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 Histon/ of 
 Americi 
 Habits 
 Tribes 
 Dunn, 
 Ed wan 
 
 Anoth 
 is an El 
 public mil 
 cures the 
 than com 
 John Bui 
 even mor 
 lar claim 
 limits of 
 contest, ! 
 dispute. 
 

 ^^%- 
 
 From the Alhenasum. 
 History of the Oregon Territory and British North 
 American Fur Trade, with an Account of the 
 Habits and Customs of the Principal Native 
 Tribes on the Northern Continent. Hy John 
 Dunn, late of the Hudson's Bay Company. 
 Edwards Si Hughes. 
 
 Anothek book upon the Oregon ! But now it 
 is an Englishman tiiat writes, and an English 
 public must needs admire the patriotism that se- 
 cures them a voluntary advocate. Brother Jona- 
 than commanded the talent of a Greenhow, but 
 John Bull has found a volunteer, if not as subtle, 
 even more resolute in the assertion of his particu- 
 lar claims. Fortunately, it comes not witliin the 
 limits of our duty to give arbitrament on political 
 contest, nor to act the umpire while nations hold 
 dispute. If we remarked on the forced inferences 
 
 of Mr. Greenhow, we did so, because the argu- 
 mentative structure of his narrative involved us in 
 the necessity of logical examination : Mr. Dunn 
 spares us the consideration of deductions, and 
 writes with the rough confidence of a man satisfied 
 with his own conclusions and determined in thtm. 
 His mode of argument seems fair enough, but his 
 adduction of historic support is rather too unhes- 
 itating ; he summarily decides, and evidently to 
 his own satisfaction, in one brief chapter, a ques- 
 tion on which Mr. Greenhow has expended a vol- 
 ume, and two great nations much fruitless diplo- 
 macy. One pleasant result is, that the reader is 
 not perplexed by the subtleties of ingenious argu- 
 ment. Mr. Dunn is a man of facts ; he states 
 them with a bold, unhesitating front, liaving so 
 strong a faith in their reality, that he never stops 
 to examine them. There is, too, an entire ab- 
 sence of that cxcitad selfishness which dwells m 
 
 , every trivial occurrence with visible anxiety, and 
 trembles to omit a point lest a cause might be en- 
 
 I dangered. But we strongly disliko the bitter 
 spirit of national antipathy in which the writer 
 so injudiciously indulges, and which will, with 
 many persons, affect the fidelity of his statements. 
 Bad conduct is never improved by the application 
 of hard natnes, and taunting censure is the worst 
 medicine for evil practice. The unconcealed hos- 
 tility of Mr. Dunn injures the cause he advocates, 
 and will give otrenc3 in America without afford- 
 ing satisfaction here. The work, however, con- 
 tains much, and of interest, about which there 
 need be no discussion : a rapid sketch of the 
 History of the Oregon Settlement of tlie Hud- 
 son's Bay and other fur trading companies, an 
 interesting account of the fur trade, and cf those 
 engaged in it, with characteristic anecdotes and 
 illustrations of the habits and manners of the 
 native Indians — and with these alone we shall 
 concern ourselves. 
 
 Here is a sketch to the life of the " trappers, 
 or beaver hunters" : — 
 
 " In the old times of the Canadian Air trade 
 when the trade in furs was cliiefly pursued about 
 the lakes and rivers, the expeditions wore, in a 
 great degree, carried on in batteaux and canoes. 
 But a totally different class now sprung up — the 
 ' mountaineers'— the traders and trappers that scale 
 the vast mountain chains, and pursue their hazard- 
 ous vocation amidst their wild rt'cess^cs — moving 
 from place to place on horseback — e?cposed not 
 alone to the perils of the wilderness, but to iho 
 perils of attack from fierce Indians, to whom it 
 has become as favorite an ex[)Ioit to harass and 
 waylay a band of trappers with their {p;ick-horses, 
 as it is to the Arabs of the desert to plunder a 
 caravan. The equestrian exercises in wiiicii they 
 are constantly engaged — the nature of tl-c country 
 they traverse — vast plains and mountains pure 
 and exhilarating in their atmospiieric (jualitit^s — 
 seem to make them, physically and mentally, a 
 tnoie lively, vigorous, daring and enduring race 
 than the fur traders and trappers of former days, 
 who generally had huts or t^nts to shelter them 
 from the inclemency of the season — were seldom 
 
exposci 
 ally we 
 rneuits. 
 tho ear 
 lion, di 
 eiiamoi 
 pers of 
 datifjer 
 from 1 
 time, h 
 his <ja 
 With I 
 the wo 
 the m( 
 — in VI 
 torrent 
 track 
 danpfer 
 may be 
 fetinj? 
 blocks 
 with h 
 most 1 
 the mil 
 inacces 
 white 
 comra( 
 game, 
 dians I 
 being 
 numbc 
 shares 
 own a 
 Indian 
 passed 
 interc( 
 civilize 
 into th 
 
