IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 iilllllM IIIII2.5 IM 112.2 2.0 iiiiiM 1.4 II 1.6 P^ NDON, BHOLaIIJ*:; :'^i%iyi. . ,;„■, "#-^#S'- f&^lMl':', Section II., 1890. [173] Tr vnu r. y. c. IX. — A Monograph of the PI ace- nomenclature of the Province of New Brunswick. (Contribution! to the History of New Brunswick, No. 2.) By William F. Ganono, M.A.,, Ph.D. (Presented by Dr. George Stewart, F.R.G.S., and read May 19, I'm.} CONTENTS. Introduction. Part I. — An essay towar h an rNDERsxANDiNO of the Principles OF Place-N"Menclature. 1. On the Qualities of Place-names. 2. How Place-names originate, change, and persist or become ex- tinct. 3. On the Investigation of Place-names. Part II. — The llrsTORicAL Development of the Place-nomencla- ture OF New Brunswick. 1. Nomenclature of the Indian Period. 2. Nomenclature of the Explorers — Norsemen to Champlain. 3. Nomenclature of the French Period. 4. Nomenclature of the New England Period. 5. Nomenclature of the Loyalist Period. (J. Nomenclature of the Post-Loyalist Period. 7. Present and Future of the Place-nomenclature of the Province. Part II. — A Dictionary of the Place-names of New Brunswick. Appendix, — Sources of Information. Bibliography. Cartography. INTRODUCTION. The scientific investigation of the principles and historical develop- ment of the place-nomenclature of particular countries is a study hardly yet in t rteem among us. It is the cu.stom to consider it, in this country at least, as an appropriate hobby for elderly men of leisui-e, but as hardly worthy the serious attention and exact methods of trained investigators. It is true, it does not represent the highest kind of historic research, which consists in the elucidation of movements and institutions ; but it surely deserves a leading place among those >in>mil>M:m'>>i«Kmf»>|lwr!itm^^ [GAKONO] PLACE-KOMENCLATUUB OF NEW BRUNSWICK 177 I'ART 1. An K^say Towauus an Undekstandinu op the Principles of Place- nomenclature. The pliioo-nomeiicliiture of any given region is the product of iin evolution vvhiih is the resultant of the operation of niuny causes, which full into two divisions of supreme importance. First, there are the prin- ciples which eontiol the giving, changing and persisting of names in general ; these are not written, nor even, as a rule, consciously recognized, but are the result of tho mode of working of the human mind ; in other words, they are psycholo/ical. They ditfer somewhat in ilitfeient races, and especially with ditt'eren' grades or kinds of civilization, hut in the main they are everywhere th* same. Their influence may be comimi-ed with that of heredity in the evolution of organisms. Secondly, there is the actual histov}' or sequence of movements and events in the discovery, exploration, settlement and subsequent progress of the given region, all influenced strongly by its physiography, and applicable, of courao, to that particular region alone. Its inflvionce is com])arable to that of en- vironment in organic evolution. As in an organism, heredity gives the groundwork, leaving environment to mouK! the exact details of form, so in place-nomenclatui'e the psychological conijiosition of the race-mind de- termines how names shall arise and grow, while the history of the par- ticular place supplies their exact form. It is well to examine apart these two phases of the subject, since the fli-st is of very wide application, while the second belongs in the present work to New lirunswick alone. To examine the general principles moi'e exactl}'. it is convenient to inquire into, flrst, those qualities of ])lace-names which give them their character; second, liow they ari.se, alter, persist or die out ; third, how they may best be investigated. 1. 0)1 the Qualities of Plara Names. Names of places, or of anything else, are primarily mere symbols — conveniences for connecting, through the medium of sound, material objects with mental impressions. Their use depends entirely upon that co-opei'ation of sound-perception and memory by which a certain sound, or set of sounds, can come to recall unconsciously an image of an associ- ated object before the nnnd ; and it is not in the least necessary that there , shall be any relation or connection between sound and object other than that of habitual association. This is very plain in the case of the most important of all names, those of people. Nor for convenience in their 178 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA I 1 V' k 'i I use (loftH it mutter in tlic least how that association originally came about, vvlit'lher the i-ounils imitati' a noi.se may of analysis. When, for the tij-st time, we hear or reatl a new place-name, it nuiy strike us in any one of several ways — as grand, sonorous, pretty, pathetic, uncouth or ludicrous. Our .sensations in this case are, of course, in part personal or individual, and influenced by our own experiences ; nauuis of places where we have sutlored become hateful to us. and memories ()f a happy cliildhood may nuike pleasing the most uncouth of names; and feelings called up by these are extended to others wliich at all resemble them. But. in addition to tlie taste in names thus peculiar to each individual, he shares at the same time, to a gi-eater or less extent, in the taste for names characteristic of the race or nation of which he is a member. That this national taste exists tliere is everywhere evidence. Thus, to the average American, most of the place-names of England seem dignified and pleasing— so that he has ado])ted very many of theni ; thosehilology. DiUNiTv. — This consists in freedom from incongruous associations. together with su(di a series of sounds as conveys to the mind somewhat the same impression that the place itself does. The very association of sound with object, which makes names pos.sible at all, carries drawbacks with its advantages; objects are numberless, while distinct sounds and easy combinations are few, so that wo must use the sanie sound for ditfcrent objects, and many are so alike us to be easily confounded, on which depends the existence of puns. Hence, in place-names, the sounds often suggest other and distinct idciis, and when the.se are, bj' contrast, incongruous or absurd, the name, as a whole, is spoiled and lacks dignity. Our best names contain no such suggestions, but it is otherwise with ]iii(/diii/, Skowhr(/((n, Piupraah, and many names of the new west. Con- nected with dignity is the charm of the unfamiliar, to be sitoken of again. It is because they are usually unlike common words that aboriginal names are often so good. Again, though sound and object have no necessary connc ction except association, it is nevertheless true that certain sounds, or combinations, do of themselves convoy distinct impressions — some of calm strength ; others of ruggedness ; others of prettine.ss ; others of amusement ; and when the.se sounds or names are a])plied to places which themselves convey the corresponding impressions, those names have dignity. Thus, through theii- sounds alone, Monadnock and Katohdin are dignified names for mountains ; NiiKjdrn for a great water- fall, and Afinnehdfui for a smaller one ; Anuizon for a great river, Afirn- nuV;/(/ for a smaller ; while Kdlamnzoo or 27«(//'^f■^"', no matter to wliat applied, make everybody smile. How important the mere sound is in conveying impressions every pcft^t and novelist knows well ; and Milton, as often quoted, has marshalled (Splendidly some of the grandest of them in " Paradise Lost." The length of place-names has something to do with their dignity. Those we recognize as best have oftenest three syllables, froquentl}* four ; sometimes two and rarely one ; and. in general, the most pleasing names are somewhat longer than those less pleasant. The I'eason for this is no 180 HOYAL SOCIKTY OF fANAKA doubt ill ]tart priictical, siiico two or thrco syllalili'd luiincs arc more easy to ci>iii|)relui\d and low« lial)lo to ('oiifunion witli others than an; whortcr oncH ; \>Ht aside t'rom tliis, it Hi'cniB to bo tnio that a sons** of*^rcalor impoitaiicu nnd powur is convened by lonj^cr words, and the chance for convfyiiig i)y the sounds iinprossions of grandtnir, wiidness, ete., is certainly greater. When wo puss in review tlio more im})ortant idacc-names. we find, as a rule, tiiat they niv digiiitied and |)Ioasing. lndeev somn ovcnt (yi'wf'itindlitnil). When a nmno \n otliorwisp j^oocl it certainly i>< an uiIiUmI advantage if it eontains also a (h.Heriptive or otiierwist- appropriate meaning; its association witii the |)laie is tiiereiiy tlie ciostn", ami onr sense of fitness is gratitied. ihit no degree ot titness of nu'ftning can compensate for lack ot melody and dignity, at least from ar) u'sthelic point of view, til. >iigh for pradiciil purposes it may. Indeiid, l>y nniny people, ])rincipally the uneducated, descri|>tive names are preferred, no douht Itccause of their conveiucnce, i.e., tlieir economy liotli (»f language and itleas ; hut with advancing culture comes greater pleasure and Jtre- cision in words, ami, lience, less adherence to common descriptive plira>e8. From the present point of view, ])lnoe-namcf are ot' thn-c! classes : first, tliose in our own langiuige whose meaning is at onco clear; second. thos« in our own language whose m. i ''"g isoh.^cured hv changes ; third, those in a foreign language. Of tho' . iis a rule, the second and thinl are better than liie first, for ttic 1 iticr are lilcelv to suffer in dignity from their very familiarity, liut > le oti . rs. wh'\ liolding a m(\iniiig whieh brings pleasure in tiic liscovery, hav with other good qualities, all of the charm of the unfamiliar o;- .iidtnown. Tiiat there is charm in tlio unknown all ex))erience showa, and the power of a ritual in n strange tongue, the call to fortune in a lar-otf land, tlic atlractivciiesH of mimes left hy foi'gottcTi races, all are plui.'-c., of one princi|»le. The very best of all names, then. I hold to he *hi ,c which arc melo- ropi'iat(' li the place. t.'l P' 2. JFoio pidi'fiunnfx orii/iiudc, r/iaii'/c. and jx'mist, "/• hecome exfitn't. ilow THKv oRtoiNATE. — This nuiy occur in either of two ways : first, the}' spring up without intention as it were, spontaneously ; second, they are deliberately given by those in authority. In the former case they are for the most part originally descriptive, given by aboriginal i»eoples and hy the more ])rimitive class of civilized races, and apply to r-itura' features. In the latter case they may be descriptive, but are oftener commemorative, and are given by explorers, by settlers after deliberation, or by legislators, and appk' oftenest to artificial divisions. Of all ])lacenamL's, those of descriptive origin are far the most numerous and important. There are .some eight classes of them, expressing : 1. The common noun and article when the i)lace is single, as the city, the river, etc., used precisely as proper nouns. Ill- ».»uiBiir"T^»nwiIlPHPIHl 182 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2. PliyMcal fieulurcs. as eoloiir (Red Jfend), size (Bu/ Brook), fhape <(Jjon Indian Period. 2. The Period of P]xploration, the Norsemen toChamplain, lOUO-1604. 3. The French Period, 1605-1760. 4. The New England Period, 1760-17S3. 5. The Ijoyalist Period, 1783-1790. (I. The Post-Loyalist Period, 1790-1896. 7. Present and Future. [GANON-,0 PLACE-NOMENCLATURE OF NE A' BRUNSWICK 187 1. The Indian Period* The place-names of Indian on^in in .New Brunswick are as foli<.w8 In Malisket Territory. Madawaylca Quisibis Siegas AVaagansis Aroostook Milnagee Milpagos Maniozekel Nictau Gulquac Wapskehegan Odelloeh Odel] Pokiok Muniac Guisiguit Munquart Shikateluuvk Becaguimec Meduxnakeag Meductic Poeowogamis Sheogomoc Pokiok Xaoawieac Coac Mactaquac Keswick And the obsolete, Woolastook Woolastookwogamis Ourangabena By familiarization, Patticako By translation, Spoon Island (And possibly) Moosehorn devil's Back ^^ashwaaksis Nashvvaak Xai)udagan Budagan Udenack Clouristic Penniac Oromocto Rushagonis Waasis Maquapit Jemseg Cirimross Otnabog Washademoak Coak Nerepis Milkish Konnebecasis Anagance Apohaqui Ossekeag Pick waaket Naiuvigesvauk Mispec Pi sarin CO Manawoganish CMahogany) Aucpaqiie Pascobac Swan Creek Moosepath Partridge Island Long Island *88 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA The probably misapplied, Ouigoudi Probably, Iroquois Yoho Magmidy Musquash Possibly, Pokomoonshine Later made-up names, Saagumook Penobsquis Quispamsis Plumweseep. Passekeag In PAssAMAQuonnr Territory. Sunpoko Chiputnetieook (Chepedneck) Canooso Mohannos Waweig Passamaquoddy Chamcook Potabec And the obsolete, Sooodic Possilily, Mascabin And the later made-up, Tomoowa ' Possibly by translation, Beer Island Digdeguash Magaguadavic I'iskaliegan Midgic Manan Popelogan Conno^quamcook Maces Bay Peltoma In MicMAc Tbrbitory. Eostigouche VVaagan (Tounamitz Kedgewiok Patapedia Upsalquiteh Nigadoo Tt^te-i-gauche Nepisiguit Pokeshaw Pokesudio Shippegan Aleniek Nupan Esouminac Kouchibouguac Kouchibouguacsis Richi bucto Buctouche Aldouane Chockpish Mahalowodan Shediiic Seadouc Aboushagan Shemogue [OANOKO] PLACE-NOMENCLATURE OF NEW BRUNSWICK 189 Tedish Tignish Misseguash Westcock Chignecto Midgic JoggiriH Mem ram cook Petiteodiao Sliopody Quiddy Quaco CI) a cod i Minaqua Wauirh Miramichi Sabbies MiHCOu Pokemouche Mattempeck Tracadie Maliget. Tabusintac Eskedelloc Noguac Tomogonops Waubigut Winigut Scvogle Semiwagan And the obsolete, Mistouthe Medisco Probably, LaMim Antinouri Possibly, Caraquo:te Vin (Bay du) > Imported, Popelogan There are certain others which, not directly of Indian hut of much later origin, liave been suggested by their presence. Such are Indiantown, Indian Point, Island, Village, Heach, etc.. Squaw Cap, and yet others which have been given by the whites for Indians who have lived there, simple ownoi-ship names. Such are the rivers : Barnabj's, Renous, Bartholomews, Cains, Taxis, Pol let, Tobique, probably liartibog, perhaps Molus, Dennis. This list takes no account of the great number of names not on our maps, but in constant use by the Indians themselves, the more important of which may be found in the dictionary. The length of the list shows how rich the province is in Indian names. This wo owe chiefly to the French, whose close friendship with the Indians led to the adoption of so many of their names. Nearly all in the above list occur in French documents and ma])s. It will be noticed' that with only three or four exceptions, they apply to rivers, lakes or harbours ; and this is because of the great importance of waterways in a heavily wooded country like New Brunswick, where they formed the aboriginal highways on which French and Indians travelled together. It is needful now to examine the construction of Maliseetand Micmac place names. In the absence of exact philological data, this must be ■WflWHB! wmmm 190 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA lar/i^oly empirical, and my chief source of information is the questioning of the most intelligent Indians, further referencei* to whom will be found in the Appendix. In some words all Indians agree as to the construc- tion and meaning, and give the roots, as in Tomot/otiops, Minjai/uadaric, Pocowoifamis ; in others a majority agree upon one interpretation, but some dissent as in Sheoffomoc, while about others there is the widest dif- ference of opinion as in Reatigoxuhe. It is onlj' by gathering data from as many and reliable sources as possible, and carefully correlating all, that results of value can be obtained ; single statements are almost worthless. There is much popular misunderstanding about Indian place-names ; they are supposed all to have a meaning exactly descriptive of the place and perfectly intelligible to every Indian. As a matter of fact a large proportion of theiv names are no more undei-atood by the Indians than art! the names of England by the average Englishman, and of those which are plain to them, many do not describe any quality of the place, but refer to some event supposed to have occurred there, while others are purely legendary'. The question of constancy of Indian names is important and has three phases, (I) do they shift their positions from one place to another? (2) is one name replaced by another for the same place? (3) does the form of the individual word change much in time ? Of (1) I have found no ca.so ; of (2) the only example I have met with is where the aboriginal name has gone out of use and been replaced by a translation of the English name, as in the case of Grand Lake. As to (3) most of their place-names have remained very constant for two hundred years as the following examples will show ; allowance must be made for the French pronuncia- tion of the earlier forms, and they must be chosen from the most care- fully prepared documents. Happily we possess these in records left by deMeuUes, St. Valier, Gyles, Jumcau : Present name. Meductic Present Maliseet pronunciation. Medog'-teg Madawaska Med-a-wes'-kak Salmon Biver Grand Falls Old forms. Medoctet, 1684, d' Amour's Seigniory Medogtek, 168 S, St. Vallier Medocktack, 1j89, Gyles Medouaska, 168«, St. Vallier Medawescook, 16H9, Gyles Chimcnpy, 1666, deMeulles Chee-min'-pic Chik-un-ik'-a-bik Checanekepeag, 1689, Gyles But almost equally good examples may be found in the dictionary under Eestigouche, Kichibucto, Longs Creek, Jacquet Eiver, Tracadie, Nepisiguit, She|)ody, Meduxnakeag, Nashwaak, Jemsog, and in most M « i.-.jnw'.i^,u((w^vf^S [nANONo] PLACE-NOMENCLATITHE OF NEW HRUN8WICK t9l other Indian imineH. On the otii sr hand it is extremely dittieult to find exain|)loH of j^roat ohanji^e. that is authentic- exampleH derived from the same documents as the eases above. Hy lakini^ njis-Hpellod non-autliori- tative forms it is easy enousjii to tind ditferencos, wliioli would notljo nml. The best, almost the only marked example of change I havt^ found is in (frimrosa. wliich is given by deMeulles as Grimrrasse, and is now failed in Maliseet Et-lcrmlotek. The present Indian names, then, go back as a rule with little chungo for two hundred years, and how much further no one can say. From this we must infer that Indian place-names are very constant in form ; and if it be true, as is often said, that Indian languages are constantly and rapidly changing, their place-names must form their most consenative and stable element, in which respect aboriginal and civilized tongues are in agreement. Their constancy in a changing lan- guage helps to explain also why so many of them are now not understood by the Indians, and also shows how completely they have become proper names and have lost the character of descriptive phrases. The tendency to stability in place-names (&*>• well, indeed, us in other words) unaided by maps or records is illustrated also by the fact that the pronunciation used by country-people for Indian names is often neai-er the Indian form than is that generally current among people who iise books, and this also where there is no intercourse at present with the Indians. It is thus with Madawaska, Jemseg, Piskahegan (see the dictionary). I am inclined to think that the popular notion that languages are most stable which have a literature, and are very unstable without it, is not altogether true; at all events it does not hold for place-names. Three tribes of Indians live in New Brunswick, with about the same distribution as at its discovery, the Micmacs occupjdng the entire (lulf of St. Lawrence slope from the Restigouche to Nova Scotia, and the head of the Bay of Fundy ; the Maliseets in the St. John valley, and the Pas- saraaquoddies upon the St. Croix and Passamaquoddy Bay. Their relationships as shown in their language have not l)cen fully worked out, though Eand has supplied data from the Micraac tongue. Both are of coui'se of Algonquin stock. Micmac and Maliseet with much in common are yet so distinct that membci-s of one tribe cannot readily understand those of the other; Passamaquoddy and Maliseet are, however, identical or nearly so, and are very closely allied with the dialects of the New England tribes. The Micmacs on the other hand seem to be related to the Algonquin tribes of Canada. Though so ditferent in most features of their language, there is an exact resemblance in many of their place-names. This is shown both in similar terminations, etc., as will be discussed below, and also in the fol- lowing resemblances : Sec. II., 1896. 13. < i 192 ROYAL sex IKTY OF CANADA Micmai tenUonj. Middle Nictim A-bay-guil (T. K. 1) Wagwciik (St. Mun 'h Huy) Me^fiidawik ([jHcoinb lliirlior) Ki'«'liamk-t'k (lUitluirMt Harbor) Wola iiiook-took (Cains liivor) MaliHeit ttiritoij/, Midgic Nictau A-bah-giiict (CampDUiUo) ; Hug- wcet ? Wub-qtiah-oek (Oak Jlay) Magaguadavic Kirli-amk-i'k (at Liilicc and Lo- proau Hanin) Wola-niook-took (Ororaooto) Tbore is alno Honio rolationHbip botwoon Woid-ahs-fnul; or Oi)lalis-t»ok (St.. John) and Lus-took (Ifi'stiifouclu') ; |H>rlia|i.s tboy aro tbe same word in wbieii case \\w liostigoucbe, Miraniichi, St. John and Aroostook havu the xanu' Indian name. In all caHes except the first, wbich is uncertain, tbo nu-aningH also art' idfiitiial. i)roving tboni to be the same words; further jtarticulai"s jire in the dictionary which follows. Those names are mostly on salt water, and it may Ik- suppo.sed in oxjdanation that the Micmacs once held the entire territory and the Maliseets have driven them out adopting their names ; tliis was strongly believed in by the late Kdward Jack, at least lor names of the lower .St. John, liut further examination does not wuslain it, for there an- many names repeated over and over in Maliscet and l*enob.seot territory, which are not in Micmac, and vice rerun. Thus in the former are — Scoodic Milnucket Nashwiiak Pooowogamis Mesgosguelk (Mus- quash Harbour) In the latter air Escuminac Wakmulk (Taxis) Causa pscul Digdeguash Coak I'etkik (k'aticake) Menascook ((ren- net J{oek) Tracadie Kennebec ^* Haskahegan Pokiok Wakasoon (Little Presquile) Madawaska Klun(|uadik (Hardwood Crock) Hedec (P.K.I, k N.S.) Neboltook (Napan) Panacadie (Hall's Ci'cek) Napan But the questions thus raised, and many othei-s, can be settled only by minute scientific study of their philology, and I question whether there is in eastern America a more inviting field in Indian philology than this. We turn next to the composition of Maliseot and Micmac place- names. The characteristic which they \\f\.\ o most in common in their aboriginal form is the termitiation in a k sound, as oak, ik, ek, ak, (eaij), etc. This is the locative sutiiix which shows that the word signifies a 1 foANOHo] PLACE-NOMENCLATURE OF NEW BRUN8W1C < 198 placo. I HappoM' tho t ur Nai/k (Tobiqiie). Anotiior ioiportant termina- tion is sis (Maliseet. in Micmac, rhii h), whicli Ih tho diminutive, exproew- ing "little." a« XnKhwaalists, little Nashwaak. Of terminations with a distinct substantival men ning there are nev- eral. Thus tul: or fi'ok signitioH a river aw in IVui.l-ali took, Will-ainook- took (Malirteet). Akadik (Micmac. in MidiHoet, a-(/iiii/i-ilik), means place of o(!Currence or an a Malisi'ot once told nn* " whert^ you get 'em ;" than Sf(fiihuii-a-k)i'■ these sutfixes are 'u.seimrable ; there arc of course independent words for lake, river, '\Mnt, etc., but tho.se a;)pear rare'y if over to be used in combination, at least in aboriginal words. Hence names now used by Indians iii which f/uisjit:iii, lake, see-li< o river, are ccmibined with an adjectival part, as in Krher-ipUn-pfm, Vti'i\nd Lake, are probably not aboriginal. True prefixes appear not to be used, unless the slight m and p soands so often occurring there are such. In the interior of words, s 'llfvbles arc often added to express the idea of distance or removal from, and *,his could, 1 suppose, be callcil a distantivo ; thus Wool-nf,s' took is i sed ''len the speaker is beside or on it, but Wool-(ths-ta-(jook' when speal ing if it at a distance, and simile rh' Quuin-qiiaa'-took and Quinii({uaa'-t(i-i/~'ok xreon River), etc. Of a .some- what ditVorent sort is the extra syllabh ai wee signifying the j>ossessive ; Mik-um-ah-wee-wel-a-niook-took, Micma>? h i Oromoeto (Cain's River) Caat-ah-wee-st'C-hook, Eel his river (Eel Ilivt •), etc. Some of our Indian n.ames, of course tht shorter, consist of a sirgle topographical substantive with a locative, M) n aan-ook (Grand Mansin), Wee-josk, the mountain (C'lrry's mountain), Stin i-so'-ilek, a landing place. Such are exactly equivalent to our " tho Islau( ," " the Moimtain" u.sed as proper names, but they are not at all commoi . A full list of Maliseet and Micmac topographical terms is a degideraturi. Usually Indian names contain (1) an adjective part, (2) a 8ubi*tantive pari, which may be one of the terminations mentioned above, and (3) a locative. Of (1) : -J 194 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA examples are maij, great ; pok, narrow ; icel, good ; ?/u7, many, etc. Of (2) examples are wops, rock ; pet, bend ; mnl, rapid (?), amk, gravel, and others less common which may be found in the dictionar}'. They have no names for large stretches of country and the use of Miramichi, 8cootlic, llestigouche for districts is purely European. There is often great difficulty in recording Indian words from the fact that for many of their sounds wo have no equivalent. Thus a common consonant is one between k and (j ; it is not Med-otj-teg nor Med-ok-tck but between, not Shik-a-te-havk nor Shiij-a-te-hawij but between. Again there is a sound between k and / ; Klun-qua-dik or Tlun-qua-dik, and also between m and h, as Monnnes or Boannes. They have also slight extra sounds or lengthening of sounds hardly distinct enough to be given as extra S3'llables, but too distinct to be neglected \ Nay-(joot or Nay-goo-Dot. The sounds /• and /are wanting in both Mali- seet and Micmac. It is useless to attempt to interpret Indian npmes Irom the forms in which they are in use by us. How extremely those differ from the proper Indian form may be found by consulting the dictionary, and the true form must always be obtained from Indians or from authoritative documents as a preliminary to anj' thorough study. The reasons why our forms differ so much from their Indian originals may be briefly traced. They have come mostly thiough the French, henpe suffering two sets of lingual alterations through familiarization and shortening. The French in adopting them, regularl}' altered certain sounds difficult of pronunciation to others more easy or pleasing and misunilerstood some others ; and the English have added their set of alterations. The details of the sound changes have not been worked out, but 1 have no doubt that they are as regular sxs they have been found to be elsewhere, and they can be expressed in a law as definite as Grimm's is for the Indo-Kuropean and German. The shortening of words has been very marked, the Micmac (i ool-vah-gah'-kwek was to tive French Ariquaki, Inter Boquaquc, now Quaco ; Noo-kam-keech-wuk is now Keswick. There are some puzzling cases in which it is difficult to say whether our name is a translation of the Indian or theirs a translation of ours, or whether the two may not be independently given ; thus Spoon Island is in Maliseet ArH-qiiah'-nif<, meaning a spoon, and the name seems to be descriptive of its shape like the bowl of a spoon. In some cases the Indians have adopted the English or French names familiarizing them more or less ; Poos-hetk' for Boars head ; Welshpool; S'coUt'ge for Sussex (whore thern was formerly an Indian college) ; Sce-dan for Sainte Anne (see Hart's Island). Trowsers I;ako they call Bel-chea-og-a-mook (i.e. breeches lake). Cases like Kchee-men-eck' for Long Island and Kchee-quis- pem for (J rand Lake are probably translations of the English names, though possibly they are aboriginal. It is probable that careful study [GAKOXGj PLACE-NOMENCLATURE OF NEW BRUNSWICK li 3 108, My would show that some names considered by us aboi'iginal are taken y them from tlie French. A very interesting phane of their place-nomenclature is its oxpl; a- ation by legends, which at the same time explain curious or strik \g features of the landscape. In fact there is hardly a marked topograph -al feature foi" whi(;h they have not an explanation, usually found in sc no act of their de mi -God (rlooscap, in whom centros an elaborate mythoU ry. Of these stories some of the most interesting explain resemblar '-es, which we call accidental, between topographical features and ani? lals. Thus Moose Mountain, above Florencoville, is said by them to reseral le a moose lying down, and they say it is tho one which Glooscap slew vhen it became so large as to endanger the lives of men. The Old Fi ,ar at Campobello is Skee-ta-he.