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Lorsque le document est trop grand pour etre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est fiimd d partir de Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n^cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants lllustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 1^ National Library Bibliotheque nationale of Canada du Canada / PRINCIPES UK GRAMMAIRE FRANCAISE i^\R P. J. DARF.Y, :\r. A., PIlOFESSEUk DE LITT^RATURE FRAXCAISE A l'universit^. mcgill. le fondement de toutes los sciences, La grainmaire, qui sait r^genter jusqu'anx rois, Et los fait la main haute, obi'ir h. ses lois ! — Mdih'e, MONTREAL : DAWSO:^ BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS. 1883 Cooks ti WSusJc, 133 ST, PETUfl Sr. / / y J » i:ntered according to Act of Parliament, by Dawson ]iKOTHERS, in the office of the Minister cf A^p-iculture, in the year 1883. "■:®*- PREFACE. It would be idle to speak about the importance of the French language, of its excellence, and of its utility for the travelling public, for educated men, and especially in this province and in this country. Here, at least, no educated man ought to be ignorant of it. It is therefore the duty of those who teach it, to try to dimini.sh the labor of the student in every possible way. There are many works published professing to be eastj systems. We have no great faith in those ca.s'// systems and east/ methods. It has been said that there is no easy method to learn a difficult thing, that the only way is to work. That is certainly true. But the tools may be made more handy. The {greatest fault of the numerous books for teachintr the French language is, that they arc too long. With such books and the limited time generally allotted to that study, very little more can be done than to learn the grammar. That is a fatal mistake which has hindered greatly the study of the French language, and has repelled many students. An experience of more than thirty years has convinced mc tnat what is wanted for the study of French is a short, comprehensive^ systematic^ liamhj book, containing all the principles of the language and concise enough to be thoroughly mastered by pui)ils in a compara- tively short time. Such a book I present to my fellow- teachers, trusting it will be found useful in ailvaucin;^ the study of this language. Montreal, July 1, 1"883, CvV^ CONTENTS. Definition of CJranimar Mphiihet .... I'ronunc'iation of the Vowels , " " Cuiiaonauts Accents . . . . . Parts (»f Speech . CHAPTKK 1 The Article The Definite, Indefinite and tlio I'artitive The Indefinite Article The Tartitivo Article .... Article. CHAPTKli I The Substantive. . ... Common, Proper and Collective Xoniis. Furmatiun of the I'hiral in Nouns CHAPTEK 111. The Adjective. Qualificative and Determinative Adjectives Forniati 10 13 13 14 IP) Hi Hi 20 21 24 25 2K 30 32 3:< 33 33 37 42 44 48 50 VI PRINCIPES DE GRAMMAIRE FRANCAISE. CHAPTER V. The Verb 54 Ditferent kinds of Verba 54 Moods, tenses of Verbs 5,) Kegular, Irregular and Defective Verbs 50 Division of Verbs 50 Different ways of Conjugating the same Verb. ... 50 Conjugation of the Auxiliary Verb Avoiu .57 Conjugation of Verbs Negatively 59 Interrogative Conjugation 60 Avoir Conjugated Interrogatively 61 Avoir Conjugated Interrogatively and Negatively . . .02 Conjugation of the Auxiliary Verb flTHK .... 64 The Hoot of Verbs 60 Ending of Tenses 66 Primitive Tenses ......... 67 Formation of the Tenses ....... 67 First Conjugation in er 68 liemarks on some French Verbs of the First Conjugation. . 70 Second Conjugation in IR 72 Observations on some Verbs of the Second Conjugation . 74 Third Conjugation in oiR 75 Kemarkson Verbs of the Third Conjugation. ... 77 Fourth Conjugation in uk. 78 Conjugation ' the Passive Verb Eire aime. ... 81 Neuter Verl 83 Reflective Verbs 83 Conjugation of the Reflective Verb SE PROM KNKR . . .84 Reflective Verbs Negatively . 80 Reflective Verbs Conjugated Negatively . . . . .87 Reflective Verbs Conjugated Interrogatively. ... 87 Reflective Verbs Conjugated Interrrogatively and Negatively . 88 Impersonal Verbs. ........ 85) Conjugation of the Impersonal Verb Y Avoir . , . . 89 Negatively and Interrogatively ...... 89 Conjugation of the Impersonal Verb Falloir .... 90 Remark on Falloir— 90 Idiomatic Tenses of Verbs ....... 92 Irregular and Defective Verbs ...... 93 First Conjugation 9,3 Second Conjugation 94 Third Conjugation 102 Fourth Conjugation 107 CHAPTER VI. Participles 121 CHAPTER VII The Adverb 122 rniNCrPES DE ORAMMAIRE FRAXCAIHE. CHAPTER VIIT. The Preposition. Classes of l*rcp<»sition3. The Conjunction The Interjection CHAPTKR IX. • • • • CHAPTKR X. I • • • « SYNTAX. v!i 124 124 120 127 Syntax of the Article The Article used in French and not in Kn^'lish I )iH"cront I'scs of the Article ...... The Article used in luitdish and not in French Kemark on the nso of the Article CHAPTKR II. Syntax of the Notin ....... Nouns having two genders . . ..... ctions . Idioniatical expressions with Ji few verbs. Analyse Analyse logique ..... Punctuation Abbreviations Easy Narratives 180 ]<)2 193 194 195 19G 19V 198 PRINCIPES DE GRAMMAIRE FRANCAISE. INTRODUCTION. 1. Grammar is thu art (,)f spunking and AVTiting cor- rectly. 2. French grammar teaches the laws of the French language as set down from examples taken from the best authors, and elegant usage. 3. To speak and to write we make use of words. Words are composed of letters. 4. Letters represent sounds and articulations. 5. There are twenty-five letters in the French language, viz : AB CDEF GHIJK L M names : ah, bay, say, day, a, eff, jay, ash, e, jee, kah, ell, emm^ NOPQRSTUVXYZ. enn, o, pay, ku, air, ess, tay, v., vay, eeks, egrec, zed, 6. The French make use of the W in words of foreign languages, and it is generally pronounced as V. 2 PRINCIPES DE GRAMMAIRE FRAN^AISE. 7. Letters are divided into voicels and consonants. Tlie vowels are a, e, % o, w and y/. The other letters are con- sonants. 8. Tlie vowel a is pronounced like a in father. " " e " " e in ebb. " '2 " " z in pique. " " o " " oins^oc/f. ?« " " t(, in s?aYe. « (C (( y between two vowels is pronounced like two i\% viz : moycn — moi-icn. There arc some combinations of letters which are called compound vowels — an, in, on, nn, eu, on. an is nearly pronounced like en in encore. m " " an in anchor. on " " ow in wrong. un has no corresponding sound in English. cu is nearly i^ronounced like e in her ; i in sir. oil is pronounced like on in you ; o in to. 9. Cli is generally pronounced like sh — arc/dtecte. G and j generally have the sound of s in pleasiu'e. Gn is pronounced like gn in mi^/ionnete. L is sometimes sounded as in sel ; sometimes it is mute, as in sourcil, eye-brow, coutil, ticking, haril, barrel. M is sometimes sounded as in hymne, indemnise, make up for ; sometimes it is mute as in automne, autumn. Nn is pronounced like one n : connaitre ; like two n^s : annuler, to annul. P is sounded in cejis, grape-vines, septentrional ^ northern, la fete baptismale, the chvistening, sceptique^ sceptical. It is mute as in compte, account, bajjteme, baptism, sculpteur, sculptor, etc. Ph is pronounced as in English in philosophy. Q is sounded like k in ^oq-ti-Vcne^ cock and bull stories. PRINCirES DE GRAMMAIRE FRAN^AISE. Qu is generally pronounced like k, as in I'infj, qnarantc, forty ; but it is sounded like kaa in quaflnqxWh, quadru- pede, aquatique, aquatic. There arc very few of these. S is generally soft between two vowels. There are but few exceptions, as co.s-mus, cosine. Ss is always soumled hard as in passer. T is sometimes silent at the end of a word as in tout ; sometimes sounded as in ouest^ west, dot, dowcry. X is often hard as in taxes, taxes, excuse. Til is always sounded like t ; as Th in Tliame.s, thyme. 10. There are liquid sounds which arc represented by : ail, aille, as in tailleur, tailor, aille, may go. cil, eille, <( em'I, euille, " il, ill, ceil, ouille, (( <( (( " sommpil, sleep, aJxilJo, bee. " fauteuil, armchair, fiaille, leaf. *' peril, danger, aiijuille, needle. " cvillets, pinks. " houillir, to boil, nioiiiUe, wet. 11. The French make liaisons or blendings of the pre- ceding consonants over the following vowel as les a pronounced Usa. The consonants are almost always thus pronounced over the following vowel ; but not in- variably so. 12. The French often make the elision in speaking and reading of the ; mute before consonants as J f prompts qiC ffl^ dirai pas, for Je te promds que je ne te le dirai pas, I promise you that I will not tell it to you. 13. The French make use of certain signs called ORTHOGRAPHICAL SIGNS ; they arc the arrrittx, the aj^fsfro- phe, the hyphen (trait d^itnion), the (liatrr.^iis, the ci-diUu, the parenthesis and the dillerent marks of the 2'''nctuation. 14. Accents are small marks placed over some vowels, either to indicate their true pronunciation, or to dis- 4 PRINCIPES DE GRAMMAIRE FRAN^AISE. tinguish the meaning of one word from another which i» spelt alike — as des, some, tiesj dice, deSj since. 15. There are three accents in French : the acutey the grave and the circonflex^ 16. The acute accent (') is only placed over the e to give to that letter a sound nearly like a in the English word baker : verite^ truth. The French call it e close (e fernu'), because it is pronounced with the mouth almost closed. 17. The grave accent (') is used over the vowels a, e, it Placed over a or n its use is to indicate words belonging to different parts of speech as r), to, a, has ; Za, there, /a, the; ozV, where, ou^ or. Placed over ^, it gives to that letter an open sound nearly like ai in the word ah\ frere, brother. The French call it e ouvert, e opened, because it is pronounced with the mouth very open. E without an accent is called e nude, because it is not fiounded. It is pronounced like e in pike, like, artillery. 18. The circonjlexe (*) is used over all the vowels ex- cept //. It gives them a long sound. It often shows that a letter has been elided, or that a contraction has taken place, asjx/^e, paste, maitre, master, age, age. 19. The cedilla, cedille, is a small mark placed under the c when it is to be sounded as s : gargon, boy. 20. The other accents serve the same purpose in French iis in English. 21. There are two numbers in French : the singular and the 2)lifraL 22. There are no cases in French. 23. There are two genders in French : the mascidin9 and i\\Q feminine. TRINCIPES DE GRAMMAIRE FRANgAISE. 4 4 4 24. Xames of males are in the masnili?ie, those of feiiiali'S in the feminine. 25. Names of inanimate objects are either masniline or f'/)i//i/ne, accordin^L,^ as the derivation, the harmony or usage lias given them the one or the other gender. Many ndes have been given to determine the gender of nouns ; Init their numberless exceptions do not make them very satisfaetory. Teachers will find many occa- sions in the course of the study to give a few hints to hel}) the student, such as : All nouns ending in tion are feminine in French, ex- cept halation and bcstiou, a little animal — the figure-head of a ship. Nine-tenths of the words ending in e mute are femi- nine. All nouns ending in er are masculine, except iiier, the sea, and c?nller, a spoon. Masculine nouns or neuter nouns in Latin arc almost all nuK is the Frciicli Avord for of, from: l)ut '>/' ///'', from, tlo' arc; translated by da, tie la, dc V, dtjx. Da, instead of d>'. /e (of winch it is a contraction) before a nonn of the masculine gender, singular number, begin- ning with a consonant or an //, aspirated 7> /rt, before a noun of the femhiine gender, singular number, beginning with a consonant or an h aspirated. Ih'f, before a noun of either gondi'r, singular number, bc'rinniiur with a vowel or an It mute. r> o 7A',s (contraction of d<'. Ics), before nouns of th(^ plural number, of either gender, whether they begin M'ith a con- sonant or not. X. B. — Z)6' is always contracted with the arti<-le A' or There is no 2'>ossPssive case in French. AVe exi)ress the possessive, case by da, dc Ja, de V, di's. The object is then placed before the possessor, thus : My fafJtrr's hat is said tlte hat of my father, le chapeau de mou i)er(". When tho first noun denotes tlu^ material of wliicli anything is made, it is placed after ihe second noun, with tl:«' preposition de between them. A cloth coat, an habit i.b: drap, a wooden table, une tah/c dc l>ois. Exercise 2. Du pbro, dc la mere, de I'herbe. Des pires, des ('toiles. des sceurs. Des habits. L'esprit du pire. Le chien de riiunniK. I.«s •oreilles do la vache. r r 8 rKlNCIPES DE GliAMMAlKE I'UAN^AISE. Of the king. From the book. Of the queen. From the pen. Of the work. Of the man. From tlie lion. From the grass. Of the friends. From the stars. Tlie dngs of tlie queen. The coat of the brother. The ears o.*" the d(»g. Tlie ht>ad of the eow. The sister of the friend. The mind of tne man. The books of the man. Tlie king's coat. The queen's friend. The man's dog. The (jueen's brother. The queen's sister. From the cow's hend. Of the lion's ears. The king's books. The men's cows. The cows' heads. The brother's coat. Of the queen's dogs. 32. A is tli(i French word for to, but to tlto is ex- j)ress(.'(l hy an, a la, a /', aux. Au, instead of a h' (of which it is a contraction), hofore a noun of the masculine gender, singular number, beginning with a consonant or an ]i aspirated. A la, before a noun of the feminine gender, singular number, beginning with a consonant or an h aspirated. A /', before a noun of either gender, singular number, beginning with a vowel or a silent //. Ahx (contraction of a Ics), before nouns of the i)lural number, of either gender, whether they commence with a consonant or not. jS". 13. — A is always contracted with the article If or les. A, preposition, takes th'; grave accent to distinguish it from a, has. Vocabulary. And, et. Boy, (jargon, m. Child, enfant, m. Door, porte, f. Father, pere, m. Finger, doigt, m. (Jlove, (/ant, m. (rai'den, jardin, m. Hand, main, f. History, histoire, f. h mute. Honor, honneur, m. h mute. Hour, heure, f. h mute. Justice, justice, f . Mother, viere, f. School, ecole, f. Tooth, dent, f. Tree, arbre, m. Truth, v^rite, f. Exercise 3. An pi-re, a la mere, h I'enfant, aux jardins. A la tete de la iche. Au frere du gargon. A la justice de la reine. Aux gants 3s hommes. I » ruixcirEs de guammaiue francaise. 9 T(» the boy, to tho garden. To the door. To tho hand. To the tro<', to the school. To tho honor, to the hour. T«. IIm.' boys, to the doors, to the trees, to the histories. To the ear, to the ears. To tho tooth, to the teeth. To the finger of the Ix^y. To tlie hand of tho niotlier. To the trees of the garden. To the sisttu* of the boys. To the hands of the child. To tlie justice of the king. To the gloves of the children. To the truth of the history. EXEIICISE 4. On the difrerent forms of the ])efinito Articlo. The father, of the father, to the father, from the father. The inti)ic) ink. Have you any new {noiircanx) books? She lias good {bonn) friends. Have you coffee, tea and sugar ? Here are {roici) some fine ])eache3. Bring some roses and violets. Have you fine cows ? Send some grapes and oranges to the children. Have you good oranges ? ^^'ill you nave silk or cloth ? Exercise 10. Give me {donnez-moi) the boy's gloves and send the coat to school. Will you have coffee or tea ? The beauty of tiie stars. Have you any good ink ? Send some ink to the boys. Have you any roses? Here are some fine roses. The grass of the garden. The lion's teeth. A man's hand, (iive me some snow-drops and violets. Send some bread and milk to the children. A dog's head. Send a rose and a pink to the child's sister. A star, an hour, a hand. The ears of lions and dogs. The rose's perfume. Remark: — In the following exercise no is equivalent to not a7iy, and not used with a verb, is expressed in French by placing 7ie before the verb, and ^?a5 after it. Ne is written w' before a vowel or h mute. Je ne suis pas grand. I am not tall. Exercise 11. Have you any bread ? I have no bread. He has no friends. I have no fine oranges. She has prudence. She has no beauty. Have you any books ? Have you any good books ? I have no apri- cots. I have no good apricots. I have good pens. She has apples. He has fine apples. The boy has good pens. The brother has no g«)oa pens. Have you good wine ? I have no wine, I have milk. The man has silver, but he has no gold. The child has no teeth. Etmark.—Some oi* any meaninf? a few, and followed bjr a noun, is translated Into Fiench by quelgiwa. See Indelinite Adiectives. Some or any, meaning a few, and not followed hj a nonn, is translated by quecqwaa-uns. quelquesuues. See ludcfinite Pronouns. Home or any, not followed by a noun, and used at the end of a sentenoe is trauslaied bv en. See Personal Pronouns. PRINCIFES DE ORAMMAIRE FRAN^AISE. 13 CHAPTER II. THE SUBSTANTIVE OR NOUN. 37. A substantive or noun is .'i word which represents persons or things ; as j>e;v, father, maison, house. 38. The French nouns are divided, as in English, into CoMxMON, Proper and Collective. 39. Tlierc are in French only two genders, the mascitr line and the feminine. Men, or males of animals, are masculine ; women and females of animals avo feminine. Names of things are put in the masculine or in the feminine, as le suleil, the sun ; la lune, the moon. 40. The gender of living creatures is represented, 1. by different nouns, as : P^re, father. FilSf son. Oncle, uncle. Boeufy ox. Chevaly horse. Bouc, he-goat. Mtrty mother. FillCy daughter, Tante, aunt. Vache^ cow. Jument, mare. GMwe, she-goat. 2. by nouns having different endings, as : Cousin, cousin. Voisin, neighbor. Marquis, marquis. Few/, widower. Cousine, lady cousin. Voisine, lady neighbor. Marquise, marchioness. Veuve, widow. 3. by masculine nouns for both sexes, as : iUphant, elephant. Hareng, herring. Pigeon, pigeon. Requin, shark. 4. by feminine for both sexes, as : Baleine, whale. Mou^he, fly. Huttre, oyster. Houris, mouse. f 14 PRINCIPES DE GRAMMAlilE FRANCAISE. FORMATION OF THE riX'RAL. t \'' h ii 41. The plural of nouns is formed by adding « to the singular : Lfi livre, lea Hvrcs. La pliDue, les plumes. EXCEPTIONS. 42. 1. Nouns ending in s, x, z, do not change in the plural : Un Ji/tt, a son, (fcs fih, sons ; une croix, cross, des crou', crosses, un 7U'Z, a nose, drs nez, noses. 2. Nouns ending in an and ch take x in the plural : Un chapm't, a hat, des chapcauXy hats ; un jni, a game, des jenx, games. Landau is the only no\in in au wliich takes an s in the plural. 3. Nouns ending in on follow the general rule and take .s' ; Ufi clou, a nail, des clous, nails. l>ut the se. n following in ou take x to form the plural, viz. : hijoii, jewel ; caWott, pehhle ; clwu, cabbage; (jenou, knee; Jii'hou, owl; joitjou, plaything ; j)o?/, louse: bijoux, cailloux, etc. 4. Nouns ending in al change al into aux to form the plural : cheval, horse, cliemnx, horses. But, aval, endorsement ; hal, ball ; cal, callosity ; cantal, a sort of cheese ; carnaval, carnival ; cliacal, jackal ; nopal, nopal (a plant) ; regal, treat ; serval^ serval take 6^ .• des avals, dfs hals, etc. 5. Nouns ending in ail form their plural according to the general rule : gouvernails, rudders ; eventails, fans. But the following change ail into aux to form the plural : hail, lease ; corail, coral ; email, enamel ; soupirail, air-hole ; travail^ work ; vitrail, glass-window, vantail^ door-leaf : haux, em aux, etc. "We say also travails in speaking of machines to shoe vicious horses, and also in speaking of accounts rendered by public clerks. i |i i PRINCIPE9 DE GRAMMAIRE FRAN^AISE. 15 NOUNS HAVING TWO PLURALS. 43. 1- A" J J grand fall lor ; plural, ai'ez/Zx. '•(; aieiijc. cicux. 2. Cicl, 3. (EiJ, 4. AiJ, mcestoi heaven tester of a bod (cid de lit), r(jof on a quarry {ciH dc carrierc), sky in a picture ; phiral, ciclfi. ( eye ; plural, ycfo'. ''bull's eye (architectural term); tho ( name of certain stones ; plural, ajila. garlic, aulx, and in botany ai/s. 5. Befail, has for plural hcmtianXy cattle. For ndditional rules to form the plural of proper namea, compound nonns, see •yotax of uounB. Exercise 12. No\i8 avons trois chions. Vous avez dciix chats. La reine a dcs bijoux. Lo gt'n^ral a cinq chevaux. Avez- vous vu (.seen) Ics gt^nd- raux? Los enfants ont des cailloux. lis ont aussi (also) den jou- j(mx. L'homiiie a deux yeux. Avez-vous vu les feux ? J'ai vu lea palais dos rois. Ai-jo {hare I) les couteaux ? Les garjons ont-ila (h.ive they) les habits et les chapeaux ? The rudders of tho vessels. Tho eyes of the birds. The voices of the generals. The queen's jewels. The children's playthings. Bring some cabbages from the garden. Give me the boys' hats and cloaks. From the palaces. Give mo some strawberries, stano lemons, a pine-apple and some fine oranges. The boy's friend has gold and silver. Here are some good pens. The man has horses and cows. The teeth of the mice. Will you have wine or water? Have you any good water 1 The boy's arms. Exercise 13. The halters of the horses. The voice of the hero ijdros). The sons of the heroes. The prices of the fans. Here are some nails and bolts {yerrou). The bones of the arm. The pebbles of the brooks {ruisseau). Have you any pine-apples ? Tne lilies of the gardens. The head, the mouth {hnuche) and teeth of a sheep {brebls). The price of the horses. The voices of the birds. Bring some crystals. Of the waters and the winds [ve-nts). To the balls of the queen. The eyes of the owl. To tho skies. The ear and eye of man. Send some pine-apples and peaches to the neighbors. w il ' I I ' i rl 'i a 16 PRINCIPES DE GRAMMAIRE FRANQAISE. CHAPTER III. THE ADJECTIVE. 44. An adjective qualifies or determines the meaning of a noun. Hence there are two kinds of adjectives : the qualificative adjective, and the determinative adjective. The adjective in French, like the article, agrees in gender and in number with the noun it qualifies or modi- fies. QUALIFICATIVE ADJECTIVES. FORMATION OF THE FEMININE. 45. Rule 1. — Adjectives ending in e mute have the masculine and feminine alike, as : digne, m. digne, f. 46. Rule 2. — Adjectives not ending in e mute gen- erally add e mute to form the feminine : mechantf mechante, wicked; sense, sensee, sensible. Exception 1. — Adjectives ending in /change/ into ve: href, hreve, short. Exception 2. — Adjectives ending in x change x into se : heureux, heureiise. Exception 8. — Adjectives ending in el, eil, en, et, on, double the last consonant and add e mute : tel, telle, such ; ancien, a7icien7ie, ancient, etc. Remark. — The adjectives complet, complete ; concrete concrete; discret, discreet; inquiet, uneasy; replet, cor- pulent ; secret, secret, follow the general rule, and take a grave accent over the e before the final t : complet, m, complete, f. et^. 47. The adjectives ending in er add e, and require also a grave accent over the e preceding the final r: cheVf chere, dear. 4 i PRINLU'ES DE GKAMMAIRE FUAXyAISB. 17 48. Tlic livr luJlowiiig adjectives liavo two forms for tJie m;isrii]in(>, aiid form their feminine from the 2ud form of the luasciiliiio : ning of !S : the iive. ?ees in r modi- ive the f. to gen- khantey nto ve: into se : , ety OTif e, such ; concretf let, cor- :id take /piety m. lire also r: cher, 4 i « MascuHnc. Before a conaonant Before a rowel or h aspirate. or h mute. Beau, Fou, Mou, Nouveau, Vienx, Bel, Fof, Mol, Nouvel, Vieil, Feminine. Belle, Folic, Molle, Nourelle, Vieille, handsome. foolish. soft. new. old. Un beau ff'ir<:on, un bel homme, une belle femme. ^49. Adjectives endino- in (lu take e for the feminine : U)i lunr amtvjn, a contiguons wall; urn maison conih/ni' a contiguous house. " ' 50. Adjectives and substantives ending in cur form their feminine by changing eur to : 1. rAwe, when expressing an idea of comparis(jii : Meilhur, meilleure, better, Exfn-ieur, exUrleiae, exterior iiUiKneur, supeneure, superior. Itifericur, inftrieure, inferior. ' 2. rut^c, when they are derived from a verl) : GonnaisHeur, connaisseuse, Flatten)', Jlatteuse, Knowing, a judge. A flatterer. 51. The following nouns, sometimes used as adjectives form their feminine in changing cur into nrsse : Bailhur, JDemxndeur. Bef endear, FnchanteuVf Pecheur, Vengeur, Chan tear BaiUeresse, Demanderesse, Demandeuse, Defenderesse, Enchanter esse, Picheresse, Vengeresse, Chanteuse, Cantatrice, a lessor. a pliiintiff. asker. a defendant. an enchanter a sinner. an avenger. an ordinary singer. a celebrated singer. c 18 PRINCIPES DE GRAMMAIRE FRANCAISE. i n II h f 52. Some adjectives and nouns in tfur form tlujir fem- inine in trice : Bicri/aiteury Dircctciir, Iiistitutcur, Bienfailrice, Dircctrice, InstUutrice, a bonofiicii r. a director. a teacher. Aiiibassadcur, ambassador, makes amhassadrice, ambassadress. Empcrear, emiJurur, " imperatricc^ empress. 53. The final e in some nouns, or adjectives used as nouns, is changed in esse : Comte, count, comtesse, f. Pretre, priest, pretreA--.^ 54. 0(>tir>'ni/'iii\ governor, is ciouvi'viiante in the feni. JSc/'vitcnr, servant, " ticrcante " " " 55. AAHien horgne^ hlind of one eye; ivroqno, drunk- ard ; inula f re, mulatto; negro, negro; sauvagc, sivage and Suisse, Swiss, are adjectives, the feminine is like liie mascu- line ; when nouns, they add sse, thus : Une suissesse, and une femme Suisse. Une negresse, and une femme negre. 56. Xouns and adjectives expressing professions car- ried on mostly by men are the same in the feminine as in the masculine, as : auUnr, author ; graneur, engraver. 57. Temoin, a witness, ecrivain, a writer, are alike in masculine and feminine. Chataiu, nut-brown; cUspos, ninilii.;; t\if, coxcom]), are only used in the masculine. 58. The following adjectives form their feminine by doulilin^ iheyiwa? consonant and adding e: low. thick. express. fat. l)i'.', large. tired. pro ""tossed. JUlS, B/isse, Epais, Epn i»He, Expret, Ex/resset (f'ras, O'ratise, Gros, Grosse, Las, Lnsse, Profes, Professe, fem- reas. jcd as ho feiii. (( a ^ driink- o luascu- 5ions car- aine as in rraver. 3 alike iu :cconi1), aro ominine by 4 i PRINCIPES DE GRAMMAIRE FRANCAISE. Bellot, Mat, Sot, Vieillot, Bellotte, Matte, Sotte, Vieillotte, pretty ish. unpolished, silly, oldish. Gentil, Nal, Gentille, NuUe, nice, pretty null. Paymn, Paysantie, peasant. 19 59- The following adjectives form the feminine irreg- ularly : Masculine^ Feminine. Donx, Douce, sweet. FauXy Fausse, false. BlanCf Blanche, white. Franc, Franche, frank. (( Franque, frank, (tongue Sec, Seche, dry. Frais, Fratche, fresh. Public Publique, Dublic. ong. Long, Longue, Grec, GrecquCf i^reek, Greciai Tare, Turque, Turkish. B til ill. Binigne, benign. Mai in J Mali'irw, mulieious. Favor i. Fa .i; favorite. Tiers, Tierce, third, tertian. Co>, Coite, silent. J tin) 'fill. Jumelle, Vocabulary. twin. Warlike, helliqueux. Parasol , omhrelle, f. Stupid, bete. Heat, chalcur. l?ox, cais8e,boUe, f. A little , rather, un pen ilope, espoir. Quite, tout a fait. idea, idh, f. A shop magasin. Never, jamais. Wool, laine. Not at all, pas du tout. Also, ausii. Exercise 13. •go* jed. Un jeune homme. Una jeune femme. Un amusement agr^abLi». Vno amie sinctre. Le livre de mon irhre est grand et sa table eat petite. Votre frere n'est pas jaloux, mais (but) votre soeur est un peu jalouse. Votre cheval est-il vif? Pas du tout, mais ma jument est excessivement vive. Ce vin est bon, et cette eau est bouue aussi. Gea femmes ne sent pas sottes. 