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 i11i Mi ifi Jiiiil 
 
/7 Z 7^> PR'CE FIFTY CENTS. 
 
 HiDDEN Treasures, 
 
 Uli 
 
 Fisheries Around the North-West Coast. 
 
 " The takiii{j ol' fish on the banks is a monicntous concein."- 
 FisiiER Ames." 
 
 <^0F Co, 
 
 IN ONE VOLUME. 
 
 1; 
 
 r.y- COPYRIGHT v 
 
 J. 3L.- :m:oido3jta.x.x>, 
 
 OF WASHINGTON TERBITORY. 
 
 PROCTER BROTHERS, PRINTER8, 
 APVEBTISEB OFFICE, GLOUCESTER. MAS^S, 
 
 1871. . 
 
 f-KJ" 
 
C^S'^- 
 
 1^ 
 
 \3 
 
IRiiUi'i'il »co.orillii(? to Act (if (•c)n(Jr^;^iS, with llio Mlirarlaii of C'oiiKrchs, Isru.j 
 
 ACQUISITION OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 In 1846 the Mexican Province of California was annexed to 
 the United States, and many i)coi)le emigrated across the plains 
 to that genial section of our countrj-. Shortly afterward gold 
 was discovered in various parts of that land in considerable 
 (luantities, and of such fineness as to attract ambitious men 
 from other countries in search of sudden wealth ; in developing 
 the gold fields the mountains have been washed, the hills dug 
 up, and ancient rivers have been diverted from their time-worn 
 channels. 
 
 ♦• Gold — many hunted, sweat and bled for gold, 
 
 And on its altar sacrificed ease, poace, 
 Truth, faith. Integrity, good conscience, friends. 
 
 Love, charity, benevolence, and all 
 The sweet and tender sympathies of life ; 
 
 Most for the luxuries it bought— the pomp, 
 The praise, the glitter, fashion and renown. 
 This yellow phantom followed and adored." 
 
 — Pollock. 
 Who can paint the hardships and privations which the miners 
 endured? How many bright visions came to untimely grief in 
 that prolific land of the sham— rock? How many devoted 
 mothers and neglected wives have offered up their most earnest 
 prayers to God in behalf of their cherished ones struggling and 
 toiling in the sunset land? 
 
 The north-west coast"* presents varied landscapes, bold, bleak 
 headlands, broad tablelands, green valleys and sandy beaches, 
 with occasional rocky reefs and ledges. The entire coast line 
 has been explored ; the sounds, bays, roadsteads and harbors 
 have been minutely surveyed. 
 
 Islands of different forms and elevations fringe several sec- 
 tions of the coast, all of which may be seen in clear weather for 
 
til 
 
 many milos; gonorally thosft islands present abrui.t, olom- 
 shores, and nmy be approacbclwith safety. The ishinds in the 
 Santa Barbara channel afford goo<l nnehorajre ; f.u 1, water and 
 nrovisions are obtainable. 
 
 The Farralones, a group of high, sterile rocks, bearing S. W. 
 nearly twenty-five miles from tlic Golden Gate. During the 
 spring months millions of birds are seen hovering around these 
 islets ; many eggs arc annually gathered there. Fierce conflicts 
 and even bloodshed have been peri)etrated for the periodical 
 o-g crop ; the strong arm of power has finally quieted the san- 
 guinary broils, the title to these Islands has been udjudicated, 
 and " peace reigns again in Warsaw." 
 
 Tatoosh is the most northerly island on the " old north-west 
 coast," is flat-topped, without trees or shrubbery, its sides are 
 nearly perpendicular, soaring 100 feet above the sea. 
 
 The temperature of the North Pacific ocean ranges from .)2- 
 to Si', nmch colder than the Atlantic on corresponding para- 
 lells A stream of warmer water washes the shores of Santa 
 IJaibara ; the people residing along these shores appreciate this 
 boon, and may be seen on summer evenings in crowds enjoying 
 the cheap luxury of sea bathing -a hixury generally denied the 
 less favored people settled along the more northern coast. 
 
 Winds For nine months in each year, from March to No- 
 vember, the wind blows regularly from the north-west along the 
 coast with the regularity of trade winds. In February this sea 
 breeze comes in during afternoon and continues till midnight ; 
 during May, June and July this wind is strong, and declines 
 with the sun ; in August and September it blows with certainty ; 
 in October it fans weaker, and seldom extends beyond the 50 . 
 Durincr the prevalence of these winds the weather is temperate 
 and bracing; heavy gales are not common on our coast. 
 - From April to October, inclusive, the prevailing wind is from 
 the north-west, changing to west in valleys opening upon the 
 coast, but in no case so strongly as through the Golden Gate. 
 During the summer the wind sets in strong about 10, a. m.. 
 increasing until nearly sunset when it begins to die away."- 
 
 From October till January the wind prevails generally from 
 the westward; on approaching the coast and striking against 
 the coast range of mountains it deflects to the north-west and 
 ),lows parallel to Iho shore. This wind comes with much force 
 
alniipt, olftftr 
 lO isliinds in tlu' 
 fml, water and 
 
 I, bearing S. W. 
 c. During tlic 
 ig around these 
 Fierce conflicts 
 r tlic periodical 
 [uietcd tlie san- 
 een adjudicated, 
 
 " old north-west 
 •ry, its sides are 
 i sea. 
 
 ranges from 52"^ 
 •esponding para- 
 shorcs of Santa 
 9 appreciate this 
 crowds enjoying 
 erally denied the 
 liern coast. 
 n March to No- 
 th-west ahing the 
 ?ebruary this sea 
 es till midnight; 
 )ng, and declines 
 k's with certainty ; 
 beyond the 50°. 
 thcr is temperate 
 n on our coast, 
 ling wind is from 
 )pening upon the 
 :he Golden Gate. 
 ; about 10, a. m.. 
 s to die away." — 
 
 ils generally from 
 1 striking against 
 ;he north-west and 
 5 with mnoli force 
 
 .-specially in the month of Decpmber, nUlictingonr shii)pini: with 
 morcoricHS damage. Hoavy gales IVom the southward very 
 often veer suddenly to the north and blow with great violence. 
 •' From November to March the wind is frequently from i\w 
 south-east, blowing heavily, working round to the south-west 
 with a large and broken swell from that (fuarter, weather thick, 
 rainy and scpially, the wind not unfrecjuently ending at north- 
 west, with an ugly cross sea." — Davidson, 
 
 Rain-fHll varies in dilferent localities. To the south of 
 Monterey droughts are prevalent, causing in some years the 
 death of many cattle ; to the north of the Golden Gate rain 
 falls in sulllc'cnt (luantities for hu?bandry ; in the region watered 
 by the lower Columbia river the " Oregon mist" falls thick and 
 fiist, whilst along Puget Sound valley sufHcient rain falls for the 
 general purposes of life. Rains along this coast are greeted 
 with Joy, as they not only stimulate vegetation but also purify 
 the atmosphere and impart health and vigor to the sick and dis- 
 consolate. Tempests are seldom experienced ; during our so- 
 Jouiii on the coast for nearly twelve years we observed but one 
 thunder-storm, and that was a mild one compared with those 
 witnessed in the north Atlantic. Fogs are prevalent especially 
 in the cilm regions around the Golden Gate, and are very 
 dense, retarding navigation. "■ During the suunner the wintl 
 sets in strong about 10, a. m., increasing until nearly sunset 
 when it begins to die away. During its height it almost regu- 
 larly brings in a dense fog, which, working its way over the 
 peninsula, meets that already advanced through the Golden 
 Gate, and envelopes San Francisco and the bay by sunset. As 
 a rule the breeze does not dispel the fog. If fog exists outside, 
 the wind is sure to bring it in." — Davidson. 
 
 As we progress farther north the fog is lighter and of short 
 duration ; oft" the bar of the Columbia it offers little obstruction 
 to shipping. On approaching the Strait of Fuca the soundings 
 .are gr,adual and the entrance wide, and little heed is paid tlierc 
 to fogs, snowstorms, or darkness. 
 
 Fish. The coast extending from San Diego on the south, to 
 Cape Flattery on the north, is very destitute of fish. The 
 Spanish pioneers on the Pacific slope were early impressed with 
 this conviction, and obtained a special dispensation from Rome, 
 whereby they were relieved from the usual observance of slated 
 davs and seasons, and were at liberty to sn>»sist on meats on all 
 
IP' 
 
 I'' 
 
 I- 
 
 A 
 
 oocftHlons, Its no M\ wcro to be had. The wftini strcftin bathing 
 the shores of Suntii Burbaru, (ahcmly notoil), uiVonU f^enial 
 ri'sort to various spcciea of llnh, which, like sill Hsli found in 
 warm water, arc lean and poor and of little value to the priie- 
 ticul fishemau. 
 
 Sea liaaa of various kinds are found around thcnc islandn in 
 limited numbers ; they range from twelve to twenty inches 
 in length, speckled on the buck, plump and solid ; when fresh 
 they atford palatable food, when suited they become dry and 
 tough. The Tautog family are found in considerable numbers, 
 tlicy are coarse-grained and tasteless. Barracontu are l)leuty, 
 ranging from twenty to thirty inches in length, spare, lean and 
 dry ; this flsh is very savage, and annoy the fishermen, often 
 carrying off their gear. 
 
 In the sunnner season mackerel are found in the channel ; 
 they congregate in considerable numbers, and range from ten to 
 twelve inches in length, lean, poor and slimy ; they bear some 
 resemblance to the " Dollar mackerel " on the eastern coast, 
 and when salted are hard and tough. In the season of 185S.> 
 the writer caught 246 barrels of poor mackerel in Trisoner's 
 Cove, on the north-east side of Santa Cruz island. Opposite 
 the old mission of Santa Barbara we encountered large bodies 
 at times. They appeared to gravitate to the westward, but we 
 have not been able to trace them to any higher latitudes. They 
 arc annually taken along the coast of California, but not in 
 sufficient immbers to justify any great preparation. The scarcity 
 of fat mackerel along the north-west coast is a fatal drawback 
 to our connnercial development. The lean clipper with sym- 
 metrical lines, the trim and rig of the vessel, the cut and set of 
 the sails, the emulation among the crew to excel over each 
 other, the small steering, the graceful walk on deck, the fierce 
 determination to be high line, the keen maneuvering at the 
 rail, the dignified demeanor in tlic boat, and all the graces 
 clustering around that invigorating industry, and the lively 
 ambition which it kindles in the youthful breast, renders the 
 mackerel fishing schooner the most inspiring nursery for prac- 
 tical seamanship ; the want of this animating school is deeply 
 deplored, and operates to retard the building of fast vessels on 
 our coast. 
 
 Sea Bass are found in the vicinity of the Golden Gate. 
 Some of them are very large ; they are savage, and annoying 
 
 P. 
 
n HtrcAin bathing 
 ), iiJIbrdH f^eiiial 
 ill (isli ruiiiul in 
 aliic to tlio priio- 
 
 I tlicHC islandn in 
 
 twenty inches 
 olid ; when fresh 
 
 become dry iiml 
 Icralile numbers. 
 ;ontu are plenty, 
 , Hpare, lean and 
 
 fishermen, often 
 
 in the channel ; 
 •ange from ten to 
 ; they bear some 
 le eastern coast, 
 e season of 185'J 
 !rel in I'risoner's 
 island. Opposite 
 ired large bodies 
 westward, but we 
 ■ latitudes. They 
 jrnia, but not in 
 on. The scarcity 
 a fatal drawback 
 clipper with sym- 
 he cut and set of 
 
 1 excel over each 
 n deck, the fierce 
 noeuvering at the 
 id all the graces 
 -, and the lively 
 rcast, renders the 
 
 nursery for prac- 
 
 school is deeply 
 
 of fast vessels on 
 
 he Golden Gate. 
 <ro, and annoying 
 
 to the Hporling fnilernily ; thrilling vonlliets with tlii;* monster 
 lU'i^ recorded. The fisliermen capture then> in considerable 
 numbers ; tliey command higii prices and are held in iiigli esteem 
 among the epicinx's in San Francisco. 
 
 Cod are taken iu very limited numliers dtl' llie Karralones, 
 they are lean and very iKjor, and resemiile tiie Jaundieeil cod on 
 tlie grand bank. (.)n tiie Ilcceta Iniuk, N.N.W. from Cape Or- 
 ford, Oregon, coil are found. The Indians residing on thai 
 coast report this fish as quite abundant in the sununer months, 
 and are said to l)e large, solid and delicious. During the winter 
 season shoals of cod arc found in Pnget Sound, they are small. 
 resembling the Labrador cod, solid and sweet. The Indians 
 take considerable quantities in seines; when salted and properly 
 cured this fisJi commands a premium over all other cod in tin; 
 market of San Francisco. 
 
 Halibut are found on Cape Flattery iu certain seasons, they 
 are small and sweet ; the Indians take them in numbers for food. 
 
 Uank of Cai'e Flattkuv. — " At the entrance to the Strait 
 of Juan dc Fuca, fifteen miles by estimation W.N.W. from Cajx; 
 Flattery, it is reported that a bank exists having eigiiteeu 
 I'athoms upon it. The Indians frequently go out upon some 
 bank of!" the strait to fish for cod eadi season. In July, IHC,",, 
 the schooner 'Brant' of Victoria, discovered eodfishing banks 
 oir Cape Flattery, and caught five barrels of cod after two 
 hours' fishing. The fish are known as red cod, and weigh from 
 five to fifteen pounds each. The bank has soundings in twenty- 
 five fathoms, and is sixteen miles nearly due west from Cape 
 Flattery. . . . This is an Indian fishing ground. Canoes 
 go out on the ebb current, catch an average of fifty fish of forty 
 pounds weight each, and retiun with flood cuiTcnt and westerly 
 wind." — Davidson, 
 
 Dogfish are abundant in the waters of Puget Sound. This 
 fish is large and solid, and yield plump, healthy livers, rich in 
 oil. The great rise and fall of the ocean tide in these regions 
 enable fishermen to trap large numbers of this fish in wiers. 
 Dogfish oil is hold in high esteem by our lumbermen, and sells 
 rapidly for sixty to seventy cents, in coin, per gallon. 
 
 Salmon are found along the north-west coast in countless 
 numbers. Fiarly in April they enter the Sacramento river and 
 are taken in seines ; they are large, and are jKieked in ice and 
 sent to the eastern markets. This fish, though very large, is 
 
Ill 
 
 ^1 
 
 
 n..| a lm.HiKrii.un uf ■ noitl.nu .salin..i.. a. il \. ...... .m.U.t. 
 
 Tho ''(i.i..i«...k sMl.i.o..," ro.....l in ti.e low.-.- Colu...l..:i, m.v 
 
 v.TV I...-.«, H..lia iu.a lut. Sovnal 0HtabliHl....n.ts u.c IccaU- 
 
 Ml,;,,.' tl.r Imi.kH or ti.-.H rivt-r .lovcUxl t<. U.c caUl.h.K .«...! 
 ..kkrinn; <,(■ this ll„e llsh. W.< .u.ticiHl two or ll.ico. UHlnn^ sta- 
 tio„s o., tl,.. ^Vasl:il,^'to., si.U- of the .iv.r i.. whirl. «al..,.m wm" 
 ,,„,,,,, „,„i put ..p i.. li" <■">'«. l.i-r...i'f.nilly houUhI 11..- 
 H,.I,..on llshnv .... tho Cc.l..i..l.ia in prolit.il.ly .leveloi.e. l. Ni'vo.nl 
 
 vmii'tioH .,r sal„,(.i. a.(. t«l;c,. a,(......l tl.. sl.c.rs of ^^ .isl..,.fi;to,. 
 
 t,..rito.-v. a.al .i .......Ik'.' of rives cnptyi.,}? into the IMctlc otra,. 
 
 ttr... with this lish. I)...i..f,' ttMi .vcur« voyagii.n o„ W^i Suui.tl 
 we observe.! the a..,.i.ul a.lve..t of silver Halino.i into those 
 witers This speeles rans^s f.o.n elj^htcen to tweuty-foi.v inches 
 i„ k.„.4l., a..<l p.-ese..t u white, sl.i..i..K appearance, 8ol,.l a...l 
 very IM, a...l whe,. p.operly .Ircssed and pickled, command re- 
 „,„„e,ative i.rices. They take the hook, and arc thus taken ... 
 .r,,M.t .......hers l,y the I.ulians, with whom it forms the pr..ie.pal 
 
 Hl„)f of life. Several white people have engaged in d(!Velop...g 
 this br..neh of industry. We have good faith in the enteri>nze 
 .,,,,1 earnestly recommend it to the most favorable attention ol 
 
 i',ieruelie llshern.cn. . ^ i • 
 
 Kritlsh Columbia, its romantic coast and hicrative hsheries, 
 des(.rve" notice. The nshiug resources of this colony being 
 „,K.,.ed to Americans by the "Treaty of Washington," we cheer- 
 l\,llv i.iesent the visible treasures Uitent in those waters, in the 
 Ibi.d 1...1.*' that that domain will ere many years shall roll around, 
 beco.ne a part of our own great Republic. This append.ige of the 
 n,itisl. Empire is already " sandwiched in between the territories 
 „f Washington and Alaska." Its coast presents varied land- 
 sc.pe, craggy mountains, bleak headlands, green valleys a.id 
 dear pebbly beaches ; in romantic scenery and beautiful views 
 this colony" may safely challenge any other portion of God's 
 crroen earth. In June, 1862, we sailed along this coast in a 
 small sloop for hundreds of miles through the interior chain ol 
 islands extending from Olympia, at the head of Puget Sound, 
 to the Stickine river -the south boundary of Alaska. We 
 traverse the very region of romance, high cliffs overhanging 
 deep sheen waters, frequent bays, meandering shores fringed 
 ^vith dense forests - every tree more stately than the " Cedars 
 of Lebanon." Of this labyrinth of waters Prof. Davidson re- 
 marks : " Fwm the head of Tuget Sound, in lat. 47» Oo, to the 
 
I il is llliull Milt*'!. 
 
 cr Coluiulii:i, iir«' 
 lU'iits mo hunti'il 
 Uic ciiUliiiiji anil 
 llirco. Ilshiiij; wtsi- 
 vhiili Miilii»)i» win- 
 ■iilly houUkI. Tlu' 
 jvelopetl. Si'vonil 
 t's of Wasliiufilon 
 Lo the I'luitU- oci'uii 
 iijj; oil rugflSoiiiitl 
 Hiilinon into Uiohi! 
 twcuty-lbur inclins 
 piiraucc, solid and 
 iiU'd . conunand lo- 
 aro tluis taken in 
 forma tlic princiipal 
 vgcd in ddvi'lopinj:; 
 til in the cnterpiize 
 •orable attention of 
 
 I lucrative fisheries, 
 this colony beinf^ 
 ihington," wc ehcer- 
 hoHC waters, in the 
 ,r8 shall roll around, 
 lis appendage of the 
 twccn the territories 
 28ent8 varied land- 
 green valleys and 
 and beautiful views 
 r portion of God's 
 )ng this coast in a 
 he interior chain of 
 lad of Puget Sound, 
 ly of Alaska. We 
 1 cliffs overhanging 
 ring shores fringed 
 ly than the " Cedars 
 s Prof. Davidson re- 
 in lat. 47° 05, to the 
 
 1» 
 
 mouth of the C'liilkftlit, in .V.)' I."', tlnough seven hundred and 
 tiiirty-two miles, lies the vast iiiteiior line of navigation, un. 
 (■(lUiillfd ill tiic wuiid for liold sliores, deep waters, mmieroiis 
 buys and liiirliors, bindcred every mili^ witli timber of great si/e 
 mid liciglit. Tiie smallest erall can make their tniding trips 
 through tliese waters williout tlie risk of a sea voyage ; small 
 steamboats can traverse them and find fuel at every point of 
 tiie twenty thousand miles of siioie line. Tiie freciueiiey of 
 passages euiineetiiig these great straits aud sounds with the 
 ocean render tlu'Ui of inestimable value as a means of refuge to 
 vessels fearing or sutleriiig from heavy weather at sea. . . . 
 'I'hese waters weic! discovereil by tiie American vessi'i > Wasii- 
 iiigton,' wliieh entered by tiie Strait of Fiica in 48' -'1, and letl 
 tliem by Dixon Sound in 51' 10." 
 
 Several islands margin this coast, prominent among which 
 Vancouver looms 7000 feet above tlic sea. This important island 
 luiis parallel with the main land for nearly 200 miles, anil pre- 
 sents bold, abrupt outlines and acceptable anchorage. Farther 
 north Queen Charlotte islands run parallel with the coast for 
 lOO miles ; this group soars high and presents wild, craggy out- 
 lines, deep ravines, dense witli timber ; the shores are bold and 
 clean, airording secure shelter, where fuel, water and game may 
 l)c obtained. Numerous tribes of Indians inhabit this coast. 
 Some of them have acquired the rudiments of education, and 
 display considerable mechanical ingenuity, tho graceful models 
 and lines of their canoes indicating artistic taste. They are 
 expert watermen and skilful fishermen, navigating these waters 
 in all seasons with safety, and capturing many whales ; they arc 
 treacherous and cruel to the white traders, and have plundered 
 several vessels and murdered their crews. The gunboats of the 
 royal navy exert a wholesome terror over the Indians in these 
 regions. 
 
 Fish, All the varieties of fish found in Puget Sound are 
 also taken in the waters bathing British Columbia ; sardines, 
 smelts and herring are abundant, dogfish are plenty and solid, 
 yielding clear, rich oil, the Indians take millions of them annu- 
 ally. Cod of various species are found close to the shore and 
 nuvy be taken in quantities. Halibut are found around the 
 Queen Charlotte isles like those taken off Capo Flatteiy, they 
 arc too small for the general purposes of commerce. Salmon 
 revel around this coast ; those found around the islands are ol' 
 
r; 
 
 
 i: 
 
 i5' 
 
 r 
 
 ^ I 
 
 10 
 
 moderate size, resembling the silver salmon in Pugct Soinirl. 
 In the Frazor, Stickninc ami other rivers on the main-laml, very 
 lar<!;c salmon are found in shoals. "Fish and other game, 
 salmon and other good fish abound at the mouth of the Siickine. 
 When the salmon ascend the river in Jujie and July, the Indians 
 follow and catch them in great numbers. They split them along 
 the back removing the back-bone, cut them in long strips, and 
 dry and smoke them ; when well cured they are very fine and 
 convenient in camp." — Davidson. 
 
 Acquisition of Alaska. From ^\hat has been demonstrated 
 in the foregoing pages touching the supply of cod and mackerel 
 along the north-west coast, the impoverished fishing grounds 
 and the sterility of our commercial nursery appeared rather 
 dreary. The author having devoted several years to the fishing 
 industry in B-; iti^li America and New England, and appreciating 
 ♦ue lively in- pulse that ihat industrial school imparted to the 
 colonial commerce, directed our earnest attention to this prolific 
 business on the north-west coast. In the season of 1859, (as 
 before stated), we made a voyage to the southern coast in search 
 of mackerel which we found in shoals in the warm waters of 
 Santa Barbara channel, but of such poor quality as not to justify 
 any extensive preparation or profit. 
 
 In the winter of 1859-CO, the governor of Russian America 
 visited San Francisco and tarried there for weeks. The writer 
 obtained an audienc6 with him through the friendship of the 
 Russian Consul, and earnestly solicited of him the privilege of 
 prosecuting the salt fisheries for a term of years on the peninsula 
 of Alaska. The consul was a partner in our entcrprize, and he 
 urged our claims most earnestly ; for days and weeks we lavished 
 every conceivable blandishment on the imperial nabob to secure 
 the desired franchise. He very cooly refused to comply with 
 our requests, and with an emphatic "No!" politely withdrew 
 his august presence, and thus our first attempt on Alaska " died 
 of a rose in aromatic pain," and the enterprize was abandoned 
 with sore regrets. In our perplexity we addressed Secretary 
 Cass at Washington, imploring governmental assistance to the 
 end that we migh^ obtain a foothold near the fishing gi-ounds 
 mar^^ining Russian America. The venerable secretary replied 
 that^the troubles then in prospect in the South precluded any 
 effort on the part of the Federal government in our behalf, and 
 that our ft-anchiso in those regions must " wait for a more 
 
non in Pugot Soinicl. 
 311 the niain-laml, very 
 ''ish juid other game, 
 mouth of the Siickine. 
 ! and Jul}', the Indians 
 They split them along 
 lem in long strips, and 
 ;hey are very fine and 
 
 has been demonstrated 
 ,y of cod and mackerel 
 wished fishing grounds 
 irscry appeared rather 
 ral years to the fishing 
 ^land, and appreciating 
 ichool imparted to the 
 ittention to this prolific 
 he season of 1859, (as 
 outhern coast in search 
 in the warm waters of 
 quality as not to justify 
 
 )r of Russian America 
 for weeks. The writer 
 I the friendship of the 
 of him the privilege of 
 if years on the peninsula 
 1 our cntcrprizc, and ho 
 3 and v,eeks we lavished 
 inperial nabob to secure 
 refused to comply with 
 No ! " politely withdrew 
 ttempt on Alaska " died 
 iterprize was abandoned 
 we addressed Secretary 
 mental assistance to the 
 near the fishing gi'ounds 
 lerable secretary replied 
 the South precluded any 
 ment in our behalf, and 
 nust "wait for a more 
 
 II 
 
 couvenieut season." Senator Gwinn from California was also 
 strongly appealed to to advocate this measure conjointly wilh 
 Secretary Cass ; to his credit be it written that then and there he 
 oficred the government of Russia the sum of $G,000,000 for the 
 territory of Alaska. [See Hon, Charles Sumner's speech on the 
 cession of Alaska.] 
 
 The great rebellion in the Southern States paralyzed our 
 national industry, on the Pacific slope we felt its baneful influence 
 in obstructing many enterprizes. At the restoration of peace 
 our people branched out into new channels of industry and 
 general prosperity prevailed. Whaling vessels visiting Behring 
 Sea and the Arctic Ocean took cod in more or less quantities, 
 and the abundance of those and other desirable fish in the 
 waters bathing the Russian possessions became known to our 
 people, and some of our adventurous fishermen made occasional 
 raids on those fishing grounds and in a few weeks returned 
 laden with the products of those waters. 
 
 In the spring of 186G Captain Turner sailed from San Fran- 
 cisco in the schr. " Porpoise ;" he pursued a noilherly course, 
 calling at Queen Charlotte's, Unga, and Shumagin islands; 
 around the latter named group he foimd safe harbors, fuel, 
 water and other facilities for prosecuting his business, while on 
 the grounds fringing those isles he found large, plump, healthy 
 codfish in such numbers as to enable him to fill his vessel in a 
 few weeks. After an absence of three months this "hardy 
 toiler on the sea " returned to the " Bay City," having performed 
 a successful porpoise voyage, the honored pioneer of the north- 
 western salt fisheries. 
 
 In January, 1866, the author, while attending the session of 
 the legislature at Olympia, the capital of Washington Territory, 
 determined to make another bold push for Alaska, by soliciting 
 the good oflSces of our government for the purpose of obtaining 
 a permanent foothold, and to open the prolific fishing grounds in 
 those regions to our ambitious fishermen. To this end we 
 penned the following : 
 
 " Memorial. To His Excellency Andi-ew Johnson, Pi-esidcnt 
 of the United States. Your memorialists — the Legislative 
 Assembly of Washington Territory, beg leave to show that vast 
 quantities of cod, halibut and salmon of excellent quality, are 
 found along the shores of Russian America. Your memorialists 
 respectfully request your Excellency to obtain such rights and 
 
w^ 
 
 if ' 
 
 mi I 
 
 1/ ' 
 
 privileges of the government of Russin, a« will enable our lish- 
 incr vessels to visit the harbors of its possessions, to the end 
 that fuel, water and provisions may be obtained ; that our sick 
 •ind disabled fishermen may obtain sanitary assistanee ; trp;ethor 
 with the privilege of taking and curing fish and repairing vessels 
 in need of repairs. Your memorialists further request that the 
 Secretary of the Treasury bo instructed to forward to the Col- 
 lector of Customs of this, Puget Sound district, such fishing 
 license, abstract journals and log-books, as will enable our hardy 
 lishermen to obtain the bounties now paid to the fishermen in 
 the Atlantic States. Your memorialists llnally pray your Ex- 
 cellency to employ such ships as may be spared from the Tacihc 
 naval fleet in surveying the lishing banks known to navigators 
 to exist from the Cortez Bank to Behring Strait." 
 
 This memorial, written by a lisherman in behalf of the fishing 
 industry on the north-east coast, passed both branches of our 
 territorial legislature with commendable unanimity and dispatch, 
 lu forwarding a copy of the above named memorial to the Sec- 
 retary of State, we imparted such information touching the 
 fisheries around the Russian possessions, and the impulse which 
 the opening of those resources to our fishermen would impart to 
 the commercial development on the north-west coast. In ac- 
 knowledging our humble services the illustrious secretaiy assured 
 us that ''' in cosummating the recent purchase, I was strongly 
 fortified by the letters which you wrote to me touching the valu- 
 able fiBherics in those waters." The New York Times of April 
 1st, 18G7, (the acknowledged organ of Secrctaiy Seward,) said, 
 " that a memorial from the Territorial Legislature of Washington 
 Territory, dated January, ISC.O. asking the President to obtain 
 certain rights for the fishermen, was the foundation of the 
 
 present treaty." 
 
 On the eighteenth of October. 1807, the transfer of this vast 
 teirit<n-y from Russia to the I'nited States was oflicially con- 
 summated by the respective commissioners of the two govern- 
 ments, at Sitka, in the presence of the Russian population, who 
 cheerfully welcomed the few Americans there also present. The 
 union has been very cheerfully accepted by the people of the 
 territory. Our government, on assuming possession, found 
 mimerous adventurers fnmi the Pacific, States doinicileu in 
 various parts of the territory engaged in trade and in developing 
 the resources in those regions ; vessels laden with ware entered 
 
 i 
 
 
,11 enable our llsh- 
 ?ssions, to the end 
 led ; that our siek 
 sistance ; tcp;cthor 
 id repairing vessels 
 !r request that the 
 orward to the Col- 
 strict, such fishino- 
 11 enable our hardy 
 to the fishenncn in 
 dly pray your Ex- 
 •ed from the Pacific 
 nown to navigators 
 •ait." 
 
 jchalf of the fiishing 
 th branches of our 
 limity and dispatch, 
 jmorial to the Sec- 
 ation touching the 
 1 the impulse which 
 len would impart to 
 west coast. In ac- 
 us secretaiy assured 
 lase, I was strongly 
 3 touching the vaui- 
 'ork Times of April 
 jtaiy Seward,) said, 
 nturc of Washington 
 President to obtain 
 foundation of the 
 
 transfer of this vast 
 i was oflicially con- 
 of the two goveni- 
 dan population, who 
 e also present. Tiie 
 \- the people of the 
 f possession, found 
 States domicile.! in 
 ide and in develoi)ing 
 ;n with ware entered 
 
 13 
 
 every harl)or, stores were opened as by magic in every acceiitalile 
 roadstead along the southern and western coasts, an active 
 comiietition for furs, oil, ivory, old cojtper, iron and junk, was 
 earnestly inaugurated, commerce revived, tiie sails of our vessels 
 wiiitened every creek, bay and sound, and the staid Russians 
 very soon obtained an insight into Yankee progress on the go- 
 ahead principle. 
 
 Topography. The topography of this coast presents vaiicd 
 scenery ; rugged mountains, craggy promontories, bleak head- 
 lands and broad valleys. The shores are generally bold and 
 clean, offering little obstruction to careful navigation. Mount 
 St. Elcas, in the south-eastern angle of the tenitory, soars higii 
 in the region of clouds ; the highest elevation in our country 
 may be seen on a clear day 130 miles at sea. Cape Douglas, 
 the south-west angle of Cook's Inlet, forms a lofty cupola whicii 
 gradually slopes with gentle declivity along the peninsula of 
 Alaska, and terminates in a low plateau. Several raoimtaiiis 
 run parallel with the coast and rear their lofty crests heaxen- 
 ward. On a clear day these mountain domes, basking in eternal 
 sleet, glittering in the sun's rays and cutting sharp against the 
 azure sky, present the grandest scenery the human cje can wit- 
 ness ; we have observed these sparkling monuments from the 
 vessel, many leagues off shore, — the landscape was romantic 
 and wild. 
 
 Behiing Sea is margined with lower table lands, tlie shore 
 meanders into bays and coves ; the Yukon river empties into 
 this sea through various channels, depositing vast quantities of 
 sediment which form broad marshes along the coast for leagues, 
 and extend for miles into the sea. " The whole country, from 
 Norton's Soimd to Point Barrow, is a vast moorland, 
 The aspect of some spots is very gay ; May-flowers are large, 
 with bright colors, though white predominates, and plants dis- 
 playing other tints are not uncommon. Cape Lisburn, in lat. 
 08° 52, one of the most productive localities, looks like a gar- 
 den. To prevent the ravages of the scurvy, the Esquimaux 
 collect for their stock, raspberries, whortleben'ies and cranberries. 
 . . . In the Arctic sub-regions there are plants which the e3e 
 is accustomed to meet in the plains of more temperate climates, 
 l)esides annuals and bi-annuals, shrubs and trees. A peculiar 
 feature of the vegetation is its harmless character, the poisonous 
 plants being few in number and their quality by no means vir- 
 ulent." — Davidson. 
 
r 
 
 til 
 
 1 1 
 1 1 
 
 11 
 
 Islands of vmious lorms aud elevation border the coast ; the 
 Ka.lik group present liigli, craggy cliirs and verdant gulches, 
 with broad, green valleys ; the Shuniagins are lower, more level, 
 iind bask in nutritious grass. The small islands margining the 
 peninsula arc numerous and barren, presenting clean, pcbldy 
 beaches. The Aleutian Islands; extending from ihc south- 
 western angle of the territory in the direction of the Asiatic 
 coast, arc bold, rugged aud mountainous. Several volcanic 
 peaks arc visible among these islands, they are separated by 
 deep, boiling channels, through which the ocean currents rush 
 with fierce violence, creating fearful tide-rips, which, in heavy 
 gales, mariners in those waters are most careful to avoid. 
 
 Climate. Along the southern and western shores of Alaska 
 the climate'is humid and milder than could be looked for in such 
 high latitudes, tempered by the volume of warm water constantly 
 bathing those shores. This thermal stream from " India's coral 
 strand/' coming through the sea of Japan, along the Asiatic 
 coast, and dividing into several branches, the greatest of which 
 passes through Belu-ing Strait into the Arctic Ocean, and carry- 
 ing the ice formed in those waters away from our shores ; a con- 
 siderable stream shoots to the north-east, striking with some 
 force against the island of St. Lawrence, again deflects to the 
 castwanl and finally to the southward and westward, laving the 
 northern shores of the peninsula of Alaska and the Aleutian 
 islands. A considerable volume of this current crosses on an 
 easterly course, washing the south-eastern base of Alaska, 
 strikes the shores of British Columbia, and deflects to the north- 
 north-west and westward, creating a strong counter-current along 
 the Gulf of Alaska and imparting a double dose of heat to the 
 shores fringing those waters. The westerly winds blowing over 
 this thermal plateau tempers the coast climate, and in passing 
 thi-ough the Cascade Mountains are known as " Chinook winds " 
 in the" broad basin of the Columbia river. These winds thus 
 tempered exert vital influence along the coast, stimulating vege- 
 tation and dense underbnish. The condensation of this warm 
 wind by the colder air on the mainland produces moisture and 
 heavy rains, hence the rank growth of trees, grasses, plants and 
 moss. Larger trees are found here than on the Atlantic slope 
 on the same parallels, while gay plants and beautiful flowers 
 flourish and give to thoao regions the appearance of budding 
 fields. 
 
 
lei' the coast ; the 
 
 verdant gulches, 
 lower, more level, 
 lIs margiuing the 
 ing clean, pebhly 
 
 from the south- 
 )n of the Asiatic 
 
 Several volcanic 
 are Bcparatcd by 
 ;an currents rush 
 , which, in heavy 
 111 to avoid. 
 
 shores of Alaska 
 
 looked for in such 
 m water constantly 
 om " India's coral 
 along the Asiatic 
 
 greatest of which 
 Ocean, and cany- 
 onr shores ; a con- 
 itriking with some 
 lin deflects to the 
 stward, laving the 
 
 and the Aleutian 
 ent crosses on an 
 
 base of Alaska, 
 jflects to the north- 
 iinter-current along 
 dose of heat to the 
 vinds blowing over 
 te, and in passing 
 
 " Chinook winds " 
 
 These winds thus 
 i, stimulating vege- 
 ation of this warm 
 duces moisture and 
 grasses, plants and 
 
 the Atlantic slope 
 d beautiful flowers 
 ^arancc of budding 
 
 15 
 
 " The North Pacific presents a peculiar striking analogy to 
 the North Atlantic, in the existence of a great warm current 
 which sweeps along the eastern coast of Asia to the north-east- 
 ward across the Pacific, washes the north-west coast of America, 
 affects the climate of the whole coast, and gives a much higher 
 temperature along the sea-board than would exist under normal 
 circumstances. The Japanese have long been well aware of this 
 irreat current which washes the south-eastern shores of their 
 empire, and have given to it the name of ' Kiiro Siwo, or Black 
 Stream,' from its deep blue color when compared with the 
 neighboring waters of the Pacific. It has been noticed by 
 nearly all the old navigators and explorers, and a systematic 
 series of observations was undr;taken by the United States 
 expeditions to Japan under Commodore Perry. This singular 
 current, with the water at an average maximum temperature of 
 80*, being that of the equatorial waters, affords a solution of 
 the fact of the Bonin islands, in the lat. of 27J°, having an ex- 
 clusively tropical vegetation, the cause of which was long a 
 mystery to naturalists. It also accounts for the productiveness 
 of the southern islands of the Japan group, in sugar and other 
 products usually confined to inter-tropical regions, and to the 
 successful development of the silk worm as high as lat. 45°. 
 
 The results of observations, corroborated by the facts of the 
 high temperature above stated, shows very satisfactorily that 
 the Japan stream has its origin in the great northern equatorial 
 current. This great cun-ent, leaving the coast of Lower Cali- 
 fornia and the Gulf of California, between the latitudes of 15° 
 and 25°, sweeps across the whole Pacific, with its axis two or 
 three degrees south of the Sandwich islands, and thence on the 
 parallel of 15°, and coming gradually northward until it passes 
 the position of the Ladrone islands in lat. 17°, long. 2U° west, 
 is gradually deflected north-east along the Asiatic coast, but 
 apparently with decreased velocity. . . . At 120 leagues 
 eastward of Formosa the monsoon current of the Caroline 
 islands runs northward, and thence north-east, adding its waters 
 to those of the great Japan current. The combined waters of 
 the Caroline and equatorial streams are thrown against the 
 island of Fomiosa in lat. 22°, long. 239° west, thence deflected 
 to the northward and north-eastward, and on the parallel of 31° 
 strikes the southern extremity of Japan and pass close along 
 the north-eastern coast of Niphon. Of the south and cast 
 
I 
 
 16 
 
 point of Nii.hot., in lat. 35«, long. 220' west, the stream ngnhi 
 iKxrins to spread, and by the time it reiidies hit. 38«,long. 210 , 
 it lias been divicU'd or split in two by tlie intrusion of the cold 
 polar current. The contact of the cold an.l warm waters tiive 
 riso to tlic constant fogs that exist in this region. One branch 
 of the stream, called the Kamschatlia current, moves to the 
 north-east, nearly parallel with the coast of Japan, the Kunlc 
 islands and the coast of Kamschatka, its axis passing just east 
 (,f Copper island, in hit. 50Mong. 191, and running directly lor 
 Heln-in.- Strait. The other and greater branch follows the par- 
 ■dlel of 35' eastward, being dellected a degree or two toward 
 the south, in long. 1H0 = , by the inu.inging of the cold Ilehruig 
 sea current running southward througli the Fox islands, but ni 
 lon<r 170» it regains its laiitude, and fuially reaches the h.t. 
 4.^=\o r,0=, in about long. 14H°, when it appears to agani di- 
 vide The main body of the stream stretches directly toward 
 the coast of America, is dellected to the southward and east- 
 ^v.u•d runs down the coast of Oregon and California, and linally 
 sweeps back into the great northern equatorial current. '1 he 
 existence of this current is well demonstrated by the wrecks ol 
 Jaiianese junks on the coasts of Washington Territory and 
 Orecron. Many years ago, upon the beach south of Point 
 Adams, at the entrance of the Columbia river, there was cast 
 away a Chinese junk with many hands and a cargo of beeswax. 
 The ship was totally lost but the crew were saved. In support 
 of this Imlian tradition pieces of this wax, coated with sand and 
 bleached nearly white, are occasionally thrown upon the beach 
 after great storms. Formerly a great deal was found, but now 
 it is rarely met with. In 1851 we saw many pieces of it.» In 
 1833 a Japanese junk was An-ecked near Cape Flattery, of which 
 account can be found in Belcher's narrative and m Lnited States 
 
 exploring expedition Among the tangibe proofs 
 
 of the ori-in and existence of the Kamschatka cuiTcnt are the 
 following r In September, 18G2, a Japanese vessel was wrecked 
 on the island of Attou, she had been driven off the coast of 
 Japan two or three months before with a crew of twelve men of 
 whom she lost nine before going ashore, and had thus dritted 
 1800 miles in this current, at an average velocity of over twenty 
 miles per day. Among the floating bodies which the sea drives 
 upon the shores of Copper island, the true right camphor-wood, 
 «Tl.c writer 8«w Bcvcral o«ko« of this wax at Nchalem bead,, in April. 1«». 
 
:hc strcnm n<?ain 
 D8«, long. 210', 
 iwion of llio cold 
 anil wiitors gho 
 >ii. One bviuuh 
 t, movi's to the 
 upan, the Kurilc 
 )UHsing just ciisL 
 iniug diiec'tly for 
 
 follows the pur- 
 '0 or two toward 
 ,hc cold r>ehriiig 
 c islands, but in 
 reaches the h.t. 
 cars to again di- 
 9 directly toward 
 thward and east- 
 ibniia, and linally 
 ial current. The 
 by the Avrccks of 
 on Territory and 
 
 south of Point 
 ir, there was cast 
 irgo of beeswax, 
 ved. In support 
 ,ted with sand and 
 
 I upon the beach 
 s found, but now 
 pieces of it.* In 
 Flattery, of which 
 il in United States 
 le tangible proofs 
 a cuiTcnt are the 
 essel Avas wrecked 
 d off the coast of 
 
 of twelve men, of 
 
 II had thus drifted 
 ;ity of over twenty 
 licli the sea drives 
 ;lit camphor-wood, 
 
 rncli, in April. 1«». 
 
 and anolhci- sort of wood, v»ry wiiile, sull and swcct->iCi'ntcd, 
 arc occasionally fuiind. Kolzchuc Ibund Asiatic wood among 
 tlic Aleuts of Uiialaska." — AavUson. 
 
 lion. C'liarlcs Sumner, in his speech on the cession of Alaska, 
 in di-monstrating tin tlicrmul current, in those regions, as>erted : 
 •■All tins is now explained Ity certain known forces in iiatiuv : 
 of these the most important is a thermal current in tiie raeilie 
 I'orrespouding to tiie gulf stream in the Atlantic ; the latter, 
 ii:iviug its origin in tlie iiealed waters in tlic (iulf of IVIexico, 
 Hows as a river tlimugh tiie ocean northward, encircling England, 
 liathing, Norway and warming all within its influence. A simi- 
 lar slieam in the I'acilie, sometimes called the Japanese current, 
 liaviiig its origin under the ecinalor near the Phillipines and the 
 Malaccas, amid no common heat, after washing the ancient em- 
 jiiie oi" -lapau. sweeps northward until forming two branches, 
 one moves onward to Behring Strait, and the otlier bends east- 
 ward along the Aleutian islands, and thcjice southward along the 
 coast of Sitka, Oregon and California." 
 
