlp between l*uo and tmo ; and the titth ahuwi how 
 niitiiy ii»r eeiit. vaoh *l«te f^ninvd «n IIir pnpiiliiiinn 
 • hirh il had in 17U0, ana of cour*« thor* tthirh italee 
 iiiorea*i'd raileel in prn|iorliun lo Ihfir popnlMtion. 
 
 S,.u„. 'Jjf^- 
 
 IMW. 
 
 i^p in 
 1110. 
 
 Int. in 
 QO/r: 
 
 Jf»nh. 
 
 S\v. ltii,5IO 
 
 irii,7i!t 
 
 2211, 70:i 
 
 132,105 
 
 1 .)5 pr. e|. 
 
 N. 11. 1 1 1,11)15 
 
 lo.'vtj" 
 
 21 l,4ti0 
 
 72,575 
 
 41» 
 
 Vt. t)r.,'.»«iii 
 
 1 &:),!ioil 
 
 2l7,13!»r) 
 
 1 12,027 
 
 J. 55 
 
 SUnt. ;»0(I,7V7 
 
 I'i2,0i:> 
 
 472,040 
 
 fi;5,2l3 
 
 22 
 
 K. 1. r)8,8^f) 
 
 tJO,IW 
 
 7(J,l»:tl 
 
 18,100 
 
 31 
 
 Tonn. ?.»7,!)|0 
 
 •J&l,OI)^ 
 
 2»51,«42 
 
 2J,!»!)0 
 
 10 
 
 N. V. .110,1 W 
 
 6Hi!,0.jO 
 
 0.j9,0I!» 
 
 0l8,02!» 
 
 lf!7 
 
 N. J. ll!l,IO!t 
 
 211,149 
 
 245,602 
 
 01.373 
 
 33 
 
 Henn. .».t»,:»-;3 
 
 602.64:i 
 
 1110,091 
 
 375,710 
 
 CO 
 
 Del. 6!»,0!U 
 
 ti4,2rji 
 
 72,074 
 
 1 3,580 
 
 23 
 
 Md. :tin,7'^ii 
 
 3I1),(J1)2 
 
 ;iU0,,'')4« 
 
 0(t,71li 
 
 lit 
 
 Vir({. 747,6 10 
 
 [180,200 
 
 "J7 4,022 
 
 227,012 
 
 30 
 
 N. (;. :J!i:»,7.'.I 
 
 47U,10;> 
 
 5.-).'»,r)00 
 
 101,74'.) 
 
 41 
 
 H. «j. 2 10,000 
 
 ;t46,51»l 
 
 415,115 
 
 175,1 If. 
 
 73 
 
 iiviu ii2tr,m 
 
 102,(582 
 
 252,4 r*.*) 
 
 IO!).8U5 
 
 205 
 
 Ten. ;J0,000 
 
 l()6,t;02 
 
 201,727 
 
 231,727 
 
 770 
 
 Ken. 7:l,(i77 
 
 220,Uf."J 
 
 100,511 
 
 332,83 1 
 
 456 
 
 0|ii« 2,000 
 
 45,Jti5 
 
 230,700 
 
 227,700 
 
 1,00U 
 
 
'^il'i 
 
 OENEflAL VIEWS 
 
 ({ueittions. i. What wus (lie pupulaliuu of New 
 York in tr90 ? 9. Wlml, in J810 ? 3. What »»» the 
 pojMilulioiiol'Coiinecliciil iti irao? 4. What, in IslO? 
 Whut untt till' iMipulHtion of Ohio in 17U0 f 6. 
 What, ill 1810 ? 7. Which utate incrcated most be- 
 tween 1790 uiiil 1810 f 8. Which neit ? 9. Which 
 next ? 10. Which three stiite* inerea»etl leuit ? 11. 
 M'hieh Htaie iiicreuHed fiisileHt iii proportion to \U pojiu- 
 latioii ? 12. Whicli statei iiiernnsMi more then 100 per 
 cent. P 13. Wliieh Htates increaned less than 40 per eC.k 
 
 The popiilatioH of ths whole United States in 1810 
 was 7,-i»9,903, ui' Wk.irh number 1,191.364, or one hixtln 
 
 fiart, wcie iilaves. The population increases very regu- 
 arly, at the rate of iboul 3 percent, per annum: no 
 that if tlie pupula'iou now is 10,000,000, i. may be 
 <aieiy ^'hI^'uIuIcJ thut next yptr.' ir will he about 
 '10,300,00'), aitd the year ntli-r 10,600,000, and so on. 
 
 (^ueslions. 1. What was the population of the U. S. 
 in isio ? 2. How large a portion w»re slaves f 3. At 
 what rate does the populaliou increase ? 
 
 Classes of Ihhabitants. The inhabitants of the 
 United Htuiest rauy be divided into three classes, viz. 
 uhiles, negroes, and Indians. All the whitis are of 
 Kuropcau ori(;in ; prineipally, English. The New- 
 KiitjIunJers, Vir^'^iuians, and Car'>linian8, are almost 
 pjrt'ly Knglisli. Next to the Kngiu-h are the Oerraans, 
 who are very numerous iu the Middle States, p«r- 
 tieulurl? iu Pcnsylvauia. Next to the Germans are 
 the Dutch, who are most numerous in New York. 
 The French are very numerous in Louisiana. The 
 lri»h and Scotch are found in Pentisylvania, New '*.'ork, 
 and New Jersey, i>nd in all ihf; prii""' al cities of the 
 Union. 
 
 ItuUnns. Very little i* knov out the Indians 
 west of the Mississippi. The 4 p ci'vil tribes on the 
 fast of the Mississippi, are the Cre-ks, Choctaws, Che- 
 roki'es, and Chickasaws. These tribe livft iu Georgia. 
 /Malmma, Mississippi, «nd Tennessee. 
 
 
 
EWS 
 
 ; (lupulaliuu of New 
 ? 3. What WHS the 
 )? 4. What, ill IS 10? 
 f Ohio in I7lt0 f 6. 
 te incrcated most bc- 
 ich next ? O. Which 
 iiierea»ei( least ? 11. 
 proportion to itM po|)U- 
 M-.ii more than 100 per 
 ed less than 40 peret.i 
 
 United Stat?a in 1810 
 1,19l>364, or one hixth 
 [III increases very regii- 
 r ecnt. per annum : «o 
 10,000,000, u may be 
 'tf.' ir will be about 
 ,uOO,ooo, and so on. 
 
 lopulation of the U. S. 
 u w»re slaves r 3. At 
 ircase ? 
 
 Fhc inhabitants of the 
 iito three riasges, vir. 
 Ml the whiti'S are of 
 English. The New- 
 ar<>liiiiKn8, are almost 
 giu'h arc the Oermans. 
 Middle Slates, par< 
 ;t to the Germans are 
 lero'Js in New York. 
 8 in Louisiana. The 
 iKtsylvania, New '*.'ork, 
 priifi'-al cities of the 
 
 ! < out the Indians 
 p ' ci'-'il iribes on the 
 
 Irfks, ChoctawR, Che- 
 tribe livft iu Georgia. 
 
 essee. 
 
 i)V TIIK UM ll.l) STATUS. 
 
 •2\)\i 
 
 (liirstmiif. 1. From wlntt liiiropcaii n.ition are Iho 
 while itiliabitiints priiii-ipiilly iIi'sccmkIciI r 2, Where 
 are tlit* (Germans moil niiinenitis? ;). the IhiUlif {■. ihe 
 I'Venrh ? 3 the Irish itiid ."Ji-otrh ? t». NVliiir are llie 
 4 principal trilics of Iiitiiiins, i>asl of tin; Missisftippi P 
 7. Where do thL'se tribes live i* 
 
 Canai.8. The prineipiil ciinnls, wliitli have been 
 ellluT annmfViTil or comjtlcti'd, in the Uiiiicd Slates are, 
 •1. I'lie Mi:ldi(>s.x crtnul, which iiinincli, .Mcrriniac 
 river with lVi»tiin Imrlior. 2. The Nnrlliern oiinul, 
 which e(inii>'cN Luke Citamplain v«iih the IIimIson. 
 .3, Tin- (iraiid Caiuil. eonneciint; Lahe Krie with the 
 lliitlH.dt. 4. riie canal i-oiincclin^ Dtlaware and C)it.4- 
 apelike liavs. !i. Tiie eiviiiil \\ hit li coniitcls Chesapeake 
 liay Miih AHiemarlesiiiiiid. ft. 'I'he Wanlee canal, whicli 
 etiMiiecls Saittee ri»er willi Charloslon Iiiirbor. The 
 frst of these canals 'rrini^s the Iraile of llie iiilcriur of 
 New ILiin|ishire lo Uosino. 1 he sei-oud will briiii^ that 
 of ll;e eounliy on liuk<' Cliumplaiii, to i)ie cil} of \ew 
 York, riie third «ill brio!^ llmi of a large scciion of 
 (he woslcrn eoiiolry lo the same city. I'lic fourth and 
 fifth cooiplt'te an inland water connniinicaiinn IkIwccii 
 Philiiilelpbiii and North (lurolioa. TIk' si.i-th draws 
 the lri»dt? of the western part of North Carolina, lo llie 
 city of Charleston. 
 
 The most impjriant eanal* which have liccn prnpostd, 
 and which are llimi^hl praelicabic, but h!il yel coiii- 
 jnc'jcL'J, are. 1. A canal lo roniuct liurnilable Hay »iih 
 Iiii//.ard's liay. 2- A ean;il from Uariinn river lo ilie 
 Delaware, lo conneel l!ie eiiiesof New York ami I'liila- 
 delphia. o- A canal connecting .(ames river with i he 
 Ohio. 4 riirf-e or four canals have been proposed lo 
 coniiecl the rivers which emply into Luke Kne and Lake 
 Aliebi^aii, w'th those which empty into the Ohio and 
 '.he Mississippi. 
 
 (l.t^atioiis. i. Mention the six prineipal canals in 
 the Uiiiled Stules, and ih-.' places wliirh lliey eiiuMecl. 
 Z What cQecl has Ihe Middlesex canal on the iradf; at 
 
 <■>r,^ 
 
«()'» 
 
 liliNKRAL VJi:\V>. 
 
 New ff«inp«»hiit' f 8. What eflect will li* proilufPil by 
 ♦lie Nnrllierii ciiititl r •». Iiy the (Jruuil Cnnal ? B. Wlmt 
 cllVft in proiluei'il by llie SSatilcc euiml ? «. Wliul are 
 ihf iiiMjit iinjKiriHiit cdtiHlii \v|uvh iiav« been pruposed, 
 but uot yet coiniiu-iieed f 
 
 IlivRnr,, The preat riverii of Ihe United Suiei, in 
 re«i|»f«M III the f^rtin-al course in which they run, may be 
 di\ii!t'(l iiilii elii!t!t>.>!4. 1. ThuHe uliii'h eniply iiitn (he 
 Alliinlii; frniii the eitxlern and middle iitates. 2. Those 
 vhirli i'm|)iy into (he Atlantic from (he aonthcrn state*, 
 a. riiui^e uhich empty into the Gulf of Mexico. 4. 
 Tii'isc uhich empty into (he MisHivHippi from the east ; 
 and, s. Those which empty into the Missiiiiiippi from 
 I he went. 
 
 The first class inrliidcs the Penobscot, Kennebec, 
 C'onnccticiil, Iludison, Deluware and Siisquehunnali ; 
 all of which run from N. to S. The second class 
 includes (he Pulomae, JameN, Uounoke, Cajie Fear, l*e- 
 dee, HaHtee, Havannah, and Altamaha; all of which 
 run from N. W. to h. K. The third class includes the 
 Appalachieola, (he Mobile, and the Missisnippi, all of 
 which run from N. (o S. The fourth clasns includes 
 (he Yazoo, Ohio, Kaskaskia, Illinois, and Ouisconsin, all 
 of which run from N. E. to S. W. The fifth class in- 
 cludes Ked river, the Arkansaw, Missouri, Moiues, und 
 St. Peter's, ail of which run from N. W. tu i$. E. 
 
 The following table shows how far tfome of the prin- 
 eipal rivers are navigable for sloops. 
 
 Hi 
 
 Place. 
 
 Penobrcot, to Bangor. 
 
 K<?nnel/ec, 
 
 Connecticut, 
 
 Hudson, 
 
 Delaware, 
 
 VnloniDC, 
 
 Mibiouri; 
 
 Augusta. 
 1 1 art lord. 
 Troy. 
 Trenton. 
 AVashing'o. 
 Urcat Fiills. 
 
 River. 
 
 James, to 
 
 Havannah, 
 
 Alabama, 
 
 Tlaee. 
 
 Richmond. 
 Savannah. 
 Fort ('laihi)rn(*. 
 \nlliony'p 
 
 „. . . .est Ant 
 Mississippi, < j.^11^ 
 
 Ohio, Vittsbujj^ 
 
>t uill 1)1* proilucnl Ijv 
 
 puud Cnnal f B. Wlmt 
 
 eiiiml ? «. Wliu) are 
 
 I lmv« been pruposed, 
 
 ' the United HtHtei, in 
 vhirh they run, may be 
 t uliii'h cniply iiitn tlie 
 ddle vtates. 2. Tdoae 
 om (lie aotitlicrn itate*. 
 • Gulf of Mexico. 4. 
 sinHippi I'roiD the east ; 
 the MiKKixiiippi from 
 
 Pennbgcnf, Kcnncbee, 
 ' and Siisqueliannuli ; 
 
 S. The second claHs 
 luiiuke, Cajie Fear, I'e- 
 lainalia; all of which 
 third class includes the 
 
 the MiHsiHitippi, all of 
 fourth cIhshs includes 
 mis, and Oui«<cotiiiin, all 
 iV. The ftfth cluHS in- 
 , MisRouri, Moiues, and 
 ai N. W. to S. E. 
 
 w far tfonie of the prin- 
 
 DUpS. 
 
 River, 
 
 es, to 
 
 tnnah, 
 
 bamu, 
 
 T'.acc. 
 
 Richmond. 
 Savaniiuh. 
 Fort ('luihi)rn(*. 
 \iillioiiy'p 
 
 est Am 
 Bissippi, J f^„^ 
 
 }, Vittftlujj^. 
 
 OF THE UMTKI) STAIKS. 
 
 2U^ 
 
 ((ufstiuns. 1. In whnf direction do the threat river* 
 of the eastern and iniil(lti> HhKest run ? J. ilie river-* of 
 the Hoiilheru Allnnlic SliHen ? a. ihc river* whioh 
 em|ily into the MisKiH.4i|i|ti from the east? i. thi»<ie 
 witieli empty into the MisHi^nippi from the wcHt ? 
 6. those which empty into lh>4 (iiilf of Mexico ? «. To 
 iviiiit place is the Connecticut naviKible lor siniipi* ? the 
 Delaware ? the K-nobscot .- the MiMitsippi ? &c. 
 
 Roads. The following (able ihowi the principal 
 (owns on several of the great road* of tlie United Staled. 
 The towns are arranged in geographical order. 
 
 Frnm Eaiipori to 
 
 New Orleans. 
 Kiistport. 
 Wiicasset. 
 Bath. 
 1'ortland. 
 Porlsmduth. 
 N'ewlinrypurt. 
 Salem. 
 Bustun. 
 Worcester. 
 Hurt ford. 
 Nuw Haven. 
 New York. 
 Trenton. 
 Pltiliidelphia. 
 Bultiinore, 
 Wttshiii2;lon. 
 Frcdt'ricksburg. 
 Richinoisd. 
 Petersburg. 
 It>ilei;{ii. 
 Kiiyeiieville. 
 ('olumbia. 
 Aiignsla. 
 Miiledgeville. 
 
 Fort Hawkins. 
 Fort Stoddart. 
 Mobile. 
 \ew Orlenog. 
 
 Boston to Detroit 
 B').ston. 
 Worcehter. 
 Northampton. 
 Piltstield. 
 Alltany. 
 Utica. 
 Auburn. 
 Canandaigua. 
 BiiHdlo. 
 Cleveland. 
 Krencbtown. 
 B.ownstuwn. 
 Detroit. 
 
 PhiUidelphia to St 
 Louii 
 
 Piiiladelpliiu, 
 Lancaster. 
 Harri.ibiirg. 
 Pittsijurg. 
 
 ZHnesville. 
 
 Cbillicolhe- 
 
 Lexinijiun. 
 
 Henderson. 
 
 Hhawneetown. 
 
 Kaikaskia. 
 
 ('abokia. 
 
 M. liOiiis. 
 
 Miu York to ^1.*^ 
 
 biT. 
 
 Vew Vork. 
 
 Hudson. 
 
 VIbany. 
 
 Plalisliur!;. 
 
 Moutreiil. 
 
 Quebec. 
 
 Button to Montrtal 
 
 iiiision. 
 
 Concord. 
 
 II mover. 
 
 H.iverhill. 
 
 Montpelier. 
 
 liurlinglon. 
 
 Muutreal. 
 
«9ti OENKUVL VIKWS 
 
 Oneslioui^. 1. Mention ill onkTllu- P'-''"''M»'»; "'«"«"" 
 
 „^ l" ,„u pa., in traiellini, from tin* •'. netrm, r 
 
 8 |"o.« Ailallclplu. t« St. LouiH r I from Now \«rk 
 eiiy 10 Quebec ? 3. from Uo.tou to Mcnlrottl f 
 
 Vapk oi- ri.K couNi iiY. The most reinarkal. e f.-a- 
 
 (ure in H..- lou eou..lrv of llie Soutlu-rn Ht.»l.-. It rem. 
 
 U,H of ila. ..uuly plain, l.n. liulf H.vuh.J al.ov.. he 
 
 v'Vof ho nooan, eitemiins "1""^ the ooa.t, «r»m .ho 
 
 I.M1..0 .0 .he M..Ms*ipp., a.jiH.Hneeo. I?'"' ;';''^-;;/; J" 
 
 in nsoallv from .00 to 2oo mil.-H ui.l'.'. 1 he i •« ol .he 
 
 v"iH!.l State, i. u.rotahly .livorHif.eJ u.lh h.ll. and 
 
 niniintaiiis. 
 
 «„.'s/;r,n.<!. What is .ho most remnrkahle feature in 
 , J l'.;.' of the coun.ry ? How far .loo. .he low ccuu.ry 
 of Ihe Soulhcrw State, ex.enti ? 
 
 iMvoBTANT LINKS. Thc linc. in t .c ITm.cd Slat 
 
 „l.i.l, it ii ino.t important '? r*-'"'''""''" "'^*- . /•;,,, 
 Tivvr Misdssipin, heeau»c it is a houmlary ol 6 ..«le» 
 a ,1 3 .orri.or./,. 2 The Ohio, heeause .1 .s a houo. a y 
 of 5 «.H.e*. 3. The Ihlau'cre, heeau.e .1 .« « boundary 
 n • I ,l» <•« 4. The I'otomac and the .Snvanna/u beeause 
 tV J-nlr.V -iver. .hroush ..hei. -hole eourje^ 
 
 y Vhe parallel of ar.o '''^!-'-"^« '\;^" .'':"';''';; ^...t; 
 
 .ta.es and 1 .erri.ory .„ I he ,Mral iel ol •^•' •'''.'' "^', 
 't is a boundary of fi slates. 7. I he parail.l ol 4^ 
 beeauso .. is the nor.hern boundary ..f ~2 slates, and not 
 far from .he northern huundanes ol 3 more. 
 
 Onestlons. I Wha. s.a.es amlterritorie. border on 
 the M sisi.pi" ? 2 Wl"" suites on the Ohio? 3. on the 
 i) I'l a;3'i ..n the P-omae ? 5. on jhe Savannah r 
 J. VV(,a. s.Htes are bound- d by .he pa^alle o 3(1 30 ? 
 r. >Vliai s.ates are b.iund^d l>y the parallel ot 3& 
 »'. Wiittt by the parallel ot ii" ? 
 
lie prliiclprtl lowiis on 
 L-w Orli-ant? 2. What 
 iini liii>«liMi to Delntii r 
 r ^. from Now York 
 } MoDlrottl ? 
 
 moHt reinarkaltic fca* 
 itluTM Hliiii'H It «■""• 
 (ill- I'lcviilitl uliovf tlie 
 US' tlio cna*!, from tlio 
 mipi' of iSOdiniles. and 
 will". Tlte rent of the 
 rtiil'iuJ with liilU and 
 
 remarkable fi-uliire in 
 ,r ilotn tlie low ccuiitry 
 
 % in tlic United -Elates 
 remember arc j 1. 'I'l" 
 
 rt houhtlary of 6 tdates 
 hecttHse it is a l>oinidary 
 Iif«au8i( il is u boundary 
 d tlie Savannah, beeuuse 
 "Il tlieit wliole course. 
 aae it is a bcin'duiy of 
 iMiraliel of a.-'". bJeaiise 
 
 r. The paraihl of 4i' 
 lary of 2 stales, ttn«l ""^ 
 .■!) of 3 more. 
 
 lid territories border on 
 •H on the Ohio? 3. on the 
 
 ? 5. on the Savniniali ? 
 
 the puiallel of 3b° 30' ? 
 ,y the [larallel of 35" ^ 
 
 OF THE UNITMO 8TA I K8. ij? 
 
 n.-**i^' 'I't ':•"""' ^^'?"" ""^^'" IHIO, consisted 
 ol * shi].. of the lino, H fr.gHies, and numerous .mailer 
 
 no. Lake Krie, and Luke ChampUin. 
 
 The mv;,.;,ard» of ihe Unit.d S(aiP« are at the fol- 
 m!!"? ':'T ' i; "••"••r-oulh, N. 11. 2. Charleslovn, 
 Ma... 3 New Urk city, y l'hil«del|,hia. 6. Wash 
 JHslonciiy. 6. Oo«port, in Virginia. 
 
 Qup^tiom. i. Ifnw many ships of the line in Ihe U. 
 Slate, navy in isi« f -j. Mow many frigates r 3. Where 
 are the navy -yards of the U. S. f ' ^ 
 
 .OM."'"'" T'T '/«"''"• army of lh« Uniied Slutes in 
 18l9,cons.»(edof«,oi9 men. They are suiioned at 
 he various foru and pn.., alonij the maritime »„d in- 
 land Ironl.er. The followi-,^ siutemeni .how. th« 
 number of men at the priueipal posts. 
 
 Fortsin Portland hi^'-^-^mf Plultshurghf'^/^S 
 
 Port»moulh,i,.H.10« S«ckell'« harbor, 3H1 
 
 B-mon harl.ar, 360 Detroit, so* 
 
 New York, do 413 Aliehilii-mckinae,208 
 Charleston, 8. c.lisr 
 
 The United States Lave 2 armories ; one at Spring, 
 field, IVIass. and one at Harper's Ferry, on the Poiomnc. 
 
 ^^ffons How many men in Ihe regular army of (he 
 
 r/.fe.? Where are (hey «(rt(ioned f Which are (he 
 
 princmal g(at,„n8 oo ihe maritime frontier ? wliieii on 
 
 I.e .nfand frontier ? Where arc the urmorie* of (he 
 
 '■oited States ? 
 
 Hemgion. The followinf? (able contains (he number 
 of consreijadons of the (i?er' nl religioug denouiination.. 
 sceordini? (» (he latest j;,i(j (rtation. * 
 
200 
 
 DKNKIIAL VlliWS 
 
 I'lOKliytfriaiii 
 C'ni).;i'i*i{nliuiiali«t« 
 
 Illi'lUt 
 
 Qui*kci'ii (ir Frivnds 
 lOlii^iHipaliiinii aiiitiil 
 
 Cons'''!!"'''"" • 
 '.',111 J 
 
 rj'.T) 
 
 •MM 
 
 C'ongrcjaiiaHj 
 niMcli Ilcformeil 
 
 IJhiircli nlioiit 
 A-tnociafc Uirormcil 
 
 I'n-stliyti'rinim 
 (Jcrmaii llalviniHl* 
 Mor«vi(l!i!» ttbtMil 
 
 150 
 
 1(10 
 
 100 
 
 [,0 
 
 ncM.loH .I.e al.nve .len«mination», the MellM..l.«H arc 
 
 Clermai. Lulheran*, Univer.ali.U.Sal.l.alhd;*) Uai.titt», 
 
 The Dapli.U n.id Mc»1.o.rnlH are foiin.1 in nil parti 
 «f the IToiU-.l Stale.. The Congresalmna .* U «ro 
 
 almoHt «l,.,lly in New En^UnJ. , rh^' ^'^''^S.y' . . 
 an. Hcut-rea over ti.e MM\* and HoiKhern Stale*.- 
 Tl.e Qnakern ure m.ml num.-ron« in I'em.iylvan.* and 
 the adjoiniuj? Mate*, and the Kp>*c-J"»' "»"•'» ^ew 
 Ynik, l'..nnec..i.ut. Maryland and VirK-ma. >»'•'""- 
 mnu DalviniHlv Herman Lutl.erant, Moravian*, DutoU 
 H.torm.Ml and Associalo Il.-formed Pre.byler.an. art 
 princii.ully confined to the Middle italei 
 
 Questions. 4. WImt are the prineipal denomir.alioni 
 of Cl.ri«.i«n, i» 11.0 U. H. ? 2. Wlu're are .I.e C«..,re. 
 ^alio.ialist« mo,t nnmerou, ? 3 I I.e W.end. or Qua- 
 ker* ? 4. The Kpl.-opnlianH ? B. Where are the 
 Presbyterians ? 6. I'l.e lUitU^i» nnd Methodists ? . 
 The Associate Ref.irmed IVebhytcnan*. 
 
 UEnnious Chahitable Societies. The principal 
 reliKious oharitahle nocieties arc *• .V';^ '^'»f '"'.''"" 'v; 
 6/. Society, whose sole objert is to publ.sh and p.rc., ate 
 the Bible! without note or comment. 2. Fhe Jlmerican 
 Colonixation Society, whose object is to colonize the iroe 
 people .f colour of the United States. A colony ha* 
 llready been planted on the we.t coast of Africa, sou h 
 of Sierra Leone. 3. The American Board of Commts- 
 sioners for Foreign .Missions, whose obinet is to convert 
 the Heithen to Christianity. They Lave m"V""*7„ 
 stations and missionaries, at Bombay and Ceylon, in 
 lodia; at Smyrna, in Asin Minor; and amsng llii 
 
 
 Ji 
 
 ai 
 fi 
 C 
 In 
 ti{ 
 
 n 
 
 th 
 
 M 
 
 th 
 tic 
 th 
 sic 
 Bg 
 
 pa 
 
 ted 
 
 Art 
 
 1< 
 
 1 
 1: 
 
 U 
 
 it 
 
 u 
 
150 
 
 1(10 
 
 IdU 
 
 fjO 
 
 ,NV8 
 
 Cnngrcffalioitj. 
 I Ucfornu'il 
 iircli nlioiit 
 ;iatc Ui'tormcd 
 ■!tliyti>rinii« 
 ail t;alvini»l« 
 viftti!* ubdiil 
 «, (he IMcllM)Ji»li arc 
 isiilfrahle iiumlier* of 
 8aljlmlhd;») Hn|»ti«ts« 
 
 ire fniinil in nil parti 
 ongrpfi;«tinnaliiit!» aro 
 rhc Prettbyterinni 
 nd 8(»ii(liern Siali'* — 
 1 in I'pniiiylvanii* and 
 !pi»coiialian« in New 
 I VirKinitt. I h? Her- 
 ns, Moravians, Dutch 
 led Presbyleriaiu ar« 
 c stales 
 
 rineipal denomination! 
 iVIiere are (lie Con^re- 
 riie Friend* or Quu- 
 > B. Wher« are the 
 g and Methodists P 7. 
 crians. 
 
 ETiEs. The principal 
 ; 1, The Jinp.rican Hi- 
 n pultlish and circulate 
 lent. 2. The Kflmeriran 
 St is to colonize the free 
 Slates. A colony has 
 t coast of Africa, south 
 icnn Board of Commh- 
 hose «l>j««t is to convert 
 They have missionary 
 Jomhay and Cejion, in 
 rliuor; and ainsng tli* 
 
 OF TIIK UMTKD STATES. JOd 
 
 Ohcrokec and Choctaw Indiuns in the U. H. .» The 
 llaiAist Hoard of Foreign Missions, who have mission, 
 arie* in ihe Uiriiiaii empire, and Minoiig the American 
 liHlians. 5. Ih.it'ure Ediiaitiuu .Societies mmna tho 
 « ongre-atioM.tlistN, IVeshyierians and Bapliils.des'ignsd 
 to asMst iMiliKiht young men in preparing for the Chris- 
 tian ministry. 
 
 llihir?'""-"; >*• '^\':?*."."" '•^'J'*' "^ "•« American 
 IJihle Society ? a, Oflhe Colonization Society ? [i. Of 
 the Amerivan Board of Commissioners for Foreiirn 
 Missions? •*. Of Kdncation Societies ? .r Where is 
 the colony of free hiaiks established by the Cdoniza- 
 loii Society t 6. Where are the missionary stations of 
 the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Mis- 
 
 nTJ f w ^\''"*, »"'."'« niissionaries of th« llaptist 
 Hoard of l*oreigo Missiout ? 
 
 CoMMRRCE. The following table tbcwa the nriBei. 
 pal artieles of domestio produce exported from the Unl- 
 ted States id Ibir, arranged according to their value. 
 
 Article! exported. y^f^^ 
 
 « wl.'"". « ^ . . 8a2,«a8,ooo 
 
 a vy heat, flour, and biscuit ih,432,noo 
 
 3. lobaceo <• 9,330,000 
 
 4. JLumbir (viz. boards, staves, shingles, 
 hoopg, hewn limber, masts and spars) 8,196,000 
 
 «• foi and peurl ashes 
 ?• Indian corn and meal 
 
 8. Dried and pickled fish 
 
 9. Beef, tallow, hides and live eatll*^ 
 
 10. Skins and furs 
 
 11. Rye and meul 
 
 12. Pork, bacon, lard, and live hogs 
 
 13. Herses and mules 
 
 14. Soap and tallow candles 
 i!i. (iunponder 
 10. Tar, pitch, rosin and turpentine 
 
 i,fl«r,ooo 
 
 1,389,000 
 1,328 000 
 
 H-1'a.ooo 
 
 088,0(JO 
 627,000 
 537,000 
 432,000 
 
 337.000 
 
'MO 
 
 UENEUAIi VIKWb 
 
 T 
 
 Ariiiln tteforttd. '''«"'•♦ 
 
 17. Wlmle uil, wliale hone »ml •permaccti 
 
 ciiiiillca g.UJ.ooO 
 
 Itt. BuUcr and cliecie ai3,ooo 
 
 Uemarkn. The eoHnn wtii rnini'il alcnoit entirely In 
 the i.ti»teii iioulli of Vimiiiiii himI Kt-ntiiiky. 'I'hc uhtat 
 wan fHiseil (iriocipiilly in I he miil«ll«* bihI wcjiern »lttiep«; 
 mill tlic ii)harni in M.«r)!Hiitl mid Vir^iniH. The lum- 
 her wa* ml chiefly it> the I'orentii of Maine and the low 
 coiHilry of the CarolinH*. The rice «;r«'w iindoiihlrdly 
 in the s\viun|M of Ihe Carolinnn and OooihIh. The put 
 and p'ttrl nshm ciimo from Ihe new coiintrici, wlierc 
 Ihcy wtTc biiniint; wood* lo elpHf (lie laud* for eulliva« 
 tion. The Indian corn mine from the «tate» north of 
 Huuih Cnroljn*. The dried fsh are cod-fiih, the pick- 
 hdJUh are herringn, nhad, »almon and mni-kerel. Al- 
 moti all of them were caughi liy the fHhermen of Mai- 
 «ai'hii«ettii. The beef, tallow, hidef and caltle were 
 rai«ed principallT in the panturun of New England — 
 T'he »kin» and /urn were pnrehaiisd from the Indian 
 hunter*. The rye, pork, hurnes, mules, soap and eandlei 
 came chiefly from New Kn^land. The tar, pitch and 
 h(rpentine were obtained from the Carolina pinen. The 
 uhaU oil and 9>hale bone, were the fruit* of the enter, 
 pnte of the Nantucket whaUmea. 
 
 Questions, i. What are the nine principal article* 
 of export from the United Siaten ? 2. Where <» '!»« 
 cotton railed ? S. Where in (be wheat raided ? 4. The 
 tobacco ? ». The lumber ? 0. The rice ?. 7. Where 
 did ihe pni and pearl ashes eome fioni ? 8. Who 
 caught the fi»h ? tt. Where were the cattle rained, &?. 
 
 DestituUion of the Exports, The following (able 
 fthowN the ciionlricu lo which the exports of lbl7 were 
 carried. 
 
 (I 
 
 ri 
 
KW8 
 
 I tprrmacdi 
 
 FfUiu 
 
 IT 
 
 R.iiJ.OflA 
 8t3,UU0 
 
 infd nlmoit entirely in 
 Keniiittky. 'Vhe uhent 
 «ile niiti Motlern nUie*; 
 A Vir^iniH. The lum- 
 of Muiiie and llir low 
 ricf «;rew iin«l<»iil»lr<Ily 
 hikI Uoiii'niH. 'i'lu' /)t»t 
 new count rioi, where 
 r tlie lauilit tor eultiva« 
 nni llic ulaleii north of 
 h are co(l-G<ih, the pick- 
 ion anil nini-kerel. Al- 
 f the ri«hermen of Mai- 
 hide* antl cattle were 
 •en of New Kiiglaud — 
 haiiHd from the lodiun 
 , mulfn^ soap and candles 
 A. The tar, jntch and 
 le Carolina pinen. The 
 Iho fruits of (he enter* 
 
 nine principal article* 
 ten ? a. Where in the 
 
 wheat raided ? ♦. The 
 , The riee ?. 7. Where 
 
 eome fioni ? 8. Who 
 ^re the cuttle rained, &?. 
 
 . The following; table 
 he eiiiorls of 1(^17 were 
 
 OK rilE UMTKD STATES. 
 
 :oi 
 
 Whithtr txparltJ. 
 