20 PRINCIPES DE GRAMMAIRE FRANCAISE. I T am happy, and she is happy also. Life is sweet. That woman is false. Give me an old parasol. If the boy is not quick, the girl is quick. A frank man (a /«a/t frank) han soinotinies {que'c/ucfois) his (/a) tongue too (/rowA). Give some fresh water (i^a^rr fresh) to that white mare {mare lohiie). The milk is very fresh, but the water is not fresh. His {sa) sister would be amiable if she were more diligent. That poor child has a tertian fever. The Greek nation is vory illustrious. The Ttirkish fleet was defeated at Navariuu. The J'rauks were very warlike He has wool in his shop. That is your favorite reading. The enchanting voice of that actress is superb. This is {dest) for the public good {bien). The manners of the peasant women are very simple. This lesson is not very long. Those twin sisters are very charming. That news (/) is false. She is a very benign woman. His sister is a governess in that family {familh). We very have a faithful servant. The Em- press Eugenie has had very great sorrows (chagrins). The Queen of England is very much \heaucoap) iM-loved. That idea is quite new. That boy is not stupid. He haa hope. PLURAL OF ADJECTIVES. 60. The plural of (jualificative adjectives is formed like that of nouns. The only exceptions are hleu, blue, and feu, late, which take s. Tout, ind. adj., loses its final t to form the plural and adds ,s', tniity tons. The following adjectives form their plural according to the general rule of nouns, tliey take s: Amical, friendly ; hanccO, bandy-legged ; fatal, fatal, filial, filial ; final, final ; friKjal, frugal ; glacial, icy ; initial, initial ; jovial, jovial ; labial, labial ; nasal, nasal ; natal, native; naval, naval; paschal, paschal; t/ieatrals, theatrical ; and many others. Exercise 14. Avez-vous une belle brebis ? Les vents glacials viennent (come) du nord (north). Vos amis ont-ils dtt! heureux? Des hommes loyaux. Des rt^ultats (results) fatals. Les livres sont bons. Ces chaises sont basses et ces tables sont hautes. La soeur et le frhre sont attentifs. II y a (there are) de beaux tableaux dans cette raaison. PRINCIPES DE GRAMMAIRE FRANCAISE. 21 A handsome horse. A fine cow. The handsome horses of my (wiort) friend. The neighbor's fine cows. The old woman is {est) blind and deaf. The blind man is happy. He lias a faithful dog and a fine garden. The brother and sister are (snnt) happy. We have delicious peaches and apricots. The queen has gray horses. The king's brother is a tall man. The children's motli(>r is a cour- ageous woman. A pretty child. The envious giil is unhai)i)y. Remark .'—The Btuilent must remember that, althouf,'h some is exjiresscil hy de or d' before an adjective, (see 35,) yet of the is iuvanably transbited by dn, de la, de I' und dea, as explained iu 31. Exercise 15. I have fine sheep. The price of the fine sheep. You have pretty lambs. The beauty of the young lambs. An English boy. An Italian girl. The public voice. A clean house. I have white stockings and black shoes. The right hand and the left hand. The history of ^ood kings. Send me some blue violets. The perfume of the l)lue violet is delicious. He sells bad apples. We have no ripe peaches. You have " short lesson. The queen had a haughty soul. COMPARISON OP ADJECTIVES. 61. Tlie comparison of an adjective is the expression of its (juality in different degrees. Tliere are three degrees of comparison : the ^;o,s//nr, the comparafivuatre-vingt-un 81. (^uatre-vingt-dix , , 90. Quatre-vingt-onze 91 . Cent 100. Centun 101. Deux conts 200. Deux cent un. , 201. Mille 1000. Vn million A million. Nomhret. Ordinaux. Ordinal. Numbers. rreniier, m. premiere,/. . Int. Deuxitme, second-de.... 2d. Troisifcme 3rd. C^uatri^me 4th. Cinquibme 5th. Sixifeme 6th. Septi^rae 7th. Huitieme 8th. Neuvienio 9th. Dixit-nie 10th. Onzieme 11th. Douzieme 12th. Treizifemo 13th, Quatorzifeme 14th. Quinzii'me loth. Seizii'me . 16th. I )ix-sefjtiL'me 17th . 1 )ix-huitieme ISth. Dix-neuvieme 19th. Vingtibine*. 20th. Vingt et imic'me 21st. ^'ingt-deuxieme 22d. Trentiemo . . .^ 30th. Trente et unieme 31st. ( ,)uarantienie 40th. < .hiaraute et ixnitime 41.st. ( 'in(iuuntienie. ,50th. Cin(iuante et unieme. . , 51 st. S( tixantil'uie t - 60th, Soixante ct luiil-me 61 st. Soixante-dixiinie 70th, Soixante et onzitnie. .. . 71st. Sdixante-douziLUie 72d. < Juatrci-vingtit'nie 80th. (^>uatre-vingt-unieme. . . . 81st. < Juatre-vingt-dixil'Uie. . . . 90tli. <,>uatrc-vingt-onzifeme. . . 9Lst. ("rntieme 100th. rVnit unieme 101st. Diuix centieme 200th. I )eux cent unieme 20l8t. Millieme 1000th. Millionieme A millionth. * Pronounce the t in rinot, trente, quarante, cinquante^vQvy struuu'l v + Pi-onounco i''n;('r Lriviug to the x the strong and jtum lii.^si.i: ■Kound of .V ; and tlie t very stnjugly. fT r^ 2(j PRINCIPES DE GRAMMAIRE FRAN^AISE. 4 77. ^OTE 1st. — AVitli tlio exception of itn, nno, one, tlio cardinal nnmhers are invariaT)le in f^'ondor ; that is, they are not altered to agree with nouns of the feminine gender. 78. Althonf];h nnzc, clovon, and nn::{em(\ eleventh, l)ep;i]i with a vowel, the definite article 1p, la, does not suH'cr elision hefore them, and the artich; I'-s is pronounced as if onze liegan with an h aspirated ; as, Le ami hue chcval, Les ome pommes, The eleventh horse. The eleven apples. 79. Vingt and cent are the only numeral adjectives which take « in the ])lural. They take ,s* whenever they are preceded hy a number M'hich multiplies them : Qu'atre-vingts crayons, Deux cents jours, Eighty pencils. Two hundred days. But vingt and cent, preceded by a number, do not take the plural whrn tlvy are foil nwpd hy another number^ and alf Fifth, oiiiporor of (rcrmany and kin;^^ of Spain, and of Pope Sixtus V, wo say Cfta)'l''s-(.luint, Ic Pape 8Utc-(Uinnt. N. I) — Tlio French use ahnost always the Roman characters after tht? names of kin<,^s. IJx. Louis the Fuui- toenth — Louis XIV. Henry the First — Henri ler. Exercise 17. J'ai cinq cents livres dan« ma bihliothoqne. II a six cents mou- tons et quatrevingt.s vaches. Cetto ariiido se compo.so do Hoixanto mille hoiiimes. Deux douzaines d'i\\HO({ inatoad of via, ta, sa, boforn ii feminine noiiii, singular, bcgimiing with a vowel or fi niuto, for the Haku of euphony. 83. Those adjectives do not nqree in j^onder and nmii- Vcr uith the antecedent, or possessor, as in Englisli, but with the thing possessed. Rule. — Every possessive adjective must apjree in nuni- her and gender with avnio folio iiijifj noun to which it I'efcrs. Monpire, vui m^rc, meafrcrea. Exercise 18. Vdici mon excellcnto tanto {aunt). Nous avons la visito do son aim.ihlo fille. Son tils, sa fillo ct ses neveux sont-ils au salon? Notrn maison est grando. J'aimo beauccnip nos cousins. Luur cheval est plus beau que lo mien {mine). My son, my child, my daughter, my school. Their work. His hrotiier, her brother, his bruthers, her brothers. Hia sister, Iut sister, his sisters, her sisters. His height, her height, its hciglit. To tiiy ear. My brother's birds. The bones of your arm. Our iewels. Thy honor. His soul. Her faithful dog. Her eyes are black. [Write, She has the eyes black.] His history. Her history. The j^rice of your fan. My playthings. I havo written twice to thy sister. Read your lessons four times. Her hands are white. [Write, She has the handa white.] 84, The possessive adjective, like tlie article, must he repeated in French before every noun in tlie sentence Ijefore which it is understood^ thougli not expressed in Englisli ; as, my father and mother, inon pera et ma mere. The prepositions a and de must also be expressed before the possessive adjective, when they are understood in English. Vocabulary. Aunt, Boot, Carriage, Chair, Cherry, Coach, Color, Currant, Flower, tante, f. hotte^ f. voiture, f. chaiae, f. ceriae, f. carrosse, m. couleur, f. groseiUe, f. jHeur, f. Fruit, Love, (noun,) Kelation, Pear, Purse, Raspberry, Service, Thimble, Uncle, fruit, m. amour, m. parent, m. poire, f. bourae, f . framboise, f. service, m. de, m. oncle. a <- w I ' 30 PRINCIPES DE GRAMMAIRE FRAN^AISE. ' ' ! .1 I ■I ' ». ■!( \\ > 85, The article is used instead of the possessive adj^'dive when speaking oi jiarts of the bodi/. The idea of posses- sion is expressed by the means of a pronoun placed before the verb : Je me suis couj)6 le doigt, 11 s^ est fait mal cl la main^ I have cut my finger. He has hurt his liaud. Exercise 19. Edouard ct sa srour snnt soignoux et attentifs. Pierre iTa pa.s de frauiboises dans sou jardin. Mos frires out quatre-viugts brebis. Les iiuits sont a pri'seut plus courtes que les jours, Nus sujiu-s et noa frcrus soiit prOts. Thy pen and books. Give me your gloves and hat. The love of my brotlier and sister. To your sons and daughters. Its beauty and value. My hat, coat, and boots are on {miv) my chair. Our carriage and horses are at (a) your service. Their uncle and aunt are hax)py. Our apples are better than your oranges. Thy hands and feet. My pens and ink. The price of his cows and horses. Her modesty and prudence. Send {envoie) some fruits and flowers to thy mother and sisters. My brother Edward is ray father's fifth son. Henry the Fourth. The Cvdor of your currants and cherries is beautiful. My dear friend, all the fruits of my garden are at your service. Send the prettiest flowers to yoiu: uncle and aunt. Emily's parents are pleased with {de) their good daughter. Give me your ripest pears. Stephen and William nave my poor dog. The king's coach is at the door of his palace. The garden has loM its beauty. My rasp- berries and currants are the finest. The rose is the queen of flowers. Send some fragrant flowers to the blind children. The weight of its fruits. The old woman has cloth shoes. DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES. 86. Demonstrative adjectives point out the nouns which tliey determine. They are • ce, before a was. noun begiimii: "'.v;i,> :■. consonant This or au It as[)irate. or < cety bef( ire a itias. noun beginning with a vowel or That a silent h. cettej before a feminine noun. These " or Those ceSf before a plural noun. PRINCIPES DE GRAMMAIRE FRAN^AISE. 31 [jcdive posses- hefore r. d. l)as de brebis. j(jum"3 et 3 love of beauty ir. Our bud aunt Thy )W8 and le fruits •d is my ly dear end the ants are at pears, ch is at \.y rasp- flowers, ht of its nouns isonant owel or Demonstrative adjectives agree in gender and niimlx'i with the noun they point out. Ca chapeau^ cette jV;^ />/'', CVS gants. As ce^ cef, cette, ces do not express the dis tinction impHed in the English words this, that, th >.•<>■ those, it is necessary wlien we wish to make this distinc- tion, or to speak emphatically to place ci (abridged fiom ici, here, adv.) after the noun to denote the nearer! ohject ; andA), to denote tlie most remote. Tlicy juc joined Avith a hyphen to the noun whicli they t'ollnw. thus : Cc cheval-ci. This horse. Ce cheval-ld, That horse. Exercise 20. Co livro, cette plume, ces tables. L'honneur de cot hoiume. Lcs vaches de cette femme. La niodestie do cette fille. Los voix de CCS oiseaux. Le fils do ce ht^ros. Quel est lo prix de cos «5ventails et de cos gants? Envoyez ces curaux et ces cristaux a votre frfere. This castle {chateau) is very beautiful. Take this knife and that fork. 1 know (cortwats) this man and that woman very well. This pen is good, that pen is bad. Give that orange to your mother. These fine apples grew (croismient) on those trees. The price of those plums and these pears. My dear sister read this book, p\it that book on the table. This ink is black, that ink is blue. These boots are new ; give me those b^ots. Send these lilies to Mary, and those violets to Lucy. My aunt's eyes are blue. The 2yth of February will be her birthday, {jour de naissancc). Vocabulary. Advantage, Apron, Baker, Cap, Carpenter, Farmer, Handkerchief, Iron, Leaf, Leather, avantage, m, tahlier, m. boul anger, m. bonnet, m. charpentier, m. fermier, m. mouchoir, m. fer, m. feuille, f . cuir, m. Mahogany, Marble, Oak, Physician, Pleasure, Season, Shoemaker, Steel, Velvet, Watch, (tofjoii, m. iHiirbre, m. i'hCne, m. midecin, m. p/aisir, m. aaison, f. cordonnier, m. oct'cr, m. velours, m. montre, f. Exercise 21. These knives are of steel ; those knives are of silver. That" farmer has lazy children. This watch is better than that watch. Emily has lost her gold thimble. (Jive this cap to your aunt, and ^1 ■,; 32 PRINCIPES DE GRAMMAIRE FRAXgAISE. ' /; !t that apron to your sister. That physician has a marble honso. The carpenter has our wooden mallet. Bring those peaches ; these l)eaches are not ripe. The color of those ])ink3, and the perfume of those roses. Julia has a white silk hat. My watch and liandker- cliiof are on that table. Silver is white. That cari)entur has a leather apron and irun nails. Matilda has your gold watch. INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES. 87. Indefinite adjectives denote that the noun is taken in a vague and general manner : Aurini homme rCest arrive, no man has come. They are : With a mas. With a feni. With a phu-, noun. noun. mas. noun. Aucun, aucunc, aacuns, Autre, autre, autres, Certain, certaine, certains, Chaque, chaque, Maint, tnainte, Meiiie, meme, Nul, nulle. With a plur. fern. noun. aucuncs, autres, certaines. no, )iot any. other. certain, some. each. many, many a same, self. no. several, many. which, what. maints, maintcs, memes, mimes, nuls, nuUes, plusieurSt plusievrs, Quel, quelle, quels, quelles, Quelconqu€,*quelconque, quelconques, quelconqueSy whatever, any. Qxielque, quelque, quelques^ quelques, some, a few. Teh telle, tels, telles, such, such a. Tout,f toute, tons, toutes, all, every, whole. Aiii'jui and md are accompanied by the negative n<\ *Always follow the noun. \Toat becomes an adverb when it means quite, entirely, however .. Ellefut tout etonnee She was quite astonished. ^2r Tout, though an adverb, varies before an adjective or parti- ciple beginning with a consonant or an h aspirate : Elle etait toute changee, She was quite altered. Elle en est toute honteuse. She is quite ashamed of it. Toutes spiritucllcs qaelles sont, Witty as they are. f '|i Vocabulary. Dish, plat, m. Needle, Dollar, piastre, f I'in, Fork, foiirchette, f . Plate, Money, argent, m. Spoon, aiguille, f. ^pingle, f. assiette, f. cuiller or cuilUref f. 5 liotise. ■fume of is taken ■)t any. in, some. y, many a i, self. ral.man:/. ch, what. i,tever,any. .e, a few. h, such a. every, who]e. egative w. ely, however ; astonished, ctive or parti- e altered, ishamed of it. y are. ■■'!■ ^' trincipes de grammaire frangaise. Exercise 22. 33 Chaque fille a nn livrc, Maint homme est pau\TC, Toutes ce» maisons sont h, mon phre. J'ai reucontr*^ plusieurs personnes dans la rue. Aucim honnne ii'est parfait. Tel maltre, tel valet. Un autre domestique ferait plus d'ouvrage. Avez-vous vu les memes personnes. Je parlo de certaines choses. J'ai vu plusieurs oiseaux 8ur ces arbres. Each season has its pleasures. I \vish to buy {acheter) an orange ; have you any cents to hmd me {d me preter) ? Which watch havo you ? I have my silver watch. Some boys are in the garden ; they are picking {cneiflciit) the cherries. Our country has its advantages, and other countries have their advantages. These forks are larger than those forks. Have you any money? I have some dollars in my purse. Will you have a steel ring or an iron ring? These pins and needles are good. Some fine days. What is the price of that marble table ? What advantages have you ? All the white wine is old ; the red wine is new [nouveau). You have spent (dipens^) all your money. CHAPTER IV. THE PRONOUN. 88. Pronouns are words used instead of nouns to avoid their repetition. There are five kinds of pronouns : the 2yeyso7ial, possessive, demonstrative^ relative, and indefinite, PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 'i 89. P"rsonal pronouns point out the persons, and I indicate the part they play in the speech. There are i three persons: The first, or the person ivho speaks ; the , second, or the person spoken to ; the thii'd, or the person : spoken of. They are : Ist per. sing. Me, me, to me. Moi, I, me, to me. 2nd per. sing. Tu, thou. Te, thee, to thee. Tot, thou, thee, to thee. 1st per. plur. Nous, we, us, to us. 2nd per. plur. Vou8, you, to you. 34 PRINCIPES DE GRAMMAIRE FRANgAISE. 3rd per. sing. //, he or it. EllCf she or it. c- ^^ »«.• i himself, herself, Sc or sot, \ j^g^if ^ ^^g,g g^if ' Xe, him, it. La, her, it. Luiy to him, to her, to it. 3rd per. plur. Ih, they. Elks, they. Xc5, them. Eux, them. Elles, them. Leur, to them (of persons.) Y, to them (of things. ) E7i, of them. 90. Some grammarians divide personal pronouns in conjunctive and disjunctive, 91. Conjunctive personal pronouns are essentially con- nected with a verb either as subject or object. 92. Disjunctive personal pronouns are separated from the verb by a preposition which governs them, or stand alone, the verb being understood. 93. Jc, tu, il, elle, nous, vous, ils, elles, en and y are con- junctive pronouns. 94. Moi^ toi, lui, elle, nous, vous, eux, elles, are dis- junctive pronouns. The word meme is placed after these pronouns to make them emphatic. 95. All conjunctive personal pronouns used as subject precede the verb, as : il lit, he reads. Except in the inter- rogative, when they follow it, lit-il ? does he read 1 96. Used as objects, all conjunctive personal pronouns precede the verb, as ; je vous dis, I tell you. Except in the imperative affirmative when the pronoun comes after the verb, as : donnez-le, give it. 97. When the verb governs two pronouns as objects, the one direct and the other indirect, the pronouns of the first or second person precede that of the third person as : il me le donna, he gave it to me. II te le donna, he gave it to you. I I i i 4 4 I i PRINCIPES DE GIUMMAIRE FRANQAiyE. 35 98. If l^oth pronouns are in the third person the direct object is placed before the indirect, as : t'l le Ini doruie, he gives it to him. The only exception to this last rule is for the reflective pronoun se used as an indirect object ; it takes precedence of the direct regimen : 276' se le dise?it, they say it to each other. 99. When y and en occur in the same sentence y pre- cedes en ; II y en envoya, he sent some there. 100* Vous is used for politeness instead of tii ; the adjective and participle remain in the singular : Madame vous ctes Men bonne, madam, you are very good. 101. Le, la, les, are articles when joined to a noun, they are pronouns when they are joined to a verb. Leur is a personal pronoun when it means a cux, c> clb'ii, and is joined to a verb. It does not take s in the plural, for it is already the plural of hii ; when joined to a noun, it is a possessive adjective, and takes an s in plural : leurs Iwres, their books. 102. ^n is a pronoun when it is used for de lui, d'clle, dJeux, d'elles: Taime ces messieurs et fen suis estime, I like those gentlemen and I am esteemed by them. It is an adverb when it means from there : J\'n viens, I come from there, and a preposition when it means the place where one is : En Amerique, in America. 10?. y is a pronoun when it means to this thing, a cette chose, to these things, a ces choses ; to that, a cela: fy donne mes soins, I give my attention to that. . It is an adverb when it means there : Ty vais, I go there. Se conjunctive and soi, disjunctive, a 3 only used in the third person for both genders and numbers. Soi is used when the subject of the verb is on, tout le monde, chacun. « i ¥\ If \fr^ 36 PRINCIPE3 DE GRAMMAIRE FRAN^AISE. :x i > 104, The disj anctive personal pronouns are used : 1 . After c'est or cc sonf, expressed or understood : C'cst moi, it is I. Ce sont eux, it is they. 2. In reply to a question, the verb being omitted : Qui chante ? Moi. Who sings ? I. 3. In comparisons of equality, superiority or infe- riority : II est phis grand que lui, He is taller than he. 4. When governed by a preposition : De moiy from me, Envers nous, toward us. 5. In connection with another pronoun as subject : Lui et moi nous sovimes amis. He and I are friends. 6. In exclamations or emphasis : Moi / Ciller Ci la ville. I ! going to town. 7 ^Vhen they make a distinction or opposition : Eux Vont releve et lui Pa panse. They raised him up and he dressed his wounds. Vocabulary. T \ea,rn, fapprends. To answer, repondrc. However, rependant. I>o you know ? connaisscz-vousl To throw, Jeter. Do you see ? voyez-vous ? Do you learn ? apprenez-voust To reproach, reprocher, I understand, je comprends. Quickly, rite. Slowly, lentement. I will come, Je viendrai. Exercise 23. Jo te parle, pourquoi ne reponds-tu pas ? Tu me paries trop vite, je ne comprends pas. Connaissez-vous ce monsieur? Oui, je le connais. Voyez-vous mademoiselle Marie? Oui, je la vols. Ecrivez- vous h, votre tante ? Nous lui ^crivons une fois par mois. Vous nous flattez, je crois. Pas dii tout, nous vous disons ce que nous pensons. Troi;vez-vou8 ces fraises bonnes ? Oui, je les trouve ex- cellentes. Connaissez-voua cette dame? Je ne la connais paa. Apprenez-voua facilement le frangais? Je ne I'apprends pas trfes facilement, cej^endant je ne le trouve pas trt;s difficile. Voyez-vous cetoiseau? Je ne le vois pas, oti est-il? Lk-haut sur cet^rbre. Qui a fait cela? Ce n'est pas moi, c'est lui. Qui a jet4 {throvm) cette pierre? Ce n'est paa nous, ce sont eux, je les ai vus. Vous chantez mieux que moi. Vous marchez plus lentement que nous. Moi, je suia Franjais, vous, vous etes Am^ncain. I PRINCIPES 1)K GHAMMAIltK FHAN^AISE. 37 li Do you Bee John ? I soe him. Where is iny book ? I do not see it. Does ho see me? William i.s at the floor; tl > ycni seo him. We sue him. I have lost my ])cucil, do yuii sro it? Ho dnosiiot see 1110. J)(ie8 lie not s(>o thee ? I see yon, and I will give it to my nisttr. I have bought («(•/;, being added merely to make a distinction between objects, if the demonstrative pronoun is followed by a relative pronoun, ' or by a noun in the possessive case, the distinction being sufficiently clear, these particles would be useless, and must be omitted. Exercise 2G. Ces couteauxlk sont excollcnts ; mais ceux que vous m'avcz donnt's sont mauvais. Je prufere ces bottes-ci h, celles du cordon- nier. Ceci merite attention. Ces livres-ci ne sont pas aussi nouveaux que ceux de mon frere. Le corps et I'ame sont differents, celui-la p^rit, celled est immortelle. These maps are not so handsome as those which we have , Take these penknives (canifs), leave that one in my desk. These trees are finer than those which you have in your garden. I prefer those copy books {cahiers) to these. Give me your translation and that of your brother. My pupils {elcves) and those of my friend. That watch is better than this. Leave these crystals ; and give those to the boys. He has the farmer's sheep and those of his neighbor. My nephew has given to the master his exercises and those of the other scholars. 108. The demonstrative pronoun is often suppressed by English, and supplied by an apostrophe and an s added to the noun ; but it must be expressed by celui, celles, ceux or ^ n 1, Wl 40 PUINOirES DE ORAMMAIRB rRAN9AI8B. r i( i ') i< I' I ; celJes according to the gender and number of the noiin to which it refers, as : my hat and my brother's, mon chapcau et celui ilemonfrerey which is hterally, my hat and that of my brother. EXBROISB 27. J'ai iTjon couteau ot celui do mon frfere. Vnus avez pris {taken ma plumo et celle de mon ami. Nous avons noB cahiers et ceux des nouveaux (^coliers. II a mes livrea ot ceux do mon pl're. You have torn my gown and my sister's. My bird is not so large iprand) aa my brother's. Take your cloak and your brother's, but leave mine and my friend's. I liavo lost nry pencils and my sister's. Your house is larger than your brother's. Bring me {moi) your pens and take your sister's. Send my books and my brother's to the school. Mygloves are yellow, my eistcr's are white, my cousin's are black. Tne farmer's horses are stronger than the physician's. Our silver forks are at your service ; my brother's are of steel. Biuily's translation is better than her sister's. VOOABULARY. Bookseller, lihraire, m. Niece, nitce, f. Cake, gdteau, m. Piece, bit. inorceau, m. Cousin, cousin, m. Ring, bague, f. Cousin, cousine, f. Saucer, soucoupe, f. Cheese, frontage f m. Shutter, volet, m. Cup, tasae, f . Slate, ardoise, f. Glass, verre, m. Stone, pierre, f. Lawyer, avocat, m. Thread, filyva. EXBRCISB 28. Eat this cake and take {portez) that one to John. "Will you have my carriage or my cousin's ? Take away {emportez) my plate, and leave my sister's on the table. Send your boot and mine to the shoemaker. I have lost my needles and Mary's. Our baker makes better bread than yours. The farmer will have cabbages. The carpenters will have nails. Our poor neighbor has no wo(Si. Send him {envoyez-lui) my money and my niece s, and your coat and my nephew's. The school is in the stone house. 109. He, she, and they, the one, the ones, when fol- lowed by ivho, whom, or that, are translated into French by the demonstrative pronouns celui, celle, ceux, or celleSi thus : ^.. I PRINCIPES DE GRAM.MAIRB FRANI^AIHE. 11 Cdui qui, CcUc qui, Ccux qui, Cefica qui, Celui qui, CeUe qui, Ccux qui, Cel/es qui, ho who. sho who. they who, (m.) they who, (f.) the ono who, (in.) tho ono who, (f.) the ones who, (m.) the ones who, (f.) Ccfui que, ho whom. Cellc que, sho whinn. Ccux qur, thoy whom, (m.) CcUca que, thoy whom, (f.) Celui que, tho ono whom, (m.) Ccflc que, tlio one whom, (f.) Ceux que, thoont>.s wlnim,(m.) C€ll€3 que, the ones whom, (f.) N. B. — AMicn which or thaty follows f/t'' ow, th'' ows, etc., it is to he translated hy gui, if it is the siilijcct or nominative of the following verb ; and by qiui, if it is the object of the verb. Exercise 29. Celui qni a fait cela a trbs bien agi [netcd). Celle quo nous avons rencontree co matin dans la rue est mameilleuro amie. Ceux qui sont attentifs font toujoiirs des progrt'S. Celles qui iront (shall fio) an concert serontbieu satisfaites. Ceux que nous avons vus sout nosamis. He who dines (dtne) with us is my cousin's best friend. She who is virtuous is happy. They who are lazy are unhapi)y. They wlio are quick are not always (loujours) attentive. She whom we lovo is amiable. Ho whom we adore (adorovs) is almighty (tout-puismitt). My hat is not so new as tho ono that you have. Your slate is better than the one that I have. These pine-apples are finer than the ones which you have bought {achetcs). I preier these strawberries to the ones in the (du) market. Rpinarh. — The remark made in No. 31 respecting the use and place of nouns employed as adjectives, to denote the material of which anything is made, is applicable ako to nouns used to describe the one^ the ones ; as, Will you have the silver thimble or the gold one ? Voukz-vous le d6 d' argent ou celui d^or? But if the word that describes the 07ie, the ones, is an adjective, and not a noun used as an adjective, the words 07ie, oneSy are not translated into French, as : Do you wsh the white handkerchief, or the red one ? Voulez-vous le mouchoir blanc, ou le rouge ? Exercise 30. Donnez-moi la plume d'acier (steel) et envoyez celle d'or h. mon cousin. Quels souliers avez-vous ? J'ai les neufs. Avez-vous I'encre noire ou la rouge ? J'ai la bleue, je n'ai pas la rouge. Envoyez lea nouveaux livres h, Jean et gardez les vieux. r f h 42 rrilNCIPES DE OltAMMAIliE FUAN^AISE. CJivo mo tho silver watch, and send tho gold ono to my friend. Wliiit knivoH havo yon? Wo havo st^el onos. Will you navo tho pliisH dish or tho silver ono? I prefer tho oak chairs to tho niahotr- uny (»ucH. Havo you tlie old coat or tho new ono ? Givo mo my ailk gown. Do you winh tho blue ono or the black ono ? Send tho cloth cloak to .fojin and tho wilk ono to his aister. What applea do you wish ? Crivo mo tho ripeat ones. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. I III f & t'l .3 110. PossessiDd jironouns are used instead of the nouns, and denoto i)os,session : Mon livre est meilkur que le tien. My book is better than his. 111. These pronoims arc : Sing. mas. sing. fern. Plu. mas. Pla. fem. Lc micHy la mienne, les miens f les miennes, mine, my own. Lctien, la tiennCf les tiens, lestiennes, thine. Lc sicn, la sienne, les siens, les sienneSy his, her, its. Le n6tre, la vMre, les ndtreSj les nOtreSi ours. Le vdtre, la vOtre. les votreSj les vCtreSi yours. Le leur, la leuvy les Icurs, les leurs, theirs. Note 1 — Notre and voire, possessive pronouns, take a circumflex, to distinguish them from the possessive adjec- tives, iiofre and voire which take none. The possessive pronouns always agree in gender and in nmnber with the nouns ihey represent, thus : My book and thine, meaning thy book, ) is translated by : _ ) My book and thine, meaning thy books. Thy brothers and mine, (my brother). Thy brothers and mine, (my brothers). Our houses and yours, (houses). Your pens and his, (pens). My aunt and thhie, (thy aunt). His friends and mine, (my friends). Our country and yours, (your country). Their fortune and his, (fortune). Mon livre et le tien. Mon livre et les tiens, Tesfrercs et le mien. Tesfrercs et les miens. Nos maisons et les vdtres. Vos plumes et les siennes. Ma tante et la tienne. Ses amis et les miens. Notre pays et le voire. Leur fortune et la sienne. Note 2 — AMien the possessive pronoun is preceded by the preposition de or ct, the article must be contracted, as it is before a noun; as, of thy book and mine, de ton livre et du mien. ;ll k. I nUNCirES DE GRAMMAIRE FRAN^AiaE. ilS Caiubric, Carpet, Cnj)y-book, Cluuk, Do.sk, Map, Piipor, Scholar, Writing, Vocabulary. batiste, f. Exercise, tajiis. m. Friond, cahicr, in. (town, nunUiuu. Key, 2)itj)itre, ra. Market, carte, f. Muslin, papici', m. Penknife, «lcri who, which that. Qxie^ -..-..-. whom, v/hich, that. Quoi^ (by itself or governed by a preposition) what. Dont, (applied to persona and things) whose, of whom. Oil, in which, from which. A^} -applied to persons only { J^^K* ""^ *'""■ ^''•™'' Lequd, which. The pronouns qui, que, quoi, dont, are invariable ; le- quel varies, thus : iSing. mas. Sing. fern. Plu. mas. Plu. fern. LequcL IcoqmUe, Icsquds, lesqucl/cs, who, which, that. Duqiiel, delaqiiille, desquels, desqnellcs, of or from whom. AiLquel, (I laquelle, auxquelt, auxquellea, to whoux, which, what. 115. Lequel, laquelle, etc., is used to avoid amhiguity. When the relative pronoun is separated from its antecedent by another noun, who, ivhom, that, which, are translated by lequel, etc. La tante de mon ami laquelle demeure d Paris. My friend's aunt who lives in Paris. (Qui demeure d Paris might relate to mon ami.) I)' «ii^ PRINCIPES m-: GUAM.MAii;;: i'uancaise. LafiUe de vctre cousin laqnelle est aimahle. Your cousin's daughter who is amiable. (Qui est aitnable might refer to cousin.) 116. Remark 1. — Whose, when followed by a noun which is not governed by a preposition, is expressed by dont, and dont must he followed by the subject of the next verb, whatever may be the construction of the sentence in English, as : Un homme dont vons connaissez lefr^re. A man whose brother you know. Vhomme dont nous admirons Ics talentt. The man whose talents we admire. "When lohose can be changed into to tohom, it is trans- lated by ct qui ? "Whose hat is this 1 ct qui est ce chapeau ? and by de qui when it is changed into ofivhom : Whose daughter is she 1 De qui est-elle la fille ? Dont can only be used when the antecedent is expressed. At the beginning of an interrogative phrase, of ichoin is rendered by de qui, and of which by du quel, de la qiielle, etc. De qui parlez-vous? Of whom are you speak- ing 1 Duquel vous plaignez-vous ? Which one are you complaining of 1 117. Remark 2. — Whose, when followed by a noun which is governed by a preposition, is translated by de qui or du quel, not by dont ; de qui used for persons and du quel, de laquelle with reference to animals or things, as : Un homme sur Vamitii de qui je puis compter. A man on whose friendship I can rely. Lesjieurs d''la beatiti desquellesje parte. The flowers of whose beauty I speak. 118. Remark 3. — Of which placed after a noun, not governed by a preposition, is expressed by dont : xTal des fieurs ^trangiras, dont Vodeur est trts agriahle. I have some foreign flowers, the smell of which is very agreeable. 'i\ 46 PRINCIPES DE GRAMMAIRE FRANCAISE. i 'h t 1', • f I >,*; i; 'iij !(M ■t i ■ I: 119. Of which placed ufter a noun governed l>y a pre position, it is expressed by du quel, de laqneUc, etc. : tTai des fleurs itrangeres, d Vodeur desqueUcs je ne iri'accoutumerai Jamais. I have some foreign flowers to the smell of which I shall never get accustomed. 120. From whom is expressed by de qui, du quel, etc., not by dont : La dame de quifai re^u tin p^'esent. The lady from whom I received a present. 121. Quoi, what, is a relative pronoun, whose signifi- cation is vague ; it is not used in reference to persons, and often governed by a preposition : En quoi }mis-je vous servir ? In what can I serve you ? Je ne sais quoi dire. I know not what to say. 122. Oh is a pronoun when it means in which, to which, where, as : La hoite oil je garde mes papiers, The box in which I keep ray papers. 123* Que is a pronoun when it means lequel, Jaqadle, etc. : La le<;on quefaiitiuliee. The lesson I have studied. Que is an adverb when it means how many, as : Que de roses fai cueillies! How many roses I have picked. Que is a conjunction when it is neither lequel, etc., or how many, and connects two clauses of a sentence : J^apere que vous Hussirez. I hope (that) you will smccoed. 124. The relative pronouns ivhom, which or that, are often omitted in English, but they must always be expressed in Frencli, when they are required by the meaning or construction of the sentence, as : Oil cut If Hire ello est hi nieil- leure traduction ? (^ue faites-vous 1^ ? De quoi parliez- vous ? Qu'est-ce qu'un continent ? Look at those two houses, and tell mc \vl,\ich you prefer. Can yon not tell mo which is the itrcttiest ? Who.se fan is this ? Who ha.s done that ? What ! is it [cd-ce) you? What are I'^d ward's motives? Which are the largest rivers ? Which of these books were j^ou react ing ? Of what is John guilty ? To which of the boys shall I give the watch ? Who gave thee this l)eautiful dog ? For what dost thou call me? Who is calling me ? Which of these horses shall I ride ? Which horse shall I ride ? W^hat is an island? What is the name of that river ? Which arc the Northern states ? There are two oranges ; whose are they? Whicli do you ])refer ? Which is the largest? What ! is he not willing to speak to Lewis ? Which of these roses do you wish? Whose boots have you? Whose are these copy-books? Whoso daughter is she ? What is a republic ? To which of thy sisters shall I send some snow-drops ? In which of those houses does thy aunt live? Which is the largest ? Which has the largest garden? About ('ic) what are the boys talking ? What ! is she not here ? Will you have oranges or pine-apples ? I prefer the latter to the former. Which is the eastern continent 1 In what city do you live ? What is the sun ? The stars are suns. Give those handkerchiefs to those girls. These flowers are prettier than those. I have bought a cow and a horse ; the former costs {coiUe) me five and twenty dollars, the latter eighty-five. What ! you have given too much. What is the name of that star? What is Mary looking at ? Whose apron has she ? This lesson is shorter than that. What are kings and queens? On what island ? What cmitinent do Europe, Asia, and Africa form ? Eat this pear, and take to your sister the onus that you have in your apron. What is honor ? H ■-A i i k i'. yr/ / VA PRINCIPES DB GRAMMAIRE FRAN^AISE. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.' 128. Indefinite pronouns represent persons or things in a vague, indefinite manner. Such are the following :- On, Chacun, chacune, Autrui, Personne, Quiconqiie, ^uefqu,^un, quelqiCune, etc., Vn.n V autre, Cune V autre, etc., Vunet Vautre, Vunc et Vautre, L'un on Vautre, Ni Vun ni Vautre, Vun Vautre, Vune Vautre, Vun de Vautre, Vune de Vautre, Vun a Vautre, Vune d Vautre, one, people, we, they, etc. each, every one ; has no phiral,'' others ; " *' " nobody, no one, not one. ' whoever, whosoever, any person whatever, somebody, some one. one another, each other, both, all. either, neither. Les uns les autres, \ ^„^ „„^4.i,„« Les unes les autres, } one another. !> to one another. Les uns des autres, ) ^e ^„„ „„^i.u«- Les unes des autres, \ °^ °"^ ^»^*^®'^- Les uns aux autres, Les unes aux autres, Rfmarlc. — The preposition Avhich comes before one another in English comes between the two words, VitUy Vautre. 129. On is a pronoun of very extensive use in the Frencli language. It is used Avhenever we speak in general terms. Although it has commonly a plural meaning, on always requires the verb of which it is the subject in the third person singular: On doit toujours dire la verite, People should always tell the truth. After the words et^ s/, ou^ V should precede ow, for the sake of euphony : Et Von dit, And they say. But if on is followed by a word beginning by ?, V is not used before 07i : Si on k savait, . If that were knowUi 4 4 fl 1 / rj PRINCIPES DE GRAMMAIRE FRANyAISE. y 51 teU the i 130. English passive verbs used indefinitely re(][iiire] the active voice in French witli on for subject, and the"] subject of the verb in Englisli becomes its object in French : On irCa dit qiCil est parti, I have been told that he is gone. On donnera des recompenses demain, Rewiirdswill be given to-morrow. 131. Auam, autre, mil, id, crrtain, are called indefi- nite pronouns when they arc used for a noun, as : Aucun n'est venu, No one has come. Tclrit aujourdhui qui pleurera Such a one laughs to-day and will demain, cry to-morrow. 132. Personnc, when a pronoun, is always masculine j when it means nobody, no one, none, ne must be placed before the verb, as : Personne ne fa vu, Nobody has seen it. Personne, as a noun, is feminine. 133. Rien is a pronoun when not used with an article or an adjective ; when it means nothing, ne must be used before the verb, as : Je li'ai rien vu, I have seen nothing. Exercise 36. On est heureux quand on est content de ce qu'on a. On me Ta dit, tout le mondele croit. Quelqu'un m'a prete de I'argent. Je n'ai vu personne. L'un travaille, I'autre joue. On a mangd toutos les pommes. Sait-on qui a ^crit ce livre ? Ne regardez pas les cahicrs l'un do I'autre. Oh est notre chien ? On ne pout le troiiver. Vous pouvez avoir I'une ou I'autre de ces plumes. Je ne veux ni I'une ni I'autre. Vous n'avez rien fait aujourd'hui. Avez-vous vu le libraire de qui Edouard parlait ? Lequol ? Celui dunt vous connaissez tres bien la fille. People believe it. Do not they believe it ? Do they not say so (/f)? It will soon {bientOt) be known, if that is true. It was told to my sister yesterday. Have the men been called from the meadow ? Do not speak ill of one another. Whoever says so, says what is not true. Each one of the knives. Each one of the forks. No one knows it. The works of others. Is there any one at the door ? There is nobody. Take some of these apples. Somebody has taken my book. Is no one willing to come with me ? Have all the playthings been found ? Some of the apricots are not ripe. ;'■(■ 1 iM ii il I \, «. 1^ :52 PRiNCIPES DE GRAMMAIRE FRANgAlSE: I I U) Send me some of those copy-books to-morrow. All theapples' ,' have been eaten. Each of these books has its value. Put theirif each in ((/) its place. My brother will do it better than *'any body'. Is it known who wrote that book ? Do not do to others what you would not wish them to do to you, {qiCon rous fU.) The boys are talking to one another. It is said that the king is dead. Have the cherries been picked ? Each star. Each one of the stars. Which is the largest of the western states ? What lessons are you studying ? Vocabulary. To ask for, demander. Everybody, tout h monde Any thing, rten. Exjiect, attendre. Nothing, ne....nen. To like, earner. Call, (at a house,) passer. Still, yet. encore. Engraving, gravure, f. Whether, SI. I cannot give you anything. Do you know whether your i;ncle'» horses have been sold? They have not been sold yet. Have you still any of those engravings which you showed me the other day ? I have a few of them, that I will sell you chca\^ {bon viarche.) I expect somebody. Has anybody called here to-day ? I have been told that your aunt is sick. Some lessons are too long. Some of the lessons are short. Give me some of those caps. What are they looking at ? How did he burn his hand ? What does the poor woman expect ? This cap is not so pretty as the one that I have made. People are looking at you. Does any one of you wish to go with me to the city ? In which continent is Africa ? Take some flowers to each of thy sisters. We shall often write letters to one another. My luicle is in Europe. Our parents will go to America on the 2nd of June, and they will return to Europe on the 22nd of December. Whoever knows Mary, loves her. Somebody knocks at the door. Erery one says so Je.) Each one of these books. 134. Indefinite 2^yonouns always followed by que : Qui que, whoever, any one. Tel que, such as. Quoi que, whatever. Quel que, m. s. /"placed before the verb'\ Queue que, f . s. J to be, and relating Whoever, whatever. • Quels que, m. p. | to a noun that fol- /'"""°»'=**» ""«*fcyo*, Quellcs que, f. p. I lows it. ) Quelquc. . . que, ( when followed by a noun ) whatever Quelques. .que,\ placed before Qwe. |- wuoitovc*. Quelquc,. .que, iwnen immediately ^<^llowed)i Tout que, \ by an adjective or adverb, j "^^^ever. All the above pronouns, except tout .... quSf require the yerb which follows them to be in the subjunctive mood. H i TRINCIPES DE GRAMMAIRE FRAN^AISE. 53 EXAMPLES. Qui que ce soil qui me jxtrie. Whoever may speak to me. Qui que ce fiU qui en parldt. \Vli(jever would speak of it, Qui que ivus soiicz. Whoever you may be. Qui que ce soil qnejc re(^oive. Whomsoever I may receive. Qnoi que vous disie:. Whatever you may say. Quels que soient ccs hnmmcs. Whoever these men may bo. Quclqucs talents qu^il ait. Whatever talents he may have. Quclquc f/ranrls qu'ils soient, or Tout (jrands quHls sont. However great they may be. Exercise 37. Qui que vous soyez, je ne vous crains pas. Quel quo soit votre courage vous ne vaincrez pas Tenncmi. Quelque puissant que vous soyez, craignez la justice de Dieu. Quoi que voiis disiez vous n'excuserez pas la faute. Tout savant qu'il e^t, il ignore bicn des choses. Whoever may laugh. Whatever Lucy may send. Whomsoever I may see. Whoever tliese boys may be. Whatever friends they may have. However jiretty she may be. Whoever would beat the dog. However large he may be. Whoever those women may be. Whomsoever you may know. Whatever lessons they may have. Whatever you may do. However rich his father may be. What- ever he may say, I will not believe him. Ijoth shall go with me. Neither is in the garden. Shall I call j^our mother or aunt ? Call They alone do what I wsh. V coming ? either. For what is she ^Vhat is the mind ? Whoever is guilty shall be punished. Have you nothing to say to , me ? In which continent is North America ? Of whom is Lucy f [ speaking? What is she giving to the old woman ! With what are ' ^AcrC-' you writing ? He is praised, he is blamed, he is punished, but >vhatever they do, he is always lazy. Whatever advantages my / sister may have had. However faithful their friends may have been. Whatever may be the evils of this life. Whoever asks for me, tell him that I am busy. He applies himself to nothing what« ever. What is beauty ? A flower that soon fades {sefdne). V I I ■J I •> ii r 54 PRINCIPES L>E GRAMMAIRE FRAN(;;AISE. CHAPTER y. THE VERB. 135. A verb is a word which expresses action^ state or heiny. 136. The person or thing whose action, state or being the verb expresses is the suhject of i-ne verb. 137. French verbs are divided into five kinds : Active, passive, neuter, reflective and impersonal. 138. Verbs are called active, when they express an action and have a direct object : J^ecris tine Icttrc, I write a letter. 139. Verbs are called jmssive when the action ex- pressed by the verb is received or suffered by the subject : Je suis aim6, I am loved. 140. Verbs are called rieuter or intransitive when they express an action done by the subject, but have no direct object : Je marchc, I walk. 141. Reflective or pronominal verbs are those which express the action of a subject upon itself : Je mejlatte, I flatter myself. These verbs are always conjugated Avith two pronouns of the same person : for that reason they are called pronominal verbs. 142. Impersonal or unipersonal are those which have only the third person singular : II plenty It rains. 143. The word on which the action of the verb falls directly is called the direct object or regime direct^ or 1 I PRINCIPES DE GRAMMAIRE FRAN^AISE. 55 comph'mput (lived. It is called indirect ohjed if it completes the action by the means of a prepobition : Je porte ce livre (1 111 on ami, I carry this book to my friend ; livre^ direct object ; a mon ami, indirect object. 144. The mood of a verb is the manner in which it expresses its signification. 145. Verbs have five moods in French : Infinitive^ which express the action in a vague manner. Indicative, which amrma in a positive manner. Conditional, which affirms with a condition. Imperative, which commands, exhorts, requests. Subjunctive, which is subordinate to another verb. 146. The infinitive mood is called impersonal because it does not change for the persons ; the other four are called personal, because they admit of different persons. 147. Verbs have tenses ; the tenses mark the distinc- tion of time. There are three principal tenses : The 2y>'csent, which indicates that the action is done at present. The pad, which indicates that the action is past. The future, which indicates that the action will be. 148. Tenses are simple or compound. 149. Simple tenses are expressed by a single word, that is the verb itself. 150. Compound tenses are those which are formed with the different tenses of verbs, which are called auxiliary verbs. The auxiliary verbs are, avoiVf to have, and etrey to be. 151. The present has only one tense, but there are several pasts and several futures. 152. The pasts are : The Imperfect^ the Preterite or Past definite^ the Past indefinite, Past anterior, and Plvr perfect. ^1 f i ■ I' -1 ^i % ■f'i i ll k k 1 1^ I 56 PRINCIPE3 DB GRAMMAIRR FRAN^iUSE. ThQ/atmrs are : Tlio Future absolute ami the Future anterior. 153. Verbs havo two numbers, the sinrjular and tliG plural. 154. Each number has three persons : Ist, which denotes the person spcakinfj. 2nd, " " " " 'spoken to. 3rd, ♦• '• '• " spokmof. 155. Verbs are regular^ irregular or defective. Regular verbs are those which are conjugated like those given as models. Irregular verbs arc tliose which differ from the conju- gation to which they belong. Defective verbs are those which want some mood, tense or persons. 156. French verbs are generally divided into four conjugations, whicli are distinguished by the termination of the ])resent of the infinitive. 157* The Jirst ends in er, as ^mrler, The second " " ?V, " finir^ The third T\\Q fourth It u (( (( oir. recevoir. 7'e, " vend re y to speak. to finish, to receive, to sell. The French langtiiigo inclndos about 4,000 Rimple verba. Of these J^.GOO ond In *r, 330 iuir, with tlie imperfect \\\ iasais, and 28 with the imperfect in at«, 10 verbs in otr, and 50 iarc. The tirst conjugation forms new verbs witli nouns, (thns, if to barricade, a barricade, chemin. a path, a road, frisson, a Bhudder, Ave add er, wo make barricader, cheminer, frisaonner, to barricade, to journev, to Bhudder); t)lio Hccomi with adjectives, (thim, if to Jaune, grand, we add ir, we make jaunir, grandir, to become yellow, to enlarge), hence they are called Uving conjugations, whilHt no new verbs are formed belonging lo the' 3rd and 4th con- jugations ; they arc called dead conjugations. 158. There are four different ways of conjugating the same verlj : Afjirmativel g, negatively, inteyrogatively^ and interrogaticely and negativehj. As the compound tenses of all the verbs are formed by the lielp of avoir and etre. tliese verba take tlie precedence of the four regular conjugations, instead of coming among the in-egular conjugations, where they properly belong. rUlN'ClPES DK GRAMMAIRK FRANgAISE. Vt AUXILIARY VERB AVOIIi. COXJUGATIOX OF TIIK ATXILTARY VERB A VOlRy TO HAVE. INFINITIVK, {INFINITIF.) PRESENT. PAST. Avoirf to have. | Avoir eu, to havo hadt PARTICIPLE. PRESENT. PAST. Ai/antf having. | Aijanl en, ha/inghad, PAST. Eu, m., CMC, f., had. INDICATIVE. SIMPLE TENSES. tTai, Til as, I!, or cUc a, Nous aeons, Vous avcz, lis, or dies ont, PRESENT. I have, thou "-lant. he, or she has. we have, you liave. they have. J^arais, Tu avals, II avait, NoKS avians, Vous aricz, lis avaient, PAST J^eus, Tu cus, II cut, Nous eumes, Vous ctUes, lis eurent, J^aurai, Tu auras, 11 aura, Nons aurons, Vous axi.rez, lis auront, IMPERFECT. I had. thou hadst. he had. we had. you had. they had. DEFINITE. I had. thou hadst. he had. we had. you had. they had. FUTURE. I shall have, thou shalt have, he shall have, we shall have, you shall have, they shall have. COMPOUND TENSES. PAST INDEFINITE. I have had. thou hast had. he has had. we have had. you have had. they have had. i/'at eu, Tu as cu, II a cu, Nous avoiis cu, Vous avez cu, lis ont eu, PLUPERFECT. J^avais eu, I had had Tu avals eu, II avali eu, Nous avians eu, Vous avlcz eu, lis avaient cu, J^eus cu, Th cus cu, II cut eu, Nous Climes eu, VouseiUcs eu, lis eurent cu, FUTURE J^aurai cu, Tu auras eu, II aura eu, Nousauronseu, Vous aurez eu, lis auront eu, thou hadst had. he had had. we had liad. you had had. they had had. PAST ANTERIOR. I had had. thou hadst liad. he had had. we had had. you had had. they had had, ANTERIOR. I shall thou shalt he shall we shall you shall they shall f ^ 68 PRINCIPES DE GRAMMAIRE FRAN^AISE. CONDITIOXAL. .li: PRESENT. Taurais, I should have. Tu aurais, thou shouldst have. II aurait, he should have. If ous a urions, WG should hav^o. Vous atiriez, you shoiild have. lis auraient, they should have. PAST. J^ aura is cu, I should 2'u aurais en, thou shouldst II aurait cu, he should Nnusaurionscu, we should Vous auriez cu, you should lis auraiet't cu, they should r A. J SECOND FORM OF THE CONDITIONAL PAST. lit ii ■i ft ' iii J^cusse cu, Tu cusses cu, II cut cu, Nous eussions cu, Vous cussiez eu, lis eussent eu, I should have had. thou shouldst liavehad. he should have had. we sliould have had. you should have had. they should have had. Aie, AyonSy Ayez, IMPERATIVE. PRESENT. have (thou). let us have, have (ye). Aieeu, Ayons eu, Ayez eu. PAST. have had. let us have had, have (ye) had. SUBJUNCTIVE. PRESENT. PAST. Que tu aiea, Qu'il ait, Que n ous ayons, Que vous ayez, Qu'ils Client, that I may that thou mnyst that ho may that, wc niti}' that you may that they may §• Que / aie eu. Que tu aies eu, Qu'il ait eu. Que nov^ ayons eu. Que vous ayez eu, Qu'ils aient eu, that I may that thou mayst that he may " that we may that you may that they may a §• p. I IMPERFECT. PLUPERFECT. Quej'eusse. Que tu exissea, Qu'il eiit, Que nous eussions, Qiif vous niHtnrz, Qa'ils ( ,;.s.>Tfi(. that I might that thou mightsl that he mifiht that -wo niii|;lit tl'ai yon mijrlit t". at iht-y aiif^lit Que j'eusse eu, that I might Que tu nisses eu, that thou mightBt Qu'il flit eu. that he niitfht Qurnousi'iissionse^i. that Ave mu;ht Qui' voiiseussiiz eu. that rou mi^ht Qu'ils eussc7it (H. that they might \ a. u PRINCIPES DE GRAMMAIRE FRAXCAISE. 59 CONJUGATION OF VERBS NP]GATIVELY. 159. Verbs arc conjugated negatively in their simple tenses l)y placing ne before the verb and -pas after. In compound tenses ne is placed before the auxiliary and ^>rt6' after it. AVOIR, TO HAVE. CONJUGATED NEGATIVELY. X. P). — The Jh'st persons of the tenses only arc given ; the student will learn the others from the preceding form conjugated in full. INFINITIVE. COMPOUND TENSES. PAST. N^ avoir pas eu, not to have had. PARTIOIFLK PAST. N^ayantpas eu, not having had. SIMPLE TENSES. PRESENT. Nkivoir pas, or ) „ , .^ , „„^ Ne pas ^ob', \ "°* *° ^^^^• PARTICIPLE PRESENT. N^ayant pas, not having. INDICATIVE. PRESENT. PAST. Te li'aipas, I have not. | Je li'aipas eu, I have not had. IMPERFECT. PLUPERFECT. Je n'avais pas, I had not. | Je n^avais pas eu, I had not had. PRETERITE DEFINITE. PAST ANTERIOR. Je n'eus pas, I had not. | Je n'euspas eu, I had not had. FUTURE. FUTURE ANTERIOR. I shall not Je n'auraipas, I shall not have. | Je n'auraipas eu, | ^^^^ ^^^^ CONDITIONAL. PRESENT. PAST. - , . (I should not I , > • I T should not h n'auratspas, \ ^^^^^ | Je n aurais pas eu, \ ,^^^^,^ j^,^^, 1 ■! i • i :li M ■ f) ; i I II I' * if [ 60 PHINCIPES m GRAMMAIHE FRAN^AISE. IMPERATIVE. J^'aie pas, ^(lyons pas, do thou ii„t have. Jot us not luave. iiave nut, (you). I'RESEXT. sujjju:sxTiM<: PAST. i'AST. Cwc/e n'oee pas, { ^^^t I may I ^ /-^mf t < not have/ | ^"^^'^ "'-•,,,„, ,,/^|;:^,t^ {^J^J^ IMPERFECT. ^ ^''^'^'• PLUPERFECT '^ave had -^vez-vous f Tho • Have you ? ''^ft''>' the auxilianj : '' ^'^^ ^^^'u^ct of t]ie ^crb, ^Viion tJie vpv]> , 1 • 1 . ^^^e I spoken ? f-'l'o»e,l I,y a l.ypl.e, , ^ 2 J '>« letter ^, p/ecoded , ,1 I'Wnoim : ' ' '' ?'■><=«! 'between tlie verb and the ^ura-t-ii? ^^^>en tl.e subiect of 7'"''»"»™? <^°™e« fir-st, and o „e of tl,'! ''" ' '' " "'"">' «'e noun '"--• afe. tbe verb, tJ^S'ST,:^ t' f ' ^'^"^^ ^«/«-»^<.,,«,.,,./ -^^ '° >* ''y a hyphen : "" my brothers speak ? i I e TRINCIPES UE GRAMMAIRE FRANCAISE. Gl When, hy placing the pronoun jo fiftor a verb in the first pci'son singular, a harsh sound would be caused, as dor.s-Je ? (do I sleep), the phrase est-ce que is prefixed to the verb, as : Est-ce que je dors ? Est-cc que je finis? Do I sleep ? Am I finishing ? When the XQvh finishes with e mute, that e mute is changed into c sharp, as.: Je j)orte. Porte-je ? I carry. Do I carry ? AVOIRi TO HAVE, CONJUGATED INTERROGATIVELY. N. B. — As a question cannot be asked in the Infinitivp, Imperative or SuhJimcHve mood, an interrogative verb does not possess those moods. INDICATIVE. PRESENT. Ai-jci As-ta ? A-t-il? A-t-cUe? Avons-nous? Avez-vous? Oitt-Us? Ont-eUcs ? have I ? liast thou ? has he ? has ahe ? have we ? have you ? have they ? COMPOUNn OF Ai-je eu? As-tii eu ? At-il eu ? A-t-elh eu ? Avons-nous eu ? Avez-vous eu? Ont-i/s eu ? Ont-elles eu 1 THE PRESEXT. have I had? hast thim 1' '■! ? has he ha 1 .' has she ha have they had ? IMPERFECT, PLUPERFECT, PRETERITE DEFINITE, PAST ANTERIOR, FUTURE, FUTURE ANTERIOR, CONDITIONAL PRESENT, CONDITIONAL PAST, The interrogation is Avais-je ? Avais-Je eu ? Eus-je ? Eus-je eu ? Aurai-je ? Aurai-je cu ? Aurais-je i had I? had I had ? h'.dl? had I had ? shall I have ? shall I have had ? should I have ? should I have had ? Est-ce que ? Est-ce quefai ? Est-ce que je park Aurais-je cu? often made with the expression : Is it that ? Havel? f Do I speak ? i i A 62 PRINCIPES DE ORAMMAIRE FRAN^AISE. A VOIR. !| V 1! ' u % f ^ CONJUGATED INTERROGATIVELY AND NEGATIVELY. 161. To conjugate a verb interrogatively and negatively nt' is placed before tli(3 verb and ];>as after the personal |)ronoun, both in the simple and compound tenses : PUKSENT, I'KKT. INDKF., IMPEKFKCT, I'LUPEllFECT, PUET. dp:finite, PAST ANTEUIOU, FUTURE, FUTURE ANTERIOR, eOND. PRES., COND. PAST., N''ai-jciMis? N^ai-je paseu ? N\ivaiH-jc ims ? N\irals-je pas eu ? N^eioi-jc pas ? Ncns-je 2ms cu ? Waurai-jc pas 1 N\iurai-je pas cu ? N''anrais-je pas ? N'auraisjc pas cu ? Exercise 38a. have I not ? have I iii)t hud ? had I not? had r not had? had I n< >t ? had I not had ? shall [ nut have ? shall I not have had ? should I not have ? shcndd I not have had ? J'ai nn jardin. Vous av(>z un beau cheval. Tu avais une plume, lis avaient des livrcs. J'iinrai dcs fleurs et des amis. Que j'aic des voitiu-e.s et des chevaux. <^hrilseussent des enfants sages. J'avais ini des amis. J'eus (iu u'elles aient eu du plaisir. .Te n'ai i)as d'ennemis. lis n'avaient pas de chagrin. V(n;s- n'eiltes pas de difficulte. Tu n'auras pas de manteaix. Elle n'aurait pas do peine. N'ayons pas d'emieniis. Que vous n'ayez jjas de plunuis. Qu'elles n'eusscnt ])as d'encre. Je n'ai pas eu de cristaux. Tu n'avais pas eu d'anneaux {rinr/s). II n'eut pas eu de cahiers. Nous n'aurons pas eu de bottes. Vous n'auriez pas eu de parapluie. Qu'ils n'aient pas eu de chevaux. Qu'elles n'eussent pas eu d'even- tails. Ai-je du courage ? Avais-tu de la fermete ? Eut-il di; Taide ? Aunms-nous des anus? Ai;riez-vous des gants ? Ont-ils eii des cahiers. Avais-je eu dc" cahiers ? Eus-tu eu des fleurs ? ]''ut-elle eu un jardin ? souliers. Aurons-nous eu du succes ? Auriez-vous eu des N'ai-je pas d'ecoliers? 