IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) h // /. f/j A 1.0 I.I If: Ilia ■2.5 ^ 1^ 11:25 i 1.4 6" 2.2 20 1.6 TlL_x riio c Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (7>6) 872-4503 ■^ ,\ ^v ^^ >^ .V4t< nt est filme au taux de reduction ..uique ci-dessous 1«X L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a et6 possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-6tre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite. ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la methode normale de f ilmage sont indiques ci-dessous. □ Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur □ Pages damaged/ Pages endommagees □ Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages restaurees et/ou pellicultes Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages decolorees, tachetees ou piquees □ Pages detached/ Pages detachees EShowthrough/ Transparence □ Qu'.lity of print varies/ Qualite inegale de I'imp The to X\ The POS! of tl filmi Orig begi the I sion othe first sion or ill pression Pagination continue I I Continuous pagination/ I I Cc The shall TINl whi( Map diffe entir begi righi requ metl eludes index(es)/ Comprend un (des) index Title on header taken from:/ Le titre de Ten-tfite provient: □ Title page of issue/ Page de titre de la livraison □ Caption of issue/ Titre de depart de la livrai vraison □ Masthead/ Gener ique (perioc^ques) de la livraison 22X 26 X .%)( I 12X 16X 20X 24 X 28X Z2X il t ! vue 3n The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: Izaak Walton Killam Memorial Library Dalhouiie University The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol — ^> (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. L'exemplaire film6 fut reproduit grdce A la g^n^rositd de: Izaak Walton Killam Memorial Library Dalhousie University Les images suivantes ont 6x6 reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la nettetd de l'exemplaire film6, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprim6b sont filmis en commenpant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la dernidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impresf ion ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont filmds en commenpant par la premidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols —^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmis 6 des taux de reduction diff6rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seui clichd, il est film6 6 partir de Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche 6 droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m^thode. 1 2 3 32 X 1 2 3 4 5 6 B J AM THE UNITED STATES A.ND BRITISH PROVIiXCES. CONTRASTED FROM PERSONAL OBSERVATION. ■I ,\,, •if .' -A. LE CT XJIiE H- DELIVERED BEFORE THE D:ilif:iv ^Toiing glm's (fbrlstiuii ^ssochitioiv, BV PHIIIP CARTERET HILL, D. C. L. HALIFAX, N. S.: JAMES BARNES & CO., PRINTERS 1859. ■< ^1' '•' *. ■ '4 » < . '4' < •:|?l * i i ..: Mr. , ■ . <■*■'■ V- n A', ' i> ill The Its posil endless these m controls evident is an irai mals anc ed to the not pass penalty i er end th of creatic servient i "Theeai It is al and the s habitants who dwel sea only f Cornrac position fion of its ditionsof { character : manifold v in the him LECTURE. Thb surface of the earth presents a great variety of aspect.. It. posmon on ,ts axis, ancT in its orbit, occasions an almost endless ser.es of changes in seasons and cliraates-nor are these mere capricious or accidental varieties; unerring law con rols every arrangement, exquisite order and precision are cvKlent m every change. From the poles to the tropics there .s an immense variety of climates, and in every one the ani- mals and vegetables whose respective natures are just adapt- ed to .these varymg conditions are invariably found-thev can- not pass the bounds of their habitations with impunity, for the penalty ,s death. But all these differing regions have a high! er end than that of forming suitable abodes fbrthe lower works of creation ; these also are, with all portions of the globe, sub- servient to the welfare of man. In the language of^Seri^ture The earth hath He given to the children of men " It IS also evident that man himself is influenced by climate a.ul the surrounding circumstances of his habitation ; the in- iKib.tants of a sea coast will differ in many respects from those who dwell in the centre of a continent and who know the great soa only from the tales of poets or travellers. Commerce too, as influenced by the more or less maritime position ofa country, will tend greatly to modify the condi- tion of Its people, and above all the political and religious con- d.tionsofa nation exercise the strongest influence upon its character: and thus springing from various causes, we find as manifold varieties both as to habits of life and modes of thou<.ht in the human family as in other respects among the lower or- i ■ S' ■■:,■■■}: :".»: ■Mh . 'I, ' • ' • -,1 1$ |;|'.^U- v'i 1 K-':':^ i' : , ■ k 1 ^ ;■ :± ,;; ; iUf. * '■^ ^ ' h l' '>* . i v.- »,' 1* .tcsofcmuion ; a..atl,c conlcnn.lalion of tl.osc .I.lTc,o.,ce» thoiiW 1)0 at once mloi-cstniB •""I ii>-l"«--l""-' I ,,un,„so 11.15 oveiung to c„.l«.vor to portray lo yoi., *.ao of ,lL n ore ol.vioa, dilVcrcncos » l,icl, may l.c ,.ot,o«l m l.a«- , „m tl,c «ri,i,h ,„.ovinoos ami -tore parti™ larly ,l,c .«- °„rovi,.c«. to .otnc part.of.l.al in.monse rommy o„,1, ace. ,,0 limit, of .1,0 Uaitcd St.t.c.-a...l tvl.ilc ,., .0 ,„,.„ W ellctvor to aroi.l a„y cxprt-io,,, tvl.itl. n,.;^.. S-vc .,a-t ul "fotVcnco eve, ,0 .., A,„..ri,.a„ ci.i.c, , o„e «'>^ ,r o„., I *"" "<" -"p'" "• ^'»'" """'''"y "" °i"""r."; ■" ' i I -.vo o.-n,cd f.o,n somewhat f,c,,.ent a,.cl ,.,-ol„.,g.»l v,s,,= to «, oo„nt,7 on the one l.an.l, „or .l.all I extc„,.atc the .„U, ' di-uise the deficicncio. of oar o.vn oon.,t,y on the .,,l.e "' t::.o. suppose „„ inhabitant „.; this P™-- - = f ... ,i,ne =etlin.' fool on A.neiican tc,rito,-y, and let «., .,l»o :, " 00,' iX route „. travolle,. and suppose te Ihs. « , rr that .en.i,o,.y .1,1.1. he sees to be the c.fy o. los o, , r„d here he is strueU with a,na».n,e„t at the .