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 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
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 "W" 
 
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 THE 
 
 J» 
 
 FASHIONABLE TOUfi^ 
 
 
 AN EXCURSION TO THE 
 
 
 SPRINGS, NIAGARA, QUEBEC AN© 
 > BOSTON* 
 
 
 
 SARATOGA SPRINGS: 
 
 PRINTED AND FVBLISHED BT G. M. DAtlSON. 
 
 -^.i^- 
 
 
 1825. 
 
 \i 
 
 'V s 
 
 
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i*iK»miiiftmm)nmmMfim* 
 
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 Norlhtrn District of New-York, to wit : 
 
 BE IT REMEMBERED, That on the 
 L. S. twenty-ninth day of April, in the forty- 
 * ninth year of the independence of the 
 Upited States of America, A. D. 1825, G. M. 
 Davison, of the said district, hath deposited in this 
 office the title of a book, the rig;ht whereof he 
 olaims as proprietor, in the words following, to 
 wit : V. , . • . • ■ ' , 
 
 " The Fashionable Tour, in 1825 : An excur- 
 aibn to the Springs, 2<iiagara, Quebec and Bos- 
 ton" 
 
 In conformity to the act of the Congress of the 
 United Slates, entitled *' An act for tne encour- 
 agement of earning, by securing the copies of 
 Maps, Charts and Books, to the authors and pro- 
 prietors of such copies, during the times therein 
 mentioned ;" and also, to the act entitled " An 
 act supplementary to an act entitled 'An act for 
 the encouragement of learning, by securing the 
 copies of Maps, Charts and Books, to the authors 
 and proprietors of such copies durmg the times 
 therein mentioned,' and extending the benefits 
 thereof to the arts of Designing, Engraving and 
 Etching historical and other prin's," 
 
 R.R.LANSING, C/erA: 
 of the Northern District of New-York* 
 
 ^i.. ,. 
 
 'f 
 
 •^■' 
 
^p* 
 
 ■;:^' 
 
 inBH 
 
 
 l»l»»^^«^»«»'»'^.»<»l»^' 
 
 
 ..'^. . v-;'^.'..?- 
 
 From Philadelphia to J^ew-York, 
 
 Philadelphia, 
 Bordcntown, 
 Trenton, , 
 Princeton, 
 New-Brunswick, 
 New- York, 
 
 in 
 
 From New-York to Albany, 
 
 Hudson River Steam Boats, . 
 , Passage of the Hudson, 
 
 Palisadoes, ... 
 
 Haverstr^w Bay, 
 
 Hij^hlands, . . . . 
 
 West Point, i 
 % Major Andre, 
 
 
 PAQS. 
 
 19 
 
 id 
 22 
 id 
 
 25 
 27 
 28 
 id 
 29 
 id 
 31 
 
 3e 
 
 id 
 id 
 39 
 
 PoUopell Island, 
 
 New-Windsor, • 
 
 Newburgh, . 
 
 Milton, - 
 
 Foughkeepsie, .•.••• tci 
 
 Hyde Park Landing, 4 , » ♦ . 40 
 
 CatskiU, . • i • » » , , id 
 
 pine Orchard, , « , • .41 
 
 AihcBS, . ^. . ,- • . ». ,- 43 
 
 't-'V: 
 
XIV 
 
 W.I 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 # 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 FAOS. 
 
 Hudson, ...... 43 
 
 Coxsackie Landing;, , , ... 44 
 Albany, 45 
 
 From Albany to Saratoga Springs, » 
 
 Troy, .47 
 
 Lansingburgh, ..... 48 
 
 Waterford, id 
 
 Cohoes Falls, 49 
 
 Van Schaick's Island, . , , . . id 
 
 Mechanic's Ville, 50 
 
 Duiming Street, 51 
 
 fallstoD-Spa, id 
 
 .aratoga Springs, . . . • . 56 
 
 Saratoga Lake, ... . , 72 
 
 Schuyler Villa, 73 
 
 Bemus' Heights — Surrender of Burgoyne, id 
 
 From Saratoga Springs to Lake George* 
 
 Sandy-Hill, . . , ... *. 90 
 
 Glen's Falls, . • • . • id 
 
 Caldwell, . '. . . . . 92 
 
 Lake George, . . • . • id 
 Fort William Heijry, . . . .94 
 
 Fort George, ..... 95 
 
 Lake George Steam-Boat, . .. • id 
 
 Passage of Lake George, . • . 96 
 
 Ticoaderoga, • , • . ♦ « • ^^ 
 
 From Saraiogi^ Springs to Utica* 
 
 Schenectady, . . • t • 100 
 Stage ro\^te ifrptn Schcini^oiRd^ to UUoai 1Q2 
 
INDEX. 
 
 t'rt^'^JBi^ 
 
 FAQE. 
 
 43 
 
 . 44 
 45 
 
 . 47 
 
 48 
 . id 
 
 49 
 . id 
 
 50 
 . 51 
 
 id 
 . 56 
 
 : 72 
 
 73 
 
 e. 
 
 90 
 92 
 
 id 
 
 ^ ■■■' I ' 
 
 100 
 1Q.2 
 
 ■ Amsterdam, 
 Little Falls, 
 Herkimer, 
 Utica, 
 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 103 
 
 . 104 
 
 , 105 
 
 106 
 
 • From Ulica to Niagara Falls, 
 
 New-Hartford, . • • 
 
 Clinton Village, • ,. • 
 
 Vernon, . . • • 
 
 Chiieningo Village, . • • 
 Manlius, .... 
 
 Onondaga Hollow, 
 Alburn, • # • 
 
 Canandaigua, • /" • • 
 
 I Rochester, • . • « 
 
 Carthage, ... . 
 
 Ridge Road, . • • • 
 
 Lewiston, . • . « • 
 
 Erie Conal, .. , ,. 
 
 , Canal Passage, • •. • 
 
 Buffalo, 
 
 Blark Rock, , 
 
 Niagara Fall?, • , • 
 
 Rattle of Chippewa, *^'i '• * 
 
 -mM..- ■ 
 
 From Niagara Falls to Montreal. 
 
 ;■' ' • 
 
 B attle of B ridgewater, • 
 
 Steam Boat on Lake Oatario, 
 
 Lake Ontario, . 
 
 Ogdensburgh, . . 
 
 Paiaage from O^densburg;!! to Montreal,' 
 
 Montreal^ ,. , ^ # ♦ 
 
 
 107 
 
 id 
 
 id 
 
 108 
 
 id 
 
 id 
 
 109 
 
 110 
 
 111 
 
 112 
 
 id 
 
 id 
 
 113 
 
 116. 
 
 118 
 
 id 
 
 113 
 
 .■W:>.'» 
 
 .. 1^ 
 
 124 
 . 125, 
 
 126 
 id 
 . 129. 
 
^ 
 
 *^h 
 
 ■ ;. 
 
 % 
 
 W: 
 
 4 
 
 XVI 
 
 FNDEX*. 
 
 From Mont real to Quebec. 
 
 William Il^nry, 
 
 Three Rivers, , 
 
 Quebpc, 
 
 General Montg^omery, 
 
 Plains of Abraham, 
 
 Death of Gen. Wolfe, 
 
 
 PAOV. 
 
 130 
 id 
 
 132 
 . 134 
 . 136 
 
 138 
 
 From Quebec to Burlington, 
 
 Chnmbly, • 
 St John's, . . 
 LakeChamplam, , 
 JRonse^a Point, . 
 < Piatt sburofh, 
 Downie*8 Monument, 
 Port Kent, 
 Adofnte's Falls, • 
 Hija;h Bridge, 
 Burlington, 
 
 U. X • 
 
 • ; 
 
 
 ** .|| 
 
 • * 
 
 V 
 
 From Burlington to Albany, 
 
 * 
 
 • ■■» 
 
 Split Rock, , , 
 
 Crown Point, 
 
 Ticond*»roga, , 
 
 Whitehall, . . 
 
 Northern Canal, 
 
 Passage from Whitehall to Albany, 
 
 From Albany to Bostom 
 
 •'♦■•■. 
 
 New-Lebanon, 
 Pittsfi^, . 
 Northampton, 
 
 f 
 
 • • • tr 
 * » • 
 
 139 
 
 id 
 140 
 141 
 
 i4 
 142 
 143 
 
 id 
 144 
 
 iA 
 
 tir 
 
 id' 
 146 
 
 id 
 147 
 148 
 
 . 148 
 
 149 
 
 . I5i> 
 

 INDEX. ' H^ xvii 
 
 • . 
 
 Mount Hoi yoke, 
 
 Worcester, . 
 
 Boston, . • 
 
 Lexington, , 
 
 Breed's Hill. .• 
 
 CharlestowD, • 
 
 Cambridge, •••••• itf 
 
 Fort Independence, « . • # 160 
 Nahant, . t . • t • td 
 
 PAGS. 
 
 • 150 
 
 • • • • tVi 
 
 . 15t 
 
 153 
 
 . 155 
 
 . % . 159 
 
 Northern Routes to Boston, 
 
 From Burling f on to Boston* 
 
 • • 
 
 168 
 
 Montpelier, 
 Wind or, . 
 Castleton, 
 Rutland, 
 Cheater, . 
 Bellows Falls, 
 Walpole, 
 Keene, • 
 Groton, 
 Concord, • 
 
 
 . . 164 
 
 165 
 
 • . 166 
 
 • • • 
 
 • • • 
 
 id 
 
 *• • . id 
 . . .167 
 
 168 
 . id 
 
 From Saratoga Springs to Boston^ 
 
 .id 
 
 169* 
 
 
 I ■(- 
 
 ■fife 
 
 't^'i'-i 
 
 

 f ■ t 
 
 HITBjBSI 
 
 
 TO THE 
 
 TABLES OF DISTANCES. 
 
 I PAGE. 
 
 From Charleston to Philadelphia, • . 19 
 Fhilttdelphia to New-York, . 23 
 
 . New York to AlV)any, • . 44 
 
 Albany to Ballston-Spa, . • 51 
 
 Albany to Ulica ^s-tag^e route) . ^06 
 Utica to Niagara Falls, (stage route) 113 
 Schenectady to Buffalo, (canal route) 118 
 Buffalo to Lewistown, . . 119 
 Lewiston to ]Vlontreal, . . . 127 
 Montreal to Quebec, •. .132 
 
 Montreal to Whitehall, *. 146 
 
 Whitehall to Alt any, . . 148 
 
 Albany to Boston, • , 151 
 
 Burlington to Boston, • • 164 
 
 WhitebaU to Boston, . , 165 
 
 m 
 
FASHIONABLE TOtJe, 
 
 t)tSTANCE8 FROM CHAALEStOtT tO PUIli^ 
 
 ADELPHtA* 
 
 3 Averiiboro' 9B 
 
 14 Raleigh, SB 
 17 Louitburf, SI 
 10 Warrenton, tS 
 
 15 North-Carolina, l6 
 14 Harris viUe, 99 
 
 (QreeAwicht 
 Wapetaw Church, 
 Tweden Cottons, 
 Bantee River, 
 Georgetown, 
 Black River, 
 China Grove, 
 Lynch s Creek, 
 G. Pedee River, 
 Sta^e- house, 
 South-Carolina, 
 kowland^s Tavern, 
 Lumberton, 
 CounselPa Tavern, 
 Fayette Ville, 
 
 '1 Billings' Tayeni, 23 
 
 15 Petersburg, 
 
 4 Munohester, ft 
 
 14 Richmond^ 2 
 
 25 Fredericksburg, ^ 
 
 6 Alexandria, 48 
 
 13 Washingtcrn, t 
 
 17 Baltimore, 119 
 
 %5 Philadelphia, ftl 
 
 PHtLAbELPHlA, 
 
 The flourishing capital of Pennsylvania, stands 
 •n the vest bank of the river Delaware, five) 
 miles from its confluence with the Schuylkill^ 
 which forms its western boundary. This ^i^ 
 was founded in 1682, and incorporated i|i J70u 
 The charter being abrogated at the revola« 
 lion, it remained under a provinoial g^renantu^ 
 
20 
 
 FHILADELPHrA. 
 
 '■' ! 
 
 fill 1789, when it was ineorporated a second' 
 4ime* Its present population is upwards of lOOi- 
 000. The city is built on streets from 50 to 100^ 
 iset in width, running parallel, and at right an- 
 gles to each ether. They are handsomely paved,, 
 and are kept remarkably clean. The houses- 
 exhibit an appearance of neatness, uniformity 
 and commodiousness, and many of them are or- 
 aamented with white marble. Against the city, 
 which is 90 mil^s distant from the sea, the Dela- 
 ware is about a mile wide, and is navigable for 
 •hips of a large size. The most conspicuous 
 buildings are the churches, the state-house, the 
 United States and Pennsylvania Banks, and the 
 institution for the deaf and dumb. The United 
 ^ States Bank is situated in a north and south di- 
 rection, fronting on Chesnut and Library streets, 
 having 8 fluted columns, 4 feet 6 inches in diame- 
 ter, embracing the whole front. From each of 
 the fronts are porticos, projecting 10 feet 6 inch- 
 es* The whole length of the edifice, including 
 the portico, is 161 feet, and its breadth, in fronts 
 87 feet. The main entrance is from Chesuut- 
 street, by a flight of six marble steps, extending 
 along the whole front of the portico. The bank- 
 ing room occupies the centre of the building, 
 Iseing 48- feet wide, and 81 feet long. The whole 
 body of the building is arched in a bomb proof 
 manner, from the ceUar to the roof, wh.oh is cov- 
 ered with copper. 
 
 The citizens' coach and mail coach run daily 
 from Philadelphia to New-Yoik, in which seats 
 are taken at the price of three dollars. Steam- 
 boats, connected with a line of coaches, run daily 
 from Philadelphia to Trenton, on the Delaware, 
 from whence there is a land passage of 25 miles t9 
 
 V'W? " 
 
 .•f-.v 
 
•BORDENTOWN. — TRENTON. 
 
 21 
 
 ^Tew-Brunswick, where another boat is establish- 
 «d between that iplsLca and New- York. The whole 
 distance of 96 mi]es, between city and city, ii 
 'asually pasaed in \2 hours ; and the whole ex« 
 pense, inclading; the charges of conveyance^ is 
 ^3,62 1-2. The principal towns and villages oit 
 Uie Delaware, are Frankfort, Bristol, BurlingtODf 
 Bprdentown and Trenton. 
 
 BoRDKNTOWN, is noted as the residence of th« 
 ex-king of Spain, Joseph Buonaparte, whose eleu 
 gant mansion was within a few years burnt by 
 accident, but is now rebuilt with additional em- 
 bellishment and magnificence. His villa conl- 
 mands a fine view of the river. The soil around 
 it is unproductive. But by the aid of culture and 
 art, his ^-esidence now exhibits an appearance of 
 taste and munificence worthy the princely for- 
 tune and dignity of its proprietor. From Bor* 
 dentown a stage route is established to South- 
 Amboy. 
 
 Trenton, the capital of the state of New- 
 Jersey, is «eituated on the Delaware river, thirty 
 miles from Philadelphia. It contains about 4000 
 inhabitants, a state house, two banks, and four 
 houses of publick worship. At Trenton the 
 steam-boat navigation on the Delaware termi- 
 nates. The river here forms a considerable rap- 
 id or falls, near which is an elevated bridge, about 
 a quarter of a mile long, neatly roofed, and the 
 «idea enclosed to secure it from the weather. 
 The distance between Trenton and New-Bruns- 
 "Wick is passed by an excellent line of post-coach- 
 es, which leave the former place immediately on 
 ihe arrival of the boat. T^9 roolA afibrdt tJie 
 
1 
 
 t4 
 
 ! 
 
 93 f RINCBTON-;*NEW-BllUN8WICK* 
 
 ' , '■ '"^ ■ 
 
 traveller a fine view of the mest fertile section of 
 the state ; mdcI^ making; all allowanees for roi^ds, 
 which are ordinary, it is, in other respects, 
 |>y no means devoid of interest The first stag«^ 
 from Trentoa terminates at 
 
 pRiffftSVON, a distance of IS miles. This is ^ 
 pleasant little village, eoQtainipj^ about 100 hou- 
 ses and 600 inhabitants. This place is distin- 
 guished as the seat of Nassau Hall, or Princeton 
 College, with which is connected a Theological 
 Seminary. Beth ipstitations are under the man- 
 l^fement ftf learned and respectable professors, 
 And educate annually f^bout 200 students. Tha 
 board of the seminary are incorporated by the 
 Bame of ** The Trustees of the Theological Sem- 
 inary of the Presbyterian Church." The pre- 
 sent number of students in connexion with it ii 
 113. Th« General Assembly have recently en- 
 /dpw^d a new scholarship, with |2500 given by 
 im individual in Elizabethtown. The college 
 edifice is handsomely constructed of stone, and 
 under its present management will continue to 
 ycceive its full share of public patronage. 
 
 The city of Njsw-Britnswick stands on the 
 iouth west side of Rariton river, 18 miles from 
 Princeton and ^6 miles above Rariton Bay. Its 
 •ituation is on the bank of the river, at the foot of 
 a high hill, which rises back of the city, rendering 
 it rather low and unpleasant. Its population 
 does not exceed 4000. Queen's College, located 
 et New-Brunswick, was established in 1770, by 
 the Reformed Dutch Church, and was desired 
 et first for* Theological Seminary. The passage 
 lirom here tp New-York, in \he iietm boat, i^^- 
 
 \ i 
 
« 
 
 ,-.-'S/it ' '■' 
 
 NEW-VORK. 
 
 23 
 
 idades the cheering; prospect of cuUiyatlon alon^ 
 the banks of the Rariton, its spacious bay, to* 
 gether with a view of the beautiful town of 
 Ferth Amboy, which opens to the bay, and 
 formSf from its location and construction, one of 
 the most beautiiul and healthy residences on the 
 Atlantic coast. 
 
 The stages and distances from Philadelphia to 
 New- York are as follows : — 
 
 Frankfort, 
 Holmesburgh, 
 JBristol, .^ 
 Trenton, * ', 
 
 Miles, Miles, 
 
 4 Princeton, \% 
 
 6 New- Brunswick, 18 
 
 10 Amboy, 1^ 
 
 10 New-Yorka 94 
 
 NEW- YORK. 
 
 This city is situated on the point of York Isl<* 
 and, at the confluence of the Hudson and East 
 rivers, in latitude 40. It was founded by the 
 Dutch, in 1615, under the name of New- Amster- 
 dam, and was incorporated by the British ia 
 1696. The island on which it stands is 15 miles 
 long, and from 1 to 3 miles broad. The city ii 
 situated at the south side of the island, and ex- 
 tends along the Hudson about 2 miles, and from 
 the Battery along Eastriver nearly 4 miles. Of 
 the public buildings, the most prominent and im- 
 portant is the City Hall, the front of which ii 
 built of white marble. It is 216 feet long, 105 
 feet broad, and, including the attic story, 65 feet 
 high. The rooms for holding the tUfferent courti 
 of law are fitted up in a rich and expensive 
 style. The room for holding the Mayor's Court 
 contains portraits of Washington, of the different 
 
i.'fr^- 
 
 i' 
 
 p»" 
 
 ?l, 
 
 1? 
 
 S 
 
 :a. 
 
 4 
 
 J4 
 
 NEW-YORK, 
 
 Goyeraors of the state, and many of the most 
 pelehrated commanders of the army and navy of 
 the United States. The building cost ^500,000, 
 und is one of the most beautiful edifices in Amer- 
 
 The Battery is situated at the south-west 
 point of the city, opposite to Governor's Island. 
 |t is l^andsomely laid out intog^ravel walks, apd 
 tastefully decorated with shrubbery and trees. It 
 is much frequented by the citizens, in the warm 
 peason, as well for the purpose of partaking of the 
 refreshing sea breeze, as for enjoying the pros- 
 pect, which from this place includes the harbor 
 l^with its various shipping ; Governor's Island, 
 Bedlowe's I4and, and Ellis' Island, on each of 
 which are military stations ; the shores of New- 
 Jersey and Long Island ; with the flourishing 
 town of Brooklyn, and the numerous country 
 eeats in its vicinity. 
 
 The Park ^s situated ip the centre of the city. 
 It contains about 4 acres, which is pmamentecl 
 with much taste, and eifSlosed by a substantial 
 Iron railing. It furnishes a cool and fashionable 
 fesori for pi^en of business and pleasure, aAer the 
 fatigue and heat of a summer's day. 
 
 In point of population this city is the first in 
 the United Slates, containing upwards of 130,* 
 iK)0 inhabitants, and in respect of trade it is now 
 fuid will probably continue the first commercial 
 metropolis in America. Though it cs^nnot vie 
 with Philadelphia in point of beauty find regUt 
 Jarity, New- York exhibits an i^ir of novelty and 
 grandeur "^ery imposing to a stranger. Its ever 
 bustling streMjs and crowded wharves indicate an 
 filicommon spirit of commercial enterprize. Its 
 "Ippal sit^iatipn en^brt^ces every a4vanta|;e foi* co^iv 
 
 

 VEW^YORK. 
 
 25 
 
 mercfi ; and it is calculated that the canal, by 
 openings an easy communication between the fer- 
 tile regions of the west and the city of New- York, 
 will produce an astonishing change in its growth 
 and prosperity. At no very distant period New-* 
 York, with ail its natural and artificial advanta- 
 ges, will probably become the greatest commer« 
 cial metropolis in the world. The impetus giv- 
 en to the enterprize of its citizens is already 
 manifested in the number of buildings recently 
 erected — being no less than 3000 during the last 
 year. 
 
 From New- York to Albany, a distance, by wa- 
 ter, of 145 miles, a communication is alternately 
 kept up by a line of stages in the winter season 
 and by steam-boats during the absence of the 
 ice in the Hudson. The monopoly which for-» 
 merly existed ^n favour of the North River 
 Steam-bpat Company, has, by a recent decision 
 of the United States Court, been done away, the 
 consequence of which has been to multiply the 
 x^umber of opposition stean^-boats upon the Hud* 
 eon, and to reduce the price of fare, which, at 
 present, including board, is not over $4, to Al- 
 bany, and in some of the boats it varies from 
 $1 tp $4. 
 
 The old line of steam-boats consists pf the 
 Chancellor, Richmond and James Kent. The 
 Troy line, established this season, consists of the 
 Chief Justice Marshall, the Constitution and 
 Constellation. Besides these there are also the 
 Olive Branch, and the Henry Eckford, which 
 latter boat takes in tow two vessels for the pur- 
 pose of conveying freight. The old line of boats 
 Iteayc New- York oa Sunday, at 10 A.M. 
 
*. 
 
 5>C 
 
 STEAM-BOATS. 
 
 ;. '■ .i^'^r 
 
 * 
 
 Monday, 
 
 Tuesday, 
 
 Wednesday, 
 
 Thursday, 
 
 Friday, 
 
 Saturday, J 
 
 Leave Albany on Monday, 
 
 Tuesday, 
 Wednesday, 
 Thursday, 
 
 at5P.M, 
 
 X iiuisuajr, y- 
 
 Friday, ( 
 
 Saturday, J 
 
 Sunday, J 
 
 at 10 A. M. 
 
 at 1-S past 
 ' 4 P. M, 
 
 The fare is fixed at four dollars, from New- 
 York to Albany, and rateably for the different 
 pJLaces on the river. The Troy boats start daily 
 from New- York and Albany, and three times ^ 
 ^eek from Troy, 
 
 Leave New- York on Sunday, 
 
 Monday, 
 Tuesday, 
 Wednesday, 
 Thursday, 
 Friday, 
 Saturday, 
 
 Jje^V€ Albany on Sunday,^ "1 ' ^c^ 
 
 Monday, J 
 Tuesda,y, I 
 Wednesday, J. at 4 P. M. 
 Thursday, 
 Friday, 
 Saturday, 
 
PASSAQE OF THP HUDSON* 
 
 27 
 
 Fare throu|fh fpur dollars, and rateably for 
 fhe intermediate places. The Olive Branch 
 
 Leaves New- York on Sunday, ) 
 
 Tuesday, S l^t 10 A. M. 
 ^ Thursday, ) 
 
 l^^eaves Albmiy on Monday, i 
 
 Wednesday, > at 9 A. Mt 
 Friday, ) 
 
 The Henry Eekford leaves New- York oa 
 
 Sunday, i 
 Tuesday, J at 5 P.M. 
 Thursday, y 
 
 Leaves Albany on Monday, ) 
 
 Wednesday, > at 10 A. M» 
 Friday, j 
 
 Fare through three dollars, ^nd rateably fat 
 (he intermediate places. 
 
 The spirit of accommodation which is mani- 
 fested on board the boats, is owin* probably tcj 
 the rivalship existing between them. Passensrers 
 are well entertained, and every attention if 
 shewn that cap contribute tp their comfort an4 
 fonvenience. 
 
 THE PASSAGE OF THE HUDSON. 
 
 Besides the novelty of a steam-boat passage, 
 the Hudson river presents to the tourist a variety 
 of natural scenery which it will be diflScult tp 
 find elsewhere in a journey of the same extent. 
 To the pleasure derived from a prospect of the 
 beautiful §nd 9ub^me pbjects of n^itufe, the ef? 
 
n 
 
 2S 
 
 PASSAGE OF THP HUDSON- 
 
 f<6ct of the most striking contrast is added, to ren- 
 der the scene truly picturesque and enchanting. 
 On the one hand are seen summits, crowned with 
 forests, apparently impenetrable to the footsteps 
 of cultivation, and on the other beautiful and 
 extensive lawns, checkered with the abodes of 
 husbandry, and glowing in all the rich verdure 
 tjf summer ; while in the same circumference of 
 vision may foe seen the fading view of some town 
 or city, a]id in perspective a perpetual opening: 
 scenery of forests and cultivation, plains and 
 mountains, towns and villages, imparting to the 
 \ beholder all the cliarms of novelty, with the 
 highest emotions of the sublime. ,, ^5 
 
 The Palisadoesy which make their first appear- 
 ance on the Hudson, about 8 miles from New- 
 York, are a range of rocks, from 20 to 650 feet in 
 height, and extend from thence to Tappan, a 
 distance of about 20 miles. In some places, 
 they rise almost perpendicularly from tlie shore, 
 «nd form, for several miles in extent, a solid wall 
 of rock. 
 
 About 25 miles above New- York the river ex- 
 pands and forms what is called Tappan Bay. 
 The little village of Tappan, a place of much 
 note during Andre's and Arnold's conspiracy, is 
 situated on its western shore. The spot of An- 
 dre's grave is still pointed out near this village, 
 though his remains have recently been convey- 
 ed to England, by order of the British goverij- 
 nient. This bay is from 2 to 5 miles wide, and 
 ^ miles long, terminating at Tellar's Point. 
 
 Haverstraw Bay^ commences 36 miles from 
 New-York, and terminate* at Stoney and Ver- 
 l^^ajQbck's Points ; being about mijle» in lep»tl|| 
 
HIGHLANDS. 
 
 2^' 
 
 and from 2 to 4|la width. Havorstraw villagte k 
 on the west side of this bay. 
 
 The Highlands^ or Fishkill mountains, which 
 first appear about 40 miles from New-York, will 
 attract notice, not only from their grandeur and 
 sublimity, but also from their association with 
 some of the most important events of the Revo- 
 lution. This chain of mountains is about 16 
 miles in width, and extends along both sides of 
 the Hudson, to th« distance of 20 miles. The 
 height of the principal has been estimated at 
 1565 feet. According to the theory of Doctor 
 Mitchell, this thick and solid barrier seems in 
 ancient days to have impeded the course of the 
 water, and to have raised a lake high enough to 
 cover all the country to Quaker Hill and the 
 Laconick Mountains on the east, and to>Shawaci- 
 gunk and the Catskill mountains on the west ; 
 extending to the Little Falls of the Mohawk, and 
 to Hadl'ey Falls on the Hudson — but by some 
 convulsion of nature the mountain chain has been 
 broken, and the rushing waters found their way 
 to the now New- York Bay. At tlie entrance of 
 the Highlands, on the south, is the scite of an old 
 fort on Verplanck's Point, opposite to which stood 
 the fort of Stoney Point, which was taken from 
 Gen. Wayne in 1778, and retaken by him the 
 same year. Further north, 10 miles, is the scite 
 of Fort Montgomery, which, after a gallant de- 
 fence by Gen. George Clinton, surrendered to 
 the British army in October, 1777. 
 
 West Point, one of the most important posts 
 during the revolutionary war, is situated on the 
 west side of the Hudson, near the entrance of 
 the Highlands on the north. It foimed one of 
 
 >^- 
 
30 
 
 >f 
 
 ^E8t roiNT, 
 
 military poiotof Tier wMMinJSu^ to it, in , 
 « • It w«. here thit A^'m „ ' *^*'"y to obtaSl 
 
 coMpiraoy, however, wWoH^^ '^'/»'<'- Thi. 
 at liberty in the ifnUmL^Tt ' '*'«'• »"o» 
 »»Iy m the Miver«U ™„,3'Phf?, resulted- 
 ArnoW, and in the hJ^«i^^f ??<* ignominy of 
 tnnate Andre. . TWe ,!f f"'"" "'^ ">« ""forw 
 number af dwelli4.hou4,.^r «. P^^^nt a 
 emy< built on therein whiclfl" °""'«'7 acad- 
 «i« nver, 188 feet h, hei^t ^ Tl**"' •'•"k •Jl' - 
 pend. on the north Sd« nf IS ^^""^ « '«ad a.- 
 ,baek ground, and ,C^^ tt« Point. In the 
 
 m feet in height, 1, the «.»^ ? J""* •"■ '"''o 
 Silence and dway now m.rt l*^*"^ P»toam. 
 once formidable forl^ Tl"'? "P"* »f thi, 
 however, convey f™!;* "oulderinff min* 
 -mp^gaable hZe'r 1^"^" i^«« <" S? - 
 to the enemie. of freedom '^'^ "*' P'W'nted 
 
 the late C,n. WilS^t^S^ ^"ffj""""" o** 
 'f applicants for admia-io^ ,77^. 0/^thenumber 
 preference i, usuXy "?° '" i^» »»titu.ion, . 
 officere of the revolitifn f .'. r ^ *' ""e sons of 
 •on' of dece*,ed S. of T , """"""y' *» the 
 •re admitted under tTel^^fV''- »•»"- ' 
 above the age of 22 ThL _^ ■ '■* years, nor 
 J^ to ^0,%S Xtm'S.'l!';^"^'^*'' »l'"m! 
 
.'#* 
 
 MAJoft andre;. 
 
 Si 
 
 here, the cadots are instructed in all the practical 
 miautiaj of tactic? ; comprehending the lowest 
 duties of the private soldier, as well as the high-* 
 €Pt duties of the officer. They are also required 
 to encamp for 6 or 8 weeks in a year ; during 
 which time they are instructed in the manner of 
 pitching and striking tents — in the various infan- 
 try evolutions — and in all the details of the camp. 
 It is said that permission has been recently gran- 
 ted by the government, for the admission of two 
 young men ifrom South America for education in 
 this institution. There were here, not long since, 
 two Indians, the sons of chiefs, who gave much 
 evidence of talent, and at a late examination re- 
 ceived several of the prizes of scholarship. A 
 similar instance occurred some yeafs since, in a 
 young Indian lad, who, before he reached his 
 seventeenth year, abandoned the temple of Mi- 
 nerva for the more grateful and congenial pur- 
 suits of the chase. 
 
 MAJOR JOHN ANDRE. 
 
 The fate of this gallant young officer will ever 
 be associated with the scenes at West Point. It 
 was here the infamous Arnold conceived his trai- 
 torous purposes against the liberties of his coun- 
 try, which brought upon him the contempt and 
 execration of the world, and cost the unfortunate 
 Andre his life. 
 
 Benedict Arnold was a native of the state of 
 Connecticut, and from the first commencement of 
 hostilities he had distinguished himself as a brave 
 and intrepid soldier, and an enterprising and skil- 
 ful commander. He had succeeded in the bold 
 and difficult attempt to invade the Canadas from 
 the state of Maine, where the sufferings of him- 
 
^— Ti» 
 
 32 
 
 MAJOR ANDRE* 
 
 f » 
 
 pe\( and soldiers had excited the sensibility of the 
 nation towards him. A^ Quebec, on Lake Cham - 
 j)lain, and at Saratoga Jie had acted a distinguish- 
 ed part ; and at the time of his appointment to the 
 eommand of West Point, which was in Novem- 
 ber, 1779, he bore an honourable testimonial of 
 his attachment to his country, in the wounds 
 which he had recently received at the surrender 
 ofBurffoyne. 
 
 The residence 6f Gen. Ameld was at the house 
 and farm of Col. Beverly Robinson, who had re- 
 linquished them and- joined the royal army at 
 New-York. This residence was situated oppo* 
 site to West Point, on the east side of the Hud- 
 eourra dreary situation — environed by moun- 
 tains, and by no means calculated to soothe the 
 rugge^ deformities of character by a frequent 
 prospect of the delicate and beautiful scenery of 
 nature. It was here that Gen. Arnold made the 
 first proposals to surrender West Point, and the 
 forces under his command, to the British army. 
 The agents, on the part of the British, were Col. 
 Beverly Robinson and Major John Andre, who 
 held frequent communications with the American 
 General, from on board the Vulture sloop of war, 
 then lying at Haverstraw Bay, about 10 miles 
 below Stoney and Verplanck''s Points. 
 
 Major Andre, at that time about 29 years of 
 age, had, from the natural amiableness of his char- 
 acter, and his superior accomplishments as a 
 citizen and a soldier, acquired the unreserved 
 confidence of his officers, and was emphatically 
 considered the favorite of the British army. He 
 had been familiar with the classic lore of antiqui- 
 ty, and had cultivated a taste for the fine arts, of 
 music, painting and poetry, in each of which lir 
 

 MAJOn ANDRE. 
 
 S3 
 
 fiad made considerable profi* ii»ncy. \n enrly life 
 he had formed an attachment wuh a lady whom 
 he addresses by the name of Delia, and to wIioih 
 he had devoted all the leisure afforded from the 
 intervals of a mercantile profession, until the 
 news of her marriage with >a more successful ri- 
 val, drove him, disappointed and unfortunate, 
 to the busthng pursuits of the camp. His biog- 
 rapher remarks, " There was something singu- 
 larly interesting is the character and fortunes of 
 Andre. To an excellent understanding, well 
 improved by education and travel, he united a 
 peculiar elegance of mind and manners, and the 
 advantages of a pleasing person. His knowledge 
 appeared without ostentation. His sentiments 
 were elevated, and inspired esteem, as they had 
 a softness that conciliated affection. His elocu- 
 tion was handsome — his address easy, polite, and 
 insinuating. 
 