^fi'-iik, the Witch. At the mouth of Iveswic c, and at other places as well, are clay banks from which concretions of r mark- able shapes are washed out ; these are the counters with which the Oo-na- gess-ook play. (See also Little Hiver, Kings). In some cases a sint le story explains several features at once, and one of the best of these is as bllows : In old times Kennebecasis Bay was a big beaver-pond, flooded b; a great diim which, now turned to stone, is the ridge at the falls (A' lee-qudh- beet-au-week-pa-he'-t/an = the great beavei-s'dnm). In the pond the groat beavers had built their bouse which is now the Minister's Face J^wi-bcct- a-ico-tif'-ek = the beavei"s' nest). But the beavers by bad actio is brought on them the wrath of Glooscap, and he came to destroy thoi i. With a huge handspike he bi-oke the dam, making thus the gorge al the falls. Th', rush of waters carried out a great piece which is no v Pai'tridge Island (Qu(ik-ui'k(n/'-:/an-ik = a piece cut out), and his hand spike which he dropped is Split Kock. As the water fell Glooscai) si ized Kchee- quah'-beot, the great beaver, and flung him to the foot of ,\ennebecasi8 island, where his blood still stains the rocks. But another escaped and fled away up the St. John so fast that (flooscap co\ild not ( atch him. So he took two big rocks from the beach at Bay Shore, and threw them after the beaver, and they fell into the river, just below tlu^ Tobique (the ' Tobiquo Rocks,' /Arn/'-mf'/i-')//.s'-/io/i). but the beaver esc;, jhhI into Temi- 8(;ouata and built himself a new house, which is now Mount Wissik (from Wo-sis-ok =^a nest), opposite the Cabano. This story is here given only in barest outline ; it has many additions from individvuil narrators. It ha.s, of course, arisen to explain the features it mentions, \hv renuirkublo ridge at the falls, the rock and islands, the rounded hills somewhiit re- sembling beaver-houses at Minister's Face and .Mount Wissik. and the presentee of the black slate rocks in the river at Tobiquo, which really do resemble tho.se at the Fern Ledges in Carlelou. Stories of this kind are often told of different localities, for instance this one is told also by the Passamaquoddios of Oak Bay ; and Cooksons Lsland was the Beaver's houBe, and he fled up the Waweig. It appears as if sometimes both local- !,• , -i. 196 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA ities are corabineil in ome Htory. These stories are analogous to those so numerous among tliem, which exphiin the physical peculiarities of animals. Rand and Leland have studied their legends in general, but have scarcely noticed their place-stories. I have no doubt that a great deal of interesting matter in this line is still to be gained from them. Other stories pretend to be historical, and perhaps to some extent are. Thus Hardwood Creek is in Maliseet Klunquah'-dik = the "treaty-place," said by them to be where their last fight with the Mohawks took place and where a lasting peace was made with them, but it is more likely that the origin is different and unknown to them and the story has grown up to explain the name, which I suppose beai*s some resemblance (from this point of view accidental) to their word for a treaty. Of Lhe same kind may be the legend so often told of the (lestruction of the canoes full of Mohawks, which were allowed by the Maliseet women guides to drift over the (rrand Falls. The falls are called Chik-un-ika-bi/i, the destroyer. 2. The period of Explonifion ; the uV^z-sf ma/i to CV(rtwi/>/a//i. (luOO-1604). The place names originating in this period are : Fundy Probiibly Acadia Chaleur ,.• Beaubassin St. John Miramichi St. Croix Po8.sibly Tormentine The obsolete Bale Fran9oi6e St. Lunario » By translation, Red Head The voyages of the Nomemen to America about 1000 A.D. left no trace in place-names. It is a coincidence worth noting, however, that the studies of Bishop Howley, still unpublished, upon their route as told in the Sagas, Ini him to locate their '• Vinland " in Miramichi Bay ; and it Avas only after this that he noticed the occurrence there of the name Vin, the origin of which is altogether obscure. The many voyages of explorers on the Atlantic Coast from Cabot to the middle of the 16th century left many names on Newfoundland and some on Xova Scotia, but onl}' Fundy and Aeadia in which New Bruns- wick has a share. In 158-1 the North Shore was explored by Cartier. He gave St. Lunario to the head of Northumberland Strait, (^ap d'Exp^rance to Point Miscou. and Bnij Chaleur He probably used also Miraiiilefu in an old form t<»r it seems to occur on nuvps which record his voyages, and is probably European in origin. It is |)0S8ible that his (\ip des Stiuvafjen given to North Cape, P. ML, survives in Cape Tormentine, In ] 004 De Monts and Champlain explored the Bay of Fundy, naming it Baic Franroist'. and giving also St. Louis (Quaco), r. Rouge, (Red [ganoko] place-nomenclature OF NEW BRUNSWICK 197 Head), aS'^. John, C. de Mine (McCoys Head). Men lutneUes (The Wolves), Port aux Coquilles (Head Harbour), Isle t/ravre (White Head (?) ) St. Croix, and Oniijoudi to the St. John. Bcauhax>iin, perhaps originated at this time. It is noticeable how rarely Chuniplain uses native nameei. Ho was the last of the otticial explorers ; henceforth the geography of the province was made known by missionary priests and by traders. 3. The French Period. The place-names oiiginaliug in this period are : In the St. .John Valley. St. Francis Rapide do Femme Bumfrau By translation Grand River frreen River Grand Falls Upper Reach Grand Lake Long Island Devils Back Riviiire des Chutes Presquile Belleislo Musquash Islands Oak Point Long Reach Grand Bay South Bay Partridge Island Musquash Harbour Inithe St. Croix Valley. Letete Letang Lepreau DeLute Grand in Grand Manun Probably, St. Andi'ows (I)ochet is not French) On the North Shore. Point Ensault Mizzenette Point Belle Dune Portage Island Rivitire du Cache Point Cheval By translation. Eel River Probably, Caraquette Point (Juart Bay du Vin; Cocagne Bay Verte Tormentine Blacklands Gasporeau «■■ 198 ROYAL SOCIKTY OF CANADA At Head op Bay of Fundy. TttHtramar Aulac Point lie Hute By trniisliition, (irindstonc Island And the obsolete, Beaust5jouv Indirectly, French Lake French VilhiL'e Cape Meringouin Cape Enrags. as : Gully, from Goulet, the narrow entrance to a harbour. Dune, a sand beach. Barachois, a pond or lagoon at mouth of a river. Anse, a cove. Perdu, a cove b}- a stream, sometimes pronounced Bedoo. Also directly or indirectly the use of Grand for Large, as Grand Lake, etc. 4. The New England Period. The place names originating in this period are : In the St. John Valley. Bear Ibland Sun bury Maugervilic Burton Gagelown Maugers Ishind Tl.atch island Ox Island Probably, The Mistake Darlings Island Possibly, Spoon Island (Swan Creek is Indian, as is Mahogany, and some others used in this period.) Kembles Manor Brandy Point Hammond Biver Portland Courtney Bay Cape Spencer Tobique Catons Island French Lake Sugar Island %iiCi [GAKOKcs] PLACE-K0MP:NCLATIJRP: of new BRUNSWICK 201 In the St. Ckoix Valley. led in Deer Island Carapobello Head Harbor Herring Cove Windmill Point Friars Bay White Horse Macos Bay Wilsons Iteuch Indian Island Casco Bay Island Beaver Harbor Probably, Oak Bay Possibly, St. Andrews Mascarene Grand Harbor North Head Wliale Cove Long Island Whitehead Island Green Islands Three Islands Wood island Murr Ledges Dennis Stream (Wolves is earlier) At the Head ok the Bay ok Funpy. Salisbury Bay Hopewell Hillsborough Probably, Halls Creek Tongues Island Sackville Moncton Germautown Lake (Cumberland Fort is earlier. See p. 198.) On the North Shore. Walkers Brook Heron Island Fox Island Sheldrake Island Probably, Barnabys Eiver Cains Kiver lienous Eiver Middle Island Beaubears Island Northumberland Strait Bart i bog BartholoiuewM River Taxis River (Burnt Church is earlier) During this period many Indian names were adopted with little change from the French, and no doubt many of our descriptive minor names, especially Mill Creek, etc., belong here also. The names of this period show a large proportion of those of a com- memorative character, a clear evidence of the coming of a people ac- customed to regulate even their smaller affairs by courts and councils. J I ■ ■ I- I ■iv ::\ 202 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA \ ', l\ After the capture of (iuobec in 1759, the prospect of peace with the French and security from the Indians, led many New Engiandors to look towards Nova Scotia, partly for trade, and partly for settlement on the rich lands left vacant by the expulsion of the French. Many traders and tishornien came to Passamaquoddy Iwtween 1760 and 1764, and with them doubtless originated the minor names of this period about Grand Manan and Passamaquoddy. such as Casco Bay Ishmd, Indian Island, Bi'uocr Harbor, Head /Farbour, W/iiti' Iforsc ; on the St. John, traders settled at the moutli of the river, who named Portland, and other settlers scattered themselves along it up to Maugerville, and with them originated the minor names Maui/ers, Thatch and Ox Islands, Brandy Point, etc., and perhaps some of those which seem to be translations from the French. (See p. 198). About this time also, i.e. from 1760 to 1770, hirge grants of land were made by the (rovernment, often in whole townships, partly to retired oificei-s of the royal service and partlj- to associations of settlere, and these Avere usually named for a leading grantee, or some one then I)rominent in England. Thus originated the townships and manors, some of which have survived as counties or jiarishes, as Sanbury, Maugerville, Burton, Gaijetown on the St. John ; Hopewell, Hillsborough, Sackville, Moncton at the head of the Hay of Fundy. Kembles Manor, Mascareen f^amjiohi'llo and Hammond Kiver, also originated in these grants. Extinct townships and grants with distinct names on the St. John were Newton, AlmestoH (or Amcsbury), Francfort (or 2IacNutts), Spryhampton, Mor- risania, Ilcatonrille, Mount Pau'lctt, Conway, all of which may be found located in the Dictionary. One of the associations placed at Shepody n number of Germans from Pennsylvania, originating the name German- t'urn La.kc, In addition to the New Engl anders, there were also settlers direct from Kngland and Scotland. Captain Owen led English settlers to Campobello, originating that name and others about the i.-^land ; on the St. .Tohn a few were placed by the proprietors of townships ; on the North Shore Colonel Walker from 1770-77 had a trading establishment at Bathurst and a branch at Restigoucho, whence Wal/cers Brook, and perhaps some names near Jiatliuret. At Miramichi, a colony of Scotchmen settled and probably they gave the names to Bcaube'irs, Middle and Sheldrake Islands, Bartibog, Barnabys and other rivers named for Indians who lived on them. The latter series of names is of great interest. That they did thus originate, tradition, both of Indians and whites, and the statements by Cooney all agree, though some of them may not have come into use until later. In 1772 a colony of Yorkshire men came to Cumberland Co., though no place- names of theii-s are known. During this period careful 8urve3's of the coasts of Nova Scotia were made by Wright (1772), and DesBarres (published 1776-1786). for the [oANOKoJ PLACE-NOMENCLATURE OF NEW BRUNSWICK 203 British Admiralty. Wright appears only to have recorded the namcH found by him in use among the tiwhcrinen, etc., but DesBarres gave new names in large numbers. These names were those of people, and in some cases wo find in contemporary history the persons whom he probably intended to lionour. and in other cases they were probably friends of his whose names are not preserved. Perhaps the petition from him and fifty-nine other otficors in 1762 (Archives, 1894, 237) may explain some of the names. Most of them are extinct, but ('ourtney, Cape Spencer, Snlinbiiri/ Bay, Fox Island, Northumberland Strait, all apjiarently given by him, survive ; and Waltham, applied to Portage Island, lingered for a time. Others of his names will be found in the Dictionary. Some of the names of this period show interesting changes in the transition from one language to another ; thus Mahotjany is a familiari- zation from the Maliseet, Manawoganish or Meogenes, and Swan Creek of the Maliseet See-wan-kik. he he ve njs ies m, Be, 72 je- re 16 5. The Loyalist Period. It is difficult to make a division between the names of this period and that which follows it, but the following are associated with the coming and settlement of the Loyalists. The Province; New Brunswick. The counties, with their parishes : Westmorland, Salisbury. Charlotte, St. George, St. Patrick, St. Stephen, St. David, Pennfield, West Isles. Northumberland, Newcastle, Alnwick. Kings, Westfield, Sussex, Springfield, Kingston. Queens, Wickham, Waterborough, Hampstead. York, Fredericton, Kingsclear. Prince William, Saint Marys, Queensbury. Lancaster, Saint Martins, Lincoln, Shetfleld. Woodstock, Northampton. Dorchester. Also Lake Utopia, Carleton, Minister's Island, Springhill, j^rob- ably Lake George. A number of smaller streams took the names of their loyalist grantees or residents, as Bulls, Greers. Longs, Gardens, Wards Creeks, Menzies Stream ; Griffiths, Bliss, Pendletons Islands, and very many local names of points, etc. ; and, in particular, the names of streets in St. John, Fredericton and St. Andi-ews, all laid out at this time, have marked loyalist names. It is remarkable that there is no name in the list which directly recalls the loyalist movement itself, which, in this respect, is analogous to the expulsion of the Acadians. 204 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA The nainoM of the originul counties wore given by tho king's council and enacted by royal lettei-8 putont in May, 1785. It in not reraarlfablo, then, that they express attachment to the crown, as they do, except Wi'strnorland and Northumberland, which seem to have been suggested by their nearness to Cuniburland, as in England. The parishes were named in 178fJ by Guvcu-nor Carleton. the council and assembly. Of them, several are old township names (see p. 202) ; indeed, most of the townships which had been fairly settled were retained as parishes. Others express attachment to the crown, as Fredericton (named 1785), Kingarlear, Queembury, Prince William and perhaps Sussex. Othci-s seem to recall the former homes of the loyalist settlers, as ITainpstt'ad, Pennfield. Si. Marys, and possibl)' others. Geographical position apparently iletermined some of them, as Westficld, West Isles and Northami'ton, then the northern parish of York. Near Northampton in England is Woodstoek, which possibly suggested the name for the contiguous parish. Newcastle and Alnwick are the two chief places in Northumberland, England, whence, (loul)tless. the names of these two parishes. Lincoln is next to York in England, us in New Brunswick. 1 The reasons for the a.s.Huml)lage of Saints in Charlotte is not obvious, but probably the pre-loj'aiist St. Andrews suggested the t)ther patrons of the JJritish Isles, St. (ieonje and *s7. Patrick ; and to these, in a sort of clumsy Joke, others wore added. A somewhat similar collection occui-s in Prince Edward Island. Others of lesser interest arc explained in the dictionary, but to the origin of Wickham. Lancaster, St. Martins we have no clue. In general, this period did not greatly enrich our nomenclature. C^. The Post- Loyalist Period. The names of this jieriod are so numerous, so familiar in form, and usually so plain in their origin, that no special list of them is necesaarj-. The parish names are of much interest, for, given deliberately, as they are, they reflect clearly the sentiments of tho people during this time. From the arrival of the Loyalists in 1783-1784 up to about 1811), there was very slow but steady growth in the province, with but little addition from without. The parish names of this time show the loyalist devotion to (rreat Britain, for they aie mostly those of Englishmen then prominent, as Dorchester, friend of the loyalists, Wellinyton, Nelson, Chatham, Northesk, Glenely, Brunswick, while others appear to be given in recollection of English places, as Norton, Greenwich, Hampton, Wakefield. The governor is honoured in Carleton, an administrator of the government in Imdlow, the speaker of the House of Assembly in (OANONO] PLACE-NOMENCLATURE OF NEW BRUNSWICK 808 lis Ion, of in ftotft'ord. Tho two latter were loyalists, and the Hrst residents to In- thus honoured, l»ut it shows a dawning recognition of native rights ; and perhaps awakening local piide is shown also in the adoption as parish TuiMioft of Camjiohello, (irond Mniutn. Salinhnry is of douhtful origin. New settlements gave origin to Hichmdiid, JacksDiitoini. Mdif/land, New Cniuian, The Burony, and perhaps Geory. Loch Lomond originated at this time. At this time there came into use very many of our local descriptive names, particularly ownership names of hrooks, points, coves, etc.. and also, doubtless, tho remarkable series of ownership names of rivei-s along Bay i'haleur, ('hurlo, lienjamin, Nanlis, Louixon, Jacquet and ])robably Peters Jiirrr.^. The oiigin of these names is not certain, but local tradition is probably correct in saying they record the names of residents more or less temporary, whose names, as pronoimced liy thf Acadians, resulted in tliese forms. At this time, also, tho Acadians were forming definite settlements along the North Shore and at Mudawnska. They built churches, Avhich were named, as their custom is. for saints, and these gave names to the missions of which they were the centres, and in at least one case, though much later, to a pari.sh, as in .sV. Jhisil. Tho causes of the naming of the French parishes, so many of which bear the names of saints, are of interest. Thew^ parishes usually take the name of the church in tliem, and this is always chosen or approved by the Bishop of the Diocese. It may be suggested by various circum- atiinces, as the name of the saint whose feast most nearly coincides with the dedication of the church (St. Basile), the j)alron saint of the new settlere, or the name of a benefactor of the church, if it is the same as a saint recognized by the church (St. llilaire). in honour of a bishop (St. Jacques), or the name of a river or other prominent place (St. Francis). How little voice the Acadians had in atfairs at this time is shown by the English names given to the new parishes in Kent. Dui'ing this time the International boundary was in dispute, and in connection with it careful surveys were made of the St. Croix and Magaguadavic in lT9()-98. In 1786 the Restigouche had been survej'ed for the Quebec government, and these surveys established the nomencla- clature of these rivers. To this period belong Jiirhmond. Jiicksontoirn. Marylamd, New Canaan, Geary, Barony, Loch Lomond. About 1819 extensive immigration began from (Jreat Jiritain, and has continued with great fluctuations down to the present, giving us many names recalling the former homes of the .settlei"s as Emjiish, Scotch and Irish Settlements, New Jiandon, Cardif/an. Toy, and much later many othei"8, A few of these have given names to parishes, as in New Handon. From 1819 up to about 1830, the parish names still show a strong admir- ation for eminent Englishmen, as Canning, Beresford, Bathnrst, Dalhov- sie, Kent, Addington, Eldon, Dundas, Huskisson, Harcourt and perhaps , I r %\-i d 206 KOYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 5 ' (iloiiciHttr, iitid for Kii^liHh pliuos n» in Lnu^rpool, und ]K'r\\ti\m Coi'irdnlrf wl.ich^^♦'Olr^ to bo from tlio English iiliit't's. Duui/liix und Suumtin's honour n Rctvurnor und an administrator of th»> province, wliilt» S/tfdini-, and in a way .S7. Jiirms, are tlu! only onoH witli a nalivo tiavoiir. During tlas timi) also there was much activity in siirvoying for Idghway roads in the province, and those survoj's i'slal»li«!icd many of the nnnor noinonclatiire along their routes ; such were tlie St. .lohn-Sf. Andrews road of IHU!, the Nerepis-Frederioton road of 1S2(), the Fredericton-Ht. Andrews road of 1830, etc. After 1)S14 certain disbanded ivgiments were settled on the upper St. John, and one of tliese, the West India Kangei-s, gave name to llaiKjcr Scttlntuiit. Probably at this time, too, origiiuitod the names of some of the Acadian settlements, from the family names of the sotllei-s, as Gue(/tii, Helfiveau, etc. Here also belongs lioiestown. About 18;{0 began the struggle for responsible government, which ended about 1850 ; it soon showed its etfects in ])arish names. Jilisx/icld, Jilaekrille, Bf.iK.' bciMi tixod by the military road survoys of IHl.'l-H. The boundary lin«' k'twot'ii (^iiehec and Now Hrunswick waH Hurvcyi'd in iKftft. All of thoMo nurvovs originated now minor nanieti along their routes and helped to tix othei-w. Tt> this period belong many settlenivnt and other luinien. which follow in their naming the analogy of tin- panHlu-s ; such are : l/va's lide, ovens, back, etc. — Applied to various places with something ani inny about them. l)ike.- -Tn Westmorland for the marsh '-in''- ''eclaimed by dikes. Duck >ole. — Sometimes for a reedy covu uy a stream. Dugwf.y. — A. short artifici:'! channel, as occa^ionall3' on the St. .John. Dune. — Acadian, a sandy beaoh. Falls. — Sometimes used for ra^cids. Flat. — Same as intervale, and cjso nhcvt :'or mud-flats on tidal livera. Follow. — A place in the woods lo'viy burnt for cultivation. Forks. — Common for the pir*ce v)f biTUching of a river. lit- 210 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 1: hi Gulch. — On the Restigouchc for the ravinct* by wliich the smaller brooks enter ; extended also to the brooks theinsolves. Gully. — CJ^oubtless French goulet, with the same meaning.) On the North Shore for narrow entrance to a lagoon. Head. — The points with cliffs and rounded tops along the Bay of Fundy. Heath (pr, hayth). — In Charlotte for the barrens. Hoi-sebaclc— A narrow gravel rklge. Intervale (pr. interval). — The alluvial flats along rivers. Island. — Also high land in the midst of a marsh. Keyhole. — On Grand Lake lor a round harbour or cove with '.arrow entrance. Lagoon. — On the North Shore for the lake like mouths of rivers formed by the sandy islands. Perhaps only a map name. Marsh (pronounced often mash). — For both fresh and salt water. Mountain. — For small hills, when largest in that vicinity. Neck. — A nari'ow isthmus. Nubble, — In Charlotte for a small detached mass of rock neflv a high shore. Oxbow. — A bend in a stream that turns completely back on il.seif. Passage. — A place between islands, navigable by vessels, on salt W;.ler. Plains. — About St. .lohn for the blueberry barrens. Point (pronounced pint). — Also for ju-qjection of high land into a mareh. Pond. — Used only for very snuill lakes and rarely with any other word. Portage. — A road around a tali or between streams, (^uickwater. — Sometimes used for water running rapidly but not broken by rapids. Eapids. — Where the water is broken, white and with some abrupt fall, llavine. — Localh' in Kings for the deep v-shaped valley of a small stream. Reach. A straight stretch on a river on which sailing craft can make long tack.s. I{idge. — Particularly in Charlotte for long glacial hills. IMps (sometimes ripj)]ings). — Waterless broken than in rapids, as when over gravel bars. Sea-wall.— A gravel or boulder ridge thrown ujt iiy the waves. Settlement. — Jtarely village. Stillwater. — (Now little used.) A smooth place in a stream which is usually rough. Stream. — Larger than brook, smaller than river. Swale. — A low wooded place, through which at times water may flow. Thoroughfare. — A pa.'^sage between lakes on the same level. Tickle. — At Miraniichi. for a narrow passage between island and shore. Thrum or Thum-cap. — Like Nubble, but larger. Tote-road. — A roi»d to a camp over which supplies are taken. Upland. — Higher lani along a river : to contrast with intervale. Vale — In combinations, imported. [ganong] place-nomenclature OF NEW BRUNSWICK 211 River, lake, brook, cove, bluff, gorge, narrows, bog, cliff, valley, swamp, etc., in theii- ordinary sense. Certain compounds are favourites and repeated over and over again. Such are Bald Mountain, Mount Pleasant, Trout Brook, Long Island, Hog Island, and, among the French, Cross Point, Ma' Baie, etc. Resem- blances to familiar objects give Sugar Loaf, Old Friar, repealed more than once. The word Folly is not rare, and probably expresses the opinion of neighbours on an unfortunate business venture, as Pope's Folly, Foily Point, etc. Brothers is a favourite for groujjs of small islands and sisters for small brooks near one another. The nomenclature of the country people is of a primitive descriptive sort, homely enough, but not un picturesque, particuiarh' in that of the river drivere (see under 8t. Croix and Magaguadavic). , ■ J- ! 