-out, a.t .l..h 1^ lara.tee of the eity p,eson,s to anything ..t Ins na ,ve ,'d he e,owded streets, the ,„ag,.ifleent warehouses eo,n- ; ,7„hid, the lar.^est in llalifa>c are dintinut.ve, the nn- roltdtcg f;;,ve.,l.l,ier elasses,,l,e solidity and ,,,a.,. that in outxN a II . ^ J Gonial nei-bbor.^. liut ZtZ ::Crd!:i,:l:;; .0 .1,1,.., I shaU f,.e;,uen..y e.. ' '„X e, .ion in the course of these re.na.ks, bet.veen a n,a. °- Clss and that advaneen,.,nt ,vl,ieh under .he sev . ' 1 e..d :f sochd, mo,-al and poli.ieal. eons.i.u.es the eh.el ele- ^e^. o ,a.lo,>al greatness, and totvhiel, if .na.er.al p.-egres. u, SOUU: in pii^s- tlic low- ul»rac'oil (loin?; I ^ivc ju>t Hi were ns wliich . visits to he iliults i otlier. e for the ; us illso tlic lirst f r»oston ; iHt whicli lis native ]scs coni- e, the iin- ' and mas- .-ei'sal use unceasing ed streets, , all these I to admit t least, the ibors. l>ut uently call een a nia- the sever- le chief cle- \1 progress, bo vcver groathe not auxiliary i, i. ofeon.pnra.ively tnflin. -■'•'^-1 tends as little to promote hnnnn. happiness as th: ^ • -..^1 ,>ahn.es and t.nples, the has...eliefs and !tatues ofan- ^'•-'■^ Rorne d.d to eonfer happiness on a people .lehased hy yp cruelty and superstition. I do not fbr a moment say that ;J- contrast ,.s as g.-eat between the n.aterial p,.o,..ess of ine.. Kome, hu I do state as my deliberate conviction tlu't the two . tvc not kept equal pace, but that in the whirl and onward >..>I.ofevents the moral element has fallen far behind the ruder energy of the material. Leaving then this distinction for the present to be recalled bo eafter as occasion may re.p.ire, let us take a brief survey tl.at country. One of the first things which attracts the at- nfonofanyobservingmindina foreign land is of eour^^o ent'^ n '""T'-'-'r' '-- ^'-- '^ -'-M of innnenso ex- cn^^an boundless var.ety. The country in the neigh.,orhood • r '" 'f T'"" ''^'''"■" "^'"'^'y resembles that with «'" I. we are famduar at home-it is however, studded with Landsomc res.dences and highly cultivated fields, ar^ presents one of the most pleasing features of American sccn.V As we pass on by the railway to New York no Vtrikin. clmnge IS v.s.ble in the appearance of the country although Uhes u. tote south of Boston, but as we draw. L to t^s g.cat metropohs, wc perceive indications on every .ide that we a.^ again in the neighborhood of a great city, and when ^t cngth we are fa.rly w.thiu the limits of Broadway a scene of arclntectural grandeur is presented to our viewsurpas.in. the b-t quarters of Boston. I will uot here stop to describe^ the ■nagn.hcent churches, the palaces of the wealthy, or the Croton waterworks more than Roman in their greatness, nor will I HOW pomt out the fearful discrepancy between all this outward splendour and the n.orai and political deformities of New York as 1 shall revert to that consideration hereafter, but I willa^k ?*■-■' ''' .•1 >•■ ^r.":.. f- 'J'^ "^i.-''l I rt t- ■ ■':.' Mli, * '* tp» ■'? yon to go on with me in cur ftipiJ survey of the general ap- pearance of the country. In the course which I am supposing the traveller to take. Philadelphia is the next great city readied. The farms on this route resemble very closely those of Nova Scotia ; the houses of the same material and style of areliitecture would almost induce one to believe that he was still at home ; but we rapidly pass through the interval and arrive at the iiand- some city of rhiladeli>hia. A certain degree of rivalry is said to exist between this city and New York, and certainly there is much to admire in its regular streets and noble buildings. T cannot here omit to speak of the Girard College of which no doubt you all have heard ; while it u unnecessary to en- ter into an explanation of the whole principles and economy of tills remarkable institution, I would only say that although in the judgment of many, grave errors were committed both by its founder in laying down his principles and by his trus- tees in carrying them into effect, yet the extent of the institu- tion and the massive elegance of the buildings cannot fail to excite the wonder and admiration of the traveller, come from what country he may. The noblest ediHce I ever beheld, is the central or main building of which the general design is that of Ji Greek temple. Surrounded by fluted marble co- lumns, of fifty-five feet in height and six feet in diameter, the approach to this building conveyed to me the most imposing idea that I ever received from any effort of architecture ; nor till I ascended the grand flight of steps by which the building is approached on every side, and felt myself under the sha- dow of that magnificent colonnade, did I ever know that any material work, however great, could so affect the mind, and compel me to recognize the influence of a genius of sublimity which dwelt in the massive pile of marble and hovered over its very precincts. As much misapprehension exists as to the nature of this College, i(s popul It is a ell are fed, 0U3 trade From as a city of the Fe pass it h} mense sti l)earance. not fail t( paintings I suppose most obnc what I m; versal spi of the cha its walls a of the cou servation. Session wl fore them, eminent m tar as I ha speaking n with tlie e: oration on liearing, ar very, an oi in tlie Unit who could iieard Ruft deliver an i College, I would briefly mention tl.al the term "collo-o"in ..s popular sense does not convey a correct idea of it. objects. It ..s a chantable institution in which j.oor male white orphans are fed clothed, and educated, and then apprenticed to vari- 0U3 trades. From Philadelphia we proceed to Washington, and altho' as a city there is not much to attract attention, yet as the sent Mtthe federal Government the traveller would not willinHy pass ,t by unvisited. The Capitol, as renovated, is an fm- mense structure and presents at a distance a most strikin-. ap- peamnce. On entering the great hall, a