 Kn^ll(^d 
 
 Hi'iiiliind and Ircliinil 
 
 Bril.ih W. Indii>« 
 
 Uriti^li Ami-rirun C'olnniei 
 
 Other Oritith Coloniei 
 
 France 
 
 French Colonics 
 
 Hpuin 
 
 Wpuni»h American Coloniea 
 
 i'oriiK^ai 
 
 Hni7.il 
 
 Portuguese Coloniei 
 Uuima 
 
 Swedinh and Danish domininni 
 
 NethrrhuulH 
 
 Dutch Colonics 
 
 Oermuny 
 
 Northwest Const 
 
 Italy and Malta 
 
 China 
 
 All other countriei 
 
 Amouni. 
 
 837,HU»,r)l3 
 
 3,Hri,flrt7 
 3,riH,nio 
 
 8,tiu.r«r 
 
 i,ntA,04t 
 
 7i3,ona 
 
 7,0H|,0U0 
 6iO,303 
 
 , 3,3ta,n3i 
 
 1,110,N3U 
 
 l,433,7t« 
 
 018.660 
 
 «.6fi7,023 
 
 8S7,67l,009 
 
 ntmark. The amount of exports to the various 
 eou„fr,e« is very different in dift«renl years; hut the 
 Uriiish dominions always receive the lareest portion of 
 our domestic produce, purticularly cotton. France i« 
 usually next to Knijland. 
 
 Amouut 
 
 im. What three countries received the larceit 
 ol exports Iroin the United Stales in <8ir f 
 
 J"<^rye wd Vecrease of E.x'iwrt,. The followini? 
 ai.Ie slio«sih.« quantity of cotion. flour, tobacco, and 
 tue cx^iortcd at dinerent periods. ' 
 
se2 
 
 IHOO 
 
 tun 
 
 1H|7 
 
 CiKMiUAL ^ IKWt 
 
 Co I ION. I 
 
 i(io,ni)o 
 
 t,.IOO,lMMI 
 
 n,rhu,s().j 
 
 
 I 'VnnK 
 
 1 
 
 MIO.IIIIH 
 
 t,l7'J,tUN 
 
 1 
 
 //Af/d. 
 
 I IMA!) 
 A 1. 0.10 
 
 IIV ll.^ll 
 
 ru,vua 
 
 Tifniinr.'i «. 'I'lir lliiiii^ niniil unrlliy nf nntnrk in tM< 
 r.ililf 14, ill kt the ninninii orrnMiiit i ii|iorl('il, Iia*> iiirrruHiil 
 rrtfiilml} rnitii lon.oon pniiriilt lo ni)ii'i< iliiiii K.'j.oi o.ono | 
 so iIjuI il 14 now fill' |iriiirinitl nrtirlt* nf «'X|inrl I'rimi llitt 
 I'liili'il Mliil(>«. 'I'hu iir«(lii(iiHi4 iiirron*" wu* owin^ lo 
 Hie iMMiilioii, liv IMr. \Vliitfirv, ni'ii ni.irltinr for rleuiit- 
 i'l^ ii|iliuiil iMiliiin ri'Diii itit itM'iU. Mpfiirc (lu* iiivrnliou 
 «il'tli>il iimcliitu*, il Miio Moitilliciilt to rltmiiic iIip rnllnii 
 JVom iU iioril>i,lliiil lliH riiliivHiiiMi nCil \\h% nut |tr«lilHlile. 
 Hut niiu, it 14 riillivutt'il in itll tin* rfiiintrv uniiili of Vir- 
 ginia, ulifro III*' I'intI will ndiiiil (il'ii. 'i li<> fourlli uii'l 
 lil'lli coliimii* »\v)\\ lliiti iiii.' umotiiit nT Inliiirrn uml ri<'i< 
 li.ii (li'ireiiieil. 'I'liii uiu nwin^ In (lio incriniic in iLc 
 nmotinl »f rutlnii ; for \«lK'n (lie vnliivnlinn »i' cntlitn 
 lirpamu prnlitulilc, llit jtldnkTii nc^U-rlrd lolinrpn, rirp. 
 in<iii;o, unil i'vi>ry olhcr Prii|i, nnd rni|)!))Ti-il llieir ilarvt 
 ulinMit i'sclu«ively in ruiitini^ coltnii. 
 
 ({uestlnun. i. Whicli of lb« rxporU of (lie U. t^. hat 
 HicrpaHed mo*( nIucc ITOO, rnllaii, flnnr, Inltacrn, or 
 rici- ? 3. Wliieh iiexl .' .1. NVIiich liiivc ilecreaied f 
 4. Wlint oocnuinned llie inereiikc in (lie cnJtivalion of 
 rntton P 0. What occationcd liie dccrciitc in ihi* cuiti 
 vatiun of tnbttcvu uud rice .- 
 
 Kjrpoi'h mill Sliippiiig of llw (HJfetful Slater. Tltr 
 lollowin,!; tnlik' slinws tlic amonnt of dnmoiilic and 
 foreign iirnduce eiporled fruin tl'.o ditferfnt klalci in 
 IHlT. 'i'lie fil'ili column «Iiums ll.c niiinlt'r of Ion-* vf 
 j))ii|)pin|; o'.vitod in lytO, 
 

 MN.irtii 
 
 NO,«»»rt 
 
 n 1.0,10 
 
 ijH.f>^n 
 
 ra.flso 
 
 HV Oitlt 
 
 N;<..n; 
 
 :h.;)h3 
 
 <W,.IOJ 
 
 ru,««(» 
 
 rlliy nf iintnrk In tM< 
 xiiorlcil, liiik iiirrruti il 
 11)11 i< iliiiii K.'),i)i o.ono I 
 irif iif t'«|inrl I'rnni llio 
 iiirioiMi' \\u« uwiii^ lo 
 fa ni.irltinr fur i'lemi<t- 
 
 llpfiiro (III* iiivrnliou 
 t 111 rit mmr llie rntloii 
 nt'il \\»n not |iri<lilulilr. 
 ■ riiiitilrv noiiili of Vir< 
 il' i'. '{lif roiirlli him! 
 Ill nf tnliurcn unci rir" 
 In (li(> iiirnanf in iLc 
 
 i-iiliivalion III' cnllitti 
 il^U'ClPil lolintpn, ricp. 
 ciiijilfiTi'd liieir »lon'i 
 111. 
 
 [poru of (lie U. $^. hat 
 an, flour, tnliaccn, or 
 lich liiivc ilppreaned f 
 > ill (lie ciiJtivation nf 
 ? (Iccrciiic ill ibe cuili 
 
 (Hpmif Stales. TIip 
 Hint lit' ilnmoslic enJ 
 ll'.c tlinVrrnt K'.alci in 
 llic iiiiinlicr of IxnM vf 
 
 OK run I'MTIlli 'SlAlK!*. 
 
 .■futrt. 
 
 trtilHtf 
 
 M. ILiinimiilia 
 \ iTITtHnl 
 
 IIIiiiiId lulitiul 
 
 IJoiliiO'tictil 
 
 NewVoik 
 
 MtwJtuBy 
 
 l't:hiii)lvitiiia 
 
 IklttwaiM 
 
 ^iarylaiitl 
 
 Ili«. ot (julum. 
 
 Virgiiiin 
 
 N. C4i'oliim 
 
 8, (juriiliiu 
 
 (ico'^ia 
 
 Ohio 
 
 /.oiiUitm 
 
 •Icr. ol U. 1. 
 
 91 1. JO I 
 
 5.'I0».4I (J 
 
 1J,060,7JJ 
 
 5,(I4'.> 
 
 J.4 5H.(J0 i 
 
 .1,HH7.Hl4 
 
 i, .61.M8 
 
 von, ail 
 
 r,7'i'j 
 
 lOH.IU 
 
 nPSTiiXiJu 
 
 fin 'it, ••, 
 
 fl.OJ'J.WI 
 
 r.7.M!rt 
 
 *ow.:oo 
 .■,i9r,.iHi) 
 
 3,0>«.04ii 
 
 4 M.j;o 
 
 ~I07,» k 
 
 01 I,. '01 
 
 ii».ror.4i:i 
 
 5.84'J 
 
 8,7,J.».1«J 
 
 4t.8J4 
 
 8.9.1J.9J0 
 
 3,1.' 1.44 J 
 
 io,;r.,',ti J 
 
 B.ruo.n4 
 
 r,r4tf 
 
 0,034,81'J 
 
 u>,i<7i,3ci» 
 
 SUfifiinf 
 
 j6,4l't 
 
 4 13, -7 J 
 .l.'.7,i.l 
 TJ.«4l« 
 
 ;iw.'J9(i 
 
 3.UII 
 
 IOj,47i 
 
 lii,('>j(j 
 70,.1(il 
 
 ;;7,«i4 
 u.rti 
 
 i:?,3<)» 
 
 IltmnrkH. ,.\'ew-Jenft) lia» a vpry dninli anioiini of 
 f X|iorl», liecatiKp iilmo<ii ull licr itriiiliifc i* exiiurloil Iruni 
 Ne^v York ami l'liil.ii|p||iliiii. Lmtismna fin* n luri^a 
 iiniount, tiepaiMC il iiii'liulcii (liu |irn<liK'u of iliv ui'tli-rii 
 •tntt'4, MJiipli it (loiileil iluwii llit* jMi4»iii«ip|it, anil px- 
 porli'ti IViiin New Orli'iiiH. TIip PX|MirU of wVViu York 
 nrc I lie |iroiliiPC not only of lliut »litti>, liiit liulf of IVi w 
 Jtrtpy and llin wfvlprii partH of Now Knicland. Thu 
 export* of tMassaehusettn ure the prodiipp ol Maiisarhu- 
 kPttit and piiria nf New llinnp*«liire uiid Vprmont. JS'eiv 
 England and wVVw York own about two lliirdit of ull i!je 
 ahippini^ of the Unitpd Htalpii. 'I'he atatei luulb uf the 
 Futuinite own only oic eighth part. 
 
 i^itf<itions. i. Which state ii the fir^t in the amntint 
 of i-X|iurU ? 8. Mi-ntion iIm neven next. H. Wjiicli 
 fltnte owni moat ahippiiii; ? 1. Which npxi P A. Which 
 next ? 6. How larii^e a portion il ownpil in New Kii^- 
 land and New York f 7, lluw large a portion ii owned 
 south of the Potomac ? 
 
 i! 
 
 /* 
 
t^ ^^ 
 
 m 
 
 AL VtlHi 
 
 tmporlt. Thi" fiill.mins^ laUlf »!»«»♦» the prSnfipnl 
 nr»ii|i'« impnrifil iiitit i|ii> IL M. in l«ur, vrrNu^tU ««. 
 Cwrtlitig 1)1 (li«ir vuluf. 
 
 I. nritidi mKnuranturti citinaud «t 
 9. Hut^tir 
 
 4. Kiirriirn HuirtU 
 T< Moluttei 
 
 iw.iro.vir 
 
 10,AUH.Ha» 
 
 ffi»m«rfr. Tfi» »HoT^ nrtlclf* w««r«» not wit.illr fon. 
 iitni«-il ill ihr IT H. Iim n <Miniiit**rulilf |inriioii of caeb 
 nmt vi|i'iririi to vnrinui |nirl« of llttr wurltl. 
 
 flufttinn. Wlut nrp (h«> A>p principiil nr(icl«» in* 
 portvil itilu (he U. N, I'runi [urn^w cuuiilrics } 
 
 3 riiirr TowM». Tht fir»t rnliimn in th** tn\\ns*\nfn 
 
 % Inlili' «how» iln« rhiff tonus niiil (i7«fn in llu- T M. \ the 
 
 f^ leriiiDl. till' iiopuliitiim in iSdO j ilii* llntil. ihe impuUilion 
 
 in IHto; ihi' I'mirth, /i«;<' matii/ ufv cftit. rack imrvunvd 
 hi>twp»n ttu.t Hiitl tHlOi the Hiih, l!>e nuiuhfr of /onu 
 (>f Hlilppiiiff i.u'HfU ill 17(1 n thp nixlh, the shififting 
 umtfii in IHt.l I thp hpvi'iiiN, Imw mniiif per cent, tin: 
 »fiipping ihcrfas«d between 17»» aii«l isia. 
 
 Cities. 
 
 I MX). 
 
 N.w Yii.k 
 
 Pliil.t<lel|>hia 
 
 Utiiimore 
 
 iiiiitrleiiton 
 
 Nc-w Orleitni 
 
 Salt-m 
 
 Providence 
 
 Itichmond 
 
 .Vorlutk 
 
 rtr «'• 
 
 36,WI4 
 24,917 
 
 ao.4.jr 
 
 10.(/00 
 9 457 
 7.61* 
 3.7:19 
 6,746 
 
 ! n>b. In 
 
 'Inc 
 
 Shipping 
 
 Shippwf 1 
 
 j HiO. 
 
 Arffti 
 
 in 1794. 
 
 in Ulll 
 
 [iKvif? 
 
 6q 
 
 94,'-! 
 
 ,^yj«il7 
 
 ' ■•■-.■i'^ 
 
 zc 
 
 74.I68 
 
 101, 830 
 
 ^a515 
 
 77 
 
 24,'25.1 
 
 lOl.'JfiO 
 
 .•i;3,J50 
 
 3:l 
 
 (W.961 
 
 I4,'5.4'.'0 
 
 •24,711 
 
 21 
 
 40,552 
 
 :J«,47.') 
 
 17i'42 
 
 7i 
 
 
 |;5,V99 
 
 r;,6ij 
 
 3.1 
 
 23,623 
 
 34,4A4 
 
 10 071 
 
 .12 
 
 12fi03 
 
 U4C5 
 
 9.73$ 
 
 /O 
 
 
 9.943 
 
 V,1U.? 
 
 27 
 
 17,59 1 
 
 31,6V8 
 
 Int. 
 
 Him 
 
 37 
 
 3.^0 
 
 112 
 
 None 
 
 40 
 U 
 
Hi 
 
 ' »l»o»» fhe prinfip'tl 
 ill l«ur, vrrniivtcd no. 
 
 ltd at 
 
 ^10,000,0(10 
 tO,nuH.H9» 
 
 Wfrf not wholly fnn- 
 ritldf itnriioii u( eacli 
 III' uorUI. 
 
 prinripiil nrticltt in* 
 ruuulnct f 
 
 mn in tli«> hWnwlnn 
 tift ill ilif II H. ( the 
 1' fliiril. ilif impululum 
 rr c¥nt. rack incri'aHfd 
 I, l!>e niitulifr of tont 
 ni«lli, llie nhipfiintf 
 V HirtMy per cent, //»»• 
 
 Sfiif)6in/f 
 n 1794. 
 
 Shififiiiiif 
 
 in U;lv 
 
 r>ie 
 
 94,' '.t 
 
 UbS)^? 
 
 2UH 
 
 r4.ifiH 
 
 10l.8"0 
 
 37 
 
 24.'^5.1 
 
 loi.yfio 
 
 3'.^0 
 
 66.961 
 
 143.4..'0 
 
 U2 
 
 40,5;2 
 
 :J6,47.') 
 |3,V»9 
 
 None 
 
 23,623 
 
 34,4.14 
 
 40 
 
 12 603 
 
 144C5 
 9,943 
 
 U 
 
 ir,59i 
 
 31,6V8 
 
 »' 
 
 01' IIIK I'M I HI* MTATli^. 
 
 i{n-,i!intt I. Wiiieh ciiy *(it lUci V. N. Iiat| i||9 
 
 '^r<t.ti,*l p>i|ii|luliiiri ill txio if j Whii-lt Imii ilitf |rtM« 
 i'<t ill iHlii .' .1. iMfiiiiiiti ihv live piiiiutp.il rtltrt in 
 ili» unl«r ul'ilit'ir pufiiil'kiiiiii III |itt>i r i, .Meiiiiiiiiititf 
 ii\« ritir« vvliiih iiifi'i.-,k«iM| frttir^l liviuii'ti lioo nimI 
 t^in f A. VVliirh fii> litiil llip iiHKi oliiitpiiiif ill i<ti,i ? 
 6. Wliirli Ihriu- >itv mtt tilllir .Ni»* > <.rk ? r. Which 
 oily incri<i«««>i| i'untvi in iiiiiuunt nl' ihippi.i',^ lirinrim 
 17u» itiiil iHi.i ? N. Which iicul ? tt Which ncii P 
 10. Whut ciiy ilecrciticil in ihe niioutit uf it* ihipping i^ 
 
 'I'hf rnlltiwiM'^ liililc kI.imv* iiniir iif ilic ot*ii<r princi- 
 nil iiiwua wiih ihvir iiitpuiAlioii in l4io. nuU ihiiMiinse 
 III l«*i«. " '^ 
 
 A/» /<• 1810. 
 
 Mlwi.y 9,3 Tft 
 
 \Vd<liiiiii^(i>t) 0,2U'i 
 Ncwliiir)nui't 7,037 
 Alcxaixliii* 7,277 
 Hnrihtdd T.16> 
 
 New ll.i\eii 6,';ft7 
 I'lji'Uniuuili 6,v;4 
 
 Shl/'p!rs\ Ptfl in \9 10. 
 
 ?4.69l 
 ll.HU 
 3'MI7 
 1 2.42'> 
 '0,411 
 
 N'lih'iickct 
 (,<o(irf>it(.'r 
 \|;ilbli-li«u(l 
 New IKc'Kir.I 
 I'cU't'Kbiirg 
 
 l'l> n'.o'iih 
 
 
 "te 
 
 X"l, 
 
 ll,i).':U 
 
 :>,Vv't 
 
 1.5,A3,S 
 
 S.Til 
 
 23,732 
 
 S,C6n 
 
 5.7,54 
 
 .A \'4J 
 
 IC.7r« 
 
 •i.-^H 
 
 i«,itr5 
 
 RfinfJiL. Thn (uwn« on the iii>A«niiit of Sew Kiig, 
 Uiiil u«vii a likri(« miiouiu of nhippintj, but thu •oulhttril 
 eiiiia own very liltlu. 
 
 ^ueitionx. Which Una iho mo»t nhipplnt; \ew Oi^. 
 kail* or Nvw Ucill'urd r I'l^ mouth or Uuhinuud i 
 
 Coi.LKORi. Tn lh.» ftillowlnsf (ahlc the l«f rnluinn 
 shuw« the nnmi'>t of the principal cnllttjcH in ilip IJ, 8. j 
 the Wil iihow* the year when euch ««■• irirurpnrutrd f 
 the 3(1 iihowi the niiinlier ufdfitmni, tliut in, the nunihei 
 tvhu have been ediiralcil at euch cuilcge sintc its ciiitb" 
 liahinent ; the Mh »howH how iiiuny of the ulnmni wcro 
 mini^terH ; the aih, tin* number oV ttliiinni In-iriff / the 
 '»ih, (ho numhvr i)f ministers Ih-inff s mikI thi- rth, ii«^ 
 period to which th<' »tatimtnls ere broimht (/c,(> 
 
 ¥\ 
 
 ■ i 
 
 ifi 
 
 ill 
 
300 
 
 Niime. 
 
 Hiii'VArd 
 
 Yule 
 
 I'riiiccton 
 
 Ciiluinliiii 
 
 Brown 
 
 l^UI'tlDillltll 
 ' J)ilkill!«riu 
 M'illiainii 
 Union 
 ItowiloiM 
 Middlt'liiiry 
 >?. Cnroliua 
 
 Total 
 
 OKNEftAL VIEWS 
 
 Incnr. 
 
 Alumni 
 
 IG.i.l 
 
 ITj^ 
 
 17(10 
 
 3,;5u() 
 
 n-ip 
 
 1,1'^,^ 
 
 1751 
 
 1)011 
 
 Hiil 
 
 O'iit 
 
 I7(i!l 
 
 1,1 ',Ki 
 
 i-ns 
 
 27.: 
 
 MM 
 
 47a 
 
 171)'1 
 
 291 
 
 171M 
 
 J! 5 
 
 ICUU 
 
 2(i0 
 
 1G02 
 
 276 
 
 
 Io,i50 
 
 Mini*- 
 
 Alumni 1 
 
 tera. 
 
 ^tl<K^ . 
 
 M'.tu 
 
 1.701] 
 
 on 
 
 1,B78 
 
 -Z'dl 
 
 l,02;i 
 
 G7 
 
 
 Mil 
 
 1l5 
 
 2I)J 
 
 !)y2 
 
 fia 
 
 213 
 
 112 
 
 434 
 
 3;< 
 
 200 
 
 2 
 
 «0 
 
 55 
 
 250 
 
 5 
 
 20O 
 
 3,U'J0 
 
 7,013 
 
 Mill. 
 
 
 living. 
 
 
 206 
 
 1818 
 
 357 1 
 
 1817 
 
 147 1 
 
 1815 
 
 
 1814 
 
 130 
 
 18 5.7 
 
 228 
 
 181G 
 
 58 
 
 1813 
 
 107 
 
 1317 
 
 32 
 
 1813 
 
 2 
 
 181ti 
 
 55 
 
 1817 
 
 5 
 
 icic. 
 
 1,40G 
 
 (iHfst'.ons. 1. Which is the oldest college in the U. 
 S. ? a. Whieh has llie (;n!iitest iJiimber ol' ttluiniii ? 3. 
 Which next r 4. Which next ? 5. Which has the 
 greatekt number oi'uluinni livinjj ? 
 
 Revenue AND ExPENDirunE. The fnliowing table 
 shows the whole umonnt of the revenne luid cxpendilure 
 of the United States for 26 years, from Murch 17SU to 
 March 1819. 
 
 JReceiflt. 
 Customs, S 222.530.374 
 Internal revenue, U.01G.342 
 nirepf taxes, 4.470,820 
 Postage of litters, 747,388 
 Sale |>ijb. lands, 8,658.3iVJ 
 Miscellaneous. 1,590.001 
 
 247,019,302 
 
 E Xpert Jtturet 
 
 Military depart. 97,t.28,979 
 Naval depail. 47,818.303 
 Civil list, i4.'J40,G95 
 
 Foreign interc. 10,078,015 
 Indian depart, 1.338,010 
 Miscellaneous, 12,315 301 
 
 184,719,330 
 
 Bemarka. More than nine tenths of the revenue is 
 derived from the customs, that is, froii the dnfiei* jmid 
 on furcign goods imported iato the United btulc». 
 
 
 1 
 
IEW8 
 
 I- 
 
 Alumni 
 
 Min. 
 
 . 
 
 lirli.g ■ 
 
 living. 
 
 In 
 
 1.71)13 
 
 ailu' 
 
 17 
 
 1,«78 
 
 357 1 
 
 J 7 
 
 1,02a 
 
 147 1 
 
 07 
 
 
 1 
 
 III 
 
 ■715 
 
 l.'iOl 
 
 tiJ 
 
 DltL' 
 
 £•20! 
 
 (12 
 
 213 
 
 50 
 
 l'2 
 
 434 
 
 107 
 
 3;'' 
 
 200 
 
 32 
 
 ii 
 
 80 
 
 2 
 
 bb 
 
 250 
 
 55 
 
 5 
 
 'Jf)(» 
 
 5 
 
 iio 
 
 7,013 
 
 1,40G 
 
 1818 
 1017 
 1815 
 1814 
 10 5.7 
 181C 
 1813 
 1017 
 1013 
 181ti 
 1817 
 1C16 
 
 oldest college in the U. 
 It number ol' uluinui ? 3. 
 xt ? 0. Which I1&8 the 
 
 11a ? 
 
 fiE. The fnilowing table 
 ■ reveniio hihI expendilure 
 ars, from March 17SI) to 
 
 Exfienditurtt 
 lilitary depart. 97 ,t.28,979 
 aval depart, 
 ivii li«l, 
 f»rei:;n interc 
 iditin ilepart' 
 li;iveiiaueou8, 
 
 47,010,303 
 14.040,095 
 10,070,015 
 1.338,010 
 12,315 301 
 
 104,719,330 
 
 ( tenths of the revenue is 
 
 if is, froii the duties' piiid 
 
 into the United btulc*. 
 
 UV ri[K UNITED STATES. 
 
 m 
 
 Rvery p»»nnd of nortVe, inipnjted into the United Rlatpii, 
 yii'hl* 5 cenl^ to ihe Treuiiirj ; i-\iry ptiniid of brown 
 »Ui5:ir, 3 eenls; every pound of loiii' siiijar, J2 eenm ; 
 I'viTy ^ullou of Aliidt ir<i wine, one dollar ; in-. The 
 internut reviiiiie ami direct taxes on Iioiisch and lundur, 
 yield very little, became th"y are only resorted to in 
 cuse.H of enieri5eney. The revenue from the sale of pub- 
 lie landft is very rapidly inereasini;. 
 
 The expenses of the .Military Department ineliide llio 
 support of the army, ereetins; lorlilicationn, the purehafie 
 of cannnii and inusktis, armin!> the militia. &.c. The 
 expenses of the civil list include the salaiius of the 
 onicerit i»f government, &c. 
 
 Questions. 1. What i» the principal noureo of rcv- 
 enuo to the United States? 2 How lureje a portion of 
 the revenue is deriveil from the custom'.* ? ::. What are 
 the ottjer snureen of revenue P 4. What are the princi- 
 pal items of expendilure ? 5. Which is most expensive, 
 the military or uaval cstublishmcut of the United 
 Stales ? 
 
 Tnchease ok the United States. The followin- 
 table will illustrate the increase of Ihe United Stales in 
 shippinj?, exports, revenue, and p.ipulation, between 
 1790 and 1815, 
 
 1790 
 lrir» 
 IHUIJ 
 1805 
 1810 
 1815 
 
 \_Shif>p!ng. I Pom E x. \ Fo r F^ | JTrnvi^f. I Pgf,, 
 
 4tt6,0'y0 
 
 747,961 
 
 97.2,000 
 
 1,443,45) 
 
 l,4'24,781 
 
 1,37.2,-^3 
 
 For F 
 
 'ou,9 OS i.ii.. 0.000 
 
 £14 
 1» 064 050 
 31,840,90,5 
 4.',J!,7,00- 
 4:,i66,fJ\^ 
 45,97'\40j 
 
 29.791,506 
 ,59 ico.ir- 
 53.179,0.9 
 '.'4 391,295 
 6,5tiJ,35U 
 
 S'A4l0,,i'J0l3 9293-'6 
 
 .'i,9.54..->34 4.500 900 
 
 10 777.70915.105 666 
 
 13,560.69316180 000 
 
 9,354,214 7 239 903 
 
 "7,656,436 1 8 40 J 000 
 
 Itemarks. A^he increase in all the abovctnenlionei! 
 particuluis is astonishing The shipping and foreign 
 exports were very great, and increased rapidly between 
 n.i5 and ISob, becuu«e at that timi? the nations of 
 Europe were at war, Kud the United Slates, bein-' tL« 
 
 1.1 
 
 ''j' 
 
luS 
 
 OENHIlAr. VIEWS 
 
 Si I 
 
 only npiitrni nnlinn, cnrrifd on ilie (•oin'^iprcc of (lie 
 bi-liigtTi'iiiH. The revemje was uiiintuitlly lur^f in iho 
 year 181 "» This wa« just, after ihe close ol' ilie lliree 
 ycari^ war widi Great llrttHin. During llmt war the 
 Uriiish navy excludtil the United Stale* from inler- 
 coiiTHC with foreign nations, airl of course there were 
 few importti and lillle revenue ; but immi'iliult'ly on the 
 return of peaee, fi)roi:^n goods were imported in large 
 qitantilies, and the revenue was eonsequt-ntiy inereaseJ 
 lo a very unusual amonnl. In ordinary yeari* ihe rev- 
 enue may now be reckoned at about BIOjOOOjOUO. 
 
 Post Offl-efi. The following tahle shows how much 
 the number of post ol^cis and post roads has increased 
 in ihe United Statex, since 1793. 
 
 179.) 
 1797 
 1603 
 
 mil 
 
 1C17 
 
 A'tf. cfPo.-t Of.::*, Length of Post Roads. 
 Mittt. 
 QOD 5,642 
 
 554 16,180 
 
 1,'ioC 
 2, 10.3 
 3,439 
 
 £5,315 
 36,406 
 51, GOO 
 
 7?. mark: The length of post roads, that is, of the 
 roads on which tlic raliil is carried, h/'s Increased nearly 
 ten-fiild since 1793; and the number of post offices 
 nearly twenty-fold. This is a great improvement, be- 
 cause' it fiieilitales coiTo-ijxindence and intercourse be- 
 tween dificrcnt pails of ihe country, and promotes 
 <;(jintnerc'. 
 
iKVVS 
 
 I the eowiiprcc of l!ie 
 uiHMunlly liirt;t* in iho 
 r (he close ol' ilie llirue 
 During llmt uur the 
 tetl Staled f'-otn inler- 
 'I of course there were 
 bin immeiliiilt'ly on the 
 ivere imported in liirge 
 1 eoMseqiicntiy increnseJ 
 ordinary jearft the rev- 
 )out Sltj,OUO,OUO. 
 
 was tlic revenue of the 
 At what period was the 
 p greatest ? 3. In what 
 
 produce the greatest ? 
 icrease of shipping, and 
 |)orts hetwoou 1795 and 
 e great amount of rcv- 
 
 tahlp shows how much 
 lost roadj has increased 
 
 -f, Lcn:;th of Post Soads- 
 MiUt. 
 
 16,180 
 
 36,10G 
 51, GOO 
 
 it roads, that is, of the 
 ed, l;.>"* increased nearly 
 number of post offices 
 great improvement, he- 
 nce and intercourse be- 
 country, and promotes 
 
 OF THE UNITED STATES. 800 
 
 ({Hestions. I, How much did the length of post roads 
 increase bet ween 17;U and HUT? 2? [hnsun^^U the 
 number of p,,,, on,..e., ? ;$. \V|.y is the increase of nont 
 oUicc«, aud the length of post roads an improvemeni \ 
 
 PuHLio I)EnT. The following slalcment shows the 
 amonoi ot the J-bt cf the United Slates at diQerent 
 periods. 
 
 In 1791 875,403,467 
 
 1C12 66.t)')(),l).{2 
 
 1317 11 ',',107,86',' 
 
 nmarks. The original debt of g75,4C.J,467, u-a» 
 ooiilracled in support of the war of Independence, which 
 lasted <'""i 1775 to l-l),3. During the long peace 
 ^'tween 1703 a„d 1812 the country was pn.spenMM, and 
 the debt was gradually reduced to less than one half of 
 Hie original amount. The war of 181 i'-.' 13 nnd '14 
 increased it again more than threefold : but I be present 
 debt IS much more moderate, compared uiih Hie iiopu- 
 lation and resources of the country, than the debt ia 
 
 (In^^thns 1. What was the amount of the debt of 
 
 he Uoiled States in 1701 : 2. „„,, „,^^ „,; ,,^ ^^^^_ 
 
 trae ed ? 3. How mueii was (he del.t reduced in 11)1 .' ? 
 4. H..W much was it inerensed by the war with tJreat 
 Bri.ain in lOlS ? 6 Is the present debt as burdensome 
 as the debt in 1791 P 
 
 Revenub, Manufactures, and Militia. The 
 farst column ol the following table shows the amount of 
 revenue received fro.n each stale in 1P15; the second the 
 eslimatod value of MmuJactureH for 1810: and the 
 third, the number of militia iu 1818, 
 
9tO 
 
 nKNKUAT- VIEW3 
 
 /?< vrnue. 
 
 Ma'nifac'i. 
 
 Miliiiu. 
 
 g U'2V..\)hl 
 
 9, 5,lU7,i.'nO 
 
 2O,'J03 
 
 '.).',;ho 
 
 5,..'2r),OI5 
 
 2j,701 
 
 5,7 71,607 
 
 ■V 11,110 
 
 yi,il'.t5,5'2« 
 
 7C,C3G 
 
 ■J;<.1,02 1 
 
 4,l<>t*..071 
 
 0,350 
 
 2;u,r.H3 
 
 7,771,020 
 
 '20,573 
 
 ii.iviw.jj 
 
 '2rj,;no.28!) 
 
 111].4'JU 
 
 i;),t;i'j 
 
 7.or)i,r)'Ji 
 
 3.5,1 6'J 
 
 7,ll'i.at;{ 
 
 3;»,fi!M.lM 
 
 110,010 
 
 :u,(iun 
 
 1,7.'..».7U 
 
 •7.443 
 
 4,U'')(),o()» 
 
 ll,IOl!,7!H 
 
 32,18f) 
 
 1,1',";, N, I 
 
 ir>,'2t!:5.»7J 
 
 85.7ia 
 
 .•nr>,'.Mi 
 
 c,Gj:«,i.v2 
 
 f)U.307 
 
 l,l2:t,irtli 
 
 ;<.(;2.5.r>'jrj 
 
 3'2,203 
 
 );ii'2,-ir,.i 
 
 ;3,HulJ,lol 
 
 20,101 
 
 12,2i7 
 
 419,073 
 
 10,30!? 
 
 i)Cl,0O'.» 
 
 1.222.357 
 
 9.891 
 
 
 3.«ll,U20 
 
 29,193 
 
 
 G.ll!l.()2l 
 
 62,913 
 
 
 2.!i^M.2;U) 
 
 01.938 
 
 
 :uRi.(i(n) 
 
 15,171 
 
 
 1 2a,uoo 
 
 2,123 
 
 
 200.000 
 
 6,502 
 
 .102,4215 
 
 1,100.000 
 
 2,252 
 
 •l.Mll 
 
 50,000 
 
 
 «:57.i;rii!.iiu; 
 
 
 
 Vrrtnonf, 
 
 \i'\v lluiiipliirp, 
 
 .Miiirif, } 
 
 MiisHni'litmelts, $ 
 
 liliodu Islanil, 
 
 ('(inneodi'iif, 
 
 Npw York, 
 
 \»w ,Firscy, 
 
 IViiiis)lvunia, 
 
 Di-hiwuio, 
 
 M ndiinil, 
 
 Vir^iiiiii, 
 
 Norlli (.'aroliiin, 
 
 Sdiitli l.'unl'iia, 
 
 (jitM)rt;i<i, 
 
 Afiibtiiir,), 
 
 MiHAisHi|i|ii, 
 
 l.iiiiisiiina, 
 
 Kentucky, 
 Uhio, 
 liiiliiuia, 
 llliiHii'i, 
 
 t'ltliimliiii ni*i. 
 ^liiliis^un 'IV r. 
 