7. The Present and ligature of the Flace-noinenclature of New Brunswick. It win be of interest now to summarize the characteristics of o\ir place-nomenclature as a whole, to point out what remains to be done in its study, and to draw from its past what lessons we can for use in the future. In the aggregate our place-nomenclature is certainly varied and attractive, probably more so than that of most now countries. It contains words from at least five languages, illustrates most of the known principles of the jjivinsr and changing of place names, com- memorates nearly every important movement and most men prominent in provincial history, illustrates the geographical movements of popula- tion, reflects the phases of political feeling and growing loca! je during the past century, and in general gives us a very satisfactory system of place-names. Its dericioncies consist in its lack of commemoration of many of the founders of the jmivince, its failure to reflect certain of its historical events, and in the largo number of xcry trivial names which have been recently given to settlements. To review more 8])ecitically the more interesting features of our place-nomenclature, we must note flrst of all the great number of Indian names, many of which contain the qualities which mark the best place- immes, and of them Jtestiijouche, Aroostuol;, OromocfOj Kenricbecafis, Pdtapediii, (^Icurisfu' are melodious, dignified and unique. It is true there are many much less |)leasinn- ; in fact as concerns melody our Indian names as a whole are not as great a success as we could wish. Descriptive names of every sort occur for natural features, and commemorative names in abundance for artificial divisions. Very old names of European origin are Fundy, C/ialeur, and ])robably Acadia and Miramirhi. Wo have names of marked individuality in the made-up names Campobello, Coltina, Erina Kini/sclcar, and a certain poetry in the Woires. Cocagne and Utopia, :i '4\ mm \i ' 21S ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA from two languages, mean the sarae thing, and it is remavkablo to find them both in the same country. Fanciful names occur in the Inglewood series. Remarkable examples of changes due to the principle of famili- arization are found in Swan Creek, Mahmiany, Biimfrau, Paticake, and probably Cains, and curious cases of familiarization into another tongue in Tetc-u-Gauche, Docket, and the popular explanations of Petitcodiac and Shepody. The shortening of names is illustrated by Quaco, once (rO(il-ira-,e Mistake, Pcadmans Head. And thev' .re many names of still unknown origin to reward study, of which a i. . ,vill be given below. Remarkable examples of the arising of .stories to explain names are found in iiumy of those of the Indians, and also in Tormentine, Midtjic, Point de Bute. The geographical distribution of the names of this period in relation to the earlier ones is of /';reat interest. The Indian names apply natur- ally to watercoui-ses UTid other natural features throughout the i^rovince, the exploration nnrrx's to waterways navigable for shij)S, those of tho French period to watercourses and localities along them. The New lOng- landers Avere the tirst to name artificial divisions which they did in their town8hij)S and with imported names. These townships were only on the St. John and at the head of the Bay of Fundy, with easy communica- tion with New England, never on the north shore. After the loyalists came the entire province was divided into artificial divisions, but only the most accessible places, especially the lower courses of the rivei-s, and particularly those accessible from the Bay of Fundy, were actually occupied and here it is that their names are most abundant. The upper courses of the rivers, the higher lands back from their vallej's and most of the north shore were left for later hcttlement. To these the French, who received scant courtesy at this time, had to retire, and thus came the great series of names of saints on the north shore, particularly in Kent county, and at Madawaska. The remainder of the north shore and especially its more remote ])arts. was thus left free for other settlement, and was actually settled later Isirgely by immigrants fri)m Europe to whom it is even more easily acces.sible than are the rivei-s emptying into the Bay of Fundy. Later settlers have taken also the upper coui-ses of the rivers and the lands back from them, and here their names are to be [qanono] PLACE-NOMENCl.ATURE Of^ NEW BRUNSWICK 213 found. One seeming exception to this distribution is tlie occurrence' of the many siiints' names in Charlotte, t>i; be- one of which teachei-s could make much use in arousing interest in local history among their ]>upiis. If teacher and pu])ils together would work tip thoroughly the place-names of a limited district, such as their own county or parish, and publish the results in the local newspaper, it would ]»rove a training of much value in investigation ind in the application of critical methods, and, as well, a stimulus to local interest and even to patriotism. It is well tiow to ask whether the results of sut^h studies as these can prove of any aid to present or benefit to future nomenclature. The laws controlling place-nomenclature are so deep seated in ihe nature of the human mind, so independent of reason and so far out of reach of argument, that any attempt to make ii'vut changes is entirely ttseless ; the most that can oe done is. falling in with this leading prin- ciple of convenience, to sug^•e8t convenient ways for the luture and the most convenient of the twu ways when there is doubt. The practical value of uniformity in the spelling of place-names is evident and has been recognized otticially by several governments. The United States, for example, has a " Board Qf (Tcograjihic Nanjes," which attempts to secure a standard form for all place-names in that country, and these 814 ItOYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA forms are used in all of the ^'overnment publications. This board does not attempt to alter any oxistini;: usage, Vnit simply where several forms arc in use t(» select the best, i.e., "that which is most appropiiutc and euphonious." Its decisions are, of course, not binding on any one except the government bureaus, but no doubt the manifest advantage of con- formity to it will lead to wide acceptance. We have in New Brunswick many cases of irregular usage, such as Lepreau and Lepreaux ; Bay C'iialeur, Bale des(Jhaleurs; Xepisiguit, Nepisiquit, Nipisiquit; Meogones, Manawoganish ; Kennebecasis, Kennebeccasis. etc: ; North Esk, Northesk, and others. The application of the principles we have been considering will always show which of the forms should be preferred. Thus, other things being equal, a shorter fo7-m is preferable to a longer, partly because more convenient and partly because words are tending that way, and all surplus letti'i-s are better dropped. Kenehecaniv and Misper are better than the longer forms. The history of the word will often help ; thus, M'pi'sif/uit, Leprea>i and Chalrnr are better than the other forms. All signs, as the apo.strophe, hyphens, etc., are l>etter dropped, as not only inconvenient to use, but also unnecessary in words which are no longer conT"n>'n nou'is but ])roper place-names ; thus Mares, not Mace's Bay, aiui J'ttengaurhe, not Tote-aGauche. Words run together are better thus than separated; thus, liellnhinc. not Belle Dune. In the dictionary f have tiiod *^o point out ail such cases and to indicate the best forms, and thut 111 St. nil measure, to make it a standard list of our place-names. As to the names for the future all that can be done is to suggest some which would be both convenient and appropriate. The revival of Indian names is not easy on acccjunt of diffteulties of pronunciation, but is possible, especially if the principles conti'olling the shortening and familiarization of the Indian names we now have could be coditicd and applied to new ones. The res\ilt would be, I am sure, a great number of dignitied and melodious words ; but this is a delightful task ibr some future student. But ready to our hands are many good names. There are all the beautiful seigniorial names of the French period ; none could be more pleasing, and if a]>])lied, as they should be. at or near their proper kx^alifies, none could be more ajipropriate or useful in illustration of the local history, Then there are some of the old township or grant names po.ssessing good qualities. There are also those of the leading loyalists, the founders of Now Brunswick. Some of them, but not all, are thus honoured as they should be ; Edward Winslow is a conspicuous omission. There are also a number of extinct Indian names available, as Woolastook, Ourautjabena, Meductlr, Chacodl, Minaqua. It is surely better to revive these ancient names, part of our own history, pleasant sounding and distinctive as they are, than to adopt those which are the heritage of other countries, or those which, though our own, are but trivial. \ [GAN( impoi decide wort in a is evei of the The or ext [ganokg] place-nomenclature OF NEW BRUNSWICK 213 PART III. A Dictionary of the Place-jSTames of New Brunswick. In this dictionary I aim to give the history of each place-name of any importance now or formerly in use in New Brunswick. It is dilHcult to decide what to exclude ; one knows that many details too trivial to seem worth notice now will be of tl>e greatest interest in the future ; but even in a monograph one cannot include everything. In place-names there is every gradation from those of countries and great rivei-s down to those of the tiniest points and rocks, too local to a])pear even on detailed maps. The rule I have followed is this : every loyalist and earlier name, extinct or extant, known to me is included, but in this century only those of Special prominence. In the history of important words there is a constant temptation to attempt to refute the errors of other writers and also to give all of the very early known forms and recorded meaning.s, if for no other reason than to prevent future student!- from saying that one has overlooked them. Of important names like Aucpaque, Miramichi, etc., one can collect a dozen forms. I have given only so manj- of these as seem to mo to be necessary to show the true history of the word. The manj- allusions to place-names in books of travel which are often curious and generally incorrect, are. of course, omitted, as are mere misprints in other works. Next to being able to give the exact history of a name, it is import- ant to give its first recorded use, for this is a very long step towanls find- ing its origin. In all cases I have given, in the original form, the first use I can find, and it is to be understood that the torm. given fiim after the name itself is the oldest known to me. The names of authors and of books and majis will be found repeated, with fuller information, at the end of this paper in the bibliography. The word "in" before an author's name refers to a book or manuscript ; " on " refers to a map. llohian figures after an author's name refer to his different works as listed in the bibliography. All plans mentioned are in the Crown Land office at Fredcricton. Where no authority for a statement is given, it is to be understood as resting upon my own. In the Indian names, unless some other authority is given, I have obtained the names from the Indians them- selves, and I have used those obtained by myself wherever possible. The use of ditferont systems of expressing sounds by IJand and others quoted, has made it necessary to reduce them all to one system, which 1 have done, but have indicated it by (alt.) to show I have had to alter their spelling. Where a statement is given without qualification, it means that I'i iwaiM 216 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA I am convinced of its truth ; degrees of doubt are expressed by " doubt- less " (or " no doubt "), '■ probably," " possibly," etc. In the mode of spelling of names I have attempted to impose no system, but simply to reflei t the best usage, and where "this is divided to suggest which are the best forms. In the pronunciation I have used none of the special systems which have been invented, because it seems to mo more conve.iient to those for whom thLs work is principally intended to use the more familiar sounds, a proceeding which I know well has, scientifically, great drawbacks. The sounds iised are as follows : ee as in meet, ei as in height, i as in tin. (> as in not. oo as in moon (at end of a syl!;xb''^ > 00 as in cook (before a consonant, in same syllable). ay e ch a as in far. ah as in expression ah ! aw as in law. as in hay. as in met. always hard, as in church. Every syllable is sounded as a distinct word Other abbreviations as follows : = stands for '• means in English." P. for Parish. T. for Township. C. for County. S. for Settlement. A date after any of these means the year of its legal establishment, pr. loc means pronounced locally. " Statutes ' are those of New Brunswick. " Archives ' are the annual volumes published by the Canadian Government. All names in the dictionary, unless extinct, or with locality given, may be found marked upon Loggie's map or those of the Geological .Sur%-Gy. Kxtiiii-t names are in italics. H-.^ Abardeen.— p. 1803. Doubtless in memory of the Earl of Aberdeen, Premier of England, 1852 185."). Died 1860. Aboushagan River.— Doubtless Micmac. Nahoujagan, 1812, in Pleasls. Acadian, IJ Aboujagane. tdcadla.— Origin not certain ; descended from the Larcadia of maps of the 16th Century, and probably of European origin. It is usually said to come from the termination acadie, common in Mic- mac place-names (see Bourinot, Cape Breton, Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, IX., Sect. 11, p. ;!27); but not only is all analogy against this, but the his- tory of the word is opfKMed to it. Tracing it backward, it occurs aa ia Cadie in PeMonts' commission of 1003, the earliest known use without the r; ('liamplain, however, in the narrative of his 1603 voyage has always Arcadic, and in all earlier forms the r is always presenu Thevet, in his " Cosmographie " of 1570, has Arcadie, and several earlier maps [GANON.,] PLACE-NOMENCLATUUE OF NEW HRUNSWICK 217 have Larcadia (Gastaldi, 154S; Zaltiori, ir)()fi, and others; see the Kreta- chmer atla!>), and it occnrs upon them in its proper position ; thus, Zaltieri lias it hetween " H. Foudo " (Bay of Fundy) and " R. S. Lorenzo " (St. Lawrence), while a map of loOO, in Marcel's atloH, places it on a peninsula about in its proper place. So m ch seems certain. Still earlier, however, on the N. Deslien's map of 1541, appears K. of Rio de Fundo, le» coudiers, which may be this, while Libero, 1529, has li1r^ale». Upon all of these maps it is assoctiated with a Beries of names, along the Atlantic coast, which are altogether European, never native, and indeed the presence of the r, which does not occur in the Micmac dialect, is further evi- dence against a native origin. It occurs, usually covering a considerable territory, along with such names as Florida, Norumbega and Labrador, suggesting that it may have an origin analogous to theirs. Though unfortimately extinct as a place-name, it is still used at times, especially in scientific writings, as a convenient term to include the three maritime provinces. The obvious but groundless theory that it is from Arcadia, in Greece, is given in " A Genuine Account of Nova Scotia," London, 1750, repeated in Williamson, Maine, L, 188. Aoadieville. — P. 1876. Doubtless by its Acadian settlers in affectionate memory of Acadie. Adams Island. — In Pas^^amaquoddy, A-m.og'en-esk^ = fishing place {wmog'-en = fishing, with locative). Addington. — P. 1826. Doubtless in honour of Henry Addington, Viscount Sid- mouth, English statesman, then prominent. Adelaide, Lake. — Doubtless in honour of Queen Adelaide, consort of George IV. By Mahood, in 18.37 (p. 207). Albert. — C. 1845. In honour, no doubt, of the Prince Consort, who married Queen Victoria in 1840. Aldouane River. — Doubtless Micmac. A map of 17i)3, in the Crown Lands olhce, has "Northwest River, by the Indians Aldoiuiiic." Also as Ardouane. Alemek Bay.— Probably Micmac. Lc Grand Atnac (and Le Petit Amac) on plan of 1830. Acadian, Jfitner. Alexander, Mount.— (On Wilkinson, 1859.) Doubtless in honour of Sir .Tames Alexander, who explored for a military road from Petitcodiac to Tobi(|ue in 1844. (See his L'Acadie, vol. ii ) Alma. — P. 1855. In commemoration, of course, of the glorious victory in the preceding year. Almeston. — T. 1765? Origin? Unknown elsewhere. Later Amesbury, now Kingston. Alnwick.— P. 1786. Probably for Alnwick in Northumberland, England (p. 204). Alston Point— Origin ? On plan of 1830. Alwingtort, Jfa/ior.— General Coffin's estate at the mouth of Nerepis, named for the Cofl[in estate in Devon. On early maps. Amesbury. — T. No doubt for .Fames Amesbury, merchant, of Halifax, a grantee. Earlier Almeston, now Kingston. Anagance Biver. — From the Maliseet Oo-ne-gume' , = a portage. Andovcr. — P. 1^33. Origin ? Occurs in Hampshire, England. Annabischamac.—On Bonnor, 1820; in Kent. Unknown. Antonio, Lake. — Said to be for a lumberman. On plan of 1839. Pr. loc., Antony. Apohaqui. — R.R. Sta. From tlie Maliseet Ap'0.log'-a-ne€k, which is probably their name for Millstream, but possibly = junction of two streams. Our i I( 218 ROYAL SOCIKTY OF CANADA form appears to be a corruption by the R.K. siirveyora (see p. 20!)), though one Indian gave me Ab-a-hahk' as an old word. Archibald.— S. about 18'M. Said to be for the family which first settled it. Aroostook River.— Exact origin uncertain ; probably the Maliseet name for the St. .lohn, \Vool-ahi>'-look (which see), transferred to this river, or r«rhap8 a distinct though related word. In Maliseet it ia Loo»' -took {or Loon-ta-gook'); meaning unknown to them ; nor do they identify it with Wool-ahs'-tcwk ; possibly it is not aboriginal, but only their pronunciation of the form Aroostook. Aroostook and Wool- ahsMook are considered identical by several writers (Maurauit, Hubbard, Laurent). It seems to occur first on Deltozier's map of l(i<)9 as Arattiatuk, applied to a settlement on the St. John above the Aroostook ; a>!) Are*look on Pordy, 1814 ; Baillie, 1832, has " Reftook, called by the Americans ArooKtic " ; on Holland, 180o, called Little Restigoxtche (see p. 192). Apparently called Riviire Jarqueg =K ^a,xnea River, by the French; it is iluis on Morris, 1784 {Jacquct in Munro, 1783) ; also on maps R. Chun and Machiag. Arthurette — S. 1862 ? Named by Governor Sir Arthur Hamilton Gordon before 1803, not for himself, but for the " little border village where Sir James Graham lies buried " (Wilderness Journeys, p. 45). This village is in Eng- land, eight miles north of Carlisla. Ashabon, or Coal Point.— (Cooney). At the N.E. angle of Hathurst. Pos- sibly a corruption of Goulds Point, which it was earlier called for a grantee. Asphaltes, Lake. — Map name only ; loc, White Sand Lake, descriptive. Plan of 1827 has Atrphulta. vduopaqtii e.—Yormer Indian village at Springhill, near Fredericton. From the Maliseet Ek-pah'-halik = tide-head or tide-lovel, which is descriptive. Pote, 174,'), has A}H)g and Apoge ; a treaty of before 1754 has Octpagh ; also as Ockjiack, Erovpay, Avx pacijties. Oak Park, and many other forms ; in Saint Valier, 1088, as Sainte Marie; later, Sainto Anne (see Hart's Inland). Aulac River. — French Au loc —■ at the lake. At first applied to a village on the lake at its head [_Le Lac, Franquet, 1754); Oulac, on d'Anville, 1755. Ba,<^TVf^pf /. usually descrip- tive. That at Niv tor Lake nameJ .V«;/'(fno(»A » mountofciiiefH, by (Jovernor Gordon before 1K(!3 (WildernesH .lourneys, p. r)4); also Ox Mountain (Baillie, 1., 1832). Balmoral.— S. 1H5() (p. 208). Origin ? It is a place in Scotland. Baraohois.— Acadian, = a |)ond. In Plessis, 1812 (p. 209). Bar Island.— (Charlotte.) Descriptive. Jiarr Inland on Wright, 1772. Barnaby Head.— (Charlotte). Origin ? Fox Point on Wright, 1772. Barnabys River.— No doubt for an Indian, probably a chief, who once lived on it (j). 18!'). On Micheau, 1785, as Barnefyi/n Hirer ; in Micmac See-(iua1f'dik ; which on Jumeau, 1685, is Chicndi; on Hellin, 1744, as Chacodi. On these and later maps it gradually becomes exaggerated in size and removed to the westward until it is even mistaken for the S. W. Miramichi itself, and, finally, by a confusion of this river with the Restigouche, due to the likeness of their Indian names, it ban even been transferred to the main Restigouclie (mapi^ of last century by Ilhod ) and others). Jumeau names its brandies. Barony. — S. (iiven by Hon. .John Simcoe Saunders to his large estate here, probably for his hope to develop it as a baronial estate. Occurs in 1795 (Raymond, 49). Bartholomews River. — Doubtless for an Indian who once lived on it (p. 189). First on Bonnor, 1820. In Micmac Chirh-a-de-gook' . Bartibog River. — Tradition derives it from the name of an Indian, Barlholomiv, shortened to Burt., l,e Bogue, who once lived there ; tlius given by Plessis, 1812. Possibly, however, it is a corruption of the Micmac name. In its present form in Marston's diary, 1785. In ^licmac Rand gives ychiltook, = dead river; or perhaps ihellook, =« overlooked (see also Yin Kiver); UuMeuUes, 1086, has ibertou, the same witli r for /. Pr. loc. Bartibogue (as in rogue). Bass River.— (Gloucester). Doubtless descriptive. On plan, 1789. In Micmac Psec'-gun or Oo-see-gunk'. On recent map Achigan. On.Fumeau, ]inS5, F. Oodeboif. Bastille.— Ou Descelier's map of 1546, near Dalhousie. Probably one of Cartier's names. Bathurst. — Named in 1826 in honour of Earl Bathurst, tlien Colonial .Secretary of England. Earlier, St. Peters, which persists in the school district. The harbour in ^licmac, Keeb-arnk'-ek which (Rand) = stoppetl by a sand bar (compare I^preau Basin). Bayfield. S. In honour of Admiral Bayfield, who surveyed the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Bay du Vin.— See Vin. Bay Verte. — French, Baie Vcrle, ==: green l)ay. Perhaps for the salt water grasses " which in summer make it look like an iur f m; > meadow " (Gesner II). On Franquelin's map of 1034. In MiCiin, Weg-imm-a-gvvk', which Rand translates, land's end- .lumeau, 108."), has B. Verte on. de S. Claude. Beachey Island. — Between Fredericton and Meductic ; in Allen's journal, 1777. Identity unknown. Beaconsfleld.— S. 1878 (p. 208). In honour of Earl Beaconsfield. Beans Island— In Passamaquoddy Mm-koo-nil'-kik (?) Bear Island.— (Near Coac). In Allen's Journal, 1777. 220 UOYAL SOdKTY OF CANADA Jieaubn 9,vm.— French, =- beautiful basin, descriptive, though it is also a French family name. Seems to have been used a« early as 1012 (Jesuit Rel. 11., 207) ; name of Seigniory of LaVaiiere, l()7(« ; later restricted to vicinity of Fort Lawrence, s. majis of last century. At \V< .'i Point, Mouth of Nerepis). For Pierre Boish^bert, who commaii^«.u there (see above). //ea/t«//0/*'/".— French, = l)eautiful resort, descriptive, though possibly for a resi- dent oftliatname, as stated in "MenioiressurleCanatla," l7(>()(not jH'rlectly accurate work); la poink (If HidiuSjonr in 1(>78 {I^e Tai'. Hist. Chron. 191); afterwards applietl to the fort built there in 175(1, later Fort Cumberland. Jieausoleil, Portage a.— (I'ortago between Petitcodiac and (Janaan). On the 1757 map by Bellin. Pole's .lournal of 1745 suggests the origin, for lie says that Bon Soleil occupied the last house on the Petitcodia(! before reaching the {xtrtago- Beausoleil wiis the surname of one Brassard, a hero of the Acmlians, iiboul whom tlmro is much in Casgrain's " Pt'lerinage." In a document of 1750, in Uamtiaii II., p. 371), this purtage is called Otuiiyesniock, no (loul)t the samH as Washadomoak. Beaver Harbour.- (>n Wriiiht, 1772, with Kastern Head at its entrance as Cape Boavor. A town (or the loyalists was laid out iiere and named Belle View, but neitlier lown nor name have jiersisted. In Passamaquoc" '■' said to be JSta-iiiun-na'-ket. Becaguimec— In ^laliseet, A-hek-a-gmm^'ek, = a salmon-bed, or is, going up to the Bulmon-bed. ((itwintek is a place where salmon lie siuu uy side in a Hmootli rapid, i.e., at Hartland ; a-bek-a = perhaps, on the way to.) Mr. .lack gives = coming down branch. Pegagomiqw. on Morris, 17S4. The island at its mouth is, in Maliseet, Teegan-ook'4egk, and the bar below Hart- land, A m-muii -am-kor/ • luk. Belair. — "' Belair vers Cocagne" in Abbii la Guerne's letter of 1750. This place was six or seven miles up the Cocagne River on the north side (Gaudet). There was another near Port Royal. Belas Basin. — See Lepreau Basin. BoUedune. — French, = beautiful beach, descriptive. In 1770 (Dom. Archives, 1894, p. 301) as Bellduwn; on Wyid, 1841, as Belle doimc ; as at r)rpaent on Wilkinson, 1859. Compare Grand Dune. In Micmac the point is Mes-kee-Kee-ge-ach'' ; Little Beldnne Point is Pfcg-e-aa-jeechk'. Pie. pepchidiachiche on .lumeau, 1685. and others = Little Paspebiac (in Gasp^), which is on .Tumeau as pepchidiak, and which it re- sembles on a small scale. Belief ond.—^fsigniory , 1690. In Queensbury, Dumfries and Prince William. Belleisle Bay.— Doubtless F'rench, and extended to the bay from the small grassy island at its mouth now called Hog Island, but upon early plans Belle Ink. Occurs on Morris, 1775, as Belleitle River. Morris, 1784, names the island Bellt Me, and the bay Belle River, There is nothing to connect the name with Alexander LeBorgne, surnamed Belleisle, who was prominent in (oANONu] PLACK-NOMENCLATURF, OK NEW KKUNHWICK 221 ■ Acadian hiatory. Probably the Belle Isle on Bellin, 1757, \n this, tliniit(b out of place. In Mali^eet the bay ia Pet-kay'-lxtc, commonly on plana aa Panrolmc. On Monekton, 1 758, if ia named R. an Gautiir ; in 1(180, one GaiUier w as a Knnteo orianda for a (isliery on the St. .Fohn. Belliveau.— 8. For an Acadian, its lirat settler, w!io lived to the awe of lid years (see Gesner II, p. ];>8). Near tins village was that called in tliu lastrantury Pierre A Michael ((laudet). Be/le Vie IV. — See Beaver Harbour. Benjamin, River.— Origin ' On plan of 1K27. It ap|)ears to !« thn Holman'a Kiver of the prant to (,'aptain llaniond in 177>). In Micniac it is Mop*. kaif-gn-lu-jccrhk' or \V<>])i^kre-jeco, it was Gnat Mand of Passamaquoddy (Southack, 1733), or Paummaiiuoddy Outer Mand (Grant of 17fi7). The Owens introduced Welch Pool, Lake Glansevem, Tyn-y-coed, in remembrance of places in Wales connected with their family, and they occur on map of 18;>!i, along with Abraham Plain, Bunker Hill, etc. Mill Cove was Finback Cove on Wright, 1772; (on Charlotte Town see Courier, Series CXXIII). Tyn-y-maes (House in the Fields) has been given by the company since 1881. Canaan River.— No doubt extended to the river from the New Canaan Settle- ment (which see). On plan of 182(), Sexr Canaan Hirer ; also called Washa- denioak (which see). The North Fork in Maliseet, Sah-gan-ik' (or, as Mr. .lack gives, Up-mh-gan-ik) = & moose's back. Two lakes at its head, not shown on the maps, are Vtn-ked-a-mcu-kouK. Canadian Point.— (Opposite Newcastle). Probably goes back to the French l)eriod. On Micheau, 1785. Canning. — P. iSl'd. In honour, no doubt, of George Canning, English statesman, then Prime Minister, and who died in that year. Canouse River. — From the Passamaquoddy Ka-noo/'ik, of which they do not know tlie meaning, but it may be connected with the Kanoosuk, the knowing little people of their legends, or possibly for an Indian of that name. On Titcomb's Ms. plan, 17U2, as Keenowe, and in 17y6-9, Survey map as (?(iMo?t.v«/ also Canoet. Canterbury.— P. 18.55. Ori^^in ? Caraquette.— Origin unknown. Occurs first in Denys' work of 1672 in the form Caracjuet The Micmacs call it Ka-la-gee (or Culvget, Rand), which may be simply their pronunciation of our form. Juraoau, 168"), has Cara(jwt and Karaguit ; Denys (in Ch. IX.), describes here Isles of Tousquet, which poBHibly may be a misprint for Caraquet The parish was erected in 1831. n [ganosg] place-nomenclature OF NEW BRUNSWICK 22B lie [ich lat Tin be n; possibly for John Courtenay, then of the English Ordnance Office. Coverdale. — P. l.sio. From the river, which, on a grant of 1788, is named Cover- dale ; origin unknown. The river is Scadouck on the N.B. postal map of 1889, probably by mistake. Cow Mountains.— The mountains north of Little S. W. Miramichi Lake, said to be the higiiest land in N. B. Cowperthwaite or Lanes Brook.— In Maliseet Skoot-mook-oij-a-mi*' -Ik = trout brook. On 1>. Campbell, 178.'), as Skulegtutgunish or Trout R. ; Morris, .784, Trout River; some Maine maps have Menucook. Cranberry Lakes.— Probably descriptive. On the 1798 survey map the smaller has the present name; the larger is Fe-juescgcliawgum or Bear Lake, and the stream emptying' both, now called N. E. Branch, is called River Peqwgcge- hawk. The name has spread from the smaller to cover both. Crockers Island.— (Near St. Stephen.) For a pre-loyalist settler, Robinson Crocker (Conrior Series LIL). Cumberland, Fort— Named in honour of the Duke of Cumberland, son of George III., after it was taken from the French in 175."> ; earlier, Beaus(''jour. CtODiherlaiif/.—'Y. 1757. Suggested, no doubt, by that of the fort. Included all lands seven miles N. W. and seven miles S. W. of the road between Fort Cumberland and Bay Vert«. Cumberland — C. 1759. No doubt from the fort and township. Established to include all land in N. 8. north of Kings County, and hence including all of the present N. B. In 17(i5 Sunbury was set oft' (which see). In 1784, when N. B. was made a separate province, it was re-divided into counties, leaving Cumberland County to N. 8. Cumberland Basin.