 Intelligent people remote from the regions here described, are 
 prone to doubt and unwilling to acknowledge the superiority of 
 our climate along the north-west coast. For the purpose of 
 removing doubt on this very important subject we have quoted 
 verv fully from ^Messrs. Davidson and Sumner, in the fond hope 
 aiKl conscious faith that this important truth so indispensable to 
 the development of the vast latent resources in those regions, 
 may be fully understood and ai)prcciated. With all due respect 
 to the opinions of the above named gentlemen, or any other 
 man, we maintain that the " Japanese thermal current" does not 
 extend southward of Vancouver island. During our voyaging 
 in those waters we have foiled to notice any indic-ation of such 
 a current on the coasts of Oregon or California, and have never 
 met a i)ractical navigator on that coast advocating such a theory. 
 II is a well established fact among the coasters that the climate 
 along the coasts of California and Oregon is nuicli colder and 
 more frigid than that on Pugct Sound and the waters washing 
 the coast of liritish Columbia. A very strong cuiTcnt runs con- 
 stantly to the northward along those states, otherwise the anti- 
 quated, slow lumber vessels beating up those shores against the 
 stiff north-west trade winds prevailing in those regions, would 
 make very long passages. We have witnessed trees and logs of 
 redwood from the coast forests of California beached on the 
 
T 
 
 
 h:UKl-f*i>il« miirgiiiiiig Hn' ^^trait Dc Kuca. Nearly nil tliu vis- 
 Hcls Ktnimlod on the bar of the Columbia, an.l on the coasts ad- 
 jacent, have drirtod northwest ; the cargoes and materials of 
 tiiosowrecics have invariably grounded on the coast of I'ritish 
 Columbia ; all the deckloads of hnnber thrown off of vessels on 
 this coast, have, in every instance, landed either on Queen Char- 
 lotte's island or on the neighboring mainland. From such cir- 
 cumstances we conclude that no c\n'rent flows southward along 
 Die shores of Oregon and California. In the regions east of the 
 Cascade mountains, in Ihitish Columbia and the eastern divis- 
 ion of "Washington Territory, sfroug indications of thermal in- 
 ilucnces ar«! manifest, wiiich fortifies the belief fiiat the thermal 
 winds fron> the Indies arc absorbed in the great l)asin of tiie (\>- 
 lumltia, :ind tliat those warm breezes exert a directing power in 
 tempering the climate, even in tiie northern pass of the llocky 
 mountains. The Cariboo gold fields arc secluded in mountain 
 fastnesses. In the winter season the climate is severe, the frost 
 is very keen ; miners who have wintei ed in those fields attlrm 
 that in traveling southward sixty miles they enter a genial ther- 
 mal climate. The warm winds rushing in through the mountain 
 pass from the oeean exert a powerful effect in those regions, 
 (luickening vegetation, spurring the grass and exciting plants 
 and flowers. The "Hudson Bay Company" have, for nearly 
 half a century, maintained large tracts of prairie lands in the 
 Kamaloops, where they have nurtured and reared herds of cattle 
 and horses. This " green spot in memory's waste " has proved 
 a successful pasture ; while vast herds in OregOii and California 
 perished from the inclemency of tiie climate. Stock gi-azing on 
 those bleak prairies, in lat. r.i", tlu-ove and lattened. Notwith- 
 standing that the company have ne\er provided sheds or prov- 
 ender, we have yet to learn that any considerable number of 
 their cattle perished in any season from hunger or cold. " In 
 the economy of nature these thermal currents are only pipes of 
 hot water, modifying the climate of continents by carrying heat 
 I'rom the warm cisterns of the south into the most distant places 
 in the north. . . . Kver\- ocean wind from every quarter, as 
 it traverses over the stream of heal, lakes up the warmth and 
 carries it to the coast, so that the ocean current is re-enforced 
 ))y an aerial current of constant influence. But these forces are 
 iiided by the configuration of flic norlhwcstern coast with a lofty 
 and impenetrable liarricadc of mountains by which its islands 
 
 •IE' 
 
'1 
 
 ally all the vis- 
 jii the coasts ad- 
 iml materials of 
 coast of r.ritlsh 
 oil' of vessels on 
 V on Queen Cliai- 
 From siicli cir- 
 southward along 
 '<> ions cast of the 
 lie eastern ilivis- 
 is of thermal iii- 
 tiiat the thermal 
 L basin of the Co- 
 irecting power in 
 3S of tlu! lloeky 
 (led in monntain 
 3 severe, the frost 
 hose fields altirni 
 iter a genial ther- 
 ngh the mountain 
 u those regions, 
 
 I exciting i)lants 
 have, for nearly 
 
 liric lands in the 
 red herds of cattle 
 astc " has proved 
 Oil and California 
 Stock grazing on 
 ttened. Notwith- 
 Lxl sheds or prov- 
 eraltle number of 
 ;er or cold. " In 
 are onlj' pipes of 
 s bj' cariying heat 
 lost distant places 
 
 II everj' quarter, as 
 > the warmth and 
 ent is re-enfoiced 
 ut these forces are 
 1 coast with a lofty 
 
 wliicii its islands 
 
 and liarbors are protected ft-oin tfio cold of the north. Occupy- 
 ing the Aluetiau islands, traversing the peninsula of Alaska, 
 and running along tiie margin of the ocean to lat. 54' 10, tiiis 
 mountain ridge, this climatic shed, such as perhaps exists no- 
 where else in the world ; here an Alps, some of them volcanic, 
 with" Iklount St. Elias, higher than Blount Rlanc, standing guard 
 against the Arctic Circle ; so it serves without the aid of science. 
 Here is a dike between the icy waters of Behring sea and the 
 milder southern ocean ; here is a partition between the treeless 
 northern coast of the Keeuiaiis and Kolochians ; here is a fence 
 which separates the aniinul kingdom of this region, leaving on 
 the one side tlie walrus and ice fox from the frozen ocean, and 
 oil the other side the huTnmiiig bird from the tropics. I simply 
 repeat the statements of geography. And now you will not lail 
 to observe how by this configuration the thermal currents of the 
 ocean are left to exercise their climatic powers."— /Swmner, 
 
 Sitka, the famous metropolis of the Russian Fur Company, 
 has been shorn of its prestige ; it is still the " seat of customs," 
 and the official headquarters of the army. Being located in the 
 southeastern pan-handle of the territory, in the neighborhood of 
 Fort Simpson, the Hudson Bay Company's nearest trading post, 
 and surrounded by the most treacherous Indians on the north- 
 west coast, who have inherited a deadly animosity against tiic 
 " Bostons," they carry their furs and products to Fort Simpson 
 and trade them with the " King George men." In consequence 
 of mutual hatred engendered between the races, little trade is 
 now done at Sitka ; " the glory of Israel is departed." Our fish- 
 ermen and traders make a " bee line " to western Alaska, where 
 they find kind, christian people of reliable, docile habits ; very 
 industrious trappers and fishermen, with whom a profitable bar- 
 ter in oil, furs, ivory and fish is largely and profitably carried 
 on. The climate prevailing in the Sitka district changes but lit- 
 tle in the course of a year ; being fenced in by a chain of high 
 mountains, an unusal amount of rain falls continually. " B.\' 
 this it will be seen that the mean temperature of Sitka in lat. 
 57= 3, derived from twelve years observation, is 42* 9, Fahren- 
 heit. . . . The average amount of rain, melted snow and 
 hail that fell from 1847 to 18G4 (with the exception of the year 
 1855) was 82.66 inches, or Avithin a fraction of seven feet, (yet 
 five inches less than the fall ut the mouth of the Columbia ii\er,) 
 and the average annual num1>or of days upon which rain, snow 
 
20 
 or Imil fell, or heavy fogs prevailed, was 2\:>, oi two (l:iys oiil 
 of every three. . . . Kotzebue snys Uiul in tlio iniildic of 
 winter the coM is not excessive and never lasts ionir."— />'!- 
 
 vklson. 
 
 Kmliak and tlio islands ndjaeent are iii-;ii and criiu-y. and 
 subject to heavy rains. Tn summer tlie diiys are sunny and 
 warm ami tlic winter is much colder tiian at Sitl<a. We noticed 
 •rreen, nutritious grass, on Avliidi small compressL'd cattle ^\ere 
 feeding; wc also observed cabbages, carrots, potatoes and otli- 
 or vegetables growing in the neigliborhood of St. I'aui. "NNe 
 were unable to obtain any nieteorolugical records at Si. I'anl, 
 and our knowledge of it "is extremely United. In general terms 
 wc know that it is wanner in summer than at Sitka, and colder 
 in winter, and this is corrol)oruted by the fact that ice obtained 
 at Sitka for the San Francisco market has in'cn Iniind unlit for 
 conuuerce on account of being full of air holes, by wliich it rap- 
 idly melted, and recourse was had to the ice formed by the cold- 
 c-r winters of Kadiak. ... In the latter part of August we 
 round grass growing from the si)iuignnm and liaving an average 
 height "of not less than two feet. It is usually cut about the 
 nrst of August, and cures well and rapidly in a lew days ; some 
 stalks we examined were in as fnie condition and as sweet as 
 any we have seen on the Atlantic slope. "Western men with ns 
 corroborated our botanist in saying that this is really a Hue graz- 
 ing country, and capable of sustaining a very large number of 
 cattle. The condition of cattle we saw about St. Paul and on 
 Si)ruce Island, and at the fieedmen's settlement was line, and the 
 llavor of the beef we obtained was good. . . • During our 
 stay at Kadiak, from August -ifith to the ;51st, tlie mean temper- 
 ature of the air was 49' 5, and of the water, 15= Hr—D<(ridson. 
 As we travel this coast to the westward wc encounter dry, 
 bracing weather. The peninsida of Alaslca, the islands fringing 
 it, and the Aleutian islands, are lofty and comparatively level ; 
 no timber is visible along these shores ; grass and various kinds 
 of vegetables are produced, and cattle, goats and hogs fare 
 sumi)Uiously. " Our stay at V nalaska was too limited to enable 
 us to judge of the climate, except in the inlhience it has on the 
 botany of the islands. . . . There ;nc no trees of any size 
 whatever upon any of the Aleutian islands. . . . Grasses 
 grow luxuriantly, and when cut and cured, are used to feed the 
 small Siberian breed of cuttle tlu'ough the winter. . . Uut 
 
81 
 
 or I wo (InyH out 
 in tlio tni<Ullo of 
 l:is(s lonir." — Mt- 
 
 :iii<l crjiuuy. iiii'l 
 s iiri' siinuy Mini 
 itkn. Wt' iit)1ici'il 
 I'cssoil liiltli' wen' 
 liotiilocH iind otli- 
 (• St. I'mil. "Wi- 
 •onls at St, r:uil. 
 In <j;L'ni'r:il ti'inis 
 Sitka, and colilcr 
 tlitit i('(! ohtaiiu'd 
 ■en I'onnd unlit I'or 
 >s, by whifli it rap- 
 Ibrniod 1iy tlicouM- 
 • part of Au<j;ust wi- 
 liavinj^ an averajic 
 ;l!y cut aliout tiic 
 
 I a few days ; sonic 
 
 II and as sweet as 
 estern men with ns 
 is really a fine <rraz- 
 y large number of 
 t St. Paul and on 
 •lit was fine, and the 
 
 . l)urin<^ our 
 it, the mean temper- 
 ■15' H,"—D(ii'idson. 
 1 we encounter dry, 
 the islands fringing 
 comparatively level ; 
 RS and various kinds 
 oats and hogs fare 
 too limited to enable 
 liueneo it has on the 
 no trees of any size 
 s. ... Grasses 
 are used to feed the 
 winter. . . Ihit 
 
 llip published meteorological oliscrvatious of liie flreek iJishop 
 Veuianiinolf, nuido at Ilo.diouk between the years \H'2^t and 
 1h;!I, alford much useful material from which to draw fair eon- 
 elusions of tiie climate. . . . Tin' mean temiierature, from 
 nine years observations, is MM' 05, or I' D below that of Sitka. 
 . . . The clearest montlis without clouds are Di'cember, 
 January and February, when the north and north-west winds 
 prevail. . . . August, September and Octol)er arc tlie 
 months in which the most rain falls, during which time winds 
 from the south and south-west prevail. . . . Tlnmdcr 
 storms are rare, only seventeen being recorded in seven years, 
 ami some in winter." — Davkhon, 
 
 ^Vhlds along the coast ditfer with the seasons ; during the 
 spring and summer months south-west winds generally prevail 
 along the soulliern and western shores; in the autumn and 
 winter seasons, uorth-west, north and north-east winds arc 
 regular, with occasional breezes from the southward. Fogs are 
 connnon along the shores, but not very dense, being much 
 lighter than those around the (Jolden Gate — the entrance to 
 San Francisco. " The prevailing winds in winter are easterly, 
 and if from the soutliward are accompanied with rain and snow ; 
 when from the north-east the weather is generally clear and 
 cohl. La Perouse says that when the wind is but a few degrees 
 north of west, the sky is generally pretty clear. When ap- 
 proaching Behring Bay, he says : ' I first thought these seas 
 more foggy than those which separate Europe and America, but 
 I should have been greatly mistaken to have irrevocably em- 
 braced this opinion.' The fogs of Nova Scotia, Newfoundland 
 and Hudson Bay have uncontestable claim to pre-eminence fioni 
 their constant density. The stormy weath(;j' commences in 
 October ; storms and tempests are frequent in November and 
 December, and from the vicinity of Sitka the aurora 1)orealis is 
 seen frequently and verN' brilliant during clear, cold nights. 
 The winter weather breaks up about the end of March, and the 
 Russian-American Company's vessels are ready for their first 
 fnr-trading early iu April, wiien the weather is cold but com- 
 paratively dry. Jlarch, Ajiril, Slay, June, July, and sometimes 
 August, are good months, with t.n average montidy rain-fall 
 not much greater than on the Atlantic coast." — Dacidtiun. 
 
 Timber. The south-eastern angle of the tei'ritory is densely 
 covered with forest ; several varieties of wood are found con- 
 
22 
 vcniPiit to nrooptnblo hiulioi"*. Tho Sllkft Hpiuro prp(loiiuntttc»', 
 1111(1 in Hoini' ciiHt's iiltiiiiiH oiioniiDiis (Uiiu'iisioiiH ; tliin limluT is 
 wi'll ttilftptea lor Htiivcs, liiiiKlmgs ami wlmivi'H. Yollow ci-tlur 
 is vory ubundunl, liu» u close K«!i'''' rcimirkalilc elasticity, niitl 
 is well luliiptoil lor tho general purposes of Hliipltuililint,', is 
 proof against the (m\ worm, and makes good botton. plank, 
 ceiling, clami)S, bends, and a superior article for deck plank ; 
 the Russians have used this wood auecessfully in ship and other 
 building for nearly a century, and it has given generid satis- 
 faction. "The prevailing forest tree is the Sitka si>ruce, 
 glowing to a great siz*-, coviTing every foot r>f ground, and 
 climliing the steepest mountain sitles to the hciglit of ar^OO feet 
 above the avu. We measured felled trees of tliis spruce that 
 were 184 feet long, and four feet tliiek at the butt, while adjacent 
 standing trees were over six feet in diameter, an<l branchless for 
 over tlfty feet. Hemlock, aiders and willows are fouml, l)Ut the 
 most valuable wood of the country is the yellow cedar, with a 
 fine even texture, fragrant smell, good size and greater strength 
 tlian the spruce. We first called public attention to tho Port 
 Oxford white cedar in 1851, and while admitting its many good 
 (lualitics, we have no hesitation in saying that the yellow cedar 
 of Alaska is a much superior wood ; it is readily worked, takes 
 a smooth surface, and is remarkably durable. It will make a 
 valuable addition to the cabinet woods of the California market, 
 is superior as a ship timber to any on the coast, and from our 
 short examination we arc satisfied that it may be obtained of 
 ample size for the frames and knees of ordinary sized vessels. 
 At Skalitch anchorage one was measured eighteen feet in cir- 
 cumferencc, and estimated at over 120 feet in height. We ob- 
 tained and for-.varded part of the keelson and frame of one of 
 the Russian American Company-'s small vessels which was con- 
 structed of this wood over thirty4wo years ago, and had been 
 lying a wreck on the beach several years ; it exhibits not the 
 least sign of decay or toredo attacks, the wood around the iron 
 and copper bolts is nearly as well preserved as on the day they 
 were driven. The hulls of all the trading and fishing vessels 
 on this new coast ni:,y be constructed of this durable wood upon 
 any of the innumerable bays of the Alexander Archipelago : we 
 have s. ,oned a small piece of it for one year in a dry, warm 
 room, and it has a weight indicating twenty-six pounds to the 
 cu])ic foot ; under ordinary seasoning tho woigiit would bo over 
 lliirty pounds." - DavUhov. 
 
irc prc<loiniimt('f, 
 i ; tluH UiiiIht is 
 H. Yi'llow ciMliir 
 lie t'liiHticity, ami 
 
 HliipliiiiUlin^, ix 
 (1 buttoih pliiiiU, 
 
 for tlei'k plunk ; 
 in Hliip anil oUut 
 [<n general salis- 
 le Sitkrt sprnce, 
 , of ground, and 
 iglit of anou feet 
 i UiiH 8i)nice that 
 lit, while adjacent 
 in<l branchless for 
 ire found, l)ut the 
 low cedar, witli a 
 I greater strength 
 mtion to the Port 
 ng its many good 
 
 the yellow cedar 
 lily worked, takes 
 . It will make a 
 California market, 
 ist, and from our 
 lay be obtained of 
 lary sized vessels, 
 ghtecn feet in cir- 
 
 height. We ob- 
 id frame of one of 
 Is which was con- 
 go, and had been 
 , exhibits not the 
 »d around the iron 
 is on the day they 
 and fishing vessels 
 lurable wood upon 
 : Archipelago : we 
 ;ar in a dry, warm 
 six pounds to the 
 irlit woidd Ite over 
 
 Hilionils havi! been found in various [/srt^ uf tlw U-fnt^ry ; 
 coal ami iron arc plainly visilile to the nuki"! eye alotig fho 
 shores on Cook's inlet ; gold has been found in prtvinir fpianti- 
 lies; silver, copper and bismuth have been dise(»verca in locali- 
 ties convenient to navigation. "Of these little is known, and 
 Prince Maksutoll', lute Governor of the Hiissimi Colonies, ae- 
 knowle<lged that the company hud been ho persistently engaged 
 in procin-ing furs and studying up the best methods of keei)ing 
 up the supply, that no tliorongh minerologicul exploration had 
 Iteen made, although a large cabinet of niineroh)glcal specinieus 
 for comparison had been furnished by the company to the eliicf 
 establishment at Sitka. Under his directions the very I'vw 
 specimens of Alaska minerals in possession of the servants of 
 the company were transferred to the coast surve}' and referred 
 to the geologist. . . The moat important discovery was 
 made by the coast survey in October, 1867, in the valley at tiie 
 head of St. John's Bay, opening upon Newski Strait about 
 seventeen and one-half miles northward of Sitka. Pieces of 
 coal, largely intermixed with rock, to which tlicir preservation 
 was due, were found four or five miles along the bed of the 
 small but rapid stream. Aller a second [lartial exploration, 
 and obtaining large specimens, it was believed the coal was an- 
 thracite, . . . but from all the geological evidence the 
 geologist reiiortcd that the bed or beds from which it was broken 
 will, if discovered, afibrd coal of vastly superior quality to any 
 heretofore known to exist in the territory, and the government 
 was advised to direct exhaustive examination of this locality. 
 Recent information has been received that this coal vein, which 
 has l)ecn discovered, is of great thickness, is an anthracite, has 
 been burnt on a United States steamer, and reported iii)on fa- 
 vorably. . . . Should petroleum come to be used as a 
 steam producing fuel on steamships, there is a prospect of a 
 supply being obtained from the south-cast shore of Alaska 
 peninsula, at or near Katmay Bay, in lat. 58° 51, long. 154* 54, 
 and abreast of Kadiak islands. The governor furnished the 
 coast survey with a specimen of the crude oil obtained there two 
 or three j-cirs ago. The finder, a teacher in the Russian- 
 American Company, reported that he found three streams in the 
 above locality covered with petroleum. Specimens of fine cop- 
 per have bten gathered from various localities, but the principle 
 source is on the Atna or copi)cr river, about twenty-five or thirty 
 
21 
 
 miles i.bovo its mouth, wlioro discoNciy ami ifsi-arch tifi; vctiirdod 
 on nccoimt of llic roportcnl liostiiily of {h^^ iintivos. . . . 
 Alltlio iH'ciiliurly I'muml n.pi)or-plntos of tlic jialivi 3, twoiity- 
 six by liftocn iiiehos, nii.l so imuli-pvi/ea as heir-looms by the 
 Iiulians !is far south as Vancouvoi's islamb arc hauunerod out 
 of mire eoppero) stained from thin river. . . . (!old Is fomid 
 on the Stieki;iu(! river, and even uitli very crude means ol 
 workings the miners report that they can make from $2 to $7 per 
 dav,bu't the climate forbids thcnn working more tlian six months 
 of'the year. Proper methods of '.vorking the line gold placers 
 of this'river would yield twice the amount. Gold is reported to 
 iiave been found by mining engineer Doroschin on the Kenay 
 river, which enters 'Cook's inlet on the eastern shore about lat. 
 00= i-2, at the Russian station of St. Nicholas, l)ut wo have no 
 authentic information on the subjcrt beyond the statement of 
 Tebenkolf.* In little Naquashinski inlet, fifteen miles from 
 Sitka, the coast survey party discovered very fine marble in in- 
 exhaustible quantities, and at the mouth of the Chilkaht speci- 
 mens of marble of a very coarse grain, and others of a very imc 
 crystalization, were discovered, all being white, very pure and 
 munarked. . . . The hot springs laying on the south-west 
 part of Sitka Sound, were not visited, and we know nothing 
 more than the meagre descriptions of Lisiansky, Si?npson, and 
 ctlu'rs. There arc four distinct springs issuing frgm fissures in 
 the granite rock. At its source the principal spring has a tem- 
 pera'ture of 1531° Fahrenheit, and is chiefly impregnated with 
 sulphur, but als'o has salt and magnesia in solution. There 
 is also a large basin, purposely dug in the ground, to receive the 
 waters of the springs, about two or three hundred yards from 
 the beach and fifty feet above high water ; in this basin the 
 water has a temperature of about 100= Fahrenheit. Two sub- 
 stantial buildings of hewn logs, erected by the Russian Company 
 for hospital cases of chronic rheumatism and cutaneous diseases, 
 are situated on the sloping face of the bank ; in front lies a 
 pretty little cove, completely sheltered by an archipelago of 
 small, wooded islands ; in the rear is a barrier of rugged 
 mountains, while immediately within the influence of the warm 
 waters and continually rising vapors, there grows a luxuriant 
 
 the vlacors rich in coarse gold. 
 
T 
 
 kI ii'si'aich iU'e I't'livrdcil 
 ' th'.' unlivos. . . . 
 of tlic natives, Iwciity- 
 l1 lis hc'ii'-looiiis liy the 
 ind, are hauinioroil out 
 , . . (!ol(l Is luiind 
 very fnulo inoaiin of 
 make IVoni $2 to S7 per 
 li more than six montlis 
 tf the line gold placers 
 :it. GoliUs reported to 
 orosclun on the Kenay 
 astern sliorc about lat. 
 eliolas, but vvc have no 
 jyond the statement ol" 
 lict, iiftoen miles from 
 very line marble in in- 
 , of the Chilliaht speci- 
 and others of ii very iinc 
 g white, very pure and 
 ying on the south-west 
 , and wc know nothing- 
 Lisiansky, Si?npson, and 
 issuing frgm lissures in 
 icipal spring has a teni- 
 hiefly impregnated with 
 3ia in solntion. There 
 he ground, to receive the 
 ree hundred yards from 
 vater ; in this basin the 
 ' Fahrenheit. Two sub- 
 by the Russian Company 
 n and cutaneous diseases, 
 he bank ; in front lies a 
 d by an archipelago of 
 is a barrier of rugged 
 he influence of the warm 
 there grows a luxuriant 
 
 9, ami pnw ppecimens of coarpe 
 l)rouKlit several soldiers fl-om 
 hev exhibited (luantitici of gold 
 10 weeks previous, ivud rcporteU 
 
 vuidiiru even where all mound is clothed in snow. The waters 
 adjacent arc alive Avith fish and fowl, and the laud teems with 
 deer and other game." — Davidson. 
 
 The Memorial from the Legislature of Washington Territory, 
 (above quoted), asked the President " To employ such ships as 
 might be spared from the North Pacific naval fleet, in surveying 
 the fishing banks along the coast from the Cortez bank to liehr- 
 ing Strait." Our beneficent government has nobly responded to 
 this prayer. Immediately on assuming jurisdiction over Alaska, 
 a scientific expedition in connection with the coast survey was 
 sent to that territory, instructed to collect correct information in 
 regard to geographical science, climate, products of the country, 
 ocean currents and Iheir future bearings on the question of the 
 steamship route to the Indies ; also to ascertain the bounds and 
 extent of the fishing banks, and the facilities for developing the 
 fishing resources in those waters. Banks have been found and 
 partially surveyed In Bristol Bay, around the Aleutian islands, 
 along the peninsula of Alaska, and adjacent to the Kadiak 
 group. The eastern half of Behring Sea, a liroad, level plateau, 
 having from twenty to forty fathoms of water, is found to be a 
 boundless reservoir of cod, containing al)out 20,000 square 
 miles. " The extensive sheet of water north of the Aleutians 
 to Behring Strait, in lat. Cil", and between the American and 
 Asiatic continents, is known as Behring Sea, and, so far as 
 sounded, consists of very extensive submarine levels of remark- 
 able eveness of surface at a very small depth." — Davidson. 
 
 The Unmak bank, margining the Aleutians, Shumagins and 
 Kadiak islands ire somewhat deeper ; those grounds amount to 
 nearly 45,000 square miles, embraced Avithin the fifty fathom 
 curve. "The oauks along the shores of Alaska, around the 
 Kadiak group, and part of the Aleutian chain, will add not less 
 than 4.5,000 sq lare miles, with a depth of not over fifty fathoms 
 to the 18,000 miles of the Behring Sq-a." — Davidson. 
 
 The waters extending eastward from the Kadiak islands indi- 
 cate light apjiearance and moderate soundings. Early navi- 
 gators report :i vast, broad plain in this region, with fathomable 
 depth ; no delinite bounds or deepness have as yet been as- 
 certained, and the extent of this valual)le fishing ground remains 
 undefined. " The soundings of Portlock, of ^'ancouver, and of 
 this expedition, prove the existence of a comparatively shoal 
 bank, extending along the south-eastern coa-st of Afognak au(l 
 
■'('< 
 
 If' 
 
 
 t' 
 e 
 
 K;uli:ik, l\\flilv-li\i' mill'" 'li-t "'■ ^l- '':nil' '''''^' >'i'Ji>l*'''l' ^^i'''' 
 (ilitiiiiu'd on lliisltimU liy this cNiicditiou w;is lorly-livc nillioiiis. 
 in lnt..VS= l,"). lonLi. 1J'.»' 1-'. H i-^ I'lir lu iissmnc tiisit liii- 
 liiink I'xli'nils iilonij,- tlic Hoiitli-onst shore of Kadhili. ;is incitU'nt;:! 
 :ni(l iim(.)nn('(teil ohscrviitions inilicnti'." — Duvidson. 
 
 Ilciv nc liml :i vast ntn'scry ol" conniic'rcT — lli'hiing- Sea. 
 I'ninuik.iuul the r(jrtUick hanks, coniprisinjj; over lU(»,()()0.s(iiiarr 
 luik'S of avaihililc lishinii,- ^roniids. jiivauT tlian tliosc in the 
 Ccnuan Ocean ami all the known hanks in the North Atlantie. 
 ineln(lin<-' those friiiuinif the Urilisli Islands. Sliellands, Faroes, 
 leeland, CWvcMiland. I.al)rador. Newfoundland, (iulf of St. I.aw- 
 rent'e. Nova Seotia. Xew lirun.>wiek and the New Hn^land 
 States. On every pa.rt ol' this \asl area, idunii). solid, sweet 
 cod may he taken as fast as tlii'y can he dressed and kenehed. 
 ■• Tile hank where trial was fn-st made for lisii was fonnd on the 
 filteenth of Sei)ten!lier, dm-inij; a |irevalenee of tliiek weathei'. 
 We fortunately seized an openin-i; and ohtained good ohserva- 
 lions for longitude, with an apiiroximate latitude; the position 
 is in hit 53= ;5.J. long. l(!l= 10. an<l near it soundings were oh- 
 tained in Jil'ty fathoms of water, the load hringing ni) sand and 
 a small starlisli. "With thick, drizzly woalher, the vessel drifted 
 lo the north-west by the eomi)ass, until sixty fathoms were struck, 
 with sandy, pelil.ly bottom: here the lead-lino was baited, and 
 while on tlio bottom the iirst cod took the hook. The lish proved 
 very i.lenty, fat. and bit eagerly; freciuontly two wore brought 
 up "on a double-hooked lino, and stmiotimos three wore brought 
 up on a line with three hooks. The largest measiu'od thirty- 
 seven inches in lenglh. and several reached thirty-six inches. 
 The llnost Avas thirty-six inches long, twenty-three inches girt, 
 and weighed twenty-seven pounds, was very fat. and certainly 
 of as fine, if not finer, llavor than co<l we had oaten eleven 
 months before, freshly caught on the south coast of Newfound- 
 land. The vessel drifted all the afternoon over this bank with 
 the same depth of water, the fish biting well, although they ap- 
 peared in capital condition, their maws being full of food, such 
 as s(iui.1. hahbut-head. lisii the size of a herring, sea lice, cU-."' 
 
 — ■ Darirlm)!. 
 
 Halibut are found on these banks; they are smaller than those 
 found in the North Aihiutic. ( »n a small patch near the island 
 of Sanak, west ol'the Slmmagins. they arc f.-uiid alnindaiith 
 and much hirgorllian those taken in the a<IJaeci;l water.. ; in s<;n;c 
 
Ill' iliuali'Ml wiiti r 
 trtv-livc rnllioiiis. 
 iissmiic lliiil lliis 
 liiik. lis incident;:! 
 I'idsuii. 
 
 I' — lU'hi'iiiji' Sea. 
 •or lU(),OU().s(jiiiin' 
 liiin tliosc ill tlu' 
 ' Nortli Atliiiilif. 
 Uit-'llaiKls, Fiiroi'.-, 
 (;uir of St. I.aw- 
 11' New Kiij>laii(l 
 mil), solid, swei'l 
 sed and Ivcni'lu'd. 
 was found on tiic 
 of thick wt'atlu'i'. 
 icd <j,ood ohwcrva- 
 udo ; till' iiofsition 
 jundiiiiis wore oli- 
 ;>-in;i; u[) sand and 
 , tlio vessel drifted 
 tlionis wore struck, 
 10 was baited, and 
 :. The lisli proved 
 two wove lironjiii), 
 ;liroo wore liroii>j;lit 
 ; measured tliirty- 
 
 tiiirtv-six iiu-lios. 
 -three inciies <j;irt. 
 fat, and certainly 
 
 had oaten olo\en 
 last (jf Nowfoiind- 
 vor this hank with 
 
 altliough they ap- 
 
 full of food, siicli 
 ■in;j, sea Mco, t^c." 
 
 ' siiianorthaii tiioM' 
 
 Ich near tlio island 
 
 r.Miiid ;;linndaiit!\ 
 
 oi;l water:. : in s-<;ii'.c 
 
 27 
 
 i'a-^i'-< ihey wcinh n\cr Hlii 11)>. (h('^,-,e(!. aiKi ai'c ww >,\\((i. 
 ■• III hit. ."i 1 ' L'li. lonii'. H'li'* •"'!•, ahou) nine mile-. >.oiith-ea-.l from 
 the Sanak reef, wo pit lioltoni in tliii'1y-li\i' fatlionis. rociv .mil 
 liariiaclos hoini^' hroiiiihl up liy llie load. In nearly this laxi 
 h^cality Cooiv canu'ht o\er one iiiindicil halihiit, lanuin;^' finiii 
 lweiilyt(i one hundred jiomids oacli : he tln'icfoii' api>lied tjie 
 iianie of lialiiuit inland toil." — Dan'iJ.Kdn. 
 
 'I'lie ivoeii, seai'chiuLi' li>!u'riiioii from ('alifniiiia and W'asliiiii;- 
 ton 'I'orritoiy. lia\o foi"-o\ oral years past lidu'il on Iheseiiroiinds : 
 in Dristol I'.'iy ami around the Sliuniauiii> they have found cod 
 and halihut very plenty: the lnisino-s has lieeii fairly trii'd with 
 prolitahle results. •• Xc\t to the fur-trade, in its le;j,iliiiiate 
 pnrsuii, the lishorios oil' the coast of tlio new tei'ritory will jiro\o 
 iiio most \aluah|e and certain : in fact. 1 (•oiisidcrthcm the most 
 important acquisition to our I'acilic coast. .\s the lianks of 
 Xewfoiindland ha\-c lioon to the trade of the Atlantic so will 
 tlio lii'oator hanks of .Maska l)o to the I'acilic, incxlian-tihlo in 
 snpi>ly of tish that arc c(iual, il' not superior in size and (|uallty 
 to those of the Atlantic; and the |iinsnit there of doxclopini;- a 
 racoof soainon yearly decieasinn, as our sleam niariiie. nierchant 
 and naval, is incro.-isinif. W'v have the reiterated and disinte- 
 I'ostoil statements of all the old na\i.'j,ators and fur-traders, that 
 every part of the coast ahonmls in cod. halihut. sahiion. and 
 every variety of tish inhahitinii' comparatively cold wat(~rs, and 
 the oxperionoe of the presonl expedition osVahlislios the trnthfnl- 
 iie,s of their descriptions. IJiit the most valiiahhi fish on the 
 coast is the cod. .and so far as ascortaiiiod. il has already heen 
 very prolitahle to those interestod in it. . . . 'I'lie waters 
 liotwoiMi the Alaska i)oninsnhi and the Shunia^in islands are 
 well protoctod from the heavy swell of the Pacific. All tlu' 
 California tishinji; vessels now resort t(j the f>rounds about the 
 .Shuma,2;ins, whore lish arc very plentiful and superior to those 
 in the Oeliotslc Sea. Among the islands are very n'ood harbors ; 
 fresh water is everywhere rcadil}' obtained,, and some drlft-wocjd 
 for fuel may be collected along tho shores. Jhit the groiitest 
 advantage is, that vessels when fishing may always lie under the 
 loe of some one of the numerous high islands, thus making 
 fishing a mueh more comfortable business than when riding out 
 in tho open sea. The kind of bait used hero is salted herrings 
 from San Krancisco, and halilHit and sculpins caught on tho 
 around." - - Dnrlflton. 
 

 28 
 Salmon. This dcRr, nristocrutic fish, so scarto in llic wnnucr 
 wiitors of the North Athmtic, fairly revel in ami around the 
 southern and western shores of this enormous territory. Salmon 
 trout are found aroiuid the islands on the coast ; they congregate 
 in millions near the mouths of the monntain gulches, and range 
 from twelve to fifteen inches in length, solid and very fit. This 
 tish may lie taken in great numbers; packed in small packages 
 for mining and other inland consumption, this delicious luxuiy 
 is destined in a few years to take the place of the miserable 
 trash of rusty mackerel now poisoning interior eonnnunities on 
 our continent. Silver salmon are also found around the islands 
 in countless numbers ; they generally resort to the small rivers 
 on the islands. "We observed many of them around the Kadiak 
 group ; they are larger than the salmon trout, anil nniy be seined 
 ill millions. "When properly dressed ahd pickled this lish com- 
 mands a i)remium in the nnirkets of the world. In the Stickine, 
 Copper, Cook, Nooshgak, Yukon, and the larger rivers draining 
 tlie southern and western coasts of the territory, enormous large, 
 fat salmon are found. This fish attains extraordinary size, 
 ranging from thirty to fifty, and in some instances, sixty inches 
 in length, many of them girting thirty inches ; we ha\ e witnessed 
 several in Cook's inlet, divested of head, back-bone and tail, 
 cleanly dressed, that weighed over 100 lbs. The waters bathing 
 these shores for thousands of miles teem with salmon ; we have 
 seen them reveling in these waters twenty leagues off shore : 
 they may be taken in suflicient numbers annually to supply 
 northern America and Europe, at figures competing with nnick- 
 erel, pork or beef. This sure industry otters the most tempting 
 inducements to the energetic young fisherman possessing means 
 and pluck. We have great confidence in this fishery, and earn- 
 estly commend it to the most favorable attention of fishmongers. 
 •• At some of the entrances to shallow, fresh water streams, the 
 water is packed with salmon, and bears come down in numbers 
 to feed upon them, selecting th(> heads only. On some of the 
 lieaches near these streams the seine will take them in thousands. 
 In the bays leading to the streams, at their head on the south- 
 east side of Alaska peninsula, the salmon are crowded so thickly 
 that the progress of a boat is impeded, and should a south-east 
 -storm arise at such times the fish are driven on the beach in in- 
 numerable (piantities ; one of the Kussian navigators assures us 
 tiiat lie has seen the beach strewn two to three feet thick with the 
 
to in ihc wnrmor 
 and around the 
 ritoiy. Salmon 
 
 they congvogatc 
 lehes, and range 
 ilvcryfct. This 
 
 (small packages 
 delicious luxury 
 ol" the miserable 
 
 communities on 
 •onnd the islands 
 the small rivers 
 •onnd the Kadiak 
 nd nniy be seined 
 'd this lish eom- 
 
 In the Stickine, 
 n- rivers draining 
 ,-, enormous large. 
 :traordinary size, 
 uees, sixty inches 
 ive have witnessed 
 :'k-bonc and tail, 
 he waters bathing 
 salmon ; we have 
 }agucs otr shore : 
 nually to supply 
 )eting with mack- 
 he most tempting 
 possessing means 
 lishery, and earn- 
 on of fishmongers, 
 water streams, the 
 down in numbers 
 
 On some of the 
 them in thousands, 
 ead on the south- 
 crowded so thickly 
 lould a south-east 
 n the beach in in- 
 rigators assures us 
 > feet thick with the 
 
 2'J 
 
 stranded salmon. . . . Socman says that salmon, so fro- 
 (juent in Norton Sound, lat Ol', are not found to the northward 
 of the river Buckland, emptying into Kotzebue Sound, in lat. 
 00® 05 ; they appear however to be superceded by the nndlet, 
 which attains considerable size. He obtained, for a blue Iiead, 
 a nmllet thirty-three inches long, weighing twenty-one pounds." 
 — Davidson. 
 
 Herring al)Ound in these waters ; they vary in size in ditferent 
 localities ; those taken in the waters adjacent to Sitka are small 
 and poor ; those found in liehring sea are large, plump and fat. 
 '•In September, when drawing the seine for salmon at Ilioidionk 
 harbor, several herring were obtained of large size, fatter, and 
 of much finer flavor than the herring caught on the California 
 coast. No information was obtained of the season when they 
 visit the coast. They are found in the vicinity of Sitka, and 
 doubtless visit the whole sea-board. Porllock mentions that 
 when hauling the seine, he caught large ()uantities of herring 
 and some salmon. The herring, though small, were very good, 
 and two hogsheads of them were salted for sea stores. Lisian- 
 sky says, herring swarm in Sitka Sound every spring. Seenian 
 says that herring and whiting are caught in Hotham Inlet, in 
 Kotzebue Sound, lat. 07', in great quantities. . . . The 
 herring, besides its own intrinsic value, has an important bear- 
 ing on the question of the cod-fisheries, in supplying bait, which 
 is now carried from San Francisco for that purpose at large pri- 
 ces." — Davidson. 
 
 Fur-bearing animals have, from time iinmemorial, rosoited to 
 the shores of Alaska. Cook and other early explorers describe 
 those animals in detail ; they still bask on that coast in millions, 
 and yield rich oil, ivory and peltry, and the fur of the sea otter 
 is held in high estimation. The otter has been hunted with 
 much ardor by the skilful Aleuts ; the extermination of this ani- 
 mal in those waters is a mere question of time. •• Of the num- 
 ber and diflcrent varieties of skins obtained from the Indians by 
 the Russian-American Company, it is impossible to form an 
 opinion, as the very existence of their trade depended upon the 
 secrecy with which it was conducted. That the company has 
 been able to maintain a large establishment in persons and ma- 
 terial is strong circumstantial proof of the value of the trade. 
 . . . The immediate traftic of the company has given trade 
 to not loss than 10.000 Russians. Aleuts and Esquimaux, be- 
 
;l(i 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 I; 
 
 
 -.idc's :>Si)U Koloschiitiis. Avli.t net ns iiilci-iiinli'iN witli the inmu- 
 rolls liidiinis of lln' iiilcrior. Tlu' Cdiiipimy li:i< iiimicnnw 
 Nliiliuiis or iMitoiifs tlnoiiLilioiit till' li'iiulli d' tlir (■•ijist .•nid 
 jinidiij; till' Alciitiiiii islands, iniuiitaiiiiiiij,' iicnrly lHHit iiciplc 
 K'liiilarlv, twi) line stcimuTs :iiid scvcnd siniillcr ones, ciolil 
 I :ir(|i'iis. in-h':-. »'ti'.. and ininicrons honls. 'I'lic vidnc of tlu' I'nis 
 \WA\ he t'stinialcd \inv\\ at not less tlian .'^l.dlHl.dOd in i>(.ld. as 
 till' coniiiany insincs their n'junlar sliipnicnts I'or ^CpOO.IMhi. 1'.\ 
 liii" time tlicsc I'nrs rcacii onrinarkcls they arc (lonhlcd in value.'" 
 — Davidson. 
 
 In onrri'marUs on tlic hrancli of tlu'.laiia-.estM-nrrcnt washinj;' 
 tlif islands of St. l-awrcncf. (in anotlicr jiortion of tins work), 
 we should have also slated thai hy this strong- tide, aetinii' •'"U- 
 Jointly with the westerly winds in the spiin^- months. Idowin^- 
 from the Asiatie coast, lai'u'c ticlds of ice a.re crowded into the 
 sonmls, I)ays and coves indent inji' the shores of western Alaska 
 n\ar<>inin<i- IJehriuLf sea, ami are held there for months l»y the 
 action of winds and eildy currents. - Ihit the whole of the 
 waters of the Kamschatka curronl do not pass thronuh llehrinii,' 
 Strait. Strikinjv against the soutii shore of the larii*' island of 
 St. I.uwrence. jtart of the waters are deflected to the eastward, 
 southward, and llnally westward of south, castinjj; their floating- 
 wood on the American coast and the north shores of the Aleu- 
 tian islands." — Davidson. 
 
 On those iei' fields the hair seals oongTogato annually in mil- 
 lions. They are larsje and very fat. yieldinj;- rich clear oil and 
 valnalilo .skins. This industry invites dcvolopmont and otters 
 sure reward to hardy seamen of nervo .nnd capital. The seal 
 fisheries have lieon ])rofital»ly prosecuted for centuries alon<>; the 
 coasts of northern Europe. The Danes have realized innnense 
 revenues from this branch of industry around the shores of lee- 
 land and Cireenland. The expert fishermen on the eastern coast 
 of ?s'ewfounilland luue reaped trolden harvests from the seal 
 fishing ; in the recent spriiio' months an extraordinary nnmher 
 were taken. The income Iroin the seal fishery amounted toovi-r 
 B-i.noO.OOO in coin. Taking into consideration the temperate 
 climate in the 15ohrin<>; sea. the honndless seal fields, the absence 
 of icebergs, the smooth water, and the certainty of success, 
 may we i:ot look for great develoinnent in this iuviling industry? 
 
 Fur Seals, i^o relentlessly hunted in other climes, have for 
 years resorted to the islands of St. Paul and St. (ieorge in 
 
witli llic iniiiK- 
 li;i< inmicioiw 
 ■ till' const mill 
 ly KlIK) pciplc 
 llcr »)ii»'s. ci^lit 
 iilllU' of tlu't'llls 
 (100 ill li'olil. !is 
 jtcoo.ooo. l'..\ 
 
 ulilcil ill \;ilui'." 
 
 iMirront wiisiiiiij;- 
 of tliis wnik). 
 idc. actinii' I'oii- 
 iioiitlis. Idowiiin- 
 owiU'il into the 
 wcstciii Al:isU:i 
 !• iiioiitlis liy the 
 (' wlioli' of tiio 
 liroiitili l»i'linn;j!,' 
 liii'^v isliiud of 
 ) tlic rastwiinl. 
 ijr their float iii.u; 
 
 [}H of tlu! AU'll- 
 
 iimially in luil- 
 h cloar oil ami 
 nont and otiors 
 lital. Tho seal 
 tnrios aloii<>; the 
 ■alizod iinniPnsc 
 I' slioivs of Icc- 
 lio eastern coast 
 i from the seal 
 )nlinary inniilier 
 niounteil to over 
 1 the leniiierate 
 ^Ids. the absence 
 nty of snoeess. 
 viling industry? 
 •limes, have for 
 1 St. (icorue in 
 
 IJi'liriiii; sr;i. Washiiiuloii li'viiiLi has ^iu'ii lhi> aiiinial liisloiic 
 lenown. lie say-: "The IJeaver sailed from Astoria on tiie 
 lourtii ol' Au^iiist, \Kl-2, niider the manajienienl of ]SIr. Ilnni. 
 till- local a^cnt of the Air coiiii)any. He arrived at Sitka on the 
 nineteenth of the siimc month. Count IJaranotf, (Jovcnior of 
 the Kiissian Kiir Company, purchased the cari;o, for wliicli iu' 
 jiave Mr. limit an order for a cargo of fiir seal-skins, to he oii- 
 tained from the factors of the company on SI. Paul's island, in 
 lat. 57" nortli. lonu'. 170' west ; this and the lu'i.uiilioriiijj,- island 
 of St. (ieorii'e aic covered at certain seasons of the year with 
 millions of seals ; the Kiissians kill the .young from se\en to ten 
 iiioiitlis old, which they drive inland and shuighter an many a:-, 
 are ri'ijuired to meet the ilemand. Rlr. Ilnnt appears to have 
 been sulijected to iiiiich delay by the governor, but linally arrived 
 at the islands in November, obtained a full cargo :iiid .-jailed on 
 the twentieth of the same month." 
 