 ToIhT, 
 
 Ilpmarkn. 'I'lio revoniic nri>r< from tluties pniJ on 
 foniijii t;oo<l!», itiipiiitetl into llie Uiiilfd Sliilea, and llie 
 dm ill!* are puid in iliosi' purls wlun; the goods ure lirst 
 liindid. TeniiP'ssiee, Ki-nlui-ky, &c. u«y no revenue, 
 beciuise llit-y are interior slales, an<l have no ports. 
 IVew York pay* a great revenue, heeaiise the foreign 
 j»ood* consun»ed in New York, half of New Jeriiey, aud 
 the western part of New Eiii^land, are lirHt landed in 
 the eity of New York, and pay duties there. The j^oodf 
 eonsnmed in the western »t «ies. pay duties in Philadel- 
 phia, Bdltituore, New Oileiiui*, Sky. 
 
IEW3 
 
 
 Afami/ac'i. 
 
 Miliiia. 
 
 f 
 
 « :>,«u7,i>no 
 
 ■JO.OOJ 
 
 t 
 
 r),'J2r),oij 
 
 'Jj,70l 
 
 ' 
 
 .•?,7ll,IUi 
 
 ->i,;!it-),rv2« 
 
 70,030 
 
 \ 
 
 4,l(>t*.07» 
 
 0,350 
 
 i 
 
 7,77 1,0 JO 
 
 ■20,1)73 
 
 ) 
 
 Qr),;no/.'8i) 
 
 iin.jou 
 
 1 
 
 7.05 »,r''.> » 
 
 35,16'J 
 
 5 
 
 3:i,r,!M.iM 
 
 110,010 
 
 ! 
 
 i,7.i.».7H 
 
 ^.410 
 
 I 
 
 ll.(tJl!,7!H 
 
 32,1 Of) 
 
 t 
 
 ir.,'v'i!;.t.»7J 
 
 85.760 
 
 I 
 
 c,Gj:«,i.v,' 
 
 f)U.307 
 
 i 
 
 ;<.(;2.5.r>'jr> 
 
 3'2,'J03 
 
 1 
 
 ;3,Hult,K;i 
 
 20,101 
 
 7 
 
 410,073 
 
 io,30iy 
 
 .» 
 
 1.2'.'->,;557 
 
 9.894 
 
 
 L3.fill,Ui.'0 
 
 29,193 
 
 
 f..llll.()'2l 
 
 62,913 
 
 
 '.'.ofM.JtU) 
 
 01.938 
 
 
 ;Uiii.(i(li» 
 
 15,171 
 
 
 120,(100 
 
 2,123 
 
 
 20l).0U0 
 
 6,502 
 
 I'l 
 
 1,100.000 
 
 2,252 
 
 1 
 
 r)0,ooo 
 
 
 G 
 
 
 
 isr« from tluties pniJ on 
 e Uiiili'il Sliilea, uiul llie 
 wlu'i't; the goods ure lirst 
 y, &c. p«y no revenue, 
 i'tes, ami have no ports, 
 me, liecjuise the foreign 
 , half of New Jersey, Hud 
 ;liin(l, lire tirHt landed in 
 dm ieri there. The >;ood9 
 x. pay duties in FliiladsU 
 , JScv. 
 
 OP AMI'.RICA. 
 
 vUl 
 
 Qiirstionit. 1. From wUal ninio doc* (lie general gov- 
 ernnieiit derive moM revenue .= ,'. Why doen j\ew York 
 pay ho iniieli more (hiui other ittuteH ? 3. Why i» tliere 
 no revenue from the wfulern Htntes ? 4. Where do (he 
 goods eouMumed in (he weHlern stntes pay dulies ? d, 
 Whieh Diiite is (he firM iu (he vulue of i(H munufuc- 
 lure«? (!. Which next? 7. Whieh are the greatest 
 inaiMiraeturins states, the AllHnlie or « eniern flutes f 
 «. >>hieh are (lie greatest, (he cag(ern and middle 
 states, or (he liouthern ? 
 
 II. OF JhMEllICA. 
 
 Extent and Popim.ation. The following (uhle 
 shoMs the extent and population of the priuviral coun- 
 
 tries in America. 
 
 Countric 
 
 Si/uare 
 Mites. 
 
 Canada and > 
 New Uritaiii j 
 Nova Seotiaand 
 New nrun.swfck 
 Newfoundland 
 United Slates 
 Mexieo ) 
 Ouatimala 5 
 West Indies 
 N\w Grenada? 
 Venezuela 5 
 Pern 
 Brazil 
 
 Pi'pulalion. 
 
 500,000 
 
 100,00(1 
 
 Gt)0()0 
 
 70,000 
 
 2,000,000 [lO,000.(«00 
 
 C.OOO.OOU 
 
 1 fiOO.OOO 
 
 1,260,000 
 
 40,000 ' 
 I 
 44,000, 
 
 ■ enos 
 
 Chili 
 
 Ayres 
 
 3,000,000 ! 
 
 I 
 
 95,000 ' 
 
 1 ,000,000 ! 
 
 1 ,000.000 
 
 2,250,000 
 
 l,3(JO.00O 
 
 100,000 
 
 1 .( (JO.OOO 
 72iJ.OO() 
 
 1 ,ona,(K)o 
 
 2.0O0.000 
 2,000,000 
 1 ,20C.00o 
 
 Remnrk. The extent and popnUtion 
 cftunlries in America has never heoe a 
 much accnraey, and for this rcuson Iho 
 niade in round uuitibers. 
 
 CfiitfTuwis. 
 
 Qu"bec. 
 
 HaUfax. 
 
 I'Vederieklon 
 
 '^r. .John's. 
 
 Washini'ton-. 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 (HMiiimala^ 
 
 iluvana. 
 
 Quito. 
 
 ('araceas, 
 
 Lima. 
 
 Ilio Janeiro. 
 
 IJuenos Ayres.. 
 
 St. Jago. 
 
 of most of (he 
 seertainii! with 
 
 alrn:oii!« nn 
 
 
OENEHAL VIEWS 
 
 America ronlaiiiH 
 :». WImt 
 
 Jit 
 
 lluesthm. i. Which counfrv in 
 the ^icalett pnpulttiion P ii. Whirh ncxl ? 
 14 the |ifipulalion of Hcru ? l. Of NcMfoumllttnil ? B. 
 or BrHzil ? e. Which country conlaini the greatest 
 nuinlM'r of t((|iinrc milt'M P 7. Which next P H. Which 
 next ? 9. Mow niHTiy »qiiAre milen in llie United Wt«lc« P 
 10. WhHt in the chief town in Canuda P H. In Nova 
 Seetitt P 14. In the Weit ludie« P 13. In Venezuela P 
 
 k 
 
 PniNPirAi. TowN«. The following (able shows the 
 princiitai eilie» in the order of their iio|)ulttliou. 
 
 40,000 
 l>;}.250 
 3S,000 
 
 :}2,ooo 
 
 30,000 
 
 r.(j,ooo 
 
 2').000 
 21.711 
 24,000 
 17,2-12 
 
 1 0.257 
 
 Mexico, 
 
 137,000 
 
 St. Jago in Chili, 
 
 Kio Janeiro, 
 
 10U,OUt» 
 
 R<i»li>n, 
 
 I'olOMi, 
 
 100,000 
 
 Znctiieuai, 
 
 New York. 
 
 1)3.1) 1 1 
 
 t'nsco, 
 
 PliilHilel|thia, 
 
 92.:M7 
 
 ('nraecas, 
 
 PnehiK, 
 
 80,000 
 
 Ht. Fe df nogota, 
 
 St. .Htvlvudor, 
 
 70,000 
 
 Montreiii, 
 
 Quito, 
 
 C^.OOO 
 
 ('liiirlcktnn, 
 
 Gnnnaxunfo, 
 
 60,(»00 
 
 ('uinaiiii. 
 
 Buenoii Ajres, 
 
 co.ouo 
 
 New Orlt'uns, 
 
 Lima, 
 
 52.000 
 
 Qiii'liec, 
 
 Baltimore, 
 
 4G.55G 
 
 Halifax, 
 
 15,000 
 
 (liifxlions. 1. Which are the five larsrost ciliei ia 
 AmiTtcu P 2. Mhat iit (he |iii{)iilaliitii of Mexico P 3. 
 of New ^ ork ? 4 of Qmlier ? ri of Mimlreul ? G. of 
 BalliuioreP 7. ol Quito P U. uf Philadelphia P &e. &c. 
 
 lIisTonv or Setti.fmf.kts. The first ('oliinm in the 
 foilowin:; labie exhihitx the |iniicipul rtiiivhiif: in 
 Ameriea, uirniiged according to llie oider of time, in 
 which (he firsl pernmnent »;etilt meiit* were made hy 
 Europeanii : tlic necond nlmws rvhen they were setU'dj 
 and the third, bv ivhat mtiou. 
 
 n 
 
lEWS 
 
 y in America rontaitiH 
 fh'u-h next f .'». Wlmt 
 [)r NewrouiKllunil i a. 
 t contain! the grputett 
 liicb ni'xt f H. Wliirh 
 I'H intlielJiiitvilMtatviiP 
 L'anuila ? U. In Nova 
 I ? 13. lu Venezuela ? 
 
 Iluwing (ahic rIiuw* the 
 liuir iii)|iulatiuu. 
 
 Jngo in Chili, 
 
 40,000 
 
 Ion, 
 
 3:}.250 
 
 ■ttteuai, 
 
 33,01)0 
 
 *co, 
 
 32,000 
 
 nu'pad, 
 
 30,000 
 
 Fc (If Rngota, 
 
 r,o,ooo 
 
 utrciil, 
 
 2.').000 
 
 irlckion, 
 
 21.711 
 
 IDlllll. 
 
 24,000 
 
 tv Orlt'Utis, 
 
 17,242 
 
 mIicc, 
 
 1 r).2fj7 
 
 lii'HX, 
 
 15,0U0 
 
 lie five larafORt cilie* in 
 
 piiluliitii of Mexico ? 3. 
 
 5 of Moiilrt'ul ? G. of 
 
 f Philadelphia ? &i-. &C' 
 
 Tlip first ('olnnm in the 
 
 |>niit'ipul nnivhii'ft in 
 
 lo III*- oi<li-r of tiiii«', in 
 
 liliment^ \\«ro nmilp liy 
 
 ivlien ihey were setUi «l ; 
 
 w 
 
 OK A>ii:uic.\. 
 
 Ji;i 
 
 t.'aunntei. 
 
 Mi'xivo, 
 
 IVni, 
 
 MiH'iioi Ayrco, 
 
 (Jhili, 
 
 Mrn/il, 
 
 Virginia, 
 
 CaMiiilu, 
 
 New ^'ork■, 
 
 MimaeliimcKn, 
 
 Di'luwar*' ainl I 
 
 !'• riim>|\Hiiiu, j 
 
 Marylund, 
 
 (•uiuiia, 
 
 Carolina, 
 
 W/ieii tctlUil. 
 
 1521 
 I :> 12 
 
 I .).J.-> 
 
 ir,io 
 ir,it) 
 
 It,u7 
 
 Il'.t t 
 
 I t( i'O 
 I I(i27 
 
 ir,.ti 
 Id.! I 
 
 Hi7i) 
 
 By 
 »y 
 »y 
 liy 
 Hv 
 l»V 
 »y 
 Hy 
 Hy 
 
 »y 
 
 »y 
 
 Hy 
 Hy 
 
 By lih.it lu.liuH. 
 
 till- S|iuiiiariU. 
 Iiir S|iiiiii.ir<N. 
 the Npaoiai'iU. 
 the N|iitiiiarilii. 
 the l'oilii->oe!«e 
 I he Kii^li<4h. 
 the French, 
 the Diiieh. 
 the Kni^lJHh. 
 
 the SweJei. 
 
 Irish Cathnliofi 
 the Kn-^lijth. 
 the Englinh. 
 
 i" tr'it,, • Jl'" - '•"r "'•* •"•.-"" '" ^"'••'^ ■" ^-"eriea 
 I" leMN than ,i() yearn aljer il« JiHroverv • il... i.'.. i- i 
 
 "'.« till 70 years Inter than the ^^Z^,; 'L ^ f," r.' 
 
 «n< .ontherr. seelion* of the Ij'.ile.l S,u,e ^7e1ir ' 
 
 the^Kuropea„H.,Ms..„|..? ,. u ,,.., |.:,n.,M.an .'".ioj 
 
 n....e niejir.,.MMe„..,.nn ;.„;;■:;: vit:;.;;'';;:; 
 
 Xnienead,,! ,he Kn.^h,!, (irMHeltle? » I ^ C 
 n..nt ««s „.a,|.p 5. ILv, loo^ l...|We thrii/ Sh 
 
 c^yuiaPcaroiu..Ai„^,:.u^^::rL'r';c;S' 
 
 if 
 
 i!ft 
 
 'fii'tr 
 
Jit 
 
 <;ENKUA1, Vli:NVf* 
 
 I 
 
 HI. OF KVllOVH. 
 
 KxrrHT ANn rovn..T.ov. Thr following fuMe 
 iliii-r inwni of ull lla- i-ounUicii in hurope. 
 
 Cvunlrin. Sq> MiUt 
 
 Xoiwav I3J.6'<0 
 
 SwcilcTt tHH.4 
 lliihsia in Emopc C.OOO.ljKi 
 
 llcnmiirk V0,9;,0 
 
 final Hritain 88,56^ 
 
 XiMlieilaiuU 2J.3..7 
 
 I'runce 21J.0W) 
 
 Switzfilund ll!,o(yO 
 
 Austria i'fiO.OOO 
 
 I'nuk'u llO.Of-0 
 
 lUvaria 2H.(>()<» 
 
 \Viinrnl«rg 7.-'2f' 
 
 ll.iiiovtr 12,1<t<' 
 
 D;ulcn f>.'K»'< 
 Siiullcr Cicrm. Pt.-itcH 24,i'0<' 
 l\ii\fM!n'ri (,i .s.iT(li!iii4 2'1,0 '** 
 
 Km f-t Tvo Slciliis 44 .'S-^ 
 SinullcT lialuill SlutCd 2M.«00 
 
 Vpain l'J.'i.M;0 
 
 Tiiiki-y in F.ti ropr 20u.(K.O 
 l'o(ul j.r-lS.lJii 
 
 Pipulatinn- 
 
 2,.i'^6 ."-'<' 
 3li,(»<i<*,iii*(. 
 
 J ,f) t3,M'" 
 tC,ii2,144 
 
 4,30(),(K>() 
 
 ■^'j,32r.''<'<> 
 
 l,.i<>.5.4fi2 
 l,3"3,:J3l 
 
 1. ':;<':."<«' 
 
 4,2l6.i<'i' 
 
 6,766.i"J( 
 4 C>2S}Mi\ 
 
 :;,5.ii;,7i2 
 
 f 
 1 
 
 1<) 
 
 77 
 141 
 
 14H 
 2<'A 
 
 m 
 
 10(1 
 
 Capital. 
 
 Hcrptn 
 
 siucliiio'm 
 
 St. I'turslnirj; 
 
 tjdpinhantii 
 
 Uiiittoii 
 
 Diililin 
 
 AmiiUuUm 
 
 I'arit 
 
 IkTnp 
 
 Vi'Tllltt 
 
 <)5 III' rl 111 
 Munirli 
 htiitrgaiil 
 llaiiovrr 
 Drosilon 
 Sanliciir 
 
 quFitlim. i. Which Htiilo in Kuropc li(i« llic laig -. 
 •rriitoiy r 'J. WLul n\n\v* foiilain more llian 200,000 
 »i|iiiiri' uiilt'H ? a. Whui states coiiUin lii't«t*cn lou,()«o 
 and -2 (1.000 r 1- Mfiw niiiiiy »(iiiiiri' tnilps in IVnsnia ? 
 3. How main in Sjiiiiii r « llnw iiiaiij in (ireal I>ituin f 
 r How lua'I', in Iii-lautl ? s. W Iml is llie extent of 
 (iifui Hiitaili anil Irelund, taken tom'llier r 9. Which 
 I'lmr ntuic!* hmc tin- t^rcalcol |iniiiilu.ion ? iO. V hat is 
 the |iiipiilali(in of Groiil HiilMiii and Irtland. taken to- 
 Selhcr .- 11. What i« the |ini)uIutiou of the Aether 
 
.ll»"^ ••^p»^^> • -..»«i«^ 
 
 ••.\v.<» 
 
 ni'K. 
 
 Thp following? liiMe 
 «iiy of pn|iiiluti(ni, nnJ 
 
 Capital. 
 
 . Hcrpin 
 
 l.'ijsincklio'm 
 St. I'lUrslmrB 
 Copiiilunt" 
 Uiiittoii 
 Diililin 
 AmiiU'iilam 
 I'ariii 
 lliTiie 
 
 Vi'Tlllii 
 
 Muiiirlt 
 
 hliitt|;aiil 
 
 llaiKiM't- 
 
 Drrsilcn 
 
 Sanlieiir 
 
 J.OIJO 
 
 Kiiropc lift« llic Itirg -. 
 lain more tlian 200,000 
 oiilain lii'tMfen 10U,0()0 
 |iiiiri' fiiilPH in l*rn»nia ? 
 iiiaitj ill (ileal IT^ituin f 
 
 \\ littl \* llie exU-nl of 
 ti lo-^ellier r 9. >Vliieh 
 |uiIu.ion ? iO. >Vhat is 
 
 anil Ireland. t<iken to- 
 iiilhttou of llie Aether 
 
 
 OK KimOPK. 
 
 »tft 
 
 l.iiiiU ? 1.'. What pinht •(ate<« liive more inliiiliifanU 
 lliini llie NeiiierUnilit P |.i \Miai m the |ii)|iiilalion of 
 Mw.dfn ? II. or llenmark ? 11. (»f Ireluml ? in Of 
 Mwii/.eiland .• r. <M' l'..rnii<al ? IH OC Franre f l\». 
 Of |'iii».in ? .•(). or AiiHiriu ? li. Wlueli i< ilio mimt 
 tliiekly ittftilfil eounlry in Kiir«|»e ? ^J. Wliieh i<« mont 
 lliinly •elileil ? J.I. >Vlial ttlale* have leM Ih.ni liio on 
 u i(i|iMre mile } a. \S\\»\. ntulei have le^* than ,••) on 
 
 A •<|iiHr( If } sj,j, W|„a yn ilii, ra|,ii,|| „f \urway r 
 
 M. Of .-j«t.hn f 27. Of Uu»»ia i &e. &e. 
 
 Hei.I(,io\ and (iovKusMKNT. The following lahio 
 «hoM* ihti ri'lii{ioii iiuil gtiverumeul oJ'lhe variiin* *l.ite)* 
 of Kurope. 
 
 Statu. 
 
 Uumia 
 
 Stvi'iJeii 
 
 .Norway 
 
 Denmark 
 
 Ciroal Dijiaiii 
 
 Irelunil 
 
 I'rusviii 
 
 .•laxony 
 
 Hanover 
 
 Wir'i'nilicrg 
 
 Rdvnriu 
 
 ymalier Germ. Slates 
 
 Aiiflri.'i 
 
 NflherlaniN 
 
 rtrtil/.erlaml 
 
 Kraiici) 
 
 Spuiii 
 
 I'«irliii»ril 
 
 Sardiniii 
 
 Sir taw Church 
 jl'mlentanf } 
 
 I Pro ten I ant 
 'l^rok'ttanl? 
 jl'utholic 5 
 jl'rolosiaiit 
 'Hrote»lunt 
 I'l'rolehtant 
 lVoif»(ant 
 Tuthcdie 
 I'rol. & r.ih 
 IV.. t. & t'alh. 
 I'lot. it Cut h. 
 IVol. & t'alh. 
 t'lilholie 
 • -'.iihoiiiJ 
 |(.'alholiu 
 iCailiiilic 
 
 Two Sieiliet [Calholie 
 
 .Smaller llaliaa Slates (.'aih<ili(i 
 'I'l'ikey l-Vluhoirielau 
 
 GiVi'rnnitnt. 
 
 .MonarcJy 
 
 Limited Nfonarchy 
 VImoIijIo .MmiVhy 
 (..iniited Monarchy 
 
 AlMolnle .Mou'ehy 
 Aljshluie .Mun'ehy 
 .MDiiareliy 
 Miiniin-hy 
 Vhsohiio'.Mon'chy 
 
 Monarchy 
 
 liimiicilMoiinichy 
 
 IJepnlilienii 
 
 Limited .Monaj chy 
 
 Monarehy 
 
 Vh.i(ilo(e".M.,n'ehy 
 
 Misolnle Mon'ehy 
 
 Mtnirehy 
 
 Vhsolutc .MonVhy 
 
 Gniernt Jlooiark: The (lireek Uelinion prevail-, in 
 Uuttiia, and the MaUooietau ia Turkey j in lh<3 rest ol* 
 
 vH 
 
 ■B 
 
$m 
 
 (JINKUU. \IK\VM 
 
 Kiirnpc «lie in«)»l iinrilirrn riMiii»riM Hri> IVoImUhI, ll"» 
 tniKi ■iiiidicrn. i'tiiliflic, nidI ihote in llie niiiMIe |iurll} 
 
 I'loltrittaill itliil piull) ('KllhiltO. 
 
 i(imHiiu». 1. >V|i»t four formi of ri'litninti nrc mo<i» 
 i»n'Vi»l»itl in Ktiro|n' r i Wln-n- <Iim-« (In- M-iliium-liin 
 r«'lii;i'in |ircvnil f a \Vl,.ri» it(»«'<i lhi« (J«fk nlijuioii 
 privuil r I NVIt^ii". ilie I'lulclrtiii ? n. WliiTf. ilio 
 riiilmlic r ft. ^\ l(ui 14 <lif fOli'V't't •••'f'«««lfii ? r. Ol' 
 l».nni;»iU ? S. Hf !S|iuiii ? «. 0»" Kr«iii-«« ? U). «»f 
 ■rmki) r n. or l»iti.Hi« ? I.', or An»ii.«? «:«. 
 >\ lull i* ilu' ^l•v••rll^lM•ll' tif l-'nutif r • t. <»r s«ii/.<'r. 
 Iii.ii! ? 1.1. or (Jrf»l Uiiliiin f IH. Or Tiirkr.v f 17 
 Ul'situtliU t 
 
 Navy. TIii" follow inn '"'''*' '•''"^vd ll f nnviil fcrce nf 
 ult ilif iiiuiiuiiM' •mil's olKiinnie in isu.i. 
 
 Sv .riitn 
 |81M)00 
 
 
 iiluiti Uiiluiii 
 
 |''|iUH'« 
 
 irt«Hiiv 
 
 Tiirkcy 
 ])ri>m irk 
 ll.itlntii 
 Sm.'iIi n 
 lluliiiii Sialt'i 
 
 •ID 
 
 iv: 
 2t 
 lit 
 1'. 
 1.' 
 I 
 
 40 
 
 in 
 ).' 
 |- 
 
 1(1 
 
 :v» i 
 
 r> 
 
 fiO 
 
 '.'ill 
 
 '.t7>' 
 
 ail I 
 
 2tJ 
 
 »t)i 
 'I.' 
 
 (1) 
 
 Iti 
 
 2 III 
 
 .'II.OI'J 
 
 n.(KHt 6.j,iit!'.> 
 
 (l.tlitn 
 
 i.r.';i 
 
 l.ti.Ml 
 
 2.i;t' 
 
 l..'»7l» 
 2.7i'.l> 
 
 Ol.'.'lWJ 
 '.'(».()( »o 
 
 ri.oiKi 
 (i.ouo 
 
 II.IOR 
 
 H,U(JO 
 
 Pi'mtirh-!* 'III.' iiftMcf <Jrpol Britain in IHOS mhh 
 inoir 11 XMirni iImiii .«il "I"' "''"'•■ ""»''" '" ""' """,' 
 irktii l":-'.'tli.r ! lor iIh' iil'ow i-ainlo^iir fdiilaiin nl 
 
 III. nu>if^ ii> ll"' ""••'•'• '^'•'•1'' ''"'*•' "*'""' ^'""V,' 
 HiiMf*. "IhI iIm- kiia'.Ioin ..r llr.»/il. «lii.li urc v.-ry «ii.dII. 
 .rdu' I'lii'cd ?^l!ii»'4 III l-^os. ciiiui'.lfil ol ••Illy 
 t„| s(t »inrtlli'r voittoU. iiifliHliiii; L'liit-lioiil*. 
 
 'i'jii' n»* J <• 
 10 I'linrtlt"* 
 
 •II..- i.av> or Uni/.ii. .'oii-i^n.i or 10 .i.ii." ..r III.- 1. IK', 
 
 null Id ti"ii;.ili.i. 'tlio lulioiis (if Ahiii Hi"! Mih'iv '"i*.' 
 
 Ilu iiii> i*'"- 
 
WH 
 
 OK i;i'U(H»K. 
 
 »11 
 
 « iir«« I'rotMloiil, lit* 
 III I lie niiiMIe |turll} 
 
 of r«'liu?i"fi i»rf mo<t» 
 i|iM-« the M>iliiilllfllill 
 I ihi> (in-rk rflii;i»ii 
 Ml ? 0. U'luTf. ill" 
 
 II nrhiwiifii ? 7, or 
 
 M" Kmiicp ? lu. Of 
 . or An*' till ? t:<. 
 • ? II. or Swil/iT- 
 ft. (MTiiiKiv f ir 
 
 \\» il f iinviil fcire nf 
 
 11 1S08. 
 
 Tciil 
 
 .?i(M(n.n 
 
 Sf .turn 
 
 It:.' 
 
 iiJIO'K* 
 
 ISlMiUO 
 
 • a<ii 
 
 »t.(KUt 
 
 bi,iW.> 
 
 21. • 
 
 (1. «»;•!• 
 
 \)i.'2M\ 
 
 »ii> 
 
 4.r.':i 
 
 ''•it'il^y 
 
 '»-• 
 
 l.tl.'.U 
 
 '.>(».()( 10 
 
 111 1 2.1:!' 
 
 r).t)>H> 
 
 •;.i |.,'.7lt li.ODO 
 
 2111 '.».7i',(> 11,100 
 
 43 
 
 1 tJOO 
 
 1 o.uuo 
 
 Rritiiin in lHn8 wni 
 r iiii villi ill till' world 
 iiMilo^iir riiiitHiii* nil 
 
 iIkki' t)f lli<> Fniliil 
 . \Uii<'li iiri" vi'i y «iiidII. 
 l-^os. I'liiuiileil of only 
 •t. ini-lnitiiit^ tfiinlioiilH. 
 r t>) «lii|io of tlif liiii', 
 
 \».iii hihI Miii'iv Imvf 
 
 i^iif»lionH. 1. \Viiii>ii nfi» ilic four |iritici|iiit nnviil 
 poMtT* in Kiiropc r J Whirli i« ilo- m t^i |I'im< rfiil 
 nulioii ill llif luirlil on ilic opimii r .1. II iv« nitii> acA* 
 Hifii in iliv llriiiOi n<«>( in isiis r 4 llnw Hiun}'*liip« 
 of the line ? 0. Haw hihii^ fri;{itU'« r 
 
 riTiK*. 'I'lii* fi)llnMin:< IiiIiIh «Iiom« nil ilir riliet ill 
 Kur»|ie which contain nion- ilmii Iuo.imhi mlnibiliini*. 
 
 Ciiift. A^ 
 I l.nnilon, l.noii.ir, 
 
 '-'. I*.iri«, "idtiitu 
 
 :i. 4'<iii«tiiiiiiiiiiV .'ino.M'i 
 
 Ntt|ilr«, tl.'.iKli) 
 
 M«i«i'.iM, :»iio,(h)w 
 !^t l'«'i(T'»hijrir. .'ii,'» iiiKi 
 
 riiliMii, jiii.ti'M) 
 
 ^ ii-nim, '.'.'l/d!! 
 
 \in«lcril<iin, Iii.J.hkk 
 
 Dtililin, llMi.iMiii 
 
 UitImi. |«;(','I'Ii> 
 
 4MiiiJri(J, ltiii,t)uu 
 
 I 
 
 r.. 
 »> 
 
 7 
 
 (1 
 !», 
 
 |() 
 
 II 
 
 it. II I'oliiiri;, 
 
 I t. U'liiir, 
 
 l.j \lilun, 
 
 lii l'iili*rniii, 
 
 IT, VfoiiM', 
 
 III llnrci'lonii, 
 
 h). Olit<t(iitv, 
 
 .'ti ValfiiciH. 
 
 '^1 ('o|ii'nliiij{cn, 
 
 .'.». K'lin'Hir^ii, 
 
 .'.}. Ii>iiii*, 
 
 ,'|. Ailiiuuu|ik>, 
 
 I'M.7.I'J 
 I «;».«•( to 
 1','il.onu 
 
 I'J'l.tUM) 
 
 IID.niK) 
 Ill.'titU 
 ll'i. lilO 
 10... .10 
 lO.'i.llOi) 
 I<i.'.!t(l7 
 loi.ooo 
 lOOjUUO 
 
 (fiiPHtionii. I. Which i* tin- ((rratcat cily in Knrnpi' ? 
 '2. Wliich OCX) f :i. Wlidl niicM liavn mori- ilnui 'JOii.uoO 
 iiiliiiliiiiinin r I. llot« m my rilii'o hmt* more iliin 
 150,000 iiihiiliii lint* P 5 llo«v niiiii,\ inori> iliaii 100. otto p 
 II. SVIiiii li till' |iii|Milii ion of .Mo*iM)\t r *. of I'.nii.? 
 '<. of hoinlon.^ 'I of \ri|ile(«? 10. of til. IVlciaburij r 
 n. ufliuinu P 1,'. of Vii-uu4 P &.C. 
 
 KoHKioN Po*sKii8i()N5. The following tiil.Ii> nhnwa 
 ftj one vinv tiic jiriiuiiial Fori-ijju l*o»»(;«»io^» of ih» 
 I'luropcan iiuIiimim. 
 
 M 
 
 '«.' 
 
m 
 
 ttv.sm\i. viF.W)^ 
 
 i 
 
 Oniat Hhit^in. * 
 
 I />! Kit mil*. 
 Mulin, 
 iiilir«liur, 
 
 fl. In thf Kn»t 
 
 ItlllifH. 
 
 lliiiiliinvUtii 
 Htiinnlrii, <|icir( of 
 
 Nl'tV llollltllll, (lt» 
 
 Morfulk itUnil. 
 
 0. In HonlS 
 nrilUh liiiikiia. 
 
 I. In Jmrrfcrt. 
 |Mr«icn, 
 Oiiiilinittliit 
 
 New (IninatiM, 
 
 IVrii, 
 
 Ct.ili, 
 
 \ VlltKUvlH. 
 
 :\. In JifiUa. 
 
 C'lip'' nf U. Mt'pi". 
 hK lldfii.t UIaihI. 
 Hu-rrn lifiiin", 
 MtkuriiiiK iilmiil. 
 
 4. In JSytrlh 
 t'hnfriitt. 
 
 ItAWrr ('MtUlllI, 
 
 l'|i|ier CmiHd.i, 
 
 Ni-M Hruii»\«ick« 
 Ni'««r<i'ii)ill<iii(l, 
 New llrituin, 
 Berinuiia*. 
 
 6. In Ihf It'eHt 
 
 Indiet. 
 JninHiru, 
 DiiliniitHf, 
 llnrhiiilueK, 
 Aniiifiiii, 
 Doiutnirii, 
 riiitMliiil, 
 nraiiudtt, S<o. &e. 
 
 i. /h Ih* tt'itt 
 iutlln. 
 
 rii»»u. 
 
 I'nriii Uioi. 
 
 ». In ,'IJ'rirn. 
 (!itiiarj> i^hkiHU. 
 
 I. In lilt Ka»t 
 
 Inilifs, 
 
 l'liili|)|iliif i»liiiitl* 
 
 N r. Ill K HI. AN DM. 
 
 I . In thf Ea»l 
 Inities 
 Ihvii, (|iiirl III'} 
 Miiicc utuiiil*. 
 
 •i In the ire»t 
 Iniiys. 
 Hi. KuNiulia. 
 
 :\. In S„uih 
 ,hnvri( 'I. 
 Uuicli Ouiaon. 
 
 fllAMCM, 
 
 I. Ih wifrifii 
 l»la nf IViiirlion. 
 
 .'. In tht It'ntl 
 Imlitt. 
 \liirliiiii'», 
 (luitili«l<iu|ti>. 
 
 X In S„ulh 
 ,imfriiit, 
 Frt-neli (iMiaiit. 
 
 DrNMARK. 
 
 I. In Kuropr 
 
 Krri'i) ikiiintti. 
 
 .'. In JS'urth 
 Jlmerka, 
 (irrviilitiitl, 
 
 J. 1,1 thv n'tit 
 
 I iitivt. 
 MiinU i'ru-i. 
 
 Uc»iu. 
 
 I In ,hia. 
 Uii«<iii ill AitiH. 
 V. In J\),rth 
 
 HuHtinii nftlle* 
 nioiit*. 
 
 TuRKKIf. 
 
 I . In Jjiiii. 
 Tiirkfy in Atia. 
 '.*. In Jifrictt. 
 
 (I 
 b 
 
 a 
 
 II 
 I 
 
 «< 
 I 
 
 H 
 t 
 I 
 I 
 
 V 
 
 ii 
 I 
 
 ii 
 > 
 
 J 
 
 •I 
 
 
 
m 
 
 fRANeR. 
 
 I. Ih v'^r/i-a 
 l»ltf nf ll»iirliuii. 
 
 .'. lit tht tt'i>»t 
 /h'/iVi. 
 \liirtiiiii'<>, 
 Uuit<l4luu|)P. 
 
 .1. In South 
 
 Fri-neli (iuiuiia. 
 
 Uknmark. 
 
 I. In Kuropf. 
 Irrlmiil, 
 Kf rrii inliind*. 
 
 '.'. In Xurtli 
 
 (irrrnlHiiil. 
 
 .). In thv n'tit 
 I iilU'$, 
 M«nli Cru/. 
 
 Ul'stlU. 
 
 I. In mlnia. 
 I 'Uti*«i)i ill Aniii. 
 '^. In »M»r(/i 
 .Imi-riia, 
 |{u»»inii iicllie< 
 ni«'iilt. 
 
 »t 
 
 TuRKItV 
 
 I . In ,'lsia, 
 Tiirk^'y in \»iB. 
 '.'. In Jfrica. 
 KjjMif. 
 