1 pas de poires ? N'au: N'avait-elle pas de crayons ? N'eus- tu pas de poires ? N'aurez-vous pas d'abricots. N'aurons-nous pas de cafe et de s\icre ? N'auraient-ils pas cu de cerises ? N'avez- vous pas eu d'argent ? N'eut-il pas eu de plaisir ? N'auras-tu pas eu de crayons ? N'aurais-je i)as eu beaucoup de ])laisir ? V(ni3 auriez e\; beaucoup de plaisir, si (//) vous I'aviez voidu. N'aurions- nous pas de contentement, en faisant notre devoir ? On a toujoiu's du contentement eu le faisaut. iL PRIXCIPES DE GHAMMAIRE FRAN^ALSE. r;;i My aunt lias apples, I have plums, and j'ou have flc.wcrs onougli. The merchant's cousin will have a ball to-morrow. Yesterday 1 hud money, bi;t I have spent {depcnxr) it. We shall have a watch. I^ast week we had the pleasure «»f seeing t have failed {failhj to do my duty. That you might have hud j-our re- ward {recompense). I 1 • I m Have I friends ? Hadst thou books? Have we pens, jiaprr and ink ? Had he horses ? Had yoii a purse ? No, but I have money. Had they finished their work when they went out (sortirciit)'! Shall we have knives ? Yes, forks and spoons also. Shall you go to the country this summer? Should we nave jewels ? We should have jewels and crystals. Would you like to see your friends ? I would always {toujours) like to see them. Have I not had bolts ? You have had bolts, locks (if ?vH?T,s') and keys for all your doors. Hjvst thou had penknives ? Had he had enemies ? Shall we have dogs, cows and sheep ? Yes, they are very useful (vtifes) animals. Should we have had so little success if we had worked more? Y^ou should have had more if you had worked faitlifully {fidUcinent). Have we no pleasure ? We have had a gi'eat deal of pleasure. Have you not applied {ap})Iique) yourself diligently to your work ? Yes, but it was very long and difficult. Had you no purse {hoin'se) 1 We had a purse, but no money in it {ilciatis). Had you no time ? Shall you have no eggs ? We shall have plenty {henucoup). Shall you not be able (ra;irt6/c) to finish all your work to-night \ce soir)"* I hope I will be able to finish it. Should they not have a letter? They should have one from their friends. Have I not had iron and steel ? You have had enough iron and steel to construct {conxtrxiire) that machine. Had you not had a hat ? Had they not had pens ? Should they not have had roses and lilies? Should we n:)t have cabbages in our garden ? We should have cabbages and many other vegetables (/dgfUMes). Have we no houses in tiiis city ? We have many houses. Had you no horses last year {Vanntc derniere), I had several horses, but I sold them all. ; ^ f 1 |i '■ I' I U V ill ; I i . ! I' h\ U\ Mi 64 rniNCIPES DE GRAMMAIRE FRANCAISE. 162. CONJUGATION OF THE AUXILIARY VERB ^TBE, TO BE. IN-FINITIYE. PRESENT. PAST. £trc, to be. | Avoir H6, to have been. PARTICIPLE PRESENT. COMP'd OP PARTICIPLE PRESENT Etant, being. | Ay ant eU, having been. PABTiciPAL PAST.— ^u'il ait ete, }ue nous ayons ^t4, }ue vous ayez et6, Qu'ila aient ete, that I may 1 that thou mayat g" that he may g that Tve may 9 that you may ^ that they may f IMPERFECT. Que jefusse, that I might be. Que tu fusses, that thou mightst be. Qu'ilfut, that he might be. Que nousfussions, that we might be. Que vous fussiez, that you mi^ht be. Qu'ila fussent, that they might be. PLUPERFECT. Que j'eusse /^, that I might ^ Que tu eusses eV, that thou mightst I* Qu'il eut et(', that he might « Que nousetissions e't4, that we might y Que vous etissiez 4t4, that you might a Qu'ils eussint 4t^, that they might f Exercise 38ij. Xous sommes occupes. Vous «?tiez discrets. lis furent g^n^reux. II sera estim^. Tu serais savant. Sois diligent. Qu'il soit tranquille. Qu'ils fussent amis. Pour etre heureux il faut avoir fait son devoir. Tu as ^t^ malade. II avait ete pret. J'eus ('i6 ferme. Nous aurons etc reconnaissants {grateful). lis auraient ete ridicules. Quo j'aie ete indulgent. Que vous eussiez ett^ bienveillants {bene- volent). I am satisfied with {de) you to-day. Your father was at home. He was studious. Your friend will have finished his work before five o'clock. We should be pleased to see you {de rous voir). Let us be studious. Be kind to the unfortunate. That we may be steady {poses). That they might have more kindness {bonte), attention and politeness. ^ That house has been sold cheap {d ban marche). I had been impatient. Thou hadst been innocent. I shall have been successful {heureux). They shall have been surprised. You would have been ^ilty. That I might have been convinced {convaincu). That we might nave been just. P II r * < t> i i :f I r: 66 PRINCirES DE GRAMMAIRE FRANCAISE. 163. In order to facilitato the conjugation of the French verbs, it is important to observe that a verb may bo divided in two parts, called the rootf or radical^ and tlw termination, ov final letters. The radical contains the meaning of the verb, and gen- erally remains the same through all the conjugation of a verb, whilst the terminations vary according to the person, number, tense and mood. 164. Wo get the radical in leaving out the termina- tion of the intinitive ; as in aimer we have aim, in finir we have fin. 165. The three singular persons of the Present Ind. of the regulai' verb of the first conjugation end in e, cs, e. The three singular persons of the same tense of the regular verb of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th conjugations end in ^ s, t or d. The plural of all the conjugations ends in ons, ez, ent. The Imperfect of all the conjugations ends in ais, ais, ait, ions, iez, aient. The Pret. definite of the 1st in at, as, a, cones, cites, erent. The Pret. definite of the 2nd and 4th in is, is, if, irneSj ites, irent. The Pret. definite of the 3rd in lis, us, uf, Hmes, Htcs, urcut. The Fidure of all conjugations in ai, as, a, ons, ez, out. The Conditional in ais, ais, ait, ions, iez, aient. The Imperative of the 1st conjugation singular in e ; of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th in 6^ ; plural of all, ons, ez. The Subjunctive present of all conjugations ends in e, es, e, ions, iez, ent. The Imperfect Sub. in sse, sses, t, ssions, ssiez, ssent. 166. The tenses of the verbs sue primitive or derivor tive. The primitive are those from which the derivative are formed. PRINCIPES DE GRAMMAIRE FRAN(,'AISE. 67 167. There are fivo primitive tenses : Injinitiri\ Present participhij PastjJCD'ticijjIefPrcsfmt Indkativt', Prd. th'Jinite. 168. From the Prpsent infinitive arc formed two tenses: The Futiwe by adding ai, «.-?, etc. (tlie ending of the in- dicative of avoir) to the Infinitive for the first and second conjugations, and hy changing oir, re, for tlie third and fourth in rai : aimer, faimerai, finir, je finirai, rccevuir, je recevrai, rend re, Je rend rai. The Conditional, by adding ais, (tlie endings of the im])erfect of avoir) for the first and second conjugations ; and in changing oir and re in rais for the 3rd and the -ith. 169. From the Partici^ile 2^f'6se7it arc formed three tenses : 1. The tliree persons pkiral of the Present of tlie Indica- tive by changing ant into ons, ez, ent ; airnant, ainions, aimez, its aiment, etc. For the third conjugation, third person phiral, by clianging tyrant in oivent ; recevant, ils rec^oivent. 2. The Imperfoet of the Indicative, by changing ant into ais, ainmnt, fainmis, finissant, je finissais, recevant^ je rccevais, rendant, je rendais. 3. The Suhjnnctive 2)rrsrnt, by changing a7it into e ; as donnant, que je donne ; finissant, que je finisse ; rendant^ quGJe rend)'. Exce])t for the verbs of the tnird conjugation "svliich change evant into oive ; as recevant, que je rer^oive. 170. From the Past iiarticiple are formed all the com- ])ound tenses by means of the auxiliary verbs avoir and Hre. 171. From the Present Indicative is formed the impera- tive by omitting the pronoun suljject, and in verbs of the first conjugation by omitting the s of the second i)erson ; as ta aimes, aime ; t a finis, finis. 172. From the Preterite d( finite is formed the Irnpcrfi'ct Snhj unctive by adding se to the second person ; as ///. ainms, que faimasse ; tu finis, que je finisse ; tureens, que Jh re^ussG ; tu rendis, que je rendisse. !^ 68 PIIINCIPES DE ORAMMAIRE FRAN^AISE. ■ 1 li i' 173. ^Vc now give the model of tlio four conjugations of French verbs with the stem separated from the ter- mination. PIRST CONJUGATION IN ER. Verb AIMER. Steii aihi. — Termination er. INFINITIVE. past. to love. I Avoir aim^, to have loved, PARTICIPLE. past. loving. I Ayant aimS, having loved. PAST PARTICIPLE.— ^mc^ Aimec. IXDICATIYE. past indefinite. AimeVf Aimant, present. PRESENT. PRESENT. J' aim Cy Tu aim cs, II aim c, Nous aim oiis, Voiis aim c~, lis aim ent, IMPERFECT. J"' aim ais, Tu aim ais, II aim ait, Nous aim ions, Vans aim iez, lis aim aient, PRETERITK DEFINITE. J' aimai, Tu aim as, II aim a, Nous aim dmes, Vous aim dies, lis aim event, FUTURE. J"' aim cr ai, Tu aim er as, II a im er a, Nous aim cr ons, Vous aim cr ez, lis aim er ont. o c-t- o O - (35 a " c < CO J\ti aim i, Tu as aim 4, II a aim 6, Nous avnns aim 4, Vous avez aim 4, lis ont aim e. PLUPERFECT. J'ai'ais, aim c, Tu avais. aim 4, If, arait, aim €, Nous avions, aim 6, Vous avicz. aim e, lis avaicnt. aim 6, o CR CD ^ a PAST ANTFRIOR. aim e. J^eus, Tu eus, II eut. Nous Climes, Vous elites, lis eurent, FUTURE ANTERIOR. J ^aurai, aim e, Tu auras, II aura. Nous aurons. aim e, aim e, aim 4, aim e, aim e. Vous avrez, lis auront. aim 6, aim 4, aim 4, aim 4, aim 4, «. r rt-ce o < ^ ffi n ^« a c < 8. • o < .^ ffi il' I I'HINCU'ES UB UllAMMAlUE FlUNQAISE. C9 PRESENT. J' aim cr ais, Tu aim cr ais, II aim cr ait, Nous aim cr tons, Voua aim cr lez. Ila aim cr aient. CONDITIONAL. I—* o l-l < 73 o S- o n> (-1 -< Pen? ct- PLUPERFECT. Quej^eusse aim 6, Que tu eusses aim 4, Qu'il eAt aim 4, Que nous cussions aim d, Que vous enssiez aim S, Qu'ils eussent, aim e, Coniumito ill the same inamier. < CI- cl- .— "^ o o a Aecfpter, .idmirer, ^wuser, Brodt-r, Cavsrr, Chcinti'r. D<'jniner, Diner to nccept. Donner, to admire. Etudier, to amuse. Frapper, to embroider. Go liter. to talk. Laver, to sing Passer. to breakfast. Pleurer. to dine. Prttei; to give, to studf. to strike, to t-iBte. to wash, to paPR. to weep, to lead. Eaconter, Reyarder, Respecter, Sommeiller, Tacher, Tikher, Tomber, Travailkr, to relate, to look, to respect, to "lumber, to stain, to try. to falL to work. II And all the regular verbs in er ■ 5 M ".O PRINCII'ES DE GUAMMAIRB FRANgAISE. 174. UHMAHKS <»\ IFIK ( )|{ I'IKKJRAI'IIY OF HOME FRENCH VKUIW ()!•' 'IIIH I'lliST CONJUGATION. 1. In vcrl)s eiidin^L,' in (jfi; the /' is rotainod l)oforn a and o, in order to ])ros(M'vu the soft sound of the y : inan- fjrr, mangeant^ viaiKjcims. 2. The vorlis whicli end in cer, take a cedilla before a and o, in order to preserve the soft sound of the c : avaii- 3. Those verbs ending in er, \vhich have their final syllable pn^ceded by e, (e close,) change this e into d (c open,) before a mute syllable : rcjwter, Jc, ri'iiefc. 4. Those verbs ending in e;*, which }uiv(> their final syllabic preceded by r^ (o mute,) as levcr^ vicuft', change this V mute into ^ (o open,) before a mute syllable : rnencr, mhw^ Dicivrai, to lead. 5. In verbs ending in oJer, the o before the I being unaccented, (as appeler,) the I is doubled before a mute e: Appt'ler, to cixll ; fappel/Cf I call. Except houn'Hiery to Kting, to torture ; cclf'r, to concal ; rcarfrlfr, to quarter ; f/f'/er, to freeze ; harcrhn^ to harass ; modf'h'}\ to model ; jy/er, to peal, which take a grave accent over the e pre- ceding the lf\ and do not double the / .- je prh' iiwi pommc, I peel an apple. 6. In verbs ending in €tr)\ the e before the t being unaccented, (as jrter,) the f is doubled before a mute e: J(ic)\ to throw \j(ij<'tt(', I throw. Except acheter, to buy ; i'tiquder, to ticket. 7. Verbs ending in eer^ (as creer,) take an additional r to form their feminine, as : La femme a cte creee apres rhommt\ the woman was created after the man. 8. Verbs ending in the Present participle by ianf, as prier, prianf, take two i's in the first and second persons plural of the Imperfect of the Indicative, and Present of the Subjunctive, as : ?i0U8 ijriioni<, vo/ia prlicy., que voun 2>nionSf que vous priiez. L PRIXCirES DE ORAilMAIRE FRAN^AISE. 71 9. Verbs ending in the Present participle, l)y yant, as 2^ai/>')', 2)ai/anf, take y and i in the first and second persons j)lural of the Imperfect of the Indicative, and Present of the Subjunctive, as: Nous payionSy voits jmyiez, que nous jiat/ions, qua vous paTjicz. Also, these verljs change ?/ into i before r mute : essat/'.'r, cssaie. Je payf or i^ie — is found. Exercise 39. Jaimo mon p^re et ma m^^e. lis nous invitcnt k diner avoc eux demaiii. N'aimaiH-tu pas la chasso qnaiul tu i^tais dans les nionta- gncs? J':iiiii;iis licaucoui) la eliasso et la pt'cho {fishing). Voua Kr()i)().si('Z im trt's bun avis. Jl s'avancj-a. jusqu'au bord du precipice. ous clierchiuiKM iios uniis pendant tovito la niatint'e. Jo nienerai nion ami a la villo. Il.s so lovoraicnt a cin(i houres. Appelons nos amis. Nous It's apiiollcrions s'ils* n'etaiont pas trop loin. II faut qu'ils travailleut. Jo i>aio f lo chapeau au marcband. Combien le lui avez voua payJ? <^uo voiis jotiez iin os a vm mauvais chien. God CiiUod Abruham. lie dines {dtncr) at five o'clock. We admire thi; bi\anty of thiit landscape {prt//sa;ic). I like to speak to my friends. Wo shall h^ad a very quiet (tran(iuille)\iie. Let us eat what is ^'iven us. Let thorn advanco further {plus loin). That you might rise at foiu" o'clock. T havo called them. You have thrown that bundle ( jKi(juc()ini the ground. Wo bhall request {prier) }^ou to do it. That wo may pay our debts. Try to learn your essons in two hours. ]\Lin was first created, and the woman was created after him. He showt'd a groat talent. That wo might condenm his CI induct. To .sing in tune ('/'acfo/Y^is very necessary. That they may havo concealed their projects. That I might have admired that beautiful nature. Wo often travel {roi/ayir) in summer. We do not eat much meat. Do you speak I"'rench V Not yet ( f)(t>i encore), but we commence to speak it. Thoy were threatening us. I will clean (nettoyer) my desk when I havo {fnt) done. You have called me in {<%) time. I have sent a letter to my nephew. John is cleaning my clothes. Why do you throw that j^pcr into the basket (|jantcr) ? I throw it there, because it is good for nothing ('7 -ne vditt onen). How much did you pay this man for your hat? I paid him si.K dollars for it. I have asked that man for sonie money, but he has not given it to me. i * TUe i otsi ( if) ia elided before il or Us, but not before any other word. t Payer, Bignifyinfr " to par" f^ovema an object in the accnsative asin English, bnt when it meann Tu fin iss aiSf 5 as Tu avais. fin i, II fin iss ait, EP S II avail, fin i. Ncus Vous fin iss ions, fin iss iez, SB. ' 73 Nous avians, Vous avicz. fin i, fin i. lis fin iss aient, 1 lis avaient. fin i, s PRETERITE DEFINITE PAST ANTERIOR. Je fin is. M J 'CM5, fin i, »5 Tu fin is. Tn ens. fin i. II fin it. » fX II cut, fin i. Nous fin tmes, 5" Nous dimes. fin i. t^ Vous fin ites. Vous elites, fin i. "o^ lis fin ircnt. jr lis curent. fin i, • FUTURE. FUTURE ANTERIOR. Je fin ir ai. M J 'aurai, fin i, CftM Tu II fin ir as, Jin '- a. 1^ Tu auras, II aura, fin i, fin i, 2.B, Nous fin ir ons, 9 » OQ Nous aurons. fin i. a«= Vous fin ir ez, Vous aurez. fin i, CD 63 ^3 lis fin ir ont, lis auront, fin i, iM. Ml. I MM.M — ■I.IBBM i L PHINCIPES DE GRAMMAIUE FRAN^AISE. 73 CONDITIONAL. Je Tu II Nous Vous lis PRESENT. p as:. fin ir ais, Ch J^aurais fin i, fin ir ais, B M Tu aurais fini, fin ir ait, H II aurait fin t, fin ir ions, V. O Nous aurions fin t, fin ir icz, Vous auriez fin i. fin ir aienty lis auraient fin I, 2.33 ^^ CD I— • • CD n IJklPEKATIVE. PRESENT. PAST. Fin is, . Fin iss ons, Fin ias ez, finish (thou). let us finish, finish (you). Aie fin i, have fini«hed. Allans fin i, let us have fiiushed. Ayez fin i, haA'e finished. SUBJUNCTIVE. PRESENT. Queje fin iss c, Que tu fin iss es, QvHl fin iss c. Que nous fin iss ions, Que vous fin iss icz, QuHls fin iss cnt, IMPERFECT. Queje fin iss e, Que tu fin iss es, QuHl fin it. Que nous fin iss ions, Que vous Jin ISS ICZ, QuHls fin iss cnt, p. ^ £3 g PAST. Q«c j" 'ate Que tu (lies Qu^i! ait Que nous ayons Que vous ayez Quails aicnt PLUPERFECT. Qucj\'usse fin i, Que in cusses fin i, Qii.''il cut fin i, Que nous cussions fin. i, Que vous cussicz Jin i. fini, fin i, Jin i, fin i, fin i, fin i. Qu'ils cussent, 175. Conjugate in the same manner : Jul t. c« r»- i^tr CO p M Cb^ - CD CD 3 Sf- p P •^ ^ c-f- B B- *->» P P .^t 3 el- Aholir, Accomplir, Affaihlir, Afi'ermir, Agir, Applaxidir, Assortir, AssxQcttir, Avertir, BdtiVy Binir, Choisir, Emplir, to abolish, to accomplish, to weaken, to strengthen, to act. to applaud, to match, to subjugate, to warn, to build, to bless, to choose, to fill. Fleurir, to blossom. FlMiir, to soften. Fritnir, to shudder. Garnir, to trim, to garnit^ll. Grandir, to grow tall. Gut'rir, to heal, to cure. Maitjrir, to grow thin. Murir, to ripen. Noirvir, to blacken. Nourrir, to feed. Obcir, to obey. Remplir, to fill. Riussir, to succeed. S \ V, i I L ii 74 PRINCIPES DE GRAMMAIKE FRAN^AISE. .1 N M Ih ii ' tfil OBSERVATIONH ON HOME VERBS OF THE 2nD CONJUGATION. 176. Bi'nir, to bless, has two forms in the Past Parti- ciple : heni^ Jx'nie ; henit, hhiito. Bcnit, henitp, is only nsed ill speaking of things consecrated by a religious cere- 11101 IV, as : Du pain h/trit, JJe riau hen it c, conaocratod bread, holy water. 177. Fh'urir, to IjIossoiu, in its literal sense, is regular, but used figuratively, meaning to be in a prosperous state, it makes JJorissai's, etc., in the Imp. Iiid., and Jlurissaut, in tlu! l*reseiit l'artici])le. 178- Ifd'ir, to hate, tak(\s a di.Tresis over the i throughout all its lenses, except in the three persons singular of the Pres(3nt Ind. : Jr Jiais, In Iiai's, il haif, and in the second person singular of the Imperative : hais. YOC ABU LAKY. Bonnet, chapcau, m. I'ridge, jtoiit, lu. (hiilty, coii/Kiblc, lu. Thrctne, trfmc, m. yiuunier, eti, iii. Tup, t(iiupa])les. V(»vis batirez \ino maison. lis n'ussiront dans \v\\v ( iitrei>rise. Cette victoire ratfermit 8ur son trOne. ])ieu uvait bt'iii la race d' Abraham, (^u'll assortit Ins rubans. II i\ beaucoup prandi cet vtv. Les fruits ne sent paa encoi'e niftrs. Ello jivait rcmpli la tasse de cafe, (^^le vous eussiez n'ussi dans votro cntre[)risi!. Ivouiuliis built the eit.y of Tlomo. I have acconii)lislicd iny work. 1 .1 wt'uktMK^il his party. Let us act like (ex) men of honor. That 1. • limy apjilaud a great deed. Athens was prosperouL^ under I'l'ritK's. \\'c hate vice, we lovo virtue. He lias grown very thin (hiring his sickness. If the heat continues, the fruit Mill soon be ripr. They have nourished tlie poor. They will choose the best books. That she may be warunl of her danger. Those people have bciu blcssrd l)y (Jod. Flags {((rapatnx) bh^ssed by the priest arc not ulway.s bli'ssed l)y (Jod. They have always been hated for t'nir I- liu-.ior [rondaitv). The gardens are all in bloom. •A PRINCIPES DE QRAMMAIRE FRAXgAISE. 75 179. THIRD CONJUGATION IN OIR. Verb RECEVOIR. Stem recev. — Termination oir. INFINITIVE. PRESENT. PAST. Recev oir, to receive. | Avoir re<^ n, to have received. PARTICirLE. PRESENT. PAST. Ecccv ant, receiving. | Ayant rc<;. u, having received. PAST PARTICIPLE.-iie(;w; iem. re<; m Je Tu II Nous Vous lis Jc Tu II Nous Vous lis Jc Tu II Nous Vous lis Je Tu n Nous Vous lis INDICATIVE. PRESENT. rc<; ois, rc{- ois, rc<^. a it, rcccv ons, rcccv cz, rc<^ oivcnt, IMPERFECT. rcccv ctiii, rcccv a/.s', rcccv ait, rcccv ions, rcccv ic~, recev aicnt, PRETERITE DEFINITE. 9'Cf US, rc(^ us, rcf^, lit, rc<^ ihiies, rc(^ %Ucs, rc(^ urciit, FUTURE. rcccvr ai, rccevr as, rcccvr a, rcccvr ons rcccvr ez, reccvr ont. CO CD ^ c^ CD Oq 73 CD CD o CD < CD CD O CD ft CD PAST INDEFINITE. J'ai Tu as II a Nous avons Vous avez lis out rcc. u, rc<} u, re<;. u, rcc 11, rcc; V, rc(^ u, PLUPERFECT. ./ \ivais, Tu amis, II avail, Nous avions, Vous avicz, lis avaicnt, PAST ANTERIOR. J \'US, Tu eus, II cut. Nous cihncs. rc(^ tt, rc<^ u, rc<^ u, r€(^ u, rcr V, rcQ u, rc^ u, rcQ n, rei;; u, 7Y(; u, re<;, u, rec u. Vous ciUes, lis exircnt, FUTURE ANTERIOR. J'aurai, rc(;. u, Tu a- -as, rcc u, II aura, ore n. Nous aurons, ritj ", Vous an re:, rcr n^ lis auront, ric n, • CD J\(urais Tu aura is II aurait Nous aurions Vous anricz lis auraicnt rcr. u, rc!^ n, rc(^ ?/, rc(^, u, rc(^ u, 5 M o Si ^ z> -' a CD 04 • 3* P ^ IMPERATIVE. PRESENT. p^^sx. Re^ ois, . . licrev ons, Rccev ez. receive (thou). let us receive, receive (you). Aic rcr, n, have received. Ayons rcg n, let us have received. Ayez rcg n, have received. SUBJUNCTIVE. i. ^ ''I PRESENT. Qi(cje rc(^ oivc. Que tu rc(^ aires, QiCil re<^ aire, Que nous rercv ions, Que vous reccv icz, Qu'ils req oivent, IMPERFECT. Queje Que tu QuHl rc^ usse, rc(^ nsses, reg iit. Que nous rc<; nssions, Que vous rc(^^ nxsiez, Qu'ils rcg usseni, ►1 rt- o ^ o P C+- < a 1— 1 CL r! ^ 9. ^ • ct- PAST. Quej^aie Que tu aies Qu'il ait Que vous ayons Que vous aijez Qu'ils aient O'er u, rer u, ret; u, rq- u, rc(^ 11, rq- u, PLUPERFECT. Quej'cusse rer^v, Que tu cusses req n, Qu'il cut rcf n, Quenouseussions rcg v, Que vous eussiez ref u, Qu'ils eussent, re(; u, 180. Conjugate in the same manner : Z.6 i-i p ^ 2.srp Concevoir, Devoir, to perceive, to conceive, to owe. Becevoir, to deceive. Percevoir, to perceive (/cocs'). Redevoir, to owe still. ■U-' f. AjlyV-^ \ PKiNCirES L>E GUAMMAIRE FHAN^'AiaE. 77 181. Kt '.marks on vcrhs of tlio Srd conjugation. The 3r(l conjugation contains only tlic above seven I'egular ver1)s ; all the others are irregular. These verl)8 are all ending in i'roi)\ and five have the last letter of the stem in c. Devoir and r('(lrj:Dir take a circumfl(^x over the n in the yV/.s'/' ]u(i'Hri2)](\ l.)ut only in the masculine gender, singu- lar nunilicr. A cedilla must l.)e placed under the c whenever it occurs Ijcfore one of the vowels, o, ii, in order to soften the sound of c. \ i Yocabui.a:: V ricasiuit, (igreahlc. Apology, excuse, f. .Steeple, docker, m. Conduct, conduite, f. Deepness, jn'ofondeiw, f. Dnty, iii rair, ni. Easily, aio<.iiient, adv. Error, crrcur. Idea, idee, f. Rent, loycr, ni. Minister, ministrc, m. Neighbor, roisin, m. Gratitude, reconnaissance, f. Cunning, ruse, f. Exercise 41. II rcgoit souvent d.s lottres do scm pf^re. Kccoviez-vouf! aussi des lettres du vutre ? J'aporvus le clocher du village. Devrez-vous de I'argent ? lis dovraient faire leur devoir. Recevons-lea avec cordia- lite. (^>u"ils conc^'oivent la grandoiu' do leur mission. Qu'il jJorgClt les imixHs. lis out concu luie grando aversion. .F'aurais d(l le loyer do lua maison. (^ue nous eussions ddc^u sa confiance. I ixn-coivo his cunning. We owe you much gratitude. Wo Avero pcrci'iviiig the top of the mountain. You conceived a grand idea, lie will receive us in his house. We shall receive letters every day ((nus h's jinir.-i). He mduUI have perceived the steeple. Let ui' re- ceive his apologies. Receive them kindly. That they might have conceived the deepness of the plans of the king's ministers. That you may perceive the good motives of her conduct. What one con- ceives clearly, one expresses easily. They nuist perceive their error. To receive a present is very pleasant. In deceiving a friend one commits {commet) a bad action. ■I ^l 78 PRINCirEa DE GHAMMAllii: rilANCAISE. r lu I,: H' FOURTH CONJUGATION IN iJ^". 182. Verb llENDRE. Stem ?'ew(Z. — Termination re. INYl^lTIVE.—RENDRE. rilESENT. PAST. Rend re, to render, j Avoir rend u, to have rendered. PARTICIPLE. PRESENT. PAST. Rend ant, rendering. | Ai/ant rendu, havhig rendered. PAST PARTICIPLE.-iJcMci u, rend uc, rendered. INDICATIVE. Je Tu II Nous Vous lis Je Tu II Nous Vous lis PRESENT. rend s, rend s, o'cnd, rend ons, rend ez, rend ent, IMPERFECT. rend ais, rend ais, rend ait, rend ions, rend iez, rend aient, PRETERITE DEFINITE. Je Tu. II Nous Vous lis Je Tu, II Nous Vous lis rend is, rend is, rend it, rend imes, o'end ties, rend irent, FUTURE. o'end raiy rend ras, rend ra, rend rons, rend rez, rend rontf PAST INDEFINITE. 03 CD t/'ai Tu as 11 a Nous avons rend u, rend u, rend u, rend u, I have dered, Vous avez lis ont rend u, rend u, p 2 PLUPERFECT. J''avais Tu avais rend u, rend u, c a. • CD 1 11 avait Nous avions Vous aviez lis avaient rend u, rend u, rend u, rend u, p 3 PAST ANTERIOR. M J'eus rend u. ^ CD Tu eus rend u, G,cr ndei etc. II cut rend u, CD CD ■ Nous eilmes rend u, a, Vous elites rend u, lis eurent rend u. FUTURE ANTERIOR. ren J ^aurai Tu auras rend u, rend u. cD t— I II aura rend u. Nousaurons Vous aurez Q'end u, rend w, 2-2 O M. lis auront rend m, ?i IL PRINCirES DE GRAMMAIRE FRAN^AISE. CONDITIONAL. 79 PRESENT. PAST. Je vfiid raiSf g-ls- J'avrais rend v, Til rend rats, Tu attrais rend v, II rend raity II aura it rend u, Nous rend rions. Nous aurions rend ti, Vous rend riez, p g" Vouz auriez rend w, Its rend raient, 1 o <-i lis aur Client rend u, IMPERATIVE. PltEisENT. Eend s. Mend ons, Mend ez. render (thou.) let us render, render (you.) Aie rendu, Aijons rend u, Aycz rend u, 3 "^ nn Q.C 22- atrS PAST. have rendered, letushaverend'd. have rendered. SUBJUNCTIVE. PRESENT. PAST. Que je rend e, that rem Que f aie rend v, r? Que tu rend es, Que tu ales rend u, g.t^ QuHl rend c, 2 I— 1 Qu'il ait rend u. Que nous rend ions, •-J Que nous ayons rend u, Que vous rend icj, S-3 Que vous ayez rend v, <^ o S QuHls rend ent, PA Qu'ils aient rend u, 5 5^ IMPERFECT. PLUPERFECT. Que Je rend isse. S? Quefcusse rend u. m Que tu rend isses, 1- Qnetu eusses rend v, Qu'il rend It, Qu'il cut rend u, Que nous rend issions. \ 3 Qaenouseussions rend u, Que vous rend issiez. Quevouscussicz rend u. Qu'ils rend issent, •"s: QiCilseussent rend u, 183. Conjugate in the same manner. Attaidre, to wait for, to expect. CoiTcspondre, to correspond. Defendre, to forbid, to defend. ^tendre, to hear. Mendre, to stretch. Fendre, to split. Fondve, to melt, to bursts Mor^re, to bite. Pendre, to hang. Perdre, to lose. Pondre, to lay (eggs). Eepandre, to spill, to scatter. Eepondre, to answ^er. Suspendre,to suspend. Tendre, to hold out, to aim at. Tondre, to shear. Tordre, to twist. Vendre, to sell. I niif 80 rrUNCIPES ])E CUAMMAIRE FRAXCAISE. X.P), — Amongst tlio vci^s of this conjugation ending in rZ/v, tliero are sonio wliidi in the thi'0(3 pors(His of the singular of tlie Prc^ant Indlcativo^ end in s, s^ t^ instc^ad of fAv, r/,v, (1, jejoiii.'