- No doubt by the English in 1 7.')5 to replace the French Beaubassin. See Fort (Cumberland. On DesBarres chart of 1/81. Cumberland Ridge.— That on which Fort Curaberla^id stands. Between 1750-55 the difl'erent elevations of this ridge had names, apparently from f [OANONO] PLACE-NOMENCLATURE OF NEW BRUNSWICK 229 their inhabitantM, which were ofteu used in dooumenUi of the time. Tlius Butte or Coteau C'harles was 700 feot from tlie fort, Butte i\ Ro^er just to the east of the present highway road, Butte il Janot further to tlie eastward, and Butte & Mirande was one half a league to the eastward of the fort Cumberland Bay and Creek.— ((iueens.) Origin uncertain. There is said to have been a portage route tiirough this bay and creek to the Canaan River, and tlience on to Cumberland via the Petitcodiac. The Maugerville settlers went by some such routs on their exi)edit,ion against Fort Cuml)erlaud in 177(), from which time and circumstance the name may possibly date. It first occurs in a grant of 1781 as Chimhirland Ray. On De MeuUes, 1 OS*!, the creek is Pichkntkowt, which is so like I'et-koat- kwee-ak (Petitcodiac) as to suggest that they may be the same, and that by the French also the bay was called by the name of the place towards which its portage leads, a most striking coincidence, if true. Curries (also Clarka) Mountain. — In Maliseet ire<'-jo'-?i« = little mountain. (Wee-jos = mountain.) Mr. .lack gives Po'te-wis-wc-jo-sis == little council mountain. Currys Cove.— Doubtless for .John Curry, an influential early settler (Coll. N. B^ Hist. Soc. I., 207); by Capt. Owen named Port Owen (do. 105). { i Dalhousie.— Named by statute in 182() in honour, no doubt, of the Earl of Dal- housie, Governor-General of Canada, 1820-28. In Micmac, S'ig-(t-dom'-kuk, commonly given =« place of bright stones, but doubtful. On French cliarts of 17(10, the point is Indienne Point, and the larger island. Isle Indienne. Bouchett«, ISHl, gives Indian Point, and on early plans the larger island i^ Douglas Island. Danish Settlement. — Also New Denmark. Established 1872 bt Danes from Copenhagen. Also Hellerup (see Report on Immigration to N. P>. 1873, p. 29). Danks Point. — No doubt for Benoni Danks, in 17t)0 a grantee of laud near there. Darlings Island. — No doubt for a pre-loyalist settler of that name (see Coll., M. B. Hist. Soc, I., 10(1). In statute of 1786. Davidson Lake. — Earlier on plans Prince William Lake. Deadmans Harbour.— The local tradition is that long ago bodies were found floating there and buried on Deadmans Head. On Bouchelte, 1831 (but too far to the eastward). Deadmans Head. — S^ee above. On Wright, 1772, Etang Point Debbeig Point- — Now Reeds Point By Des Harres, 1776, and on some maps ; probably for the officer of that name then in N. S. Debec Junction.- For one George Debec, who lived there in 1S»;1. Deer Island.— Probably descriptive. In Mitchell's Ms. Field Book of 1764 as Deer Island. In Passamaq noddy the lower end of it appears to Ije called Pe(hqueB»-= a girl, from the shape of a rot;k in the water. They seem to have no name for the entire Island except Ed-ok-cmm-eek' , probably a transla- tion of the English name. Clam Cove on Wright, 1772, later Fairl aven. Northern Harbour is, on Wright, Ledge Cove. The names of most of its coves are for residents (see Courier Series CXXI). Demoiselle, Cape. — French =^ cape of the young woman. In a document of 174ti as cap de Damomlles, apd in La Vali^re's .lournal of 1750-51, Cop dot i'J' 230 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Demoii>elle». On DeB Barres charts, Merry Dancers. Said to be pr. loc. C. Muzzle or Mussel. Dennis Stream.— (Now Porters Mill Stream). Perhaps for an Indian Chief, who may have lived there. Other streams in N. B. have been thus named (p. 189). Denny was and is a common name among the Passamaquoddies, and one of this name guided pre-loyalist settlers to St. Stephen. In a deed 1785 in the form Denny's Stream (Courier XCVI). Lakes on it said to be in Passamaquoddy, Subefftvagamis = clear lake ? and Pocowogamis = mud lake. Derby. — P. 1859. No doubt in honor of the Earl of Derby, then premier of England. Local tradition attributes it to horse races formerly held there. Devils Back. — Exact origin uncertain, but dates back to the French period. DevilK Head in a statute of 1 78<; ; D. Campiiell, 1785, has Dmlt Back, and the Morris, 1775, map, has Cape Deiil ; the Moncktou map, of 1758, has Cap Diable (misprinted Biable). It is possible that this, in turn, was translated by them from the Maliseet name of Little River nearby, Kee-v>ool-a-ta-mok-ik, the invisible beings who did wonderful things (see Little River, Kings). Digdeguash River. — From the Passamaquoddy Dik-te-guesk^. In the Boyd .Toprual of 176:5 as Diclequash; Mitchell's Field Book, 17<)4, he£ Deelwe»H; DickawarsKt occurs in Boyd's grant of 1707 ; Wright, 1772, has IHctugnash. There seem, therefore, to be two forms of the name. An old plan has Meander. Idttle Digdeguash River and Lakes.— (York). In Passamaquoddy the lakes are Quee-tol-a-quee'gun-ah'gum, which they say = dry meat there. They empty into Palfrey, but a slight alteration in level would send them into the Digdeguash, where perhaps, they once emptied. Their similarity in name in the face of this fact is very curious. Digdeguash Lake.— Origin ? On plan of 1829 or earlier. Bonnor, 1820, has Nine Mile Lake. Dingletycooch.— Said to be for a place in Ireland (formerly Dingle-i-Couch, now Dingle), whence the original settlers came. Dipper Harbour.— Probably for the bird called the dipper, a kind of duck. On a plan of 178(); by Wright, 1772, seems to be called Duck Cove; earlier, Carriage Harbour (which see). Doaktown.— No donbt for Rol)ert Doak, who had a farm there in 1822 (Statute). Dochet Island.— (Historically, though not now politically, a part of N. B.) Origin uncertain. The tradition is that it was named for a young woman of Bayside, Theodosia Milberry, who visited the island, hence called Dosias, though perhaps the story has grown up to explain the name. On a docu- ment of 1792 (Kilby, p. 124), as Dooeas; Perley (lecture), 18:11, has Docias, both of which tend to confirm the tradition. There is nothing, however, to conned the name with Governor Doucett of Nova Scotia. The French form seems to have been introtluced by Wilkinson, 1859, who has Doucett's I. In Passamaquoddy is Mui-an-ag'-wes, == place to leave things, i. e., in going up or down the river. (Compare Kilby, p. 116.) By de Monts it was named Isle Sainte Croix (which see). Wright, 1772, has Bone Island, and his survey of it in 1797 has Isle de Sainte Croix or Bone Island, and the names occur in other documents, sometime? as Boon Id. Has also been called Neutral Id. Pro. loc. Doe-shay. Dorchester.— P. 1787. No doubt in honour of Sir Guy Carleton, Governor* tJoneral of Canada, in 178ti made Baron Dcrchester. [gakonoI place-nomenclature OF NEW BRUNSWICK II- 281 Douglas.— P. 1824. No doubt in honour of Sir Howard Douglas, then Lieut.- Governor of N. B. Douglas Harbour.— Said on good local authority to be named bocause Sir Howard Douglas once spent the night there in his yacht. Earlier called the Keyhole, or West Keyhole, to distinguish it from that up the lake. On Campbell, 178H. In Maliseet /SArum-coofc. (Compare Chamcook.) Douglas Mountain.— On plan of l82i). Douglastown. — Said locally to have been named in honour of Sir Howard Douglas, who visited the place just after the great fire of 1825. Earlier, Gretna Green, after that place in Scotland, no doubt. Doyle Settlement— Said locally for the first settlers, sixty years ago ; perhai)8 related to Doyle of Jacquet River (which see). Drummond.— P. Is72. Said to be in memory of Sir Gordon Drummond, hero of Lake Erie, died 1854. Probably suggested by its proximity to the Parish of Gordon. Drummond, Fort. — The block house which stood near the Martello Tower early in the century; no doubt for Major Drummond, in command at St. .lohn in 1812. Duck Cove.— (Lepreau.) On Wright, 1 772. See Dipper Harlwur. Dufferin. — P. 1873. In honour, of course, of the Marquis of Dufiierin, then Governor-General of Canada. Dumbarton.— P. 18,'>6. Origin ? A place in Scotland. Dumfries.— P. 1833. Said to be in compliment to Captain Adam Allen, a loyalist and a native of this place in Scotland, who settled at the mouth of Pokiok (Raymond). Pr. loc. Dumfreece. Dundas. — P. 182t). Probably in honour of Robert Saunders Dundas, second Viscount Mellville, then First Lord of the Admiralty. Several men of this name were then prominent in England. Dungarvon River. — Local tradition states that many years ago a drive was "hung up" b«lo^^ its mouth, and there was a dance, during which a big Irishman, in h' onthusiasm, shouted, "We'll make Dungarvan shake!" and the name chmg to the river. Dungarvan is a river of Irelan ? he is returned as living at Ekopag, t. e., near Springhill (see Aucpaque). Edmundston.— Said to have been named in honour of Sir Edmund Head, Lieut- Governor of N. B., 1848-54, on the occasion of his visit to the place in 1848. By the Acadians called Petit Sault =^ Little Falls ; from the falls at the month of the Madawaska; pronounced locally Tee-so. Formerly called by I, 232 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANAI»A the EngliHh Little Falls. Tliu block ho ise, now in nilna, was built in 1841, at the time of the "Aroostook war" ; name unknown. Eelground.— Desuriptivt'. In Micma-;, Rand gives Nemuloook-u)! «= where eels are speared in the muil. Also KMlooHum. Near liere the nurvey map, 1755, has Tactquenia. Eel River.— (Carleton- York). Descriptive. On Morris, 1784, in the present form. In Maliseet Mad-a-rmm'kfi'-took =x with rapids at its mouth ; descriptive, (it is not navigable below Benton.) Horaetimes also Caut-a' wee'gifhoo'ok, translation of the Knglish into Indian. In Munro as Madon- anknto, thougli of uncertain application. Also perhaps Sun-ko'wul-ko (Cham- berlain), the Sixraralligoh of tiie Peachy map. On French maps of the last century and in other records, called Meductic (which see). The portage from Eel Lake to North Lake is in Allen, 1777, Metagmoughschosh (Kidder). Eel River. -(Restigouche.) Descriptive and doubtless from the French, Z,'./ln- ijuilli . In Micmac, Ook-pee-gu.ich'-ik, which Rand makes =x discoloured foam on the water. Of Moll, 1713, and others, this seems to be the K. Sauveur. On the survey map and on d'Anville, 1755, K. a Loun-raarin = Seal River, thus translated on Jeffreys, 1757, and others. Ii; an English document of 1783 (Dom. Archives, 1891, l.'2), it is Longuil River, no doubt a corruption of I'Anguille =^ 1"^1 River. It is I'Anguille in Plessis, 1811. Egg Island. — In Micmac periiaps Tesga-mi-goo-vnim-chick. Eldon . — P. If^-t'. (Restigouche.) Abandoned ls7(i, re-ostablished ISWi. No doubt ill honour of the first Earl of Eldon, then Lord Chancellor of England. Elgin. — P. 1847. No doubt in honour of the Earl of Elgin, in that year appointed Governor-General of Canada. Elgin. — (Westmorland.) See Elgin Parish. Elm Tree River.— Probably descriptive. On Baillle, L, is:52, as Elm Tree River, also (do II.), as li. avx Ornus = elm trees, showing tliat it may have come by translation from the French. In Micmac perhajw Mt-de-(ia'me-guk = ftoplars at mouth, or Nee-heecli, or posMibly Rand means this in giving WobaboooLchuk = white waters. Emigrant Settlement— Descriptive. English Settlement.— Descriptive. Formed by English immi^^rants about 1824. Enragro, Cape. — From the French = C^ape of rage, and perhaps descriptive of a stormy character. On De Meulles, 168(i, as C. antge ; French maps of the last century have C. Enragt; Southack, 1733, and other English majjs have C. race or C. rage. Pro. loc. by the I'^nglish, C. rozhoe. In Micmac, according to Rand, Tejeeyoochk = sail shaped. Erina, Lake, — Said to have been made up by Thomas Baillie, Surveyor-General, an Irishman, to recall Erin. He had a grant at its eastern end. On Lock- wood, 1826; earlier, Yoho Lake (see Yoho). Escuminac, Point. — In Micmac, Rand gives Eskumunaak = watching place or look-out place. As Scaumenac, etc., it occurs several times in Micmac territory. On .lumeau, 1685, as Pte. echkoumenak ; Coronelli, 1689, has Owjcovianet. Upon early maps, which give the name St. Lunario to Miramichi Bay, it is called C. des Sauvages, but this belongs on P. E. I, Possibly the I. Tenescou of early maps is connected with it. Pro. loc. Skimnack. Eskedelloc. — In Micmac said to be Wos-hi-day-lok: Cooney, 1832, has £'«cm- dillaght. w [oANONo] rLACE-NOMENCLATURE OF NEW URUNSWlCK 233 ^'v/ia///^.— Seigniory, KiOl!. In Caraciuette and Inkorman. Esnault, Point.— fBatliurst Harbour K. Hide, also I)aly.s Point.) DouMless for EHnuult, a settler here in the seventeenth century, ('ooney gives an account of liiin, noucli of which is error. Pro. loc. l-.e-uo. Etienne Rivor.— (foe Cains River. (■ Fannens Brook.— No donbt lor Col. David Fanning, loyaliMt, the famous leader of Fanning's Corja of South Carolina, who owned land at its mouth. Five-finger Brook. — Said to be descriptive of its branchini^ juwt above its mouth. In ^licmac, Kat-Leii'tjc'ijmiyik, perhaps not abori|final. Flatlands.— Descriptive. Florenceville — Said to have been named at the time of the Crimean war in honour of Florence Nightingale, in admiration of her gooti works. Folly Point.— Possibly for some business faihue (p. 211).- On Wilkinson, 1859 •, on Des Itarres, ITsl, Point Gilbert- Fort. — Names of those at different j)eriodB in N. }\., Ueaust^jour, Boisht'bert (see Reauhi'berl), Cumberland, Drummond, Frederick, French (see Nid d'aigle)i Gaspereau, llowe, Hughes, La Tour. Martignon, Meductic, Monckton, Nerepis, Moncton, Nashwaak, Shediac, St. .lohn.St. Josep^li. Fosters Island.— On Campbell, 178s. For its JIaliseet name see Catons Island. On Monckton, 1758, hie uu Nois i= isle of nuts, and on Peachy /. Fralie. Found Head.— Said to be a corrujition of Fownes Head. i'b.»/ca.— -^lentioned in Iceland as a village twenty-five miles l)elow Grand Falls ; identity unknown. Fox Island. — Probably given by Des liarres in honour of Charles lames Fox, then minibter of King George III., though perhaiw descriptive. In Micniac, Oolov'-jeechk == a big bark dish, said to describe its shajje, the higher margin with central basin, lumean, lUM.'), s^enis to have /. Imhil chredeniit, no doubt for some incident of his missionary labours, but De MeuUes gives this to Vin Id. Possibly this badly misprinted gives the I. Burselle of Moll, J7i;5; De Meulles, lOSii, has 1. au Pendu = hangman's island, and it appears so translated on Sawyer, 1775 ; on d'Anville, 1755, and others, I. Tenescou, possibly connected with Escuminac. irancjort. — T. 1765. Also called MacNutts, for its principal grantee. In Douglas, Hriglit and Queensbury. Frederick, Fort- — Named probably by Monckton in 175S; perhaps in honour of George III., one of whose names was Frederick, or jjerhaps in memory of his father, the Prince of Wales, who died 1751. On Bruce 1701. Earlier Villebon's Fort (possibly Fort Bourbon. Notitia, j). 102). Fredericton. — Named in 1785 by (iovernor Carleton in honour of Prince Fred- erick, Bishop of Osnaburg, second son of King George 111. It occurs first in an order in council dated February 22, 178."), " a town at St. Anne's Point, on the River St. John, to be called Frederick Town, after His Royal Highness the Bishop of Osnaburg." In early days aonietimes called Osnaburg (Raymond). It is ni>;knamed in the Province, the " Celestial City." Pr. loc. often Fredicton. In Maliseet it is Ste-dahn'-gis (or See-nau'Sis), Little Saint Annas, the name apparently having applied originally to near where liovernment House stands. See-dahn is now Indian Village. By the French called Sainte Annes (which see). ^ I ■': 234 UOYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA French Port Cove.— (Near Newriwtlo). l)o«(Tiptive. Frenoh Lake.— (Shellield, Sunbury). No doubt deicrlptlve of tlie occurronoe of the Krencli about it in pre-loyalist times (p. 199). On Campbell 17S«. In Maliseet, Nem-dU'-kook, tliough possibly tliis applies to Little River (which see). French Lake.— ( Uurton, Sunbury). No doubt descriptive of the occurrence of the French about it in pre-loyalist times. Frenchman's Creek.— (St. .lohn). " So named from a French armed brig having encajwd from an Knglish man-of-war by entering the inlet concealed from the harbour." (Ciesner, I., Ist, hb). French Village.— (York). Descriptive of a, former French settlement, founded j)erhap8 by Louis Mercure, who was granted land hero liefore ITHIt, but afterwards removed to Madawaska. Frenoh Village. — (Kings). Descriptive of an early settlement of French here; thoy left about 17'J0. Freneuse- — Seigniory, 1684. Along tiie river in Sunbury. Friars Cove.— From the rock known as the Old I'Viar, descriptive. In the Owen Journal, 177(1. Fronsdc- — Seigniorv, KilHt. On tiie Miramichi. Fryes Island.- For Dr. Frye, who Iwuglit it in 1822. On Wright, 1772, and others, LTete Id. Also Paine's Id., for its grantee, Dr. William Taine, and Califf's Island for a resident. Fryes Lake. — On old jilans fur the second of the Chamcook chain : no donl)t for Dr. Frye, who lived near iiere. Pundy, Bay of — Doubtless a descendant of the Rio Fondo = deep river (i. e., extending far Into the land), of the Portuguese maps of the sixteenth century (Kohl, Coll. Maine Hist. Son. I., 18611, and I'atlerson, Trans. Itoy. Soc. Canada, VIII., ii., 150). Rio Fondo is in the Cabot map of 1544 ; probably it is older and possibly got« back to 1500, for, on LaCosa's map of that year, there is in this region a ro. tonyo, just to the south of which is the word fonte (see reproduction in Kretachmer's atlas). Rio Fondo or Rio Hondo is on several maps after Cabot, though the bay itself is on but one (llomem, 155S), until towards the close of the century, when Rio Fondo broadens out and is recognizable as the r>ay of Fundy ; it is thus, for example, on the map of M'.Ki in DeKry's " Voyages." In l(i04 DeMonts named it La Paye Pran^oise, :; id this for a time prevailed. In 1612, however, we find Biard using Baie dr Fundy Relations II., UX)) ; it is on Visscher, about 1680, as Foxkcdy (misprint) ; on Coronelli, 1689, as Funda and thenceforth regularly. Several writers have derived it frop"^ Fond de la Baie =«= liead of the bay said by them to occur upon ancient charts, though these are not named. I have seen nearly all known early maps of the bay, t)at have never seen the expression on them, though it does occur in a itoi'imunt of 1657 (Memorials, p. 728). In its favour, however, is the fa' iial acher and some other early maps the name is placed n '^^ as Basin, though this is [)erhai>8 for some connection with C. '' unciont nat « for Cape Split (on Morris, 174U, and Jeffreys, 1755) .hI, Vetromile ved it from Fodinurum = (Bay) of mines, perhap ecause Creuxius' Latin map of ItidO h&a pr. Fodinaril (Promontarium Fouiii,( nm = > ape of mines), for C. Cliijinecto. By Alexander, 1624, called A rgall's Ray, perhaps for Argall, who raided the bay in 1613 ; also on .lefTreys, 1765. Laverdiere holds (Champlain I., [5, has GuKparo Ft., the French form. After its capture by the English, renamed Fort Monrkton. Mante, 1755, has CailU Verte,a French Fort. Gaapereau Lake.— (Queens.) No doubt descriptive. A plan of 1839 roads: " The Gaspereaus ascend the river to this lake in the spring of the year." Gaapereau Biver.— (Kent.) No doubt descriptive. Gaspereau River.— l Queens ) No doubt descriptive. Perhaps dates back to the French jieriod. In Marston's Uiary, 1785. In Maliseet Op-skeichk = narrow stream. Perhaps related to Upsal- quitch. Gaspereau River.- (Westmorland.) So called by tbe French, no doubt from the abundance there of the fish called by them Gasparoi (see, for instance, Denys, 1G72), which we have adopted as Gaspereau. Bellin and dWnville, 17r»5, both have Gaoparo applied to the fort, and the former states (Descrip- tion, ]>. 31), that it is so named for the river, while the Memorials of 1755 state that it is so named for a kind of fish like a herring. In Micmac Ga»-pal-n-uik'-took, which is plainly only the Indianized French namei unless the French took the name originally from the Micmac^. Gteary Settlement. — Founded 181(i ? Said to \y& for a place pf that name in Ireland, but possibly in memory of Admiral Sir P'rancis Geary, who died 1796. Gteorge, Lake. — Probably in honour of King Cieorge III., since the parish in which it occurs was named in honour of his son (see Prince William). On a plan of 1819. Possibly, however, for one William H. George, who had an early grant upon it German Creek —(Albert). Applied on old plans to the creek between Crooked Creek and Beaver Brook, no doubt descriptive of the presence there of early German settlers (p. 202). Germantown Lake.— No doubt descriptive of tbe pre-Ioyalist German settlement on tbe lake or stream (p. 202). Gibson.— Village. In honour of Alexander Gibson about 1875. In tlie last century called Moncton. Here at the mouth of Nashwsak stood Fort St. Joseph. Gibsons Millstream.- (Carleton). On D. Campbell. 1785, R- Euepenack, I I' ' 236 ROYAL S(X;iETY OF CANADA OladBtone. — P. 1874. No doubt in honour of William E. Gladstone, Premier of England in that year. Olasier Lake.— For Hon. John Glasier. In Maliseet Wool-a»-took-woi/-a-mis = Woolaatook (St. John River) Pond. Sometimes PeUciS35. Gloucester.— C. 1826. Perhaps in honour of Mary, Duchess of Gloucester, daughter of George III. Gondola Point.— Said to be from the kind or craft first used as a ferry. The gondola was a small scow frequently inentioned in early records On Campbell, 1788. Loc. pro. " < iunlow," also *' Cunlar " Point. Goose River —Origin ? Terhaps descriptive. On a plan of 18L'4 occurs " Rivir E»[; or Crooite River"; the harbour is Whitby Harljour, and the brook branching off just above is Bagdalo Brook ; origin of these unknown. Gk>rdon. — P. 18(i:!. Of course in honour of Sir Arthur Hamilton-Gordon, in that year Lieutenant-* rovernor of N. B. Gounamitz. — From the Micmac Gool-mitchk-. On the survey map ITSti as Gounou- milz ; later maps have also Mempticook and Menticook. Calle i .i' 238 ROYAL SOCIETY OF C'ANADA chette, 1S15, Quidatqwick. On Sotzmann, 1798, it is SJieers Quarter, and on Holland, 179m, Sfi^epit Qiuirler, which I do not understand. Powibly the Grand may refer to the importance of the river, for through it to the Restigouche was one of the most travelled of the old Indian portage routes. Orassy Island.— Descriptive. In Maliseet, Men-as'-cook ,- compare Gannet Rock. Oreen Head.— Origin? Earlier, Mosquito Head. The point formerly called Cunnabell's Point (Notitia). Green Island-— So named by Mitchell in his Ms. Field Book, 1764, but uncer- tain to what it applied ; perhaps to Casco Bay Island. Greenlaw Mountain.— (Charlotte.) No doubt for one of the three men so named who settled in St Andrews. Oreen Biver. — From the French Riviire Verte = Green river, which is descrip- tive of the colour of the water. In Munro, 1783, as River Vert; plan 1794, R. Verte. Ix\'Ma,\'iBe6t,Quuiri-qne, applied to Harts Lake, and this the Mali- seets call now Et-hem-lotch or Et-leem-la-cheek {Et4im-lats or El-lee -nee-la n-tik, alt. Chamberlain). From this, or rather the old form of it, by the usual substitution of r for I, Grimross was probably derived. On Monckton, 1758, Grimrosse applies to the French settlement on the site of Gagetown; on D. Campbell, 1785, to the peninsula and creek; on Campbell, 17ts8, it appears as Grimross Neck, and thus (tersists to the present Grimross Islands.- From their nearness, no doubt, to Grimross Nock. On D. Campbell, 1785. In Maliseet, Mec-kis; on Monckton, 1758, as Melliff, followed later by Morris and otiiers. Perhaps this form represents a French familiarization (M(?tis, a half breed) of Mee-kU, but without doubt derived from it- Grindstone Island.— I >oscriptive, from the French. On De Meulles, 1086, as /. aujc Meules (the resemblance to his own name of course accidental) = Grind- stone Island. Church, 1696, has Orinditone Poivt. Blackmore, 1713, and othur PInglish maps have Mill Inland, probably by familiarization of menles. .lefi'reys, I7i>'\ Gritidst5, is in the description of bounds of the township of Moncton ; doubtless Micmac, as the aocadie shows. Hammond River.— For Sir Andrew S. Hauiond, Governor of Nova Scotia, who received a large grant upon it about 1781. On a plan of 178() as Little Kenua- becasis, or Hammond River. Should be spelled Hamond. In Maliseet Xuh-ivij' eirauk. Several Indians have told me that this and Nashwaak (which see), are the same word. This is confirmed by its earliest use; in the seigniorial grant to Pierre Chesnet, Sieur de Hreuil, of 1(>84, it is called Petit Nachouac. It is preserved in the I. C. R. Station of Nauwigewauk. Hammond.— P. 1858. Suggested, of course, by the river. Hampton. — P. 1 795. Perhaps for the place near London. • Hampstead.- P. 1786. Probably in remembrance of that place in Long Island, from which the settlers had come (Raymond i- Formerly Hempstead. Hanwell.— S. Said to be for the suburb of London of that name. On Baillip I., 1832. Harbor de Luie. — Probably a corruption of the Acadian Hure de Loutre = Otter Harbour. One of its coves is still called Otter Cove. In Mitchell's Field Hook, 1764, harl>or delute ; in Owen's .Tournal, 1770, as Havre de L'Outn. Harcourt.— P. 1826. Probably in honour of the Earl of Uarcourt, who became Field Marshal of the British forces in 1820. Hardlngs Point— On Mb. map 1826. Hardwicke.— P. 18.')1. Perhaps for the Earl of liardwicke. Hardwood Creek. — No doubt desciiptive ; possibly translated from French Bnis franc, which has been corrupted to Bumfrau (which see). Wood Creek, on Bonnor, 1820, and in its present form on Foulis, 1826. In Maliseet, Kluu-ijuak'-dik =« treaty place ; here they say was their Inst meeting with the Mohawks, and a treaty was made which has never been broken, but perhaps the origin is different (p. I'Mi). Occurs as li. Tranqyuiddj on D. Campbell, 1785, which is the same, with r for /. Hardwood Island.— Probably descriptive. On a plan of 1802. In "assama- • luoddy, Si/-o-so-tis = a half-way place (Mrs. Brown). Harrisons l8land.~(Xear Millidgeville). In Maliseet, E-pu-kun-ei'-kel. (alt. Chamberlain). Hartland.— S. Said to be in honour of .lames Hartley, late M.P.P. for Carleton County. Harts Lake.— No doubt for Thomas Hart, a pre-loyalist .hitler (Coll. N. B. Hist. Soc., I., p. 103). For Maliseet name see Grimrose. Harts Island.— (York). Origin? Its aboriginal Maliseet name is uncertain. Mr. Jack has given me Wah-ca-loo' -nen 3= fort, because once fortified by them, but this is doubtful. Sec. XL, 1HU6. 1«. ^ •t 240 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA i i: In a grant of 176S, and on several pre-loyalist mapsi it is called Sandon Id., which is no doubt the Maliseet pronunciation of >Suint Anne. Frederic- ton was See-dan-ttn = Little Sainte Anne ; Aucpaque was probably Sainte Aune until the Indians removed to Indian Village in 1704; now that is Sainte Anne. Harvey.— P. 183s. No doubt in honour of Sir John Harvey, then Lieutenant- Governor of N. ]{. Harvey Settlement.— Named in 18.17, the year of its foundation, by Mr. Andrew Inches, in honour of Sir John Harvey, then Lieutenant-(jrovernor of N. B. Havelook. — P. 1858. No doubt in honour of General Havelock, reliever of Luck- now, whose fame was then high. Hay Island. — Probably descriptive. In a statute of 17(>9. In Micmac, A-neg-ay-uay' -ok, which Rand gives = improperly situated. This word seems to be the origin of Neguac, now applied to a larger island ; Mr. Flinne is certain the name belongs to this and was given by some sur- veyor by mistake to the larger island. Haynesville. — No doubt in honour of Lieut-Col. Hayne, about 1840 resident agent at Stanley of the N. B. and N. 8. Land Co. (p. 207). Head Harbor.