 OP /\H|A. 
 
 m 
 
 H^Hinik, Hnvt-mi fiflhv ^|iiini«li Ainfriciiii prnvinrct 
 hu»v ill fl.«rtMl ilu'iiiartti'* imli'iMMilful i Iml u* ihry uru 
 
 • I til flAiiiiiMl by M|iiini, Mini ilirir iiiili'|MMii|fiirf Iiii« mvcr 
 hern nekiinMlt'ili^ril hy iiilifi nitliuii*, Ht* ltu«r iiut lli«iit 
 «niiinif lliv S|)Hni«li |i04tp»«iiMi«. 
 
 (^iii-ntiiint. I. Whnl po44i>4»ion< ha< (<rrnl Hriliiin in 
 N'orlli Amcrit'ii ;< .'. Wliitt in Mmiili ^mcricA / t WI14I 
 IN tliM Wfiit lmlti'» ? I. Wliiii Ml Al'iii-nr .'» W Iml in 
 Kuriipr i" li. Wlial in ||ii> Kit^l Imlicar 7 Wliui piM. 
 ii»«»iiin4 lull Hpittii ill iIik Wi<«t liiilit« f II U'lmi mi 
 ilic> Ami'riciin i-nnliiicnl / '.), Wlml pniKinainni lint 
 :^|min in lln* Ivhi Imlir*? 10. WImt pii>M><4iiiii« Iim 
 Kmnfc in Hu' Wi'«l IimIii-h r* II In Moiiili AniiricM P 
 \i. WliKl p(iH«f«iftnii lii'loii^ lo ili>' iNi'ilirrUniU in (lit 
 V,»%1 Intlir* ? I.) NVhiit in Aonlh Auifrici ? II. 'I'o 
 wlinl nAlinn ilitf< Irfltinil Uvlimnf Ifi. I'u wlul n«« 
 Jinn tVylon f M. Nfwruunilliiir.l ? 17. ISIciii-n .^ IH, 
 rii« itlnniU or IMurlinirit anil Oiii«i|.iloupf P I:) The 
 
 • Klund oft'itliiir tfil. Tlic |'|iilip|itiK> iilutnN ? '.'|, 
 
 .^l••)l^iliult i«)itnii P .'.' IVl/iitii 
 Juvtt } Jb. Urvculauil i 
 
 W3, OibmlUr f iti* 
 
 IV. OF dSU. 
 
 KxTKNT Avn PoPUL^riow. The fnilowind^ (ah|e 
 •hoM"* llic extiMit anil popuUliuu of (tie vanou* euiiiiirie* 
 «f Alia. 
 
 1 
 
 Cuinlriei 
 
 K'li^iti in Vint, 
 ('liincni* Kmpirp, 
 Fiirilicr liiiliii, 
 
 lIllllliliMtllll, 
 
 liwlepenii. Turlary 
 
 IVroiH, 
 
 Tiirki'jr in Alia, 
 
 Araliiii, 
 
 ^i(i<in. 
 
 (.',0 10 
 |,|IM.IMI(I 
 
 •.'MO.OiMil j| \,iruclittflu 
 liil.ono.uoii IdilVkiii. 
 
 f;0O,i,HM), U'.iKlK inK> ri^lirniinernp. 
 
 1. 1 iV »,(i(i() (1)0,000,. MJii 
 
 7t(0,o(Ki| :i.(>oo.uo(> 
 
 WliO.OOOl V^ OOO.UOu 
 
 :»J.i.O)0! ii.oou.ooo 
 
 !i:il oooj io.ooo.ooo'io'Mci'c'h 
 
 it>J,OUUl 15,'JOU,UUoib0!jetldu. 
 
 l| '«»ni »rp'il. 
 l'M<ititli,iii. 
 .'.'J| ;ii>ppii. 
 
H2H 
 
 (JKNKUAL VIEWS 
 
 Ilfuiark. More thiiii liaJf the terriiory of the Cliinent 
 empire is in ()liiiic«e Turtar), but only a,0UO,O0() of llio 
 piipulittioii ; China IVoper futilaiii!* iipurly the whole of 
 thi- |iii|)ulation, uikI in (he ino»t ihickly nettled part nt' 
 Awia, liuviti:^ on an average, more than HO to eavli 
 ti(|iiiire mill'. Nearlv all the |Mi|M)latioii of KuitMia in 
 A«ii. i* in the HouihneHtern part, in the provinces bor- 
 dering on Europe. 
 
 Questions. 1. What nation hnn the Iar;!;e8t territory 
 III Asia i '2. W!iat nation has the next largest r [i. 
 AVIiat eiMinlry is ihe nrtsl tliiekly settled? 1. What 
 country is most iliinly stetlledp 5. What countries 
 liave more than :>() nn a square mile P (i. What coun- 
 trieK have lexH than M ? 7. W hat in the ehiel' city of 
 A.aliiar ". ofChina? !>. ol'l'er»ia? ID. ol'ludepen- 
 diiii I'artar) .'' 11. oi' IliiHloostan .^ 1'.' of liu!i<ia in 
 Asia? li. of Japan? 1 1, ol Turkey in xVnia ? 
 
 it 
 
 CniKs. The following table shows the most popu- 
 lous cities of Asia. 
 
 Cit:i'S. 
 
 V kin, 
 
 N'ltkiii, 
 
 Ciitiion, 
 
 Ji lido, 
 
 Cali-ulla, 
 
 Aria, 
 
 Benares, 
 
 Piifndation 
 3,0110.1100 
 1,/)00,000 
 i 500.000 
 1, 00.00 t 
 fi.'iOdOO 
 
 coo. MOO 
 5UO,()0U 
 
 Cities. 
 
 Smut, 
 .♦leaeo, 
 
 1'iltM.I, 
 
 Ifipalinn, 
 M.Mlr.'is, 
 Aleppo, 
 Ummerapoora, 
 
 Population, 
 OOII.UOO 
 600,000 
 300,000 
 400.000 
 300.000 
 2i>0.000 
 176,000 
 
 (lupstions. i. Which is tie most pupnlnus eity in 
 A»ii r i. NVhi li (liiee stand n.xl ? i. Wli»t is' the 
 p.ipiil tmii kC I*, kin? 1^. of Ninkiii? 5 iii' I'anii.n ? 
 6. o' .lidio r 7. Il'nv ni:»iiy eilifs eoiiiaiii 500.0 and 
 ujiwuiis, and wli.ii are ihiir names ? 8. W httl is ih^ 
 populaliouul Ispuhau ? ^. ol' Madras ? 
 
rriiory of the Chinese 
 only a.OUO.OOO of the 
 i<t iipui'ly the wliolc of 
 hickly nettled piirt nt' 
 ore tliiiti HO to eu-'h 
 pulatioii of KuH^iii in 
 , ill (III* proviiiuL'tt bur- 
 
 s tfie largest territory 
 tiiL* next liir^iMl r [i. 
 ly si'ttltd? t. What 
 5. What couiitrieg 
 nili' ? •;. WhttI foun- 
 Ht in tlif c'hii'l' city of 
 *'in ? U). of liulepen- 
 II ? I'J of Uusiia ID 
 rki'v ill Alia ? 
 
 sliows tlie most popii- 
 
 
 Pijpulatiun, 
 
 It, 
 
 OtId.ijOO 
 
 (;o, 
 
 6ou,ono 
 
 '•»» 
 
 SOll,(IOO 
 
 Imn, 
 
 41)0.1)00 
 
 r.ii*, 
 
 3IH).(.>00 
 
 »|I0, 
 
 2i)0.()()0 
 
 nerapoora, 
 
 176,000 
 
 most pupiitniiH eity in 
 XI ? i. Wlnl in' I he 
 ■ kill ? 5 of I'anii.ii ? 
 it t-oriiaiii (301). and 
 nie* r 8. Whul is the 
 ,dia»? 
 
 OF TIIK WORM). 
 
 3ii 
 
 V. OF TIIK (roiiLn. 
 
 I'XTKVT AM) I'oi'VI.ATIOV Tilt' fnllfiuinjf lal)In 
 
 •tli(M«s lilt' I \ I'll). |i'.j)iitHii()ii, uiiil <!fiivii> <>r |iiij)iilitiiiii| 
 ori!ic ^laail iliviiioii^ of the ctiitt, uci-ordiii.; In ll.i>i»i'l. 
 
 S,. Milct. 
 
 Kijriipi', 
 Asia, 
 
 A 111 rr if a, 
 Ati.lr.il.uin, V(>. 
 
 I'jui'i!), 
 
 ,1 
 
 .iH7 
 
 .lOU 1 
 
 tn 
 
 r-^iH.oo.: ! 
 
 It 
 
 n-jj 
 
 ii-> 
 
 10 
 
 .)()^ 
 
 .'U 
 
 1 
 
 t() 
 
 l.'C 
 
 .'j.' 
 
 ij.i 
 
 137 1 
 
 I' pii.at'nii. 
 IhOj DO.OOil 
 
 .r.o ouo.oon 
 
 tltf.ODI) 
 Vl.f.lii).' l>0 
 
 J.1M)!I -'i". I 
 
 riS«,ocu,ooo 
 
 I-t.S./. M. 
 
 3i 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 \_ 
 
 Il>!nnrl,s. Th<.> most iLii'kly hcIIIpiI piulu of llie 
 Miiilil iiic (he Hoiiilit'iii iiiiM of Kuiope, uiid ihf ewuii- 
 tiK-s in llie s')ullii.'usl of .Asia. 
 
 (>iii'!itii>iix. i. ^VIlioIl in the largest division of Mie 
 i^loln' .' ;.'. Wliii'li iii'M f 3. Wlii'li is till- siJiulliM .' -t. 
 Whii^h foiiiiiins the i;rcHi*.'Hl |iupulatiiiii .*' 0- Wliirli in 
 mist thickly M-I'lcd ." fi. W hicli i-i inn. I thinly st-ltlid? 
 ?■. Wliii'li iii'Ki f !J. What is the pitpiiialion of thf vvr»rld 
 apcordioi; to H.*-."!-! r t(. What is the pupiilatioii of 
 Kiiro|)c .' 10. Il<i\v many million <<(|Uiivc iiiik'si in 
 KiiropL- ? tl. How inuiiy in A>iu ? 1;^. How uiuny in 
 Ainerivii f 
 
 Canals. The countries in wlii'h cansN are most 
 niinieront are China, Holland, and Kn^htnd. In many 
 parts of ihexe eounlrics they are alinosi as coininoii u.s 
 roads in other toiinlries. The following; taldo allows 
 the most remarkable canuU iu the world, with the pluee? 
 which lliev conucet. 
 
I 
 
 922 
 
 GENERAL VIEWS 
 
 Royal Canul 
 
 Caiial of LanRiiedoc 
 Cunul of Kli-i 
 Clyde and Forth 
 Neva and Voljja 
 Grand Canal 
 
 Country. Placet connected, 
 
 China IMii'i « ill' Cunion [Uiscay 
 
 France Mc;lilCMrani;an svilli Hay ot 
 
 Denmark Uuhlc with llie North Sea. 
 
 Scotland North Sea wiih tl,c Atlantic 
 
 Russia Bidiic with tlie <'iis|)ian. 
 
 Sovt Yolk Lake Erie with ilie Hudson. 
 
 AIouKtains. 
 
 Cauriry. 
 
 Ilemarks. The Grand ciinrtl is commpnccil hut nut 
 pomplcti'd. Tilt' niii>.t iin|>(»rUnt crtniils wliiili liiive 
 been i»i(>|iose!l and dernicil pinciicatile are. I. A eanal 
 ucro*» Ihe isllnniis of Darien, lo connect the Allunlie, 
 willt the I'acilic Ocean. '2. A canal across ihc iMhinus 
 oJ'Snez, lit connei't llie Ked Sea with the Miditerraneau. 
 Either ol' iliese canals would very uiiith nhorleii the 
 voyage between Europe and India. 
 
 (lueniwns. l. In what countries nre canals most nii- 
 uieriins ? 2. Which arc the most rental kalile canals in 
 the world ? 3. What places are conriecled by the rovul 
 eanal ot'lJIiina ? •*. Wh-fvlaees are connected by the 
 canal or Liiomiedoc in France ? 5. What plnces. by 
 the IJraud Canal in New York f 6. What places, by the 
 Clyde and b'orth canal ? 7. What places, by Ihe canal 
 of Kiel } 8. What places, by the Neva and Volgi 
 canal ? ». Whitt are! he mo^t important canals which 
 have been projto.ed, and deemed practicable ? iO. 01' 
 what advaniai;e wonld it be to cut a canal through the 
 isthiHUii ol' Llarieu ? 
 
 Mountains. The foliowin:; table shows af one 
 view, the heit^hl of ihe most celebrated mountains iu the 
 world ; above the level of the sea. 
 
 Uawalajftr:, lii^iiest peak of llimmaleh nits. 'liLet 
 Chimhorazo, hi(?li( st peak (if the Amies New Granada 
 Cn'opaxi, a volcano New (iranatid 
 
 Kaah, higlitst peak in I'acidc Uecan Owii^licj I. 
 
 Hehh 
 in jilt. 
 
 '27,677 
 21.440 
 18Si<8 
 
 M. 
 
 J'. 
 M 
 M 
 Ml 
 IM 
 HI 
 I'e 
 M 
 M 
 Ml 
 IM 
 
 n 
 
 St 
 Vt 
 
 M 
 M 
 1)1 
 M 
 01 
 M 
 Re 
 M; 
 
 Ta 
 Sa 
 Ol 
 V( 
 T{< 
 Sr. 
 
 «e 
 
 II 
 11 
 II 
 Hi 
 II 
 
 H 
 
 II 
 
Pliicd connected' 
 
 lin with Cunion [Uisca> 
 ailciraiiuan willi lluy <il 
 tic with llie North Sea. 
 •th Sea with tlic Atlantic 
 tic Willi tlie (,'iis|)i;in. 
 ie Erie with tlie Hudson. 
 
 .4 eoinnipncctl Init nut 
 t ciiniil.^ wliirli liiivc 
 icatile are. I. A caiiul 
 coiiiiPCt the Allunlic 
 jial ucrnsH ilic iMlliinus 
 itii tltt> Mi'dilerraiii'ttti. 
 LMy uKicti klioi'tcu the 
 t. 
 
 e» nre eaniiN mont iiii- 
 t ri'iimikalile raiials in 
 coiitii'CtiMl liy llii- rovul 
 f8 are corinecled by the 
 
 5. What iilncea. hy 
 6. What places, hy the 
 !iat places, hy the canal 
 
 tlie Neva and Volgi 
 mjKirlaiit niinuls which 
 
 pracliciilile ? iO. 01' 
 ut a cuiiul through the 
 
 table shows af one 
 
 OF THE WORLn. 
 
 3«S 
 
 bratcd muuiitains ill the 
 .'a. 
 
 nits. 'I'iLet 
 
 i> Nt'W Granjula 
 New (iraiiada 
 OwJijIit'.' I. 
 
 27,677 
 21.440 
 18fc98 
 
 Maunta'tni, 
 
 Mount St. Elias, liiKlii'sl mt. in N. America 
 J'.)|)(icatep(:il, hi^licst nit. in .Mtyico 
 Mont Blanc, hi^liest mt in Kiimpe 
 Mont Uona, a liuminit ol'tlic Alp'* 
 Mount f'airwcailiiT, in N. America 
 Mount (ipliir 
 
 tliKlns* s'.mniit oftiie Atlas mountains 
 Peak of r«.-nei4fle 
 
 Mount r, rdii, highest in (lie I'jrenet'S 
 Mount St. Ileinard, u summit o't the Alps 
 Mount vllvtia, a volcano 
 Mount Lebanon 
 Mount .\rarat 
 
 St.Ootliard, a .summit of the Alps 
 I'eak of licmnitz. Innlitst of the CarpaO 
 tliiHU mountains ^ 
 
 Mont Vtllno, hitliest «.f the Appcnincs 
 Mount I'ico, higliest in the 
 Dofrafu'ld, highest '.f the Uofrafi'ld ranfje 
 Mt. Washlnifton, hi^jhest in the U Slates 
 Olympnii, famous in fabulous history 
 Mount llecia, a volcano 
 Ht-n N.'vis, hifflest in iireat Itrilain 
 Mansfield mt. highest ot the G.ctn mts. 
 Table moinitain, Jiiehcst in 
 Saddleback, lii^hcst in 
 Otter peak, highest of the Rlue Rid|^ 
 Vciuvins, a volcano 
 
 Hound Top, highest of the Catskill mts. 
 Siiowdon, liij^hcst mountain in 
 
 The followin:* fable shows the Leig!it.s in feet of 
 neveral other interesting objects. 
 
 nijjhesi flight of a liaMnnn 22,900 
 
 Highest Hii^hl of the Condor 21,000 
 
 H'l^lii'sl spot where man ever trod tO,4on 
 
 Region of perpetual .snow nnder the equator 13.207 
 
 lli^hc«.t Npoi inhabited by man la.+UiT 
 
 Highest limit of pines ui'der equator 12,S00 
 
 Ilit^hest limit of oaks under equator io,r>oo 
 
 Q"'<o 9,630 
 
 J'he pyramidii ,'50o 
 
 Country. • 
 
 IIfif;lit 
 ill /icl. 
 
 N. W. Coast 
 
 ~'l7,li50 
 
 Mexico 
 
 17.710 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 1,5,665 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 1.5,53^ 
 
 N. W. Coast . 
 
 14 \)IH) 
 
 Sumatra 1. 
 
 13,842 
 
 Morocco 
 
 13,0IH} 
 
 Canaries 
 
 l'J,176 
 
 France 
 
 11.265 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 lI.Ull 
 
 .Sicily 
 
 1(',950 
 
 Syria 
 
 9,ir,S 
 
 Armenia 
 
 9,^10 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 8,y30 
 
 Hii'igary 
 
 8.640 
 
 Italy 
 
 n,30o 
 
 A/iires 
 
 7.016 
 
 Norway 
 
 7,fi,'0 
 
 N llampsbire 
 
 C,6U 
 
 r.reece 
 
 6.3(10 
 
 Iceland 
 
 S,(tUi. 
 
 Scotland 
 
 4,370 
 
 Vermont 
 
 4.279 
 
 b. Carolina 
 
 i,wm 
 
 Massa. 
 
 4,(m 
 
 Vitpinia 
 
 4.(H)0 
 
 Italy 
 
 3.935 
 
 Now York 
 
 3,804 
 
 Wales 
 
 3.668 
 
OENKRAIi VIEWrJ 
 
 »;(/'sM'«n<. 1. Wliifli is Ihe \\\i!,\>.*t niot-nlniii i" tl»e 
 
 ;r>r.n. Ulan.. ? .i- Whi.l. in .he n« he.. 7'''"''';'' » 
 "le UniUMlrtr.leH? 7. Whu. i« ihe hel^h. ol Mount 
 WK.hinU... ? 8. NVhu-h i. .he hi^he^. moonum •« 
 «,;:. »r.n.,n ? «• ^Vhu. i. ;he h.M,h, «.' 1 e., Nev. 
 10. >\ I u. .. .I'.- hrij.!:. ol >i..„. yT.-...H r li- ^^ \«; 
 
 r . V h.i;i. u .h. hi^he.. .,"•• ;•«' '"V'"' "^^ '■'"' ?i 
 
 mH„ 1.1. How hi^h^... .he M.le. «f .nnnn.a.n. w.U 
 ^i:;;,n.w Hn..er .h'e e,u.aor ? t« low n,h a^ove 
 the leJ.1 of the sea i* ihe city oi Quito ? 17. How 
 bigli are the pyramidii ? 
 
 roMMKnrE. The folInwinR tahle exhihiU at one 
 Tiew .iie |,iinei|.al exporis of .I.e varioim eountne* of 
 (he world, urrraMged iu geographical order. 
 
 Countries ■ 
 Greenland. 
 
 Hudson's BnV' 
 N'ewi'uundltind. 
 
 Canada. 
 
 Nova Scolia. 
 New England. 
 
 IMiddle Hta.eR. 
 Suuliiern Stales. 
 
 Mexico. ' 
 
 Buy iif Tampeachy. 
 We»l Indies. 
 
 ICxporlt. 
 "NVhale oil and whale hone, the 
 
 produce ol'lhe fishery. 
 Vur*. purchased from .he Indians. 
 Cod-lish, eaught near the shore, 
 
 and on .he hankn. 
 Flour from Upper C ^nada, and 
 furs from .he Indiun country. 
 Lumher and linh. 
 Lumber, beef, pork, fish, pot and 
 
 pearl ashe*. 
 Flour and tobaeeo. 
 Culton,to an immense amount, and 
 
 rice. 
 Silver and gold to an immense 
 
 amount. 
 Loi«wood. 
 
 biiiijiir, mm, mnlassea, coflee, cot- 
 ton, and iu!,^o. 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 K 
 
 Ji 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 II 
 
 P 
 A 
 
 K 
 C 
 
 ^v 
 
 M 
 M 
 
 A 
 
 K 
 T 
 
 II 
 F 
 
WsJ 
 
 i.»t niot'iilniii in the 
 I in Atnt'i-ien f 3» 
 ? ♦. W hi til ik ll>e 
 WliHt itt I he height 
 hii^hi'Mt mountitin in 
 hf \\v\i!,\t\ of Mount 
 lit^hi'Ht nioiiniHi" in 
 -ii-ht of I'fit Nevi* i* 
 Kiiin ? 11. or Ve- 
 Hitc«-ntl «i lli^•' "* 
 ijviT flv a« hi!j;h f 
 I' eailh ever Irod hy 
 i!<4 of inonnlainii will 
 fi Mow hi^h ahove 
 f Quito ? 17. How 
 
 nhle pxhibiU at one 
 vnrioUH countries of 
 ^ul urtlcr. 
 
 anil wlirtle hone, the 
 re oi'lhe fisliery. 
 medfroni ihe Indians, 
 lught near the shore, 
 lie hankn. 
 
 Upper Canada, and 
 in Ihe Indian country. 
 I linh. 
 
 L'f, pork, fish, pot and 
 lie*. 
 
 iiliaeeo. 
 I iinnicnHe amount, and 
 
 gold to an immense 
 
 , molasses, coflee, cot- 
 iiu'lijjo. 
 
 Carnccns. 
 
 Ouiaiin. 
 Uruxil. 
 
 OF IMi: WOUM). 
 
 im 
 
 Buenos Ajrcs. 
 Ciiili. 
 
 Peru. 
 
 Columbia river. 
 NiirihweHt eit't. 
 Kamtuchutka. 
 Japan. 
 
 Ghina. 
 
 Asiatic islands. 
 
 Iliudoostao. 
 
 Persia. 
 Arabia. 
 Kust AiViea. 
 Cape G. Hope. 
 West Al'rica. 
 Morocco. 
 Madeira, and the 
 
 Coena, the ehief ingredient in choco. 
 
 lute, iiiiiiijo, and coflW'. 
 Sui^ar, rum. eotton, and eofVcLV 
 Colloii, Kiigar, roHee, and tohofco 
 
 iriiin ilii. northern pruvinees ; t-old 
 
 and dlHinoiidf, from the uiiildle ( 
 
 Miieal and cattle I'roiii the southern; 
 
 d)e\\.oodM Ironi (he tDrcils. 
 Silver and gold ; hides, beef, and ta|. 
 
 low. 
 Silver, gnid, and copper from the 
 
 nurlhern proviiiee* ; \»hcut and 
 
 hemp from ilic suulhern. 
 Hilvcr and s^old. 
 
 Furs, pnicured from the Indians. 
 Kuis, procured from the Indians. 
 Furs. 
 
 bilk and cotton goods, japan ware and 
 porcelain. 
 
 'lea, silk (^oods, cotton goods, and por- 
 celain ware. 
 
 Pepper, cloves, ginger, nutmegs, and 
 cttinphor. 
 
 Cotton goods, silk, raw cotton, and 
 diamonds. 
 
 Beautiful carpels. 
 
 Cortee, aloes, inyrrli,and frankincense. 
 
 Gold, ivory, and negro slaves. 
 
 Wine and brandy. 
 
 Gold, ivory, and slaves. 
 
 Leather, goat-skins, gums and fiuits. 
 
 Canaries. 
 Algiers. 
 Kgypt. 
 1 urkey. 
 
 Italy. 
 France. 
 
 Spain. 
 
 28 
 
 Wine. 
 
 Ostrich feathers, wax, and liidcs. 
 Kiee, linseed, grain, and fruits. 
 Carpets, muslins, sivords, corn, wine, 
 
 and fruits. 
 Silks, wine, corn, oil, and fruits. 
 Silks, woollens, linens, wines, und bran- 
 
 8ilk, wool, wine, and fruilg. 
 
3S0 UKMiUAI. VIKW.S 
 
 < •>' Wiiip, fruits, wnid, mill «nl» 
 
 .'^ » '. -iBdi. Kill" liin'ii, liu'i'u, woollen*, ami ojler 
 
 nianurui-liireit. 
 Cicrmnny. j'/liienH, vartou'* mmiiifudureii, anil onrn. 
 
 Uuitsia. Ilt'miJ, tail cl.illi, tallow , iron, corn, and 
 
 I'liri. 
 Sweden. Iron, lumber, copper, train oil, and Iter- 
 
 riiiif4 
 Norway. liiimlier, fioli, furs, nml copp«>r. 
 
 Ureal Britain. SVoollen*, cottons, iron ware, tin, and 
 
 elegant earthen ware. 
 Ireland. Lim-n, beef, mllow, butter, awd hidci. 
 
 RemarJcs. Maniiraetured Roodn eoinc rroin tliiekly 
 geltled conntrien, ii* l.'hinn, India, .Inpan, <Jre«l Hiitain, 
 and tlie Netherlar.d*. Tliinly tielllifl cnnnlries eom- 
 monly export raw maleriaU, the produce either o|■a^r|. 
 culture, mine*, or the forest. The bem iurii come IVom 
 cold climated. Tlicy are exported froDJ the northern 
 part* of Asia, Kurope. atid America. Hni<ar, cotton, 
 coffee, ipiccu, wine, &c. require a hot climate. 
 
 Qnestinm. 1 . What cnnntric* doe« Hilver eome from ? 
 2. What countries export gold? ;}. What eountrien ex- 
 port fur* ? 1. Where does sugar, rum, and molasKM 
 come from? r,. What countries export coUon ? 6. 
 What countries export woollen goods? 7. What coun- 
 tries export cotton goodn ? 8. Where «1" •*««.;,"«'« 
 from ? y. Where d« silk goods come Irom ? 10. >> Hat 
 countrT exports sailflolh? 11. Where do the most 
 heantiful carpels come from ? 12. What country exports 
 (ill? IJ. What countries iron? It. >Vhat countries 
 are famous for diamonds? 15. Where «>«" <ea come 
 from? 16. Where does coffee come from ? 17. Wliere 
 dnus wine come from ? 10. Where do spices come Iro.n? 
 19 What country i* famous tor myrrh and Irankmeensei' 
 80 Where does ivory come from? 21. Where does 
 i.nuarecomefrom? 22. What countries export 
 r:mbt?%^Wrt-n»tiies export flour? 21. Where 
 doTsl"^"ood come from? 25. What country .. famous 
 
, nmt %n\t~ 
 woollciiii, ami oll'er 
 
 uiiifiioiiirci', ami corn. 
 ullo\s iron, cum, and 
 
 icr, trail! oil,an«l Iter- 
 
 I, anil copjcr. 
 
 , iron uure, lin, and 
 
 I ware. 
 
 ow, buUer, ami hidei. 
 
 « pomc from tliiekly 
 ,lit|ian,(iri-H( Brilain, 
 miUmI cnnnlrieH «'(im- 
 iroiliice t'illuT of ai^ri. 
 a lu'nt i'lim conii' IViim 
 ;d froDJ I lie nortltcrn 
 'rica. Himar, cultooi 
 hot climate. 
 
 ilopii Hilver pome from ? 
 ;}. What eiiuiitrit'H ex- 
 r, rum, and miila»!«M 
 en eiport coiloii ? 6. 
 [>od»? 7. What ooun- 
 kVhere do laces come 
 ome from ? 10. What 
 Where do the most 
 
 What country exports 
 ' 11. What countries 
 Where doc* tea come 
 me from? H. Where 
 e do «picp« cnme from? 
 lyrrh and fr«nkincen»f? 
 om? 21. Where ducg 
 
 What counlripH export 
 l».irt flour? 21. Where 
 Vhat country ia famoui 
 
 OK Tin: WOULD. 
 
 H27 
 
 for the rod fi^lirry ? 20, What country U fumou* lor 
 till' wl'iilc (i.li.Tj f '-'7. WliHl aiiicU-ii are ex|Mirtfd 
 fr.nn tin-al HrnMiii? <ili. Wlml from Mexico r .'9. 
 Willi from Cliinu? ;i(,). What from Kainl^ehulka ? 
 .•M From tin- W.),t Indies? .\2 From the Capt- of (Inod 
 ll.pe? ;tl. From Madeira f 31. From tlie Nortlivvcrtt 
 ptii>i of America ? ;'.:. From I'eru ? :5ti. From Canada P 
 :*7. F-iiiii ihc -•.iilhernSintci*? HI!. From \ev» Kni;luudl 
 3!). From the Middle Htate* r 40. From Uu»«ia ? 
 
 l»HOTK<lTANT MiSSlONSTO TIIK rirATIIEV The fol- 
 
 I'luiii.^ lalile hImhv» iii one view the varitm* vocietics of 
 I'lOifHinntH en^i<<rd in <«npportiiig mi«<iii)U4 to the ilea- 
 thiMi The lii>i column i^ivtn the name of (he Hocicly ) 
 
 O'l* "< ••"I. (lie iiiuiilry in wliich it lit imttitntcd ; the 
 
 third. i\n- ifeitv in wliiih it cii>ninenccd opnatiotiH ; and 
 till- f.iiirili. I III' iiumbi'r of inixsiinianes and teachers in its 
 cmjiloy, Htaled jjcneraily lor ISIO. 
 
 1 Clirislian Knowled^.'* Society 
 
 2. Duiisii .Mission Colli, jfc 
 t'nii.l nrcthrt-n 
 .Mi-tl»(uliHt Miitionary Society 
 tl»|) isi Missiiinary Socicly 
 |y)n.il 111 Vl'S.ioiiaiy Sue cl'y 
 scotrh Mi.Miiiiury Sucitty 
 (yliurcli .MisHionarv *■ icy 
 •■Vmciican II j.iril nf I cign Mis .'.uns 
 l;). ni|>tiit Iloiiil ol l-\iui).Ml Missions 
 11. UniieJ Foiei{{n Missionary bocitiy 
 
 3. 
 4. 
 5. 
 6. 
 
 7. 
 ti. 
 9. 
 
 Country. 1 
 
 t-ar. Mit. 
 
 P.il;!Uti(l 
 
 1701 
 
 8 
 
 Dermal k 
 
 1715 
 
 2 
 
 fitrniuiiv 
 Kiijflar.J 
 
 I7J'. 
 
 85 
 
 I7m6 
 
 65 
 
 Kii^'iHiid 
 
 :7'j.> 
 
 72 
 
 Ki)),'laiid 
 
 1 T^K", 
 
 84 
 
 "iciitland 
 
 17% 
 
 12 
 
 Kii)r||iii<l 
 
 1800 
 
 74 
 
 fniiLil States 
 
 laio 
 
 ol 
 
 I'nili'd Stales 
 
 IH14 
 
 3 
 
 tinted bl'Ui's 
 
 1817 
 
 3 
 
 Total 
 
 440 
 
 nemarlcs. Besides the 410 misMonarie.'j and teach- 
 er<i, ttbove enumerated, there are farnurs, mechanics, 
 pliy«ieiun«i. unil ilie wives and cliildren of the mi^tiiiiiiu- 
 riid. who arc Kupporteil in whole, or in part from 
 the fund* of the .Societies. The United Bietiiren, ^onie- 
 tini-M culled Moravians, are about 16,000 in iiiiinber. 
 T'lt'V live prineipuliy in Uermuiiy. The I'liiled For- 
 ciga Missi'ju Society is coiiiiiosed of the PresbyteriaD, 
 
 i 
 
tH 
 
 ,^2\i 
 
 liH.NKUAL VIi:W.S 
 
 Diitcli Uci'nrmi'il, miil Ao^ocinto Uefurmed cluiri-liei. 
 'i'li«> (tilit'r iiiiiiif* fxpl till ili«Mii<irlti-ii. 
 
 At'ciiriling in ilic hImivi' ■tliitcmiMit, Miir^tiiinl •it|i|iiirl« 
 .103 miMtioiiKric* ; (ifriiiiti)}, 8^1 the UiiiUmI Hltilv*, <i7, 
 &c. 
 
 fliPstionH, I. In wlint piiiintripn nri» Socli'lir* on- 
 ti\lili<i)iril I'lir Hriiiliui^ !Sli><i'iM>irii'it lo ilir lliiiilicn? i, 
 \VIihI iin' lilt nnint'>« ol' ilu' Mi^niotiuiv So' iciic* in 
 Iii)i;i'iii«l } iJ. NN'liirli is ilu- olilrsl I'ufc it'll Mt«Aioii Ho- 
 cii'iv i'» till' lliiilfil Hti)c< ? 1. Wlnii tliil ii ••omiiii'iipe 
 il4 ii[i r \iiiMi» r 1I. NVhii'h two Horiiiii* i'ni|tliiy nioitt 
 Ali'-iiiiiirii'ii f ft. NVIiPM ijiil tlif rmicil Hicilnrii iMnn- 
 mi'iu't* (Ik ir niixsioii.trj liilioi* .* T. Wlit-ii wh<t ilip I.nn- 
 «li>'« Mi»sioiiary ^'"•('ii'ly (•>«irtl>li»lii'<l ? y N\ Iml i* lite 
 wlioh' inimlxT iif I'rnUMlaiil Mi»i»ii»iiviru'H to llic Ilcn- 
 llienr 0. Iliw mmiy ol' tlu^e hit i*ii|i|» •riei! Iiy I'lng- 
 liind .' 10. !li»\v many liy llii* UiiiKil fSluU-* ? 
 
 In l!if fiil'nwiH'.; Iiiltli* tlic fii*t coliimii uliow* llie 
 ftiitiitrii"i ill «liii*li iiii«»ii)iiury Kli«lion« nie «'»lulili*!ieil ; 
 (lie HPOoMiI, I lie s'iricti/ hy whiili lliey were pxliiMiHlHMJ ; 
 (lie (liinl. (lie ti'i'uber nf ,^f•H^'K)U(n•ieH siipnnrleii hy each 
 Sdcii'ii : (lie l'i);iii!i, tlir n-hnti' iiidiiIht nf Jlis>:i(tiiniii's in 
 «•»:•'/ i'ltHnll'l! : unJ lI'L' lillli, llio number af stations in 
 e\i|i emintiv. 
 
