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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la méthode. v. >/ ■■>:»■» rf i 1 2 3 ' 1 * ■ ■ » .'. î 4 5 6 - ^--i ' « 4^^ r- . * • s «- /N ■■-:# • a ^ ■ 1 9 •^ ' ' t ^ , • ^ * *•, ^ ■> ' r-. r • * V ( ^ ..■• / • t . f ' ■' ■k , I sdME notf:s ON iHr: ' SOI.IDATION OF l\v() SvSTKMS oF Klicctric SuPI'LV * • i . . liV A. A. DION. M.A.l. MAI., Ottawa, Ont. • \' 4 T ^ whichsixorseve™ ';fo^;^ P«^^^^^ '^^' ^^"'ral stations! ment of the best and Jates^ or/r. r. ^'' T"" ^' '^^ ^'"bodi- in the race for weahh in 'Tew^onh. ' ''"^ '''''■^^^y hahd.capped hâve been made 'inœ'thàt Time ^"' ""P'ovements uïïch inat.^ïrS;p:ï3S^;^;--^J^;He^useofe bution at constant Dotential -^nH ,1 d>fficulties of distri- clevised to meet tK^condîtions E^/cf '"' ""-r ^'-"^ '° ^e whose stations were equiDned wh- ^ \^T"= '"PP'y companies, volts seemed like teSnl ^^f" .'^'^"'"'""r «» ""« 'housand units were the ruleratEhln'^h/!.'"' '"^ '"^^" 8«"erat6r . sible to adopt more economfcal «vf/'^P^'r'.""^ ''"'^ *' '"^Pos- undue sacriL of .Ua "u s .nr,'^'*^"'' «f distribution without wardstheimprove?nTntof heir J""'' ""^H" their efforts to- limitsofexisting pressures "" to changes within the infïec^e^t^:;; t&^lrstnn:l^;^'!ii;^;j"'--^^. -'-h is not problem.thatofconsolidLtin.^ ^ another and more difficult éléments to Lm Sfe Ind nn[r''' '"^ «"^«tjmes conflicting out throwing any apSatus o. nf "' '^''^•"- '^° ^° '^is with^ wnter .aslttel/cTd"uVrt"ôunSS "^^ '-«^ ^''^t the plan ad^ptS! Eu! simS;;SK '^"^' ï "^^ ^-^"^ «^ 'he case, believing that Tfu^rn stin. eTch oT/T' '" " P"*"''^"'»^ ^mg worlc donc in our resoectivP Jm f ^- '"'^"™at>on regard- •^the obiects of thL AssocEn . t"^^'^''''"' ''^ ^''^^ carry oui members may b?bâiefi»ed b^ th. i" """^'^ "'"'• ^""^^ "^^he may bring oui if noTb^the pa^Htsdf """" "''^'' ''^'^ P^P" e.e^c^.ic'^'irghrcï^srnS '^!i^ -?p-^^ ^•^- Company," "The ChinHiJ^rri \ .The 0^3,,.^ gj^^j^j^ was vvater, and was transmitted tL^M t% / motive-* power operating under a head «rSen feet Th ^ 7"""' .'"^'''"^^ ment consisted of eichteen T H ^^ a ^^^ electrical equip- factured by the Roval Cn ol m " f" ^"'P^''^ «enerators manu- Jighting th'e sUeetStSe aty and QTi'.htK^"^-^'^ ''«''^^ ^''^ This Company aiso ownpH /c!^ n^^ ^,^'f ^°'' P^^^^^ lighting. arc lamp repairs "^"^^ a small workshop for armature and la» i :>; THIi.CMAUlilKRI.; KI.l.CTKiC I.KIHTANI) POWKk COMPANY. ■7. This Company was tlie next in point of R^e, it havint; com- menced business in 1887. Its bii^iiness was confinée! to incan- descent lifih'inf. and supplyinj; power for motors. Its first plant was a multiple séries System, using llie well known U. S double magnet geneiators of 25 ampères lind 550 volts. The liiilitinv- was hmited to stores an light Westinghouse alternator with smooth core armature and a 120 K. W. alternator with toothed core arm.ature, both separately excited, and a 75 K. W. 500 volt U S direct current generator of the upright lyoe. The alternators were separately connected by wires to the switchboard in station J'J'T^ hundred feet away, and the D.,C. generator sup- plied the motor circuits, two in number. which ran from this station. 