 This statement jjroves two important facts germaiii to our 
 subject, first — the moderation of the climate on the parallel of 
 .")7°, ill the Bchring sea, which enabled a large, s(|nare-rigged 
 vessel to take a cargo of skins from an exposed isl.and in the 
 month of November; secondly — the abundance of seals in 
 those rookeries sixty years ago. The Russian Companj- have 
 tenderly nurtured the seals visiting those islands, and prevented 
 the indiscriminate slangliter oftho.se animals. It is to be hoped 
 that a Inimane policy may now be followed by onr government 
 in dealing with fur-seals. 
 
 In the autumn of 1861), Maj. Gen. Thomas, commanding the 
 I'aeihe division of the army, made an ollicial tour to Alaska ; 
 he Aisited the rookeries on St. Paul and St. (Jcorgc, and de- 
 \otcd several days in observing the habits of those animals. 
 In his report he gives a graphic aceonnt of the seals, their num- 
 ber and eeonomy ; he also suggests certain measures for the pro- 
 leclion and preservation of those creatures. He says: "On 
 St. Paul and St. George only are the fur-bearing .-eals found 
 and killed for their furs and oil. As described liy the natives, 
 the habitb of those animals are very peculiar. Aliout the last 
 of April or the llr.st of May, the old male seals arrive at the 
 islands and go on shore at the places regularly l'ie(|iiented liy 
 ther J, called rookeries; they make a thorough examination of 
 the ground, which occupies soim; days; soon U\r great ht<i]y 
 be^iiii to arri\i', and in a sl:(;it time all !!a\c conic ujion :3hurc 
 
\ 
 
 I 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 I 
 
 and aiu cullfcletl togother \n oounnuiiilies or liiiuilies, each 
 fiiniily being governed by one of the old seals whopossossca siif- 
 li(;ienl power to maintain his gronnd and guard them ; tlio young 
 males and superannuated old ones are forced to take their i)laeeH 
 outside of the arena occupied by the families, and if they at- 
 tempt to interfere with the domestic arrangements described, 
 thoy are summarily ^Iriven olf by the heads of families. In 
 these troubles many terrible aflrays occur. This arrangement 
 of the animals on and around the rookeries makes it very simple 
 and easy for the native hunters to place themselves between the 
 families and the young nmles, from whom only the skins are 
 taken. Parties of forty or fifty, armed with clubs, go out to kill 
 the seals ; they get between the families and young males, ond 
 drive them inland some two or three miles, letting all not wanted 
 for slaughter drop out by the way ; these return to the rook- 
 cries. After getting only as many us they can skin and salt in 
 one day, to the proper places, they arc killed by striking them 
 on the nose with clubs. The next day is devoted to packing for 
 shipment. By this means the families are not disturbed and 
 remain to breed and rear their young. As far as I can judge 
 the business of the old males is to compel the females to take 
 care of their young until they have grown sufficient to take care 
 of themselves ; tlu-y then appear to give up all control over the 
 families, who are permitted to leave their young and go in the 
 water, the old males still guarding and overlooking the young. 
 In September all arc i»crmitted to enjoy the water, where they 
 swim and sport during the day, coming on shore in the evening 
 to rest during the night. At this period all move further inland 
 and mingle together indiscriminately. If the autumn continues 
 mild tliey remain on the island till the latter part of October, 
 when they disappear very suddenly within a day or two, .and 
 have been seen going through the passes between the Aleutian 
 islands, traveling in a southerly direction. Nothing more is 
 seen of them until next spring, neither is it known where they 
 pass the winter. The number of seals on the island, after the 
 young are born, is estimated all the way from./Ji'C to fifteen mil- 
 'lions'; hut they are countless, lying in the ruokeries, covering hun- 
 dreds of acres, like sheep in a jien. The habits of these animals 
 are such that, if permitted to be hunted by CAorybody at ran- 
 dom, they would very soon be driven from the islands. This 
 has bucn proved by the Kussiuns, who totally destroyed some 
 
 I ^. 
 
ii- I'liiuilies, each 
 ho possesses siif- 
 tliem ; tlio young 
 1 take their i)laoeH 
 , and if they at- 
 ments (lescriV)eil, 
 of families. In 
 'his arrangement 
 kes it very simple 
 Ivcs between the 
 ily tiie skins are 
 lbs, go ont to kill 
 ■oung males, and 
 ng nil not wanted 
 turn to the rook- 
 
 I skin anu salt in 
 by striking them 
 ted to packing for 
 ot disturbed and 
 ir as I can .judge 
 5 females to take 
 icient to take care 
 
 II control over the 
 iig and go in the 
 oking the young, 
 water, where they 
 )re in the evening 
 lOve further inland 
 autumn continues 
 ? part of October, 
 I day or two, and 
 veen the Aleutian 
 
 Nothing more is 
 known where thoy 
 e island, after the 
 five to fifteen mil- 
 ries, covering hun- 
 ts of these animals 
 everybody at rnn- 
 Lhe islands. This 
 ly destroyed sonic 
 
 rookeries before liu-y learned by experience lu tieal, iheni. li 
 is ilesirablc to protect and perpetuate tiie fiu'-bearin;.; seal, and 
 one of two plans should l)e adopted : One is to eonlino the kill- 
 ing to the natives, peiinitting none others but the autiiorized 
 agents of the government to land on the islands ; and permit 
 traders to visit them to purchase only after the skins liave l)Cen 
 prei)ared and the seals have left for the soutii. Tliis eourse 
 would necessitate the stationing of an agent on each of those 
 islands to guard the interests of the government, and prevent 
 tin,' demoralization of the natives from sueii unscrui)ulous tra- 
 ders as would not hesitate to fiu'uisli them wilii li([Uor for the 
 piu'ijose of cheating them." — Report of Sec. oj War, 18G!)-70. 
 Itart l,j>. 118. 
 
 The value of fur seal skins depends nuu'h on age and con- 
 tlition. In London the young pups, (under six months), realize 
 about 7s. (jd. ; those over that ago sell for 20s. ; they average 
 nearly 12s. Gd. sterling. IJasing our figures on the judgment of 
 C4cn. Thomas, which arc allirmed by other authorities, we arrive 
 at tlic conclusion that ihe seal fur rookeries on St. Paul and 
 St. George are richly worth 820,000,000. Those valuable nurs- 
 eries of commerce were purchased of Kussia and ])aid for by the 
 l)eople's money out of the Federal treasurj-, and tlius have be- 
 come the common property of tiie nation. Those of our people 
 engaged in commercial pursuits on tlio coast of Alaska, were 
 willing to preserve those seal rookeries to the government in the 
 terms of the Indian Intercourse Law, and cverj-^ fisherman would 
 have gladly supported this just policy. The Chamber of Com- 
 merce of San Francisco — the watchful guardian of our Pacific 
 intercourse, concurred in this policy and represented the facts 
 to our national Congress at Washington ; yet, in the face of all 
 our appeals, the "assembled wisdom" of our country have 
 bartered away those islands for a mere mess of pottage ; Con- 
 gress has leased the seal rookeries of Ht. Paul and St. George 
 for a term of twenty j'cars, to a monopoly of merchants, receiv- 
 ing in comiiensation an annual sum much less than it costs our 
 government to protect tiiose islands to the " favored few." 
 
 This law, passed in tlie spring of 1870, is as follows : 
 
 AN ACT TOrUKVRNT TIIE EXTERMINATION OF riTU-nEAniXG 
 ANIMALS IN ALASKA. 
 
 Be U civictfil li'i the Semite luxl Huuxi' nf Iti'iiresevtallrex nf the VoilKl 
 Slates of AiHcrieu in Conijress aimeiubled, That it shall bo unlawful to kill 
 
f 
 
 1^' 
 
 ;; I 
 
 ,nN ru.-M«l upon llu. isla.ul-s ol' Sulnl I'uulS .mil Saiut lifOi«c, or In tUt 
 
 ,,,nlu.r and ()ct..l,.r, In cadi year; an.l it shall Ik- unlawful to kll >ud, 
 s.als at anv time l.y llu^ use of llr.-arn.s, .„• ».sr o,hn- m.-n-.N tn.hu,, ^, 
 
 i; . „„. L v,,/n.,. .-/.' -V"m/.^.- /V-.vW./. That .hona-neso. 
 
 M.1.1 islands shall havo the i.rlMle^r of killing Hueh yonn^ seals as nn.y 
 ,e, rod for their own nse, which killing Bi.all he Ihulted ami con- 
 !;ollei l,v sueh regulations as shall he prescrlhed l.y th.- Sec.etary ol 
 
 '"sr"""" h.'/ '■' >l f"r<l>"- /.-', TluU i. ^l..ill '•- »"1='« »^.l to kill any 
 
 f.male s.-al,' or any s."m1 h-ss than on.- yo:.r ol.l, at any se;,son of th.- year 
 •xTi as ahov.- provhle.l , an.l it shall also l.e nnlawn.l to k, 1 any s... 
 ,Hh - waters a.laeen. to saM Islan.ls. or on the h.-aehes, .-l.tls. .,r rock 
 , . „u.v haul np .Von. th.- s.a to rcn.ai... an.l any persou who si. 1 
 violate either of the pn.visions of this, or the tlrst section o this act 
 h , ... p.n.islK-.l on conMction thereof, loreaeh o.f.-nee, by a .In.- o no 
 ,..s than two innulrea .lollars nor more than one th,.usana doUasm 
 V inprlsonment no, .-xceedin« six months, or hy such .Inc and in,- 
 i m ,. . o.h. at the discn-tion of th.- court havin,. .iurisclction and 
 taki r oRni/.ance of the offence ; and all v.ssel., their tackle apparel 
 ml furniture, whose crew sladl he found engaged it. the violation of 
 ;;;; o"...' provisions of .Ui. ad shall he forfeited to the United State. 
 S,.v S. And he it fuMn- c,,,rtr,l, That for the period of Knuty years 
 .vo.n .,nd alter the j.nssage of this act the number of ft.r-scals which 
 ; 1 i. U^fJ their skhis upon the Islaml of Saint George, Is berel.y 
 'ited <.nd restricted to twenty-live thousaml per annnnu Pron.W 
 '-tt 1, secretary of the Treasury ,..,/ restrict and Imlt . .o right of 
 , „.. If it shall become necessary for the preservation oi such seals, 
 su, proportionate reduction of the rents reserved to he govcni- 
 n^ta s allle right an.l proper, and if any person shall knowing^ 
 iokt' either of th^ provisions of this section he shall, upon duo con- 
 ieOon hc-rcf, b.- punished in the same way as is provided herein for 
 a vlobtlo; of the provisions of the «rst and second sections of this act. 
 SK." 4 AW hr it further emru.l, That Immediately after the passage 
 of thi"s act the secretary of the Treasury shall lease /;';;''';';?;';;;- 
 Unncd i» xrctio>, si.r of this art, to proper and ''^''''''''^ '''''['' '^^^'t 
 best advantage of th. United States, h.rin, due re,,nrd to the "^-r ., .^ 
 U. ,oamuJ,, t'h. .dive iul,a>,itnnts, the parties '--''^''-y'llZ' t^ 
 trade, owl the protection of the seal >/<.r,V.s, for a tern, of I ent;, ea s 
 f ,m tie Irs dnv of ?Ia>,, ei,,hteeH hundred aud sn-r„t,i, the right to 
 f " ge , e b'Sness .,f tiddng fur-seals on the '^'«"^« f f f .^J" ^ 
 d Splint (ieorge. and t.. send a vessel or vessels to said slaiids .or tl e 
 in such ^eals, giving t.. the lessees of ...VMslands a lease ouly 
 
 ,.;.. „t..d, in duplicate, not transferable, and taking from the lessee o 
 .^lo s.i, Un..U a bond, with snniclent sureties In a ->" of - 
 h.s than .,•-•. hundred thousand .lollars. conditional lor the fa th nl 
 observance of all the laws and re.,uireinents of ^»'i;'''^^'^^!'^ 
 regulations of th. Secretary of the Treasury sUall have due legaid t. 
 
:W) 
 
 kt litoijt*-', •"Ti"'!''- 
 )l Jiiiu', July, Si'p- 
 linvfiil to kill MK'li 
 
 »• liliinix tl UllilliJ In 
 
 riiiit the im'i^i" of 
 ouiiK si'itls as limy 
 i- liinlti.l ami coii- 
 >y the Si'CU'tiiry til' 
 
 unlawful to kill any 
 soiisou of tlicytnr, 
 ■fill Id kill any seal 
 ■\w^, clilVs, or rocks 
 y lU'i'soii who shall 
 Hi'Ctloii of this act, 
 nee, by a lluf ol not 
 iliousuiul dollars, or 
 
 • such lliii' niitl ill'- 
 na juriscUction ami 
 licir tncklc, apparel, 
 
 in the violation of 
 
 the United States. 
 :iod of ti'H'iity years 
 
 • of fur-seals which 
 It George, is hereby 
 
 • aiinuin : Prodded, 
 d llintt t .0 right of 
 atlon Ol' such seals, 
 ;rved to the goveru- 
 sou shall knowingly 
 shall, upon duo con- 
 provided herein for 
 
 1 sections of this act. 
 ely after the passage 
 ;e /"(• thr rental inen- 
 iiiKihle parUeii to the 
 ((•(/ In the interest)! <if 
 ■etdj'ore euinujed in the 
 crni of lii-en/ij years 
 serentii, tlie right to 
 ■(huids of Saint Paul's 
 n said islands for the 
 ,1 islands a lease duly 
 r from the lossfc or 
 ies. in a sum of not 
 [)nal for the faithful 
 ;:oiigH'Ss and of the 
 1 Ua\c due regard tt- 
 
 iho preservfttioii ol tile rieal-Air trade of said islands and the ei,„ij\,ri, 
 miiintenoner, and editentiun of the natives thereof. The said li'Ssi'i'S .shall 
 I'liniisli 10 the scviTal masters of \csscls t'lnploytd by them ccrlllled 
 (■i>|)iis of tlu'Mi'asi' hiUI by them luspiclivfly, whieli sliuU be piisiiitfd 
 to the governmeul re' enue olllecr for the time b.iii!; who may bi- in 
 iharge at the .said islands, as the uuthorily of the party for lauding and 
 taking skins. 
 
 Skc. o. .'.<ii! '"• il further imirtiil, That at the cxpiralioM of >.alcl Iciiii 
 of lifentu years, or on surrender or forfeiture of any lease, other Icisos 
 may be made In manner as aforesaid for other terms of tirmtn xcars; 
 but no persons other than .Vnierlcaii eltl/.eiiH shall be pcrmitti'il, by 
 lease or otherwise, to occupy .said Islands, or eillier of them, for the 
 puriioso of taking the skins of fur-seals therefrom, uor shall any forei«ii 
 vessel be engaged in taking such skins; and the Secretary of the T'reas- 
 ury shall vacate and declare any lease forfeited if the same be held or 
 operated for the use, benetlt, or advantage, directly or iiulirectly, of any 
 |)eraou or persons, other than American eltizeus. Kvery lease shall 
 contain a covenant on the i)art of the lessee that he w ill not keep, sill, 
 furuish, give, or dispose of any distilled spirits or si)lritHous Ihpiors on 
 either of said islands to any of the natives thereof, such person not 
 being a i)hy.sician and furnishing the same for use as medicine ; and any 
 person who shall kill any fUr-seal on either of said islands or in the 
 waters adjacent tliereto, (excepting natives, as provided by lliis act.) 
 without authority of the 'essees thereof, and any person who shall 
 molest, disturb, or interfere with said lessees, or eSlher of them, or 
 their agents or employees in the lawful prosecution of their business, 
 under the provisions of this act, sliall be deemed guilty of a misde- 
 meanor, and shall for each otfence, on conviction thereof, be punished 
 In the jiame way «ind by like penalties as prescribed In the second section 
 of this act; aiid all vessels, their tackle, apparel, apinirteuances, and 
 cargo, wliosc crews shall be found engaged in any violation of cither 
 of the provisions of this section, sliall be forfeited to the United States; 
 and if any person or company, under any lease herein authorized, shall 
 knowingly kill, or permit to be killed, any number of seals exceeding 
 the number for each island in tliis act prescribed, such person or 
 company shall, in addition to the penalties and forfeitures aforesaid, 
 also forfeit the whole number of the skins of the seals killed in that 
 year, or, in case the same have been disi)Osed of, then said person or 
 comijany shall forfeit tlie value of the same. And it shall be tiie duty 
 of any revenue otllcer, oftlcially acting as such on either of the said 
 Islands, to seize and destroy any distilled spirits or spirituous liciuors 
 found thereon : Provided, That such officer shall make detailed report 
 of his doings to the collector of the port. 
 
 Sec. 6. And he it further enucted. That the ininiml rent'd tn he reserved 
 hi/ said lease shall he nut less than fifty thmtsund dollars jier annunt, l<> hi 
 speurp.d hij deposit of United States bonds to that amount, and in addition 
 hereto a revenue tax or duty of tieo dollars is hereby laid upon each fur- 
 seal skin taken and shipped from said islands, diirimj the eoiiliniianri if 
 
t 
 
 i^ 
 
 f 
 
 mirh IxiKi, to lif piilil liil" the trcilNury "I Hif I'lilti'il Stiitfs; and tlic 
 SccTC'tnry oJ" the 'rri'ii^.ury 1-t licnliy cniiH'wnci) iiml mitliKil/cd lonrnkt- 
 nil nifilfiil riilc>i and riKUliitioiiH for the collii'tioii and |)iiyim'iit of llu' 
 siinic, for the fonilorl. iiitiiulvnnnvi', nhimtimi, and prottfllon ol llif 
 natlvf.>4 of Mild island'-, and also for carrylnK into full circi't nil Ilif pio- 
 vlnlonMol tills ai'l : /VmiiVi -'/inV/c /■, 'I'liat lliu Si'tMVliiry of the 'I'lcas- 
 nry nniy li'iiniiwitc any li'usc glvfii to nny pursoii, foinpaiiy, or corpo- 
 ration on full and satisfactory proof of tlic violation of any of the pro- 
 visions of tills act or the lulcs ami niinlatlons istalilMicd hy liiiii : 
 Pr(,vlilnlfiirllii>;tli<Uthr,SirMiinj iif Ihr Tmtnurij is lunl-n onihi„-;r.i,l 
 lit ihlh-ir to till' iiii-iiirii tlii-J'iir-ni'dl nkinn »(oio o/oni' I'li Hi' l.il'tiiiln, mi Ihr 
 liiit/iiK'ii/ I'J' "III' iliilliir fi,r inch «■/ miltl fk'iu* tnkin mni .»///>;"'' mniii l>i 
 mild uii'ii'i's. 
 
 Hvr. 7. Anil In- it fiirllur iiKH-tiil, Thai tine provisions of the sfvcnth 
 and I'lKhth Hectlons of " An net to extend the laws of the Inited States 
 relating to enstonif, coniuierce, and niivigutlon over the territory ceded 
 to I'nited States by Russia, to establish a collection district therein, and 
 for other purposes," approved .Inly twenty-seven, eighteen hnndrcd 
 and «lx1y-elght. shall be deemed to Mp|)ly to this act; and all prosieu- 
 tlons for otlences coniniiltcd against the provlshjns of this act, niiU all 
 other proceedings had because of the violations of the provisions of this 
 act, and whlcli are authorized by said act above mentioned, Hhall be In 
 accordance with tlie provisions thereof; and all acts and l)arts of acts 
 inconsistent with tlie provisions of this act are hereliy repealed. 
 
 Sw. 8. Aiiit hi- it fitrtliir (imrtiil, That the Congress may at any time 
 hereafter alter, amend, or rejieal tills act. 
 
 This bill of pains luul penalties, so kiosc in the letter, and so 
 striiigonl ill its spirit, proiiiiuts the killinjj,- ol" seals even in Iho 
 adjnrciit ^nitpr.'^, or on the vlijys or rod's irhere the;/ land np from 
 llir sea to remain. This law has already l)eeonu' an enj^iiu! ol" 
 iiiiR'li annovaiice to (Uir citizens ainiind Alaska. The Seoii'tavy 
 of the Treasury has construed it in siicii a spirit as to exclude 
 all Aniorieaii lishonncn from the seal lishcrics in the North I'a- 
 eilic Ocean, Instructions, carryinjf out these restrictions, have 
 been issued to all the revenue ollicers on tlie north-west coast; 
 we append the otiicial Ukaw of the Collector of San Francisco, 
 and hnnihly invito the careful attention of our readers to this 
 
 Cf"'d: ^ .. . 
 
 Ci'STOM IIoi'si:, San FitANCisto, (. ai.iiounia, ) 
 Collector's Ollice, September 28, 1870. i 
 
 NoriCK. — In compliance with an order of the Hon. Secretary of the 
 Tieasury, notice Is hereby given that a lease of tlie Islands of St. Paul 
 ami St.Vieorge, ".n the Territory of Aln.ska, has been executed by the 
 Secretary of the Treasury to the Alaska Commercial Company, for the 
 period of twenty years, from the 1st day of May, 1870, in accordance 
 with the provi •Ions of an Act of Congress, entitled " An Act to I'lvvcnt 
 
;j7 
 
 ti'd StiitcN ; aiiU tlic 
 iiiitlii)i'l/('«l toiimki' 
 iii>l piiyiiiciit of the 
 I iirotci'tloii cil t lu- 
 ll cmct nil tlir pi(t- 
 iliiry of the 'rrt';i>(. 
 coniiniiiy, or cui'ixi- 
 
 I of any <>r flic pio- 
 i'.stul)ll'<lic(l liy liliii : 
 M hiril'ij iintliui'i::ii< 
 
 II lli<- l.iliiiiilx, on till- 
 
 Hill !'hii>l»'ll (ll'llll III 
 
 slons of the Heveiitli 
 )f the I'liltt'd States 
 r the territory C( (led 
 tllstrlet therein, and 
 1, eighteen hundred 
 ctj and ail prosceu- 
 s or this net, and ail 
 lieprovlMlonsof this 
 /ntloned, Hhall he In 
 Is and parts of acts 
 cl)y repealed, 
 ress may at any time 
 
 1 tlie li'tti'i', niid i-io 
 seals even in tlie 
 the;/ lidul "y> froM 
 eoinc an oiij^ine of 
 :!i. The Seori'tary 
 )irit aw to exeludc 
 s in the Nortii I'a- 
 i restrictions, have 
 nortli-west coast ; 
 rol" San Francisco, 
 :)iM' readers to this 
 
 SCO, CALII'OUNIA, ? 
 
 iher 28, 1870. ^ 
 
 [Ion. Secretary of the 
 le Islands of St. I'aul 
 l)een exeeuled by tbe 
 clal Company, for the 
 ,-, 1870, in aceordauee 
 'd " An Art to Prevent 
 
 Ihu Rxtenidnntioii of Fur hearing AiHtnuU In Alaska," approved July 
 1st, IH70, and that hy tlie ternn ol' Ni- Ul lease, iind the ahove nitntioiied 
 .\et, the .«aid Company iiave the ex ' .slvc ilKht to eni;ai;e In the i)U.sl' 
 lu'Nti of takini{ fur Neais on xaid Ulaudti fffi(/ thi' /kIhihIs mljimnt then to. 
 No vessels other tiiit.i those l)e1on!!;lnK to said Alaska Comnierelal 
 Conipany, or to the Inlted States, will he permitted to touch or land iit 
 either of siild Islands, or the l.<«landi udjaeetit thereto, nor >\ III any 
 person he allowed thereon e.xeept the authorized agents of tlie I'nited 
 Slates, and of said Company. 
 
 T. (J. rilKI-I'S, Collector of Customs. 
 
 Tiiis villainous law, passed ostensibly tor the protection of 
 fnr hearin^i aninnils, should have liecn more jnsily entitled : ..In 
 Act to Enaluve the People nf ^Uanka, to (Hmtrud the Finhcrles, 
 mill to Cheek the JJevelojivwit of the North-veHt Coaat. IJy the 
 terms of this act the inhabitants of St. Paul, St. (ioorpc and 
 the adjacent ialamh arc strictly lealled /», beino; forbidden any 
 intorcoursc with " the rest of mankind ;" tlicy are forced by 
 nt'ccssity to sell their prodncts to the company, and to nceivo 
 stich considerations in retiu'n as this sonlless monopoly m.'iy see 
 lit to give. The obstructions which the fnr company has in 
 former ycur.s thrown in the way of individiuil trailers and fisher- 
 men in those rcf^ions, are very well known. The snbsidi/cd 
 federal olllcers in the interests of the company, have given much 
 trouble to private enterprises ; several vessels iiave b'.'en seized, 
 on very lliinsy pretexts, and sent for trial to San rrancisco. 
 In every instance those vos.scls iiavc been liberated, and the 
 masters and supercargoes exonerated by the courts. Voyages 
 have thus been broken up, heavy losses have fallen tipon linmltle 
 adventurers, failures have followed, and iieacefid commerce has 
 been seriously obstructed. Several suits for heavy damages 
 iire now pending in the courts on the North Pacillc coast, 
 against the revemie ollicers formerly serving on the coast of 
 Alaska. 
 
 During our sojourn in Alaska we met Gen. J. C. Davis, 
 Commander of the Department of Alaska ; in him we found a 
 Innd, christian ofllcer, free from sordid motives, and strongly 
 imbued with the futtire welfare of the helpless people over whom 
 he governed. The opinions of this Inavc oflicer deserve 
 respect. We submit his expressed views on the *• Fnr-Seal 
 Monopoly," and the influence which tliis privileged body exerts 
 over the helpless people dependent upon it. He says : " Since 
 the declaration of Congress, ,it its last session, of ,St. Paul and 
 

 A. 
 
 s 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 P 
 f 
 
 St. (l.MMuc's islands as special rcsovvatlous of llu- trovoniniout. 
 tl.oy liavc l.ocn under tlic control of ollioors of the rcvt-imo ser- 
 vice', sent tiicrc fortho purpose of executing the laws pro) iil.it inj,' 
 the landing at or killing of fur seals upon them. Duriiig my 
 ..lllcial visit there in the beginning of the present sunnner, and 
 whilst engaged in investigating the affairs of the r.atives, as well 
 MS the manner in which the troops had performed their duties, 
 1 k'ariied that, under one pretext and another, privileged parties 
 liad been permitted to land and remain on those reservations, 
 and had beon allowed to kill the animals at pleasure. During 
 l-ist summer at least S.^,00() seals were killed on the two islands ; 
 probably more than that number. The pretexts under which 
 this was authorized was that of enabling the natives to suosist 
 themselves without expense to the government. In an economi • 
 cal point of view this would seem quite right, but the facts arc 
 that the natives are cooped upon these islands, where they arc 
 compelled to work for those private parties or starve ; in other 
 words they (ire to-day m a complete state of slavery. Competition 
 in trade has been universally established, and is now pretty well 
 understood by the natives and traders throughout the country ; 
 wherever the Ibrmer can paddle his canoe, or the latter penetrate 
 witli his goods, such is the case. These isolated islands of St. 
 Paul and St. George in Behring sea, the richest possessions rn 
 natural loealth, considering their small area on the continent, form 
 the only exceptions. The natives are peaceful, honest, and 
 capable of transacting ordinary business quite well, and would 
 doubtless improve themselves if they had a fair chance, hut 
 their present complete enslavement and robbery by an unscrxipulons 
 ring of speculators, loill ever prevent such lyrogr ess." — liovovi of 
 I'.revet Maj. (ien. Commanding Department of Alaska, to Sec. 
 of War, Aug. 20, 1870. 
 
 If the visible or invisible treasures on the north-west coast, 
 or in the waters adjacent, are subject to the caprice of Congress ; 
 the acquisition of Alaska is of little value to our people ; if 
 Cono-ress can thus barter the rich seal rookeries to a few favo- 
 rites" it may, with an equal show of right, trade off the enormous 
 rich salmon fisheries in those waters ; if our natior.al represen- 
 tatives in Congress assembled, can, in any way, o I'or any con- 
 sideration, lease any branch of national industry in or around 
 Alaska, they can also grant away Cassius' ledge, Jeffrey's b.ank, 
 the shoals of (leoru-os.and all tlie most valuable fishing gror.nds 
 
o!) 
 
 US of till' novcniinont. 
 ors of the rcvniuo Hcr- 
 iiig till' l:nvw pvohiliitiu*:; 
 )ou them. Diiriii<; my 
 lie present summer, ami 
 •s of the i-.ativos, as well 
 perfbrmcil their duties, 
 otlier, privileged parties 
 II 0.1 those reservatious, 
 H at pleasure. Durin.u; 
 lied ou the two islands ; 
 3 pretexts under wliicli 
 >• the natives to snosist 
 nment. Inaneconomi- 
 right, but the facts are 
 islands, where they are 
 ties or starve ; in other 
 / slavery. Competition 
 1, and is now pretty well 
 hroughout the country ; 
 )e, or the latter iienetiate 
 e isolated islands of St. 
 \he richest possessions in 
 'ea on the continent., form 
 3 peaceful, honest, and 
 ss quite well, and would 
 had a fair chance, hut 
 hbery by an unscnqmlons 
 h 2)rogress." — Report of 
 ncnt of Alaska, to Sec. 
 
 )n the north-west coast, 
 the caprice of Congress ; 
 value to our people ; if 
 rookeries to a few favo- 
 ht, trade off the enormous 
 if our natioj'.al rcpresen- 
 
 any way, o I'or any con- 
 il industry in or around 
 us' ledge, Jeffrey's hank, 
 
 valuable fishing grounds 
 
 oil liie New Kiiglaiid vuii^l. The I'otleu moiiarehies of Kuioite. 
 long kept logotlier by the •• cohesive imwer of public plunder," 
 have, by the iirestige of public opinion, been forced to withhold 
 special privileges from any special class. The Hritish I'arlia- 
 ment, half a centiuy ago. refused to renew the charter of llic 
 wealthy East India Company;" a few years ago they witliheld 
 all si)ecial pri\ ileges iVom the powerful Hudson's 15ay Company ; 
 no class legislation has passed that body for many years. The 
 despotic government of llussia appears to have caught the in- 
 spiration of oir day and generation, and against the [lower and 
 blandishments of the great fur company, sold out Alaska, root 
 and branch, to our government. The Congress of the riiited 
 States, like the IJourbons. •• never learns nor forgets ;" it is high 
 time that this body should see (he handwriting and give heed. 
 It is to be hoi)ed that wiser counsels may yet prevail and that 
 this odious law may be rei)ealed before it is too late ; •• iitlier 
 men in other limes" will repair the damage; in the meantime 
 our diminutive Congressmen may learn •• that there is a greater 
 power behind the throne than the llirone itself." Sincei'cly 
 believing that the "Fur Franchise" in Alaska is obstructive to 
 the developmeni: of the vast resources latent iu those regions. 
 subersivc of the best interest of the people of that territory, 
 and embarrassing to the traders and fishermen in and around 
 those shores, we most earnestly ask Congress to repeal that 
 odious measure and let "justice be done though the heavens 
 fall." 
 
 Walrus are almndant around the Dehring Sea ; ihey are very 
 large and fat, yielding considerable oil and ivory. AValrus hides 
 have, of late years, been used for various purposes ; it makes 
 good belting for mills ; when properly tanned it polishes well, 
 and is very generally used inliurnishing cutlery, ivory and sundry 
 hard surfaces. The island of St. Lawrence affords a genial 
 nursery for those animals, and many aie slaughtered annually by 
 the whalemen. This business offers profitable rewards to am- 
 bitious young men of nerve and money. " AValrus ivory. Coal 
 harbor, on the north side of the island of Unga, has been flie 
 point for receiving the tusks obtained from the walrus islam N. 
 on the north side of the Alaska peninsula. During the winter 
 the walrus is said to be driven by great bodies of ice into the 
 bay, thirty miles long and ten miles wide, embracing the walrus 
 islands. Here tl;e natives kill Ihein, secure their tusks and trade 
 
} 
 
 
 Ill 
 
 LliLiii lu iiii fiiipluvfu or UiL' Uiissiiiii-Ameiicaii ConiiKiny «l:i- 
 tioiu'tl ;vt llic stuiv-lious(i in IMoUier's Buy, at the mouth oi" ii 
 small stream in lat. r)')° .'».'», loii<j;. l(iU= il ; tlionco tho stock is 
 vM-vk'A on tiio shoulders of tiio natives, or on (lo<? sledf-es, a'-ross 
 the peninsula to the head of Portajje 15ay, twelve miles tleei) by 
 lour miles wide, lying N.N.W. and S.S.H. l»y eompas-,. and di- 
 rectly north of I'nga island. In Portage Bay they arc met h\ 
 an(jt"her body of natives in their bydarkas or skin canoes from 
 Coal harbor, whither the tusks arc transported. In some seasons 
 ten tons of tlu>se tusks are secured by the Indians, and are 
 valued at seventy cents, gold, per pound at Sitka. Large (luan- 
 tities of tusks are obtained by trade and capture by the Arctic 
 whalers, who also try out the oil. The skin of the walrus is 
 used by the Aleuts and Estiuimanx for constructing their large 
 traveling boats, called biadars, capable of carrying ten tons of 
 freight. At the saw-mill on "Woody island, opposite St. Paul, 
 tlie ""walrus hide is successfully used for heavy belting. The 
 .systematic hunting of the walrus, prompted by the better prices 
 tiuui have been paid by the barely life Bustaiuing tarilf of the 
 Uussian-American Company, will develope this valuable branch 
 of industry. Arctic whalers just from those waters, assure us 
 that the number of these animals is incalculable. Near Point 
 Mulgrave, in the Arctic, Cook found them in great numbers ; 
 one weighed 851 pounds, and they are generally about the size 
 of an ox. Near Cai)e Lisl)nrn the number of walrus is almost 
 iucre<lible ; his crew liked their llesh and called it ' marine 
 beef.' " — Ddchlson. 
 
 Whales are regular visitors to the coast of Alaska; the 
 abundance of small tish and other whale feed in those waters 
 attracts the huge monsters to those shores. The Gulf of Alaska, 
 Bristol Bay and the Arctic Ocean are familiar cruising groun<ls 
 to the whalers. The great bow-head, rich in oil and bone, preys 
 constantly on the iinny tril)e. 'i'his branch of (Ishing has been 
 carried on for years in those regions with good results, and may 
 l)e carried on proli(abl>- from Pnget Sound, which offers eveiy 
 facility for " plum pudding," or short season whaling. " The 
 waters surrounding the territory of Alaska havi^ always been 
 celebrated for their whale fisheries, and the Hussian-American 
 Con\pany formerly paid some attention to this branch of industry 
 :ind prolit,and had surveys made in Cook's Inlet for ascertaining 
 Ihe proper anchorages and harbors for their whalers in winter. 
 
 f 
 
II 
 
 •ic'iui ConiiKiiiy «l:i- 
 !it the month ol" ;i 
 tlionco till! stock is 
 1 (Iof5 sk'clji'cs, a'Toss 
 welvo miles tlei'i) by 
 by t'ompasi. mid di- 
 lay thoy arc met h\ 
 or skin caiioos from 
 ([. In some seasons 
 le Indians, and are 
 Sitka. Larjje (nuiii- 
 iptnre by the Aretie 
 kin of the walrus is 
 structing their large 
 arrying ten tons of 
 I, opposite St. I'aul, 
 heavy belting. The 
 I by the better prices 
 staining tarilf of tlie 
 this valuable branch 
 )se waters, assure us 
 L'ulable. Near Point 
 1 in great munbers ; 
 crally about the size 
 of walrus is almost 
 id called it ' marine 
 
 )ast of Alaska ; the 
 feed in those wateis 
 
 The Gulf of Alaska, 
 liar cruising groun<ls 
 in oil and bone, preys 
 1 of llshing has been 
 '■(jod results, and may 
 il, wliich otters eveiy 
 ison whaling. " The 
 HI have always been 
 iie Hnssian-American 
 liisbrancli of industry 
 
 Inlet for ascertaining 
 ^•ir whalers in winter. 
 
 They even eslablisheil a shipbuilding eslablishiuenl in lve.-.iii- 
 rectlon bay, on the eastern shore of Kenay peninsula, and em- 
 ployed an Kuglish superintendent ; but as the whaling was not 
 so remunerative as the fur trade, their whole elforts were diit'cted 
 
 to the full legitimate development of that l)usiness 
 
 Captain Bryant says that Fairweather ground is, at proper 
 seasons, the great receptacle of the mollusk called whale's footi. 
 a minute animal about the size of a flax seed, and having a 
 gelatineous consistency ; myriads of thenr cover tl\e ocean like 
 a scum. This mollusk drifts along w ith the coast current toward 
 llie west at the rate of about one mile per hour. During this 
 season the saa and all the adjacent bays are filled with whales. 
 The mollusk collects under the lea of the submarine range of 
 ramploua. The whaling season continues from the last of June 
 to the middle of July. About Analaska we saw numbers of 
 sperm whales in September, and in August the spenu whaler 
 " William Gifl'ord ' was entering the iiorth strait of Kadiak to fill 
 up, reporting as having left the coast of Queen Charlotte's 
 islands, where four other spenn whalers were fishing that season. 
 The ' Gifford ' had been out from New Bedford since 18C3, liii' 
 time being five years. She had sent home 2700 barrels of 
 sperm oil, worth $90,000 in gold, and had on board 400 barrels 
 more, intemling to take nothing but sperm whale until near llie 
 end of her cniisc. For the last six years the whaling fleet of 
 the Arctic has averaged not less than eighty vesseli?-, of wliicii 
 seventy belonged to the United States. Their average catch in 
 those water amounts to not less than 120 barrels each, and 
 about 30,000 pounds of whalebone. The prlnciiial reason given 
 by the whalers for prefering the Arctic regions over the (iulf ol' 
 Alaska is, the shallower water. . . . The command of ail 
 the bays and straits of the north-west coast resorted to by 
 whales gives very great advantages to our whalers, and need 
 only be mentioned to Ije appreciated ; fishing at all seasons, 
 opportunities to winter and refit, depots for cargoes, and regu- 
 larity in transhipping thence to the east or to the Pacific ports. 
 It opens the broad question whether Avhaling cannot be more ef- 
 fectually and more profitably done in smaller vessels, specially 
 designed and constructed for capturing the whale, and then 
 storing the oil at some depot in the Behring sea where it can ho 
 regularly shipped to its destination, while the Aessel, working 
 until the latest day of the season, discharges her crew of Aleuts 
 
 6 
 
i 
 
 
 among llifiiislmid liouu-^, and lays np lor tlic wiiitt-r i« Alawkain 
 liaiLors. rontly for tlio Avhnlinji grounds at the earliest openin- 
 of sprin;--. If this l.e done, with the increased knowledge of the 
 whale's habits and the aptitude of the Aleuts, the Ani<noan 
 >N li!d(!is ean sweep the field of foreign competition." — Davidson. 
 Sardines, smelts, candlefish, and other small but vaLual>l<^ fish 
 .•ongrcga((> in vast numbers in and around Alaska. In sailinii 
 Mloni-- tiiat coast the treasures of the deep are ever present : the 
 untoM wealth there latent surjKisseth knowledge. This bouml- 
 ' less and inexhaustible musery of commerce fairly puzzles the 
 will an.l completely captivates the thinking mind in contem- 
 platimv a theme so grand. 'I'he fishing resources l)ordering on 
 Alasksi are live times more extensive and ten times more valua- 
 ble than those now available in the North Atlantic Ocean. 
 This important ac<iuisition to our national wealth is richly 
 worth one hundred millions of gold dollars, and is destined to 
 nurture a great commerce in those regions, and cover the North 
 Pacific Ocean with swift clipper vessels. 
 
 Popnlation of Alaska comprises various tribes of Indians, 
 and a rennant of Russians. They are found in couur .unities 
 along the entire coast, and it is difHcult to ascertain their num- 
 bers? as they are migratory in their habits. The interior re- 
 oi„ns of the territory are as yet unexplored, and little is known 
 roncerning the tribes remote from the shores. In every part of 
 this lioundless coast, open to navigation, people are found in 
 ronsiderable numbers : they iiave been computed as ranging in 
 numbers from fifty to sixty thousand. Those domiciled near 
 the shore have been reared under the iron heel of Russian des- 
 potism. Thev arc docile and subservient. They have been 
 mirtured in the admonition of the Greek Church, and are gen- 
 .rally devoted to the doctrines and discipline of that venerable 
 institution. In the r.:orc prominent towns they have had the 
 heni'lits of schools, and the rudiments of education havi' been 
 disseminated among them. In their relations with strangers 
 they are kind and hospitable, and very honest : in mechanical 
 ingcnuit'- connnendable progress is manifest. They build sub- 
 stantialboats and make tight fish casks. They display some 
 eraltiness in capturing the sea otter and the larger monsters in 
 those waters ; in developing the fisheries the expert Aleutes 
 m\\ render valuable services. >• The Aleutes are very distinct 
 in their looks* ninnncrr-. language and iu«tom*- from all other 
 
I;! 
 
 inttT its Alaska in 
 oarliest opoiiinj; 
 cnowledge of tlu' 
 s, the AiiKi'ioaii 
 m." — Davidxmu 
 hut vaiua1>l<^ fi«l> 
 iskn. In Hailinii' 
 ivor pivHi^nt : Ui»' 
 TO. This houml- 
 lirly puzzles tlic 
 mind in contoni- 
 3es l)onlerinp; on 
 inies nioro viihia- 
 Atlantic Ocean, 
 wealth is riclil\ 
 \m\ is destined to 
 1 cover the North 
 
 trihes of Indians. 
 1 in coniir .unities 
 certain their num- 
 Thc interior re- 
 ind little is known 
 In every part of 
 jple arc found in 
 ited as ranging in 
 se domiciled near 
 i?l of Russian dcs- 
 They liavc hecii 
 unch. and are gen- 
 ' of that vcneraltit' 
 Ihey have had Ihc 
 ducation havi' been 
 ons with strangers 
 lest : in mechanical 
 t. They Iniild suh- 
 riiey display some 
 larger monsters in 
 the expert Aleutes 
 cs arc veiy distinct 
 onis- from id! otlu^r 
 
 Indians of tlie northwest, and many ftf them hear a close lo- 
 scmblance to the less marked of the Japanese, so much so that 
 a (|uestion at once arises wiiether this people has not hecu di- 
 rectly derived from castaway or shipwrecked InliahitantN of 
 Japan, carried thither by the Kamscliatka branch of the great 
 Japanese stream. . . . They are (piict. patient j)eople, gift- 
 ed with a great deal oi' ingenuity, and always trusted by the 
 Uussians. The priest of the IJnal.aska district is iiu Aleut, .-nid 
 a man of more than ordinary ability and taste. Tiie surgeon oi 
 the Company's Service at Ilionliouk. now of the Coast Survey 
 Tidal Observer, is .also a full blooded native, who has aecjuitli'd 
 himself creditably in his ol)servations. Many of the block hou- 
 ses of the Russian Company are constructed by the Aleulcs. 
 and the church at Ilionliouk is a good specimen of their work- 
 manship; even the capitals of the interior wooden coluinus 
 were carved by them with rude means, 'i'hey make skillful me- 
 chanics, and the principal mechanician and instrument repairer 
 iit Sitka is an Aleut, who early displayeil great talent, aixl wa^ 
 sent at the Company's expense to St. IVtersbuig. wliere lie 
 learned the business of an optician. His workuiaiiship exhibit ^ 
 talent that ueeiled a large field to dcveloj). . . . lIu' thirty- 
 eight charts of TebenhoH's atlas were drawn and engraved up- 
 on copper by a half-biVed Aleut named Kadiu. The bidarkas 
 or skin canoes of the Aleutes. constructed I'or one. two or thret- 
 persons, are fine specimens of ingenuity and form : the light 
 frame is constructed of woo«l. . . . Fn the uumagenieut of 
 tJiose canoes they display co< i courage and thorough knowledge 
 of their capabilities. . . . As models they are not excelled 
 by any of those seen on the Pacific coast ; and as simple me- 
 chanical constructions, they are vastly superior to any south- 
 ward. Their large skiu boats, biadars, capal)le of carrying; 
 from forty to sixty persons, were used in trading between 
 distant islands as far as St, Paul and St. George, when the 
 Russians first reached the country. They are still in us(\ and 
 were employed at Ulakhta harbor to coal the steamer. The 
 Aleut«s are very ingenious in their traps for catching the small 
 fur-bearing animals — very neat in their siiears, walnis l)arbs. 
 and sinew-twine — and apt in adopti|ig the simplest means tooli- 
 taiu their ends. . . . They sqon become very handy with 
 the use of ordinary tools, do good blacksmith work, use the 
 lathe, etc.. but. unfortuusitely. have had few incenlives to eon- 
 

 1, 
 
 W 
 
 1 walrus lUHks, or the IuhRs of the IosmI inamn.otl. foun.l u, 
 Kotzobuc Soumi, the Alout.s clisplay patience, ai„l ... ,.iany civ- 
 ses considerable i.,^en..ity. constrncting o..t of waln.s tusks 
 small figures of l.....tors, rock, seal a..d fish, represent.ng tlu 
 practice of seul-h.n.ti..g, ...akhig .ni...ic representations ol the.r 
 Ilancing and .nusic:.l entertai...nents, etc. In hu.iting the sea- 
 ..Iter an<l seal thev exhibit their tenacity of puri^osc by >yatch.»g 
 for days at a ti,..v .-ather than lose the object of the.r purs...t 
 ■riK-v do not use the bow a..d aiTOW, bnt the small ivory-headed 
 spear, thnnvu with the ai.l of a hand-board, a.Kl the.r exh.b.- 
 tions of skill prove.1 their expeitness and proficicicy. Most o 
 the crews of the Uussian Co.npany's vesst.ls are composed ol 
 Mentes. A.iothor pecidiarity in their favor :-at Una laska. 
 ;vhonever a woman was one of two or three persons in a bidarka, 
 she was not compelle<l to nse the paddle, as we have heret<.lo,e 
 invariably seen on the Pacific coast. The women are very .n- 
 ,.„ions in making a great variety of stitches ^^^l^^ 
 ;,,! those of rnalaska have always been noted for skill m the 
 ,.cant,y of their sewing. No murder has been ""^^^ "^"i^ 
 the Alentes for the last lltty-two years, and when the last (m- 
 ,.n,TC<l the whole race was hoiTor-struck.»-I>ar;idso». 
 
