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 THE 
 
 CANADIAN'S RIGHT 
 
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 tflESAME ASTIiE 
 
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 \ AND 
 
 A JURYMAN. 
 
 lit 
 
 ^F.TTINu FOHTll Tfin ANTIQUITY, EXCEM-tNT DE- 
 :>!GN, LiJ:, OlFK £, AND JUST f lUV'LLl. 'S OF 
 
 JURIES, 
 
 10» tf)c 1£aia of *£-ngfanD. 
 
 ni, 
 
 FIKSr \V KITTEN 
 
 BY SIR JOHN IIAWLKS, KNIGHT, 
 
 e SOLICITOR crUEUAL TO WILLIAM III. 
 
 ►••. 
 
 
 NOW rKI^(JBL!'=?HF.D - 
 BY CHARLES KO TIIERGILL, Esq. 
 
 Vor/;, T, 6'. 1823 "-^'^ 
 
 
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 ■\K ■ 
 
 9 J ] '• . /': ■■•■ ' 
 
 PREFACE 
 
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 ► \' 
 
 ■■\ 
 
 . I 
 
 TO THt: ENGLISH EDITION. 
 
 .. •.'.:?-.• 
 
 »^« 
 
 
 *I' H> 
 
 j^S Ine security of our persons, our repu- 
 tations, our properties, and our liberties, 
 depends u[joii Ji kors, it can never be un- 
 Behso,^nble to iiili)rm or remind them of 
 llirir nuriRs. \Vhilo they remain ig4iorant 
 of the nature of tlieip station, they cannot 
 determine with propriety ; while they feel 
 not its imjiort nice, lh(^y will not conduct 
 themselves with spirit. When questions, 
 Iiowcver, whieh rel.Uc to the welfare of the 
 I'Kori.E, are agitated in Couris of .Justice, 
 I:istruci.ioiis of this kind become of more 
 th uj or liuary importance. Krrors upon 
 i\ir9.f} occasions mriV be attended with fatal 
 coi'SfrjUPjicfs, si'ice powers will be intro- 
 (l(ir«Ml wtiicli may, in the end, overturn the 
 Co;>^tituiioti. - ^ -.f 
 
 Vvr it is Udt uprm thr good intentions of 
 Jnrymf'ti only liiat we rnu-t depend. IT they 
 sliuuld be prevented, cither by fraud or 
 
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 't«bt-H^*> 
 
♦£; 
 
 force, from tli^charging the trsi&^t. reposod ii> 
 tfiein, iheir endeavours will avsil little to 
 the protection of the subject. Their rights 
 odjrh.t. therefore, to be guarded ngainst all 
 li Hacks, eHpccially ns men of great emi- 
 jience in the law have publickly declared 
 that they Imve lotf ly been invaded: — and 
 to be (lefendc<l, they must be un<!!erstoo(l. 
 
 A knowledge, then, of whatever relates 
 to the ofiice of Juries, f eems at this time 
 essentially necessary, since from hence a- 
 lone can arise the proper execution of its 
 duties and th(? preservalion of its rii^its. — 
 To promote this end, the following Pamph- 
 let is now rej)ublished. Its character for 
 prrepi'^'iily and strength of reasoning, is so 
 well establinhed, that it is needless to en- 
 liirge upon it here. — If it meets the success 
 which its merit deserves, it will, perhaps, 
 be a pri cipal menus of preserving the trial 
 by Jury, in its full force, to poslcrily. 
 
 i »5- 
 
 .\ 
 
 \ 
 
.■..f^ 
 
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 ADVERTISEMENT 
 
 r') THE ENGLISH UE^DER. 
 
 •<•• '^ 
 
 This Treatise has passed througli many 
 cJitions. It appeared first in the jear 
 1(380; it was reprinted in the jear 1731, 
 and again in 1752, 1763, 1764, 1770, and 
 1771 ; and is now presented to the Public 
 at least for the Eighth time. • > v - 
 N, B. Many circumstances might lead 
 the reader to suspect, that this Dialogue 
 has been altered in order to accomodate 
 the present times. This edition, how 
 ever, has been carefully collated with this; 
 First^ which was printed in London, for 
 Richard Janeway, in Queen's Head Alley, 
 Pater-noster-Row, in the year 1680. So 
 scrupulously has the original been adhered 
 to, that not a single word has been altered, 
 
 m 
 W 
 
 1 1 
 ( i 
 
 I 
 
except in the tranHliUion of the Lalin sen- 
 tciiceii in pngo .'iil, the hiUer of which was 
 before unirilelligil)h\ Lihertios, indeed* 
 have been taken with (he orthography and 
 pointint;, hut liiCBC have not in thclcaisl af- 
 fected the Bcnse. 
 
 t>,A 
 
 -e*',. 
 
 • « ,. 
 
 • • 
 

 IS 
 
 d 
 
 TO 
 
 ,''^.\ • 
 
 I- 
 
 THE PEOPLE OF CANADA. 
 
 — 7 ■ 
 
 I KNOW not that 1 coulJ make you n 
 more valuable uffering than this little book; 
 ^vhich, having produced the greatest bene- 
 fit in Kngland, cannot fail, if read with at- 
 tention, to be of tlic same Hcrvice here. 
 
 I have observed with pain that the ends 
 of Justice are frequently obstructed or de- 
 lated, and sometimes wholly defeated, 
 thiough the ignorance of Juries as to what 
 concerns their rights, duties, and privileges. 
 r»y this dangerous ignorance, the most ini» 
 qditous suits have been oiler) gairkcd, and 
 iimocent men have suHTered. The Trial by 
 Jury is the most glorious institution of our 
 country. — It is that by which our live^, our 
 liberties, and our property are secured. Yet 
 what avails this great right, if you continue 
 to shimber in ignorance of its true nature 
 and power.'* — Head this book, and read it 
 with attention. Let its contents sink so 
 deeply into your minds, that they may no- 
 te r be forgotten, and you will be always 
 ready to confront and defeat the mal-praq- 
 tices of the law, and even to correct tlie 
 Judge on the bench, should he be forgetful 
 of his duty, or wilfully partial. Let this 
 
 
 II 
 
 iij 
 
 : J/' 'V . i '•'..■ 1 
 
 
>. 
 
 
 [ viii ] 
 
 book have its y]i\ce next to your Bible, and 
 let it be studied nearly as often. 1 hope it 
 \i'ill be found in every cottage in the coun- 
 try. It is not published foi the sake of gain, 
 but to do ^ood ; it is, therefore, sold at a 
 
 rricc so low that every one may have it. — 
 trust it will get into every family, and be 
 alike the study of rich and poor, old and 
 young, for I believe it is 'alone capable of 
 giving a high character to your country, 
 and of enablingyou to raise up an impene- 
 trable bulwark against oppression and in- 
 justice, and against the arbitrary power of 
 corrupt Judges, (should you ever be curs- 
 ed with so great a curse,) and all' the artful 
 twistings and shifhngs, sherking and quirk- 
 ing, of the n icked or subtle lawyer. 
 
 If you make good use of your Religious 
 Toleration ; — If you fully understand, and 
 know how to exercise, the invaluable rights 
 connected with the Trial by Jury; and, if 
 you take care to keep a watchful eye on 
 the conduct of your Representatives in Par- 
 )ia;::ent, being cautious whom you send 
 there ; — with that rich, and beautiful, and 
 extensive counlry which God has given you 
 — it will be your own fault, and that of your 
 children, if Canada does not take the hir^h- 
 est rank amongst those nations which are 
 destined to cover the American continent. 
 That it may be so, is the fervent prayer of 
 Your Devoted Humble Servant, 
 CHARLES FOTHERGILL. 
 
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 rights 
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 send 
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 THE -■■j:.^^.::^n.. 
 
 CANADIAN'S RIGHT, 
 
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 - "- V- '' Barrister. 
 
 MV old Client! a good morning <o you. Whither 
 so fast ? you seem intent upon some important afiair. 
 
 Juryman. Worthy Sir ! I am glad to see you ihus 
 opportunely, there being scarce any pprson that I 
 could at this time rather have wished to meet with. 
 
 Jiarr. 1 shall esteem myself happy, if in any thing I 
 can serve you. — The butsii'.ess, I pray ? 
 ' Jtirym. I am summoned to appear upon a Jury, ind 
 was just going to try if I could get otT. Now 1 doubt 
 not but you can put me into the best way to obtain 
 that fiivour. 
 
 Ban. It is probable I could : but first let me 'rinow 
 the reasons why you d<*sire to decline that serviie. 
 
 Jitrym. You know, Sir, there ie something of trou- 
 ble and loss of time in it : — and men's lives, liS»Fties» 
 and estates, (which depend upon a .Tury's guifly, or 
 nvt guilty, for the pUintitT, or for the defendant,) are 
 weighty things. I would not wrong my conscience for 
 a world, nor be accesi<ary to any mairs ruin. There' 
 are others better skilled in such matters. I hare ever 
 
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 £0 loved poaco, that I have forborne going to law (a? 
 you well know) many times, though it halh been much 
 to my loss. 
 
 Han: 1 tommpiul yo\ir leiitlerness and iuoilesly ; yet 
 must tell you, these .ire hut gencial iuiJ weak excuses. 
 — As for your time ami trouh'e, it is rut much ; and, 
 however, can it he belter spent than in doing justice, 
 and serving your country? To Will, draw ^our^flfin 
 such cases is a kind of sacrilege, — a rohhln;^ of the pub- 
 lic of those duties which you jusily owe it. The more 
 peaceah/eman you have been, the more fii you arc : for 
 tiie ollkeof a Juryman is, conscirnliout!y to judge his 
 npighbour; and net'Js no more law lliai; is easily learnt 
 to direct him therpin. I look upon you, tlu'retore, as 
 a man well qiialiljed with estate, discretion, and inte- 
 grity; and if all such as you should use private mians 
 to avoid it, how would the l^iiigand country be honest- 
 ly served? At that rat** we should liave none but f)ols 
 or knavt-3 entru!*ted in this grand conretn, on wljich, 
 (as you well observe) the lives, liberties, and estattg of 
 iill England depend. 
 
 Your tenderness not to he accessary to any man's, be- 
 ing wronged or ruined, is, as I saiJ, much to be com* 
 n.ended. lUit may you not incur it unawares, by seek- 
 h)j^ thus to avoid it ? Pilate was not innocent because 
 he washed hiii hands and said, * He would have nothinz 
 to do wi ill the blood ol that ju^t one.' There are fuuits 
 ol om'siion as well as commission. When you arc le- 
 gally called to try such a cause, if you shall shuffl < out 
 joursel', and tlierel^y persons perhaps Ichsronsticntious 
 happen to be made use ot', and so a villain escapes jus- 
 tic, or an innocent man is ruined, hy a prepossessed 
 or n'*g'ig(rt verdict J can you thiiik yourself in such 
 
M 
 
 a case wliolel} Lianicless? Qui no:i prokihet cumpoiesf, 
 jnbef : Tlial man abcf3 an evil, who prcvoiils it not, 
 wh'-'n it is in his power. Nee caret scnipiilo societatis oc- 
 atltnc, qui eviiknfer facinnridefinit olviare: Nor can he 
 escape the siispii.-ioii of being a secret accomprue, who 
 evidently declines the prevention of an atrocious 
 crime. 
 
 Jurtjm. Truly, I ll.iiik a man is lonnd to do all the 
 gooJ he can ; eq)cc";illy when he is lawfully colled to 
 it. Got there sometimes happen nice casfs, wherein 
 it m;iy be dilFjcuU to discharge one's conscience without 
 i^Hurrinj the displeasure cf the court, and thence 
 trouble and damnge may arise. • ' 
 
 D'xrr. That is but a vain and needless fear. For, ps 
 I'je ji'.rorg' privileges (and every I'.nglishman's in and 
 by them) are very considerable; so the laws have no 
 less p'-ovidently guarded ihetn against invnsion or un\)r- 
 I'alion. So that there needs no more than, fiist, ntider- 
 st;«n(!in>; to know your duty ; and, in the n"Xt p'are, 
 coiMM'^e and r^ so'u'ion to pra« ti-^e it with iniparti lily 
 and integrity, free from a?r;uried bribery }«n:l malice, 
 or (vvliat is lull as bad in the end) ba?e and servile 
 
 ("car ' "?^,' 
 
 J: ■■Pin. I a!n satisfied, that as il is for the a(lvf»nt.'»5;o 
 and honour of the public, i\\ui men of undtTSlnnding, 
 substance, niid honeslj', should be employ-ed to serve 
 on juries, {hutjiislice and right may fairly be adminis- 
 tcroil ; so it i^\[\e\r uwn interest, v/heu called thereunto, 
 re;«dily to bestow tb»'ir attindnm e and service, to pre- 
 vent iH. prerthnts froui men otherwise qualified; wliich 
 may l»y degrees latid'y, th(iu;;h insensibly, undermine 
 our just birth-rights, and |)erhips fall heavy one day 
 upon U3, or our posterity. But, for my own part, j 
 
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 am fcmful leubl I should sulier through iny ignorance 
 ofthfi iinty and orfice of a Juryman; and Iherefore, on 
 that nccount principally it ia, that I desire to be excus- 
 eil in my appcnraiico; which il* I understood but 90 
 well as 1 hope many others do, I would with all my 
 iioart attend the ser\ice. 
 
 Ihirr. You speak houestl}', and like an Englishnian. 
 But irtbat be all your cause of scruple, it may soon 
 be removed, if you will but give yourselfa very little 
 tioubie of enquiry into the neiessary provisions of the 
 law ofEn^l.md relating to this matter. . ,' * -.. 
 
 Jurifn. Iherc is nothing, of a temporal concern, 
 tliat i wouhl more ghidly bo informed in ; because I 
 sm Siitisiled it is v^ry exp( ditnt to be generally known. 
 And f.rst, I would learn Iwio lon^ trials by Juriijs have 
 hecii u$rd in this nation. * 
 
 Barr. Even time out of mind; — so long, that our best 
 liisloiians cannot date the origin of the institution; 
 biinq indeed coternporiiry with the nation itself, or iu 
 use as soon as tlia people were reduced to any form of 
 ciu! government, and admini&tralion of justice. Nor 
 have the fcvi ral conquests or revoUitions, the mixtures 
 rl fureiguers, or the mutual f.uds of tlie natives, at any 
 r.iue been able to suppress or oveithPow it. Tor, 
 
 f. That Juries (the tiling in efTrct and subslance, 
 though perhaps not just the number of twelve men,) 
 were in use among the Urilons, tlie first inhabitants of 
 
 ! i 
 
 * Our atillior in li's title |mj;e, told iis.lliat lie intended lo point 
 iiiit, wi(ii r.'sppct liijmifa, l-l. their Antiijuily ; '2il Ihi'ir Kicel- 
 letu DL'ai;;iu rl Use jid. llmlr OfTieo and Inst l-'iivilogci. In answi-r 
 to the J :ryniuri'.^ question, and in CDinpii.incc with \m own pro- 
 niisc, be U iiuvv guing tu treat u[ tU« Antii^ttily of Juries. 
 
 /■• 
 
tl.is isl.iiid,app3nr3 by Ihe an( lent T.onum-.M,ts end wrlt- 
 inj;9 of that nation ; atteatiiii; ihftt their FrepholJcrs 
 iuui always a share in all triaU and determinations of 
 tli/Tt fences. 
 
 II. IMost certain it Is, thai thoy were practised by the 
 Saxon?,* iind vicre then the only conrls, or at least an 
 CBsenlial, and (he greater part of all the conrls of judi- 
 catarfc : for so, to omit a nDultitode of other instances, 
 wo find in King liltlielred's Laws, " In singulis CentU' 
 riis, 8fc." "In every hnndied ht there be a court, and 
 lei tkvclve aiicieiil ficemen, together with tho Lord, or 
 rather, aocotdi'ij^to the Saxon, the rfi<^vo,i. e. thechiof 
 magitrate ainouji^st ihcm, be sworn, thnl they will not 
 cotidomn any person that is innocent, nor acquit any 
 one t'lat is ;^uiltj." y. • .^ ' . ■ , 
 
 JIl. When the Normans came in, William, though 
 cotimionly called 'the Conqneror,' was so far fiom ah- 
 rogatinj; ibis privilege ol Juries-, \ that in the fourth 
 year of hi^ rei;;n, he confirmed all King Edward tha 
 ConfessorV laws, and the ancient rusloms of the kiiir'. 
 dom, wh' roof this was an essential and most material ; 
 part. Njy, he made use of a Jury chcjeii in every 
 count}', to icnort and certify on their oaths wliat those 
 l.iws and customs were; as appears in the prosm of 
 such his confirmation. 
 