 ** By his merit he had acquired the unlimited 
 confidence of his general, and was making rapid 
 prepress in military rank and reputation. But 
 in the height of his career, flushed with new hopes 
 from the execution of a project the most benefi- 
 cial to his party that could be devised, he is at 
 once precipitated ir^m the summit of prosperity, 
 and sees all the expectations of his ambition 
 blasted, and kimeelf ruined. '^ 
 
 A night in the month of Septembor, 1780, was 
 chosen for the fat^l interview between Arnold 
 and Andre. The different emotions which must 
 have agitated the bosoms of these unfortunate^ 
 Vnen, can be better imagined than described, 
 Andre looked forward, with pleasing anticipa^ 
 tions, to the hcHiors, the glory, and the emolument, 
 Wlwclj Vould attend thp success of the eflit.ejr 
 
 •vi 
 
^9 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 1 
 
 . 
 
 ' i 
 
 
 i... 
 
 1 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 H^ 
 
 
 !-^ 
 
 il K 
 
 
 ■?? '"' 
 
 ^ % 
 
 
 '«■ 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 \j 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 i' 
 
 54 
 
 MAJOR ANDRE. 
 
 prise. He saw, in prospect, the termination of an? 
 cxpensire war, through his instrumentality — tha 
 interests of his sovereign promoted — and himself 
 raised, in the estimation of his countrymen, to the 
 pinnacle of renown. Not so with Arnold. The 
 ■ordid love of gold had eclipsed the ennobling^ 
 virtues of his nature — his country was the desti-.- 
 ned victim of kis cold blooded purposes— her 
 liberties were to be the price of his treason — 
 and he could calculate on no better reward for 
 his turpitude, thai) the obloquy and contempt of 
 his countrymen. 
 
 Under the pretence of a correspondence with 
 .the British general, on the subject ef a treaty of 
 peace, Arnold had succeeded in enlisting in hia 
 service an intelligent and respectable citizen, of 
 the name of Smith. Under his direction a boat 
 was despatched to the Vulture sloop of war, then 
 lying across the Bay of Haverstraw, about 12 
 miles distant, to convey the British agent to the 
 place appointed by Arnold for their meeting. On 
 examining the papers, it was Ibund that a pass 
 had been sent for Col. Beverly Robinson, and al- 
 so a blank pass for whomsoever should be selected 
 for the important trust. In the latter pass was 
 inserted the name of John Anderson, under which 
 pame Andre consented to be conveyed to the shore 
 from whence he was destined never to return. 
 
 The place appointed for the interview was at 
 the foot of a mountain called Long Clove, on the 
 west side of the Hudson. Hither Gen. Arnold 
 had repaired, and on the arrival of Andre was 
 found secreted in a thick grove of firs, the scene 
 of their subsequent conference. After consider* 
 able conversation, which lasted till the dawn of 
 0a^, it waa foiind iippractipable for Andre to rcn 
 
 * 
 
 % 
 
 '^ 
 
MAJOR AI^DRE* 
 
 i 
 J5 
 
 torn, without being discovered from the neigh- 
 boring; forts of Stoney and Verplanck's Points. Ha 
 was, therefore, conveyed to the house of Smith, 
 the person who had brought him to the shore^ 
 auil who afterwards accompanied him on his way 
 to New- York. At this house he proqured a coat 
 in exchange for his military dress, which he had 
 worn on shore, and on the evening of the day af- 
 ter his arrival set out in company with Smith, and 
 under a pass from Gen. Arnold, for White Plains. 
 The first night of their journey was spent at a 
 Mr. McKoyV, about 8 miles from the place of 
 their departure. The nejct day they rode, with- 
 out any interruption, as far as Pine's Bridge^ 
 across the Croton river, which empties into the 
 Hudson on its west side, at the head of I'appai^ 
 Bay. Here, having received the necessary in- 
 structions as to the road he was to take, Andra 
 the next morning took leave of his guide, and 
 pursued his journey. He had not proceeded mora 
 than 6 miles, when he was arrested by three mi- 
 litia men, by the names of John Paulding, David 
 Williams and Isaac Van Vert, who, with others, 
 were on a scouting party, between the out-posts 
 of the two Jtrmies. These men stopped Major 
 Andre in a narrow part of the road at a place 
 near Tarry-Town, by suddenly seizing his horsa 
 by the bridle. Instead of immediately produ- 
 cing the pass which had been furnished him by 
 Gen. Arnold, Andre inquired, where they be- 
 longed to ? They answered, " To below." Not 
 suspecting any deception, he replied," So do I ;** 
 and declaring himself to be a British officer, he 
 entreated that he might not be detained, being 
 on pressing business. This declaration was fol-t 
 lowed by further inquiries, which excited still 
 
 • /» 
 
 3* 
 
^6 
 
 MAJOR ANDRE. 
 
 ''( 
 
 iii. 
 
 1^ 
 
 inore suspicion, and at length induced a resolu- 
 tion on their part to detain him. Finding him- 
 self thus surprised, and a prisoner, he made use 
 of every persuasion to regain his liberty, and of- 
 fered a very valuable gold watch for his release. 
 But it was all to no effect. They asked for his 
 papers, which being refused by Andre, they com- 
 menced s^rching him, and memorandums, in 
 Arnold's hand writing, relating to tlie forces and 
 defences of West Point, were found concealed in 
 his boots. 
 
 Despatches were immediately forwarded to 
 Gen. Washmgton, together with a letter from 
 Major Andre to Gen. Arnold, apprising him of 
 his arrest and detention. In consequence of some 
 mistake of the messenger, information of the 
 circumstances reached Arnold some time before 
 Washington was apprised at all of them. Upon 
 the receipt of the letter, Arnold seized the mes- 
 senger's hors^, and instantly proceeded down 
 a precipice almost perpendicular, to the river, 
 where boats were always ready to pass to and 
 from West Point, and jumping into one ol them, 
 he directed the hands to row him down the river 
 to the Vulture sloop of war. In the mean time 
 inlbrmation had been received by Washington^ 
 and scarce had Arnold passed Stoney and Ver- 
 planck's Points when Col. Hamilton arrived at 
 the latter place with orders to stop him. 
 
 Andre was arrested on the 23d of September ; 
 and a Board of General Officers were immedi- 
 ately summoned, by order of Gen. Washington, 
 for his trial. The circumstances of tke case 
 were the subject of much excitement in both the 
 American and British armies, and created much 
 sympathy ia favor of Andre. After aa inquiry 
 
 V-.t 
 
iced a resolur 
 
 MAJOR ANDRE. 
 
 37 
 
 •f a number of days, the court determined, that 
 Major John Andre, Adjutant Q*|cral of tho 
 British army, ought to be consilW'ed as a spy 
 from the enemy ; and th|f| ajjreeably to the law 
 and usage of nations, he ought to sufl'er death. 
 
 This sentence of the Board of (General Olficersj 
 was protested against, on the ground that Audrc 
 liad been admitted into the American camp un- 
 der the protection of a flag, and at the immediate, 
 instance of Arnold, the commanding officer of the 
 district, whose safe passport and return he had a 
 right to demand. But the sentence was consent- 
 ed to be waived only on condition ot delivering 
 Arnold into the custody ot the American army ; 
 which being refused by the Briti;'h general, An- 
 dre was executed on the 2d of October, 1780, at 
 Tappaa or Orangetown, where his remains were 
 afterwards deposited. 
 
 Thus in the short space of nine days, between 
 his arrest and execution, were the flattering; 
 prospects of the brave but unfortunate Andre 
 forever blasted. Precipitated from the summit 
 of anticipated happiness, he became, in the bloom 
 of life, the victim of cruel disappointment and of 
 a premature g:raye — possessed of the rarest virtues 
 and accomplishments, and esteemed and lamented 
 by all who knew him. 
 
 A respect to the memory of Andre induced the 
 British government, a short time since, at their 
 own expense, to convey his remains to England, 
 where they were deposited in the family vault 
 of the Prince Regent, the new reigning monarch, 
 George IV. The place of his interment on the 
 Hudson was marked by a solitary cypress. On ope- 
 ning the remain?, it was discovered that the roots 
 of the cypress had cotwiued their branches around 
 
 // 
 
 // 
 
 ■ 1*^ 
 
38 
 
 NEWBUROH, 
 
 the skull of the deceased. The tree, it is si^id, 
 now serves ^^endbellish the private garden of 
 Qeorge IV. w 
 
 The four sui vivin^^hildren of Gen. Arnold^ 
 have become pensioners pf Great Britain, and re- 
 ceive annuities of J^lOO sterling each. 
 
 H..-^ 
 
 If^' 
 
 PoLLOPELL Island, is situated at the northern 
 entrance of the Highlands, 5 miles above West 
 Fpiat. It consists of a mass of rock, and rises 
 near the centre of the river, between Breakneck 
 Hill on the east, and Butter Hill on the west. 
 The altitude of the latter is 1529 feet— the for- 
 mer is 1187 feet in height, and contains the rock 
 called the Upper Anthony's Nose. - 
 
 m 
 
 New WtNDSOR. Passing the Highlands, the 
 prospect changes into a very agreeable contrast. 
 The Bay of Newburgh, with the village of the 
 same name, and New Windsor, and on the oppo- 
 site shore the village of Fishkill, with its numer- 
 ous Adjacent manufactories and country seats, to- 
 gether with a view of the Hudson for many 
 miles above, lorm a prospect which cannot fail to 
 impart much interest. The village of New 
 Windsor stands on the margin of the river,- 7 
 miles from West Point It is calculated for ft 
 very pleasant place of residence, but in busi- 
 ness it must yield to the rival village of 
 
 Newburgh. This is an incorporated village, 
 situated on the declivity of a hill on the west side 
 of the Hudson, 9 miles north from West Point, 
 and 83 miles south from Albanjr. It contains 
 about 500 houses, and a population of 3000 in- 
 habitants. From its situation it commands an 
 
 ;^.asift- '«. t 
 
FOUGHKEEPSTE. 
 
 SO- 
 
 ■.':m:-1ii^'i'r-:<> 
 
 extensive intercourse and trade with the country 
 on the west, and, by means of the Hudson river, 
 with New-York. This place was for some time 
 the head-quarters of the American army during 
 the revolutionary war. On the opposite side of 
 the river from Newburgh is Beacon Hill, one of 
 ,the highest summits of the Fishkill mountains, 
 where parties of pleasure frequently resort, in 
 (the summer season, to witness an extent of pros- 
 pect including a part of the territories of five dif- 
 ierent stales. This hill is 1471 feet in height. 
 Half a mile south is the New Beacon, or Grand 
 Ssichem, 1685 feet above the level of the Hud- 
 son. They are called Beacon Hills from the cir- 
 cumstance that beacons were erected on their 
 samrails during the revolutionary war. The 
 continuation of this chain of mountains is lost ia 
 the Appalachian Range, on the north-east, and 
 extends south as far as the eye can reach. Di- 
 minished in distance, is «een West Point, environ- 
 ed by niountains, apparently reposing on the sur- 
 face of the Hudson, ^ud bathing their rocky sum- 
 mits ia the clouds. * ri,. c ? .; ;3 
 
 MiLTOir, is a small hamlet, situated on the 
 west side of the Hudson river, in the town of 
 
 Marlborough, li miles 
 
 from Newburgh. 
 
 This 
 
 place is called the half-way place between New- 
 York and Albany, being 72 1-2 miles distant from 
 each. Two and a half miles south of Milton, on 
 the cast side of the Hudson, is the mansion house 
 of the late Governoj* Clinton. 
 
 FovGHKBEPsiE, 15 miles north from New- 
 bupgh, is situated one mile east from the Hudson, 
 on the post road irom Albany to New-York, and 
 
 .* , . fe 
 
^ * 
 
 40 
 
 CATTSKILL* 
 
 1,^ 
 
 was incorporated io 1801 The village is about 
 tlie same size of Newburg^h, handsomely located, 
 9ad a place of considerable trade, it is laid out 
 in the form of a cross, the two principal streets 
 crossing each other at right-angles. A road leads 
 (down a long steep hill from Poughkeepsie, to the 
 landing on the Hudson river. This landing is 3 
 miles above Milton. About 7 miles farther north 
 
 u 
 
 Hyde Park Landhvg, on the east side of the 
 lludson river, near which are a number of coun- 
 try seats. The first is the mansion of Doctor 
 Bard — one mile farther is the seat of A. S Pell, 
 Esq. — from thence, 3 miles up the river, stands the 
 residence of Gen. M. Lewis, where is a landing 
 placei, leading to Staatsberg, one mile distant, 
 i^ the town of Ifyde Park. Two miles farther 
 north is the residence of R. Tillotson, Esq. From 
 thence to Hhinebeck Landings is 3 miles — thence 
 to Redhook Lower Landing, where are the man- 
 sions of J. PL. Livingston and Mrs. Montgomery, 
 is 7 miles — thence to Redhook Upper Landing, 3 
 miles — thence 2 miles to the seat of the late 
 Chancellor 
 
 manor house of the 
 
 thence one mile to Oakhill, the residence of the 
 late J. Livingston, now possessed by Harmon 
 Livingston, Esq. — thence one mile to .^ 
 
 Catskill. This village takes its name 
 from a large creek which flows through it, an.J 
 empties into the Hudson at that place. It is ;* •• 
 iiated on the west bank of the river, 33 miles 
 fioiiji Albany, apd contains about 200 dwellings, 
 
 Livingston — thence 7 miles to the 
 late Lord Livingston — 
 
PINE ORCHAnt)< 
 
 41 
 
 and 1500 inhabitants. On Cattskill Creek arc 
 already a number of mills and manufactories, 
 and the general appearance of the village is 
 highly flattering, as it respects its future growth 
 and prosperity. This village is in the i.^medit 
 ate neighborhood of the Kaisbergs or Catskill 
 mountains, which are seen for many miles along 
 the Hudson, and here assume a truly majestic 
 and sublime appearance. The highest eleva- 
 tion of this range of mountains is in the county 
 of Greene, from 8 to 12 miles distant from the 
 river, including the Round Top^ 3804 feet, and 
 High Peak. 37 1 8 feet in heigh t. The village of 
 Catskill, which has hitherto been visited, prin- 
 cipally by men of business,'has recently become 
 the resort of people of fashion and pleasure, who 
 design a tour to the 
 
 Pine Orchard, a place which for two 
 years past, has attracted the attention of all 
 classes of men, and still continues to draw to it, 
 numbers of those who are fond of novelty and 
 especially of the sublime and romantic scenery in 
 which it abounds. Regular stages leave Catskill 
 for the Pine Orchard twice a day. The fare 
 is the moderate price of one dollar* The 
 whole distance is 12 miles, computed as fol- 
 lows : From the village to Lawrence's tavern, 7 
 miles — from thence to the foot of the mountain, 
 2 miles — from thence to Pine Orchard, 3 miles. 
 This distance is passed, in going, in about 4 hours 
 — in returning, in about two hours. The country 
 through which the road passes has nothing in- 
 teresting in its appearance, until it reaches the 
 mountain, being generally uneven and burfen, 
 and diverisfied with but one or two compara- 
 tively small spots of cultivation, jppon which the 
 eye can rest with satisfaction. A short time it 
 
42 
 
 PINE ORCHARD. 
 
 
 usually taken up at Lawrence's, for the purposA 
 of refreshment, before encountering^ the rugged 
 ascent of the mountains. This part of the roadl 
 is generally good, but circuitous, and often pass- 
 es on the brink of some deep ravine, or at the 
 foot of some frowning precipice, inspiring at 
 times, an unwelcome degree of terror. The 
 rock upon which stands the Hotel of Mr. Charles 
 H. Webb, forms a circular platform, is of an un- 
 even surface, and includes about six acres. It is 
 elevated above the level of the Hudson, about 
 3000 feet. The Hotel is 1^ feet in length, 24 
 feet in width, and 4 stories high, and has piazzas 
 in front, the whole length, and a wing extending^ 
 in the rear for lodging rooms. The building is 
 €>wned by the " Catskill mountains Association,'*^ 
 an incorpoi > =d company, with a capital of $10,- 
 000. It is well furnished, and possesses every 
 convenience and accomodation, requisite to the 
 comfort and good cheer of its numerous guests. 
 The prospect from Pine Orchard embraces a 
 greater extent, and more diversity of scenery^ 
 thaii is to be found in any other part of the state, 
 or perhaps in the United States. The vast vari- 
 ety of fields, farms, villages, towns and citiesv 
 between the green mountains of Vermont, on the 
 north, and the highlands on the south, and the 
 Taghkanick mountains on the east, together with 
 the Hudson river, studded with islands and ves- 
 sels, some of which, may be seen at even the 
 distance of 60 miles, is apparent in a clear at- 
 mosphere, to thfi naked eye ; and when the scene 
 is gradually untold ed, at the opening of the day, 
 it assumes rather the appearance of enchantment 
 than a reality. It is not uncommon, at this place, 
 to witness storms of snow and rain in their gea- 
 
ATHENS— HODSOM. 
 
 43 
 
 sons, midway the mountaiii, while all is clear 
 and serene on its summit. About two miles from 
 the Hotel, are the Kaaterskill Falls, which 
 take their name from the stream t)n which they 
 are situated. This stream takes its rise from 
 two small lakes, half a mile in the rear of the 
 Hotel ; and after a westerly course of a mile and 
 a half, the waters fall perpendicularly 175 feet, 
 and after pausing; a moment on a projection of 
 the rock, plunge agani down a precipice of 85 
 feet more, making the whole descent of the falls« 
 260 feet. The road to the falls is extremely 
 rough ; but this objection "will hardly deter the 
 traveller from a visit to a spot So novel and rc>« 
 mantic. 
 
 Athens, five miles above Catskill, is an in« 
 corporated Tillage, and contains 1000 inhabitants. 
 Its situation, on a gentle slope of land, rising^ 
 gradually trom the river^ gi/es it a very favour* 
 able appearance. The vicinity of Athens to 
 Hudson^ immediately opposite, seems to forbid 
 that importance in^ point of trade, its location 
 might otherwise warrant. Athens furnishes a 
 number of beautifur scites on the bank of* the 
 river ; some of which are already occupied by 
 the elegant mansions of private genQemfen. 
 
 ' The City of Hudson stands on the East side 
 of the river, 30 miles south from Albnny. The 
 plain on which Hudson is situated rises abruptly 
 from the river, by banks from 50 to 60 feet 
 in height ; and terminates on the east, at the 
 foot of high lands, which overlook the city at an 
 alevation of some hundred feet, andfurnishi a 
 
, -r-^ 
 
 44 
 
 COXSACKIE LANDINO. 
 
 prospect of tbe Hudson river and scenery for 
 many miles in extent. The city contains a pop* 
 ulation of 4500 inhabitants, and is daily increas- 
 ing^ in wealth, population and commerce. Cla* 
 rerack creek on the east, and Kinderhook creek 
 on the north, afford every facility for mills and 
 manufactories, in which Hudson abounds ; and 
 which have entitled it to the third rank, in man- 
 ufactures, in the state. On the opposite side of 
 the Hudson, appear a number of country seats 
 with the farm houses and cultivation in the 
 neighborhood of Athens snd Catskill, bounc^^d 
 by the lofty Katsbergps, rising in the back ground 
 and mingling their rugged summits with the 
 clouds. 
 
 CoxsACKiB LAif DING, where are several hou* 
 •es and stores, is eight miles north of Hudson. 
 From thence to Kinderhook landi ;^ is 2 miles. 
 Here are about 25 dwellings and a post office* 
 The village of Kinderhook is situated 5 mile» 
 east. Three miles further north, is the village 
 of New Baltimore — thence to Coeymans, 2 miles 
 — thence to Schodac village, 3 miles — thence to 
 Castleton landing, 2 miles — thence to Albany S 
 miles. The distances of the intervening places, 
 from New- York to Albany are as follows : — 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Mile», 
 
 Manhattan ville, , 8 
 
 Verplanck's Point, 
 
 4 
 
 Kingsbridge, ^ 4 
 
 PeekskiU V. 
 
 3 
 
 Philipstown, 5 
 
 Fort Montgomery, 
 
 3 
 
 Tarry Town, 10 
 
 West Point, 
 
 7 
 
 Mount Pleasant, V. 6 
 
 Pollopell Island, 
 
 6 
 
 Croton, 2 
 
 New Windsor V. 
 
 2 
 
 Haverstraw, V. 1 
 
 Newburgh, , 
 
 2 
 
ALBANY* 
 
 45 
 
 ; i * JWiles, 
 Milton, 11 
 
 Foughkeepsie, 3 
 
 Hyde Park, 6 
 
 Esopus, 4 
 
 Rhinebeckf 5 
 
 Lower Red Hook, 7 
 Upper Red Hook, 3 
 Clermont, 2 
 
 CattskiU, 9 
 
 Miles, 
 
 Hudson, 5 
 
 Coxsackie, % 
 
 Kinderhook, 2 
 
 New Baltimore, 3 
 
 Coeymans, 2 
 
 Schodack, 9 
 
 Castleton, ft 
 
 Albany, 8 
 
 ALBANY. 
 Though much inferiour in point of population 
 and commerce, and we may add in point of beau- 
 ty and elegance, to New- York, the city of Alba- 
 ny is ncTertheless considered the capital of the 
 state. It is situated on the west bank of the 
 Hudson, 145 miles north from New- York, and 
 about ten miles south from Waterford, the ex- 
 treme point of sloop navi^tion. The scite of 
 Albany, which rises with a gradual ascent from 
 the river, to the height of 153 iieet, in the dis- 
 tance of half a mile, gives the city a very favour- 
 able appearance as you approach it on the Hud- 
 son. But the first impression is rather diminish- 
 ed than increased by a more intimate prospect. 
 Most of the streets are narrow, and irregular ; 
 and with all the elegance displayed in the con- 
 struction of its builtliDgs, the stranger is too of- 
 ten reminded of its original settlers, by the fre- 
 quent occurrence of their antique edifices. Tho 
 capitol, which contains the legislative halls, and 
 many other apartments for publick business, 
 stands at the head of state-street, on an elevation 
 of 130 feet above the level of the river. Tht 
 
 ,i<' 
 
4S 
 
 ALBANV. 
 
 war 'he cemrfo/ which A°?h"'"' ?^ «'«>»•* aer 
 eluded a Uiitrict on b«.h m'"'" """''"l. in- 
 «4 mile, „ije. and 42 m.u''',' <>f «he HuU oS. 
 
 by the Hon Stephen Van R.n "?"* ""'I'tion^ 
 ntlHooe ,iaud8 nearlvin .K "*""«'''«'•. whose re- 
 "the no.,h e„n fh,"chv"'f 7 "ii}"' "«■'«'. 
 
 §:>•«.* .w,,h the prSv^'T"""' "»»" df. 
 Proprielor. VSe m!7 opulence of it, worthy 
 
 , •"/ny objec,, of t«,tran,r' '"'!'"'■ •■"<"'s"he 
 ' of Albany l„rLi " curiosity m the cfi, 
 
 •nu'emenC i TaU^-'^^u"'*' ""hare of "f 
 ;^«y hall. ThebXi"'^* 3d 'lory of thi oW 
 f ~t eligible. althS T?„> '»'" I." ^-^ 'h. 
 •mi'le room for the dis^riav of^L "°"'" '^""'i*e. 
 nositie, of naturtand /f f/*!! ■'"""•■'""cu- 
 ThewhoIscoll^et.oa" Jh?"^ *'"*'■• exhibited, 
 'fl. m number, , aHety 't ° *''"*' ''''"" «« "X- 
 » her in ,he United StX '-.'::'•'"'?*•»«=•"■ any 
 buMcM which poDstantlv „: J V.l*""' <1*° "f 
 «'«ntlyi„Jieate.4heS *■?" ^"-'^"'15- 
 
 Albany ,u^tai„, in p,„n, *f ^ "»P<"-tance which 
 «lation i, about 12^)00° / "'^"nerpe. Its pop. 
 fa indicat.on/if'^'fblickl.'""'*'" t'^""^"- 
 
 ^tw'e^t *^ -'^<•f wy'o r^^l'o i.Ur"' 
 
 nate at Alh,„y ("L'to^T ,^ " ">« "''?- termi. 
 
 
 4 
 
ad is 115 feet 
 
 I height. The 
 
 pdat 1115.000. 
 
 of Rensselaer, 
 
 is situated, in- 
 
 af the Hudson, 
 
 ig: from east to 
 
 me exceptionfy 
 
 aer, iivhosc re- 
 
 of the manor, 
 
 with its niag- 
 
 I no small de- 
 
 5 of its worthy 
 
 sh, among the 
 
 ty in the city 
 
 ts share of a- 
 
 lory of the old 
 
 ! said to be the 
 
 liour furnishes 
 
 numerous cu- 
 
 ere exhibited. 
 
 .1 if not to rx- 
 
 mcnt, any 
 
 ic^ssant din of 
 
 |the ear,suffi- 
 
 rtance which 
 
 ce. Its pop- 
 
 se two essen- 
 
 [ity it yields 
 
 he northern 
 
 ir waters in 
 
 city, terrni- 
 
 on the west 
 
 h, and fronn 
 
 end of the 
 
 the rivef, 
 
 TROYi 
 
 4T 
 
 mud at ib« app« end, a boat lock oonnecting with 
 the canal. The water in the basin » from 10 to 
 15 feet deep. From Albany, stages start regu- 
 larly for Montreal, (Canada ;) for Salem and 
 Whitehall ; and also for Niagara, (N. Y.) for 
 Burlington, Middlebury, Rutland, Bennington^ 
 Brattleborough and Windsor, (Vt.) for Walpoli, 
 Keene and Hanover, (N. H.) and BoHton, (Mass.) 
 A regular line of post coaches is also established 
 during the summer months, between Albany 
 and Sandy-Hill, via Troy. Lansiugburgh, Wa- 
 terford, Ballston and Saratoga Springs. Thii 
 
 * line is accommodated with convenient seats, anc^ 
 with excellent horses, and arrives.*' and departs 
 
 - from Albany every day in the week except Sun- 
 days. The mail stage also leaves Albany every 
 day for Saratoga Springs, on the same route* 
 The fare to Ballston is |t 1 ,50-; to Saratoga Spris&;9* 
 ^2,00. Six miles farther up the river stands toe 
 
 CiTT OF Trot ; bounded on tlie east by a 
 range of hills rising abruptly from the alluvial 
 plain on which Troy is situated, and which ex- 
 tends to the Hudson river, ^ts western boundary. 
 In point of location and beautiful natural scene- 
 ry, the city of Troy is exceeded by few, if any, 
 of the towns and villages on the Hudson. The . 
 streets, running north and south, con^rge to- 
 gether at the north end of the city, and are 
 crossed ut right angles by those running east 
 and west. The buildings are principally built 
 of brick, and are shaded by rows of trees on each 
 side of streets which are preserved remarkably 
 clean, by additions of slate and gravel, instead of 
 pavements. The population of Troy is about 
 7,000. There are three houses of publickwor- 
 
 •.M,. 
 
 ■V- 
 
4S 
 
 LAf^SINOBURGH. 
 
 jhr. 
 
 *| 
 
 Jf 
 
 -.1 
 
 ill 
 
 f f 
 
 fhip, a court-house and a goal. A large thre^ 
 ttory brick building has recently been erected, 
 fit the expense of the corporation, for the accom- 
 inodation of the female seminary incorporated at 
 this place. This institution is under the gpvern- 
 meht of a female priocipal and several assistants^ 
 whose exertions have given it a dese^ipvcd celeb- 
 rity over similar institutions in the state. There 
 are annually educated at this seminary from 60. 
 to 80 females. The friends of literature have al- 
 so established a Lyceuip at this place ; which, 
 though of recent origin, promises much advan-^ 
 tage and usefulue^ to its patrons. 
 » 
 
 LAfrsiNGBrRG^, three miles from Troy, is 
 principally built on a single street, runi^ing paral- 
 lel with the river. A high hill rises abruptly be> 
 hind the village, on whiph is seem the celebrated 
 d^fim^nc) roc^, which fit times ex|iit;s a brilliant 
 lustre, from the reflected rays of the sun. The 
 appearance of Lansingbui^h by no means indi- 
 cates a high state of prosperity. The houses 
 are generally very irregularly constructed, and 
 many of them in a state of decay. The village 
 eontains a bank, two places of publick worship, 
 and an academy. Its population does not exceed 
 3,000. At the north end of the village, a well 
 btiilt and handsome fridge ei^tends across the 
 Hudson river, to the village of ' 
 
 Watbrforp, Tl^is village has been recent<r 
 ly incorporated, and in point of size and com- 
 merce may be considered the capital of Saratoga 
 county, ft is situated at the junction of the 
 Mohiaif k with the Hudson, and derives consider- 
 able importance from the navigation qf si^aU 
 renelsi whioh^ by means of a ^ock and dam in the 
 
COHOES< 
 
 49 
 
 [river about 3 miles below, at most seasons of the; 
 year arrive and depart to and from its ports. Th«. 
 village contains a population of 1500 inhabitants. 
 It already enjoys many advantages for trade, and 
 its importance will be much increased by the 
 northern canal, which joins the Hudson river at 
 this place. About a mile from Watert'ord, i^ a 
 south westerly direction, is the celebrated 
 
 'Ml 
 
 COHOES, 
 
 A fall of "^ater on the Mohawk river, about 
 40 feet in perpendicular height, and including 
 the descent above, about 70 feet. A fine view 
 of the falls and the romantick scenery around, ii 
 furnished from the bridge which has been ereC'^ 
 ted f^cross the riv^r, about half a mile dis- 
 tant. I'he lofty barrier of rocks Tfhich ci^n- 
 fme the course of the Mohawk— the distei^nt 
 roar of the cataract — the dashing of the wateri 
 as they descend in rapids beneath you — and the 
 striking contrast of the torrent, with the solitude 
 of the Scenery above, contribute to render the 
 whole an unusual scene of sublimity and gran- 
 deur. An old tradition states, that a chief of 
 the Mohawks, attempting to cross in his canoe, 
 embarked too near the current of the falls to 
 escape their v~ ascent. Finding himself unable to 
 resist the influence of the tide, which hurried 
 him fast to the summit, with true Indian herojsm, 
 he turned his canoe into the stream, assumed his 
 station at the helm, and with a pi^ddle in one 
 hand and his bottle in the other, was precipitated 
 over the brink. 
 
 Van Schaick's Islaitd, is situated in the 
 Ticioity of Waterford and is formed by the sprout! 
 
"iiip'' 
 
 30 
 
 *BCHANICS VILLB, 
 
 of the Mohawk nV^ • • . 
 
 ver nine milen north ''orAT^ 
 
 noted for bein^ the Jip-d ^''^- ^his spot i. 
 
 «an army, in 1777 r ^«a'"ters of the Am^ • 
 
 J here are Faw .o ^ j"^* .at Bemua* w«.- ua 
 intpr*»«f ! I^ ^^'^^es more frui^fMi • Wejg^hts. 
 mterest and dehght to th^!/. "^' '^ sources of 
 
 f • Hebb, at one nlinf K "^^'^ ^^^° Sarafo: 
 pursuit of healfK P^*°*» beckons him T^ #1 
 
 While Mar,, at anotheiin^f 'l*''^*'"^ boon 
 
 where military com-ile '»„T'^ ''''» «» 'he field 
 
 , •' h., hand, the palm n?'' ?'"'"-P™e received 
 
 ' »<=«"" associated PkhthI ^'^""■y- Whilst Ihe 
 country shall ininrf »„"'■* '"^'Pendence of ™r 
 
 , ^;«1U> and amtSent ,han r^'""" "^ '""^ « 
 
 -nt^'intfc^' s^^^ re 
 
 •"-l thephilo,o;h^;««'««''.pnable. the patr^' 
 
 ffon, Wflterfqrd. It eont.f ' u' "tnated 8 miles 
 • '"Sf' a post office, and f^r f °"* "''"'y dwdl! 
 and mills; which har^h'^'y » <=otton facto7v 
 road from WaferS ,T'\l^''^''*^r burn & 
 margin of the nV^o Vh 1 1""'^' «*» "- the' 
 .1, n' ""y point of the ,!.■!♦ ' ^'^^ maybe 
 
 •he Borough the road is .f '"f ' ^ft^-- 'eavin^ 
 
 " « litUe cluster of b„.?H''''^'°?'*''«BortCh 
 
9ALLST0N SPA. 
 