12. "c" wasa steam power station which had been built in I893 as an auxiliary, made necessary, on account of periodical diminution of the water power tlirough anchor ice and other causes. No place could be found for the steam plant oi7the premises of the other stations, therefore it had to be ericted some distance away on a water course where an abundattt sup- ply of water was available for condensing, purposes. AdfÇÎitional electrical equipment had therefore ^o be pfovided for thi/station ',5 distance f,';,,, „,a sw, ïhboaS. Sf nm ',7:;! ,'" '""'" S,ooo watts. (>er thr^Hinr' ers ôr hi* ^''' "^ '^^'^ ^='''' ^"^ THK STAN..AK., Kr.KCTRIC COMi-ANV OF OTTAWA buJmels n "sç, 'l/Tu'ld 'tT'''"^''^' . '"T^ commenced station or anv naît oft Thl-=? ^ ninninj. the whole entire flour mill day and niilu Ahn.l^. ,' mnn,r^ an 250 volt motors ranVi^fron ;,' it p o . " h T" H '""P'*' ^^ .ns .05 h. p The o'ther was held -.n'-rSe-rve '" ""^ ''''''^'''^ measunne instfunipntq Tnri r>i,.,> „ i ."^^''^^^^ '*' *■ "• .ight,n, cLuUs anï"he V' '.ll'l.nïïo^t intérêt n'.ÏÏbi;'^ T^^" voltmeters.were connected wjth the centres nfH?f,^K.- ^^^^ wattn,eters were used throuSo'Jt thé s7s^;,r" '^"P^ '"^"^ ^- "• CONSOI.IDATION. "*' |6. The plans adoptée! for consolidatiny iliese several Systems hâve not ail bcen carried out at this time. The work is being donc m a graduai maiiner in ordçr to cause no commotion amonj,' subscribers, but for the pnirpose of this paper we will assume that this work has been completed and speak of thin^t, as they will be. As a fîi-st step fowards carrying out the proposed changes,*he small work shops abovementioned were merged mto a single one in l.wger and more commodious premises knowrwhs theoldarc light station, owned by the company and unoccupied at that time. Some additional tools were provided and a foreman compétent to superintend any electrical and mechanical work that might be required, wis put in charge. 17. P^or several reasons it was deemed advisable to m.iintain the arc light service as a department entirely separate froni the other branches of the business ; for instance, the hours of lighting are limited, and the men connected with this service in most cases hâve no connection with the other dêpartments. No changes were made in thissiation beyond the addition of a 60 light Westingliouse arc light machifie, m order to mcrease the reserve and decrease the liability of impaired service from burn- outs, etc. ^ 18. Each circuit is usually run independently from two gener- ators, of a capacity of thirty-five and twenty-five lights respec- tively, in séries. ' 19. Three patrolmen drive through the streets of the city during lighting hours starling np lamps that hâve gone out and reportmg every morning ail lamps out, or requiring the atten- tion of the repairer, as well as cases of improper carboning, etc. 20. Thèse patrolmen also answer ail fire alarms during light- ing hours, and remain on hand at fires in order to eut wir^, if necessary, and perform any' other duties which may suggest »hemselves in the interests of the company. The daily reports of thèse patrolmen are posted in a book kept for that purpose in which the history of any particular lamp in the service can be read at a glance. 