 IV. Afitrwards when tlie Great Charter, rommonly 
 called Magnn Charta. which is nothing else than a 
 recital, ootifirmaiion, and corruboration of our ancient 
 
 * La-ub, /). 213. Coke, ist Part, I mlnu'ea, Jul. 155. 
 f Sec Spelman's Cl3!3«r, la (he word /urn/a. ' 
 
 
 
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 Kngliih libcrlios, was niiulo ontl put undor the grcu t 
 seal ofEiiglanil, in the ninth ytiir of King Henry the ' 
 'I'hiid, which was anno Domini 122.'> ; tht n was this 
 pvivilfg*" of trials l)V Juries iti p.n especial manner con- 
 iirmctl Bud established; as in tiie fou'tecutli clinpter , 
 •' That no am«rc<"n»ent» shail be assessed, but by the . . 
 oath of good and hoMest men of the vicinage." Ai.d 
 wore pamitularly in that goMen nine andtwen'iictU 
 
 chapter, • No freeman shall be taken or imprisonrJ 
 
 nor be disseised of liis fre«^ho!d or libf rties?, or free cus- 
 toms, or be outlawed, or exiled, or any other way de- 
 stioyed ; nor sh«ll we pass upon liini, or condemn hiia 
 but tty the lawlul juojiment of liis pcrs," &c. VVliicli 
 Crand Cliarter havin;; bt-en confirmed by :ibo\o thirty 
 acts o( Parliament, the said right of Juries tlt'rtby.aiiil 
 by constant u?age, and lonimon < ustorn of Ensiland, 
 wltich is the common Ian-, is brouGflil down to us as our 
 undoubted binli ri;^lit, and the bes>t iiiheritance of every 
 Ktigllshman. For as that famous lawyer, Chief Ji'stlce 
 Coke,* in the words of Cicero, excrllently avers, ' Ma- 
 joT haereditas venit nmcuiqne nostrum a jure et legibus, 
 quctift a parentilvs.* * It is greater inheritance, and uiorc 
 lo be valued, which we derive from the fundamental 
 constitution and lavvj ol" our country, than that \vhi« h 
 uonies to us from our respective parrnt.s ;' for without 
 ihe former, we have no claim to the hitter. 
 
 Jinym. But has this mfthctd of trial never been at- 
 tempted to be invaded or justled out of practice? 
 
 Burr. It is but rarely that any have arrived to* so 
 
 * 2 Instit. J'ol. oo\ 
 
gfeal a coiifilcnce ; ' for it is n most tlangrroiis thiiii^ 
 to shake, cr alier, any of the rules, or fundaniontal 
 points of thf common law, which in truth are tho 
 mni)) pillars, ami suppoilersof the fabric of the common- 
 w;.niiih :' tliese are JuJge Tofrc'*- words.'* Yet some- 
 times it has been emleavoured ; but so sacrod and 
 valuablu was the iiistitulion in the eyes of cur an- 
 cestors, and so tenacious were ihey of lli»»ir privileges, 
 and zealoug to maintain, and preserve suth a vital part 
 tf tlieir biltli-rightnnd freedom, thai no such attempts 
 could ever prove eflV ctual, but always ended with tho 
 shame and severe punis.hmeiit of the rash undertakers. 
 For exjmiple, -"• ' v 13 .V"*' ' ■-' 
 
 I. Andrew Horn, an eminent lawyer, in his book, 
 entille<>, The Rlinoro/Jiisdces, written m the reign of 
 King Edward I. now near 400 years ago, in the (il'th 
 chapter, and first section, records, That the renowned 
 Saxtm Kinj; .^//V«'i caused foor-and forty justices to be 
 hunted in one year, as murderers*, lor their fu'se jiid:^- 
 ment?. And there re« iles theirpartirnlar crimes, most 
 cf iliem being inono kinder other intVingPincnt;', viola- 
 lions, and eiu Toachments of and upon the rights and 
 privileg«'9 of Juries. Amongst the rest, that worthy 
 author tells us, " he Ijangctl one Justice Cadwine, be- 
 cause he judgf'tl one llackwy to death without tho 
 consent of all the Jurors ; for whereas he stood upon 
 his Jury of twelve men, because three orihern would 
 have save«l him, this Cadwine removed those three, 
 uud put olhuis ill their room on the Jury, against the 
 
 if 
 
 '] i 
 
 '■f i 
 
 i 
 
 -" 2 lH9lllUtO/>. 71. 
 
^:\ 
 
 I i 
 
 tail] flackwy's consent. " Where n'c nr,\y oHsfrvo, that 
 thoujjh »t last twelve nifn did give a vi-rdii t agniiist 
 liin), y«'t those, so put upon him, wore not aci niinteJ 
 his Jurori» ; by reason all. or niiy o' them, who were 
 first sworn to try him, could not, by law, bf removed, 
 unJ oliicrs put in their slcmi : and tiiat such ilh gal id- 
 teiiUi.jn was then adjudged a caj^it;d crime, and forth* 
 witlj the said Cadwinc was handed. 
 
 2. A second instance I shall give you i;» t'tie words cf 
 the Lurd Chiof Justice Coke*j * a;;;i;n9t tliis an(.isnt and 
 fundrimpnial law, an 1 in th** face tljurcof, there was in 
 the ticveniliyear of King Henry Vi5. ch;ip. 3. an act of 
 rmliumcnt ohtniaed, on fiir prrlenccs, and a specious 
 jTOinnbh', as to avoid divi-rs nusihiefi, k.c. wi.erfby it 
 waa ordained, " that from theiicefnrth, as well justices 
 of fissize, as justices of the peace, up'in a I>arc infor- 
 
 in 
 
 iition (or tlie kins before thorn nirde, without 
 
 an? 
 
 fiU'lin;; or prcsonUnent by the verdict of twelve men, 
 slioulj have lull power .'ind authority, by their discre- 
 tions, t(} near and ileterniine all ofl'ences and « ontempts 
 counnittt'd or done by any person or persons agninj-t 
 the f jrin, ordinance, or (lT«'C.t of any statute made and 
 notrf'pcaled, «S^:c." by < olonr of which ;ict (saith ("loke) 
 shaking this fii.idiimental law, he means, tout bing all 
 trials to be by Juries, it is not credible what horrible op- 
 pres-ionsand ♦■xactions, to the ui.doing of multitudes of 
 ]»rop!e,wore committed I'v Sir Richard Em[)son kni;;ht, 
 and Kdward Dudley, Esq. being justices of the praie, 
 thi'ou^^hout niiglaud ; and upon this unjuotand injurious 
 
 Ctke, 2*1 jiarl oi In^t. (o\. 01. 
 
act, Rs commonly iu likfi cases it falletli out, a new of- 
 fice Wixn erected, »iul tlioy made masters of the kin<;'s 
 forfeitures.' 
 
 But not on'y this atatuto was justly, soon after the 
 (lfcpasi» of Henry V'If. repealeti by the stat. of th? 1 
 ili'ii. VIII. chnp. C). but also the saiJ Empson and Dud< 
 ley, nctwiUislanding they had such atinct to back iheiri, 
 yet it being ajj;ainst Magii.i Charla, and consequently 
 void, were fairly exetutcd for their pains ; and several 
 of their under-agenls, as promoters, informers, and tb<» 
 like, sevenly punished, for a warning to all oth'.rs 
 that shall dar«», on any pretence whatsuever, infringe 
 our En;5li6h liberties *. For so the lord t Coke having, 
 elsewhere, with detestation mentioned their story, path. 
 etica'Iy Goncludcs, ' Quieoiwn visligiis mstantj exitutt 
 per horresctt ,/.' ' Let all those who shall presume to 
 tread their 9t*ps, tremble at their dreadful end.' Other 
 instaiK es of a later date uiisht be given, but 1 suppose 
 these may sufiice. 
 
 Jurym. Yes, surely ; J and by what you have dii- ' 
 coursed of ihe long continued use of Juries, and the 
 zealous regardsourancestors had not to part with them, 
 I p« rceive that they were esteemed a special privibgc 
 Be pleased, therefore, to acquaint me, wheritin the ex- 
 cellemy and advantages to the people, by that method 
 of (rial above others, may consi.-^t. 
 
 "* See Sir Ricli. 15 riser's Cliruii.;^. '251, priiileJ in 1674. 
 
 i 4 pari Inslitut. fol. 41 
 
 i The Juryman liavi'ig been instriictetl in 'he antiquity of Juries, ■ 
 is now going fo emjuire wherein Ihfir advantaga consists, 'i'lic 
 J}«niiler nrcordingly shews the benelil* whitjj mny arise from 
 them. Thus this nnihor pcrfuruii tliu secuBil fart of what h« 
 f roposed iu the lille pa^e. 
 
 f>. 
 
 1 
 
 
 II 
 
 
 1 
 
 . 
 
 
 ^1 
 
 t\ 
 
Ban. This qurstion shows ynu liavp not ho^u mui h 
 conversant abroa'.l, to obscrvo the m:sc»rahle comliiion 
 of the piior pf»oplp in most oihor nations, where tl t»y 
 arc either wholly su'^jcci to the urspntic, atbitrary Inst 
 of tlipjr rulers, or at host under siicli laA»s as remlor 
 their lives, liberties, and cslati-s, liib'e to bo disponed 
 of .'il the ^Mstreiionof stranj,er9 appointed tiieirjud:;es; 
 most li.nes m«*rc«nary, and creainres of prerog:»'ivc; 
 fiomc-tiinos malicious r.nd oppre.s^iv ; and of;«;n partial 
 and corrupt*. Or sui^pose tliem ever so just and up^ 
 ri{^Iit,yet alili has the suhjocl no srcurity agunst tha at- 
 tacks of unconscio.iablii witufsacs. Yea, whiTO thors 
 is no suffioiont evidence, upon bare ?;i»pici3n3, t!iey are 
 obnoxious to the tortures of the rick, which of'.eii 
 niaUe an innocent man confess himsi If guilty, merely 
 to get out o!" prercnt pain. Is it not then an inesliin \- 
 ble happiness to be b)rn, and livi' under luch a mild 
 and ri;;h}eoas constitution, wherein all these mischiefs, 
 as fir iis hijinin prudence can provid?, are provont- 
 rd? whore n>ne can be condotnncd, either by the 
 po'.ver of superior cneinios, or the rashness or ill-will 
 of any judjje, nor by the b dd alFiraiat'ons of a;iy pnv 
 (ligate evidaiice : bat no less than twelve honest sul)- 
 Etantial, impartial men, his neijbbours, who coiisoqurpt. 
 ly cannot be presumt'd to bt- imncquainted either witli 
 llic matters charged, the prisoner's course of life, \/ 
 the cfi'dit o( the evidence, must first be ful'y satisfied 
 in ihrir consciences, that he is guilty ; and so all un- 
 
 » See all litis rxcnil.niity made nut, nnd more nt I'lrg.-. hy l!ia 
 L. C. J. Fiiiiescue, aftei.var<Js cli«ii<;ell<>r to K. ll»'n. VI iti his 
 lijuli De lauJibus Loc'"" Aaglix c iji. 2(5, •>?, £*i, 1^. 
 
21 
 
 life, t)"^ 
 
 iatisfiel 
 
 VI ill kis 
 
 auilnou^1y pvoiirjiinco Iiim upon iheir oatlis ? Are not 
 these, tliiiik you, very iiintcrial privilfgps ?t 
 
 .luryvi. Yo9, certainly ; tlioiigli I never so well con* 
 6iilei<d iheiii before. But n >iv 1 plainly sue our forc- 
 fttliois liDtJ, iirid will still hnvc, all the reason in the 
 worlil lo be zealous for tlit» inaintcnasice and preseiva- 
 tion (liorpol Ircin siibvorsioii cr encroachments^ and to 
 trauflinit tliem »iitne to post«>rily. Vur, if once this 
 lank l)C bi- >kcn down or ni'j;ltMle(1, an oc«>an of opprea- 
 '^ioii, ami llje ruiiis of infinite numbers of peoplf, (as 
 i.\ l^inpson and Dudley's days) may easily (oHdw, whca 
 oil any prot< n( c they may be made critninuls, and then 
 fiu'^d in vast sums, wiih pretext to enrich the king's 
 colTc;.-), but indeed to feed those insatiate vultures that 
 prumcte such unreasonabU* prosecutions. Hut since 
 you have tyui;htme so much ol the anii<pnty and ex- 
 teltenjy ol Juries, 1 cuniot but travw t!ie continuance 
 of your (.VDur, to acfjuiunt nie som»'what more parii- 
 tularly of tlnir oflicoand power by hr.v. 
 
 Uair. I 1 shall {jhrlly comply wiih so reasonable and 
 just a request, t * A jury of tw<dve men are by our 
 ' laws the oidy proper jud;4e8 of the matter in issue be- 
 * fore them.' As for instance, 
 
 I. That testimony vvhiih is delivered to induce a 
 Jury to believe, or not to believe, the mattir of (act ia 
 
 i It may be of iiiiportanco to add one obs<!»rvalion here ; 
 
 Tliou^li H imilianuiit, losu|>|)ly the nec<'ssiti»!S and |iur)>o5es nf 
 »ii aliantioneil ddininialiHtidn, should 0)i|>i>ss u« with tKxi's, while 
 the cunsiitation remains, in other respectii, iiuvinlated, ih» con- 
 tinuance of Jii'ies in tlieir lej;!il force will si cure our rejmtatiuns, 
 our |iersonal liliurties, uur limbs, and «ur livi:s. 
 
 ^ The author now proceeds to the exctutiuo of tLe third,- aiii 
 last part of his profiosed plun. ■ > 
 
 f aee Co!;e, 4th i-arl of InMil. fol, 8i. f ' 
 
 r 
 
 ♦f 
 
12 
 
 ilf ' 
 
 fei .ill 
 
 issiif, ii'c.'illeil in law, Fvidrnco ; hfratwe tlioreliy 
 tlic Jury may, out oi m.^ty iiutttMS oi t'ati, llviden 
 verila'em ; that it, see clearly the truth, of which they 
 arc proper jiulj;« d. 
 
 II. Wluii aiy mailer is sworn, or [ivhpn n] d'cd [i-] 
 rend, ori>ft"«'rod, whether it slal! \n Ltli«vrd, or aot, 
 or whetiier it betriie, or false, in point of fatt, the Ju- 
 rors iire proper jtitJijes. 
 
 III. Whether such jin h« t waa done, in such, or such 
 p. nnanner, or to huch, or ruch, ;tn inttMil, the Juiors are 
 Ju>lges. For tlin court h uotajuJ^e of Ih-so motirr!?, 
 T^hich are evidence to prove, or di.-«prove, the thing in 
 jiifue. And therefore llie wilnt-Ksfu are aiwiys order, 
 cd to direct ihfir speech (o the Jury ; thty beii.;^ iho 
 proper judges of their testimony. And in all plcnso^ 
 the crutvn, or mUters criminal, tlie prisoner is sail • to 
 put himself lor trial upon his country ;' which ix ex- 
 plained and referred by the clerk of the court, to be 
 meant of the Jary, saving to them, ' which country 
 you are.' 
 
 Jurym. Well then, what is the part of the king's jus- 
 tices, or the i-ourt ? what arottiey to take cognizance 
 of, or do, iu the trials of men's lives, liberties, and pro- 
 pi^rtips ? 
 