^, fajolufi, il joint, I join. Tlioso verbs are terminated in the Innnifine, in in(Jrr^ niulm ttoudre ; as lynndt'c, to paint ; nsuudre, to resolve, etc. Vocabulary Arriv.ll, arrivec, f. Wounded, blcsse. Cord, corde, f. Riglits, droits, m. Linen, fini/e, ni. Goods, marchnndiscs, f. News, nouvellcs, f. Storm, orage, ni. Floor, planchcr, ni. Property, proj) ■!'' f Exercise 42. J'attcnds uno lettrc avec impatience, Ta entondais la mnf5iqiie, II teiidit ;i nn but honnute. Nous fendrons Ic bois. Vous etendriez le lingo. Fondons les nirtaux. Descendez ;i (in) temps pour diner. Qu'ils vendcnt leurs maisons. Qu'il oilt dc'fendu cet honnrte homme. Tondre les brebis est un travail difficile. En fendant un murceau do bois il s'(^st bless'. II avait deja ropondu a ma lettre. Vous aurioz rvpandu do Teau sur lo plauchcr. Qu'il ait suspendu son chapoaix au clou. Wo answer your letters The storm burst upon I render justice t<^ your good intentiims. regularly. Your lions lay eggs every day. the town. I shall soil my property. You would lose your time in doing that. Hang wp yimr hat and your cloak. That you may render yo\ir friends hai)py. That wo miglit scatter flowers on his road. To soil one's goods too dear is not well. I have defended the cause of justice. They had twisted the cord. He liad defended his country with courage. They will answer your letter before your arrival. We -would have defended our rights if they had been attacked. That I may have lost my time. That they might have heard the news. They have spread the report that the king was dead. Do you hear tliat bird shiging in the orchard ? I hope you will soon answer {a) my letter. Do not go too near that dog, he bites. Where have you lost yoiir gloves and your umbrella? Did you hear {have i/ou, heard) the noise in the street ? My uncle -woidd ha\e been vei-y rich if ho had not lost so much lately {dcniiircmoit). Why do you not answer when he speaks to you ? I did not hear him. Have ycm sold all your horses? Not yet, but we hope to sell them very soon. Those peoi^le raise a large quantity of cattle which they sell at a good price. Wait a few mmutes, I am going with you. Do not make me wait too long, I am iu a great hurry {j^'csse). 'k^. TRINCIPES DE GliAMilAlUE FRAN^AISE. 81 184. CONJUGATIOX OF THE PASSIVE VERB i:Tl{E aimPj. Bee definition in No. 139. Remark.— n.' Pasf Particij)!'' of Passive verhs almys agrees in yendrr aii'l ii amber with the subject of the verb. INFINITIVE. TRESKXT. PAST. J^tre aimi, to be loved. [ Avoir He aim6, to have been loved. PARTICIPLE. PRESENT. PAST. itant aims, being loved. | Ai/anteteaimi, having been loved INDICATIVE. a- O t— ' • O < a- PRESENT. Je suis aimi, Tu cs aims, II est aimS, Nous sommcs aimes, Vous etes aimes, Ilssont aimes, IMPERFECT. J^Siais aime, etc. PRETERITE DEFINITE. Jefus aim6, etc Fin:uRE. Je serai aimS, etc. CONDITIONAL. PRESENT. PAST. Je serais aim4,etc. \ J'aurais Ste aime, etc IMPERATIVE. PRESENT. p^Sj,^ Sois aimS, be (thou) loved. Soyons aimSs, let ua be loved. Soyez aimSs, be (ye or you) loved. PAST INDEFINITE. J'aietS aime, Tu as ete aimS, It a ete aimS, N ous avons Ste, aimes, Vous avez ete aimes, lis out St6 aimes, PLUPERFECT. I J'avais ete aime, etc. PAST ANTERIOR. I J'cus ete aime, etc. FUTURE ANTERIOR. I J'aurai etS aime, etc. < ~ c — Aie6t4aimd, have been 5* AyonsStSaimSs, let us have been I Ayez StS aimes, have been r* I' I I'l n ,1 M; ■I*|i 82 miNCIPES DE GRAMMAIRE FRAN^AISE. SUBJUNCTTYE. PRESENT OR FUTURE. PAST. ^1 • < QiufaieiU aime, Qhc tu (lies tt6 aimey Qn'il ait cte aime, Que nousayonsUi aimcs, Que TO It s ai/cz etc, a imvs, QiCils aiertt ite aimes, PLUPERFECT. Qucfeusse cte aime, That I might have been invcd. 185. Tlie Proposition ?>// after Passive Ycihs is expressed l)yj/£Land_2>rt/'/ df, wlien the verl) expresses a feeling, a sentiment, etc ; ^;ar, Avlien the verb ex})resses an action, as : Qiiejcsnis aime. Que (n S()i.i aime. Qui/ yoit aimi. Que nous soi/ons aimis, Que vons soycz aimh, QkM/s soient aim6s. IMPERFECT. Queje fussc aime, That I might be loved. II est aime de tout le moiide. Home/ ut 2^1 i-^e par les Gaulois, he is loved by everybody. Rome was taken by the Gauls. Vocabulary. As well as, ainsi que. Attentive, applique. P>attle, bataille, f. Furnished, vieuhle. Blamed, blame. To be rewarded, etre recompense. School-master, instituteur. Too, too mnch, trop. Because, parce que. Exercise 43. Cetto fille est tres aimi^^o de son pire ainsi que de sa mere parce qu'elle est sage [yood) et appliquee. Ces deux enfants sont toujours punis k I'ecolo parce qu'ils n"etudicnt pas leurs logons. Les Gaules furent conquises par Cesar. Elle n'a ])as ete bien rt^compens^e. Les chanibres de leur maison sont trts bien meublt'es, Montreal fut fondue par M. de Maisonueuve en 1642. \*our lesson has been well studied. We are esteemed. Our sisters ^\ ill be invited by their friends. His two sons have been danger- ously wounded In that battle. My father was respected by all who knew {connaissaicnt) hnn. The schoolmaster is much respected in the town. This young lady is too much loved by her mother. Are those ladies known {connucs) in this town. Your cousins, /., are so gentle {doux), so kind {ban), and so amiable, that they are beloved by every- body. My friend would have been blamed by liis father. Carthage was founded by Dido {Didon). rKLN'CIPES DE GBAMMAIRE FRANc^AISE. 83 186. NEUTER VERUS. 8oe dofinition, No. 140. 2s(nil('r verlvs uro conjugatod like activn verlis, a :cord- in<^ to tlic model of tlio conjugation to wliirli tlioy belong. They are generally conjugated Avith tlio auxiliary aroir in their compound tense^;, arf they mostly represent an artiun : ' J'ai conrn, I havo run. Nuaa avuas dormi, we have slept. The following take rfrp : Allcr, to go. Monrir, to dio. Parvcnir, to roacli. Arrivcr, to urrrive. ^^.^ ( tosi-ringiip, ^ . ( t-. como JJeccder, to expire. ' ( to be iiorn. ' ( back, etc. Dercnii', to lieconie. Parfir, to Ret out. ,, .( to arrive un- Echoir, to fall due. Vcnir, to come, '" "" ( expectedly. EclorCy to blow open. «>((/ the derivatives Toinler, to fall. Entrer, to enter. of Venii'. Some neuter verbs are conjugatod with both arm'r and V etrc. They arc conjugated with aroir, if they mark an action ; if they express a state they take t^re, as : Acconrir, to run to. • Moriter, to go ui). Apparaltrc, to appear. Passer, to pass. AccroUi'C, to increase. Pester, to stay. iJemeiirer, to remain. Sortir, to go out. Descendre, to go down. Vieillir, to grow old. 187. Remnrl'. — A neuter verb cannot become pas- .sive, as we say : nuire d, qurlqiCun, we must say .• on a nui d, qiielqii'un^ and not qudqahui est nui. 188. REFLECTIVE VERBS. See dclinition, Xo. 141. Keflective verbs liave no conjugation peculiar to them- selves, they follow the one to Avhich they belong. In their compound tenses they take the verb etre, to the contrary to the English, which require to have. 189. Verbs which are always reflective are called reflec- tive by nature ; as : S'ecrouler, to fall to pieces ; se repentir^ to repent, etc. Other are formed from active verbs, as se taver, or neuter verbs, as se mdre, to injure oneself. 'X IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) V // .// .^ iP- y A, 1.0 I.I mil IIM III 2.5 IIM m 40 20 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 ^ 6" — ► Vi % /y '/ ///. Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 c?. c^- V • 84 TBINCIPES DB GRAMMAIRB FRANQAISE. 190. "Whon tlie verb is reflective by nature, tlie parti- ciple agi'ces witli the pronoun object : J^e 8o7it r('pentiiroinene, ) tohave walked, or promenee, f . ) PARTICIPLE. PAST. PRESENT. Se promcnant, walking. | ^'^f p4Se?f ! } ^^'^^"^^ ^'-^^^®^- PAST PARTICIPLE.— Prowimr. IXDICxVTIVE. SIMPLE TENSES. PRESENT. Je me promenc, Til te promincs, 11 se promene, Nous notis promcnons, Vous rouspromenez, lis s§ prominent, *■ IMPERFECT. Je vie promcnais, Tu te promenais, II ic promevait, Ifovs nous pronienionSy Vou9 voiis promeniez, II se promenaient. 9? s ■g COMPOUND TENSES. PRETERITE INDEFINITE. Je me suis promene, Tu fes promene, II li'est promcni, Ncus nous somrfies nramenes, Vous voHS ites promcnet, IK^ se sontpromenes, PLUPERFECT. Je m^Hais promen4, Tu fetais promene, It s'etait promeni, Noun vous ctions promcn^, Vous vous eiiez promenis, lis s'dtaient promcnis. to ^ as. *''a'arroger, to arrogate to one'a self, is tUe only exoeptioar II rRINCIPBS DB GRAMMAIRB FRANgAISE. 85 PRETERITE DEFINITB. Jc me promenai, Tu te promenas, II se promena. Nous nous promcndmes, Voits vous promtndtes, lis se promenirentf FUTURE ABSOLUTE. Je me promenerai, Tu te prom&neras, II se promenera, Nous nous prwninerons, Vous vans prom^nerez, lis se prom^nerontt i 97- OS I— • PAST ANTERIOR. Je me fus promeni, Tu tefuspromen^, II se Jut promen^, Nous nous flames promcnes, Vous vous fates promenas, Us sefarevt promenes, FUTURE ANTERIOR. Je me serai jn'omene, Tu te scras proinen^, II se sera promen^, Nous nous serons promenas, Vous vous sercz promenes, lis se aeront provienis. It • 8» I CONDITIONAL. PRESENT. Je me prom^neraiSy Tu te promdnerais, II se prom^nerait, Nous nous promdnerions, Vous voua promlneriezy lis se pronUnermenty PAST. Je me serais promen^f Tu te serais promen^, II se serait promeniy Nous nous serions promen^, Vous vous sei^iez proinenis, lis se seraknt prQmen4st 50 2 o • » < IMPERATIVE. Prom^ne-toi, Promenons-nouSf Promenez'VouSi walk (thou), let us walk, walk (you). SUBJUNCTIVE. PRESENT. Queje mepromene, Que tu te promenes, ' i'iltepromene, u nouB nauBpromeniona, le vous voua promeniez, I'ila ae promenent, IMPERFECT. ije me promenasse, ' tu tc promenaaus. HI u promenAt, ite noM nous promenoitUma, ' voua voua promenaaaiex, I'ila ae prom,enronouns and^'rri* after the verb. wm PRINCIPES DE GUAMMAIKE FRANC^AISE. bl 2ii(lly. In compound tenses by putting iie between the two pronoims, and ^;a6" between the auxiliary verb and the past participle. 195. Here are few tenses of a reflective verb con- jugated negatively — the others can be easily be made out. INFINITIVE. . PRESENT. PAST. not to have Ne pas se levers not to rise. ! Nc 8'Urc pas levi, < risen. PARTICIPLE. PRESENT. PAST. Nc ae levant pas, not rising. | Ne s'6tant pas lev6, \ "\;- P*^^*^^ INDICATIVE. PRESENT. Je ne me Uvepas, Tu ne te Uvea pas, Jlnese levepas. Nous ne nous levons pas, Vous ne vous levez. Us ne se livent pas, c a o 3. PAST INDEFINITE. Je ne me suis pas Icv6, ^ Tu ne Ves pas lev6, ^ II ne s^est pas lev6, s* g N'ousnenoussommespaslevis, o Vous ne vous Hes pas leviSf lis nese sont pas lev4s. a o Ife te Uve pas, Ne nous levons pas, Ne vous levez pas, IMPERATIVE. Do not rise. Let us not rise. Do not rise (yourselves). 196. REFLECTIVE VERBS CONJUGATED INTERROGATIVELY. Rule. — Reflective verbs arc conjugated interrogatively. Istly. In simple tenses by putting the pronoun subject after the verb. 2ndly. In compound tenses by putting the pronoun subject after the auxiliary verb. PAST ANTERIOR. PRETERITE DEFINITE. Me levai-je ? Te levas-tu / Se leva-t-il / Nous levdmes-nous ! Vous levdles-vous f S« kv^ni-ils f a. •■« Mc/ns-je levef Tefustu levif Sefut-il levef Nous fdmes-nous lev6s t VousfHtes-vous levit ! §e/ur€nt'Ui levis t n 1 ill ■; 1 iiUl 88 PRINCIPES DB ORAMMAIRB FRANgAISB. 197. HEI-'LECTIVE VEIIBH CONJUGATED INTEllROGATIVELY AND NEGATIVELY. Ki.'llectivc vurbs are coiijiiguted iiiteiTogatively and nega- tively : Istly, In simple tenses l)y putting Jie tlrst of all, then the verb in the interrogative form, and 2)as last of all. 2ndly, In compound tenses hy ] tutting jk' first of all, then the auxiliary verb in the interrogative form, then pa.% and last of all the Past participle uf the rcHective verb. FUTURE. JVc vie lever ai-je pas ? iVc te Itvcras-tu pas / Nc se levcra-t-il pas? Kc nous levcrons-ti.ius pas ? Ne. rous leverez-vous pas i Xc sc Icvcront-ih pas f FUTUUE ANTEUIOlt CO CO HH Ne mc serni-je pas fere ? Nc te scras-tu pas lere ( ^ jL Ne se scra-t-il pas fcvt ! 2 "^ Nc nous scrons-nous pas fcvcs 1 ^- "-• Ne rous scn~-vous pas !iics.^ 2 3 Nc se scront-ils pas levesf -a EXERCIHE 4;"). Je ne me flatto pas. Elle ne se ll-ve pas. Nous ne nou.s pr»)p( (sons {to intend) \)Vi% de voyager cettc annee. lis no s'enrhunieront ])as. Xe vons moqueriez-vons pas de moi si je faisaiscela? S'emporte- raient-ils? 11 faut que je me di'peche. Je vous assure, mon cher, que jo ne me moque jamais do personne. Vons etes-vous repostl (to rest) aujourd'luu ? Puis-je me sorvir do votre conteau ? Servez- voiis en. Se sont-ils habitiit's a ce genre de travail ? Non, et ils ne s'y habitueront jamais. Ne nous loverons-nous pas de bonne heure domain ? Si {yes), il faut que nous nous levions h, quatre heures du r;:itiu. Are you well, to-day ? Yes,' I am well ; I am never sick. Do tliey not agree together {ensemble) ? They do not always agree. Do n<*t come forward. Will you bathe often this summer ? Yes, I like to bathe very much. What have they resolved ui)on ? Has your brother already got up ? No, he has not yet got up. Did they not lose themselves in the wood ? Have the children washed {se ^irev) them- selves ? I believe that they have not yet washed themselves. Do you not take a walk every day ? I do not take a walk every day ; I take a walk every other viit {coiihh). Va-t'cn h la maison {fi(Hiu). II faut qu'ils s'cii nilloiit d'ici. II faudrait quo voua vous en allassiez avaiit la i)luii'. .lo snis allt5 sur lo port. Je ni'en dtais all*', mais il mo fit rappolor. M'pnver- r«v.-vous mvA habits domain? Jo vous lea enverrai apii'S-deniain. Votre cousine m'a envoyu ce bouquet de flours rares. I shall send you some paper. Will yon go to the concert? No, I will not go, but my son will go there. Send tis sfmio flowers fr<»m your garden. He was going away when I met him. I must go away before the rain. I had gono away when became. Let us go away from hero. I would send my servant {domestioitc) to the post- ottico (/>u.s* qu'elle bmiille, (juo nos bo\iilli(»ns, quo vuus bouilliez, qu'ils or quollos bouillont. i.Mi'KUFKCT, C^uo je bouillisse, etc., que nous bouillissions, etc. Conjugated with avoiv. 212. Observation. — Bouillir is essentially a neuter verb, chiefly used in the 3rd person; as, Vmii boat -iho water boils. To ])oil, used actively, requires the verb /aire, to make, as : boil these vegetables = faiies bouillir ces Uijumes. Conjugate in the same manner : BehouiUiff to boil again. Ebouitlir, to boil away ; seldom used but in the iufiuitive and Fast part. \ I I 96 TRINCIPES DE GRAMMAIRE FRAN^AISE. I , \ [ 213. INFINITIVE PRESENT, COUIUH, fo niU. PART. PRES. Courant. | part. past. Conru. iNij. ruES. Je cours, tu cours, il court, nous courons, ez, ent. IMPERFECT, Je courais, etc. PRET. DEF. Je courus, etc. FUTUUK, Je courrai, etc. COND. I'UES. Je courrais, etc. IMPERATIVE, Cours, courons, courez. SUBJ. PRES. Que je coure, etc. IMPERFECT, (^ue je coiirusse, etc. Conjugated with avoir. 214. Conjugate in the same manner : Acrourir, to rini to. Concoiirir, to compete. Dlscourir, to discoiu'se. Encourir, to in«ir. Parcourir, to run over. Sccourir, to succour. 215. INF. PRES. CUEILLIR, to gather , to ^>7?<6'/-. PART. PRES. Cueillant. [ part past, Cueill*. IND. PRES. Je cunillo, tu cupilles, il or cllo cueille, nous cueillons, \ uus cueillez, ils or elles cueilJeut. iMPKUF?:cT. Je cueillais, etc., nous cueillions, etc. PRKT. iJicF. Je cuoillis, nous cueilllmes, etc. FUT. Je cueillerai, etc., nous cueillerons, etc. CONi). PRES. Jo cuoillcrais, etc., nous cucillerions, etc. IMPER. Cucillo, cucilloiirt, cueillez. SUB. PRES. Que jo cmnlle, etc., quo nous cueillions, etc. IMPERF. Que jo cueillisse, etc., que nous cueillissions, etc. ConjugiiteNous d^faillons, vous d^faillez, lis d^faillent. the singular.)) IMPERFECT, Je d^faiUais, etc. PRET. DEF. Je d^faillis, etc. FRET. IND. J'ai d^failli, etc., and in the Infinitive. 221. INFINITIVE PRESENT, FUIR, to flc^ to Tun aivaij. Fuyant. | PART. PAST. Fui. Je fuis, tu fuis, il fuit, nous fuyons, vous fuyez, ils fuient. Je fuyais. . . .nous fuyions. . . .ils fuya^'ent. Je fuis, etc. Je fuirai, etc. Je fuirais, etc. Fuis, fuyons, fuyez. Que je fuie. . . .que nous fujdoQB, qu'ils fuient. Que je fuisse, etc. PART. PRES. IND. PRES. IMPERFECT, PRET. DEF. FUTURE, OOND. IMPERATIVE, BUB. PR£». iMFBRFECT. Conjugated witli avoir. \\ 98 PRINCIPES DE GRAMMAIRB FRANgAISE. It i I 222. Conjugate in the sanio manner, s\m/ui)\ to run away. Imperative : pvfvii^-toi, and not cnfuis-Ven. 223* Gesir^ to lie, to lie down is obsolete. We, how- ever, still say •, Part. pres. — Gisant, lying. Ini). pres. — II gity nous gisonSy vous gisez. Us gisent. Imperfect. — Je gisais^ tugisais, etc. Ci-git (hero lies) is the usual form by wliirh an epitaph on a tombstone is begun. 224. INFINITIVE PRESENT, MOURIR, to die. PART. PRES. Mourant, | part, past Mort. IND. PRES. Je menrs, tix meurs, il lueurt, nous mourons, voua mourez, ila meurent. IMPERFECT, Je mourais, etc. PRKT. DEF. Je mounis, etc. FUTURE, Je mourrai, etc. COND. Je mourruis, etc. IMPERATIVE, Meurs, mourons, mourez. BUB. PRES. Que je mrurc, que tu riouros, qu'il meure, que nous mourions, que vous uionriez, qu'ila meurent. IMPERFECT, Que je mourusse, etc. Conjugated with etre. 225. Se mourii\ means to be dying, to be at the point of death. 226. INFINITIVE PRESENT, OUIRy to hear. This verb is defective and only used in the PART. PAST. FRET. DEF. IMP. SUB. Oui. J'ouis, etc. Quo j'ouisse, etc. and in the compound tenses followed by the infinitive : Je Vai out dire, JeVaioulparleTf I heard it said. I heard him speak. 5 ■' / 1 PRINCIPES DE QRAMMAIRB FRAN^AISE. 99 227. INFINITIVE PRESENT, OUVRIR^ tO Open. PART. PRE8. Ouvran"; | part, past, Ouvert. IND. PRES. J'ouvre, nous ouvrons, etc. IMPERFECT, J'ouvrais, nous ouvrions, etc. PRET. DEK. J'ouvri8, nous ouvrimes, etc. FUTURE, J'ouviirai, wixxa ouvrironSj etc. COND. J'ouvrirais, noua ouvririons, etc. IMPERATIVE, Ouvre, ouvrons, ouvrez. SUB. PRES. Quo j'ouvre, que nous ouvrions, etc. IMPERFECT, Que j'ouvrisse, etc. Conjugated with avoir. 228. Conjugate in the same manner : Couirfir, to cover. SouffriVf to suffer. Offrir, to offer. and the compounds of couvrir. INFINITIVE PRESENT, PARTIE, to sct 02(t, to go awuy. PART. PRES. Partant I part, past, Parti. IND. PRES. Je pars .... lis partent. IMPERFECT, Je partais, nous partions, etc. PRET. DEF. Je partis, etc. FUTURE, Je partirai, nous partirons, etc. COND. Je partirais, nous partirions, etc. IMPERATIVE, Pars, partons, partez. SUB. PRF.S. Que je parte, que nous partions, etc. IMPERFECT, Que jepartisse, que nous partissions, etc. Conjugated with etre. 229. Conjugate in the same manner, repartir^ to set out again, to reply. Mr.partir, to divide, to distribute, is regular. 230. Saillu'j to gush out, to break forth, is also regu- lar, but sailli)\ to project (used only in the 3rd person)^ is as follows : / 100 PRINCIPE8 DB GRAMMAIRB FRAN^AISE. i f i { •t I 1 In INFINITIVH PRESENT, SAILLIR^ to project^ to jilt out, PART. PRK8. Saillant. | part, past, Sailli. IND. PRES. II saille, ils saillent. imperfect, II saillait, ils saillaient. phst. def. None. FUTURE, II saillera, ils sailleront. C0Nr>. II aaillerait, ils sailleraient. SUBJ. PRES. Qu'il saille, qu'ils saillent. iMPKiiFECT, Qu'il sailUt, qu'ils saillissent. 231. INFINITIVE PRESENT, SENTIE, to STiiell^ to feel PART. PRES. Sentant. | part, past, Senti. IND. PRES. Je sens, nous sentons. imperfect, Je scntais, etc. PRET. ])EF. Je sentis, nous sentlniea, etc. FUTURE, Je sentirai, etc. COND. Je sentirais, etc. t IMPERATIVE, Sens, sentons, sentez. BUBJ. PRES. Que je sente, que nous sentions, etc. IMPERFECT, Que je sentisse, etc. Conjugated with avoir. Conjugate in the same manner : Mentir, to lie. ' Se repentir, to repent. Pressentir, to foresee. and all the compound tenses of sentir .... 232. INFINITIVE PRESENT, SERVIR, to sevvs^ to help to. PART. PRES. Servant. | part, past, Servi. Je sers nous servons ils servent. Je servais, etc. Je servis, etc. Je servirai, etc. Je servirais, etc. Sers, servons, servez. Que je serve, etc. Que je servisse, etc. IND. PRES. IMPERFECT, PRET. DEF. FUTURE, COND. IMPERATIVE, SUBJ. PRES. IMPERFECT, Conjugated with avoir. PRINCIPES DB GRAMMAIRE FRAN^AISE. 101 J 233. Conjugate in the same manner, desservtr, to clear the table. Asservir^ to enslave, is regular. \ 234. SOETIBy to go out. See dormir. 235. INFINITIVE PRESENT, TENIE, to lieep, fo hold. PART. PRES. Tenant. | part, past, Tenu. Je ticns, tii tiens, il tient, nous tenons, vouh tenez, lis tiennent. Je tenais, etc. Je tins, tu tins, il tint, nous tlnmes, vous tlntes, ils tinront. Je tieiidrai, etc. Je tiendrais, etc. Tiens, tenons, tenez. Que je tienne, que tu tiennes, qu'il tienne, que noua tenions, que vous teniez, qu'ils tiennent. Que je tinsse, que tu tinsses, au'il tint, que nous tinssions, que vous tiussiez, qu lis tiussent. Conjugated with wwir 236. Conjugate in the same manner, the derivatives of tenir and venir^ with this difference, that tenir and its compounds take avoir^ while venir and its derivatives require etre^ except prevenir^ to prevent, to anticipate, and subveniVt which take avoir. Convenir^ meaning to agree, takes etre ; but when it signifies, to euit, it takes avoir. 237. INFINITIVE PRESENT, VJ^TIR, to dresSy to clothe. IND. PRES. IMPERFECT, PRET. DEF. FUTURE, COND. IMPERATIVE, SUBJ. PRES. IMPERFECT, PART. PRES. IND. PRES. IMPERFECT, PRET. DEF. FUTURE, GOMD. VStant. I PART. PAST, Vetu. Je vets, tu vets, il v6t, nous vdtons, vous vttez, ils vetent. Je vetais, etc. «7e vfitis, etc. Je vetirai, etc. Je vdtirais, etc. i. 102 PRINCIPES DE ORAMMAIRB FRAN^AISB. \ ' ,! n ■; f IMPERATIVE, V^ts, vfitons, vetcz. SUB. PKE8. Que je v6te, etc. IMPERFECT, Que je vutisHC, etc. Conjugated with avoir. 238. Conjugate in the same manner : DMtir, to divest, to strip. ] RevHir, to clothe, to invest. EXERCISE ON IRREGULAR VERBS OF THE SECOND CONJUGATION. Exercise 48. II acquiert une ^ande influence sur ses coll?»gue8. C^sar conquit la Gaule. Dieu benit la race d'Abraham. Je cucillerai de belles fleurs. II fuirait de peur s'il voyait un taureau {bull). HUtons-nous, le temps presse. Servez du jambon (Aa»0 ^ wionsieur. II faut que je sorte h present. II etait bien n^^cessaire que jo tinsse ma parole. II a bien tenu sa promesse. J'dtais d^j^ vetu ce matin quand il m'a appeU. y If you work you will acquire knowledge. Tiie only solid friends are those one acquires by solid qualities. I had hai^dly turned i 'V back when three men attacked nie. He commanded that we should attack tha enemy. Let us run after our friends. I must gather a bouquet for my mother. It would be necessary that he should sleep the whole night. To flee before the enemy is a cowardly {/dchc) act. In fleeing, he fell and broke his arm. I should have died but for {sans) your assistance {secours). He was already dead when they found him. It would have been necessary that he might have opened the door.X I would have offered him my friendship. We should set out immediately if you were ready. I offer you my ser- vices with {(Je) all my heart. When does that onmibus start ? It starts every five minutes. Did you foresee that danger? This man has served his country very well. Why did he go out without your leskve (permission)^ Let us make haste to dress ourselves. We will come back before the end of the year. , 239. IRREGULAR AND DEFECTIVE VERBS OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION. 240. AssEoiR, to sif, to set, to place ; but it is princi- pally as a reflective verb that it is used ; we will then give it in its reflective form : TRINCirES DE GBAMJIAIIIE FRANCAISE. 103 » 241. INFINITIVE PRESENT, S'ASSEOIIty tO sU duWH. S'asseyant. | pabt. past. Assis. PART. PRES. IND. PRK3. raPERFKCT, PRET. DEF. FUTURE, COND. IMPERATIVE, 8UBJ. PRES. IMPERFECT, Je m'assieds, tu t'assieds, il s'assied, nmis nous asseyons, voua vous asseyez, ils s'asscyent, or s'assuicnt. Je ni'asscyais, nous nous asseyions. ^ Je m'assis, etc. ^ Je m'assicrai, or m'asseierai, etc. Je m'assicrais, or m'dsseierais, etc. Assieds-toi, asseyons-nous, asseyoz-vous. Que je m'asseye, que nous nous asseyions, qu'ils s'asseieut. Que je ni'iississe, qiae tu t'assisses, qu'il s'asslt, que nous nor..; assissions, que vous vous assissiez, qu ils s'assisseiii. Conjugated with ftre. 242. Choir, fo fall, is only used in the Infinitive (ind Past participle, chu, chue. Hence, the subs, fern., chute, a fall. DechOIR, fo decay, to fall off. Past participle, dechu, fallen ; seldom used in any other tense. "EcHOiR, to fall ; to expire, to he due ; only used in the third persons. PART. PRES. ^ch«^ant. PART. PAST. ]£chu, t^chue. IND. PRES. II t'choit, or debet ; ils echoient or ^ch^eut. PRET DEF. II dchut, ils dchurent. FUTURE, II t'cherra, ils dcherront. CONIX II echerrait, ils echerraient. SUBJ. PRES. Qu'il echoie, (su'ils echoient. IMPERFECT, Qu'il echftt, qu'ils dchussent. Seoir, to hccoiiip, to fit. IND. PRES. IMPERFECT, FUTURE, COND. II sied, ils sieent. II seyait, ils seyaient. II sidra, ils sidront. II sitT£iit, ils sieraient. Conjugated with avoir. 104 PIUNCIPES DE GRAMMAIRE FRANCAISE. T li i [ V \' IMPERFECT, PRET. DKP. FUTURE, COND. INFINITIVE PRESENT, MOUVOIR^ to move. PART. PRES Mouvant. | part. past. Mu. iND. PRES. Je meus, tu meus, il meut, nous mouvons, vous raouvez, ils meuvent. Je mouvai.s, etc. Je mus, nous inClmes, etc. Je mouvrai, nous mouvrons, etc. - Je motivrais, etc. '' IMPERATIVE, Meus, mouvons, laouvez. SUBJ. PRES. Que je meuve, es, e, que nous raouvions, que vous mouviez, qu'ils meuvent. IMPERFECT, Que je musse, etc. Conjugated with avoir. 243. Conjugate in tlie same manner, emouvoi)', to move ; 2jroinouvoiry to promote : jHnirvoir^ like rnii\ except in the Pret. clef., je pourvus^ etc., and consequently the Imp. sub., je j)07irvusse ; the Future, je pourvoirai ; Cond., je pourvoirais. Conjugated with avoir. 244. INFINITIVE PRESENT, POUVOIE, to he able. PART. PRES. Pouvant. I PART. PAST. Pu. IND. PRES. Je puis or je peux, tu peux, il pent, nous pouvons, vous pouvez, ils peuvent. Je pouvais, etc. v Je pus, nous pftmes, etc. \ Je pourrai, nous pourrons, etc. Je pourrais, etc. None. Que je puisse, que nous puissions, etc. Que je pusse, etc. IMPERFECT, PRET. DEF. FUTURE, COND. IMPERATIVE, SUBJ. PRES. IMPERFECT, Conjugated with avoir. 245. In the Ind. pres. we must say in the interroga- tive puis-je 9 can 1 1 and not peuayje ? I } ruINCIl'Ea DE GliA^IMAIRE FliANgAISE. 105 > i V > X' 246. INF. TREH. SA VOIB, io hiow, (something learnt). PART. PRES. Sacliant. | PART. PAST. Su. IND. PRES. Jo saia, tu Hais, il sait, noua savons, voua eavez, iU savent. IMPERFECT, Je savais, nous savions, etc. PRET. DEF. Je BUS, noua sftmes, etc. FUTURE, Je saurai, nous saurons, etc. OOND. Je saurais, etc. IMPERATIVE, Sache, sachons, sachez. SUBJ. PRES. Que je sache, que nous sachions, etc. IMPERFECT, Que je susse, etc. Conjugated with auoir. 247. Remark. — Je ne saurais is often used instead of Je ne 2)ourraiSj I could not. The difference between tlie two is that Je ne pourrais^ means an ahsolutc impossi- bility, and je ne saurais^ a want of inclination. 248. INFINITIVE PRESENT, VALOIB, to he worth. PART. PRES. Valant. | part. past. Valu. IND. PRES. Je vaux, tu vaux, il vaut, nous valons, vous valez, ils valent. IMPERFECT, Je valais, etc. PRET. DEF. Je valus, nous vaKimes, etc. FUTURE, Je vaudrai, nous vaudrons, et COND. Je vaudrais, etc. IMPERATIVE, Vaux, valons, valez. SUB. PRES. Que je vaille, que tu vailles, qu'il vaille, que noua valions, que vous valiez, qu'ils vaillent. IMPERFECT, Que je valusse, etc. Conjugated with avoir. 249. Conjugate in the same manner: Equivaloir, to he equivalent. \ Revaloir, to return like for like. 250. Prevaloir, to prevail, is also conjugated like valoirj except in the Pres. of the ►Subj., which is qiie je privalCf que tu prevales^ qu'il prevale, que nous j^revalioii^, que vous prevalieZy qu'ils prevalent. ij T^ 106 PRINCIPEa DE 0IU3IMAIRE FRANCAISE. h } '■' 251. INFINITIVE PRESENT, VOIIi, fo SeC. PART. PREs. Voyant. | part. past. Vu. IND. PRES. Jo vnis, tu vois, il voit, nous voyons, voua voyoz, ils voicnt. IMPERFECT, Jo voyais, nous voyions, etc. PHET. DEF. Jo vis, etc. FUTURE. Jo vcrrai, nous verrons, etc. V' CONU. Jo verrais, etc. IMPERATIVE, Vois, voyons, voyez. HUUJ. PRES. Quo je voio, cSy c, que nous voyions, que vous voyiez, qu'ils voiont. IMPERFECT, Que je visse, que nous vissions, etc. Conjugated with avoir. 