 'Hie christian inhabitants of Alaska, dodile, kind and hosp.t- 
 .1,10, expert in mechanism and skiUfnl in maritime adventure, 
 uossessing sufficient intelligence and self-pride, and in eve. > 
 :.::;oct w^rtl,- to ..joy ^' life, liberty -I f P-smt o^ h^^^ 
 „oss •• became citizens of our Great Repnbhcby no act of theiis. 
 l«.v a dash of the pen they were guaranteed all the rights, priv,- 
 lc:.rc.s an.l immunities of Am^ncan citizens i" f^ f "J^ «^/;';; 
 ,ve.atv of March SO. 18G7, as follows : '• The inhabitants of the 
 .....loA territory, according to their choice, reserving th^ir »atur«' 
 ..llcnance, may i-etuni to Rnssia within three years ; Init if the> 
 
 should p.-efert; remain in the ceded «°^y' ^^^'V^^ttd to the 
 ..option of the uncivilized native tribes) shall be admitted o t e 
 on oy.ne,it of all the rights, advantages and immunities of c t.- 
 ons of the Unite.1 States, and shall be maintained and protected 
 in the free enjoyinent of their liberty, property and religion. 
 The ..ncivilized iribes will be subject to such laws and regiiui- 
 tions as the United States may from time to time adopt ,n lega.d 
 to aboriginal tribes of the country." 
 
 XotwUhstnndiuo- the oxplieii assurances ol the treat> . th. 
 
T 
 
 I (•iiiv'ni<> tlgiiri's 
 laniniotli found in 
 
 ami in many ca- 
 , of walnis lusks 
 
 representing the 
 lentations of their 
 
 hunting tlic sen- 
 ri)08C by Avntoliing 
 
 of their pursuit, 
 imall ivory-headed 
 
 and their exhibi- 
 •ficiency. Most of 
 , are composed ol" 
 31- : — at Unalaska. 
 irsonsina bidarka, 
 we iiave heretofore 
 omen are very in- 
 s in their sewing, 
 3ted for skill in the 
 
 I committed among 
 when the last (m- 
 
 }avidson. 
 
 e, kind and hospit- 
 naritime adventure, 
 iride, and in every 
 e pursuit of happi- 
 cbyno actof tlieirs. 
 all the rights, privi- 
 in the terms of the 
 le inhabitants of the 
 serving their natural 
 e years ; but if they 
 y, they (with the ex- 
 
 II be admitted to the 
 immunities of citi- 
 
 itained and protected 
 operty and religion, 
 ch laws and reguia- 
 , time adopt in regard 
 
 « of the treaty, the 
 
 people of Alaska have only >' jumped out of the (Vyiiig-pan into 
 the fire." l?Yom the day in which they <verc ofllcially transl'erred 
 to our protection they|have groaned under the weight of martiid 
 law, as administered by military Breveta. President Grant has 
 sent a powerful Armada to the island of San Domingo, and has 
 lavished untold treasures on the savage negroes there, and is 
 still battling against an irrevocable decree of natiuo in his vain 
 efforts to elevate the " outside barbarians " to the lofty dignity 
 of American citizenship. If the President is so veiy earnest to 
 promote the denizens of other lands to the enjoyment of our 
 national fVeedom and happiness, then we humbly submit that 
 the Presidential charities should begin nearer home. Our own 
 fellow-citizens in Alaska are ground down " in the bonds of in- 
 iquity," and we do knoto that those helpless people, too long hehl 
 " in the gall of bitterness," are patiently waiting for " the good 
 time coming," in which, under the aegis of civil government, 
 they may enjoy the products of their own labor in security. 
 Fifty thousand Christians in our newly acquired territory, long- 
 ing for the enjoyment of our rights and privileges, are loudly 
 clamoring for their just inherltancy which the plighted faith of 
 our government has promised to them. Congress has been 
 faithless to those people, and it is high time that humane laws 
 should be enacted for their protection; they are eminently 
 worthy of all the favors conferred by the treaty ; the develope- 
 ment of the vast resources of that great territory, the successftil 
 prosecution of the fisheries, and the commerce already inaugu- 
 rated, demands the protection of Admiralty comU and kindred 
 institutions to regulate the trade and exchange among the in- 
 dustrious people in our new domain. We earnestly hope our 
 government will now extend some protection and dispense jus- 
 tice to the people of Alaska. 
 
 The rich territory of Louisiana was a valuable acquisition to 
 our whole country, particularly to the agricultural interest ; the 
 annexatioD of California was also opportune and of immense 
 value to oui- metallic circulation. The statesmen who consum- 
 mated those patriotic measures were, in their respective periods, 
 libelled and traduced. " Time, that spares no lenient hand," 
 1ms clearly demonstrated the wisdom of those sages in acquiring 
 those territories. The purchase of the great territory of Alaska 
 lorms a wise step in the right direction ; the boundless waters 
 washing that onntinent teeming with imperishable wealth, affords 
 
an immense nursery for rearing a grand commerce on llie uorlb- 
 we«t coast. The venerable statesman who has accomplishert 
 that grand consummation, has also in his turn been one ol the 
 ^.,>est abuHcl men in America," but "Time, that makes all 
 things even," has already proved the immense value ot Time s 
 noblest ofrspring." The illustrious secretary has been spared to 
 see with his own eyes the rich doraaii. which his energy an( 
 patriotism acquircl ; he has left his footprints on the north-west 
 coast, where his praises will be chanted by unborn generations 
 as " one of the few, the immortal names, not born to die. in 
 accuiring Alaska we obtained the key to Behring sea and the 
 Arctic ocean, with all the rich treasures reveling in those waters. 
 We have, in addition, gained a permanent footing m eastern 
 Asia, and opened the unlimited resources around those shores 
 
 ''itrexiending from the parallel of 60» to 70= north, 
 with its sounds, gulfs, bays and coves, draining large rivers 
 and fringed with the Saghalien, Kurile, Copper, Behrmg am 
 other islands, besides the unexplored coast extending from East 
 Cape northwestward, is now opened to American enterprise^ 
 Those shores, washed with the warm stream from Japan, having 
 a high thermal temperature, teem with cod, salmon, otter, seal, 
 walrus and great whales. The coast margining those waters is 
 reix)rted rich in minerals - diamonds, gold, silver and the base 
 metals. Furs are abundant, some of which are very fine and 
 valuable. Siberian sables are trapped on that coast, and com- 
 mands fabulous prices ; ermine and other fine f«" »«« ;^;; ^J" 
 tainod. The most favored cod grounds are located between the 
 parallels of 52« and 55» north, where very solid fish are taken ; 
 lessels from San Francisco make annual trips to those waters 
 ^ith profitable results. Silver aalmon are found at>""^^»»«y » 
 the rivers ; cattle, pigs, dogs and wild beasts take them for food 
 they are lean and poor, owing to the warmth of the water. 
 Seals congregate along the coast, some favored rookeries being 
 found among the Kerule islands, to which the seal hunters resor 
 annually. This coast has, from time immemorial, been a most 
 genial resort for the walrus; they are taken in great numbe,^ 
 by the whalers, and also by the Esquimaux for lood. ^ hen 
 Kotzebue was at anchor on the north side of East Cape, thous- 
 ands of walrus played around his ship and roared like oxen ; 
 among them appoaro<l several whales."- Dnrirhov. 
 
• on the uorllj- 
 I accomplished 
 ;cn one of tlie 
 that makes all 
 luc of " Time's 
 been spared to 
 liis encr>»y »"•* 
 I the north-west 
 )rn generations 
 rn to die." In 
 ag sea and the 
 in those waters, 
 •ting in eastern 
 id those shores 
 
 " to 70° north, 
 ng large rivers, 
 ;r, Behring and 
 nding from East 
 •ican enterprise, 
 m Japan, having 
 mon, otter, seal, 
 ; those waters is 
 -er and the baser 
 re very fine and 
 , coast, and com- 
 'urs are also ob- 
 ated between the 
 d fish are taken ; 
 1 to those waters 
 id abundantly in 
 ike them for food; 
 Ah of the water. 
 I rookeries being 
 ical hunters resort 
 rial, been a most 
 in great niimViers 
 )r food. " When 
 Sast Cape, thous- 
 •oarcd like oxoii ; 
 
 17 
 
 Till' waiiii Liiir*!nl running conliamilly nuiUiwanl tliiuiigli 
 Hehring stniit curries tlio ico-flelds nwny, and afl'oidH dear sc'o|h' 
 to the whalers. The slinalness of the Arctic, the mildness of 
 the climate, and the 'blesRod power of sunshiiu'.' facilitntes the 
 capture and cutting in of the huge fat whales. ( IoikI fares ha\c 
 been obtained late in the montli of Octol)cr ns high as the 7.".*. 
 Tiiis fact demoiistr.ates the genial temperature prevailing in 
 those regions. " IJarqne ' Helen Snow,' Capt. Campbell, re- 
 ports :— Left .Tai)an, April Mth, made the ice Htii of May. lat. 
 t)0° to north, Ion. llC cast; took tlrst whale 17tli of August : 
 the last, Oct. 2d, lat. 70° ."iO north. Ion. 1(5.')° 10 west: Oct. 
 Ith, kept otf for the strait."— /fav. Gazette, Nov. 1). 1«7(). 
 
 '• The Kamschatkii current after passing through Hehilng 
 Strait inclines toward the coast of America, as is fully proved 
 by the existence of driftwood along the shores and in the waters 
 of the current, while little oi- no.ie is found on the Asiatic coast 
 or in the waters adjacent. Wc have this season conversed with 
 whaling captains who left the Arctic as late as Oct. 12th, and 
 their experience of years confirms the above statements. This 
 cuiTcnt passes through Behring Strait with a velocity. . . . 
 Moreover, the interesting fact may be stated that there has rare- 
 ly been such an open season in the Arctic as that Just passed. 
 Capt. Williams went as far westward as 188°, and hud nothing 
 but open sea before him. Capt. Thomas went as far as 72° 55." 
 — Davidson. 
 
 Popalation. Two hundred years ago all that region watered 
 hy the Amoor river was Tartar in every respect, today it is 
 llussian. The ^wpulation is mainly composed of criminal con- 
 victs or political exiles, some of whom are of noble birth, all 
 banished ft-om the western dominions of the Czar ; many arose 
 from the lowest scr\'itude in the mines, and ])y industry and 
 sobriety have become proprietors of large tracts of land and 
 considerable wealth. This element, though basking in affluence, 
 seldom obtains the imperial pardon or leave to visit their native 
 country. A veiy large majority of these exiles never hope oi' 
 even look for the privilege of leaving those regions ; they are 
 compelled to waste their sweetness on the irigid air of that 
 country, unless they take " French leave " and pass over the 
 steppes of Asia among the Tartars, who are hosi)itablc to the 
 exiles and usually welcome them to their country. Many of tlu; 
 political exiles arc At liberty to labor at any vocation, -and to 
 
 * 
 
 A 
 s 
 
 rf 
 
4^^ 
 1. ,n nninor I'liirt class loiiiis Uic >Joik- 
 
 .U.V.IOI.......I '" ^»-\ -"'^ 'j!^ ;^jj„r, tc, work the rl.b u.i.... : 
 
 rhisen through l.ie.uli* at St. 1 aam .^^ 
 
 ,.,,e ..rt....es have thu« ';-;';i;;-; ,., ^ ^ ^ ^..Hal. 
 
 ...inerals a.ul *'^»-;--^;;,.^ ^;:,,„,„t, ....I withu. the 
 
 l.yoncl ^-/^'-']^^ ^TlU^on .n.rt...ea u. liberal 
 
 ,.,,as a.vl ^"l^'^' "''; '; in,erty.loving exilen, hn.^ I""""''* '" 
 ,„a„tie .loiua.... ^Mth Us """,f^„. ^„i,,,,,y„k8 a..(l alVeetio.uite 
 
 •'""■'■"•■ ""■""!; :: rjrt " 3iC..uc. a ..,.„,,*. 
 
 jv iiiiees aerosK the bta towaru. ^ , . , „t ,i i,„„. 
 
 „„,„. the - exiles ^J^;^';;;;;;- ,^ ^^. ^^.^ .vatcrs batliina the 
 
 Temperatrre. ^^'^^^'j;;'^^" ^uon the coast of Alaska 
 
 ,..,,, „f Sib.r.a ^J^;^^^l arc regular, aud their 
 .„corresi.o.KUng ma IH. i ^,,,,,,i„,a ; the neoaie 
 
 directions aua strength auie y extremely high. 
 
 "-- with ^^^;^l^:Z,:^Zrr^n^ 
 ''^•'"^ '' '^'Z^^^IX^^ f"-^-ns regularly, and enjoy 
 „„„,U.r l-f"""/ ^^" 2,s The winds in those seas prcva.l 
 UK. eo,.rulenee ol "'^'^;';^; ^^ J^. ^.^„„,,, fro.„ the southwest; 
 
 '" ^"^' ^"r" r: ."X so « winds with rain are ex- 
 
 »''?'"'■'; \ ! Lr The north-easterly gales are disagreeable, 
 and westerly w mds 1 he ^^^^^ ^^^^,^ Hurricanes 
 
 Wu.ginmos as Kt «^^^^^^ iVee from mountain influence 
 are seldom ).iet . tl.e ,.v„orienced, and little damage 
 
 a..e steady, ^^^^^^ ^^J^^Z^ .^.. are of mod- 
 ,, vessels is record dom^^^^^^^^ Mountain swells are 
 
 ,,ate elevation, and ^•"" r;;//,^^^^ ,^U loss than in the west- 
 ,„Unown,andthe^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ •'" ^'^^ ^^-^^^^'^^ ^'^ 
 
 orn ocean. The loss oi x i past five years, 
 
 """ ""T "Tr:;u °« :.»Wlo U a Jen or 
 „K tow, two ol «'" "»'*"' |,„, ^; the action of tbc ice, 
 
mils llic boiii' 
 leurly all tin- 
 valuable fiiui- 
 w rii-b u)iiv.;!s ; 
 t coast, rk'b ill 
 Hsiaii cni>ilal. 
 iml witb'm tbc 
 iicil in libfiiil 
 lmIoiu. tbis r«i- 
 onu biiricil in 
 ml allVclionat*' 
 , A vast t null' 
 ; about u bim- 
 (l trado ill tbv 
 ays and covi-s. 
 icok aud cove, 
 igher einuhilioii 
 
 Lcrs balliiny tlio 
 soiist of Alaska 
 igular, aud tlu'ii" 
 cd; the neodk- 
 extremely high, 
 (meter and cluro- 
 larly, and enjo\ 
 108C seas prevail 
 the southwest; 
 ith rain are e.\- 
 inied with nortli 
 are disagreeable, 
 eet. Hurricanes 
 ountain influence 
 and little damage 
 ,aves are of mod- 
 intain swells are 
 than in the west- 
 tlie whaling and 
 le past five years, 
 le half a dozen of 
 action of the ice, 
 to remain late in 
 
 l!i 
 
 ilicM' wiiU'i'-' iiiiilii llu' .-,iiiiiul:itin<:, ti'iii|it.'itii>ii ul tlu' ^ical lirli 
 whale rt'\cliii<f in lliosi' seas. 'I'lic pi'i'iiiiimi (Hi iiiiiiiiie risks is 
 iiiiieii Inwei' lliM" (111 any (itlier coast ; the ocean tides arc siili- 
 jcct til ;j;reat vaiiatioiis. and in Cook's Inlet, wliicli resciiililcs 
 ilie Hay of I'lindy in many physical aspects, the Spiiiic; tides 
 I'lib anil (low nearly I'oity feet. This physical airaiifi-cincnt at- 
 lords timely opportniiities I'oi' rc|iaiiiiii:'. cleaning' and |)aiiitinvi 
 \ csscls. 
 
 Sallt 'I'lie L-rcat racitic Ocean, though mncli colder than llu- 
 Atlantic, yet contains strom; saline properties. Tlie water- 
 wasliinv the southern coast of California are prolilic in salt, 
 \ast t|iiantities are gathoreil on the ishinds in the Santa Harbara 
 clianuel. The rocUy ledjfcs inaru,ining tlio.se islands are c(»\creil 
 with stroiiji' salt formeil Ity solar evaporation ; t!ie people rc- 
 sidiiiji' alon^' those shores gather up sntlicient tiuantities yearly 
 to satisly their domestic wants. The lagoons fringing the bay 
 of San Franeiseo produce considerable salt, which is diluted 
 with lime an<l alkali. The watt I's of Puget f'.oiiiiil. thouiih con- 
 stantly tempered with fresh streams from the mountains, yield 
 clean salt; tiic writer manufactured some by solar evaporation, 
 and produced a pure wliite article. The cheapness of himlicr, the 
 low, level Ran<lspits aud clear, bracing nortli-west winds iu thai 
 sunny valley renders the mamdUctiire of salt a paying industry. 
 On our recent journey from tlu* I'acilic avc examined .several 
 samples of .salt made from the waters of Salt Lake in Utah. 
 'I'he dryness of the at!nos))here and the powerful lieat of the 
 r-iin's rays iu that region, Jringes the lake shores with large 
 iiuantities of salt. The samples exhibited to us Avere white, 
 clean and sweet, and i-esembled Cadiz salt. This valuable 
 article has been subjected to severe chemical tests at Vassar 
 Collej;:', New York, and, as compared with the celebrated salt 
 from Turk's Island, presents the following results : 
 
 TCIIK'S ISI.ANI 
 
 >, 
 
 
 l«AI,T i..\Ki:. 
 
 
 I'uic! Salt, cir Clilo. iif Sen 
 
 iinn. 
 
 '.iS.Tii 
 
 I'liiv S;il(. 01' Chlo. of ."ocliinii, 
 
 :7.T(! 
 
 Chlc). ol' MiiK"0'*ii'. 
 
 
 .11 
 
 » lilo. or .MiiKiU'siii, 
 
 .m 
 
 Siili'liiite 01" MilKll<'^i:^ 
 
 
 .HI 
 
 Mil|iliato ol" MaKiU'siii, 
 
 Mi 
 
 l.imc. 
 
 
 l..v; 
 
 T.iiiic, 
 
 \.m 
 
 WiitOf. 
 
 
 ."Hi 
 
 Wali'r. 
 
 l.-.'S 
 
 This scientilic analysis establishes the superiority of the Salt 
 Ltdie salt ; it may be produced by natural process to any extent. 
 This is by far the best article we have seen in any country, and 
 we do most earnestly reconnncnd the mamdactnre of it, to [trac- 
 
 7 
 
 ■1 
 
 'T 
 \ 
 
 N 
 
 1 
 
.'lit 
 
 \li Mihlu'll. Ill >;'l^ 
 
 I,,,., Uu- novth-w.st -a. - • • u >^^_ _^^^^^^ , 
 
 ,,,|,„y M.on.i..-s MM- .sm.li>. ^^^^ ..xtiTincs ii. (•r....atr .v.. 
 
 '-•'-^ ^""^ '^ '■''"::7 n ;.I r ■ U "t s..a. From .aicr.,! 
 ,,,,,,vati.ms WC..O.U U.I0 tlat lu ii ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^,^., .,,,._^ 
 
 ,.,. ,,,,„ May till NovomLov. ^'^ ^''^ '\„,,,,,.„,., ,vitl. otl.u 
 U„ as Lctuiv slaU-a. a.v lolt> au.l '"-- . ^,,,, ,,,,i,,,„ 
 
 i:;..s. 'n.c. ...ua >^i-iai i;^^-; ;;-!:' ^::. ... .v.n.. 
 
 Maska a.ul scn.c- <.l Ik ;^'\!'"; y.,,i„„s other lovalitios o., 
 a,yi..^ a..a ...riu^ all kmas ol .s . ^^ ^^^^.^^^ ,.^,^^.,,„,^.„ 
 
 sr:tt:r:'^=-" :....■ ■ •< -^ 
 
 ii.au. _. , , , •,,1, ,,,. till- iiovtliwi'^t c'oasl. 
 
 i 
 
rill' lislu'riiu'ii 
 
 iiiiiwuiii*' va^l 
 
 iitc n\vi\\ Mini 
 
 of iiur I'Mciru' 
 
 Ml- iratlf wiinU 
 ivin^ n^li- '" 
 
 .ulljfL'l tu lill'lll 
 
 iiulis tlir wiinii 
 rliilly »•vl•llill'^^. 
 ill I'liiiiiitc ri'ii 
 llclo \Vt' lioliri'tl 
 Fioiii llu'iii ^^'' 
 (I ill llu' liii.v "'' 
 1. From fuicriil 
 
 loi'i's iiiiirtiiniii;-! 
 .--tlu! U'liilii-nitf 
 iliiiif in Hull viil- 
 uiHTiiUin' <>1' t''*' 
 liiiu'tl with olliiT 
 :»vtiilablo banc for 
 I sluuvs of Alii>- 
 l siiltjox-t to lu'!n\ 
 r on tlio I'Mslnn 
 
 llKlU' Ibl' ^I'VlTill 
 
 luit lofiility in !Ui- 
 tlu' peninsula ol' 
 tlonl laciiitii'''* l<>i' 
 olhcv loralitios on 
 inictirul lisluTn\iMi 
 L- iR'fOssitioH. 'I'li^' 
 will, in the fnlni-s> 
 Imv and coniiort of 
 
 Ik- nortliNVi'st I'oa^l. 
 sks laxod the i-uor- 
 ■ have voalizod cxor- 
 tim-ise-o sni-lilit's tv- 
 
 M 
 CIV <l«'ni;.ii'l 111 iviiM.iiiil.lc llj^iuvs — fair. light liaircU. non-li«'oi)r.|, 
 U'iniS ol.liiiiuMl at that cHtahliHlinii'iit f.ir our .l.illar in foin. 
 Wliitf H|iiiic»'. fonii'l on thf cou-l, MlfonU .j;ooi| iniiterial for 
 Hiiivfs jiiit liiwlin-.c-*. nak, lociHt. ha/fl. ami ollit-r Hiijilini-H 
 iiliouml; thus <'oo|H'rinu: nialcrials luv I'MmmI in ^ulllciciil i|n'iii- 
 lilifs coiiMnicnl lo iiii\ ij;ation. 
 
 (ilnM'«'rl»'M. I'ht' Siiniivvich hlamU. >o mar ..nr Nlal«'> ion! 
 iciiitorifs on Ihf I'acillc. proilncr siiirar, syni|.. fotrrc. suit, and 
 uiiicr proiiiicts of piinn' nm-ssitv. For nt-aily a crntury tiiosi- 
 ishinds hiivc lii'cn favoivd ivmoHh to Anifiican vrsHcls. partir- 
 nlarly to those en«i;aj,'ed in tradinj>; on Ha' northwest coast, or 
 whaling;. 'IMie I.enetits lavisheil iiy »an' citizens on the natives 
 have l)een appreciated, and a stron^r iiltachnieiit. to onr people 
 is ficneral anion-;; the islanders. The discovery of fiold in Cali- 
 fornia and the rnsh to the mines have stinnilated .air relations 
 with those iK'ople. and onr commercial intercourse with them 
 liiis increased, and is yt-arly liccomiii}'- -;realer. So inntuid has 
 om alfairs become thai the hoj»e is juHtilie<l thai in a few years 
 those islands will form an importanl division of onr country. 
 A treaty of reciprocity in traile bclween onr country and the 
 Siiiidwieh Islands still pends the action of onr national le<iisla- 
 inre. 'Hie consummation of this just measure is earnestly 
 iK.ped for al an early day. The admission of Sandwich Ishinds 
 produce, free of duties, will enable the fishermen on the nortl;- 
 wesl coasl lo obtain sail an<l jiroccries cheupor than on the At- 
 lantic coast. Nearly all the leadinj,' articles, whether of fuel or 
 
 f,,()d--w I. coal, pork, beef, Hour, bread or lard, are cheaper 
 
 than Ihe same articles can l»e |.nrchased in the markels of New 
 
 Knjflaial. 
 
 i>[arkets. The markets for Pacific lish are already exlon- 
 sive, and yearly increasing. The Spanish llepublics of IMexico. 
 Central and South America, the Sandwich Jsl' .ds, Australia, 
 China and Japan have for several years taken oi.r salmon, and 
 the demand is largely on the increase. About l,0(K).()(t(» of 
 hearty Anglo-Americans, dermans, and other nationalities are 
 I crmanently domiciled in onr states and territories on the I'a- 
 cillc slope.' The trnna-eontinental railroads havt" oi)ened the 
 valleys of the riatte, Missouri and Mississippi, all densely set- 
 lied with hard-working farmers. The completion of the North 
 I'acitlc Kailroad from Pugef Sound to Lake Superior, over a fer- 
 tile b(>nch of country, fast tilling "P with yeomanrv. tho«c 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 N 
 
 1 
 
,„,„„., ,,.,,„. .,11 open u v.M ana ,nol la., • '-' ' 
 ti.lu>r>uon, where the sw.et Mi of our eoUl waUTs .11 b a.,u 
 V !o^unea. The Northern Pacilic Kaih-oad .viU <.nai,le ..nr 
 Ih 3 to send the prodncts of the s.as-oiU bono, .v.n-v. 
 nd r-ns hy th. .ay of th. Canadian canals, and eonnec ..^ 
 villMK^ean sU.unships on the St. Lawromv to Knn>,u . On 
 In .ill be shipped tu every nmrket in North Amenea and 
 tlL Knvope. On onr .i.hern.en devolves the ^^.^^^^^ 
 r„,nishing this lish at snch ,uices as ^v.ll phuv ,t ..tlnn tlu 
 
 '" 'nle n,!^rhants alonji the nortlmest eoast have enga^^ed in .U- 
 
 ,,U "n.^ the rcsonrees of Ah.ska and Siberia with ,ood results. 
 
 N H ■ two hnndred vessels have entered those watc. the pre. 
 
 .nt season in (inest of eod. sahnon, otter, seal, walrns. whale 
 aoU.er promts. K.-on. the n.ost relhd.le data at hand we 
 
 ..slin.ate the valne of the prodnets IVon. those repu.ns in llu 
 : : eii vear will approach live n.illions of dollars n, eo.n. In 
 V w tonrnnlin.Ued shores, genial elimate, extensive hsh.n, 
 ;::nds, teennn, with the treasures of the <>-l>. hn-^ P-- 
 v.a-eedars, sprnee. lir and hendock ; our nntold tael.tus o, 
 :lpbnildini;'ninerals--eoal. iron, copper, silver,^,^ and n,a- 
 
 ,„,„,,; n.rs-otter, seal, walrus, fox, niarten, dee> , wolf. a.u. 
 :,, he . ernnne and sable-all accessible to sale haH.ors, laved 
 thewann stre.nm iron, the Indies, tempenn, the winds to 
 shorn land,, abatino- the wear and exposure of n.en and ves- 
 sels In view of the prolilie wealth here latent, the broad nn,- 
 ,in-.- fields now o,.en. what rich avenues arc here tor the ene.- 
 
 ■^ *• ,.,„■ Ponnlrv'" What broad channels are 
 
 notic vonng men ot oni tountij . >>naL i,, ., ,i„. 
 
 i,,„u.d to the An,erican lishernu.n of nerve and ''^^^'^ ^ ' ; 
 sre to cnnpress our theme, we have passed over seveal U(n.s 
 ;identto'oursul^ect. We now propose to demonstra e our 
 pveference for the most available locality tor devel-pr,," tlu n- 
 sduives of tue norlliwest eoast. in— 
 
 A ri.KA FOIJ in (iKT SOINI). 
 
 l>rovi..us to the acuisiliou of Alaska. Washington Terrilorv 
 „nned the northwestern angle of our connlry ; it .s now the 
 ,,„t,,, loru. of onr possessions on the I'acd.c slope 1 In 
 ,,„..io„ i; bounded on the north by British Cohnulna. on the east 
 .,v~ld:d,... nn ,l,e snuth bv Oreo-u. 'AuA nu the west by the 1 a- 
 
t 
 
 i 
 
 iiinilaa u> oni 
 .,•« will 1k' lar.m- 
 
 wiU fiialili' our 
 [)il, lioiu'. ivorv. 
 i.iuid foiiiu'Ctiii^' 
 .() iMiropc. <)"!■ 
 itli America ait'l 
 [he grand cUitv ol' 
 ;UH' il within tlf 
 
 ve engap;eil in (h- 
 with good results, 
 ic waters the prcs- 
 'ul. Avalnis. Avhali' 
 ■ data at hand we 
 regions fur the 
 )Uars in eoin. In 
 , extensive lishing 
 icep, forests prinu- 
 atohl faeilities lor 
 dver, gold and dia- 
 11, deer, wolf. bear, 
 safe harbors, laved 
 pering the winds to 
 a-e of men and ves- 
 ent, the broad invi- 
 here for the ener- 
 broad channels are 
 and cash. In a de- 
 over several items 
 to demonstrate onr 
 r dcveli>))i;ig the vc- 
 
 dM). 
 
 Vashington 'I'errilorv 
 intry ; it is now ihe 
 Pacific slope. 'I'hi'- 
 Columbia, on the east 
 II the west li\ the I'a- 
 
 cillc Ot'oan, the Stiait de Fuea and the (inif of (ieorgia : it 
 contain.i about 70.000 s<inare miles in area. 
 
 Topography. The topograpiiy of this region presents ro- 
 maiitie scenery, lofty, snow-clad mountains, broken hills, green 
 valleys, bleak prairies and verdant marshes. The range of 
 mountains traversing the Pacific slope, known as the Sierra .Ni'- 
 vadas, extend through this territory on a north and westerly 
 courHC and assume the name of Cascades, from the immeroiis 
 streams issuing from and pouring down the gorges in that 
 range. Tliciie mountains form a continuous divide, through 
 which some abrupt ehasMs are found; high, frosted domes, soar- 
 ing up, are visilile. Baker, Ranier, St. Helen's an<l Adams' 
 attain lofty altitudes ; Mount Hood boasts the highest elevation. 
 'I'lie Olympic or coast range, runs parallel with the shore; this 
 lofty crest rears high in the region of clouds, a self-snstainiug 
 lieacon, aifording a reliable land-mark to mariners. InOctolier. 
 1«70, we had a i)lain view of this mountain from the barciiie 
 "Scotland," Capt. McLellan estimating his vessel 100 miles 
 ilistant. ' The river of the west " drains this territoiy ; it pur- 
 sues a meandering course from the north, and finally to the west, 
 and forms a portion of the southern boundary. The liroad val- 
 ley, sandwiched between the Cascades on the east, and the 
 Olympic mountains on the west, forms the plateau margining 
 the Mediterranean of the north-west const, known by the geiu>- 
 ral name of 
 
 Puget Sonnd. This d'cp blue sea extends from Cajie Flat- 
 tery, the north-west angle of the territory, aii(> innsues an 
 easterly course for nearly eighty miles ; thence in a, south-eastern 
 direction for about sixt^- miles to the Narrows, and flows to the 
 southward for nearly thirty miles to the falls of Tumwater, the 
 head of navigation. Mr. James Lawson of the coast survey, 
 has oai'eftilly computed the shore lino as follows : 
 
 Strait de Fuca, . . . . 
 IJosario Strait, Canal de TIaro and the 
 
 (!nlf of Georgia. - 
 Admiralty Inlet, 
 I'nget Sound proper. 
 Hood's Canal, . . . . 
 
 If)! mih" 
 
 (•.27 •• 
 •.]-2\ •• 
 
 •2m ■■ 
 
 1!)2 •• 
 
 1 
 
 
 Total shore line, - - - l')!)4 
 riillinlo. The eliinate of this vallov varies in dilferent sec- 
 
,on,linK pavaUol. on tl. A^^-^'^^ .^U tlL sponHs 
 ,,. nntish islands. Tl. --^^^V^^^ originating in ti.. 
 IIH f(.m. in tliosc regions ri"« Sual " ,,^^^,^i„„. 
 
 ->nn wators o." tl.c tvc^u-. ^^ ^ .^j^^, P.ei«c. laving 
 ,„e sl.oros of ^^'^^fT;^^ i,ia„.l«, tl.c peninsula ol' 
 tl,e southern shores "^ ^'^^ fU ma ^^.^^^ ^s strength on 
 
 Alaska, the Ka^iak bend an.l ^'"^ ! J f ' ^^^es in the vallev 
 
 ..,. r„got Sn.M.l ; y;^^ ,,,,iities, fans our shores, 
 
 this warm current, absorl. its tnu ^^^^^ ^.^^_ 
 
 ,,.shes through the C^^^!'^-' ^'^Ht^ J- ^^^^^^ 
 
 ,„.,„-uu .dissolves mountain snows ai^ ;;t^VMonntains, even 
 vegetation ana makes t^as^oi^^-^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^,^^ ^,^., 
 
 ,, the winter «--'^.^^,;;;;;;iuegions in the south 
 
 ,rass-fee.ling -""^'^^^^^ "'"'J*;^ ,%« stated some of the most 
 
 In another portion of «"b;0|'^J j ^.^,^, i„ tho 
 
 prominent indications arisnig f^" ^^ :^„,^ i/ijritish Cohmi- 
 
 Uern division of was .^^^^^^^ ,^,^ p„,.,, 
 
 "•*^- rUeTVT Xhn a nio\: genial climate and a higher 
 Sound valley. vVe cia in » & Oregon and 
 
 „i„tor month, «.oa,ands of » * ™' *'° „7 \oL in »tock 
 tl,osc St»tc». We have not w.tne.sed any he 7 ^ 
 
 .on, coU, "^"^-^Xrrr^erWasMngton .Mer. 
 
 r;^jrf-«-Vrcrtrrrrs:: 
 
 . . l-roperiy .peaking there are >>"' "° '' „, 
 
 ho^to or Pnget sound - t,,e rj^ J'i * *5; J J„,,i„ 
 
 „r «.-'- - t,oX"r Se: - titic to t,>e ronr 
 on the same latitude ascnnc v" j ,„ ., 
 
 ,eaBonB-,pring, .nn,n,er, »"';™ »' ;\™,7;arlced ti.at the 
 great nieasnre oWiterated, or at least so lU y ^^^,^ ^^.^_ 
 
 tinctivc line of div ision. x growing mean- 
 
 n.onths to be mild, without snovowcc the g^^^ ^^^ 
 
 while. In February he weathc may occu ^^^^^^^^^^.^ 
 
 May, to be succeeded in ^ar h - Apul ^t ^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ 
 
 :;;:r"o::^r^^"^:otr^iUbye.dni, 
 
 <! . 
 
a oi' C'orvcs' 
 IV to that of 
 ndk's spends 
 intitingi"tl>' 
 Fanl, V>:»Uii»:-i' 
 acitic. lavintl 
 peninsula of 
 [s slvcnjj;!!* on 
 i in the valU'V 
 icoompanyin«i- 
 IS onr shoves, 
 sin of ilie Co- 
 sts, stinuilates 
 ountains, even 
 le Imfllalo and 
 le south. 
 ,c of the most 
 \f winds in the 
 British CoUnn- 
 mg the Puget 
 te and a higiver 
 jf Oregon and 
 the most rigid 
 ave perished in 
 I losBca in stoek 
 ars in the Puget 
 shington differs 
 cade mountains, 
 seasons on the 
 :y. Tlic grades 
 n otlicr countries 
 title to the four 
 r, arc here in a 
 marked that the 
 d lose their dis- 
 the three winter 
 ,ss growing mean- 
 ild and genial as 
 li cohie'" weather. 
 July and August 
 by enld nights. 
 
 Till) rainy .soasiun proper begins late iu Uclolier uv early in No- 
 vcnilier, and may he said to continue till the ensuing Ajiril. It 
 I'refiui'utly haiipens, after the lirst ■.'us, that weeks of weatlur 
 similar to Indian sunnner occur, and it is seldom that one or 
 other of the months of January, February or March docs nul 
 prove continuously mild and clear. The sununers of tins terri- 
 tory are unsurpassed in the world. In the winter months, six 
 in number, rains prevail. No disappointment should be felt if 
 falling weather occurred in some part of the twenty-four hours, 
 yet many In-iglit sunshiny days relieve the long continueil rainy 
 season of Washington Territory. Of the sixteen winters passed 
 in this territory, the writer has known but llu'ee so severe as to 
 render it essential to house and feed stock. . . . Kosc 
 ))iishes generally have proved an evergreen, and during the win- 
 ter of 1860-61, the hermosa continued in bloom in the garden of 
 the writer till the twenty-lifth of January. ... An average 
 of from seven to ten days of freezing weather may be hjfjked 
 ibr with a moderate certainty, when ice may be formed su!liciently 
 tiiick to bear a man's Aveight. Uiuler most favoring circum- 
 stances a small pond. uUrdy protected from the wind, may be 
 I'rozcn thick enoug:; ' -icvmit a day or two of skating to a 
 limited number of p , , . Parties fond of sleighing consider 
 themselves especially ..^icd if they are artbrded a season o( 
 from three days to a week's duration." — Ecans. 
 
 Deeming this subject worthy of general circulation, we (juole 
 some items from the local press, touching the mildness of oui- 
 climate and its efl'ects on vegetation. The Seattle (W. T.) tri- 
 weekly Intelligencer of Nov. 28, 1870, says : " Thanksgiving 
 passed off very (luietly in this city, with the exception of the 
 Methodist church, where a respectable audience assembled, and 
 the services were of an interesting character. The Reverends 
 J. F. Damon and S. II. Mann olliciatiug. . . . Near the 
 leverend gentlemen, and in full view of the audience, was very 
 tastefully arranged upon the stand, a fine display of flowers, 
 fruit and vegetable productions, gathered on that day from the 
 gardens of the city, consisting of a variety of roses, violets, 
 daisies, honeysuckles, chrysanthemums, bluebells, snapdragon, 
 hollyhocks, marigold, princess feather, nmllen-i)ink, new oats, 
 white and red clover, ragged robins, ripe and in blossom, and 
 young grapes — second crop, to which Mr. Damon alluded by 
 way of supplement in his discourse, in a happy manner, referring 
 
 S 
 
 i 
 
iiiid nrodiiclivc soil." 
 
 We also talu- the IbUowini. IVoui tlu- Olyn.i'u. (^V . •)''=>•;■ 
 ...ii.t, or ..an. l.^th, 1H70 :-'• On Monday last Mr. U. H- N oo-l- 
 ,,.,,;i ol- Wosl ()lvnn>ia, sont, into this o(ikH> a lu.u.incl ..1 tlow- 
 .,,;. runtainino- tw.nty-tw,. variolics. j^atheml Iron, ins ..p.n 
 .„^^,.,,,„ ,„. „„a „„,n,in:,s .Ian. KUl., 1S7... An^onj. tlu-n, .-. no- 
 U...I tlu. lollowin, snnnnor varieties :~tlu. myrtle, n,an,oU . 
 ,,.,isv roses, several variotios, llo^voring cal.l.aoo, ^vaHllo^^(• . 
 si.ellllowor.honevsnekUs ehrysantlienuuns, ci.an.onulc, etc II 
 :.„V other place on the ^dol.o in 17 = , north latitn.le, can pnMluee 
 Mu-h a seio<.tion of llowcrs, twenty-two .lillVrent kinds on a 
 snaee ol" Ic-ss than half a toun lot, in the «n.c"n air, on tla- east 
 ,;,„1 „ortl. side of the house., and fnlly exposed to the n..rth. 
 "novthoast and oast winds, lot it speak ont and tell its st.ny. 
 Mr. Woodwanl-s is not the o,.ly j,.uden in ^vlueh l1o^vers are 
 [o he fonnd. There are many of then,. In our own little gar- 
 den we find in full bloom a number of carnati(m pinks. A\h<. 
 ean beat Olyinpia?" . 
 
 Rivers J^Iauy streams rush down the mountains, penelia- 
 ,i„.r the l.iains to the sound, several of whieh are deep, drainin- 
 ,ieh iarmins,' lands. The largest are the Nootsaek, l.u.nn... 
 SNvinimish, Skagit, Stilaciuamish, Skykomish, Snohomish. Ce- 
 il.,,- White, Dwamish. Pu.iallup, Nisqually and the Des Chutes 
 The rieh bottoms bordering on those rivers, the broad beneli 
 lunds fringing the mountains, and the level prairies niargming 
 t,,, i.ea.l waters of the souml alford ami.le iields for all branches 
 
 of husbandry. ,. ^ ,„ ., 
 
 • Hon Wm. Pickering, late Uovernor of ^V ashington ierritoiy. 
 i„ his oUleial message to the territorial legislature, submitted the 
 followiiu^ information to the >' assembled wisdom :" " The large 
 t-xtent ov aooTcrate amount of rich soil well adapted for agn- 
 .•nltural puriK,ses. loeate.l in the western half of this territory, 
 is not .renerallv known even to our own citizens, for many parts 
 ,enuu.rundeveloped, and .are rarely visited by white men Let 
 „,e invite vour attention to a few statistical facts regarding it. 
 the most of whieh, from personal observation, I know to be true, 
 and the remainder I have from the most reliable sources. l?e- 
 ..iunino- at the ncnthern boundary and coming south along the 
 meandering of the coast and Paget Sound, the Nootsak river 
 lias rich lands on both sides for 'M miles. Luinim C. Sannsh "-U, 
 
T.) TrMii- 
 15. Wood- 
 
 ■i (.r tiow- 
 
 llis (illlMl 
 iCMll Wl" UO- 
 
 iiiai'i;j,olil. 
 walltlowcr. 
 0, olc. ir 
 in prodiirf 
 iiiils, till :i 
 un the oast 
 
 I tlu' iiodli. 
 its story. 
 
 Howors ari' 
 
 II little «>!U'- 
 iiUs. AViio 
 
 lis, pi'iu'lni- 
 'p, draiiiiiiji' 
 k, Luiniui. 
 loiuish. Ce- 
 ;)ea C'luiti's. 
 road liPiK'li 
 i inarginiiiii' 
 ;dl liraiK'lics 
 
 )H Territory, 
 ibinittcd tile 
 "The large 
 ted for agri- 
 lis territory, 
 • many parts 
 L' men. Let 
 regarding it, 
 iwto be true, 
 onrees. Be- 
 th along the 
 ootsak river 
 . Samisli 20, 
 
 Skagit ."j(>, Stulaciiiainish 2r>, Siiolionii.sli 2(', Miykoiiii^h lo. 
 SiKKiiialine 40, the prairie and pass "JO, Cedar river 2"), tiie rieii 
 lands lately discovered between the Cedar and Snoiiualmie 
 rivers 50, White river and branches 40, streams cmi)t.ying into 
 Washington and S(iuak lakes 20, Dwamish river 12, Pnyalhip 
 2(», Nis<iii!illy ."),j, Des-Chutes 20, Chehalas 70, AVyniishia, Sat- 
 soj>. Black rivers and lake GO, Skooknmchnch and trihntaries C"). 
 Johnson's river, I'mtulah, "NVliisk-kah and other tributaries ol' 
 (iray's harbor 5."), Nortii river, Willapo uiid other tril)Utaries o!' 
 Shoal water bay o'>, Columbia river 100, Cowlitz C"), East loik 
 20, Lewis and its forks oO, Washugal 10, Salmon river 20, on 
 the I'acilic coast, t^uenalt, Raft, Ohaklet, Quelliheutes and otiier 
 streams 'JO, Okeko, Claim, Fisk, Klwa, IJungeness, S(iuiin!>ay 
 and I'ort Discovery SO, Chimicum and branches JJO, tril)utaries 
 of Hood's camil 100; making in all i;]18 miles of rich bottom 
 lands, ranging from two to live miles in width, together with 
 mimeious small creeks with equally rich soil on their banks, 
 averaging about a mile in width, making about 400 miles in 
 length, altogether sulllcient to furnish uj)wards of 20,000 farm- 
 in"' families with IGO acres each. Aiul in addition to all this 
 there arc innumerable tracts of good farming soil upon tlu' 
 table lands." 
 
 We endorse tliis estimate as relialile. (ioveruor rickering i-^ 
 an experienced farmer Irom the state of Illinois, and his oi)iii- 
 ions arc worthy- of resi»v;ct. Hon. S. Ciurlield, the present dele- 
 gate in Congress from AVashington Territory, and former Sui- 
 vevor-tieneral of that domain, whose opportunities were good in 
 oliseiving the farming resources, says: '-The valleys of the 
 mountain streams which come from the mountains and empty 
 into the Columbia and Pnget Sound, or dis{;harge their water 
 directly into the ocean through Shoalwater bay and Gray's har- 
 bor, are very rich, and suflicientlj' numerous and extensive to 
 furnish homes and farms for a large population : the uplands are 
 either composed of c-lay or gravel. . . . There are also in 
 this region extensive ti<le-llats easily rt'dueible to a state of 
 cultivation and inexhaustable fertility." 
 