 Darr. Their office, in general, is to do equal justice 
 and right : particularly, 
 
 I. To see that the Jury he regularly returned and du- 
 'y sworn. 
 
 II. To see that the prisoner (in cases where it is per- 
 raitable) he allowed hi^ lawful challenges. 
 
 III. To advise by law, whether such matter may be 
 
 v; 
 
 I 'i 
 
tlipreliy 
 
 I'videra 
 
 ich ihcy 
 
 doed [i-] 
 I, or not, 
 , llifJu- 
 
 , or such 
 iioi's are 
 mo tiers', 
 Q thing in 
 ^8 order. 
 'eii.;^ iho 
 I plfas of 
 I sai.l * tu 
 ich i* cX' 
 irt, to be 
 1 country 
 
 cmg sjiis- 
 >o;ni/Mn('e 
 , and pro- 
 
 lal justice 
 id anddu* 
 5 it is per- 
 ir may be 
 
 grvcnin«viilonc<»,ornr'? ; inch awriti c; ri'ud, oi not , 
 or such a in in iid-uilUvi tf< be » wiinft'*', ki\ 
 
 IV. :J«.auM. by Ihoir I ,.'">.>.;, mid .-vp,.,ieiico, thoy 
 arc pr.'.Mjiued to lt« btvit *iu.ilitnMl lo ask pt;ai.oiil (|iie«" 
 ti ;n«, and, in the mo4 p^' ?picuoi:s iiuuiiic , -oom- t\ to s in 
 o.it irutli Crom nin.ni->'t lo lious imp- lUueai civuin- 
 staiici?* an.l tautolo-jios : ihey «'■ -ivfrre commonly fv- 
 ninine thiMv:m<ft8''» in the mnrt ; yt t'nt«xchidiM^rtho 
 Jury, wliJof liiht.niy, and, where tlioy f«oo cause, 
 on^ht to a»k th.tnatiy lie essiry (pjrslonfc; which un- 
 doubtv.'ly tl i^.y ni<y lavviuHy do with mo iosty and (lis. 
 tielion, without botrgi'ig i«"y '''"^'*'' *''°'" '' 'i''""!; '^''^'' 
 be no^-epsary, it iinpi<'s in tho court a liglit when they 
 
 liit to :]ci.y «* ; '"^^* ''*^w ^''<^" *'^'*'' ^^^ "^"'J' '*'^**^' *'"* 
 truth ? And li'ic*' uc see, that coun* il, wha too cfteti 
 f ^Piithl hcvr, (pprolnia nohis) for their fees !-triv« on- 
 ly f'j batfli' w'.nesso?, nn 1 sliflj truth, take upon i). -.a,- 
 d.ii'.v to in'.', rotate ihe evifleuce ; it is ab.«urd totliink 
 thattheJnror'ijhonld not have ttie anmc priv'.!.^gi^ ivhj 
 are upnr. t{ic"r oatli*, an 1 proprrjn Ijjen of tho nvu er. 
 V. As a di9cre»'t and hivvful absit-tant to tiir Jury, * 
 thoy do o|^»;n rccapiiulale and sum up tiie !i»ails of the 
 evidi'"**:? : '»'j| tht* Jun)rsHre still to conii'd'-r whoth.ec 
 it be done tr'.tly, ful^y tnd impartially ; :'or one ninii's 
 memory <nay soon r fail than twelve's. Up may like- 
 >vi6e state tht !avv to thom ; vhat is, d«liver hisopiiii n 
 ' where Iho <'a8e Jo didiciilt, or they desire 1'. But sinco, 
 ex facto jus O'.i'tr, r.ll mait'^r of law arijca out tf m^it- 
 ter of fail, so that til tlie fact is setth'd th"re is n^ 
 room Icr laiv : thorefoi e all such discourses of a jud^« 
 
 fell 
 
 ill!"' 
 
 11 
 
 
 »f 
 
 
 « VuL'jjUtt^'g RejHjf ts ia Busliell's ca8e,./o/ HI 
 
 c 
 
trngim 
 
 
 V. 
 
 14 
 
 to a Jury are, or ought to be, lijpotlieticnl, n«t coer- 
 cive J conditional, and not pc sitive, viz : • If you find 
 
 * the fact thus or thus' (sliU leaving the J:»ry at libt-riy 
 toliiid as ilieysce cause) ' then you ar«* to tii.d for the 
 « plaintiff; but if you (hid the fad tliuf?, or thus, then 
 
 * you are to find for the de leodaut, or the like ;' guilty, 
 or not guilty, in casrs criminnl. 
 
 Lastly, they are '.otake the verdict of the Jury, and 
 therf'Upon to f;ive judgment according to Ia\^. For the 
 office of a jiulge (as Coke well observes) h jus lUcei Cf 
 not jus dare ; not to make any laws by strains of wit, 
 or foried interpretations ; I ut plainly, and impartially 
 to dec'are tlie l;iw already established. Nor (an they 
 n'fuse to nctepttlic Jur)'? verdict wiien Pgreod : for 
 if thoy should, and force the Jury to return, and any of 
 thtni should miscarry for want of accommodalion, it 
 would uiidoubted'y he muither ; and in such case the 
 Jury may, witht.'Ut crime, force tlieir liberty ; because 
 tlioy are illcgal'y confined, (having giv( n in 'heir ver- 
 diit, and thereby honi i^tiy d.s( barged tlifiroflice.) and 
 are not to be starved Rr any man's pleasure. 
 
 Jitnjm. Pul I have hern told, that a Jury is on'y 
 jiidge of naked mattt^r of iV.ct, and are not at all to 
 tvtke upon tlum to meddle with, or regard, mailer of 
 law, but I'ave it wholly to the court. 
 
 P.arr. ''lis mo^t tiue, Jnror<i are judges of mntfers 
 ol fact: that isihiir proper province, tbcir chief bu- 
 ,«m< s^ ; but jct not ex* lading the consid- raiion of niat- 
 ttr oJ law, as it arises out of. or is compticalid with, 
 and ii.fliiencc'S the fact. For to say, they are not at all 
 to mediilo wiih, or have respect to, law in giv n>:;thrir 
 Tcidicth, "s not on'y a fiiUe posiliun, aud coniriuhclcd by 
 
15 
 
 avery day's exporiencc j but also a very dangerous and 
 pernicious one ; tending to defeat the principal end of 
 tlie ii'siitution of Juries, jind so subtilly to undermine 
 tlmt which was too strong to be battered down. 
 
 I. It is false : For, though tho direction, as to mat- 
 ter of law separately, may bflong to the judge, and 
 the finding the luatlorof fact does, peculiarly, belong 
 to the Jury ; yot inu'f your Jury also apply mailer of 
 fiCl and lasv tcgcth^r ; and from thrir C( psiderauou 
 of, and a rif;;lit judgment upon both, brinj forth their 
 rerdict; Tor d>vve not see in mo;4 g.^neral issues, 
 as ni)on not guilty — pleaded in trespass, broach of ihi; 
 peace, or felony, thougli it be maUer in law whether 
 the parly be a tri spasspr, a brealici of the peace, or 
 a felon ; yet the Jury do not find the fact of the cage 
 by itself, leaving tlie law to the court ; but find the 
 party guilty, or not ^tdlty, goncrally ? So as, tliougli 
 they answer not to the que jlion siiigly, what ij law 1 
 yet they delermiue the i.»\v, in idl matlers, where is- 
 sue ih j'»ined. So llkewiTo is it not every day's prac- 
 tice, that when persons are indirted (or murder, the 
 Jury not only fi.'d them guilty, or not guilty ; but mr.ny 
 times, upon healing, and weighing of circuinstant es, 
 brin;:: them in, either guilty of murder, manslaughter, 
 per iiifortiiiiiuvi, or sectcfendeu'lo, astliey see ciiust"" ? 
 Now ilo they'not, herein, complirati-ly resolve both law 
 and f-Ji't ? Ai.d to what end is it. that when any per- 
 son is prosecuted upoii any statute, the statute itself is 
 nsu illy read to the Jurors, but oidy that they ni>iy 
 judge, whether, or no, tlie matter be within that sta- 
 tute? But to put the businesi out of doubt, we have 
 the suffrage of that oracle of law, Littleton, who in 
 hi^ Tenures, sect. 368. declares, 'That if a Jury 
 
 f^^ 
 
 'IP. 
 
 
 V. 
 
 11 
 
 i\ 
 
 I 
 
IG 
 
 W 
 
 
 i: 
 
 rt 
 (i 
 
 h 
 
 will tr.kc upon tlirni tl:e krrvricc^ge of t! e Ia;v iipoi> 
 Vv iiiatter, tlsex' -rn}'.' Wliicli is n.'^rtcd to likewi.-e 
 hy Cok ' it) l^is (oniment tlinoiipoii*. And ll •refore. 
 it is la!-*^ to s: y ilial ti:e Jiirv hii'h not piiM-er, or dota 
 J!«)t US;' fr»{jueiit!y to ajjily tin* i'nc.\ lo Ihe bw; nud 
 Ihcuce taliiitg thfirmfnsi rep, j'ld^^o oi, and detcruuup, 
 the crime, or is?ue, by tit ir vf rd](:l^ 
 
 '2. As Jurit s liiive cvf r lun^n vested ui'li sue! »'>ow pr 
 ly iiiw, fo, t'i exc'udc t!icin fioiu, or di-i^ei.-e lln'm ol' 
 thf> sntiio, \v«ie ulter'y to doft;;!! ll:e cud of tli^.ir in- 
 sti(ulioii;J:. rorthiiij if a person shcuid bpindidcd 
 for do'rj; any con-mon innootnt act, if it I'e but i luih- 
 rd, ntid di-onis<-d, in tKc iisdictinent, with tip name r.f 
 
 * BiTore {'n<^ prce.;! (li^c'Ho aro-e- lui a'llp v filer (;f our own 
 tin:f .5 ctHi'i^icrs ll W H8i n si-tiir J ni'i! iillo'.' cj nilr fj.'.T Flmk- 
 s.cre'j r'optnn tiiaties. vol t. |>. 8. vol 111 |). 877. 37is ['arlicu- 
 larly vi>l. l\ ■ \<. o.j'i, cr;5. 4ili cil. 
 
 T Nut '(fily ire »-x|)t(-ss u^sertioti (•!' Ihm yt r? — nni] liii; |>racli«re 
 cf tlio Fourti', ('rove, ttipt .Imicsntf- niulu'i !>■«•<] to deleiini 10 ilia 
 liiW, so fpr R9 it itl.-.tpp lo Itie fill 1 ;. I'lit, in the lliiul iiltcp. the 
 nM.iJu. in wliici) \(-r(li<,ls tr.nst l.i- given, iiuhcr.tr, Ihi.t tliry Imve 
 liii'^ power It Jim;, s hiid been n|i)i()iiiU-(l to judfie ol furls oii'j'i 
 t!iP -vVij; ;'» ' (]i)iii'.' ( V ' i.ot ddiift.' or woriii ot h li!>r iriiporl, ufn.'d 
 • avr t-P.i'ii ?ul'!-titn!ftl (or lie v orcis ' pnilty,' m 'not giiiliy.' 
 V'uvcvcr, na i.'iir niirtvit' rs liiivf. jilact'dii in tlifir optidi) to tie- 
 tt rniine liio law, si> far ni it is coiii'm it rl with tim (jitl ;. ihe luw 
 fiiricp ol'tlieir vcnlict? totniir' (ipiids. \\Iien lieccisaiy, tlieii sen- 
 t^iieiils uintii liotli. II a: y ai'lioii i^s^iiid (o Ijn crmiiiinl, it is iie- 
 uij.-iRt'.y to di'loraiifie v\tiuilier liip e.iiioii Isniin'iitd .•— So Ih&t 
 %v!ii'ii a Jury dpclarrs that n man is c^iil'v, the tact is iiuplicd ; 
 h<;<:< ')te lln-y oaiinot hflix tjiiilt, where llwuf is no fact- Winn 
 ft Jury deiiarrs a man not {iuiliy. Mie (i'MpimioMtioii of ll^c fact 
 ij left uucprtniii ; bccansp it is iinnerPSiary ; lor the law concerns 
 iueif viitli actions, only so far n* tiny are criminal. 
 
 i From tiie doclrioe, that Jnries, in the ra-t (^1 lihrf', are tint 
 judg s of law. as well as fad, neeessarily (Idws the Icllciw iiif; lAi- 
 siiri'ily ; viz. thai il is tlie duty of Jfiiij.s to di>e'ai«» inrn guilty, 
 or fi'M piilly, in whom tliey percoive iKiUer fuiil, or iniiocenre. 
 
 r. Aroiii : If. hocansc a circ.iim.'-taiicp i? e?tHlili?hi'd ns a f<ict, 
 
 it ii to Ur rej-uled as a eririp, «'vcry incident w!ii«;li hap| ens, is a 
 ci'itic. ^d\^, if prinliiit, and pubiif-hmg r.iOy he iTiminal, ills 
 « -i ..iiial to print Diid piibli'sli the Book of Corrmon rrnycr, ard 
 Ue Bible. 
 
If 
 
 rA' upoi> 
 likewise 
 I •refote 
 , or (3nt:i 
 aw ; iiiiU 
 teiuiii-e. 
 
 ^ ili<'m oi' 
 \\\f'.\r in- 
 ' inOii led 
 lut I Iiith. 
 ' wnv.c r.f 
 
 ;f our own 
 
 j.-r P.lmk- 
 7b parlicur 
 
 in; prar.tire 
 f itni le I ha 
 
 |>!i,ce 
 
 tlie 
 
 1 tln'y linve 
 fiifis oii'y, 
 iO(l, \v(;i.'d 
 loi gtiiliy.' 
 ion lo lie* 
 I ;. iho li.!i- 
 ', tlifii sen- 
 fil, it is nc- 
 .— Stj that 
 s itnplieii ; 
 ict- Wiiin 
 of ll e fact 
 w coticcnis 
 
 'h, are n^^t 
 t!t*\\iii(: fclj- 
 iipii ;;ui!ly, 
 
 iimocenre. 
 
 ns a fi'ct, 
 a|)| oiis, is a 
 iminui, it is 
 
 trensoii, or some other high crime, and proved, by wU- 
 nesses, to have been done by him j the Jury, IhougU 
 satidtit d in lonscience, that the fact is not any such oC* 
 fence 39 it is called, yet because (according lo this fond 
 opinion^ they have no power lo judt^e of law, and the 
 fa« tcliaiged is fiiikv proved, tliey shall, at tl.is rote, Le 
 bound to find him f^udty : and binngso found, the judge 
 miiy pronounce spnlence agninst liim, for he finds him a 
 coiivittcd traitor, &c. by his peers. And thus, as a 
 certain physician boasted, that lie had killed one of his 
 patients with the best method in the world ; so here 
 should we have an innocent man hang;ed, drawn, and 
 quartered, and all according to law. 
 
 Jurym. God forbid that any such Ihingj sliould be 
 prat tised ! and irideerf 1 do not very fully tindcrsland 
 you. 
 
 llarr. I do not say it ever hath been, and I hope it 
 never will he practised : but this I will say, that ac- 
 cording to this dociiitie, it may be ; and consequently 
 .Tuiies may ihoicliy be rendered, rather a snare, or en- 
 gine of oppression, than any advantdjje or guardian of 
 our legal libertit s against arbitrary injustice ; and made 
 mere properties to do thediudgery, and bear the blame 
 
 It is hard to ?!»y, on nhnf princi'-Ios tiiis riglil of Juri»!s can bj 
 disputf'd. " If .Jiiryinpii, liecniise not bred to tlie law, nre sup« 
 (iiispd iiKinpntile of knowing what is, or what is uol, law ; it fol- 
 lows tliRt none but lawyers rat! jiistly be punisiied for a breach of 
 tlie law : foi, surely, tiint man is rather unfortunate, llian faulty, 
 who i?noir.iilly transj^tossps the law" — lie^ides, if it is wis* lit 
 vest the determination of law, where it roiicerns facts, in the 
 Jury, when any civil or criminal suit is in (|Ui'Sti<in ; certainly it 
 is wise to entrust the Jury with the same power, in all suits, 
 wiiich partinilarly concern the stale : because, in such suits, th« 
 dMerminalion is always of tnovi: conseipnnco, iiVd judf^'es ore 
 more, likely to be iindtr an iiifl leiicc, which is injiirioiis to ffie 
 rights of th«i people. 
 
 c 3 ^ ' 
 
 
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 if 
 
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■-■■'-jx^r ".-"sw^-vr^^'- 
 
 19 
 
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 ef unreasonable prosecutions. And since jou aecm so 
 tlu.l as not to perceive it, let us pul an imaginary cnse ; 
 not ill the least to abet any irreverfnce lowaids Hi» Mc." 
 jebty, but only to explain the tiling, and shew the ab- 
 furdness of this oj)inii)n. — Suppose then a man should 
 be indict«'d, for that h' is a false traitor, nut having the 
 fear ol God belbn- his eyes, kc did, Iraiteronsly, pre- 
 sumptuously, a'i;aiiist his allfgiante, and with an intent 
 to afTront Ills Majesty's person, and government, pass 
 by such, or such, a royal stalue, or effigies, wiilj his 
 hat on his iiead, lo the great contempt of ilia Majesty 
 and his authority, the evil ( xamjtle of otliers, ogamst 
 *he peace, and IJi.^ Majesty's troun imd dignity. Being 
 liprcnpon arr;ugned, and liaving pleaded not j^uil'y, sup- 
 pose that sufticient evidence shou d swrar the matt* r of 
 fact laid in the indictment, viz : that he di<l pass by the 
 statue, or piclUiC, with his hat on ; now ima;;ine your- 
 relf one of the Jury that were sworn to try liiui ; what 
 would you do in tlie matter? ' ■ 
 
 Jurxjin. Do ? w by I should be fatisfiod in my coo 
 science,, that tlie man had not, herein, coinniilted any 
 crime, and so 1 would bring him in, not guilty. 
 
 liarr. You speak as any hon«*st man would do : but I 
 hope you have not forgot the point we were npnn. Sup- 
 pose thrreforp, when you thou;:ht to do thus, \\u'. torn t, 
 or oie of your brtlliten, shculd tnkejouup, and tell 
 yon, that it wan out of your power so lo do ; <• for look 
 '' ye (naith he) my masters ! we Jurymen are only to 
 '• find matter of fact; whith beiuo fully proved, as in 
 •' tins caS" bi fore us it is, we UiUst find ilie paily fiiil" 
 '' ty. WhttLcr the thing he treason, tr nut, does net 
 
Being 
 
 but I 
 
 '•' bt;lono to U3 to enquire ; it is aaid so Invr, you soe, 
 " in the indictment ; and let tlie court look to tha', they 
 *' know best. We are not judges of law, Sliall wo uicd« 
 " die with niceties and punctilios, and go contrnr}/ to 
 " tiie directions of the court ? So perha|>s wft sliall bring 
 " ourselves into n Prmmimire (as they s.<y) and pr-rhjips 
 •' nevpr be pufferod to be Jurymen n{;ain. No, no> 
 *' Ihf mntter of fact you see is proved, and that is our 
 ** busint'ss ; wo nrmst |i;o ai< ordiny: (o our evidence, we 
 "cannot do less ; truly it is something hanl, and I p'ty 
 " the poor man, hui we cannot help it," &c. After 
 these notable documonts, what would vou do now ? 
 