 Th( 
 Spain 
 ling 1 
 water 
 They 
 tionar 
 
 "T 
 
 savag 
 made 
 trow Si 
 skin s 
 tipper 
 which 
 other 
 piebal 
 dered 
 
 St€ 
 
 the " 
 every 
 at Re 
 the a I 
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 mode 
 
 "1 
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 reduc 
 many 
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 and 
 and t 
 
DUNN S HISTORY OF THE OKEGON TERRITORY. 
 
 347 
 
 exposed to the hostility of the natives, and poncr- 
 ally were within reach of sujjplii's from the settle- 
 ments. There is, perhaps, no class of men on 
 the earth who lead a life of more continued exer- 
 tion, dauber and excitement; and who are more 
 enamored of their occupations, than the free trap- 
 pers of the wild regions of the west. No toil, no 
 danffer, no privation, can turn the trapper aside 
 from his pursuit. If his meal is not ready in 
 time, he takes his rifle — liiea to the forest — shoots 
 his (jame — lights his fire, and cooks his repast. 
 With his horse and his rifle ho is independent of 
 the world, ami spurns its restraints. In vain may 
 the most vigilant and cruel savages heset his path 
 — in vain may rocks, and precipices, and wintry 
 torrents oppose his progress; let hut a single 
 track oi' a heaver meet his eye, and he forgets all 
 danger, and defies all difliculties. At times he 
 may be seen, with his traps on his shoulder, buf- 
 fetiiis his way across rapid streams amidst floating 
 blocks of ice : at other times may he be seen, 
 with his traps slnng on his back, clambering the 
 most rugged mountains — scaling or desceiiding 
 the most frightful precipices — searching, by routes 
 inaccessible to horse, and never before trodden by 
 white man, for springs and lakes unknown to his 
 comrades, where he may meet with his favorite 
 game. This class of hunters are generally Cana- 
 dians by birth, and of French descent ; who, after 
 being bound to serve the traders for a certain 
 number of years and receive wages, or hunt on 
 shares, then continued to hunt and trap on their 
 own account, trading with the Company like the 
 Indians; hence they are called /rce men. Having 
 passed their youth in the wildernsss, in constant 
 intercourse with th Indians, and removed from 
 civilized society, thej lapse with natural facility 
 into the habits of sava<. life." 
 
 The " voyageurs" resemble the " arrieros" in 
 Spain, with this difl^erence, that instead of travel- 
 ling by land with mules, the voyageurs go by 
 water with " batteaux or boats, and canoes." 
 They are the most indispensable class of func- 
 tionaries in carrying on the fur trade : — 
 
 "Their dress is generally half civilized, half 
 savage. They wear a capot, or outside coat, 
 made of a blanket — a sniped cotton shirt — cloth 
 trowsers, or leather leggins — mocassins, or deer- 
 skin shoes, without a sole, and ornamented on the 
 upper; and a belt of variegated worsted, from 
 which are suspended a knife, tobacco-pouch, and 
 other implements. Their language is of the same 
 piebald character, being a French patois, embroi- 
 dered with Indian and English words and phrases." 
 
 Steam, it appears, is making encroachments on 
 the "vocation" of the voyageurs as well as on 
 everything else. Having described the settlement 
 at Red River, and the manner of bufTalo hunting, 
 the author gives us a clear and interesting account 
 of the Company's principles of dealing, and the 
 mode of traffic with the Northern Indians : — 
 
 " The principle universally acted on throughout 
 the Company's territories, which have been now 
 reduced, considering their vast extent, and the 
 many difficulties to be encountered, to a state of 
 astonishing quiet, peace, and good government, 
 is, that the true interests of the native Indian 
 and the white resident are indissolubly united ; 
 and that no immediate advantage, or prospect of 
 