252. Conjugate in the same manner, rcvoi}\ to see again ; and cnfrovoir, to catch a glimpse. Prevoir makes jyrcroirai, etc., and ^h'evoirais^ etc., in the Future and Conditional. The other tenses are like those of voir. Pour voir, to provide, is conjugated like roir^ except Pret. detinite, jc 2^oiu'vii8, etc., and Imp. suhj., que je pourvussn, etc. Future and Cond., je j^ourvuiraij raSj and jti pourvoirais^ rais, etc. 253. INF. PRES. VOULOIRy to he tvillintj, to ivisli. PART. PRES. IND. PRES. IMPERFECT, PUET. DEF. FUTURE, COND. IMPERATIVE, / BUBJ. PRES. Voulant. I PART. PAST. Voulu. Je veux, tu veux, il veut, nous voulons, vous voulez, ils voulent. Jo voulais, etc. Je voulus, etc. Je voudrai, nous voudrons, etc. Je voudrais, etc. Veuillez, or veuillez bien, only used in the second person plural {be so good as), pray have the good- ness. Que je veuille, que tu veuilles, qu'il veuille, que nous voulions, que vous vouliez, qu ils veuillent. IMPERFECT, Que jo voulusso, etc. Conjugated with avoir. 1 PRINCIPES DE ORAMMAIRE FRAN^AISE. lo; Is # EXERCISE ON IRREGULAR VERBS OF THE THIRD CONJUNCTION. Exercise 49. Assoyez-vous stir ce faiiteuil {armchair), voua serez mieux que Bur cetto chaise. No voua asseycz jamais sur I'herbe humide. 11 1'niut le C(vnr de cot homnio inseiiHihlo. Les hi)inme8 no i>euvt'nt i)rcvoir lea t'vt'nements. Cotte ja'cprirt^ vaut dix millo dollars. Lea ac- tions valent mieux quo lea paroles. Avec do la perseverance voua pouvez rcussir. Quaud vcncz-vous voa amis ? Ello voua verra domain. Avoz-voua vn tiiute« Iph hoautt's do ce paysage? Je voudrais voua parler en iiuiticulier. Ayez la bontd do mo i^asser ce livre. Oil voulez-vous aller aujourd'hui? Let lis sit do\vn. The two friends were sitting near a brook. Wo must sit down, for we are vc^ry tired. There ia the spring which moves the whole macliiuory. Would you have tho kindness to speak to your father? He can go away if ho wislies. Have you seen my friends? We mi^lit go out, but wo do not wish to do it. We foresaw the consequences of that affair. Let them know that they are not forgotten. That bill of cxc'1kui''c (Idtrc dc chanjc) will bo duo to-iiiorrow. She moved the lii'.irt of that inspn<e that magnificent landscajje? All the talents are not worth one virtue. Wo see with (/>«r) «)ur ej'es ; wo hear with our ears ; we smell with our nose ; wo taste (rfouter) with our palate. I often saw him in tiie street. She wished to remain longer. Do you think he is willing (suhj.) to pay me? I shall go to see you before my departure {di^art). 254. IRREdULAR AND DEFECTIVE VERBS THE FOURTH CONJUGATION. OF 255. INFINITIVE riiESENT, ABSOUDIiE, to absolve. PART. PRES. Absolvant. | p.\rt. past, Absous, absoute. IND. PRES. J'absoua, tu absous, il absent, noua absolvons, vous absolve/, ils absolvent. IMPERFECT, J'absolvais, nous absolvions, etc. PRET. DEF. JVonc. FUTURE, J'absoudrai, nous absoudrons, etc. COND. J'absoudrais, etc. IMPERATIVE, Absous, absolvons, absolvez. SUBJ. PRES. Que j'absolve, que nous absolvions, etc. Conjugated with avoir. > T II . I !l i 108 TRINCIPES DB GRAMMAIRB FIL.N9AISE. 256- Conjugato in tlio saiiio manner : Disaoudrc, to dissulve. | Riaoudre, to resolve. Tliis last verb lias for Past partioiplo, resohi and resnus ; resobiy when it means to determine, to decide ; resouSy when it means to change, to reduce one thing into another : Lc soldi a i'isoiiH Ic houiUard en. pluie^ The uuu has turuud thu fug iutu rain. 257. INFINITIVE ruESENT, BATTRE^ to heat. PART. PRES. Battant. | part. past. Battu, IND. PRES. Ju bats, tu bats, il bat, noua battons, voua battez, \\h battunt. Je battais, etc. Je battis, etc. Je battrai, etc. Je battrais, etc. Bats, battons, battez. Quo jo batto, etc. Que je battisse, etc. Conjugated M'ith acoir. 258. Conjugate in the same manner : IMPERFECT, PRET. DEF. FUTURE, OOND. IMPERATIVE, HUBJ. PRES. IMPERFECT, \ Abattrc, Combattre, Dibattre^ to pull down, to fight, to debate. Rabattre, Eebatlre, ISe debattre, to abate. to beat again.J to struggle. 259. INTIXITIVE rilESENT, BOIRE^ to dHiik. Buvant. [ PART. PAST, Bu. PART PRES. IND. PRES. IMPERFECT, PAST DEF. FUTURE, COND. PRES. IMPERATIVE, SUBJ. PRES. XHPBSFECT, Je bois, tu bois, il boit, nous buvons, vous buvez, ils boivent. Je buvais, etc. Je bus, etc. Jo boirai, etc. Je boirais, etc. Bois, buvons, buvez. Que le boive, etc., que nous buvions,que vout buvieii qu'ils boivent. Que je busse, etc., que nous bussionsi etc. Conjugated with avoir. > PRI£^CU>£» D£ OIUMMAIRE FRA:^9AISifi. t09 260. INFINITIVE PRESENT, BRUIRE, to rtistlc^ fo roav. This verb is only used in the following persons : , IND. PRES. II bruit, ils bniissont. ' IMPERFECT, II bruissait, ila bmissaient {in upcaking of the noiu of insects), and il bruyait, ils bruyaient (of the roar of the waves). 261. INFINITIVE PRESENT, CLORE, to close. This verb is only used in the following persons of a few tenses : PART. PAST. Clos, close. IND. PRES. Jo clos, tu clos, il cl6t ; no plural. FUTURE, Jg clorai, etc. OOND. Jo clorais, etc. IMPERATIVE, Clos. 8UBJ. PRES. Que jo close, etc., And all the compound tenses conjugated with avoir. 262. Conjugate in the same manner : Enclore, JSclure, to enclose. to blow (blossoms), to hatch. These verbs, however, are used in the plural, as : ils €ncluse7it, ils eclose?it. 263. INFINITIVE PRESENT, CONCLURE, to conclude. PART. PRES. Concluant. | part. past. Conclu. IND. PRES. Je conclus, etc. INPERFECT. Je concluais, ais, ait, ions, iez, aient. PRET. DEP. Je conclus, etc. nj FUTURE, Je conclurai, etc. ; CQND. Je conclurais, etc. IMPERATHTE, Conclus, concluons, concluez. suBj. PBES. Que je conclue, que nous concluioiu, que voua con- cluiez, qulls concluent. IMPBBPECT, Que je conclusae, etc Conjugated with avoir. w no FBXNCIPES DE GRAMMAinS FiiMgAISE. . i ! / 264. Conjugate in the same manner : ExcLURE, to exclude. 265. INF. PRE9. CONDUIREy to conduct^ to lead. PART. PRKs. Conduisjant. 1 part, past, Conduit, Ccnduite. TND. PRES. Je conduis, etc. IMPERFECT, Jo conduisais, etc. \ ' PRET. def. Jo conduisis, etc. \ rt'TURE, Jo conduirai, etc. COND. Je couduiriiis, etc. IMPERATIVE, Conduis, conduisons, conduisez. auBj. PRES. Que je conduise, etc. IMPERFECT, Que jc conduisissc, que tu conduisisses, qu'il conduislt, que nous cimduisissions, quo vous conduisissiez, qu'ils conduisissent. Conjugated with avoir. 266. Conjugate in the same manner : Construire, to construct, Cuire, to cook, to hake. Instruire, to i7istriic*. Produire, to pj'oduce, R(^duire, to reduce. Traduire, to translate. NuirCj to hurt, iii conjugated hke conduire ; but its Past participle is 7iui, \vliicli has no feminme. 2G7. INF. PRES. CONFIREy to picJdej to preserve. PART. PRES. Confisant. | part, past, Confit, Confite. IND. PRES. Je confis nous contisons, etc. imperfect, Je confisaifi, etc. PRET. def. Je confis, etc. FUTURE, Je confirai, etc. OOND. Je confirais, etc. IMPERATIVE, Je confis, confisons, confisez, suBj. PBES. Que je confise, etc., que nous confisions, que vous confisiez, qu'ils coufisent. IMPERFECT, Not used. .:....: Conjugateil with avoir. i J (^^^^.wA. ^■'^'^- A I I \ I riUNcirEd Dn uiL".:i:i.ui:u riiAN< a-.j. lil 268. Sujire, to sutiice, to be sufficient, is conjugated like eonjire ; but its Past participle is su^^ which does not vary. 269. INF. PRES. CONNAITRE, to he acquainted iviih, to hllOW. PART. PRES. Connaissant. | pari past. Connu. IND. PRES. Je connais, t\\ connais, il oonnalt, cjub connaissons, vons connaissez, ils connAissent. IMPERFECT, Je connaissais, etc. PRET. Dir. Je connus, etc., nous connftmos, y 279. Conjugate in the same manner : Circonscrire, Dicrire, Inscrire, Prescrire, to circumscribe, to describe, to inscribe, to prescribe. Pro9orire, to proscribe. lUcrirtf to write again. Soiucrire, to subscribe. JVanacrire, to transcribe. 280. INFINITIVE PRESENT, FAIRE, to make, to do. PART. PRES. Faisant. | part, past, Fait. IND. FBES. Je fais, tu fais, il fait, nous faisons, vous faites, ila font. imperfect, Je faisais, etc. PRET. DEP. Je fis, etc. FUTURE, Je ferai, etc. COND. PRES. Je ferais, etc. IMPERATIVE, Fais, faisons, faites. 8UBJ. PEES. Que je fasse, etc. IMPXRFEOT, Que je fisse. etc. 281. Conjugate in the same manner : ContrefairCy to mimic, to forge. JDifaire, to undo. Refaire, to do again. Satisfaire, to satisfy. Swfairc, Mal/aire, For/aire, to overcharge, to do evil, to transgreds. Se (iifaire de, to part with. 282. FrirCf to fry, is generally used only in the com- pound tenses, which are formed with the Past part. frit. See observation on Bouilliry No. 212. 283. INFINITIVE PRESENT, LIRE, to read. PART. PRES. Lisant. ] part. PAST, Lu. IND. PRES. Je lis, tu lis, il lit, nous lisons, vous lisez, ils lisent. IMPERFECT, Je lisais, etc. FRET. DBF. Je lus, etc. FUTURE, Je lirai, etc. COND. PRES. Je lirais, etc. IMPERFECT, Lis, lisons, lisez. 8UBJ. PRES. Que je lise, etc. IMPERFECT, Que je lusse, etc., que nous luMions, etc 284. Conjugate like lire : Ilelire, to read again, Ulirtt to elect. PllINClPEa LB GHAMMAIKE rRAN(;AlSE. ll.-) 0. 3, ils om- 'rif. It. f 285. Luire, to shine, is conjugated like cojuluin' : except that its Part, past is hn\ without feminine ; and that it has no Past def. nor Imp. of the Subj. 286. INFINITIVE PRESENT, METTRE, to pllt. PART. PRES. IND. PRES. IMPERFECT, PKET. DEF. FUTURE, COND PRES. IMPERATIVE, SUBJ. PRES. IMPERFECT, Mettant. | part, past, Mis. Je mets, etc., nous mettons, vous raottez, ils mettent. Je niettais, etc. Je mis, etc., nous mimes, vous mites, ils mirent. Je mettrai, etc. Je mettrais, etc. Mets, mettons. mettez. Que je mette, etc., que nous mettions, etc. Que je misse, etc., que nous missions, etc. N. Conjugated with avoir. 287. Conjugate in the same manner : Admettre, to admit. CommettrCy to commit. Comproinettrey to compromise. Se demettre i *^ resign, to put S^cntremdtre, to intermeddle. Omettrej Permettre, J'rometlrc, JiemettrCy tSoumettrc, Transmettre, to omit, to permit, to promise, to put off. to submit, to transmit. 288. INFINITIVE PRESENT, MOUDREj to grind, Moulant. | part, past, Moulu. Je mouds, tu mouds, il moud, nous moulons, vou« moulez, ils moulent. Je moulais, etc. Je moulus, etc. Je moudrai, etc., nous moudrons, etc. Je moudrais, etc. Mouds, moulons, moulez. Que je moule, que nous moulions, etc. Que je moulusse, etc., que nous moulussions, etc. Conjugated with avoir. 289. Conjugate in the same manner : part. PRES. IND. PRES. imperfect, PRET. DEF. FUTURE, COND. PRES. IMPERATIVE, SUBJ. PRBS. IMPERFECT, jtmoudrty to sharpen, to whet. Eematidre, to grind again. ' ( again. J , • Ji ii \i liJ I I i I 1 1 I i 1 ) ! I' ' i- ' . 16 l'lil^'^J^^i:a de guammaiiie ritAN(^AisE. 290. INFINITIVE PRESENT, NAITRE, to hti hom. :art. pres. Naissant. | part, past, Ne. INT). PRES. Jo nais, t\i nais, il nalt, nous naissona, vous naissez. ila uui»8ent. IMPERFECT, Je naissai.s, etc. PRET. DEF. Je naquis, etc. , ils naquirent. FUTURE, Je naltrai, etc. coxn. Jo naitrais, etc. IMTERATIVE, Nais, naissous, naissez, si'R.r. PHES. Quo jo naisso, etc. IMPKRFECT, Quo jo naquisse, etc., que nous naquissons, etc. Conjugated with etre. RenaUro^ to he horn again, has no Participle past, and therefore no compound tenses. 291' Oindrc, to anoint. This verb is seldom used except in the Participles, Oignanf, oint, and in the Future, foindrai, etc. 292. INFINITIVE PRESENT, PAITRE, to (JiXW. PART. PRES. Paissant. | part. past. None. IND. PRES. Je pais, tu pais, il palt, nous paissona, vous i^aissez, ils paissent. IMPERFECT, Je paissais, etc. PRET. DEF. None. FUTURE, Je paltrai, etc. COND. Je paltrais, etc. imperative, Pais, paissons, paissez. suu. PRES. Que je paisse, etc., que nous paissions, etc. 293. Repaitrc, to feed, is conjugated like j^aitre ; but it has a Pret. definite, je repus^ an Imp. sub., que je rppusse, and a Part, past, rq^u. Paraitre, to appear. See cannaUrc. PeiaUrc, to i)iunt. See craindre. 11 riUNUirES L)E GRAMM^UKE rRAN9AISE. 117 ser id •^r Zr 294. INFINITIVE PRESENT. PLAIIiE, to x>lease. PART. PRES. Plaisant. I part, past, Plu. IND. PRES. Je plais, tu plain, il plait, nous plaiaons, vous plaiseA ilcj plaisent. IMPERFECT, Jo plaisais, etc. PRET. UEF. Je i)lus, etc. FUTURE, Jo plairai, etc. COND. PRES. Jo plairais, etc. IMPERATIVE, Plais, plaisona, plaisez. SUBJ. PRES. Que jo plaise, etc., que nous plaisions, etc. IMPERFECT, Que je plusse, etc. Conjugated with avoir. 295. Conjugate in the same manner : Complah'c, Deplaire, to humor, to displease. Tairc, not to mention. Se tai7'€, to keep silent. 296. INFINITIVE PRESENT, PRENDRE, to fab?. PART. PRES. IND. PRES. Prenant. Pris. I PART. PAST, Je prends, tu i)rends, il prend, nous prenons, vous prenez, lis prennent. Jo prcnais, etc. Je pris, etc. Jo prcndrai, etc. Je prcndrais, etc. Prends, prenons, prenez. Quo jo prenne, etc., que nous prenions, que vous Xn-eniez, qu'ils prennent. Quo je prisse, etc. Conjugated with avoir. 297. Conjugate in the same manner : IMPERFECT. PRET. DEF. FUT. COND. PRES. IMPER. SUB. PRES. IMPERF. Apprcndrc, to learn. Comprcndrc, to understand. Dhapprendre, to unlearn. Entrep^'cndrCf to undertake. S'eprendre, to be taken with. Repi-endrc, to take back, to re- [ply, to censure. Surprendre, to siu:prise. N.T>.— The 71 of the above verbs is always doubled when it comes before the inute terminations c, ca, cut. w. 118 PRINCIPES DE GUAMMAIIiE I'TRANCAISE. J ' ' : I ' < I I I I: II If : ■• 298. INFINITIVE PRESENT, HIRE, to IttUgh. PART. PRKS. Riant. I part. pres. Ri. No fern,, IND. PRES. Jc ris, tu ris, il rit, nous riona, vous riez, ils rient. IMPERFECT, Je riais, etc. PRET. DEF. Je ris, etc. FUTURE, Je rirai, etc. COND. Je rirais, etc. IMPERATIVE, Ris, rions, riez. 8UBJ. PRES. Quo je rio, quo tu ries, qu'il rie, que nous riions, que vous riiez, qu'ils rient. IMPERFECT, Que jo risse, etc, que nous rissions, etc. Conjugated with avoir. Obs. — Rire has also a reflective form, which means, to laugh at : I\ s€ rit de vos menaces, he laughs at your threats. Sounrp, to smile, is conjugated like rire. SuFFiRE, see conduire. 299. INFINITIVE PRESENT, SUIVRE, tO folloXO, PART. PRES. Suivant | PaRT. past, Suivi. IND. PRES. Je suis, tu suis, il suit, nous suivons, vous suivez, lis suivent. IMPERFECT, Je suivais, etc. PRET. DEF. Je suivis, etc. FUTURE, Je suivrai, etc. COND. PRES Je suivrais, etc. IMPERATIVE, Suis, suivons, suivez. BUBJ. PRES. Que je suive, etc., que nous suivions, etc. IMPERFECT, Que je suivisse, etc. Conjugated with avoir. 300. Conjugate in the same manner : Poursuim'e, to pursue, to prosecute. S'ensuivrey to ensue, to result ; but is only used in the third persons ; as, ^ Une i/rande victoire s'en auivit, a ^eat victory resulted from it. r PRINCIPES DE GRAMMAIRE FRAN^AISE. 119 fm» ^ ue to Is 301. Tain; to keep secret, to conceal. See Plaire. Tairo is principally used in the reflective form, se taire, to keep silent. 302. INFINITIVE PRESENT, TRAIRK, f<> ir'i:,. PART. PRE.S. Trayant. | part, past, Tniit. iNn. PRES. Je trais, tu trais, il trait, nous trayons, v.ais tr.tyi'.% iLs traient. ni PERFECT, Je trayais, etc. PRET. DEB\ Hone. FUTURE, Je trairai, etc. coxD. PUES. Je trairais, etc. IMPERATIVE, Trais, trayons, trayez. SUBJ. PRES. Que ie traie, etc., quo nous trayions, que vous trayiez, qu ils traient. Conjugated with avoir. 303. Conjugate in the same manner : Rentraire, to fine draw. Jtetraire, t<. redeem. Soustraire, to substract. Ahstraire, to abstract. {Little used.) Br aire, to bray. Distraire, to distract. JExtraire, to extract. 304. INFINITIVE PRESENT, VAINCRE, fo COUqilfr. PART. PRES. Vainquant. | part, past, Vaincu. IND. PRES. Je vaincs, tu vaincs, il vainc, nous vainquons, vou» vainquez, ils vainquent. IMPERFECT, Je vainquais, etc. PRET. DEF. Je vainquis, etc. V FUTURE, Jo vaincrai, etc. COND. PRES. Je vaincrais, etc. IMPERATIVE, Vaincs, vainquons, vainquez. SUBJ. PRES. Que je vainque, etc., que nous vainquions, etc. IMPERFECT, Que je vainquisse, etc., que noua vainquissions, etc. Conjugated with avoir. Convaincrey to convict, to convince, is conjugated in the same manner. \ w i i I i. m ih ^ ,vl:c 't^^v *^^ ^ Uy^^yiri^-'"^' 120 PRINCIFES DE OIUMMAIRE FRAN^AISE. V. 305* INFINITIVE PRESENT, VIVRE^ to llVe. PART. PRES. Vivant. | PART. PAST, Vdcu. No f. • INT). PRES. Jc vis, til vis, il vit, nous vivons, vous vivez, ila vivent. IMPERFECT, Je vivais, etc. PRET. DEF. Je VeCUS, etC. FUTURE, Je vivrai, eU., nous vivrons, etc. COND. Je vivrais, etc. IMPERATIVE, Vis, vivons, vivez. SUBJ. PRES. Quo jo vive, etc., que nous vivions, etc. IMPERFECT, Que je vdcusse, etc. Conjugated with avoir. So are conjugated revim'e^ to revive, and survivre^ to survive. Exercise 50. Je vous absous en faveur de votro repentir. Tu battais ton chien. II but de I'eau. Les abeilles bruissaient dans lea branches do I'arbre. Les poulets dcldront la semaine prochaine . Vous concluriez le marchd {bargain). Conduisez-nous au march^ {market). II faut que vous confisiez des fruits cette annde. II faudrait qu'il conndt ses amis. Reconnaltre ses fautes est un bon moyen de se les faire pardonner. En cousant un bouton k mon habit je me suis piqud lo doigt. J'ai craint de I'offenser. J'avais cru bien faire. Cos arbres ont beaucoup crA cet t^t^. Je vous eus dit ces nouvelles si jo vous eusse rencontr^. Vous aurez dcrit vos lettres avant mon retour. lis auraient fait leur devoir si on ne les avait pas d^rang^s [disturbed). II faut que j'aie lu tout ce livre avant mes examens. II aurait fallu que nous eussions mis tout cet argent h, la banque d'^pargne {savings' bank). Ce moulin ne moud pas assez fin. Pais mes agneaux. Je paitrai mes troupeaux {flocks) dans des pS,turages herbeux. Nous peignlmea de beaux tableaux. Ne ddplaisons point par des airs de hauteur {haughty manners). II faut que je prenne de I'argent dans ma bourse. R^solvons de vivre en bons chrdtiens. II faudrait qu'H KuivH I'exemple de son pere. II est n(?cessaire de traire les vachea tons les jours deux fois. Le gdn^ral a vaincu ses ennemis. Com- bien de gens ne peuvent etre convaincus que par I'exp^rience. II vit de peu. Vive la reine. Acids dissolve metals. I never beat my Aos. The allies {alliis) did beat the Russians [Russes) in the Crimea. We were drinking water, not wine. We have coiiclnded the bargain. Let us drink to the health {sant6) of our friends. Ho led 'us with much ability. We ^'■^ Cv\,.- 1 K > A I' rUIXCIPES DE GHAM.MAlHi: MJANTAir^i:. l'2i nhall conduct ours(^lvps aa roasonablo l)oinpR {'(rrK). I would go with you willingly (ro/oi/^'rj'.v) if [hadtinio. You must cook Home vegetables (htfiniH.s). It was noces.sary to preservo peaches when they were t;)ieai) {a boa murrhi). I know him at once {tout dc suite). I would know him in (aitn) a thuuiiand. I should havo knuwn hini «iguia if I had Houn him^ Plcaso sew a button on my coat. I should fear to offend him. It Vh better that a girl Hhould know how to how than how to dance. \Va boli(;vo that the houI is immortal. I would never havo believed that of him. The oaks (chenea) grow on Mount-Royal. We havo iiomobody here who pretends to foretell tho rain and fine weather, t shall write to you often, my dear friend. I would have \vritten you a letter if I had known where you were. Let ua do our duty. He mimics cvery})ody. What author will you read at college ? All that glitters is not gold. Put the book on the table. I had put on my hat to go out, but he made mo sit down again. Wc grind our coffee ourselves. Are our knives ground ? We ar6 bom in this world to prepare ourselves for a better one. All tho children wh(^ were bom on the same day as S^sostris, were brought to court by the king's order. Some cows were grazing in the mea- dows (pres). Our Lord said to Peter, " Feed my sheep." She painta from {dhtpi'h) nature. Joy was pictured in her eyes. A man whom no one pleases, is nmch more unfortunate than the one who pleases no one. I do not think she likes (se plairc) that little town. He told me that in taking his coffee. 1 do not believe that she- - laughs at you. There are some ladies who know how to laugh, but who do not know how to smile. We re3«)lved to go by tho steam- boat {bateau d rapcvr). My mind has followed you in all your travels. Wo must conquer or die. How beautiful it is to conquer oneself. They live on {de) vegetables and on milk food {htitage). Long live {vive) liberty ! This work Avill live. rii '. L I J- Cv.-> t v.. r.;. CHAPTER VI. PARTICIPLE. 306. The Participle partakes of the properties of a verb and of an adjective. On account of its peculiaritiof^ it will be the object of a special chapter which belonga more properly to the syntax. -u o L' rr 1 I 122 PRINCIPES DE ORA'UMAIRE FRAN^AISE. CHAPTER VTI. THE ADVEKIi. 307. The Adverb is a word which serves to modify y the signification of the verb, the adjective, or another adverb. \ \ 308. Adverbs in French, as in English, are divided into several classes, according to their several uses. There are eight classes of adverbs to denote : 1. Place — icif here; Icl, there; //, here or there ; ohy \ where ; dedanSy within ; dfhors, outside ; ailhturs, else- wliero ; dcsmiSy above ; dessous^ beneath ; dcvanty before ; denicrcy behind, etc. 2. Time — aiijoanVImiy to-day; demain, to-morrow;. hier, yesterday ; qxiand, when ; pnis^ tlien ; souvcnt, often ; maintenanty now ; jadis, formerly ; e)iji?i, at last, etc. 3. Manner — htpriy well ; mal, badly; a peiyie, scarcely ; volontiersy willingly, etc. 4. Quantity — assez, enough ; trojf, too much ; pmiy little ; beaucoupy much ; tresy forty bien, very ; tanty so --v^ much, etc. 5. Interrogation — combien? how much? how farl — V pourquoi ? why 1 — comment ? how ? — quand ? when ? — Jusqu^ou ? how far ? etc. 6. Affirmation — ouiy yes ; certes or certainementy cer- ^ tainly ; sans doutCy without doubt ; vraimenty truly, etc. 7. Negation — nony no ; ne, ne. .pas, not ; ne . .jamais^ s, never. 8. Doubt — peut-etrcy perhaps ; probahlement, probably. 309. The most part of the adverbs of manner are f ornr^d by adding me7it (from the Latin mentey mind, nl manner) to the adjective, which corresponds to the English /^; as, coiiraqeitsementy i.e., d'une maniere courageiise; gentily pretty, makes gentimenty prettily (familiar). I nUXCirKd 1)K GllAMMAim: IHANrAldE. \2^ . f. i :^.\ Most advorbs of niiinner arc compared like adjectives : t dour/'mrnf, gently; p/u.^ dnuro.mnit^ more gently ; h' plua (loucnmnty most gently. V The adverbs in immt^ are formed according to tb«*. tliree following rules : ^ 310. Rule I. When tlio adjectives end with a vowel, by adding mcnt^ in the masculine Sapc, Poll. W180. polite, Sayement, PoHment, wisely, politely. Y Excpptio7i8. — Inqmniy unimnislKul ; impmmment^ with r impunity. Th(i seven following take e l)efove ment^ instead of the ^ p, ol the adjectives : Aveugic, blind ; Commode, commodious , Immeyjsc, immense : (yonformc, conformable ; Enoi'me, enormous ; Incommode, Incommodious Opinidtre, obstinate ; Aveuglhnent, blindly. Commod6meiit, commodiously. Immena&ment, immensely. Conformiment, conformably. Enormiment. enormously. Inrominixiiment, incommoaiously. Opinidtre7)ient, obstinately. Rule II. When the adjectives end with a consonant, y by adding ment to the feminine : Franc, m., franche, f. ; franchement, frankly. Hcureux, m., heurcuse, f . ; heureusement, happily. 311. Rule III. When the adjectives end in ant and )C ent, in the masculine, by suppressing the ending nf, and putting inmcnt, as : Coiiatant constant ; Constamm^mt, constantly. Jil()(/U€nt, eloquent; Eloquemment, eloquently. 312. Lent, presnjit, vthementy follow Rule II., and make ^ lentement, slowly ; presentement^ presently ; lyehementement, vehemently. 313. Place of the Adverb. — The adverb, in Frencli, \ Is generally placed after the verb in simple tenses, and between the auxiliary and the participle in compound tenses : Tl parle heaucoup, II lUpeu, Tl a heaucoup parte 11 a pen lu. / \ 124 rillNCirES DE GRAMMAIRE FRAN9A.ISE. ExEHCisi: 51. Asseycz-vous \h R\ir cctte chaise. Lcs uns sont dehors, Ics iiuties dedans. Quandarrivora-t-ilV llestarrivdaujourd'hui. Mainteuant je siiis content. Voulez-vous venir avoc moi? Volontiers. A peine , towards ; v/h-h-i:h^ opposite ; voici^ here is, here are ; voila^ there is, there are. 2. Order — Auant, before; aprks after; dejmis, since j fit'tS', from. 3. Manner — Par^ by ; avec, witli ; sans, without ; sch»i, according to, etc. 4. Origin or Cause — Affcntln, on account of; dn, of; par, by ; mt, considering ; 2^026/', foi' ; etc. 5. Tendency towards or Remoteness from — Envrrs, towards ; contrc, against ; pour, for ; a, to ; dc, of. 318. In French, the preposition is always placed before its object ; whereas, in English, it is sometimes placed after ; as, De (jHoi vous plai(jnez-voxis1 ( what do yoii complain of ? or, ( of what do you coiaplaiu ? i Exercise 52. 1 Venez vous asscnir .aupK'S dc moi, II va an tonr dn la mnntapno. II cstchez mon pfere. Marchez devant moi, Vas-tu en France cette anni't! ? Mon livro est sur la table, dans la chamln-o. Vers h; nord la nature ]UH'sento un aspect triste et sauvage. J);h aujomd'hiii ji> 4. "0 do faire co travail. Quant h, moi jo sui.s tns satisfait. 11 •I'i'ieure pres du museum. Vu sa jcunuase il est trcs habile. His house was near a brook (ntlsscau). The child is in the room. The tri'o is before the house. My friend is at my house. Amongst my biioks, there are some very good ones. He was near falling into the river. Ho worked until twelve o'clock. The bird is sittin'? OxjjrArr) upon the branch. His house is opposite to miiie. '1 here is a fine picture. From this day, I intend to goto the country. There is nothing against that. I shall act according to circuinstancth. Since he wrote that book, he ceased writing. If you are not here, I bhall go without you. K 126 PRINCIPES DE GRAMMAIRE FRANgAISE. ili 11 i I li i ■I Id CHAPTER TX. CONJUNCTION. 319. The Conjunction is an invariable word, \yliich vser^■('s to connect two words or two propositions. 320. The conjunction is sirtv^lf, when composed of a single word ; as, si, if. It is coinpomid when composed of two or more words, as, pendant que, whilst ; cl mains qiiCy unless. 321. The principal simple conjunctions are : for. Car, Cepcndant, <^omme, Done, Et, Mais, Nmnmoins, Ni, Or, Ou, Jret, however, ike, as. thus, and. but. nevertheless, nor, neither, now, then, or, either. Pourquoi, Pourtant, Puisque, Qiiand, Que, Quoique, Si, Si non, Savoir, Soit, why. yet, however. since. though, altliough. that, lest. although. if. otherwise, or else. nearly, to wit, viz. whether. 322. The princijml compo^md conji^nctions are : ■ Aravt que, before. Par ce que, uecauso. Apres que, Depnis que, Pendant que, Tandis que, Sans que. after, since. !■ whilst. without. JJc craintc que, Au lica que,^ Dei que, AutiKitot que, Tant que, for four, lest whereas. as soon as. as long as, etc. 323. Remark. — Que is a relative pronoun wlicn it is used for Icqnt'l, laquelJo ; it is an adverh when it is us;(>d for comhien ; as, QuV/Ze est char mante / it is a conjunction when it serves to unite two clauses of a sentence : Je crois Qu'i^ eat Joonime de bien, I think he is a good man. Oil, is an adverb when it points out a place or a time ; then it takes a grave accent. Ou, meaning either, or, is a conjunction, and takes no accent. Si, is an adverb when it is used for tant, teUement : Elle est SI bonne. In other cases, it is a conjunction : J'irai vous voir SI le temps le permet ^ ^ / /t/ /^^^y^ M Cv^-Ui jMnCt^^^' itJ^ ***■ S^^^^^^CO^^X ^/r ^^ / PBINClPEa DE GUAMMAIRE FIU^^AIBE. 127 CHAPTER X. Exercise 53. Ne faites pas tant de bruit, car j'ai un bien mauvais mal de tete Uieadache). Croyez-vous done que je craigne de faire cela ? Cette famille est pauvre ; mais elle est heureuse. C'est lui ou elle qui viendra. Que ces fleurs aont belles ! L'homme que voua avez vu est men ami. Although I do all I can, he is never contented. We act frankly, whilst that man does not. Unless he api)lies himself with more zeal, he will not succeed. Whilst he was in the country, he was resting himself. Since I have known him, I have been always pleased with him. Hold that horse, for fear of his going away. Before studying astronomy one must know mathematics. As soon as I have {fut.) written this exercise, I will go and take a walk. I cannot go to see you now, because I am sick. As long as you take »o little exercise, you will not be well. INTERJECTIONS. 