 Jiiryni. I should not tell what to say to it ; for 1 hove 
 heard several ancionl Jurynvn sppiik to the very same 
 elTert, and thought they t:ilked very wisely. 
 
 Ban. WeW then, would you consent to bring in the 
 man guilty ? 
 
 Jurym. Tru'y I should be foinewhat unvvillinjjto do 
 it ; but I do not see which way it can be avoided, but 
 that he must be f )und ouiity of the fact. 
 
 llitrr. God keepcveiy lionest body Iromf^uch Jury- 
 men ! Have you no more reyavd to your Oath ? to your 
 conscience ? to Justice ? to the life of a man ? 
 
 Jurym. Hold ! hold ! perhaps we would not bring 
 him guihy g<.'nerally, but only guilty o( the lart ;* tjnd- 
 inu no more, but, guilty of j)ast.ing !>y the statue with 
 his baton. ' \ ; v t " ^ - - 
 
 Burr. This but poorly niendi? tin* mntt'T, and signi- 
 fies I'ttU- or nothing; : for su( h a finding hath gent'rally 
 
 ■■ Is not lliis t'XHctly similHr (u u lu;e vu'uicl giv'Uti i:i lliu cago 
 
 ftf ihu King ai^uin%l rroo'(/'.<^ ? ., 
 
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 boeu refused l»y the court, ns lieing no verdict ; thougb, 
 it is said, it ^vHs latoly allowed somewliero in a case that 
 required favour. But, suppose it wore accopled, what 
 do you intend should become of tl»e prisoner ? Must not 
 ]ie be kept in prison tillali the Judgcsare ntlci^urr, and 
 wilhng, to meet, and argue tlie business ? Ought you 
 not, and what reason can you give why you should nolj 
 absolutely acquit, and discharge him ? Nay, I do aver, 
 you are bound, by your oaths, to do it ; by E:iying with 
 your moutlis to th<' court, what your conscience cannot 
 but dictate to yourselves, ' not guilty.' For pray con- 
 sider, are you not sworn, that you will well and truly 
 try, and true d< liverance* make ? There is none of 
 tiis story, of matter ol fact, distinguished from law, in 
 your oath ; but you are, ' well,' that is, fully, and 'tru- 
 ly,' that is impartially, to try the prisoner. So that if 
 upon your conscirnces, and the best of your uiderstaiid- 
 infr, by what is proved against him,yoii fiiid he isgu.l- 
 ty of that crime wherewith he stands charged, that i?, 
 deserving death, or such other punishinent as the law 
 intlicts upon an oflence so donominated ; ihen you arc to 
 say, he is guilty. But if you are not sati^lied, th.it ei- 
 ther the act he has committed, was trt^ason, or o'.Ikt 
 crime, (though it be nevi r so olten trdh'd so ;) or ihnt 
 the art its»ir, if it wore so criminal, was not do.ie : then 
 what remains, but, th;il you are to nrqnit liim ? for the 
 end of Juries isto preserve m^'!l from o|)prossion; whi h 
 inny liappen, as u<ll by isnpoMu;:, or mining; iliem (or 
 that an a crime, whii h indeed is. none, or it least not 
 such, or so great, a= is pretended; as hy charging them 
 
 ii 
 
 ■' Of Iheii' veitlitt, Ibis is mi:Bat. 
 
fl 
 
 ; liiougl), 
 casp that 
 led, what 
 Must not 
 >urr, and 
 'ughl jou 
 loulct not, 
 [ do aver, 
 ying with 
 ce cannot 
 )ray con- 
 and truly 
 is none of 
 tm law, in 
 
 niul'tru- 
 )0 that if 
 derstaiid- 
 le isgu.l- 
 that is», 
 s the l.iw 
 ^ou arc to 
 I, th.it el- 
 
 or otlii r 
 ) or that 
 >:ie: llien 
 ? for the 
 n; whi h 
 
 tiiein loi' 
 least not 
 
 iiig; tliem 
 
 with the co'nmissiun of that, wlii h, in In.th, iras not 
 c-.inmil(fd. Anil how do yon wJI, and truly (iy, and 
 true diiiverruicp make, when indeed yen d.) I»iit deli- 
 vcr him up Incttliprs to be condemned, for lh;it, whii.li 
 yonrst'lvesdo not hf lu'vo to he any ciim*?? 
 
 Juryvi. Well ; but the support il case is a case un'-np. 
 p)sahie. It is not to Uh imii,;incd, thnt any s'u h thir C 
 slionldh.ippcn ; nar to be Ihonght, that tiicJLidj;cs wid 
 condi-nm any nsan, tboUj^li broij':,l)i in gni'ty by t'lo J'l* 
 r\'f if ibt^ m.'ider, in itself, i.e not rocriniiiial by I.«w. 
 
 Ilarr. It is m ist trne, I i\o not bidicve that ever that 
 cose will iKippen. I put it as atiiin;; of np;)iirent absur- 
 V 'y, tb-Tt you hji^;ht thu more clearly o!)Sf'rvo the un- 
 rt'asonablenoss of tiiis doilrine ; but wit'nl I ir.utt tell 
 you, that it is not impossible that some other CBf. S m.^y 
 Fe-i'iy hiipp^n, oftlie ?:i:i:c, >r ihe like nalure, tiicngib 
 more fwie, and plausible. And, though we ppr-rchend 
 jH)t, thiit iiuri'ig die rcij^n of His iNjiiji'sty tbat now i?, 
 Tivhos? lit" (led loop; pieservc)any Jud;; •« will be niai!e, 
 thai would so wrest t!ie law ; yet .hat sccuj Ky is iher* , 
 lint t!'r<t fioina successors may not be so crution? in their 
 c!;oice ? and, though our bsm hes of jijdi.atnre be at 
 p! esciit furniiiiied with gentlemen of great intcgi i'v, yet, 
 there may ohc dav happe-i some 'I'rrsiliim, (jrk'nsmnn 
 of Empson'h-^ xogflin, (for wbiil has been, rn^y ]>e) 
 w bo, tmp30!i-i Jie, too, bh.dl pretend it tu be fur liie 
 mailer's service to increase the nnnibt r of criminnls, 
 thiit i'.is cofTois may be fdU'd with fnjc3, and fjifeiinres : 
 and then such ndsthiefa nuy n'iae. And Jurjo-, having 
 upon confidence parted with ihcir just privil^gos, shall 
 then, too l-jte, sirive lore-assume llieni, when the uum- 
 
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 ber of ill prj'cojionts sh.ill Ua fouclifJ to inforee tl'nt 
 a? oirigiit, \vlii( h in truth wiv, iit Hist n wrong, "frouml- 
 od on easiness aiul ignorance. \\,u\ our \vit<«', and wary 
 ancestoiv, lliotiglil lit to dopnnd so far upon the coulin- 
 gen; hoiif.-ly of jm!e;f?<, \.\ic>y necdod nn( to have been 
 so zoiiluiis io continue the usa^rc o^ Jiiiiis.* 
 
 Jnripn. \ c{ i^UW \ have hp.ird, that in ovcry ii.dirt' 
 nif nt, or ii.fo, inilion, ih'i e is aUviivs soin* thins; of foifri, 
 01 l;nv, and, somethii'.":^" else, /^'f f tct j aihl it set-ni^ ^■^•^• 
 SMMable, lh.it tho Jury shouM not he bound njMiiCi.ly to 
 fi:id t-vry farinality ihfr(!iri cxpfo?$ed,or clsi- to iu quit 
 (perhapK) a not-rioiiF. r.riuiinn!. But if t'loy find th»' es- 
 sential niatlcr of the crime, tiieii they ought to find hiui 
 gudty. 
 
 Ban. You say true, and therefore must note, that 
 there is a wide d:(rrehce to he made between words 
 of course, raist d by imphcatiun of I av, and e^s'ntial 
 wordir, that either make, or really at^'^ravale, the criiiie 
 charifcd. The law does suppose and imply every tres- 
 pass, br(M(hoffhe peace, ev<»ry (elotiy, mur.ler, or 
 treason, to b'' don'» net Armis, v/itli force, and arms, 
 &c. Novv, if a p^Tison b-' indicteil f^r murder by poison, 
 and t!ie matter prov<'d ; God I'orbid the Jury shonld 
 scrui)U>. the finding him guilty upon the indictment, 
 m rv!:y bt'tar.so, ihry do not fhid that part of it, h? te 
 force, and anna, proved ! lor that is iniplit-d a» a ne- 
 cessary, or a'K.wable, fiction of law. 
 
 * II llifi reader ii* desirous of sein* the many onliRppy cotisc- 
 qupiites '.J vvliicli "iurh a dp|inn(leiicp would siili.iHct us, l«l liiin 
 rt'Hd llie second postsfriit to llie lotdr In A'nioiid, in miitl'T of li- 
 bel. rWere are inniiy ol»servnlion» in llint publi«:atioii, wliicli give, 
 gff'at coiitirnmliuii U» tlin doctrine* tier** l«itl down, and siiuw ihe 
 writer to liavt» trs«i)n jtossosscdiif CJfcoi'dingly guat bt)iliti(.«, jiidt;-, 
 D]cat; autl learning'. « 
 
 .;< 
 
 1! 1 
 
'eft ll'nt 
 o-rouml- 
 [)(1 wnry 
 K coulin- 
 ive b«f n 
 
 )■ iiidict' 
 ; of lorrri, 
 
 iiiCi ly to 
 
 to n( (]uit 
 
 id tlu' PS- 
 
 fiA'J hi in 
 
 ote. that 
 en words 
 r.-9"ntiHl 
 he ciiiuC 
 ,-pry trcs- 
 irltT, or 
 \\\n\ Jirms, 
 V poison, 
 y sho\ild 
 lictnjpnt, 
 it, H?te 
 a* a ne- 
 
 Lipy cotisc- 
 js, lt!l liim 
 
 )HtlT of li* 
 
 Iwliicli giv« 
 Lt shew l»ie 
 
 But ou the other side, when the matter in ;«ne, in 
 itsi'lf, nnd taken a» n naked proposition, if of »u< h a 
 nature, as no action, indxtmont, or infonria'.ion will he 
 fi-r 11 singly ; but it is worked uj) by special »ij:;jrriva- 
 iioii>< into matt'T of dnin;igfi, or crime ; (as that it was 
 doDo to scand iliz(^ the governmcnl, to raise scdilioii, 
 to affront atithorily, or the like, or with such, of i-uch, 
 jin evil intent:) If tlirse a<r{iravalionb, or some ov»irt 
 act to manitVst such ill dosijrn, or intention, be not 
 nvide out by evidence, then ougl.t the Jury to find the 
 party, uotguilty. For example: 
 
 Dishop r^atimer (afterwards a martyr in bloody Queen 
 Mary's driye, fur the I'sotestant relii^ion) in his sermon 
 p> cached !»' fore the most extellcnt King I'dward Vl, 
 delivered these ?vords : 'I mu'-t desire your grace to 
 hear poor men's suits yourself.' The saying is now, 
 ' 7 hat monf y is Iicard every where :' * It' he be rich, 
 he shall soon liave an end of his matter.' * 0th. rs are 
 f.iiij to go home v, it!i woepirg tears for any ln-!p ihcy 
 tan ('hi lin at any juJ;^e',s hand. Hear men's suits your- 
 srlf, 1 require you in Cod's benalf ; and putthcni not 
 to ilie liea^ing of those velvet co.it?, tli<se up-skips. A- 
 m >iigs! all otliers, one especially moved taf at this lime 
 10 ?peaU : This it i.«, Sir: A jfentewoinan lame and 
 told me, that a great man k( rpeth certain lands of hers 
 fjoiu her, and will be her tenant n spite of her teeth. 
 And tliat in a whole twelve month stii* could not get 
 but one day for the liearing of her matter, and the 
 H.MDe day, wlen it should be heard, the gri«t man 
 broiijxht on his s-ide a great sight of lawyers for liis 
 couucii. The gentlcwuinan had but oiiu man of law, 
 
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 .Mm 
 
ii 
 
 24 
 
 And the wrPFit ini'.i thaltes Ijim so, tlial lie cnnnot ttli 
 uliJt to il •. t^o i'lL.t vvluMi ill*' nuilliT rnri'e Id tlie point 
 t: c juJ.e w;i» u uie:iiia lo (ho irt-i th'wotn.in, that she 
 shoiiM lit Ihe great m;in have n q.iictiics.s iu lu-p |,ini!- 
 Ihtsh.-ech your gr.an, th«l ye would lov-k lo the.e 
 lUattiTs. 
 
 - * And \oii, noud jid^ci ! hrnikcn whni Ood >:iit!i 
 in hi8 holy h')iiK ; ^IwU'eiflns^ilct panum, ut nKt^m.m, 
 hear thetn (sjiitli Ur) th»i s-ruiil tjs »ved i.u th? j^reat J 
 tlie p lor Hi wvM as (lie ri h ; r< ^imI n p'T.^oii, ( 
 
 man And \\U\ ? Qn'.t /)i 
 
 nmtnx 
 
 Jil'lU.lhlU cs 
 
 ', th. 
 
 (?ar lio 
 
 meiit i* God's. ^:atk this p:i)iiij;, thou [.roud I'lKigc; 
 tl«' il vi! will hiiiii' this cenlcr.ct' :ii;ainri tl>«>(' ot liii'djiy 
 of doom. II' 1! willbs full oi" thcs"^ j"i'g''''> '^ thfv ir^- 
 penl not, and .Jiuptid : tli'-y art- wurfo than thf uiidvfd 
 jiid;;" that Ch.iisl sju-aketii of, I uk(! tlic lOtI:, that lu-i- 
 ihav frHKil God, iidT thf? woild. Our ji;d{;Pis are wors-e 
 'han tl is- judge w;i« ; lor thc^' " iH nfitlicr hrar nun f*»r 
 riou'ri a.ik*', uorffni of thewoili, . or irapwrliiiKiteufH:;, 
 nor any thln;^ f] *i ; yoa, sOiue of tiifm will ronimai d 
 tlHwn to ■■''' ward it thcjy be iirif,<Mtnn!ilt'.— I hcr.id say 
 that wlicn a suitor ta'ne to one of ihptii, he said, ' What 
 iVMow if^it, th;!t giv\th thf.-e folks toir.url to l)c so ini- 
 portniiaf • 'I Ho deserves to he punibhed, ar.d cctnniifitd 
 to Wiird.' ' ftl irry, Sir, piinis!^ n-.e then ; it i.sevenl 
 tiiat gave thoiii counael. i would tibdly he piinishoJ in 
 such acauFe ; and if you amend not, I will <.au;0 thctn 
 to cry <yui upon you :.till ; even as h)iig as 1 live.' These 
 pre the very words of that good bishop, and martyr, 
 futhe. [iatiiJKT: • He.l iicw-a-d ly? lii<^ jiuiges be aCraid to 
 
 Pit.^'jii. 
 
u 
 
 cannot l» li 
 > the point, 
 ri, that bha 
 11 \it'T liinti- 
 K>k lo tlie-e 
 
 it Goil y-Mih 
 ut nutfj^mim, 
 
 !()i), I't'ar 10 
 *', tht^jiu';- 
 
 »<:• ot tlii'tltiy 
 , if tlipy ift- 
 1 thf ^^ iilii'd 
 )tl:, liiat Hfi- 
 ;pis are wor^e 
 hf nr niin f'»r 
 
 ill conisniu d 
 I lici.id S!iy 
 said, ' What 
 to 1)0 so im- 
 
 i!(l cctnmititd 
 it is even I 
 
 ; piiiiisliGd in 
 
 \\ (.nui'O them 
 
 live.' These 
 
 ami martyr, 
 
 59 be alrajil to 
 
 lipar a pcrman ajniastllie ricli; Inn'r.r.icli, they v\ ill ,:i- . 
 t!iorproiioiiric(> against himjOrsodriveoiriliopoonn-nrs 
 suit, tlinl he shill not bi' able to pjo tlnough with ii. f 
 
 Jurtjm, Truly they are soinewh.'.t holJ, hut I ihi.ilt ve- 
 ry hoiieilorios. I*iit what si<;nify they to our discourse '! 
 
 llirr. Only tliis ; suppo.-'ethe jud^ca of thoise times, 
 thinking tltenjselves agi;riev<'d by 9iu:h liis freedom, 
 should have brou^jht an indutini'nt against liim, settin;; 
 forth, that ' faU^'ly, and maliciously, intending to sca.i- 
 tldbzo the government, and tl»f adminiitratiou of Jus- 
 tice, in this realm, and to bring the same into contempt, 
 he did speak, publisli. nod declare the false, and scan- 
 d.tlous, words before recited.' 
 