 The extent and capacitj' of our farming lauds is ample ; 
 farmers from the north and eastern states are pleased with our 
 soil, and arc gathering profitable returns. With the means em- 
 ployed for tillage and raising fruit, the products of our lands arc 
 
 gratifying. 
 
 o 
 
 S 
 
 1! 
 
.. The mil.lncsB and humidity of tho climate i.iu.Uko« .oun- 
 vc.rvsn.ular results upon vogetatiou ; often potatoes cabbages 
 d otlun- vegetables are harvested only as last as they are ve- 
 W. for irunily use. The <.abbage stalks fron. .lu.h 
 1 have been cut remain standing in the garden, and oiten 
 ^:duce during the n>llo.ing season n.n thrc. J. seven head, 
 of cabl^a-eto each stalk, hard, sound, oxeellen , but not is 
 r.' ast"hcnrsthead produced. Where the soil is goo.l the 
 Eduction is abundant, and that too .ith nuxleratc tillage, 
 u' s.en potatoes dropped upon the unplowed ground covered 
 V h a sho el-ploimh. and left until digging time ^v.thout lur- 
 r :^uU vl m. They were then harvested by ploughing them 
 ,n husbrinoing hemtu the surface, and the yield wi h 
 U^r^m we i^u^ ranged IVom .00 to 700 bushels to the 
 . !^' There are portions of the United States pos- 
 
 :' s;d of soii more uniformly good than that of Washington 
 TeiTitorv. mi for variety and extent of resources perhaps no 
 , . of he Union equals it. Agriculture and stock-raising are 
 ; two and perhaps not the most important of its elements o 
 '.mildiLpelity. The agricniltuial -d gn^siiig ca^^- 
 itics of the country can yet scarcely be estimated. i>'^ '« "^ 
 nation is so sparse, the process of culture so -'"ij^; -^J^ 
 necessity for husbanding and applying fertdizcrs «« ligh tlui 
 utmie can yet be determined in regard to the ciiltivab e or 
 ss o- area of the country, or the possible capacity of giving 
 Tie Ibr production. That fruits, flour, beef, mutton, oats, 
 wool la ley, potatoes and other inferior products may 1. pro- 
 uc d for expirtation in immense quantities, no one residing in 
 tlL country eems to doubt. The winters are much milder and 
 ^:rtlin upon the Atlantic seaboard, so that eoinjmra -J 
 little of the products of the summer are consumed diung that 
 ^^Ince leaving a much larger portion ^^^^^^^ 
 t ion In many sections of the country no provision is made fo 
 Serilig or iJeding stock during the j-lement weaUu. , s.11 
 however, the more prudent of our people generally pi oMde loi . 
 rXpeliod of frost and snow, which is likely to occur m t.o 
 
 -;;;^: ^li^So^ve every in.imati.i relative to our 
 nnUl, genial temperature, and its effect on vegeatio an lunna 
 health' we append the following exhibit from the United States 
 Coast Survey for the winter of 1 «(><>-'•< = 
 
 M 
 
iL'os scmu' 
 , ca1)bnges 
 icy !ire vo- 
 \\\i\v\\ tllf 
 and oi'tou 
 3V011 heads 
 nit not as 
 
 I good the 
 tillago. 1 
 id, c'ovoiod 
 itliout fni- 
 gliing tlioiu 
 
 yield witli 
 (hels to the 
 States pos- 
 ^Vashingtoii 
 perhaps no 
 c-raising are 
 elements ol' 
 jing capabil- 
 Thc popu- 
 ple, and the 
 10 light, that 
 niltivablc or 
 ity of giving 
 mitton, oats, 
 may Ik; pro- 
 e residing in 
 
 II milder ami 
 •oinparatively 
 I during that 
 
 and exporta- 
 in is made for 
 k-eathcr; still, 
 • provide for a 
 
 ocenr in two 
 
 olativc to onr 
 on and human 
 United States 
 
 ..'.I 
 
 Su\ 
 
 l>fii;. 
 
 < li'ur il;i>^ 
 
 .1 
 
 It 
 
 liiiy 
 
 lay.. 
 
 '.v.. 
 
 KoKsy 1 
 
 lay- 
 
 .;. 
 
 iiaiin. 
 
 ill 
 
 ll.S'.rJ lllflll'1 
 
 1).M'. 
 
 .' 
 
 
 ;!. 
 
 
 
 
 •-'.'.. 
 
 
 '• 
 
 
 ;!. 
 
 
 
 S.'JtK) •• 
 
 ■lull. 
 
 INIT. 
 
 
 7. 
 
 
 
 
 IH. 
 
 
 
 
 ■j^ 
 
 
 
 T.riiit; •• 
 
 r.-b. 
 
 •• 
 
 
 '2. 
 
 
 
 
 •Jl. 
 
 
 •' 
 
 
 •J. 
 
 
 
 r..i!i7 •■ 
 
 Mar 
 
 .■ 
 
 
 ti>i 
 
 
 
 
 s. 
 
 
 
 
 1. 
 
 
 
 O.HW) " 
 
 A,.-| 
 
 Totiil 
 
 I'll ill fall, 
 
 «. 
 
 
 
 
 rH. 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 11. 
 
 
 
 '.'.•^71 •• 
 
 
 >i.i(x; iiiciu- 
 
 This demonstrates a genial elimatc ; we have a largo average 
 of elcar daAs, suflieient rains and little or no fogs. 
 
 Geology. No thorough geological survey has taken place, 
 eonscqucntly little reliable information can be given touching 
 the mineral resources vf Washington Territory. Tlie existence 
 of valuable metals arc manifest, and copper, silver and goMhave 
 been found in various places ; coal croppings are visiljlc all over 
 our valley, which fortifies the belief tliat the wiiole plateau ol' 
 Puget (Sound is an inexhaustible bed of coal ; several leads arc 
 being developed in localities convenient to navigation. A riiii 
 mine in the vicinity of Elliot liay, on the eastern shore, is now 
 in process of development. Tliis article burns clear, leaving no 
 clinkers, and is well adapted to steaming purposes ; it lias been 
 chemically analyzed as follows : 
 
 Cai'bon, 
 
 Hydrogen, 
 
 Nitrogen. 
 
 Oxygen, 
 
 Sulphur, 
 
 Ashes, 
 
 Water, 
 
 Specific gravity, 
 
 .■)7.2I. 
 
 ■2M). 
 
 7.50. 
 1 (!.()(). 
 
 -'.0(». 
 
 H.OO. 
 
 !),0(>. 
 l..">0(». 
 
 Practical engineers, wlro have useil tin's coal on steamers, 
 say that " it kindles quick, burns clear, leaving no clinkers and 
 emitting a powerful heat," Near the northern boundary in 
 P.ellingham bay, a mine has been worlced for several years witii 
 apparent success. This lead has been traced back for several 
 miles with indications of indefinite limits ; it has Ijcen delved for 
 nearly 1000 feet. This coal is bituminous, burns freely, and is 
 largely consumed in domestic puiposes. Chemically, it yields 
 the following results : 
 
 Specific gi-avity, - - - 1.300. 
 
 Water, (Hygroscopic), - - r».CO. 
 
 Dry Coal, ' 5)4.40. 
 
 Carbon, 74.41. 
 
 Hydrogen, .... 4,Go. 
 
 Oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur. - 17.01. 
 
 Ashes-— red. ... - :'..;)"». 
 
•n.is umu. is .xtousivoly >vo.koa. nl.oul 11^.., U>... IkIu. 
 
 "The minoral resources of Wasl.ington Territory are = read> 
 U„own to be eonsi.lerable ; eoal. iron, eoppor lead. ?<.!. .uh 
 
 er are known to exist, m.et Sound valley .s the ,rea < 1 
 
 ; ;..• the l'aeihe.e..al havin, already been diseovered.nu^ 
 ,„,„titieH in divers loealities. and of better .,nah tythan el 
 
 ,.e upon that coast. The value of these eoal deposits, 
 , .,, ,;,,.,. .,pon the t.ture nvanuiaetures -^-^^ ;^ 
 .u,d extenud eonnneree of the I-aoific Hh.pe, cannot et 1 e lul > 
 :;;;;;oeiated. An.illeoneedethat they are p<.werful elen.enls 
 ..r ultiniati' wealth and prosperity." - r?a,://eW. 
 
 'n,e " forests primeval" fringing Tuget Sound luue obtau..d 
 ,,, ,itv. The ee<lars and fir trees nurtured in U.ose reg.ons 
 :!:;«!; and n^ajestie.- The nK>st V^^^rM ..^.^.s^^^^ 
 ...>rth ..btain spars for their ^var vessels on our shores. Mu.h ot 
 n.ber is nuundaetured and exported; vast ..uant.t.es ar 
 ^aZ San Francisco in constructing buildings, -hanes a d 
 ther structures; it is generally used in rei.au'.ng and bud bug 
 V. t ,• raft, for which it is well adapted. " The tunber winch 
 s a la ge proportion of the surface of western A ash.ngton. 
 : tutes a present and increasing element of wealth and p o 
 S y. The nK,st valuable kinds are fir, cedar, p.ne an. map 
 No one, .hose experience and observation has been conhned 
 the Atlantic slope of the continent, can form any co«cept.on o. 
 e n nifieencl of our forests, remarkable alike or then- cx- 
 t nt £ of the trees, and the number standing witlun a g.e.J 
 !^ The fir predominates over all others in s ze nun.ber and 
 n^lness. li trees, six, seven and eight t.et i^;^--^-' 
 n.ore than iJOO feet high are not uncommon. Ihcse, howe^cl 
 Te <K h .^e to be cut Mo hunber profitably. The size preferred 
 i: m 11-men is .Vom thirty to R,rty ind.es in ^-"-ter; tre^ 
 or this size usuallv afford fro.n 70 to 200 feet ,n length of Uunk. 
 e von, imbs o; dnmage.1 parts. The cclar atta.us a d.ame- 
 u.. ...ual t., the fir. but is not usually so tall ; p.nes and oak 
 . \L■^^ smaller. Land affording 30,000 feet, of hunber to fh.. 
 ;;;;;i considered hardly worth <.utting over; f^ests yu d.ng 
 „H>,000 feet and upwards to the acre are conano . - ^'^"i " ; 
 Water-power. The mountain ranges on both sules of th 
 .Id*"r^rtb several torrents, which. ^^ ^^^^^^^J^^ 
 ,.,..Uv oulH.os. ...trord l.lenfy wnlor-pow-r. ibe l)e.-(hufcs 
 
"I 
 
 * 
 
 ri- iiliviuly 
 
 rr<ll(l Mllll 
 
 •I'd ill liu'Ji*' 
 .lliaii i'lsf- 
 posits, ami 
 li(^ iiiU-nuil 
 ■ft lio liiUy 
 
 ll clcllU'lltH 
 
 \-v ohliiiiic'l 
 
 OSO ITpl'lOllX 
 
 ions of the 
 ^. Much of 
 umtitioK !M'c 
 ,vliarvi's aii<l 
 111(1 huiUVms 
 .iuiltcT wliiili 
 Wusliin<fton. 
 Itli and pro 
 ic and mail 
 II conlinod 
 I'onccption of 
 
 for their ex- 
 ithin a <>ivi'ii 
 ', number and 
 diameter, and 
 lose, however. 
 
 size preferred 
 ameter; trees 
 nigtliof trunk, 
 ains a dianie- 
 iiies and oal<s 
 ■ lumlier to the 
 wests yieMinir 
 n." — (larJh'M. 
 til sides of tiie 
 ushin<2; throusili 
 he l)e«-('liu1es 
 
 r.l 
 
 river, at liie head of the sound, falls over a level riilge, all'ord- 
 hv^ sulllcient power to move all the mills in Lowell ; other 
 falls are latent alonp; our shores convenient to navi^'ation; 
 " other men in other times " will liarness these mifihty apencies. 
 and nmkc them subservient to the wants of man. 
 
 Indiiins. The ramilieations of waters penetratinfi this valley, 
 tlie arms and peninsulas dividiu}; this sea. the dense forests 
 frin<);insr the secluded havens qiiicUened with elk, deer and bear, 
 the trees alive with pheasants, fjrouse and pijreons ; the Imiad, 
 level jirairies, dotted with mirror lakes — f^enial resorts for 
 ueese, ducks and swans; the water courses teeniin<r with trou«. 
 perch and smelt, while the silvery arms of the sound alford 
 cod, halibut and salmon, and even the mud-Hats fairly l)oil over 
 with oysters, clams and other shell-iish. A country tlnis teem- 
 in<^ with Hi)ontaneous luxurit's alforded an earthly jiaradise to 
 the red man, who, for centuries held sway, '•monarch of all he 
 surveyed" in this romantic domain, faring sumptuously on oil 
 and blul)ber. In this therniid land, rich in roots, .and covered 
 with berries, "the poor Indian" idled away his time; "he 
 toiled not, neither did he spin," yet, Solomon in his temple was 
 not greater than the '' Duke of York "— the Chief of the Claims, 
 on Tuget Sound. From the early tr.iders and missionaries 
 we learn that the Indians have dwelt in great numbers around 
 this calm sea, Imt their numbers arc " growing small by degrees 
 and liejiutifnlly less." The extinction of the Indian in our ter- 
 ritory is simply a question of time. Our government Im" t i cated 
 them with commendable kindness ; large, fertile tracts of land 
 have ))een specifically reserved to them ; churches and schools 
 have been reared for their benefit, and healthy progress is mani- 
 fest among the remnant surviving. Our Indians display some 
 mechanical talent; they dig out beautiful canoes, which in lines, 
 symmetry and shear cannot l)c excelled. They are expert >• by 
 llood and field," eitlier in trapping the coarser flu- animals on 
 the land, or the fine otter on the sea. The rich l\irs, so abun- 
 dant, enticed the early tr.iders to this coast ; the Spanish were 
 the first in the field. In 1702 theylmilt a trading fort at Neehn 
 biiy, (the bricks of which are still visible), in the midst of the 
 most energetic and desperate savages on that coast. The Hud- 
 son's liay Comjiany from London, established a trading depot 
 at Nis(iually in 1833 ; clergymen representing ditferent denomi- 
 nalions of rhvislians soon followed. In 1841 the United States 
 
t'.'J 
 
 ovuloiin- exDoailioM, mulor couniuu..l of Lioul. Wilk.s, visiua 
 rXrSouua\uul.onuuncatlK..e sevorul .nonths, dunn, .hul. 
 li,.;; the i.ri.uii.:a chanuds u.ul luuhurH won- -^^^^ 
 
 . Aaor the .mnnK-ncinout of Ihc l.n'«-ut c.ntu.j t h u h no 
 rconl of furtlu.- <.,..aUons .ilhin those -aU-rs unta the - 
 ,.hUHh.nent, in 183:^ of tovi Nis,uaUy, near ^'- ' "'^ ^J^"^^ 
 Soun.1 bv the Hu.Isou'h Hay Co.np">'y- 1" l'^''"'' ^*'^;'' *'' 
 'u s one^of the two pioneer C'atholie nnssionaries to On.gou 
 Sa Ld labo.e.l ainon, ti>e native J""'-'.^;'-.;; ^'i;;:;^ 
 Sound, lu snceeeain, years he an.l others ;' ^ ^^^^^^ 
 continnodtiiose visitations; no i.ern.anont .stabl.hhn.ents >u c 
 1^ ri,hut here they,hu.tecl the sign of the o.Hs at « 
 Z2, an I sought to n^ollify the asperities of heathen burba tj . 
 a 1 ti>c .ay for the .hite raee peaeefully to oeeupy th o.e 
 ^^. At an early day the Hnits of those ^^f^^T^^ 
 u-tes can fuul its illustration on AVhitby island, by the In lu,. 
 ererug a large house, dedieated and .levoted to the worslnp o 
 1 ivfng C!.:i. In 1H40, Rev. J. V. Uiehnu.nd, of the regon 
 
 M t lodi't Mission, loeated at ^''-l'-^^-; ,/^""t, Ues oo 
 United States exploring expedition, Capt. HmrW ^^ "- com 
 nmnding, spent the summer in explorn.g and suneju.fc hcs. 
 Waters • B"t hitherto no atten.pt had been nuule t.. 
 
 estubli'sh Au^erican settlen.ents in the r«gct Sound country. 
 
 "m vL country on the Paciilc slope between 42= and ni' 40 
 north was by He terms of the treaty of 1«27, held m jo.n 
 oc« by the subjects of Groat Britain and the eiUzens o 
 ?,S,1 States Several bodies of emigrants, pnne.palb 
 riirf^rt western ^tat;.,.- p.vicn.ly ^^^^^^^^^ 
 nluins" and settled in the valley of the ^Vallamtt. ims 
 u lie germ, '' so.n in weakness," has been " raised u> powen 
 T Hudson's 15ay Company held possession of the countrj 
 i 1 o th lower'columbia river, with their chief entrepot a 
 ^ omantic town of Vancouver; they had also a cluuu of 
 radirLts across the Puget Sound valley, even A. mo 
 BrWsh Cobunbia. The diplonuUic struggle was then ragmg for 
 Uif'^ale of paradise." The British government nuule an 
 ^.est eLt to secure the free navigation of the Columb.a 
 rr ost sibly in the behest of the Hudson's Bay Company, 
 
 Webster's eotavv of State, eondueted Iho negotiations, favor- 
 
iCH, visitoil 
 uiiijJJ whiili 
 
 tluTC LS 11(1 
 
 iitil the fs- 
 .1 «)t' I'ugot 
 
 FatluT Di" 
 to Oii'gtiu, 
 L>H of Viij^i'l 
 
 same fuilli 
 iiiK'uts were 
 is at various 
 n burbarily. 
 )eeui>y tlios*.- 
 nis niission- 
 
 thc IikVuu-.h 
 10 worship of 
 f tlie Oregon 
 g 1841, the 
 Wilkes oom- 
 veying Uu^we 
 uen iiuule to 
 lid country." 
 
 "andni'Kt 
 hchl in joint 
 ic citizens oC 
 s, principally 
 
 " crossed the 
 laniet. This 
 icd in power." 
 ' the country 
 :"f entrepot at 
 jO a chain of 
 'ven far into 
 lien raging for 
 lent made an 
 
 the Columbia 
 IJay Company, 
 'erritory. Mr. 
 tiations. favor- 
 
 m 
 
 lug the proposition in consideration of larger |iiivileg(s licing 
 cxteniled to the New England (Ishernii'ii in llie waters bordiTliit;' 
 tlie inaritimc provinces in IJritisli America. A\ ImInI the diplomats 
 feasted and regaled their boon companions over " the good lime 
 coming," a fi!W hardy pioneers from the Wailamet •• crossed th<' 
 Riibiccjii," and entereil the promised laml on I'nget Suiind. 
 '■Tiiey came, tliey saw, tiiey con(|uered," and laid deej) tiie 
 foundations of the future State of "Washington. 
 
 "• Tiiose [lioneers, (iod bless their memories, were living «i|. 
 nesses tothe inteffrityof American claim to tiiis territory. . . 
 Each in proper person liore testimony that tlie voyage of l)e 
 Fuca, the labors and discoveries of (iray and Kendricks in the 
 'Columbia' and 'Washington,' should not pass for nought. 
 After they had threaded tlieir wearisome way to tlu' Columbia, 
 occupying the whole season, yet the pioneers to Puget Sound 
 were ready, at the opening of the next season, to renew their 
 Journey and carry northward to these shores tlieir families and 
 their household gods." — Evans. 
 
 After toils and privations, the early pioneers founded an im- 
 perishable civiliz.ation in the sunset land, in accomplishing 
 which many of them " fell liy the wayside," some, through 
 savage perfidy, sullered " many deaths," some perished by tlood 
 in the frail canims, while seeking the needs of life, and otliers 
 died in humble cabins. "Heaven's register alone contains the 
 record ; humble was their lot, unheralded and modest as was 
 their labors, unmissed though they departed from this scene, 
 yet the world received benelit by their having lived in it. Here 
 and there deserted cabins silently attest what these heroic, self- 
 sacrificing men undertook. What risks the pioneers incur; 
 these lost of earth are entitled to gratitude ; their labors and 
 their loss hallow the past of Tuget Sound, teach us more 
 thoroughly to aiipreciate the I^'esent, and remind us of our duty 
 to those who in time succeed us." Such is the pen-picture of our 
 early settlers, drawn by Hon. Klwood Evans, himself an early 
 pioneer to our territory, and a prominent " hero in the strife." 
 From humble beginnings small colonies liecamc stronger, an- 
 nually reiileiiished by streams of determined emigrants seekiiij;- 
 homes and a country in the region of the setting sun. Those 
 heroic patriots, reared under the drippings of Freedonrs sanctu- 
 ary, immediately implored Congress to extend self-government 
 lo them, which was organized in Im.'j.'J. with the classic name of 
 
. Wuslunui.n.,' whirl, ^^v still onj.)> . -Our iu-o,.lo >vuulol lo 
 
 , ," ( 5 ... .ia. No ..the,- .l.si,..utio,. was s,.,,.^t.l, a..a ^^ 
 
 !.„l ..oi,.c.i.lo..c... tl..a the mu....s or the two f »"•-;- -- 
 
 :,;^ia..i.n.sti.iuwo.iii.o.Mvuto.Hsi....iy..m- K- 
 
 :^ : .n . 'i 0.1 ..o..n..o..auhU. ap,..o.iutio.. iVo... 11..- co........... - 
 
 ,, , ,,, ,,voU..l his ....tiu' o,.c.,-,i.. to o..r you.., to m- 
 
 ;; I . th. ,..u..pl..rnalia of ,ov..,.......t 1.. HU...-esst,.l op.- 
 
 • , h . an..w:uas ..c,,.vs.uU..l o..r tor.ilo.y to. two sosh.....s 
 
 J< I,. tlu> war of tlu" »<-».dlio.. h. .■o....ua..ao.l a 
 
 ;4ltla' ul!;a:;;a...lontl.c..Wa.Uy.U.iaorn.a..Ulh. 
 
 ^" An.rust IHC. he iVll,in..fl. to th.! n'-vot ol ..ur 
 
 ' 'T";;;;;..;;.-' -;^ 1 m lis n.o...o.-y is ...l.. >.. l.loasa,.t .V. 
 
 ;;-«n.toll!:i:sLunaidaiais...i..s;li..a.,a^ 
 '"protects a,.a th. laws a.v l......a...ly c.xoc...t.<l a...l gcerall, 
 
 "'*)i;^*''^" . ...ul ritips Om- hardy i.io..fors, haviu- iwlai.....! 
 
 Towns ai I <-»"'^- " ,„,l l.avius unvat faith iu its f..- 
 
 U,s .l.....a... •'-; ';,;; :^ ;:: ' , u;i...lios, hau. laia o..t 
 
 ":? :::;;;;,.;;: '^lu^ a:a :^ti.s o.. the ...a..iu or t..e so...., 
 
 ^'';:;;;:;^r^;atsit....teaatthej....eti..^ 
 
 ,, ; ...a Aa...iralty L.lot. The ,res...t V,..s.noss i..ut ol t h 
 , built o., a low beach, i..m.e<U..tely adjo....... wh.eh s 
 
 1 h.ff upou this elevation is fouivl the res..le>ices oi the 
 
 ' • " u^ma ie hospital, churehes, sehool.ho.,ses, etc. :ri.e 
 
 ' " r'"'; !l r the ruU Sou,ul district is locate.! ui.o.. the 
 
 ^r^,t:^^ ^vei... .hippm, is co...pone<l to cte. 
 
 ^^ t ;^:S- KlUot bay, o.. the easten. shore of A.- 
 
 •rlv 1. let near the month of the Dwamish river. A fert.le 
 
 ;:"tVm mi"g la..ds is ccwenient to this place >vnch .s 
 
 ,, mw\.p The coal mines in the vicinity, and the nu- 
 
 Zl !^uS >^Us and logging camps adjacent, contribute 
 
waiiU'tl I" 
 ocl, luul iti^ 
 in'ii«'iin vi's- 
 :\i tin' *Jiil_\ 
 ' — Kvani*. 
 
 AViu\ war lit' 
 looomiimml- 
 yoiuifi U'lii- 
 •ct'ssrul opt- 
 L\V() Hossioiis 
 )miiuu\(l*'<l !i 
 orClumtilly- 
 
 •I'f^Vl't of <»lll' 
 
 jiU'iiHunt IV- 
 Leifitory, jukI 
 ami proiM'ilx 
 [Will [^ciK'iall.v 
 
 inif I'tvlaiuu'il 
 lith in its fii- 
 luivc laiil oiit 
 lOf the Sou 111 I. 
 ir()fi;rc«s. Wt' 
 eiition of oin' 
 iR'i'd to locate 
 
 tilt' Strait Df 
 ss part of tlu' 
 n<r whkh is an 
 iidenccs of tlic 
 ises, etc. ^rho 
 •atoil uiion the 
 [K'llod to entor 
 
 I shore of Ail- 
 •iver. A fertile 
 place which is 
 ty, and tlic nu- 
 ccnt, contribute 
 
 iiUjtely lo the p^>^pl•^ily t)l' IIiIh cit\. Miin\ mat (l\velliii;'« aif 
 vjsiMc, nnij licaltliy prou;n"«s is uiaiiife.Ht in every tlirccliuii, 
 'I'he S«'allle (\V. '['.) Inlvlliijcnvfr of July Ix. 1^7(1, say-. " I<m>I 
 year there were cuiistrueted in this eity one (lunch (('alliolic). 
 I'leNcn liuildiufTs for stores, and thirly-scM'n one and two-sloiy 
 ihvellinLj-housi's, liesides xinic twenty smaller liuililiuL;*'. 'I'liis 
 year, up to the present time, there have liccii Imilt, and in |iro- 
 ccKM of eonstnietiou. on*' ehureh (K|iise<>pal). one pnhlie school- 
 iiousc. thrti' warehouses, several ImsinesH housi's.oiu' livi'iy ami 
 xale stahle. and foity-ci^iht one and t«o-stniy d\\elliiijj;-h()Mst-. 
 stime of llicm i|iiiti' i'\pensi\i' struetuics. hcsidis nn imuisu;iI 
 iiumlieidf small ti iicmcnts. 'I'wo or tluci' of our holds have 
 lieen jiri'atly enlaruid ami impro\iil to arcommodale tluir in 
 I reasin^j; liusincss." 
 
 Steilaeoon is lo( ali'ij on the I'asliru shore of I'li^et Soimil, aii<l 
 has lonjj; lieeii a depot for nhippin^ HtoeU ; it possesses facilitie'^ 
 for eonuiien'*' and shiphnililing-. (Jood farniiiijj: land and stock 
 ran<ies border on this placi'. 
 
 Olympia is siluateil near the head of navi<j;ation. and is e(|ui- 
 distant from se\i'i'al prominent jilaei's. The eapilol of the 
 territory is locateil at this town ; the federal an<l l«'rritorial otli- 
 eers hold their ollices iieri'. The Legislature assembles and the 
 Supreme Court hold animal terms at the capital. The mails are 
 daily distributed at this point. All the elements conlributinn 
 lo the development of this central metropolis imparts steady, 
 healthy i)ro5;'ress : nearly lod buildin,us wei'c constructed dnriuL; 
 the year 1H70. We iippcnd the cen>us repoi'l foi' 1x70. a-< 
 follows : 
 
 Ninuber ol' dwcilinji^. .... ;;(;n. 
 Families. .... ;',;;,",. 
 
 •' White males. - - - 72(1. 
 
 •• feniidcs. - - I III. 
 
 ColM males. - - - [•>. 
 
 " femah's. - . Id. 
 
 'I'otal within the city limits. . . lliil. 
 
 We devote jireatcr space to the dcvelo|Pmenl of this iihsr. 
 Iieiufj; the capital and one of the lirst settled towns 'r our teiri- 
 tory. Our fair readers will notice the urei' disparii » existiuj;' 
 between males and females ; this inviiiiaiii;, is still more appa- 
 rent in other les.* Iinorcd localities. We submit these fi^iu'cs to 
 such ladies us are willing to " chaniie their names." and inxite 
 
 9 
 
iw; 
 
 ;., * ra.lo ..nUn: thovo : s. voral nulls :u..l a taunny a,v i.. 
 :a::i;.c'iiun. Tins ,.la.n.o.sess.s „vain.cUitu.s.. ...,...„.. 
 
 .,-;:,:! a.v.lopnu.t<.-. a o.. inn.... an..as.np^^ 
 
 ,,„,„,mls of nu.n. Tlu- hnn. of nmclun.n th. (lank.n . 
 ::,,..an<ltlK.son,sort.K.s.anu.nlnnn_.ons^n.an^ 
 ,,,U of llH" Uival mills and at th. c.al-nnnrs. Hum • an Mlla^i. 
 i' non, no to .U.» inhaMtants. Tlu- nnpn.v.nu.n > 
 llv^o.ls in Ih. null v.o,..i.tors. an,l nsnally .ons,s s „, 
 " nason>o ..SU1HK.S. and ...n.n.tahU. ..>us.s o,M o^^^ 
 
 ' i„ ,„., .hont tlu. ,uills. a hold, stoiv. snnth-sl ops. < •• 
 
 :;; • „ to th... l.nshu>s an.l lovnun, oach a ..unn.nuu y .Ulnn 
 t 'Jl At all those points th. Inun of nnu-hnuTV .. 
 
 Inst'ant'. 11.. ...1110 of Inmbov eo,.tinnuns thro.,ohnut Iho .lay as 
 
 : "on f.on. 11.0 n.ill .Ih'ooUy into tho v.ssol. pyo.M.t.n^ 
 ;;.:vsoo..oinoont..stlolho.loopsolit...U.-..,.u.^m^^^^ 
 
 r.„;s1s bolbvo 11.0 aav....t of .ivili/at.un ho.'o. -Mx> ■ 
 
 V.sl rosouroos aro now h.U.nl in this f.no valloy : ooal. uou. 
 
 .opn^ Uvov a..a .old sh.u.hor h. onr hills. The- n..,ht,- to,- 
 
 : n^.shi.,. i.. mad oan... U. Iho so...kU Iho la 1 ocdar ., 
 
 .,„„uh.nl h o.u- lowhu.ls, the n.u..orons hanHyoo. s-n,apU . 
 
 : ^ "h and olhov mrnishing nndo.ial rolli..^ ,n he- swa...ps. 
 
 V. UvoalU. ann..allv . aslin, in thoso rogions s.lonl y ...y. .. 
 
 V I,, 0..1 '-Tho xMlars. ...aplos and olho,- woods ol thy 
 
 ;::;;;;r:ti oxoonom .aio^ai .. 11.0 >>;-f --;^,;;;;;;: 
 
 unv onamonlal house linishing, sashos. doors. tl.nd>.(h..ns. 
 ;;;;:; and pails,hosido 11.0 cuUossvavioly o otl.o. a.l.oles o, 
 wood consnniod l.y modern soo.ety. -- ^-'"^'''^ .,,ee.sil,le 
 
 The hn..o f.r trees so abundant in o..r valley aid so ;>^Y;'^ , 
 t. V "lion. have been n,ade lo son.o oxtenl subservient loth 
 
 ;: ':i oon.n.eroo ; this wood is "--^'7-^^-7^;;;;:! 
 .snorled in vast r,.,antilies 1., the uttermost ends ot ho .ill. 
 X\L te.to.1 bv naval eonslruolors at homo and abroad, and 
 
 ;;;L,.ded ibr shipbuilding. " ^^^^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ;':^^x 
 
 ,.,hlo b.it vorv stronu-, possessing the .luality ol s.tiuss ... 
 : , Ih dJ^reo. 1 have not at hand the stalon.o,.t show.ng 
 ,.; Itrength of this timber, but must rel^r you to he .^.or^ o 
 U.S.. made at the Tuitod Slatvs navy-yanl al Ma.e Island 
 
 m 
 
i;; 
 
 i! .siiiiMa liiiiii. 
 
 fulls." foil- 
 
 limiuTV !<iv ill 
 
 itk's lor luiuui- 
 
 tlu' soiiiiil. ill 
 'iiij)loviiu'nt to 
 [(' cliiiikiiiii' ol' 
 it imisic. •• At 
 
 'IV IIR' villll!il> 
 
 iinprovi'iii*'"*^ 
 iilly consists (il' 
 
 )11SCS lor tllOM' 
 
 iiith-sliops.vtr.. 
 iniiuinity witliiii 
 1)1' iimfliiiuTy is 
 ;li(mt the (Ifiy ms 
 c'l. prosiMitiiiir : 
 ling in tlu' liU'til 
 - Meeker. 
 Hoy : t'oiil. ii'""- 
 Till' miirlity toi- 
 lu> lull fi'iliir so 
 
 woods — nuiplo, 
 )• in the swaniiis. 
 IS silonlly invites 
 IT wooils of the 
 ifiic'tun- of fnini- 
 s. lilinds. ilinnis. 
 
 other ai'tifk's of 
 
 a. 
 
 iiiul !50 ticci.'ssil)li' 
 snliscnionl totlir 
 '(1 c'xtonsively aiul 
 n(l8 of the earth : 
 nciindahioail.iinil 
 R-r is not only *lii- 
 ity of stitfnoss in 
 itatonient sliowiii}: 
 u to the reports of 
 it Mare Ishin<l in 
 
 ('allloinia. 'Hiosc lesls proved il to lie stronger tiian wiiiie 
 oak." — Garjidd. 
 
 Spars of stately proportion'- are altiindant and are exported in 
 cargoes; the governments of tlie leading inaritiine eonntries 
 have, for years, obtained spars here for tlieir navies. The lleets 
 ol'tlie world may enter onr Avaters, rid(^ in perfect seonrity, and 
 proeni'e repairs in hull or spars at short notice at low figures. 
 
 •" Tiie Inmherof riiget Sound, in proportion to itspoimlation. 
 is already enormous. There is not more 12,000 to l.'i.OOO in- 
 liahitants resident upon tlie Sound and its tributaries. This 
 population e.xports more than l.")5,000,000 feet of hinibi'r ainni- 
 ally, itesides 20,000.000 laths and shingles, and a large amount 
 of piles and spars. These prodnets of the forest are sent to 
 California. South America, the Sandwich Islands, Australia. 
 { 'hina antl Europe. Large (luantities of spars have been shipped 
 to Europe, many of which wore furnished by contract for the 
 French navy; those designed for lower masts were required to 
 be. when hewn into octagonal shape, 120 feet long and 42 inches 
 diameter at a point forty feet from the lower end. Peihaps no 
 other existing forests could furnish spars of such gigantic size, 
 and certainly not at the prices for which they ean bo afforded 
 upon ruget Sound." — Oarjleld. 
 
 This branch of industry operates twenty saw-mills of dilferent 
 capacities, and laO logging camps and other establishments, 
 which, combined, creates remunerative demand for farming pro- 
 duce, oxen, beef, pork, lard, butter and lish, while skilled labor 
 is better rewarded than in any other country. Annexed are the 
 statistics of Puget Sound collection district for the year ending 
 •luneSO, 1870: 
 
 iMi'OKTS. —Value of goods li'.iportcd from foreign cojiitrlos, ;s.i;'.,10r): 
 amount of duties collected, ^14,820. 
 
 Exi'ORTS OF DoMKSTic riiODVci;. — ValuG cx])ortcd in American ves- 
 sels, .$2S>1,0005 in foreign vessels, $149,90r.; total export to foreis" 
 ports, f 440,915; viz. : live animals of all khids, Si43,713: Innilier of all 
 kinds, 8266,288; all other articles, $130,9l'(. 
 
 TONXAOK UKLOXfUXr. TO THK DISTIUCT. 
 
 f)2 sailing vessels, ... - tons 1.1,7 ll.O!'. 
 
 19 steamers, •' 2,01.5.87. 
 
 8 scows and barges, - - - - •• 140.77. 
 
 89 Total tonnage, - - 15,807. 7!!. 
 
 Vkssels Clkaked Drnixa the Year.— American vessels for foreign 
 countries: 115 steamers, 4 ships, 13 harks. 2 brigs, 13 schooners mid 2 
 
 ■m 
 
sloo... 'IV'tal: v.-sels, MO; ton., n5,C00.l'5; crew, -',105. ron''K" 
 .e""oWfo ovc.isucoun;rlcs: C steamers, IC ships, barks, a sloops, 
 •n^ vessels, 31; tons, 19,227.42; crew.45C. American vessels coa>- 
 ' -1 • •") st-amers, 11 .ships, 18 barks, lorig, 9 schooners, 'lota : ncs- 
 :C 'c>S- tZ'nh.n ; crew, 1.092. Total number of vessels cleare.l. 
 •'IS- tons, 100,013.41; crew, 3,053. 
 
 ■ Vf s^. KN^KLKD DrmNO T.no YKAU.-Americau vessels »ron. fo.e^n 
 ..ouScs 95 steamers, 1 ship, 10 barks, 1 brig, 18 schooners, 22 sloop • 
 •10 a vessels, 147; tous. 89.640.06 ; crew. 1,852. Foreign vesselsfrom 
 .^'igncom^trics: C steamers. 7 .hips, 3 sloops, '^al : ves-l^^^ • - 
 ons 5 306 57- crew, G2. Americans vessels coastwise: ..9 steamoTs, 
 n,p'r43 b^rks, 3'brigs, C schooners. Total : vessels 109 ; tons .,- 
 .-,01.18; crew, 1,853. Total number of vessels entered, 2-2; tons, lon. 
 
 ''nuli'Si^dc belonging to other ports there aje 1 ship. .2 
 b'uks 1 brig, 4 schooners. Total: vessels, 18; tons, 7,7fil.-o. 
 
 The value of shipments coastwise cannot be obtained from any othei 
 so - ^e tMn the mifls from which the lumber Is shipped as the vessels 
 .1., „„i clear from this port unless sailing under a register. 1 he > tai s 
 iin^ ccL^wise is estimated at three millions of dollars ; being an 
 e s ov e^^^^^ preceding year of nearly three hundred thousand cV,^- 
 .Ir^ Imports coastwise cannot be ascertained, as the vessels are no. 
 obliged to report at the Custom House, except in certam cases. 
 
 ShiplmiWina !'!'« l'f"i i>i!X"5?"i-atoa on r.igot Somul. 'llu' 
 ,U,,se lovosts <.!• r.rs IVingin- our waters, the tall trees, tlie close 
 .,,ain. lUe l.eiulino- elasticity, and the eheapness of tlic inatenai, 
 ren.ler. this vaUev the shipyard of the north Paeitie coast. n 
 1,SG7. the board oV nmrine underwriters of San Francisco uist.- 
 ,„U.d an inquiry into the facilities lor; and the cost of sh.plnn d- 
 •n.o- on the northwest coast, as cnnpared witli eastern shipyards 
 TlTe facts developed by these enquiries were, that vessels could 
 1,0 built of the timber Ibund on that coast, all other Inush bein- 
 the same, at a less price than on the Atlantic «.aboar< or the 
 Jhitish islands. The committee appointed reported that 11 o 
 growth of the business has also been hindered by grave doubts 
 ;,s to the strength and durability of our llr-s when used as shq. 
 limber. The predilections of all American and English .ship- 
 wri.dits are naturally for oak ; but oak has been scarce, or rather 
 the°oak of this coast has sonerally been found worthless for 
 lliese purposes, wliile only the laurel has been found suitable as 
 M substitute for it. SuMicient time has, however, elapsed o 
 prove to us that we luavc several kinds of ship timber m the 
 ■vreatest abundance, and of a size and quality in every way 
 better adapted for ship building than the timber used for man\ 
 vears back on the eonst of Maine or the r.ritish Trovmce.. 
 
 
. rorois" 
 , a sloops, 
 sscls coast- 
 rotal: vos- 
 icls cleaved , 
 
 i-oni foieign 
 3, 22 sloops, 
 vessels from 
 vessels, Hi; 
 9 steamers, 
 9; tons, 5.',- 
 ; tons, 100.- 
 
 i 1 ship, 12 
 [.25. 
 
 mi any other 
 the vessels 
 The year's 
 rs ; being an 
 honsand dol- 
 iscls are not 
 ases. 
 
 ound. Till' 
 PS, the fliisc 
 he matcrinl, 
 
 • coust. Ill 
 iK'iHC'o insti- 
 ol' shipl)uiM- 
 •n sliipviuils. 
 
 OSSC'ls C'OUlll 
 
 • jhiisli lnMH^' 
 .1)oar(l or llu' 
 1 thiit '• The 
 j-ravc doublH 
 used as shii" 
 English sliip- 
 irce, or rather 
 worthless for 
 ul suita1)lf as 
 T, elapsed to 
 thnlier in the 
 in every way 
 ised for inim.\ 
 'I'oviiifos. 
 
 litl 
 
 "Tiio rod and yellow fir trees, wliieli eonstitiile altoiiloiio-h:ilr 
 of the dense giowtii of timber of Oregon and Washington Ter- 
 ritory-, have lieconie eelebrated tlirougliont tiie world for their 
 magnificent projjortions and tiie servieeabU; quality of the spars 
 and Inmlier supplied from them. They frequently furnisli sticks 
 150 feet long, 10x18. and even 21::21 inches square, witliout a 
 particle of sap, without a rent or check, perfectly sound and 
 straight. Planks of tiiis limber, CO and 90 feet long, are readily 
 ubtainalfle. tiins avoiding the necessity for more than one-third 
 to one-half as many butts or scarfs in a siiip's sides, decks, or 
 fore-and-aft limbers as are retiuired in liastern or European 
 vessels. As to the strength of these woods many mechanics 
 tiiink it fully e([ual to that of the Eastern white oak, and they 
 all agree that if oak lie stronger, nothing is easier tlian to use 
 enough more of our lir to make up the difference in strength. 
 In some other respects the fir has the advantage over oak. It 
 contains just enougii pitch to enal»!e it to liold iron fastenings 
 with a tenacity so great tliat bolts and spikes generally lireak 
 before they will draw out of it. Iron never Itecomcs ' sick ' 
 when embedded in it, as it does when corrodetl ))y the acid 
 which saturates all kinds of oak. As to it' durability, we know 
 that although it has not yet been tested as the sole nniterial ol" 
 a guano or pepper ship, yet it has l)cen extensively used for new 
 timbers, planking, ceiling, decks, keelsons and stancheons, in 
 large vessels repaired on the coast ; it has been the sole material 
 used in building our coasting and river schooners ; it has built 
 the Chrysojyolis, Yoseviite, Capital, Geo. S. Wright, John T. 
 Wright, and many other river steamers. It has been used in 
 doubling and rebuilding all the old steamers on this coast, and 
 Kc have never yet inet a ship-master vho, during ourfjtcen years 
 (if this experience^ has complained of its vmnt of durability." 
 
 The gravellj' prairies adjacent to the sound are thinly tim- 
 bered with pasture oak ; this timber is close grained and elastic ; 
 the trunks of those trees arc generally too short for keel pieces, 
 keelsons, beams or planks, but are long enoiigh and well adapt- 
 ed for stem, stern and rudder posts, windlass barrels and pall- 
 bitts, catheads, davits, chocks, jaws and cleats ; the limbs and 
 branches afl'ord good materials for lioatbuilding. Ash abounds 
 on our river bottoms convenient to the shores ; this wood is 
 suitable for staves, hoops, hanks, oars and paddles. Elm in 
 moderate qiutntities is also oonvonient, from wliicli Jilocks and 
 
: rf n nuber u.ukr imy IVct in length, suitable ic. bc^n , 
 nbcr rails, stcn,, Btern an.l rtKlder ,>osts, n.ay be obtamcd t 
 o^ ^t^isbmonts at six dollars . kcol-pioces, keelsons be >, 
 
 ^:;::elann>s an. ceilings oMir.n^b-cl-^^;-^^ 
 
 at ten dollars in coin per thousand 'f'^^l'^h^asc. h.n. 
 
 ,„ills several largo vessels have been Innlt ; '» '^ ^^f ;,^^,:, 
 
 l,„ubor is required, for whieh higher hgnres t • -n ^ >»;^ '1"^^; 
 
 c-oUeeted twelve dollars (eoin) Tor rough, and twenty foi 
 
 lanod r nn ber per thousand feet, arc the pnces usua ly 
 
 ;j:r;dtshiptinLr,spa...yu^^^^^ 
 
 X^ XI the ,naterials-Ueels, keelsons, ^^'^fern a. .^« a. 
 
 be had witn u. h-imi- ^"" „„ frtn«pnnld 
 
 oheapcr than the needed materials for avessel ol 100 tonscould 
 
 be procured in Boston, Mass. 
 