— No doubt descriptive, because at the head of the island. In the Owen Journal, 1770, as Conway or Head Harbor, the only known use of the former. By Champlain it was Port aux CoijuiUet = Harbour of Shells, some- times Shell Harbour on later maps. IIeat«>nvifle-—^&^f> of a grant in Cambridge, made in 1774 to James Spry Heaton, and no doubt named for him. Heron Island. — Perhaps descriptive. In a grant of 1776 to Capt. Hamond &h Heron Id. to be mlUd Hamond Id. Des Barres, 1777, and later maps, have Hereni'. xii Micmac. Tef-a-ne-yek' , or Teg-ne-yuk'. Jumeau, 1685, has /. iechni- guet, followed by others. On some maps the name has been extended to a river near by, on others to Black Point Flat Isle, or Isle Platte, on a French chart of 1778, perhaps connected with a K. Plata in this vicinity on Moll, 17i;i. Also Douglas Id. and Herring Id. Herring Cove.— (Camiwbello). On Wright, 1772. In Passpmatiuoddy, Peecli' amk-kec'nk ^^ long gravel beach (alt. Gatschet). //erring' /^^>^/^^— See Br Alt', Cape. Hillsborough.— T. 1765, P. 1786. No doubt in honour of Lord Hillsborough, Secretary of State in England about that time. Hohna/i, H(irbfjr.—See Salmon River, also Benjamin River. Hopewell. --T. 17(>5, P. 1785. Perhaj* for that place in Pennsylvania, from which state some cf the settlers came. Hospital Island. — (Northumberland). Descriptive of its uise as a quarantine station. Earlier Middle Island; on Micheau, map 1785; also Barrataria, given by a former owner to show his admiration for Cervantes (Coouey, p. 106). /folic. 7!}, gives Jfganagoote, as does Lorimer; Kilby has Metiginagotke, all evidently forms of the same word. By the French it appears to have been called Me La Treille, from a French settler of that name mentioned in the census of 1686, and whom Church, 1704, calls Lotriel. Mitchell's Field Book, 17()4, has Latterell; a plan before 1800 has L'Aterail, and other forms occur, as Lutterelle, etc. Wright, 1772, has Fish Island; and it appears to l>e Perkins Island of a grant of 1766 to the grantees of Burton. Indian Point— A descriptive name occurring many times in N. B., though not commonly on the maps. Indiantown.— (St. John). A successor of the older "Indian House," a peat for trading with the Indians, erected in 1779, and so called until the present century, when the present form replaced it. Indiantown.— (Northumberland). No doubt descriptive. Indian Village. — Descriptive; a large Indian settlement exists there. Said to have been founded in 1794, after the sale of Aucpaiiue by the Indians, and then named Sainte Anne, the former name of Aucpaque (See Harts Island). In Maliseet, See-dahn =t Sainte Anne. Inglewood.— A manor of 32,000 acres in St. John and Kings, granted in 1832 to Moses Perley, and named by him from Scott's " Rob Roy." He also jtave the series of names of lakes, mostly from Scott's novels (p. 207). A friend of his was Captain Leringe, of Kiiockdriu Castle, Ireland, author of " Echoes from the Backwoods." Now the proi)ertv of a fishing and game club. Inkermann. — P. 185'^. Named, no doubt, in commemoration of the great battle fought in 1854. Innishannon Brook. — Of course for that place on the Bandon in Ireland ; here in New Bandon. Iroquois, River. — Origin ? Perhaps connected with some old incursion of the Mohawks. On Bouchette, 1815, as Oroiiuoin; on Cireenleaf, map of Me. 1841, WolumhuiR (compare also Little Presniiile). Pr. loc. Ir-ock'way. In Maliseet, [»rhai»e, I\e-lef-gah-kuaij-laii'-gool\ /wtw/toc— Former name for the settlement at -Musiiuasb, sug'ii'sted no doubt by the proximity of the other names from Scott ^p. 2(i7). O. Jack Lake. — Named in 1884 by the surveyors in honour of Edward .lack, »)f the Crown Land department. Jacksontown.— Said to be for the descendants of Wro. .luckson, loyalist. Men- tioned in House of Assembly journals, 1817, as a now settlement. Jacquet River. — Probably from the Acadian .laciiw^ =c James, the name of the tirst settler, James I>oyle, who is known to have been settled there in the 1 I Jl >' T 242 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA last century, though he received no grant until 1828. Jaquel in Plessis, 1811. In Micmac, Po-gum' Ink or Po-gum'-kce. On De Meulles, 1()86, as Pogomkik; Bellin, 1744, has Plauganic; d'Anviile, 1735, followed by others, has Pas- boncui, apparently a French familiarization, and other forms occur. In a plan of 177(), Crokey River, origin unknown. Jardines Brook.— (On the Restigouche). Probably for a lumberman. On the survey mapofl78(» it is called Gagouchigumiy, Mlowed by others. In Mic mac it is now Men-keil-ot'ke-guay-ik ; the terminations are alike. Jemseg. — From the Maliseet Ah-jim'-sek, which lack gives = picking up place. In a document of 1670 in Memorials of the Commissaries as Gemigick, and sub- sequently often used, sometimes much misprinted, even to Temsee and Lemising; Giles, lb'.)4, has Hagimtac. It was granted in seigneurie in 1670. Pronounced locally JimRag. Jocelyns Brook.— Maliseet, Oood-e-wam'-kik, given by Jack, applies really to Gardens Creek. Joes Point. — (Charlotte). Origin? On survey map 1798. Plan of 1804 has JoaM ]>l, Jogerins, North. — Probably of Micmac origin, connected perhaps with (.'hegogin. In a dociument of 1746 (Quebec Docs. iv. 274) Jaguingouche prhi) Beanhastin is mentioned ; Morris, Ms. map of about 1 750, has Joggin ; Montresor, 1 76S, has loggin, all for the one in N. S. Gesner (I., 2nd, p. 31) attributes it to the notches or jo^s in the rocks, whence Jog-in, but this is fanciful. Johnston.— P. ISiUt. Said to be in honour of Hon. Hugh Johnston, member of the legislature. Johnville. — S. 1861. Founded by Bishop John Sweeney, of St. John, and named for him. JoIiccBur.— French = pre*ty heart, but probably from a French family of that name. On a plan or in a grant of 1 792 as Jolicceur dinlricl. Possibly the Kichart of Montresor, 1 768, may be connected with it. Jones Creek.— (Queens). Said to be for a pre-loyalist settler. Jordan Mountain.— Doubtless for a family of that name still living there. Jourimain, Cape. — Origin '.' On Wilkinson, 1859. Upon old plans Jeuurhnan is applied to the islands there; the cape was Tormentine. Now the latter has been moved down the coast A local tradition states that the first wettler on the outer island was a German, whence the name, gradually corrupted to ita present form ; probably an error. Pr. loc. Ger-main'. In Micmac, perhaps Wuk-taa'-mook. K. Kara.— P. is.jw. — No doubt in commemoration of the heroic defence of KarH by the Turks under General Williams in 18.')5. Kedgewick. — From the Micmac; aboriginal form uncertain. In Micmac Pid-a- un-kej'^ik, also Ma-da-ioam-kedj'Wik. In Maliseet, said by Mr. .lack to be Quel-Hi^vxim-kedg-iidck, to which various meanings have been given. On the survey map, 1786, it is Ciidamgouichoui, followed by others- Gesner gives Pf-tani'kedg-nee, and Gordon (p. 28), Quah'tah-^mh'am-quah-duaric, followed by Taylor (Names and Places, Ed. II., 391) ; shortened by the rivermen to Tom Kedgwick and Kedgwick. Called Grande Fourche ^ Big Fork on some maps. Kedron. — Lakes and stream. Origin? On plans by Mahood in 1834. On old plans the stream is Testugack, the Paosamaquoddy name. [oANONo] PLACE-NOMENCLATURE OF NEW BRI^NSWICK 243 Kellys Creek.— (York.) On I). Campbell map, 178}, Scvdanupnkdcktlf. See LongH Creek. Kembles Manor.— 8. A survival of a pre-loyalist name. Stephen Kemble was co-grantee witli Gage, but iilllniately secured tlie entire grant and named it Kembles Manor. On Baillie I., 183'-'. Kennebecasis River.— From the Maliseet, Ken-a-hee-kat/ •»{» ; they know no other name for it ; hence, either tue aboriginal form 'a lost and thi-y simply use ours, or else ours is remarkably near the true Indian form. The latter is sustained by its history. On De Meulles' map, IHSti, a.s Caiiiliiquerhirlit, and in the seigniorial grant of 1(>H'J to Pierre Cliesnet, Sieur de Breuil, ai* Kdnibecachiclu: The meaning of the word is uncertain, but it is generally supposed to be =c little Kennebec. Kennebec is variously stated to mean long river, deep river and a snake, but is uncertain. The name is properly applied only to the river ; the bay is, in Maliseet, Mak-te-ijunk ( '). ( in ( amp- bell, 17SS, Hammond River is given as Little Kannl)eca8e8. On maps of the last century it occurs as Canilterhu, Kauibikh, etc., while Dcs Barres, 1 781, has Kenebekanxcm. On Monckton, 175s, the bay is La JHvi^e de Jiruhl, which is, of course, de Breuil, and shows that the name of the sei|:nior was applied to the river by the French. Perhaps he was the founder of the French village at the mouih of Hammond River, which was included in his seigniory (see Hammond River). Pr. loc. Ken-ne-l)ec-ay'-shus; and a tradition has arisen to explain it which says that a tavern stood on the bank, which t-vo travellers found in a storm and asked, " (^an it be Case's?" etc. Kennebecasis Island- — On Campbell, 17s,s. in Maliseet Woo-tni-'-ec = the nest, alluding to the story of the great beaver (p. 1!>6). Kent.— P. 1827. In memory ot the Duke of Kent (Notitia of N. B., p. lOii). Keswick. — From the Maliseet Noo-kam-keech' -mik — gravelly river, shortened and altered. On the Peachy map, 1783, it occurs as Nuiuomiiuii/wi and also .\{iidum k'issway, as two streams. Morris, 17S4, has Maddxnra'iwick. Later it becomes familiarizetl to Mudamf Ktnuiik, and occurs thus in many maps and d(Mruments of 17S4 and later; next the Madam is dropped, the tirst occurrence without it being on Lockwood, l.^2(). It has been claimed that the name is from Keswick, England, but there i.s no evidence for thi.n. Pr. lo(!. Kosway or Kisway. Keswick Ridge.— In Maliseet QiwH-a^wed'-uek = the end hill. (Ques-a-way --^ |K)int; adn = hill; ek, locative.) Keyhole. — Descriptive. Two small branches of (ir^nd Lake with narrow entrances. One is now called Oougla'* Harbour (which see). On Campbell, 1 7.SH, as West and Kast Keyhole. Kincardine. — S. Is7;?. For that place in Scotland by its Scotch settlers (see Immigration Hejjort for ls7;i). Kings. — C. 178,'}. Chosen, no doubt, along with Queens to express loyalty to the •Monarchy (p. 201). Kingsclear.— P. 178(). Locally, and no doubt correctly, said to be from Kings Clearing, the clearing made by its first settleri<, the king's troo{)s. it is appropriate that Kingsclear and Queensbury stand 8itland. Kitty Cove.— (Near St. Andrews). Doubtless for one Katy Mcintosh, who lived near it (Courier, xciii.) Knowleaville.— S. Established in 1860 by Kev. Mr. Knowles, a Free Baptist minister from N. 8. Kollock Creek.— No doubt for its grantee, .Tauob Kollook. Koucbibougiiac. — (Kenti. No doubt from the Micmac Pee-chee-hoo-^ivak (Flinne). ( ►n .1 umeau, 1085, as R. p«gibotu/ni, followed by others. Smethurst, 1761, has Vlmhibouhdck, and Rameau, in document of 1763, Kagibougo'et. Plan of 1800 has the present form. Acadian, Kagibougouette. On Coronelli, 1689, just north of Richibucto is Arimosijwt, which may be one of these rivers. On Moll, 1711!, near here is Liyem: Pro. loc. Kish-be-kwack'. Kouchibouguacis. — Micmac =^ Little Kouchibouguac. Pro. loc., Kish-be-kway^- 8i»>. Kouchibouguac. — ( Westmorland). Doubtless same word as that in Kent (which see). It was probably this river which is given as Kigiskouahouguii in the description of La Valiere's seigniory in 1676. 1-, Labounliere, Art/oc-— P''obably given in Alexander's suivey in 1844 in honour of Henry Labuuchete. later Colonial Se«retary. On Wilkinson, 1859, but has disappeared ; probably at head of Lower Hoyden Brook. La Coup Creek. — French = a blow. In Parkman Doc., 1751, Lac. la Couppe- Lancaster.— P. 1786. Origin V La Nef.— Dd Laet, 1640, statFs that just west of the mouth of the St John is an island, which the French name from its shape La NeJ' = the ship (?). This was perhaps Manawoganish Island or Thrum Cap. La Nim, Point.— Also Point I^a Lime. Origin ? Cooney gives it as " Point Ainimpk, which, as its name implies, was formerly a reconnoitering post of the Indians." A very old resident has given me I^ Nim. La Tour, Fort— 01 course for Charles La Tour, its owner. At the mouth of the St. .John, but exact site uncertain. (Discussed in Tranj. Roy. Soc Canada, ix,, ii., 61 ; also St. John Sun, Mar. iJl, 1893). La r^ciZ/ere.— Seigniory, 1676. The entire isthmus of Chignecto. Lepreau, Point— Origin? Early French. Occurs first on De Meuiles, 168C, as Pte. aux Napratur, which word has no meaning in modern French ; it is Pmnt de Napreaux on Bellin, 1744. On English maps it appears first on that of Blackmore in 1713 as Pt. Little Pro; Southack, however, 1 733, has Point La Pro, followed by many others ; Morris, I74!i, has Point It PtoH, and Mitchell, 1755, Pros Pt.; Wright, 1772, LitUe Pro. Boundary map of 1798 has LePreau. Purdy, 1814, has Lepreau; Bonnor, 1820, has again Le Proe, but Lockwood, 1826, has I.«preau, which has pre- vailed tu the present Of late it is sometimes written Lepreaux, but for this X there is no authority whatever. It senms plain that it originated in some French word before 168H, was corrupted by the English to Le Pro, and later fl 1 i/ [ganono] PLACE-NOMENCLATIRK OF NEW HRUNSWlfK 248 given a French form by making it Lepreau. It therefore lias no coniieftion with Le Pr^u, a meadow, as Monietimes said. Lepreau.— P. 18.57. Or course from tiie jwint. In Maliseet and Passamaijuoddy it is VMa« in this region, which I cannot lo<'ate. Little Biver.— (Madawaska). On Bouchette, 18S1, followed by others, Walnhhle River, origin unl >wn. Little Biver.— (Victoria at Grand F'alls). In Maliseet, I'lili-kopn-kee'-ok = falls at mouth. Kop» = falls, kee-ok = mouth ; (compare Pokiok). On Bouchetle, 1831, a branch is Raagaonbfkiluink, the same word mis- printed. Falls River on some maps. ¥ 5246 ROY A I , H( )( i KT Y OF C A N A D A Little River.— (KiiiKB). In MaliHeet, Ki-f-nvol-a-la-mo'-kik, tlie homeof Ke-wrx)l- a-U-mo-kik, the invinible Iiuliano, wlio did remurkable things. This is probably the (^oradumknnj of Peachy niinplaccd (cee Tenants Cove). Mr. Chamberlain applies ilie name to Oak Point Creek; |>ossibly applieil to Dovils Creek (see IteviU Back). Little River.— (8'inbury). On plan of 17«t;. In .Maliseet, Nem-dit'iiu = (jwr- haps) 8trai);ht ii(). Little River.— (Gloucester). In Miciiiac, IIV)-/«(/in)4y( '•?«(?/;' = white watered. I/i veruool. — P. lR-6. Perhaps for the hojie that it would l)ecome a great port. Foimd inconvenient and cluinijed to Richihnct/i in I8.SL'. Loch Lomond. — Said to Imvo ix-en so named ubnut 181(i, no doubt in remem* brance' of that place in Scotland, by l.auchlan Donaldson, a Scotchman, afterwards mayor of St. .Trdin, who had a ^'rant at its western end. On apian of ]M15 /.01/p// J.omanil. He alHf) named Ben I-oniond. A promontory in the lake is Donaklson'H Point and a Muiall lake to the westward is still Donaldson's Lake. Loders Creek. — In IMalisetit Wifs-'urk-'-Uihl., aha, {)erhap8, Pi-e-he'-gan-tk = a dam: descriptive. ( >n Peachy i 1"^-^ and other, Nigifleau. Also Siinonds Creek in pre-loyaliht times (Bay nioml). Long Island.— (<2ueen8.) rie8crii)tive; probably derived from the French. On De iMaulles, HfM;, as Ln (Inuitlf I4e ; Monckton, 17ri8, has Long Island ; also in g.ani of 17, in description of de Belle- fonds Seigniory, as Skoulivpskek (misprint, no doubt, for Skouteopskek) ; Miinro, 178:!, Scooilai: Lome. — P. 1S71. No doubt in honour of the Marnuis of Lome, who in that year came to the notice of Canadians l)y his marriage with the Princess Louise. Louison Creek — Said to he for one Loui.s la Violelte, who lived there over lud y(>ars ago, grantee in 1881. Louis formerly sometimes took the form Louison (liaiulei). l*n plan of ISHO, Louison; one of 1831, Louino. Pro. loc Loo-is-in'. In .Micmac, perhaj)S Mool-a-Mty'-ichk. Louison River. — Said to be so named for an early resident, and to be correctly not Louison, but Loo-is-a or Loo-sa. Baillie, 1832, I., has Louiton. toANOMi] PLACE-NOMENCLATURE OF NEW HRUNSWICK 247 i McAdam.— 1'. ls94. Of course from the .Tunction. McAdaxn Junction.— Named about istiti in honour of Hon. John McAdani, of Ht Steplien, lon« a member of the rrcvinoial I.e({islature. Maces Bay.— Orijiin entirely unknown. In Allen's .Iourna)i 1777, as Mifh'K Boy. An N. H. statute of i'Hii has Mnim'.* liaii. Some majis have MallV Bay, of course, a misprint, rossibly from Mecheseor (see .Musquash Harbour). McDougall Lake. Origin? On a plan of 1 SIM as McDouijnlK. A Samuel Mc* DongaUi bus a jjrant in 178(1 at t'ei'ond Falls. McMasters Island.— In I'ast^aina'iuotldy, .S'yt«i-«r/-//«/' :c? landing; place ; (lerbaps one of the several uwd by Gloofcap. Mitchell, 17ti4, has Mountain [alarid, and Wright, 1772, Hitid Iliad Inland, which is diMScriptive (see I^tite). Mactaquac River— From the .Maliseet .\fnk-l,-8 called H. .s>»'i/. Upon early maps, a large lake having the shape of Temis('ouata, but (tailed Oitraiignlicna (which 8ee\ appears in this rejiion. Madawaska appears elsewhere ; as a branch of the Aroostook, as a river in Enstern Ontario, as a lake in the Adirondacks — all examples, perbaus, of familiarization (p. 184). Madawaska.— P. 1H33. Of course from the river. Madawaska — C ls7o. Of course from the parish and river. Magaguavic River . — From the Maliseet and l'assamaquor(X)k I luck r.rouk Little Magaguadavic Lake Mud Lake Suboguapsk. Nigtook or Forks. Muskequagamns. Muskack Cr«ek. Muskacksis Creek. Badkick Point. ^kudafiskanigen. Saggidiack R. Indian Point Stpiidapskuneganissis. King's Brook or MagzowmuHk K, R. Abugwa|)6ka. Fiah Falls. Point of liock or Malecnniganose. )i. Peskiheegau. R. Testuguack. Muine<-k, Muinewich Mountain. Pogsegias. R. Petquiniusighawk. Musquash River. lletiuckmigack. Etanotch. hbahatch. Coodemu8(|uecat Libl)egahawk (Shallow River). (see Crai)l)erry Laka) (( irand Forks of N.B., Statute of 1780 ?) Mugagawdawagum (Loon Lake). Sekanigos. Sekaneegos or West River. Middle Branch. Alstone River. North Lake or J^ong Lake. l'o(|uagomu8 or Lilly L. The elucidation of these names, which must be studied in connection with the localiti«>8, will be a delightful task for some future philologist. This map was so carefully made by surveyors, who had with them Indian guides, that its authority munt be ranked very high. The nomenclature of the lumbermen for places along the riv er is of interest, as n^presunting the nature of an altogether oral nomenclature (see p. 18'i,and com- pare that of the St Croix) : : (The Lake) Linton Rips Pork Rips Cedar Inlands North East Islands Little Falls Balm o' (tilead Islands Milligan Rips Milligan Island Bill Smith Rips [oAxoNo] PLACK-NOMENCI-ATITUE OF NKW imrNSWICK 249 (Mcl)ouKall Stream). lAjng Ki|ia. Tiirndver Iitlaiul. Sle Hill Br. Coxa laUnda. Full and be duinned. (Red KiMk Htream). Snider Hcxk. ■StoneH Kips. MatheMon'H I'nint. (N. K. Branch) Jack-knife Island* Hawkins Ki|«. I'lunie Kail-. Flume iHlands. Holt Keach. Spark it Kipa. ■Ine Lee lalandB. (Kedrun Brook). High Uucks Hkulkin Hi[M Magundv. — Perlia|« from the MaliHeet. An Mngnndy r'nek on a plan of \HZh Mahalawodon, Biver.— Map name only ; locally Little Kiver. Probably Mic- mac. Plan 171)4 Mahalmvodioc, which Ih found down to Wilkinson, 1850, which introduces the above spellinK. Also .Moluduwadon, etc. Mahogany.— See Manawoganish. Maliget.— From the Micmac Mal-i'li>, a name Peudac ap|)ears here which may Ixi related to Andac, and this is llie same as '.. Perdue of the (.hamiilain, !•> 3 map, but displaced. \n old plan has also " ("ape < iypsum, Quiddy by the Indians." Marvel Islanu.— (.loined by bar to S. of Indian Id.) Probably rbi- the employee of Simonds in 17fi6. ni'-ntioned in (oil. N. K. Hist. .Sue. 1., 1(>8, and marks the sit(^ of their trodint^ estit))i>shment. Maryland. — S. Natned probably by acttlers of the Maryland retriment of loyalists in memory of their old home in that State. .Menlionetl in House of Assembly .Tournal for 1817. Marys Point.— Origin ? Said locally to be St. Marys Point. In Micmac Sit-KI'- quitk. Upon Mante of 17").") a "She|)o!flscareen (Jrant." Maugers Island.— Ko doubt for .loshua ]\laugcr(.spe Maugerville)- Also Gilberts Island, for Thomas Gilbert, owner and resident late in the Inst century. Formerly also Major Gilberts Island, combining both names. On 1>. 'amp- liell map of 17s."i. In Maliseei A' /-/.(/nii'-Av^- (Chan.nerlain). Maugerville.— T. 17()."). P. 178(i. I'or .loshua Mauser, agent for N. S. in Kngland and first on the list of grantees for the township. Mechanics Settlement— I on lulwl in 1S4'.' by an association of mechanics from St. .lohn. Meilisru t)r Mailiit'n I'oiiif- — Probably Micmnc. Origin ami exact locnlity luiceitain ; probably Rochettc Point. Oci-urs iii>on many maps with \jiria- tions, from d'.Vnville, 17.')."), as Mie m- ,iUe8, l(is(), as Mimrnmcou, and often in later doctunents. .V document of ITXi has the present spellini?. Menzies Lake. — No doubt for Major Thomas Menzies, loyalist, to whom a large >;rnnt at Musciuash was issued in 17s."), the first made by the Province of New Brunswick. Meuzie Settleinc -t.— See above. Middle Island. — I)es(;riptive of its positiun between Gilberts and Oromoeto Islands. On Morris, 177"). Middle River.— Descriptive. <»n plan of ISti? as Middb' Brook. In Micmac, iVuuk-git. Midgic— (Westmorland). Doubtless Micmac. Locally explaineil a.*^ for the abundance uf midgets, which tormented the earlier settlers ; of course a lictitiii (p. IS()). On plan of I8(is as Point Midgic. Compare below (also p. 1'.'-). It is a point of highland into a marsh. Midgic— ((liarloite) In Passamacjuoddy, Mid-jigoo =bad'.' On a document of 17yti (Kilby, p. 114) as i'oinl Meagi:ht, ITTL', has St. Vroix Point. Compare above. Milkish Creek —From the .M.ilisMot A-inil'-kok ^ preserving or curing place, i.e., for lisli or meat. < >n plan of 1 7.SH in present foru>. Mul Creek. — A very common name, descriptive; often no doubt pre-loyalist .iTillidgevilIe. — Said to l)e in compliment to Thomas K. Millidjfe, who built shijw there Millstream. — (Kings). Farlicr Studholm's Mill Stream (se«» Studholm). Millstream — \< iloucester). Earlier i^ittle Nepisiguit and N'ipisiguit Millstream. In Micmac, .Vo-Wc/i. Appears tn be the R. du ■Smimon = Salmon River of I'eiiys' 1072 map. MilltowD.— hescriptive. In early times Stillwater. Between it and St. Stephen is " the Union," r'.Bscriptive. Millville.— (Gloucester). S 1874 (p. Jii8). Descriptive. MiUv)lle.— (York). An N. U. and N. S. land company settlement (p. 207). Milnageo Lake. — From the Maliseet WH-nt-gtk' =« many islands or broken, i.e., big islands or bays. It is the same as .\hlnokel in Maine (Hubbard^. Milpagos Lake— From the Maliseet Mil-po genk' ==^ prohnhU, with many bays or arms (probably mil, many , pa-gi»k or po-ked, narrows = many narrow places). !i !iBbx!8S9S 262 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Minaqiin- — See Miraniiehi. Mine, i'ttp f/,s, inexactly the pro|)er position, is Micheomai, and finally on N. UeKJien's mapof IMl is Mirduumoii. Probal)ly the 7Vrrf de .y(irhilnuin of llie Desreliers' map of 1.">4<5 is the same. It occurs on these mapH with a ineries of nsiDes niven by Cartier, hardly one of which is of Indian origin, and it is thereloronltoffether probable that it was given li> him and is a jireatly cornipted Kurofiean word. Jt is possible, however, that it is Indian, in whicii cane a ttieory wliicli at once arises is that it is from Mei/nmaatiie, i. f., Micmai'-Land, a name now used by the Micmacs for their entire territory, and this would be contirmetl by the forn used by Dos- celiers. The objection i.s that Micmac .seems not to be an aV)original word ; it is generally considered to bo ilie i'rench micmac =1: jugglery, applied by the French to tht^m about ItlHO, though it may be aboriginal and derived from .Vcytinioouidoo. their great iiiagi«Man. (See .lonrnal American Folk-lore. IX., 17,3.) Until lurtiier diita arc available the origin c!" Miramichi r ju remain in doubt. The name ajipiied un all of the early maps not to u. river, but to a [wrt or district. UenyH, in 111":!, was the first to apply it to the river, and .Moll, 171;!, seeuKs to be the first to use the present R|)elliug. Otiier facts about it in Trans. Uoy. Soc. ('[tnada, 1n8!», II., ,")4, .')5. In Micmac it is [.un-iifiioo'-clufrltl.- ■^- Little Restigoucbe, which is its invariabhf name among them ; they way that Miramichi is not Indian. On De Meidk <, li>8ii, a.s R. KLstigouchii^jue Bellin, 1744, has KistoUKOuchi, followed .' many others. There is no evidence for t\,oney's moaning, " Happy Retreat." Called by .lumoau, liift^, and others* /V. n'. ' roi.r (which see). LiLs-ta-gtHi-cheochk applies to the main t^ VV. branch; the main N. \V. is Et-mun-ok'-un (l-linnei which Rand gives = a beaver hole), or Wf-de/'tntr- iKt-kun (alt. Chainberlaiu); tliis is probabaMy tlie Uirrnt-iiefjuti of LoCleni ; it was shortoned and corrupted by tlie French to Atiiunjiui, a.id so aptiears on many maps of the last century. On some the main S. \\, branch is named i'liwodi, but this is a mistake for Marnabys River (Sec). The liittle S W. branch is To'i-u-ilnuk', which Kand give.s .= a ditlioult, dangerous river; descriptive. l)o Meull*«s has for it SUnion. I)e Meiille^ gives very fully the nomenclature of lie branches of this river, and his names are a.s follows - Moilirii .\iiiiit. Moilfrn Mii>niir, l)i MriillrK, UiSii, Lower N. Branch. Ilap-poo-sijuok (Flinne). .'vpchkonan. N. Pole Branch. Kay>dnn-nat'<|Ue-gak. Kodualleguec. Upper N. Hrancb. Ooalkemikik. liftke on " Wall-a-ta-ge-ok (Mclnne»). [oa»ng] PL.\CE-NOMENCLATl'Rl. OF NKW BKUNSWKK 2!^3 Fall* Brook. - aeuihiati- e to our word id probably accidental or due to the operation of fainiliari- aation. (p. 184). Miscou. -Origin uncertain. Not in use by the Micraacs aH a native word. Occurs tirst in (haniplain in its present form ; by Denys and others rpplied both to Miscou and 8hippe?an. It may come from an Aluonquin word, mii»-OMe ~ blood or red colour (La Hontan), describing the low rod clitrN about it In this case it was perhaps obtained by Champlain from Monta^nais or other guides from the Ht, Lawrence, but this is very uncertain. In Micmac uncertain; may \ye See-hah-gun-jeerhk. Point .Mi8(!oti \n |)erhap8 Ooninkiivmkcok (Hand). By the French called St. Louis, and the Mission, St. Charles (Relation of ItiSfM. Miscou, Point- — Nameay-hti (Jack). On I)« Meulles, 16H6, as Mirhejvitujw, and thereafter constantly. Morris, 1749, MitKfiapec, but too far to the eastward. Wright, 1772, 'las Mixpec. The name has moved about in the maps from Red Head to Cape Sjjencer, and some have it twice. Probably Misspecky Point in Maine is the sanie. Missaguash.— Doubtless Micmai'. In the La Valit're .lournal, IfVt-.'il, a.s Mcza- ijoiiiM-h and fre(,uentP. in French dncuments as Mimgoxurhr, etc. ; may \» cuiinecled with Mus<|Ua8h ; Morris, l7.")ti, has Mumguai>h. By the Fnujcli called Ste. Marguerite; thus in Bellin (Descr.), 175,5. Moll, 17i;>, has t'hignecto River, perhaps tor this. An elaborate map of this river by Franquet, \lf>\'h^, give** many names, now oxtini't. Mistake, The.— Said to have been originally ifeCoii'it Minlakr, liecause some early settlo.^ mistook it for the main rivnr ir ascending the St. .lohn. On plan of 17H« as Mi»kikf I on, and th«' grassy point is MiMokf I'lii-U on CampU»ll, 17Ss. In Maliseet Vt-m'-luk (( hamberlain) Skn-ufhiMiek (Raymf)nd). The Point is /'')>i(<-(iit-//i rZ/rc r=^ gras.sy pnint, on Monckton, IT'iK, and probal)ly to this In pointi d'htflu' of De McMillen, lt»,"<(i, applies, though on the wrong side of the river. Mistoiichc, also Traoey'a Brook.— From the Micmac Mlt-look or hHs-in-gook', applied on some ma|)s, l»it wrongly to the Pata(MHlia. Mitchell, Lake. — Named by the surveyors in 1S.H4 in honour of Hon. .lames Mitchell, thea surveyor-general. \ { m ' 284 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Miszenette Point.