21. In the atteiftpt to consolidate the two Systems of incandes- cent lighting it soon became évident that ail the feeders must be concentrated at one power house, in order that one station only need be kept running during da> light, and water power being cheaperthan coal, that station which had the largest water wheel equipment wasthip most suitable for a centr.il station. The Standard Electric Company's large and commodious power house best answered the requirements and was selected as the central or distributing ftation and.the alternators in the other stations were connected, each bé a pair of wires, to a central switfhboard in this station. 22. In the steam station a 500 volt, direct current, compound wonnd generator of 250 h. p. was installed as a part of the power System, to take the place of the 500 volt U. S. machine above refetred to. 23. The stations a, b and c, of the Chaudière Company, the central stat on ^^-'.""^'^ ^^"-^ ^"'' the switchboard in rehostat, main combinée! sw;-h'''T'"' "'""■' ■''"^'■"■■«tor field bined s^itch and cutô"r As .il ''"'', <-'"«"'- «"'' excter com- serve ai thesàneïï.n7i,em.moseVo°"'' "^ "'" blocks, .that mthecentra.swUchj;:;;^n; '^^^.tStd^'Srî'r "^^' .ce^^eI5^^o^^;;lî^!;;;trMs;-^::rLr"'T' - '^^ ï^r:^na,Jt;^Se^rT^^'-^'^"-"^^ When a fuse blows ,he s ,dfien? ""'""' /'"u^' ''""y P^otecw^d the chamber cv u es ' s> In "'T,"°" f "^'^ *'"' '^"P'-'ine/in effectuallybrekin,he"r -II'' ''■''' "î''""^^ '^^ ''P^f^^e the form of meSc pîn'ys which „ r'".'"''"' ''''"^ ""'"^"^ '" ' caPTO,o™ilea„y,,,oof,ha„e„eraSr" '" °' '""'"''" able extent. To preîen w^i s ^'■"'\'' ^'"■'^^'° ^ consider- opened. hand leve'rs u?re rrt J;dTo'' H '''" ", '^^''^^y ^''^"'^ '^ faster jjear with the Lie so ^s^„ '." "'™'' "'^ «overnor into WhilethiswasaneSentfeiurè-^"'' " '" ■' ^"* '^'-°''^^- a remedv for the more oHess con^n, P''"^^"''^« of ;.ccidents, % in the circuits had to be found "nïforV ''""""""? "^ ^"^'L^^^ turbine was set up to run dvn^'nfn.V m ' Ç'^P''^'^ ^ sepa^te of not only ail the direct c.rrer, "^ "f,^'<^"i"K the field# the aiternLra in th s statirVl^e "«:;'"•'' ^'' ^^'"^ '^^'^ «^ stant, no matter how the sDeed n v v .. ""J^u""^' '■^'"^'" c""" E. M. F. will be mateS^redùced' ' '"^"^^ fluctuations of 27. The machines used as evrlffis^Slk r , D. C. «enera.ors (rUn :tt n^volts f.SR u "^ '^ ~^° ^"'^ ,of the 550 volt U. S. mthl?.eTte orT £rete ,wre System), for the 35o.nd 500 vok generlrs^'^"" " '^'" circuit JSrSSayTwïeVlhe ^o"! T. ^'^^ ^PP'v '^e motor • «J;^e..hiphhasL;SÏ^'-i|^^-J;f^t;-^^^ sw?ch''i'f ml'nJofuSh^fi'î'f P''"' ^'"' --^ ^""ble-throw with the separa"e%!^i er or !XhU '"*''^' ^^ «--"""ected either mny also be%xc Ld b^th^c, mmdn . '", ■'""'"''^'T- ^Itemators change bein.made tC.:.LX"r.^irS.;"; '^^^P-^-'-y, the .30. Eachofthe.hree companie^s had p>,> districts ; in iri/thÉC^tases hoth sides nf a street were occupied by them. The ninimer of pôles lobe inaintained wasrediicedby pjjacintj ail the*wWes ninnint' on a slreel on ♦lie' best pôle line and discardin^ tW' other. The linhtinj,' districts that^ were occuined" by two difierent systenis were divided in two, so ihat, while the ntimb'er bf feeders was actually reduced l>v three pairs tbe niimber ofdistiiibution centres was doubicd ar>d the. line loss • between them and tne converters was Correspond itigly dècreased. 