 51 
 
 the appearance of a thriving^ place ; it is ip the 
 town of Malta, and is sarcastically called Slab 
 City. One mile further, are the four corpersy 
 known by the name of 
 
 Dunning -Street. Here are two publick 
 houses, a store and a number of dwelling;s. It i« 
 called Dunning- Strpet from a family of the samci 
 name, who first came to settle there, and who 
 still reside in the neig^hbourhood. The farms ia 
 this section are some of the best in the county, 
 and are under very gopd improvement. The 
 country is remarkably level, and from that cir- 
 cumstance probably horse coursing; has become 
 very common here, apd is held at least twice, an- 
 nually. Ballstpn Spa is situated foqr miles frpoi 
 Dunning Street in a north westerly direction ; 
 Saratoga Springs, 8 miles in a northerly direc- 
 tion ^ 
 
 The Distances from Albany to Ballston Spa are 
 |U follows : 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Troy, -^y^^'r 6 
 
 Lansingburgh, 3 
 
 Waterford, 1 
 
 Borough, 8 
 
 Miles, 
 Slab Citv, 7 
 
 Dunniug-Street, 1 
 Ballston Spa, 4 
 
 BALLSTON SPA, 
 
 This pleasant village lies in the town of MiU 
 ton, in the county of Saratoga ; and is situated in 
 a low valley, through the center of which, flows 
 a branch of the Kayaderosseras, with whose wa- 
 ters it jiiingles at the east efid of the village. — > 
 The natural boundaries of Ballston Spa are well 
 4e^ed by steep and loftv hills of ^aod pi( th$ 
 
f 
 
 ■■ 
 
 if 
 
 
 
 52 
 
 BALL8T0N SPA< 
 
 north and west, and by a ridge of land, which 
 {gradually slopes inward, and encircles the village 
 on the south and east. The broad and ample 
 Kayaderosseras, whose stream gives motion to a 
 neighbouring mill, flows on the north east boun- 
 dary of the villa(_e, and furnishes a favourite re* 
 sort for the sportsman, on the bosom of its waters, 
 or for the loiterer along its verdant banks. The 
 village was incorporated in 1807, and is under the 
 direction of three trustees, who are chosen annu« 
 ally. It contains 112 houses, and 6 14 inhabitants. 
 Besides the Court House for the county, and the 
 clerk's office, which are located here, there is rh 
 Episcopal and a Baptist Church« an Academy, and 
 a Female Seminary ; likewise a Printing Office 
 and a Book Store, with which a l^eading Room 
 is connected for the accommodation of visitants. 
 The FsMALS Sebcinart is under the super* 
 intendeace of Mr. Booth, a gentleman who is em- 
 inently qualified for the undertaking, having 
 been for a number of years the principal instruc- 
 tor in the female academy at Al^&ny* The scite 
 of tlie institution is on a very pleasant and healthy 
 eminence, commanding a view of the whole vil- 
 lage, and the surrounding country for some dis- 
 tance. The building itself is spacious and airy, 
 and occupies with the outgrounds and improve* 
 ments, upwards of an acre of land. This insti- 
 tution, though of recent establishment, has, from 
 the well known experience and celebrity of its 
 proprietor, commanded a full share of patronage. 
 There were educated here during the last season, 
 about 40 females, from various parts of the state, 
 and some from other states. Among the various 
 briinches taught, are naturi^l and moral philoso-* 
 
BALLSTON SPA, 
 
 53 
 
 phy, belleslettres, chemistry, geometry and his- 
 tory ; and when required, competent teachers in- 
 struct in the several branches of musick, draw- 
 ing and dancing. The terms of tuition and board 
 are quite reasonable ; and the general manage^ 
 ment of the institution is spoken of in the highest 
 terms of commendation. 
 
 Ballston Spa principally derives its celebrity 
 from the mineral springs which flow here and 
 lit Saratoga in equal abundance. The spring 
 first discovered in the vicinity, stands on the flat, 
 nearly opposite the boarding establishment of 
 Mr. Aldridge. It formerly flowed out of a com- 
 mon barrel, sunk around it, without any other 
 protection from the invasion of cattle, who often 
 slacked their thirst in its fountain. Afterwards 
 the liberality of the citizens was displayed in a 
 marble curb and flagging, and a handsome iron 
 railing. The curb and flagging were finally re- 
 moved, leaving the railing, which still serves 
 the purposes of ornament and 'protection. The 
 spring flows now, probably, from the place where 
 it originally issued, some feet below the surroun- 
 ding surface, which has been elevated by addi- 
 tions of earth, for the purpose of improving the 
 road in which it stands. 
 
 Low's Spring is situated at the east end of 
 the village, on the land of Mr. Low, from whom 
 it takes its name, and to whose munificence and 
 liberality, the village is much indebted. Over 
 this fountain, a large and commodious bathing 
 house has been erected ; to which, not only the 
 waters of this, but of ai^umber of other adja- 
 cent springs, are tributary, for the purpose of ba- 
 thing. Between the two springs already men- 
 tioned, there was discovered in the summer of 
 
H 
 
 BALtSTON SPA. 
 
 18ltt a mineral springy, called the Washington 
 ./buntain. This latter spring rose on the margin 
 of the creek in front of the factory huilduig; U 
 flowed through a curb 28 feet in length, sunk 4o 
 the depth of ^ feet, and was liberated at the top 
 in the form of a beautiful j>/ cTeau. This spring 
 disappeared in 1821. Numerous attempts have 
 since been made to recover it, but they have 
 proved fruitless. 
 
 The principal ingredients «f these waters con- 
 sist of muriate of soda, carbonate of soda, carbo- 
 nate of lime, carbonate of magnesia, and carbo- 
 nate of iron; all of which, in a greater or less de- 
 gree, enter into the composition of the waters, 
 both here and at Saratoga. - 
 
 The principal boarding .loiises are the Sans 
 Souci, Aldridge's, the Village Hotel and Corey's. 
 The Sa^s Soirci, with its yards and out hous > 
 es, occupies an area of some acres in the east part 
 of the village^ The plan of the building, with 
 the expensive improvements around it, do much 
 credit to the taste and liberality of its proprietor. 
 The establishment was formerly the property of 
 Mr. Low, of New York ; from whom it has re- 
 cently passed into the hands of Mr. Loomis, its 
 present owner, and under whose management the 
 most entire satisfaction is given to its annual vis- 
 itants. The edifice is constructed of wood, three 
 stories high, 160 feet in length, with two wings 
 extending back 153 feet, and is calculated for the 
 accommodation of 130 boarders. It is surround 
 ded by a beautiful yard, ernamented with a vari- 
 ety of trees and shrubbery, which, with its exten- 
 sive piazzas and spacious halls, render it a de- 
 lightful retreat during the oppressive heat of sum- 
 mer. 
 
 !i-.,>y5JL 
 
BALLSTON SPA. 
 
 6d 
 
 Aldridge^s Boarding House, with which is 
 connected an extensive g^arden, at the west end 
 of the village, and Cqrky's. at the south end^ 
 are not inierior in point of accommodation, and 
 receive their full share of patronage. Their 
 more retired location, and the profusion of rural 
 scenery around them, as well as tbe deserved 
 reputation of the establishments, will always de- 
 termine the choice of a large portion of visitants 
 during their transient residence at the springs. 
 
 The Village liiTEL, is in a convenient sit- 
 uation a few rods west of the Sans Souci. It is 
 now kept by the proprietor, iVIr. Clark, and is a 
 very agreeable and pleasant boarding place for 
 strangers during the summer months. 
 
 Mrs. M'iVIaster's, is a private boarding house^ 
 situated adjacent to the spring, on the flat, in the 
 west part of the village. Those who are fond of 
 a retired situation, will be much gratified at this 
 place, and withal will find a hospitable hostess, 
 and very excelleat accommodations, at a mode- 
 rate price. Besides these, there are other houses 
 of accommodation ; the principal of which is the 
 
 Mansiojjt Hocse, kept by Mr Kidd. This 
 house is situated in a central part of the village, 
 is well kept, and every attentiniji ispaid which can 
 contribute to the comfort and convenience of its 
 guests. The price of board per week, at the seT* 
 eral houses* is as follows : — 
 
 Sans Soitci, 
 Aldridgs's, 
 Corey's, 
 Village Hotel, 
 Maitsion House, 
 Mrs. M'Ma8ter's» 
 
 M,; 
 
 |10,00 
 8,00 
 
 . 8,00 
 5,00 
 5,00 
 6i0^ 
 
56 
 
 SARATOGA SPRINGS* 
 
 Mails arrive and depart to and from Ballston 
 Spa, every, day in the week, Sundays excepted. 
 Betides a post office at the village there is one in 
 the town of Ballston, about three miles distant, 
 to which letters are frequently missent, owing to 
 the neglfsct of correspondents in making the 
 j>roper direction. 
 
 The reading room and library may be resor- 
 ted to at all times, and for>a very moderate com* 
 pensation. Papers are there furnished from all 
 parts of the union. The library, which includes 
 come periodical publications, is small ; «biit valu- 
 able selections may be made, either for instruc- 
 tion or amusement. 
 
 Six miles from Ballston Spa, in a southerly 
 direction, is Ballston Lake, or as it is sometimes 
 called the Long Lake. The «nly accommoda- 
 tions, on an excursion to the lake, are furnished 
 at the farm house, recently owned by a Mr. Mc- 
 Donald, on its western margin. This gentleman 
 was a native of Ireland, and on his first arrival 
 in America, settled with his brother, in 1763, on 
 this spot, where he continued to reside until his 
 decease, in 1823. It was at this house Sir William 
 Johnson passed some time on his first journey to 
 Saratoga Springs, as early as the year 1767. 
 The lake is a beautiful sheet of water, 5 miles 
 jiong and 1 broad. The scenery around affords 
 a pleasing landscape of cultivation and wood 
 lands, no less inviting to the sportsman, than the 
 soft bosom of the lake and its finny inhabitants 
 to the amateurs of the rod. 
 
 .« 
 
 SARATOGA SPRINGS, 
 
 Is situated north easterly from Ballston Spa 7 
 miles, and 24 miles from the village of Water- 
 
SARATOGA SFRINCM. 
 
 57 
 
 ford. The village is located on an elevated spot 
 of ground, surrounded by a productive plain 
 country, and enjoys, if not the advantage of 
 prospect, at least the advantage ^of a salubrious 
 air and climate, contributing much to the health 
 and benefit of its numerous visitants. The 
 springs, so justly celebrated for their medicinal 
 virtues, are situated on the margin of a vale, 
 bordering the village on the east, and are a con- 
 tinuation of a chain of springs discovering them- 
 selves about 12 miles to the south, in the town of 
 Ballston, and extending enaterly, in the form of a 
 crescent, to the Qouker village. In the immedi- 
 ate vicinity are 10 or 12 springs, the principal of 
 which are the Congress, the Hamilton, the High 
 , Rock, the Columbian, the Flat Rock, and the 
 President. About a mile east, at the tbrmer 
 residence of Mr. Taylor, are found a cluster of 
 mineral springs which go by the mme of the 
 Ten Springs. These springs, as well as those at 
 Ballston Spa, partake of the same properties, and 
 are only distinguished from each other by a dif* 
 
 ference in the quantity of their ingredients. 
 
 « 
 
 THE CONGRESS SPRING 
 
 Is situated at the south end of the village, on 
 lands owned by Messrs J . & R. Livingston, and 
 was first discovered about 27 years since, issuing 
 from a c revice in the rock, a few feet from its 
 present location. Here it flowed for a number 
 of years, until an attempt to improve the surface 
 around it, produced an accidental obstruction of 
 its waters, which afterwards made their appear- 
 ance at the place where ftey now flow. Thig 
 spring is enclosed by a tube sunk into the earth 
 to the distance of 12 or 14 feet, which secures it 
 
5& 
 
 •':; ' 
 
 SARATOGA SPRINGS. 
 
 Irom the water of the stream, in the centre of 
 'Which it ii situated. In cleausing the springy, 
 during the last season, the tube which encloses it 
 was found to contain a stone ot 477bs. weight, 
 which had remained there for 10 or 12 years. 
 Since removing the stone, the waters have flowed 
 much faster than formerly, and have been much 
 improved in quality. The improvements around 
 the spring have been made from time to time, 
 at the expense ol Doct. John Clarke, of New- 
 Tork, to whose liberality and publick spirit th« 
 Tillage is otherwise much indebted. - "^ 
 
 The 1J1€H Bock is situated on the west side 
 ©f the valley, skirting the east side of the vil- 
 lage, about half a mile north of the Congress. 
 The rock enclosing this» spring, is in the shape 
 of a cone, 9 feet diameter at its base, and 5 het 
 in height. It seems to have been formed by a 
 concretion of particles thrown up by the water, 
 Which formerly flowed over its summit through 
 An aperture of about 12 inches diameter, regu- 
 larly diverging from the top of the cone to its 
 base. This spring v«ras visited in the year 1767, 
 by Sir Wm. Johnson, but was known long before 
 by the Indians, who were first led to it, either by 
 accident or by the frequent haunts of beasts, 
 attracted thither by the saline jiroperties of the 
 water. A building was erected near the spot 
 previous to the re\ olutionary war ; afterwards 
 abandoned, and again resinned ; since which, 
 the usefulness of the water has, from time to 
 time, occasioned frequent settlements, within its 
 ▼icin tv. 
 
 The weier now rises within 2 feet of the sum- 
 mit, fcnd a common notion prevails that it has 
 found a passage through a fissuref ot the rock 
 
i " 
 
 f^GS, 
 
 SARATOGA SPRINGS* 
 
 69 
 
 U in the centre of 
 using the springs, 
 "which encloses it 
 oi 47!bs. weight, 
 r 10 or 12 years, 
 waters have flowed 
 have been much 
 rorements around 
 rem time to time, 
 Clarke, oi New- 
 ublick spirit the 
 ted. 
 
 1 on the west side 
 
 side of the vil- 
 
 of the Congrress, 
 
 g:, is in the shape 
 
 s base, and 5 feet 
 
 )een formed by a 
 
 up by the water, 
 
 summit through 
 
 diameter, regu- 
 
 f the cone to its 
 
 n the year 1767, 
 
 own long before 
 
 I to it, either by 
 
 unts of beasts, 
 
 ropertie«! of the 
 
 near the spot 
 
 ar ; afterwards 
 
 ; fince which, 
 
 1 from time to 
 
 nts, within its 
 
 >et of the pum- 
 
 lils that it has 
 
 Ire' of the rock 
 
 occasioned by the fall of a tree ; since which e- 
 vent it has ceased to flow over its brink. This 
 opinion, howe\rer, may be doubted. It is proba- 
 ble the decay of the rock, which commenced itt 
 formation on the natural surface of the earth, 
 may have yielded to the coj^stant motion of the 
 water, and at length opened a passBge between 
 its decayed base and the loose earth on which it 
 was formed. This idea is rendered probable 
 from the external appearance of the rock at itt 
 eastern base, which has already been penetrated 
 by the implements of curiosity, a number of in- 
 ches. 
 
 Between the High Rock and the Congress are 
 situated most of the other mineral springs in 
 which this place abounds. At two of the prin- 
 cipal springs, ihe Hamilton and Monroe, large 
 and convenient bathing houses have been erec- 
 ted, which are the constant resort for pleasure as 
 well as health, during the warm months of sum- 
 mer, 
 
 An analysis of the mineral waters has recent- 
 ly been published, by Dr, John H. Steel, resi- 
 dent at Saratoga Springs, a gentleman of high 
 standing, in the attainments of /cience and fully 
 competent to the undertaking. His analysis, be- 
 sides a description of the properties of the wa- 
 ters, contains ample directions as to their appli- 
 cation, and should be perused by all who would 
 ^Void the evils so frequently resulting from an 
 excessive and untimely use of them. The fol- 
 lowing is a description of the properties and uses 
 of these waters as published.by t>r. Stec^l, in his 
 report on the geological structure of the county, 
 made by him in the year |821 : - 
 
 " The mineral waters of this county have be*i 
 
 5* '^ 
 
80 
 
 IS 
 
 SARATOGA gPRi.VQg. 
 
 •rtffed even i„ R^**^/ j^""*" »» I aoknowl- 
 
 be;; of place, in the WcinS "7 5"""'' '■" » »»<»- 
 .late formatioa, .aj.h"'*'' °^ *"« l'-?-II»ceo„s 
 the.r origin, ., before ^"7 J'r^^^^y "we 
 '?■> of the »ulphure7 of /^n ' " •^,''^<">'npo«- 
 tbjs rock, '^ *' ™ "^on. which occurs in 
 
 .prltbS^X't'W^'r'""^ ?•"' •'"P'"-'«nt 
 e«t horderof Sara o-aT "'•"•;' ^'"""ed on the 
 of snake-hill, at the'' h^? ' , "' " ""'" south 
 >''"chope„,'t„thel'k^'lT,°'^i'' "^'"f "Vine 
 Of thi, beautiful ,h"et of 1'''.'^°'*' " ""O "'^w 
 "tuated but , few rod, frZ l;;- J"* ''«" » 
 *«ter ri,e, up through 1 bed f''""^ ''''"' 
 Warl, .^(1 diffuse, jts „fl„l.^. "f "'•gUIaceous 
 wosphere .„ ,omrdT, P„^"T '''^?''\'" '^e at- 
 1 mped when first dipped h","™''- " " "<"•/ 
 t™e depo,it, a smara.,a„, , °°f'""''"ff'°'"e 
 e"th ; which, when (hr ^ "^ »'-?illaceo„s 
 
 «xh,bit,eWde'„,I,o7, uh.hr "t.*?"**^' ""'«''. 
 J>kew«e deposited arouml^h ^''" '«<'''«e''t is 
 the course of i„ current "^ ^' 'P""°' "'"^ "'on? 
 
 Ihe water conducted dCf.r"'"""''""' ''«■•«. and 
 
 /ouaUin, Which ptduX t /uZ'" •?""' '""»" "•' 
 b ^ '^ ^ '™cient quantity for 
 
SARATOGA SPRINGS, 
 
 61 
 
 ijarnited coals. 
 
 n fionsfont supply. Bathing in waicrs of thii 
 description hns Ion* been celebrated for its effi- 
 cHcy in the cure of a ^reat variety of eruptive 
 dis^Bsef, Hnd it in highly probable that thi« 
 pprinjr will ultimately become an important ap- 
 pendas^e to the di^tino^uished waters of Saratogi^ 
 find Ballston, from which it is but a lew miles 
 distant, and (he ride includes all the variety of 
 scenery presented by (he lake and its environs. 
 
 " Sulphuretted hydroj^ea likewise occurs in 
 the waters of a weak acidulous saline spring;, in 
 the town of Milton, two miles west from Sarato- 
 ga Spring?, and is faintly discernable in the wa- 
 ter of one of the wells at Ballslon Spa. 
 
 **The AciDULors sALrNE and chaltbeatk 
 AVATETis aje found in those of Saratoga Sprnigs 
 «n<l linllston S| a. They are situated along the 
 southern termination of the secondary forma- 
 tion, and in the immediate vicinity of the transi- 
 tion. There are a great number of these springs 
 fcattered along the dii<tance of several miles, and 
 are very probably the product of the same great 
 Jahnratory ; the properties of the different arti- 
 cles which they hold in solution being; the same, 
 differing only as to quantity. 
 
 "- Those which have become the most distin- 
 guished at Saratoga Springs, are the Congress, 
 Columbian, Hamilton, Flat Rock, High Rock, 
 and President; and those at Ballston Spa are 
 the Old Spring, Washington, and Low's. Of 
 these the Congress unquestionably ranks first as 
 an acidulous saline. One gallon, or 231 cubick 
 inches of this water, contains, agreeably to an 
 analysis which I made several years ago, and 
 which subsequent experiments fully confirm, 676 
 grains of £olid substance, in a perfect state of 
 
 :-:ikeis>! 
 
62 
 
 SARATOGA SPRINGS. 
 
 solution. Of this something more than 2-3 it 
 muriate of soda or common salt — more than 1-4 
 carbonate of lime, and the remainder consists of 
 carbonate of soda, carbonate of magnesia, and 
 carbonate of iron. But what more particularly 
 distinguishes and characterises the water of this 
 spring, is the fact that it contains, the moment it 
 is dipped, nearly 1-^2 more than its bulk ot'carbo- 
 nick acid gas, a quantity hitherto unprecedented 
 in any natural watefs, except those of this county. 
 
 " The Columbian is an acidulous Chaly- 
 beate ; it contains 354 grains of solid contents to 
 the gallon, nearly 2-3 of which is muriate of so- 
 da, about 1-3 carbonate of lime, 7 1-2 grains of 
 parbonatc of iron, and a small proportion of the 
 carbonate of soda and ma2:ne9ia. It contains 
 something more than its bulk of carbonick acid 
 gas. 
 
 " The Flat Rock is likewise an acidulous 
 ohalybeate. It contains the same quantity of 
 iron as the Columbian, but a less proportion of 
 the saline ingredients, while it contains rather 
 ^no.re of the gaseous property. 
 
 " The Hamiltqw, Higfi Rock and Presi- 
 PENT, Jire saline, their solid contents being com- 
 posed of muriate of soda, in the proportion of 
 from 1-2 to 2t3, and carbonate of lime in the 
 proportion of about 1 -3. They likewise con- 
 * tain iron, carbonate of soda, and magnesia, in 
 considerable quantities, and moro than their 
 bulk of gas. 
 
 *' At BAi.LsTOjf-SpA, the mineral waters all 
 belong to th^ acidulous chalybeate class. The 
 Old Spuing contains 253 grains of solid con- 
 tents to a gallon ; something more than 1-2 of 
 which is muriate of, soda, a little less than 1-3 
 
SARATOGA SPRINGS. 
 
 63 
 
 nd Presi- 
 
 ©arbonate of lime and the remainder is carbo- 
 nate of magnesia, soda, and 7 12 grains of iron. 
 It likewise contains more than its bulk of s^as. 
 
 " T'he W SHiNGToir contains 235 grains of 
 solid contenis to the gallon, moro than 1 2 of 
 which is mariate of soda, nearly 1-4 carbonate 
 of lime, and the same quantity of iron as the Old 
 Spring, and about 1-13 of magnesia and soda. 
 There is another well called th« Low Tube^ close 
 to rbe Washington, and apparently issuing from 
 the same a^ert jre in the earth, which conta ns 
 13 or 14 grains more in its solid contents : this 
 excfss is in the quan ity of the muriate of soda. 
 The waters of both these fountains are super- sa- 
 turated with the atrial acid, ^^ile the super-a- 
 bundnni gas is constantly escaping in immense 
 quantities ^'' * ' . },^,>2-l '" ■ 
 
 *" Low s SPRING contains the same articles as 
 the ibregoing, T>i.»t somewhat bss in quantity* 
 
 " There are two or three other wells that be- 
 long to this class of Waters, about ten miles eas- 
 terly from the Congress, in the town of Sarato- 
 ga : thev are ca led (he Quaker Springs : they 
 contain lime, magnesia and iron, held in solution 
 by the carboniok acid, and a. large proportion of 
 common salt and soJa ; but their mineral I im- 
 prei^nntion is suificient to entitle them to much 
 attention.' ' ' ' ^^^ ' >''^^ 
 
 " Sulphate of Lime, [e^i/psum^'] occurs in a 
 spring on the f rm of Earl Stimpson, Esq. in the 
 town of Galway. and the same substance is found 
 in many of the common wells along the whole 
 extent of the limestone formation. 
 
 " The temperature of the water in all these 
 wells is about the same, ranging from 48 to 62 
 degrees on FarenkeWs scale ; and they suffer no 
 
r 
 
 If 
 
 P. 
 
 64 
 
 SARATOGA SPRINGS. 
 
 fiensible alteration from any variation in the tem- 
 perature of the atmosphere ; n'either do the va- 
 riations of the seasons appear to have much ef- 
 fect on the quantity of water produced. 
 
 " The waters are remarkably limped, and 
 when first dipped sparkle with all the life of 
 good champagne. The saline waters bear bot- 
 tling very well, particularly the Congress, im- 
 mense quantities of which are put up in this 
 way, and transported to various parts of the 
 world ; not, however, without a considerable 
 loss of its gaseous pioperty, which renders its 
 taste much more inspid than when drank at the 
 well. The chalybeate water is likewise put 
 up in bottles for transportation, but a very tri- 
 fling losi of its gas produces an immediate pre- 
 cipitation of its iron ; and hence this water, when 
 it has been bottled for some time, frequently be- 
 comes turbid, and finally loses every trace of 
 iron ; this substance fixing itself to the walls of 
 the bottle. ' ; 
 
 ** The moat prominent and perceptible effects 
 of these waters, when taken into the stomach, 
 are Cathartick^ Diureticki and Tonick. They 
 are much used in a great variety of complaints ;. 
 but the diseases in whiph they are most effica- 
 cious are, > . / . ' 
 Jaundice and billious alTectJons generally. . « 
 Dyspepsia. ^ ,, '* 
 Habitual costiveness. * ; > 
 Hypochondrical complaints. \ 
 Depraved appetite. . ' • 
 Calculous and nephritic complaints. 
 Phagedenic or ill-c»nditioued ulc^s. 
 Cutaneous eruptions. . ^. 
 Chrouick Rheumatism. 
 
 / 
 
SARATOGA SPRINGS, 
 
 65 
 
 „ Some s{Jfecies or stales of gout. 
 
 Some species of dropsy. 
 
 Scrofula. 
 
 Parn lysis. 
 
 Scorbutic affections and old scorbutic ulcers. 
 
 Amenorrhea. 
 
 Dysmenorrhea and chlorosis. 
 
 " In phthisis, and indeed in all other pulmona- 
 ry affections arising from primary diseases of the 
 lunges, the waters are manifestly injurious, and 
 evidei^tly tend to increase the violence of the 
 disease. 
 
 " Much interest has been excited on the sub- 
 ject of the source of these singular waters, but 
 no reseSi ^ es have as yet unfolded the mystery. 
 The larr ! p--oportion of common salt found 
 among \. constituent properties may be ac- 
 counted for without much difficulty. All the 
 salt springs of Europe, as well as those of Amer- 
 ica, being found in geological situations, exactly 
 corresponding to these ;* but the production of 
 the unexampled quantity of carbonick acid gas, 
 the medium through which the other articles are 
 held in solution, is yet, and probably will remain 
 a subject of mere speculation. The low and 
 
 ^_ ^ 
 
 "* That pure salt "v^ater may be obtained in the 
 vicinity of these fountains, there can be but little 
 doubi ; aud should the inducement appear of 
 sufficient magnitude to warrant the undertaking, 
 in all probability the discovery will be made, 
 and the manufactory of common salt be added 
 as a "new item to the history of our resources. 
 I am told that the experiment may be made to 
 ascertain the fact, for a sum less than three thou«» 
 sand dollars. * 
 
66 
 
 SARATOGA SPRINGS* 
 
 regalar temperature of the water seems to for- 
 bid the idea that it is the effect oi subterraueaa 
 heat, as many hare supposed, and the total ab- 
 sence of any mineral acid, excepting the muri- 
 atic, which is combined with soda, does away 
 the possibility of its being the effect of any 
 combination of that kind. Its production is 
 therefore truly unaccountable," 
 
 The boarding establishments of the first class 
 are the Congress Hall, and Union Hall, at the 
 south end of the village, the Pavilion and Co- 
 lumbian Hotel, at the north, and the United 
 States Hotel in r central situation between them. 
 Besides these, there are a number of other boar- 
 ding houses on a less extensive scale, the most 
 noted of wh.ch are Doctor Porter's^ about half 
 way between the two principal springs — R€ed\ 
 a few rods west of the Congress fountain — Will" 
 lams' opposite the Columbian Hotel, and Palmer's 
 and Doney^s^ in the south part of the village. 
 
 The Congress Hall, kept by Mr. S. H. 
 Drake, is situated within a few rods of the Con- 
 gress spring, to which a handsome walk, shaded 
 with trees, has been constructed by the proprie- 
 tor, for the convenience of his guests. The 
 space in front of the building is occupied by three 
 apartments, each of which is enclosed by a rail- 
 ing, terminatmg at the front entrances of the 
 piazza, and each used as a flower garden. The 
 edifice is 200 feet in length, 2 1-2 stories high, 
 with two wings extending back 60 feet. To the 
 north wing has recently been added an apart- 
 ment of about 40 feet in length for lodging rooms. 
 The billiard rooms belonging to the establish- 
 ment, are contained in a building adjoining the 
 north wingf. la front of the Hall is a spaciou« 
 
%m 
 
 ■■!/ 
 
 .iy 
 
 SARATOGA SPRINGS. 
 
 67 
 
 piazza, 
 
 extending the whole length of the buil- 
 
 i^Dg, 20 feet in tvidth^ with a canopy from the 
 roof, supported by 17 massy columns^ each of 
 which is gracefully entwtned with woodbine. 
 There is also a back pia^a, which opens upon a 
 beautiful garden annexed to the establishment, 
 and a small grove of pines, affording both fra- 
 grance and shade to their loitering guests. The 
 Congress Hall can accommgdate 150 visitants. 
 
 The United States Hotel, with its gardens 
 and out buildings, occupies a space in the centre 
 of the village of about three acr^s. The buil- 
 ding is composed of brick, 125 feet l(»ig and 34 
 feet wide. It is four stories high, and has a wing^ 
 extending west 60 feet, and three stories hi^h. 
 The billiard rooms extend still farther west from 
 the e«d of the wing. In front is a broad piazza 
 extending the whole length of the building. The 
 ground in the rear and south of the Hotel, ifi 
 handsomely laid out into walks, terminating on 
 the west in a garden belonging to the establish- 
 ment, and the whole is tastefully ornamented by 
 trees and shrubbery. The front of the eidfice^ 
 is enclosed by a delicate circular railing into 
 three apartments, each containing a choice vari- 
 ety of flowers and shrubs, and shaded by a row 
 of forest trees extending the whole length of the 
 building. The Hotel is situated equally distant 
 between the two principal springs, and commands 
 a view of the whole village, and from its fourth 
 story, a distinct view is had of the surrounding 
 country for a number of miles. This establish- 
 ment can accommodate at present 150 boarders, 
 and when the original plan of the nroprietors is 
 completed by adding a cotillion room on the south, 
 it will become one of the largest and most splen- 
 
 6 
 
## 
 
 68 
 
 SARATOGA SPRINGS* 
 
 did edifices in the United States. The Hotel is 
 now kept by Mr. John Ford, one of the proprie- 
 tors, under whose superintendence, it has ac« 
 quired a reputation, which has hitherto and must 
 hereafter ensure it an ample share of patronage. 
 
 The Paviliojt is situated in a pleasant part 
 of the village, immediately in front of the Flat 
 Rock spring. The building is constructed of 
 wood, 133 feet in length, with a wing extending 
 back, from the centre of the main building, 80 
 feet. It is 2 1-2 stories high, with the addition 
 of an attick story, which, with the handsome 
 portico in front, sustained by delicate colonades, 
 renders it, in beauty and proportion, one of the 
 finest models of architecture this country can 
 produce. The large rooms of the Pavilion are 
 less spacious than those of the United States 
 Hotel or Congress Hall, but are so constructed 
 that by means of folding doors the whole of the 
 lower apartments may be thrown into one — an 
 advantage which gives much additional interest 
 to the promenade and cotillion parties, which 
 frequently assemble on this extensive area. A 
 large garden is connected with the establishment, 
 and also a billiard room. The Pavilion is cal- 
 culated for the accommodation of 110 visitaixts, 
 though it frequently contains a much greater 
 numberi*'' "-'- *■■'•^ /'.. i"'^"' : ^'k-- ' ■''■■ 
 
 The Uniont Hall is one of the earliest and 
 most respectable establishments in the vicinity, 
 and is situated directly opposite to the Congress 
 Hall. It has recently been much improved in its 
 appearance, and enlarged by considerable addi- 
 tions to the main building. It now presents an el- 
 egant and extensive front, 120 feet in length, 3 sto- 
 ries high, with two wings extending west 60 feet 
 
i-f- 
 
 NGS. 
 
 58. The Hotel is 
 e of the propric- 
 ence, it has ac- 
 litherto and must 
 re of patronage. 
 3 a pleasant part 
 Tont of the Flat 
 i constructed of 
 ' wing extending 
 lain building, 80 
 ^ith the addition 
 
 the handsome 
 icate colonades, 
 ion, one of the 
 lis country can 
 he Pavilion are 
 i United States 
 
 so constructed 
 e whole of the 
 1 into one — an 
 itional interest 
 parties, which 
 asive area. A 
 
 establishment, 
 
 *aviliou is cal- 
 
 110 visitaiits, 
 
 much greater 
 
 s earliest and 
 n the vicinity, 
 the Congress 
 nproved in its 
 [Jerable addi- 
 Jresents an el- 
 I length, 3 sto- 
 : west 60 feet 
 
 SARATOGA SPRINGS. 
 
 69 
 
 It is ornamented in front by 10 columns which 
 rise to nearly the height of the building, and sup- 
 port the roof of a spacious piazza. A garden in 
 the rear of the building, together with a beauti- 
 ful fioTver garden on the north opening to the 
 main street, are among the varieties which con- 
 tribute to the pleasanUiess of the establishment. 
 It is now kept by Messrs W. & L, Putnam, sons 
 of the original proprietor, and ranks in point c^ 
 elegance and respectability with the most favour- 
 ed establishments in the vicinity. 
 
 The CoLVMBiAJV Hotel stands within a few 
 rods of the Pavilion. This building has under- 
 gone considerable repairs since it came into the 
 hands of Mr. S. Wheeler, its present occupant. — 
 Annexed to the establishment is a handsome gar- 
 den, lying on three sides of the building, which 
 adds much to the beauty and advantage it enjoy* 
 in point of natural location The well known 
 reputation of this establishment, as well as its 
 pleasant situation in the vicinitty of one of the 
 principal fountains, will always ensure it a full • 
 share of patronage 
 
 The prices of board per week, 9X the respec- 
 tive houses, are as follows : 
 
 Congress Hall, . , , 
 United States Hotjsl, , 
 Pavilion, . . , . 
 
 Union Hall, 
 Columbian Hotel, 
 Doctor Porter's, 
 Reed's, . • 
 Do net's, ' . / • 
 Palmer's, 
 Williams', 
 
 t - 
 
 110.000 
 
 10,00 
 
 10,00 
 
 X 8,00 
 
 , 7,00 
 
 . 5,00 
 
 5,00 
 
 . 4,00 
 
 . 4,00 
 
 4,00 
 
70 
 
 SARATOGA SPR,W6«. 
 
 If 
 
 book Store' ^iSUt'h' • ' P""*'"? office auu 
 room, a mineraiLv, '' " oonnecfed a rcL^" 
 
 With ,h Tu "■« oootained in .if"^ Proprietor. 
 «^parat^»'""'"y ind bo^'". '^\'«»« buildin- 
 
 ••easonable L,f ^^ '""'hioq. Tu J, **' *■"» 
 siderin^thl . ^'^ ^earcelyan J. • 'f^^'re 
 
 i J"« «-iUrrive, at « '"''""'*»»"'>'- 
 
 •V "'enwg, .„d depatts''e" t^ll^'^'^^ber, eve! 
 
 JO* 
 
 ■f¥'5>¥' 
 
SARATOGA SPRINGS. 
 
 71 
 
 the remaining season of the year, the mail arrive? 
 and departs three times a week. Strangers should 
 be apprised that a post office is established in the 
 town of Saratoga, about 12 miles distant, to 
 which letters intended for the Springs are oftea 
 missent, in conseqnence of their mis-direction. 
 
 At both the villages of Ballston and Saratoga 
 Springs, there are always sufficient objects of a- 
 musement to render the tran<?ient residence of 
 their summer guests pleasant & agreeable. Those 
 whose taste is not gratified at the billiard rooms, 
 which are annexed to most of the boarding es- 
 tablishments, or card parties, can always enjoy a 
 pleasing recreation at the reading rooms, or in a 
 short excursion in the neighborhood, where suf- 
 ficient beauty and novelty of scenery are always 
 presented to render it highly interesting. The 
 amusements of the day are usually crowned with 
 a ball or promenade. The respective apartments 
 appropriated lor these occasions, are calculated 
 to accommodate from 150 to 200 guests ; but 
 they often contain a much greater number. 
 