British subject will not fad to be struck by two things ; the first is the series of panun^gs which adorn the walls and which naturally enou^^h I suppose, represent those scenes in the Revolutionary w°ar most obnoxious to his feelings ; and the other is the army of what I may term a national abomination in America, the uni- versal spittoon. With regard to the more important feature of the character and style of the Legislators who sit within us walls and exercise so important an influence on the welfare of the country, I am unable to say much from personal ob- servation Although both the Senate and Congress were in bession when I was M.ere, there was nothing of moment be- fore them, and con- ...ently I did not hear any of the mo.t eminent men, or witness the tone of an important debute ; so tar as I hud the opportunity of hearing, the general style of speaking neither fell below nor rose above mediocrity ; nor with the exception of Edward Everett, whose well known oration on the character of Washington I had the pleasure of l.earing, and who is certainly in language, thought, and deli- very, an orator of a very high order, did I hear any speaker '■ylie Lnited States surpassing, if indeed they equal some who could be produced from our own bar and legislature. T ncard Rufus Choate. the Erskine of the New England bar deliver an address on' a great public occasion evidently pre- J" ^M ' ■&:',i ]i n v' ' i' i t if til 1 vv pannl niul .•lul.omtc.I with -r.^at .•aiv. mikI ili'' .■nnvii-tion foi- .....1 it-olf uimn my ini...l tliiit scvonil of o.ir l.-a.V.n- i.i.l.lu' „„.„ <.n Loth si.los of politic- would l.avc shon.. iar inoiv l.nl- liaiitlv in tli mile.s fnrtlKM- down the river. No traveller should miss seeing this lovely river ; about as wide as our North-west Arm it winds its way as a navigable river for looO miles through fi country unsurpassed for beauty and fertility, and forms on(t of tho^e natural highways of commerce which are so remarkably devel()])ed in America, and it is finally merged in that still greater highway, the INi^ssissippi. In its" course it strikes the great Alleghany coal fiel.l, which may be seen on any geological map, covering an innnonse tract of country. How wonderfully are the designs of an all-wise Creator seJn in the provision of yuch a chainiel of communication for man tlu-ough sueh a country ? Let us for a moment sj^ppose it possible to dry up its curi'cnt, and rcHcct upon the stoppage of ti'ade and intercommunication which would result to such an enormous region and we shall then see the more than hu- man wisdom which ordained its existence. It is somewhat singular that this narrow river should for so many miles form the division line between freedom and sla- very. On one side you see the free state of Oiuo and on the other .-ide the slave states of Virginia and Kentucky. In a .(, I i' .'■/ € I t\ y r -I .■ I 'J •J .% ■^ ,10 ijteamer on this river for the first time 1 beheld human beings owned by their fellow men. At one of the landing places where the steamer stopped, we took in two passengers who had with them five or six slaves; this party was to me an ob- ject of great interest ; I wanted for myself to see whether the human beings who were only chattels in the eye of the Law could stand up with any semblance of a man before the supe- rior beings who owned with an equal right the muscles and sinews which clothed the skeleton within, and the miserable rags which covered those muscles without. And I was not deceived in my anticipations. To say that at every moment and in every action the negroes exhibited a consciousness of their miserable condition would not be the truth ; even a caged bird will sometimes warble with some semblance of the joyous notes of its days of freedom, and the love of music and merriment cannot be crushed out of the ne- gro s soul even when the iron has entered into it. I had often heard it asserted that the slaves after all could not be so un- happy in their bondage because in their hours of leisure they appeared to be free from care and amused themselves with songs and dances. I saw the so called light heartedness and mirth and heard the joyous notes of this party of bondsmen on the deck of the Oliio packet ; as well might we boast of the freedom from care of the overworked horse, or infer that he spends his whole existence in contentment, because the un- wonted sense of freedom leads him to gambol for an hour when he is relieved from his six days' ceaseless toil. I felt more pity for these unhappy beings, as they sat in a group on the deck and I heard their mockery of mirth and listened to their sickly songs, than if I had seen them engaged with looks of stolid indifference in the most arduous toil. Thank God there is a contrast here, broad and well defined, with our native land. Tlie sun shone brighter on the waters of the Ohio, and wa' mod into life a more gorgeous fiora on its ■ r ■#;^ n banks, than Providenoe lias allotted to us in the more frigid climate of Nova Scotia ; but to me the curse of slavery ap- peared to tinge the very atmosphere with a luu; of sadness, and I sighed for the air of that glorious empire which no slave can breathe ; and never until the subject had been as it were forced upon my attention, did I see the beauty of that pe- tition of our litany, or join more sincerely in the prayer that God would show pity upon all prisoners and captives. As we proceed down the river, which still continues to wind its way through a ve >eautiful country, we perceive that we have changed our latitude considerably since we left (he shores of Nova Scotia ; the air is literally perfumed with the blossoms of the magnolia ; the buck-eye spreads its broad leaves in the forests, and numerous vineyards are seen on its banks. As Ave approach the city of Cincinnati, and learn that five and twenty years ago there was but the nucleus of a town there, and that it now numbers about 100,000 inhabitants, when we ascend the heights above the city and look down upon the vast expanse of