31. The mains iitoinmi,' throu^h conii^ucus (mtrjctsar'e friade to overlap, so that aW public biii4ilin)4S such ascfiurches, théâtres, halisand hôtels havé their. liKlits divided 'between at leasl two separate circuits andlconverters. This makes it ajmost impos- sible, in case of accident, for ail the liyhts to bejout at one trnie. 32. The si;te of feecler units had been kep^j down within the ca|).icity of the smalleit «enerator, but il was found advisable to increase the units for the présent to i,oocrand i,5cx)liKhts, which seemed to best fit our uenerator units. ,33- Kight circuit feedWs were ralculated for an ultjmale load of i,5eo lij>hts, an.d ten\for 2,000 li«hts; Oiis lefç some mar>{in for extensions. » 34. This chanjje ma(Se il nëcessary to* run ihe 750 light machines in pairs as a 1,500 lij^hl unit. 35. 'First parÀllel lunnirt^ was Iried but it was found ihat the idle currents were considlpnible al times and this melhod ÎSf running was abando'ned. \ Two of the generators were ihen mounted on iron jjirders set vpry arcurately so as to approxi- mate a solid iron base, and flabged pulleys were pul on the shafts and bolted toyelher. Thèse generators could ihus be driven as a single machine. The armatures were connected in multiple. If this arrangem/ent proves satisfactory, from a mechanical pojnt of view, the other generators in this station will be similarly coupled. ^. ' 36. It is necèssary to the proper working of a lighling and power service, that thff lôgses in ihe diflTerenl parts of each circuit should'be predetermined'and unchangeable. In drderto bet,ter obtain this resuit a séries of officiai wiring tables were issued bv the company, covering inlerior wiring services, mains, feeders, etc., together with such pritiled. .directions as would secure uniformfty in^lhe manner of using ihe tables, a thing much to be desired but not always obtained. The losses lo be 10% in feeders, 2X in mains, 1/ in service^.and 2% inside build- ings calculated. , Sy. It was aiso necèssary for ihe convenienl woricing of the lighling System that a i^iiform voilage should be n^ainuined on" ail mains, and 1040 volis wasdecided'upon ; ifwasalso decided, howeve^, that 50 volt lamps would be used, expérience having taughl us Ihal laraps of médium efficiency when run by 'Waler power gave the best results for cuslomers and company, when , burned somewhat above iheir normal voltage. 38: The public hàs corne to expect a great deal of lif^t from a j6 candie power \awtp. If the lamp isgood ana theefficiency 3>^ K i ^ J 1 Pr . ^ J e le in non-arcinf- ' ha^e the feeclerî • nd !fKr/ pressi.re w.re system. We still . 41- Kach circuit lis (Jrovided wlth at leist thr»» These are carefully ^t nded ifWn^^f' ."''k "^ "^^ "^•'""^• Street railway rails'w',en«ver VÔ-'l^'e^^^^^ " '"''"'' '" v.oltM>e.er ,s left a 'son é point ^ 11'. "'^ "'"r"^'""'-^- ^he V-enty-four'hours. Th's^s rcnei ed '.THiÀ-'" ''^ •■>'U"sted, for -e_^ c'^ct. T!,e adj.^.='^!,ô;;,.fr^SeSrci^: prevent their being co,S,,dmcâfed J' rh'''""' ^'* "^^ '^''°''' '''"d i-he s^^Cboard is^; reeV^r^nd n^ne't] "^£5" '''''■ thisbu■ I *^ k:l ^ ,.. (' W V ^' 1%^