 The spacious areas of the cotillion rooms are 
 beetw6en 80 and 90 feet in length, and when en- 
 livened by the associated beauty and gaiety re- 
 sorting to the springs, present a scene of novelty 
 and fascination seldom equalled. ■; ; . - .-r, • 
 
 About two miles east from Sararoga Springs 
 is a small fish pond, situated on a farm of a Mr. 
 Barhyte. Thither parties often resort, as well 
 to enjoy the amusement of fishing as to partake 
 of a repast on trout, which are here caught in 
 great abundance. The proprietor, however, re- 
 serves to himself the exclusive privilege of ser- 
 ving them up, and will not suffer any of them 
 
 • y^-'i Vr IJtt .^jV.O-4 t'l 
 
^ 
 
 72 
 
 SARATOGA LAKE. 
 
 to be taken aw^y. Still further east, abput iluec 
 miles from the Springs, is situated -, 
 
 Saratoga Lake. This lake is 9 miles long 
 and 3 broad. A resort is constantly kept up at 
 Green's and at Riley's, on the western margin of 
 tlie lake, the former about 3 miles, and the4atter 
 about 6 miles distant from Saratoga Springs, and 
 the same distance from Ballston Spa. The visi- 
 tants of both villages frequently resort thither, 
 to enjoy the advantages of air and prospect du- 
 ring the months of July and August. Sail boats 
 ^re here fitted up for the acconfimodation of par- 
 ties of pleasure, and implements for (ishing are 
 , always in readiness for those who take pleasure 
 in this fashionable diversion. The western shores 
 of this lake are accessible but in a few places, 
 in consequence of the adjacent marshes which 
 within a few years past have been overflowed 
 by a rise of it? waters tq the height of 8 or 10 
 feet, and which the old settlers along its borders 
 attribute, without gaining much credibility, to 
 some unaccountable influence of the total eclipsei 
 in 1806. Whate>f6r may be the cause of so gre£<.t 
 a rise ot the lake, it can hardly be accounted for 
 
 - from the pirogressive improvements o( husbandry, 
 which within that period have been by no lueans 
 rapid or extensive. On the east side of the lake 
 the land is more elevated, and presents a fine 
 prospect of farms under good improvement, and 
 which are said to be the best farms in this region. 
 Besides a variety of excellent fish, an abqndance 
 of wild game is caught in the lake and marshes 
 i^nd along its borders. This lake is supplied Avith 
 
 • water from the Kayaderosseras creelc, which, 
 taking its rise about 20 miles in a northwest di- 
 
 .•■.iai\« 
 
8CHUYLER-VILLE, 
 
 - 73 
 
 it, abput tliiee 
 
 rection, and receiving in its course a number oC 
 tributary streams, floMrs into the lake ojQ the 
 west side. Fish craek tbrms its outlet, throug^h 
 which the waters of the lake are communicated 
 to the Hudson river about 6 utiles distant, in an 
 easterly direction. Tiiis croek empties into the; 
 Hudson river at ^ 
 
 ScHiTYLER-viLLE, a small village situated in 
 the town of Saratoga, containing about 40 dwell-, 
 injfs, a post olfice, and a variety of machinery and 
 mills erected on Fisli Creek by Philip Schuyler, 
 Esq. This spot is noted as the residence of the 
 late General Schuyler, but still more as the spot 
 where General Buro^oyne surrendered to the A- 
 merican army, in October 1777. The pljice of 
 the surrender is marked by the ruins of a small 
 intrenchment called Fort Hardx- Several 
 bones anJ the scull of a person were recently- 
 dug up in the vicinity of this fort, in making the 
 excavation for the northern canal. The battle 
 ground, on which was decided the fate of the 
 British army, lies about 8 miles fs^rther down thej. 
 river, at a place called . r ' 
 
 Bemus' Heights. This place, without much 
 in its location and surrounding scenery to attract 
 attention, will be always interesting from its as-j 
 sociation with events which greatly conlribu teds 
 to the establishment of American Independence. 
 
 The two actions which preceded the surreuderr 
 of the British army, were fought, the one on tha 
 19th September, 1777, and the other on the 7th 
 October following. The movements and position 
 of the two armies previous to the 19lh, are thus 
 p escribed by General Wilkinson :— 
 
74 
 
 DEMUS^ HEIGHTS. 
 
 " General Burgoyne crossed the Hudson r'lvor 
 the 13th and 14lh of Soptenjiher, uud advanced 
 h- with great circumspection on the 15th from Sara- 
 
 toga to Davocote, where he halted to repair brid- 
 ges in his front. The 16th was employed on (his 
 labour, and in reconuoitering ; on the 17th he 
 advanced a mile or two, resumed his march on 
 the 18th, and General Arnold was detached by 
 General Gates, with 1500 men, to harrass him ; 
 but after a light skirmish, he returned without 
 Ipss or effecting any thing more, than picking up 
 a few stragglers : and the enemy moved Ibrward 
 and encamped in two lines, about two miles from 
 General Gates ; his left on the river, and his 
 right extending at right uncles to it, across the 
 \ low grounds about six hundred yards, to a range 
 of steep and lofty heights occupied by his elite, 
 having a creek or gulley in his front, made by a 
 rivulet which issued from a great ravine, formed 
 by the hills which ran in a direction nearly pa- 
 rallel to the river, until within half a mile of the 
 American camp. • ;> 
 
 " General Gates' right occupied the brow of 
 the hill near the river, with which it was con- 
 nected by a deep intrenchment ; his camp in the 
 form of a segment of a great circle, the convex 
 towards the enemy, extended rather obliquely to 
 his rear, about three fourths of a mile to a knoll 
 occupied by his left ; his front was covered from 
 the right to the left of the centre, by a sharp 
 ravine running parallel with his line and closely 
 wooded : from thence to the knoll at his extreme 
 left, the ground was level and had been partially 
 cleared, some of the trees being felled and other* 
 girdled, beyond which, in front of hi» left flank, 
 and extending to the enemy's right, there were 
 
i)£UUS' UEIOHTii* 
 
 75 
 
 several small fields in a very imperie?t cultivation 
 the lurface broken and obstructed with stumps 
 and fallen timber, and the whole bounded on the 
 we&t by a steep eminence. The extremities of 
 this camp were defended by strong batteries, and 
 the interval was strengthened by a breast work 
 without intreuchmentS) constructed of the bodies 
 of felled trees, logs t^nd rails, with an additional 
 battery at an opening left of the centre. T\ 9 
 right was almost impracticable ; the leA difficult 
 of approach. I describe the defences of this po» 
 sition as they appeared about the 4th of October* 
 
 "• The intermediate space betweep the adverse 
 armies, on the low grounds of the river, was open 
 and in cultivation ; the high land was clothed in 
 its native woods, with the exception o^f three or 
 four small, newly opened and deserte^ farms,. 
 se(>arated by intervals of wood land, and border- 
 ing on the flanks of the two armies, most remote 
 from the river ; tixe principal of thes^ was an 
 oblong (ieldt belonging to t^ person 0|f the name 
 of Freeman ; there was also exclusive of the ra- 
 vines fronting the respective camps, a tl^ird 
 ravine about mid-way between them, running at 
 fight a^xgles to the rivef. The intervening forest 
 FttKlei'ed it utterly impraetible to obtc^in a f'-ont 
 view of the .^merican position, or any pan ovv 
 the British except its left, nea,r the river." 
 
 On then^orning of the J 9th, Cplo;nel Colbum, 
 who ha«I been detached the day prev .^us to 
 observe the movements of the enemv. reported 
 tkat the British army was In motion and ascen> 
 <ilingp the heights ill a (^irection towards the A- 
 merican left. On receiving this intelligence^ 
 Col. Morgan, with his rifle corps, was detached 
 hj Gen. Gates, with orders to retard the marcl^ 
 
76 
 
 BEMUS' HEia»TS4 
 
 of the enemy, and to cripple them as much as 
 possible. The engagement of Morgan's corps 
 "Was announced by the report of small arms about 
 12 o'clock. At about 3 in the afternoon the action 
 became general, and continued to rage till night 
 closed upon the scene of combat The number 
 of troops engaged on the part of the Amei icans 
 ■was 3000. That of the British amounted to 
 3500. General Wilkinson reiDarks that 
 
 "This battle was perfectly wccidental; neither 
 of the generals meditated an attack at the time, 
 and but for Lieutenant Colonel Colburn's report, 
 it would not have taken plate ; Burgoyne's 
 movement being merely to take ground on the 
 heights in front of the great ravine, to give his 
 several corps their proper places in line, to em- 
 brace our front and cover his transport, stores, 
 provisions and baggage, m the rear of his left ; 
 and on our side the defences of our camp being 
 not half completed, and reinforcements daily 
 arriving, it was not General Gates' policy to 
 court an action. The misconception of the ad- 
 verse chiefs put them on the defensive, and 
 confined them to the ground they casually occu- 
 pied at the beginning of the action and prevented 
 a single manceuvre, during one of the longest, 
 warmest, and most obstinate battles fought in 
 America. General Gates believed that his 
 antagonist intended tc attack him, and circum- 
 stances appeared to justify the like conclusion on 
 the part of Burgoyne ; and as the thicknes;^ and 
 depth of the intervening wood concealed the 
 position and movements of either army from its 
 adversary, sound caution obliged the respective 
 commanders to guard every assailable point ; 
 thus the flower of the British army, the fifrena* 
 
BEHDS' HEIGHTS. 
 
 »7 
 
 diers and light infantry, one thousand five hun- 
 dred strong, were posted on an eminence to cover 
 its right, and stood by their arms, inactive spec- 
 tators of the conflict, until near sunset ; while 
 Gen. Gites was obliged to keep his right wing 
 on post, to prevent the enemy from forcing that 
 tlank, by the plain bordering on the river. Had 
 either of the generals been properly apprised of 
 the dispositions of his antagonist, a serious blow 
 misrht have been struck on our left or the ene- 
 
 my's right \ but although nothing is more com- 
 mon, it is as illiberal as it is unjust, to determine 
 the merits of military operations by events exclu- 
 sively. It was not without experience that the 
 Romans erected temples to Fortune. Later times 
 might afford motives for edifices, in which genius 
 or wisdom would have no votaries. 
 
 " The theatre of motion was such, that al- 
 though • the cohibatants changed ground a dozen 
 times in the course of the day, the contest termin- 
 ated on the spot where it began. This may be 
 explained in a few words. The British line was 
 formed on an eminence in a thm pine wood, 
 having before it Freeman's farm, an oblong field 
 stretching from the centre towards its right, the 
 ground in front sloping gently down to the verge 
 of this field, which was bordering on the opposite 
 side by a close wood ; the sanguinary scene lay 
 in the cleared ground, between the eminence 
 occupied by *he enemy and the wood just des- 
 cribed ; the fire of our marksmen from this 
 wood was too deadly to be withstood by the 
 enemy in line, and when they gave way and 
 broke, our men rushmg from their covert, pur- 
 sued them to the eminence, where, having their 
 flanks protected, they rallied, and charging in 
 
78 
 
 BEMUS^ HEIGHTS* 
 
 
 turn, drove us back into the wood, from whence a 
 dreadful fire would again force them to fall back ; 
 and in. this manner did the battle fluctuate, like 
 waves of a stormy sea, with alternate advantage, 
 for four hours, without one moment's intermias* 
 ion. The British artillery fell into our possession 
 at every charge, but we could neither turn the 
 pieces upon the enemy, nor bring them off; thd 
 wood prevented the la«t, and the want pf a 
 piatch the first, as the linl hock was invariably^ 
 carried off, and the rapidity of the transitions did 
 not allow us time to provide one. The slaughter 
 of this brigade of artillerists was remarkable, the 
 captain and 36 men being killed or wounded, out 
 of 48. It was truly a gallant conflict, in which 
 death by familiarity lost his terrors, and certainly 
 a drawn battle, as night alone terminated it ; tha 
 'British army keeping its ground in rear of the 
 field of action, and our corps, when they could 
 no longer distinguish objects, retiring to their 
 own camp." * 
 
 The interval between the 19th of September 
 and the 7th of October was employed by both 
 armies in fortifying their respective camps. Gen, 
 Burgoyne had contemplated an attack tan the 
 20th and 21st September, which, had it been 
 made, would probably have resulted much to hi? 
 advantage, as the American camp was then in an 
 unfortified state, and the troops wholly unpre- 
 pared fof a rigorous resistance. For some cause, 
 however, the attack was delayed. This gave 
 time to Gen. Gates to complete the unfinished 
 works and to strengthen his army by reinforce- 
 ments of militiamen, who were daily flocking to 
 his camp. Satisfied that a delay would operate 
 to the advantage of the American army, by in- 
 
hEMUS^ HEIGHTS. ter t9 
 
 creasing^ their strength and numbers, w^^^Ut at the 
 same time it must prove disadvantageous to the 
 enemy, General Gates, it seems, detet mined to 
 wait their movements within hie own entrench- 
 ments. Here he remained until the 7th October, 
 when the last decisive action was fought, which 
 decided the fate of the army Under Gen. Bur- 
 goyne and ultimately resulted in the triumph of 
 American Liberty. The commencement, pro* 
 gress and termination of this brilliant engage* 
 ment is thus described by Gen Wilkinson : 
 
 *' On the afternoon of October ^th, the advan- 
 ced guard of the centre beat to arms ; the alarm 
 was repeated throughout the line, and the troops 
 repaired to their alarm posts. I was at head 
 quartefs when this happened, and with the ap- 
 probation of the General, mounted my horse to 
 inquire the cause ; but on reaching the guard 
 where the beat commenced, I could obtain no 
 other satisfaction, but that some person had re- 
 ported the enemy to be advancing against our 
 left. I proceeded oVer open ground, and ascend- 
 ing a gentle acclivity in front of the guard, I per- 
 ceived about half a mile from the line of our 
 encampment, several columns of the enemy, 60 
 or 70 rods from me, entering a wheat field which 
 had nut been cut, and was separated from me by 
 a small rivulet ; and without my glass I could 
 distinctly mark their every movement After 
 entering the field they displayed, formed the line, 
 and set down in double ranks with their arm» 
 between their legs. Foragers then proceeded to 
 cut the wheat or standing straw, and I soon after 
 observed several officers, mounted on the top of 
 a cabin, from whence with their glasses they 
 were endeavouring to reconnoitre our left, whicb 
 
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 f 
 
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80 
 
 BEMUS^ HEIGHTS. 
 
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 was concealed from their view by intervening 
 woods. 
 
 *^ Having satisfied myself, after fifteen minutes 
 attentive observation, that no attack was medi- 
 tated, I returned and reported to the General, 
 who asked me what appeared to be the intentions 
 of the enemy. *^ They are foraging^, and endeav- 
 ouring to reconnoitre your left ; and I think, sir, 
 they oflfer yoa battle." " What is the nature of 
 the groundf, and what your opinion ?" " Their 
 front is open, and their flanks rest on the woods, 
 under cover of which they may be attacked ; 
 their right is skirted by a lofty height. I would 
 indulge them.'*' " Well, then, order on Morgan 
 to begin the game." I waited on the Colonel, 
 whose corps was formed in front of our 
 centre, and delivered the order ; he knew the 
 ground and inquired the position of the enemy ; 
 tl»ey were formed across a newly cultivated 
 field, their grenadiers with several field pieces on 
 the left, bordering on a wood and a small ravine 
 formed by the rivulet before alluded to ; their 
 light infantry on the right, covered by a worm 
 fence at the foot of the hill before mentioned, 
 thickly covered with wood ; their centre com- 
 posed of British and German battalions Col. 
 Morgan, with his usual sagacity, proposed to 
 make a circuit with his corps by our left, and 
 under cover of the wood to gain the height on 
 the right of the enemy, and from thence com- 
 mence his attack, so soon as our fire should be 
 opened against their left ; the plan was the best 
 which could be devised, and no doubt contribu- 
 ted essentially to tlie prompt and decisive victory 
 we *ained. 
 
 "This proposition was approved by the Gen- 
 eral; and it was concerted that time should be 
 
 ' '•- , * ■ 
 
 .>J-.-:>(Cat. 
 
BEMUS' HEIGHTS. 
 
 81 
 
 allowed the Colonel to make the proposed circuit, 
 and gain his station on the enemy's right before 
 the attack should be made on their left ; Poor's 
 brigade was ordered for this service, and the 
 attack was commenced in due season on the 
 flank and front of the British grenadiers, by the 
 New Hampshire and New York troops* True to 
 his purpose, Morgan at this critical moment 
 poured down like a torent from the hill, and 
 attacked the right of the enemy in front and 
 flank. Dearborn, at the moment when the ene- 
 my's light infantry were attempting to change 
 front, pressed forward with ardor, and delivered 
 a close fire; then leaped the fence, shouted, 
 charged, and gallantly forced them to retire in 
 disorder ; yet, headed by that intrepid soldier 
 the Earl of Balcarras, they were immediately 
 rallied, and re-formed behind a fence in rear of 
 their first position ; but being now attacked with 
 great audacity, in front and flanks, by superior 
 numbers, resistance became vain, and the whole 
 line, commanded by Burgoyne in person, gave 
 way, and made a precipitate and disorderly re* 
 treat to his camp, leaving two twelve and six 
 six pounders on the field, with the loss of more 
 than 400 officers and men, killed, wounded and 
 captured, and among them the flower of his of- 
 ficers, viz. Brigadier-General Frazer, Major Ack- 
 land, commanding the grenadiers ; Sir Francis 
 Clark, his first aid-de-camp ; Major Williams, 
 commanding officer of the artillery ; Captain 
 Mooney, deputy quarter-master-general ; and 
 many others. After delivering the order to Gen- 
 eral Poor, and directing him to the point of at- 
 tack, I was peremptorily commanded to repair to 
 the rear, and order up Ten Broeck's regiment of 
 
 ■k 
 
82 
 
 BCSfUS^ HEIGHTS, 
 
 * 
 
 ;>■ 
 
 New- York militia, 3000 strong. I performecl 
 this service and regained the field of battle at 
 the moment the enemy had turned their backs— 
 5^ ininutes after the first shot was fired. The 
 ground which had been occupied by the British 
 grenadiers, presented a scene oi' comphcated hor- 
 ror and exultation. In the square space of twelve 
 or fit teen yards lay eighteen grenadiers in the ag- 
 onies of death, and three officers propped up 
 against stumps o trees, two of them mortally 
 wounded, bleeding, and almost speechless. V\ hat 
 a {!p6ctaele for one whose bosom glowed with 
 philanthrqpy, ; i^nd how vehement the impulse 
 which excites men of sensibility to seek such 
 scenes pf barbarism ! I found the courageous 
 Col Cilley a-st raddle on a brs^ss twelve ppunder, 
 and exulting in the capture ; whilst ft surgeon, 
 ^ man of great worth, who was dressing one of 
 the officer«, raising his blood -besmeared hand? 
 in the phrensy of patriotism, exclaimed, ** Wil-? 
 kinaon, I have dipped my hands in British 
 ]3lpod." He received a sharp rebuke for hi? bru*- 
 tality ; and with the troops I pursued the hi^r(| 
 pressed Qying enemy, passing over killed and 
 wounded, until I heard one ercl5!!ii, "Protect 
 |p.e, sir, against this boy." Turning jtny eyes, it 
 was my fortune to arrest the purpose of a lad 
 thirteen or fourteen yeairs old, in the act of ta- 
 king aim at a wounded officer, who lay in the an- 
 gle pf a worm fence. Inquiring Ijji^rank, he an- 
 swered, *• I had the honor to comuiand the gren- 
 adiers." Of course, I knew him to be Major 
 Ackland, who had been brought from the field 
 to this place, pn the back of Captain Shrimpton, 
 of his own corps, under a heavy fire, and wasj 
 ]|^e deppsit^d, to save the lives pf both. I dig- 
 
BEMUS^ HEIGHTS. 
 
 83 
 
 mounted, took him by the hand, and expressed 
 my hopes that he was not badly wounded. " Not 
 badly," replied this gallant officer and accom- 
 plished gentleman, ** but very inconveniently. I 
 am shot through both legs. Will you, sir, have 
 the j^oodness to have me conveyed to your 
 camp ?" I directed my servant to alight, and we 
 lifted Ackland into his seat, and ordered him to 
 be conducted to head quarters. I then proceed* 
 ed to the scene of renewed action, which embra- 
 ced Burgoyne's right flank defence, and extending 
 to his left, crossed a hollow covered with wood, 
 About 40 rods, to the entrenchment of the light in- 
 fantry. The roar of the cannon and small arms, 
 at this juncture, was sublime, between the ene- 
 my, behind their works, and <>ur troops entirely 
 exposed, or partially sheltered by trees, stumps, 
 or hollows, at various distances, not exceeding 
 120 yards. This right flank defence of the ene- 
 my, occupied by the Germqn corps of Breyman, 
 consisted of a breast work of rails piled horizon- 
 tally between perpendicular pickets, driven into 
 the earth, enpotence to the rest of his line, and 
 extended abeut 250 yards across an open field, 
 and was covered on the right by a battery of two 
 guns. The interval from the left to the British 
 light infantry, was committed to the defence of 
 the provincialists, who occupied a couple of log 
 cabinf . The Germans were encamped immedi- 
 ately behind the rail breast work, and the ground 
 in front of it declined, in a very gentle slope, for 
 p.bout 120 yards, when it sunk abruptly. Our 
 troops had formed a line under this declivity, 
 and covered breast high, were warmly engaged 
 with the Germans. From this position, about 
 sunset, I perceived Brigadier General Learned 
 advancing towards the enemy with his brigade, 
 
 7* 
 
 
i\ 
 
 u 
 
 IBEMUS' HEIGHTS* 
 
 A*^ 
 
 in open column, I think with Col. M. Jackson^i 
 reg^iment in frontf as I saw Lieut. Colonel Brooks, 
 13^0 commanded it, near the General when I 
 rode up to him. On saluting; this brave old soU 
 dier, he inquired, " Where can I put in with most 
 advantage?" I had particularly examined the 
 gfrqund between the left of the Germans and the 
 Ijght infftntry, occupied by the provincialists, 
 from whence I had observed a slack fire. I theret 
 fore recommended to General Learned to incline 
 to his right, and attack at that point. He did so, 
 with great gallantry ; the provincialists aban- 
 doned their position and fled. The German 
 flank was, by this n^eans, left uncovered. They 
 were assaulted vigorously, overturned in five 
 ijiinutes, and retreated in disorder, leaving their 
 gallant ^ommauder, Lieut. Colonel Breyman, 
 dead oi) the field. By dislodging this corps, the 
 whole British eqcampment was laid open to us ; 
 but t^e extreme darkness of the night, the fa- 
 tigue of the men, and the disorder incident toun- 
 dipplined troops, after so desultory an action, put 
 it out of our power to improve the advantage ; 
 and, in the course of the night, General Burgoyne 
 broke up his camp, and retired to his original 
 position, which he had fortified, behind the great 
 ravine." ? 
 
 On the morning of the 8th, the American ar- 
 my marched into the British camp, which had 
 been deserted the evening previous. The ene- 
 my continued to retreat till they had reached the, 
 height beyond the Fish Creek, where they en- 
 camped on the 10th. Finding his retreat cut ofi* 
 by a party of troops, who had taken a position 
 in his rear, and his advance impeded by superior 
 numbers, General Burgoyne accepted the terms 
 of capitulation, proposed by General Gates, and 
 
VI 
 
 BEUUS^ HEIGHTS* 
 
 85 
 
 surrendered his whole army to the American for- 
 ces, on the 17th October, 1777. The surrender 
 took place, as has been already remarked, at Fort 
 Hardy, where the British stacked their arms, and 
 were permitted to march out with the honours of 
 war. This fortunate event was followed by a 
 succession of brilliant achievements, and finally 
 led to the surrender of Lord Cornwallis, which 
 terminated the struggle of the revolution, after a 
 period of nearly 8 years from its commencement. 
 
 The spot on which the surrender took place, 
 was iq a vale, nearly east, and in plain view of 
 Cleaveland^s sjiage house on the turnpike in 
 Schuyler's ville, and still exhibits the remains of 
 an entrenchment called Fort Hardy. About 40 
 rods in a sputh east direction, at the mouth of the 
 Fish Creek, is the scite of Fort Schuyler. The 
 arms of the British were stacked in the vaie in 
 front of Fort Hardy, and from thence they were 
 marched to the high ground^* a little west of the 
 village, f^nd admitted to parole as prisoners of 
 war. 
 
 At the southern extremity of the vale is a ba- 
 sin for the northern caual^ which passes through 
 this place. 
 
 About half p. mile south of the basin stands 
 the'house of Philip Schuyler, fcsq. located on the 
 spot lyhere once stood the mansion of his grand- 
 father, tlie intrepid General Schuyler, which, 
 with other buildings, was burnt by the British 
 army, on their retreat from the battle of the 7th. 
 
 In passing down the turnpike, the different po- 
 sitions of the once contending armies are pointed 
 out tq the traveller, and many remains of forts 
 and intrenchments are still visible. About six 
 miles belpw Schuylerville, near the celebra- 
 ted Freeman's farm, is a small bouse, formerly 
 
86 
 
 BEMUS' HEIGHTS. 
 
 called, "Sword'a house,*" now occupied as a tav- 
 era by one Smith. This house, at the time of 
 the battle, stood about 100 rods from the river, 
 at the foot of the hill. It was afterwards 
 removed to the road side, near the river, where 
 it now stands, and was at that time the British 
 head quarters and hospital. General Frazer, af- 
 ter being wounded in the battle of the 7th, was 
 brought to this house, and l^^re expired on the 
 8th October, 1777. The room in which he lay 
 is now converted into a bar-room, and though 
 fifty years have elapsed, the floopjjon which he 
 res.te«l is still exiftnt. His rerfiiVius were depcgpi- 
 Ifid, at his own request, on the top of a hill, a- 
 bout HO rods south west of this house. The Bri- 
 tish government, a few years since, employed an 
 agenr to ascertain the spot of his interment, and 
 authorized him to cause a monument to be erected 
 to his memory ; but provinj; friithless, he appro- 
 priated tl»c money vviih which he was entrusted 
 to his own use, and returned without eftccting the 
 object of his mission, pretending his inability to 
 discover the spot in question. It therefore contin- 
 ues undistinguished hy a monument, or even a 
 stone, to fiiark the place, where repese the 
 remains of this gallant warrior. 
 
 A narative respecting General Frazer's death 
 is given by the Baroness KeKJsell, who, with her 
 two children, occupied the house in which the 
 General expired. The following is an extract : 
 
 ** But severe trials awaited us, and on the 
 7th October our misfortunes began ; I was at 
 breakfast with my husband, and heard that 
 something was intended. On the same day I 
 expected Generals Burgoyne, Philips, and Frazer 
 to dine with us. I saw a great movement among 
 the troops ; my husband told me, it was merely 
 
 
# 
 
 BEtfUS' HEI0H£8« 
 
 87 
 
 a rflconnoissance, which gave me no concern, at 
 it often happened. I walked out of the house 
 and met sevecat indianf in their war dresses, 
 with guns in their hands. When I aslced them 
 where they were going, they cried out, War 1 
 War ! (meaning that they were going to battle.) 
 This filled me with apprehension, and I had 
 scarcely got home, before I heard reports of can- 
 non and musketry, which grew louder by degrees* 
 till at last the noise became excessive. About 4 
 o*clock in the afternoon instead of the guests whom 
 I expected, Gsn^ Frazer was brought in on a litter* 
 mortally wounded. The table which was already 
 set, was instaiitly ren<oved, and a bed placed \ti 
 its stead for the wounded Xi^eneral. I sat trem- 
 bling in the coi^ner; the noise grew louder and 
 the alarm increas|Bd ; the thought that my hus- 
 band might perhaps l)e brought in, wounded in 
 the same way, was tEerrible to roe, and dis- 
 tressed me exceedingly. General Frazer said 
 to the surfTfion," (ell me if my v)oy^4 ** ^or- 
 la/, do not flatter twe." The ball had passed 
 through his«body, and unhappily for the peneral, 
 be had eaten a very hearty breakfast, by which 
 the stomach was distended, and the ba)l, as the 
 surgeon said, had passed through it. I heard him 
 often cjcclaim with a sigh, *»Oi| f^AfAl^ ambi- 
 tion ! i?ooR General Burgoywe ! Oh my 
 rooR WIFE !*' He was asked if he had any 
 request to m-nke, to which he replied, that ** if 
 General Bvrgotne \«ovld permit it, his 
 
 SHOULD like to be BURIED AT 6 O^CLOCK 
 N THE EVENING ON THE TOP OF A MOUN- 
 TAIN, IN A REDOUBT WHICH HAD BEEN BUILT 
 
 'fHERE.^^ I did not know which way to turn, 
 all the other rooms were full of sick. Towards 
 evening 1 saw my husband eoniing, when I forgot 
 my sorrows ^nd ^han^ed God that he was 
 
 ivCii^ 
 
m 
 
 83 
 
 BEMUS^ HEIGHTS. 
 
 ^- 
 
 spiired to me. He ate in great haste with me 
 and his aid-de-camp, behind the home. We had 
 been told thnt we had the advantage of the 
 enemy, but the sorrowful iaeei 1 beheld told a 
 different tale, and before my husband went away 
 he took me ohe side, and said every thing was 
 goine very bad, that I must keep mysalf in 
 readiness to leave the place, but not to mention 
 it to any one. I made the pretence that I would 
 move the next morning into my new house, and 
 had every thing packed up ready. 
 
 " Lady H. Ackland had a tent not far from our 
 house. In this she slept, and the rest of the day 
 she was in the camp. All of a sudden, a man 
 came to tell her that her husband was mortally 
 wounded, and taken prisoner. On hearing this, 
 she became very miserable. We comforted her 
 by telling her that the wound was only slight, 
 and at the same time advised her to go over to 
 her husband, to do which she would certainly ob- 
 tain permission, and then she could attend him 
 herself. She was a charming woman, and very 
 fond of him. 1 spent much of the night in com- 
 forting her, and then went again to my children, 
 whom f had put to bed. I could not go to sleep, 
 as I had General F'razer and all the other woun- 
 ded gentlemen, in my room, and I was sadly a- 
 fraid my children would awake, and by their cry- 
 ing dJEtiirb the dying man in his last moments, 
 who often addressed me, and apologized ^^ for the 
 trouble he. gave meV About 3 o'clock in the . 
 morning 1 was told he could not hold out much 
 longer. I had desired to be informed of the hear 
 ap^Moach of this s;»d crisis ; and I then wrapped 
 «p my children in their clothes, and went with ' 
 them Mito the room below. About 8 o'clock in 
 the morning he died. After he was laid out, and 
 his corse wrapped in a sheet, we came again in- ' 
 
BEMUS^ HEIGHTS. 
 
 89 
 
 to the room, and had this sorrowful sight before 
 us the whole day ; and to add to the melancholy 
 scene, almost every moment some officer of mj 
 acquaintance was brought in wounded. The 
 cannonade commenced again ; a retreat was 
 spoken of, but not the smullest motion made to- 
 wards it. About 4 o^clock in the afternoon, I 
 saw the house which had just been built for me 
 in flames, and the enemy was not far off. We 
 knew that General Burgoyne would not refuse 
 the last request of General Frazer, though by 
 his acceding to it an unnecessary delay was occa- 
 sioned, by which the inconvenience of the army 
 was n\ut\\ increased. At 6 o^clock the corse was 
 brought out, and we saw all the Generals attend 
 it to the mountain. The chaplain, Mr. Brude- 
 neli, performed the funeral service, rendered un- 
 usually solemn and awful from its being accom- 
 panied by constant peals from the enemy^s 
 artillery. Many cannon balls flew close by me, 
 but I had my eyes directed towards the moun- 
 tain, where my husband was standing, amidst the 
 fii-e of the enemy, and of course I could not think 
 of my own danger. 
 
 <* General Gates afterwards said, that If he 
 had known it had been a funeral, he would not 
 have permitted it to be fired on.^' 
 
 About half a mile south of Smithes house, near 
 the river, is the residence of Major Ezra Buell, 
 who was in the army of General Gates, and who 
 has since continued to reside on this interesting 
 spot. Though advanced in years, his memory Is 
 still good, and he yearly accompanies strangers 
 in their excursions over the battle ground, point- 
 ing out to them the different scites on which the 
 most important events transpired. 
 
 ■"■l^-i ::/■•/ 2^: ti^W- 
 
 ?■'" ■ 
 
90^ SANDY-HILL.— glen's FALLS^ 
 
 Saitdt Hill, lies a little east of th^ usual 
 i^oute Irom Saratoga Springs to Lake George«4)ut 
 the stranger will be amply repaid for a deviation 
 of a few miles to this interesting village. It is 
 situated on the margin of the Hudson river, im- 
 mediately above ^aker^s Pa\hy about 18 miles 
 from Saratoga Spriogs. A wobden bridge extends 
 across the river at this place, from which the 
 road leads up a precipitous ascent, on the sum- 
 mit of which the village is situated. The streets 
 are laid out ip the form of a triangle. In the ^ 
 centre is ati open area, surrouiided by hand- 
 somely constructed stores and dwellings. The 
 village contains upwards of 90 houses, and about 
 ^ 400 inhabitants. The courts of the county are 
 held alternately here and at Salem. 
 