buildings, when we see the air darkened by the smoke of its manufactories, and behold the almost countless steamers lying in the river, we see one of the most remarka- ble evidences of the rapid and almost magical growth of the country. The buildings are lofty and massive, the streets well paved, and the churches numerous and imposing. It is a most significant fact that all tlijs wonderful deveropcment of prosperity and activity in commerce and manufactures, is seated on the free side of the river in the free state of Ohio ; nor is the pre-eminence of the free state confined to commer- cial or material features alone ; in education also, Ohio is equally far in advance of Virginia and Kentucky. Common schools abound in every section of the former, while in the latter they are few and widely scattered, and so in nearly ev- ery other aspect does the land of freedom outstrip the domains of slavery. ■ ^H ■!■■■; ;l- , 5. ;/, ' • t /' J-'r If' ■ ■' ; ■;. M: :,"- '■' 'i': ' ' '■ ■ 'I : g':^ 12 I !. ft There are said to Ijo "0,000 Germans in Cincinnati, wlio retain inncli of their national feelings antl habits ami wlio have brontrht from the banks of the Rliine a taste for tlie eultiva- lion of tlie trrape, wliicii aeeounts for the constant apprarunce of vineyards to which 1 have before alluded, and frjin which is produced an immense (luantity of wine every year, which is now becoming well known throughout the continent. From Cincinnati let us proceed still further westward un- til we strike the Mississi])pi ; to accomplish this by rail wc must proceed in a somewhat northerly direction which wdl lead us through the states of Indiana and Illinois, the land of prairies. In Indianapolis, the capital of Indiana, and which appears to be the result of a number of railways centering there, my attention was attracted to the name in conspicuous letters of the Young Men's Christian Association. Tlie very name had the aspect of a friend in a strange land an ; ■ in Wl\-'\-' 14 ti i^i palcl to a pcr,.on in the train who was authorized, for our pas- sa.'e up the river by a steamboat, supposing that to include the u«ual aoeomodation of state rooms, yet when we we^t on board we found that our tickets in reality only procured for us the bare right of passage, and there was such a crowd ot passen- cers that wc were obliged to submit to the greatest discomfort, and only purchased a little civility and attention from the stewards by dint of bribery. The atrocious habit of chewing tobacco and spittmg floui- ishes in the west with tenfold vigor compared with the east, and really almost destroys the whole pleasure of travelling. As I said before, however, the traveller must make up his mind to this and other annoyances, and console h.mseU as 1 did by thinking that when it was past, the disagreeable im- pressions would fade from the mind, and that he was well re- paid for it all by the beauty of the scenery. At the point where I am now supposing the traveller to embark, the waters of the aiississippi are perfectly clear and transparent. Ihe Missouri, which falls into it further down the stream, is a ve- ry turbid river, and after their confluence the Mississippi nev- er recovers its transparency, but rolls on even to the Gulf of Mexico in a thick and muddy current, of the density of which some idea may be gathered from the immense deltas at New Orleans, which are simply the particles of earth brought down by the river and there deposited. Owing to this fact of the turbid character of the river after the Missouri falls into it, the Upper Mississippi before the confluence is by far the most beautiful portion of the stream. From the pomt where wc took the steamer a town called Dunleath, ,t is 400 mdes to St. Paul, which is the bead of the navigation ; and nothing coi.ld well exceed the grandeur and magnificence of the view. 1 he bluffs as they are called, rise to a great height on either side, while occasionally the river expands, as at Pepin's I.ake, in- to the semblance of an immense inland sea. '.'«>; As I walked (he deck of the steamer, I pem,ived f„,.n,anv m.Ies on both sides of the river well defined ledges at e„„"Z be .morvals fr„™ each other running „lo„,. tl^ .,„,'* Mis ,fa ravtne or gap occurred in the mountain, , ,e ledle" would be seen exactly corresponding to each otl, r „n bo , s.des of the rav,ne,just a, if they had been at one tinte eon ^nuoushnes andthegaphad afterwards been made VZ n.o„nta,n I could not help thinking that the appeal e ley of the M,ss,ss,pp, havmg been in some former a.e an im n.on.e sea of which the upper line of ledges formed tt beal .0 second hne would represent the beach alter the water t .0 great basin had subsided to some extent, m,J sor„„," had sunk to the present channel. So marked were tie ' Imes and for so many miles did I trace them that I at len ',h made s,™e enquiries of a passenger about then,, a^ I '^ g a tfied to learn that they had long been noticed by uJ.Zl tha ulT''' "" T" •"""' "■"'" '"»*»-«vidcn,'ly sho*: that he heory J have just suggested is that which has com! m.«.,e,,o.hers, as most in unison with existingTp. The practice of racing by the steamers on the river has been frowned down by public opinion, „„,, „,„,„,, .."/J "^ d ts on the Western waters had become proverbial throuX out the world, yet at the time I was there I did not experlnee any greaer sense of insecurity than in any other steamcT rhe)I,s„ss,pp, falls over a precipice of some bei-ht Inst above t e town of St. Paul, and of course the navi^a of, lo«,d abruptly. This forms the fall, of St Antho,,; d I ha, never seen Niagara, I should have thought them min flcent as the whole volume of the river is prcei;itatedlm over a perpendicular cliff of about sixty feet in height As ! result of this closing of the navigation, Hte town ^ .S,. P ui has sprung up ,n an almost magical manner. This town serve t.) ! 'H '^i.^ f^4 ■if- f IG B l>)y I as a clLMM.t f.u- the mcrchanai/e .vhich from ihh conlrc .. d..- tributea to a l.unarod aiilVr.nt point.. TheLulians had hv,n removed b,.t two years fro,n this region at the time of my v.