— No doubt an alteration of the Acadian Mauonttle x= little bouse, used by the Acadiana for Indian housee to the present day ; probably was descriptive. On tlie Survey map, 1 755, as Maitonette- In Micmac Wechkwomkeak ^== a long sand bar extending towards us (Kand), referring no doubt to its pointing to the land to the South. Moar ..es Stream.— Doubtless Passamaquoddy. On Morris, 17k4, as Boannim; another map of 17H5 has MonnncK Molus River.— Origin ? Perhaps for some Indian who livwl there (p. 189). On a plan of 1 H23 in present form. Moncton.— T. 17t>5, P. 1786. In honour no doubt of Lieut.-Col, Monckton, promi- nent in Nova Hcotian history. Originally Monckton. The site of the town was formerly called "The Bend," which is descriptive. See also Cotidi, 1^. Moncton. — Now Gibson, opposite Fredericton. (Seealwve). Occurs in a deed of 1767, and other do(*uments sometimes used as Point Moncton ; N.B. Statute of 1822 has Moncton. Moncton, Port.— So named in 1755 when taken from the French who had called it F'ort (iaspp'^au (which see.) In honour, of course, of General Monckton. Upon some maps Fort Lawrence in Nova Scotia is also Fort Moncton. Monckton Fort-~(^'\- some maps for Fort Fre. MoorcjiehJa.—h village near Douglastovi ; used before IS25. Moore'a Mills.— For WiUiam Moore, an early settler and grantee. (Courier, CXVIII). Moosehorn Brook. — Deftcriptive. Probably a translation of the Maliseet Afoom;- num-iiw-Kci-lmoL --moose's horn brook (Rayuiond). Moose Mountain.— CCarleton). Said l)y the Indian^ to resemble a moose lying ddwn, an, as /. aux Rats miuipttz ; also Monckton, 176H. (n Maliseet, the upper is Meet-ag'-en-M ; tlie lower, possibly, Que»-o- (pua'-dik. On the lower is marked on Monckton, 17.')«s, "The Notch," whiub may be the mouth of Washademoak. [OANONO] PLACE-NOMENCLATURE OF NEW BRI'NSWICK 2B5 ing in its ch Muequash Harbour.— Origin uncertain. - Either descriptive or else a corruption of the Maliaeet name. In Ciiurcii, ](>*.)(), an MwhqwKl. Core. In Maliscet, Met-gon' -giuik (compare Coal Creek). On De Meulles, IflH6, is pk. il Micheoar- cort, which is probably the sanie, and which becomes Mechascor, Mechocas- tor, etc., on French maps ofth« last century, from which possibly Maces May was derived. In Poseamaquoddy called aUo Tlun-quah-dik = treaty place, which is explained by a legend, which is the same as that for Hardwood Creek (see p- U)6). Mya Point.— Tliis, with I'ecien, are names of molluscs, and were probably given bv otticers of the Admiralty survey, for Mya appears lirHt upon one of llieir charts of 18:W. IM. Macawicac River.— From the Maliseet Nd-gun'vet'-ijtk, In the Seigniorial grant to Sieur de I'.ellefond, l(j90, NerkniovhjVi'k ; Munro, 1781!, has Xixtojueiiniih; Morris, 1 7H4, Marcavigitck. Nantucket.— Origin unknown, but, jierliaps, in remembrance of the island iu Massachusetts by early settlers : there is evidence that whale-Hsliprs trom Nantucket, Mass., settled in this vicinity. In isoti, in MiDonald'H re}> get camp jioles (Hand); also Mun-a-ban (Flinne). In Mar8t(>u's diary, 178">, as Napan. Mapudogan Brook.— From the .Maliseet iVrt-/w(/-(/f/'-(/»m=«= (possibly) brook to be followed, t. e., in going to Miramichi Lake (.lack). I'lan of 17S7 has Ui Bvulagav, for this or Bndagan (which see). Suggests thu Micmac <>wok'- tm == a portage. Nash's Creek.— Said k)cally to be for u Captain Nash, a refugee who livwl there for a time. On plan of IHIJI, as at prosent. In .Micmac i>oi>n-wBak. In grant of Ktif), ah \iilchouakihi/;k or Nnnhirakrkich. On mHp,>- liU(» that of b«««'liey. Petite KiviOre =« Little River. !)robubly its Acadian name. Pro.loc, >ia«h-wasi8'. Nauwigewauk. — R. R. Sta. Krom the Maliseet Xuli-inj'-e-uauk, their name for Hammond River, and also for ihi* Na«liwaak which see). Navy Island. — ((Charlotte). Probably for somn naval use. .■Vdmiraltv » hart oflS24. In PassamaqitrNldy prateMy Q»itt-ee-kini'-m», from a small and jieculiar bark wigwam that used to to ttave (Mrs. lirown). In Mitchell, lield-lxxik, 17t>4, called Halchttf Id. iF tomiMi was an early trader to the bay about 17(10, Courier, xxxvii.) On Wriflkt. 177:.', St. .Vndrew's I.sland, and later otlen so called. Na«y Island. (St.. lohn). Probabl\ tor some naval use. On a plan of 17s4. Negro Head (.)rigin '.' Occurs first on a chart n( 1844. It is |)erhaps the Cap St. .lean of Champlain, 1012, and otlmrs. On Des Darres, 177(), it appears to be I'nint Wdliam. Sec. 11., IrtlK). 17. 286 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Neguac Island.— Origin uncertain, but from the Micmac. Hand gives Negtcek- = it springs up out of the ground. The Micmacs now call it Pee-memp- kee'-ok =■= Sand Is'and. I'erhaps it comes from Anegaijwayok, the name for Hay Island (which see), transferreil by mistake to tiiis.. lu Marston's diary, 17x5, as iSegayack- ■ Acadian, Nigaonec ; pro. loc, Nigger whack. Nelson. — P. isi4. Doubtless in memory of Lord Nelson, who died at Trafalgar in 1H05. Nepisiguit, River.— From the Micmac Win-peg-ij''a-mk = rough water, which describes it throughout. A Maliseet defined it as "cross" or "bad tem- pered " river, i.e., towards the canoe-man. In the .Jesuit Relation, 164:!, as Nfpegiijomt, applied to the river, which shows the transition to our form. Creuxius' Latin map I'WiO, has \epegi- rint. Pr. loc. narrow |)eaa. The fort here was afterwardH occupied by Boisht'bert (see Beauhclwrt Fort in 17 lit. New Biindon. — No doubt for Baadoii in Ireland from which most of the settlers c'anic. The parish erected in l.'^Bl. Now Brunswick— Named when set off from Nova Scotia in 17S4, no doubt in coinplinient to the reigning hourie of Kujjlijnd. Karlier a jmrt ot .Acadia and Nova Scotia. By Sir William Alexander, lti24, it was iiameil New Alexandria and Nova Scotia was New Cale04). Newcastle Creek.— (Queens). DouhtlesH liecause of the coal mines there, recalling NewcaMtle in England. On a plan of IT-^)) in present form. In .Maliseet Wee»- oji-ah'-ijd, or Wi eit-op-iifi-ijl()i>l:\ New Denmark.— 8. 187?. By Danes from near ('oixjuhagen. Also calletl Hanish Settlement {wliicli see). New Jerusalem.— s. Founded about 1820. New Maryland.— I*. 1«5(". No doubt for the Maryland settlement. New Mills. — Frobubly once descriptive. In .Micmac, Mal-cjfichk' ; ( ooney, 1S32, Mulagunh. New Hivor.— (Charlotte.) Probably so called when newly found- On a plan i.f l.sitt, with Little New River also. In Passamaquoddy Miu-nn-itn'-dU, ( >u (twon's Me. map of 17iM>, it is .StinunhmH : Report by D. Campbell, 18ni', has AfanaHul- JVf'ii- Town.—'Y. 1765, in St. Clary's. ,\'eiv Wd} rin^tun- — Captain Owen's Settlement of 1770, on Campol^ello, at CurryH Cove ; named for the port on the Mersey, from which be saileil. New Zealand.— N.B. & N.S. Land Co. Settlement (p. -101). Nictor, Lake and River.— From the .Maliseet ^ik-iauk, forks, applied to the Forks of the Tobi<|ue and extended by tlie whites to the river and lake ; the river also called Little Tobiqua In Maliseet, the river is .\ersisted to near the present century. Nicholas Biver. -See St. Nit'holas. ^N'id d'Ai's'l''- — (Probably the point at Worden's ImiIow Spoon Id.) French =» the eagle's nest. Upon Bellin's map of 1744, also that of 1755, this name Hp{)ears on the east side of the river below .lemseg ; ut what i.s no ilotibt the name place, d'Anville, 1755, has FAnhlin!<'. Fr or Wit-id-loo-iifmiit'-ik, which means the little battery ( Wn-ku-loos ■■ fort, hut in delining it one of them has calletl it "Little French Battery"). Monckton's map of 17.">8 m»rk>> a French settlement exactly there. It seems possible, then, Ihiit the French had here a SHiiiement, and in early times a battery, perhaps built hy Villebon when his fort wasat Nashwaak ; it is the best (ilace on the river for such a detence. Whence, then, the name Sid d'.li^/., eagle'n nest? This may have arisen from the remarkable reaembUiuce of the Maliseet Wifku- 288 KOYAL SCKIKTY OF CANADA " loo-mn-ii»'U ■= little battery, to Kvl-loo-ni*' -%):=■ an eagle's neat (see Cleuristic), and the French, struck by the reaemblance, and tlndin^ "the eagle's nest" both an appropriate and pleasing name for this battery on its little plateau half-way up the hill, adopted it. Nigadoo River. — From the Micniac ^•ni.v't-rfoo. On plan of 181 1 in present form. ^(/•dec-tic- — The Maliseet name for the small stream opptwite Worden's, below Hpoon Island (Jack). It is no doubt because of its resemblance to Meductio that so many French ma[)8 of the last century make the Meductic (Eel River) empty here. Northampton.— P., 1786. Probably suggested by its being then the northern parish of York. Northesk.—P., 1814. Probably for the Earl of Northesk, then prominent in the BritiHh navy ; made rear-admiral in 1821. Northfleld.— P., ISo?. Doubtless snggpsted by its fmsition in the county. Worth Lake.— (York). Descriptive. On the boundary map of 1798. North Lake.— P., 1870. Of course sugjsested by the lake. North Shore.— Conirnonly used in the province for its entire eastern and northern coast, from Kay Verte to the Restigoucbei but more particularly from Mininiichi to the Restigouche. Northumberland.— C, 178.^. Suggested jjerbaps by its irontiguity to Westmor- land (before Kent was set off ^ as in England (p. 204), or possibly suggested by the name of the strait. Northumberland Strait.— Origin uncertain. On De8 Barres' chart of 1777, and p8) of 174(1, which seems t<^ call them Xortombcrland : there was a (ship, the Nortliumberland, in thiH region in 1747 and 1748 (Quebec Doch., iii., 3110, X^H. iv. :.'lti), which may possibly have originated the name. The northern eiitivp and probably tranHlated from the French. On Moncktnn, 1758, I'oinI nu Chitinn ^doubtleM for (.lu'-iies s Oaks). In Maliieet A't/c/t-oK-fc-om-AYi '-uA = itravel Ixtach point ; also jwa- slbly Pmim-re-oii-kfi-ak. The C. dosque of De Meullea, Iti8«i, is probably not this but near Little Hiver, Kindts (which see). In sei)inioribl ^raiit of l((0(t to Sieur des < iontins aH I'nint mu Clnmun. Oak Point— (Nortliunil)erlaii(l). rrobably descriptive. <>n Micheau, 17S5. Oanwella, fsle.—^^n the Peachey nnd other following maps applied tn the island at the month of Sullivan's Creek, called on Foulis, 1826, Fall Id. Oriuin unknown. Odell Brook. — In Malmeet Ho'-dd ; possibly this is bnttheir pronunciation of the Knxlish name, which may have a ililfereiit ori){ii). On lif^kwood, is'jti. Olell. Odellach.— Connu<'ttMl with Odell, though how? In Malisoet, lloHlel-sis, little Ho-del. Ohio Settlement— Ori};!n locally unknown- On plan of 187H. Old French Fort.— (tiueons). Orijrin uncertain i»ee Nid d'Aijfle). Old Mission Point, also Church I'oint, now also Ferguson's Point. So trailed l)ecau8e the large Micmac sottlemeut at Mission Point with its church and mission were situated liere until about 1770, when they reuioved to the Queltof side. On a plan of 1 788, OKI Church Point. Ormond Lake. — By Mah(K. Ossekeag. — The former, and still the otHcial post <^itlif'e name for Hampton Station. From the .Maiiseet Pen-kex'-kick- «= marshy bnwk (or full of rushes) corrnpte«l into Acicac on Wilkinson, IH59, and thence Ossekeag. Otnabog.— From the Maiiseet Wal-nfi'-hak-. Appears first on Peachey, 17h;>, as yVtktiiihnk ; plan of 1 785 has (/(itnaltark Lih- ; Campbell, 178S, Oenolmck. Ourangabena, Lake.— U()on Uellin, 1744, it appears upon the St. Francis near the St- John, but I have not been able to locate it; none of the Indian names of the lakes on this river at all resemble it. Bouchette however, Is:!!, gives Warienequamaticook for I'aker l, it is above the Madawaska, I'Ut identified with it by Sot/.manu. I7i)ti, after which it disapjwars from the maps. Ox Island. — Origin unknown. Occurs on Morris. 1775. Oyster -n-ver.— Doubtless descriptive. On Micheau, 17^5. Pabineaii Brook. — From the abundance of frtut-boarinijc bushes, of which the fruit is called [in Acadian] pabtua (tiaudut). On plan of 182.% as Pafrinn, also in same year in present form. In Micmac, \Voi>-ii'hni/-gtii. irt. 260 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Paoquetville.— K 1872 (p. 20k^. in liononrof I'tther Pacfjuet Fainaeo Junction.— Said to be not the French /'«'« »fc = dry bread, as com- monly HiippoHed, hut /*i»i nr =* dry pine; the place wr» cHlled in 1M56 Pine Hill, which later l^ecame I'inaec. Fainrey Lake.— Oriitin '.' On the boundary map of 17».s, but apparently written in later by anotiier hand. Ah hilphitii on a plan of 1h36. On a ^^■. map of about 1^45 I'alfrey Mountaina are marked between North IaV^ and Polciok. In rassamaquoddy, Um'^ffmiitk' , probably ■■=* half ripe, rnferring to cranberries they used to gather and dry there. In Titcomb'a survey, 17W (Maine Hist. Mnjr vii., l.'>4, and viii., 1('.4^, ns OmqMimfmkfg. Carleton's map of Me., 1S()2, and others, have Vmipiemenkfeg. Palmerston.- r. 18.'),"). Chun(;i-d to Saint Louis, IHfifi. In honour, no doubt, o' Lord Palmerston, wiio lieinnie Prime MiniMterof Kngland in thai year. It {•ersists as tht* name of a Ketilement. J'iirr '/'oirn. — ^ee SH. .John City. Partridge Island.— Origin uncertain ; translated from the French; either ori(;in- ivlly descriptive or else the lo<-ation of an Indian lo(;end in which tlie |)arlritlBe figures. In Creuxiu.s' Latin map, lti«> (Kilby, p. 115). (jatschct has I'lsLideinakadi. Mrs. Urown mentions that the Totem of the Passamiiquoddy tribe is a canoe with two Indians pursuing pollock (Trans. Koyal Sk'. Canada, V., ii., :i). On the Visschermapof ItiSO as Perntmeqwtde ; I>e Meullep, Uitfii, Pttmovquadi/. Charlevoix, 1744, has Pcgkadamioukkanti. Its fiist 8[)olling as at present is on a mapof 17(J4 in Harris' Voyages, Vol. IL Called the (irnnd l^ay and (ireat Bay by Owen, 1770, and others, which may show that it was la (irande Baie to the Acadians. Visscher has also Oyster Bay for it, and others Labour Bay, of which the origin is not known to jne. Fasseicoag. — Poubtless suggested by I':;ticake Brook and given its exact form by analoiry with Ossekeag. It is one of the manufactured names of the railroad oHicials (p. 2^9). Fatapedia— From the Micinac Prrf-a-trt-tw/f-or/i'. On the 1786 survey map as Pi-iliiinijiiiwl., but wrongly placed, which led later to much confusion. Boudiette, 1815, and others, have the same name and error. Baillie, 18:t2, hiis it i.'orrectly placed. The name Mistook or Mistoue has been applied to it, but wrongly. (See Tracy Brook.) I'r. loc. Pat-a-pe-jaw, very strongly accented on the last syllable and pe scarcely sounded. Cooney gave it as Pidabidjau. Faticake Brook.— From the Maliseet P^t-Hk =« bend (ox bow), applied to the lit-nd in the Kenebecatis, extended by ti.o whites to the brook, and familiar- ized to its present form. By a further alteration it has become Patsekeag (winch see). On a plan of 1811 as Patncake Creek. The name Pet-kik [OANOKO] I'LACE-NOMENCLATrUK OK NKW BKUN.SVVICK S01 ocLHira also on the Tobiqne and MagaicuwlHvii*. I'erliaixi Petitcixliac ix related to it (itee). Patrieville— S. 187H, (p. 208). Freneli I'atrie^ fatherland. I'aivlett, Mount.— ^f» Mount I'uwlett. Peoten Poilft. — See Mya Point. Peel. — I'.) lHr>9. Probably in honour of Jonathan Peel, Secretary of VVhi' in England in that year. Or |)u8Hibly in memory of \\\n hrother,Kir Kulwrt i'eol, Koxlish HtatflHman, who died in 1H.V). Peltoma Lake. — OriKiti uncertain ; aaid Im'ally, and probably i;orrnotly, to Ije for an Indian hunter of that natn«<. I'eltonia in Pafl8aina<|Uoddy for I'iern- Toniar a (lominon nuniH ainon^; them. He wan, perhapH, a guide of Miihood'H. tor tlm name oicura tirHt upon a plan of his, of lH:t<;, in iU present form. .VlMo^'iveii to a seltloinent of 1H.'.«J ( p. 208). Pendleton's Island. — For ThomaH Pendleton, loyalist, who owned it. In Pa8Hama. 20!)), for Stone's Brook, near whioh it is; from the Maliseet l\tiohnac ; on Morris, 1749, as Patcoli/enk, and in several document- of 1755 ; d'Anville map, PatcouUeuk. A common spelling in French documents is I IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I m 1^ m m ilM 1112.2 2.5 12.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 ^ 6" ► I Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WFRSTER.N.Y. 14580 (/16) 87*2-4503 \ iV » o^ ^ ^1> '1.^ ^j^ /A// S ^ ^ u c^ qp :262 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA M I'etcoudiac. Poeaibly the Padeteou of Bellin, 1744, the Delkekoudiack of a document of 1749 (N. 8. Archives, p. 374), are the same, greatly mispriuted. None of these forms show any trace of the Petit Coudo, required by the popular explanation. The earliest use of the latter, that I have found, is in AUine's Journal, 1781, where it appears as Petit Codvick. Pro. loc.. Petticoat jack. Petite Roche. — French =»= Little Rock, probably descriptive, and perhaps another name for Rm^hette. In Acadian, Petit Rocher, which has the same meaning. By the old (English) settlers, it is half translated, half familiarized, to Little Russia. Possibly Little Rocher in Albert is the same. Phyllis Creek. — A name of the last century for Hermitage, or Baillie's Creek, Fredericton. Pickwaaket. — (Brook in Kings). Doubtless from the Maliseet On Lockwood, 1826; as Peqwaket, but omitted from all late maps, though in constant use. Pickwaaket Mountain is in Maliseet Meek-woo-ow'-jook =»= squirrel moun- tain (Raymond). "Bipe Rock.— See Tomogonops. Pisarinco. — Doubtless from the Maliseet On Lockwood's map of 181S, of the mouth of the St John, as Visarinkum ; a plan of 1830 has Pasarinko Cove, and Wilkinson has Pasarinco. Pisiguit Brook.— Seems to be that called on a plan of 1804, Cowassi^tei ; Cooney , 1832, Cowwesigit. Piskahegan, also Fiskehagan, River. — From the Passamaquoddy Pes-kee-My' - gan 3= a branch, i.e., of a river : no doubt the same as Baskahegaa in Maine- On the Survey map of 1798 au Peskifieegan. Pr. loc. Piske-hay'-gun. Pleasant, Mount.— Occurs several times. Descriptive. The principal one is in Charlotte. Plenne.— Seigniory, 1695. On the Kennehecasis. Plumpers Head.— (St. John, near Point Lepreau). For H. M. S. Plumper, which sank there in a gale with much specie on board in 1812. Plumweseep.— R. R. Sta. A name made-up by the R. R. officials (p. 209) for Salmon iUver, as this part of the Kennehecasis was formerly called (Wilk- inson, 185,as Poclagain, also in same year Pocologan ; and all up to, and including Wilkinson, 18.'>9, have c instead of p. The name occurs also in Maine and on the Upsalquitch. Popelogan Brook.— (Restigouche). !^aid by the Micmacs not to be Indian ; in Micmac, Hos-wos-ee-kay-way-uk. A Micmac chief told me it was a "bad place to get logs out of— must be named for that " ; in which connection compare Thoreau explanation in " Maine Woods." Popes Polly Island. — Origin unknown ; probably for some unfortunate business venture. In 1806, in Atcheson's ." American Encroachments." De Costa, in a guide-book, states that a Royalist of 1812, established a post there and lost all, which may be true except for the date. Upon older mapft, also applied to the small island between Friars Head iiad Lubec, called aliio Mark Id. Fortage Island.— Origin uncertain. On Jumeau, 168."), as Potage ; De Meulles, 1686, has Portage, Morris, 1749, has Portage; Survey Map, ^755, has Potage, but others henceforth have Portage; d'Anvi!le,1755, and some later English maps have I. Passage. The local Acadian tradition is that Potage is correct, and it is explained by a legend of travellers stopping there to cook ihoir porridge (Potage) when crossing Miramichi Bay, etc. In Micmac Mol-a-weeft-way'a-dik = where they shoot brant (Flinne). It appears to be the I Burselle of Moll, 1713, and others. By Des Barres named Waltham Island, probably for some friend of his (p. 203), and the n«me persisted for a time (Bouchette, 1815). Jumeau, 1685, calls the passage between it and Fox Island Patmge A Jumeau, doubtless for himself, and this appears on later English ma(« trans- lated to Camel Pattage. Morris, 1749, applies Port Portage apparently to Miramichi Bay. On W^ells' map ot 1722, as Qucuco. 234 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Wl Portage River.— Name of several small streams in Northumberland and Kent^ descriptive. Portland.— Settlement about 1762, parish 1786, city 1883 to 1889. Probably named by Simonds, White and Ilazen. Possibly for the third Duke of Portland, prominent in English politics from 1762, prime minister in 1783; or per- haps descriptive- It occurs first in a document of 1776 (Raymond). The name is also applied to the point on which Bimonds' house stood. Portobellc— Origin 7 On a plan of 17H9 as Porto Bello. It is the name of s place near Edinburg, and also in South America, where the English won a great victory in 1739. In Maliseet, Pee-hee^-gan = parallel brook (?) Fresqmle Biver.— No doubt from the French = peninsula, and describing the large peninsula (at high water an island) at its mouth. The latter called Presque Isd. on Morris, 1784, and also D. Campbell, 1 7.S5, and on Morris is applied also to the river. In Maliseet, Sus-kool^-cuok = possibly muddy river (stMq, mud, but this does not describe it). On D. Campbell, 1785, as Siscouidcook. On Peachey, R. Flat, and in Munro, 1783, R. Flute. Pro. loc. Presk-eel. Presquile, Little.— Of course from the above. In Maliseet, Wah-ka^-soon, pos- sibiy =z piece cut off (compare Sissou Branch). On Morris, 1784, as WaJiason; D. Campbell, 1785, Wakaagoon. On some Maine maps called Olumkuas (compare Iroquois). This may be also Sm-ko-uid-ko, and hence the Sigcaralliguh of Peachey and other maps. (Compare Eel River.) Prince William.— T. 1783, P. 1786. Named by the King's American Dragoons, who settled here, in honour of their patron, Prince William, afterward» King William IV. (Raymond). Quaco. — From the Micmac Gonl'Wah-gah'-hoek; or, according to Rand, Oool- imgagek = haunt of the hooded seal {Ooolvxmkw, hooded seal ; gek, locative), also Ul-wa-ka-kik (Chamberlain), and in Maliseet Pool-waugh-ga-kick (.lack), sometimes wrongly translated as " home of the sea cow." On De MeuUes, 1686, as Ariquaki; no doubt the same word and altered by the usual replacement of i by r (p. 198). On Blackmore,1713, Roqtuujue, followed by others. Some old plans have Oreeqvuico. Occurs first in its present form in an uniiamed Ms. map of 1762 in the library of the Mass. Historical Society. One of the streams emptying at Quaco appears to be the R. St. Louis of Champlain, which see. Quarr, Point au, or Point Quart.— French := a quarter, etc. In Marston's Diary, 1785, as Point au Cart and on old plans as Point au Carr. Statute, 1799, has Pt. au Bar, probably misprint Quatawamkedgwlck —See Kedgewick. Queens.- C. 1785. No doubt adopted along with Kings to express loyalty to the Monarchy (p. 204). Possibly suggested by the fact that some of ita early settlers came from Queens Co., Long Island. Queensbury.— P. 1786. Settled by the Queen's Rangerp, a loyalist corps, whence, no doubt, its name. Quiddy River.— Doubtless from the Micmac. On a plan of 1784 Cape Quiddy Harbour and Uiver Quiddy are mentioned ; Martins Head (which see), was also called Quiddy. [ganong] place-nomenclature OF NEW IJRUNSWICK 268 Quisibis.— From the Maliseet Sqwe-m-fntk'. On a plan of 1794 as SquinUih. Pr. Joe. Quiz-a-bifl. Quispamsis.— R. R. Sta. A name made up by the R. R. oflBcials from the Maliseet Quwpem, lake, sif, diminutive; suggested by the little lake near by (p. 203). Quoddy. — Common contraction for Passamaquoddy. m Banger Settlement.— For the corps of Royal West India Rangers, who were settled here in 18iy. Bapide de Femme. — Frianch ^= woman's rapid. Said by Gesner (IL, p. 73) to be so-called from having been scaled {i. e, ascended) by a woman. The local tradition is that an Acadian tried to pole his dugont up this rapid, with his wife and a heavy load, but failed, and his wife took the pole and succeeded. On Foulis, 1826, as Rapid de Femme, and the same has White Rapids and Black Rapids ; a plan of 1827 has Rapidf des Femmet. Beardon's Island.--(Carleton, below Bulls Creek). In Maliseet Men-hoc-qva'- dik = place for (qua-dik) wigwam poles. Bed Head. — (Charlotte). Probably descriptive ; on Admiralty chart, 1824 ; Wright, 1772, has Grampus Head, and the Harbour, Grampus Cove. Bed Head.— (St. John). Descriptive. It was probably this point which was called C. rouge = red cape, by Champlain in his 1612 map, loUowed by De Laet and others, and CoronelH, 1689; our form probably given independently. Mr. Raymond says that a document in his possession shows it was used in 1757. In Maliseet Squa-so^-dek =^ landing-place (or possibly lookout). Benous River. — Named, no doubt, for an Indian Chief, Renou, who lived upon it, hence Renou's (p. 189); Cooney gives this, and the Indians themselves agree; M. Gaudet suggests that this family name was originally French, Renaud, which is probable. It occurs in a letter, dated 1802, as Renews ; a plan of 1805 has Renews, and a plan of 1828 the present form. In Micniac, See-bo-o-gis = little brook ; not clear why so called. On De Meulles, 168(>, as R. cMbomMch, and its north branch as R. Elchiquek. Mr. Flinne gives el-de-gek for its south branch, which may be the same word. Loc. pro. Ren-ooze'', though often in other parts of N.B , Ren-oose'' (as in moose). Beserve Brook. — Doubtless because it runs through the Indian reserve here. Bestigouche. — From the Micmac Lml-a-gooch' , meaning unknown. Has been variously translated as five-fingered river, river branching like the hand, big river, broad river, river of the long war, the latter referring to the tradi- tional war between the Micmacs and Mohawks. Since it and the Miramichi have the same Micmac name, it doubtless describes a peculiarity in common which may be their possession of very large branches. The resemblance of the word to Wool-as-ta-gook, may be important (see p- 1'j2, where the com- parison should be between Lust-a-gooch' and Wool-ahs-ta-gook). One of the most intelligent Micmacs told me it means nice country. In the Jesuit Rela- tion of 1642 as Restgooch; Denys, 1672, Ristigovche. Often the e is replaced by i, and the local pronunciation has it Ristigoucb. Sage's superb work is entitled « The Ristigouche." By the French, also. Riviere de Saint Joteph (Le Clercq, 1691). Upon all of thw French mapsi its source is carried too far lo the north, forced up by the position of the Nictor (which see). 4 111 ir' 1 < I \ 1 m 266 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA ► , The survey map of 1786 gives many Indian names, all of which are identified, except Mogobachs and Psedow, abo^e Gounamitz. Many of the smaller streams along it are called locally " gulches." Many of the minor names fixed, no doubt, by the survey of 1800. The main river has, by con- fusion with the Miramichi, been called also Cnacodi, (see Miramichi). Gesner (I., 5th) gives Awanjeet for the main river above Kedgewick. Bestigouche.— C, 1837. Of course from the river. It and Madawaaka are the only counties with Indian names. Bichibucto Biver. — From tlie Micmac, but aboriginal form not known to me ; Father Guay gives Lichiboufctowk =•= river which enters the woods; Vet- romile has Elagibucto = the prayer-fire, but he cannot be trusted ; Cooney and others following him have derived it from Booktaoo, fire- In the Jesiii t Relation of 1646 as la Baye de Regibouctou; Denys. 1672, has liechibr'^jclou ; Moll, 1713, has Riche Chedabouktou ; on Jeffreys, 1755, the harbour is called Forth Bay, a persistence from Alexander's map of 1624, where it acplies to the Miramichi. On Sayer, 1775, and others, just S. of this river is a Wis- pouminac, origin unknown. Bichibucto. — P., 1832, earlier Liverpool which see. Of course from the river. Bichmond.— S. 1817, P. 1853. Doubtler , in honour of the Duke of Riclimond, made Governor-General of Canada in 1818. Mentioned in .Tournals House of Assembly of 181 7 as a new settlement. Bivi^re des Chutes.— See Chutes. Bivi^re du Cache.