 Jii.njm I conceive tlie judges had more mi than to 
 l.ouble themaelrea about such a business. 
 
 }]ar. That is nothing (o llie purpose ; but suppose, 
 I «tn', by tlieui, or any body els*». It had been done; 
 and liiij speaking tlie words bad been proved j and yon 
 h.id then boon living, and one of the jury ? 
 
 Jiirym. I would have pronounced liim not guillj', and 
 been starved to death before I would have ronse;ite I 
 to a contrary verdict ; because the words in them- 
 selves are not r.riniinal, nor red -ctinj upon any parti- 
 culars; and as for what is supposed to he Itii in t'ne 
 indiciment or information, • that they were publishid, 
 or spoken, to setindalizc the government, .and the ad- 
 ministration of justice, or to brin;j the same into ton- 
 tempt,' nothing ol' that appears. 
 
 liurr. Yon re.olvc, as every lion-'sl, und'^rstanding^, 
 conscientious man would do in the lil;ec asp ; for wiicn 
 a man id prosecuted lor that which, in itself, is no 
 
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 crime, l;ow ilrtMtlfiil'y sopver il may bo set out, (ns tie 
 in((i.i'Hil'ii4 ill Sjt.iin use to cloiho iniioroiit jxote.-taiit.", 
 uliuii) tl»»7 ron^i^nto the (lam's, vviili Sambctiifos, gwr- 
 ineiit.s ill! over icpninti-d will) di'vil', ilint llit> pecplu 
 beiiolilinj; llicm in so hellisli u drc*!!, niiiy Ix* so fur 
 from pi yingthem, tint iliry may rattier « ondfimi thoiii 
 in tbeir thou;ihl3 ns niiscrciutts not woithy to live, al- 
 though in truth th«y know noihius; of their tauso ;) — 
 yit 1 say, iiol^Tith.^iniidiii;,' any such bugbear itrlilJces, 
 an innocent man on'^ht to be acqiiillcd, anl m.l he nod 
 ali his family ruined, an<l p-'vliup^ utterly undiuio, lor 
 words or matter^, harmless in ih- mstdyt-s, uiid possibly 
 vory wtll intended, l>ut only leud^red ^ riminal, by be- 
 ing thu3 hideou!'ly dressed up, and wr'Sted wiili some 
 far-(etrbed, fuct-d, mid odious constru* tion. 
 
 Jiirym. This is a matter well worthy tti** cdnsidor;!- 
 lion of hII Juries ; for indite 1 I have olien wondired 
 to observe the adverbs in declar.ilion«, in.lictments, 
 nnd iiifoim 'lions, in so ne ca«es to be b.innl ss vinegar 
 and |'e()pcr, and in olbera, lienliane stfcpcJ in tiqua- 
 foitia. 
 
 ]lnrr. That may easily bnpp^n, where th" Jury d-.fs 
 not (iistiii^,u:.di legal itvipli-.atio -, from su'Ji as consli- 
 tutp, or UMtcrial'y ag-j^ravitc, llic ciim'; fur iftho Ju- 
 ly frhad rt fust' to find the latter in tasi-s where there is 
 not direct proof ol litem, v./,. that such an art wh done 
 t"al«t*ly, scaiidd')Usly, rnalici 'ii^lv, wiih an ntent to raise 
 seiiiio:!, defi^m'' the [i^overmi'Mit, or the Ike. llit'ir 
 , )n:utl)s ariMiot to be stop', nor tlicir i:o!i<«i-:ence3 satis- 
 . fieJ with the court's leliitig llieni --Vou have nothing 
 to do with that ; it is only matter of I'orm, or matter of 
 jaw; you are o.dy to txaiiiiae the fitt, whether ho 
 
sr 
 
 lit, (as tlie 
 ti)te.>-tiMitP, 
 iiittis, gur- 
 hf pei<i»lti 
 f be St) fur 
 Ifiiiii thoiiv 
 o live, al- 
 rauso ;) — 
 r itriilJccfi, 
 i)<>l lie tintl 
 idono, for 
 1(1 pussiMy 
 iial, l»v be- 
 \\h\\ sumo 
 i. 
 
 consiilorn- 
 wonclircil 
 .licttnerits, 
 ss vinegar 
 in oqua- 
 
 Jijry {].-,ci 
 as con si i- 
 ifthp Ju- 
 re there is 
 t n'ts (lone 
 nut to raise 
 Ike;, tlit'ir 
 noes satia- 
 vi3 nothing 
 r matter (if 
 liotlicr ho 
 
 «p.)ke jnt h wor(1«, wrote or loM sncli book, nr th« 
 lik .* F(»r now, if tlu'y should Ignoruntly take thu 
 for an ans\\ or, and l»rin;j in tlie prisoner juilty, thoui;!i 
 Ihoy mi^an au.l in'enJ, uf the njked f.ict, or l)ir<* act, 
 only; yet the th'rk rocoriling it diMmrul-i a ftirthei' 
 conlirniation, sayirta; to them, ll;us : • Wtll tlicn, }oti 
 say A. (J. i? gwihy of tho trespass, or nn3i!cia»'nMor, iii 
 nnn.ior and fsrin as ha stands indictcu ; and so you 
 say all V 'i'o wliicli the fnrmj.m answers for himself 
 and \iW fellr.vs, ' Yes.' Whereupon the verdict is drawn 
 up ^* Ju>'afnre^ super sacramentnm suum dicunt,^ Lc, 
 ' The jurors do^ny tipon tlicir oaths, th.it A. H. inalit i- 
 oui!y, in contempt of tho king and llie govern ;netit, wiih 
 an intent ti) scaudallzi' the n(l:nini;itration of j(.K«iiiP, and 
 10 brin;^ the samn into conlom;)!, or to raise s.di'ion,' 
 k''. (as tlio words iiefife \v(*r<i laid,) spak2 sach woi ih', 
 publish "d such a Ijook, or did such T;i net, nc'Mnal lliO 
 peuM' of our lord th" kiiii;, iiis crnvvn and di^aity. 
 
 Tiius a vEiiDicr, so call 1 in law, quasi vei ilaHs, h^- 
 Ciivi<»e it ought to be the voice or sayiii;^ of tkuth 1 it- 
 SL'if, ni'iy become c iposed in its material pait o( 
 rdchood. Thus twelve men i;;nor.m'ly (.Irop into a 
 p.MJnry. And w.ll uot every coiiscii'Otiwus nuia trem- 
 ble t'j pa-ivn h;3« iil iind<'V the ancred j.nd dreadful so- 
 IvMiiniiy (^f an (; lli, t > aitc.-t ;<nil j isi fy ,i \yc nj-cn re- 
 cord to a'd po>terity ? ''CS'idi'S tl,.> ui'nti^ doiiO to the 
 
 * A pr rill"! I — Our mi.>'! -rn putii.jl'j Iiavc t.finn li en ili(> ssjlj- 
 
 jltCtS i>| nihi'lllc, till Ui;i;iJ(Iill 1)1 llirir «ii|il •■lliil-ii)!;- ; IhiV.'fVl T, 
 
 \Vi' li.r.'- livi'J ti> soe ill t'iin.i'"lit)ii t)l »i \niil j"; ,ji.;;i,iiis !i. rij 
 ii.i'Jf liy oMt" ofnur ain.i'-,i<ii > ; n.;(l mil' ))u-l»'i ily miiy . in (lie s^snu 
 r«.ri!t"'i' tiave reas'in to In; ciiviiic"!! Iliat lliojc liiaJc in uur 
 UiUL'i ara not c:iliri;iy widi'Mjl (i)!iiiti.»tii)ii, 
 
 ! Vere tlic:ai)i. 
 
 MkBrita 
 

 r 
 
 lii 
 
 if 
 
 
 23 
 
 prisoner, vho therc'uy, peili.<p=«, coiv.os lo he lounged, 
 aiul so the j'lry, injoro con-^cieiifiae, are ctTtiiiiily guihy 
 of [lis munlor; or at least he it-, l»y fine ;• irnprisoii- 
 ini?i;t, iiiul'-nf', with a!l his farni'y, whose just cursed 
 will fail hrayy on such iiijusf Juryiiscn, atiil all iheir 
 ]»rsterily, who, ag.iinsl their oallis and duty, occasion- 
 ed their cfiU-seless misery. And is all lh.5, think you, 
 nutliingbul a matttr oi' forniati'y ? 
 
 Jiirijm. Yrs, really, a mat'ifr of vast importance, 
 and sad ccti*alf'ra'ioi; ; yet 1 ihink you charg? the mis- 
 rJiU^fs d )ne hy t ich prDceedicgs a little tco heavy up- 
 on t!i« Jurors. Ah;s. (^ciod men ! th<^y niei'ii no h'lnn ; 
 they do but follow th'? directiops oi the couit : if any 
 body rvf-r happen to be to Id. me iu such caic?, il inu=t 
 be the jud^pj. 
 
 l)Uir. Ye?, fjrscolh ! that is the Jurymen's comnioii 
 jdfta; but do you think it will hull good in the cturt 
 of Heaven? It is not enough that we nnoan no harm, 
 but we must dj none neither, especially iu things of 
 that moment. Nor will ignorance excuse, whore it is 
 hffected, and where duly ohlig'^s us to inform ourselves 
 better, and w bore the matter is so j)l.iiii and easy to 
 be luuKrstoud. 
 
 As for the judges, they have a fairer plea than ynu, 
 anil may q"ick!y return the burthen hack upon the Ju- 
 rors ; for" we,' may they say, ♦ di i nothing but our 
 tiiity, acrording to usual practice. Th^Jury, his peers, 
 bad found the fellow guilty, upon thoir oath.-*, of such 
 an odious crime, and a't?nded with fuch vilt^ preauutp- 
 tions, and dangfrous citcuirstances. Tlu^y ar*" ju(!j;es ; 
 we tot'k him as they prf'8Ci;'icd him to us ; and accord- 
 ing to our duty, pronounced the sentence lh.it the law 
 

 ii.jlicfs iu puch cases, or set a fir.e, or orclered corpo- 
 icijl punishmef.t upon iiim, wliich wis very niodoratc, 
 coii^iuoriiuj the crime l-iiti in tlio iiidUtment, or inl'tir* 
 nr.itio!), and of wiiii !> tlioy had so sworn him guilty. 
 If he wereiiiiioceiit, ornotao bad .is. represented, !et his 
 destrui tioii !i<' (i;).)n th<' jury. Jic' At this rale, if rvcr 
 vvi: should have ;in uncoiisiioiiaUie, .Judge nii;^!'.! he ar- 
 gue ; and thus ihe guilt of the bi <o.l, or ruin, (if an in- 
 nocent man, when it i.^ too Inte, sliall he haiulied taaitd 
 fro, and shiilHoJ off fi-irn ilin Jury to the Jud^^ej a;;d 
 from tlie Jud^e t) the Jury, but really sticks last to 
 l)oih, but esp'ci il!y on th' Jurors; becms.? tlie very 
 end of their institniion was to prevent :>!l d :n;;er5 of 
 such oppreg'^iun ; and in oyery suih ca-e, tlicy d > not 
 only wrong the r own scul^, and irrcparahly irij'irc a 
 paiticuhir pctt^on, but als ) bubcly betray ihf libcitics 
 of their co'.^ntry in general. Voi us, without U:cir ill 
 compliance and act, no su«:h niiscliiel can hapj) n, so 
 by it, ill precedents are made, and Itic plague is in- 
 creased ; liones'.oi Jurie«i are disiieartened, or sedu- 
 ced by custom from tbeir duties; juat piivih'ges arc 
 lost by disuser; and pt^rhaps withui a while, some of 
 themselves \\\^-^ have an lioK^ pit k''d in their coot.*, 
 and thiMi they are tried by iUMtlur Jnry just as wise, 
 and honest, and so dej^ervedly c;nije to smart nndi r 
 the ruinating tffecls and example oi their own fully and 
 iiijuslice. , , / ; .■ ■ . i: ■■ ' ■ • •' ^ ..'''; .. ' 
 
 Jiirym. You talk of folly, and blamp Jurymen, when 
 indeed they caiwiot help it. They would somelinies 
 find 8U«h a person guilty, and suih an one innOient, 
 nnd ore persuaded th'y ou'vht so to do ; but tr.G court 
 
 over rub 8, and forces ihein to do otherwise. 
 d3 
 
 ii "i 
 
 if 
 
^ i, 
 
 ■11 »<■' 
 
 
 7?arr. How, I prpy ? 
 
 Jtirym. How ! why, cl'ul ycu never lifar a Jnr^' 
 threatened to l»e iiiifil or imprisoncil, if they did not 
 camj-ly with the sentiments oftliu court ? 
 
 liarr. I have read of such tioingt;, hut I never hc^nrd 
 orjfuv it done : and indeed I il< not doubt but our seats 
 of justice are JurnishoJ wiii) bi.th I>; tier men, and bet- 
 ter lawyers, than to use any fuch meuaces, ordnress; 
 for undoubtedly it is a base and very illeg.il practiee. 
 Hut, however, will any man that ff^ars God, nay, that 
 is but an honest heathen, debauch his conscienr;p, and 
 furswear himself, do his neighbour injustice, betray 
 \il3 country's liberties, and consequently enslave liirn- 
 rclf and iiis posterity ; and a'l this merely because he 
 is heitore 1 and threatened a little ? 
 
 Jnrym. I know it should net sway with any ; but 
 alas ! a prison is terrible to most men, wljalever the 
 cause be; and the fine mny ba tucli, if one shall re- 
 fuse to comply, as may utterly ruin one's {an>i!y. 
 
 Bu7T. Fright not yourself ; there is no cause for this 
 f.jue fit to sliaUe your cons( icncc out of frame : if you 
 are threatene*!, 'tis Init hrutiin fnimen, lightning with- 
 out a ihunderbult, nothing hut big words ; for it i» well 
 known, that theuf, is never a .'i;d(;c in ENci.ANn 
 
 THAT CAN FINE On IMPKtSO.'* ANT JURYMAN IN SUCH A 
 
 CASK. 
 
 Jaryvi. Good Sir! I am half ashamed to hear a bar- 
 rister talk thiia. Have not some in our metnory been 
 fi.ied and impri^oiit-d ? And sure that whirh has attu- 
 pll} been doiia, is not altogether impossible. 
 
 liarr. Your s'Tvant, Sir! Under favour of your 
 mighty wisilom and experience, wlicn I said nojiKlg"? 
 
.31 
 
 a Jury 
 did not 
 
 )ur seals 
 aii'J liet- 
 r (lures? ; 
 practice, 
 liiy, that 
 iD-p, ami 
 ;. betniy 
 ive hirn- 
 iceiuse he 
 
 nny ; but 
 
 ever the 
 
 shall re- 
 
 for this 
 r : if you 
 mig with- 
 it is weil 
 
 ENGLAND 
 IN SUCH A 
 
 Par a har- 
 
 lory heen 
 
 has attu- 
 
 of yonr 
 1 no judge 
 
 coiiM do it, 1 spoko the more like a bariistcr : for'it is 
 a mi'diii in hnv — Id posaninus, qiuid Jure ponsuniiis ] 
 ' a in in i.s »aiil to be abl<» lo d j only so tmicli as lie may 
 lawfully do.' But such tilling and imprisoning cannot 
 lavvrully be done ; tlip jud.;t'9 have no right or power, 
 l-y law, to doit; and tin'r»"fore it may well be said, 
 thoy cannot, or are n>t able to do it. 
 