 . A portion of the timber grown and lumber manufactured .n 
 the ^tS of Puget Sound, is being worked up in he reg.ou 
 o it pS^^^^^^^ P-IU, and the amount >s steaddy on 
 
 the inc ease Shipbuilding is rapidly on the increase and des- 
 T become one of the important industries of the coun r^ . 
 STl^^ ^-eport of the San Francisc. Boa^ of unde.^ 
 ^Htex^recently made, covering both the qnabty and du ab h 
 '' V^"^'! i"' „,1 the COM of construction, has very matenalh 
 
 l«;:;fL;a..uJ,ui!.vuf .Utc oal<, ™a hd.., r.*m,« I.C.- 
 
 '"DJ>.r»**urn on l'»g=t Sound, «ome "".v «'!* ;„7, 
 l,„m some rogbtorinR «00 ton, , a .hip al>l>roacbu,g 1000 ton 
 
siniltlo i>i;i- 
 [he HUiiilU'i" 
 V iiianagoil, 
 low fljfurcs : 
 ! Ibv beams, 
 obtaivictl :it 
 sons, beiuls, 
 may bo had 
 large steam- 
 
 I eases long 
 .hose (iiioteil 
 il twenty for 
 ices usually 
 mg to length, 
 
 observation 
 ists, wc con- 
 u ani' nulder 
 iUinK-elanii)s. 
 . the ordinary 
 
 II vessel, may 
 . quality, and 
 00 tons could 
 
 mufacturod in 
 in the region 
 s steadily on 
 ease and des- 
 if the country, 
 card of under- 
 and durability 
 rery materially 
 luceded that fir 
 ) possesses the 
 fastening 'jet- 
 ty vessels were 
 hing 1000 tons 
 , arrived at San 
 , 27th, says : 
 ' appreciation of 
 tlu> sliapp of !*ua- 
 
 ucstive newNpniiers i)an<iKi'a|ilis ami iniisazliic urlleU-s liave linil snluttio 
 ctlc'cts; giving encouragc'inent anil wholesome advice to lumbermen Mm', 
 landowners, wliicii liave not. been unheetlnd. 'Die Innnccliato or pros- 
 pective value of any class of timber once dcmoustraleil I)eyon(l reason- 
 able doubt, that timber commands respectful attention from all imrtieN 
 Interested in the lumber business. The many are naturally eager to 
 avail themselves of tlie discoveries of tlic few. Attention Is concen- 
 tratcd upon tlie tiniijer, and experience constantly i)rlngs to light some 
 new quality or chance for utilization. It Is unplea.'sant to constantly 
 lecture tlie people upon their general neglect and Inertness In regard to 
 I'acitlc slope resources; but a good excuse Is found in the practical de- 
 velopment it is calculated to accelerate. .\s a derider resort, then, 
 there Is justlllcation in forcing local recognition of comparatively local 
 resources. In this connection none can begrudge Messrs. Melggs .vi 
 (iawley, San Francisco lumber merchants, the meed of inalse to which 
 they are justly entitled. They have not only, in common with other 
 lumber llrnis, erected saw-mills on tlie I'uget Sound coast, but have 
 taken a notable new departure by constructing, at Tort Madison, (W.'l'.) 
 the largest and handsomest specimen of marine architecture ever pro- 
 duced from tlic resources of this coast. The vessel is alilie a remark- 
 able demonstration of the shipbuilding resourcrs of I'uget Sound, and 
 a credit to the gentlemen whose energy and enterprise have carried this 
 undertaking to completion during the unusual depression to whicli 
 business has been subjected for the past two years. 
 
 The material of which this ship (appr..priatel.\ named !I7/'/('o,»/) i^ 
 bnllt, merits special attention. No better material, either for strengtli 
 or beauty, can be found in this or any other country. The timber — 
 yellow llr— is all of native growth, taken fi'om contiguous forests, aid 
 prepared at the Port Madison mills. For the purposes oi marine con- 
 struction, ample experiments liave been made to test tlic relative 
 strength of oak and yellow llr; and the decision accords to the latter 
 superiority in all respects where weiglit or strain occurs to the hull of 
 a vessel. According to trials made at the Mare Island navy-yard, the 
 relative tenacity of the flr to oak is 27 to 22. When, therefore, we find 
 a careful selection of the various pieces made from this prime lumber 
 — larger by almost one-third than arc usually found In vessels of cor- 
 responding tonnage — with every joint closely fitted, and the multi- 
 farious parts bolted and riveted in the securest manner, as is the case 
 witli this ship, we feel warranted in pronouncing lier second to none 
 ever built In any country. This Is a bold statement, but the doubting 
 reader can obtain satisfaction by personally inspecting the vessel. 
 
 The model of the Wihhi-ood Is that of a full clipper, having 27'. in- 
 ches dead rise, with sharp ends, and calculated to rank among t.ie fast 
 sailers. Obtain a fair view and she is a paragon of lieauty, lier longi- 
 tudinal curve of five feet lending grace to every line. Without any 
 hesitancy, botli landsmen and mariners pronounce her an elegant cnifi 
 at sight.' Ilcr carrying capacity for general merchandise is about 1700 
 tons; and for lumljer 1,000,000 feet. Her dimensions arc a^ follows; 
 
r 
 
 I t-ULnl. of keel, 187;, feet ; over all, 200 feel, Dreaau. of Dcam. 41 feci 
 tl. deph Of hold, L'2 feel 1 inch. And right here wc may as 
 Ivell Jtatc that the HV./.oo. Is .ot only the llnest, but Is also the 
 liircest vessel ever built on this coast. 
 
 'I he keel consists of two pieces of tin.ber, each 10 inches square, bolt- 
 .d nrabovTt,c other, and resting on a shoe 3x18 inches. I pon the.e 
 r s h " Lr or frame timbers, 11 inches thick and 10 inches deep, bolt- 
 d ogell er in pairs, forming one fnune, .ith but two inches space be- 
 veet frames. Without giving tignr.-s, It is only necessary to say hat 
 c k e .", riders, stanchions, siste. keelsons and floor are a substan- 
 al and wel^ proportioned. At either end of the ship, in the lower 
 01 lit r^^^ pairs of pointers, secured by imn.ense ''"-s, .u pair of 
 M one may count 53 bolts <.f 1 1-4 H'ch iron, exclusive of those (,ov- 
 . 1 h i.e knees All through the lower bold the bolt-heads are so 
 ; tl^:::: \:Z..a one of ^.st mosaic V^^^^^^^^f^!^ 
 ,.rihP the corners. Tlie depth of the lower hold is 14 feet 1 1- Inches. 
 ;" wt-e c," t height ll 7 feet 8 inches, unobstructed from stem to 
 ^Z Tho thinest part of the hull is between decks and there it is 
 b,e es solid wood. The thickest part, at the bilge, is 32 mches, .ull. 
 he de ks Ire best ..uality 3 1-2 inch S(.uare timber, laid with great 
 tr -the grain of the wood being all edge up. The omer covering of 
 i ve en worked on with con.position spikes below the w^ter line, 
 dw-ithiron above, .ecurely aistened with 1 1-4 inch seasoned tTceunils 
 :op , 1 utt and bilge bo'lts. There ^ ere used in her co-r"Ct.on 
 o'er tSee tons of con.position bolts, and a quarter of a mile ol 1 1-4 
 inch Iron bolts In the dead wood, forward and aft. 
 "t^imnenclng ..ward Is the top-gallant ^<>^^'^>^^; ^^^^^ ^^ 
 .,fc .u.doccupiedbycat-heads, 15x17 inches; a pawl-bit, 18xu0 mcl^s, 
 .'nt nt nllass gear, capstan and wlndlass-bitts, 8x24 Inches. Ihe 
 
 ,owc?o^^^^^ '^"'1 ^*'"""'='^*' ".T'hm 
 
 •oi" swC- Around the forenn.st are main and main topmast stay-bitts, 
 u.n„g in neat and substantial manner. The ship's pumps, two in 
 :;:S; with brass chambers and iron pipes, are about the malnmas • 
 The accommodations for officers and crew are all on the upper deck 
 .1 , ..i.in is ss feet long, 25 feet wide at tlie forward, and 19 feet widu 
 t uT e H. - t " l^U entrances. Aft, on the starboard,side, Is 
 he "a,^ h 's tt -room. 8x9 feet, well furnished, and opening forward 
 to a a oon. -ith a slate-r«on> on either side. Abaft this sa oon are 
 ; 1 ro?m, wash room, water closet, etc., and a ^-^f -^ ^° «-^f «P; 
 deck The main saloon, In the middle of the house is 12x18 feet t 
 has three state-rooms, six feet square on the port side, and two stale. 
 o",n and pa^.try on the starboard. Forward of the saloon, and be- 
 iZZ the mssaie leading from the waist, is a state-room around the 
 :iSen ir vhlch passL up through the house. On the starboard and 
 ;: r^f tL 'entrances are the two «tate-roon,s Ibr the njate. J^^e 
 cabin, as will be seen, Is convenient and comfortable. The forwara 
 Uo2 is 12x44 feet, containing aforecastle of 18 leet for the men; the 
 iCah'der is divided up into galley, petty ofllcers' quarters, carpenter s 
 
am, 41 fi'cl 
 wc may as 
 Is also the 
 
 (luare, bolt- 
 Ipon thcho 
 i deep, l)olt- 
 js space bc- 
 ■ to say that 
 all sut)staii- 
 1 the lower 
 , iu pair of 
 if those cov- 
 jatls arc so 
 lich they de- 
 1 1-2 Inches, 
 'rom stem to 
 there it is '2 1 
 inches, full. 
 I with great 
 
 • covering of 
 3 water line, 
 mcd treenails 
 construction 
 mile of 1 1-4 
 
 uliuR 28 feet 
 8x30 inches; 
 inches. The 
 n taper near 
 ast stay-bitls, 
 imps, two in 
 le mainmast. 
 > upper deck. 
 
 19 feet wide 
 joard^sidc, is 
 3ning forward 
 lis saloon arc 
 y to the poop- 
 2x18 feet. It 
 nd two state, 
 aloon, and be- 
 in around the 
 3 starboard and 
 3 mates. The 
 
 The forward 
 
 • the men ; the 
 irs, carpenter's 
 
 shop and saii-room. Almost everything Involving the labor of the arti- 
 zan was prepared on the ground, and all the iron and brass works, to- 
 gether with the composition bolts, were gotten up at the foundry con- 
 nected with the firm's Port Madison mill." 
 
 Harbors. Tlio northwest coast is very ilcstituto of sfilV 
 liarbors ; wc know of no coast so barren of secure anchorages. 
 The bay of Monterey is a broad sheet of water and acceptable in 
 all winds ; this roadstead was the rendezvous of the Spani.sh 
 and Mexican tleets ; considerable commerce congregates there 
 since the transfer of the territory and tlie advent of live people ; 
 little trade or exchange takes place. This broad, expansiNe 
 bay opens to the northwest and north winds, and the swells of 
 the Pacific ocean come in with such force as to prevent the 
 building of wharves or docks on the margin of the bay. Tlie 
 bay of San Francisco is a large sheet of water running about 
 sixty miles S.E. and N.W., and from ten to twenty miles in 
 width. The fierce gales from the southeast prevailing in those 
 regions in the winter months, have a clear sweep of sixty miles, 
 create a cross sea, and make much havoc among the shipping. 
 The north winds have a range of over twenty miles ; the westerly 
 "ales rushing " through the gate of tears " from the Indies, stirs 
 up the waters into fury and renders the anchorage imsafc. Any 
 part of Barnstaple bay affords as safe protection to vessels as 
 the bay of San Francisco. In 1841, Lieut. Wilkes, command- 
 ing the United States cxiiloring expedition, visited the north- 
 west coast, and has recorded his experience in the principal 
 liarbors, from which wc quote extensively. Of San Francisco 
 he remarks : " On the first of November wc had a wind that 
 enabled ns to make sail, although it was late in the day before 
 it was suflSciently strong, and by that time the ebb-tide was 
 spent. To avoid any further delay I determined to make the 
 attempt ; signal was accordingly made, and the vessels were in 
 a fijw minutes underweigh, standing out of the harbor. It maj- 
 indeed be said that it is practicable to enter and depart from 
 this port whenever the tide is favorable. Wc continued beating 
 out to gain an offing until toward sunset, when it fell calm and 
 the tide failed ns. The ' Vincennes ' was, therefore, compelled 
 to agchor in six and three-quarters fathoms of water, three miles 
 from the land, and signal was made to the two brigs, which 
 were about three miles outside of our position, to do the same. 
 On coming to anchor there was scarcely any swell, and the ship 
 lay almost as still as if she had bccn-<Tithin the harbor ; the sun- 
 
71 
 Mt «a. vWiiv ami evfrvtlii«ii botokcuod u euliu and quiet iiighl. 
 M ubout 10, I'.M., the swell begun to increase without any ap- 
 ,,uent cause, an.l so rapiaiy as to awaken my anxiety, but being 
 i„ s„ch deep water 1 thought the vessel was sulllciently distant 
 ,V,>m the bar not to be exposed to any breakers. As the flood 
 continued to make the swell increased, antl by midnight «t were 
 enveloped in fog, without a l)reath of air, and the ship rode over 
 the rollers that were now becoming Ncry heavy, causing her to 
 nilch violeutly. There was, however, no break to them, but as 
 •nnnle scope of cable had been given, the ship occasionally 
 swung broadside too, when the heavy pitching was exchanged to 
 rolling, so deep as to endanger our masts. At 2, a.m., a breaker 
 was heard outside of us passing in with the roar of a surf, after 
 which they became constant and really awful. The ship might 
 now be said to be riding among breakers of gigantic size ; they 
 rushed onward with such tremenduous roar and violence that 
 •vs each wave was heard approaching, it became a source of ap- 
 nrehension until it had safely passed ; such was its force that 
 when it struck the ship the chain cable would surge, the ring- 
 stoppcrs parted, and some few fathoms of the cable escaped. 
 As the time of high water approached, the roar of these im- 
 mense breakers was constant. The ship was as if tempest-tossed, 
 .,„d our situation became at each moment one of great solici- 
 tude The actual danger of wreck was not indeed great, for, 
 in the event of parting our cable, the tide would have carried us 
 toward the harbor and in deep water, where the rollers would 
 Irvve ceased to break ; there was no gi-eat danger of our drifting 
 on the bar, which was a mile or two to the northward of our 
 nosition. I looked forward with anxiety for the time of high 
 water as the period when we should be released from our un- 
 pleasant situation, not only the change in the course of the tide, 
 but also by the cessation of the breakers. Our situation af- 
 forded me an opportunity of measuring the velocity of the 
 xvavcs as they passed the ship, and though the distance was 
 short, vet the observations were numerous and gave the velocity 
 •It from 15 to 18 miles an hour, their height was over 30 feet, 
 width from yOO to 1000 feet. At 3.30, a.m., one of these iin- 
 nieuse breakers struck the ship broad on the bow and broke with 
 its full force on board ; the cable surged, the stoppers were car- 
 ried awav, and the spar deck swept fore and aft ; the boats aiul 
 l.onms broke jxdrilt.the fomicr being stove and the latter thrown 
 
quiet night, 
 tliout any ap- 
 ety, but Iteiiin- 
 ■iently disi.iiit 
 As the llootl 
 night wc wore 
 ship rodo ovoi' 
 musing hi'v to 
 i them, but as 
 p oceasionally 
 i exchanged to 
 A.M., a breaker 
 of a surf, after 
 he ship might 
 itic size ; they 
 I violence tliat 
 a source of ap- 
 } its force tliat 
 jurge, the ring- 
 cable escaped, 
 ir of these im- 
 tempest-tossed, 
 of great solici- 
 deed great, for, 
 I have carried us 
 18 rollers would 
 ;r of our drifting 
 orthward of our 
 ,ho time of high 
 ed from our un- 
 ourse of the tide, 
 )ur situation af- 
 I velocity of the 
 the distance was 
 gave the velocity 
 vas over 30 feet, 
 one of these im- 
 )W and broke with 
 toppers were ear- 
 ft ; the boats and 
 I the latter thrown 
 
 r.i 
 
 with violence to one side, rnforluualoly, .losei»li AiUhousi'. a 
 marine, who was in the act of ascending the ladder at the tinu'. 
 was struck by one of the spars and so mucli injured that he dicil 
 a few Lours afterwards. It was not until between seven and 
 eight o'clock that the ship could be relieved from this situation : 
 at that time a light, uir tVom the land sprung up, of which ad- 
 vantage was at once taken to weigh our anchor ; tlie rollers, 
 however, had by this time ceased to break, the sea began to fall, 
 and in a few hours afterwards, regained its former placid and 
 (|uiet state." — Wilkes. 
 
 " I too have loved thee, ocean ;" we have passed over the bar of 
 San Francisco several times in vessels much smaller than the 
 •• Vincennes," and on one occasion we caught the duplicate of 
 what Wilkes describes ; the wind loft us, a heavy swell rolling 
 i II . For six mortal hours of agony we sufl'ered pangs of torture- 
 Down dropped the sails against tlip mnstw. 
 
 'Twas sad as sad can be ; 
 VVc did move only to dodge 
 
 The brcalcing of tlie seas." 
 
 We have a wholesome terror of the bar of San Francisco. 
 " A vessel should not anchor upon the bar if she can j)ossibly 
 avoid it ; frequently a heaAy swell sets in without wind, and if 
 the current is running strong ebb, it allows little chance of 
 escaping from an uncomfortable berth. . . . During hea\y 
 southeasters the sea breaks upon the San Francisco bar cloar 
 across the entrance, presenting a fearful sight. The sound can 
 be heard at the anchorage in front of the city." — Davidson. 
 
 Seamen on the coast of California observe great caution in 
 passing the bar ; the great ocean steamers get periodical rubs, 
 and some have been crippled ; the huge ships of our navy havi; 
 also succumbed to the terrors of the bar. On a recent occasion 
 the steamship " Ossipee " caught a cleaning there, of which the 
 local press were forced to take notice. The AUa California of 
 Nov. 28, 1870, says : " The pilot-boat ' Curtis ' went outside the 
 heads last Saturday to take the pilot of the U. S. steamer 
 ' Ossipee,' which cleared for a cruise on the southern coast. On 
 reaching the bar a very rough sea was encountered. A boat 
 was lowered from the ' Curtis,' and being manned by one of 
 the crew, started for the ' Ossipee ' to take ofl" the pilot. It had 
 proceeded but a short distance when it was capsized. A boat 
 was at once lowered from the 'Ossipoe.' manned, and sent to 
 
 f 
 
 te 
 
 P 
 
7i'. 
 
 '"',:"«' X^S 1 OH tl^t, Hoon utter this ueoiaont, 
 oil the Btcainoi . l no puuv .._^i,,„„ - and tlic water was 
 
 „ow callc I to '" ' ^^ '. „„ I,,, heam cn.ls with I..- 
 
 looked and Haw tc CnrhB 1 > ^ ^ ^,^^^ ^^^^ ,,.,„, 
 
 masts under water. At Ihst sip ^^ ^^^^^ ,^^.,. 
 
 aiul all on board would ^^^'^iJ li^i ^ad been carried awav. 
 minus .ain galV ^^^j::^^ :^;^1:.., but those on 
 She was now m great dangci «' f'^ "J^ ^. .^^ .^fety. 
 
 „oard managed to set a lUtle ^^^ .""^ .^^j;',^,, was He^n 
 The ' Ossipee' at once -'f " 7"?^^:(' 7"^ Merchants' 
 
 Kxehangc. The tug ^cpt" ^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^,,, „,e,. 
 
 .■ottM not live on the bar. . . - retimml tn 
 
 dent, found the water t6o ro.gh to put to sea 
 
 port the same night." accessible har- 
 
 Thc Columbia river ^^^^^^^ ,a„d-bar,on which 
 
 l,or, its entrance being wa led n ^ "'^ "" i, ,»„,. 
 
 the ocean swell breaks -"^ f^";^.^;^^„,i,rany of martyrs 
 
 been buried in these sands ^^f "^ ^^^^i"' J^,,, Lieut . 
 
 the U. S. Hhip " Peacock" found - ^^f ^^^^'^^^^^^^ of it. 
 
 Wilkes visited this river and ''^^'^f :^^^^J^^^^^^^^ remarks: 
 facilities for the general purposes of commerx^ ^.^ 
 
 u()n the twenty-eighth of Aprd, at G a. ., w^ ma P ^^^ 
 
 appointment, to which ^^Z^Z^^'^^^'^^Uy^' '^^^'^ 
 caused by strong winds that pr.^^^^^^^^^ Columbia' river atter 
 withstanding, Btood for the bai ol .j^mg nearer, 
 
 making cveiy preparation to ^!'^' ;^^l^;;Z^^^ to 
 
 1 found the breakers extendmg from Cape i^ H ^^^^^^.^^.^^ 
 roint Adams in one unbroken line. . • • Columbia ; 
 
 can give little idea of t^ t-^s o h bar^of^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^ 
 
 all who have seen it have ^'^^J^ representing it as one of 
 and the incessant roar of the waters, lepr ^ 
 
 the most fearful sights that can posslbl - ^ ^ J^ ^^ ,,, 
 sailor. The ditllcnlties of xts channels ^'^^ ,,,,,a 
 
 leading sailing marks and the "» - "J >^ ^^^^^^ \,^ Section 
 
is iu'«'i<lf i>< t 
 
 wfttcr wiiH 
 >; anofllcn- 
 impwl.' II'' 
 lids with lit'i' 
 that the })<ml 
 
 righted her, 
 jftrried awav. 
 but those oi'. 
 )«■ in safety, 
 liich wttH He«''» 
 le Merchants' 
 lut found she 
 after the acci- 
 ,d returned /" 
 
 icfcssible har- 
 l-bar, on which 
 
 y vCSHCls llHVe 
 
 iny of martyrs 
 grave. lAmi. 
 reciation of it^ 
 He remarks: 
 [lade Cape Dis- 
 h a heavy sea, 
 
 1 days. I, not- 
 ibia river after 
 roaching nearer, 
 sappointmcnt to 
 lerc description 
 r the Columbia ; 
 J83 of the scene 
 ing it as one of 
 , the eye of the 
 
 distance of the 
 me unacquainted 
 gth and direction 
 close to unseen 
 I waters, all cause 
 ,st ronfe«H myself 
 
 hdioriiiK, iiiid ullhougU 1 had on Iniard u jaTHon Ironi the Siiml- 
 wich Islands who professed to bo a Columbia river pilot, I found 
 him at a loss to designate the true passage, and unablt; to tell 
 whether we were in a right way or not. I therefore determined 
 at once to haul ott' with tlie title which was running elib with 
 ^•reat rapidity, and which soon carried us back to the blue 
 waters of the ocean." 
 
 Prof. Davidson, of the coast survey, in describing this river 
 says, "The entrance to Columbia river is five miles wide be- 
 tween the nearests parts of Cape Disappointment and Toint 
 Adams, bearing N.W. by W. J W., and S.K. by K. i E. IVom 
 each other, llut the jjassage is greatly obstnicted by shifting 
 shoals, which lie two or three miles outside of the line joining 
 the two i)oint8. The numerous surveys that iiuve been made of 
 this bar at dittereut times, prove conclusively the great changes 
 constantly going on in the channels through tlie shoals, that no 
 sailing directions that may be prepared can ))e relied upon for 
 any great length of time. The Jjest advice that can be given is. 
 when up to the bar take a pilot. . . . Dining heavy weatli- 
 er, and especially in winter, the sea breaks with terrific fury 
 IVom nortlvwect of Cape Disappointment well to tlie southward 
 of Point Adams. The mail steamers have sometimes to wait 
 days for the smallest show of an opening to get in, and sailing 
 vessels have laid olf the entrance six weeks waiting for a fair 
 opportunity to enter. Many lie inside for weeks unable to get 
 out ; the mail steamers, by exerting all their j)Ower, sometimes 
 drive through the combers, but have their decks swept fore and 
 aft by every sea. Few places present a scene of more wildness 
 than this bar during a southeast gale." 
 
 A telegram to the Sacramento Union, dated I'ortland, Alarch 
 0, 1871, says, "The steamer ' Ajax' succeeded in crossing the 
 bai- for San Francisco on Wednesday, at 10, a.m., after three 
 hours' trial. Barques ♦ Rosedale,' ' Live Yankee,' and ' Stella,' 
 are waiting their chances to cross the bar going out. Barque 
 'Whistler' is aground below St. Helen's, and may require 
 lightening to let her out." 
 
 "The ship 'Montgomery Castle' has completed her cargo 
 and was hauled out in the stream yesterday ; she is drawing IK 
 feet, and will have to wait a rise of water to cross the bar, even 
 if the ice blockade was broken up." — Orej/oman, Dec. 29, 1870. 
 
 The "river of the west" is often, in the winter months. 
 
 t 
 
,.,v..n..l vsm. Hold. ..!• .Iritl i.., ^vlm•U rnuU-r. il. .K.vmnli.m 
 .bn^ioruuH a.ul umvliubl... Tho loUowin^ oilutu.ns Iron. tl.. 
 O/Y'JoHHiu will (U'lnoiiHtnift' tliis fact : 
 
 IHc "0 1870. -The Columbia closed. The sleumcrs from the to- 
 lu'uua ;wer report that slunh he U running heavily, hut .s ,ot they arc 
 fthlu to make their way through. .,.i.,» ti... 
 
 )KC "•' 1870. -The Columbia river beU.g closed, proveuting th.- 
 ,rans.ortatlon of the maila below the Dalls, Mr. Underwood tele- 
 XS on Tuesday to Ogden. directing that all mails be sent to Sacra- 
 mento and San Francisco till J\»rthcr order-. 
 
 The 8tean.er 'Fanny Troop' arrived lust evening ^«'°;'^« '^^^ 
 Columbia, she reports the running ice very heavy. No further trip, 
 below will be attempted for the present. 
 
 Dec '23, 1870. -Yesterday morning the river opposite Stark street 
 wa 1^0 en almost across, and Ice remains far .ut in t..e river from t^a- 
 eastern bank till late in the day. It will re.,ulre but ^ f^^J^ "J,^ " 
 crease of cold to close the Wallaraet against «^'^'''°^°''\"'r'f "2 
 The steamer - t.kanagan ' succeeded In getting "l' yj^'^'^jy^ ^"^ 
 Astoria via the Wallamet slough. At St. Helens ^\« J^ ""^^^^ J"" 
 very full of ice, and for most of the width of the nver it was «tatlonar^ 
 1>KC.26,1B70.-The 'Geo. S. Wright' did not succeed i» ge"»"R 
 dow^the Coi-ambla river Friday nipht. The ice blockade wa^ found t„ 
 Zo heavy that the ship could not be forced through ; she returned and 
 is noXing at the sLmboat dock. The bar.,ue ' Lydla,' ready to 
 sairirarsoaJher moorings at the deck. The steamer ' Rescue ' wen, 
 down as far as St. Helen's, and returned on account of the ce. 
 
 DKC 28, 1870. -owing to the block of ice In the Co nmbla, the 
 steamer • Oraflame ' was unable to come nearer than St. Helen s. 
 
 Puget Sonnd. Tlic approaches into the Strait Dc Fucu arc 
 wide and clean, the soundings arc regular, and the actions of 
 the tides arc well ascertained. The long, narrow inland sea, 
 known l)y the general name of Tuget Sonnd, is accessible in a 1 
 winds, and affords secure shelter for the navies of the world. 
 In -a life on the mountain wave," we have sailed on several 
 seas, sounds and straits, but have not witnessed any slieet ol 
 water presenting so many elements of sublimity and usefulness 
 as those comprising the Strait De Fuca. Admiralty Inlet, Hood s 
 Canal and Puget Sound, save and excepting the waters border- 
 ing on British Columbia. 
 
 Lieut. Wilkes, commanding the U. S. Exploring Kxpedition, 
 visited those waters in 1811, and ma.le general surveys of the 
 principal channels and harbors. In describing this labyrinth 
 (,f waters, he states :-- The Strait De Fuca may be safely nav- 
 igated : the win.l will for the greater part of the year be found 
 
UttVinnlKiii 
 iH from tin' 
 
 i-om the Co- 
 H yet they arc 
 
 ovcutliig the 
 
 ITWOOll tc'lo- 
 
 lont to Socrn- 
 
 n the Lower 
 further trips 
 
 I SUrk street 
 •Iver from the 
 legrees of iu- 
 it navlgatJou. 
 jsterday from 
 :oluinbla was 
 ?!i8 stationary, 
 ed in gettliiR 
 ! wa^ found to 
 10 returned and 
 yilla," ready to 
 IX'Scue' worn 
 lie 'cc. 
 
 Colnmbla, the 
 Helen's. 
 
 Dc Fiica .ire 
 lio actions of 
 V inland sea, 
 cessiblc in all 
 of the worlil. 
 L'd on several 
 
 any sheet of 
 ind usefulness 
 • Inlet, Hood's 
 waters border- 
 
 ig Kxpedition, 
 ;iirveys of the 
 this labyrinth 
 be safely nav- 
 ! year be found 
 
 lo lilow throu^j^h them :ind giMicraliy outward)*; tho sliorert of 
 the Strait aic bold, and anclmraujo is to be fmnid in but Ow 
 (ttiu'cs. W'i- could not obtain liottoiu in some places with r^ixty 
 i'atlionis of line, ev(>n within a boat's h'u^rth of tlie siiore. . 
 Nothini^ ean exceed tiie lieauty of tliese waters, — no slioal ex- 
 ists within tile Slniit of .biun De Kma, Adniindty Inlet, or 
 Ibiod's Canai, tiiat can in any way intcrnipt the navigation ot'a 
 seventy-four f>un-shi|i. I venture nothinj^ in sayinj; tiiat there 
 is no country in tlie worM that pdssesses waters P(|ual to tliese. 
 'I'hey cover an area of about 'JOUO srjuare miles. The siiores of 
 all these inlets and liays are reinarkaldy bold, so nuieh so that 
 in numy places a siiip's side would strike the shore before tiie 
 keel wouUl touch the ground. The country by which these wa- 
 ters are wa.slu'd is remarkably salubrious, and oilers every ad- 
 vantage for the aeeonunodation of a vast commercial and mili- 
 tary marine, with conveniences for docks, and a great many 
 sites for t(»wns and cities, — at all times well supplied with wa- 
 ter, and capable of being provided witii everything i)y the sur- 
 rounding countrj', which is well adapted for agriculture," 
 
 Prof. Davidson has recorded his admiration of these waters. 
 lie says. " We know not where to point to sucli a ramilication 
 (){' inland navigation, save the British Possessions to the north- 
 ward. Fur depth of water, boldness of ftp[)roachcs, freedom 
 from hidden dangers, and the immeasurable sea of gigantic tim- 
 Iier coming down to the very shores, these waters arc unsur- 
 passed." 
 
 (lovernor Stevens, of Washington Territory, says of tliis ro- 
 mantic region : — " On the whole west coast from San Diego to 
 tlie north, nothing like this is met. All the water channels of 
 which Admiralty Inlet is composed, are comparatively narrow 
 and long. They have all more or less bold shores, and arc 
 throughout very deep and abrupt, so nuich so that in many pla- 
 ces a ship's side will strike the shore belbre the keel will touch 
 the ground. Even in the interior and most hidden parts, depths 
 of fifty and one hundred fathoms ocoir. . . . Our modern 
 and more extensive soundings prove that this depth dimin- 
 ishes toward the extremities of the inlets and basins. A hiirh 
 tide goes up from Dc Fuca strait into all these sounds. . . . 
 Nothing can exceed tho beauty and safety of these waters for 
 navigation ; not a shoal exists within them ; not a hidden rock ; 
 no sudden over-falls of the water or the air ; no such sti-oncr 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 
80 
 
 nZ at n thi. rcgi™ .« n,a,,v excellent a.ul ,„o.t ,ec,u^ , or 
 «;lul"o eom™orci»T —ne of the Vaeiac oceaB ,„ay l,c bee 
 
 ''':;'Ci:—u«. extent of thi. ,nU„„ sea. t.,e n-« 
 
 „,, ^!:Z of it» nn„,evon. >,.,„«, t„e val«-f the -.mj. 
 
 ,,.„t forests 1)V Klneb it 1» snrronmtal, ami lib jesliaustmu 
 
 : Salong it» *„re„ are bat blt.c ""■^f'-'j «-■; 
 
 iwiuKOHsinff as it aoc» moic uwii si->'-">' •-• r,, • » 
 
 ..a I ore nne, having in every channel, bay or harbor sufl c.en 
 eh of >vator for the largest ship that floats m any navy m the 
 t^d channels unobstructed by rocks or 8..d bars, with a 
 :« so broad and safe that no pilots have been or ever ..U 
 ho needed."— //on. Alvin Flanders. 
 
 Scenery, m no country we have visited have the gift o^ 
 God been so lavishly strewn as we have seen alo..g the vail 
 01 ru.rSound. The clear, transparent atmosphere lenxls eu- 
 IxUment to the crescent of mountains adjacent ; those slnmng 
 
 t le most charming landscape. In sailing on those waters th nk- 
 .rndsarelosUn contemplating the beauty and gram^r 
 oM r nes ; romantic headlands on the right hand, and bold 
 1 risland^ on the left, with Mount Olympms on the o c 
 ha d and the frosted peaks in the Cascade range on the othe , 
 U forming the grandest sight on which the human eye can re^ 
 T e™ nerv of this part of Admiralty Inlet resembles strongly 
 ,,ts u >e n-1-" "'-^' particularly those above Poughkeep- 
 lie 'Ae distant highlands, though much more lofty, remmd us 
 
 "^n^::^t:u^:^: waters . ... peasant -nth of 
 Juneis a'sLce of pleasure and enjoyment; then the atmoB 
 nhere is cleav, transparent, exhilarating, and possessed of that 
 l^nif^'ing power which renders distant objects clear and dis- 
 Tnt 1 h! vision and gives natural scenery a definite outline 
 '::^Z^<^^^ the sky. In ^^^f^^l^^ 
 
 id itself, dotted with islands, and l-^^^rat-g thMa^^^^^ 
 
 directions with its channels, bays and inlets. Bejond is the 
 
 lland covered with lofty trees of fir and cedar with heie 
 
 Str a village or milling establishment, nestled m a qiu t 
 
 bav, -Wle an occasional prairie, with its comfortable form hou- 
 
. . . And 
 ost secure ports 
 n may l>c here 
 
 sea, the number 
 ; of the magnifi- 
 ts l':?exhaustiWe 
 toocl or apprcci- 
 for themselves ; 
 red miles of iu- 
 harbor sufficient 
 I any navy in the 
 .id bars, with an 
 been or ever will 
 
 lave the gifts of 
 along the valley 
 ospherc lends cu- 
 lt ; those shining- 
 sunbeams, aflord 
 lose waters think- 
 ity and grandeur 
 it hand, and bold, 
 (ipius on the one 
 age on the other, 
 iman eye can rest, 
 esembles strongly 
 above Poughkeep- 
 re lofty, remind us 
 
 jleasaut month of 
 ; then the atmos- 
 
 possessed of that 
 ects clear and dis- 
 
 a definite outline 
 
 foreground is the 
 ting the land in all 
 ts. Beyond is the 
 d cedar, with here 
 
 nestled in a quiet 
 nfortablc ftirm hou- 
 
 ■■?1 
 
 sfs, herds of r.MW. inv\ Jiuisos, luul nninj^ li<'l(is cC li;i\ :iii.l 
 gTiiin, gives viiriety to the landscape, and speaks of lioiiie, 
 plenty and comfort. Beyond tliose rise the everlasting nu.un- 
 taius, miles away, yot distinctly outlined against the sky. To 
 the eastward stands St. Helens and Adams, and Ranier, and 
 Baker, mighty sentinels upon the Cascade range, whose suinmit- 
 penetratc far into the regions of ice and snow, and shine in the 
 sun's r.iys like mountains of frosted silver. To tlio westward 
 stands Olympus, solitary in his gran.leur, without peer or rival 
 in his dominion. This moimtaiu is not only visible from the 
 sound, but may lie seen far out upon the ocean, occupying an it 
 does the poninsula l)etween the two. Vancouver's Island, San 
 Juan, and the disputed archipelago, with Whitby Island the 
 garden of the Pnget Sound country, all constitute interesting 
 i>arts of the varied and .;ver-changing scenery."— (^ar/ieid. 
 
 North Pacific Ba5iroad. For nearly a century the leading 
 statesmen of our country have cast longing looks across the 
 continent, even to '• the continuous woods, where rolls the Or- 
 egon." In 1784, Thomas Jefferson, while representing his coun- 
 try at the French Capital, secured the ser^'4ces of John Led- 
 Viird, and equipped that famous traveller for the junposc of ex- 
 ploring the northwest coast, to search for the source of the Co- 
 himhia, and eontinue with the meanderings of that river to its 
 uioutii ; also to obtain information relative to the Indian tribes 
 in those regions, and the facilities for developing the An- trade 
 iunong those tribes, and the possibility of extending that ricli 
 trade to the Indies. In 1847, Mr. Benton, in the U. S, Senate, 
 when advocating a similar policy, said, '^ The preservation of 
 Dur territory on the Pacific, the est.iblishment of a port there 
 for the sheltering of our commercial and military marine, the 
 protection of our fur trade, and the aid to the whaling vessels, 
 the accomplishment of Mr. Jefferson's idea of commercial com- 
 munication with Asia, through the heart of our own continent, 
 was constantly insisted upon as a consequence of planting an 
 American colony at the mouth of the Columbia. That man of 
 large and useful ideas, that statesman who could conceive meas 
 ures nsefu' to all mankind, and in all time to come, was the 
 first to propose that commercial oommunication, and may also 
 be considered the first discoverer of the Columbia river. His 
 philosophic mind told him that where a snow-clad mountain, 
 like that of the Rockv Moinitains, shed the water on one side. 
 
 11 
 
M.i.h colLctca i.,to .ucU a nvc. an tl.. Missouri, "'-v "'''^";;; 
 a corresponding BhodcUng and collection of ^-atorH on t hou u . 
 
 and thu he was perfectly asm.red of the existence of a me, 
 " nl the Columbia hn, since been found to be, ^o^- 
 avigator had seen its mouth, and no explorer trod ,ts bank. 
 I'liJonvictiou was complete, but the idea was t- .-l - 
 nsefnlto be permitted to rest in speculation. He was th(n 
 ler to France, and the famous traveller, ^fy^^^^ 
 arrived in Taris on his expedition of discovery to tlie Mle a 
 n oviiled upon by Mr. Jeiferson to enter upon a more useful 
 S^d^l^lr er,^ no proposed to him to change U. O^i.. 
 from the old to the new world, and proceeding to St 1 etc. . 
 Z on a passport he would obtain for him, he should here ob- 
 Si'miLion from the Empress Catherine to travel her do- 
 minions in high latitudes to their eastern extremity, cross th. 
 r^n«nKar^chatka,orat Behring strait, and <l-cend,ng • 
 ,he northwest coast of America, come down upon the nut 
 which must head opposite the head of the Missouri ascend to 
 ; source in the Rocky Mountains, aii<l then follow the Missou- 
 ri to the French settlements on the upper Mississippi, -nd 
 Uience home. It was a magnificent .nd a daring projec o d s- 
 covery, and on that account the more captivating to the aiduit 
 ^ri^of Ledyard. He undertook it, went to St. F^tei^bui^i^ 
 ceived the passport of the Empress, and had arrived mS be 
 when he was overtaken by a revocation of the permission, and 
 Lducted as a spy out of the country. He then retimiecMo 
 Paris, and returned to his original design ^^ -1>^«»' f ^^^,^^^^^ 
 to its source, which terminated in his premature death, and 
 ;ivedtlie.;rld of a young and adventurous -ploreis hon 
 Ihosc ardor, cotu-age, perseverance and genius, ^^^^^ 
 ful results were to have been expected. INIi. Jeflerson anx 
 l;Led in that, his first attempt to establish ^.e existence o 
 the Columbia River. But a time was coming lor hn to un 
 aertake it under better auspices. He became rre.ulen of 1^ 
 Lted States, and in that character projected the expe<bt on o 
 Ss and Cllrk, obtained the sanction of Cong-s^-<^- 
 Uiem forth to discover the head and course ot the mei, « o 
 luth was then known for the double purpose « opening an ■ 
 and commercial commnnicatiou with Asia, and - -ging t o 
 boundaries of geographical science. The ;-"'" ^^ ^ ^ 
 was first placed in his message, and as the ob.,o.t to le;„nt.mat. 
 
fO iiui>t Ih' 
 » lilt! uthor, 
 
 of a river 
 ilthougli 11'- 
 
 its banks. 
 
 sraml ami 
 
 was then 
 ard, having 
 10 Nile, was 
 more useful 
 ! tl'T theatre 
 
 St. I'etcrs- 
 iiUl there ol"- 
 ravei her ilo- 
 ty, erosH tlie 
 escentliup: t" 
 5n the rivci' 
 ri, asceml to 
 V the Missou- 
 sissippi, aiul 
 n'ojoot of dis- 
 
 to the ardent 
 'otersl)urg, ro- 
 ved in Siberia 
 }rmission, and 
 n returned to 
 oring the Nile; 
 deatli, and de- 
 [•xplorer, from 
 great and use- 
 Jefferson was 
 he existence of 
 for liini to un- 
 resident of the 
 ic expedition of 
 igress, and sent 
 :he river, whose 
 r opening an in- 
 
 1 enlarging the 
 nniercial object 
 'ct to U'<ritiniato 
 
 Ho 
 
 the expedition. .\ml thus .Ur. Jefferson was (he Jirsl to jiropose 
 the Xorth American road to India, and the introduction of the. 
 Asiatic trade on that road; and all tiiat I myself have either 
 said or written on that subject from the year 1819, when 1 first 
 took it up, down to the present day, when I still contend for it, 
 is nothing but the fruit of the seed planted in my mind by the 
 philosophic hand of Mr. Jetferson." 
 
 Fur Trade. The return of the British expedition, uiidoi 
 C'apt. Cook, from the northwest coast, and the reports whicli 
 were circulated relative to the abundance of fur-bearing animals 
 in those regions, exerted a powerful intluence on tiie merchants 
 in Europe. Among the more ardent si)irits of that period in- 
 fected was John .1. Astor ; that far-seeing trader innnc<lialely 
 1 migrated to IJaltimoro, and engaged immediately in tin; fm 
 trade. Soon allcr he moved his business to New York, and op- 
 crated on a large scale. In 1809 the Legislature of tlic Km|)irt' 
 State incorporated the American Fur Co., of which 5Ir. Astor 
 was the chief operator, and for the jiurposc of competing with 
 the wealthy Russian American Co., on the northwest coast, Mr. 
 Vstor sought material aid from the United States Congress, 
 which was refused on grounds of public ])olicy In 1810 i\w 
 building of a trading depot at the mouth of the Columbia 
 river was determined ujion by Mr. Astor, on which occasion 
 Mr. Jetferson encouraged the undertaking in the following 
 terms : — " I remeniber well lia\ing invited your proposition on 
 this subject, and encouraged it with the assurance of every fa. 
 cility and protection which the government could proi)(a-ly af- 
 Ibrd. I considered as a great i)ublic acquisition the eommence- 
 meut of a settlement on that i)oint of the western coast of Amer- 
 ica, and looked forward Avith gratification to the time when its 
 descendants should have spread themselves throughout the 
 whole length of that coast, covering it ;vith free and independ- 
 ent Americans, unconnected with us but by the ties of blood 
 ;md interest, and enjoying like us the right of self-government." 
 
 The continent has been crossed on various parallels, explora- 
 tions have been prosecuted under the guidance of scientific ex- 
 perts, the adaptation of the country for railroad piuposes has 
 been demonstrated by actual experiment. The following com- 
 parative distances on tlie competinir routes will dcmon?trntc tie 
 ^llur(^■r^^ .'Hid nv'.-t i'r:t''ii< ;)1 : • 
 
.SI 
 
 3,417 miles. 
 2,862 " 
 3,484 " 
 2,942 " 
 
 Dibtanc from New York to San Francisco. 
 
 .. Boston " San Francisco, 
 i. ii I' Puget Sound, 
 
 Th . i 'onlral a.ul Union IMilrouds, connecting tlic IJay of San 
 llu Conlulau I; Missouri, have been vn aotno 
 
 "■";""" "l f . B v^ I ^oavs ,ast. Sheunan, the highest el- 
 ,orl;.ug ord.. ^^^^^^^ , j,,,„, . „nu.h snow falls and ac- 
 „vation, soars 8000 ktt utc ^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^ 
 
 ^•'I'-f ^^^'V:r:^\: t-S:^f snow-.heds over my 
 ,,„ch n^-'--^" ; On recent jo-rney over those rr^ds afford- 
 iiiiles of the road. Om ><'^'-"\ .. / ..^..^^jfces on the route, 
 .a us an opportunity for ^^^^^^^ ,„,e little pro. 
 rrom .hich -■ -"f;;:^ .;^^,' ,^,r The distance between Co- 
 , ,. "-^ -'l^tul ina, in Washington Territory, 
 
 """' To 8 0, nit ' The country along tr,is route is level, 
 approache 8 n les ^ ^^ ^^^^^^,^.,, ^ ^^.^^^^ , 
 
 rich in soil and pastuia 'j. ^^^i, i^rge herds of stock. 
 