 it, is to stand in the way of improving the condi- 
 tion of the natives. The following extract from 
 the standing orders of the Compa.iy will convey 
 an idea — though a faint one^)f the wise, humane, 
 and liberal spirit by which it is actuated : — ' That 
 the Indians be treated with kindness and indul- 
 gence ; and mild and conciliatory means resorted 
 to, in order to encourage industry, repress vice, 
 anu inculcate morality — that the itsc of spirituous 
 liquors be gradually discontinut-a in the few dis- 
 tricts in which it is yet iiulispensable ; and that 
 the Indians be liberally su|)pliod with requisite 
 necessaries — particularly with articles of ammuni- 
 tion, whether they have the means of paying for 
 them, or not.' Since thtise general orders were 
 issued, the Company, finding the success of this 
 humane and judicious policy gradually answering 
 the proposed aim, has at last adopted the bold and 
 decisive course of abolishing altogether the use of 
 spirituous liquors as articles of trade with the 
 natives. They have not only dune this in the 
 territories within their own jurisdiction ; but have, 
 by a new article introduced into the treaty of 
 commerce, entered into with the Russians by Sir 
 George Simpson, stipulated that the Russians 
 should act, in their trading with the natives, on 
 the same principle. So that henceforward one 
 source of demoralization will be dried up. • • 
 So far has it been the wish or policy of the Com- 
 
 rany not to acquire an undue influence over the 
 ndians by loading them with debts, that repeated 
 attempts have been made to reduce the trade to 
 simple barter ; and they have often cancelled the 
 debts of whole tribes — for instance, since the 
 junction of the two companies in 1821, the debts 
 of the Chippewyans have been twice cancelled. 
 But from the peculiar disposition and customs of 
 the Indians — especially the northern Indians — 
 these good intentions have not yet produced all 
 the hoped-for good, although l(. ;y are gradually 
 working out their object. The Cnipewyaiis have 
 a custom which, until eradicated, must operate as 
 a check on their progressive prosperity. On the 
 death of a relative, they destroy guns, ammuni- 
 tion, blankets, kettles ; in short, everything they 
 Eossess ; and conclude the havoc by tearing their 
 uts to pieces. When these transports of grief 
 have subsided, they find themselves reduced to 
 utter want, and are obliged to resort to the nearest 
 establishments for a fresh supply of necessaries ; 
 and thus their debts are renewed, and their wants 
 
 feriodically kept alive. In some parts of the 
 ndian territory, the hunting grounds descend by 
 inheritance among the natives ; and this right of 
 property is rigidly enforced. But where no such 
 salutary law prevails, their main source of wealth 
 — the beaver — would soon be exhausted by tho 
 eager seareh of tho hunters, if the Company had 
 not adopted judicious regulations to prevent the 
 havoc ; for they have, for several years past, used 
 every effort, through their officers, to exhort the 
 natives to spare the young of that animal. * * 
 But the attempt will be easily understood to bo 
 one of extreme difficulty, in consequence of the 
 passion fur depriving the animal creation of life 
 so strongly implanted in the breast of the North 
 American Indian, that it costs him a pang to pass 
 bird, beast, or fish, without an effiirt to destroy it, 
 whether he stands in need of it or not. The 
 tendency to destrucliveness is a vehement instinct 
 of their nature. Near York Factory, in 1831, 
 this propensity, contrary to all the remonstrances 
 of the Company's servants at that place, led to 
 
 11)^537 
 
348 
 
 Dunn's histoky of the Oregon tekkitohv. 
 
 the indiscriiniriato (lostruotioi . a countless liord 
 of rtiiii-dccr, wli'!<; cros.sin]^^ ilio hroad stream of 
 Hayc's Hivot, in the liei(,'lit of summer. The 
 natives Inok some of the meat for present use, but 
 thousands of carcases were abandoned to the cur- 
 runt, and infected the river's banks, or drifted 
 down into Hudson's Hay, there to feed the sea 
 fowls and polar l)ears. As if it were a judgnent 
 for this wanton slaughter, in which women and 
 children participated, the deer have never since 
 visited that part of the country in similar num- 
 bers. In short, the Indians, accustomed either to 
 a feast or a fast, have little idea beyond the 
 present gratification ; and it is to this impruo^nce 
 that deaths by starvation, and the occasional de- 
 sertion of infants, and the helpless aged, must be 
 ascribed. The (juantity of provisions furnished 
 by the Indians to the establishments throughout 
 the northern districts is inconsiderable. In the 
 winter season, it is limited to the rib pieces of the 
 moose, red and rein-deer, half dried in the sm<»ke 
 oC iheir huts or tents, (the bones being removed 
 for lightness of carriage,) with an occasional ad- 
 dition of some tongues. In the course of the 
 suiTiincr, when the animals are easily hunted, and 
 there is great facility of water transport, the more 
 industrious families usually bring to the fort a 
 bale of dried meat, consisting of the fleshy parts 
 of the deer, cut into large slices and dried in the 
 Pun, with a bladder or two containing fat, or a 
 bag of pemican. When the residents of a fort 
 find these supplies, and the produce of their fishe- 
 ries, and of their cultivated plots of ground, (where 
 the ground, from the nature of the soil and climate, 
 is capable of cultivation,) insufficient to supply 
 their wants, they engage two or more young In- 
 dians, without familiee, as ' fort hunters.' These 
 are corsidered as regular servants ; and their 
 duty is "onfined to the killing of large animals for 
 the use "f the establishments. They are allowed 
 to keep a portion of the meat, sufficient for their 
 owp consumption : the remainder is transported 
 to the fort, with sledges and dogs, by the servants 
 of the Company. To become a fort hunter is an 
 object of ambition to ^he northern Indian, as it is 
 an acknowledgment of hia skill and fidelity, and 
 ensures to him the gayest clothing." 
 