- sit by a treaty with the Federal Government, for the trrnto- ry'of Iowa is not yet admitted into the Union as a State ami is con.eqnently still under the jurisdietion of the General Go- 'Tuidn an easy drive of St rani are the Ms c^ the Min- nehaha, on a tributary of the Mississippi, now i^ndered so ee- kbratedbv Longfellow, and whieh are certaudy of sueh lo- ,„antie beauty as to well deserve the honor of g.vn.g name to the heroine of Hiawatha. _ In ..oin.^ to this cascade we drove over the prmne .^luh was sail in its natural state ; so level was its surtaee .md so uniform the character of the vegetation t hat we supposed U to have bee,i a cultivated meadow until informed of Us veal n. - t,;,. Although the latitude of St Paul does not ddl.r muc . from that of Halifax, the climate differs greatly, own.g to Us iunnense distance from the sea ; the cold is much more nj- tense in winter and the heat in snnuuer ; every tlung presents a dirterent appearance from these provinces, bt 1 aul i. Uk Mature of peculiar circun^stances such as have no parallel n> Nova Scotia. Situat.-d at tlie head of a river which is nau- cable for 3000 n.iles direct to New Orlea.is, the focus to winch Sle whole of the enormous stream of inunigration to the west onverges, it presents no points of similarity to our own con .- ions ; everything has an appearance of ben.g of qmck growth even n maUcrs of religion they appeared to be sat.sf.ed wU a standard for their n.inisters which would not be deemed ugh :.;^ Ih in many villages in Nova Scotia. _ In one respect k>w- ever, this mushroom town fron^ whose site the Ind.ans 1 av a e -Muoved their wigwams, presents an example tron^ "h a. we might well take a lesson in Halifax. A large pro- "iou of thc-ir buildings are of brick or stone, and when we 17 remernlxu- the (lillioultics atton.ling (ho pn.cnrin- of snch ma- terials ill siicl, a n.mitry it inust excite our achiiiiatio.i to «ec tliosc .liHieuities conquered and the foundations of the nin- ety thus permanently and securely laid. What a wretched contrast rought very distinctly to our notice by the contrast p;c; sented by the passage ward voyage • instead of the immense crowd of passengers who renda.e.i our upward voyage so uncomfortable we had now whole row- ot state roon^s to select from, and the captain of the boat had sufheient leisure to be quite civil in his deportment, and even he stewards appeared to think it worth while when the num. bc.^ were so limited to pay a little attention to our wants 11ns change arose from the f-,ct that the great mass of set- tlors were proceeding up the river to the rich prairie lands of Iowa and Minnesota, while the downward voyage merely ac- commodated those whose ordinary avocations led them to piss («■ . i , !■;■■ ' i.: V. if • ,' "?■•!'.','. t ''■ ^ '' '''^:: i-iX ..*- •"' : ■ ' ^ % ''. ■» •,*^■^;i ^. i' ^k H r ( jF ti'i' ■V ' •: ^.: u ■■''•'■ t' I \s i 11 11! both wny>. This alsn aocov.i.t.- tor llio m1).e.-t ncroiiunodations lie can lay his hands on I'or hini-.df and his lamily, and, provided he does not interfere in any \v;iy with the comfort of the oHieers, no ubstruction is otfeicd !)y them. I was very nuich -Irm-k al the I'acl of liuding that all ser- vants (m the we.Mern steamboats, Iioth i.n the Ohio and :\Iis- sis>ippi, and al^o in a greal majority oi' instances in the hotel-', were negroes. The white man, especially the native Am.'ri- c;ui, will not, as he considers it, demean himself by actin;j; in that capacity, thinking it oidy lit for the negro or the old coun- tryman. This is one of the weakest [loints in the whul,' Ame- rican character ; r.s if any occupation not in itself immoral ..r dishonest was beneath the dignit\ of miy of that race who are forever decreed to eat their bread in the sweat of their Inow. There is a morbid de>ire for distinction amo!>g Americans which cannot rest salisiled in the vnuk and file of humanity. If any man discharges the duties of his station, however huni- ble that may be, with oidinary fidelity, neither he nor hi- friends consider that he has received the due reward of his merit unless some public testimonial is presented to him aiul his name is made to ring in the public ear. This love of nu- toriety, fostered !)y the [)ublic nature of the railway travelling and hotel life, pervades the whole American character. Like the Frenchman, the \merican loves just what the l':ngli^h- man abhors, scenes and dramatic effects. If Providence ha-^ cast the lot of an ]:nglishman in a humble station of life, there are of course exceptions, but as a general rule, as a national I ■■^: 10 clmraotcri.li.. h- i. : ,.,,,.,i (, ,ii..:.ar;r, ,i.e duties of tli.t stauo,, w.th l,om.s.y .,.1 ,lili.....v, an,! I.is higi.est a.nlmio. i.s k. cavo Ins -n,. t„ o.vuj.v ,!.. same position; this l.owev,.- ^vou!.l nevvr satisty young A.ncnoa, wl.alcv.r n.i^ht be tl.e a ^■•"•;':'-"" '!"• ""»t snpren.e conten.p, lbr the oecupa- fons by nlueh b,. pa.-Mt. live,], and he would sneer at th- olfer ot a situation a< a servant in a steamboat or liot.d. Hon- ;">'oh n.oro noble i. the spirit of the n.an who looks on every honest oecu,K,tion as itselfenuobling, and who ren.end,ers th.a a n.e.hanieal employment wa- conseerated not merely by tlu- app..bat>on bu,bytt,<.l.i,., ,,,,,,1, ^ Wd 01 all tlnn^s. : an. .i,r Iron, depreciating that desire to n^^e w ueh ,s not only exeusable but Jandable. bnl as the abil- ity a..d oj.portunity to d<. this are giy... to but one in a thou- sand. J reter to the great nw.ss «ho would display a more n,>- ble spn-it by respecting themselves and their avocation. 1 here are many sins to be charged to the prineiides o( Ho- Pnbbcan.sn, and this is an.ong the num-.en It is false iu theory, and falser still in practh-e. that all n.en stand on an tHluahty. The American who i.roclainrs in the words of the hrst sonte..ce of the Declaration of Independence that all n.en ue born free and equal, mns. either make a mental rcervi- •on of the three millions of beasts of burden in the lunnan form, who e.dt.vate his cotton and tobacco in the South o- aeknondedge the assertion to be the most bitter irony to which eyen a slave has ever been compelled to liste,.. iJut even as to the white man the assertion is uutrne ; it never has been 1-eah.ed in any country, ancient or n.odern, and while the pre- sent d.spens.