 ..„a vegetal^es i-i;-^^;^ ^ S c^.stnl. a road over this 
 Steps have been taken to >^> « ,. ^his road will 
 
 .,Uey, ^- a -— ^:,:^^S: te Lthern counties of 
 contribute uiaterudlj to tic ben^ ^^ ^^^^. 
 
 our territory in S^'""'^/' ? " und By this route our fisher- 
 ,,, along the vallcj- o ^^'^ ^ deep in exchange for 
 „.en will ^-"«f y.^" ^^^^^^^^^^ i„ vast quantities and at short 
 ,,e <^^^-':^''';^^^',our.cJ. with our inland sea 
 notice. Several roads ^'^^'^"'- .^ ^.,iieh is the 
 
 ,,, .„. in procc^ of :^:;^Zt^Z^ ^uget Sound 
 •• Norlli.-rn raclic J^^^^ of mankind," has been richly 
 ^^illl Lake Superior and " "^/'^ ^^f p„r„p,t on- 
 
 .truction ; some 300 milts ^i aUvantagcs offered 
 
 ,,e -^-" ";:X:^:ln are evident, embracing 
 hy this road to tun el ^Aa xiai i thormil T^i"'i° fvcr.. t'...- 
 
 ui low grade of the -untavnpa^^, ^^^^^ner route. Thi- 
 ,,aic..emalbracir^^x^--e.ana^^^^ agricultnral land. 
 ,oaa traverM.. a k el p ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^j^^^ , 
 
 ,^, U- '-''-^'l^ '^^:,, :u; of those region.. He .us^: 
 ,,oute, .voord. » ^ 1^^^ ,^,„ ^^,^, ■ ,,e.cs iron, the southw.)>. 
 .. Along the toi^t Ih. V^^'f^ ,, ^«4ify the dimoi^ 
 
' miles. 
 ! " 
 
 I " 
 
 [Jay of Sun 
 n in active 
 highest el- 
 ■illrt ami ac- 
 
 thc roads. 
 
 over fifty 
 r\As attbrd- 
 , the route. 
 ! little \)ros- 
 between Co- 
 rn Territory, 
 lite is level, 
 - sn'ain, hay 
 
 JO ' ' 
 
 id of stock. 
 )atl over this 
 his road will 
 I counties ol" 
 
 to our peo- 
 ite our fisher- 
 exchange for 
 
 and at short 
 iir inland sea 
 which is the 
 rnrrei Sound 
 as been richly 
 : earnest coii- 
 it 100 miles of 
 ntagcs oflcred 
 ?nt, cmbrat;inp, 
 
 ■r route. Thi ■• 
 !ultural laud^. 
 .reaving home:* 
 siiiVfyed tbi-. 
 us. He s;is^ ; 
 I Ihc rt'juthv\t>i 
 lifv Ihe diiD'i^^ 
 
 that tlie iso-thennal Hues run i)arallel to the coast, luuking the cli- 
 mate of I'uget Sound nearly a^ mild, and in sunnner more aiircc- 
 able than in San Francisco, while It corresponds closely witli that 
 of the western coast of Europe in the same latitude, and especially 
 that of the British islands. The etlect of this amelioration from 
 the prevalence of the southwest sea breeze is felt in winter, as 
 has been here shown as far east as Fort Union, on the Missouri. 
 and has a constantly apparent efiect on all the country cast to 
 Fort Benton." In an earnest desire to demonstrate the advan- 
 tages of our northwestern country, we cite otiier authority, show- 
 ing the shortness of this route, its grade, temperature and pref- 
 erence over any other ; we (juote from Mr. Mitchell : '-Again n 
 glauee at thelntcrnal transit to the valley of tlie Mississippi by 
 railroad on the northern route will show a like result in favor of 
 our position. The reconnoisancc already made on this route 
 shows that the waters of Puget Sound are at least 500 miU's 
 nearer the great lakes and the distributing rivers of tht; great 
 Mississippi, Missouri and their navigable trilnitaries. Tiiis is 
 the only rival route known to the Pacific Coast. And here 
 again the (juestion of altHude, which is the great obstacle in the 
 path of celerity and profit in conducting railroad enterprises, is 
 \ astlv iu our favor. The Central Pacific reaches a siunmit level 
 above the sea of 7812 feet ; that of the Union P.acific, in tlie 
 Rocky IMountains, is 8250 feet. Our highest altitude on the line 
 of the contemplated Northern Pacific is (5000 feet in the Rocky 
 Mountains, with a much more favorable ascent and descent : 
 Itesides, the whole line is comparatively free ftoni obstruction 
 Ity snow, and may be laid in the midst of good and highly pro- 
 ductive, well timbered and watered agricultural lands ihrougli 
 the entire route." 
 
 Wc conclude this important subject with a ([Uotation from 
 Mr. Garfield: "The route of the Northern Pacific Railroad, 
 IVom Lake Superior in the Mississippi valley, to Puget Sonml 
 .m the Pacific, is the shortest one possible between tlie river and 
 ocean. The line of any Pacific road must cioss meredians of 
 longitude and nut p-^rar^^ls of latitude. The further north, 
 therefore, such line '• . ■ 'd, the more distance is siived by the 
 (.onvorgence of tiie i> edians. As St. Louis .nud St. Paul 
 are nearly upon tin' same mcrodian, and llkowi&e San Francisco 
 iud Puget Sound, and the northern route rune as nc^n- as piac 
 ticabie to the northern boundary of the United States, it folio™? 
 
Mi 
 
 suulhcrn route, n.u.st l.o crcdiUHl to the northoru road. No« H 
 ;;::fout tl^a t..is .ou..,.n.. amount, to mil 300 uv^Ik. 
 tween the central and northern routes, making the latter so 
 ,u,ch shorter than the fornn-r. This ^V.llerenee amounts t<. 
 twenty per centum of the length of the road, an item of usUl 
 suir.eient to settle tl... whole -luestion, did not other considera- 
 tions arise . • U is dillicult to convince persons, unac- 
 quainted with the country and the causes alfecting meteorological 
 .onditious on the two routes, of the fact that there is U^ss 
 liabilitv t.. ol^structions from snow on the ^ortliern than on the 
 Ce.itr.U route ; yet such is the fact, and I shall endeavor to 
 .ssign some of the reasons therefor, which will be icaddy unde - 
 .toJl by everv one present. It is known to all that altitude 
 dhninishcs temperature, or, in common language, mercases cold 
 ,„d the amount of snow-lall, other conditions being e.iual 
 Now, bv relerence to the table of altitudes upon the centra 
 ,oute, one cause ul least of the low winter temperature and 
 U,avy snow-fall on that route will be apparent. Ihc distance 
 ,Vom Omaha to Sacramento is 1 774 miles. The average altitude 
 of 11-20 miles of this distance is r,2:)0 feet, while [the lowest 
 point in that distance is elevated 3'..20 feet above the sea level 
 There are on this route 1100 miles having an actual altitude ol 
 over 4000 feet, 620 miles over .".000 feet, 350 miles over 0000 
 loet, and 110 miles over 7000 feet. By this it will be seen that 
 tl,o averacre elevation of the country over which tins route 
 p,sses is verv great, indicating a low winter temperature ami 
 hoavy snow-fall. Experience proves this to be true, and to such 
 .,„ ,-xtcnt thai it is vet doubtful whether the luic of road ex- 
 Wnding through this region can 1)C operated successfully lor 
 several mouths in the year. Other can.es besides altitudes 
 .,,,,,.ate to increase the snow-fall upon the Sierra ^evadn whieh 
 ....mbine to make them what the Spanish name imparls - m-y 
 snm,y 'nm,nlui,><. l!y reference lo a topographieal map ol 
 North America, it will be seen that the general altitude of the 
 continent diminishes as the latitude increases. This not only 
 oives the northern route lower summit levels in passing northern 
 P.nov'; but also very much lower intervening districts oi 
 rountrv It has been ascertained by actual measurement thai 
 the ..-reat ..lain of the Columbia over which the uorthcrii road 
 ,mi«>t pu^- lif^' nl nn elevation of tVom one lo t«-o ^houpnnd foot 
 
Hi 
 
 iiny more 
 . Now it. 
 miles bo- 
 latter so 
 uounts to 
 11 of itself 
 considcra- 
 lOns, uniic- 
 "orologieal 
 M'e is less 
 hiui on the 
 iideuvor to 
 ilily uiuler- 
 at altituile 
 reuses cuUl 
 ijing eciual. 
 the central 
 jrature ami 
 lie distaiue 
 a<i;c altitude 
 [the lowest 
 
 sea level, 
 altitude of 
 
 s over 0000 
 be seen flint 
 
 1 this route 
 )erature and 
 , and to sneh 
 
 of road ex- 
 cessfully for 
 Ics altitudes 
 Icvada whirl) 
 iparls — VI- r 'I 
 lioal map of 
 titude of the 
 "his not only 
 sing northern 
 
 districts oi' 
 iurement thai 
 iorthcrn road 
 frhouFtind fcpt 
 
 only above the li'vcl of the ;*ea, wiiilst tin: eorrt'.-'ii'HKlin.!; Itasiu 
 through which tiie coiitrul route passes varies from four to six 
 thousand feet higli. This fact alone will explain the dillcrenee 
 of temperature and snow-fall. But there; are other causes which 
 increase this difference. Another is found in the fact that n 
 strong and constant atmospheric current draws through the 
 passes of the Rocky Mountains, situated between tlic 10° and 
 •19° of north latitude, during the entire winter. This current, 
 like the gulf stream along our coast, is several degrees warm., r 
 tiian the surrounding atmosphere, and exerts a strong influence 
 in modifying the mountain climate and reducing the amount of 
 snow there deposited. .So great is the elfect of this current in 
 tiioso mountain regions that lierds of butfalo from the adjacent 
 plains, and from regions far to tiie southward, seek this district 
 for winter (juarters, to find less snow and better grass than else- 
 where. This atmospheric gulf stream, oi)crating in the very 
 centre of the continent, and producing such benelicial results, is 
 so remarkable that its existence has been doubted l)v many wiio 
 have given little or no attention to the meteorology of the 
 central and western portions of the continent. Its origin is 
 evidently to be found in the warm southwest winds. Avhich blow 
 constantlj' during the winter months, and are deflected to the 
 northwest by the Cascades, tiie upper and dryer stratum idone 
 escaping over the mountains and reaching the Columbia basin. 
 This stratum passes over the basin in a direct line to the nortii- 
 east mainly as an upper current, until it reaches the Itoeivy 
 Mountains, when it is checked in its general flow and escapes 
 only through the passes above referred to, carrying with it the 
 temperature of the tropics, it gradually parts with its heat along 
 the route natil its last remnants are apparently exhausted in the 
 p.asses of the Rocky Mountains. To the same cause may be 
 attributed what is popularly called the 'Cliinook winds' of the 
 Columbia basin. These southwest winds, which ordinarily cross 
 the basin as an upper current, are occasionally bci:': 'lovrnward 
 and sweep along the surface. When this occurs all tho phe- 
 nomena of the Chinook winds are manifest ; the thermometer 
 at once begins to rise, and it matters not how hard t'.ie frost or 
 liow deep the snow, tliey both rapidly disappear under the 
 modifying influences of those inter-tropical breezes." 
 
 The wonderful phenomena here described by Sir. Garfield, 
 existing in those regions, are real and ever juesent. Tiie iiilhi- 
 
.'-« 'r"':!:nX:o:z::^.<^':^^^ 
 
 "^""'" 'k X;n^.>^tl2^.1, how ...u he account 1.r the 
 tropics. If thatth(0..\ u - ,j,.„^ „,.,.,• the In-i-l 
 
 sections iVin-m- the h ona >cyi ^^^^^ ^^^^ ,^ 
 
 .UhhoUUn, tropi.. ;..-rc ; ^J^^;^^ ,_,. .,,.. 
 power over o«i chm.itt « y ^,^ ^^,^^ j.^ ^,^, 
 
 ,,,, tl.- thenna P-^ J^ ^^ 1.,,, „,,ost against this 
 Stales to the s.n.th .' NN e tntc «'" j ;„ ,,„,u. 
 
 t'-y - not -'y;>-;f ;^-! ,^ ;: :r;te ot Washington 
 ing rank injnsUco to the nuh '"-T^^.^^.^^ ,,.,„,,, aemonstratecl 
 Territory, in otlicr portions o t '»^,;^"'^ repetition 
 
 n>e origin of the "' ^'»7';;:;;;^;,;^' '^panose Current, 
 „,.o. The uortliwcst winds ^'^•^'"H ; "> ^^j ^^jj^^ ' ,, through 
 ^,,,,.,,,,, .itlnnuchU^.,^n - 
 
 tho t-ascaae ^l'^""^'""^^ "" ^j^^.^^^^^^^ and subside in the 
 trate the passes of the RocKv >I«»»^'''" '* .,,,^,1,. ^t^ean.," 
 
 ■'*'-'""t:^::.?;;:^- :\ TiJli..; «■;..,«„, .o .,„. 
 
 :rjr;::;t «o:;r,,,;a «. cu,,,,..-. ,«.„..,.„.„«,.„ 
 
 1„ („vgo„ a,ul nortLcm C"!',;;;"''-;; „,. „,.j„,„ Asia ol,<.n» 
 
 Oriental Commerce. i>« ""'";', „„,,,j,, „,,ipbuiuu,.? 
 
 ,„ „mW «itl,out tho, 1»» °V""'\"'''° '.,,„,,,» to make 
 ,,.„„it, savins tin,,. »"^''"'";» ^ .^^ ^ T irsi.ort ,,.».e. 
 ,,„i,,, sale, a„.l ..I.Ian, """■«".',"•;„„„ i„„,, „,e„,i„n, 
 
 ..ovhur little wear to men or vessels, and a muui lu t 
 r, :'i.,:vi*«. '^.e .....e,, ,„es,e„.e,., o e-nu » 
 ,,„„. ,l„. l.,oa,l Sl«it OeF„.-a ,„ '««»^>'"- "' "'""""f 
 
1 
 
 rn)st,llu'y 
 arfieUl onlj' 
 ," when lit' 
 lis iVoiu Uio 
 Hint fur the 
 r tho l'rigi>l 
 hwanl, smtl 
 
 luiYi' sii»l> 
 iicezos with- 
 ions in llie 
 a.ruiiist this 
 ilso in woi'k- 
 Wasliiiiji;t()ii 
 Icmoiistiiiti'd 
 ar leiH'tition 
 ncse curvont, 
 pass tliroiigli 
 \uubia, peiio- 
 ibsido in thr 
 ;ult' tftrouni," 
 ;, laclt'U with 
 , and imparts 
 •hards to thf 
 • cliniato prc- 
 hantliat found 
 
 rn Asia opens 
 ■i shipbuihUng 
 s produced in 
 •s, spices and 
 c, and will V>c 
 •onnectingwith 
 lis high circle, 
 tinest teas may 
 affords speedy 
 hants to make 
 lis short route, 
 lower premium 
 conmierce ^ -'11 
 nioonlip. ■"' 
 
 llieii' rieh'cargoes will pay tril)Ute to our merchants and revenue 
 to our govenimonl, while liie huge sliljjs will ol'tain supplies of 
 coal and i)rovisions from onr mines, farms. ganU'iisand orchards. 
 
 Routes. Tlie following exliibits soiiio striking facts, demon- 
 strating tiie relative faeilities for developing conuneree with 
 eastern Asia ; as tigures won't lie, we connuend this important 
 statement to the careful attention of liiinking minds: 
 
 Pistnuce from New York to Slinngiial, via ('lilcago, 
 
 San Francisco and Midway Island, 10,423 miles. 
 
 Do., do., via Korlli 1'. U. U. and I'uget SSouud, 8,7")r. " 
 
 Dist. ft'om I'lilludclphia to Hhaugh.-ii, via Ciiicago, 
 
 San Francisco and Midway Island, 10,34a " 
 
 1)0., do., via North P. It. I{. and Tiigct Sound, 8,07.') " 
 
 Distance from Baltimore to Shanghai, via St. Lonis, 
 
 San Francisco and Midway Island, 10,o90 " 
 
 Do., via Chicago, N. P. ]{. II. and Puget Sound, 8,C75 " 
 
 For nearly forty years on the sea we have observed the onward 
 pi'ogress of ocean steam na\igation, and we iiaturally look to 
 the floating i)alaces iis the conunon carriers of the most valuu])le 
 articles of conuneree. The coarse freight will, as heretofore, ))e 
 lransi)orted in sailing vessels. The lumber and coal i)rodnced 
 in <nu' l)road valley will entice the winged messengers to the 
 Sound, the steady northwest winds will waft them safely into the 
 Strait DeFuca and enable them to gain their destined havens in 
 safety. Sailing vessels from India bound to San Francisco, arc 
 compelled to sight Vancouver's Island, run down the coast of 
 Orcfi'im and California, enter the calm belt — the -'horse lati- 
 tildes" — about the Farallones, which are (*fteu aggravated by 
 thick fogs, detaining vessels for days, and frequently ending in 
 shipwreck. Prof. Mainy says, " The trade winds place Van- 
 couver's island on the wayside of the road from Chiini and 
 Japan to San Francisco so completely, that a trading vessel 
 under canvas to the latter place, would talic the same route as 
 if she was liound for Vancouver's islaml, so that all return 
 c-Tirfoes would natiu-ally come there in ord(?r to save two or three 
 weeks, besides risk and expense." 
 
 Population. The gr.mt civil war in our country has operated 
 adversely to our territorial development, — emigration and 
 capital have been diverted from us. Peace being again restored 
 a healthy reaction is a isible ; replenishing streams of hardy 
 [HoueerN have, for several years past, rushed to our shores, and 
 the orv is, " stdl they come." Tho recent cfMisns indicates near- 
 ly ".0,000 inhabitants. 
 
 12 
 
Oil 
 
 the Sonfh .U..1 thhly-sUlh sccti.-nH .vitl.iu our ton. ^ - 
 support or oouunon schools. Ou. pioncors huv.« tuk.n a 
 
 t^M^.i in tUo uudtor ; in every ..tU^nenl, nea^ .o,nn>o- 
 Z school-houses have been l.uilt, in which U- J^^; 
 
 •u-o tuuiiht to shoot. In the piincipn towus i.nvatc schools 1 .vn* 
 
 I'u :;;^> ^h .1, m whld, the hlgl. . l.ra.chcs arc t.u,ljt ^^ 
 ::Lal.le priceJ. Con,res« has ^1- P^^via. a ... Wn o- 
 
 ...ain Ibr bniUlin, and n.aintainlng '^^"7 I^umW n^^uT 
 , .„i ot ^....ttlc • a larcre wooilcn structure with the ncctssai.> 
 :um .1 1 l«.'-otc,, ana f,nm*o.„vUh «to,„.„ ■™,... 
 
 o„M o,,e„.tiou, ami alio* ^oM fa.il fc, to tl,. J" "«• 
 
 llmrches arc liberally siiataiucl, ami clergymen of .lillaont 
 ,,™S^n arclomieiloa in oar tcrrilory ; tUc consolalam 
 ;!;Tr.lian .■cliglon i, fieely ,li-,>en»c,l a,„ong onr ,«o,.l,. 
 
 "''i;:rx"';jo:i;rrt radf. »,„,. a,.eca™e.t,.«,i. 
 
 cJaml m,orally',.atr„nizc.new„,c«. In on,- ^^yj^, 
 
 Xth Wc haver several eironlating lil.ra.ie. In .o-va, an.l 
 
 '"HoteCnmeient to aecommoclate the public a,v convenient 
 i,"Tv"lte..o.no,-eity, boanl ami lodging ate ohta,m,l 
 at lower rates than on the eastern slope. 
 Enterprise, m new countries development .s cheeked by 
 
 of steamboats, as Mel and water are -"""I™";"*. ,^^„ 
 F0».deri.sarcloea.«dn,™.on^l-^^^^^^ 
 
 per and other metals av(> worked, ^to\( s 
 
^S niftVitf'il 
 
 nilov.v I'oi' 
 f> tak«'n !i 
 it, c'Oinnio- 
 Uiiip: iiloas 
 ■hools liavi' 
 
 tiiii{j;lit lit 
 iiitlci'nt (lo- 
 ll htiH Itocn 
 i neccHStiry 
 »l)i's, ninps, 
 
 Ih in siK'- 
 
 Ollll{I. 
 
 of (lifl'orcnt 
 consolation 
 r onr people 
 
 >urnc8t read- 
 i^arsoly pop- 
 some twelve 
 and eaperly 
 n towns and 
 
 •e convenient 
 arc obtained 
 
 iS checked by 
 Onr prosper- 
 twithstanding 
 ber, manufoc- 
 1, and mining 
 and the pro- 
 lur calm sea is 
 us dimensions 
 •mcnt either in 
 sengers, mails, 
 Onr placid sil- 
 smaller classes 
 
 1)1 
 
 a limited exUnl. and ^renter development in this Itnineli in 
 hoped for. 'I'lie iibiuidMiue of iron and coal in our valley, and 
 the great demand Inr a.\e.< ami other edgcd-tools among onr 
 lumbermen, Justitles the hope that lianlware in its \arii)iis 
 branches may ere long lu' mannfaetured on the S.iMid. The 
 anniud grain crops have called .s<.'veral mills into active opi'ra- 
 tiyn. Various grades of Hour and Iced lV)r (It)niestic and other 
 purposes are ground and birnished at moderate figures. 
 
 Taiincriws are in active oiK-ration; the cheai>iiess of hiihi 
 and the abundance of oak. laurel, birch, fir and hemlock bark in 
 (hese regions, enable those establishments to furnish good 
 leather. The superiority of onr stock, the present demand for 
 lumbering, and the prospective reqnircments of the lishermen, 
 warrants earnest develoiPiuent in mamifacturiiig heavy, strong 
 boots. Several establishments are now engaged in that indns- 
 try, and many more arc needed to supply the demand, which is 
 enormous, and daily on the increase. We commend this busi- 
 ness lu practical boolhiakers of means and ))luck. 
 
 Health. Our romantic country, liasking in countless bless- 
 in"-s, cnio3s an enviable eminence on the score of health. Our 
 cool nights forbi.ls the nestling of fever or ague in our valley. 
 The ills to which the llesh is heir in less favored climes seldom 
 perch on our shores. No poisonous rci)tilcs or mad dogs dis- 
 turb our connnunity— (piacks lictake themselves to honest lal)or, 
 while " divine professors of the healing art " reap their bread by 
 the sweat of the brow. 
 
 Onr limited space admonishes economy, and items of general 
 information arc passed over. We append the annexetl exhibit 
 fur the Teriitury of Washington from the recent census of 1870 : 
 
 ihich ircii, cop' 
 lannfactnred to 
 
if 
 
 i 
 
 '.»-' 
 
 f : ? E.B 
 
 S 
 
 r. ?. t3 i - c £ -I - ' >i " i' /. i> ii 5> — . .. *- 
 
 JO .loiiuiuK 
 
 - .... t. --.--1 •Hoiil"i;'i 
 
 I 
 
 •liopim nini^v 
 
 
 
 
 -i=£«i:4.tKi!iS22?.-.?.iif:-.='i 
 
 •t i>liiui |'a.ioio.> 
 jo.i.i;t mix 
 
 ^ ... - ... ■=!,..,-» I •Baimiia.i'ir.iiiio.i 
 
 
 iion'u"' 
 
 111 roil nnoj, 
 
 ■01 IS I I 
 
 aoiliiiiuUxl li!)<'Xi 
 
 ■IIOIJIllllllA 
 
 0)1: ISO n:.)!I 
 
 w ..tt 
 
 „„li;:-.. li-M *:,:,'.rrj'ir', jit; "?;':■! 
 
 •onil-.i l''""^''''l 
 
 M ic 
 
 w- 1: '/ — , ;' '< r; V ~ » /. ii V H /. V rx I;' 
 
 ■.\'i:>( ,|u >o<M, 
 
 ,^sS 'Ail ,i'^.i~.-'i yVy-7:'7> 
 
 C' £ '"^ ji I > ', f - ■=■ S r.' J. 'tf-M'tz X 5 
 
 ■nuM.^ .Ill 
 
 vl.iih"!! 
 
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V. 
 
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 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 11.25 
 
 Inv 
 
 2.2 
 
 1^ m 
 
 If 1^ 
 
 — 6" 
 
 1^ llll|^ 
 
 1.8 
 
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 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
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 Microfiche 
 
 Series. 
 
 CIHM/ICMH 
 Collection de 
 microfiches. 
 
 Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 
 
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UocapitulatiOII. (ioogit>iihically, I'liget .Souml I'ornis the 
 central focus of our vast doiuaiiis on the northwest coast, being 
 ecjiii-distant from San Diego on the southeast, and the peninsu- 
 la of Alaska on the northwest. The iso-thermal line of 50' on 
 which the great cities, universities, niamifactures, connnerce, 
 and the visible wealth of the world is located, passes through 
 our vale-of-paradisc. The warm stream from the Indies loathes 
 our shores, the aerial trade-winds accompanying the "gulf 
 stream " fan our coast and modify om- temperature, the moist 
 wind from the tropics tempers our winters and bathes our fields 
 with vernal showers, purifies our atmosphere, re\ ives the sick, 
 btimulatcs grass, mantles our pastures in living green, decks 
 our orchards with budding shrubbery, and dresses our gardens 
 with blooming flowers. 
 
 Harbors are continuous and secure from all winds, the ebb 
 and flood of the ocean tides facilitate repairing, cleaning, 
 painting, and afford every facility for seining and trapping fish. 
 The vast resources latent in and around Alaska — cedar, coal, 
 iron, copper, silver and gold; furs — bears, wolves, panthers, 
 elk, deer, fox, etc. ; cod, halibut, salmon, otter, seal, wali-us and 
 
 ^viiale, the visible and invisible treasures of that gi'cat territory 
 
 will be developed from Tuget vSound. The enormous wealth 
 now slumbering in Siberia, metals and furs, fish, oil and ivory, 
 will also enter our strait and pay tribute to our people. The 
 rich products of the Indies will land on our shores, and pay 
 freight to our ships and revenue to our treasury. The North 
 Pacific Railroad, traversing over the iso-thermal plateau of 50°, 
 connecting at each terminus with ocean steamships, -will trans- 
 port the products of Asia and the treasures from the sea to 
 the marts of northeastern America and northwestern Europe. 
 Ocean steamers congregating in our waters will create an active 
 demand for, and develop our coal and iron and other useful met- 
 als ; founderies, forges and machine-shops will be reared at the 
 principal points. The lumber interest along our shores will 
 feel the impulse, and greater developmejit in this industry will 
 be developed ; shipbuilding in all its branches will attain a 
 "•rand scale, i\nd our Sound will l)ecome the great national shii)- 
 yard on the northwest coast. Our splendid water i)owers will 
 also be harnessed and resound to the music of machinery ; \ari- 
 ous branches of mechanism will be established, and manufac- 
 turing will be developed to a mighty degree. Agriculture will 
 
04 
 
 prosper in the healthy I'.ogroHs pro.ont ; sloc-k, hot^oH, oxen, 
 ow , .hoop and s.ino, grain, hoy, vogotablcs, and the products 
 of t^ dai V, garden an.l orehard, .viU all bo in aet.ve demand, 
 stin da d > a ho„>e nuuket. Keplonishing stroan.« o hardy 
 t^l. tJour valley .ill keep pace .vith onr prosper, y ; our 
 ^a^;^, valleys and hotton.s .ill fill up .ith uKlnstr.ous lanne , 
 vho.in.ring their household gods, .vivos and clnldron,.dh 
 1 and o,; .asle places .ill soon smile .n domest.c glad- 
 ss With the march of industry society will in.provc : church- 
 'Jchools. colleges, newspapers, and other rolimng agenc.es 
 turnup the vll, gardens will smile in tastelul llowers ami 
 ,osv <^arlands nndor the guidance of intelhgent women A. s 
 nud science will flourish, men and woinen of gonms wdl locate 
 o our shores and find congenial retreat in nature's chosen bow- 
 ^ -^capital will seek investment in our busy nutrts-banke s, 
 ,„,lerwriters and " money-changers " will congregate and the 
 ;;;e.ehant princes from many lands will also abule wUh us on 
 
 the mar'^in of Tugct Sound. 
 
 Westward, Ho ! The scattering at 15al)el and the westward 
 
 J^'^J^'lZ.^^^^^^^ .still ''marching on." The n^v- 
 "tn-ong is flooding onr shores; every water cral from Lu- 
 
 i^me comes crowded with precious humanity. Onr broad coun- 
 :^Xmos every sovereign, and .wards him with 1^ acres 
 
 of lan.l ; the mighty stream travels in the direction ol the, set- 
 
 t „! sun. Many halt by the wayside to pitch tho.r tents m the 
 
 inland vallevs. A goodly number, however, press forward and 
 ,ss the plains to find a homo and a country m that gema 
 ■ , ,, u iheve the setting west merges into the nsing east. 
 
 T ,0 Mediterranean of the northwest, and the Valparaiso ring- 
 , ' that calm sea, attracts general attention The highway 
 wlK.ro the commerce of eastern Asia must land, absorbs think- 
 n' min.ls. The EmiK>rinm of the Indies, where the products ol 
 he Orient are destined to enter, will be built upon our shores. 
 The bull ling of a large commercial city on I'uget hound >s 
 !i.U>ly a question of time and circumstances. '' I ean only add 
 h-vt the foundation of the great commercial emporium of the 
 racifie has not yet been laid. The site of that city is now oc- 
 cupied by a small village, the lands of husbandmen or the 
 minievarforost ; but as sure as commerce is controlled by fixed 
 Hws as sure as the world is struggling to control the trade of 
 istc'ru Asia, as sure as cause produces cUcct, the foundation ol 
 

 I'SfH, oxen, 
 he pvotUicls 
 vc (lemaml, 
 iR of hardj 
 ipcrity ; our 
 3US laniuTs, 
 liklren, with 
 nicstic glail- 
 3VC ; chuich- 
 n<r njjent'ios 
 
 llowers ami 
 jmen. Arts 
 s will locate 
 
 chosen bow- 
 ■ts — bankeis, 
 ;atc, and the 
 i; with us on 
 
 the westward 
 " The mov- 
 li't from Eu- 
 r broad coun- 
 fith IGO acres 
 )n of the, sel- 
 r tents in the 
 I forward and 
 n that genial 
 ; rising east." 
 Iparaiso fring- 
 The higliway 
 absorbs think- 
 he products of 
 on our shores, 
 iiaet Sound is 
 I can onlj' add 
 porium of the 
 nty is now oc- 
 ndmen, or the 
 trolled by fixed 
 ol the trade of 
 B foundation of 
 
 that olty m\\B\) and wlU bo lai(l upon tlm shores of rngoi .Sound, 
 Tiic nation is already awaking to the coming greatness of the 
 far North West, and beginning to leulize the importance of our 
 position in the pathway of universal commerce. TIk- grand 
 march of humanity is still onward an<l westward. Starting 
 from the plains of Central Asia in primeval times, man has 
 kept stej) with the music of the ages in his march toward the 
 setting sun. On and on, across deserts and seas, mountains 
 and oceans, as if following the linger of destiny, he moves with 
 the certainty of fate. (Jencrations perish, but posterity takes 
 up the march ; six thousand years have been deposited in the 
 vault of eternity, and yet the tide of life moves on, subduing 
 nsiture, building cities, cultivating the arts, growing in intellect, 
 worshipping God. Thus it has been, is, and will be until the 
 tide of human life sweeps across our continent, and pausing up- 
 on the shores of the Pacific, reaches forth to the land of its 
 childhood rising in view in the ever distant west. 1 thank my 
 (Jod that my home is in the line of this great movement of the 
 race, and that untold myriads will linger upon our shores, at- 
 tracted by the varied resources, magnificent climate, and com- 
 mercial facilities of Washington Territory." — Garfield. 
 
 In view of the inducements latent in Washington Territory, 
 its central position, spangled havens, thermal winds, genial 
 climate, vernal showers, green fields and smiling gardens, inex- 
 haustible coal fields, minerals, forests primeval, facilities for 
 lumbering and shipbuilding, advantages for developing the 
 enonnous fisheries on the northwest coast and the valuable fur 
 trade in Alaska and Siberia, and the superior convenience for 
 carrying on the commerce to and from Asia ami across the con- 
 tinent, what fields are here open to the young men of our 
 countrj'. May we not expect many to join us in develoi)ing oiu* 
 wealth ; may we not also look for solid men of capital, with 
 their families, from the east, following the course of empire to 
 our coast to locate homes, nurture commerce, plant civilization, 
 build up society and social amenities among our pioneers in the 
 sunset land. From the cultivated nations of Europe — the 
 sunny climes of the Latins, La Belle Prance, Germany, England, 
 Ireland and Wales ; from the bracing regions of British America ; 
 from the craggy island of Newfoundland ; from the foggy penin- 
 sula of Nova Scotia ; from the rock-bound shores of New Eng- 
 land ; (Vom the bleak sands of the northern lakes ; froni theridi 
 
01} 
 
 u,airio« of the ^vc.t ; fVom the l.roaa savannas of the sotUh ; from 
 1,0 Uo<.kv Mountains and the Pacifin Rlopo - 
 
 '.. come along, come along, don't be alarmed ^ 
 
 For Uncle Sam is rich enough to give us all a farm. 
 
 TUlUMrilS OF THE FISIIERMKN. 
 
 ,n every country .here the fisheries have boon ^^^^^^ 
 ,roseeuted, they have been .ueeesst.1 "-ser.es of d^ovn^ 
 
 =;i;:^;:e:^:=^^^^ 
 
 to the fishermen in the " lake region ^ « ^7;* , ^J ^l 
 sneeessful fisheries .ere proseeuted on the lak ^^^^\ 
 noeially at Bethsaida and Caperuaum, which had P^ov lu a 
 pcciaio uv, ramilics of the fishermen formed a 
 
 :;^z^^o^i^^'^^^^'^^ - -"" """'" 
 
 "'mc'countrics of Europe Wcrlng o„ tho Meditemncan te- 
 , ?r,irM»ios ThoivpuWio of Venice extende<l great fa- 
 
 • "^ T , .W imtastrv and to- merctoit, for centuries n,o- 
 oilities to that inaui5u> , d"" "^^ , , , ,.. 
 
!>< 
 
 soutli ; fi'om 
 
 irm. 
 
 jcoiioinically 
 if discovery, 
 vc eimilation 
 has lead t<i 
 langled witli 
 
 abandoned 
 
 ; Jesus, were . 
 
 1 lofty tribute 
 irks : " Very 
 
 Tiberius, cs- 
 1 provided a 
 lien formed a 
 nerous bonds 
 r leisure gave 
 their manners 
 emcnt. They 
 5 of the popu- 
 i-oducing great 
 tailed himself 
 jcame his own 
 lored him, he 
 ireth and its 
 nd of playing 
 c them fishers 
 
 literranean fos- 
 inded great fa- 
 • centuries mo- 
 ifforded but lit- 
 abroad to oper* 
 ; Sappho loved 
 3 to the Black 
 eriod they con- 
 ected tribute of 
 Tlio countries 
 
 of northwest lOuropc hnve tiiso given much encoMragoiiuMit t(j 
 tlie lishcries. Ilulland has been earnest in developing the herring 
 fishery ; for centuries her Jishermen held a monopoly of Hint 
 profitable industry ; a proverb still prevails among tlie old 
 sailors that " Anisterdain is l)uilt on herring bones." The duties 
 of a 8hi{)master are now well detlned ; a trim dipper, combining 
 all the modern im[)rovemcnts, awaits his orders, well furnished 
 cabins afford every comfort, tiie spar, ro\)(i and sailmaker have 
 <'iven her wini>s to walk the waters, a merchant furnishes a 
 cargo which llie stevedore stows secure, the shipping master 
 contracts with the ship's company and puts it on board, a broker 
 prepares the papers and clears the Acssel in the custom-house ; 
 all being ready tiie '• lord i)iiramount" enters the ship bringing 
 an approved time-i)iecc. almanac, navigator, and sailing di- 
 lections over every sea. A powerful tug-boat tows the vessel to 
 sea under the guidance of a branch pilot ; having got an ofling 
 the favored man of destiny takes his metal silver arched sextant, 
 gets a sight of the sun, regulates his chronometer, gives the 
 course to the steersman by the recently-touched compass, notes 
 the barometer and snutt's the gale afar off; his spacious charts, 
 perfect in all the discoveries of modem hydrograpiiy, point out 
 with precision the islands, rocks and shoals in his patli ; thus 
 armed and equipped he pursues the even tenor of his way. If 
 he sights strange sliores, lights, magnified with illuminating 
 apparatus, cheer him on his voyage, and if perchance he spys a 
 .■iiiii, he sends and receives friendly greetings by means of re- 
 co<^nized signals. On approaching his destined port he sets the 
 "Jack," which attracts the watchful pilot who skilfully conducts 
 the argosy into i)ort and moors it safely. 
 
 Ancient Mariners. Jn early ages " a life on the mountain 
 wave" was not so pleasant; the vessels were small, rudely 
 built, and scantily furnished ; the compass, quadrant or chro- 
 nometer were not in use ; the holy pigeons and the heavenly 
 bodies were the guides on the trackless sea. Seamen ivere 
 daring, and placed much confidence in lucky stars and sui)er- 
 natural agency ; they launched out on the waters and made rich 
 discoveries, visited strange lands, explored seas, and established 
 trade with the denizens of other lands. Through tlie researches 
 of the late Henry Wheaton, the Icelandic iiiair.iscripti; unfold 
 the early discoveries of the European lisheni.cn in Iceland, 
 Greenland, Labra<lor and Gaspc in the ninth century, lie 
 
 13 
 
 i. 
 
(i.,wf. .ii<covi"ri«'s to lif uutlK'Ulu', tlicy 
 
 I. . >• slum II ISC lUOSC lllM"'''" 
 
 ,„„|,1 l.;u,lj !'■"' 7'" ' .rti,. „,„,, ,,„i „l„,s,. „>i„.l .imlt 
 
 ,v,oi-.l». 11" """"5 ,,«lal.li»l.mont» at (licoi.lmi.l. 
 
 alsorevoml hcs.uibolol u tmlltlons, hu<\ 
 
 , a„.l,t them 1.V a voucaUc „o.son vl,o cmed .J 11..H 
 ' . J " tcnilJo olMcmic that once ragccl among them. 
 
 h l„ too, "ht ., "<«1 votmn m lish.oilaml I'm-. This voyage 
 
 hkon this rock and the first ^vhite child put in an ap- 
 Z^^^^ ^^--^^^ the first flash of his gcnins to 
 Ui" onv. r.altimore hud do.n here the fonnda .on o u,u- 
 sul brotherhood; the first civil court iron, uhu.h .en io.t 
 h nperishable safeguards of the great charter was ocated on 
 is "one barren isle." About one luuulred years before the 
 .din "^ the rilgri,ns at riyn.outh, the city of St. Jo u.s was 
 t:^"^ and bccarne the entrepot of the period. One thousand 
 
cnlU', tlit'V 
 minis, wli< 
 iniiiil chv( U 
 r IhuUii}: '' ' 
 }an, that ho 
 lonthiont hi 
 . At nil 
 it the illus- 
 y of North 
 lowcver well 
 lie Icelandic 
 • polished in 
 ) (Jrcouhiud. 
 the relations 
 c in the dis- 
 Mvreneo, who 
 to have wor- 
 c stars ; they 
 rrival of the 
 ■aditions, had 
 nn-ed, by this 
 them." 
 
 has developed 
 7, Cabot, in a 
 iindland, from 
 , This voyage 
 stimulated the 
 d. 
 
 itod with bays, 
 ih. To this Kl 
 il directed their 
 luropcau scttle- 
 n our continent 
 put in an ap- 
 3f his genius to 
 ndation of uui- 
 ,hieh went forth 
 [• was located on 
 years before the 
 )f St. -Johns was 
 , One thousand 
 
 1)1) 
 
 vessels llshcd and traded around the island, and |iri^iiircd valu- 
 able fares a century before any portion of New Kngland was 
 settled. 
 
 The resources so abundant around Newfoundland have been 
 earnestly prosecuted. During the war with the American col- 
 onies, the Hritish governnunit nearly ruined the lishcries by 
 making continual drafts on the fishermen. The Uoyal Navy 
 obtained its best seamen among them, and they were cruelly 
 impressed, entailing nnich hardship and distri'ss among the 
 connnunity. The restoration of peace was gladly hailed iiy the 
 " hardy toilers by the sea," and they readily embarked again in 
 developing the lisheries. llundreils of traders from Kurope lo- 
 cated along the coast, innnense capital was invested, and 
 healthy reaction and general progress was visible. The revolu- 
 tion in France and the wars incident to that fearful conunotion. 
 created a great demand for fish. In 181-1, one million two hun- 
 dred tiiousand (luintals of dry fish, with salmon, oil and peltry 
 amounting to ^1 •2,000,000, left the island, the merchants ac- 
 cnmmulating princely fortunes. The business is still success- 
 fully prosecuted, the past season having ])cen prolific of great 
 success. The products of the seas will approach S8.00(i.(i(Mi. 
 which, for a jjoindation under 150,000, speaks volumes. 
 
 The French fishermen operated early in American wtiters. In 
 1 .".;) I Jaques Caiton explored the (lulf o'' St. Lawrence, and 
 stimulated the French (lovornment to inaugurate a system of 
 emigration to America on a broad scale. The most available 
 shores around the (iulf of St. Lawrence soon resounded to the 
 hum of the fishermen ; every bay was thronged with boats and 
 vessels — immense profits wore annually realized, and the ^'lencli 
 shipowners were numbered among the merchant princes in Ku- 
 rope. "Accounts, Avhicli arc considered authentic, slu ■ '.lat 
 they employed nearly 000 vessels, and upwards of 27,000 : n. 
 ami that the annual produce was almost 1,500,000 quintals of 
 fish, of the vsilne of more than ^1,500,000."— /Saline. 
 
 Cape Breton Island formed the principal base in prosecuting 
 the fisheries ; there they built the city of Louisburg, and forti- 
 fied it with 200 guns. Commerce and trade flourished, palaces, 
 churches, nunneries and line residences were numerous, which 
 were tastefully adorned by suiTOundiag gardens. " This city 
 was named in honor of the King ; twenty-five years and ;iO,- 
 000,000 of livres wore rec|uired to complete it. Its walls wen- 
 
loo 
 
 ,.„i,i «!• l.rlcks l.vonM.t IVom Franco. More tl-an two hu.ulu-d 
 
 L lno\vc^-o mounto.1 U, .Wfend it So ,roal wus .ts 
 
 :::0^h:i it was called tho rnn>U^^^^^ 
 
 ,,„,u>orio8 un.l paluccs, torraeoH ,viul t^unlcus. 11 at s icl. a c > 
 
 : : ; on a ^oL .^.^oM. isl. in the iulam^ o An.nc.u>_ o 
 
 nixatiin, apiu-ars increclihlo. KM-lanaiion .s alon. Ic.n.l .n tlu 
 
 lisl,in-cntln,siaHn.oftheporio.l."-*S«/|mc'. ., ,^ ,,,,.,. i.,,„, 
 
 In um a llritish Hoot, nndor (;osnaM, v sitod ^'^ ^ '^: 
 una oxploroa the wator. fringing that coast. apo ^ - > -^ 
 .,,earltol.avol...tl..^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 ^^s^Trr^iirviai^ 
 
 Taltb latent in and aronnd MuHsachnsotts -^^^!^ 
 J^Iin Britain, which raised an --to.ont^ and ^u UWd 
 he n,ost adventurous spiritn to vinit onr tutors ;anong 
 „,ore ardent can,e the redonbtable Capt John S.n h • uu 
 crv sencrallv known among the merchants of Kuiope In 
 ?. llmli^. voyage to onr shores, explovcd the co^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 orin.r on Massaehnsetts Bay, and drove a snceessfnl tmOe ^)i«^ 
 t n-vt" OS and canght a fare of cod. On his return to Kng- 
 1 he aVeed^ prodncts of his voyage to the ehteo 
 
 irVing r he also circulated wonderful reports touchn.g th 
 t:.!;:::^ wealth latent in New ^^^^ j''^ J^^^Z^^ 
 people to a degree of frenzy. Merchants --f d a gdj n 
 he American tisheries , ofHcers in the army, ^^^ ^^^ 
 vice, in numbers, resigned positions f ^^'^^l"'"^"*/ "r^j" ';, 
 abandoned their estates; Judges doffed the ---' ;^3^^^^^^ 
 their cassocks, and joined Smith in an enterprise to Massac 
 eUs for «sh, ^il and peltry. Hundreds of ve^ls -re. a. 
 ihh products of the land and sea were eanicstly sought 1 he 
 g^nn of our commerce was then and there '; so^vn m .eakn^ • 
 
 Nor was the excitement confined exclusively to the 15nt..h 
 isl^s "aged violently on the continent and affected coining 
 Hie . In Holland it attacked even the staid ^""t«ns ih 
 ad for vears witnessed the successful development of the ho, 
 it fi 1 on at Leyden, and they now dotemined to take a hand 
 o th mo4 excellent fish in America. In this ftame ol mind 
 hey sent a delegation to England to thcBrvtish ^^-g J^-^; 
 His Majesty for the privilege to settle in America and doN elop 
 fi^l-ieJon that coast. The King deemed the renues ii- 
 vorablo excuse to got clear of a turbulent elomont. an<l he g.no 
 
wo huiulvcd 
 real wuh its 
 ca. 11 liii'l 
 ; Buch a citj 
 u'liran "olo- 
 I'oiiiid ill till' 
 
 :e\v Euj^himl 
 ,' Cod harlior 
 •i>nt vuiit'tii's 
 iiul fiiniiHiu'd 
 lie strangers, 
 wna cl<\ly rv- 
 1(1 stimulatc'il 
 i; amoiis the 
 Smith, a man 
 • Europe. In 
 le coast l)or<l- 
 I'ul trade Avith 
 i-oturn to Eng- 
 
 to the elite of 
 ;8 touching the 
 Htirred up the 
 ted largely in 
 y and civil ser- 
 cnt; noblemen 
 nc ; clergymen 
 le to Massachu- 
 ^els came, and 
 y sought. The 
 n in weakness." 
 
 to the Britisii 
 iffected rommu- 
 Puritans. They 
 lent of the her- 
 a to take a hand 
 
 frame of mind 
 1 King imploring 
 irica and develop 
 the request a fa- 
 ipnt. and he gave 
 
 U)l 
 
 his consent readily, exclaiming, " So (ioil have my soul, 'lis an 
 linnest trade, 'twas tiie vVpostle's own calling." Having thus 
 <.litiiined tiic Koyal sanction, tiie Puritans left the old for the 
 new worl.l. After nmch trii)ulation they came, they saw, they 
 coiKinered,— they made Plymouth Kock the corner stone of the 
 great li'pulilic, and the result is before the worUl. 
 