 • Coiinhy. 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 Soc'ivty. 
 
 -1 
 
 
 h 
 
 n 
 
 '*r •' 
 - a 
 .■ 
 : 3 
 
 AVi^t AlViea 
 
 ('Iiure!» Mi<m. Hoe. 
 MelJMidisl .Mi^H, Hoc. 
 
 17 
 
 10 
 
 Soutli AJ'iictt 
 
 Hoe. l'ro|" (iospel 
 London Misn. Hue. 
 Tiii'.ed liiethreii 
 .\iellii>di>i( Mi<is. Hoc. 
 
 »1 
 
 38 
 
 \7 
 
 Mauritius I. 
 Mudu^^uuear 
 Malta 
 
 liOhdoii \li>ts. Hoe. 
 lifiiidnii Mi**. .Hue. 
 CImmtIi Mi-.*. Hoe. 
 lioiiduii iMi«ii. Sue. 
 
 t 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 ^ 
 
 H 
 (i 
 
 V 
 
 C: 
 
Itfriiriiietl cluirdii'i 
 
 I'M. 
 
 It, i'lii^^tiiinl titiiiiorl* 
 III- UiiiU'tl .Slalvi, ii7, 
 
 i)t lilt' Iti'iiilii'ti ? i. 
 
 i«i()tllllV Sim iclicA in 
 
 l''llMI:»ll MtaAJllll Si». 
 
 Ill-It tliil ii iMiiiMiifiire 
 ''in'irlio rni|iliiy iiiimt 
 I'^iiiifrl llriilmii roin* 
 . Wlii'ii wh<t ilie I.nn- 
 il ? S \\Un[ tt lite 
 niiuiuru"* to llic lli'R- 
 I' mi(i|) tru-i! I») llng- 
 iltd !Sluli-»? 
 
 •t coliiinii nhnw* the 
 \ol\% HiL* c^lalilittieil ; 
 hey wric riiliililiitli<Ml ; 
 ries siijinovti'd hij each 
 iln>r iif Jlis>:ioiitifii's in 
 mmbci' fif stations in 
 
 
 hi 
 -1 
 
 »'. » n 
 
 mi 
 
 oc. 
 
 
 . Soc. 
 
 « 
 
 17 
 
 10 
 
 i>l 
 
 ij 
 
 
 
 oc. 
 
 a) 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 ■ 3B 
 
 \7 
 
 . Hoc. 
 
 4J 
 
 
 
 OP. 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 IIP. 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 OP. 
 
 ue. 
 
 U 
 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 i'nunfry 
 
 lo'<i III i^lrtlliU 
 
 I'll'H.IIIU- 
 
 Co iH|untiiiii|)li> 
 Hu«*ia in /\>ia 
 
 ThiliPt 
 ('liiiia 
 Fiirdier India 
 
 IliiidouslHu 
 
 OF IHK WOULD. 
 
 Huclt'tij, 
 
 (Vjloa 
 
 Artialie iHlundi 
 
 NVw ZenUnil 
 Sapii'iji i'tiatiiU 
 HHnilvvicii i»lan<l« 
 (■uittUtt 
 
 Went ladies 
 Cherokee Indians 
 
 l<iMiiliMi S\\->*. i^iie. 
 XiiiiTiniii Uoiird 
 
 ('liiiiih MinN. ^wi, 
 
 •<.iiip|i M\ss H.ic. 
 
 rmlfil Itrriltrt-n 
 
 l.omlon .Mino. .Sup. 
 
 (Miunli Mi*pt Hup. 
 
 Ijtiiilnii IMiit<« Hue. 
 
 liOiiflon IMixM, Hoc. 
 \uipiipnn ll.i|ilm(« 
 
 Kiiglii«h l)iipiii«l> 
 
 ('liurrii MJHK. Hoe. 
 
 l.oiiiliHi Mimt. Hup. 
 
 I ' Ii r in) i III K MOM Ifiljjp S<i>i' 
 
 AiMi-riimi Mitard 
 
 Mi-iIioiImi Mils, Hoc. 
 
 I) tiiisli \li«^ioM 
 
 Mi-llioili..l MiHH. Hue. 
 
 (Miiirpli MniM. Hue. 
 
 Vincricuti Doarii 
 
 tlii^liali HiipliHln 
 
 KiitfliKJi l)it|iliiit« 
 
 liOiiilun iMiH*. Hne. 
 Clinieli Miis Moe. 
 li'titiliin MiHN. Hue. 
 
 Ninpi'ipiiii ])oard 
 Uniled Breiliren 
 Luiidon Mitu, Hop. 
 MiihodiHt MiitH. Hue. 
 Methodiitt Migs. Hue. 
 I'nitfd Brethren 
 <Miurp|i iMiiiM. Hue. 
 ICiigli^h Rn|iiiiti8 
 London Miii«. Hoc- 
 Amt'ripnn Hoard 
 Uuited Breiltrea 
 
 J?i» 
 
 
 *1 i»l»i 
 
 IH 
 
 <0 
 
 ^Idl 
 
 22 
 
 11 
 
 73 
 
 b' 4) 
 
 it 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 
•im 
 
 Vutinli'if, 
 
 (iKMlUAL VIKWB 
 
 Sofitty. 
 
 ii^M 
 
 1 J-V 
 
 Clinelmv ImliHiiD ' Vmerivuii lli»nnl 
 
 Viiirru'uii l'r«-»buerinnii 
 
 1 iil.niil.ir rniieil Hrplli 
 
 Uireiilidi)! 
 
 ren 
 U'liiU'd Urrll.reii 
 
 i 
 
 5i. 
 
 ;> 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 '■i 
 
 a 
 
 9 
 
 lU 
 
 \[> 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 n 
 
 a 
 
 4IU IM 
 
 Qiipufhiti!*. i. In \»li(\» Minnlry »r« fherp 1!ip nin»t 
 
 mUMMtirtriHK f J. WliHl Siicitflj fMi|iloj« llu' fjrj'ttfoisl 
 
 iiuiiiImt i»f MioioiiHrii"* in Himliioniiin ? '4- WItnt 
 
 «oiii»lry lhi« niimi Mi^ninr nrjp* next lo lliii»loosl<in ? 4. 
 
 W'liul "iKXl .' ft. Whut StMirl) liii^ iMosl MtiiKii>urtiit'» 
 
 ill ilie \Vi»i liiilio ? n, Wliul .HiicM't) ln« mtiitt Mtt»- 
 
 KiiMiuriFt ill Si'Milh AlVicaP '. \\hh\ Hucii-ly m-iiilu 
 
 Mi»»H)hariM lo (JretiilHiiil hi.(! Lulifttdorr «, Wlure 
 
 »re tlie n»i»Hiiiiii»r) niiiliiiiix (tl" ilto Amerit-ai HourJ ? », 
 
 Wlii-ri* tin' the Mi»*i«u«ri«» fint nul by ilii* AiiieriraJi 
 
 Rii|iii-il«i' 1(». Wltv-re Bit- llic Mi«*i..iiarit'« of ihe 
 
 Amirii'ttii Pri*l»yleri»ii» ? «t NVh«t MbiIiIj cmiiloji 
 
 MinMt.iiariiK in' llif Hoci«'ly ixlanH* ? li. \Vli»«i»' me 
 
 Ibe Muiitinttrii'i oltlic bcuictiMiMliUjary Sotiely ? 
 
 WiKpn. In Mip Ipmpcrate «n«l frigid zones flie witnU 
 %rf vttimlilf, blouin,^ irrp^HlHily, juimelimeiJ fimn one 
 iioint oF the i'*iin|in«t)i, and Riinietiiiirft fi'iin nnoihcr. 
 jBiil ill llie lorriil '/.»w ibf* uro \ery rf^u'tfr. In uU 
 purli of I be Atlanii*' aritl Piioific Oceaim which lie ia 
 tlie lorriil /one. cxci pi mar shore, ti.e vriiuU blow con. 
 •iuiitly Hi ull m-asoiis ol" ihe year from ihe «?h»I UihIit 
 the I'ljuuior ibey ure due eniii j aH you a|i|iroiti'h luwurtU 
 the uurtherii U:>l>>c they iui-liue tu aurllieunt, and tu- 
 
KW» 
 
 
 •1 
 
 ft 
 
 e 
 
 b^ifrian* 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 >n 
 
 a 
 
 » 
 
 II 
 
 lU 
 
 Id 
 
 I'll 
 
 11 
 
 ti 
 
 9 
 '4 
 
 410 IM 
 
 ry aft' fhere the nio»t 
 ( nii|tloM llii< f$rr«i(VKl 
 imloiiittiin ? »• Wlmt 
 I'xl 10 lliii»lno»lttn ? 4. 
 
 Iiu^ iito^i M*iii«ii>ii»iie« 
 
 .Siir'f'l) l».»« intiHt Mill- 
 ;. WhM Hiu-ii'l) m-iiiln 
 
 Lnbruilnrr «. Wli^re 
 Aiiierictii Uoitrd P i?. 
 nt iiul Uy llii' Aiiieriraii 
 IP MiNnitiiiurii'i or llip 
 
 What Myciil) rmiMoji 
 Iniid* ? ii. iMivrit hit 
 
 nil frigid zones tlip winiU 
 riy, oiimetiinei i'loin une 
 iini'tiiiirA from nnoihcr. 
 rp \ery rf^u^ur. In uU 
 ilie Oreaim whiilt tie ia 
 lire, tl>e vriiiiU Lliiw roiio 
 *r from llie east Uiiilir 
 aH you a|i|iriiai-li (nwurtl* 
 ue tu aurilieuxt, and Ui- 
 
 OK TIIK WOUI.I). 
 
 iJi 
 
 waril* )!n» noiillirrn frnjiie. fo ««ullii'««it Thr** winiU 
 art! Ciilli'il Trudf u-imh, Ihimiii"i' ih. j iiiiii'li luiililiile 
 tratlm^ wi}Ui<>">. liiv >|iiiiii<ili iluiilim, whidi nail aii< 
 iMiiiti.V from Ai'iipiili'ii, on llti' hi'ihmii fuati iif Mi'»<i-4« 
 lit llu' l*liilip|iMi • inliiitili. lire liiifif ailing li> the ir<i<le 
 wiiiiiH unit iiiniiti'riU|i(i'il |iriiii|ii'i ily ; m* itlli iiUmi. iiii 
 skill. i« rr(|inii'il in uti-i'r llifiii ; li>i nci'iiti-ni i'^it hcfiilU 
 ttirin t ami llii» vny.ii[(i> of iifitrl) liitli'ilif dri-tiiiifi-rrin'e 
 of llii* ^liibi*. i'« nl'ti'ii iicrfiirmi'il iii Miiiy i|ji)>«, vvilliout it 
 chaugi' iif RMiU. It It tiii|i)t>i«il'li< rtvr lu rt-luni ny the 
 nanii^ track. 
 
 In llK> Inilijh Ofraii tlio r^^ll^\^ Irmli* uiiid |iri'vtiil« 
 tj(*tUiH>n the KiMiliii-rii lrii|)ii' iiimI liii* toili ilci(riM< iil'miuih 
 lalilii'li* ; iiut III llie iiurlti nf ihii I^hI IxiuiiiUry, JM^iiiit 
 ttic eiii|iiri- iif llie m'jHHonuii. Vur *\t miuiiii«, Imin 
 April ><> Oeliilivr, a itrmiij; uinil bluuii euiiMtaiidy irnnt 
 (he iiiiuth\vi>«t, briit^iiif^ iviili ii ram ami leinpi-x : ilutin^ 
 Ibe r«>«t of iliL* year, a iliy anil ai^reeable uiml lilmt* 
 from ihe iiiirilieaiit. The ehall^t' frmn one nwiii-xnii lu 
 thr other in accompaiiieil viith violeiU utorrnt uiiil Imrri' 
 i,'an>'«. 
 
 All the itlanil* helut>ei) the tropien are refroiheil by 
 i\\f sen ami land breeze, lliiriiiif ihe ilay a bree/.e 
 ftivvity« bloMH I'rnin the Hoa \ but at uigbt ii cfiaugev, and 
 biuMit from titv laud. 
 
 (Imstions. i In wivil parli of the wortil nri* (lie 
 »iiii!<i variable ? i. Ir uliul parti are lliey reij^ular P 
 3. Ill uhal iliretlion lio llie Iriitle Mindu blow P 4, 
 Where do the Iraile u iodfi prevail ? fl Winch i» ibe 
 ?atiie«l voyage, fioni R'exico l« Ihe I'liilijipine ioiniiiln, 
 or from the I'hilippiiie ulaiidit li> Mexieo f A. In nbnt 
 direeliou do ihe nioiiHi.nn* blow ? 7. Wliire ilo lite 
 ainiiiouiu prevail ? 8. What in theitaie of ihe viealhee 
 during the iioiiliitvi'iii nio(is(jiiii r u. ilovv i^ ihe Miiuhfr 
 during ihe iiiii'iheait inoniiioii ? l(h \\'\>nt i« t|,e 
 weaiher during llie cliangi- of Ibe nioii!*itnin> r n. 
 >Vhicl! way iIuch ihe imiuI blow om the i*tiund,t of iho 
 tonid/.one during the day? 12, VVhicli way durinc 
 tlie iiitjUt ? 
 
'Mt 
 
 (iF.NKKAI. Vlf.NNA 
 
 rail) run Iruai «■«•» Iw we»i, rull.»»%in»< !••• u.iir«' nf ilm 
 irKile Miiiil«. In (laMinif, Iiomwit, al'ii'^ ••••• nliMfi-* 'ir 
 riititiiuiii* nnii i»liiii)U, ihc* »rt Mfun iIhi-iM-J from 
 llifir niiltir«l roiirnf. 'rim* lli«* ^rt-ni lurri-rit wlinli 
 vuniL't mti)** llii' MUitlif. Ocmn. jKiH^-itU liviwfrii foiiih 
 AnM-ririi mimI iIh> Wi«i tniliti kUihU ii«i<> il)** ^''il* *•!' 
 Mf»iri), Hnil llun ru«lif« tmi ♦»ith nrful *«i«ni) Imhuih 
 Culm and Klnriila, aiMl (T-urt J* tmrlli nluii^ ilt«- niH.l 
 oflhH Itiiilfd Huir*. ttiiil iinrihia*! »« far nt iIh- •lion* 
 of If. UimI Kiirf (Jr.iii llriimii lliU ftirrriii »» ritll-it 
 IIm- UiilfMiriMni. H«r. i* a iiirrrni »%hii'l. iimih-h f'"m 
 
 ihf Kro/i-n <li'«aii linwnii NoiHrt\ mid (*■< iiiIhimI i-ml 
 
 /.I'll <li'«aii linwnii iNoiHrtj mid l*nii 
 ,,^,... along ill)* w^^iiTii «iti.»i «i dr*"' H'l' 
 tliv hii.nluli rhHiiii.! Ii lI't'H (iini* »'ii»i, mul rti.liiMi 
 llirout(li Mir •trail* of Dovir iiiUi IIm' Nortti xim. In 
 llu' rrti-irif, liiiliiin. mill muuilnfrii AiluMiic OtpuM* ll»e 
 euir«ul*« v.uli IVw 4'«f»|»ii<in«, run Imm »•»»! I't w^■•'• 
 
 liueitlhim. «. In wlinl •lin-t'iion do ihn nirrPBli of 
 ihi' oii-mi KcnrriiMj mn ? i. Wlml ncPii-.i 'n« m d.-vin- 
 liiiii fiorn iliM niiirn' in »<>iiic ln»t'tMii» ? a. Ui-orritte 
 
 (he .Miiir lili. UiiirHirniui r 4 NV hai in ilif pouii.e 
 
 aCiIip ttirniii »«liiili itinn. inmi lite Frozen Oeeaii l»e- 
 tvretiu >urv»a) and Oivenland. 
 
 Volcano** akd EAUTnqvAKr«. Vnlpanopa ara 
 kiiiminii; nuMuilrtut* wiili ..|.iitnrf<i on! nf wlurh ara 
 Uiri»>ni Willi drt-Hdliil «x|iln»ii.n». ii-.lie«. unu.ke. mud, 
 fiif. rfd Imi olMiifo. and l.oa. Mnri- ihaii aoo vohanma 
 |iu«r Ik-i'm diMO^pri-d, ^r^iiiTid nvt-r llie unrldCf of ilie 
 iMirlt.. and iliire utf iiridiil'ly ni^ nj oilitr* in pri-i not 
 ^it exiilori'd Tlii\ nm lif rom|irtrrd to fliiinm y«, 
 tliioitiflt wlieh llie" iniotpn«e fiieii »*liicli raiji' in ilie 
 how.U of llif •'■'rill liid vi-nl. Ilie moul celflirali-d 
 voliHiinen Hri« Mouiil iKiii.i, in Mi. ily ; V«»u*iu>4. in 
 IciU ; und IIimIh. mi li-i-lHiid, The lofly \>*fnk» of llie 
 Aiuii •« in SiHiili Ani' rifft art.' nm- row of \oli'aiiot>s. t'l- 
 teiiding througli >c« Ureuada, IVru nud t'liili. Tlie 
 
:nmi 
 
 »iii«( tl •■ I iiiirif t>t ili« 
 r, nIdii^ tilt' utiwrt-* of 
 • uritii tliti'iit'tJ friitn 
 ^ri'Ml I'tirrrnt wlmli 
 iiiifi'i'iN liviufrii '■•iMlh 
 jimU ikIii iIii* OoI* •'f 
 Kjtful »j|i)rilj Imumi'M 
 iiitrlh alalia il'*- •■(ii»«l 
 •t «* fur H* iIh- •lion • 
 rtiin riirrciti i* phII'iI 
 mil whii'l. fiiiin'* f'lifn 
 ii\ itiiil ('' < i'iiIhiii( i>ii«i 
 iif (Irrio IImihiii. iiiiu 
 liini* I'll*!, hidI rii*lti'« 
 III llii' Niirtli ••i-H- In 
 rii AiliHuic Ocpuii* llie 
 II I'llMII VK»\ It! »»«■■•. 
 
 on do ihe nirrrnii of 
 •nil (icPtioi iti* M tli'viii' 
 
 kIuiiii'k f !i. IJi-Mi-rilte 
 4 Whnl it (III* roui*o 
 the Fru«en Ueraii be- 
 
 Krs. ViilrAnoPi nr* 
 irf« Hill of wliir.h «r« 
 M. nolira, •nioke. mud, 
 lure lh*u aoo vol»«mii« 
 iiviT lite mirldce of the 
 ; II) uilu-rrt in nnrit not 
 om|inrp«l io fliimn< y«, 
 I I'll mIiicIi raiji' in ilie 
 The moiil oeleliratftl 
 Si. ily } V««uviu>4. in 
 The lofty jimko of (he 
 II' row of \oli'«nioi'«. ••!- 
 , IVru nud Chili. Th« 
 
 OP TIIH \UMU.». 
 
 J^iiJ 
 
 fiiotl trirlhlc I'mpijoii of n vnlciiiin nn n'fonl, i« thai 
 Mhi>'!t hii|i|i-)i il III HIJ, III MijiiiiiiinM, oiii' of iln- ^|iii-i< 
 
 i*l4ll'l«' TlK' • tjitixiorK MlTl' IliMnl ' Il llti' llmlilMii' iif 
 
 nmri' 'linii 'hh> mtUt, uinl lli" ii«lii « I'lll m •>• ili i|ih«iili> 
 li"», .!• Ill |»ri>'liii'i' uiur ilinkiivi'i It* llii- tli<iiiiiv;u ol' liOO 
 
 tllllr* 
 
 lviiilti|ii iki't ari' ihc inVfl III' ihc «iiin<> Kiilitrrriutritn 
 liri'* uliii'li iti'i'iiaion ^iilriMMii**, ami h«mi«IIv ocriir mi iIh* 
 urtilM' liilll'. Tiny Hfi' •iiiiiHiiMilj lirrCt'ili'ij li_v ii '(I'liirrtl 
 *til|ii('«< ill I h<' Mir I I III* «liiM'k I'liiiii'o DM ^Mili n riiiiililinif 
 iHii^i , liki' ttiiU III' ciirri i;{i'» or ol (IimiiiIit i iIk* i^rniiiiil 
 h''n»i'« of ro'k* IVikh »;i|(« to oi It*. A mii^li' •hmk nl* 
 liii'ii ln>*i muri' iIimii a itiiuiili*. hiii ihi' ^hni'k^ fri'iiiifnily 
 mM'crfil cai'li iiitiiT iM «liorl iiili'iiiilt I'ur ii I'ltiiviiUriihle 
 liiDi', AiMiil «'fi!i>iiu lui* iifini iii'nii'. iViiiii tvliii'h tt,t> 
 icr h'H lU I'lirili, iiiil »'iiiir'liiiti'< n inii'H. Tin' I'hat ii» nrn 
 tniiipiinii « «ii ttiilt* i«« III '•trnthi'lm n|iii|i> i'ilii-« at 
 oMPV. (MU'ii lln- I'ltrili ii|ii>ii4 iiuil I'loi.t ii'^tin. uttnllou* 
 iiiif up mirtii' |irii|ilf i'iiiiii'!_«, uml ■(|iii'i'/iir< oIIht* la 
 liritih. Hiiiiii'tifiii'K iiu-M liiive lifi'U iiuallu\M<i| lip ill line 
 (■li.iitiii. mill lliriikt II out aIi«i< liy iiiiolhri'. Mfi;ni'iim''( 
 hiiiMi-it Hint lariiiii 'irv CHirii'il lo llii; ili>liiiii'i> ul' hitH'ii 
 null', Hiiil I'Vi'ry il ni; Irl't kiainliii^. MiMiii'liini't uhiil« 
 iilMiiil* Hii* «iiiik in I Iif ii('i'>tn, uii'l ni'w iiiii"t me rni4eil, 
 III l?iS.1, lilt' I'iiy III' l<>>liiin tviit iilniiitl ttliull) ili'«irii>i'i| 
 by II i;r«'u> i'.(I'M*i|miiKi.' which I'xdiiiti'il over a cuniltlirn* 
 blc {iiirt ul' ihc jjlubi'- 
 
 fluc^timt, I. WhttI «ro voicnuofK ? 3. Wlint lU 
 tht'y iliiehiirge ? n. IIunv niniiy toleunom kiive lieeti 
 ili«iMivere(l ? -1. Which iiri- llie in'"*! releliriitvil volcn- 
 iiiiti* ill iIm' wnrlil ? 0. Where wim tli(< voleaim uhieli 
 proiliiceiJ HO lerrtile lui eniMtinn in INI.) i' 0. How fitr 
 were llie ex|ilii.iiiiiii heuril ? 7. llnw far mmi liitHi 
 ilarkniKit priidiii'ei! hy (he fail of (he ui«he<t r H. N\ hat 
 nro earih(|>i ike« iieeii<iioMi««l hy ? '•, How Arp ihey 
 iimi'iMy pri'ceileil ? 10. VVIinl iIim'm the iioine ri<i>einble ? 
 
 II llot« liiMi{ i|ii llii> thoeki latl r 
 of ihfl efTi'CU uf an larlhi^uuke ? 
 
 IJ. Wlial ure «t».ne 
 
 * 
 
 I 
 
331 
 
 OFAKUAIi VIKWS 
 
 n.c fullowiiii; tul)lc itliort* lu which cittits each 
 
 Man. Mfii •iiiiv »•(• tlivi'liil. ncronlins! fo (l-eir «<«tc 
 of .mnrou-m.i,. h'.mI L.l.i<» "'" l'l«'. '"'" f'''^ ''■'**'"••. "'« 
 »«vui'V. il.f t.:.il...r.,ii'.. II..- liMf civil. ze.t, nn.l llio n^i - 
 
 >> . I I . 1 . i.. » Ki^K nluua oafl*ll 
 
 i/.eil 
 
 IMlioll Ill'ltlllJJX 
 
 Comlitihii. Xut'umf!. 
 
 Fiiviicc, Aincrir; II lutlmii*. Nei<iof«, biuI natives 
 
 „f N,.»v II..IIhii«I. 
 B-thiiroin, Antli- M.,..>-. Tftitar*. MhIuj*.. _ 
 Il.Hf.civ.hy.i'd, CliMH''*-. Ji.|i«iii»e, llni.lf.o*, Pergmns 
 
 I ink* 
 Civili/til, Kiirii|M iiiH null tlu !r ilencendniHs ; par- 
 
 liriiliirlj, the Bfiliitit, Fri'iith uud 
 Oi'ini.tiis. 
 
 liemrtiks. Tlic rharacteristirs of the «liftcreiit poiidi. 
 tioiis iiic Its f'o'ioux : 1 .• I 
 
 1. In ili«' (ioroirc ^'»<P. mm «iili-'»«* alinn*t eiidrely 
 by liimliii«. fUh.ng. unci (l.e H|.niit!«»i««'iJ- inoduMionH of 
 tl.f f.irili Siii.^t-. utp «i'ii<Tnllj Ji.iihI tUuU ncaiter- 
 eilover it laiire urri «nv. i" '•m"l! iriti.b, llic im mlierH of 
 vliiHi ate fir.iilj uliticre.! ti» nuh oil.fr, l-iM inflamed 
 
 vilh ilie moKt" elt■lUI!l^ |.o>.iilily t.>«Hi(ls all ilu-ir 
 
 neiislibnurn. '1 1'*^ »'t"l lluil^ in (lie flutrueit-r of hiu it),'.'ii 
 are oonrnsie, fortitndf, lov» of lihir(j, an«l u Ingl. fcnse 
 ol'di'^nilv."^ The worxl iruir* are cinrlty and r"\eni;e. 
 
 2/ln the barbarous Mali- sulixi^ience is derived chief- 
 ly from inulurage, and rude agriculiure. Tln.se of ihis 
 class are generally rol.bers and pirates hy prolcHsion. 
 They have great energy of chani.'tcr. and are s. me- 
 liDies possessed of hiiuorable principlcH and warm aftVc- 
 
 tions. , . . , - 
 
 3. Among the /ifi//*-cU'j7i2r*'<? nations. agricuUnrp and 
 
 snmeof the finer manufaetnres are (arried t» a very hi^h 
 degree of perfection, hut science, literature, and foreii;n 
 commerce are almost unknown. The goveinin.nt 
 among these nations is altogetlier despotic. 1 he peo- 
 pie are orderly and industrious, but lame, pusillani- 
 mous, and easi'lv conquered by their barbrtrous i.ei;;h. 
 bors. The Tartars and Arabs Iwve ahvays been con. 
 
ifronlins; <o O'fir ■•«<e 
 i'v. iiiUi f'Mir (l.i**!'*. (lie 
 L-ivil'/Hi?, HUtl iln' «'i*il- 
 v« (u Mhicli viuHH each 
 
 i». Nei^rocB, ftiul nalivei 
 
 11.1. 
 
 rni'tari*. MhIujh^ 
 
 i»e, llnulf'o*,' I'ergian^i 
 
 lluJr ileicptidnnts ; par- 
 u Uiitiitl), Fi't'iivli utid 
 
 'S of (lie (lift'oreiit coiidi' 
 
 Hiili>-!»(4 alinnHt entirely 
 niitii'ii'tiijh iirotlurtioim <if 
 ill\ liiiii <l iliiiii) HCditer- 
 iili'iritjib, llic ini mlierHof 
 iicli oilier, I'll* infl«iiie(l 
 utility lowHids all iln-ir 
 (lie <*lutrueler of Ha\«m'ii 
 hhiri}) anil u liigli st-nse 
 re ciuVlty nn»l r"\eni»e. 
 »i»i*iHiiee is derived ciiief- 
 riciiliure. Tlmse of idis 
 III pirHles l)V iiroleHsiim. 
 Iiiiriii'ler. and are scnie- 
 rini'ipleH and wMrm aftVc- 
 
 nalions. R£»ri(utinrp nnd 
 are ( arried lo a very liiijh 
 re, literaliire, and fori'ii;n 
 (iwn. Tlie goveiiinitnt 
 tlier dpiipolic. Tin- peo- 
 iiix, but Inmc, piisillani* 
 y ilu'ir ImrlMTOHs iii'ii;li- 
 is liuve always been cun-' 
 
 OF THH ^VOUr.D. 
 
 335 
 
 qiierors ; iho Cliineise and lliudno<( have alwi,^-* 'nen 
 cu!i(|ii< 1 1 d. 
 
 4. \ni n^ llip ch'itirf'l niUioiis a^picultiirc is ri..!.!!!. t- 
 ed Nkiirmlv uml >ciiMiilit' >lly ; niiiniit'ni'iiii't''< exi^i on a 
 very exicii-ive ^C'»l>' : liu'ralure, scienre, ami iiM the 
 arlK holli iiseliil mil ilii«:ifit, are eurr < d In a 'li^h de- 
 i;ree ol' ni'rCrcli'ni ; com neree is carried on >viili t-very 
 qii.trler of (lie i^luiie ; an<l the niililitry art i* so well 
 uiidi'r4(0!)il, ill .1 the islandi and eoHHtn in nlmo'^l every 
 p:irt oi' the >vnr!il are reduced tu colonial iiiitijoclion. 
 
 <lueslinno. What nation* are savages ? 2. What na- 
 tioMH arc b.irliiuoiis ? 3 What nations are hall'-ei^iliz- 
 c<l? +. What natinn* are civilized? !i. How do 
 lavages fjiiin >t siibsisienee ? <i. Are savage com. tries 
 thickly settled ? 7. What are the bent trails in the 
 character of savages? 8. What are the hud traits? 
 U llovv do the barbarous nations suhtist ? 10. What ia 
 their character? lt< In ivhat oecuputioiis are the half< 
 civili/.ed nations engaged? lii. What is the ^nvern- 
 menl limong the half-civilized nations ? 13. What is 
 their rharaeier ? 14. How are the civilized ualious 
 distioguished ? 
 
 Metals and Minerals. Gold is usually found In a 
 perfectly pure state, at the font of lar,i;e rans;esof moun- 
 tains, from which it is washed down by the rivers. The 
 countries which furnish the most gold are Brazil, Peru, 
 Mexico, Kast and West .\frica, and the islands of Su- 
 matra, Borneo, and Celebes. 
 
 Silver. By far the richest silver mines in the world 
 are those of Mexico and Peru. In the courte of 
 three centuries, it is estimated ih.'it they have yifjdej 
 816.000,000 lbs. of pure tdlver. More than uine lenths 
 of all the silver in the world comes from the uiiueii of 
 Spanish America. 
 
 I| 
 
336 
 
 UEMiUAIi VIEWS 
 
 Iron, tie mnM iispj\il ol'thi' moiaU. is vpry gcnpially 
 «liHii«f(l. Tlie iiio»l »'nli-ii»ivt' iron iiiiiitH in (lie woilil 
 an- ill (ircul ikiluiii iiml Knuici'. Tlii' riillowiii^ lal)ie 
 fthnw* till' CHtimaii'd .iiiiiiihI pruduceul' iruu mines ill (lit- 
 fureiit (iiirU of the m urid. 
 
 Sluinlalt. 
 
 1. (;it;a» Biiliiin B,oito.ooo 
 
 2. France ■l,'iO<K«<tO 
 
 3 \Iu',«\a i,r,ra.()oo 
 
 4. ft«tiKil 1,300.000 
 
 a. \us\iiii 1,0 1. .000 
 
 I'niled Stn)*-* J-SO.OOO 
 
 r. All olhcr cuiintrics ' l,Oir>.000 
 
 13,180 000 
 
 IN 
 
 Copper. Oreul nritain produces more copper an- 
 niiailj Mian all I lie rest ol' Kiiropc. Tliitt mt'tal opeiirg 
 also ill Norway, 8wtfdi'n, Ausliia, and uiuii} oilier parts 
 ol'tlie world. 
 
 Lead. Orent Brilnin produces more lead annually 
 llmii till I lie rent of Kiirnpe. 'lliere are lend minHS aUo 
 ill France, Ocrmunj, Austria, Spain, and the United 
 Slates. 
 
 Tin is of less frequent oceurrence. Tlie principal 
 ..jne« in ilie world are in Cornwall in Oreal Brilain. 
 It is found also in Huxony and Spain ; and Bauca, a 
 smull island near Sumatra, is almost sntirely composed 
 of it. 
 
 (luicksilver. There are no mines of qsieksilver of 
 any imporiunce, except those of Almndcn ia Spain, 
 Idria in Austria, and Uuaticavelica in Peru. 
 
 Coal is duu; in immense quantities in Great Britain, 
 particularly near Newcastle, in the north of England. 
 ll occurs also in various parts of France and Crermany, 
 iu China, in the island of Cape Breton, in the country 
 around i'itisiiuri; in Feunsylvaniu, and in other parts of 
 North America. 
 
 Salt is very generally difluscd over the surface of the 
 earth. The must fatnoiis salt mines in the world are 
 those in Austrian Poland neur Cnicow. The greatest 
 
RWs* 
 
 laU. id very gi'nprally 
 
 III iiiitii'H ill Hie world 
 
 Till* i')illo\viii!{ tHitle 
 
 ce ut' iruu niiiies in (lit- 
 
 Sluinlali. 
 8,01)0.000 
 ■l,-iO(>,0(tO 
 
 ijora.ooo 
 i,aoo.ooo 
 
 1,0 1 •.,(100 
 
 1S0,(100 
 
 1,015,000 
 
 13,180 000 
 
 ec8 more copper an- 
 10. TliiM metHi oreiirs 
 , and man} ullier parts 
 
 ft more load annually 
 i>re are lend minxR aUo 
 '^puin, and llic United 
 
 ronce. The principal 
 wall in Oreal Brilain. 
 Spain ; and Bauca, a, 
 nost sntirely composed 
 
 lines of qsieksilver of 
 if Almndcn ia Spain, 
 ca in Pern. 
 
 ilios in Great Britain, 
 
 the nnrlli of England. 
 