 And whtTcas you s;iy, that some Juries in onr me- 
 mory have been lined and impriscmed, yon may possi- 
 bly say true; but it is as tru*' that it hath been only in 
 our memory ; fur no such thins; was p act sed in an- 
 cient times ; for so I fii;(l it a.>serted hy a lite learned 
 i ivlge *, in thes'^ positive words : • ^.■() case can be of- 
 fered, either betooe attaints p;ranted in general, or af- 
 ter, that ever a Jury was punished by fine ami impri- 
 sonment by a!;y Jtidge for not finding according to 
 llieir evidence, and his direction, until Popham's timej 
 nor is there clear proof, that he ever fined them 
 for th it reasni), sejjaratcd from oth'T mifd'-meaiionrs.' 
 And ful. Iu2, he alFirms, * Tliat no man can shew, that 
 a Jury w^s ever punished upon an information, either 
 at law, or in the M;»r-chamber, where the charge wan 
 oidy for lindin;; against llieir evidence, or giving an 
 untrue verdict, unless imbracery, subornation, or the 
 like were joined.' So that, you se<*, the attempt is an 
 innoT^^tion, as well as unjust ; a th'ng unknown to our 
 fore-fathers, and the ancient sages of tlie law, and there- 
 fore so mu' h the more to be watched vgaiust, resisted, 
 &snppr^'ssed whilst young, lest in time this crafty cock- 
 atrice's e-;g, hatched and iostered by igiiorancp, and 
 
 *Lord cLii^rjuMice VatigUan, in bis Reports, fol. 146. 
 
 ill 
 
 li 
 
 
 illr 
 
 I 
 
Hi;'* 
 
 puiiiil'inim »us coir!pli;uu'e, jjrow up into a serpent ton 
 bi;;: to be muslercd, an'l so blast, ;hk1 destroy \\:o. fw>t- 
 born ol'our English liectloms. And iiule'd, blessed be 
 God, it hath bithcrto been ii;ioroii.,ly opfiosed ;i* of en 
 as it durst c^a^^l abroad ; beiiiij comlciinod inpjiiiu- 
 inent, nud knocked on tlie he. id by the r»'s)oliiiii)i.ft ol 
 tlie ji'dges upon solemn argument j as, by and by, 1 
 slia 1 deinvMistrnte. 
 
 Jnujm. Well, but are Jurors n.>t liable then to line 
 or impri*onrn'3'ii, in any case whatsoevor ? 
 
 Barr. Nc^w yon run liom the i)oiiit; we wore talking 
 of giving tfieir vcrd;ct, nnd*yon speak of any case 
 wliatsoeviM-. Whereas you should herein obsiTve a 
 iiecei;sary dlt^tinclion, which I shall give y.ju in the 
 words of Ihat learned Judji;' b.st recited * ; ' Much if 
 the office of Jurors, in order to their verdict, is MiniS' 
 terial ; -t^ not ivithd rawing foni their I'eMows aftfr they 
 are awnn: ; not receiving from fitljer side evidence not 
 given iii cnnit ; n t e ilin;; and drinkin;; b fore th"ir 
 verd cf ; r''fu in;: t 'j; vo a vcriiici, &(•. wherein if they 
 iranifrrcss, they njay b;> fj.'abl'.!. Pui tlie vo diet itsi'If, 
 when giv'H,isnot an act min'st' rial, bul Judicia}, and^ 
 supposed to be, accoidmii; to tho '>est uj iheirjndginciit ; 
 for which thty are noi f^n.ibh', nor lo be punish, d, but 
 by attaint ;' that is, !)y another Jury, in cases wh^re* 
 nn attaint Iips, and wh^rp it s^hill bo lound xhAyWllfuUy^ 
 theyj^ivea vcrd ct, lal.-^e and corrupt. ';' . ' 
 
 Now that J'liies, oiliTwise, are in no case punish- 
 able, nor I an,for jiivio'jf iheir verdict accordinif to th' ir 
 conscience?, and the best of their judgment, ho legally 
 
 Vau^han's Report!, fo!. 152. 
 
33 
 
 p?iit ton 
 Ci^sed be 
 
 ii» of it'll 
 
 n [)ji iia- 
 [id bv, 1 
 t: to (iiic 
 
 ot£>lkii\;]; 
 any case 
 lisiTve a 
 II ill the 
 
 Much t-t' 
 is Mbiis' 
 il'ttT tliey 
 Icncp not 
 Di'o t!j"ir 
 ill if they 
 iict ilsflt', 
 cifti, and^ 
 idgaicut ; 
 jiht d, but 
 es w lie re 
 
 punish- 
 sr '0 th-ir 
 i)C legally 
 
 fi.'ed and irnpii^onod by any Judgf^, on colour of not 
 gc'ipg according lo their evidi'nce, or tin. ling contrary 
 to the du'octiuuaof tho touit ; is a truth, hoili founded 
 on un.inswerable ieasous,aud confirmed by irrefragable 
 authorities. 
 
 Junjni. Those I would glad'y hear. 
 
 Burr. Tlioy are many, but some of the most cviiient 
 are these tlial loUow. As for reasons :— • 
 
 I. A Jury ought not lo be finod, or imprisored, be- 
 cause tli<y do not follow the Judge's dir-;cllons : for 
 if tlwy do fidluw his dircclion?, they iniy yet baattain- 
 tsd ; and to s;^y they gave thfir verdict accordln!^ to 
 liis diiectioii?, is no bur, but the jud;;moi;t shall he re- 
 verst-d, nnd they punial.ed fordoing thr.t, vvliich if they 
 had not done, thry should, by this opinion, have bern 
 fined, and imprisoned, by the Judge. — Which is uu- 
 reasotialde. 
 
 II. If tl-ey d") not follow his Jirection, and be there- 
 fore fined, yet (h<^y may be attainted, and so they shoidd 
 bf douMy punislied by distinct jud"catures for the same 
 o/Tt^nce ; whit h the couin)on law never admits. 
 
 III. To what end i^ the Jury to be returned out of 
 tlie vicinnge, tliat is the neighbourhood, whence the is- 
 sue ar'sith ? To what end must hundredors be of the 
 Jury, whom the law supposeth to have nearer know- 
 ledge of the fact than those of the vicinage in general ? 
 To what end are they challenged so scrupulouijly to the 
 array and poll ? To what end must they have such a 
 certain fneliulri, and ho prohi, Sc legale^, homines, and 
 not of afiiiiity with the parties concerned, &c. If aft*;r 
 oil this, they implicitly must give a verdict by thr» dic- 
 tates, and autlioiity of another man, under pain of tines, 
 
 l\ 
 
 I' 
 
 . Si 
 
 ! ii 
 
 
 
 I 1 
 
34 
 
 up 
 
 ' t-i': 
 
 "i-"' 
 
 an*1 imprisonment, when sworn to do it aroording to the 
 best of their own knowlc <Ig.' ? A mat) camict ,ee by a- 
 nolh-T's pyp, uur hear l»y anolh^-t's ear ; ni> more 4 an 
 a u\.\\\ conrlud", or infer, the tliiiiy; to be resolved by 
 c'inoihcr'3 iiiuIerstanJinoj or reasoning, mil ss all men's 
 iinderstiii.(!in;»» were eqiiully ;,li!cn. And if, jncrcly in 
 cotn;)Iiaiic*>, because Iht^ Jnd;;e says thus, or thus, a 
 Jury shall give a verdict ; though such their verdict 
 shouM liappen to lie ri;j!it, tnio, nnd just; yet they 
 being not assured it is so from their own undc'rstiin(\iii'» 
 txr*'forsioom, at h^a.-t in/uro consiieiifice. 
 
 IV. Were Jurors so fiu ible, thtn pvery mayor, and 
 baii.fTof corporaiians, all stewards of leet?, ju.-tices of 
 peace, Sic. wiiiitever m liters are tried before them, 
 shall Iiave verdi. ts to \h.ir minds, or el.-ie due, nnd iin- 
 prison tl:o Jarors till they liavc ; so tiiat such must, ha 
 cither pli-ai^ed, liuniourtHJ, or gralifieJ, else no justice, 
 or righ* is to be lial in any lourt. 
 
 V. Whereas a p'Tson by l^w may ihallengf* thft the- 
 rilTjOr any Juryman, if of kin to his adversary ; jot he 
 cannot challenge a mayor, record^T, ju.slice, Sec. who 
 it ii po5si!)ie will liavc a verdict for their kmsman, or 
 ai^ainit their enemy, or elsie fine and imprison the Jury 
 ti I thfy have ohtained it; so Ihr.t by iiiis means our 
 lives, hberties, and |>ropi>r!ies, shall be solely tried by, 
 and remain at the arbitiary dinpoxal f>f every merci?- 
 nary, or cnrrupti'd jucslicts m:»yor, b.iiiitT, cir recorder, 
 ifany s^u li should, at any time, get inio oflice. 
 
 V^l. 'Tin i!nr>a-onaf>le thit a Jury should be finnble 
 0:1 iMctcncMi ot thoir g"in:j; agHin^t their evidence ; be- 
 ccuioit can never bo triad, wUciher c."no in truth they 
 
I: 
 
 !g to the 
 ee by a- 
 (lore ran 
 )lve(J by 
 ill men's 
 icrcly in 
 r thus, a 
 verdict 
 yrt they 
 stainiiiig, 
 
 ynr, an<I 
 iK-iticPS of 
 *e them, 
 , niid iiii- 
 niust. be 
 ) justice, 
 
 the the- 
 ; } (>t he 
 
 Sec. who 
 ismr.n, or 
 
 tlie Jury 
 leai'.s our 
 
 trit'd by, 
 y inoi'ct'- 
 loioidor, 
 
 • 
 
 )Q fmnble 
 
 nee ; be- 
 
 ruth tliey 
 
 33 
 
 did find with, ora^upst, their evidence, by reason no 
 writ of error lies in the case. 
 
 VII Were Jurymen liable to such arbiirnry finos, 
 ihpy wonld bt^ in a ivorao condiiion than the criminals 
 trif'd by them ; (<)r in eU civil actions, inform;>tioii9, and 
 indictments, Bome appeals, or writs of false judgmi-nt, 
 or of orror, do lie into superior courts to try the rf j^ular 
 proceedings of {he inftrior. But here can be no after- 
 trial, or exainiuJition ; but th<» Juryman, if tniingaf, all 
 wero lawlul, must either pay th»'fi.ie, or lie by it ; with- 
 out remedy to decide, whether in thia particular case 
 he wore le^.tHy fined, or not. . 
 
 VFII. Without a fact agreed, it is as impossible for a 
 Judge, or any other, to know the law, relating to that 
 fact, or direct conceinu)!; it, as to know an accident 
 that hatJi nofiibject, lor as, wliere there is no .'.aw, 
 Iherf is no tra.iP^rt-ssion, so whore there i« n') trans- 
 pjrt'ssio!!, IhfT" is no place for hx'v : for' the law, ' saitli 
 Divme anihori'y, ' i« made for the transgressor.' And 
 as Cuke toin us, Ex facto jiis oritur ; upon stating the 
 f»ct, or transgression matier ol hiw doth arise, orjijrowr 
 out of the root of <ao (act. N )vv the Jury bf'ing the 
 solo jud:;^!S of fact, and matier in isnue before them, 
 i;ot findiii;; the fact on wiiich the law sho.dd arise, 
 cannot be said to find ajjainst law, which is no other 
 than a superstructure on fact ; so to say that they have 
 found i\;;a'nst the law, when no fact is found is ab- 
 surd ; an expression ii'significant, and unintell gi!»le •— . 
 For no i.ssue can be joined of matter in law ; no Jury 
 can bi'charg'd with the trial o( matter in law bar- ly ; 
 n » evidence ever was«, or can be, given to a Jury, of 
 what i» law, or not : nor can nay such oath be ;^ivento. 
 
 ii 
 
 n 
 
 4 
 
 'i; 
 
3d 
 
 II ••V 
 
 i . I 
 
 ! ^^ 
 
 km 
 
 
 'I' 
 
 i;4. 
 
 ill" 
 
 »r taken l*y a Jnr}', to try mnlter i.i I.-i'v ; nor (Joes rn 
 altuiitt lie for such oath, if f.ilse, &c. But if, hy fiiu}- 
 inj; ajjainst tiie (iiredions ol tlie court in matter cfl.jw, 
 shall he utuIerslODil, tliat if tfjo jud^c having heard ti.c 
 eviclenc»» given in ( omt, (ior he can retrularlj knuw co 
 othpr, thuu;;h the Jury uiny) shall tell Ihf^ J.ry upon 
 this evidence, the law is for tlie plaintiff, or fur the de- 
 iendant, and the Jury ore, under pain of t'lnc, nnd iin- 
 j)ri.-:onnient, to t^nd aciordingly ; then it is ph^in, the 
 Jury oni;ht of duty so to do. Now if tliis wrre true, 
 who sees not thnt the Jury is hnt a troublesome delay, 
 of great char; a, muih forma. Uy, and no real use in dc- 
 lennining rlgiit, and wronoj, hut mere echoes to sound 
 back tlie pleasure ofihe court ; and eonsequentiy, that 
 trials by ihem might be better abolished than coutuiu- 
 cd ? which is at once to spit folly in the faces of our ve- 
 nerable anre^tors, nnd enslave oui posterity. 
 
 IX. As th 
 
 di 
 
 h 
 
 Ls tlieju'ige ran never direct what the law is jii 
 any mutter controverted, without fir«t knowing the 
 fact ; £0 he cannot possibly know the f<i< t but from the 
 evidence uhich the Jury have ; but he t \iJ never fully 
 know what evidence they iiave; for bcsidis what is 
 sworn in court, (whi.h is all that the judge can know) 
 the Jury, being of the rui^^hhourhood, may, and o.t- 
 times do, know sometldng of their own know!ed<;e, as 
 to the matter its- It', the credit of the evidence, &c. 
 which may ji^stly sway them in delivering their ver- 
 dict ; and which sclfknowiedge of theirs is so far eoun- 
 tenanc<'d by law, that it supposes them capable there- 
 by to try the matter in issue, and so they must, though 
 no evidence were j;iven, on either side, in court. As 
 when any man is indicted, and no evidence comes a- 
 gaiast him, the diri'clion of the court aKvavf is, * You 
 
 
d" doofi oil 
 , hy iu\\\' 
 er < fl.iw, 
 Ijoarti tiiC 
 y knuw CO 
 [. ry upon 
 ur the <ie- 
 ', nud iin- 
 tlaiii, the 
 vt re true, 
 me delay, 
 us<^ in lie- 
 :3 to sound 
 pntlv, llial 
 n coutina- 
 of our ve- 
 
 iii 
 
 
 ^kv 
 
 e law is ill 
 owing the 
 It from the 
 lever fully 
 I'S whiU is 
 cnn know) 
 r, and o.t* 
 ivledge, as 
 erice, &;c. 
 their ver- 
 (i far roiin- 
 ible there- 
 j3t, though 
 :oiirt. As 
 e cornes a- 
 I is, • You 
 
 i 
 
 • i 
 
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 lit 
 
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 il 
 
 '^] 
 
 
 m 
 
 if 
 
 :'i; 
 
 
 
 
 ')i 
 
 
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 ?:f| 
 
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 lit 
 
 )f 
 
 
 
 ^'p^ 
 
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^7 
 
 are to aro^n't liiin, unlpss ofyourow;i knnwledgft yn\i 
 know hi-M guilty ;' lo llial even, in that case, tlify mn}' 
 find hiing'iiliy, tvilliout any witnesffis. Now liorr ab« 
 surd is if to IIiIuIj, that any Judge h.is power to fine a 
 Jury for going against tlioir evidrncp, when !ie tliat so 
 
 II, 
 
 fltioth, k lowetli per!ia;>ft iio.hin^ of ilirirevidencp at a.i, 
 (is in tlic last c;i?r) or at least bu! some part of it ? For 
 liotv is it posu:)le he shouKl havfuHy punish them fui' 
 Ihnt which it is impoa^ihle f«r liitn to know ? 
 
 La^t'y, Is any thinj more common, thnii for two 
 l.iwyers, or j'tlgM, to deduce contnry and opposite 
 onclusions oit of the same cas.' in law? And why, 
 tlieii, may not two men inffr distinct con* hiS4on» from 
 tilt* same Irstiinony ? And consequently, msiy not tlic 
 Jiidgf and Jurj honestly d ffer in th'ir opinion, or re- 
 sult from t'le evidence, ai weli as two jn«'ges m;iy, 
 w'lifib often liappons ? And shall the Jurymen, merely 
 for this diiTur^'n -e of apprehension, merit fine and im- 
 prisonment, because they do that ivhi< Ij thoy cannot 
 L'thiMwise do, preserving their o.»th and integrity ? es- 
 pecially wlicn by law they are presumed to know L^t- 
 t' r, and much more of tlie business than the jud^e 
 doe.", as afurcs:ud. 
 
 Are not al' tlieee gross contra'^i< ting abstirvJitie?, and 
 unwoilfiy, by any man tlial deservt'S a gown, to he put 
 upon thel.iw of England ^ which has ever owned right 
 reason for its parent, and dutifully submitted to be 
 guidtfd thereby ? * ' '-- 
 
 J'lrym. If the law, as you say, be reason, tlien un- 
 dnuhtrdly thi" practice of finim; of Juries is m«st 'M«. 
 g il, since there cannot be any thing more unrcaonable : 
 but what authorities have you against it ? 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 if 
 
 ■".J' . 
 