 Glen's Falls, a village of nearly the same 
 size of Sandy Hill, is situated 3 miles further up 
 iit the Hudson river, on the direct route to Lake 
 
 George. At this place are the celebrated falls 
 from which the village takes its name. These are 
 situated about 1-4 of a mile south of the village, 
 faear to a permanent bridge, extending pantly 
 over the falls, and frt^m which the best view of 
 them may be had. The falls are formed by the 
 waters of the Hudson, which flow in one sheet 
 over the brink of the precipice, but are immedi- 
 ately divided by the rocks into four principal 
 channels. The height of the falls is ascertained, 
 by measurement, to be 63 feet ; though the water 
 ilows in an angular descent of 4 or 500 feet. Some 
 rods below the falls, ts a long cave in the rocks, 
 extending from one channel to the other. On its 
 walls are inscribed a variety of names of former 
 guests, who have thought proper to pay this cu?* 
 

 
 glenV rALts, 
 
 91 
 
 m 
 
 ^^4 
 
 tdruary tribute. The rocks, which are at some 
 seasoas covered with water^ but at others entirely 
 dry, are chequered by small indentations, and in 
 many places considerable chasms are ormed,pro* 
 bab!y by pebbles kept in mot on by the falling^ 
 water. It '<s very evident that these falls, like those 
 of Niagara, were once a considerable distance 
 lower down the river — the banks below beiOgf 
 composed of shelving rocks, fnom 30 to 70 feet 
 perpendicular height. On the north side of the 
 river is a navigable feeder, not yet completed^ 
 designed to communicate with the Cham plain 
 caDal. It commences nearly two miles above 
 the falls ; and, with the exception of about a 
 quarter of a mile, which appears to have been cut 
 out of a shelving rock, rnns along a ravine east 
 of Sandy-Hill ; and is to intersect the main ca- 
 nal some distance below. The fall to the nor- 
 thern canal is more than 100 feet, for which it 19 
 proposed to use wooden locks. Lumber, of which 
 there are large quantities in the vicinity, will b« 
 the principal article lo be conveyed therein. It 
 is very probable, however, that not much use 
 wiU be made of this lateral cut, and that it may 
 not even be completed for the present, should the 
 dam at Fort Edward, across the Hudson, whioh 
 supplies a feeder, remain permanent. 
 
 Conveyances from Sandy Hill, via Glen's 
 Falls, to Lake George* may at all times be pro- 
 cured, for the moderate fare of one dollar. From 
 Gleu^s Falls to the Lake the distance is 9 miles, 
 over an indifferent road, affording iiitle other va- 
 riety than mountains and forests, with here and 
 there a rustic hamlet. Within 3 1-2 no Ues of 
 Lake George, on the right hand, and a short dis«- 
 tbiLce from the road, is pointed out the rock, at 
 
 9 
 
# 
 
 92 
 
 CALDWELL — LAKE GEORGE. 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 P 
 
 f1 i 1 p'i'p' 
 
 1 i 1 ■« 
 
 
 liii 
 
 f 
 
 i , 
 1 
 
 J MflHllH^^Klir 
 
 j 
 
 
 J 
 
 ililliHiltl > 
 
 IHI' 
 
 ■ HnBBij|BiTOMBi, 
 
 ^Rmi ffilii 
 
 1 
 
 the foot of which Col. Williams was massacred 
 by the Indians, during the French war. At the 
 distance of 1-2 a mile farther, on the same side 
 of the road, is the " Bloody Pond^^ so called 
 from its waters having been crimonsed with the 
 blood of the slain who fell in its vicinity, during 
 a severe engagament in 1755. It is said, that 
 s](;ulls are found in the neighborhood of this pond, 
 and that numerous others may be taken from the 
 bottom. The waters present a stagnant appear- 
 ance, and when associated with the idea of 
 their being the receptacle of so many human 
 bones, the sight of them is £air from being- agree- 
 able. Three miles farther is situated the village 
 of 
 
 Caldwell, on the south western margin of 
 the lake. This village contains a number of neat 
 little buildings, and about 600 inhabitants. The 
 Lake George CoSee-House, kept by Mr. Baird, 
 the proprietor, has recently been fitted up in 
 good style, and can accommodate from 80 to 100 
 visitants. There are here, also, a post-office, a 
 Printing-office, a church, and a court house. The 
 village is bordered on the east by a range of 
 hills, to the highest of which,, called Prospect 
 - Hill, a road has been made, and though difficult 
 of ascent, the toil is richly compensated in the di- 
 versified and extensive prospect afforded from its 
 summit. 
 
 LAKE GEORGE, 
 
 Is situated but a short day's ride from the 
 villages of Ballston and Saratoga Springs, from 
 v^hence an excursion to the Lake is almost con- 
 sidered aa a matter of course. Indeed, there are 
 
win 
 
 lide from the 
 
 f^- 
 
 Ti 
 
 LAKE GC0R6E. 
 
 93 
 
 few places where a greater variety of induco- 
 ments attract the stranger than at Lake George. 
 Besides the interest which is excited from an as- 
 sociation of many important historic events, this 
 place is rendered peculiarly interesting from the 
 unrivalled ekhibition of the beautiful and ro- 
 mantic scenery presented by the lake and its en« 
 virons. At the village of i'aldwell the lake is 
 about one mile in width, but it generally varies 
 from 3-4 of a mile to 4 miles. The whole length 
 is 36 miles. The waters are discharged inito 
 Lake Champlain, at Ticonderoga, by an outlet 
 which, in the distance of 2 miles, falls 180 feet. 
 
 Lake George is remarkable for the transpar* 
 ancy of its waters. They are generally very 
 deep, but at an ordinary depth the clean grav- 
 elly bottom is distinctly visible. The great va- 
 riety of excellent fish which are caught here, 
 renders it a favorite resort for those who are fond 
 of angling. The salmon trout is caught ia 
 abundance, weighing from 10 to 20 pounds. 
 The lake is interspersed with a great numt)er of 
 small islands, the principal of which, Diamond 
 Island, once containing «. military fortifica- 
 tion, and Tea Island, on which is a summer- 
 house erected for the amusement of parties of 
 pleasure, are visible from the head of the lake^^ 
 The whole number of islands is said to equal 
 the number of days in the year. 
 
 The scenery on the borders of the lake is gen- 
 erally mountainous. With the exception of some 
 intervals, checkered with fruitful cultivation, the 
 land recedes from thf lake with a gentle acclivi- 
 ty, for a few rods, and then, with a bolder as* 
 cent, to an elevation of from 500 to 1500 feet. The 
 best view <of the lakeland its eny irons is had frosi 
 
 •Ja. -' "■ '^.ffi- ■: ''"y ' 
 
'W. 
 
 .1^ 
 
 94 
 
 FORT WILLIAM HENRV. 
 
 the Bouthern extremity, near the remains of old 
 l^'ort George, from whence the prospect embra- 
 ces the viUag^e of Caldwell and the numerous lit- 
 tle islands rising from the calm bosom of lh« 
 liike, whose waters are beautifully ' contrasted 
 trilh the parallel rid?;es of craggy mountains, 
 through an extent of nearly 14 miles. Near the 
 southern shore of the lalke are the ruins of an 
 old fortificatiopi called 
 
 Fort Wii^liam Hi;nry. Vestiges of the 
 trails aud out-works are still to be seen. Previ- 
 ous to its construction, the scite of the fort was 
 occupied by the English army under the com- 
 mand of Sir William Johnson, who was majfiog 
 preparations for an attack upon Crown Point 
 Before any movement was made by Sir William, 
 the French army, under the comn^nd pf Baron 
 Dieskau, marched from Ticonderoga for Fort Ed- 
 "Ward, but afterwards changing his purpose, he 
 was proceeding to the head of the lake, when he 
 unexpectedly fell in with a perty of the English, 
 who had been detached by Sir William for the re- 
 lief of Fort Edward, A severe battle ensued, in 
 which the English were defeated, and compelled 
 hastily to retire from the field They were pur- 
 sued into their intrenchments by the French ar- 
 my, who commenced a furious ascault upon the 
 Ilnglish camp, but were repulsed with great 
 'slaughter. The discomfitisd Earon, on his retreat 
 from this unsuccessful attack, was a third time 
 engaged by a party of English, who had been 
 1 despatched from the garrison at Fort Edward, to 
 succour Sir William Johnson, and totally de- 
 feated. These three several engagements took 
 place on the same day, the 6th September, 1755, 
 ^ the vicijaity of thp Bloody Pond, intp whiqh 
 
 . ..ii:l:i-.-*4-iK.: 
 
SNRV. 
 
 ■.J 
 PORT GEORGE. 
 
 95 
 
 i remains of old 
 prospect em bra- 
 he numerous lit- 
 tn bosom of the 
 fully ' contrasted 
 ag«y mountams, 
 ailes. Near the 
 } the ruins of an 
 
 Vestiges of the 
 be seen. Previ- 
 of the fort wag 
 under the com- 
 vho was majfiag 
 n Crown Point 
 by Sir William, 
 inland pf Baron 
 og^a for Fort Ed- 
 I his purpose, he 
 5 lake, when he 
 of the English, 
 lUam for the re- 
 •attle ensued, in 
 and compelled 
 'hey were pur- 
 he French ar- 
 ault upon the 
 d with great 
 L on his retreat 
 a third time 
 ho bad been 
 rt Edward, to 
 I ♦otally de- 
 gem ents took 
 ternber, 1755, 
 d, into whiqh 
 
 the bodies of the slain were afterwards throwtt. 
 la 1757, Fort William Henry contained a garri- 
 eonof 3,000 men, under the command of Colonel 
 Munroe. The Marquis de Montcalm, after three 
 -attempts to besiege the fort in form, reinforced 
 his army to about 10,000 men, and summoned 
 Col. Munroe to surrender. This summons being 
 refused, JVontcalm, after a furious assault, obli- 
 ged the English to capitulate. The terms pf the 
 capitulation, though honorable to the English, 
 were shamefully violated by the Indians attached 
 to the French army, who massacred tlie whole 
 garrison, except a small remnant, who made 
 their escape to Fort Edward. The fort was ra- 
 zed to the ground by Montcalm, and was never 
 afterwards rebuilt. This spot was the scene of 
 embarkation pf General Abercrombie, who, in 
 1758, descended the lake with an army of ^5,- 
 000 men, for an attack on Ticonderoga. About 
 rods further south, on a commanding eminence, 
 situated the vesHges of old 
 
 ORT George. This fort, though not dis- 
 tinguished by any event of importance, yet in 
 connexion with the history of Lake George, in^. 
 parts an interest which a stranger will readily 
 embrace in a visit to its mouldering ruins, A 
 part cf the walls, which were originally built of 
 stone, are still visible, from 30 to 40 feet in 
 height- T'his fort was the depot for the stores 
 of Generrl Burgoyne, for^oijie time during the 
 revolutionary war. 
 
 A new steam -boat, called the Mountaineer, 
 lOO feet iij lengthi has recently been constructeil 
 on this lake, for the pui pose c[ plyingp between 
 Caldwell and Tjconderoga. It leaves Caldwell 
 every morning at 7 o'clock, aa4 arrives at ^^ 
 
^ l»ASSAQE or TAicv, ^ 
 
 pbHh end of thi» Uh-^ v 
 
 Th- price of the pa^alfj';!' i"'"'^^' P- M. 
 boat landwg to TrcoSotf i^ „ ^T ""' '.""^ ' 
 toUes; for which aconvev.!! " '''^'»?™ of three 
 »nd ^etumiDff for so clf^ "L " Pro^ided-goioff 
 
 the landing, after w^?f«t "*r°' '"2 » mile from 
 to the Fort!'.:^" rXnl''?'''^' .""""'y PW 
 "ing, from whence thl "* ' *'"' '•"e eve- 
 
 return tl.enexrXJc"l<[w'et "''' ''•'^*-'''' 
 The Passagb op J »ir„ r< 
 
 £"1 to impart a great detr.l ^/°'"^'=' «>» "ot 
 the most indiffe^enf fh^ "'^ '"'^'■«»t even lo 
 
 te/spersed with a "' . f/ 'T P" '"''* " '"- 
 of which are very ^,^° ,Tf ^ f*^ "'»"'''• 'ome 
 pose of diversifviL S. ; "' ^*' '^•""^ '^e pur- 
 green surface of th' '"l; P^'Pect. The smooth 
 ^j'h the hoia"nd ;„::", 'V*'""S'y <=o«f«°led 
 
 T'h'ohva.y their SfstaSromr; ?^ "•" ''"'«' 
 "lies m width, and occ„s1on»n • °^ ' ""« 'o 4 
 w height. These^I^. ,""y ""« '« 1500,-^ 
 numerous bistor L,! a.,"?''.'""*'' '"^<'«J 'oL 
 tmually roggested to Th^'*''*";' '"""*'' «"•« ell 
 ?>»tion whi^g a fail°diva^^""^' """J to the ani- 
 f re calculated toimoart . ^ Prosperous passage 
 
 ions which mnsui?a;sbe"^'°r'"l '■"?'«'»- 
 culiar satisfaction ^' remembered with pe- 
 
 ran^" "f'taolintdn?''''^*" ^°^'^ ""e lake are a 
 
 hunter of the „am":fffir'"'y " <=<"«''"'ed 
 ?- the spring, when the :h«'!? " ''"-/'"'fer..'' 
 
 f us year is sufficiently drt'L" °^ ""* P"^'- 
 Wpuntains. Subsequently LL' '? *■•« ^^ "^o 
 «P"ng forth and iXcXZT:^^ '"^"' ^"^ 
 th.tbcrm quest of food • bv wl^f '° '■««>« 
 ^«at,r .u^eeu, io JuS^t^!::^ ~ {J^ 
 
<il* 
 
 ^ORGC. 
 
 PASSAGE OF LAKE QEOROE* 
 
 M 
 
 oVloclr, P. M. 
 rom the steam • 
 istance of three 
 rovided— going 
 r. Refreshments 
 f-2 a mile from 
 usually proceed 
 i the came eve- 
 5 the boat on^its 
 
 :>rge:, can not 
 
 nterest even to 
 
 The lake is in- 
 
 )f islands, some 
 
 ; serve the pur- 
 
 The smooth, 
 
 ingly contrasted 
 
 Bs of the lake, 
 
 4 of a mile to 4 
 
 se to 1500 
 
 added to 
 
 hidh are c( 
 
 nd to the ani- 
 
 Iperous passage 
 
 ftreate impress- 
 
 Ibered with pe- 
 
 |the lake are a 
 
 a celebrated 
 
 deer pasture J^ 
 
 of the prrvi- 
 
 |ts fire to the 
 
 tender herbs 
 
 leer to resort 
 
 ;h means the 
 
 Ids annuaUy* 
 
 !to4 
 
 On the opposite side of the lake, at a very consid- 
 erable elevation, is the residence of a wei^lthy 
 farmer of Bolton. Two miles further is 
 
 Twi^^^vE iVTiLE IsLAiTD, being that distance 
 from Caldwell. It is of u circular form, of about 
 20 acres, situated in the centre of the lake, 
 and is elevated t^O or 40 feet above the water. 
 From thence, one mile, on the north west side of 
 the lake, is 
 
 Tongue Mountain, with West Pay' on its 
 west side, 11-2 mile wide, and extending in a 
 northerly direction 6 miles. What is called the 
 Narrows commence here, and continue for 6 or 7 
 miles, being 3-4 of a mile wide, and very deep. 
 A Ime of 500 feet has been used in sounding 
 without reaching bottom. 
 
 B;<ACK MoBTNTAiN, 10 miles from the head of 
 the lake, is situated on the east side and has been 
 ascertained by measurement to be 2200 feet in 
 height. Opposite to Black Mountain near the 
 western shore, is Half Way Island. A short dis- 
 tance north of this is some of the finest mountain 
 scenery on the continent. The mountains ex- 
 hibit an undulating appearance, are thickly stud- 
 ded with pines and furs, and interspersed with 
 deep and almost impenetrable caverns. 
 
 Sabbath-day Pojnt, 24 miles from Caldwell, 
 is a projection of the main Ismd into the lake 
 from the west side. It is the place on which the 
 English troops landed on the sabbath during the 
 French war, and is the spot on which a sanguin- 
 ary battle was fought with the Indians. The Eng- 
 lish, with no chance ol retreat, were all killed. 
 From thence, three miles, is a small island called 
 the Scotch Bonnet. Three miles further on the 
 ^est shore of the lake is a little hamlet called by 
 
 \ 
 
98 
 
 PASSAGE OF LAKE GEORGE. 
 
 the inhabitants the city ©f Hague, containing on- 
 ly two or three dwellings, and as many saw mills. 
 The lake is here 4 miles wide, being its greatest 
 width From this place to 
 
 Rogers^ Slide is 3 miles. This is celebrated 
 as the spot where Col. Rogers escaped from the 
 Indians during the French war. The descent is 
 an angle of about 25 degrees, over a tolerably 
 smooth rock, 200 feet in height. The Colonel, 
 who had been a great foe to the Indians, was 
 nearly surrounded by them on the top of the 
 mountain, and found no other mecns of escape 
 than to slide down this precipice. It being winter, 
 and having snow shoes on \m feet, he landed safe- 
 ly on the ice. The Indians afterwar(5s saw him ; 
 but supposing that no human being could have 
 made the descent, and that he mu«t, of course, 
 be supernatural, they concuded it not only use- 
 less, but dangerous to follow him. 
 
 Aivthony's Nos^, so called from its singular 
 shape, is a high rock, nearly opposite to Roger''s 
 Slide. The shores here are bold and contracted, 
 and v«>xhibit massive rocks, which are from 50 to 
 lOOftet in height, From thence to ?^ ^ 
 
 Prisoner's Islanb, is two miles, a spot where 
 prisoners were confined during the French war ; 
 and directly west of this is Lord Howe's Point, 
 so called from being the place where Lord Howe 
 landed immediately previous to the battle in 
 which he was killed at Ticonderoga. He was a 
 brother of the late Lord Howe, who command- 
 ed the British forces at Philadelphia during the 
 revolutijanary war. The water here, from a 
 deep green assumes a lighter colour, owing to a 
 clayey bottom. From thence to the outlet of 
 the lake, which terminates the steam boat pass- * 
 
 -j.Mwi(W&^it-J' ' 
 
# 
 
 TICONDEROOA. 
 
 99 
 
 «ge is one mile. Three miles further, over a 
 circuitous ancJ uneven road, in an easterly direc- 
 tion, are the fort and ruins of 
 
 TicoNDEROGA. The point projects between 
 the lake on one side, which here suddenly ex- 
 pands to the west, and the creek on the other, 
 which unites the waters of lake George and 
 Champlaini and forms its southern boundary. 
 Oo the opposite side of the lake, in a south east 
 direction, stands Mount Independence. Mount 
 Defiance, 720 feet in height, is situated across the 
 creek directly west of the Fort. This height 
 was occupied by the artillery of General Bur- 
 goyne in 1777, when the Americans were com- 
 pelled to evacuate Ticonderoga. The fortress 
 pf Ticonderoga was first constructed by the 
 French in 1756. The works appear to have 
 been very strong, are elevated about 200 feet 
 ab(vve the level of lake Champlaia, and many of 
 the walls are still standing. The Magazine is 
 nearly entire. It is 35 teet long, 15 feet wide and 
 8 feet high, constructed under ground, of slone, 
 and arched. A subterranean passage leads from 
 the south west corner of the workg to the lake. 
 
 20 or 30 rods 
 
 in length. 
 
 Through this passage 
 
 Col. Ethan Allen passed when he took possession 
 pf the fort '» ill the name of the Great Jehovah^ an^ 
 (he Continental Congre^sJ*^ The remains oi an- 
 other fortification, built during the revolutionary 
 war, are still to be seen about 60 rods further 
 south on the point, adjoining the lake. The 
 walls next the lake are nearly 60 feet in height. 
 In 1758 Ticonderoga was attacked by General 
 Abercrotnbie, who was repulsed with the loss of 
 2000 men. On the approach of General Am- 
 herst, in 1759) it was quietly abandoned by ijp^ 
 
100 
 
 SCHENECTADY. 
 
 7.. 
 
 I 
 
 m 
 
 French, as was also Crown Point. It continued 
 in the possession of the British until the year 
 1775, when it was taken by surprise by Col. 
 Allen. On evacuating the fort in 1777, General 
 St. Clair ordf^red a detachment to accompany the 
 American stores ind baggage to Skeensborough, 
 where-thcy Mjere pursued by General Burgoyne 
 and from thence to Fort Ann. At the latter 
 place a smart skirmish ensued between the two 
 parties, in which the British su&tained a consid- 
 erable loss. The main army retired from Ticon- 
 deroga to Hubbardton, where a party, consisting 
 of about 1000, under Col. Warner, were overta- 
 ken by the British advanced guard, and after a 
 severe action, abandoned the field to superior 
 numbers. From thence they joined General 
 Schuyler at Fort Edward on the 12th July, 1777. 
 From Ticonderoga, travellers may be convey- 
 ed across the lake to Larrabee's, in Shorcham, 
 Vermont, a distance ^f one mile, where those 
 designing a tour to Montreal and Quebeck, may 
 take passage in the Champlain steam -boat, for 
 St. John's. The boat arrives at Larrabee's to- 
 wards evening, and the passage from thence to 
 PlattsbuiTgh, with the exception of about 15 miles 
 to Crow,n Point, is generally in the night. At 
 present the most usual arrangements of the tour- 
 ist, are, alter visiting Lake George and Ticon- 
 deroga. and to return to the Springs, from thence 
 to take passage in the re^ulfir stage to Schenec- 
 tady, whtfe he can meet., any day in the week, 
 except Sundays, the line of Post Coaches or 
 Canal Boa.ts, from Albany to Niagara. 
 
 . V^-'if^ 
 
 SCHENECTADY. 
 
 This city is situated on the Mohawk, a broad 
 and beautiful river, which forms its northern 
 
8CHENECTADT. 
 
 lOf 
 
 boundary. It was burnt by the Indians in 1690 
 and suffered a considerable conflagration in 1819^ 
 since which event the antique appearance of the 
 city hafl been much improved by the introduction 
 of modern arehit«cture. The principal Hotel is 
 Mr. Givens', in the south eaet part of the city and 
 uithin a few rods of the Erie canal. The buil- 
 dings is constructed of briclc, 50 feet front and 
 with its wingf, 2 stories highv exclusive of the 
 basement story, extends back 1>50 feet. The 
 main building is 3 stories in height, besides an 
 attic story, containing an apartment for a billiard 
 room. Frem this elevated spot a view may be 
 had of the city and its environs, of the Mohawk, 
 and of the canal for some distance, and of the 
 rich and variegated landscape which spreads on 
 the south and west of the city. The Hotel can 
 accommodate 130 guests. It is furnished through- 
 out in a very superior style, and guests receive 
 every attention and accommodation that can con- 
 tribute to their convenience and amusement. Un- 
 ion College is built on an eminence, which over- 
 looks the city and the Mohawk fcN: a niumber of 
 miles. The college consists at present of two brick 
 edifices, but the plan includes a chapel and other 
 buildings hereafter to be erected, in the rear, and 
 between those already construeted. At this insti- 
 tution about 200 students are educated annually. 
 The expense per annum is $ 130. In numbers and 
 respectability Union College will soon rival the 
 most favoured seminaries in our country. An 
 elegant bridge has been constructed across the 
 Mohawk, at the west end of the city. This 
 bridge is 997 feet in length, aad is passed by the 
 stage on its route to Utica. 
 
 ft; 
 
 m 
 
^^5kV^ 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 A 
 
 ^ ..^^4b. 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 
 2.5 
 
 llli 
 
 II! 2.0 
 
 1.8 
 
 
 ||l.25 1.4 11.6 
 
 
 .4 6" 
 
 ► 
 
 V 
 
 vg 
 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 87!2-4S03 
 
A^^ 
 
103 
 
 STAOE ROUtE. 
 
 Daily post coaches, connected with the Ire^ 
 tern lifie of stag^es, leave Schenectady every mor- 
 ning and arrive at Utica the same day. The 
 i^egular fare through to Niagara is 4 cents per 
 , mile. Application for seats in th^ mail coach 
 must be made at Giveru* Hotel, wh«re con- 
 veyances are also engaged in the canal packet 
 boats. By the present arrangement, boats leave. 
 Schenectady, Utica, Weed's Basin, Rochester 
 and Lockport every evening, running thro«i;h 
 each vray in four days ; though it is contempla- 
 ted to run morning boats from the same places in. 
 the course^of the season. The price of convey- 
 ance in the packet boats, including board, is 4 
 cents per mile. Way passengers, 3 cents per 
 mile, exclusive of board, and 37 1-2 cents fof 
 dinner, S5 cents for breakfast or supper, and 12 1 -2 
 for lodging. The boats arrive at Lockpoft suf- 
 ficiently early on the fourth day to enable pas-^ 
 sengers to reach Buffalo the same evening in 
 the stage. Stages are also provided to convey . 
 passengers from Albany to Schenectady on the 
 arrival of the steam boats from New-York — from 
 Schenectady to Albany on the arrival of the 
 packet boat from Utica — between Buffalo and 
 Lockport, and from Rochester, Weed's Basing 
 and all the principal villages on the canal, to 
 those 00 the stage roadf, off from it* 
 
 THE STAGE ROUTE 
 
 From Schenectady to Utica, lies principally 
 along the banks of the Mohawk, and but a 
 short distance from the canal. The road is gen- 
 erally good, though frequently interrupted by 
 abrupt hills and narrow defiles. The fatigue of 
 travelliiigt however, 19 much relieved by tho 
 
AMST£RDAlI< 
 
 lor# 
 
 floiirisliin^ settlements, Hch cultivation, and r6- 
 m'antick scenery jilternately presented alon» the 
 vale of the Mohawk. Numerous little villager' 
 Occur on the road, at which the stages are obli- 
 ged to stop fdr ?the pili;|)oae of exchanging maik 
 Kt the several post ofilgis. From Utica westward 
 the road passes throupi a rich country, vcatered 
 by inqpmeirable streams and lakes, and contain- 
 ing many beautiftil and thriving villages. Of 
 maoji^ of these villages, hoVev6r, a prospect can- 
 not be had by those who take passage on the ca- 
 nal, some of them being 8 miles distant. It is fct 
 this^' reason that tourists generally prefer a 
 canal passiige going, and a return by the 
 stage road. The numl^r of stages, however, 
 connected with the (nicket boats, through the 
 whole Une of the canal, will enable passengers^ 
 if they chdose, to communicate with the princi- 
 pal villages witR little trouble, and without 
 much delay. * 
 
 Amsterdam is 15 miles west of Schenectady, 
 It is situated on the Mohfiwk turnpike, near the 
 river. It has a post office, a church, and about 
 50 dwellings and stores.. A bridge crosses the 
 Mohawk at this place. The canal with its em- 
 bankments made up from,, the river for 5 or 6 
 miles in extent, is opposite the village, on the 
 south side of the Mohawk. From thence to 
 Caughnawaga, a post village, situated on the 
 river, is 10 miles ; theiice to Palatine Bridge, 12 
 miles ; thenee to Palatine .village, 5 iniles ; 
 thence to Manheim, l4 miliii ; thence 2 miles 
 
 to the village of 
 
 9 
 
 « 
 
I « 
 
 ^104 
 
 
 Little TALta. Thi, ^i * 
 fr^o^ a cataract In the vi-^*^''^ ^*^*» '^ «aa^ 
 
 lormsarough bed for C " ?'««> and 
 
 »''tbe».t, a lofty rS^; „f ^^'"'"'""''S «« the 
 of the river and the fuiuJ^'^^^ ^e coorsf 
 
 ^"."er* Ti^ '•y '"« dil "b"; dt?„T^'J""^ 
 
 waters. About 1-2 « ^i ? ° *°<^ foam Sf it. 
 
 'oad turn, »udd.„V to .K™" '^ ^'Ke 
 «f «he fall, tnmbliD^'w'^A.PreMatiWaTieW 
 over a g^d„.l C^^ ^tT.f'^''' ^'"^ 
 *t the termination ol' ih! " *boM 80 rod, 
 v;;I^e, contai„i„g"Xih„'T' " «atedX* 
 habitants, a )i?i?« i ?" ''""ses and snn iU 
 ^between the t h 'J ;t'r: f ^''*"if^«;"; 
 
 t.€s on the other- fK« "&©«" ciiffg and einino« 
 »tream above gently t,,H'?'°°"' ^"'■■ent of "1; 
 ^eene below, an^beUfe ,!?/"" '"""-tt 
 Mohawk diversified w^thR ,1"**°' ^ale of the 
 fows, and farm bou^^s J '^'' °'''"'«'-<fa. mea! 
 
 trade and commerce bItZ?^ ^^ Acil Ues for 
 
 Mohawk river and the F^ '''' ""'^ "t the 
 
 formerly tra„.porteatro"nd"*K*'v ^<»t» ''^r^ 
 
 old'crV °° 'be«.r,h"we 0/^.'/"^"^ "eaiit 
 
 »4 the ^"S**™ «'ockra„°di^:o"r- Thi, 
 
 ': '^"' ^•'' »« the /o«T„ro?;i 
 
 « 
 
 #■ 
 
 # 
 

 iji 
 
 HERKIMER* 
 
 105* 
 
 liyeK by means of an aquedact 1B4 feet in length. 
 The descent of the Erie canal K^re, in the dis^- 
 tance of one mile, is 40 feet, which is passed by 
 
 T^'l^d, after le»viQg Little Falls, follows 
 the bank of the river, inifall view of the rich al- 
 luvial yalO;, called the Herkimer and German 
 flats* This region, now glowing in all the beau^ " 
 ty of successful cultivation, was once the thea- * 
 tre of the most sangumary warfare. During 
 the French and revolutionary wars, ijt was the 
 ^ceae of ^aay barbarous incursions of the 
 whites as well as sqtiages. It was inv&diid by 
 the French after the capture of Fort Oswego, in 
 1756, and in 1^57 the settlements were desolated 
 by fire and .sword. In the centre oi these flats 
 is situated the village of 
 
 Herkimer, 7 miles from Little Falls. This vil- 
 lage, as well as that of Little Falls, foims a part of 
 the tovigk of Herkim T, which extends along the 
 banks of the Mohawk about 15 miles. West 
 Canada Creek enters the river about half a mile 
 east of the village, and is passed near its mouth 
 by a well constructed bridge. The village is 
 principally built on two parallel streets It con- 
 tains about 100 houses, and not kss than 800 in< 
 habitants. Every appearance ii^dicates a thri* 
 viqg and prosperous village. Between Herkimer 
 ^nd Utica is the small and unimportant village 
 jof Schuyler, about 6 miles iVom the former and 
 8 from the latter place. The country aiter lea- 
 ving Herkimer is quite level,#nd remarkably 
 fertile, though not in a high stale of cultivation. 
 The several stages and distane^ from 4^^4<^y W 
 ytipa are as follows : 
 
 •V * * 
 
 
 -<>' -»■'»' 
 
 1 ^ ^ ^ 
 
J.06 
 
 .UTICA, 
 
 %■ 
 
 Miles, 
 
 Schenectady, 
 Amsterdam, 
 Caughnawaga, 
 Palatine Bridge, 
 Palatine Village, 
 
 15 
 15 
 10 
 12 
 5 
 
 Manheim, 
 Little FaiUs, 
 Herkimer, 
 Schuyler, 
 lUlica, ' 
 
 Mileif 
 
 14 
 
 2 
 7 
 6 
 8 
 
 
 UTICA. 
 
 Thit flourishing village stands on the south 
 i)anl{; of the Mohawk, on the scite of old Fort 
 Schuyler, 96 miles from Albany, aniji 13 from 
 Rome, anciently Fort Stan\yix. It "wks first in- 
 corpolated in 1798, and is Ifepidly increasing in 
 wealth, and popuhition. From itaf situation, it 
 commands the land and wal^r comipunication 
 between the fertile district of the north ahd 
 west, and the city of Albany, and mi»«i dventual- 
 ly hold the secon^ rank in commercial impor- 
 tante in the state. Its population already a- 
 mounts to ahbut 4000. The village contains two 
 banks and a variety of manufacturing esfiiblish- 
 ments. The court house for the county of Onei- 
 da is located here, and by a recent act of the le- 
 gislature, the August term of the Suprieme 
 Court, which w.as formerly holden in the city of 
 Albany, is removed to Utica. Many of the 
 buildings are consruoted of briek, and in a style 
 of elegance and taste, worthy of the first inland 
 town in the state. Utica forms a central point, 
 for stages, which^arrive daily from various parts 
 of the state. A*! the principal Hotel, it is not 
 unusual to witness the arrival of from 8 to 12 
 stages the same day. The Erie canal which 
 passes through this place, imparts to it no incon- 
 siderable degriee of iybaportance in point of tr^de. 
 
 f * 
 
 
0- 
 
 KEW-HARTFORD| &C. 
 
 107 
 
 The same arranc^etnent in relation to the arrival 
 find departure of the Packet Boats exists here, as 
 at Schenectady. They leave Utica eyery eve- 
 ning on the arrival of the Schenectady boat.— f 
 Stages alfo leave Utica fur Niagara, every morn- 
 ing at 3 o'clock. Four miles frpm Utica on ,the 
 western turnpike, is situated 
 
 New- Hartford, q, village pontaining about 
 90 dwelimgs and stores, three churches, besides 
 a number of mills and manufactories, located on 
 the Sadaquada Creek. The land between Utica 
 and New-Hartford is level, and of an excellent 
 quality, and resembles, with its peat and regular 
 enclosures, an ejttensive and highly cultivated 
 garden. There are, in the vicinity, many coun- 
 try residences, constructed s^ad improved with 
 much taste and elegance. 
 
 Clintqn yii4:.AGEf four miles from New- 
 Hartford, contains Hamilton College, an institu- 
 tion of much promise. It is built of stone, 50 
 by 96 feet, and is 4 stories high. It stands on a 
 commanding eminence, overlooking the village, 
 and affording a prospect of the adjacent country 
 ibr some miles. 
 
 VuRNON, is a handsome flourishing town, of 
 some magnitude, 17 miles west of Utica. It 
 contains 2 cjiurches, a number of mills, and a 
 glass factory. The Oneida Castle is in this town, 
 situated on the Oneida Creek, 3 miles west of the 
 village, where is a considerable settlement, pos- 
 sessed by the Oneida and Tuscarora Indians. 
 Their number, in 1823, was 1144. They still 
 Kietain the customs and dress peculiar to their 
 
 « 
 
 »- 
 
 •■!%■ 
 
JOS CHITENINGO VILLAGE, &C. 
 
 tribes. In the summer they are employed prin- 
 cipally in cultivatien. In the fall it is their prac- 
 tice to repair in numbers to the hunting grounds, 
 in the north part of the state, from whence they 
 return with their bpoty in the latter part of 
 winter. This tribe entered the service of the 
 state, as volunteerjs, during the last war. 
 