 The great American establishment of Astoria 
 now belongs to the Company's head-quarters at 
 " Vancouver," has changed its name to " Fort 
 George," and retains no vestige of its former 
 importance. There are four tribes of Indians 
 about the lower parts of the Columbia. The 
 author tells us of their distinguishing traits of 
 character, and furnishes us with many curious 
 anecdotes, but the presence of the " Ojibbeways 
 and loways" among us, and the publications of 
 Mr. Catlin have bo familiarized the public with 
 Indian life, that it is unnecessary to enter on this 
 subject. Fort Vancouver, so called from the 
 English navigator, is situated about ninety miles 
 from the Pacific on the north-west of the Colum- 
 bia. It was founded by Governor Simpson, in 
 1824, as being more convenient for trade than 
 Fort George : — 
 
 " Fort Vancouver is then the grand mart, and 
 rendezvous for the Company's trade and servants 
 on the Pacific. Thither all the furs and other 
 articles of trade collected west of the Rocky moun- 
 
 i tains from California to tlio Uiis.*i.ui teriiloriys, arc 
 brought from the several otluT iuiMt ami stations; 
 and from thence they are shi(iiic(i to llnsiand. 
 Thither ton all the goods broujjhl fnmi I'lnjiland 
 for traffic — the various articles in woollen."* iiiul 
 cottons — in grocery — in hardware — rea'!y-made 
 clothes — oils and paints — ship stores, &e., are 
 landed ; and from thence they are dibtrihiiied to 
 the various posts of the interior, and alonj; tiie 
 northern shores by sailing vessels, or by boat, or 
 pack-horses, as the several routes permit ; for dis- 
 tribution and traffic among the natives, or for the 
 supply of the Company's servants. In a word, 
 Fort Vancouver is the grand emporium of the 
 company'a trade, west of the Rocliy mountains; 
 as well within the Oregon territory, as beyond it, 
 from California to Kamschatka." 
 
 The fort is a parallelogram 250 yards long, and 
 150 broad, inclosed by a wooden wall 20 feet high, 
 at each angle of which there is a bastion furnished 
 with two twelve-pounders. The area within is 
 divided into courts, around whicl. arc the offices, 
 warehouses, workshops, with a chapel, a school- 
 house, and a powder magazine. The governor's 
 house stands in the cetitre ; in it there is a public 
 dining-hall and "smoking room," where the au- 
 thor tells us " there is a great deal of amusement." 
 The clerks are promoted, according to their skill 
 and integrity, to be chief traders, chief factors, 
 until finally they may become shareholders, and 
 governors of forts. The mechanics, and servants 
 of the Company, reside on the bank of a river some 
 distance from the fort. The officers often marry 
 half-breed women, who, it seems, make admirable 
 housewives ; they are the daughters of persons 
 high in the Company's service, by Indian women 
 of good descent, and are considered of a superior 
 class. The lower servants of the Company marry 
 native women, who make fond and careful wives. 
 The male half-breeds are distinguished for their 
 horsemanship, and are very dexterous in catching 
 the wild horse, which they do by means of the 
 lasso. A farm of 3000 acres is attached to the 
 fort, which is in a high state of cultivation. 
 