 BVan«e and Germany, 
 
 Breton, in the connlry 
 
 1, and in other parttt of 
 
 over the surface of the 
 lines ill ttie world are 
 jnicow. The greatest 
 
 OF Tin: WOULD. oJ7 
 
 salt work^ in tht' ruilnd States are tliose at Sulinn in 
 New York. Salt is iiiaih; in lut^e (|inui:itie<t in the 
 West Imlies, from the water of the o«eun, by evaporii- 
 tion of the 8UU. ' 
 
 tliiPMiom. 1. Where is gold usuallv found .^ 3. What 
 coiiiilries pruilui'u it in greiil itbuiKlanci^ f a, Wlicru 
 are the riehixl Miivrr mines in the world ? 4. How 
 large a jioi'tion of all the silver in (he world cumes fruin 
 Spanish America .'' 5. Wiiat country contains the nmst 
 extensive iron mines f 0. What four countries yield 
 the greatest quantity of iron ? 7. What country pro- 
 duces most lead ? 8. Where arc the principal tin 
 mines in the wnrM ? 0. What island in the Kast Indies 
 contains tin in great (|uantities P lo. Where are the 
 quicksilver mines ? 11. Where are the principal coal 
 mines in Great Britain f I'i. What other couatries 
 produce coal ? 13. Where are the most famous salt 
 mines in the world P 14. Where are the principal salt 
 works in the United Stales P 
 
 VEOEr.\ni.ES. The number, size, and luxnrianco of 
 vegetables are greatest in llie torrid zone, «nd dimiiiiAh 
 as you go toward the poles. Our hemisphere may be 
 divided, as respects vegetables, into four parts,' the 
 torrid zone, tlie SDiillii^rn part of the temperate zone, the 
 northern part uf the tem/wrate zone, and llie/r/^^'W zone. 
 
 1. Among tlie most reiimrkubk' vfg(>table prodnets of 
 the torrid zone arc. the sun'o palm, which jiclds a juice 
 io thirk and niilriiious, iliai it is iisi-d for food; the 
 breadfruit tree and plantain, wliich produce a frnit re- 
 sriiiotiiis,' bread; the leu/cot India, which is used for 
 i!jit-l)iiiMiiig, nnti surpnsses e\en the nnk in firmness 
 ami (liirabiliiy ; the niii;liiy Daohah. \\\\'ip]\ i^rowson the 
 h ihks of till- r^eiic^il, ami attains a cireunlV-rcnce of oo 
 aiiil 70 IVet: Mild ilie .^icnf _/>•» palm of lii<li;j, one leaf 
 of w'licli hII! lover ion or a dozen nicn. tMn/io^ani/, 
 I'lipriioil. i!m> c'/nmDi.v^, the t7(;iv, the imtmei::, ni^j/cr/i, 
 balnani nuil fn,: hiiy.-enfe -.-row onlv in tiie torrid zone. 
 
 -•■* 
 
 -1^1 
 
m 
 
 (JKNKIIAL VIKWS 
 
 v». Tlif moit iinporfant vegeUhles in llio suutlicrn 
 jr.irl III' the lempenite zone are, lite vine, from Ihc fruit 
 •.I" wliicli wine in mmle ; the muthcrry, uhicli affords 
 the Hiean* uf making nilk ; the ulive, which liubscrycs 
 many agreeaiile piirpoHeH ; u-limt mu\ ' nley, the grains 
 which yieltl the mnnt nutritious bread 
 
 3. The northern part ol" the temperate zone comprc- 
 hends amnni; other region*, Britain, a f5reat part of Ger- 
 many, of llu<i«»ia, New England and the adjacent llrilisli 
 [•roviiices. Wheat grows with difficulty in the higher 
 liiiilules of thiit climale ; but oats, hemp, and flax are 
 raised in nerfeelinn. The pastures are rich and rer^ 
 duMl ; and the forests are Kne, yielding the oak, the 
 n.s/i, the vim, tkc. This re:;ion iit liille favoured by imi- 
 mre. but U inhabited Ity the most active, enleriirising, 
 uiid inihi'trious body of men on earth. 
 
 ■I-. In the fri'^id /.one, and even as low as the parallel 
 iiftiO, nature assumes a gloomy and desolate aspect. 
 The pines and flrs rear their tall heads, and cover the 
 hiiu with their constant mantle of dark green. In pro- 
 ceeding towards the north, every species of vegetable 
 which yields food to man entirely fails ; and nothing 
 appears but dwarf trees, and a few scAttered bushes. 
 
 Questions. 1. In what zone do spiees grow ? 2. 
 What /.one is most favorable for the vine ? 3. What 
 zone is most favorable for wheat and barley ? 4. In 
 what zone are the pastures richest ? ff. What zone is 
 besi for oats, hemp and flax ? 6. What zone contains 
 the most enlerprizing and industrious men ? 7. VVhat 
 ve^ellll.les grow in the frigid zone ? 8. What is the 
 leak used for? 9. What is the sago palm valuable for? 
 10 What tree affords the means of making silk ? H. 
 W here docs the Baobab grow, and what is its greatest 
 circumfereuce ? 
 
 Animals. The torrid zone is as luxuriant in its 
 AuimaU an in its vegetables. The mighty elephunt here 
 dwells in the depth of ancient forests, while the rhinoce- 
 ros and the hippopotamus roll their enonnous bulk along 
 
w.s 
 
 ha in llio suutlicrn 
 ! vine, from I lie fruit 
 '/crry, uhicli affords 
 i*^, uliicli Kubscrvcs 
 ml ' trleif, ihe graiim 
 ■11(1. 
 
 ;[ierale zone comiirc- 
 , a f5r«'i»< part utiier- 
 I the udJHCeiit Uritisli 
 Viuiilty in the liiglier 
 I, hemp, anil flax are 
 's are rich antl Tcr^ 
 ieltling llie oak, Ihe 
 liille favoured liy ivn- 
 active, enterprising, 
 itl). 
 
 v<i low as Ihe parallel 
 and desolate aspect, 
 heudi, and cover the 
 d&rk green. In pro- 
 species of vegetable 
 y fails ; and nothing 
 f scAltercd bushes. 
 
 lilt spiees grow ? 2. 
 the vine ? 3. What 
 t and barley ? 4. In 
 it ? S. What zone is 
 i. What zone conlains 
 rious men ? 7. What 
 me i 8. What is the 
 1^0 palm valuable for? 
 of making silk t* 11. 
 id what is its greatest 
 
 is as luxuriant in its 
 e mighty ekphant here 
 ests, while the rhinoce- 
 ir euormuus bulk along 
 
 OP TIIK WOKLl). 
 
 339 
 
 rlie hankii of (he streams. The most ferocious animuls 
 itl Ihii zone are (he Hon, the ti^er, llic leopard, (he pan- 
 tfier, the ounce, and the liycrna. Here almi is (he giiitlo 
 nnd beautiful antelope, and (he useful camel, yiiliout 
 whose, aid the deserts would be inipassahlf. 'I'his liurii- 
 Ing zone generates swarms of reptiUi and srrpeuts of an 
 enormous size. Crocodiles anci alligators till uM (he 
 great rivers, and are ready to devour Ihe unwary pas- 
 senger. The largest birds are the ostrich, the cassowavi/t 
 and the condor. The inserts are inconceivably numc- 
 Tous. The /ocu-ifs and ^jVs move in such close and im- 
 mense armies as to lay waste the earth, and drive na- 
 tions before ihcm. Among (he marine insects :ire the 
 corals, animals insi|;nifieHnt in themselves, but reroark- 
 ftble for the clVecIs which they produce. They have 
 stony eases which remain after the death of the animal, 
 and gradually nccumulaling and adhering lu each other, 
 at length form large rocks and even islauds. The Pa- 
 cific Ocean, from New Holland to ".iendly islands, 
 is entirely a coral sea, and navii^utors are in perpetual 
 danger of striking agaiuht recks of this substance. 
 New Holland is in a manner walled round with coral 
 rocks, which render the navigation very dangerous. 
 
 In the temperate zone (here ar* very few monslroug 
 or ferocious animals ; but the horse, the oa.', the sheep^ 
 and other valuable domestic animals are found in great 
 perfection nearly to Ihe OOtli degree of latitude. 
 
 As we approach the COth degree of latitude, the 
 country, almost deserted by man, is covered with the 
 elk, the marlin, the sable, she beaver, the ermine, ani- 
 mals protected from the cold with a covering of rich and 
 beautiful fur, which is eagerly sought after by man for 
 purposes of comfort and luxury, and hence these frozen 
 countries have become the region of an extensive fur 
 trade. The most useful domestic animal in this diihate 
 is the reindeer. 
 
 In the frigid zone the quadruped species again as- 
 sume a fierce and formidable character. The bear stalks 
 horrid amid bis frozen solitude, and fiercely defends it 
 against the daring approach of man. But the great 
 s(;^ne of life over the Polar regions is irt the ocean. It 
 
 t^ 
 
810 
 
 OKNEUAL VIKVV9 
 
 in here Hint llie mii^lilienl of lh« animal creniiuu, tiiM 
 cnoriiioiiH i«7in/.' rolli. Ihroiigli the ma, ami nnitgki* liit 
 frigliiftil rduriii!;!* willi llie loutnl oJ' llif lempesl. Be- 
 ■itlfn Ihese lonU of llii> optuii, llif Norllieni i»eHM ttwurm 
 with herrivs;ii wliieh, duririij the wiiiHr, |»i(ii!te(l in vast 
 nliiiuU to llie neun of (he H'm|uTHli- zone, wLuic ihejr ttf- 
 furd lUe fouiidaliuii of valuable ti^liuriut. 
 
 quPntionH. 1. What arc »ntne of the InrgeiJ unimaU 
 in the (orrid zone ? 3. Which are tlu- ino»t fcr«t'ioii» ? 
 3. Of whaJ ime in thr came! ? 4. Wlint ff i«cioii« animals 
 inhiibit ll<e rivers of llie (orrid zone? a. Which are 
 the ImgeM liinN ? «. What tBcet i* prodiind by the 
 loeiiMH ? 7. What ♦••Ifel in |iroiliiciil Ity llie eoraU ? 
 «. Wh;\( parmof the world nri' Irout'led with llie corul ? 
 «. What »iiimnU floini-.h in ihe lfm|terale zone ? 10. 
 What HtiinialH are found near llie Oiilli de^nt- of lati- 
 tude ? 11. What partK of Ihe world firnducf the lu'ot 
 furs ? ii. What ferocious niiiuial i.i;i.,!iili« llie rrij;it! 
 ■tme ? 13. W hat reinuikdble Ksl; iu the polar »eu» ? 
 
 TEMPEnATi'UF,. The two lending caii«e« uliich af- 
 fect llie lenipernlure of any region are diMtnnce from 
 the eijuator, aud elivalioii above the level of the sea. 
 Ill proporlioM an you go from the etiuiitor towards the 
 pole* the eold increases, and in proportion a* yoii 
 Hucend above the level of the sea the euld increases. 
 Hence, under the equator, low eoniilries are excensivcly 
 lot and unheallhy, but regions elevated 6000 or SOOD 
 feel enjoy a deligfiiful temperature, while at 13,000 or 
 ll,i'00 feet, lle^ climate 'a the same a« in the frozea 
 zone, and at 15,000 feet is the region of perpetual con- 
 gelation, where ice never melts, niid all mountains 
 are covered above this height with eternal snow. The 
 following table shows ihe mean temperature at the level 
 uf the sea, in all the successive latitudes, and the bcight 
 at which perpetual eongelatioa takes place. 
 
V'9 
 
 iriiinni ereniiiiu, (ii«t 
 i-u, aixi niiiigk'« hi* 
 r llu! leni|)u<t(. Be- 
 lorllierii t>v»* Hwurm 
 liter, |ii'iiufeil in vaHt 
 xoiie, wliL'iu I hey uf- 
 L'rici. 
 
 7 (he lnrgp«t unimaU 
 tlio inoHt <'«T«t'ioii» ? 
 lint fVrneioii« animal* 
 ne ? a. Wliieli are 
 I i* proiliircd by the 
 iccil liy lliH rornlM ? 
 ihlril uitti tlte rorul ? 
 m|M>rale /.one ? 10. 
 omli (I'^iff iif liiti- 
 rlil firn<lu»'i' tlio lii'Mt 
 I i.wi.Jiilit the rri,:;i(I 
 in itiu [tulur iieu» ? 
 
 inc; cnii«e« uliich af- 
 II ure (liHlaiicf from 
 the level oi' the sea. 
 eciuiitoi' townnU tho 
 I |ini|iorliuii ai yuii 
 I the euiil iiiereti(tc9. 
 iilrie!* are exeensively 
 uvutcfl 6000 or 8(!00 
 S while at 13,000 or 
 (lie an in the frozen 
 ion of jierpetiial con- 
 , and all nioiintaiiiii 
 I eternal snow. The 
 iiptrature at the level 
 ituilc8, and the height 
 kes place. 
 
 OF TIIK WOULD. 
 
 Hi 
 
 
 Pcrpelual Cjn^eliHiuit 
 
 M'M T<m[nrutur<, 
 
 Jeet. 
 
 84° I*' 
 
 ili,ii)7 
 
 8i° fl' 
 
 itja* 
 
 7»' 1' 
 
 I3,r8 
 
 ri^ 1 
 
 It, IS* 
 
 (^f ft 
 
 9,001 
 
 03° 0' 
 
 n,3di 
 
 4.1" 
 
 8,818 
 
 88" I 
 
 1,778 
 
 aa^rt' 
 
 457 
 
 8ii«0' 
 
 
 
 Latitiiiii- 
 
 
 
 1<» 
 SO 
 80 
 40 
 GO 
 fiO 
 70 
 80 
 00 
 
 qitpstions. i. Wha< are Ihe two leading cau«e» which 
 afloet the temperature of any place r 2. In ascending 
 a loHy nioiinlain dnen the climate hccome warmer or 
 colder? 3. What i» the climate of low countries in 
 the torrid zone ? 4. What is the climate of places near 
 the equator, which are elevated 0000 or 8000 feet above 
 the level of the sea ? 0- What is the climate at the 
 heitsht of t»,0(io feet under the equator ? 6. What is 
 the climate at OOOO feel in latitude 40' ? 7. How high 
 must ft mountain rise in lutilude hO" before its lop will 
 be covered with perpetual snow ? 8. What i* the 
 mean temperuture at the level of the sea, under ihs 
 equator ? 
 
 50* 
 
 i 
 
mJES'l'IOXS ON TUli MAPS. 
 
 MAI* OF TIIK MOULD. 
 
 1 On wliich tide of (lie equator it Ihere thp tnniit land r 
 
 2 Wliicli cuutincnt coiiluiHS the muni iuntj, tliu euitern 
 
 or western ? 
 a Whifli iit llie iargpst, Asia or Africa r 4 Africa or 
 
 Miiiilh America r Houtli Ami'rioa or Kurupe ? 
 
 New ilolluiiil or Snutli America r 
 7 What ciii»ri(>rit uftlie ^luhe are vruviied by the cqiia* 
 
 tor P 8 What islaiidit r 
 9 What quarter* are croised by the tropic of CaprU 
 
 coru f 10 WtiHt i«laudH r 
 
 11 What quarters are cros<te(l by tho tropic of Cancer? 
 
 12 What quarter! are cronni d by liic Arctic circle ? 
 
 13 Throuijh how many /on<.ii doet America run '( 
 
 H In what zone* docR Al'rica lie r lO In what 7.nnc« 
 doefl Agiu lie ? 16 In what zonei), Xorth America f 
 17 In what zonei, South America ? lu In what 
 zone*, Kurope P 
 
 19 In wimt /.one, the West Indict* ? 20 Thp Aitiatic 
 island* P il The Society itlaiidxP 23 The ^iand- 
 M ich inland* ? 83 Spil/.licrfjiii P 
 
 24, In what /one is the priuripul itart of Asia P 'iS 
 The principal pftrl of Nnrlh America ? Jfl 'I'he 
 prineip<tl pirt of Kurnpr ? i7 The printipal part 
 tif Afiiiii f i8 The priiicipul part of South 
 Aineri.ii ? 
 
 ^9 In wliit direction from North America i* Kuutb 
 AniiTica P 
 
 .^0 lu what diffctiun from A»ia ii New llolluud P 
 
lli MAl'b. 
 
 LO. 
 
 llipre Ihp tnniit lanil r 
 uDt lunJ, tliu eu»lern 
 
 frica r 4 Africa or 
 nieriou or Kuruite ? 
 rica f 
 cruDiiC'd by the c«|iia* 
 
 llie (rupie of Capri< 
 
 lio tropic of Cancer ? 
 he Arctic circle ? 
 America run i 
 i 15 ill what 7.oncn 
 neo, Xiirlh America? 
 erica ? lU In what 
 
 K ? 20 Thp Asiatic 
 imIx r 33 The 8uHd- 
 •h r 
 
 I part di' Asia i iS 
 
 Aiiicrica ? J6 The 
 
 17 'I lie priiit'ipal part 
 
 ipitl pun ul' !3iiuth 
 
 h America in Huutb 
 
 New llulluud ? 
 
 ^ 
 
 QUES'SiONS. 
 
 313 
 
 Jl III what «iir<<etion is Africa fruni Asia '( 33 Africa 
 from Kuriipe f 
 
 J.J Which niiii farthest north, Africa or South Aineri< 
 ca r Jh Which run* fnrlhcitl Roiith i 
 
 M Which i* farlhi'<«t north, NvMfoiiiullanii or Great 
 Hi iiin r' :ii« Qiifliec or l.ontlon .' :iT lln^ion or 
 I'ariN ? .IS Hra/il or (iuinca f 30 Cape lioru or 
 the Cape ofiiooil linpe i* 
 
 •lu What sIraitK connect the Parilie Milh the Frozen 
 Ocean r it The Mediterranean with the Allan- 
 tic ? 12 'I'liu Hed Sea wilh tlie liidinn Ocean i* 
 4.i Hailing (lay wilh the Atlantic P 
 
 M What »lrait<t separate I'aia^oiiia from Terra del 
 Fnei^o ? >A New llolluiid from Van Dienien't 
 land ? w New Holland from New Guinea r i7 
 Humatra from Malaya i 
 
 48 What cHpe at the southern extremity of America ? 
 •lU What, at tlie Nnullieru extremity of Afrieu r no 
 At the Meslern extremity of Europe f oi At the 
 western extremity of Africa ? 
 
 82 What sea lies hetween Europe and Africa r 03 
 What great sea lietueen Europe and Ania P d'h 
 What sea between Asia and Africa ? 0.1 What 
 gulf between Persia and Arabia e 0fl Whnt buy 
 between IliudooHlun and Farther India ? A7 What 
 sea between the Went IndieH and boulh America f 
 
 08 Which is the laif^t'iil, the Mediterranean or the Gulf 
 of Mexico P au The ('uitpian Sea or Lake Supe- 
 rior P 6U Borneo or Great Uritain P Oi Iludsou'i 
 Hay or the Uullic ? 
 
 G3 Which i<« the lari:est island between Asia ttud Uv\f 
 Holland ? 
 
 03 In what direction from Jlmneo are Sunial a and 
 Java P fit In what direi-iion from Hon eo is 
 Celebes? 6fl In what direelioii, the Spice islitiidM ? 
 nn Ifi what direction, the Philippine iHlund** ? fl7 
 The Pele» islands ? (18 The Ladroue islands ? 
 OU The Caroline island)* ? 
 
 :o 
 
 In what direction from the Society islanda are the 
 MarcjiiiyH* ? 71 The Sai'ilwieli islandii ? 73 
 
 Navi^.iior'H 
 
 i^lMnd"! ? 7.t 1 III' Frientlly islands ? 
 1 New Zeulaud P 7j Filcnira's isluud ? 
 
1^1 
 
 QUKhTlONs. 
 
 7H Whul i»Uiii1i« iiftf the N. W. «»»»\ «f Africt f 
 
 TT Wlinl i«luii.U tm the M. F.. r<i«»t «il' Arncu r 
 
 7» Wh.re it HI. Helen*? r» Whu« an- httlkland 
 
 mImiiiU •' « n» ■ I 
 
 HO >Vh«l i^lumi* n»i(lw»y between Korope, VFnc* iinil 
 
 AmcritMi r 
 «t VMi«t ^^«al i*lmul-( iu tlic Areliv <l.'o«ii r 
 N4 \\li4t Urnf inland lto« *<'«nh "f H(iiil««i»tan f 
 HJ What Uis;u i»luiMl H"iiil» <•• Ne« llulUinl ? 
 81 Wlial lari^f i»Unil near the ntoulli of lli«' >*«• l«»w« 
 
 88 What are *he principal Kroiipe* ofii.amlii in llie 
 IniTJil y.»<ni* i 
 
 se What *ca», >.trtti»«, chaiintU. nnil oeoani ^oiild }<iu 
 \m** llif.i«!<l» ill "uili'iK '■'•'»'" ^*' I'^ltT'l'Mff ' •» 
 lliimhaj ? 87 W'hni boilies ol' *ftter wniilil ytiU 
 nuM through ii» umlinn Imin rntidm to Qinliec ? 
 «s What, in naiiiitj^ fi'dii \tw OrkaiiKto Aron«i«- 
 fful ? HJ What, 1(1 -Htlirif^ from t'<iii*t.in inopte lo 
 Htofkholm ? m \Mmi, iu nailinn from I'tkin to 
 
 Miii'lia ? ... i. ., • ■ 
 
 01 III wliut (li.eelion frnm the istlimts «/ //nrii-n it 
 (JrniiJiuid ? tti 111 «l'"t •liitPlioii, H' hriiii;'* 
 mraiu f «^ ••> w'l^' <liri'piii>ii,('ape Hi. Uoijue ? 
 \)h III wlial (littetion, ♦Jitpa Hurn f 
 •A W'liui c«uii(ri»'» lioriler oii the liiilian Ocean .' 9<» 
 '.VI;,it oountrie» Uriler on the M.-fl^irrr meaii r «7 
 W hat nu.»iter» of Ihe i;lolie hnr«|i-r on the S'acifto 
 <>(. un r VH W'liui ((iiarlor* bi.rder on the Atlun- 
 lic .' «tt What nuartcr* bonier on the Arctic 
 
 Ovtun ? , . , »T I 
 
 joo What coimtrii*'' ilueii the parallel or 00 IN. lal. past 
 thnm^h r ml ^^bul e«iuii»rie» tluei the parallel 
 of .10 prt!Hi(hr..ti,i5h r toJ Throu«;h Mh;H ct.unlriea 
 the nunill*-! "f 40 .' |().J Ihrou^li what eounirie* 
 the parallel ..f 30 i Hi* Ihroiigh \vliat couulriis 
 the piirullel of ^0 ? 
 101 What lari^e peiiiiuiila i» there in the northeast or 
 
 A»ia ? »» . A ^ 
 
 100 W hat ptuiubulji on iLc we»t ioftil o^^«rll^ Amer- 
 ica r 
 
iia«t of Africa .' 
 
 it III' Afrii'tt r 
 
 hvr« art' Futklititil 
 
 Kuropc, \fric» iiml 
 
 lio OcpHH r 
 
 r lliiiilooiiliiti i 
 
 n IIoIUihI ? 
 
 Mill or llii- M». Law. 
 
 let ofiiluiuU in ilie 
 
 ml oeoan<i Mould }»U 
 I St. l'eli'r»ltur'^li to 
 •if wm»T wniilii ytiu 
 rnn(<in I" Qmli"C ? 
 V OrkttHK to ArchftH- 
 nm t'liiiii.ini'noptp lo 
 liliDK from I'L-kin to 
 
 hthmt» »/ Ihrien it 
 (liiiptioii. U'liriiii^'i 
 ion, V»\\e Hi. Itoque ? 
 hliirri r 
 
 I liiilitin Ocean ? 0(» 
 ; Mcfliicrr menu ? '.>7 
 inriJiT oil tlie S'nciftO 
 bi.rdiT on ilie Atiun- 
 jriler oh llie Arctic 
 
 Itfl of 00 N. lat. paiif 
 rit^i ilov* the purullel 
 liroo«;li wliiit ctiunlriti 
 irou.jli what couniripi 
 iroiigli Nvliat couulriiH 
 
 re in the northeast of 
 
 ioatt of Nurib Amcr- 
 
 yUKHTHlNS. 
 
 Mi 
 
 inr Whiflt runt frttthi-iil wftt Afiifii or r.nropr ? 
 
 ltd Id mIihI tlirrfimn i< t'lun- J'.nl truiii (*n|ii' ll»H« f 
 
 lu« TliriMi^h ulitil platen il«je« the meiitlian ol'Q"''"^ 
 
 ilt. Whiclirun^ farih««l miiiih, Vfrictor New llillaua . 
 
 MAC ur NUHVIt AMKHU'A. 
 
 I Wli.it OL-ean* liortltT on N'-irili Amfdi-a? 
 
 .1 In whfti put of N. Aiii'-ricA ftri- ilir Hiili»h p««. 
 H'UMiiii* ; .' Ill «h.H purl, iho rinlf.l Hiuitu? 
 J In «h'it purl, (ill' Spiininh pM»*f«iii.in« ? • In 
 whm p.irl. lintiilHinI .• I) 1 1 wlitU pari, ihv Uai- 
 Hiiin mdlfiii' i(l<» ." 
 
 T III wh.ii (lirt'ffion il'tf* thr wptti-ri r<»ri*l »f N-irtli 
 Ainii it'll run r ''■ I" wl.nt iliri-iiiitn dot* ilic em- 
 lirn ctiti'.i run f '• In "h:»l din-pfinn ilu- H»ky 
 niniiMiiiiiit r |(> III »l.al direction the Alleghmiy 
 niiiiiNiftin* ? 
 
 I I Wliit'ii are the five larijrti hav* or giilr* in %i)rlU 
 
 \ini'rii'ii f 
 
 U' >Vliiil liiri^e "i'land* He n«'ar (lio ninntli of llie ^f. 
 Lrtwr^-nef r II Wliul eiiiiHicIfnililc i«liiii<l« <iii ih»» 
 Cii^it i.r llif r. !-iiil<«.- »i ^Vliiil i-Iiii-N ill li.e 
 Ai|i»nii<- Offim fUHt of Cuiiditin r 
 
 I . NVIiith iire (he hc^imi it !!;.•■< I lukf* in N. Amorn-u.- 
 
 M In «hiit iliifiMion from Lnkr Jifii' \* l.iil**' "•ii.i'ru r .' 
 
 17 In wtiut dirifii.in IV.mi l-ake Krie i* l.iikf >>'•>•''• 
 p,!^f J!l Sl.tve Lake: I ' llud».in'* Buj r '^0 Ihc 
 (iulf Iff St. I.awrfiu-f? 
 
 ^l What Ik the priiieipal river which emptier info the 
 Frozen Ocean f '.'.i Inio lluiNxi.N Ha> ? '-'-* Imn 
 the Onlf of St. I.awreneei- :\ Into <he (Julf 
 of Mexieor 2J Into (he Uuif of Culii'orniu? 
 L't; Into (lie I'ai-ifie Oeeaii ? 
 
 '.'7 Through \»hal iakcn do Ihi? water* of Lake Supe- 
 rior piis'* before they rraeh the Oeean 
 
 ','t! Ill what gen»Tttl diVeeiion, iI.hh (he Si, LawreuC© 
 run? ii'J In what dtrtilit.n, the Mi^si^Hippi r 
 
 oO What river i» the outlet of Luke Winoipej ? 
 
 
iid 
 
 QLKHilOVf. 
 
 M 
 
 :m 
 
 %) 
 yi 
 
 SB 
 .•v.» 
 40 
 41 
 4.' 
 4.i 
 4t 
 
 47 
 43 
 
 4!» 
 
 50 
 £^1 
 62 
 && 
 
 09 
 
 CO 
 Ul 
 
 62 
 
 64 
 
 Gh 
 0i 
 
 Wlut rUff l« Ifii' nittirt «r HiavP l.»k«- * 
 U li«l •f|ii»rnl#« l.ntiriiilor fr»in UrtM-nUiul * 
 >Vli«» ncjnniH-* I, tbrmliir from N'iM»fiiiiinlUntl ^ ^ 
 III wliiit Uliiiiile I* llif Mtiiiilli III' ihv .Mi4«M»i|»)ii r 
 III »hHl lulllmli' i« (liH niKiiili nf (lit- Hi. I.ii ...•i«'«' :_ 
 In Mhal liliiiiil-', ilic iiioiiili of M.ick.-n/ip'i r«*«'r : 
 III uhil iliriM'ttoii from NiMUmiiitllHinl ih iIii- l^ranJ 
 
 n.ii.k? , 
 
 On V. liHl »ii|f nf N< wf'unnnniiH i» hi. Julmkr 
 
 Wlirri' i< ilie hin of Fnintj' r 
 
 Wlierp \% i'lijti- llirioii i^lmul 1 
 
 WUni Itoilii'* of WHliT lionlrr on \ovii Sfotit? 
 
 \Vli!»t hoilii'* of HBicr Itorilcr on .Nftv-BruntHuk? 
 
 On Ml.ieli (iiti- of Novu-Hrolia in llitlifki i 
 
 In »ltiii iliriTlMiH from UaUJttx ii llottnn F 45 la 
 
 wliitt tlirt'ction <^Mp)>cp? •\\- In nlitt dircttioa 8t. 
 
 Jolii'V in Ni'v^foiiiHlUnil? 
 Ill \\\>'\\ iliD'Clinn frrim Hnilon i* Qurbee f 
 In wImI (liri-cliou fro« N^w-York it Mnnlr«tl ? 
 lu ttliui tiirtM'iion frun Onltiinure i« Kiegaton in 
 
 rplHT CanHilii f 
 lit wliut ilirvelion frum Kinf^'«(un are Montreal anil 
 
 Qiit-ti*'*' ? 
 Ill ulmi ilirectioii from Baltimore are New-York and 
 
 Ito^ioii i 
 What M llio iHiituilv nf llie cily of Meiien i 63 Of 
 
 Nfu-OrliuiM r fil Of l'LilM(Jfl)tliiit r 
 Wliifh wny from Mi'Xivit \* New-Orl-un*? f)6 
 
 Which way, Verii Cruz ? 57 Acupulco r T'l' Mao- 
 
 ta Ke ? 
 What litri^e Ulund in the muuth of thf Gulf of 
 
 Mexi<'u ? 
 
 W hicli \\»j from Cuba i« Jnmniru ? 
 Which way from Jitmaica in ihi' pcninnuln of Yuca- 
 tan ? 
 Oo which fiiile of the peninsula nf Yucatan it the 
 
 bay of Cumpeachy i €>;> Oo which «ide, the ba) of 
 
 llondurui ? 
 What large Inko in Oiialimnia ? 
 Where doei lake Nicarnnna empty P 
 V/hire d«C8 the Kio del JVortc empty i 
 
K Uri'i'iiUii'l ? 
 I Ni'^rniintllMnil r 
 of ihf Mi««i««i|»l'i i 
 iif (lie Kl. 1. 11... > lift* r 
 I" .M.ifki'n/ir'i ri*i'r f 
 itiiitliniul it till* (JranJ 
 
 i(i i» hi. Jidin'tf 
 
 } 
 
 on \ov« Scotift? 
 nil .Nc\v-Brunt«ii«k? 
 It I* lltlifai } 
 X i« Hoitnn f 45 la 
 in t\liiit dirtcUoa 8t< 
 
 I U Qiirbee f 
 'ork it Mnnlr«al ? 
 iroore U Kiagaton in 
 
 lun ftre Montreal Rnil 
 
 ore are New-York and 
 
 y of MeiJeo ? 63 Of 
 i(Ji'l)thitt r 
 
 14 Nr\v-(lrl ■UM* ? r>C 
 f Ai'ajtulcu t f>i.' HftD- 
 
 nou(h of till! Uulf of 
 
 inira? 
 
 ihi' i>ciiiniulnof Yuea- 
 
 uIa of Yucatan it the 
 wliieti tide, llic ba) of 
 
 ila? 
 
 inpty f 
 ! empty i 
 
 gi'MMOVj*. 
 
 y^t 
 
 I.7 In M !)iit tlirt ctir n doet it run ? 
 
 't I NMii'liiif Ihf \\t*t liiilia i<ilHntl4 i* fiiriiiPtt iouiti f 
 
 ••;i Wliicli I'lirithtl norlli ? *0 WlitJi farihctt 
 
 eati? 71 Wliiflli r.irili«>«l w«tt ? 
 Vi WliH'li Miiy from .liifijiun i* I'ortn HlfB P 
 
 ll'iiiiiiii^o r TtCtitiar Vi <)uu«UI»ii|m> r 
 
 ir\ SI. 
 i Mir* 
 rj 'Ilia 
 
 liiiiror '7 (Jri'H.-|ila i* 'H 'rriiiiilttd r 
 llcrniinlM* ? 
 QO Wliii-li «vi«v fioiii (^ilia it Jamniea r til Wliirh 
 niiv, till.' li.tlKuna itluiiiit? 
 
 M\l' or tOUTII AMKItlCA. 
 
 I >Vlial i^lltinii* ooniii-rtt \ortli and Snut^i Aiiiciim p 
 i Wlial cupe at ilio •UKlfrii extremity ufHuutli Anivri- 
 
 fa? 
 .t What cape at tlie toutliertv rxlreinily ? 
 I Which way from the itihmiit of Dariin to Cape Ht 
 
 llnf|iie 
 f) Which way from Cape St. Uot,iif to (^api' K«rn ? 
 
 6 Which way from Cape Horn tu the iatliuiut of Da- 
 
 rien ? 
 
 7 In what direction do the Andtit run ? 
 
 8 In what part of South Amcrii.i it I'alaganaP 
 
 9 in what part it New (Grenada ? 
 
 10 What eountrict of 8. America border on the I'aeifie ? 
 
 1 1 What cniiiitriet bori^rr on the Caribbean tea P 
 1'.' What counlriet border on the AilanWc ? 
 
 J J What country citendt from the tJulf of Marncaybo 
 to the moiilh of the Or.moeo f I 'I What country, 
 from the mouth of the Urnnoco to the mouth of the 
 Amazon ? 15 What country from the mouth of the 
 Aain/.on nlmott to the La Plata f 
 
 \C, Wfiiil dctcrt «epi\rale4 I'eru from Chili ? 
 
 )7 What *e«arales.<"hili from Bueno* Ayre<i ? 
 
 la In what iauiude i* the mouth of th>.' Am>txon f 
 
 i'.) Ill what latitude i* the mouth of the I<n I'lata ? 
 