— See Cache. Bobertville.— S. 1879 (p. 208). In honour of Hon. Robert Young. Boche^.te Point. — Origin uncertain. Doubtless Acadian. BocK7 Island.— (Kings). Descriptive. On De Meulies, 1686, named I. de trent sols = Island of thirty sous ; also the same on Monckton, 1 758 ; Morris, plan of 1765, has 30-Penny Island; no doubt records some incident of Acadian times. Bogerville.— S. 1876 (p. 208), P. 1881. In honour of Bishop Rogers, of Cliatham. Boiling Dam. — Descriptive. A special dam formerly here to protect lumber from the rocks. Bothesay. — P. 1870. Said to liave been suggested by one of the titles of the Prince of Wales (Duke of Cornwall and Rothesay), who embarked here for Fredericton in 1860. Bushagonis. — From the Maiiseet Tes-e-gwan^-ik = (perhaps) meeting with the mainstream (Jack). In a grant of 1784 as Rtmhogoannag, and in a letter Runhigonis, 1784 (Coll. N. B. Hist Soc. I., 185). Campbell, 1788, h&B Rushe- guana. For Tes-e-gwan-ik-sis, see Waasis. loc. pro. Roosh-a-gaw'-nish, but more commonly Gaw-nish. Babbies Biver.- On Baillie, 1832, Savoys- Perhaps Micmac. Sackville.— T. 1772, P. 1786. In honour, no doubt, of Lord Sackville, who was made Commander of the British forces in 1758. Saint Andrews.— Origin uncertain. The tradition of an Indian in 1793 (Kilby, p. 114) was " That two or three hundred years ago the Fi'ench erected a cross upon St. Andrews Point, on St. Andrews day celebrated mass there and gave it the name of St. Andrews.'' Another Ms., now in the possession of Mr. Kilby, gives an Indian tradition that a cross was erected [GANONCi] PLACE-NOMENCLATURE OF NEW BRUNSWICK 267 there by a French priest named St. Andrews (or St. Andr6). It is probable that the name does date back to the French period. It occurs first in 1770 in the Owen Journal as .S'(. Andrewx Point ; on WriRht, 1772; in a letter of 1773 (Courier, CXI.). In Maliaeet, Qun-nogk-mimk'-ook = the long gravel bar (perhaps (^un- long, amk=K gravel). Gatschet has Kunagkwamkuk ^•= at the gravel beach of the pointed top. Jn Boyd, 17(\3, aa Connasfjvamkook, This name appears to have been applied to the point at the steamboat wharf, originally called Indian Point (Morris, plan 1784). This point seems also to be that called in Mitchell, field-book, 1764, Point Lue, perhaps after an Indian whom he nameu Lue Nepton, whose real name was Ijewis Neptune, mentioned in contemporary records. It is this point no doubt which is meant when the boundary commissioners in 1797 (doc. in possession of W. H. Kilby), asked the Indians whether St. Andrews Point was ever called St. Louis, to which they answered no. Parish erected in 1786. Sainte Anne.— P. 1877. For the church established 1872 (p. 205). Sainte Amies Point-— 'ihe Acadian name for the site of Fredericton ; retained in the name of the Episcopal parish. On a map of 1755 by Bellin as Se Anne, and upon later maps by Morris. It is still called fiee-dan-m = Little Sainte Annes, by the Maliseets (see Fredericton). ^To them St. Annes was once Hart's Island, now Indian Village at Kingsclear. Saint Anthoine.— A large mission in Kent, so called in Plessis, 1812, and per- haps earlier ; persists doubtless in the present settlement of St. Anthony. Saint ^M,Jin..— Seigniory 1684. At I assamaquoddy. Saint Basil. —(Should be St. Basile). P. 1850. From the church, which was named in 171)2: " As the annual mission (visit of the priest from Quebec) was made in the month of June, the title of this church shall be Saint Basile-le-Grand . . . whose feast occurs on the 14th of June."— Archives of the church (Dugald). Saint Ca*n some maps, is that at Cobs- took, now called Treats. Saint Croix Biver.— Properly Sainte Croix =>= the Holy Cross. The name taken from the island (which see). Champlain himself uses Ste. Croix for the lower part below the Devils Head; the entire river he calls Rimire des Etchemins, from the Indians of that region. Wright, 1772, has Great St. Croix. The river above the Devils Head is, in Maliseet, Skoo'dik, while below it is, according to Mr. Chamberlain, K{i,n-a-tauk'-tiik, By Alexander, 1624, called the Tweede, " because it doth separate New England from New Scotland." The St. Croix figured prominently in the boundary disputes, rhich may be traced in the Courier series and Kilby. At different times the name has been applied to the Scoodic, to the Magagnadavic and to the Cobscook. ,5 : i ! qp 268 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Below Vanceboro. Elbow Rips. Mile Rips. Tunnel Rips. Hales Rips. Little Falls. Tylers Rips. Little Pork Rips. Cedar Island Rips. Ponwauk Rips. Long Ixx)kuni. Clarks Point Kendricks Rips. Chepedneck Falls. Grand Falls. Phoenix (? Rips. Spragues Falls. Bailey's Rips. h The lumbermen's names for the rapids, etc., along the river are interesting, and illustrate tho most simple principles of names giving. Compare thosa of the Magaguadavic : Scotts Brook. Rocky Rips. Meeting House Rips. Grass Island. Haycock Rips. Loon Bay. Ganoose Rips. Canoose. Dog Island Rips. It will be noticed that these are pumly descriptive (p. 182). Sainte Croix JUver.—A.n early name for the Miramichi. Occurs first on Jumeau, 1()85, R. de Ste. Croix. Explained by St. Valier, 1088, and LeClerq, VM, as given because th6 Indians there held the sign of the cross in great veneration before they were christianized. Possibly the Po. de S. Croce of the Italian map of 1560 (KretschmerXX.) is this name. Saint Croix Village.— (York). Of course from the river. An old plan marks about here, " Eel Works, Kilmaquac, a deserted Indian Village." Saint David.— P. 1786. Suggested, no doubt, by the presence of the other saints (p. 204). Saint Denis.— Seigniory, 1672. In Greenwich. Saint Francis River.— Origin unknown. On Bellin, 1744, as Pelile R. St. FrariQois; called petite, no] doubt, to distinguish it from la riviire de S. Francois de Sales, the name given by St. Valier in 168^ to the Madawaska (which see); on d'Anville, 1755, both are marked. In Maliseet it is Peech-oo-ne'-gun-ik =^ the long portage (Peech => long, oo-ne-gun =^ portage), describing the portage from its head to the St. Law- rence. Bonnor, 1820, has Abatsinegan. The parish was erected in 1877. Splint George.— P. 1 78(). Suggested, no doubt, by the presence of the other names of saints, particularly Saint Andrews (p. 204). Originally the town was laid out at Letang. Saint Hilaire.— P. 1877. From the church ; suggested by the name of M. Hilaire Cyr, who was a benefactor of it (Dugald). Saint Isidore.— S. 1875 (p. 208). P. 1881. An agricultural settlement, named probabl; because St. Isidore was the patron of farmers. Saint Jacques.— P. 1877. For the church ; suggested by the name of tbo bishop, James (or Jacques) Rogers (Dugald). Saint James.— P. 1823. Sugsested, no doubt, by the presence of other names of saints (p. 204). Saint John. — C. 1785. Of course from the name of the river. Saint John City. — Named in 1785 of course from the river. As a map name, however, it is older ; Kitchen, 1769, has S. Johns; d'Anville, 1772, has [GANONo] PLACE-NOMENCLATURE OF NEW BRUNSWICK 2U9 « ■ many people. As Mmagouaclie in 1762 (Archives, 1887, p. cxciii.), and fre- quently in French documents with varioos spelling^ ; corrupted by the English to Monnegnash, etc. Here was located in Lescurbot's time the town of Ouigoudi, which he describes as e great inclosnre upon a hill (see St. John River). Sometimes, and most properly, surnamed " The Loyalist City." Saint John, Fort. — Applied to different forts at the mouth of the river ; common on the Frencli maps as Fort St. Jean. Saint John, River.— Named by De Monts and Champlain when they disooveretl it, on the day of Saint John the Baptist, June 24th, 1604 ; " a river the largest and deepest we had yet seen, which we named the river St Jolin, because it was on that day we reached it." In botli Micmac and Maliseet it is Wod-ah*' -took (which see). It is often said that its Indian name was Ouygo/udy, etc. Champlain himself states tliat by the Indians it was called Ouigovdi, which is repeated by Lescarbot, but they were probably in error; for (1) neither Micmacs nor Maliseeta Icnow the name, uor anything like it, for the river ; so persistent are Indian names that one of such importance can hadly be believed to have died out entirely ; (2) , the name does not appear again in any original docu- ment. It is on the maps of Coronelli, 1689, and Jeffreys, 1755, but in the former has the exact form of Champlain, and is doubtless from him directly, while in the latter every old recorded name, even those of Alexander, is re- tained, but it is entirely a compilation, with nothing new; (3), Lescarbot says but once or twice that Ouigoudi is the name for the river, bnt several times he gives it as the name of the Indian village on the site of St. John. Thus, in his most detailed reference to it (see Jesuit Relations, new ed., i., p. 79), he says 'the chief Cbkoudun " had, in imitation of us, a great Cross erected in the public place of his village, called Oigoudi, at the port of the river St. John." Now, there is no case known to me in which the Indians have applied the same name to a river and a settlement ; in fact the very nature and mode of giving of Indian names is opposed to such a thing. On the other hand, as the late Edward .Tack repeatedly pointed out, the word Wee-goo^ -dy means in Maliseet a camping ground, or a site where camps or houses are placed ; thus they apply it to the site of their village opposite Fredericton, and to other places along the rive r where they encamp. Hence tbe name properly applied to the village at St John, and it seems probable that Champlain mistook a name of the village for that of the river, a sufliciontly easy and natural error when he di, and others, Indian Island. Scadouc River. — From the .Micmac Oom-nkoo-dook, a{>plied to where the railrttad station stands at Shediac. In a grant of IKOO, as Scadord- ; Plessis, iHl'.', has Chequodow. It was {)erhaps this river which (.'hamplaln called Soui'icoua (see Shediac). Scoodic. — 'J'he Passamaquoddy name of the St. Croix from Skoo-dik, meaning uncertain ; usually connected with Skoct = lire, and said to = burnt land. Laurent gives it Skudek z^ eA the fire, referring to great flres which swept over the country about 1()75; also said = open fields (perhaps opened by fire), and others have been given, (iatschet gives Skudik = at the clearings. In the grant to Michel Chartier of 16!»5, as Descoudrt, Hoyd, MiSW, has' Schooduck ; Ovien, 1770, Scoodic. This name seems to have ap,.';f l7r)H (Parkman, 1 >oom the Micmac Eg-id'-a-hit. Popularly said to lie a corruption of the P'rench Chajieau Dieu (aee p. 200), but this ia wrong. It occurs first on Do Meulles, 1686, as Chiifpond;/ ; 15ellin, 1744, h'la CMdopowM ; d'Anville, 17.')5, Chepodi. The word occurs very often in French documents of the last century, and awayH in the form Chipoudi, etc., with never a trace of the Chapeau Dieu required by the popular etymoloi^y. Its first use in the present form is on the Morrib i749 map. Sherwood. Lakes.— Named in 1832 by Moses Perley; one of his Scott names from Ivanhoe (p. 207). In Maliseet, Mr. Chamberlain gives Po-ka-te-ka' -tek. Shikatehawk.— From the Maliseet Shig-a-l(r.-hawg'=^ where he killed him (V), explained by a story of the meeting here of war parties of Maliseets and Mohawks, who agreed to leave the issue to single combat between the chiefs, which ended in the triumph of the Maliseet. It has also been said to r= Hat (or with a delta) at its mouth. On maps of Peachy type as SigioJuiclo ; on Morris, 1784, as ShiktalaJiawk ; D. Campbell, 1786, SWctta/iwi-. The Little Shikatehawk is in Maliseet Shig-a-lee-hawg-sis. Shippegan Island. — From the Micmac fsepagunchfech =-: a duck road, r.e., a small passage through which the ducks fly from one place to another (Rand). From this meaning and from the evidence below, it seems clear that this word applied to Shippegan Harbour, and was extended by the English to the island. On Jumeau, 1685, as EntrSe (entrance) de chipeganchich applied to the gully ; De Meulles, 1686, has the same uaage and neither apply it to the Island ; d'Anville, 1755, gives Chipagan to the harbour, and Sortie (outlet) de Chipagan to the gully, and does not name the island. Des Barrea chart of 1777 applies it to the island. It is Orande lie de Miscou in Denya, 1672, and on Des Meulles, 1686, but on later maps down to Des Barres commonly unnamed and made a part of the mainland. In Micmac it is now See-bah-gun, and Miscou is See-hah-gun-jeech, but thtae Mi probably only the English re-Indianized. The small island in Miscou Gully is on Jumeau, 1685, 1. d. M/nriew, 1 [OAKONO] lM,ACE-N(>MKNCLATUItK 01" NKW URUNHWICK 273 wliile a point on Ship|H>Kan, probably Pigeon Hill, ia called by him C. df ,S. Martin, followed on late mapt, but removed to tbe 8. of Hhippe^aa Gully. Tbere ii a Klppican Harbour in Maaa. Bhippegan.— 1*. I85l. Of course from the ialand. Shippogan Qully.— In Micmac, I'lnkoomafxiyai/k (alt. Rand) »»^ icy bay. Siegas. — From tlie Malisaet S(ii/-i-iji)fk' ^ bard to >;rant of 171»4 as Shiei/iiii ; lionnor, 1820, has Shiogasb or Trouble some River, no doubt tbe translation I'r. loc. Sy'-o-gas or Sy'gass. Simonds.— (St, .lobn.) I*. \S'A\). Doubtle-H in honour of Hon. Charles Sinionda, Speaker of the House of Assembly, hut also {lerhaps for the Himonds family ho prominent in tbe early history of St. .Fohn. Simonds.— (Carleton.; P. 1842. I)oul>tleHS in honour of Hon. Charles Simonds (see above). Simpsons Island. — In Passamaiiuo My (^uak-er-men-ce-iiuo' six =bog on the little island [W>iwil: hog, viin-ir-ay on 1>. Campbell, 178.5. In MaliHeet Mr. (Chamberlain gives A-ku-nm-kwi' '>'k (Alt.) Southesk. — P., 1879. Suggested doubtless by its pos'tion relative to Nor'^hpsk. Spencer, Cape.— Origin?. On Des Barres charter 1776, and, perhaps, num^.l for a friend of his (p. 203). S/>er/ R/r'cr.—SBe Madawaska. Spoon Island.— Origin uncertain ; supposed to describe its resemblance to the bowl of a spoon, and possibly a translation from the Indian. On D. Camp- bell, 1785. Its Maliseet name is uncertain, by some given as Am-quah' -mii =^ npoon island (Am-quan =a spoon); Peachy, 1783, calls it Id. Amquains, followed by others. By some Indians the latter is given to the point below the island On the east side, where the " old French Fort " is ; Monckton, 1758, has it there as Amiquoniih Mr. Jack gave me for the island Hay-yei-paon-nac-cook; whi(;h seems in part like an Indian corruption of ('ueiller=« French for spoon, and for it, or some place near, one Indian gives me Am-wee-neii-cg-Jie-chuk=^ja\vs. Spraguea PallB,— Doubtless for Abiel Spraguo, a pro-loyalist settler on the St. Croix, who later had a farm near there. Springfield. — P. 178t). Origin?. A common name elsewhere. Springhill. — From the name of the residence of Chief Justice Ludlow, who named it after Springhill, the residence of Governor Colden of New York (Foot- prints, p. 101). Spruce Island.— Seems to be the Bald Id. of Wright, chart, 1772. Spryhampton.—'^a.aie of a grant of 1774 to William Spry in Canning and Cambridge, and, of course, named fu him (p. 202). Squaw Cap.— Descriptive, particularly as seen when coming down the Sesti- gonche. In Micmac Pee-dam-ket' -jos, probably not aboriginal. I I ii ..■ k t ' 1 * i-i .'i |l ^^ 274 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Stanley.— S. about 1835, N. B. & N. S. Land Co. (p, 207); in honour of Lord Stanley, then Colonial Minister. Stanley. -P., 1837; 'epealod, 18.^^8; reestablished, 1846. Of course from the settlement. Stewarts Brook.— In Micmac Kay-noog-etk (Flinne). Stickney Brook. — Minsigimck on D. Campbell, 1785. Stonehaven.- S., 1.H73 (p. 208|. By settlers from that, place in Scotland. Strawberry Point.— (Newcastle). On Micheau, 1785. Studholm.— P., 1840. In honour, no doubt, of Major Gilfred Studholm, com- mander at Fort Howe when the loyalista landed, afterwards a settler in this parish. Sugar Island.- Probably descriptive of an abundance of sugar maples upon it. In Ma,]\sf6t So-ghe-a-men-iek^ =^sng&r island (soglea,fiova the French eucre =*= sugar, and mentck == Island), probably an Indian translation of an Acadian name for it, not aboriginal. See letter in Footprints, p. 59. Sugar Loaf.— (Kings, near Clifton). On Campbell, 1788. Sugar Loaf.— (Restigouche). Descriptive. In Micmac Kings). T6te-d.-gauche River.— From the Micmac Too-doo-goosk' , perhap8= a small river. Cooney, 1832, followed by others, gives it =«= fairy river ; probably not correct. On De Meulles, 1680, as Tout-gouch ; De lisle, 1703, has Tougouche. A grant of 1807, has Tattigouche R. followed by others. The first trace of the French form that I have found is on Wilkinson, 1859, and was probably introtluced by him, and represents an attempt to restore a supposed French origin (p. 200). Pr. loc. Tattygoosh. Thatch Island.— In a grant of 1767, as Thalch'd Island. The E. Grimross Island is Thatch Island on a plan of 181U. Theobald, Mount. — Said to have been named by Irish settlers in honour of Father Matthew, whose Christian name was Theobald, the great temperance reformer. He visited America in 1849 and died in 1856. Also Telegraph HiJl (which see). It was doubtless this mountain to which Champlain refers in his narrative of his voyage of 1 604 ; " a little back in the countrv is a mountain which has the form of a cardinal's hat." ;* I III 'i ' i -i I. I mm msm 276 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA i ' i i Tiarks Lake. — No doubt for Dr. Tiarkg, a British astronomer, who in 1820 was in the vicinity connected with the settlement of the International boundary ; he established a station not far from the lake. He was afterwards one of the arbiters in the N.B.— Quebec boundary controversy. Tidnish. — Doubtless from the Micmac ; perhap.1 the same as Tignish, which Rand gives as ^ MtdgOnfchk' = a paddle. Tilley.— S. 1875 (p. 208). In honour of Sir Leonard Tilley, then Lieut-Governor of N. B. Tobique.— Probably named by the English for an Indian chief named Tobec who lived at its mouth. This is the tradition of the old Indians themselves, and various documents show that such a chief lived on the St. John (Raymond, Coll. N.B. Hist. Soc. I. 270 ; also Abb^ Le Lontre in one of his letters speaks of " Toubick, chief of the Medoctec Savages "). Several rivers upon the Miramichi were thus named for chiefs who lived upon them (p. 189i. Munro, 1783, has Tobit ; Morris, 1784, has Tobique, also D. Campbell, 1785, the same. Several writers thinking it the true Indian name have tried to find a nipaning for it ; thus Maurault delves it from Tebok = night, referring to the gloom in the Narrows ! Vetromile has alder trees, etc. In Maliseet, Nay-gool' or Nay-goot' -cook (or Nay-goo-ool' -cook) meaning unknown. On De Meulles, 1(586, as Negooit, and made to flow into L. Madaooasca (Temiscouata), or rather this lake is put so far south that the Tobique flows into it ; D. Campbell, 1785, has Necawideook. Upon the Peachy, 17S3, and following maps, it is Tobed Nigawlegoh, which seems a combination of the English and Indian names. Many of the minor names were fixed no doubt by the survey of 1838. The larger branches of the Tobique will be found under their respective names ; of the smaller, the Maliseet names are as follows : Tobiciue Pt. Pool above the village Narrows Quaker Br. Big Id. Br. Trout Br. Three Brooks Sissnn Br. Burnt Land Br. Two Brooks Dead Br. Hal^ Br. Riley Br. Cedar Br. Bread Br. ? Nas-wau/ -keek » Mo-tcom-o-dvxk, Qwd-wopsq. Met-ee-kay'-gig. a Point. H AJei-ee^-kek. Sko-to-moo-a-se-boo-ok'-tis == Trout Brook. Nah-sah-quat-ah-ken f Me-ga-ln.-hn ^ f Pet-a-we-kek-sis (Pet-kek = an ox bcw). Wah-ka-»oon'-ti». En-ko-took. Xa-pee-pa' -doo-ek. Na-la-kay-ik. Cok-squ-K-kay-way^-ik. Tp'it-eek^-el. Tobique Rocks.— (In the St. John below Tobique). In Maliseet, ^ETaw-men-opf- kak (perhaps Am-en = a bend ; ivopmk, rocks; ak, locative). Tliey are said to be the rocks thrown from >St. John ly Glooscap after the retreating beaver (p. 195) Tomogonopt River.— From the Micoaac Tumakunapskw » pipe rock (Rand, from Tvmakun =«: pipe, and opskw =« rock). Good pipe-stone is found on tlie river. On Baillie, 1832. Tomoowa Lake.— Origin unknown ; perhaps by Mahood for one of his Indian guides. [ganong] place-nomenclature OF NEW BRUNSWICK 277 Tongues Island.— (Near Fort Cumberland). No doabt for Winckworth Tonge to whom it was granted in 1760. By the French, Isle la ValHre for the Seignior- Tormentiue, Cape.— Origin uncertain. Elsewhere I have given reasons for believing that this may be a survival of the Cap dea Saumgei, given by Cartier to North Cape. P. E. L (Trans. Royal Soc. Can.. VII., ii., 18); but I fear that ground is untenable- It is probably connected with C. Tourment =js Cape of Storms. On Denys, 1672 as Le Cap ik lourmentin ; Junteau, 1685, has C. tourment; De Meulles, 1686, tourmenlin ; Morris, 1749, Torment; D'Anville, 1755, tourment; .Jeffreys, 1755, Stormy point, while Popple, 1733, has, probably for the same, C. ,Samge. L)es Barres, 1 781 , places it where C. Jourimain now is, and there it remains upon most maps down to Baillie, 1^32, which locates it as at present. It is locally explained as originating; in the torments sutTered by the e *rly settlors from mosquitoes, etc- Tracadie. — From the Micmac Tidakadik- = camping ground (Rand), also said =" wedged -shaped (Tool-a-kun =:wedge; also see Trumbull II.) In Champlain, 1604, as Tregate, followed by others. Dudley, Italian, 1647, has Tigate ; .Tumuau, 1(>85, has R eraiudi (misprint ?) ; De Meulles, 1686, Tracady ; Cooney gives a branch towards Pokemouche Anecool. Little Tracadie '\% (Rand) Tvlakadeech, Tracy Brook.--In Micmac, Mis-look or Mis-ta-gooh This stream was chosen as iKtundary l)etween N. B. and Quebec, but as the Patapedia was actually made the boundary by the surveyors, the name Mistook has been transferred on some maps to that river. Mistouch on the 1786 survey map. Trowsers Lake. — Doubtless by the lumbermen for its shape. In Maliseet, A'tcta««x«(/pacA = branching in two parts (Mclnnes); a\»o Bel-chm-og'-a- mook, their familiarization of the English Trowsers (Breeches) Lake. Tryon Settlement.— Founded about 1841. Origin? Turtle Creek.— (Westmorland). Perhaps descriptive. On a plan of 1787. Tynemouth Creek.— Origin ? In Northumberland, England. Familiarized locally to Ten-mile Creek, and soon Bouchette, ISJil. ! ,tf' Nr ' f ' < . !'■' U. Udenaok. — Perhaps from the Maliseet Wee-nay -den-ack (.lack). as TJdeneck. On plan of 1787 UiJBKAC - Also oallad lIo(Jallum*a trook on map 1859, and M«Oallum*a brook on th© map of 1685. A •mall rlyer in York oo unty, emptying in the Nashwaok river wjiich is a tributary to the St. John River, (Map Division Tray 107) On the Survey map of 1786 as Upiatquitch. Bonnor, 1820, has It as at present. Loc. pr. Ah-te-quisk. Micmac names of larger branches under their names ; of the smaller, — Little Falls. Sag-a-de-echk' . 8. E. Branch. To-qua'-dik. IM 276 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Tiarks Lake.— No doubt for Dr. Tiarks, a British astronomer, who in 1820 was in the vicinity connected with the settlement of the International boundary ; he established a station not far from the lake. He was afterwards one of the arbiters in the N.B. — Quebec boundary controversy. Tidnish. — Doubtless from the Micmac ; perhaps the same as Tignish, which Rand gives as 'Mtagdnf^chk' = a paddle. Tllley.— S. 1875 (p. 2081. In honour of Sir Leonard Tilley, then Lieut-Governor of N. B. Tobique. — Probably named by the English for an Indian chief named Tobec who lived at its mouth. This is the tradition of the old Indiana themselves, and various documents show that such a chief lived on the St. .Tohn (Raymond, Coll. N.B. Hist. Soc. I. 270 ; also Abb6 Le Loutre in one of his letters speaks of " Toubick, chief of the Medoct«c Savages "). Several rivers upon the Miramichi were thus named for chiefs who lived upon them (p. 189|. Munro, 1783, hasTobit; Morris, 1784, has Tobique, also D. Campbell, 1785, the same. Several writers thinking it the true Indian name have tried to find a moaning for it ; thus Maurault defives it from Tebok »= night, referring to the gloom in the Narrows ! Vetromile has alder trees, etc. In Maliseet, Nay-gool' or Nay-goof -cook (or Nay-85, has R eraiudi (misprint ?) ; I >e Meulles, 1686, Tracady ; Cooney gives a branch towards Pokemouche Arigcoot. Little Tracadie is (Rand) Tulakadeech. Tracy Brook.— In Micmac, Mis-took or Mis-ta-gook. This stream was chosen as boundary between N. B. and Quebec, but as ihe Patapedia was actually made the boundary by the surveyors, the name Mistook has been transferred on some maps to that river. Mistouch on the 1786 survey map. Trowsers Lake. — Doubtless by the lumbermen for its shape. In Maliseet, Nictauuxigpack = branching in two parts (Mclnnes); aiao Bel-chesi-og'-a- mook, their familiarization of the English Trowsers (Breeches) Lake. Tryon Settlement.— Founded about 1841. Origin? Turtle Creek.— (Westmorland). Perhaps descriptive. On a plan of 1787. Tynemouth Creek.— Origin ? In Northumberland, England. Ffimiliarized locally to Ten-mile Creek, and soon Bouchette, 1831. n u. Udenack. — Perhaps from the Maliseet Wee-nay-den-ack (.lack). On plan of 1787 as Udtneck. Uniacke Mountain.--( Westmorland near Bay Verte). Said locally to be for Richard John Uniacke, who represented Sackville Township in the N. S. Legislature in 1783. There is another of the same name near Halifax. Upham. — P., 1835. No doubt for .Joshua Upham, loyalist, a judge of N. B. Upper Beach.— (York, Nacawicac to Longs Creek.); also Long Reach, also Coac Reach. Descriptive. Used by ihe French ; in the description of the Seig- niory of Sieur de Bellefond, 1690, as Longuen ve»«<'« = long view or reach. Upsaloiuitch Biver. — From the Micmac Ap-set-quetchk -^ a small river. All agree upon this. On the Survey map of 1786 as Upsatquitch. Bonnor, 1820, has it as at present Loc. pr. Ab-se-quish. Micmac names of larger branches under their names ; of the smaller, — Little Falls. Sag-a-de-echk' . B. E. Branch. To-qua' -dik. tu 1 I r ui : i ■•riV^wcw*/! ■*,' w 278 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA '■> Jardine Brook. , Pla-wej-a-wee-guitk =•= a partridge's foot. Little Falls on S. E. Branch. Tom-opn-kee-a-geechk, Jams on N. W. Branch. A-Mos'-kook. Utopia, Lake.— The local tradition, doubtless correct, is that Governor Carleton so named it when it was |)ointed out to him that the farms assigned to many of the loyalists were under its waters ; Utopia was a land of abundance and perfection, but entirely ideal (see Courier, ixxviii). This is confirmed by the fact that the original plan of this grant, made 20th Feb., 1784, to Capt. Peter Clinch and the Royal Fencible Americans, shows the lines run directly across where the lake is, but without in any way indicating it ; and another plan of 1829 shows " a reserve to make good the deficiency caused by the Lake Eutopia." In early records usually spelled Eutopia. In Passamaquoddy Men-kee-qua' -guvi, grassy or bulrushy lake, which is descriptive of its outlet, though of no other part. Upon the earliest plans the islands are al) named for trees, fir, hemlock, etc. V. 11 Victoria.— C, 1844. In honour, of course, of Her Majesty Queen Victoria. Victoria Lake.— Named in 1837 by Mahood, of course in honour of Queen Vic- toria, whose reign began in that year (p. 207). Victoria Settlement.— Founded 1 841 . No doubt in honour of Queen Victoria. Vilrenard.