^tion lasts it never will be ; men difJer no n.oiin intellect a.uV ability than they do in stature, and the ta^k of reducing the n-hole race to an equality in height is not a whit ■ s. • I. ,0* f I III:- ■yf -'■ ^ ■Ai ■. 2 ■ ■ .j4';-,i _'j». .' ^ .».: . (Mi 20 nm-v hopeless tlinn Hint of forcing thorn into tlio Pnmo mnital oalil.iv, .,!• cHmipellin- tliom to think alike. Provi.l.'iiro hiis no siicii l:nv ; tlio world is not a (h-ml level ; to one man h given ..iH' tal.Mit, to another five, ani llic rnil.d Slates, the traveller is ahiiost h.l t„ tliii.k'that the inarcli of imprctveiiieiit is <'uiiliiie(l to ihiit it will eoiiviiice hint that this laipressiou only arises' troiu waiif of iiiforiiiatioM. Canada has advane.-d with as rapid strides as its nelghlKuirs ; the towns of Hamilton, Toronto and ^Montreal present as great evidenees of prosperity an.I pro- gifss as any in the United States ; the railways are more suh- ■stanlial and helter eondtiete.l, and honest industry offers as hrilliant jjrospects of reward in Canachi as in any part of the Union. ^ It is n(»t therefore due to their form of frovcrnment that the United States have advanecd so remarkably, but to the an- b...inide(l wealth and extent of the Western hinds and to the immense stream of immigrants who are attracted by the re- tnrns they olfer to the settler. I have often heard the lt• in Jiiaal.i and c-xteiu oiir <,wii lawiiHTs u-c chilli flii'l !liai wo pn^oiil no -lu'lMli^iiiiritv as is coimnonly -ti[>i>('S(^l. Till" *(alc '.I' WTinoiii ^.!.■u■ll H.- in n.arly Hio .-ainc liilitiide as Nova S.'olia. and is tv, :,-tiiinls of its c.vtcul in area, lais not with all its a.lvania- 's as i)arl of ll.c conrclcraiion, <.ut-^ stiii.iK'.l Nova S.'otiM in poj.nlaiion, or in any one ck'nicnl of nali.aial Lmahu-s. l^Iain.. uiil. hvitr tli.' ana of Nova Sro- tia. has not luin> il- iiuiailation, nor in luiy ono f.aiuiv ofiua- tc-rial or moral pi-o.-rrcs. ha> it snrpassed this province. Such s4ai.-s a.- Ma.-sac:hnsoit> and ConnrotinK, lying niorc to the M.nth, and which were ucahhy and popnloiis provinces when the site of Halifax .va> .n c( a Ian-led forest, are of course oxclude.l from any .'ompari-on. Th-se northern .^latcs with our province-^ a:e' equally far h.hiud ,hc more favnred regior.s lyiuir to il"' •'>"'!' ; ^^'' ■>'■'■ "'''^'' '" '''»'"^'"'"" '■>i-''"i"-'' ''''^' '""^ alike in the same latitude and therefore the temperature ofour climalo les.riets u> to the sm' iUodiicN of .he ;-oil, ami de- ni(^ to us as to them iiioM: ri-i. retrn!--, hichcren'eth. ^'.caUn of m..re -cnial land-. In corroU.ruiica of this 1 ,nay nu niion tha> the island r,f Newfoundland lie- iar io the north ol Xo\a Scoiia. and is .separated fmm the great chain of internal com- munii-.-ition wiili ihe coniinenl ot America, and it conseiiuent- ly dilVer-^ as .areaily from this province as we dilTci from Uii^- sachnsetl,-. Thi-. ihen. 1 belicM; ie be :he {rwo auMvev to the -pteMioii why these province^ lag hehind ihe United Staie. in .he march oi'impiovement. TlD-e ptu'ticulav slai..-.- -vhose cir- cn;ii-(;mr('> ;ii,.i nalsii-!! j.Iv,,i.|j,.j,.* r,, ,.( ,.],, ,.) \ fi -( lulilc oiu own arc imt hcfoic ill (1 h' I'lll'C i-f 'nttc(| wjsfj, ptiiir.v cliiiKv- iiiHl liTii!,; -,,iN'. ii;:oiTu.i((,l int., ,) r.n-.\{ v.Ik.Ic ol'inor- iiiiiii- |ii'(>|>r)iii<»nB, (•criiiliilv iijiv. 111,1. li-i'MiiKinlliiMrv hhi'mm ii~ llir iiMtiiral I'c.-iili iif'iljrii -iijM'riui' nilviiiil; i-cl ii> iic»n- rc«mii<' <>\ir i^wr^f iKnncwMids. Xo trnv (IK 1 Will. (i| (■(iiiixc, iTuii'ii IVoiii ' iui;Ml-,i w.iliiMii liaviiig visif"i1 Ni- npii'a ; >Ii\ \\u^ ■■<'cih nii\ i-itci|. In may -|c>])iiii' of "■\(r a('(|iiiriii,!,' mm aili'ijuai (■ Ml( a of II- iiiii<>niji-''iic(>. l'(. mIii> can dcyvrilK' the nio^l iiiiiji'stic of tin- wnrks i crrat Mill A\' liH can convey ill Iaii,!_Min;.M' a triitl.fiil iiuprcssi. i; (.I'vl.a' ii.'is li.Mti wrll t(.|nic ii l,iin'c>\ llan,p>liir(' and (Ik! bt'iuity of ili ■cna ry well jiisiiiics il,e clioicc. Tlie railway run? to i ililo lii'oii'ili a v;0'ey of^ri-cni ocanty followir,-- (!,(.' windi -■; of le n\('r. I lie iiioiinlaiii and lake M'ciier 'j;raii( look 1. ]• y are ]>rf)vei liialh ro! ii an finineiiee near liic town (;i St Alhni! \ oil across a l(.'V(d tr u-l of coimtrv and can see llie inon i.\tv miles distant. ].ak Clia'i)]iliiin expands its broad -iirface between, wldle on 'lie left llie Adirondac InlN in llie v|;ite of^ew York fnwcr ^iir l)o\e the hori/oii. A re;,- Kepiddic, let us briefly enijtiin; wli,-.! inferences we may pro- ;ably di-aw, what lessons we may gather for our own iniprove- c'lit. I have, in the former part of iliese remarks, freelv admitted the great snpei'ioi'iiy of ni'inv oai'ts of die Union in commercial and inateria! progress . - ihe lowe'r provinces ■'rl ■.*■ t#|tf ^A ^- rr;n» •^•ifii ■h; ''1 24 and I have also advci-tctl to the fact that in my jii(l;iin('nt at least, their moral progress has not kept equ.'tl i)ace with the material. But yon will say how is this proved ? This discrepancy is so unlooked for and so startlinir, that it must he estaldi.