 CHITENI3WO ViLLAOF., 4 Hiiffes from the Onei- 
 da settlement, is situated on a creek of the same 
 name, which flows throHgh a narrow marshy 
 valley. There are very steep hills on each side 
 of the village. Carey's Hotel, in this place, is 
 one of the largest in the western district. 12 
 
 miles further is 
 
 * 
 
 Manlifs, an incorporated village, situated on 
 fjimestone Creek Green Pond, in th|i| vicinity, 
 18 worthy of notice. The water is' 200 feet 
 Qeep, and of a deep green colour, emitting a 
 strong smell of sulphur. The surface of the 
 ifx>nd is bfetween 100 and 200 feet below the level 
 of its shores, which are precipitous and rocky. 
 There are also, in the vicinUy, 2 considerable 
 falls, the principal of whicJ* is 100 f^t in height. 
 
 Ojnondaga Hollow, is situated 10 miles 
 from Manlius, in a large valley of excellent land. 
 The hills, on each side of the valley, rise to up- 
 wards of 400 feet in height. On tHe west hill, 
 about one mile from the village, is *the court- 
 house of the county, and a little settlement, con- 
 sisting of 40 or 50 dwellings and stores. On the 
 east hill, at an elevation of 150 feet, is the State 
 Armory, which is built of stone. It is situated 
 on a ridge of land running directly up the main 
 
 :Miy 
 
j¥^ 
 
 AUBURN. 
 
 109 
 
 hill, and has in front a beautiful ^een, through 
 the cieutre of which is a gravel loot walk, l/?ad- 
 ing to the building. Both of the villages are 
 located in a remarkably fertile and rich country, 
 and have every appearance of wealthy, industri- 
 ous and prosperous settlements. 
 
 Auburn^ is situated at the head of the Owas- 
 00 Lake, 24 miles from Onondaga, and 170 froiii 
 Albany. This village owes much of its importance 
 to the numerous mills and manufactories?, lor 
 which its location is extremely eligible. It con- 
 tains about 2^0 houses, and about 1500 inhabi- 
 tants. Amongst other public buildings there are a 
 court-house and gaol, and a prison erected for 
 convicts at the expense of the state. There has 
 also been recently established at Auburn, a The- 
 ological Seminary. This institution is patron- 
 ized exclusively by the Presbyterian denomina- 
 tion, and is at present the only one of the kind 
 in the state. Many circumstances combine iQ 
 render this place an agreeable residence to the 
 man of taste or business. The village is hand- 
 somely built, and increases annually in popula- 
 tion and business. It is situated 7 miles from 
 Weecfs Party Jhe place on the canal where the 
 packet boats from Utica and Rochester daily ex- 
 change passengers. 
 
 After leaving Auburn, the country is more 
 open, and under a good stale of cultivation. Well 
 finished houses and thriving villages appear con- 
 tinually. The villages at the heads ot the several 
 lakes, are all prosperous, cheerful, and generally 
 beautiful. Of these, however, the palm must be 
 conceded to • > 
 
no 
 
 CANANDAIGUA. 
 
 Can ANDAiof^A. This villag^e is situated near 
 fhe outlet of the lake frum which it takes its 
 name, on a gentle ascent from the lali-e, of which 
 it commands a fine view, at the distance of half ^ 
 mile. The principal street extends two miles it^ 
 length, and is handsomely decorated with 
 treps, through which appear the delicately 
 painted dwiBllings, ornamented with Venetian 
 blinds. In an open square, in the centre of the 
 villagei is the court house and clcrk^s office of the 
 county. In the vicinity are a number of elegant 
 villas, surrounded with smiling gardens, and or«f 
 phards of various kinds of fruit, which, with the 
 view of the lake stretching far to the south, beau- 
 tifully set ofiT the scae of enchanttneat. Iti 
 beauty and variety of natural scenery, and the 
 tms(e and elegance of its edifices, few villages cua 
 pompare with Canandaigua. The village is sit- 
 uated 208 miles from Albany— from Utica, 111 
 T-from Buffalo, 88— from Niagara Falls, 103. 
 About 9 miles from Canandaigua, in a south wes- 
 terly direction, has been recently discovered 
 Vrhat is called the Burning Spring. The water 
 issues from the sides of a deep ravine, and ex- 
 hibits, on its surface, a bright red flame, which, 
 on the application of wood, or other combustible 
 nubstance, produces an immediate blaze. The 
 spring is of the ordinary temperature, and has 
 no peculiar taste or smell. There are also, in 
 this vicinity, a number of sulphur sprin^js. 
 
 From Canandaigua a stage is frequently taken 
 directly to Buffalo, and from thence to the Falls ; 
 but the north, or ridge road, is generally prefer- 
 red, the country being more interesting, and the 
 road in a much better state of repair. The north 
 foute, after a distance of some miles, traces the 
 
 .' V-*. 
 
 M 
 
is situated aeat* 
 ich it takes its 
 5 laire, of which 
 isfanceofhalf^ 
 ds two miles ii^ 
 ecorated with 
 the delicately 
 with Venetian 
 e centre of the 
 k's office of the 
 iber of eleg;ani 
 rdens, and or, 
 hieh, with the 
 e south, beau- 
 anttnent. Itx 
 nery, and the 
 
 wvillag^escua 
 ' villao^e is sit- 
 m Utica, III 
 a Falls, 103. 
 > a south wes- 
 y discovered 
 The water 
 '^ine, and ex- 
 iame, which, 
 combustible 
 blaze. The 
 
 re, and has 
 are also, in 
 rinofs. 
 
 lently taken 
 o the Falls; 
 ally prefer- 
 ng» and the 
 
 The north 
 » traces (he 
 
 •ROCHESTER. 
 
 114 
 
 course of the Genesee River, to within 4 miles 
 of its discharge into Lake Ontario. This river 
 takes its rise in Pennsylvania, and after a course 
 of about 125 miles, through the western part of 
 this state, empties into Lake Ontario at the vil- 
 lage of Charlotte. Within a few miles of its 
 mouth are three considerable falls. The first is 
 in height about 96 feet ; the second 25 ; and the 
 third 80. At the head of the first, stands the 
 flourishing village of 
 
 Rochester. This place is much celebrated 
 for its mills and manufactories. It is situated on 
 the |vest bank of the Genesee River, which at 
 this place is 50 yards wide, and is crossed by a 
 bridge about 50 feet in-height. From a qonaplete 
 wilderness, this thriving village has been redeem- 
 ed, in the comparatively short period of 15 years. 
 Its situation in the immediate vicinity of the ca- 
 nal, connected with the many natural advanta- 
 ges which it enjoys for trade find manufactures, 
 destines it to become one of the . most important 
 places in the interior of the state. The present 
 population, of Rochester is 4000. The Erie 
 caual strikes the river at the south end 
 of the village, and after following its eastern 
 bank for a half mile, enters the village by a stone 
 aqueduct. Thi« aqueduct is constructed of red 
 free stone, 750 feet long, having 9 arches of 50 
 feet chord each. It is 'supplied by a navigable 
 feeder, 2 milQ3 in length, through which boats 
 from the canal may enter the Genesee, and as- 
 cend the river from 70 to 90 miles. About 2 
 miles below Rochester, at the third falls, is situ- 
 ated the village of ^ . 
 
112 
 
 h 
 
 CARTHACE,~tB«^,8T0V. 
 
 •Sueiicefrom nn ewi„ri -5** ^^'^'^'^^^ *<» com. 
 
 western part of ihe 7..! '"^'O'* routs (o Ih. 
 •rected iU!ro„ the riv.r ) 'l' J"" Wdje w„ 
 
 <^ou» fabric ,tood l ITJ^ '"'• Thi" .tunen 
 P^ei;:if,'e.er^r '''- ^"^ 
 
 Elevated 12O or 130 felf !u *° "?">« places it ,', 
 
 extent, by lo^ ro^ds or Z. ' '"^ * considerable 
 Wpervipu, forests, o4"'^"r;7J'». bordered by 
 '-Porary h„., „f iheTe^r "e'tt'tr"' "^ '"« 
 
 ^'^^r::;;::^^-"'-astb»,.„n„e- 
 
 The navisationVrom IMT'.'"" « Canada 
 
 'ortbchlosser, a distant. „f Poftage extends to 
 «7 "PPearanc; confirms tt*"" " '»"'"■ Ev? 
 •his place the falls J^ ""^ ^"Pposition, that »t 
 
 ' ">y a constant abrasion of 
 
7^ 
 
 row. 
 
 ved 1(8 e4>nn9- 
 lichf duritij^ iti 
 e route to th« 
 i bridge was 
 V the basin q( 
 I arch, whose 
 ance from th« 
 This slupen- 
 r its construc- 
 )ressure of its 
 kge has been 
 
 le foute is on 
 
 alluvial way. 
 
 I ho re of Lake 
 to Niagara 
 
 ». The road 
 nd isg^ener- 
 e places it i« 
 level of the 
 to 10 miles, 
 hway is un- 
 
 |issions, bor- 
 remaining^ 
 lopsiderable 
 ordereil by 
 vet| by the 
 
 Unk of the 
 |q Canada, 
 linates t^jt 
 extends to 
 Jiles. Ev- 
 >n, that at 
 immense 
 ^rasion of 
 
 I » ■ r • 
 
 tRIE CASAt< 
 
 113 
 
 the cataract have receded to their present posi- 
 tion, 7 miles distant. Belore reaching Niagara, 
 the attention of the traveller is arrested by a 
 ciiA»m in the rocks, called the Devil's Hole, in 
 which the waters are in a constant whirl, iii a cir- 
 ralar -<puceof about 1200 feet circumference. In 
 this vicinity the banks of the river are nearly 300 
 feet in height. 
 
 The (olio wing are the distances from Utica to 
 Niagara, on the stage road : 
 
 New Hartforcf, 
 
 4 
 
 Victor, 
 
 Miles. 
 10 
 
 Clinton Villa^;©, 
 
 4 
 
 Pittsford, 
 
 10 
 
 Vernon, 
 
 9 
 
 Roches'ter^ 
 
 8 
 
 Chitteningo V. 
 
 9 
 
 Greece, 
 
 5 
 
 Manliup, '^ ■ 
 
 16 
 
 Fai^ma, 
 
 6 
 
 Onondaga, 
 
 10 
 
 Clarkson, 
 
 t 
 
 Marcellus, ■ V^ 
 
 10 
 
 Sandy- Creek, 
 
 t 
 
 Skeneateles, ■ •. 
 
 6 
 
 Gaines, 
 
 8 
 
 Auburn, 
 
 9 
 
 Oak -Orchard^ ■ 
 
 7 
 
 Ciiyuga Bridge, 
 
 9 
 
 Hartland, 
 
 14 
 
 Geneva, 
 
 13 
 
 Lcwiston, 
 
 It 
 
 Canandaigua, 
 
 16 
 
 Niagara Falls, 
 
 7 
 
 From SJchenectady, the stage route to Niaga* 
 ra is preferred by many ; and considering the 
 infancy of the canal, and the consequent want of 
 improvement along a great portion of it, the 
 stage route has many inducements in which the 
 canal route cannot participate. And yet, the 
 tourist will seldom be willing to forego the pleas- 
 ure of testing by experiment the practicability 
 of a project so justly celebrated as the 
 
 ERIE CANAL. 
 
 This magnificent structure was commenced. 
 under the patronage of the state, on the 4th of 
 
 ■^ 
 
I [4 
 
 £RIE CAKAt* 
 
 July, 1817 ; and although but 7 years have siiiQfc 
 elapsed, an entire inland navigation connecting the 
 -waters of Erie and the Hudson has been neatly 
 accomplished at an expanse of less than seven mil- 
 lions of dollars, a sum trivial in comparison with 
 the immense advantage derived- to the state fipm 
 such communication. The canal, beginning at 
 Albany on the Hudson, passes up the west bank 
 of that river nearly to the mouth of the Mo- 
 hawk ; thence along the bank of the Mohawk, 
 to Schenectady, crossing the river twice by 2 * 
 aqueducts. From Schenectady it follows the 
 south bank of the Mokawk until it reaches 
 Rome. Tn some places it encroaches so near as 
 to require embankments made up from the riv- 
 \ er to support it. An embankment of this de- 
 «^ scription at Amsterdam village is 5 or 6 miles in 
 extent. What is called the long level^ being a 
 distance of 69 1-2 miles without an intervening 
 lock, commences in the town of Frankfort about 
 8 miles east of Utiea, and terminates 3 4 of a mile 
 cast from Syracuse, from whence is a side cut to 
 Salina 1 1-4 mile ; from thence the route pro- 
 ceeds 35 miles to Montezuma, situated on the east 
 * border of the Cayuga marshes, 3 miles in extent, 
 over which to the great embankment, 72 feet in 
 height and near 2 miles in length, is a distance of 
 62 miles ; thence 8 1-2 miles to the commence- 
 ment of the Genesee level extending westward 
 to Lockport, nearly parallel with the ridge road, 
 65 miles. 7 milf s from thence to Pendleton vill- 
 age the canal enters Tonnewanta Creek, which 
 it foll'ows 12 miles, and thence following the east 
 side of the Niagara river, communicates with lake 
 Erie at Buffalo. The whole line of the canal 
 from Albany to Buffalo is 360 mile^ in length. 
 It is 40 feet wide at the top and 28 feet wide at 
 
fiRtE CANAL, 
 
 115 
 
 the bottom. The water flows at the depth of 4 
 feet in a moderate descent of ^ an inch in a mile4 
 The tow path is elevated about 4 feet from the 
 surface of the water, and is 10 feet wide. The 
 whole length of the canal includes 83 locks and 
 18 aqueducts of various extent. The loaks are 
 constructed in the most durable manner of stone 
 laid in water lime^ and arfe 90 feet in length and 
 15 feet in width. The principal aqueducts are 
 those crossing the Genesee river at Rochester* 
 750 feet in length ; and two crossing the Mohawfc 
 river near Alexander's bridge, one of which lat- 
 ter aqueducts is 748 feet and the other 1188 feet 
 in length. The whole workmanship evinces a 
 degree of beauty and proportion consistent with 
 the greatest strength. In many places the sides 
 of the canal are either paved with small stone or 
 Covered with thick grass^ designed to prevent the 
 crumbling of the soil by the motion of the water- 
 To the mr^n canal are a number of side cuts or 
 lateral canals ; onie o )posite Troy connecting with 
 the Hudson, one at Syracuse a mile and a half in 
 length to Salina, one at Orville, one at Chitte- 
 ningo, and one at Rochester of two miles in 
 length, which serves the double purpose of a 
 navigable feeder, and a mean of communicatioa 
 for boats between the canal and the Genesee 
 river. It is highly probable that these laleral 
 cuts will increase in ratio with the euterprize of 
 the numerous adjacent villages scattered along 
 the line of the main canal. Measures have al- 
 ready been taken to connect, by means of a ca- 
 nal, the Seneca Lake and the Chemung or Tioga 
 branch of the Susquehannah, between which is a 
 distance of about 20 miles. In addition to this it 
 i« also proposed, to connect the Erie canal at 
 
 4 10 • 
 
,si„; 
 
 176 
 
 CANAL ^ASSAGr, 
 
 n • f"" "we,, of praS'"'' ',' k^*""*'' *' 
 •I glory has already d**„.^ i^l, '"'«'• n«l>on. 
 tre. what will bS Lmrrtrt?. "^"' »'"* iu,. 
 
 *«» wrve a, ,f many lilam °f "IV*^ '»•"•». 
 
 f 100,000, with otW .„'!,„. ? •'* '"• ywr to 
 
 '"ff to the canal fund Th. °' ""*""« belong. 
 
 ♦•"« of both canaCprodLrdT^JJ!"*' '"'•°"' tbe 
 we sum of «3lonon _X- if" "^*''e year 1824 
 
 «.omhan dofb^Te 1"^^"' P^^^-'Wy be' 
 »«te*that 10,000 boS,'^Jt^" '/*";• " » ««- 
 ««>n of the Erie »^ Ch^J""'^ "' "'«•'«''<'- 
 *e last season. *-bampia,n eanals during. 
 
 Of .1.. ^'^^^^ PASSACxE 
 
 ^^uKeTaS'M^tf::'!":!'"? '» *« *-"••*. 
 
 "•ps the ffreatesL T^ '.l ' "'^ "ovelty j, p.,; 
 ^n be co/sidl :d^ peThan?%""'?.«f rleasur^rt 
 with incident to be repeated -T 'I««/'' verified 
 
 fcusmea, this objeclioSnr„h";J/° '?« »"» of 
 J <.uon win probably yield to th» 
 
■!W 
 
 CANAL iPASSAQK. 
 
 117 
 
 nnHed ooDsideiratioQs of the oonvenienoe, lafaty, 
 und' rapidity of this mode of coiireyance. The . 
 pa99ag:e boats are g^eneralty constructed 80 fe«t 
 m len^h and 14 feet io width, and draw from t 
 to 2 feet of water. The cabin ecoupiet the wholt 
 length of the deck, excepting^ about B or 10 feet 
 reserved at one end for the cook, and 4 or 6 feet 
 at the other end for the pilot. The intermedin 
 ate space is occupied as a cabin, oenstruoted from 
 the deck into a room 8 feet in height, with iingle 
 births on each side, and calculated to accommo- 
 date 30 persens. A portion of the cabin, aepa* 
 rated by folding doors, is set apart for female pai- 
 •sengers. The furniture and accommodationi are 
 not inferior to those of the beats on the HudsoOp 
 and the greatest inconvenience is the want of 
 sufficient room, especially when the boat contains 
 a full complement (ff passengers In such an 
 event, resort is necessarily had to the upper deck* 
 where, by the by,^without the utmos' caution^ 
 there is much danger of ii^ury in passing the 
 bridges which are constructed over the canaly 
 and occur in almost every mile, and not unfre* 
 quently every half mile. , 
 
 The packet boms are drawn by three horse*, 
 4>ne before the other, and uiove day and night, at 
 the rate of 4 miles an hour. Relays are fur- 
 nished every 8 or 10 miles. Boats with com- 
 modities procf^ed at the rate 55 miles iif 24 hours; 
 and boats with passengers 96 miles in the same 
 time. 
 
 The several places and distances, as they occur 
 ^n the canal route from Schenectady to Bv^ol^^ 
 are as follows : • 
 
fltACJf BOCK, 
 
 ^wsterdam V. 
 Schoharie Creek, 
 
 J»ttle Falls V 
 German FJat,; 
 ^ort Herkimer, . 
 
 Rome V. 
 Canastota V 
 ^•^ Boston V. 
 
 ^^^liua Landing 
 practise V. ^' 
 
 ,1 ^e^^cIesV. 
 ^ i^Hnton V. 
 
 i J«'-danV. 
 ■ Weed** R« • 
 
 ^ Clyde V. 
 
 J^yons V. 
 
 Newark V. 
 
 Palmyra V. 
 Jittaford V. 
 ^"g'hton V. 
 Rochester, 
 
 * Bates V. 
 g»'ockport, 
 Holley V. 
 Newport V, 
 Jockport, ' 
 P«^«dleton V 
 
 9 
 6 
 
 3 
 2 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 21 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 ErE'^'^?^''^' « situated at tH. . 
 ^ih'tbeV^ ''^^^«'"1 and thrfv^"""* ^^ ^«ke 
 ficia na,i!^,l?«^«--^« of both /La,T V"«-^^' '^"^ 
 the mTJfl^'''''^ '^ ^« ^Jesfined ^n V '"^ ""^ ««i- 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 a 
 n 
 
 9 
 6 
 9 
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 30 
 28 
 7 
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 V. 
 
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 T 
 
 Jasin, 
 
 le, 
 
 ma. 
 
 r. 
 
 V. 
 
 v, 
 
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 in. 
 
 r 
 
 ^ V, 
 
 6 
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 6 
 
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 't of Lake 
 'I'ag-e, and 
 
 and arti- 
 i"e one of 
 Its pre- 
 »n^i a half 
 
 situated 
 
 number: 
 
 the ad- 
 
 uches a^ 
 
 NIAGARA FALLS. 
 
 119 
 
 l^lack Rock, and will doubtless contribute larg^e* 
 'iy to its future growth and prosperity. On tha 
 opposite side of the river from this place are Fort 
 Erie and the small village of Waterloo, to which 
 is a ferry on the main road to the Falls, on tha 
 Canada side. The scenery along the Niagara ii 
 not exceeded in any part of the western district, 
 and is unrivalled for its grandeur and magnifi- 
 cence. 
 
 From Buffalo to Lewiston there are regular 
 stages twice each day. Fare, 4 cents per mile, 
 4>n each side of the river. The intervening sta* 
 ges and distances are as follows : 
 
 Miles^ Miles, 
 
 Black Rock, 2 1-2 Whitney's, at the 
 
 Tonaewanta Creek, 10 
 iSchlosser, 6 
 
 Manchester, 2 
 
 On the Canada side : 
 
 Black Rock, 2 U2 
 Ferry to Waterloo, 1 
 Palmer's ^ 
 
 Chippewa, 9 
 
 Falls, 1-2 
 
 I^ewiston, 7 1-2 
 
 Fort Niagara, 7 
 
 Forsyth's at the 
 
 Falls, 3 
 
 Queenston, 7 
 Ferry to I^ewiston, 1 
 
 #" 
 
 NIAGARA FALLS, 
 
 Are situated on the Niagara River, whick 
 unites the waters of Lake Erie and the upper 
 lakes with Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence. 
 The river is 35 miles in length, and from 1-2 
 mile to 6 or 7 in width. The banks of the riv- 
 er vary in their height above the Falls, from 4 to 
 100 feet. Immediately below the Falls the pre 
 cipice is not less than 300 feet, and from thence 
 to Lake Ontario gradually diminishes to the 
 height of 25 or 30 feet. The Ni»g:ara River con^' 
 
 10«i 
 
 '^b 
 
130 
 
 "UGARA TAtLS, 
 
 tains a number «r • i 
 
 "15. rt I "" S^n^ca Nat,™ <■','"' ""'« o^ 
 
 ■whose num^ ** *■■« makino- k. ^A-^'xier- 
 
 «ate. r'? ">« Canada, as will ffr '^'"■''«' 
 The Fall. „ • '^•"" ""'s 
 
 about 2oi!-i '"nated belo„ /^ 
 
 from LaTeXTa ■'^""" WLaLe r™"'' '"»'"'. 
 
 idsh. i""'«"n width •ri''^''"*"y narrow^ f« 
 »''t^::?-««a'eS;e^'<'-e„toftbe'7a? 
 
 MabelowTt?nr* "'* J^al's 1-8 alL J*"* '''""•^« 
 flows abm,. 1' abruptly to thl ' .'"'estward, 
 
 ^-idlreet^'^faiarrtSr*'"^ 
 •"•a<=t potir, over , *° ^""^^ Ontari" "t.''"»«« 
 cent, extPr,^; ° summit in ih„ r ' ^''^ eat- 
 
 The sheet of "^ .'""^ <J's(ance i^?!.'"' " "^--e^- 
 l^vin^th.. "'*'■'« separated i'^ X^^ ^•'"eam. 
 600 '."rd?^??"'' '■all on the r ^^"^^ Island 
 oansMe I"*"' «"" the wl^^^'das.de, about 
 
 about :S» vf? ?'""■«' >'s ano^h. ' '''^"d and 
 f-t of Jr; •: tt"'"' S Wefa'^'^^f; 
 
 M<'°'d/o°praf '™«^ Ti';L?n?"'^ « "°- 
 
 the Canad„ T^^ S^od or hi^ '"*''« ''«'ance 
 
 ,- v- ™ Of a curve, about isS/T'' ■'^'o*' in 
 
 ' J50 feet, projectinjf 
 
 ®- 
 
NIAGARA FALLS. 
 
 121 
 
 about 50 feet frgm the base. The whole height, 
 including the descent of the rapids above, ia 20$ 
 feet. 
 
 Safe and convenient stair ways have been con- 
 structed on each side of the river, leading down 
 to the margin of the stream at the foot of the 
 Falls. " There is also a fine bridge erected from 
 the shore to Goat Island, where perhaps the most 
 eligible view may' be had of the rapids, falls, and 
 surrounding scenery. The view from the table 
 rock, on the Canada side, has been generally con- 
 sidered preferable ; but this point must be de- 
 cided by the different tastes of visitors. The ta- 
 ble rock projects about 50 feet, and between it 
 and the F'alls an irregular arch is formed, which 
 extends under the pitch, almost without inter- 
 ruption, to the Island. The passage to this rock 
 M'as recently obstructed by the fall of a fragment 
 of the precipice, about 20 feet in length, and from 
 1 to 4 in breadth. This was erroneously sup- 
 posed to be a part of the table rock. It has< 
 however, been lately removed, and a more con- 
 venient passage formed to this celebrated spot, by 
 the construction of a stair way. 
 
 The emotions of grandeur that fill the mind, 
 on beholding this greatest of the wonders of na- 
 ture, can scarcely be felt from any effort of des- 
 cription. You must behold at one view, " the 
 lofty banks and immense woods which environ 
 this stupendous scene — the irresistible force, the 
 rapidity of motion displayed by the rolling clouds 
 • of foam — the uncommon brilliancy and variety of 
 colours and of shades — the ceaseless intumescence 
 and swift agitation of the dashing waves below— 
 the solemn and tremendous noise, with the vol- 
 limes of vapour darting upward into the air, 
 
133 
 
 "*"« OP CHimWA. 
 
 i X Ae JViagara river fr^Tl ^"^^''^^e prospect 
 
 atForf w? ^^^' * 'nilJtarv nnsf «^^^ to arms. 
 hM.Mf u ^'*8"«''a- In 172^ V ^"'established 
 
 beeo selected for a p,Ji*"" '«"'' « might ha" 
 ^"•d back to theTce*e, Ir.r'"'^'' '» ""^'y «.; 
 
TiirT^ 
 
 BATTLE OP BRIDOEWATER. 
 
 123 
 
 The Battle of Bridgwater^ which was fought 
 on the 23th of the same mtmth, near the mighty 
 cataract of Niagara, and within the sound of its 
 thunders, was, in proportion to the numbers en- 
 gaged, the most sanguinary, and decidedly the 
 best fought of any fac^on which ever took place 
 on the American continent. The following let- 
 ter, written by a surgeon of one of the regiments, 
 the day after the engagement, contains many in* 
 terestin* partici^lars : 
 
 *^ In the afternoon the enemy advanced towards 
 Chippewa with a powerful force. At 6 o'clock 
 Generj^l Scott was prdered to advance with his 
 brigade and attack them. He was soon rein- 
 forced by General Ripley's brigade ; they n^et 
 the enemy below the falls. They had selected 
 their grouhd for the night, intending to atti^ck 
 our camp before day -light. The action began 
 just before 7, and an uninterrupted stream of 
 musketry continued till half past 8, whei^ 
 there was some cessation, the British falling back. 
 It soon began again with some artillery, which^ 
 with slight interruptions, continued till half past 
 10, when there was a charge, and a tremendous 
 stream of fire closed the conflict. Both armies 
 fought with a desperation bordering on madness ; 
 neither would yield the paln^, but each retired 
 a short distance, wearied out with fktigue. ' Such 
 a constant and destructive fire was never before 
 sustained by American troops without falling 
 back. 
 
 " The enemy had collected their whole force 
 in the peninsula, and were reinforced by troops 
 ^romLord Wellington's army, just landed from 
 JCingston, For two hours the two hostile Unejs 
 
« 
 
 thfr', ' *"" P'" of our men k!' ^f^ '''»nt 
 the Glongarian reffiiX, '^Wg dresaed Hkl 
 
 •n back. Our reeimfnt n ■ */? " often driv. 
 *«s ordered to ^tteTrfr JPt'""' Mi l?.^; 
 OMfffed, and teok ev»,- ""'"'' battery. ur« 
 cannon. We fc^pt S P'«~, «f the i.emy': 
 ?^non until ISo'clE^th"/ "i* S'''"""! aid 
 back-more than two „?,« ' "%\*'. "''«'' "e all ft,, 
 «ure our oamo. wh^h -^ '^'"» ''«» done to .. 
 •tucked in "itt^ '%«^ "'"enri^ have b^ 
 ».« killecj. and tJ^Ve beLt"" "''"^ »<»t"f 
 oes. we ^t off but two or h! ?!?*' '» the pie. 
 •oeicessitely fatiU'TS ?l ""^*»- The men were 
 ^e '«t one bowliS^ they couldnot dtt^ZV 
 galiop towardlhr r,el*f 'T*' ""'"ff on fS 
 
 de" were , hot efface ho«^"' "■*"' 'h«ri- 
 eneBy', line. We lost oSeL'Z? 'i™''^'' the 
 
 5 ammunition. Th? iLs^^""^^^ ^"'- <^a«ooii 
 ^2!;<>° couldnot be useHitr^ so near tba? 
 The British loss in Su i"* ^^^antage." 
 
 .Ogdensburgh, touchin! 1/? "'"■■^ » ^eek for 
 ^aekrt's Harbour. tL f ®"'^'*« "ver and 
 ;'ay,. rromLewi,tIf„r * " '^« '««e b^ 
 from thence to Sactp.. '^<^tn«'ee river it » £' 
 
 %aen,b„rgh ^5 1"' "^'^'^ P' th^n^^te' 
 
LAKE ONTARta.,* 
 
 t25 
 
 LAKE ONTARIO. 
 
 This lake is in length 171 mlles^ and in cir- 
 ciunference 467. In many places its depth ha* 
 not been ascertained. In the middle a line of 350 
 fathoms has been let down without finding bot- 
 tom. OCthe many islands which this lake oontaios,. 
 the principal is Grand fele, opposite to Kingston. 
 At this place the lake is about 10 miles in width, 
 and from thence it gradually contracts until it 
 reaches Brockville, a distance of about 50 miles, 
 where its widlh is not orer 2 miles. About 40^ 
 miles of this distance is filled with a continued 
 cluster of small islands, whieh from their number 
 have been distinguished by the name of the 
 Thousand Islands. 
 
 Though inferi our in its extent to the remain- 
 ing four great western lakes, Ontario is far from 
 being the least interesting. The north east shore 
 of the liake consists principally of low land, and 
 is in many places marshy. On the north and 
 north-west it is more elevated, and gradually 
 subsides towards the south. The margin of the 
 lake is generally bordered by thick forests, throT 
 which are occasionally se6n little settlements sur- 
 rounded with rich fields of cultivation, termina- 
 ted by lofty ridges of land here and there assum- 
 ing the character of mountains. Some of Xh& 
 highest elevations of land are the cliffs of Toren- 
 to, the Devil's Nose, and the Fifty Mile Hill. The 
 principal rivers whioh empty into the lake oq> 
 the south, are the Genesee and Oswego. At the 
 mouth of the latter is situated a small vi llage anci 
 a fort, of the same name. York, Kingston and 
 Sacketa Harbourrall situated on the- borders •£ 
 
126 
 
 OODKNSCtrJlOH. 
 
 v\ 
 
 St. Lawrence. Thi, ' ". „ ". ^"''''ence wi 'h ,n°'^ 
 
 two .tone b„iM''"""y '■'"• ifica 'on " !"" '«« 
 British tivrrnm^f'y ««cted h ° Y"'"''''' 
 
 hall u ,° *'"« for (he .V^ u '""«'»U'-ffh on 
 
 are u,ua|,y f„ ""ntreul. in 3 day, t? u""*' 
 P'ement fJ /^ ™'«'>ed with everv!,'. ^^ ■"""» 
 
 requisite »r,u^''*' '««er are m!!. ' '*°'' with 
 gene a^' ve J ' "r^""« o? thraTr''""''"""-'^ 
 ou^hoafsan^is';:^;,''' "»" "b^ruc ed^^ ^«»ce i, 
 naviffatn-^.i "'"'«' which bv .» • ^ "umer- 
 
 I-onffue S«m! .u^P"^' "re thre?^! ^^ •>« avoided. 
 Cas^dts^'^^'^ he Rapid, Xced"a™'""'T""' 
 
 terminate about [J 
 
tLlYZK St* LAWAIfiNCS» 
 
 137 
 
 xion with (he 
 
 3 milet frdm the cascades, which, aftei- a broken 
 course of about 3 miUi pdur their foaming wa- 
 ters into Lake St. Louia. Lake St. Frineb, OA 
 the St. Lawreocef is 25 miles luom^, and iU great' 
 est breadth 15^ The borders of the lake are to 
 low that they can scarcely be distinguished in 
 passing along its oentre. At the northern e3^• 
 tremity of Lake St. Francie* on itt south side^ is 
 situated the village of St. Regis, through whioh 
 passes the boundary line between the Canwlat 
 And the Uuited States. • 
 
 The banka of the St. Lawr«nc« exhibit • 
 country remarkably fertile, and in many placet 
 tinder good cultivation. 
 
 The first settlements in this region commenced 
 in 1783. and though scarcely 40 years have elap-> 
 •ed, it now exhibits many of the emboli ishmenta 
 incident to a numerous population and suocessfol 
 improvements. The perpetual varying scenery 
 along its banks, occasionally diversified with smi* 
 ling fields and flourishinff villages, together with 
 the islands and rapids of the St. Lawrence, pre- 
 sent a succession of novelties with which the tnr?* 
 eller cannot fail to be gratified. 
 
 From Lewiston to Montreal is 305 miles, and 
 the intervening distances zte estimated at foh 
 lows : 
 
 ^JUitis* 
 
 mie9. 
 
 Fort Niagara, 
 Genesee River, 
 Great Sodus Bay, 
 Oswego River, 
 Sacket's Harbort 
 Cape Vincent) 
 Morristown, 
 
 1 
 
 Ogdensbutgh, 
 
 13 
 
 74 
 
 Gallop Islandf» 
 
 S. 
 