324. Interjections aro used to express the affections of the mind ; as, Joy— aA. / ah ! 6on, well— 6ravo. Grief, pain— Mas / alas ! aie ! aye ! Contempt—/ I iy \ Ji done ! f y ! f y ! Doubt — hah I pooh ! allons done I nonsense ! Calling— /wid / halloa ! hi! eh ! he. Men I well ! Warning— grare / take care ! icoutez ! hark ! Silencing — silence ! peace ! chut ! hush ! Encouragement — allom ! come on ! courage ! cheer up ! Attention— Xiri;S DE GllAMMAlllE FRAN^AISE. SYNTAX. 325. Syntax comes from a Greek word, which means arrangement, construction ; it treats of the arrangement of words, and of the construction of phrases. I' I I '! il V II CHAPTER I. SYNTAX OF THE ARTICLE. 326. Rule 1. — The definite article is often used in French, as it is used in English, to denote a particular thing, as : 11 me donne le Hv7'e, he gives me the book. THE ARTICLE USED IN FRENCH AND NOT IN ENGLISH. 327. Rule 2. The definite article is used in French and not in English with : 1. Nouns taken in a general sense : Vhommc est mortel, man is mortal. 2. Abstract nouns : La sagesse est estimee, wisdom is esteemed. 3. Adjectives used substantively : II etudie le Fran<^ais, he studies French. 4. Names of countries, provinces, winds, mountains, titles, seasons : La France est un hcau paps, France is a beautiful country. La Normandie est ires fertile, Normandy is very fertile. Le Boree est un rent froid, Boreas is a cold >vind. Le Farnasse est la montagne des Parnassus is the mountain of the poetcs, poets. Le General Woheley, General Wolseley. L'automme est une belle saison en Autiimn is a beautiful season in Canada, Canada. 5. Names of arts, sciences, virtues, vices, metals : La peintnrc et la sculpture sont deux anriens arts, Painting and sculpture are two aucient arts. G. Adjectives, verbs, and invariable words used as sub- stantives : Le vianger ct lehoire sontnicessaii'cs a I'l ric, • *»-^ Eating and diiukiug are necessary to life. n . the .-.a. i / Q^.-A^ ^'^^ tJ. " J-. u. <'"->. ^ La bonne et la mauvaiae fortune, good and bad fortune. 332. If the two adjectives qualify only the same suT)- stantive, the article is placed before the first, as : Le sage etpieux Fenelon, the wise and pious Fenelon. 333. ^^Tien the article is used before the first of a series of nomis, it must be repeated before each, as : Lecceur, Veaprit, lea incenra, tout gngne (i la culture. The heart, mind, and manners, all are improved by culture. 334. The article is sometimes suppressed before a # series of nouns to render the language more striking, as : 7 Citoyena, itrangtra, cnnemis, peitplea, roia, empereura, le 2il<^ignent et le riverent {Flechier). Also, in proverbs : Pauvreti n''eat paa vice. Z 4V* aL 'JtX, 130 PniN(;iPE« Dl£ GKAMMAlin: riLVNCAISE. 1 h u i I ■ i 335« After Ni — Ni, soi'i — ttoif, when the nouns are taken in a particuhir sense the article is not used ; II n'avait ni or, ni argent. Soil craintCy soil ignorance, il ne voulait ricn dire. 336. Before names of measure, weight, number, etc., the English use the indetiniie article, and the French tliu ' definite, as : Ce vin coiUe cinq francs LA honteiUe. ■- That wine costs five francs a bottle. 337. The definite article is used hofore the day of tlie V week or the time of the day, when the event is a custom- ary one, whilst the English use a preposition, as : II vient nous voir LE lundi, he comes to see us on Monday. II venait toujours le soir, he came always in the evening. 338. The English use also the indefinite article before nouns expressing time, wages, etc., the French use tlie preposition, par, as : II gagne mille piastres par an, he earns a thousand dollars a year. 1^ 339. The Article used in English and not in French. (1) Before the ordinal numbers, as : Livre pi'einier, book the first. Henri IV., Henry the Fourth. (2) Before nouns expressing tifJn, profession, trade, country or any attribute of the preceding nouns, as : Cavaignac itait g6n6ral, Cavaignac was a general. Je suis professeur, I am a professor. II est ^piciei', he is a grocer. EUe est Americaine, she is an American. Le Prince de GaUes,jils de la the Prince of Wales, a son of Reine Victoria, Queen Victoria. Remark. — If, however, an adjective is joined to a noun, or the noun is qualified in some way, the article is used, as : Je suis nn hommc infortuni. The French use it also after c'est: ' . ■ .. . Vest un pi'o/esseur. rRLNXlPBa DE GRA3IMA1KE 1'KANC;a1s£. Ul (3) After quel, qucllf, used in exclamation, as : Quelle belle Jieur ! what a beautiful flower ! After iul verbs of quantity, want, assez,peu,heaucoup, etc., and sorte, (jenrc, (•^/jccc, melancfe, no article is used : Assez de Hires, enough books. Peu iCarycnt, little money. Beaucoup de nafions, many nations. Utie sorte d'arbvr,^, a kind of trees. Exception. — After hien and la plupart, the article ia used, as : t n ^ Bien des nations, La plupart des gent, many nations. the greater part of the people. Before proper names of deities, persons, animals, and towns no article is used, as : Jupiter etait It Jils de Saturne, Jupiter was the son of Saturn. Montreal est une Utile ville, Montreal is a fine city. Remark. — Proper names, however, take the article : (1) When they are preceded by a qualificative adjective, or by a word showing title, dignity, etc. ; (2) Avlion they are accomijanied by some explanatory distinction, as : Le vieux Paris, Old Paris. Lt President Grh^y, President Grevy. Le Dieu des Juifs, The God of the Jews. (6) Before nouns preceded by a possessive demon- strative, or an indefinite adjective, mon, ton, son, ce, tout, etc., as : Mon litre et ma plume sont sur la table, My book and my pen are on the table, (7) Before the adverbs j>»/«6' and moins, repeated to express a comparison, as : Plus line chose est utile plus elle est louahle, The more useful a thing is, the more it is praiseworthy. 340. If the adverbs should not be repeated, and only used as comparatives, the article is used, as : La rose est la plus belle de toutes lesjleurs. The rose is the most beautiful of flowers. I \ 132 PRIXCIPES DE GliAMMAlIiE llLiNCAlSE. 1 to CilOUt ( ' N.B. — Lc, however, is invariable when wo I V express a ({uality carried to its highest degr ' making a conii)arison : I Cfest en Amirique que hsjleuves sont fc jylu,nlj'. He comes to see ns on Thursdays. Charles XII was born at Stockholm on the 27th of Jnne, 10^2. Ho lost his mother in his eleventh year, and was hardly fifteen when his father died. Tasso was a celebrated Italian writer. God never abandons unhappy children. Have you (>n<>u}?h a^)er? Yes, we have enough j)aper, but we have not enough books. t IS in Asia that the mountains aie the highest. !i you oo. les ons , et ien La vo- \x\q re. ia, >u- OS lit CHAPTER II. SYNTAX OF THE NOUN. 342. The general principles of the construction of the nonn arc the same as in English. 343. The syntax of nouns treats of the peculiarities of some nouns with reference to gender and number. Gender of nouns. — See No. 25. There are about eighty nouns in French which are masculine in one sense and feminine in another, as : Un livrc, a book. Un poste, a station. Un tour, a trick, a turn. Un Dianche, a iiandlr. Un page, a hoy, page of a prince. Un voile, a veil. Uiie livre^ a pound. Une poste, a po«t-office. Une tour, a tower. Une manchc, a sleeve. Une page, of a book. Une voile, a sail, etc., etc. 344. The following nouns are masculine when denot' ing a person and feminine when denoting a thing : / / ' J Mas. fem.-* f Mas. fern. Aidt, helper, help. Staiuaire, sculptor, statuary. Critique, critic, cviiicism. Troinpette, a trumpeter,trumpet. jBn«eijirnc,en8ign bearer, ensign, (hiide, guide, guides. Fourbe, knave, knavery, ilfanceuwe, workman, manoeuvre. 345. AiQLE (eagle) is Hiasculine, when it meauv, the male bird ; a man of great genius, and tnkcn in a figurative sense ; it is feminine when it means the female bird, or the military ensign, or the nan^e of a constellation. J t tli'" n i fl if m f: li ' 1 > \ t , 1 |: i' 11 i 1 1 ' *■ w n l.•^t rUINCIl'JiS DE CiltAMMAIUE l'i{AM;iU«E. A^io/n; lovo ; flrlirr^ delight, and or(/?ir>, arc masculine in llic singular, and feminine in the plural. > Qfelque chose, meaning a thing, is masculine ; mean- ing wliaLcver thing, it is feminine, as : Jl f relief que chose dc bon, lie has some good thing. Qucl'i(c chose que je lui ai (lite, il whatever thing I told him, he n'd {JUS vuu/u mc croirc, would not believe me. Couple is feminine when it represents two things of a sort ; iiiascAilini', a married couple, a [)air. V^ Enfant, masculine when it means a boy ; feminine Avheii it means a girl. FouPHE, lightning, is feminine when it means the fhunderbu/f, lightning; it is vtasculijie whan it means a great captain : un foudre de guerre. Gen8 (slay), race, tribe, seldom used at present, is feminine. 7 Gens, used for the word men, is masculine, yet euphony / requires the adjective preceding it in the fe)]iinine form, viz., ending with a mute syllable ; and in the masculine^ those which follow : Les vieilles (tens sont soup<^onneux, old people are suspicious. // fa at savoir a^accomoder de toutes we must get used to get on with yens, all sort** of people. When gens is immediately preceded by an adjective having the same termination for both gendcjrs, all the adjectives in the sentence are put in the masculine : Tous les braves gens. Gens de lettres, gens d'affaires, and other compounds are masculine. jy Hymne, when meaning a sacred song for the church, is feminine ; in all other cases it is masculine. Orge, barley, is feminine. It is masculine in the two expressions, arge perle, pearl or granulated barley ; and orge monde, hulled or prepared barley. ^^^fmmmt ly PRINCIPEa DE GRAIUMAIUE FUAN(;AISE. loj PERIODS, masculine^ wlien it means the highest point Jeminine in all other cases. V Persowne,when a noun, is feminine ; wheii a pronoun, it is masculine. PLURAL OF NOUNS. See Nos. 41, 42 and 43. Some nouns are only used in the singular : La chimie, chemistry. L'or, gold. Le wait true. Lajeunesse, vouth. L^fi^pcraiice, hope. La heaatif beauty. Others are used only in the plural : Les tin^bres, Les pleurs, Les atourSj darkness, tears, elegant dress. Les archives, Les vin'in's, Les prockes, archives, manners, relations. PLURAL OF PROPER NAMES. 346. Proper names are generally unchanged in the plural, as : Les deux Senique, the two Senecas. When, however, proper nouns arc used as common nouns to denote classes rather than individuals, or wlien the name of an author is used to designate his works, they take the mark of the plural, as : La Seine a ses Bourbons, the Seine has its Bourbons. J^ai plusieurs Racines dans ina I have several Ro.cines in my bibliotMque, library. Remark. — For empha.siR, we sometimes put hx Ix'foic proper names in the singular. 347. PLURAL OF WORDS FROM FOREIGN LANGUAGES. Nouns taken from foreign languages, wliicli liave hcconie French by fretpient use take an ^s* in the phual : Tin album, dc.'i oihvms. Un accessit, {proxinie accessit) dcs arccs-^iits. Un (ih'hi, r'iit drill's, Un zero, dts ztrua, etc. ''I , It \<\ H I; Sir 11 ' m /> < 136 :iM k I- i'< PUINCIPEa DI5 GUAMMAIUE rilAN9AISE. Except (1) tlio first words of prayers, used to designate the prayers tliemselves ; as : Dts avCy des credo. (2) Compound words, as dea in octavo^ dcs anto dafi, Carho7iarOf dilettaiitf^ lamrnjim^ kec.p their Italian plui'al : dea carbonari^ des dilettardiy dcs lazaronni. 348. PLURAL OF COMPOUND NOUNS. Compound nouns, written in one word, as portemantcau^ X follow the rules for the formation of the plural in simple nouns : des purtcmanteaux. Geiitilhonwie, nobleman; madame^ mademoiselle, liave a double plural : Gentila* hommes, me^dameSy mesdemoiselles, 349. Compound nouns, whoso parts are connected with a hyphen, are written iu the singular or in the plural, \ I according as the nature or the particular sense of the jf\ words with which they are formed rec^uire the one or the other number. Such is the general principle which "will be facilitated by the following rules : j^ 350' 1 When a compound noun is formed of tivo ' liouns both take the mark of the plural : a humming-bird, des oiseaux-nwucJiet* a cauUflower, Un oiseau-mouche, Un chou-Jleur, Except : Un Hdtel'Dieu, tin bec-Jigu€f Un appui'maiUf a hospital, a fig-bicker, a resting-stick, And a few others. des choux-Jleurs, des HGtels-Dieu, des hec-figuesy des appui-mains* 351. 2. When a compound noun is formed of a noun and of an adjective, both take the mark of the plural, as : Une baase-couTf Une fausse-clefi Except : Un blanc-seingi, Un terre-pleinf Une grand^mire, a poultry-yard, a skeleton-key, a blank-signature, a platform of earth, a grandmother, des hasses-cottrs'f des fauss&i'Clefa, des blanC'Seinga, des terre-pleins, des grand^nUres, And a few others. , I / ruiNcirEs I'l; <.i{a.mmaihk i'kan(;ajhe. 137 352. ^- "Whoii a compound noun is formed of two ?( novns jtjiuL'il ])y a prfjiosition, tliu first noun only takes the mark of the plural, as : Un arc-cn-ciel, Un chcf-d'oiuvt'e, a rain-bow, master- piece, des arcS'tn-ciel, dcs chefs-(V<£uvre. Except : Des coq-ii'Vdne, Dcs picd-d-tcrrCf Des tetc-i\-Utc, cock-and-bull stories, temporary lodgings, private interview. Where the sense does not admit of the plural in the nouns. 353. When a compound noun is formed of a noun "^ and a verh, an adverb, or a preposition, the noun only takes the mark of the plural, as : Uriuvant-garde, van-guard, dcs avant-gardes. Une garde-robe,' ward-robe, dcs garde-robes. But the following take no s in the plural, because there is unity in the idea : Des serre-Ute, head-bands; Dcs fheiUc-matin, alana clocka. Des contre-poison, antidotes ; Dcs atat-jour, L'unp-shades. Des chctsse-inarie, fish-carts ; Des coupe-gorge, cut-throat places. On the other hand we write with an s both in the '^ singular and in the plural, because there is j^lurality in the idea : Un or des essuie-mains, Un or des cure-dents, Un or des couvre-pieds, a towel, or towels. a toothpick, or toothpicks. a coverlet, or coverlets. 354. When a compound noun is formed of two words invariable in their nature (verb, preposition, adverbs), both words remain unchanged : Un oul-dire, hearsay ; des oui-dire. Un passe-partout, master-key ; des passe-partout. / 35r A noun preceded by a preposition is singular or plural, ai^^ording to the sense : Des cevfa depoulct hen's eggs. Des ceufs cPoiseaux, birds* eggt. V ' di. ''tt 'llil It 13s prinoipes 'b grammaire fran^aise. Exercise 66a. Apr^g avoir faitle tour de la tour, nous somines all^s en ville. La critique qu'on a faite de cet ouvrage est un peu trop s^vfere. Les dra- peaux de Napoleon portaient dea aigles. Men plus grand d(?lice est de vous 6tre iitile. La foudre est tombde sur cet arbre. Quelque chose qu'il me dise je ne Wjroirai pas. La petite fille de Mme. Bfest une enfant ddlicieuse. Tous les gens de lettres regardent Victor Hugo comme leur maltre. Quand il se promenait 11 saluait toutes les Donnes ^ens qu'il rencontrait. Les deux Corneille sont n^s k Rouen. J'ai deux LaTontaines dans ma bibliothi'que. Permettc2- moi de vous presenter mes deux belles-soeurs. Ce sont des dile<-'.a,nti de beaucoup de talent. Les Coligny et les Sully furent de grands citoyens. Have you seen Mr. D. and his wife ? What a charming couple I They have sung in that church beautiful hymns. Well brought-up {hien ilcvi) people ^vill not do mean {has) actions. He told me something wnich did not please me. ^ Have you heard of {entendu ^7'lev) the powerful family of the Guises ? He gave us before part- ing (inf.) several signatures on blank paper. There are in my col- lection four fig-pickers. I do not believe that ; it is only hearsay. My friend always puts a postscript in (a) all his letters. Those men are noblemen. It is right for children to take the advice of their grandmothers*;^ He opened the doors with skeleton keys. The vice-admirals lire under the admirals. The humming-birds are the 1'ewels of nature. There are many lazzaroni at Naples. The foxes :illed many fowls in the poultry yards. The curfew {couv7'e-feu) was introduced in England by William the_ Conqueror. He has a fine field of beet-roots (hetterave), with which he intends n.aking (inf.) beet-root sugar. We of i,ea hear female voices in that board- ing house (pension) for women. CHAPTER III f -4 • SYNTAX OF THE ADJECTIVE. QUALIFICATIVE ADJECTIVES. ^-^ . 356. We have said, No. 44, that the adjective, like the article, agrees in gender and nuniher with the noun m '■ II *w^ it qualifies or modifies. 357. AAHien the adjective qualifies two masculine nouns, it is put in the plural masculine, as : Votrepire et voire f rive sont contents. t>v^" -^^SMa PRlNCIPEa DE GRAMMAIRE FRAN(i;AISE, 139 > \. 358* If the nouns are both feminine, the adjective ia put in the phu'al feminine, as : Votre m^rc et voire sccur sont contentes. 359. If the nouns are of different genders, the adjec- ti^•e is put in the masculine phiral, and the masculine nuun is put last, as : Votre sceur et votre fr^re sont contents. 360. If the nouns are joined with the conjunction o«, it agrees with tlie last noun : -^ *^(^' '•'■' -^l'' Ces sauvages se nourrissent de chair ou depoisson cru. ♦■ ^* ' ' 361. If the nouns are joined by commc, ainsi (lae^ tU merne quc^ the adjective agi'ces with the last noun : Vautruche a la tUe ainsi que le col garni de duvet (down). — BuFFON. 362. The adjective agrees also with the last when the nouns are synonymous : Toutesa vie n'a et6 qiCuyi travail,une occupation continuelle, 363. When the adjective niodities several nouns, and must be placed before the first, it must be repeated before the others : Degrandes victoires ct de grandcs conquHes ont rendu Napoleon fameux parmi les conqucrants. 364. The adjectives nu, naked, and demi^ half, placed before the noun, are joined to the noun with a hyplieu and remain invariable : II va nu-tHe; une demi-heure. LLa nue vropri<5t<^ {naked right) d'unbien ia the only exception.] Placed after the noun, mt agrees in gender and numl)er ■ and demi, in gender only : II va les pieds nus : trois heuresetdemie. 365. The adjective feu, late, placed immediately before the noun, agrees with it ; but separated, by the article or possessive adjective, it is unclianged, as Lafeuereinc, feu la reine. Votre jcue nUrCf jeu voire m^t. /■ «r ' /^. U- a ■T/ / ■ / ' ■ HO PRINCIPES DE GRAMMAIRE FRAN9AISE. \\ >- H :\\ %. K 366. Ci-joint, ci-indus, enclosed, are invariable when they relate to a noun not preceded hy any article, or \ ' restrictive adjective : FoMS trouverez ci-indus copie du contrat. Vous trouverez ci-incluse la copie du contrat. Cijpintj ci-inclus, beginning a commercial phrase, are invariable : Ci-joint la copie de lafacturc (bill). 367* Franc de j^orf, post-paid, is invariable before the uouu ; but it varies if placed after : Je rc(^ois franc de port sci^ Icttrcs. Je re^ois ses Icttres f ranches deport, 368. Nouns used as adjectives to express certain " colors are invariable : Des itoffes olive. olive colored stuifs. 369. Compound adjectives, used to express color, remain also invariable : Des habits hlcu-fonce, dark blue clothes. 370. Adjectives following the "word air, if they refer especially to air, agree with it, otherwise with the sul^ject of the verb {d'etre being either expressed or understood) : Cette fenime a Vair charmant, Cctle pomme a Vair {d'etre) cuite. 371. Adjectives used adverbially arc invariable : Ces poires coHtcnt cher. Elle chante/auXf aiie sings out of tune, 372. When an adjective is composed of two adjectives, the first one qualifying the second, the second one only varies : Des enfants 7imiveau-nes. 373« Frais-cueiUi ;nid touf-piiissant are exceptions to the above, on account vi euphony : Des pechts /raiche9' cueillieSf des reijies toutes-puissantes. \L /•'//. 1 i PKINCIFES DB GBAMMAIRB FBAX^^AISB. PLACE OF ADJECTIVES. «rv /•/-u- 141 374. Some adjectives are almost always placed before the noun, others after it, and others again either before or after, as clearness or harmony may rei^uirc. The following rules, though not a perfect guide in all cases, will be of use to the learner : ADJECTIVES PLACED BEFORE THE NOUN. 375. Pni^sessirr, dpiuon^trativp, numeral and indpfinite adjectiveti are always placed before the nouns. 376. Adjectives expressing inuiKiterial qualities, and short adjectives"; as: Beau, hm, hravc, r/irt\ dupie, (jrand, fjruti, jeium, joli, maumis, inechwif, ^neillcur, petity cieiu; vilain. ADJECTIVES PLACED AFTER THE NOUN. 377. Adjectives expressing material qualities, or which are the objects of our senses, as : Color, shape, taste. Ex , Vhahit 7101)', uue table carree, ime 2^omme sure. 378. Long adjectives, as ; Une mai,^on magnifique. Adjectives relating to nations, sects or reliyions, us : Un cheval anglais, 2me eglise anglicane, etc. 379. Participles, present or past, used as adjectives, as : Des eaiuc dorraantes (still). 380. Adjectives ending in iqup, esque, or able, as : Carte (map) geographiqiie, etc. \ 381- Numeral adjectives, used as quotations, \. iciiout article : C/iapitre j)renner. 382. Some adjectives have ditferent significations, according as they are used before or after the noun, as : Un BON homme, a simple man ; Un homme bon, » good man. — Un 61UVE hommt^ a worthy man ; Un homme brave, a brave man. . 1 mif '' i* V f I i I lir 142 PRINCIPES DE GBAMMAIRE FRANCAISE -^Vne. OERTAINE histoire. a certain Unc Iiiaioirc certaine, a reliable story. story. Une COMMUNE voix, a unanimous Une voix commune, an ordinary voice. voice. - La DEUNIERE annec, the last year, VannCc DEUMii;iiK, last year, (of a series). UneTMtms^cLef^-9, Ia4«e key. Uitc cfcf faus&b, a wrong key. Le GRAND- air, the air of good X'aw* grand, a m>W€ appearance. society. .^ Un honnIite homme, an honest C/'n Aowwe HONNiTE, a polite man. man. -- Un NOUVEAU Hire, a new book, Un livre NOUVKiiU, a book newly (another book). published. -> Un livre NJilir, a new book (not worn). "^Vn PAUVRE cVeur, a wretched Un autenr tauvre, an author author. without meau.s. ■^ Un PETIT homme, a small man. Un homme petit, a mean man. Un^»iiAV-,Mi'!Hwmme- a ridiculous Un homme plaisant, an agreeable vrmrtv mau. Un SEUL enfant, a single child, Un enfant seul, a child alone. ^ Un enfant unique, an only child. 383. The complement of an adjective is a 7^0?/??, ^;ro- noun, or verb connected with it by a preposition. Ex.— J"t mis content de mon ami. 384. The connecting preposition is often different in French and in English. 385. The following take de, l)ut not of in English : X /^ Absent DE, Amourcux DE, Bien aise DE, Content DE, D(sole DE, Eloifnie DE, Etonue DE, Exemiit DE, Fdche. DE, Fort DE, In quiet DE, Ivre DE, Mecontcnt DB, Mavi DR, lieiapU DB, absent from. in love with, glad to. I)leased with, or to. grieved for, or to, far from. astonished at, or to. exempt from. sorr> for, or to. confident in. uneasy about, or to. intoxicated with, displeased with, or to. delighted with, filled with. '■ IF"— • TRINCIPES UE OlLUlMAlltE 1-1{A>"<'A1:- 4 A* O-' M f ' 1' ' 1 \ ' 1 ■5 ■i '■ 1 i' li 1 f : I' f; \ ' 1 ;ii!i;l J I ''I I r.n I X l*t PRINCIPE?! T»E ORAMMAIU.': IRANCAISE. DETERMINATIVE ADJECTIVES. POSHESSIVE ADJECTIVES. 390. The article is used in Frencli instead of the possessive adjective in speaking of performing an action on one's body or limbs, with a reflected verb, as : Je ME lave les mains, I wash mi/ hands. And when the possessor is clearly indicated, as Ouircz LE3 peux, open your eyea. 391. "\Yhen\ the j^ossessinQ-irord, noiiu or pronoun, re« presents a thingi one can only use so7i, sa, ses^ leur, Uur^y when the possfJhsvKj v;ord ia expressed as subject in the same proposition,\ as : Cns langues out leurs heautes. But we cannot say, des lamjues aont riches^ fachmre leurs heautes ; . we must^ say : Ccs langues sont ridlies^ fen admire lei heautes. \ '\ \ 392. Avlien thexDossessed noun is preceded\by a preposition, the adjecmve is used, as : \ \ Paria est uncvUle remdrqikih/c, on admire la h^f^uU de SES edijkes. 393. Possessive adjectives are repeated before eaoh noun: 7U0fi 2>('>'^\ inarnerc^ itics frhres. When the possessive adjective comes before quali- ficative adjectives, the possessive is not repeated if the qualiticativo adjective qualifies only one ])orson, as : Man hon et tcndre peve. But the possessive is repeated if the adjective qualify two nouns, as : . Son hon et son mauvais livre. NUMERAL ADJECTIVES. Sec Xos. 75, 76, etc. 394. Adjcdwcs of dimension. — Adjectives ...which mark dimensions, as long^ haut^ large (wide), are separated from the noim of measure which follows them by the preposition ffe, as : -, . Ur\ arbre long decentpUcU, '- . , • - i4i C J i\.—Ki ■ / '^ / / PKlNClPEri l^E UiLULMAll{E l"HAN('Al!5E. ur) Or 11 10 s;unc onler may bo used as in tlio En^disli, but de luutit be placed both befori; the number and before the adjective of dimension, in the phice of which the noun of dimension may be used : 'V XJnc colonne de cinquante pieds dc hauteur, or de haut. \ INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES. '• 395. Chaqiie is used with a noun ; cliacun, without, as : Chaque homme poiirrait etre utile ; chacun a son minte. \ 396. QudquG is written in three different ways : (1) Before a verb^t is written in two words, quel que, and quel agrees with the subject of the verb, as : Quels que soient les hommcs, whatever men may be. // L^ , (2) Before a noun it is an adjective, and is written in ^ one word, as : O Quelques raisons, some reasons. (3) Before an adjective^ imHiciple^ or adverb, it is invari- Xable : Qnelque hons quails soient, ils ne Jui plairont jamais, However good they may be, they will never please him. 397. Meme is an adjective, and variable when it refers to only one noun and when it is connected with a pronoun ; in which case it means same, very, as : Les niemes vertus j lespierres m^mes (the very stones.) 398. It is an adverb, and invariable, Avhen it modifies '\a verb or a adjective, or is placed after two or more nouns, ' in which case it means even, also : On doit secourir MfiME ses enncmis. Les animatix, les plantcs Mf:ME €taient au nombre des divinite's iigyptienm*. i i',!! f ii He n I / / ^ ^t^*^i. u c?eA' ^^~- ,;^^- nUNCIPES UE GRAMMAIRE FUAN(j;AiaE, Exercise 57. n s'est cass) Ill exclaniations : Sout-elles belles I How pretty they are ! ^^ (4) Aftur ain^i^ apeine^ au moiiuny jpeut-etrc, etc. Ainsi, dit-il. A peine avaitil parli. Au moins dois-tu /aire cela, ■^ reut-etre a-t-il raison. X J^ 401. Personal pronouns should be repeated : (1) when Y \ the first verb is negative and the second affirmative ; (2) )|\ when the verbs are in different tenses ; (3) when the pro- /^ positions are connected with other conjunctions than etf oUi ni, as : Je nc pliepas mauje romps. II a ite et it cat voire ami. Nous le ferions si nous pouviona. 402. We have seen (Xo. 9G) that personal pronouns used as objects precede the verb. \ The pronouns le^ la, les, are direct objects, lui, leur, are indirect objects : Nous Vaimons, et nous lui disons la viriti. The personal pronouns me, te, lui, nous, vous, lour, used as indirect objects, are placed before the verbs when the preposition a is understood, as : II me parte. 