 The Ihitish gover.iment has always heeii partial to the " home 
 merchants." even at the expense of its colonial sulijeels. The 
 heroic pion<'ers who planted the lirst settlements in America 
 were seldom careil for, their best interests having often been 
 sacrificed in behalf of the home pets. In the early colonization 
 of NewfoiUKlland tiie shore boat fisheries were destroyed in the 
 belief that such destruction would help the home licet on tiie 
 banks. This ruin spread broadcast for several years, entailing 
 nmch hardsiiip and distress among the liardy islanders. 
 
 The British government extended little protection to the 
 New England settlers. In their wars witii the neighlioring In- 
 dian tribes they relied wholly on their own resources; they 
 " feared (lod and kept their powder dry," and maintained whole- 
 some government at every hazard. The French Acadians on 
 tlie borders were fast increasing in prosperity and power,— an 
 •' irrepressible conllict " existed between the races, and disputes 
 were common, often ending in sanguhiary liroils. The heroic 
 lisherinen of Massachusetts determined to clean their old en- 
 emies out of American waters entirely, and the capture of Lou- 
 isburg was planned. In 174,") the merchants of New England 
 combined into a league for a iinal struggle for supremacy-. 
 They furnished vessels and the sinews of war. The fishermen 
 manned the fleet ; medianies, lumbermen and fanners joined the 
 ranks. The expedition was conducted by Wni. Teperell, a 
 (isherman from Alaine, " A more undisciplined body of men 
 never embarked to attempt the reduction of a Availed city, 'i'hc 
 scinadron commanded by "Warren, and ordered to co-operate 
 with I'eperell, arrived in time to share in the jK-rils and honors 
 of the siege. The colonial fleet and the ships of the royal 
 navy kept up a close blockade. The colonists on shore, without 
 11 regular encampment, lodged in huts built of turf and bushes ; 
 with straps across their sliolilders they drugged cannon in 
 sledges over morasses impassable with wheels. Making jest of 
 military subordination they fired at marks, fished and fowled, 
 r:ieed and wrestled, and chased after the balls sjiot from the 
 
Fronch uun>. Bu.Uy nlu'lloml, an.l .sl.auHlocl by toil in mu.l 
 
 Uo au.l exposure in a coM un.i ,o,,y climate, liftoon 
 
 In l-ame s Ik uu.l nnlll for duty. Still the s.e.e was 
 
 : .a ; U. surpassing energy, with son.e Hkill an.l eonra.o 
 
 ; .uallea; nine tlumsana cannon balls were cl.seh-r«.^ 
 
 y asluilants. The French eonnnan.ler snbnntted on 
 
 ,iV ninth .lav ..f the invesln.ent. The v.etors entered the 
 
 nil" or tlie western world an>u.ed a, their own aelneve- 
 
 "t:;;^ ':'';:. that tl. Bntlsh ,overnn.ent restored I.c.i. 
 ,..,^ laerwanls to the Freneh, in exehan.e for -no .shuuh^ 
 the Indies, yet the blow was struck wh.ch opened the C,u 1 o 
 S T aire . e to the Saxon. The British nat.on ,ave httle 
 ^.td to the colonial lishern.en Ibr their daring exi.lo.ts ; .n ense 
 'prevailed, instigated by the wonderful strules w neh the 
 N^ England colonists were n.aking in developing the hshenes 
 aud commerce. This feeling llnds an illustrat.on .n a wr.ter ol 
 t at pe rod : '' New England," he said, '' is the most dangerous 
 laton to this kingdom in America; none arc so apt at 
 hXlg o so nnaVdled for the nurturing of sean.n. by 
 If their cod and mackerel nsheries. In n.y opunon 
 s nothing more prejudicial and in prospect n,ore danger- 
 II to my n^oUier country than the increase ol slnps .n he. 
 
 '"Thflmperial Parliament drank deep of this poision and took 
 11,0 tal steps .vhich severed valuable branches from the parent 
 Z^^S^^^ 1'ody passed a law for the ruin of the M. 
 ^^s n New England, high prohibitory duties were lev.ed on 
 I e. "ducts of tie foreign colonies in the West Inches land.ng 
 New England. In executing those measures the revenue 
 oliee s .vercr subjected to abuse, and in son.e cases, to bod. 
 cl St sonent. The people were ear..est in .t.rr.ng np a war. 
 0^0 tion to this oppressive statute. ''Cheap sw.ete.nng 
 be "une the password to f.re the northern heart, -a text wh.ch 
 r^; Otis expo«..ded with tellb.g elfect. In all the com... o^ 
 io"s through which our country has since passed - the wars 
 the ...;ther country and the awful rebellion .n he sout .-^ 
 .heroic deeds of the lishermen shine in h.etor.c brass. The 
 I'ee^ "iX-ut" of the ''Horton" de...onstrales the dar.ng 
 
 vilnv of the iisher.iia.i. 
 
 Fishermen as a class co,.sun.e less f.sh than is generally sup- 
 
jil in mini 
 iito, lllti'on 
 ■ sicjic WtlH 
 11(1 roiinii;*' 
 discliar{j;t'<l 
 tuil on tl>t! 
 •uli'ml tlu' 
 VII tirhii'Vi'- 
 
 orcil liOiiis- 
 c iHhviulH in 
 the C.nll" of 
 iravc little 
 )itH ; intense 
 es which the 
 tlic llshories 
 1 a writer of 
 st dangerous 
 re BO apt at 
 seamen, hy 
 my opinion 
 iiore ilanger- 
 sliips in hov 
 
 lion and took 
 m the parent 
 1 of the lish- 
 jre levied on 
 ndies landing 
 I the revenue 
 8CS, to bodily 
 g up a warm 
 sweetening " 
 - a text which 
 1 the coniinO' 
 ed — the wars 
 1 tlie south -- 
 c brass. The 
 ites the daring 
 
 generally sup- 
 
 |l)u 
 
 posed; tiiey seldom Inui li the coarse-grained portions,— tiie 
 jowl, lii», tongue, sound and nape constitute tiieir (Ish diet. 
 Learned physiologists assert tiiat sweet fresh llsli, i)roper!y 
 cool^ed, ali'ords thi" most desiral>l(^ brain food and healthy 
 nourishment for intellectuid (level<)l>ment ; tiiis theory accounts 
 in part for the success among llshernu'u. As a refornuilory 
 school the (Ishing cralt alfords genial scope to the nu)st un- 
 governable youth ; the keen desire to he high line, and the burn- 
 hig ambition to lead in sailing, renders this calling the most 
 ai'ceptabh-. Msmy a runaway boy has risen to honorable 
 positions of trust "through this live industry. Poor boys engage 
 in it at an early age. The season embraces eight months, whieli 
 is devoted to lilting, lishing and curing; the few inclement 
 months alford an opportunity for acquiring the rudiments of 
 cducatit)n in the j^oor boy's college — the free sehools. From 
 such himible beginnings some have risen lo.eommereial renown ; 
 the Pattens, Cushings, Collins, Bacons, Howes, Fosters, Bakers, 
 Nickersons, llydcrs, Lombards. Westons, Holmes', Baxters, 
 llallets, Sturgis, Grinnells. and others among our merchant 
 princes now basking in wealth, have won their earliest laurels 
 at the cod-line. 
 
 LogiHliltiOIl friendly to the development of our lisheries is 
 now earnestly demandetl and appeals warmly to our govern- 
 ment. The depressed condition of our shipping unites in this 
 call. Commendable ellbrts have been put forth to stinuilatc 
 shipbuilding. Wc submit a few practical suggestions to the 
 -assembled wisdom" of our country touching the needed 
 measures most likely to stimulate our llsliol'ics, and the devel- 
 opment of our commerce : 
 
 First — A governmental subsidy, payable on the products of 
 the sea. 
 
 Second — The immediate incorporation of British America 
 with our country. 
 
 Lastly— The creation of a department in our government 
 stipervising our fisheries and commerce. 
 
 The maritime nations of northern Europe have, from time 
 inunemorial, encouraged the fisheries — a policy which has been 
 crowned with happy success. Denmark pays large sums amui- 
 ally for developing the lisheries around Iceland and Greenland ; 
 that industry has attained great proportions, and is earnestly 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 
inusocM.tea wilh ^uod icM.lls. The llrili.h l>arliaim.iit ^0. 
 nnutoa direct subsidies to the lishing vessels from the Lmted 
 Ivin.'.lun. emi-loved in the American fisheries; mdirectfaciht.es 
 nreulso extended to the Imsiness; the capital invested is free 
 from taxation, and the outfits are obtained in bond, sav,n- con- 
 siderable to tlu>se en-iajicd in the l)usiness. 
 
 The French government have, for centuries, -iven the o-reatesl 
 premium on llsh. From tl>e interesting report on the Amenean 
 Ki.l.eries, by Hon. Lorenzo Sabine, and printed by the Secretary 
 ol-the Trea;urv in 1853, we learn that the National Assembly 
 of France has^assed a law of the following tenure relative to 
 the great maritime fisheries, June -ilth, and J-.ly Dth and iiM, 
 
 CnAi' 1 Cod Fishery. From the 1st of Jan., 1S52, to the 
 :5oS"o; June, 1.S01, the bounty granted for the encouragement 
 Mf the cod-lisherv will be as follows : 
 
 1 St- Bounty on outfit. Fifty francs per maii of the c ev 
 
 1 .^ in tl,P lisherv either on the coast of Newfoundland, 
 
 TS^ Ws^and th Seloll or ^ the Grand B.nk, and possess- 
 
 , „■ .hvulr nlace Fifty francs per man of the crew employed 
 llft^^'SKheiy without i drying place. ™rty francs 
 
 " r min of the crew employed in the lishety on "^l- Grand B^^^^^^^ 
 ,• Newfoundland, and without a drying place. Fifteen fiancs 
 or m u of the crew employed in the Dogger Bank fishery. 
 ^ si mui- Bounty on the produce of the fishery. Twenty 
 n-uics er metric quintal of dry codfish, the produce of the 
 li.uus pu n LI , ■ 1 pitiiev direct from the fishing es- 
 
 StSo/?ri^rSpSt:of France, for the markets of the 
 kS X^ of An.eriea and India, or for the settlement on 
 he west coast of Africa and other transatlantic countries. iV.- 
 i always, That the fish be landed at a port wliei-e there s 
 /Frc'.c Consul. Sixteen francs per metric <iuii. al o dr^ 
 ixf 1 he P oduce of the French fishery, shipped either direc 
 he f H in- settlements, or from the ports of France, and 
 SuiS I nZ eountnes of Europe -^ the fore^. ^^te^ on 
 the shores of the Mediterranean, Sardinia and Algena 1 en 
 exec ed. Sixteen francs per metric (luinta of dry cod 
 ho mo luce of the French fishery, that may be imported into 
 e F e ch Colonies of America and India, "'- . «tl»«;->ransat an- 
 o coil ries where such fish are exported from the ports of 
 France wthout having been landed. Twelve francs per me m 
 wni nf .Irv codfish the produce of the French fishery, ship- 
 •'"V'\t S ux^inK an Algeria, either direct from the fishing 
 S 1 meiits or ^om the ports' of France. Twenty francs per 
 , i? uintal of the liar.l roe of codfish, the produce of the 
 Yvlnch fishery, brought into France by their fishing vessels. 
 
 Metric quintal -220'i lbs. 
 
uufiil npiiiu- 
 II the Unitt'tl 
 ircct fiicilitics 
 ■estcd is frco 
 I, siiviiv;' con- 
 
 11 tlipp,rc!itost 
 tlio Aimniojui 
 Iho SoiTotary 
 i\i\,\ Assoinl)ly 
 irc vcliitivc to 
 'Jill ami '2-2([, 
 
 , l«5-2, to tlic 
 nt'OurivgeiUL'ut 
 
 1 of tlio crew 
 iewfoundland, 
 :, and possoss- 
 jrew employed 
 
 Thirty francs 
 .0 Grand Bank 
 Fifteen francs 
 ik fishery, 
 lery. Twenty 
 iroducc of the 
 the fishinu; es- 
 niarkets of the 
 
 settlement on 
 'onntries. Prn- 
 wherc there is 
 (piintal of dry 
 ?d either direct 
 of France, and 
 eign States on 
 
 Algeria being 
 )f dry codfish, 
 
 imported into 
 ther transatlan- 
 m the ports of 
 mcs per metric 
 h fishery, ship- 
 om the fishing 
 enty francs per 
 produce of the 
 ing vessels. 
 
 lo:. 
 
 The Dominion of C'aiiiida pays liberal subsidies in developing 
 the fisheries, and the business is cfirnestly prosecuted with ap- 
 l)arcnt success. The completion of the railroad to Halifax, and 
 the prospective benefit from the "Treaty of Washington," will 
 stimulate tho colonial fisheries and rear a grand commerce. 
 
 The fishing industry engaged the most earnest attention of 
 our early statesmen ; tho »var of Independence sprung out of 
 measures directly atl'ecting that business. The restoration of 
 peace, the adoption of the Federal Constitution, and tho wheels 
 of government being in motion, the time was opportune for in- 
 uuguratinif measures of relief to the fishermen. In 1790, 
 President Washington, in his annual message, submitted to 
 Congress, that "The navigation and the fisheries of the United 
 States arc objects too interesting not to inspire a disposition to 
 l)r()inote them by all means which shall appear to us consistent 
 with their natural progress and permanent prosperity." Con- 
 gress acted on that wise policy and appropriated a specific sub- 
 sidy, graduated to the capacity of the vessels emploj'cd in the 
 fisheries. In 1802, President Jefferson urged upon Congress 
 tlie propriety of fostering our fisheries " as nurseries of navi- 
 gation and the nurture of man." Here we behold the master 
 mind of the period leading in the path of progress, " the man 
 of great ideas," who, in the Declaration of Independence, in- 
 dicted the British King for open violation of English laws ; the 
 political economist, who, in the very first year of our national 
 existence, equipi)ed Lcdyard and sent that famous traveler to 
 tlie northwest coast of our continent for the puipose of finding 
 tlic Columbia river and its facilities for commerce ; the far-seeing 
 piitriot under whose auspices Lewis and Clark crossed to the 
 Pacific to locate a national route ; the philosophic brain which 
 stimulated Astor to plant an American colony in the wilds of 
 Oregon to develop the fur trade among the Indian tribes in those 
 regions, and to inaugurate commercial intercourse with the 
 people of eastern Asia ; this live statesman now prevails on 
 Congress to weld the connecting link in the chain of American 
 destiny, by subsidizing the fisheries as the sure nursery of a 
 mighty commerce. The committee to whom this matter was 
 referred, submitted that " There was too much reason to believe 
 ihat both the whaling and codfishcries had been for some time 
 on the decline. ... As a means to reanimate them they 
 ro(>ommcnd that vessels actuallvemploved in the fisheries sliojdd 
 
 u 
 
 
 ;p 
 
 'h 
 
Ii.h; 
 
 1,01 be subjected to the payiuent of tumiaye <luty : tbnt IIsIkt- 
 luen sUouia bo exempt from the charge of hospital money ; and 
 that the bounty under existing laws shonld be paid in eases ol 
 sliipwreek." This recommendation Avas adopted, and the fislung- 
 industry prospered for a season. The embargo proved disastrous, 
 nmeh distress prevailed; the war witli England eoniplete.! the 
 ruin of the business; many vessels were captured or destroyed, 
 whieh inflicted untold hardships on the iishing eonmmnities. 
 After the proclamation of peace Congress came to the rescue, 
 high duties were levied on all imported flsh, and healthy *le- 
 velopmcnt followed. In 1810 Congress increased the bounty ; 
 vessels imdcr thirty tons obtained three dollars and a hall, 
 lar<rer vessels four dollars per ton ; no vessel received over three 
 hundred and sixty dollar's in one season. The subsidy thus 
 provided was subject to conditions, as to men and the tune de- 
 voted to the fisheries. Tlie premium paid stinudated connneroe 
 along the eastern coast; swift vessels have been launched; 
 oceans and seas have been explored ; islands and reels have 
 been discovered ; the monsters of the deep have been captured ; 
 the sails of our fleets have whitened every bay ; the bounds o( 
 civilization have been extended, and the " Star Spangled ban- 
 ner" has waved in the uttermost parts of the earth. The r;.ic- 
 cess which has crowned the governmental bounty exceeded 
 the most sanguine expectations of its early advocates. This 
 wonderful prosperity excited the jealousy and animosity of the 
 ac^rieultural sections in the south and west, and a virulent 
 crusade was fomented against it. On the 20th of Feb., 18a2, 
 the following circular from the Treasury Department was issued 
 to the Collectors of Customs : 
 
 " For the pux-pose of producing uniformity in the requirements 
 of proof by Collectors who are charged with the allowance of 
 bounty on the tonnage of vessels employed in the codfisherics, 
 it has been deemed advisable to embody the existing regula- 
 tions. ... No fishing vessel of which the fishermen are 
 compensated for their services on board by wages is entitled to 
 liounty. ... No fishing vessel is entitled to the l)0unty 
 unless it is proved that the master and three-fourths of her 
 crew are citizens of the United States. . . • From the 
 original act of 1792, changing the drawback on dried fish ex- 
 ported, to bounty on tonnage employed in the eodfisheries, it 
 1ms been held that to entitle any vessel to l.ounty. she must have 
 
; tl\iit lisliiT- 
 monoy ; and 
 1 ill cases of 
 11(1 the fishing- 
 odclisastrous, 
 'oini>lctc(l llif 
 or destroyed, 
 communities, 
 to the rescue, 
 i\ liealtliy de- 
 l the bounty ; 
 3 and a ludf, 
 ived over tlnee 
 I subsidy thus 
 I the time dc- 
 ited commerce 
 een launched ; 
 ind reefs have 
 been captured ; 
 the bounds oC 
 Spangled IJan- 
 rth. The r;.ic- 
 )unty exceeded 
 Ivocates. This 
 nimosity of the 
 ami a vinilent 
 I of Feb., 1852, 
 nent Avas issued 
 
 he requirements 
 ic allowance of 
 ihc codflsheries, 
 existing regulu- 
 e fishermen are 
 es is entitled to 
 I to the bounty 
 j.fourths of her 
 . . From the 
 m dried fish eS- 
 e codflsheries, it 
 tv. wliemust have 
 
 1U7 
 
 Ijccn employed e\chi.si\ely in catching coiljlsh fur the purpose <>/ 
 heinrj dried. . . . Xo part of ti voyage., in which halibut, 
 mackerel, or an>i other fish are taken as well as cod, can be 
 reckoned as a portion of the time required by law; the fare must 
 be regarded as one of mixed fishery, which cannot be taken into 
 computation of the time required for bounty. . . . IJut tlie 
 taking of mackerel by any vessel under codfish license is regarded 
 as a violation of the license laivs; such illegal Jishery during any 
 
 seasomcill forfeit all claim to bounty for that season 
 
 Vessels employed in taking lish for sale in a fresh condition, '/>s 
 well asjish to beprescrred by pickling, are not within the bounty 
 laws, and no voyage in which such fisheries arc pursued can Ije 
 legally computed as any part of the period retiuired for the al- 
 lowance of bounty." 
 
 This extinguisher was carried out to the letter by the revenue 
 agents, and oi)erated to closv the subsidy to many fishermen. 
 Secretary Cobb drove the last nail in the coffin when he issued 
 his constructions to his sul)oi'dinates. Xo matter how just the 
 claim, the master (jf a \essel could not obtain the fishing Ijounty 
 except through open perjury. Thus, no honest man would, 
 under the circumstances, apply for it, and the humble nursery of 
 our commerce " died of a rose in aromatic pain," 
 
 In view of the premium which commercial nations arc an- 
 nually paying to their fishermen, and the depressed condition of 
 our shipping interest, Congress should nc^v step to tlic Acrge of 
 its power in subsidizing the American fisheries on a scale com- 
 mensurate with their extent and value. 
 
 All vessels participating in our fisheries should be built, rig- 
 ged and equipped out of the products of our country ; to cany 
 a specified number of boys as a i)art of the crew, and to devote 
 six mouths in fitting, fishing, curing and marketing fish ; vessels 
 thus employed to receive governmental subsidy on the produce 
 of the salt fisheries, one cent per pound on dry, and one half 
 cent per pound on pickled fish. This bounty falls much lowei 
 than that annually paid by the French government to its fisher- 
 men. 
 
 It has been shown that the '• Yankees" captured J.ouislturg 
 and opened the Gulf of St, Lawrence and the adjacent llsjiing 
 grounds to the Saxons. Through a bloody l)ai)lisni they won 
 their title to those regions : conscious of their rights, they and 
 their dcsccudcuts have resorted to the pro\ incial ^^ atcrs in qucbL 
 
 
lli.s 
 
 ur irciisuros hitful lliciu. The peuiiU- 
 oC tlip maritiino colonics have realizcl 
 hail onr nshcnncn as " ministering angels." 
 wc witnessed many acts of kindness IVoiu tlu 
 
 (luiiiieileil on Uie slioivs 
 
 substantial licnelits, and 
 
 In oiu' lioyliooil 
 
 American tislu r- 
 
 men to our country people on Trince Kdward Island. We l<now 
 tiiat the generosity of the " Yankees " have won the grateful ap- 
 preciation of the inlial)itants, and that a majority are anxious 
 f„r immediate union with the I'nited States. The hardy toilers 
 in Newfoundland arc also knocking for admission ; neither 
 threats or l)landishmcnts sulllccd to rope them in with the Ca- 
 nadians. From Nova Scotia we have the " glad tidings " tliat 
 tlie heroic fishermen along that coast are most earnest for " a 
 closer walk " with onr republic. Tlio railroad to Halifax will 
 bind the union and consummate the nuptials. New Knmswick. 
 sandwiclied in, will "follow the lead" of her more advanced 
 neighbors, and, like ripe fruit, will on some fnic morning fall of 
 its own weight into I'ncle Sannicl's basket. :Mantil)0 has been 
 heard from ; Rielly and his compatriots have given some strik- 
 ing yearnings for a change. Britisli Columbia has spoken 
 in^'plain lang'iiage to her JIajesty, Victoria ; the people of thai 
 romantic colony, with womlerful unanimity, petitioned rresident 
 Crant to have mercy upon them, and to incoiiiorate them witli 
 the universal Yankee nation. 'I'hus we observe the commercial 
 interests along the entire seaboard of the " Dominion" seeking 
 closer relation, and "a more perfect imion" with our country. 
 
 The i)Coplc of Canada will soon see the great benefits to be 
 realized from an early incorporation into our family of States. 
 Tlie great Northwest is fast developing in material wealth ; that 
 prolific section depends mainly on the St. Lawrence as the nat- 
 ural channel to the markets of northwestern Kurope. The early 
 completion of the North Pacific Railroad through a fertile belt 
 of land and terminating at Lake Superior, will stimulate indus- 
 try. The Welland Canal affords a shallow channel for trans- 
 porting the vast products of the farm, forest and the sea. Iii- 
 ternarimprovemcnts commensurate with the requirements of 
 commerce must be inaugurated ; spacious canals arc demanded, 
 which call for cnormotis expenditures ; hundreds of millions 
 nuist be forthcoming to consummate those great measures so 
 l)cneficial to our country in general, and particularly U> (he 
 Northwest coast. 
 
Id'.l 
 
 1 llif >lu)ii's 
 liciu'litH, aiitl 
 :>m' boyliootl 
 ■ricaii lislu I- 
 . We know 
 3 grateful ai)- 
 arc anxious 
 hardy toilers 
 ion ; neither 
 with the Ca- 
 itlings" tliat 
 rnest for '' a 
 Halifax will 
 ft- Bninswielv. 
 are advanceil 
 orning fall vl' 
 ibo has been 
 » some strilv- 
 i lias spoken 
 eople of that 
 ned President 
 tc them ^vitll 
 c coinmcreial 
 lion " seeking 
 nir country, 
 tcnefits to be 
 ily of States. 
 1 wealth; that 
 L'C as the nat- 
 ie. The early 
 a fertile belt 
 imulatc indus- 
 lel for trans- 
 the sea. Iii- 
 quircniciits of 
 arc demanded, 
 :1s of millions 
 t measures so 
 cularlv to (lie 
 
 Her Majesty's sulijeets in iJrilisli America iiavc made luiii- 
 meiulable advancement in material and intellectual progress. 
 Tliey liave been nurtured in Die princii)lcs of tlie great cliarterof 
 ri'cedom, and are well (|ualilied to maintain liberal self-govern- 
 ment. They liave made liealthy strifles in developing industry 
 and meehaniKni ; they will eomc into our I'nion on the Itroad 
 l)h\{funn ^)l' cffunl n'ljhtK. Tlie C'anadas and the maritime colo- 
 nies will enter as Sovereign States, reserving to their respecti\e 
 legislatures tlie control of local atfairs. Mantibo and Ihitish 
 ColinnViia sliould be admitted as Territories, under the same res- 
 traints and subject to the same laws regulating atfairs in "Wyom- 
 ing, Idaho and other territories. 
 
 Tliis policy oilers the best method for settling the " Horton" 
 case, and the surest guarantee for the future maintenance of 
 harmony and good will. Healthy progress will follow ; peace- 
 ful coinmerce will thrive ; the tishermen will comiiete for the 
 treasures of the deep under tlic protecting ivgis of tlie Union 
 jhig, with none to molest them ; shipbuilding will be stimulated 
 under "</*e neio dispensation ;" mechanical labor will lie in active 
 ilemand, and our peojilc will rejoice " in the good time coming." 
 Our government should lead in this measure. President Grant 
 should earnesti}' recommend this theme in his forthcoming mes- 
 sage. Congress may take timely heed and pass liberal enabling 
 acts inviting the Britisli colonists into the great national house- 
 hold. Every etlbil should be put forth tending to unite tlie great 
 .\nglo Saxon race in the bonds of political \mU\ and fraternal 
 lirotherhood. As a native of British America, we do hope to 
 sec that vast domain unitetl to tlus great Republic. We hail the 
 healthy progress annually made to this end, and Avill rejoice in 
 the early reunion as a step in the right direction. 
 
 The acquisition of Alaska has added much to our scanty fish- 
 ing grounds. The prospective incorporation of the inaritime 
 provinces of British America with our country will enlarge our 
 facilities. Such broad banks, teeming with spontaneous treas- 
 ures, afford an inexhaustible nursery for rearing a gi'and com- 
 merce. Friendly legislation will quicken the development of 
 this prolific industry. Political eco7io7nists can devise no surer 
 2>olicy for reviving our shipbuilding than by extending material en- 
 couragement to our fisheries. A specific department of our gov- 
 ernment should be created to supervise this l.iranch of national in- 
 dustry. All vessels employed in the whaling, walrus, sealing or 
 
no 
 
 v.ll i\>ih\u'r, sUoul.l lu> liiniiHlu-a witli l.liiuk log-hookb and diurU 
 nmtis. irisoovcries of (isliins gioun.ls or otlicv useful infornm- 
 ;•„„, toufhint? the fishoiios. should l.o freely dissou.iuated lu nu- 
 „„al reports nuion- o.u' lishernieu. It is time that organic 
 measures should he inaugurated. Congress should move ear- 
 nestly in the matter, to the en-l that the fisheries of our country 
 uiiiy he properly developed. 
 
 CONCISION. 
 Th»' humhle suggestions herein suhihitted are founde.l on oh- 
 M.rvations noted in .liflerent countries d(uing the imst f<.rly 
 v,..ir^ We conunend them to the careful attention of thinking 
 ;„inds iu the hope that a more liberal policy may bo adoi.ted in 
 iK.halfofourllshing industry, our depressed shipping in gen- 
 ial, and the Northwest Coast in particular. 
 
 " Westward the course of Empire tnkes its way, 
 
 The first four acts already past; 
 The nflh shall crown the drama of the day, 
 Time's noblest oflfepring is the last." 
 
 POSTSCRIPT. 
 
 In descrii)ing the northwest coast and the shores of Siberia, 
 we have undertaken " a big thing ;" 100,000 miles of shore line 
 lived with the warm stream from Japan, and teeming with visi- 
 ble and invisible treasures, forms a large subject to be demon- 
 ate n a pamphlet of one hundred pages. During our voyag- 
 ing on the North Pacific we have visited many places and vi - 
 osse some of the resources herein set forth. In conhrmation 
 f our observations we have quoted well known authorities : 
 UrDSson, Superintendent of the Pacific Coast Survey, 
 (AMl;"ltThon;asam\l)avis,of the United States army, have 
 
 '"in S^mlnSiS'pugct Sound and its beautm.1 scenery and 
 elimate, we have drawn^nuch on Wilkes, David.son, Stevens 
 F Se s, Evans, Garfield and other experts. In behalt of the 
 herd^c fishermen of ancient and modern times, we have rnainly 
 
 Xl on Hons. Henry Wheaton and Lorenzo Sabine. We arc 
 mscio s (^ many deilcts which we hope to amend. We eaniestly 
 
 ,S he co-operation of intelligent lishermen to the end tha 
 ir-s work ma/ contribute to the proper f velopjnent^of^on, 
 
 fisheries. .,1,3-, 
 
 Gloucesxlk, Ma.33., Nov. o, 18a. 
 
 \ 
 
and chail.s 
 il infunna- 
 loil in an- 
 it organic 
 niovo «'!ii- 
 ur funntry 
 
 Ii'd (Ml oil- 
 past loi'ty 
 )1" llunkin<i' 
 ailopU'd in 
 ng in gon- 
 
 y, 
 
 of Siberia, 
 f shore line 
 g with visi- 
 be ilenion- 
 ; onr voyag- 
 >s and wit- 
 onflnnation 
 [inthoritics : 
 \st Survey, 
 army, ha^•c 
 
 seen or}' and 
 n, Stevens, 
 .>half of the 
 lavc mainly 
 c. We are 
 Ve earnestly 
 ,he end, that 
 ment of onr 
 lONALD. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Aciiulsllion of CaUforniii Coast Islands, 
 
 North I'acKlc Ocoim— Tcniperature, Winds, IJulnfall, Foijs, Fisli, 
 
 Fishing (i rounds, Ilccta, Cape Flattery Hanks, 
 
 Oregon, Washington Territory, British Columbia, waters and llsh, 
 
 Acciuisliioii of Alaska — Topography, Islands and Climate, 
 
 Japaucsc Stream, Kanisehatka Current, 
 
 Winds, Timber, Minerals, 
 
 Fishing Banks— Cod, Halibut and Salmon, 
 
 Fur-bearing Animals, Gray and Fur Seal, 
 
 An Act to I'revent the Extermination of Fur-bearing Animals, 
 
 Proclamation of tlio Collector of San Francisco, 
 Walrus, Whales, Population, 
 Siberia— Climate, Kesources, Population, 
 Bherlng Sea Currents, 
 Salt, Turk's Island, Sail Lake, 
 Curing Fish, Cooperage, Outllts, Markets, 
 A Plea for Puget Sound, 
 Topography, Climate, Productions, 
 Rivers, Farming Lands, Soil, 
 Minerals— -Iron, Coal, Silver and Gold, 
 Timber, Water Power, 
 Indians, Traders, Pioneers, 
 Towns— Port Townsend, Seattle, 
 Steilacoom, Olympla and Turowater, 
 Milling and Mining Towns, 
 Commercial Statistics, Lumbering, Shipbuilding, 
 Report of San Francisco Board of Underwriters, 
 Ship " Wildwood" at San Francisco, 
 Northwest Coast, Harbors, Montery and San F'rancisco, 
 Columbia River — Entrance and Ice, 
 Puget Sound Scenery, Wilkes, 
 Jefferson. Ledyard, Astor, Fur Trade, 
 Railroad Explorations, Distances, N. P. R. R., 
 Transcontinental and Asiatic Commerce, 
 I'opulatlon of Washington Territory, Schools, Churches, Press, 
 
 Hotels, 
 Industries, Foundries, Tanneries, Bootmaking, Health, 
 United States Census for 1870, 
 Recapitulation, Westward, Ho ! Conclusion, 
 Triumphs of the Fishermen, 
 Legislation Requisite for the Fisheries, 
 Postscript, 
 
 I'tlHi', 
 
 .s, ii 
 
 13, 
 
 14 
 
 ir.. 
 
 Ki 
 
 21, 
 
 L'll 
 
 T., 'JC, 
 
 L'8 
 
 -'!», 
 
 30 
 
 itOf 
 
 no 
 
 iO, 40, 
 
 42 
 
 46, 
 
 47 
 
 
 48 
 
 
 49 
 
 .-.0, 
 
 51 
 
 
 r,-2 
 
 -,;{, 
 
 r.5 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 69 
 
 
 GO 
 
 
 Gl 
 
 
 G4 
 
 
 G6 
 
 
 CO 
 
 07 
 
 ,08 
 
 
 69 
 
 
 70 
 
 
 78 
 
 
 77 
 
 78 
 
 80 
 
 81 
 
 ,83 
 
 
 84 
 
 
 85 
 
 s, 
 89 
 
 ,90 
 
 
 91 
 
 
 92 
 
 93, 94 
 
 ,95 
 
 
 90 
 
 
 103 
 
 
 no 
 
ADVEUTISING DEPARTMENT. 
 
 S. N. COOPER, 
 LINCOLISr MILLS, 
 
 TUMWATER, W. T., 
 
 DEM.KK IN 
 
 Flour, Feed, Corn Meal, and Gr^in oJ[^alM<inds. 
 
 t;. A. ISAltSKS. 
 
 E. 1-. SMITH. 
 
 W. H. AVERY. 
 
 G. A. BARNES A GO.^ 
 
 BANKERS, BROKERS, 
 
 AM> 
 
 Oeneral I-antl Agents, 
 OLYMPIA, WASHINGTON TERRITORY. 
 
 TAXES TAin FOR NON-RESIDKNTS, ETC. 
 
 MAPS. 
 WASHINGTON TERRITORY 
 
 >Vest of tl^e Cascades. 
 
 SCALE -4 MILES TO 1 INCH. MAP -4 1-2 BY 5 FEET IN SIZE. 
 Lai.a Survoys. Iiuliau ami llovoniuici.t Reserves, SoinuliiiKs, I'niivic. aii.l Tide 
 
 ^''"Knam^oa'l.y tl.o oflirors of tho rnito.l Staton Lan-l Ollious an.l Coa.t Survey a^ 
 tlip best Map (-'xtaut. ,., , .,_, 
 
 Evoiv quarter of RUivoyc.l laiul can 1»' locato.l on this Map as ica.lily "-^ '"' •"" 
 T,an(\ onlce plati<. 
 
 Pocket Edition, Book Form, ;'" ■^'tnn 
 
 Mounted on Rollers, Colored and VarnUIied, complete, 8 00 
 
 For sale hy " ^ Z A T!P STEVENS. _ 
 
 sent by iBiiil on rei'cipt of money. Olynipin, W.I. 
 
 ■-_ 
 
^NT. 
 
 S, 
 
 .11 kinds. 
 
 -. 11. AVEKV. 
 
 ERS, 
 
 ORY. 
 
 rORY 
 
 :et in size. 
 
 ruivic^ ami Tiile 
 Conn Siirvoy :i> 
 [•eniUly hh mi tin' 
 
 sarFO 
 
 plete, 8 00 
 
 5VENS, 
 
 l>lymi)in, W. T. 
 
 A I ) V Kini SI N( i 1 )KrA HTM KNT. 
 
 Tacoma Hotel, 
 
 Silas Oalliher, Proprietor. 
 
 No pains will be spared to make this the best. 
 Hotel in the Territory. 
 
 4^ The Tiilile will nlwayx contain the very Itenl the iimiktt Hllords.-** 
 MAIN STUEKT, OLYMPIA, W. T. 
 
 THE OX.^S'IMI^PI-A. 
 
 The Oldest Newspaper In the Teppitory. 
 
 The only Democratic Journal west of the Cas 
 
 cade Mountains. 
 
 .Mi 
 
 KKRIAH HKOWN, E<Utor. 
 
 JOHN M. Mt'lU'IIV, rublJHlim 
 
 Terms of 8ubs<;rl|)tlon i-Per annum, invarliOily in iiclviuve, ♦3,00. Kor .hi" 
 inontliH. $2,00. 
 
 «5r Advoillhlng at the lowoKt living rate.'^. ^^^ 
 
 PUBLISHED EVERY EVENING, 
 
 A-t Olympia, ^Washington Territory. 
 
 TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION: 
 
 rev year. »s,0<i. Six months, |i4,00. One numth, tUX). 
 
 Advertising on Roat<onable Tt'vnif*. 
 
 WEEKLY PACIFIC TRIBUNE, 
 
 rUBLISIIED EVERY SATl'RDAY, 
 
 At«3pcr annum, in advance; six months, S2. Advertising on moderate tcii.rf 
 
 CHABIiES FROSCH & SOX, 
 
 Publishers and Proprle«.oi .-•.. 
 
 TliE FEOI'LE'S I>-A.FEIl. 
 
 PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT 
 
 Olympia, -VTashingrton Tei-i-itor^/.^ 
 
 E. T. GUNN, Editor and Proprietor. 
 
 »._ 
 
Al)\ i;KTlSlN(i DKl'AUr.MKM'- 
 
 A JouvMal lor the b^resicU'. 
 TcniporaiKO, Edncatioii and Moral Kefonn. 
 
 JTBLISIIKI) KVi:UY TlUHsnAV, AP OlAMlMA. W. T. 
 
 Tcnll^ (.lSiil)Si'iii>li(>n-r. T iiiimiiii. in iii\v:iui'f, * l.iKL 
 ,.l..VKNKN.Emtor. J. II. MIN.ON. ITo.Mle 
 
 HANSON, ACKERSON k CO., 
 
 Cacoma Mills, . . . I-*u<?et Sound. 
 
 rn 
 
 IfS- I v cllt'iil I'iirililk'ti for biiililiiiK Vc.-'^t'l-. 
 
 Office, Pier 9, Stewart St., San^ Francisco . 
 
 Universityof Wa^ington Territory. 
 
 ■n,i„l..-tlliiliouw«soponeilf.Mthover.<i.ti..n of Students on Monday, tlio .Mil 
 :ay of So,.t.ml>cr, 1870, under the .•luuKO of I'llOK. .1. H. HALL, «s ITcldcnt. 
 COLLEOIATB DEPAHTMENT.-Tt.n.iH. pfr session of 14 w.-.-ks. $i:..t«). 
 I'KJEPAKATOKY DBPAHTMENT.-ToiiiiH, per ses:<ion of 1 1 week-, j-l I 
 iVCAUEMIC DEPAKTMENT.-Tennv, per ,<e^.<i..n of II weeks, #K to »1J. 
 COMMEKOIAI. DEPAKTBIENT.-Ternir. for full .nui-e. ioiki. 
 %IiiMi', Modern I,angnngef>, Piiintlnc eto.. extni. 
 Hou..: ror Young Men In fniverKity Hoarding llou-e. or for Youoi: L.Mie. ;,t 
 
 ,,»,. ie^iil«'i:oe of the Prt'Bident, per week, ».I,'>ii. 
 ISoani.ind Tuition payable always in advnnee. 
 
 Kor fn- tlier information artdretB the I'reiiidont. 
 
 •^^ Hv order of ihe Hoard of llegenl-. 
 
 >;catiie. W. T., Ift71. 
 
 18 PUBLISHED ON THE MOKNINGS OF 
 
 TUESDAY, THURSDAY and SATURDAY. 
 
 B. L. MiS.XWELL, l>roprietor. 
 SEATTLE, Washington Territopy. 
 
ftl>» 
 
 Kefonii. 
 
 . W. 1. 
 ')N, I'loinlcli'i- 
 
 coT 
 
 Soi ind. 
 
 SCO. 
 
 irritory. 
 
 Moiiiliiy, IhoMli 
 iM Prceldt'iit. 
 
 14 WtH'k:^. *l."l.t«). 
 
 of II Ht'ckJ, j"! t- 
 wooks, »Kloi|ilJ. 
 
 Yiniiiir I..i(lii'.'' :il 
 )illil (iI'llOK't'llI-*. 
 
 RDAY. 
 
 Drietor. 
 
 ,\|)\ i:iMIMN(i DKl'AKi'MKN'l'. 
 
 IIENllY L. YESLEU, 
 
 Seattle Lumber and Flour Mills. 
 
 lUMBER, FLOUR, COUNTRY PRODUCE, DRY GOODS, CROCKERY, 
 
 (JrocoiioH, llnnlwni*', FJirininjf Tools, cV«'. 
 
 Jolm Collins & Co., Propriolors. 
 
 Slil A-TTI^l^O, WasliiiiLrton Territory. 
 
 G. A. MEiasV W. H. OAULEY. 
 
 IvTElO-S Sc a- -A^ XJ Ij E "ST , 
 
 I'KOl'lillCTOHS OF 
 
 Port Madison Mills & Foundry. 
 
 Dsalors in SFAHS, FILES AND LUMBSE. 
 
 <;in-:.'<>r- liiini-lK'il 111 uiilir 111 sliDil iiolire unci on liberal terms. (jooU luiililkM 
 
 li«i- !<lii|)hiiililiiiu;. 
 
 A. 1. I'lil'K, 
 
 0/Jh;e I'ier I, Stewnrl St., San Pratuiuro, 
 
 W. C. TALBOT. 
 
 Agents for Puget Mill Gom'y^ 
 
 TEEKALET, W. T., 
 And Dealers in Lumber of all kinds. 
 
 Ol'lICi; PIEIJ 1-^ STEWAUT STUKKT, . . . SAN l'l!AN( IS< < ». 
 CABOOKS PUBNieHED TO OBDSR. 
 
A l)\ KK riM N( ; 1 )KrA HTM KNT 
 
 TEKKALET HOTEL, 
 
 COLLINS k JAMZSON, Froprietori, 
 TEEKALKT, WAHHIN GTON TERRITORY. 
 
 Port Townaend, Waehington Territory, 
 
 IMMt'KI) KVKKV TUKSDAY BY 
 
 niiyiiV L. SVTTON, . . Publiither and rt-otnletor, 
 
 TERMS OK 8UB8CKIPTION— Per Annum, In ailT^nre, IS; ill monthf, fi. 
 4VA(lverlUlng on moilerKte tcrm*,.CV 
 
 COSMOPOLITAN HOTi:i«^ 
 
 (KOKMEHLY 81UES' HOTEI-,) 
 
 I'OUT TOWNSENl), WASHINGTON TERIJITORY, 
 
 «-Ne(»re«tnolel to the Nionnilioat Landing.... Travelrri will flnO llie liett 
 n.Toimnodatlon to be had on I'ligel 8ouDd....8iilt» of Ho(tin» lor tamllU'i"... . 
 lermi moderate. J. J. HUNT, Proprietor. 
 
 o7i\GERmSH~& CO., 
 
 PORT TOWNSEND, WASH INGT ON TEBRITOBY. 
 
 Bellingham Bay Goal Mine, 
 
 WHATCOM, WASHINOTOIT TBEEITORY. 
 
 K. E. MTEKS, Local Manasbk. 
 K2* Cargoes delivered at short notice, on liberal terms. 
 
 BELLINOHAM BAT O OAIi CO.. Agent*, B>n FfMioUoo. 
 
 PROCTER BROTHERS, 
 rriiiters, Publishers, and dealers in Station- 
 ery, Room Paper, Fancy Goods, &c., 
 123 FRONT STREET, :j_: GLOUCESTER, MASS. 
 
 »f EditorB and Proprietors of the CAPE ANN ADVEUTISEK, puLIished ev- 
 tvv Kriday nioniiuB,— an excellent medium for advovtiBcrH. 
 
 «-8oie 1 >o,.rieu.rB of NATURE'S HAIR RESTORATIVE, ti.o Wob.Ui 
 of iliu Aye! 
 
ITORY, 
 
 Y, 
 "roprtetor, 
 
 . montlit, |i. 
 
 PErnT 
 
 ;)RY, 
 
 1 And III)) lieot 
 lor KBniilU'B... . 
 Proprietor. 
 
 RITOBY. 
 
 Aine, 
 
 lY. 
 
 era! eerm«- 
 ,n Fruioiaoo. 
 
 I Station- 
 ER, MASS. 
 
 ;K, pul)Iir<lie<l e»- 
 \^E, the WoDcU'i 
 
t^- 
 
 ,;S3BiV'.i!«*!*ai!i?;'*'-»«'»^'-''^>*^°'"^ ' 
 
 ■ ii.i^^ii ^i i ^t . ^^.j ..am y uj