 35 
 
 Hamilton, 
 
 19 
 
 28 
 
 St. Regis, 
 
 d$ 
 
 40 
 
 La Ciiittt^, 
 
 ^ 
 
 20 
 
 Montreal, 
 
 9 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 n 
 
m 
 
 KONTRlAE, 
 
 MONTREAL, 
 
 thiZ'^ltfC'fa.'^'l't <"»• Wand o. 
 - •»'! 170 from Quebec i'l^'" Ogdensburgh! 
 « 30 mile,, ito mean breldtt '?"?'/< ""'""«» 
 fcreace about 70j Tha ,.il. ' """^ "* "'""m- 
 St. Lawrence, abtut 2 ^j? V«t°* "onff the 
 WiJem width. The hniu- ^"^ """^ ha-f a 
 
 PO'fd but narrow street, f .1 '"' ''enlarly di,. 
 encircled the city iJhich h .u"* '^l *>nneriy 
 
 Mhed. Montreal is" ivfdid i„f .u'-''^ "''""'l- 
 Wer towM. The latter J ,1° *''* "PP*"- •"'I 
 . Hotel Die„, founded^ ,«4/ 1^^ T'""' ">» 
 nor and thirty mm/„i. ' *^ *°^ °n«ler a supe. 
 ininister reliitS^e Zck^T"'^*^'"' " *» «d- 
 that*«pitaL, The rri^V^" "'* received into 
 
 But smce the i^volS J5 k*"" »"«'t"tion. 
 ioffl of jt, principaTfund^' ,^^"* '"»''«<"ie<l the 
 Its re.ources have h..„ "^ !?*" "*«'«'! >n Paris 
 .o«e propeHyt Unj T°^fi"«^to the avails of 
 
 the Ca.h W, the Enslfah r?''*':'**''" "o"'"^ 
 ry, theConvem of Kh«m ""i' "*» S«»ina. 
 S«ter, of Notre Dame tSI' "'"' '?" "^ ""e 
 or convent of the Grey Si,.! ^^oeral hospital; 
 Janto of the St LaSe'Tji.'J, '?"'*'' °° '"e' 
 '^vVeT-Tl^rs^^t^Hi^reS^^^^^^^^ 
 
 "dis u-derTet^'^emeTor"''''^'" '^^ 
 nineteen nuns. ''■«>«««« of a superior and 
 
 ^^'^''ist%:^l^^^. "' -» - at 
 •kriva a revenur/rom ^"'^"''o- The clerffy 
 
 --u-erthea^c^rreS^d'-^lrtr! 
 
KONTREAli. 
 
 12^ 
 
 loutions ordained bj the church. Besides these, 
 <a principal source of reienue is from theimes 
 for alicaatioD, which amount to about 8 per 
 cent, paid by the puVchaser of r^al estate, every 
 time the same is sold, and which extends tu sales 
 of all real estates, in the seigniory or islanu of 
 Montreal. 
 
 The city, including its fiuburbs, contains 25,* 
 000 inhabitants. 
 
 The mountain of Montrea:!, from which th« 
 city takes its name, rises al»out 2 1*2 miles dis- 
 tant. It is elevated 700 feet above the level of 
 the river, and extendi from north to south 2 
 miles. This spot has already been selected for 
 the residence of some private gentlemen, 
 whose elegant white mansions appear beautiful 
 in contrast with tne surrounding foliage. 1 he 
 island of St. Heiena, immediately opposite the 
 city, is a delightful little spot, from whence is had 
 a fine view of Montreal, with its lofty mountain 
 in the back ground, the settlements of Longueil, 
 6t. Lambert and La Prairie de la Madalene. on 
 the eastern side of the river, and the waters of the 
 St. Lawrence, dashing over the rocks of La Chine, 
 and sweeping their course around a variety of isl- 
 ands. 
 
 The St. Lawrence, from Montreal to Quebec, 
 is navigated by a number of steam boats, all of 
 which possess every necessary accommodation 
 to render the passage pleasant. The finest boat 
 in the line is said to be the Lady Sherbrook, 
 which is much the largest, and of about 800 tons 
 burthen. A journey to Quebec and back agai% 
 which 6 or 8 years since was the labour of some 
 weeks, may now be accomplished, by means of 
 jthe steam boats, in less than 4 days. The di|# 
 
 # 
 
i30 
 
 ^^^tiAK-asHur, &c. 
 
 fc»ft*IS?^J;«»,,tt« fctt. of ,„ old foH. 
 
 •oout isoo. Wg„, ,C~r^' If' population ■•- 
 
 •/•*■•._ J * «*Md«ce of fh. #-< . ' Which wa» 
 «^Canoda, dnrine the JLil <^<>Temor General 
 J»** "»e town, the r^t '?""'*'■ »o»ths. Oono 
 «*»«<l.,nd fe«vLbu f ^™' " "bont SSOySfd." 
 
 *««> «f 1-ke C^n?;^'*;'.,?:''''''' ■»"•'•" the 
 
 fr^^d^^S^-^vtti'ii^ 
 
 fr-^ ^Quebec, ^"""»'Tho«a5, on <he,V^t;;t? 
 
 "« wrrent, and are Cm V^ f ]? ''""^ but l/t. 
 "e upper end of «^. TT * '° ' 1 feet dsen At 
 
 ^^ a?e inte^.%S:d'thi:h""'*'^«f-«"ii 
 it«t occur in the S( r . "" ""e only ones 
 
 . Thbbb River* .> ,1. 
 wee, T/hich is diyid;d h^*""""' "'■"'0 St. Wan- 
 
 iPWn Fas formerly th,6 
 
THREE RIVERS, &e. 
 
 131 
 
 seat of the Colonial Government, and is now cod* 
 sidered the third in importance in the province* 
 It contains about 320 houses, including a Ro- 
 man Catholic and an Episcopal Church,^ and a 
 Conyeat of Ursulines. The number of inhabi* 
 tants is estimated at 2500. Some miles up the 
 St Maurice are the celebrated falls of Shawin* 
 negame, a beautiful cataract of about 100 feet 
 descent. 
 
 The population of Lower Canada is prihci 
 pally found on the banks of the St. Lawrence. 
 Nearly the whole distance frwn Montreal to Que- 
 bec exhibits a cultivated tract, extending from 
 the shores back about a mile, bounded by thick 
 forests, and studded with numerons white* washed 
 residences, which are generally erected in the 
 vicinity of a church <ledicated to some patron 
 saint. The scenery of the St. Lawrence is oc- 
 casionally relieved by the prospect of the distant 
 mountains, the highest of which does not exceed 
 2000 feet, but rising in the back ground of the 
 cultivated vales along the bortlers of the rivef, 
 give an additional degi ec of beauty and novelty 
 to many of its landscapes. The alternate variety 
 of the waters of the St. Lawrence, now reposing 
 in stillness on the bosom of an expanded lake, 
 and now rushing with the rapidity of a cataract, 
 added to the pleasing effect of the landscape 
 scenery, afford an agreeable repast to the tourist, 
 until he reaches the classic scenes ot Quebec. 
 Soon af^er leaving Cape Rouge and the little 
 village of St. Nicholas, near the mouth of the 
 Chaudiere river, the towers and citadel of this 
 famous city open to view, situated on a rock of 
 345 feet in height. In approaching the city you 
 pa?8 SiUery River and Cove, and Wolfe's Core,, 
 
U2 
 
 « 
 
 QUEBEC, 
 
 From Montreal to o..i> "''''"'''« •'•"••e 
 foHows , '» Quebec the distance^re a, 
 
 William Henrv •^'''''^ »,.■ 
 
 yjj. ■ QUEBEC. , ' 
 
 K^a^V? ' -^- ^'"ree^in^^ '^^^^ 
 for A «o ^''^ ''^^er f usf ,„« - *^ ^^^ base of 
 
 Pf the rocfe a''„rf ." "■*<«"«d on th. 
 
 western extremis f '"bl^hm^nt Vu '° "•« 
 
 ^'I'irh termtaied i^*!! ^'"«'^«»'' aZ fe m''/ 
 ffomerv tk ''^ "*6 death of r- •'^ r '^^5, 
 
 ArnowVa?^ r-"'^"'^ attack J"^ '""'"- 
 ^ ffty, were t^e|, prMp^i^'J"'*^' n^, 
 
 ■«%- 
 
qU£S£C< 
 
 133^ 
 
 The Upper Town is approached on the north- 
 western side through a foot passage of stairs, ter* 
 minating in Mountain-street, and leading through 
 the Grand Prescott Gate, within the walls of the 
 city. The houses are principally constructed of 
 stone, which is almost the only material for buil- 
 ding, and are of very unequal height. A great 
 part of the city is taken up by the religious and 
 military establishments, which, with their courts 
 and gardens, leave the streets very irregular, and 
 uneven, and give rather an unfavorable impres- 
 sion of the taste and elegance of its inhabitants. 
 
 The Castle ef St. Iiouis stfinds on the verge 'of 
 the precipice towards the St. Lawrence, support-^ 
 fid by lofty pillars, built up from the rock below. 
 The building is a plain yellow structure of stone, 
 62 feet long, 45 broad, and 3 stories high. It 
 oontains the residence of the Governor JGencral 
 of Canada, and several apartments occupied as 
 offices for the civil and military branches of the 
 government. Seven thousand pounds were voted 
 in 1808, for the repair and embellishment of the 
 structure. The furniture, it is said, descends as 
 private property^i and is to be paid for by each 
 successive Goverbor. 
 
 Of the several charitable Catholic institutions 
 :n Quebec, the principal are, the Hotel Dieu, 
 founded in 1637, for the sick poor, under the 
 management of a superior and 43 nuns — and 
 the General Hospital, on the bank of the St. 
 Charles, about one mile from the city, founded 
 in 1693, for poor sick and mendicants, and under 
 the control of a superior and 37 sisters. 
 
 The Catholic establishments consist of a spa- 
 cious Cathedral ; a Seminary, founded iw 1663, 
 for the instriiQtion of male Ciitholic members | 
 
A 
 
 134 
 
 GENERAL MONTOOMEaY. 
 
 Qnd the Ursuline Convent, founded in 1639, an^ 
 devoted exclusively to the education of females. 
 This last is possessed by a superior and 36 nuns. 
 
 The Monastery, or College of the Jesuits, foun- 
 ded in 1635, was once considered as the first insti- 
 tution on the continent of North America, for the 
 instruction of young men After the declension 
 of that fraternity it devolved on the British 
 Crown, and has recently been converted into a 
 commodious barrack for the troops. 
 
 The artillery barracks were built by the 
 French, in 1750, and occupy a apace of 527 feet 
 by 40. They contain arms in constant readiness 
 for not less than 20,000. 
 
 The Bishop's Palace is situated near the com- 
 munication with the Lower Town, and is now oc- 
 cupied by the Provincial Parliament, and for va- 
 rious public oflioes and a library. 
 
 The best specimens of modern structure in the 
 city, are the court house, the new gaol, and the 
 Protestant Cathedral, ell built of stone, and ex^ 
 hibiting a handsome and regular appearance. 
 The Place d'Armes and Parade will also be dee- 
 med worthy of notice to a stranger. 
 
 Quebec is situated from Montreal l70 mile^i, 
 320 miles from the ocean, 400 from Albany, and 
 547 from the city of New-York. Its population 
 amounts to 15,000. 
 
 Near the citadel of Quebec, which stands on 
 the highest part of Cape Diamond, were deposit- 
 ed the remains of 
 
 GENERAL MONTGOMERY, 
 
 Who fell in the attempt to take the cit;; by as- 
 sault, on the fatal night of the 3 1st D.evember, 
 ^775. This gallant soldier was a native of Ire- 
 
eENERAL MONTGOMERY* 
 
 135 
 
 land. In early life be entered the British serTice 
 as a captain of infantry, and served, with distiiir 
 guished credit, in the war which ended in 1763, 
 fa 1759 he was partiqular'y distinguished whilst 
 fighting; under the banners of General Wolfe, al- 
 most on the very spot where his life was termi- 
 nated in the defence of freedom. I^e afterwards 
 resigned his commission, and deviled himself to 
 the service of Am^^rica, his adopted country. 
 
 At the commencement of the Revolution, 
 Montgomery wa« appointed to lead the Amerl* 
 can army to the conquest of the Canadas Hav- 
 ing succeeded in taking Montreail, he, with his 
 little army, in the midst of winter, pressed for- 
 ward to the reduction of Quebec. Here ^'-he 
 was joined by General Arnold, with whom 
 was cQncerted the plan of the assault, and who 
 afterwards assisted in its execution. The ar- 
 mies, under their respective commanders, were 
 to commence a simultaneous attack at two 
 different points, that of Montgomery being, as has 
 been observed, at the south western extremity of 
 the Lower Town, at Cape Diamond, and that ©f 
 Arnold at the opposite extremity, about 2 miles 
 distant. When Montgomery was leading on the 
 attack, the enemy retreated before him In pass- 
 ing round Cape Diamond, the ice and projecting 
 rocks rendered it necessary for the Americans to 
 press forward in a narrow file, until they arrir 
 ved at the block house and picket. ^ The Gen- 
 eral Was himself in front, and assisted with his 
 own hands to put down and pull up the picket. 
 The roughness of the way had so lengthened his 
 line of march, that he was obliged to wait for ^ 
 force to come up before he coul'l proceed. Hav- 
 if)g re-assembled about 200 mei^, he advanced 
 
136 
 
 PLAINS OF ABRAHAM. 
 
 Isoldly and rapidly at their head to force the bar- 
 rier. One or two of the enemy had by this time 
 ventured to return to the battery, and seeing a 
 matclfstanding^by one of the guns, touched it off, 
 ^hen the American force was within 40 paces of 
 it. This single and accidental fire struck down 
 General Montgomery, his aids, Captain M'Pher- 
 sou and Captiin Cbeesman/* 
 
 The remains of Montgomery were removed, in 
 1818, from C^uebec to New- York, where they 
 were deposited in St. Paul's Church, beneath a 
 monument erected to his memory by the United 
 States. The identity of the remains were es- 
 tablished by an old soldier, who was present 
 when Montgomery fell, and who assisted in his 
 
 THE PLAINS OF ABRAHAM, 
 
 Lie south and west of Quebec, and commence 
 immediately on leaving the Gate of St. Louis. It 
 is not without the most peculiar sensations that 
 the stranger casts his eye over this classic spot. 
 He beholds nothing at present but an extensive 
 plain, which the progress of improvement or mil- 
 itary prudence has rid of its forests, glowing in 
 all the verdure of summer ; but he remembers 
 the deeds which have made it a scene of interest 
 to the admirers of heroic valour and military 
 prowess. Here the Marquis de Montcalm anil 
 General Wolfe, with the respective armies under 
 their command, fought the famous battle which 
 resultc J in the death of both commanders, and 
 terminated the empire of the French in North 
 America. Never did the glory of the soldier 
 jjhine with greater lustre, or his heroism com- 
 ;nand a greater tribute of applause, thiin )3i4 
 
GENERAL WOLFE. 
 
 ts-f 
 
 iment or mil- 
 
 tivat of Wolfe on the memorable plains of' Abran' 
 
 ham. 
 
 In 1759, Wolfe was entrustea with the comi-" 
 mand fof the reduction of Quebec, and arrived 
 in the St. Lawrence the 31sl of June, in the same 
 year. Be found the city strongly garrisoned by 
 the French troops, under the command of the 
 TWarquis de Montcalm. The natural defences of 
 the place, which were much strengthened by ar^ 
 tidcial fortifications, forbade any other approach 
 than by repelling the enemy without the walls. 
 For this purpose a disadvantageous attack was 
 made on the French array at Montmorencit 
 where the British wer« defeated with considera- 
 ble loss, and driven back to their former posi- 
 tion, at Point Levi. After some days, the troops 
 Were again embarked^ and conveyed J leagues 
 above the city. About midnight of the 12th of 
 September, General Welfe, with his army, left 
 the ships in boats, with a view of landing about 
 one league above Cape Diamond, and thus to 
 gain the heights of Abraham. But in conse- 
 quence of the rapidity of the current, they fell- 
 below their intended place, and disembarked at 
 Wolfe's Cove, a mile asid a half above the city. 
 They were frequently challenged by the senti- 
 nels posted along the shore, but owing to the de- 
 ception of the boatmen, they were permitted to 
 pass unmolested, and to gain a landings The 
 precipice at the Cove, from 150 to 200 feet in 
 height, and full of projections of rocks and 
 trees, seemed to be rendered almost inaccessible. 
 General Wolfe, however, with unparalled forti- 
 tude, led the way through a i^rrow path winding 
 obliquely up the hill, which, with the assistance 
 of boughs and stumps, enabled hiiA and his troops^ 
 
 
 "^, 
 
138 tALti Oi* ilONTMOKE^Cf. 
 
 to gfftin the summit. Here, by day liglit the 
 tiext day, they, were formed in line of battle^ 
 in readiness to meet the enemy. 
 
 Genetal Montcalm, on teceiring infbrmation 
 that the British had possession of the heights^ 
 iroke up his camp at Beaufort, crossed the St. 
 Charles river, and at about 10 o'clock in the 
 morning of the 12th September, commenced the 
 attack. The numbers engaged on each side 
 Were nearly equal. The want of artillery, on 
 the part of the English, gave to Montcalm an 
 advantage which for a time seemed to dedide the 
 iate of the contest in his favour. This misfor- 
 tune, however, instead of dispiriting, mspired 
 the British with greater ardour and r<^s?)lution. 
 After a desperate struggle of about two hours, in 
 Krhich both commanders had been mortally 
 wounded, the French gave way, and left the field 
 in the possession of the victors. 
 
 Wolfe fell at the critical moment that decided 
 the victory. He was wounded ih the early part 
 of the engagement by a bullet ii his wrist-^soon 
 ai^er by a ball Which passed through his groin — 
 and it was not till a third had pierced his breast^ 
 that he suffered himself to be carried from the 
 field. ** 1 die happy," wjs his exclamation, when 
 in the arms of death he heard the joyful shouts 
 of victory. A loose stone, 4 or 5 feet in length, 
 and 2 or 3 in breadth, now marks the spot where 
 Wolfe expired. 
 
 ■ » 
 
 The Falls of Moittm oRBNct, are situated 
 about 5 miles north of Quebec, on the river of 
 the same name, near its junction with the St. 
 Lawrence. These falls pour over a perpendicu- 
 lar precipice 2S0 feet in height^ and may almost 
 
CRAMBLY — ST. JOHNS. 
 
 139 
 
 ^poipare in beauty and grandeur with the cata- 
 ract of Niagara. The Chaudiere falls are form- 
 ed by the waters of the river Chaudiere, whicl^ 
 at the precipice are ^40 yards in breadth, antl 
 are preeipitat(>d about 100 perpendicular feet. 
 These, together with the scenery of Orleans, d 
 beautiful island 6 miles down the river, Beaufort 
 and Point Levi, will always afford a pleasing ex- 
 cursion to the tourist at Quebec. 
 
 The passage up the St. Lawreuce is more ar- 
 duous than its descent. The steam boats, of 
 which there are no less than 7, leave Montreal 
 and arrive at Quebec after a passage of two 
 nights and one day. In returfiing they are gen- 
 erally two days aiid three nights, thbugh the pas- 
 sage is frequently performed in much less time. 
 The regular fare is $tO, to (Quebec — ^returning, 
 $12. 
 
 From Montreal the St. Lawrence is crossed in 
 ft horse boat to Lbngueil, a distance of 2 miles. 
 After leaving Longueil the country becomes re- 
 marl^able le^el, until you reach 
 
 Chamblt, 13 miles distant. This is a con- 
 siderable town, on the river Sorel, containing ex- 
 tensive barracks and some troops. In the vicinity 
 is High Mountain, which confines between its co- 
 nical summits a lake of pure water. The fort 
 is built^of stone, in a quadrangular form, and re- 
 sembles in its appearance an ancient castle. From 
 
 this place the road follows the river, until you ar- 
 
 tive at 
 
 St. Johns, a distance of 12 miles. This place 
 xias an important post during the French and 
 Evolutionary wars. In the latter it was taken,' 
 
 'A 
 
 n 
 
140 
 
 LAKE CHAIIPLArir. 
 
 after n gallAnt defence, by'Oeneral Montg;omeiy, 
 ■• wtti also Chambly. It ooDtaini, at preient, 
 about 100 houiei and RCK) inhabitant!. Though 
 a plaoe of oonMiderablt buiineii, it poiicBPei 
 nothing in iti appearance or acGommodationB in- 
 viting to a stranger. I'ho steam boat Phoenii: 
 ^avet here for Whitehall twice a week, ou 
 Monday and FridHy, at 8 A. M. touching at all 
 the intermediate places. The passage through is 
 ^8. Proportional deduotioni are made for the in- 
 termediate distanoef. 
 
 LAKE CHAMPLATN, 
 
 Forms part of the boundary line between the 
 states of New-Yoi k and Vermont. Its length is 
 140 miles, and its greatest breadth 14. A great 
 proportion of the lands on the margin of the lake 
 are still unredeemed from a state of nature, and 
 jki some places, particularly at the north end, are 
 low and marshy. After entering the territories 
 •f the United States, the country is more popu- 
 lousy and under a better state of improvement. 
 The villages seen from the lake all exhibit a 
 •heerful and thriving appearance. The lake 
 property terminates at Mount Independence, 
 from whence to Whitehall, a distance of 30 
 miles, it assumes the appearance of a river, m 
 which little more than room is left, at any point* 
 to turn the boat. The history of Chemplain in- 
 volves many interesting events associated with 
 the French and Revolutionary wars. During; 
 those periods several fortificatione were construc- 
 ted, which have since undergone somo rcpaiiTt 
 but are now in a .state of decay. The ruins ti( 
 the ancient fortresses at Ticondcroga and Croyn. 
 Point are still vii ible, /" 
 
 ^^ 
 
'r'^-Tf 
 
 R0U8£^S POINT — PLATlBBUnUH. 141 
 
 RoviK^s Point, at the enlrnnce of the river 
 gorel into Lake Chumplain, oontuini strong itont 
 (ortificailoD , erected by the United Stateii, hut 
 wiiicli, by \ le recent decision of the nomraiiiaion- 
 ers appointed to settle the houndary line ))e>> 
 tweco the American and Dritish govei-ninenti» 
 fell withio the territories of the latter. 
 
 The ViLi.AOR Of PrATTHOfTRoH, in hand* 
 
 flnmrly located hI the mouth of the i^rannc river, 
 01) thn west side of Lnkf^ Clinmphiin. It con- 
 t.iitis about 300 dwelling, hi'sides the court 
 hou^e and prison for the county. The number 
 r( iriiiabitivnisi'^ about 12U0. 'I'his place is ren- 
 dered celebraled by the brilliant victory of Mc- 
 l)ouou;»;h and Macomb, over t.)o British land and 
 uiival forces under Sir George Prevost and Com- 
 modore Downie. The naval engagement took 
 place in front of the village, which uverleoks the 
 extensive Buy of Plultsburgh for several milcf. 
 Hore the American Commodore waited at an- 
 chor the arrival of the British fleet, which np- 
 ppjired passing Cumberland Head, about Bin the 
 morning of the 1 1th of September, IBll. The 
 first gun from the fleet was the sigK.:il for com- 
 mencing the Httftck on latjd. Sir George Pre- 
 vost, with about 14,000 men, furiously as-auUed 
 the defences of the town, whilst the battle ruged 
 with increasing ardour between the fleefs, then 
 I'ontending in full view of the re.-peotivc ar- 
 mies. General Macomb, with his gallant little 
 army, consisting of about 3000 men, mostly undi- 
 ciplined, foiled the repeated assaults of the ene* 
 my, until the capture of the British fleet, after 
 an action of two hours, oblisred him to retire, with 
 the loss of 2500 men, together with considerable 
 
 ■.:t' 
 
142 
 
 DOWNIE^S MONUMENT. 
 
 bsggage and ammunition. The American forc($ 
 on the hike consisted of 86 guns, and 820 men — 
 ana was opposed to a force of 95 guns, and 1050 
 men. Thus ended the aflfair at Plattsburgh, no 
 less honourable to American valour than derog- 
 atory to the British arms Commodore Downie 
 was killed in the engagement. He was repre> 
 sented as a brave and skilful ofneer ; but was op- 
 pose4 to the method of attack on the American 
 flotilla. Both fleets are now dismantled, and 
 moored at Whitehall. 
 
 The monument erected to the memory of 
 Commodore Downie, in the church yard at 
 plattsburgh, coiXtains the following inscription : 
 
 SACRED 
 
 «- To the memory of 
 
 GEORGE DOWNIE, ESQ. 
 
 A Post-Captain in the Royal British Navy, 
 
 who gloriously fell on board 
 
 Hi? B. M. S. the Confiancc, 
 
 while leading the Vessels 
 
 under his command 
 
 to the attack of the American Flotilla 
 
 at anchor in Cumberland Bay, 
 
 off Plattsburgh, 
 on the 1 1th September, 1814. * 
 
 fq mark the 8^)01 where the remains of a ga^* 
 
 lant Officer and sincere friend were 
 
 honourbly interred, 
 
 This stone has been erected 
 
 by hia affectionate Sister-m-Law, 
 
 Mary Dowoie. 
 
PORT KENT--ADGATe's FALLS, 148 
 
 The remains of a number of officers of both 
 armies, who fell in the engagement, repose near 
 the Commodore, with no monument to inform 
 the stranger, and with no record but tradition to 
 denote the spot of their interment East of Dow- 
 nie are 5 graves, occurring in the following or- 
 der : Commencing south — Capt. Copeland, an 
 American oificer — Lieut. Stansbury, of the A- 
 merican navy — Lieut. Runk, of the American ar- 
 my — Lieut Gamble, of the American navy — and 
 a British Sergeant. On the north side of Dow- 
 l>ie are the remains of Lieut. Col. Wellington — 
 on the south, two British Lieutenants — on the 
 west, Captain Purchase and 4 other officers, 3 of 
 whom were British. 
 
 PaRT Kent, is a spot selected on the lake shore 
 for a new town or village, 17 miles southerly of 
 Plattsburgh, by land, and 15 miles by water. 
 There are a few buildings, and a wharf erected, 
 at which passengers are landed from the steam 
 boat. From this place may be seen, on the north, 
 the Isle La Mott, 26 miles distant, Grand Isle, the 
 Two Sisters, Point La Roche, Cumberland Head, 
 and Belcore and Macomb's Islands. On the east, 
 Stave, Providence and Hog Islands, Colchester 
 Point, and the Green Mountains of Vermont. 
 On the south, the village of Burlington, about 11 
 miles distant, with the high peak called the Cam- 
 ers Rump. The whole forming a most delightful 
 and pleasing landscape, not excelled in any oth- 
 er point of the lake passage. Three miles west 
 from Port Kent are the celebrated 
 
 Adgate's Falls, well worthy of the atten- 
 tion of the tourist. The falls are situated on the 
 
 12* 
 
144 HIGH BRIDGE— BURLINGTON. 
 
 river Asauble, and take their name from a person 
 residing thfere, and who is the proprietor of some 
 valuable mills in the vicinity. The water pours 
 over a precipice about 80 feet in height, into a 
 narrow channel of th> river, the banks of which 
 consist of rock, rising perpendicularly to the 
 height of from 60 to 100 feet. At what is call- 
 ed the 
 
 High Bridge, about half a mile below the 
 falls, the channel is narrowed to 27 feet. The 
 height of the rocks here, which are perpendicu- 
 lar, is 93 feet, and the water 35 feet deep. Over 
 this chpjsm*a bridge was once erected, by throwing 
 timbers across ; but it is now principally in de« 
 c;ay. The sensations produced on looking into 
 this gulf aVe terrific, and the stoutest heart invol^ 
 untarily shrinks fropa the contemplation. There 
 is an indifferent rend from the falls to the High 
 Bridge, but with this exception the spot is yet tt 
 wilderness. 
 
 Burling TON, is situated on the east side of 
 Lake Champlain, about 24 miles south east of 
 Plattsburgh. This is one of those beautiful vil- 
 la^s which so often attract the nctice of a stran- 
 ger in the New England states. The ground ri- 
 ses with a moderate ascent from the lake, and 
 present^ a slope eovered with handsome houses 
 .^and trees. On the highest part of the eminence, 
 ^ which is 330 feet above the level of the lake* 
 * formerly stood the college called the University 
 of Vermont, which was recently burnt by acci- 
 dent. This summit commands a noble view of 
 the lake, and the adjacent country, for many 
 inilea. Preparations are making for the erediua 
 
SPLIT ROCK — CROWN-POINT. 145 
 
 of three new buildings on this spot, for the ac- 
 commodatien of the students of the University, 
 of whom there are at present about 100. There 
 are here 200 houses and stores, besides a bank, 
 court bouse, gaol, and tw^ churches. Aboiit 12 
 jiiiles from Burlington, in the town of Willsbo- 
 rough, (N. Y.) is what is called the 
 
 Split Rock. This curiosity is a part of a 
 rocky promontory projecting into the lake, on the 
 west side, about 150 feet, and elevated aboVe the 
 level of the water about 12 feet. The part bro- 
 ken oif contains about half an acre, covered with 
 trees, und is separated from the main rock about 
 20 feet. The oppoeite sides exactly fit each 
 other — the prorainen<ies in the one correspond. ng 
 with the cavities in the other. Through this fis- 
 sure a line has been let down to the depth of 
 500 feet, without finding bottom. 
 
 CrownPoint, is situated 36 miles from Bur- 
 lington, on the wesi side of Lake Champlain. It 
 is formed by an extensive deep bay on the west, 
 skirted by a steep mountain, and on the north 
 and east by the body of the lake. This elevated 
 plain was first occupied by the Fr^ench, in 1731, 
 as a military position, and abandoned by them in 
 1759, when General Amherst took possession of" 
 it, and built Fort Frederick, The ruins of thia 
 fort .may still be traced, being situated directly 
 opposite to Chimney Point on the south side of 
 the bay. After*the peace of 1763, it was occu- 
 pied by a subaltern anil a mere safe|;uard, until 
 it was burnt by accident some time previous to 
 the American Revolution, tn 1775 it fell into 
 the hands of the Americans, and was afterwards 
 
146 
 
 WHITEHALL, 
 
 evacuated by them, on the advance of Burgoyne, 
 in 1776. A few years since, a number of British 
 guineas were found heie, from the accideutal 
 crumbling of the earth from the banks, where 
 they had been deposited. 
 
 TicohDEROGA, which has already been noti^ 
 eed, is situated 15 miles from Crown- Point, and 
 24 miles north from Whitehall. 
 
 From Montreal to Whitehall the intervening 
 distances are as follows : 
 
 
 Miles. 
 
 J 
 
 mies. 
 
 Longueil, 
 
 2 
 
 Burlington, 
 
 11 
 
 Chambly, 
 
 13 
 
 Split Rock, 
 
 12 
 
 St Johns, 
 
 12 
 
 Essex, 
 
 2 
 
 Isle Aux Noix, 
 
 14 
 
 Basin Harbour, 
 
 12 
 
 Rouse's Point, 
 
 10 
 
 Crown Point, 
 
 12 
 
 Chsizy, 
 
 12 
 
 Ticontleroga, 
 
 15 
 
 Plattsburgh, 
 
 16 
 
 Whitehall, 
 
 ?4 
 
 Port Kent, 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 Whitehaw. terminates the steam boat naviga- 
 tion of Lake Champlain. It is an incorporated vil- 
 lage situated on the west bank of Wood Creek at 
 its entrance into the lake 73 miles north of Alba- 
 ]&y, and contains about 70 dwellings & stores and 
 500 inhabitants. The situation of this place is 
 low and unpleasant ; and it derives its principal 
 consequence from the navigation of the lake 
 which is passable for sloops of 80 tons burthen as 
 far as St. Johns. The northern canal, which 
 enters the lake at this place, will no doubt add 
 much to its importance as a place of trade. A 
 Regular line of stage^r run from Whitehall to 
 Albany, every day in the week, passing through 
 Fort Annt Sandy Hill^ Fort Edward, Saratoga, 
 
WHITEHALrU 
 
 147 
 
 56 of Burg^oyne 
 
 nober of British 
 
 the accideutal 
 
 banks, where 
 
 idy been notf, 
 wn-Point, and 
 
 e intervening 
 
 n. 
 
 rbour, 
 »int, 
 
 boatnavl^- 
 Torated vil- 
 od Creek at 
 «*th of Alba- 
 
 fe stores and 
 bis place is 
 ts principal 
 f the lake 
 burthen as 
 nal, which 
 doubt add 
 trade. A 
 »Jtehall to 
 ig: throug:h 
 Saratog;a, 
 
 Stillwater and Water ford. Regular packet boat? 
 also depart for Albany every Tuesday and Satcuv 
 day trt 8 A. M. The fare is 4 cents per mile, inclu- 
 ding board. On the arrival of the packet boat 
 at Fort Edward, stages are always in readiness 
 to start for Albany, Saratoga and BallstoEi 
 Springs. 
 
 THE NORTHERN CANAL, 
 
 Commencing at Whitenall, proceeds 5 1-2 
 miles, when it enters Wood Creek, a narrow 
 sluggish stream, averaging 16 feet in depth. This 
 creek is connected with the ,<;aDal, and is render- 
 ed navigable for the boats, for about 6 1-2 miles, 
 to Fort Ann villdge.- From thence the canal 
 proceeds through parts of Fort Ann and Kin^'s- 
 bury, to Fort Edwa»'d. where is a.dfim across the 
 Hudson river 27 feet i^ height, and 900 feet in 
 > length, constructed ^Lt an expense of $30,000, for 
 the purpose of supplying the level of the canal 
 above with water. At Fort Edward, boats des- 
 cend by locks into the Hudson river, and after a 
 distance of 8 miles pass around the Fort Miller 
 Falls, by a canal 1-2 mile in length, entering the 
 river again on the west side. From thence the 
 river is made navigable 3 miles to Saratoga 
 Xalls, where the canal is taken out of the river on 
 the west side, and proceeds through Saratoga, 
 Stillwater and Halfmoon, to Waterford, where it 
 enters the Hudson, and by a branch canal enters 
 the Mohawk, which it crosses by a dam, and after 
 passing 3-4 of a mile joins the Erie cana! in.the 
 town of Watervleit. The whole length of the 
 Champlain canal is 63 miles. The cost to the 
 state, exclusive of the proposed feeder from ^-^ 
 jbQve GlenV Falls, is $875,000, 
 
148 
 
 "^V tEBANOW. 
 
 \ 
 
 VVh^tehailand Albany, ,," Islr^^ *^^- 
 
 Fort Edward, 
 SchuylervjJIe, 
 
 ^2 Stillwater V 
 
 » ^^cbanics vine, 
 Wateriord, ' 
 Jfatervleit, 
 Gibbon's Ville 
 -Albany, ' 
 
 2 
 8 
 3 
 2 
 
 21-2 
 3 
 8 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 «>' B^"o^' whL"^*^'/ '"'^* '"ree «„«, . „ . 
 ^y. b S/'""^' ■•- the to;a „f ^ 
 
 5e;\r- ,^;:tu' '"^^^^^^ 
 
 issues from fK« -i ^^ beverao-e rp^*,.^«'ers, 
 da^^P fi? u^® ®'^® <»^ a hio-i, h7„ • ^^® fountain 
 uance, discharg-ino- «* tu ° "*"» '» ffreat ahnv. 
 