 '.'U In what direction ducpi the couhI of ( hili luu ? 
 
 31 lu what (IKectiou doei the coail of I'cru run ? 
 
 % 
 
;}48 
 
 QIIKSTIONS. 
 
 22 In «liat i1ircprn.ii from Duenns ^li/res is St. .Tn:;o,tli»; 
 
 c;«i>ilul f»r I'liili ? '-';' I" w''<" tlinMaiiiu is l.iinar 
 
 'Jl 111 Mliiit iliii'ctitiii, Itiu Juiifiro f '-'ft In xvliut 
 
 diii'ctidii, Mnnli'vith'o P 
 26 In wliiil ilireclion iVoni Ciirncccts U Cnrthngi'im ? -27 
 
 In wli a iliiTCtion Stiniii Fe de liojj'ila r as In wimt 
 
 tlircction, I'ariininnbo f 
 i!n AVIiicli \vny iVoni Lima is St. Snlvatlor ? 
 •M Wliich are the lliree greatest riverH in S. Anienea ? 
 
 31 Wlure do tbcy empty ? Where does the Miydulenu 
 
 empty? , . ,, ,, n 
 
 32 Are there any great rivers emptying into the 1 acilic 
 
 from H. America ? » . • 
 
 33 What Heparules Terra del Fuego from the main 
 
 3J Where are Falkland is-lands ? 35 Whore i« (he 
 island of Jiian Fernandez ? 36 In what latitude is 
 the island of Trlnidud .=■ « r» • 
 
 37 What hay, on the Moulh side Uie islhmns of Darien ? 
 3S Whiil hav on the north side ? 
 
 30 How is Chili bounded ? 40 How is I'eni bounded ? 
 '11 How is Hiienoi, Avns bounded ? 12 How is Ven- 
 e/iiela bounded ? lb How is N.-w Grenada hound- 
 cd ? 14 How is Brazil bounded f , 45 How is Pata- 
 gonia bounded .- 
 
 4f. Whieh way from Quito is Popayan ? 
 
 Al Which way from Carlhagena is Porto Hello f 
 
 4t) Which way is Saiila Ma.lha frr.m Cunhngena ? 
 
 49 Which wa'v from CAiareas i^ rumaiia ? 
 
 50 lo what part of Veuez-ieln is Like Maracaybo ? 
 
 51 <)u what liver is St. Thomas ? 
 i)n what river is Paramaribo ? 
 
 51 
 
 52 
 
 5:i Which way from Lima is Ousco ?^ 
 51 Wliere is "i^ake Tilieaca ." r>5 Whe 
 
 uo 
 
 DO 
 en 
 
 re is Lake Pa- 
 
 rima ? -, i i < 
 
 In what direction does thoM.idtirarnn ? 57 In wliat 
 
 Jliopiion. tiu> Paraf;uii\ ? 03 In what direction, 
 
 lilt Piiran.) ? 
 
 Ill wliat (liri'ction tlii» IMagdalena .' 
 Wliieh wa\ IVom Si..l;i-.» is Valparaiso .' 
 
 (31 W hicli way from Valparaiso is Cuneeption ? 
 
 1 
 
i. 
 
 ^Ii/rfs in St. .Tfi£;o,tlie 
 tl tlir(M;tiiiij in Lima r 
 iK'iro r 2ft In \vltut 
 
 is Curtlingt'im ? '^7 
 UojjKia r as In wlmt 
 
 iftlvatlor ? 
 
 ivcTH in S. Aniprica ? 
 does the Mayduleaa 
 
 lying iuto Uic Pacific 
 
 iiego from (lie main 
 
 > 35 Where is the 
 10 III what iatituile 18 
 
 c isthmus of Darieii ? 
 
 le? 
 
 (iw i« I'er-ii boiindiMl ? 
 
 lied ? 12 How ifi Vi'fi- 
 
 Ni'W tJren.ida hoiiiid- 
 
 d f ,'Ij How is Pat a- 
 
 i\aii ? 
 
 a" l»oit«» Hello ? 
 
 W-m l^arilingeiia ? 
 
 (^11 III II II a P 
 
 Like MaracHjbo f 
 
 ? 
 
 i Wliere is Lake Pa- 
 
 cira run ? Ti? In wliat 
 i3 li! Mhal direction, 
 
 ina r 
 
 'aljiaraisn r 
 li t'uncpption ? 
 
 1 
 
 Ql'KSTlONS. 3 10 
 
 02 Which way from (Ninception in VaMivia ? 
 
 R.i Which way IVnni St. Jago in PoIohI f 
 
 01 Whiv'h way is Poto.si from liueiios Ayreu ? 
 
 MAP OF EUROPE. 
 
 I What spa lies between Europe and Africa ? 3 What 
 
 seas bt'tweeii Europe and Asia? 
 :< What sea lie* bi'iueen U.eat Hriiainand Denmark? 
 * Syiiai sea beUvftn 8wedin and liuh i? 
 Xyiiereisthf White sea ? Into what ocean does 
 
 it opeu ? 
 
 7 »e(ween what countries is the English rliannel ? 
 S Between what eouiilries is Ht George's channel ? 
 y Uetwceii what eoMMtries is (he Cattegat ? 
 
 10 Hi't vt-ii what countries is the Skager Rack ? 
 
 11 ^Vhal budiis of water are connected by the straits 
 
 of Gibraliiw ? |2 What bodies, by the straits of 
 
 J>ovei f 1 J What bodies, by the Dardanelles? 
 
 II What bodies, by the straiis of Constantinople ? 
 J 5 What Gulf lies between Turkey and Italy ? 16 
 
 Whailiiy between France aud Spain ? 17 What 
 
 three Giil». in the Baltic ? 
 13 What monniains separate Europe from Asia ? 
 
 19 What mountains separate France from Spain? 
 
 SO What mountains separate Switzerland from Italy? 
 
 21 VVhal mountains si'paraie Sweden from Norway ? 
 
 22 What mountains separate Hungary from Galitia? 
 
 23 What mountains run through Italy ? 
 
 24 Which is the largest river in Europe ? 
 
 25 Where does the V'ljga empty ? 
 
 26 Where does the Don empty > 
 
 27 Where do the Dnieper and Dniester empty ? 
 
 20 Where does the Danube empty ? 2f) Where does U 
 
 rise ? 30 Through what co'uiitries does it run ? 
 
 31 Where does the Itfiine empty f 32 Where does it 
 rise ? 
 
 3r^ Where does the Elbe empty ? 
 
 :n What coiuKriesof iJurope border on the Mediter- 
 ranean .'' 
 
 sd 
 
360 QUKSTION'!^. 
 
 :i-» Wliat coimfricH bonier on the Ulack sen : 
 
 ■M\ NM.ul c.iiulne* bor.li-r on ilic \Muv i 
 
 M WliiU coui.lries l.onk-r on I he Noilh m-a . .^ 
 
 ;iU What eo..n.ries hor.U.r on .he ^""?>';'' J '"'""" ' 
 
 39 What e..i.nlne« horder on the Bay o» Biscay ? 
 
 40 How U l*orliis;al boiiniletl f 
 
 41 ll„w is Spain hoinnK'»l r 
 
 4'J How i«» Denmark hoiiiKkMl ? 
 
 4.) How is I'Vanee bounded ? 
 
 44 How i» Turkey bounded? 
 
 4'> How is iSwodtn bounded ? i i- 
 
 40 o V U Uu-«.a bounded ? H How, Switzerland : 
 
 10 Wha, countries of Europe lie ehielly below the pa- 
 
 Whll'eommios lie chiefly above the parallel of 55 ? 
 What eonniries lie ehieflj beiween lo and oo r 
 In what part of Knrope is Lapland .■" 
 \\ hat lars^e river en.p.ie* into the Mediterranean 
 
 Wh"lfi;^'.L.I.eT«su«runf 54 Where does it 
 
 Which way does the Ducro run, and where does it 
 
 empty i , ...» 1 • I 2 
 
 In what part of Spain «8 Madrid ? 
 1„ what part of Spain IS Cadiz . 
 In what part of Spain i» Barcelona ? 
 Which wav from Cadiz is Malaii^a:" 
 Which wuV from Cadiz is tiibrallar? 
 O., wiial river u Lisbon ? G2 On what river, 
 
 What cape in the southwest of Portugal ? 
 What river separates Franco from Germany r 
 What lari^e river in the southeast of France r 
 What large river in the southwest ol brauce ( 
 \\ Iteie dues the Loire rise and empty ? 
 Wh;a mountaius separate France Irom Italy . 
 |„ what part of France is I'arw. and on what rnei • 
 I" „ hut part of France is Lyons, and on wlat 
 
 UM par. of France is Bordeaux ? 7- Tn_whut 
 
 hat part. Tuulon ? r. lu what i-, ., Calais . 
 
 4!t 
 f>0 
 ftl 
 52 
 
 63 
 
 65 
 
 m 
 
 5" 
 f)H 
 50 
 (10 
 61 
 
 0;^ 
 CI 
 
 tu) 
 Cti 
 ti7 
 
 fn 
 
 70 
 71 
 
QUESTIONS. 
 
 .'J51 
 
 tluck sea ? 
 
 sjoiili Hi-a ? 
 Kiis^lixli pimnnel ? 
 IJiiy t»r Uiscuy ? 
 
 How, Switzerland: 
 ciru'lly bc'luw tlie |.ii- 
 
 ivc tlic piirallel of 55.- 
 wocii I'J and 5'> ? 
 jtlimd ? 
 ito ihc Mt'diterrunt-an 
 
 uii? 51 Where docs it 
 
 run, and where does it 
 
 drid ? 
 
 iz ? 
 
 'celona ? 
 
 ialat';a? 
 
 ibrallnr ? 
 
 > 02 t»n what river, 
 
 of Portugal ? 
 ) frnin Ucrniany r 
 lieust of Franee ? 
 liwesl of France f 
 nd empty ? 
 laiice from I Inly ? 
 ari!*. and on »hiit river? 
 s Lyons, and on wlal 
 
 lordcaux ? 7'2 In uliiit 
 liui. M.irsi-ill.c ? 'I »» 
 ill what i^wl, Cahiis ' 
 
 16 Where i^ the Gulf of Turiinto ? Where, the Oulf 
 
 of tlenoa ? 
 11 Whui in the principal river in the norlh of Italy ? 
 Ti! Where does the Po empty r 711 Where does it ri»c r 
 '''J W'hich way from Itome is Naples r 
 ^1 Which uay from itmne in l<e^hllrll P 
 i^2 IIdw i!4 Vfuice situated ? li^ lluw is Oeiiua siluut" 
 
 td ? 
 CI Where are fhe straits of Messina ? 
 iiii Where are the straits of Honifaeio ? 
 f'l Where i^ the inland of KIba ? 
 C7 Wliirh way from Hicjly is Sardinia ? 
 iii"' On whivli side of (Sicily is Palermo ? 
 8il Oil wh' h side of H irdinia is Caijliari ? 
 Ou Whieli arc the three most northern euuntries in P]u< 
 
 rope ? 
 01 What are the capitals of Russia, Sweden and Nor- 
 way ? 
 iU In what latitude is St. Petersburg? ? !},'5 In wliat 
 
 lalilnde is Heri^eu^ 'J I in what latitude, Stuik- 
 
 hottn .- 
 03 W licit way from //I'r^r/iis Dnrntheim .'' !3i) Wlileh 
 
 uay. Cliristiaiiia .- 1)7 Which wiiy Chrisliun- 
 
 sand ? 
 
 \\ h"re is the Malstrnm, or j^reat whirlpool .' 
 
 Wiiie.li are the two lari^i-st lakes in ^wedell .' 
 
 On \>liieh coast docs liiike Wenner empty .- lul On 
 
 nhieli j'last, Lake Welter.'' 
 
 vV'liere does iht I'ornea empty ? 
 
 U'liieli way from Stockiiolm is (joKenlturs; !< lot 
 
 Which way. Up*al ? 1U5 Which mu}, Faliiun ? 
 
 IIdw is Innua ^iluati-d ? 
 
 \Vhdl iviand at the month of the Gulf of Rothnia .-^ 
 
 What i«ilaiid at the mouth of the Gulf of IJis^a .* 
 
 On wliut island is Copenhagen .- 
 
 Whiel. way from Oi iiinark is Icelanil ? Ill Which 
 
 way, the Ferro islands t 
 
 On which !»ide of Iceland is Mount Ilecla ? 
 
 What sea borders on Russia in tlio north ? 
 
 What seas border on Russia in the soulli r 
 
 Which way from the (iulf of Finlund i« Lake L\^- 
 
 doi^a .'' 110 \\ hat river connects them r 
 
 MM 
 10,) 
 
 lot; 
 
 107 
 
 lof; 
 
 lOlt 
 110 
 
 112 
 
 n 1 
 
 1J3 
 
117 
 
 iia 
 
 122 
 
 121 
 
 12,j 
 
 ! ']i) 
 
 121! 
 1.50 
 
 131 
 KV2 
 13i» 
 
 i:u 
 
 13G 
 
 141 
 I4i 
 
 IIJ 
 
 111 
 \ih 
 140 
 147 
 
 148 
 
 150 
 
 153 
 lo3 
 
 lot) 
 lu7 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 WMi'h way from Lake Ludo^iv is Lake Onega ? 
 lib \V|u^^M^.e*Lukt•Om•^uelI.I.^y^ 
 
 doe« ii run for the firnl half of it. eouue? 121 
 
 VVIkich «ay for the IdHl hall ? 
 
 Where .loe. the Dun imply? 123 \\he.e doei 
 
 tlie Uwin* empty ? , 
 
 Where does the northern Dwina empty . 
 
 Where do the Dnie;.er ami Onie.-*l.-r nnp'y • 
 
 Where U Si. I\it'r.hu.s5 ? l'^"? \^"'«'« '« ^'^^'" 
 
 \"i;i;,;. i» Ui^•.« ? 1^11 ^Vhere U Ode.^ft ? 
 
 WllV. -reut (Mtj near the cenire of Luiopoau Uu.' 
 
 Ivi.ieh wnv f'"m Mohoow ii« A»tn«kh.Mi ? 
 Wind, way from xMuM•..^v in Si. lVler*»).Uf^ ? 
 Which u.vy fi'.o" Ht. I'dcrniMM^ to Ar.hungel ? 
 Whi. h uuv trom St. l'<-a-ml.iir^ ix U<«.» ? 
 WhiiV lur^V ;.e..ii.M.l.i between the Black sea and 
 
 Inurlvlmrmi doe« the Vistula en.ply ? 137 Into 
 latJ-adoe^ .he Oder empty .» 130 nU. what 
 r,a does .he Kll.e empty r 139 In what d.ree .«n 
 5., these river, run ? HO In what direction due. 
 
 \t Ivllal n7er arc Warsaw, Thorn and D.n.^io ? 
 
 " w ver are Uresian. Frankforl and S.ettu. ? 
 
 ()„ what river are Dresden, Magdeburg and Ham- 
 
 In'wimt part of Germany are Hanover and Bremen .' 
 
 Vlat part of Germany areU m and Munich .' 
 In XV hat part of Germany does the Danube rise ? 
 Whieh way does the Dimubc run ? . , . 
 
 On what Jiver is Vienna? 149 On what river, 
 
 Which way from Vienna (0 Prague ? 151 From 
 
 wf "Je is Trieste ? i 54 Where is 1'^ ";S ^ 
 What riv.r empties into the Danube at Bf)§"«.'f • 
 What mountains separate Hungary JromGaUcia f 
 Which way from Vienna to Cracow ? 
 
 ] 
 
 i 
 
1 
 
 )^a is Lake Onega ? 
 
 ? \>0 Wliieli way 
 f of its eouue? 121 
 
 ,-? 123 Wliei-e Joe« 
 
 ina I'rnply ? 
 liiit'sur tmpiy ? 
 127 Where is Arch- 
 
 re in Odessa ? 
 
 lire of liuioii'jau Uui* 
 
 Af»tri»kliAn ? 
 
 Si. IVu-r-slmrj; ? 
 nrt; to Anlinngel ? 
 »iir^ i«* Ui«<» ? 
 ;en llio Black sea and 
 
 ula empty ? 137 Into 
 
 iply ? l.iO Into wliat 
 
 1 Vj In what tliieelion 
 
 In wliat direction does 
 
 Thorn and Dtntzie? 
 Frankfor' and Stitlin ? 
 , iMugdeburg and Hani- 
 
 e Hanover nnd Bremen ? 
 reUlm and Munich ? 
 Iocs the Danube rise ? 
 be run ? 
 ? MJ On what river, 
 
 lo Prague ? 151 From 
 rom Vienna to Munich ? 
 Vhere is Presburg ? 
 le Danube at Belgrade ? 
 Hungary from Galicia f 
 Cracow ? 
 
 QUi:STIO\i? 
 
 Am 
 
 Which \V!iy fiMim ''rucou (o Liiniierg :» 
 (ii whni part ol* iliitigury in HeiiiMiiHtudl : 
 III what part oi' !^t«ii/.iTlnnd is l,,«Ui> Constance i 
 in what part i^t iht- fiiiku of Ueiievn ? 
 What river runn throiigli Luke Constance ? 
 What river runs through the Luke of (i«neva ? 
 Where does the llhiitt! empty? 1G5 Where doe» 
 the Hliotit! empty ? 
 
 What great Imy m there in the nortli of Holland ? 
 Which empties larthfut north, the Khine or tho 
 Hcheldt ? 
 
 Which 14 fiirlhcsl norlli, Antwerp or Brussels ? 
 What separates Turkey in Europe i'loiii Turkey in 
 Asia ? 
 
 What «eas are connected by the straits of Constan* 
 linople ? 
 
 What seas are connected by the Dardanelles ? 
 What is the prinri|)iil river of Turkey in Kurope I 
 What river ,18 the bouudary between Turkey aud 
 Russia ? 
 
 Whiii river is the boundary between Turkey and 
 Austria ? 
 
 Whiif mountains separate Turkey from Hungary i' 
 In what part of Turkey is Constantinople r 
 On what river ist Belgrade ? 
 
 Which way from Constantinople is Belgrade ? 179^ 
 Which way is Adriauopic ? lOO WhieJi way is 
 Athens ? 
 ICl What (iulf on the north side of the Morea? 182 
 What Gulf on ihe southeast side ! liJ.3 On what 
 Gulf does Athens stand ? 
 Which way from Sicily is Malta ? 
 Which way from Malta is ('amlia ? 
 Wliieh way from the Morea is Candia '! 
 Which way from Sardinia is the island of Ma- 
 
 15C 
 lu'J 
 IGO 
 lt31 
 162 
 163 
 16J 
 
 IGil 
 167 
 
 168 
 169 
 
 1<0 
 
 IVl 
 
 172 
 173 
 
 171 
 
 175 
 
 17t) 
 177 
 
 178 
 
 184 
 
 Ifi'j 
 
 i8t; 
 
 IL'7 
 
 Jorca 
 
 Which way from Majorca is Minorca ? 
 
 Which way from Majorca is Iviea ? 
 
 What countries in Europe reach from the Mtditer" 
 
 riiiiean to the Atlantic ? 
 
 What country reaches irooi the Black sea la tL«: 
 
 Baltic ? 
 
 SO'* 
 
|',)j WI.At loiiiilry roiulif* from (lie DIrtok ica <o llie 
 
 IMi \\lii.l> >Kiv IVom ravin \* I,nii.lnii ? li'l Copen- 
 
 l.i.i^ni.- T't:. Horn.' r ll'.; Mu.lrul .- 
 I't- Wl.lcli vvHv I'rom Cvacixv \* ropoiiliiuv" ? <•'» 
 
 l.iirn? 201 Pari. : 
 
 f 
 
 t Whnl ni'iaii<t Ix.rilcr on AiIi "' 
 •i NVliiil M'u «4f|»;irrtl»'!» A^in <'r<»i» Africft r 
 M W 1ml isilitnii* coimi'i'is A^m villi AlVicd r 
 <» (h) uli.it Indies of xvnItT <!(.«•- Viuliiii lion!rr : 
 :, (I.I \slM ImkIim of >u«UT tl.'iH niii.loo,ti\n IhtiI.t ; 
 „ (».. ^^lA\ li.ulir^ol- wuloriloos l-'atllnT lii.liu honkT : 
 r (la wliat si'it*" ili.cs till- VU\\u'»i- l.-iijiiru liorilor ? 
 « V liiil l)..i!ics of M.UiT hoiiltr oil kumli^cliulku .- 
 ., \\U:\\ l);..lif* ol'uiitiM' li.r.UT OH Uuj-^iii isi A*i» : 
 10 >Vl.nl. «.u I'n.iM III.- .'vr< ./ '/^-r:,; ^ the nea or 
 
 (lU.oNl. r 11 NVIucU vMij. li.e Cluim »*■!» • 
 1' Wliicli "av from Ha- ./«/w*( isfnw/s are Uio I liilip- 
 
 iHneMnn.UP 13 WIm.-I. u;.j, ICrtintsHiulkii r 
 SI Wli.a siriiits coimeut llie lif.l S.a iiml Xu'hati 
 
 O WhatMrnils connect the PerMun Guh and Indian 
 
 10 WImt'lt nuts conned the sea of Jupau and the ueA 
 
 17 Which uav from ihi- Caspian Sea x% the Black Sea . 
 iS Which ua>. .he *CH of Aral? 19 Which uav, 
 
 the IVrsian (Jiilf ? . j „, 
 
 20 In wlial dircc.lion do the Allay monntain« run ? -1 
 
 In what diieciion, the llimmalch ni«uiitanm ? 
 23 What three ^rcut rivers emjity into the Arctic 
 
 S3 Wlua"rnur great rivers empty into tiie Pacitic 
 
 21 Wh're doc. ll..- CSan^es empty ? 20 Where does 
 the liutus e npty ? U^ WUerc doc» the haphralev 
 empiy ? 
 
 If 
 
 t 
 
ic Bl«ck ica to ilie 
 
 mIoii ? l'.t» Copcn 
 luiltiti 'i 
 rinioiiliiuv" ? ''^^ 
 
 or 
 
 Africa r 
 iili AtVipft r 
 ViHltia liortJrr r 
 lliiitl»M»-«ti\n Imrilir ;* 
 -'arlliiT Imliii hniiltT : 
 • r.(ii|tirc bonier ? 
 iti kuriilxcltuiku : 
 >ii Utit.«lii t!» Asia : 
 h^HUX i"! till' Hfu 
 llie Cliiiirt »i'H ? 
 s\a\nh me Uio IMiilip- 
 !i\, Ivaiiilsi'liulkii r 
 llia Siii iinil liiilian 
 
 r«ian Ouli' and InJia" 
 
 I of Japan and the seA 
 
 ! Hea \* ll>e Black Sea .^ 
 \ral ? itt \V ImcI» way, 
 
 ay mouiitaii)» run ? 21 
 rtialeli niHUiitaiiis ? 
 emjity into the Arctic 
 
 Buiply into the Pacitic 
 
 nply ? 20 Wlicro does 
 Uerc does the Kuiiliiales 
 
 QUFHTIOXW. 9ft» 
 
 •XI What i^reiit river emplie* into the CiMpian ? 
 
 24 lull* which hii! • ui' the (^u*pian doe* the Vulija 
 
 em ply ? 
 5(t What lar:^H river^ empty into the ma of Aral ? 
 JO lull) which iidu of the itea of Aral due » the Oxii» 
 
 empty ? 
 3t Where due* the Tigri* empty ? Ai Where the 
 
 niirruinptMMer ? 
 3.1 Which way rlu ihe Viy, Knieei, and I.i'im run i 
 
 ;U Which way, the Aiho'r, ILiaiit^-llo, uiid Kiati- 
 
 Kii ? \\:> Wiiicli way, the ludui ? aC) Which 
 
 way, Ihe Kiiphralei* P 
 .ir What ooiiiitry extend* fronn the Black iSea to the 
 
 Hca of Okiioiiik ? 
 JS What ciMinlriet lie hefween Ihe IVtv of lien^rtl and 
 
 llie Ca'tpiaii Scar ;j<( Wlial ciiiiiiliii'«, iii'twccu 
 
 the Caspian ami liiu Meiliicrraacaii ? 10 What 
 
 countries, l"jl>vcen the Sea of Japan aiitl the ('ur- 
 
 Iiian ? 
 oiv i4 Arahia h'lU'idcd ? \l \\n\s ii Ilindmitlan 
 
 hounded ? 
 13 How '\% FarltiiT India hounded r it- I'ertia hound- 
 ed .' 43 Chinese Kmpire hounded ? 4)> Kui^tia 
 
 in Atia ? Xl Imlepeudcnl Tarlary ? 18 Tuikey 
 
 in Aitia ? 
 4>J Which way from Calcnftn i» Siaui ? Po Mi4dra>t P 
 
 M (Jantoii ? Si La^^a ? li.i Hurat ? ')l Delhi? 
 i>3 Which way from Ali'}}po is Constantinople f Sfl 
 
 Asirakhau P 37 Mecia and Medina P ss hpa- 
 
 han P 
 Clt Which way from Canton is I'ekinP 60 Jetldo ? 
 
 Siam ? 
 \'>Z Which way from Constantinople is Smyrna ? 
 l»J Which way from ^'llvjipo is Dauiascun r fit Wli 
 
 way, Has^dad P 6(> Which way, the isiluud 
 
 ("ypru-s P 
 (<fi Where i* the Dead Sea P 
 07 What mountaius between the Black Sea and the 
 
 Caspian ? 
 es Near what lake is Irkuthk P 
 eu Which way from iiA74<i>A' is Tobo'sk? 70 Oklio.sk r 
 
 71 i'ckiuP 
 
 fil 
 
 ch 
 of 
 
m 
 
 QUKHTIONH. 
 
 1 
 
 72 \Vl.i.')i ««y from .Urahhan U Ori'til.urij ? 78 
 
 ru WlitTf t« niounl HiMui ? 
 
 so WIml liiiH"' ri»ti* 111 Ariiirn ? ,.,.„,i? 
 
 «t Whirl, «a) Horn Caiihul i« DHlii ? 9^ Hnmarfun.l ? 
 
 sj C^Hiidaliar ? Hi l.iii»liaii ? 
 83 Wliich w>^> .l..c'n tlie w.'»lern coant oi lliiidoo.lfto 
 
 run ? HO Which muj, ihe .'HsJeni cou.l r 
 fi7 W'hiili way do ihi- (iuiii>« riin ? 
 8S W'hne iloou ihe KiMiia rise ami ein|ily t 
 8u Whiie.lowiheNerbud.laeini.lyr «u Which«ay 
 
 (l.iin il flow ? , „„„.,.. p 
 
 91 W hat lur^B ci(ie» on Ih.; (J«n«e« and lUhranchts r 
 tli In w!iBl itarl ol' llindoonlaii i» C.ishin.'re . 
 03 WM...'h way f.om Calrulla i* Ju^BernHUl t 
 01 What three large t"«i.« on the v»e»t coa.t ol llin- 
 
 03 WhS'way from Bombay U Sural? »6 Which 
 
 07 Wlmt^'iMhe wcMern c«««t of Hin.l..««tan called? 
 
 OH What iH Ihe »a»iern coant calle.l . 
 00 Wliieh vvav from Calcutta i» t'r)lou i 100 WliicU 
 
 i„,K.!:r;a^!:;m')oni,C,>.umbo^ 10.ln.hat 
 „art. IVineomale V iOd In >vhal imrl, 1^"" •' 
 
 10> Whieh way Iron. l\^u m Hiam ? 103 Calcutta ? 
 iO(» Ava and Umm.iapoora ? 
 
 lor What river in Farther India empties >"•""« 
 China Sea? 108 What river, into the l^ull ..1 
 Hiam ? 109 What river, into the Bay ..1 «p"^!<al f 
 
 110 Where are the An.laman an.l Nieob.ir ..land-. • 
 
 111 Ihrough wha. part of China d..eH .he Ho;tn^ Ho 
 run? ll-i Thiou(5h what part the Kian-Ku . 
 
 113 W here do these ri^ern eii.piy ? 
 Ill- In what part of China i^ ihe ^reat wal ? , , . ,, 
 li;i In what part of Chinese TKrlury is B,.lkajh lake 
 110 What lari;e island on the eoa.t olC.hn.e.e I arliuv ^ 
 117 What boparalcs the bca oi" Japan irom the \eIlovv 
 beal 
 
{« Ort'tiliurij i T8 
 TO lii|tuliuii c 
 (liciii ? 77 Moch» ? 
 
 hi ? a J Sniniireiind ? 
 
 coHHl «r IliuJooilfto 
 
 Rleni coti»l ? 
 
 ? 
 
 mI empty ? 
 
 ply r uu Whicli way 
 
 ;c« and iUbranchet f 
 
 |»o v»e»t couit ol' llin- 
 
 I Sural ? «8 Which 
 
 r Ilinilitoslun called ? 
 culUd ? 
 t'rjiou? 100 Which 
 
 lumlm? loa !n what 
 
 vhal pari, rundi 1 
 
 inni ? 103 Calcuua ? 
 
 ? 
 
 dia empties into the 
 
 ver, into tht* l-^uH »•*' 
 
 lo the Ba) <»i Upn'^al l 
 
 I !Nicul)iir inittndrt ? 
 
 m does the Hoiii'i? Ho 
 
 uri iLe Kiau-Ku l 
 
 > ? 
 
 I ^reat wull ? 
 
 rtury is B.ilkaKh lake ? 
 
 istoVl.'iiiiiftf'riiili'iy • 
 
 lupan from the Ytllow 
 
 giKSTIONH. 
 
 ^57 
 
 11>1 III ifiilini; from Okhuuk to Canton what xca* and 
 
 «iruit< » oil Id yiiii pii<.4 through / IIU What 
 
 iitUndu would yiiii pitiH } 
 iH) Whii-li u ly IVoni .lup.tn iire the lieoo Knoo i^le» ( 
 XdX. Which way Ironi the I'liilippiue iitaud* it For- 
 
 nioiiu / 
 iii Oo winch lido of liiicnn ii«l<- i* Manilla ? 
 i.M Which wit IVoiii i'antiiii im Hainan i«li«nd I 
 l.'l Whiil liirifi* inland in the Arctic Ocuun ' 
 tWJ Wli'it lat^t> inland ia ihu eattcra extremity of the 
 
 Mudilcrraiieuii I 
 
 MAP 01 ArniOAt 
 
 1 What »ca and HtraitH between Africa and Arabia i 
 
 2 What tea and ulraiu Itctwecii AlVicu and Knrope ? 
 i What m-paiulet the Ucd Heu fioiii ihe Mvdilcrra* 
 
 nuun ? 
 i WliHl capo at ihe ea«t cxtieniily of Africa ? 
 
 Whiil, m the Houlh exlreiniiy ■' What, ul the 
 
 went ? 7 What, at the north I 
 8 Where i« cape Bnjudor ? 
 u In what direction ilo the inonntain« of the Moon run i 
 
 10 In what direction the iMount AiIuh chiiiu ? 
 
 11 Where doeii the Nile empty ? ii Where ducR it 
 
 rine ? IJ In what direction doeH it run ? 
 
 1-1 Where doe* Ihe Niger rinc ? 10 Which way does 
 it run ? 
 
 10 On which side of Cape Verde dooi the Senegal emp- 
 ty ? 17 On which side, the Gambia ? 
 
 18 W liieh way from the Capf of Gaud flnpe lo (^apc 
 Verde? ll> Which way to V'ape Ouardufui ? 
 
 20 In what direction doex ihc Red Sea run? 
 
 21 III what direction doen the Cuawt of Ciuniea run I 
 Si Which way from Benin to the (Jape of Good Hope ? 
 Si Which way from Cape Bojador to the slraitit of Uih- 
 
 raltar I 
 2lt Which way from Cape (Juardafui to the straits of 
 
 Babclmandel ? 
 <fJ In what part of Africa is Egypt ? 
 
»ftt 
 
 Qt'KHTlOX?*. 
 
 f 
 
 
 m<A tn what p.tit of Xfrifii it Muroecw ' 
 
 "' *>■ ii I mrriluc* Ki^jjtl It*' ' 
 
 ill Whvrv uP« Al»?«,itnlri.i, M<i«'iiii ntnl Dimii'Mn ' 
 
 !>» Whicli way from Cnho i* Al.^unlii.i I .1 » lU- 
 
 niiclU ? ;i' J^ji-iic ? .1^ P<tt«'/, ? 
 .'• » Wild) i»r»' (lie iiu'in • of lln* 11 »rl<iM-) «ttih'»? 
 .'I Mow Ctr till llic* cxn'idl nil llic ••<ni»l ' 
 t>'i Which ur lli<- il.ulMi> »l«ili>« i* fiirtlii:*! C4»t ? .^d 
 
 NVIiicli. fnrthi'.i wt'*i'.' 
 $1 Wliioh it rurlhf*! fiui, TiiwU .tr .\li{i<r*? 
 ^H Wliikt ili-m ri bi-lui'fii riiimli itml K;>|>l' 
 ;*'• Ului'li Miiy from rii|toli i< I'luri^ t 
 I't \Nhicliwnj from I'utii* i* M^irrt.' 
 41 Wliidi uiiy from Atifiirn i« Morofeo ? 
 A'i U'liiuli way from MirotM'o in b'f/. ? 
 <|:» Whii'li wiiy i« Fi/ fnii'i ilie oiriiifi* of CJilirRltnr? 
 1 1 Oo wlijiii ^iilf of i.'apf Vcrdf in Mierrn Limuu! f 
 4.» Wliicli «<»y from Sii-rrM l.coMf i* >|iir>Mo ? 
 It) Wliiiih way from Mlnihio i< itu- kioi^ilom tif ncnin ' 
 47 VVIiicli w,iy from Htuiii i'* Hi'in<iii-lit I 
 41} Whii'li way from Ui-iiiii urc A^liuiiUt; uiul l)»li«- 
 
 mt-y ? 
 4't \Vlii.-|i niilc of llii* cqiiiitnr ildf* llic t'on;^o I'mjilj : 
 .'ji) III wliiii purl of Soiilli Xfricii i* (.'u|Mtuwn .' 
 M \Vliii!li wn) from Capplowii in l.nllukno ? 
 bl WliiU ("oiinlry lif* liel\*ei'ii Alij^tiniti ami Ki;jj»t ? 
 r,J WImt river im^ii'ii throiiuli Niiliia? 
 fil \S liich way from Mvciie !■* DomhoIh 7 
 n.') Ill wliat part of AlVina 14 Mo/.aiiil)it|iic ? 
 5G What nrt' llie priiK-i|ial tiiwiiu on llii* cott*t of Ziii- 
 
 i^ui-liar '.' 
 ri7 Oil wliul river U iliu kiiij? Hn of 'I'omliiidoo ? 
 03 Uliifli way from Cape Vcnlc i« llie oily of Tom- 
 
 Imctno ? 
 fif) \\ liul lif* l)i'(w(M'n Tom'Mieto»» and Morocco ? 
 M Whii'li way from 'rriiioli i* l''c//.Hn ? 
 01 Which way from Miurzoulc ii Toml»uct«« ? <3 -' 
 
 'Tripoli l (1.5 t^aiiu '. 
 CI Wlial rliaiiiicl ImMwi-cii !Via(1at;aHcar ami Africa ! 
 iyb Whivl iHl.uitlK ioMwucii Mrtdanaspiir and Africa ? 
 (jii Where is ^ucot. A inland? GT Whore IJourliooisIc' 
 
^il'K>llO.\H, 
 
 Sw^ 
 
 e«u 
 
 / 
 
 lU mul l)imit>'U ' 
 lf«>inilii.i t JJ !)«• 
 
 «f 
 
 liiii-) •l(iU'»t 
 
 ••<iu»l ' 
 
 r ,\l^il r« t 
 III K ;) |)i ? 
 
 r<u'«?(i ? 
 