Sv. 
 
 n X 
 
 
 ■i 
 
 ' if 
 
 jjtirr. f^u havfi heard it proved lo ho a moilern up- 
 start encroachment, so you cannot expect aii}i dirett 
 orexprpsscondennnation of it in ancient tin)(>s ; because 
 the thing wai not then set on foot. And, l)y the w»y, 
 though ncgatife arjiuments are not neressuily conclu- 
 sire, yet that wp meet with no precedents of ol-i o( J u- 
 lies Hied lor trivinjj their voidit I contrary to evid'-nce 
 or tlie sense oftlie court, m^ a violent |>re4umpti(>!i that 
 it oujiht not to l*e done ; for it innuot be supposed that 
 tliiij lattar a«;e did Hrst of idl dinovfr that vm rdicts 
 were nii»ny times not accorditi;^ to the Jud;;«'s opinion 
 and hking. Undoubtedly they saw that as well as we ; 
 but knowinj the same not to be any crime, or pinjshu- 
 ble by law, were so modest and lionest as not to nirddta 
 T/ith it. However, what entertain mt-nt it hath uiet 
 with, when attempted in our limes, I shall shew you 
 in two remarkable ciyes. 
 
 • I. when the bite Lord Chief Justice Keeling had at- 
 tempted somf^tliiniof that kind, it was complained of, 
 and highly relented by the then parliament, as appears 
 hy thi« copy of iht ir proc'-edings Ihercujj jn, taken ojt 
 of iheirjournal, as follows ; 
 
 Die Mercnrii, U Decanhiis, IGGJ. 
 
 * The house resumed the hearing of the rest of the 
 report touching the matter of restraint upon Jnrics, 
 and that upon the examination of diveis witnesses in 
 several cases of r'^strainfs put upon Inries hy the Lord 
 Chiet Justice. Kiifcling, and tliertupon resolveth as fol- 
 lowelh : 
 
 • First, That the proceedings of th'i said L^rd Chief 
 Jiutice, in the cases now reported, a-e innovations in 
 the trial of men for their lives and liberties. And that 
 
M 
 
 39 
 
 he. hnth used nn arbtlnry und illa;ijal power, wtiIcK is 
 ofdingcrouR ci>it'^ei|U('nc«^ lu tlic lives and liberties of 
 th** p"0|)le of Lnglaiul, und teiidj to the introJuL'iii^ of 
 an arbitrary govornmenl. 
 
 'Si'condy, 'J'liiit in tlie p!«cp of judimture, thft Lord 
 Chi*»( .ItiHtice h;ith under- valued, vi.illod, ami tont m- 
 ned MAGNA ciivKTA, the great pn-server of our iivci, 
 freedom, and propeity. 
 
 * Thirdly, Tfiat bo be brou<;ht to trial in ordor to 
 ronligi) piiiii.shinent, in sucii uiaiiiicr aatlie house shall 
 jud^e most fit and reqiiii'itr.' 
 
 Die J'enerii, 13 Decembris, 1CC7, 
 • ' RffEolvfd, tVc. - 
 
 *'rhat the prec'-d'^nts and practice of fining or impri- 
 S'.minj of Jurors fur giving (heir vurdi4ts,are iile^^id.' 
 
 Ilore you see it branded in parliament : Next 30U 
 jhall 8 '♦' ii formally cuiidi-nnied on a solemn a:gunuint 
 by ih'' ju.'lgrs. — The Ciise is ihns. - ' 
 
 At ihc sossi )nfe for London, Sept 1G70, Wii!i:im Pen, 
 anl \Viliiain Me id. (t^so of ihe pcoj.Ie commor.iy c'\\- 
 K?il ()iink'=^r?,j were indictf'd, * for th it tlicy, with oth- 
 ers, I:) the nnmtuT of three Imndr'd, on the M'.h Aug. 
 li'2 Ke2;is, in tir«cstl)iiicb.Stieot, did with forte and 
 Hrtn-s «Vc. unijnvfniiy Pv.d tnujulluausly asefnjble and 
 congregate lb<'mselves togrthpr, to tlu* disturbance of 
 tlie p'acc ; and th it the said Willtani Pen did there 
 preach, and speak to the said Mfad,ai;d uther persons, 
 in th • op^n stret t ; by reason whore of a ^rcal conc'jur*© 
 and tumult of peopi- in the street aforesaid, th'^n and 
 thore a long time did remain and continue, in contompt 
 of our suiC Loid the King, and of his law, to the great 
 
 i 
 
 f 
 
40 
 
 ilisfurL>iinct of hit prace, to tlie great terror aiul Jii- 
 liiib.'.nce of luar.y of Lis lifgp people ap,d »iil>jci ts, to 
 the ill example of oil olht^rd in ilie like case onoiidcrt, 
 a id against the peate of cui Ba'd Lord the Ki; g, his 
 «ro\vn acd Ji^niljr.' 
 
 The piisonars ple.idi:!^ not g'lilty, it wti prcved, 
 t!.at tl.e/f Mas a meeting at lue time in tlie ind ctinciit 
 i:)r!nliijnel, in Grac; cliurcl. Street, consialing uf t!iroe 
 or four huiul.cd peoi-l*?, in tue open stieet — that Wil- 
 lijm I'en v.;w spe^kln^, or pre icliinjj, to ihf m ; hut 
 what he s.uu tlie wiinossas (who weio ollJcers and sul- 
 di-.M* sent to di-sperse them) could not hear. — This was 
 tliC effect of the evidence ; whiJi Sir John Howel, tlie 
 then retoidor, as I find in the print of Iha* triul, wua 
 pleased to atirn np to the Ju-y in the^^e wo.d? . 
 
 * You have lieard what the indictment is. — It is for 
 prcacluiig to the people in the street, and drawing a 
 tum'ikuoiii couipaiiy after them, and Mr. Ten \Nas 
 speaking. If ih-^y should rot he dii»'uih«d you se** thf-y 
 >\ ill yo on. There' are tljre-j or four v\ itnoi'Sfis th.it ha\ r 
 prov'd thi? — "hit h^ d.d preach iheie, that Mr. iMe;,d 
 did allow •f it. After this you haveliCard hy subatan- 
 tial witnesses what is said against tlifni : Nuiv v r. ahe 
 vroK THE Matter OF Faux, which vou ake to KEi:r 
 TC, AND 02:e:ve as what hath BV.'S.N fvllv £\vui;.\, 
 
 AT VOUU PERIL.' 
 
 This tiial began on the S .turday ; the Jury retiring, 
 after some ( onsiderah.e time spent in debate, came in, 
 and g:ave this verdict, — ' ;;uilly of spei'king in Grace- 
 chun h-Siieet.' At which the » ourl was tfl' nded, and 
 tohl th*?m, they ' had ni gmid say nothing ;' adding, — 
 * Wat it not an u.alawful asiCinbly ?— you mean he tv* 
 
"\' 
 
 ' 41 ' 
 
 spoaking to a fiimult of people there ?' But llie fore- 
 iii.in 8.<yitig, what he had delivered was all he Iiad ia 
 ci>miiiissii>n ; and ethers of thein affirming, that they 
 allowed o( no such words as an '■ unlawful assembly* hi 
 their verdict ; Ihpy wfre sent hack again, and then 
 hrou^jht in a verdict in writing subscribed with all th^'ir 
 hands in tlipse words : * We, the Jurors hereafter 
 named, do find \%illi.*m Pen to be guilty of speaking, or, 
 preaching, to an asaombly met together in Gracc- 
 cinirch Street, the 14th of August, 1670. And Will. 
 Meiid not guilty of the said indictment.' 
 
 * This the court resented still worse, and therefore 
 ^cnt them back a^jjain, and adjourned till Sunday n»orn- 
 'u)'X ; but then too th<7 insisted on the same verJii t : 
 so the court adjourned till iMonday morning; and then 
 tlie Jury brought in tiie piisoneis gent-rally * not guil- 
 ty :' wliirh was recorded, and atliwed of. But im« 
 medi itf.ly the < ourt fined them forty marks a man, and 
 to lie in prison till paid. 
 
 Being thus in « nstody, Edward Bnshel, one of the 
 said Jurors, on the ninth ot November fol owinj, 
 brouj^ht his Hitbi'as Cor|>iis in the couit of Common 
 Pie 18. On which the sht riffs of London made return, 
 * That he was detained by viitue o( an order cf ses- 
 sions, whereby a [jiie of toriy marks was set upon him 
 and el.ven olht rp, p:<iti< ular!y named ; and every of 
 them being Jurors swoin to try the issue j lined he- 
 
 i 
 
 * Note — TliDUnli ihi- Jury, for the r ei<:ill' nl exainile ol con. 
 rfts:c and conctaiiry, ticsprvH the «u>iiimoiitlHii()ti of ♦•very jaod 
 Eii-jliilMiinn ; yet, it lliey hnd beeti better odvised, they might 
 hiiv* brouijlit lh(« |»rii«».|«is in not guihy iit first, mid saved ihe'ra* 
 Rflvej the (roul.l«,«(id iiictinveriiemicsof tliP'-e two niglUs res- 
 traint. See Statu lri»l», vol, II. p. 6U6, hi ful. Vide note** to p. 1«. 
 
 ■ 3 
 
 r!i 
 
 .^\ 
 
 *v 
 
 •J 
 
; ;,^i»i»i»sar»y"^^*-" - 
 
 I 
 
 4i 
 
 m 
 
 iM 5* 
 
 i >» 
 
 tween llie king, and Peii; and Moil, for cei lain £rcs- 
 paasHs, contt.'nipl3, unKiwful assetiillifs, anil tumult^, 
 aiul wl'.o tlien, nrd there, did at quit the said Fen. aid 
 Mead, of llie. saraw, a;5ain3t the law of this kingdom, 
 and against full, and ii:aaire5t, evidence, arid against the 
 
 of h 
 
 )f, and 
 
 direclionof the court in malic^i w. i^.t,, k,., 
 th« prem'Se? rpeidy in court to them given, and de- 
 clared ; and that it was ordered thv-y bhould be im- 
 prisoned till they severally paid the said fm^^, which 
 the said Dushet not having done, the same u'as the 
 cause of his cip'.ion and detention.'* 
 
 The court coming to debate the validity of tliis re- 
 turn, adjudged the same in^uillcient : For, I. The 
 words, * against full, and niaiiifjit, evidence,' wast.o 
 genernl a cliuse : the evidence should have been ful- 
 ly, and particulatiy, recited ; else how shall tlie court 
 know it was 80 full ai;d evident ? t'ley have now only 
 the judgment of the sessions for ilj that it was so : but 
 said the Judges, 'oiu judgments ought to be grounded 
 r.pon our own inferences, and understandings, and not 
 upon theirs.' 
 
 H, It is not said, that they arqullled the persons 
 indicted agr.iiist fnll and maiiifcit evidence, coirupily, 
 and knowing tl'.e suiu evidence to b/ lull arid manif -st. 
 For otherwise it can be no crime ; for that riiay seem 
 full, and m wiifcst, to the court, which docs not nppeur 
 so to the Jury. 
 
 111. The other p;irt of the r;.turn, viz : that * tlie 
 Jury hud acquitted those iudii ted, ajjainst the diredion 
 ol the court in mattiTof 'aw.' was also adjudged tc be 
 
 Sec Bu-licTs Case in Vau^hau'i Rt'cort; at la-^c. 
 
43 . .- ' 
 
 no'.jghljSind unrea9on«blc; and llie fining ilic Jarics for 
 givuig thiMi v-'idicl ill any case concluded lobe illegal, 
 for tlic st?verul reasons bufore rcciti'd, and oth«r au- 
 thorities of law urj^edtothat purpose; and all t!ic prc- 
 ced'.nts, and ijllt^galious, brought to juftily the tin™, 
 and coirmitment, solidly anEvvered. VV'ueicupoo the 
 chief justice delivered the opinion of the court, * that 
 the cause uf comniitc^ent was iusuflkient ;' and ac* 
 cordinj^ly the said Bushel, and other his f« How-priso- 
 ners, we.e dischargt d, and left to the common law for 
 reuK'dy and rpparaiion of ;he damag.-s, by thai tjrtuoiis, 
 iih'ga! imprisonment, sustained. 
 Which case is (amoii;5bt others) rpport'?d by lint Icara- 
 i' • itlge Sir Juhn Vaughan, at that time lord thit'f ju8- 
 * ;o of the common pleas ; selling f.rth all the argu- 
 m nts, reasona, and authoriti 'S, cu vvhith the court 
 pjoceedcd therein : from which 1 have extracted most 
 of the reasons which I b*for«' recited for this point, and 
 for the gieaifst part, in the Tcry words of that rcTe- 
 rciid author. 
 
 Jurym. This rcsnlution hath, one would think, (as 
 you ssid) knocked this i leg d prai lice on the bead, b.> 
 yond any possibility ot revival ; but may it not one 
 day bo denied to bo law, and the contrary ju»;ifi» d ? 
 
 Bi/r No such thing can be dune withi.ut apparent- 
 ly violating, and siibv* riiu'^, nil law, justice, and mo- 
 desty : for though the precedent iist It be valuable, and 
 without further enq-iiry -is woul to be ullowed, when 
 given thus de!ib'T;;t»>!y upon so!pn:n debate by tiie 
 whole c«^urt j y<*t, it is not only that, hut tliC sound, 
 su'ii'tantial, and everlaistin^ reasons, w!:eiPon they 
 groiind'jd such their resolves, that will, at all 'iincs, 
 
 I- 
 
 li 
 
 1 
 
 I. 
 
 ■t 
 
 f 
 
•Mmm m ti ■— ^» 
 
 rs 
 
 ;« 
 
 ,f( 
 
 41 
 
 jtistify fining of Juries in such casrs to be il'trgal. lit- 
 5ides, as the reporter was most considerable, both in 
 hi? q;ia'ity as lord chief justi»e, and for hiS parts, sound- 
 ness of judgment, and de-p lea/nin;; in law j so sucli 
 his book of roporls ifi approved, and r-'coinaiendt d to 
 t!ie world, (as .Tpp"ar5 by the page next aft'T the ej^is- 
 t!e, hy the right hon.fiiraWle the present lord clianc«l- 
 lor of Cnghsn'l ; Sir VViUiair. Scrogjs, now lord chief 
 justice of Fai^hu^d ; my lord North, chief justice of the 
 (Jomujon rieas; and, in a word, by all tl»e judges of 
 Eng'ipud at Ih'' tinri- of publishing thereof : so that it 
 tannotbt' imagined liow afiy book can cliallefige grea- 
 ter autiiority, umess we should expect it to be parti- 
 cularly confirmed by act of parliament. 
 
 * Jnrym- You have answered all my scruples; and 
 311. ce 1 ree the law has made sogood provision (or Ju- 
 rymiii's prlvihgis and safety, God forbid any Jury- 
 man should be of so b.jse a temper as to !>etray that 
 
 -^ oihftrv\i*e impregnal)h* fortress, wherein the law hath 
 placed him, to preserve and defend the ju&t rights and 
 liberties of his con 'try, I>y treacherously surreudering 
 the same into the hnnds ol violence or oppreysiou, 
 tbo^ig'j ma!»k''d under e-yer so fair stri.tai^cms and pre- 
 tences. For «ny own part, I ?!;ali not now decline 
 to appear accordin;^ to my summons ; and therefore, 
 (ttiuug'i I fear I have detained you too long air- ady) 
 sh ill df'!»ire a little more of jour direction about the 
 ofwcc of a Juryman in parlLv-^uiar, that I may uprigl»t- 
 ly, and bonf^stly, discharge the same. 
 
 rarr. Thoujii I think, from what we have diicours- 
 e'\ being dijrested, and iinpr<)vrd,by your own reason, 
 you may suiritiently inform yourscll ; yet, to gratify 
 
"*^^ 
 
 UaU in 
 
 that it 
 
 your rpqiiGst, I bhail adil a fow brief rem'w'.fi, as well 
 of nrhut you oug'il cautiously to avoid, as whxt you 
 must liili^eutly pursue, and regard, if you would just- 
 ly, ;ind truly, do your duty. 
 
 First, As to wliat you n.ust avoid. 
 
 I. I aui very caufi lent, tlut you wuu'd not wiM'ng- 
 jy rialate the oath which you litke : lut it is possible 
 thill thi're are such, w!.o:.$ f.rqui^nly break Ihein ad 
 tiike then, throu;ih their carehss cuslouj on t.he one 
 hand, or slavish i'eir on the other ; nr;air«sl vvhom C 
 >vou:d fully cauti 1) you ; that you in <y defend yours«*ir, 
 aud others, ngaiiisl any enemies of your CiU .tr^'s h- 
 L rties, and ha'()j)i»ie:i, and ku"*p a good toiiscionce to- 
 wards Gi d, and tovvari-is man. 
 