— Seigniory , U)d7~ In Douglas and Bright and Kingsclear. Vin, Bay du. — Origin ? Occurs first in a document of 17()0 as bay des Ouines (Murdoch II., 390). Des Barres, 1781, has Bedouin ; Marston's diary, 1785, Bedouini, but upon a plan made by him is the following : " Baye du Vin, so called from the Frencli captain who first anchored here, St. .lohn, 10th April, 1786." Abb^ Desjardins, 1796, has Bale des Winds; Statute of 1799 has Bay du Vin, which has since been the common form ; Cooney, 1 830, has Baie des Vents, and Gesner says it is corrupted to Betty Wind ; the U.S. 10th census Fishery vol. has Bettaouin. I am unable to form any opinion upon the origin of the w ord. One might guess that it is a great corruption of I. Chres- tienne of Jumeau and De Meulles- Vin is clearly a later corruption ; a local tradition derives it from the finding of a cask of wine, etc. (On a curious coincidence in the name, see p. 196). Pr. loc. in English, not French, fashion. Vin Island.— Ta Micmac Hikt-n' -kook. Probably the I. Chrestienne of De Meulles, 108G, and hence of Isle Isabel Chrastienne of Jumeau, 1085. Waaeia.— In Maliseet Tei^-e-gtvan-ik-sif—TiAMe Kushagonis: Waa8i8=the baby in Maliseet, and perhaps so called in allusion to its very small size in com- parison with the Rusiagornis. Wagan.— (Branch of Restigouche). Probably from the Micmac O-w^i-Mn *= port- age, which is descriptive. Another origin, however, is given by the 1786 Survey map which has "Amganeitz = Little Knife," (doubtless from Wokun, a knife) followed by others, gradually becoming Wagansis This is the usage up to and on Wilkinson's map, 1859, since then, Wagansis has been applied to a branch of Grand River, and Wagan (or Waagan) to this branch [GANONci] PLACE-NOMENCLATURE OF NEW BRUNSWICK 279 of Reatigouche- The lumbermen all use the names now in this way, and pronouce it Wogon. WagansiB.— See Wat^an. Wakefield.— P, 180a. Origin ? At that time it was in York, and there is a Wakefield in Yorkshire, England. Walkers Brook.— For Commodore Walker, a pre-loyalist settler at Bathurst, who had an establishment here. In a grant of 1770 in its present form. Wapskehegan. — From the Maliseet, Wapn-ke-lie-gan, or A-Jcen-a-quaps-kan-ie-gan, which Gesner translates river with a wall at its mouth. Shortened by the rivormen to Wapske. On Lockwood, 182(i, as Wapghhagan, Wards Creek. -For Lieut .lohn Ward, a prominent loyalist (Lawrence, 86). Waahademoak.— From the Maliseet ]Vait-e-lem-oik\ meaning unknown. In a document of 175(> (Rameau II., 173) as Ovaigenmock ; Carver, 1768, has ledemweight ; Des Barres, 1780, Waghjadamogh ; D.Campbell, 1785, Wmha- domac. By Pote, 1745, called Petcochack, of course by mistake; on Monck- ton, 1758, its mouth, perhaps, is called The Notch. The name seems to have applied to the entire river, but now its upper part is Canaan- Waterford. — P., 1874. Locally said for that place in Ireland, and suggested by a resident who thought it descriptive of the road between his place and Sussex. Waterborough.— P., 1780. Said locally to be descriptive, which it is. WaubifiTut Lake.— Micmac, said by them to mean White Foot Lake (Flinne). Compare (Rand) wobegat =c a white foot. Waugh River.— Probably Micmac, but jwgsibly for a man of that name. Waweig. — Doubtless from the Passamaqunddy name of Oak Bay, Wah-quah'-eek, transferred by the whites to its present position ; this is confirmed by its use on Wright, 1772, Warkueige (an intermediate form), applied as at present. It is used by Boyd, 1763, as Wachweig. Old Indian name said to be lm-na-quon-ee-mo-aee-ke»k. Weldford.— P. 183>. Origin? AVelford occurs twice in England. Weldons Creek.- On a plan of 1787 in present form. Wellington. — P. 1814. No doubt in honour of the Duke of Wellington, then approaching the height of his fame. Welshpool. — Named by the Owens about 1835, in remembrance of that plane in Wales, near which was their home. Westcock. — From the Micmac Oak-tkaak, meaning unknown, adopted by the French and familiarized to its present form by the English. In a document, 1746 (I^ Can. Fran^ais, II., No- 55) as Ouaskoc, and of 1747 in Parkman Ms. Wascok, and French map before 1760 as Otukack. A document of 1749 has Vegkek, and Veskakchin (Little Westcock) a little to the south of it and Veskok near Nappan in N.S. On Montresor, 1768, these are corrupted to West Coup and East Coup. A plan of 1792 has the present form. Westfleld. — P. 1786. No doubt descriptive of its position in the country. West Isles. — P. 1786. Of course descriptive of their position. Westmorland. — C 1785. Probably because contiguous to Cumberland as in England, or perhaps suggested, too, by its marshes, recalling its English namesake. Westmorland. — P. 17fe6. Of course from the county. Whatley, Mount.— Said to be for a blacksmith of that name wbo lived then 90 or 100 years ago. Whites Brook.— (Northumberland). Said on good local authority to be a trans- lation of Le Blanc, for Edward Le Blanc, a native of Cambridge, Mass., who settled here at the close of the revolution. I It I" ;?i .1^ T 280 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Whitehead Island.— Descriptive. On Wright, 1772. Doubtless the Pierre blanclie of tlie Jesuit Relation of 1611 ; and perhaps the Ille gravie on Chainplain Ittl'i map; he had to repair liis ship there in 1006 ; the word may be connected with the English graving, as in graving dock. White Horse.— Origin ? Perhaps suggested by its appearance. In Mitchell's Field Book, 1764, as White hots; Owens Diary, 1770, has the present form j D. Owen map, 179i>, has Pingninhorit, white horse. In Passamaquoddy said to be Ug-w'n-giip-iq' = a place for shags (a kind of duck). White Marsh Creek.— On Lockwood, 1826. In Maliseet, Wa-bay-ik-clia-cha- qwa-see-lioo-oo'-ifis = White Marsh Creek ; probably a translation of the English name. Wickham.— P. 1780. Occurs in Hampshire, England, and once in Quebec. Wicklow.— P. 1833. Origin ? Occurs in Ireland near Dublin. Williamsburg.— N. B. and N. S. Land Co. settlement (p. 207). Perhaps in honour of King William IV. Wilmot.— P. 1869. In honour of Hon. L. A. Wilmot, who in 1868 became the first native liieut-Governor of N. B. Wilsons Beach. — For Robert Wilson who Fettled here in 17C6, and his descen- dants- Windmill Point.— (Campobello). Doubtle*-a pre-Loyalist and descriptive. Des Barres' view of Campobello, 177S, shows a windmill on the point. Winigut Lake. — Said by the Micmacs to = ugly or crooked foot, reason unknown (Flinne). Compare Rand Winekat = an ugly foot. Woodmans Point, — Occurs in Allen's Journal, 1777 ; probably opposite ludiantown where a James Woodman formerly lived. Woodmans Point.— (Mouth of Nerepis). For an English family who settled tfjere about oO years ago. Woodstock. — P 1 786. Origin unknown ; Raymond thinks descriptive of the "stock of wood," which impressed the early settlers (Raymond, p. 42), more probably suggested by its nearness to Northampton as in England (p.. 204). Woolastook.— The Maliseet name for the Si. .lohn. They pronounce it Wool-ahs'- took, or Oo-lahs'-took, with a slight sound of w prefixed ; this is their form when near it ; when speaking of it from a distance it is Wool-ahs-ta- gook' (see p. 193). Said by them to mean good river, i.e. for canoeing, or handsome river ; and nearly all students (Rand, Laurent, etc.), agree upon this though other meanings have been given. I believe the meaning is not good or beautiful in an eesthetic but in a practical sense, good for r. avi- gation, etc., and it may be best expressed in English as goodly river. In Rasles' Dictionary, 1691, p. 493, as Ooruftfgoo (Woolastagook w th r for 1 (see p. 198), in Morse (Archives, 1884,) 1784, as Oranlook ; its drst occurrence with 1 instead of r is on Bouchette, 1831, as WaUoostook. It is surprising that a word of such importance does not [appear in any of the French maps or records, unless possibly as Aranatuk on de Rozier, 1699. Probably persists in A roostook. Wolves.— Origin ? probably descriptive of the savage character of these rocks, and their arrangement resembling a pack. On Southack map, 1707, as Wolfes ; in 1710, in Journal of Col. AVinslow (Trans. N.S. Hist. Soc, I.) in present form. Bellin, 1757, has it translated /. aux Loups. In Passamaquoddy A-clog-en-a-de»k\ which, perhaps =*= storm bound (Mrs. Brown). Champlain in 1604, named them Isle lumelles for a kind of [ganong] PLACE-NOMRNCLATURE OF NEW BRUNSWICK 281 bird ; probably crowci, he found there, but he uses also I»le aux Margoa and Ideiaux Oy$eatu a=< Bird lalandsi followed by De Meulles, KiSU, and others; D'Anville, 1755, has Is. aux Corneilles, wrongly removed from the coast uf Maine. V. Toho Stream.— Origin ? locally said to be Indian. On Lockwood, LHiiti. Also formerly applied to Lake Erina (which see). York.— C, 1785. Doubtless in honour of the Duke of York, eldest son of George III. APPENDIX. Sources of Information. In the proparatioii of thlH work I have liad assistance in many point:* from several friends and correspondents, to whom it is hero my pleasant duty to tender my acknowledgments and sincere thanks. On the Indian names, the lat« Kdward Jack, who knew New Brunswick better ^xsrhaps than any one else, gave me much informaticm. Mr. Michael Flinne, teacher of the Indian school at Eelground, Miramichi, gathered for me many names from the Micmacs, and I have been accustomed to call him my model correspondent. Mr. M. Chamberlain, of Camln-idge, most kindly sent mo a list of Indian ])Iace-namea from his unpublished Maliseet vocabulary', and Mrs. Wallace Brown has given me many Passamaquoddy names. That the help given by these students is not mentioned more often in the Dictionary is due to the fact that most of the names supplied by them I have, either before or after receiving their lists, obtained for myself from the Indians, and I have preferred to give my own form ; but their lists have been valuable for comparison and control of my own. Eov. W. O. Raymond has given me much aid, especially upon the New England period. From M. Placide Gaudet, by far our best authority upon the history of the Acadians, I have received many more facts than I have used in this paper upon the history of the Acadian settlements. On the naming of the Madawaska parishes, Eev. J"'ather L. N. Dugal has given me full and perfectly reliable information based upon the records of the churches there. Mr. S. W. Kain, whose sympathy with such work as this is an inspiration to its accomplishment, has aided at several points. Mr. Andrew Inches and Mr. Thos. G. Loggie, of the Crown Land oHice at Fredericton, have been particularly patient and obliging under my persistent questioning. Of others, 1 wish j)articularly to mention Father Guay, of Mission Point, Quebec ; the late W. F. Bunting, of St. John ; Mr. Wm. Mclnnes, of Ottawa ; Mr. John Anderson, of the Barony ; Mr. L. Allison, of Sussex ; Mi*. Louis Mitchell, former Indian member of the l.,i^ M ! I! PTT 232 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA fill 'IH Mainij Lc^islatuiv ; imd tliere uit! yet others, too many to nnino, but not without their slmre in this work. In gatiit'rinjy datu for these studien I have visited nearly all of the Indian settlements in New Brunswiek and interviewed their ehiefs and other Indians. What always impresses me at such times is the clear- headedness and ])hiiosophieal spirit (conimonl}' and patronizingly spoken of as intelligence) ot the best of the Indians ; how much they are i-eally liUeoui>>elv('s in easentials, and how largely the differences l>etween us are matters sinij)ly of education. Of these Indians I have had most valuable heljjfrom Newell Paul, chief at Woodstock; Gabe Acquin, chief at Fred- f at Kelgro>ind ; Polycarp Martin, chief at Mission Point, (Quebec ; Frank Krancis, chief at Tobique ; Mark Paul, cliiof at Folly Point ; .kte Presque, tcmponiry chief at Bathurst ; and troni Frank and Husan Perley and Mitche! LaPorto at Tobique ; Andrew and Jim Paul at Kredericton ; Gabriel Tomah at Calais. Me., and from others Jit Gagetown. Ajwhaqui and elsewhere. Of general works upon place-nomenclature there are many, but I have been able to consult but few, of which the following I have found most useful : Taylor, Eev. Isaac. Words and Places. 2nd ed., London. 186,5. Fay. ('. E. Our Geogra])hical Nomenclature. A})palachia, III., 1-13. Harris, C. 11. Geographical Nomenclature of Soutli Australia, in Proc. Aust. Assoc. Ad. Sci., 1S!)3. Chittenden, H. N. On Place-names in ti>e Yellowstone National Park. In his " National Park." Cincinnati, 18!>5. Trench, R. ('. On the Study of Words, London, 18th ed., 1882. Peile, J. Philology. In Literature Primers, 1877. Century Book of \ames. Dictioiuuy of National Biography. Cassell's Gazetteer of Great Britain and Ireland. Vols. T.-III. Matthews, Brander. On the Poetry of PlaceNames. Scribner's Maga- zine, July, 189(5. Of works upon Indian philology I have used only tl»e following : Trumbull. J. II. Indian Names of Places in Connecticut, Hartford, 1881. On the Composition of Indian Geographical Names, Coll. Conn. Ili.st. Soc, TL, 1870. And, of course, the vocabularies of Rand, mentioned below, and the following : Eand, Silas. Lecture on the Micmac Indians, Halifax Herald, July 8th, 1886. Thei-e are said to be monographs of the character of this upon the l>]ace-nomenclature of European countries, but I have seen none of them. I am not acquainted with any of this character in America, though many lists of greater or less fullness have been published, especially for older names. f [oANonn] PLACE-NOMFN'CLATURE OF NKW BRUNSWICK 283 On CtumiliHn iiuinvM. the paperH liy lioiirinot and Ili'ado, nuMitionod below, are important. ITpon tlie invostiyation of Xew MniiiHwick j)lat'0-names tlicro iu Imt little to cite. The very tirst ret'erenco to tiieir origins Ih tbnnd in Cooney'f* History of ]8;{2 (p. 24), in the following puNHage. which, therefoi*e, thongh it cnntainH almost more error than trnth, is dawsic in tliinHnhject : '•It may iien; be observed, that nearly ail the Jtivers in this Province aiv designated by Indian luimes, either significant of a pei-sonal right, or expreawive of some prominent locality. 'I'hns the Htienne, the Harnahy^ the Bartholomew, llenojis, and others, are called after th«( respective Chiets to whom they originally belonged ; while the Loosh-tork (now Saint John) signifies I-ong River ; the Restigouche, Jiroad River ; the Mira- michi, Ha])py iletreat ; the Nipisiquit, Xoi.sy or Foaming ifiver ; the Too- tooguse, Fairy River; the Taboointac, the place where two reside; the Magaogudavic, the River of Hills, and the Richibucto,tho River of tire." Cooney is followed blindly by (teener and some others, and hence many of his derivations have be(M)me widely accepted. There is some discnssion of New Brnnswick names by the editor of Plessis' i)iary, in Le Foyer Canadian, vol. 3, 18(!5. Very valuable short lists of Indian names in the province are given by Rand in his " Reader ; " by Jack in his " Maliseet Legends," though this article is much misprinted, and by Gatscbet in his "All Around the Bay of Passamaquoddy." Compiled lists are given by Jlind in his (Jeological Report, and by Kain in the St. John Sun, 1886. A paper on 'Mieographical Names in New Brunswick" was road by Mr. E. Mullen before the Provincial Institute, at St. John, in June, 1894, but not published. Aside from these and some scattered notes in various books and newspapers, I know of nothing on the subject of this monograph. It will be observed that all of the above lists are of Indian names ; no attempt has been made to collect otheix, much less to discuss the entire subject. The sources of information on New Brunswick place-names, other than those mentioned, are as follows : On the Indian i»eriod, the works by Rasle, Maurault and Laurent are of some value for New Brunswick ; ' Vetroinile 1 find misleading, and based mostly on guess-work, so far as our Indians are concerneiL, For first known uses of Indian words, the maps by Jumeau and l)e Meulles, made by experts on the spot, are of jthe utmost value. That by Peachy is useful, though thei-e are some puzzles in connection with it, and the date given it in this paper (1783) is tentative ; there is no doubt its topo- graphy and nomenclature belong much earlier. I treat here the i-elative 1 A mislearlinx statement as to the value of the chapters on our ludians in books on New Brunswick occurs ou p. H8 of Article No. 1 of this series. I there meant worthless in the sense of altogether inadequate, and not in the sense of valueless. Several books have information of use as far as it goes, but nothing like a worthy treatment of the subject has yet appeared. i ', ■ f ; ^i, m'4 i \i h ft ' I j !"^, 284 ItOYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA I' I ■I vuliu' of tliiAHo rnu|iH more hriefly thun would \w tlit; ciimi' \v(m-o it not tliat I urn to (liM'iiHH tlioiii fully in tlu' li^lil of thi- ovolution of Now Bruni*- wit'k furlogruphy in tli« next ninnoH;ni|tli of this sorios. Valiiuble «urly UHcs of ludiiin iiamoN uiv found uIho in tlu' Boyd .louriuil, Gylon narrativt', and tho Jortuit ilclations. On the |n'riod of oxploration, most important aro the workH of Cartier anil Cluiniplain, and the inemoii-M by Kohl, I'attoi-son and IIow- lev. Two of my own ])aper,s troatof this period. On tlie Freneli period, the most important works are those l)y Den3's, the MemoriulH of the CommisHaries. the doeumetitH connected with the struggles of 1714-1755 (in (ineboe docuinents and elsewhere) ami Fraiie- quet'H l{eport, and the maps of Moll, Morris (1719), lli'llin. Mitchell, Mante, D'Anville, JeHVcys. Monckton. the Survey map of 1765 and others. In this period, also, the mapH of Southack and Ulackmoreshow the move- ments of the Xew En^landcrs and the Kntflish. On the New Kngland |)criod, mo.st important are the Joiirnals of Owen, lioyd and Alien, and the records of the nniny great land grants of tho period in the Crown Land ottices at Kredcricton and Halifax, and the maps by Morris, Wright, DesBarrcs and Mitchells Field-l)ook. On the early Loyalist period, the records of the thrown Land Oltict' are most valuable ^funro's Report, Raymond's (larleton County, the Courier Series arc also important, l)ut the history of this period is yet to 1)0 written. The maps by Morris and the two Campl)ells are also most useful, us are those of the St. Croix and Magaguadavic, made in connec- tion with the boundary di.spntes. On tlie later jieriod to the present there is a wealth of material. Of maps, the chief ones are those by Bonnor (the first printed map of the province of Xew Brunswick), Lockwood, Baillie, Bouchette, Saunders, Wilkinson, the CJeological Sui'vey and Loggio, each, in a way, epoch- making. In addition ai*e the records of the Crown Land office, the Statutes of the province, and many special reports, Cooney's and Ces- ncr's and other local histories, and other records too many to mention. Following is a list of works cited in the foregoing dictionary : Baillie, Thos. An Account of the Province of New Brunswick. London, 1832. Ballard, Kev. £. Geographical Names on tlie Coast of Maine. In Kep. U.S. CoMt Survey for 1868, Appendix 14. Bellin, N. Remarques sur la Carte de I'Am^rique Septentrionala Paris, 1755. Bourinot, J. G. I. Canadian Historic Names. In Canadian Monthly, VII., April, 1876. II. Notes to " Cape Breton and its Memorials of the French K^ginie." Trans. Royal 8oc. Canada, IX., Sec. II. Boyd, Jas. Diary in Kilby, below, p. 106 ; also in Proc. Mass. Hist 8oc. 183()-87, p. DO. Champlain, Samuel de. Voyages. Quebec ed., 1870, and Slafter'a. Cooney, R. History of Northern New Brunswick and Gaspe. Halifax, 1832. Courier Series. 126 Articles on Charlotte County in the St. Croix Courier (St. Stephen)) from 1892 to 1895. Edited by James Vroom. toAKON(0 I'LACE-NOMENCLATURE OF NEW BRUNSWICK £80 DeLaot, J. Histoire du Nouveau Moiule. liWyden, DUO. Dosjanlina, I'AbW. Kxtracts from wrltinns in I,e Monitoiir Acadien, 1S87. Denya, Nicolas. Description 0^-o|{raplii(iiie dn i'Am^ri(|Ue 8opt«nlrionale. I'ariH. Fran(|iiet, (Rfl{)ort on tbe Forts, etc., in Acadia, about 1753.) Mn. copy In Library of tlie TjOKi'^I'itnre, Fredericton. Ganong, W. F. I. .laripies Cartier's First Voyajfe Trans. Roy. 800. ('an., V., 8ec. ii., 1KH7. II. Cartograpiiy of tlie (iiilf of 8t. Lawrence. Trans. Roy. Hoc. Can., VII.. Sec. ii., 1H«9, Gatscliet, A. 8. All Around the Bay of PaHHamaqiioddy. Nat. (leonr. Mug., VIIL, 1W)7, p. l(i. Geaner, A. L Reports on the Geolo^jical Hurvey of New Hnumwick. St- .John, 1839-1844. II. New Brunswick. Ix)ndon, 1849. Gordon, Hon. A. II. WildernHSS .lourneys in New Brunswick in 18«2-.'l. St. .lohn, 1S04. Gyles, .John. Memoirs of Odd Adventures, etc. Cincinnati ed. of 1809. Ilannay, .1. History of Acadia. Ht. .lohn, 187t». Hind, II. Y. A Preliminary Re|)ort on the Geology of New Brunswick. Freder- icton, 18H5. llowley, 1 ' . M. F. Cartier's Course. Trans. Roy. Roc. Can., XII., Sec. ii., lN!t4. Hubbard, L. L. AVoods and Lakes of Maine. Boston, 1884. .Tack, Edward. Maliseet Lejjends. In .lourn. Am. Folk-lore, 1894, p- I'Xi .leffreys, T. Explanation for the Now Map of Nova Scotia. London, 1755. Kain, S. W. Indian Names in New Brunswick. St. John .Sun, Jan. 14, 1886. Kidder, F. Military Operations in Eastern Maine and Nova Bcotla during the Revolution. Albany, 1867. ('ontjiinH the Journal of Col. John Allen. Kilby, W. H. Eastport and Passainiuiuoddy. Eastport, 1m88. Kohl, J. G. A History of the Discovery of the Ea-st Coast of North America. In Coll. Maine Hist. Soc , 2nd ser., IH69. Laurent, Jos. New Familiar Abenakis and English Dialogues. Quebec, 1884. Lawrence, J. W. Footprints. St. John, 1883. LeClerc, C. Nouvelle Relation de la Gasp^sie. Paris, 1691. Leland, C. G. Algonquin Legends of New England. Boston, 1884. Lescarbot, M. Histoire de la Nouvelle France. Paris, 1609 and later. Reprint, 18(55. Marston, B. Journal 1786-'86. Ms. from notes in possession of Rev. W. 0. Raymond. Mattliew, G. V. Note on local pronunciations, Canadian Xaluralisl, IX., 370. Maurault, L'Abb^ J. A. Histoire des Abenakis. Sorel, 1866. McDonald, D. Report on Applications for Laud in Charlotte, 1806. Ms. in Crown Lands oflice. Memorials of the English and French Commissaries. London, 2 vols., 1756. Mitchell, J. Field Book of Surveys in Passamaquoddy, 1764. Ms. in Library of Maine Historical Society. Morse, R. Report on Nova Scotia, 1784. In Canadian Archives, 1884. Munro, John. Description of the River St. John's, etc. In Canadian Archives for 1891. Murdoch, B. A History of Nova Scotia. Halifax, 3 vols., 1865-1867. Notitia of New Brunswick, St. John, 1838. Owen, Wm. Journal, 1770-'71. In Collections N. B. Historical Society, I., 193-208, 1896. II 286 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Parkman, F. Collection of Mas. in Library of tlie Mass. Historical Society. Patterson, Rev. G. The Portuguese on the Northeast Coast of America. In Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, VIIL, Sect, ii., 1890. Perley, JI. H. 1. Hand-book of loformation for EmiKrants to New Brunswick. London, 1857. II. Lecture on the Early History of New Brunswick. In Educational Review, St .John, 1891. Quebec Manuscripts. Manuscripts relating to the History of Canada. 4 Vols. Quebec, 188:i-'86. Rameau de Saint-POre. Une ('olonie F^odale en Am<;rique, L'Acadie. Paris and Montreal, 2nd ed. 2 vols , 1889. Rand, Silas. I. A First Heading Book in the Micmac Language. Halifax, lb75. II. Dictionary of the Language of the Micmac Indians. Halifax, 1888. III. Legends of the Micmacs. New York and London, 1894. Rasles, 8. Dictionary of the Abnaki Language, ed. by J. Pickering. Mem. Am- Acad., New Ser. L, 1S33. Raynjond, W. O. I. (History of Carleton County.) Woodstock ZKopaic/t, 86 articles, 1.S95-'9(J, II. Quabeet-a-woosis-sec. The full story of the Great Beaver. St John .Swn, Oct 21,1896. Reade, .1. The Testimony of Names of Places. In Canadian MonlMi/,X.l\'., 1878. The History of Canadian Geographical Names. In New Dominion Monlhhj, XL, 1873. Also in Maple Leave*, Quebec, 1873. Relations of the .Jesuits. Quebec ed., 3 vols., 1858. Cleveland ed., 1896, 1.-III. Saint V'alier, .1. Kstat present de I'Eglise et de la colonie Fran<;oi8e dans La Nouvelle France. Paris, 1G8.S. Sraethurst, G. A Narrative of an Extraordinary Escape out of the Hands of the Indiansin the Gulphof St Lawrence. London, 1774 (Journal of 1761). Springer, J. S. Forest Trees and Forest Life in Maine and New Brunswick. New York, 1.S57. Titcomb, S. Return of Survey of the Main North Branch of Schoodik, 1794. Maine Hist Mag., VII., 154. Vetromile, Iv The Abnakis and their History. New York, 1S66. / / Fdllowiiii^ is a list ol' the maps cited in the forcijoing dictionary : Admiralty Clurts. ilany of different dates, published by the British Admiralty. • Alexander, .Sir \Vm. iMaj) of Nova Scoiia, 1624. In Purchas' Pilgrims, III. Baillie, Thos. 1. Map of New Brunswick. London, 1832. (Larger than IL) II. Sketch of the Province of New Brunswick. In his Account of the Province, etc. (which see), 1832. , Belli n, N. I. Carte de la Partie Orientale de la Nouvelle France, 1744. II. Carte de I'Acadie, 1744. Both in Charlevoix " Nouvelle France." III. Partie Orientelle de la Nouvelle France, 1755. IV. Carte du Cours de Fleuve de St. Laurent, 1757- V. Carte de L'Acadie, 1757. / Blackmore, Nat. A Description of the Bay ofFundy (map), 1712 or 1713. In Moll's Atlas Elinor of 1732. Bonnor, Thos. A new Map of the Province of New Brunswick. London, 1820. Bouchette, J. I. A Plan of the Route from Halifax to the River du Loup, 1815. In his "Topographical Description of Lower Canada." II. Map of the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada. London, 1815. in. Map of 1831. I [GANONtj] PLACE-NOMENCLATURE OF NEW BRUNSWICK 287 In !k. lis. nd 11- in '8. m le a / Bruce, R. G. Plan of the Harbour and part of the River St. Johns in Nova Scotia, 1761. Ms. in Crown Land OHiee. Campbell, Dugald. Plan of the Ourasstook or Saint John's River, 1785. Ms. in the Britisli Museum. Campbell, Robert A map of the Great River St. Joha and Waiers, LoaJon, 1788. Champlain, Samuel de Maps of 1012, 1613, 1632, in his Voyages. Coronelli, P. Partie Orientale du Canada ou de la Nouvelle-France, Venice, 1689. D'Anville, N. Canada, Louisiane et Terres Angloises. Paris, 1755. DeLaet, J. Map in his Histoire du Nouveau Monde, 1640. DeMeuUes. Carle du Voyage que M. de Meulles a fait par ordre du Roi, 1686. Ms. copy in Library of Parliament at Ottawa. DeLisle, Guillaume. Carte du Canada on de la Nouvelle-France, Paris, 1703. Denys, N. Map in his Description G^ographique, 1672. DeRozier, Guillaume. Carte de la Riviere St. Jean, 1699. Ms- in the Parkman Collection in Library of the Mass. Historical Society. DesBarres, J. F. W. Charts in "The Atlantic Neptune," 1776-1783. Desliens, N. Map of 1541, in John and Sebastien Cabot, by Henry Httrrisse, 1896. M. Harrisse has had the great kindness to send me an enlarged copy. Foulis, R. A map of the River Saint .lohn from Fredericton to the (ireat Falls, 1826. Ms. in the Crown Land Office. Geological Survey Maps. Published by the Canadian Government to accompany Reports of the Geological Survey. Holland, Capt. Plan cf the River St. John, 1798. On his new chart of the coast of Nova Scotia. James I. Map. Map of America in 1610. In Jirown's Genesis of the United States. Jeffreys, Thos. I. Map of Nova Scotia, 1 755. In Memorials of Commissaries. IL An exact chart of the River St Lawrence. London, 1757. Jumeau, Pierre Emanuel. Le Grande Baye de S. Laurens en la Nouvelle France, 1785. Ms. copy in , Library of Parliament, Ottawa. Lockwood, Anthony. A map of New Brunswick. London, 1826. Loggie, Thoi. G. Map of the Province of New Brunswick. London, 1885. Mante, T. Fort Beaus^jour and the Adjacent Country. In Mante's '' History of the War in America." London, 1772. Micheau, D. Map of Miramichi, 1785. Ms. in Public Record Office. Mitchell, John. Map of North America, 1755. Moll, He 'man. A new and exact map of the dominions of the King of Great Britain on ye Continent of North America. London, 1715. Monckton, R. Sketch of St John's harbour and a part of the river, 1758. Ms. in Publi