-lied on indisputable evidence. Let us then revert to that great city New York in I'efer- ence to M-hieh J first made i,.e assertion. Here is confessed- ly centered a great portion of the wealth and intellect of the country : here commerce may be seen in her busiest and most extensive aspects, here are found the most magnificent results of architectural skill, here, to, use their own expressive sum- mary, is the eni])ire city of the Union. And what has repub- licanism done for New York ? With such elements of "-reat- ness, we ought to have a city whose regime should hi; a mo- del for the world ; economy should rigidly reduce taxation ; stern integrity should control every expenditure, and only those best fitted by honesty and ability, should fill the places of au- thority. Xow I do not ask you to take my assertion as evi- dence of the real facts. Let Americans themselves be heard. The local taxes raised in the city of New York amount to eight millions of dollars (£2,000,000.) every year. This enor- mous revenue is more than sullicient, if faithfully applied, to make Xew York the best i)aved, best lighted and cleanest ci- ty in the world, and to employ a police of such extent and character, as to carry the wholesome restraints of law into ev- ery corner of the city. Now hear the testimony of a New York paper. " The truth is," it states, " that ihe local taxes of New York, which are On the increase every year are becoming too opi)ressive to be borne : on some kinds of property the taxes are more than the entire rent of similar places in such cities as Glasgow or Liv- erpool ; M-e are indebted for this to the blessed system of giv- ing every ma:: a voice in the government. In New York," 2o who .»„„ii. ,i,„ |„,i,iio„„, „,•„,,„„, „,„ „,iiii,„ ' :, ™''^" yea,-, allowing ,l„3 „,l,o,. tl„« ,„iIlion, a^ ! , , "T' ^ gar.1. tl,„ enormous a,„ou„. of I oal tV i' w" '•" I- ora,„ ei., of co„.o,„o„ce in „•„::,:,„; J:;;:' ".a" 1'1"«' tl..o„gl,out tl,c connlry and in son.e oi^cs,!, ,„ cal taxes arc of ,l,o most oppressive characr," T H tostnnonj. of one paper published in New Yori- 4 I anollicr: Tlio Nei, V,,,.]- r.- ^'"vllear circulation, saj-s.-We M eve r " ""'"'' "' '""'"'''' Ju.lga,e„t <;f reL'eti /n'n V en ve^rr, °"! "'° ■'"'"^'' With nniversa. suffi-age i„ l^^'Z'^::! ^^ZTt .';»^no.prLrve„rd::.^;;er::L:inivr::i;,.e^ ;r;o':irz',:\;:;r;t;:i:e'- ::vT"" r^'-^ """ corr„p.j„d.esa„di„,Ueei,e\:e° ier.trlT'"^ ...on .0 .he highest plaees and stitles ,U voits" t;::: c ™ wl,en ,.a,sed i„ remous.rance. This is not the expe i c of .New 1 ork alone ; every city in Aaterica is showin, t ,o a „ lo,k Innes ^„„. hear n brief extract frotn the New York Hoi-aid on a kiialre.! sub|ect— t.,e state of il„. l Z ^■ew York. •• The preset eonstir- i ,'.:::,:' or the popular election of t,vo ™a„y otrtcials, .wtVcul l^ l gc», ve have seen men of no character or reputation at the -«hy.,oseaiatheyhad„e,;i:v:::ttl3^^^^^^ Tins ■» platn language ; so plain indeed that I should not have (;ii>- s' (1 V hi ■: •^■ ^:i-^ j^ 'i- i: '. ■■> • hi . ■'. k V "2 ;- *^ Jl 1 1. mi M W- i^B ^Hfl ,.l, '^r 5i 'tl i 3i-, 1 i |H ^1 tl m S'' ' I.I I I vciitiii'cil lo n.-c ii bill a« nuotcd I'roia Aii'.oiiv-fin Avril(>r-. Eiit (lie ovideiK'c is aecumiilato'l. the conclusion is irresisliljh.', tlmt in the great cities of the Union, the American form of govern- ment lia- M'oved a (aliure. Nor i- (lie evidence more favorable if from the cities we Inrn to the Fefleral Government of the I'uited States ; 1 need cite no antliorities to convince yon that at "Washington, cor- riijition rears its nnbhishing front ; that jobbery is practised by men of all parties and opinions, and that tlie public reve- nues fire consiilered the opiiiia spolia wherewith i]:i- political victors of th(^ hour mav reward ihemselves and their a-lherenis. Thcr^e sad truths arc known to the whole world. The most barefaciid bribery was recently i)roved against rnendjcrs of Congress before a Ct)mmitec of their own body, and the facts published to the world. No Act of importance is carried with- out th(! uns[)aring use of bribery. " Lobbying," as it is term- ed, has become a jirofe-sion of itself, and Washington holds a bad pre-eminence as the scat of the most corrupt government of any nation professing to be civilized. Nor is the general tone of oj)inion on public affairs of a much moi'e elevated standard. Armed Iiodies of miscreants sympathize with reljels in the neighboring province of Cana- da, and the Government is too weak or public sentiment docs not compel it to repress their gratuitous zeal. Fillibusters invade a neighboring country under pretence of promoting the cause of freedom and their leader holds levees in New York, and demands compensation from the Government for having allowed a ship of war to intcn'fere with his benevolent designs. A great political party, the majority of the whole nation, for they succeeded in electing their candidate as President, open- ly endor-c as a feature of their policy the extraordinary doc- trine that the possession of Cuba is a necessity to America and (hat it shoidd l)e purchased from Spain, but if Spain were imwise enough not to com[)ly with this very modest demand, yet liiat (lie 27 posse>,-i()ii of (ho I-land qim-ed; wliioh is sJiiii-lv (lie ]; i"iisi a( all (jveiKs 1 uc ".C- BiK \v!i igiia^j^e of |)ii"i( varied and so .7 need 1 muhiply instances ? T!ie evid numerons tluit, in niyjml; VK'tion is irresistible (hat \vl cnres are so ;"icnt at least, (he eon- in the great eit )nbl iO.^ ii-'(uer we loo|< at its devel m 01 pnbhc oi)niion, repuM I'l America. Do not let >C'rt (hat the liritisl the general govei'iiuient. lopinents or in the tone 'caiiisni has i.i'oved an ut(er Jail ine be misunderstood ; I do n defects ; from tl » or any other government is i lire iot as- I'Overument is als I'ai'ed widi fiie A lenee (lie A lese iiolhiiiglunnancanbe fi •o open to verj gra\-e eh I'cc [rom ■eo. The British liieriean it is a in:)( (■ and my only objeet in thus alliuli •"•'I'ican system is to show that w of iirges, but as eom- l'Ui'i(y and excel- Bri(ish Crown need ente 11;? to the defects of as subjects of the Ijor.' Wain no amy of our republican nei-h- One of ih( iiucient Greek histo that (he best possible fbrm of I'ians stated his c onviction ofth C}'- but that siiel tliree principles of monarcl govermnent would be a compound uarchv. aristopi-io-ir n,i,i ,i.,.,, ^ I a c irisfocraey and dem ompound if formed could not ex.^t.nee. The British Constitution 1 ot his (heoiy and the fallacy of 1 ocra- condnue in as pi'oved the wisdom lis j)i'edietion. fiiti 'priing from a germ which exhibited bn( H d modiiied by "I'e flevelopemeni, added to ai!