 II. It is frequent, th..t when Juries are irithdrawr?, 
 liial they .7j:»y consult of their v/>rdict,tht'y soon forg'jt 
 that solejiu oath ihey taoJc, and th:it mighty ch;irge of 
 ti>e life aiidhbai'y of men, auc! tl.tir estalos, v. hereof 
 then tlii-y are m.^uf jud^'f. ; and that, on tl.eir breath* 
 not otdy Uie lot tunes ol' t.e particular patty, hut per- 
 haps tlie preservation, or ruin, of several liuurrous !a- 
 niilieij does solely depend : now I ai\y, wiihout due coj;- 
 sid rati n of all this ; nay sometnnes without one lic- 
 rjous thought, or tonsu' -d reason, cfft-rcd pro or con, 
 presently the C> *)uiiin, or on", or two, that call thrm- 
 selves autient J'jrynien, (thuUjjh in truth ihry never 
 knew what belong:! to the pace more than acoti^raon 
 school b >y,) rashly dfliver their opiiiioos , aiyd all the 
 rest, in rcpect to iheir supposed j^rraviiy, and nxpt. 
 rif'Hce, or because they have tlie biggest estates, or t» 
 avoid the trouble of disputing the pcint, or to prevent 
 
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 •*^'i 
 
 tl 
 
 !) 
 
■' - " . Kti^ ' i 
 
 
 It 
 
 :'!■' 
 
 fi 
 
 % 
 
 the spoiling of dinnrr by delay, or some such woigh'y 
 n-ason, (oitljwith agree blindiold, or eUe %o to holding 
 up of hands, or lel'ing cf noses, aiid so (hr nvijor v*. tc 
 carries sway captive boih ihe reason, and tiie con* 
 scit^'nce, ol the rest : thus iiifling with sacred oalhs, and 
 putting men's lives, liUerlics, and pro|)rrties(as it were) 
 to the hap-liazatd of cr )38 or [)il^'. This [)rrt!ti<e, or 
 aomethiiij); of the like kind, is said lobe too tustomi'.ry 
 amongst some Jurors, which ocra>i;-ns such their ex- 
 traordinary dispaich of the weii^hiiost, or in st intri- 
 cate, matters ; but there will tome a liino when thy 
 shall be tallid to a severe account ior their huste, and 
 r.'G'^Iiiicnce : thoroibre have a careof su( h fellov.- iiirors. 
 
 JII. Suth «l.ivi?h foars at'.oi'd'S m:iny JiirorPj that let 
 but ti.H court direct to fii;d ;;iiilij, or not guiliy, ti.ou<.;h 
 ihey t!ioi!i9eIv«\s »«:eiiajii5t reason fo! ii ; yQa^oW tiaies 
 though their owa opinions are contraiy, and their con- 
 scieiices t^*H ihem it onjjltt to ;;oolh.'r\vl>e j yel, right, 
 or wroDj, nccordin;^Iy tl>ey vviil liri-jj; in their verdict ; 
 an I, tiiert'for;^, m.iny uf t!i::ni n»v -r rHt^i.vJ crriuusly 
 llie course, and force, of the evidence j \vli..t, and how, 
 it was dehrered, m jre, cr lass, to piuvi- :lie ind.ctment, 
 &c. ; b..t as thf: tourt sutns it lip, they find : i.sif Jariea 
 were ap[)olnted ibr no otlior • mp ige but to echo back, 
 whiil t!»e bench would have done. Si:cu a bit^e tenip(»r 
 is to be avoid'^d, a? yon would e«c -pa hf-ing foresworn, 
 even tho'i^h ynur verJ'cl i^hou'.d bo rij;ht ; {nr since you 
 du lot know its > to ba, by your own jnd^m 'fit, or iin- 
 deritandiug, yo'.i liuve :.btiscd your oath, and hazard' d 
 your own s -u!, as well as your nei^ilib »ur's life, hbcr- 
 W, or property : because you Lliadly depend on the o- 
 
 i 
 
4f 
 
 oigh'y 
 oliliiig 
 »r Vile 
 e ton- 
 is, and 
 wen') 
 <e, or 
 oinisry 
 i;r ex- 
 iit iiitri- 
 n tl) y 
 Ip, and 
 Jiirori. 
 
 that let 
 
 p, II. on, or pprnnps p:»i?sion ofoihera, v hen you were 
 sworn W' II, and truly, to try them yourselves Such an 
 
 implii-il faith is near ol l;in tu thut of Uom^- in reiij;ion, 
 and, at least, in the next drgrfe, as dan^nrous.* 
 
 IV. There are some that in ike a tradtof being ^u- 
 rymeii ; that st'ck for the office ; use tnetns to he cou- 
 staiilly continued in it ; will not ;rivo a d sobligin;^ ver- 
 dict, le-it th y should be dischargeJ, and serve no more : 
 titese standi ig J<iroV3 have rortainly sume dl game to 
 plav. Til' r-T are others that h< pe 1o signal ze tliem- 
 s^Ivr3, to g»^ti> belter trade, or some, prcfpnnent by 
 s'Tvinga torn, 'i'h^^e arc others tlial have particulcT 
 piqne-i, a;id a hiimoi.,r of revonge against such, or such, 
 patties ; ifa Mifiu i)e hut rni^Citlled by some odi(^us!iamc, 
 or said to tie of an exploded fj4 tiou ; strnight they cry, 
 bang hirn, find liim guilty, i:o puiiishtnenl c;tii be too 
 V>i>d tor sui h a fellow ; in ■such h case they tliink it nie- 
 r'l! lo strcicliaii evidenceoii llietentt;rh<Ktk*, and strain 
 u poi.it i.f liiw, hetausc 'iioj (ancv it snakes for the iii- 
 lorcst i<( the govtinment ; a? i( itijuplice oropprcssioa 
 could in any case be fur the true interest of iiovtnment, 
 when in truth nothing more wpakmsoi destroys it. — 
 Hut IIul* was an old strat-igem, ' if thou snficr this man to 
 e-Top'^, tliou fchuli not he Cajjar's frir-nd ;' when Crasar 
 
 " Tlir>ni:l) llif Jifli*'^ Rr«' likely to he more n\:'*i !i . n Jmyiiien, 
 jft Jmyaieii are hk. ly In be m 'le lunnst than Judijes ; tsjieriiil- 
 ly in hI! cii-<fs witf.rc llic power <>t the piei^'jiariv-;, or (he ••ij;l;t« 
 Ml (he |)fHi(ile,aie in fj.ipute. OuTri hu, lliMrfitie, huiii as in- 
 divid'inis am] as a j)<>ii(ilu, are aioie Lkeiy to in: secuie, while 
 -"dries fnlUivv tiin result nt" ihcir own opiiiintj ; for If .is danger 
 will ariM- from ti)e ir/Mak«!S nf J iiymcn, than fmni the cnriup. 
 tion ol Judfjes. Besides, iui|in»|)tT veidicts will hut (eldom oc- 
 nir ; sim-.e Juries will hvail (ln.'ircives of the Hbilitie.«. nnd learn- 
 ing, of the Judg-'i, liy roiiMillin}; them U|.oii all puinls of liivv ; 
 and thus to (lie advantii^e of iiifurination, w&y add their oira 
 impartiality. 
 
 ^~-', 
 
 :«^^. 
 
^ 
 
 MM 
 
 if-M 
 
 48 
 
 was lo (kr from either needing, or tlianking (lt«ii) fi>r, 
 any such base services, that, had he but truly uiidcr- 
 fftood tUeni, be Konld ifiveroly hare puni!>bed their 
 partiality and tyranny. 
 
 AW thpse, and the like, peslil nl bianscs^ are to be 
 
 avoided, and abutninated, by every honest Juryman. 
 
 But noiT aa to the positive qnaliBiatioitsreq^iisite. 
 
 I. Yoo thdt are Jurymen, should first of all, scri' 
 
 •usiy regard the v.eigtit, and importance, of tlie office j 
 
 your own souU, othrr m^Mrs lives, liberties, estates, all 
 
 that in this world arc d'.ar to them, are at stake, and 
 
 in your han>)s ; therefore consider these things wt^ll be* 
 
 fore-h >nr1, and come suhstaoiially furnished, and pro- 
 
 Ti«!e-d, with sound, and we'l i;ruutidcd, consciences,—- 
 
 with ulear minds, free from malice, fear, hope or favour; 
 
 lest, instead of ju'lging others, thou shouidst work tiry 
 
 own coiideronation and stand in the sight of God, the 
 
 Crenter a>)d Jud^e of all m'^n, no b-ttuf than a mur' 
 
 clorer, or perju ed m»lef»ctor. 
 
 If. Observe well th? record, indictment, c, ..-^o 
 mation that is read, and the several parts thereof botb 
 as tothe mattor, miinier, and fornu 
 
 ill. Take due notice of, and pay r^'g^irl to, (he cvi- 
 dence offered for proof of the iudictmeitt, and each 
 part of it, as wci to mmner, and form, as to matter; 
 and If you suspect any suhornatio'i, foul practice, or 
 tampering hath been with the witnestits, or that thej 
 have any mafice, or sinister design ; have a speciul re- 
 gard to tiie circumstances, or incoherences, of their 
 tales/and eiideavour, by apt questions, to sift out the 
 truth, or discover the rilluiny. And, for your better 
 
-rm-i 
 
 rr- 
 
 ■',<«. 
 
 ^ 
 
 49 
 
 |li«iy» ibr, 
 
 aiidcr- 
 
 lod their 
 
 re to be 
 
 uryman. 
 
 tiisite. 
 
 All, flori- 
 
 le office ; 
 
 tales, ail 
 dke, and 
 
 frvH be- 
 and pro- 
 ientes,— 
 >r favour; 
 work tiry . 
 God, the 
 na mur- 
 
 '9of both 
 
 (he tri. 
 nd each 
 
 matter; 
 ctice, or 
 hat Ihej 
 pciul re- 
 of their 
 
 out the 
 r better 
 
 ettti>sr.i(ti?n»enJ"irour to wriJe d »wti the »'irld«nce, or 
 tli«^ b»'adi Ihereaf, thut jtpm uuty the beitt-r recall it to 
 irtemory. 
 
 iy*^'f ijkp itoiice of tha nature of the crime cbargeft/tnd 
 wljal lHyrih<* t)*-p''ecutioni«gr'<iir](l»d upon, ariddiiitin* 
 gi]isb't>i>^ »»]t\y<m'd criai|^'V1 fact, whrcii is proved, from 
 t<M» Ajj^gru voting cir(Uin«t(it>c«>s, wbicli arc not proved. 
 V. Ilem<*n>ber 0ml in Jurit»» ih'ro In ao plumliiy of 
 voices tc bBnllovfed": spveii ciinuot over-rule, or, by 
 yirttte oi inHJority, <0Dc!ud"five i uo,ii'»r oli'ven one. 
 But as the verdict i:* rJv»D in the name of ull tha 
 tw*lv«, or eh«» |l la void ; so every on^* of ti ! a» tniist be 
 actuary agreMng, and satisG'd in hi* aarticiilar ondor- 
 •tin<li"5, aad coo'^cience, of the tru'li, ".nd righfeous- ' 
 ness, <»*■ sacli V rlicJ, or <*he h* ij» lor- sworn. And, 
 tli^T'^loro, liyoe m.it* diiter id o|)iiii6n from l\ie follows, 
 llipy must 1*^" l»"pp'- togeMjer, till ftith.>r th-'y, by slret g Ir 
 ot r«*aso)»,.or ar^^utiiei'ii. rnn";t>'«fj^ himjOr l\t?c>»nvince 
 tliPin. For be i* nqt to be Ijectu. ed, qi«ih lc3s jiunmlieu, 
 by the copi'i inio ii ^;>mpli<ince : fur the Lmd Chief 
 Justice Vaiv^jlMP tifiys wi»ll,"* ',' If a man ('iffer ia juog* 
 merU from hi3fe!l.»w9, whereby th^y ar»' ke,')! ad.iy mid 
 aiii.;ijt,, thn.ig'j l»isdii':<Mil miy not in truth be so ren- 
 so'uble a5 M..^ opinion of the rest tliat agree ; jfVj if i :» 
 j iilgnout b« no-t s.«tisJi«d, o«» disiigraeiuij, t;au be lu? 
 irjorecriuniial, thi.n fiur, or Hve, dirf!i;;nieing wlMi i!»e 
 refi." Up'^n rtliicb 0(;c*i«fion ti.5 atid afvth rrecntwa 
 reir)f«r|«!HM<»c;«eoiit of an aicieni i law. bo ik : *♦ A Jm- 
 tat^yoftld tiot Hfree, wit') bin fell jws for iwo d ivs, »bd 
 bf-m^d^lfttinded by the jiidgoi., W he would n'^rpf,«?aiJ 
 Jv' w.oaid;^»i('t die in prison j *vherouj[»<)r*.be vv«^. coaj- 
 
 ■i-j 
 
 Jffcp. fo^j 15J. 
 
 ) 411is.p. tl. 
 
 • 4( 
 
 
 
.ft 
 
 " li O ».i,,. 
 
 mined, and the verdict taken j but upon bettor adv 'ce, 
 the verdict oftlie eleven was quasli»d, and the Juror 
 discharged n ithaut fine ; and tliR justices said ' the way 
 was to currj^ them in carts" (this ii: la be understood at 
 assiztis, where the judge taunut stay, but niuatiemove 
 io such a time into another countj) until they agreed, 
 and net ly filling them. And as the jmJges erred in 
 laliingthe verdict of eleven, so they did in imprisoning 
 the twelltli.'' And therefore, you see, on second 
 ihoujriils, released him. 
 
 VI. Endeavour, as mtu h as your circumstances will 
 };ermil, at your spare hours to read, and und^frstand, 
 ilie fundamental laws oftlie country ; such as Magnu 
 (,'liartfi, the 1 etitiun of Riglit, tlie lute extelUiit act tor 
 Habeas Coi pus's, Home's Mirror of Justices, Sir Edw. 
 (\)ke, in his 2J, 3(1, »nd 'Ith parts of the Institutes of 
 ilie Law of England, and .Judge Vaughnn's Rnporti. — 
 These are books frequent to be had, and of *'xccllent 
 nse lo infoim any reader, of rompeteu'. apprehension, 
 of the true liberties and privilege's, which every En- 
 };Ii^hu^au 13 justly entitled imlo, and eslatcd in, hy his 
 liirthrigiit ; as also the nature of ciinies and the pu- 
 nifihments seven I'y, and respectively, inflicted on them 
 bylaw; the oflicf, and duties, of Judges, Juries, sind 
 all (ifticors, and mini»:tersr.f j.istice,&:c. whiih are high- 
 ly necessary for every Juryman, in some competent 
 miMsure, to know ; for tlie law of Ewgland Itath not 
 j'laced irihls by Juries, to stand between men,and doatli 
 (T dt!b(iu«:lion, to so liitle puipose, as to pronounce 
 men guilty, without regard lo the nature of the oflence, 
 or to what is to be infli< ted lhereu|)on. 
 
 For wniit of duly understandii /;, and considering, 
 those thing", JuijcS; many tioicf". p!u^ge ti.cmseivcs 
 
'* '* ir ' ' i '^' T '* . ^' tt *ff* ? ''a^! ■ v. ^'^' n ''" 
 
 ■"V 
 
 51 
 
 into liimentable perplexities ; ai it befel the Jtiry wlio 
 were tlif> triers of Mr. Udal, a minister, wlio in th<> S^il 
 year of Q,i)ceD Elizabeth, was iiT«lii't< d, and arraign<>cl, 
 at Croydon in Suny,* fur higli-tro.»9.)n, for dttadiing 
 iTie Queen, and Iter gitvornrnent, in a certain book 2n- ' 
 titled, <A Domonstration of the DitripliiiP, Sic ' And 
 though there wns no direct, but u st ambling "Itadow of 
 proof; and thuiigh the book, duly joiisidffcd, contain- 
 ed no m liter of treason, luit tertain words which by 
 fl farced construction wer«» liiid to tend lo tlie dcrama- 
 lion of the government, and ho tht^ tliinj; [wasj prose- 
 cuted Uiid'^r ihdl name ; yet thp Jury, not thiiiking ih;>t 
 in pronouncing him guilty, they had upon their oath 
 pronounced him guilty of troasun, and to die as atiai- 
 t>T ; but supposing Uiat they hud only declared him 
 guilty o( making the book; horeupor. they brought 
 him in guilty : but when, after the Judge's sentence 
 of death nguii&t him. which ihey never in the least 
 intended, they found wliat they had done ; they were 
 rojifoiinded in ttiernsclves, and wonlJ ha\c done ary 
 thing ill the world to have revoked that uawary perni- 
 cious verdict, when, nl-is ! it was too late. Dr. Fuller 
 has this witty note on thi^ go'itleman'd conviction, * that 
 it was conceived rigorous in tho greatest, which at hcst' 
 (-ailh he) ' is cruel in the least dei^ree.' At>d it seems 
 po Qiit-en Klizahelli t!iou;fht it, for she suspended exe- 
 cution, and lie died naturally. But his story survives, 
 to warn iill succeeding Jurymen to e!ide:ivour bitlerlo 
 understand what it is tUfy do, and what the conse- 
 quences thereof will he. 
 
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 ! ftlv^li nonrfftVe vviUttlti\t < xc«l>ent fxl^'Mf! ''><* >ii/ 
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