 ■X? 
 
 iiifA nf Oittrnltnr? 
 
 « HiertH Li'tiiie ? 
 
 ' i» ^lurliio f 
 
 c kiii^iliitii (if ni'iiii) ' 
 
 •lii-l.i ? 
 
 A,liunU't! ttiul Dttlio- 
 
 ft lilt' ('on;^o nnjil) ' 
 
 it (^'u|tt'llikMl I 
 l.iUlltkilil ? 
 
 Mtiiiiti and K;j;>pt ? 
 
 iliiii ? 
 
 ■^olii 7 
 
 :iuiii>i({uc ? 
 
 on tlie diU^t of Z vii- 
 
 of TtinilMidoit ■ 
 
 I' if) llii! oily of Ttini- 
 
 > and Morocco ? 
 
 C/./.HIl ? 
 
 ' H 'roinbiictoo '? <j -' 
 
 i;st4car and Africa ? 
 iinpiir and Africa '? 
 WhiTc Bourliooisiu'.' 
 
 »!n U |„(.|, „„j f„„„ .M„,|„^i„f„r i, ,},^ j,j^ „f |.v,„„.^ / 
 ^^lllt| " * ' 
 
 Icnu 
 
 f»'> \Mii.li Hit^ fri.m thr Cm,*! „r (itiiiil llojuf i.'m. ilf 
 
 TO U huh n«y finm Hi-nin in M|. |I,.|,.„g f 
 
 !' JJ!j''*''' **") '•^"•w ^' ll«l«n« i« A..rn.i..n iOnnd ' 
 
 ^.' »Miit|i »,iy from (MlirHll.ir mi.- iIii- Mml.ira i.|(., ? 
 
 J N^ nicU UHn from Mtidiim uri- ilu- I'aiiur) i»lr» ? 
 
 M\r or ORIIAT BlliTAIM. 
 
 WIml *rpi»r«i.M, (Jreui llridiin from Fn land * 
 \MiH( •('iniiNi.Mi (Jriui HrtdtiM from Kranr.- f 
 VMint «i'ttMiii.|i(i« lietHiiirn ciiiui o» (iniit HritttJn 
 Uliiu i« ilic •oiiiliMtklirn lutremilv of Knulund 
 ralii d ? * CT 
 
 In mIiiiJ parJ of ^:n^l^nd dor* I lie Tlmmr* nnniy » 
 n In »linl pnrf, 111.- !»,.», rn ? r In «U( im;i. ifm 
 iMcrmy m In uliui pari. ih»> llnniln r I 
 
 in- 
 
 |0 
 II 
 
 12 
 |:> 
 t I 
 Ifi 
 10 
 
 2» 
 or. 
 
 :10 
 
 Wha' uri' llie mu principal brunclifn of llic Hu 
 
 b»'r ' 
 
 In wliai pan of Kns^land, doc^ ilif "rri-ni riip / 
 In wliai purl of Kiigluridfund on wlial ri\i'i' j* I,on. 
 
 don ? 
 
 In wIkiI part, and on what river i* Mtcrpool ( 
 In »hal pari, and on Mhal rivrr m Hull / 
 In wlial pari, and on uliul ri\er it Mri»iol ? 
 Ill «liHl part ol Kn^land i« Cov.niry ' 
 Uliich s»Hy from Lonilon Ih briilol?' 17 IJvfrnofd ' 
 
 111 Hull / !'• Vnwutry 1 ' 
 
 WIrtcli way from l.uiiilim im Cainliridifp ,' ','| {)x. 
 
 fold? i? I'lMlsnionlli / .'IDowr.' 
 Mlii.li Mi,y docs ilie Trinl run? .'.i Which «av 
 
 iIm- Oimi' .' 
 
 V \tliat rivi'r doen Vork Aland 7 
 \v|ii(|i way Irom i">/, ar»- l.ivrrpo.il and Manolioj. 
 
 U-r ? '2<\ Wliich way, Lamaul*!' ? 2'J NcMPa*. 
 
 Ill' ? 
 <»n «lial river docn \('Mri.«||(. hIhihI ? 
 Wliifli way fioiii .A V «•(•«*/ A' ii. Ii( i », i.k niion VwhA ' 
 
 :>'-' Durham ? M Carlisle' ? 
 
i«m 
 
 94 Wltlf^ WI17 from Tfiwr/mo/ I* Manf licHtf t 35 
 
 MlMHWhl / .)•• l.iHiU ' 
 31 W|ii(U wny frMin Tovi'itiry k Hirmumli 
 :<» Wliicli Mrt) IVoin lit III III li lUili ' 
 »!» Whicli miy rroin h.milou i« VViiii|«or^ 
 
 40 In «Out piirt of lliigliiii*! II I'lyiiKiuili ' 'I r*! 
 
 niDtilli I 
 4 J llnw i« Wiilc* lidiintli'tl ? 
 4 4 Ulial rivi-r bi-iwccii Kh^ImkI «h<I !^ei»«lmt«l ' 
 4» VVIiHi river* empty ohiIk »«■»• nm.t of Wctilland 
 4r> WliHl ri*»'r frii|iiif« »ti iht* «i'«i ooii»i ? 
 4»> Ot» wli,«l riviT tluf» Ulut^ow uliiml ? 
 
 41 Uhu'li MM* from (*lu««i.w i« Ktl'nlMirnU'f 
 41! On wlmi nver it HtTili ' I* Alu-nlctn ? 
 6U \Vhi.». Hiiy from iv't/iiifcurx'* U H. Amircwi? 
 
 Siirlinn? 
 
 62 V\ Iticli Muy friun (lU««nw t» liooli l.omonil 7 
 rt:\ Wliich WHV IV<»m K«luilinr«tli i« Mm Ntvin? 
 61 Uliich WH) ilo Oil- tJfMni|iiH» Itili* luii ? 
 65 VVIiii-li \>«y ilor* L-i-li N'" nin ? -<'' Uhirh way, 
 
 liocli f..u'ly f f'T WHirli «»>. I I« I'iuuc ' 
 
 BH Wliicli way Irnm llfii N.'vit lo tn\»'rii..iH ? 
 
 ft\) Whui riviT* in H. >tlitiiil are «oiiiH't:ie«l liy a finni 
 
 6U On wliicli •iile of •<.„ili.ii.l nn ilu- llfbridei ? 01 
 
 On wliicli »i<l«'. tin- Oiknf\ i^linnU? 
 C8 NMiitli wiiy from llic Oikiity an' ll.c rtliedund 
 
 i^Und*? 
 
 T 
 
 61 
 
 ft;i On »*hi-'h «i»lf of IrflnntI ilnfi tli(« hlmnnon rmii'jrj 
 r<l On which »itli', llu' Hiirruw? t»& On wl.icU 
 •i.lc. till' l.ilVi'\ '! 
 Ct> In wlmt |mrl «f Irclnml. nn«l "n wlin« river In Dub- 
 lin? in In wliul purl, li«iii<l"i'(l«iiy ? 
 CO 1m w'liHi tmri Tork and Waiiiloril f oO In what 
 
 part,(»alwtty ? . ,. , 
 
 TO It. wlntl jiHrt Uclfnnl ? 71 In w».:it pRrI Hli«n ' 
 12 Which way from Cork, and on wh.U river i« Lime- 
 rick ? 
 ■75 Wliich way from Dublin i% Armagh I 
 1\ Which way from WHicrlord i<« Kilkenny ' 
 ;r, In what pa'rt of Ireland \* ihc (Jiam'* rampwiiy ^ 
 li', \Vh;.i inland inidwny between In-iand. Jji^iuiid and 
 HeotUntI ' 
 
liriiunii(liiiin 1 
 
 h ' 
 
 iiiU<ir T 
 
 t'l)iu<iulli? tl F»l- 
 
 ml Seiillmid f 
 rnntt of !HiMilUn«l f 
 
 (*oa*i 1 
 «nil ? 
 
 LliiTilvi-n 1 
 
 i» M, Aiulrcwi? 61 
 
 opIi l.omuml ? 
 Mill iNfvin'f 
 ltil!« luii ? 
 iiti ? '-ti Whii'li way. 
 
 Il>. I.IM-ll IlillllC ' 
 
 tiivfriii'iiH f 
 niMM'cii'd l>y A ftnnl 
 rt ilu> llcbridei ? CI 
 kIhikU ? 
 ij an- ll.c Slifllanil 
 
 « tilt' Xlittniion fmii'y? 
 rruw f i^l> On \»1<icb 
 
 on »lift« river in Dub- 
 
 <l"iii(l<'ir^ 1 
 
 uiloril ! <;0 In wliat 
 
 In wital jiRrl Sliu;o ? 
 on wliiit river i« Limc- 
 
 krmit^li ■' 
 i<i Kilki'nny ? 
 lip Oinni'* <'Hii««»wiiy " 
 I lr"'i«ii'l. hiiaiuiid nn«l 
 
 Ql KHTIU.N**. 
 
 m 
 
 1 
 
 7 7 NViipri" i« lilt* ikliiml nf An^Jawn ? 
 
 7M Wliiii liiri^i* i<Lii)) (Ml ilip «>Hi''irr I cnit*! nf F.nKluitdl* 
 
 7'» NVI.icJi w«\ I'lif'ii l.«iiii|iin i. lilt mIi of Wijjiii i 
 
 I'O Wliicli uii^ IViiin iiiviTiiotil i« lliililiii / 
 
 lil Wliii'li way IVriin Drmltil \% t.'ork f 
 
 !!.' 'riiroii'^li uhat rivcM, rliiiini'l«. vtrniii nnil noil* 
 
 Miiiilil >iMi put* in (iiitinif fr'im (i|ii*<f>uv lo f.iinilnii ; 
 U.) TliroHfjfi wlmt, in •ailing hum Kilinburgli In Brit- 
 
 lul r 
 
 MAP or TIIK VNITRO HTATRS. 
 
 1 In \vliat ilireelion *\oe% llic c'iiit>.t of llie If M. ruu : 
 
 Si In wliut ilirefliiin. )lii* Allfifitnv <nonn(iiiu« ? 
 
 :l In MJiat ilircutioii, 'lif river Oliin ? 
 
 I In wliHi iliiectian, llif river Mt. fiitwriMiPP ? 
 
 .1 In what itiri-cliiiii, llio MM<i«iii|i|ii f 'I'lie ('itiinPC- 
 (JCTit ' 'I'Ih! Iliiilinn ? rill- l)('li(utiri< • 
 
 n WIml ^Irtlc* liorilcr on llf Ailaniic Ocean ? 
 
 7 What iJiriM' ilale*, on tlin (Jiilf of ,Mi xico ? 
 
 H Wliiit kix HlHleit, on (lie Mi4<i4«i|i|ii .- 
 
 9 Wliitt fiMir Minlei, on llie Ohio P 
 <0 Whttl ihrpe»liileii, on Lake Krie ? 
 II What I'lMir Htiile*, on liouir Camtilii ? 
 1/ Wlini «i( «tii(eii are hounileil hv (he parallel nf^iS* ? 
 13 Wlial live stale*, !iy 11:^ (laralfel of Jrt i>o' ? 
 
 It What Iwit Hteloi, l.tweco (he paruiiel of ^y uml 
 
 .id" ;«(» ? 
 13 >Vhil fiur itftte* lionlor .1 (he fh'Jrtwarp ? 
 10 Wlittl «laleH are neiniraled hy i/ie I'otontup ? 
 17 What •iHteii are ie|iura(t'il by (lie '^uvunn.tli ? 
 IH \Vha( ii(Ate« are teparat il by (lie Coniieeiicii' ? 
 lU Wha( itla(e reache* IViihi 'In- Atluii'iu (ii the Lukva? 
 20 'Vha( n\nic» lie eaiil of ihe lludton ? 
 Ql 'V hat Kluteit noitliHCHt of ilie Ohio ? 
 3J Wliat HlalcN \teiit of (he Miitoiitnij-pi .'' 
 3.} >Vlm( !«lit(PR bt'lweni (he I'otoinae and Delaware J 
 t( "i^ hut Hialei liL'iMcen (he UeluNuiiu aiii) Ilmlsoii ' 
 lil 
 
3C 
 
 QIKSTIONS. 
 
 •',■5 Wlint Ml'.' llic hoiiudaiiea ol' ('oiincc.licHi ? 
 
 ■i7 Of VlTIMtUlt ? 
 
 5JH or Alahiunii P 
 
 31) or IVMuisyl^imiu ? 
 
 30 Of Miii'ie ? 
 
 01 Of liOiiiHiaiia ? 
 
 JU Of Maijland ? 
 
 3.} OfOeorsil? 
 
 31, Of Nfw HampHtiire ? 
 
 33 Sdiilli raroliiiu? 
 
 3R >l(i-.sa('liuiit'tU ? 
 
 37 'reiiiifssee ? 
 
 3S New Vtirk ■ 
 
 4(» New Jer^i'v ? 
 41 Rpiiliicky ? 
 4i Di'lawiiro ? 
 43 Virginia ? 
 4* Oliiii? 
 43 Miiisourt ? 
 40 Illinois ? 
 
 47 Indiana ? 
 
 48 MiHsinsip[ti ? 
 
 49 Micliignn 'ItT. ? 
 00 Arkansaw Ter. ? 
 Bi Noilli«est Ter. ? 
 
 3P 
 
 I5i WliH'li way from Louisiana In Maine r 
 r,\ Wliu'ii vav does the (.'(inncetienl run ? 
 51. Wl.icli way, llic Hndson ? 05 TI.e Delaware 
 
 The Sn<«(iuehannahi 
 67 The Poloinae ? 
 58 Tlic Uappaliaimoc r 
 go The James ? 
 00 The Unanoke ? 
 »il Cape I'Var ? 
 f, J IV'dee .- 
 03 Sanlee ? 
 ft4 Savannah r 
 OT' Aliamaha .- 
 fiO Mobile r 
 
 r,r Mixsissipi'l "' . „, 11' 
 
 "fj Whal l;»rge river* empty into Chesapeake bay r 
 -t, What larsre lakes lie wholly in (he U. Staler ? 
 HO Whieh way from Lake //uron is Lake Sn^/erior 
 
 81 I.:»ke 'Michigan? 8-' Lake Erie? 
 
 Ontario ? • .. • a 
 
 SJ. >Vhal lake between TInron and Lrie ? 
 \i', Wl.ieli «!iv from Boston to Qnehec ? 
 BO >VI)i(li wnv from New York to Montreal 
 87 Whith \*ay fmm Montreal to Quebec ? 
 H Wliieli wav from New York to lioston ? 
 
 08 
 
 Yazoo ? 
 
 09 
 
 Ohio ? 
 
 TO 
 
 Ka^katikia ? 
 
 71 
 
 Illinois? 
 
 72 
 
 Onisconsin ? 
 
 73 
 
 Red River ? 
 
 74 
 
 Arkansaw ? 
 
 75 
 
 Missouri ? 
 
 70 
 
 Moines ? 
 
 77 St. Peters r 
 
 83 Lake 
 
 >^m , 
 
 SI) Whieh WHV from .fJlhcnuj to Montreal ? 
 Vo-k ? '.U Boston r 02 Di-tioil ? 
 
 90 New 
 
ccliciil ? 
 
 
 Ii Ciiioliiia 
 
 ? 
 
 Jer^i'v ? 
 
 
 lick) "? 
 
 
 wiiro ? 
 
 
 iitiu ? 
 
 
 »f 
 
 
 oui'i ? 
 
 
 n\» P 
 
 
 ftiiti ? 
 
 
 HiHsippi ? 
 
 
 Iiignii 'Icr. 
 
 p 
 
 aiiHUW 'i'er 
 
 "? 
 
 ill west Ter 
 
 .? 
 
 laiiie r 
 
 
 1 run ? 
 
 
 llie Delaware 
 
 :oo ? 
 
 
 0? 
 
 
 ikatikia r 
 
 
 iiniij ? 
 
 
 scnnsiin? 
 
 
 I River ? 
 
 
 iansaw ? 
 
 
 gsnuri ? 
 
 
 in('» ? 
 
 
 Peters ? 
 
 
 <jlIKST10.V!«. 
 
 iJO".' 
 
 30 
 
 Micsapcakc bay r 
 (he U. Stale* ? 
 <i is Lake Sn^/erior ? 
 ke Erie r 83 Lake 
 
 Krie ? 
 lehee ? 
 
 Montreal r 
 (Quebec ? 
 
 lVii«ton ? 
 
 Moiilroal ? 90 Nc\v 
 troll r 
 
 »3 
 
 
 10 ( 
 
 107 
 
 111 
 113 
 113 
 114 
 
 Wliicli way f'oni lloHton (o New York ? fl I- New 
 York lo I'iiiladelpliia ? «a Fliiluil.rlpliia to M.il- 
 liinore ? tiC. Ilaliiniore to Wasl.iut^toii, Uifli- 
 moiiil, Ualeii^li, Columbia, Miile.lyiville, uiid Now 
 
 Orleans ? 
 
 In wlial part of Oliio is Cincinnati i* 
 
 What three slates meel near Cincinnati ? 
 
 Whieh way from Cincinnati is Wasliington r 100 
 
 St. Louis ? 101 Pittsburg ? iOZ I'he mouth of 
 
 the Ohio ? 1()3 Michilimackinac ? 
 
 Which way from the mouth of tkf. Ohio is Pitts- 
 
 lMir« ? 105 New Orleans? 100 Si. Louis ? 
 Which way from ^l''ia^:^ara Falls is Quebec ? lOS 
 
 Boston? 109 Philadelphia? 1 10 Charleston ? 
 ^VIlat sliites lie holnw the parallel of Jr>° ? 
 What stales lie above the parallel of 43° ? ^ ^ 
 
 What states are inler^«'Clcd by the parallel of 10 r 
 What capes at the moiilh of Chesapeake Bay i 
 115 or Delaware Bay? 116 Of Slassachusetts 
 Bay ? 
 
 117 What eaprs on the coast of Xoitli Carolina ? 
 
 118 What point at the east end of Long Island r 
 
 119 What riven,, capes, (iceaiis and baya would you pass 
 in sailing from Philadelphia lo Baltimore r 
 
 120 What, in sailing from Harlford lo Albany ? 
 
 121 What, In sailing from Washington in New Orleans? 
 ^2'2. What, in sailing from Hallowell to Fort Claiborne r 
 12^ What bay between Maine and New Brunswiek ? 
 
 124 Into what bay does the Penobscot empty ? 
 
 125 Whieh is farthest east the Penobscot or Kenntbte 
 I2G On which side of Porlland is Saco river ? 
 
 127 Bel ween what slates is Umbagog lake ? 
 
 1213 In H-hat part of Maine is Portland ? 129 liast- 
 
 port ? l.'iO York? IIU Balh? 
 132 On what river is lliillowili ? 
 i:5j Whieh way is Porlsmoulb from Boston ? ' 
 1.'J4 On what river does Concord stand ? 
 135 Whieh way from Concord is Portsmoutli ? 1 A 
 
 HHiiuver ? Ki7 Boston r 
 138 What lake separates Vermont from Ni w \'ork .' 
 
1 
 
 sm 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 139 In wliat part of Vermont is Bennington ? 140 In 
 Khat |iurt, Burlington ? 11! In what (larl, St. Al- 
 bans ? 
 
 142 Which way from Windsor in Boston? 143 Men. 
 trcal ? 141 Montpelicr ? 115 Bennington? 
 
 140 What river iiaH-tet through Matt&ui-huBetts from N. 
 to S ? 
 
 147 In what part of MaiRachugetlii in Newburyport ? 
 
 148 Which way from /iosfow is Salem ? 149 Nfwhury- 
 port? 150 Plymouth? 151 New Bedford ? 152 
 Northampton ? 153 Cape Cod ? Cape Ann ? 
 
 154 Which way from Cupe Cod is Nantucket ? 
 
 155 Which way from Nantucket is Martha's Vineyard ? 
 15G In what part of Massachusetts is Fitlsfield? 
 
 157 111 what part of Rhode Island is Providence 1 
 
 153 Which way from Providence is Boston ? 15'J New- 
 port ? IGU Hartford? 
 
 IGl What separates Connecticut from Long Island ? 
 
 162 On what river is Hartford ? 
 
 i03 Which way from Hartford is Boston ? 164 Albany 1 
 1<.'5 New York ? 166 Northampton? 
 
 11)7 What separates New York from Canada? 
 
 1615 Wliiil lake separates New York from Vermont ?^ 
 
 1C9 In what direciion docs the St Lawrence run? 170 
 The Hudson? 171 The Mohawk? 
 
 17'.' What city at t!ie mouth of the Hudson ? 
 
 I7L; Which way from J^>iv J orfc is Boston ? 174 Al- 
 bany ? 175 Philadelphia ? 
 
 17G On what river is Alb:«ny ? 177 Is Albany above 
 or liclow the mouth of the Mohawk ? 
 
 178 Which way from ,'llbautf is Plallsburg ? 179 Sacki 
 ctis harbour? 180 HiiHaloe ? Niagara Falls ? 
 On what lake is Buttaloe ? 1C2 On what lake 
 1-latisburg? laa On what lake Sackctl's har- 
 
 lei 
 
 hour? 
 
 \[\.l In wJiat part of New York is Utict ? 
 
 1U5 Wliich way from Vtica to New ' .rk cily 
 A Urn II V 
 
 186 
 
 l'87 Plallsburg? 188 .Sacketl's harbour ? 
 
 5 
 
 189 Buftalop 
 1110 Into what lake does Genesee river empty ? 
 191 111 Vihat stale does ihe Genesee rise ? 
 
lennington ? 140 In 
 111 what |)art, St. Al- 
 
 B(.8«on? 1»3 Mon- 
 f> Ui>i)ninj;(on ? 
 issaeliusetl* from N. 
 
 !i is Newburyport ? 
 fin ? 1 19 Nfwhury- 
 New Bfdt'ord ? 152 
 (1 ? Cape Ann ? 
 
 Nnntiicket ? 
 
 Manila's Vineyard ? 
 8 is FittHfield ? 
 
 ii Providenee ? 
 jBoHtHH? lo'JNew- 
 
 from Long Island ? 
 
 loston ? 164 Albany 1 
 ampton ? 
 •«im Canada ? 
 iirk from Vermont ? 
 Lawrence run? 170 
 haw k ? 
 le HudHOH ? 
 •18 Boston? 174 AI- 
 
 177 Is Albany above 
 oiiawk ? 
 
 lullsbiirg? 179Sacki 
 ? ^iia^ara Falls? 
 1C2 On «liat 
 lake Sacketl's 
 
 s Utict ? 
 
 New ' rk cily ? 
 
 88 .Sttcketi's harbour l 
 
 river empty ? 
 see rise ? 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 36& 
 
 |L>2 
 
 r.ti 
 
 1(17 
 |!U{ 
 I',)!) 
 ■-iOtt 
 
 am 
 
 202 
 
 ■207 
 209 
 
 211 
 
 212 
 
 216 
 218 
 
 'J21 
 222 
 22-1 
 225 
 
 230 
 
 What cnpe at the south extremity of New Jersey I' 
 
 Whiit bay between iNew Jersi-y and llie Dt-luware ? 
 
 Which way from 'iVcnfon is 'I'hiladelphia ? 1S)5 
 
 New York ? l'Jl> Kaston ? 
 
 In what part of I'eiinsjlvaiiia is Pitlsburi; ? 
 
 What I wo rivers meet at Pitlsbursj; ? 
 
 In what slate does Allegany river rise ? 
 
 in what slate does the Monongahela rise f 
 
 In what part of Pennsylvania is Philadelphia ? 
 
 Which way from Philadelphia is New York ? 203 
 
 Baltimore f 204 Pittsburg f 205 Harrisbnrg ? 206 
 
 K-ading ? 
 
 On what river is Harrisburg ? 208 On what river, 
 
 Easioii? 
 
 In \»hat direction does Chesapeake bay rnn r 210 
 rhrough what states does it pass ? 
 On which shore of the Chesapeake is Baltimore? 
 Which way from Baltimore is Philadelphia? 213 
 Wasbinglo'n ? 214 Piilsburs; ? 215 Annapolis? 
 What mountains in Virginia? 217 Which way 
 do they run ? 
 
 What separates Virginia from Ohio? 219 Vir- 
 ginia from Kentucky ? 2iO Virginia from Mary- 
 laud f 
 
 Into what, does the great Kanliawa empty ? 
 The Roanoke ? 223 The James ? 
 In what part of Virginia is Norfolk ? 
 Which way from Richmond is Norfolk ? 226 Pe- 
 tersburg ? 227 Washington ? 228 Lynchburg ? 
 229 Fredericksburg ? 
 
 Which way from J\i"orfolk is Yorklown ? 231 
 Cape Charles ? 232 Cape Henry ? 
 What rivers empty into Pamlico *»ound ? 
 In what part of North Carolina is Cape Fear ? 
 On what river is Fayetteville ? 236 Newbern ? 
 237 Wilmington ? , ' 
 
 Which way from Ruleigh is Fayetteville ? 239 
 Newbern ?' 240 Plymouth ? 24 1" Petersburg? 
 Which is farthest east, the Sanlee ur Pedee ? 
 Which way from Charleslon do«!i the Sautee 
 empty ? 
 
36« 
 
 QUKSTIONH. 
 
 21 1 Which wfty from Charlfsffm in SavHni.ah ? 21- 
 
 Wilminglitii ? i-'JO ColiiinhiH ? 'l\l Ue»iiforl ? 
 
 21C Whii-li way from Cotmnbia Ik Fajetleville ? :.M) 
 
 AUijIlhtU ? 
 
 Cul) On what liver in Ccflumltia P 
 
 2.')! Wliich way from ('liarlemon U K(li«tn i<*lan«l ? 
 
 25 i What river separates (ieorgia from South Caro- 
 lina ? 
 
 258 What river gpparatoK Georgia from Florida? 
 
 2^4 \V hat rivers unite to form the Altamahu P 
 
 255 On what river does Milledgeville Ktand P 
 
 250 Which way from Savannah to Augusta ? 257 
 Milledgeville ? 25R rtt. Mary's ? 259 Sunljury ? 
 
 260 What pan of Georgia is the country of the Crcvkn ? 
 
 2t)l What rivers unite to form the Mobile ? 
 
 202 What livers unite to form the Alabama? 
 
 263 Gn which side of the Mobile river is the town of 
 Mobile ? 
 
 264 In what part of Alabama is Huntsville ? 
 
 265 Which way from Jlnhile is New Orleans ? 266 
 Pensacoia P 267 Ht Hiephens P 208 Cahawba ? 
 
 269 What rivers separate Missitisippi from Louisiana? 
 
 270 On what river is Natchez ? 
 
 271 Docs the Yazoo empty above or below Natchez P 
 
 272 What river is the western boundary of Louisiana ? 
 
 273 In what port of Louisiana is New Orleans ? 
 
 274 On what river is Alexandria P Natchitoches? 
 
 275 What states are separated by Pearl river ? 
 270 Into what does the Wachita empty ? 
 
 277 VVhic!i way from JV^u? Or/cans is Alexandria ? 278 
 Madisouville? 279 Pensaoola P 2(Ut The mouths 
 of the Mississippi? 281 1 he mouth of the Sa- 
 bine? 282 The mouth of Red river? 
 
 283 Which wJiy does the Tennessee run in the first half 
 of its course ? £84 Which way in (he last half ? 
 
 285 Into what does (he Teuuessee empty ? 286 Into 
 what, the Cumberland ? 
 
 287 On what river is Knoxviile ? Nashville ? Clarks- 
 ville ? 
 
 283 Wliich way from Nushville is ^l•rfrees»lorougl^^ 
 
 2G9 W'liat rhcrs emi»!y into the Obio from Kentatkj ^ 
 
11 iH SavHnnali ? 2lw 
 )iH ? ^>n Ui'Hiiforl ? 
 iM Faj etleville ? * »'•> 
 
 I is Kdiitn i«luinl ? 
 gia from Soutii Caro* 
 
 ia from Florida ? 
 
 he Altainalia ? 
 
 eville Ktunci ? 
 
 ih to Augusta ? 257 
 
 ary's ? ^159 Sunliury ? 
 
 country of tlie Crcukt P 
 
 lie Mobile ? 
 
 he Alabama? 
 
 lie river is the town of 
 
 HuntHville ? 
 it) New Orleans ? 266 
 lens P 2(38 Cahawba P 
 h8i|i[ii from Louisiana ? 
 
 ire or below Natchez ? 
 ountlary of Louisiana ? 
 9 New Orleans ? 
 ia P Natebitoches P 
 by Pearl river ? 
 1 empty ? 
 
 ansis Alexamlria? 278 
 ipola ? 2(iO The mouths 
 
 1 be mouth of the Sa- 
 
 Red river ? 
 ?ssee r:in in the first half 
 li way in the last hall' ? 
 ssee empty ? 2SC Into 
 
 P Nashville ? Clarks- 
 
 le is M«rfree!*'iornii!^h r 
 e Ubio from Kcutaiky '' 
 
 307 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 Si)0 On what river is Louisville P 
 
 2J1 Which way from Frankfurt is LouUvHIe ? 202 
 
 Lexington ? 2'.)3 (Jinciiinuti P 
 2D4 What rivers in Ohio empty into Lake Erie ? l;i5 
 
 What, into Ohio river r 
 ^90 In what part of Ohio is Cincinnati ? 
 'iOi On uhitt ricer is Columbus P Marietta r Zanrs- 
 
 ville P Chillic.othe? 
 298 Which way from f'olnmhns U Cincinnati ? 2!1f) 
 
 Ziinesvilie P :;uo Chilliuuthe P 301 Cleveland ? 
 
 :?02 Marietta ? 
 303 What river s 'psiralcs Indiana from Illinois? 
 .501 On what river is Vincennes ? on which side? 
 305 In what partrf Indiana is V^evay ( 
 300 Which way i\ . Viucemies is Cincinnati ? 
 
 St. Louis P 
 30G What river hounds Illinois on the east ? 
 
 What, on the south r 310 What, on the wml r 
 
 311 What rivers empty into the Mississippi from II- 
 linois P 
 
 312 On what rix'er is Kaskaskia? >13 Caliokia : 
 311 Shawneetown ? 
 
 315 On wftHt river is St. Charles? 31G St. Gene- 
 vieve ? 317 Cape Girardeau r 311! New Mad- 
 rid ? 
 
 319 Which way from St. fjotiis is St. Charles ." Non- 
 Madrid ." 
 
 320 Through what straits, rivers and lakes do you pass 
 in sailing from Luke Michigiin to Lake Krie ? 
 
 321 Between what lakes does Delroit stand r 
 
 322 Which way from Detro'* is Miehilimackinac ? 
 
 323 On which side of Lake Michiican is (Jreen Hay r 
 32t Where does Fox river empty ." Where, the ()uis- 
 
 coiisin P 
 
 Which are the fonr largest rivers that empty into 
 
 the Mississippi ? 
 
 Which are the three largest that empty into the 
 
 32c 
 
 .i'Jb 
 
 snouri 
 
 i-ih lidcoftlie wVissotirl does the Vejlow stone 
 '" 328 'riie Platte ? 329 The Kansas f 
 
 le Osa|;e ! 
 

 QUEqTIONS. 
 
 331 
 
 Wliirli way «l'>f» il'«' MistKiiri run bei'vcon the 
 Orcai KiillV hihI MkihIuii vIIIh^i-h ? '.Wi Wliicli 
 wiy, lu'Uv.'i II .Miindaii villii;;.'* uml llu- (Irc.vt Hi-iiil f 
 33.'» Whii'h way, In (wton ihi.' (irtul IJiiid uiul the 
 
 334 WluU HPHlpmont nt llie thhiiIi of Cnliinihm river r 
 
 335 Wliii'li wiiy i« A^inria rrnin Moiiln>ul ? 
 
 336 Which wuj J'roin Luki- Siipirior ih llic Luke of tlio 
 
 Wonda t' ,. . . . 
 
 337 Wliich wrty from l-iikp llurnn in Lake Nipissing r 
 330 W lial lukcH htiwt f»i Luke Huron uiiii OniHrio ? 
 339 On wliie.li side of Lsike OnJaiio is York f 310 On 
 
 which "idc. KiiiijHlon i 
 
 341 Which way from York to QiMpnstown ? 
 
 342 Which way does Oulawus river run ? 343 InJo 
 what river does it eiui»iy ? 
 
 1 
 
 
 W'» 
 
 '* 
 
 i 
 
uri run he<<vooii the 
 Ihi;i'h ? -XVi Wliicli 
 
 mill ilifOrc.it Mi'iiil? 
 
 (iri'ut Kind tuitl the 
 
 I of ("nliimliift river? 
 
 IniitnMii ? 
 
 ior IS (he Luke ui' the 
 
 I is fiiikp Nipisaing i 
 itroii uimI Oninrio P 
 i» is York ? 340 On 
 
 'pnstown ? 
 
 iver run ? 3»3 Info 
 
 
 W 
 
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