 The waler « remarkab,» ''*"''*^«'-«JM«r. 
 
 vras, in con- 
 
I^ITTSFIELD. 
 
 149 
 
 siderable quantities, escapes from the pebbles and 
 sand, and keeps the water in constant motion. 
 It contains small quantities of Muriate of Lime, 
 Muriate of Soda, Sulphate of Lime, and Carbo* 
 nate of Lime; and its temperature is73 deg. of 
 Farenheit 
 
 Convenient bathing-houses are kept in readi« 
 uesss at all times, for the accommodation of 
 strangers ; and there are a nunfber of boardings 
 establishments, which, at different rates, afford 
 proportionate fare. • 
 
 Near the spring is what is called the Shaker'g 
 Village, containing a number of neat plain buiU 
 dings, generally painted yellow. The property 
 of this society is held in common ; and they are 
 said to possess nearly 3000 acres of ertile land. 
 Besides agricultural pursuits, they carry on seve- 
 ral branches of manufactures, which are distin- 
 guished by excellence of workmanship. The 
 singular regulations and ceremonies of these 
 people, constitute an object of attention to tour- 
 ists. Nine miles from New Lebanon is the vil- 
 lage of 
 
 •it. 
 
 PiTTSFiELD, rendered elegant from its local 
 situation, and from the neatness of its buildings. 
 The village contains about 150 houses, a bank, 
 an accademy, printing office, and several stores. 
 Here are annually held the Cattle Show and 
 Fair of the celebrated Berkshire Agricultural 
 Society, which has been incoi^fiorated by act of 
 the legislature ; and. which has done more to- 
 wards improving the condition of agriculture, 
 than any other institution of the kind in the. Un« 
 ion. The show and fair, which occupy two days, 
 never fail to impart an unusual degree of inter- 
 
fso 
 
 «'t ; and are 
 
 NORTHAMPTOS', &c. 
 
 o/ci,r;e«!'''""'^'"««»«'<Hl by 
 
 "nmense crowds' 
 
 Mid ..one of the fiDe,t to,^''*? '™»> P'tbfieM 
 I « situated a mile ,^d "?«' "" '^""-E-Sland' 
 ^"t n , „d contain, ?^i^„^"'?fCo^ecti: 
 
 feu. sj;,r ?n ^^^^^ 
 
 •everal mnuhcZZisJ^J^ "»'«• There a« 
 
 b't, an unusual de,r2 'fe^le?^ i.'^'' P>-e e^^! 
 
 vr ••'i'rize and wealtb 
 
 neignt of this niouitain .k .""Pton. Tha 
 
 "verii l(T70feet r? ''°^® 'he level of .? . 
 to thi, place, whth ^,°f "™*' of the re/oi 
 
5?fe";'; 
 
 ■ i 
 
 immense crowds' 
 
 ^rom Pittsfield, 
 
 ''^ of Conned: 
 
 Pnnting^-office, 
 '"ngrs, some of 
 lurch, wbich i» 
 
 • There ar^ 
 ne place exhi- 
 e and wealth. 
 
 »%» w much' 
 ^d on the east 
 mptoh. The 
 
 ^*!fJofthe^ • 
 01 the resort 
 ss than frow 
 «^o^ buildings 
 
 the purpose 
 efreshments^ 
 ect affordetT 
 ?^Ph com- 
 r the ascent.' 
 miles apart. 
 Item states, 
 hich is 53 
 » and Gon- 
 ad countiy 
 
 and most 
 Jtaias froa^ 
 
 
 151 
 
 courthouse and a "L T P^^^^'^ff offices, A 
 was commenced by*' IsAiah oSf ^^^^P***' ^**»clt 
 previous to the revolutionarir JJr"'*? ''*°'* *»«• 
 lished here, arid is the dS7 ^^''^ " »t>» Pub- 
 ^Ir. Thomks, who ^^ h^ 
 lory of the art of pritttfi^"!!!?.^" .^^^^o'^te his. 
 and has been created an hh^n^*" '° ^^^ ^^^age, 
 Jjany literary ihst tutions fn C?;' member V 
 
 From Worcester to fiSstoS tht ^v'}^ ®**t««- 
 
 mi es, over ft beautiful rdadwhtu "^^^'^ '« ^6 
 
 a rich country, varie^ted ^^S^^^^^ 
 
 increase in size and importa^I ^ ullages, which 
 
 Schodack, 
 Nassau, 
 
 W^ew^Lebanon, 
 Pittsfield, 
 Dalton, 
 Peru, 
 
 W6rthino;toii, 
 
 Chesterfield, 
 
 Northampton, 
 Hadley, 
 
 Miles, 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 d 
 
 6 
 7 
 8 
 9 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 ^elcHertown, 
 Western, 
 
 Brookfield, 
 Spencer, 
 Leicester, 
 Worcester, 
 
 Fraoaing-ham, 
 Weston, 
 
 Watertown, 
 Boston, 
 
 Mtet. 
 
 7 
 7 
 7 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 20 
 
 6 
 
 . 5 
 
 10 
 
 of lX!;t;ro]fe ofThr i5 ^^'*^ ^^ - -t 
 places in the unioi ^5 .^ ^/"^^^^^^toommerciol 
 
 W ii^habita^rh wa?s^fS"P^^rdsof 43^ 
 
 « was settled Os early as^tji« 
 
153 
 
 BOSTON. 
 
 m 
 
 year 1630 or 1631, and was first called Trimeuti. 
 tain, in consequence of three hills which were 
 on the pen insula. It was afterwards called Bos- 
 ton, in honour of the Reir. Mr. Cotton, a minister 
 of the first church, in the town^ and whose native 
 place was Boston in England. *' It is built on a 
 peninsula of an it reg^ular form, at the bottom oi 
 Massaohusetts Bay. The neck, or isthmus, 
 which is mostly settled, and which joins the pe- 
 ninsula to the main land, is at the south end of 
 the town, and leads to Roxbury. The leng^th of 
 the town itself from this isthmus is not quite two 
 miles. Its breadth is various At the entrance 
 from Roxbury it is narrow. The greatest breadth 
 is less than a mile and a quarter.*' The buil- 
 dings cover from 12 to 1500 acres, and are up- 
 wards of 8000 in number. The state house, court 
 house, both handsome edifices, gaol, Faneuil hall, 
 theatre, and alms-house, are the most important 
 publick buildings. The corner stone of the 
 jitate-house was laid on the 4th of July, 1795, 
 and the building was finished in 1797. It is con- 
 structed of brick, and stands on Beacon hill, a 
 very commanding eminence, afibrding an admi- 
 rable prospect of the town and surrounding coun- 
 try. Franklin Place is an ornament to the town, 
 and contains a monument erected to the memory 
 «f the celebrated Dr. Franklin. 
 
 The plan of the town is very irregular, so 
 much so that strangers in their excursions are of- 
 ten indebted for direction to the politeness of its 
 citizens. 
 
 In the south western partis the Mall, a very 
 beautiful publick walk, adorned with trees, and 
 in view of the common, which contains from 8 
 to IQ acres. This is a delightful retreat during 
 
LEXINGTON, 
 
 155 
 
 the warm season, and is a place of very general 
 resort. Adjacent to the Mall is the Massachu- 
 setts Medical College ; an edifice belonging to 
 Harvard University, erected in 1815. It is built 
 of brick 88 feet long and 43 wide, and it sur- 
 rounded by a handsome dome with a sky light 
 and balustrade, rising in the centre of the roof. 
 It contains an expensive and valuable chemical 
 apparatus, and a medical library of about 3000 
 volumes ; besides a cabinet of anatomical pre* 
 parations containing upwards of a thousand spe* 
 cimens. 
 
 The principal houses of entertainment ar« 
 the Marlborough Hotel, the Exchange Coffea 
 House, La Fayette Hotel, Earll's Coffee House« 
 the Commercial Coffee House, and Boyden's 
 Coffee House ; all of them spacious and elegant 
 buildings, and containing excellent accommoda* 
 tions. 
 
 Boston is memorable for many important e- 
 rents connected with the revolution. Here it 
 was that the first symptoms of opposition to ty- 
 ranny were discovered, and from the spark henctf 
 elicited, a flame was enkindled, which resulted 
 in the emancipation of the American colonies 
 from British dominion. On the 19th of April, 
 1775, in . 
 
 LjBKiiTGTON, 10 miles west of Boston, the 
 first* blood in the pause of freedom was shed. A 
 quantity of military stores had been collected at 
 Concord, 8 miles from Lexington, which the Bri- 
 tish General Gage proposed to destroy. Though 
 secret in his operations, and though precaution 
 had been taken, the evening previous to scour 
 the roads and secura such citizens as the British 
 
m 
 
 LEXINGTON. 
 
 pffioerfl fell in with, yet the plan was discovered 
 by Doctor Warren, of Boston, who sent out 
 meseengert to aiarm the inhabitants and prepare 
 them for retistance. On the arrival the next 
 morning, at Lexington of the British troops, & 
 pr 900 strong;, it was found that the miiilia of 
 the town, to the number of 70, were in arms. 
 Major Pitcairn« who led the British van, or* 
 4ered the ^. rebeii** to disperse. Some scatter- 
 ing guns were fired, which were fpl lowed by a 
 genera! diichatget find continued till the mili- 
 tia disappeared. Eight men were killed and 
 S' feveri^) WQunded.''' 
 
 The detachment then proceeded to Concord, a 
 part of which took possession of two bridges be« 
 yond the town, while the remainder destroyed 
 t|ie military stores. A number of militia, who 
 had collected in the vicinity, but with orders not 
 to give the fi/eifire, attempted to pass one of the 
 bridgiBi ii| the pharaqter pf travellers. They 
 were fired on, and two hien killed. The fire 
 was returned an*^ a skirinieh ensu^, which resul- 
 ted m the diseomfiture of the regulars, and a 
 precipitate retreat. Skirmishing continued du- 
 ring the day, and though the British received 
 reinforce^ientf, tbay we^e h^rrassed in their, 
 retreat, to l^unker's Hill, where they femained 
 fecure under the protection of their ships of war. 
 
 The lost of the British, during this day, in 
 ]plled, woHQded and prisoners, was 273 ; white 
 that of the, provincialists did not excjeed90. 
 
 *K handsome monument now marks the spot 
 where this action was fought, beneath wh*ch are 
 interred; the remains of the A^^ricans w|to w^^^ 
 

 LEXINOTON* 
 
 15$ 
 
 The blow thus struck was the precursor of 
 more important erents, and was soon foii owed 
 by the battle of Brepd^s or (as it is g^enerally de* 
 nominated) Bunker^s Hill. 
 
 Brekd's Hill is situated 1>4 of a mile nortA 
 east of the handsome village Charleatown, and 
 affords a pieasant prospect of Boston, (3 mies 
 distant) the harbour, Cambridge and its colleges, 
 and of an extensive tract of highly cutivated 
 country. 
 
 In the month of May, after the battle of Lex- 
 ington, it was conjectured from the movements 
 of the British army that Gen. Guge intended to 
 penetrate into the country. It was accord ngly 
 Mecided by the provincial congress to attempt a 
 defence of Dorchester neck, and to occupy Bun- 
 ker's Hill, just Within the peninsula on which 
 Chariestown stands. A detachment of 1000 men, 
 under Col. Prescot, proceeded to execute these 
 orders, hut by some m stake, Breed^s hill, situated 
 on the farther part of the pen nsula, was selected 
 for the proposed entrenchments. 
 
 The party under Col. Prescot proceeded in 
 their work w th bo much diligence and secrecy, 
 that by the dawn of day, they had thrown up a 
 square redoubt, of about 40 yards on each side* 
 Di^y-light discovered th snew work to the Brit- 
 ish, and a heavy cannonade was commenced 
 upon it from the shipping in the river. The 
 fire was borne With firmness by the Americans, 
 and did not prevent them from soon construct ingf 
 a breast Work, which extended from the redoubt 
 to the bottom of the hill. 
 
 "As this eminence overlooked Boston, Gen. 
 Ga»e thought it necccssary to drive the provin- 
 
 13* 
 
 
 _-. „„«.«».aMMSll!IW? 
 
156 
 
 breed's HfLL« 
 
 clals from iti To effect this object, he detached 
 Major General Howe, and Brigadier General 
 P'got, at the head of ten companies of grena- 
 diers, and the same number of light infkntry, 
 with a proper proportion of field artil-ery. 
 Thesb troops landed at IVIoreton's Pqiint, where 
 they inimed atcly formed ; but, perceiving the 
 Americans to wait for them wth £rniness, they 
 remained on the r ground untii the success of the 
 enterpnze should be rendered secure by the arri-, 
 val of a re-enforcement from Boston, ^or which 
 General Howe had applied. Dur ug this inter- 
 val the Americans also were re-enforced by a 
 bpdy of their pountrymen led by Generals 
 'l\ arren and Pometoy ; and they availed them- 
 selves of this delay, to increase their security 
 by pulling up some adjoining post and rail fen- 
 ces, and arranging them in two parallel lines at 
 a small distance from each other; the space 
 between which they filled up with hay, so as to 
 form a complete cover from the musketify of the 
 enemy. 
 
 **0n being joined by their second detachment, 
 the British troops, who were formed in two lines, 
 advanced slowly under cover of a very heavy 
 discharge of cannon and howitzers, frequently 
 halting in order to allow iheir artillery time to 
 (demolish the works. While they were advan- 
 cing, orders were given to set fire to Charlestown, 
 a handsome village containing about five hun- 
 dred houses which flanked their line of march. 
 The buildings were chiefly of wood, and the 
 fiames were quickly communicflted so extensive- 
 ly, that almost the whole town was in ene 
 great blaze. 
 
 <' It IS not easy to conceive a more grand and 
 1^ mpr^ awful spectacle than was now exhibited \ 
 
breed's hill. 
 
 157 
 
 tior a moment of more anxious expectation than 
 that which ivas now presented. The scene of 
 action was in full view of the heights of Boston 
 and of its neighborhood, which were covered 
 with spectaiors taking deep and opposite inter- 
 ests in the events passing before them. The 
 soldiers of t,he two hostile armies not on duty, 
 the citizens of Boston, and the inhabitants of 
 the adjacent country, all feeling emotions which 
 set description at defiance, were witnesses of 
 the majestick and tremendous scene. 
 
 ** The provincials permitted the enemy to ap-* 
 proach unmolested within less than one hundred 
 yards of their works, when they poured in upon 
 them so deadly a fire of small arms that the 
 British line was totally broken, and fell back 
 with precipitation towards the landing place. 
 By the very great exertions of their officers they 
 were raltied, and brought up to the charge, but 
 were dgain driven back in confusion by the hea- 
 vy and incessant fire from the works. General 
 |iowe is said to have been left at one time al- 
 mo(it alone, and it is certain that very few officers 
 about his person escaped unhurt. 
 
 ** The impression to be made by victory or de- 
 feat, in this early stage of the war, was deemed 
 of the utmost consequence ; and, therefore, very 
 extraordinary exertions were mad% once more 
 to rally the English. With great difficulty, they 
 were a third time led up to the works. The re-* 
 doubt was now attacked on three sides at once, 
 while some pieces of artillery, which had been 
 brought to bear on the nreast work, raked it from 
 end to end. The crp^s fire too, from the ships 
 and floating •batterres, not only annoyed the 
 works on Breed^s hill, but deterred any consider- 
 able reiufoicements from passing into the peniixi 
 
159 
 
 breed's hill* 
 
 ^ 
 
 «ula, and coining to thsir assistance. The am- 
 munition of the Amfricaos waij now bo nearly ex«> 
 hausteO, that they were no longer able to keep 
 up the same incessant stream of fire, which had 
 twice repulsed the enemy ; and on this third at* 
 tempt, the redoubt, the walls of which the Engir 
 Hsh mounted \vith ease, was carried at the point 
 of the bayonet. Yet the Americans, many of 
 whom were without bayonets, are said to have 
 mjiutained the contest with clubbed muskets, 
 until the redoubt was half ^lled with the king^s 
 troops, 
 
 ** The redoubt being lost, the breast work 
 which had been defended with equal courage 
 and obstinacy, was necessarily abandoned ; and 
 the very hazardous operation undertaken, of re- 
 treating, in the face of a victorious enemy, 
 over Charlestown neck ; where they were ex- 
 posed to the same cross fire from the Glasgow 
 man of war and two floating batteries, which 
 bad deterred the reinforcements ordered to their 
 aid, from coming to their assistance, and had 
 probably prevented their receiving proper supplies 
 of ammunition." 
 
 The number of British troops engaged in this 
 action was about 3000, and their loss in killed 
 and wounded was 1050. The American force 
 has been variousjj'^ stated, from 1500 to 4000 ; 
 and their loss, in killed, wounded and missing, 
 amounted to 450. General Warren was among 
 the number of the slain, and a handsome monu- 
 ment now marks the spot where he fell. The spot 
 of ground on which this monument stands, was re- 
 cently purchased by Dr. J. C. Warren, of Boston, 
 a nephew of the lamented General, for the pur- 
 pose, it is saidi.ftf preserving uninjured the few 
 *»"-'':oiri^ traces of the memorable battle of '75 
 
 ■H- 
 
(3HARLEST0WN — CAMBRIDGE. 159 
 
 Charlestowit, is situated on the north bank 
 of Charles River, and is connected with Bostons 
 by an elegant bridge, completed at an expense 
 of 50,000 dollars. The place contains from 
 5 to 800 houses, the Massachusetts state^ prison, 
 and is advantageouslj situated for navigation, 
 trade and manufactures. A navy yard, and a 
 number of government buildings, are at the south 
 east part of the town, near the confluence of 
 Mystick and Charles Rivers, which form the har*> 
 l)0ur of Boston. The population is 6000. 
 
 k'les, which 
 
 Cambridge, is situated about 2 miles west 
 of Boston. It is a large and handsome town, 
 hut derives its principal imporiance from Harvard 
 
 . 'ersity, which is located here, and is one of 
 ^ ' : oMest and most ceiebtated literary institu« 
 tions in the United States. It takes its name 
 from the Rev. John Harvard, who died in 1638, 
 leaving to the institution a legacy of 779/. 17«. 
 2d. sterling. The edifices belonging t® the Uni- 
 versity are. Harvard, Massachusetts, Hollis, 
 Stoughton, Holworthy and University HallS| 
 Holden Chapel, 3 College houses, besidk;a that 
 for the President. These buildings are all situa* 
 ted in a spacious square, and are handsomely 
 shaded with a variety of trees. There are an- 
 nually educated here about 300 students. The 
 amount of property belonging to the institution, 
 it is said, falls little short of $600,000. It con- 
 tains an extensive philosophical apparatus, and 
 a library of about 25,000 volumes. The bridge 
 connecting Cambridge with Boston cost $76,700, 
 and is 3846 feet long, 40 wide, with a causews^y 
 of 3344 feet. ' ^,^ ^ ... . 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 'Jt''- l:Ji^" 
 
160 
 
 NAHANT. 
 
 Fort Independence, is situated on an island 
 at the outlet of Boston harbour, Smiles distant ; 
 opposite to which is Governor's Island, contain- 
 ing a fort erected during the late war. These 
 two forts command the entrance into the harbour 
 of Boston. Seven ;0r eight miles below is the 
 light-house, at the north-eastern extremity of the 
 channel, where vessels enter the Atlantick* 
 
 NAHANT, 
 
 Is a peninsula running three or four miles into 
 the sea, and is situated fifteen miles northwesterly 
 from Boston. It is approached from the town 
 of Lynn over a beautiful beach of a mile and a 
 half in length. At the extremity of this beach 
 commences the peninsula, which is about two 
 miles in length, and in some parts half a mile 
 broad, although its shores are extremely irreg. 
 ular, and indented with small bays worn into 
 the rocks by the unceasing action of the waves. 
 
 The surface is uneven, rising in some places to 
 the elevation of sixty or seventy feet above the 
 level of the sea. The shore is very bold, and 
 presents, on all sides, a grand embankment of 
 broken massy rocks. At several points these 
 rocks are worn into fantastic shapes, and at the 
 time of high tide, or a swell of the sea, the roar 
 and foam of the waters among them present a 
 most interesting spectacle, which is contemplated 
 by the quiet observer, seated on the summit 
 above, with awe and admiration. The whole 
 expanse of the ocean spreads out towards the 
 east, and after a storm the rolling waves come 
 pouring in their immense burden upon these 
 rocks, with such a power, sublimity and uproar of 
 contending elements as c^a nardly be conceived 
 
NAHANT. 
 
 101 
 
 by nny one who has not witnessed the scene. 
 And again, when the sea is tranquilf it may be seen 
 covered with shipping of all sizes, as far as the 
 eye can extend, moving in different directions up 
 and down the coast, and exhibiting an animating 
 picture of the industry and activity of commerce^ 
 In short, for picturesque beauty and sublimity »f 
 scenery, as well as for the many advantages ari- 
 sing from its peculiar local situation, this place is 
 not surpassed by any on the coast. 
 
 Besides a view of the ocean, Nahant presents 
 a great variety of other interesting prospect. 
 On one side is seen the village of Lynn, Swans- 
 cut, Phillips' Beach»Marblehead,Egg Hock, Ba-^ 
 ker^s Island, and the north shore as far as the 
 high land of Cape Ann — on the other, Charles- 
 town, Boston, the islands in Boston harbour, part 
 of Dorchester, Braintree, JSantucket and Scitu* 
 ate, with the light-houses of Boston^ Scituate 
 and Baker's Island, forming together a panorama 
 hardly to be equalled in beauty or variety. 
 
 The peninsula extends farther into the sea 
 than any other head land in the Bay. It is 
 distant from the nearest island in Boston har- 
 bor, to the south, seven miles- — from the near- 
 est point of the south shore about 12 mile» 
 — from the north shore between two and three 
 miles. It is, on this side, connected with the 
 main land by a beach a few rods wide. Thus 
 insulated and surrounded by water, Nahant en- 
 joys a climate and temperature very cool, 
 and, comparatively, very equable — a circum- 
 stance of much importance to the invalid, 
 and which will determine the choice of a 
 great portion of those who annually leave the> 
 city for the purposes of health or amusement. 
 
 •^*i 
 
 'M 
 
 « \ 
 
 
102 
 
 w 
 
 ^AHAWT. 
 
 «« Hotel. :S"^';:« «f'fiee b^a.^'lt'e; ^Tl 
 .„"" bnjding contain. In u I''*««"nt situaHnn 
 cienfw • *>!® persons. Th^ i- •' °°^" forfami- 
 
 f y part of thrdl""^ '«fr«h^ &■:• -^ 
 i*-- of a mile ^^^, fc « »»"" ^^4^1::- 
 
 ™aa. which are alw»™ • ^ *y> "ay »„ oaf 5„ 
 milled with 8ii,».Ki^ "• ""eadiiieM .-?, " 
 abnodant 2, ffie i? .«PP«ratu,. ot^e ," '^'r- 
 a?"«e«ent, o7niJr°"y- B"' the" irl"*)-' " 
 
 *»^...3«itaw;tr;7^fco]bro.':^ 
 
 "'« uajr, on the beach; 
 
NORTHERN ROUTES TO BOSTON. 163 
 
 A beautiful building, in imitation of a Grecian 
 temple, has been erected on an eminence, nea-r 
 the Hotel, in which are two elegant billiard 
 rooms. There are also convenient covered 
 bowling alleys, and such other means of amuse- 
 ment as are usually connected with the most ex- 
 tensive and elegant establishments at wittering 
 places. 
 
 On the whole, the proximity of Nahant to Bos • 
 ton — its facility of access — the beauty and gran- 
 deur of its scenery — and above all, the singular 
 local advantages it affords for invigorating; the 
 constitution, the salubrity and bracing tone of 
 its atmosphere, and the excellent accommoda- 
 tions it offers to visitors — will undoubtedly make 
 it a place of general resort during the summer 
 months, from all parts of the United States, 
 
 / i 
 
 NORTHERN ROUTES TO BOSTON. 
 
 The route from Albany to Boston, as the one 
 most generally travelled, has been already des- 
 cribed It is not uniilual, however, for tourists 
 visiting Quebec, to proceed directly to Boston, on 
 a good road leading from the former place, and 
 which nearly pursues the course taken by Gen. 
 Arnold, in his march from Boston to Quebec, in 
 1775. 
 
 From Burlington, Vt. where the Champlaia 
 steam boats touch in their passage up and down 
 the lake, stages depart for Boston 3 times a week, 
 and reach the latter place in 3 days. Their 
 route is through Montpelier and Windsor, Vt. 
 Claremont and Amherst, N. H. Billerica and 
 Medfordv Mass. Burlington is 1206 miles fiem^ 
 
 ■\rt 
 
 ^m^' 
 
164 
 
 MONTPELIEIt. 
 
 Boston, and the distances of the intervening pla- 
 ces are as ibllows : 
 
 Williston, 
 
 Richmond, 
 
 Boltou, 
 
 Waterbury, 
 
 Moretown, 
 
 Montpelier, 
 
 "VVilliamstown, 
 
 Brookfield, 
 
 Randolph, 
 
 Royalton, 
 
 Barnard, 
 
 Woodstock, 
 
 Windsor, 
 
 Claremont, " 
 
 Miles 
 
 1 
 
 Miles. 
 
 8 
 
 Lempster, 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 Washington, 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 Hillsborough, 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 Francistown, 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 Mount Vernon, 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 Amherst, 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 Merrimack, 
 
 - 3 
 
 8 
 
 Dunstable, 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 Tyngsborough, 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 Chelmsford, 
 
 '■^^■U'^ 
 
 6 
 
 Billerica, 
 
 Mv- ■.. 4 
 
 8 
 
 Woburn, : 
 
 ' 9 
 
 14 
 
 Boston, 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 ^ iki'-<» 
 
 
 Montpelier, is situated on the Onion River, 
 a little north of the -centre of the state, 3li miles 
 from Burlington. It is at present the seat of 
 overnment, and has a state-house, court-house, 
 ^ )aol, and a house of public worship, besides a 
 umber of manufacturing establishments. It 
 ontains about 2000 inhabitants. While at 
 Montpelier the tourist can, if he chooses, visit 
 Hanover, at which place is situated Dartmouth 
 College, and from thence pass through Concord, 
 a large and beautiful town, and the capital of 
 New -Hampshire. On either route the country 
 is romantic and highly picturesque. The lofty 
 mountains of Vermont and New Hampshire pre- 
 sent an appearance truly novel and grand, whea 
 oontrasted with the level country of the west.. 
 
 > 
 
WINDSOR. 
 
 165 
 
 tervenlDg pia- 
 
 r, 
 ton, 
 
 )wn, 
 eraon, 
 
 ck, 
 e, 
 
 'ough, 
 >rd, 
 
 m.^- 
 ■* 
 
 12 
 7 
 9 
 9 
 
 9 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 — 4 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 Onion River, 
 ate, 3»S miles 
 t the seat of 
 court-house, 
 'P» besides a 
 ihments. It 
 While at 
 hooses, visit 
 Dartmouth 
 g:h Concord, 
 e capital of 
 the country 
 The lofty 
 ipshire pre- 
 rand, whea 
 he west.. 
 
 Windsor, is a beautiful town on ttie banks of 
 the Connecticut. The houses exhibit a very 
 neat and handsome appearance, and stand in a 
 fertile and richly cultivated tract of country. It 
 contains a flourishing^ Female Seminary, with a 
 number of churches, and the State Penitentiary. 
 The bridge built across the Connecticut at this 
 place is one of the handsomest on the river. J^S' 
 cutney^ a mountain in the south-west part of the 
 town, is 1732 feet in height, and is well worthy 
 the attention of those who take delight in the 
 rich and diversified prospect afforded from its 
 summit. ,■ .-^ >.^i ^_ 
 
 Another route to Boston, which is not unfre- 
 quently travelled, is from Whitehall, at the head 
 of Lake Champlain, through Castleton, Rutland, 
 Chester and Bellows Falls, Vt. Walpole and 
 Keene, N. H. Groton, Concord and Lexinton, 
 Mass. Boston is 178 miles from Whitehall, and 
 the distances of the intervening places are as fol- 
 lows : ,,- . .:• ., ^ •_, i,^,^^y,.,- . 
 
 Miles. Miles. 
 
 Fairhaven, 
 
 9 
 
 Marlborough, 
 
 5 
 
 Castleton, 
 
 6 
 
 Jeffrey, 
 
 5 
 
 Rut'and, 
 
 10 
 
 New Ipswich, 
 
 10 
 
 Shrewsbury, 
 
 9 
 
 Townsend, 
 
 12 
 
 Mount Hoi ley. 
 
 9 
 
 Pepper el, -v > ^ 
 
 6 
 
 Ludlow, 
 
 7 
 
 Groton, + t ;*«; 
 
 3 
 
 Cavendish, . -,> 
 
 8 
 
 Littleton, 
 
 8 
 
 Chester, 
 
 9 
 
 Acton, 
 
 3 
 
 Bellows Falls, 
 
 14 
 
 Concord, 
 
 7 
 
 Walpole Village, 
 
 4 
 
 Lexington, 
 
 7 
 
 Walpole, 
 
 4 
 
 Cambridge, 
 
 7 
 
 Keene, 
 
 14 
 
 Boston, ' : 
 
 3 
 
 mmmmm 
 
1G6 
 
 BELLOn-S PALLS ic. 
 
 mi.' • 
 
 emy.anj a Medical Collefp ,vv'',^'"'"'y '*<=»<1- 
 era"/ patronijied. ^°"^8*' ^"hich are very lib. . 
 
 ?' »te/3^!aX\^f„"/ rh?^"""^ --'y re ^ 
 
 •n view of Killington Pe/k ^n,f r''u """"l-iw, 
 "•e northern slate.. ?t contain, ^ '"^ ''.'""«« "' 
 hou.es. a hank, a court hout,":nTr:^or'' '"^ 
 
 , «teme%;:ir:,:d'co!r"'"^«''"^^^^^^^^ " 
 
 an excellent Acidemy and nT'.'^ "''"^'=''e" 
 and stores. ^' ""'f "'^°'"(8() dwellings 
 
 CotXZtt'J;'' ^;Mh western b!^„f;, 
 contains some very p^^^tT' '^ough sn,«l, 
 of manufacturing estaE!^ ^'"e', a number 
 ohurcb, Which Itands on ^rl'" '""^ " ''^''""f'-l 
 «cen for some miles distant '"'»«"<=«. ""d i, 
 
 antr^'r„i?^s!itb'r^^^^^^^ 
 
 "f falls. It is aboit half a mil. '• '"r*"'^ ""-""-J 
 whole descent of the river^''; '^ '«"?«'. The 
 
 about 50 feet, and assumes the „''*'" ^"'"""'o -s 
 'ds rather than a cat«^*ef A'^^*"?"" of rap- 
 descent, where the water i. r.^""^' *''« ^'-o-test 
 of rocks to a very nl^?row tn."^'"*.''"^ ''^ '^''Ses 
 
 fcridge is erected?SO eeT KeV. ?"?"'""■« '"» 
 
 ' '" "O'Sht, from which 
 
 #- 
 
WALPOLB. 
 
 1C7 
 
 the "water is seen rushing^ through the pass with 
 great rapidity, and dasing upon the rocks in the 
 wildest disorder — presenting a scene truly sub- 
 lime and interesting, 
 
 A short distaniie below the falls are two rocks 
 containing specimens of Indinrt v^orkmanship. 
 On one of the rocks are the indistinct traces of 
 li number of human faces, represented by marks 
 in the stone, and probably intended as a memo- 
 rial of their deceased friends or chieftains. That 
 this place waaonce the haunt of our savage pre- 
 decessors, is evident from the arrow points, and 
 bits of their earthen pots, and fragments of oth- 
 er utensils, which may be found in a short walk 
 over the adjacent fields. 
 
 On the New Hampshire side is a chain of lofty 
 mountains, which leave but a narrow passage 
 between their base and the river. Around one 
 of these impending barriers the road winds its 
 course to the pleasant village of . 
 
 Walpole, which contains about 60 houses, 
 including some veiy handsome mansions. This 
 place was the scrne ol many savage incursions 
 during the French war. It was once in the entire 
 possession of the Indians, and retaken from them 
 by Col. Bellows, who made the first settlement 
 in this part of the country The scenery in this 
 vicinity is remarably striking and romantic. Ten 
 miles larther is the flourishing village of 
 
 '^' 
 
16a 
 
 KEENE — CONCORD. 
 
 Keens. This is said to be one of the hnnd- 
 somest villages in New England, and is situated 
 a few miles east of the Connecticut River. It 
 contains about 120 dwellings, a bank, a court 
 house and gaol, and a population of about 2000. 
 For a distance of 55 miles from this place, no 
 Tillage of importance intervenes, though many 
 handsome dwellings and rich farms are discov- 
 ered on the route* ' '*■* 
 
 Groton, is a handsome village, containing 
 about 100 houses and an Academy ; seven miles 
 from which is the town of . .-' » , • 
 
 Concord, rendered memorable as the place 
 where the first efficient opposition was made to 
 the British troops, in 1775. It is a large town, 
 and contains many handsome dwellings, 
 miles from Concord is the town of 
 
 Eight 
 
 \ ! 
 
 Lexington, containing a few plain houses ; 
 but celebrated in history as the spot where the 
 first American blood was shed in the struggle 
 for Independence. *» * •••♦ 
 
 y:' 
 
 Cambridge is 7, and Boston 10 miles east of 
 Lexington, and have been noticed in the prece- 
 ding pages of this work. .. 
 
 -J? 
 
SARATOGA SPRINGS TO BOSTON. 16d 
 
 There is also a line of sta^jeg eatabliohed from 
 Saratoga Springs to Boston, 3 times a "vreek. 
 They leave Saratoga Springs so as to intersect 
 the canal passage boats at Fort Edward. From 
 thence they proceed through Sandy Hill, Grin- 
 \ille and Manchester, to Che ter in Vermr it, 
 where they intersect the Bostc i and Whiteltall 
 line of stages. The distance ol this rouiA from 
 Saratoga Springs to Boston is nearer ;;y 2 1 miles 
 than any other route, and lies thrv ugh a ^jleasar' 
 country, and over an excellent road. 
 
 
 Fims. 
 
 
 n