( ciinistances as (imo rolled on, the bal ed by the preponderance of the C viilsivc movement of the neoid lint traces of its varying eir- iince at one time desti '■own, at another bv ■oy. 'J a con "liolhat well ordered and 1 people, until at length it settled d own country triumphantly through all the lannomous system, which has b orno preserved it uiil ■'iia'^tie.- th( armed amid ihe surges of time, and v.-r; ck of other tl ii'ones and i!''.^ u'e have the ha constitution of that noble country, under wl l>i'm lose I'lness to live, iiresents a spectacde of '''■'■"ig vigor and majestic strength io which tl en- i!e pandl ei. le World allbrds u w I.'-' >:. :. i 'iiu'si'..,' 1^ / {{I .1l j if 28 No tyrant opinion of the majority crushes out, as in Amer- ica, the expression of individual thoughts which may not accord with the sentiments of the majority. No self constituted com- mittee can forbid, as in some of the Southern states, the circu- lation of Uncle Tom's Cabin or anv other work however liard- ly it n)ay bear on the i)reiudices of the nation. Every man may worship God after the dictates of his own conscience in peace and security, while at the same lime the rclijrion of Christianity is boldly proclaimed as the religion of the nation. Every man, it is true, may worship God in America as he sees fit, and if he sees fit he may also ublicly teach that men need not worship) God at all, as unhajjpily some are I'ound to do in the United States, but this is the very essence of tho difference between the two countries. In the British em[)ire a, man may hold the most irrational and wicked sentiments, provided he does not spread the poison abroad and teach oth- ers to follow his pernicious ways, but the law arrests his course and [)revents the injury he would intlict upon his fellow men if he attempts to disseminate his views ; but in America this liberty degenerates into licence, and a Theodore Parker may ridicule revealed religion not merely with impunity, but with no small degree of eclat and i)opularity. I want no such liberty as this ; welcome rather tlie res- triction if such it must be called, which while it allows a man to incur his own perdition if he is mad enough to do so, pro- tects his fellow subjects from the contagion of his doctrines. The religious aspect of the nation is to my mind the most melancholy feature of society in the United States. "We are not permitted to see into futurity, but to all human judgment their future is overhung with black and portentous clouds, and the wildest dogmas may hereafter be entertained Ijy the ma- jority of the people who have no i-ecognized standard of ri'li- gious belief by whicii to measure their own rise or declension from the truth. 29 In wl.a.evor point of view then wo look at this qucfion . ether n. reference to secular interests or to reh^io ,, I tr t I have carr.ea you with me to the conclusion that ^e not only need entertan, no env, of our republican neighbors b. tl It .. our happn.es.s to have our lot cast under; systc.u of .o- von.n^.t presenting infinitely greater elain. to our atlect^. It is (rue that in the colonies we cannot have this ma^nifi- cent system carried out in its integrity ; the local circu.nltan- es of a new country render it in.possible. We have already « '--l ^00 far H, the downward course of the United 8ta '• " let us nululge the hope that all portions of the empire are' a. y ^comn,g consolidated into one hon.ogeneous while, and 'at the hope so well expressed by the Prince of Wales on tI.o recent occasion of presenting colours to the 100th Ivoya Canadian Kegiment, that that noble colony would soon become an integral portion of the Queen's dominions n>ay be real.ed of all the colonies of the grandest en.pirele' SUM noks down upon ir. his daily course. These significant wor s we,.e not w. n.ay be assured, the expressionj of tl youthful Pnnce alone. If not originating from, they at least were sanct.oned by other and older heads. For the first ti,ne too, n. our lustory, the present year has witnessed the recep- t^cn of colonial delegates not by the Colonial minister alone but a_, an aud.enee by the Queen herself. These facts appear' ' po.nt n. the direction I have indicated and I shall be iLm- |lamly rewarded if in the slightest degree I can be instrumen- am oadmg my fellow countrymen to look to their gloriou. atl.e.'l.nd as their model in social, political and religious mat! tors, instead of to the neighboring republic. I5ut in conclusion, let us remember that a nation is com- posed of individuals, and that if we wish to elevate the char- acer of our country, every individual must contribute hi. ^liaif to the work by seeking to elevate his own. f) ■ J ■ ^ ■ ^,w. s>s I c - (■ >\''< 30 Nations have lUfippetl out the world into kiiigdoriis ami em- pires accorJhig to their own caprice or power; science has scored the globe with her isothermal lines, her zones of vari- ons vegetable products and the limits of each distinctive fanna, but let us remember that a time is coming when all these lines of demarcation will be obliterated, when a new heavens and a new earlh will [)resent a nniverse renewed in every ilement and every aspect, and when the great question for ■every mend)er of the human family will be, not whether his TOuntry stood high in the rank of nations, but whether in his individual capacity, whatever may have been his lot in life, whether he passed his days in the genial south oi endured the I'igors ot ihe iKjrtli, whether as a freeman he walked the earth erect or as a slave fcowered beneath the lash, in what- ever land or under whatever combination of circumstances, he was faithful to tiif trust committed to him individually. ," • ^ II i mM If !*■■< 1 ' »'. ' li H inis ami em- science lias ics of vari- ctive fiiiiiui, ill all tliL'.-ie o\v heavens ed in every question for .vlietlier lii.-J ether in his lot in life. 01 endnred walked the sh, in what- cmnstanees. vidiially. *'M • M *« '■4. ....