 The Oregon territory, according to Mr. Dunn, 
 extends from latitude 42° to 54° north, and is about 
 four times the area of Great Britain. It is re- 
 markable that all the rivers which flow through 
 the country take their rise and are emptied witiiin 
 its limits. The scenery is beautiful ; but though 
 there are many fertile districts along the Pacific, 
 as a whole the country is not favorable for agri- 
 culture ; it is chiefly valuable for trade, and the 
 advantages of its maritime stations. Mr. Duim 
 divides the country into three sections, the West- 
 ern, between the Pacific Ocean and the Cascade 
 mountains ; the Middle, lying between the Cascade 
 mountains on the west, and the Blue mountains on 
 the east; the Fjastern, extending from the Blue 
 to the Rocky mountains. The Cascade rang-e of 
 mountains bounding the western section is the 
 most interesting ; the numerous peaks of this range 
 have been named by the Americans after their 
 presidents, which seems to excite much indignation 
 
ssian tprriloriHs, arc 
 r i'ovis iiiiij stations : 
 'I'l'C'l 10 Kiitiiatid. 
 iiilL'lit fnim Kiijiland 
 s ill W()(ill(!iis iitid 
 
 Iware— rea'lv-made 
 ' stores, Sec, arc 
 
 are distrihuied to 
 or, and alono: tlio 
 3els, or Ijy boat, or 
 Bs permit ; /or dis- 
 
 natives, or for tlie 
 "lis. In a \vord, 
 emiioriiim of the 
 ^"■l>y iniiuiitains ; 
 tory, as beyond it, 
 
 yards loop, and 
 wall 20 feet high, 
 bastion furnished 
 R area within is 
 h are the offices, 
 chapel, a school- 
 The governor's | 
 there is a public I 
 ' where the au- i, 
 of amusement." f 
 ing to their skill 
 3, chief factors, 
 lareholders, and I 
 cs, and servants | 
 c of a river some | 
 2rs often marrv I 
 make admirable | 
 tors of persons ? 
 ' Indian women 
 d of a superior 
 'ompany marry 
 careful wives, 
 ished for their 
 lus in catching 
 means of the 
 tached to the 
 ivation. 
 to Mr. Dunn, 
 '', and is about 
 in. It is re- 
 flow tlirough 
 tnpiied vvitliin 
 ; but though 
 ? the Pacific, 
 ■hie for agri- 
 ■ade, and the 
 Mr. Dunn 
 s, the Wcsf- 
 the Cascade 
 the Cascade 
 lountains on 
 ^ the Blue 
 ie range of 
 tion is ilie 
 f this range 
 after their 
 indignation 
 
 in Mr. Dunn. The chief river is the Columbia, 
 which rises in the Rocky mountains, in latuude ot 
 60° north ; it receives a vast number of tributary 
 strean.s, ColviUe river, the Spokan, the Kana- 
 gan, the Walhwalla, the «nake river, the Walla- 
 mette, and the Cowlitz. After the Columbia, 
 Frazer's river is of next importance ; there are 
 also numerous lakes, so that the country is well 
 
 watered. . .,, 
 
 The climate of the W. stern section is mild 
 throughout the year. The Middle section is sub- 
 led to droughts, and the extremes of heat and 
 cold arc great and frequent ; the climate of .he 
 Eastern division is very variable. The soil of the 
 Western district is a deep black vegetable loum 
 varying to a light brown. The hills are ol basalt, 
 stone, and slate. The soil of the Eastern section 
 is so impregnated with salts, that it is incapable 
 of cultivation. On the northern coast there are 
 many islands which belong to the territory ; Van- 
 couver island, containing 15,000 square miles, 
 Queen Chariotte island, containing 4,000 square 
 miles, are the two largest; their climate is mild, 
 and their soil well adapted to agriculture. Coal 
 is found close to the surface, and there are numer- 
 ous veins of valuable minerals ; the rivers abound 
 in fish, particulariy salmon; elk, deer, bears, 
 wolves, martins, and musk rats, aro. m great abun- 
 dance, and large herds of buffaloes are found near 
 the Rocky Mountains. Mr. Dunn speaks thus 
 hopefully of the future prospects of Oregon :— 
 
 ^' From the advantages this country possesses, 
 it bids fair to have an extensive commerce, on 
 advantacreous terms, with most parts of the Pac.hc. 
 It is well calculated to produce the following sta- 
 ple commodities-furs, salted beef and pork, fish 
 prain, flour, wool, hides, tallow, timber, and coals , 
 Sn return for these, sugars, coffee, and other 
 Jropical productions, may be obtained at the Sand- 
 3 Isfands. Advantages that, in time, must 
 become of immense extent.' 
 
 On the whole, this book is interesting as furnish- 
 incr a clear and rapid history of the British fur 
 trade, and a minute and familiar account of the 
 habits and the social doings of the remote remnants 
 of a people who are fast perishing.