403. But there are three cases when the preposition has to be expressed : ^ (1) With all reflective verbs. (2) When the verbs have several indirect objects. (3) AVith the verbs aller, courir, marcher, venir, pen- ser, songer, etre (to belong) avoir affaire, avoir egard, etc. as: II s'adressa d moi. Vous parfez y ■1 I II 148 rniNCIPES DE GRAMMAIRE FRAN(jAISE. I 1^ h ' 'ft fi,^ \< ii 405. Ill the Imperative affirmative the pronoun object (/ is placed after the verb ; moi^ toi^ being used instead of me^ tc. In the Imperative used negatively the pronoun is placed before the verb, and ??ie, te are used, as : Donnez-iioi cette iilume, ne me la refusez pas. V "x"^' 406. AVTien two' Imperatives are connected by cf, tli.. ;%j 'pronoun of the second ^iniDerative may be placed before N'^ the verb, as : "^ Polissez-Ie sans cesse, et le repolissez. 407. "^^^lcn the Imperative has a pronoun direct object and one indirect, the direct regimen is expressed first, as : Donnez-le-moi. Except 7noi\ tot, le, la, used with Y : y comes first, as : Envoyez-y-moi. /' 408. Le may represent a noun or an adjective used as ^ a noun, then it agrees with it in gender and number, as : Etes-vous la malade ? Je LA suis. J^ Etes-vous hsfreres de mon ami f j^ Nous LES sommes. _/ '■' '^ 409. But •vvhen le is used as so in English, and "' represent an adiective or a noun used adiectivelv, it is jpresent an adj< V invariable, as : '■ I t '! # Madame etes-vous malade ? Je LE suis. Ces hommes sont-ils militaires ? lis LE sont. i ! -! i *• . /j Ji 410. Soi is of both genders, and singular number, and applies to both persons and things. When used of \ persons, it refers in general, only to an indeterminate subject, as : on, cliacun, 2)^'^iio?ine : on doit rarement purler de soi ; cliacun travaille jpour soi, or is used with an infinitive. Ne vivre que pour soi, c'est le fait d^un egolste. I \ PRINCIPES DE ORAMMAIBE FRAN^AISB. 149 IS 411, To avoid an ambiguity, soi is used with li determinate subject, as : En remplissant les voloutis de son pirc, ce Jcune homme travaille pour SOI. Four lui would be equivocal. Exercise 58* Ma srcur et moi noiia nous promenions aux i^y <^c)d6niie»B Vcayont {rays) du soleil. J'irai lo voir deniain, nous dit-il. Dusst'-je y pas- ser dos semaines entiores, j'entreprendrai ce travail. Ces airs, sont-ila beaux ! A peine f Clmes-uous arrives qu'il vint nous voir ponr nous souhaitier la bienvenue. II viut a iu)us d'un air tout eflfray*?. Ce livre est K moi, bien sftrement. II s'adressa h. moi lorsqu'il de'ei- rait obtenir cette place. Vous aurez affaire k moi (you will have to deal with me) si vous no vous occupez pan comnio il faut. Etro trop mecontent de soi est une faiblesse, etre trop content do soi est une aottise. Few people are wise enough to prefer the blame which is useful to them, to the praise which betrays them. My dog comes to mo when I call him. Kead it to me. He never speaks of it, but he always speaks of him. My mother is useful to, and beloved by )iis family. Are you tdie woman who was here yesterday? I am, (she) sir. Are your children good (sages). Yes, they are. Ignorance ij) is \'ain : it sees difficulties in (a) nothing, is surprised (s'etonner) at nutliing and stops at nothing. The child will burn his shoes. Ho has already burned his fingers. We dress ourselves, but the child does not dress himself. Have you t)roken your arm ? I see her and I speak to her every day. Are you sick ? Yes, we are. Are you the brothers of my friend ? Yes, we are. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. See No 105. 412. Ce before the verb f^fre requires that verb to be in the singular, unless it is followed by the 3rd person plural, as : c'est nous, c'cst vous, ce sont eux, Ce SERONT les proces qui vous ruineront. Also when it recalls the idea of a singular noun expressed before : Pour moi le bonkeur ce w'est pas de grandes rickesses. The verl) would l)o put in tlie plural though followed by a noun in the singular, -when ce recalls the idea of a plural expressed before : II y a dix especes de mots ce sont Varticle, le aubstantif, etc. !!■! />^ 150 FRINCIPES DB ORAMMAUili: FIUN^AISE. 413. Cc is used instead of i7, eXle^ etix, eUe.% when the \ verb etre is followed by an articUy a (htm oust rati ve or a J^posscsaice adjective. Cost ww Anglais. ( ; , I t ^ Cf. n'etaient pas ces liommes qii'il voulait dire. Ce sont mes amis. But when the verb etre is used with an adjective or with i a noun used adjectively, «7, ellcy ils, elles must be used : ; Ils est beau dc mourir pour sa patrie. \ Ils sont amis, ' Ce must be placed before etre when the first member of I the sentence commences by ce followed ])y qui or que ; ce qui used as subject and ce que as object : Ce qui me platt c'est de voir que vonsfaites voire devoir. Ce is not used when after the verb etre conies an adjec- tive or a past participle without a noun following it, as : Ce quHl a dit est vrai. Ce may be repeated or not in the second member of the sentence if the noun which follows the verb etre is in the singular ; but it must be used if the noun is plural, as : Ce qui me platt est or c'est la Justice. Ce qui me deplait C£ sont les injustices. V POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. See No. 110. 414. The English expression : a friend of mine, a book of yours are translated by un de mes amis, un de vos livres. 415. Le mien, le tien, le sien, used absolutely, express property when singular ; they express relatio7is, family, when used in the plural, as : LB MIEN et LE TIEN sont la sourcc de nonibreux procis. Mine and thine are the sources of many law suits. Je n'aiaucun des miens dans ce paps licontenter. ^ I have none o£ my relations in this country to satisfy. .i-1 TRINCirEH DE GIlAMMAIRn FRAN^AISE. 151 ti the or a t pas Kr Fa'ercisk 59. Voil.'i cnrtiiincmont deux beaux i»aynagoH ; colui-ci a quelqnn chose (le plus riimt, iiiais hien dos personnos trouvcnt quo celui-la CHt plus iiuposiiiit ct i)lus inajeHtuGux. Quo vcut dirn ccci ? J'ailcs miens, la cour, lo pouplo h cuntunter. Ce furent lea riu'niciona qui invon- ttTont l\'criture. The body perishes, the soul is iuiinortal, yet all our cares {.loins) are for the former, while we ii(({,'lect the hitter. You camo early, that is true. It is we who did that. He is a man you may believe. There is a lM)ok of yours on the table. I am going to see a friend of his. My mother goes every year to .spend a few nays in the comitry at a friend of hers. What pl(>;v.HCS mo is to see you in got)d health. What she does, she always does well. Tliat which deserves to be done, deserves to bo done well. What T fear is to displease you. It is your prido and your angor which deceive you. What are the three theological virtues ? Tlicy are faith, hope and charity. RELATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. See No. 12G and tlie following. ^ 416. The relative pronoun is always of the same gender and number as its antecedent, as : Nous qui avonsfait cela. 417. Tlic adjective not having by itself either gender or number cannot serve as an antecedent to the relative pronoun. Ifous etions deux qui Uions du mime avis. If the adjective is preceded by the article, the relative pronoun is in the third iierson, plural or singular, according ^-^ as there are several persons or only one, as : Nous soinmes les deux qui ont 4te louis, Hommes is here understood after deux. 418. The relatit^o pronoun must always be placed near V its antecedent. Ex. We would not say : II y a desfaits dans cette histoire qui sont incropables. Qui must be placed near its antecedent faits and the sentence constructed tlius : II y a dant cette histoire desfaits qui sont incroyables. '/" A f. i.. 1 4 ■f ii 1^2 riJINCIPES DE GRAMMAIRE FRAN^AISE. W 419. Tlie r(.'l;iiive pronoun preceded by a preposition can represent only names of persons or of things person- niiied, as : Monfrire a Qiifai raconte cette nouvelle, Jacques A QVije me plains. -^ 420. For names of things or animals we use lequel, laqwlln^ etc. instead of qui, as : Lcchcval sur LKquKLJe suis nwnte, and not SUR QUI. Les etwies AVS.(iVKLLKfi J e consacre mon temps, and not A. qui. 421. The pronoun flont is used to denote the origin, lineage, descent : La famillc DONT il descend, est trbs illuatre. D^ok id used with names of tilings : La riUe d'ou je viens. \Vliom is expressed by qui when there is no antecedent : Qui d4sirc3-Vous voir ? Whom do you wish to see? 422. Qui repeated is often used iii the sense of ceux-cif ceux-la : ^ C2ui lui presente des gateaux, qui du raisin, qui des noisettes, (hazel-nuts). INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. See No. 126 and the following. 423. With qui, lequd followed by two nouns connected by 02^ and compared, we may use or suppress de, as : Lequcl etait le x>lus grand guerrier Alexandre ou C4sar ? or ifAlexan - dre ou dk Cesar ? Exercise 60. N'cst-ce pas votre cousin qui est venu me voir ? Connaissez-yous ce jcune homme qui ^tait avec hii? Ce monsieur vous m\ \ JVi Tor, nila grandeur ne nous rendent heureux. Jacquks et MOi nous 6crivons. Toi et ton FRERE viendrez. N\ 428. Exception. — AVhen, however, several nouns in y the singular, forming the subject, are synonymous, the verb is put in the singular, as : Son COUBAOS, ton iNlBiPlDlxil ^nne les 2ilus braves. \ PRINCIPES DE GRAMMAIRE FRAN^AISE. 155 I ''ention I q Hand '^ a terre |ler COS. lit cha- I 429. "Wlicii the M'ords composing the subject form a Jkiiid of climax, or enumeration, or else contain an expres- ■ . ! sion summing up all the preceding words as tout, Hen, the // verb is in the singular, as : Ce sacrifice, voire int^rIit, voire honnenr, Dieu Vexige. Le TEMPS, les biens, la vie, tout est d la pair ie. 430. When two subjects are connected by on, the verb is in the singular : Vespei'ance ou la crainte persuade aisement. But if the words united by 07i are of different persons, the verb becomes phiral and a^^ees with the person which has the priority, as : Vous ou voire fr^re viendrez, je Vesptre. 431. If the words connected by ou have a collective meaning, the verb is put in the plural, as : Le iemps ou la mort sont nos rem^des. 432. AMien two subjects are united by one of the conjunctions comvw, de meme que, ainsi gue, etc., the verb agrees with the /?/>•/, the second belonging to a verb understood, as : La vertuy ainsi que le aavoir x son prix. 433. Ni Vnn ni Vautro, and all subjects connected by ni require tlie verb in the plural, as : tfai lu vos deux discours, ni Vun ni Vauire ne sont bons. But when only one of the subjects can perform the action of the verb, the verb is put in the singular, as : Ni Vune ni Vauire de ces dames nhsi ma m^e. 434. After two or more infinitives employed as sub- jects, the verb is put in the plural, except it be the verb itre, preceded by ce, as : V Bien dire et bien penser ne sont rien sans bien faire. / t i' I 150 PUINCIPEa DE GIU:.IM.Mi;:: llIAXrAlSE. (\ 435. The veil) cfrp, preceded by ce is plural only r^ I when followed by tlie third person plural, as : j« Ce SONT les vices qui (Ugradent Vhomme. See deniont^trative pronouns. 436. When a collective noun is followed by do and another noun plural, the agreement of the verb is d(iter- mined by the fitness of the noun to perform the action, as : Unk nui'te de barbares d^solerent Ic pays. Une foule d'enfants ENCOiiBUAiT la rue. 437. The rule is generally stated thus : the verb agrees with tlie coUectiA'e noun when it is general^ and with the following noun if it is 2}artitive ; 1 »ut it is not lyrii exact, as the above examples show and also the / following La moiti:6 d^es humams rit de Vautre moitie. La moiti^ des enfants sont morts. 438. After the adverbs of quantity heauconp, pen., la plupart, the verb agrees with the noun which follows them, expressed or understood, as : Beaucoup d'enjantsniment lejeu. Peu travaillent avec ardeur. 439* Pins (Van, expressing only an idea of plurality requires the verb in the singular, as : Plus d'une Penelope honora son pays. Plus tVun expressing an idea of recipro-^iity recpiires the verb in the plural. Plusd^unfripon (knave) se dupent fun Vautre. Exercise 62. je travaille beaucoup. Votro ptre et votre nritre vous aiment tendrement. Toi et ton fr^re^vou.s avez beaucoup d'amis. Vous ou votre fr^re au moins auriez dft nous ^crire, et non pas nous faire attendre. Le sommeil ou la mort nous font oublier nos malheura. Toute sa vie na 6t^ qu'un travail, mie occupation continuelle. Un noinbre infini doiseaux faisaient r^sonner ces bocagus {(ji'vves) de Ml only (: £f ,-^a PRINCIPES DE GRAXIMAIRE FRAN^AIHE. 1 "t^ , A/ V leur doux chant. Jeux, conversation, spectacle., nen no la distrait. Ni I'uu ni I'autre ne sera dlu prt'sident. Kichesses, honnenrs, dignit('s, tout disparait. Plus d'une Heleno a au.ssi cause du trouble dans son pays. Une troupe de filles couronnees de fleurs vinrent honorer la fete par leur presence. Your paper and your ink are good. My friend and I walked twenty miles in one day. Your brother and you will go if yoix are good [sages). The first officer of an army as well as the last of the soldiers must conform to the discijiline. Very few of our friends came to see us. Neither the one nor the other will be appointed (no?«?»e) ambassador. We were expecting my brother and sister; neither the one nor the other came. Eating and drinking, arc all his occupation. Words and looks, everything is a charm in you. I am satisfied with little. Most of them have made few mistakes. A word, a sigh, a glance, [un coup cTceil) betrays us. Health as well as talent has its value [prix). .j^,^,^. OF THE COMPLJ. . ENT. 440. Wg have scon that there are throe kinds of complements : diract, indirect^ and circumstanfial . 441. The natural place of the complement is after tlie verb : the indirect or ciramistantial after the dived. But that order is often changed by reason of euphony or to avoid an equivoke. AVe could not say : Croyez-vous ramencr ces esprits erjares par la douceur ; But : Croyez-vous ramener par la douceur ccs csj^'its egarCs. The longer complement is usually placed after the eiiorter, thus : Prefer er cl la servitude une mort qui vous couirc de gtoire. 442. A verb cannot have two direct or two indirect complements, as : Ne vous informcz pas cr que je devicndral. C'est A vous k qui je park. It should be : de ce queje deviendrai. C^esta vous qu(^ je pavle. 443. '^^^len a verb has two or more complements, tlieso complements must be of the same kind, as : II aime d itudier et ajoucr, or .- II aimeV etude etlejca, But not : H aime d ctudier et It jca. / ' I 11 h'J / /^/ it' 7/ i ¥f //. ;■ . r.-U.,^ ^1 •I ■ I! iv il : I- 3* :f i L /« 158 PRINCIPE3 DW GRAMMAIllE FRANgAISE. \ h I 444. Two verbs cannot have a common complomont if they re({uire a complement of different nature ; therefore it would he incorrect to say : II attaqua et s'empara de la ville, Attaqua and empara require different complements. "We must say : II attaqua la ville et s'en empara. \ 44:5. The complement of Passive vorhn is expressed by lile when we want to express a feeling of the sonl, and by par when we want to express some phijsical action, as : VhonvUe homme est estim^ mime de ceux qui n*ont i^as de prohitL Lei Gaules furent conquises par Cesar. ^T"!' The genius of the French language prefers the active ' form to the passive. OF THP DIFFERENT PREPOSITIONS WHICH VERBS REQUIRE. 446. To know the right preposition to place in French after verbs having as their objects another verb in the present infinitive, or a noun or a pronoun, is one of the most difficult part of the French language. In fact nothing but practice and much attention can teach it. Certain verbs have u direct object in French and an indirect in English, as : Voiis denanderez des plumes. Ilfaut que les en/ants icoutent leurs tnattres, ^ 447. Others have a direct object in English and an \\ ' indirect in French, as : Dem^ndez a votre mattre la signification de cetti r^le, \ 448. Many verbs take different prepositions in French from what they do in English, as : I >v ^ II vivent de fruit. Jfe Vai vu-de mes yexMC, TPT rRlNOIl'Kri }'l-: GiiA.MMAlKB FRAN^AISE. 159 an 449. The following verbs govern the infinitive with* out a preposition : Affirmer. Aimer mieux. Alter. Apercevoir, Assurer. Avoir beauy Compter.. Confesser, ilroire. Daigner, Declarer. \ ^ Devoir.^ iyJ- O r U W Ecouter. Entendre. Envoyer. Faire. Falloir, Oser. Paraitre. Penser. Pouvoir. Prdtendre. Puhlier. JRapporter. Iteconnaitre. Begarder. Betoumer. Savoi/r. Sembler. Sentir. Soutenir. Souhaiter. Valoir mieux. Venir, Voir. Vouloir. /^ / 450. The following verba take no preposition in English, but must be followed by d in French. Attenter ^ , Sefier d ' '' Pardonner d i ohiir A repondre ourse. Cominencer d, implies something progressive, as : Cet enfant commence d marcher, Commencer de^ is used when something is not progree- sive, as : | i II commence d^itudier A dix heuret. Comentir d, means to consent freely. Consentir de, means not to oppose, as: Je conseM d voua suivrt* Jt conuns dc le voir. • j ! : I i Si' 1 '. i 1 i 1 •Si I I' • \i IGO PRINCIl'KS 1)E GHAMMAIKE FRAN^AISE. I Contraindre a, mtjaiis to constrain to some action. Contraindre de^ means to deter one from somf3 action, as : On le contraignit (I marcher. On le cuiitraitjnit de se taire. f\ 453. Prepositions govern the Participle present in ' ^'1^ English; in French they all govern the Infinitive except en ^vhich governs the Pres. part., as : II aime A marcher. En ccrivant on apprend d co-ire. he deli^'hts in walking. in writing one learns to write. Exercise 63. 11 ainio mienx s'amuser quo d't'tudicr. C"e&t ;i mon frfere que j'ecris. Ces personnels sont bien pauvres, oWoh no vivcnt que de pouinies de terre et au jour le jour. Charles Alartel d(^fit les Musul- iiiaiis ii Poitiers. J'affirine que j'ai fait nion devoir. Lorsqu'il ^tait h, la ehasse 11 aper9ut un oiseau porchi^ sur un arbre, il tira dessus, inais il le manqua. II a ete trrs blcssi^ de sa maniere d'agir envers lui. On dit que Cuvier commenja a lire atrois ans. Most people like to be flattered. Enjoy what you possess, hope for what you do not have. A soul which always obeys reason, is at the same time calm and gay. We often pardon those who bother lis {cnnuycr), but we cannot ])ardon those whom we bother. A large number of vessels outer and go out of that port everv day. I consent to take a walk with you around the mountain tnis after- noon. That boy commences to swim very nicely. He always commences to study at seven in the evening. I know my advant- ages and use (se servir) them. He asked his father for some money. Your father will never cease to think of you. A man of honor ought always to keep his word. I intend to treat you like my own son. Louis XVI succeeded Louis XV, but he was a much oetter kin;j;. We must listen to our superiors. USE OB' THE AUXILIARY VERBS. 454. We have seen that the verbs avoir and etre are called auxiliary verbs when they are joined to the Past \^^ participle. r-\ --^ Avoir is used when an action is to be expressed, as : ^ tPai icrit une lettre d mon frkre. \^ -sf- iltre is used when a state is to be expressed : Cettc expression est passie en proverhe. -V All ac^jVe. verbs are conjugated with avoir: II a itudie, il a icriU % rUlNCIl'ES 1)13 GliAMMAlKE FliAN^AISE. All }mssiv6 and rt/Z rcjledive verbs, take etre: y 161 irii Je syis aim6. Je me suispromcn i. avoi) The greater number of neuter verbs take the auxiliary /y 7/ mr. A few only take the auxiliary etre, such as, a// voir nin. m'a aa h [)en- mce enta two y I , .* ;, aire' end ince . ^ . 'Q a' rJii-'^ ved, ' ■^\ that 'T- this .C into ■V Zm / r~i 4 by I >sef y y. PRINCIPES DE OKAMMAIRE FIlANgAIbE. 1G3 There are in English thn'c forms of the Present tense j / u'riief I do w}'ite, I am writing, lint these three forms of expression, although they differ slightly in meaning, can be translated into French by omi form only : J'ecris. The Pjmcnt is used sometimes for the past to render the nurraticjii more animated : Sai rw, Scir;nfin\fni vu rntrc ma/heureux Jils TiXitne par dtti chevaux que sa main a nourris. II veut les rappeler et sa voix les cffraie. Racine. /:^/ / ■< It is used also for a proximate ////?/r«' Jt PARS demain pour la campagne. IMPERFECT TENSE. // ./7/ 458. There are in English three form of the Past tense : / wrote^ I did write, I teas writing. Only one of these, / was writing is always translated by the Imperfect in French, fecrivais. When / lorote, I did write, signify / used to write, I wrote habitually, they are likewise translated by the Imperfect, fecrivais. But when I wrote, I did write, are in connection with a period of time which has not expired, ns : to-day, this OV^y week, this month, etc., they are translated by the Past _■:/(!! \ indefinite, fai ecrit. When I wrote, I did write, are used in connection with time entirely past, as : yesterday, last week, etc., they are generally translated by the Preterite definite, fecrivis ^ . hier,je finis mon ouvrage la semaine passee. ^ - 459. The Imperfect is used : 1st. To express an action which was taking place at /^ ^f / the eamc time that another action took place, as : ^ y/ J'itCRiVAis quand votre phre arriva. 2nd. To express an action done habitually in past timo/ '^ / ^ or frequently repeated, as : iiuand j'iTAis il Washington, j'allais au Congris tow les jours. / i I V i I; 164 PRINCIPEa DE OUAMMAIIIE FUAN^AISE. . 3r(l. In describing tho qualities of persons or things, (^\ and tlie state, place, or disposition in whicli tliey were in j time past, without any mferencc to the end of the state, as : 1 Hoxoard etait un grand homme, Caton ETAiT un grand citoyen. \ 1 4th. After the conjunction si, if, where the conditional or Subjunctive imperfect is used in English, as : Si j'iiTAlS A votre place. Si j'ixAia malade. If T were in your place. If I should be sick. f THE PRETERITE DEFINITE. ^ ^^o ^^^^^ ^I^U/fyiL 460. The Preterite definite expresses an action which , took place but once, commenced at tlie time to which it ( ^ refers, and was entirely completed. It is used only when V the time at which the action took place has entirely \ elapsed, and separated from the present by at least one day or one night, as : Jt PASSAi hier chez vous. I called at your house yesterda> . Je VIS votre sceur etje lui parlai. I saw your sister and spoke to her. I I 461. Illustrations of the difference between the Imper- fect and the Preterite definite : Henri IV ]6tait im bon roi, Henri IV fut assassini. ) \ Louis XIV Ri^GXAiT encore en 1714. Louis XIV kegna de 1643 d 1715. Mon ancle ixAix toujours malade. Mon ancle fut malade tout Vhiver. Nous DKMEURAMKS dcux ans (\ Paris, II se mettait a courir aussitdt quHl m'apercevait. II se MIT a courir aussitdt quHl m'apergut. Maitre corheau sur un a/rbre percM Tenait en son bee un fromage. Mattre renard par Vodeur alUehe, Lui TINT apeu pr^ ce langage. Lafontaine. ! iu aa: uul C^U/?A^ ich lit len lily )iie ler. er- ^^. ^r .r^' — / PRINCIPES DB GRA3IMA1UE FIUN(;AIBE. THE PAST INDEFINITE. 1C5 462. The Past indpfinite is used when we express \ a thing as having taken place witliont specifying wlien, v or which has liappened at a time not entirely past, as : ^ to-day, this loeck, thin month, etc. A II a heauconp ti'avaiUe. *rai cu hicn dc Vouvrage ccttc scmaint. J'ai icrit cc matin. ^^^len the first verb of a sentence is jnit in the Past ,^ i indpjinitf', every verb of that sentence, and of the sen- / ' tences referring to it, should he in the same tense, as : Qu'est-ce que voiis avkz fait ? J'ai ecrit cnsuitc je suia all6 me proincncr. THE PAST ANTERIOR AND PLUPERFECT. T 463. The English pluperfect tense is translated into French by two tenses : the Past anterior, and the Pht- \ perfect. Both these tenses correspond in meaning to the English tense — expressing an action that had taken place before another event which is also past. The Past anterior is used when the idea conveyed by j | the second verb is a consequence of, or depends upon the event expressed by the first verb, as : Quand j'kus fini mon travail, je sortis. It is generally used after aussitot que, des que, quand, iorsque. Atissitdt que j'kus reconnu mon erreur, je Jis mes excuses. 464, The Pluperfect is used when we wish to express \ merely that one event occurred before a past event, with- \ out the latter being a conse(iuence of the former : J'avais fini mon travail quand jp: suis soi'ti. The principal idea is presented Jirst l)y the rhi])erfcct, and last by the Past anterior. '•11 1 1 t « ^ y VJ 160 PRINCIPE3 DE GRAMMAIRE FRANCAISE. THE FUTURES. I' r' 1: : il! ill !-, r ' I,. > J y •a V ii ^ 465. The Future, iu English, corresporxds to the future in French : J'iRAi avcc vous demain. N.B. — After qucmd, when, aussitot qur, as soon as, and apres, after, the future is used in French where the Eng- ^■■sh use the present : Quand voua viendrez vous apporterez mon livre. When you come you shall bring my book. Aussitot que j'aurAi fini^c partirai, As soon as / have done I will set out. Apres qnr o'auuai ^crit ma Icttrefirai voir mon ami, After / hare written my letter I will go to s-^j my friend. The Fadt future in Enghsh corresponds to thafuture' anterior in French, as : J'auraifini man travail la sem/xine prochaine, I shall have finished my work next week. THE CONDITIONALS. 4c(iG» The Conditional 2>reii>'nt denotes what would take place under a certain condition : Haas RERiONS hicn plus hcureux si nous savions moderer 7ios desirs. The Conditional past denotes v/hat would have taken place at a time past, if the condition on which it depended liad been fulfilled. II 8ERAIT all6 It la campagne si le temps le lui avail permis. THE IMPERATIVE. 467. The Imppratirc is used to express command,, i'xhortation, etc. CoNNAia-Tor, loi-mrme. CouiiONS pour iviter le danger. There is a Past imixn'ative., ^•. hich is, however, little used. It expresses something past in reference to a future- time, as : Aitfini ton ouvrage avant 'mon retour. PRINCIPES DE GRAMMAIRE FRANCAISE. l169 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 468. The Indicative mood is the mood of affirmation. The Suhjimdive mood is the mood of doubt and inde- cision. It is used : 1st. After verbs denoting ?6"?7/, wish, dcsiro, do%d)t, fea)\ xoonder, and in general, the emotions of the mind, as : Je, veux quevous fassiez votre devoir. 2nd. After a verb used interrogatively, when doubt is expressed ; but if there is no doubt then the Indicative is used, as : CroycZ'Vous quHl vienne ? Croyez-vous que les rarisien^ sont des betes (fools). 3rd. After verbs used impersonally, except such as it is sure, positive, certain, etc., as : II est possible quHl vienne. 4th. After an adjective in the superlative degree, fol- lowed l)y a relative proi.oun, as : Le meilleur ami que f me. 5th. After rien, auciin, pas un, personne, etc., followed by a relative pronoun, as : Nqus ri'avons rien qui lui CONVIENNE. 6th. After qiielque, quel quo^ qui que ce soit, quoi que ?e soit, and the other Indefinite Pronouns followed by que, as : Quels que soient vos talents. 7th. After the conjunctions ajin qur, quoi que, a moins que, avant que, hien que, de crainte que, etc., as : AJin que vous AYEZ plus de temps. 8th. After a relative pronoun, or the adverb oil, when the following verb expresses uncertainty, as : Je chcrche quclqiCun qui mc rende ce service. Je cherche un maitre qui puissp: cnseiyner le fra.:<^ais. If there was certainty the Indicative would be used : Je cherche quelqu'un qui me rendra ce service. II a un maUre qui peut cnseigncr le fran<^ais. I ,! ■7''7 «!■ i i S 1 \ 1^ / i'1 '•\\ /' // I , 166 / PRINCIPES DE GRAMMAIRE FRAM ^.i'i* 3! H; ! <: til TENSES OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE Mooi). '469, The Suhjundive h}ood being always suboidinato to a verb that precedes it, its tenses are regulated by ilie foregoing verb. The Present of the Subjunctive (also called Future), is used when the preceding verb is in the Present or Futurf; of the Indicative, and we wish to express a thing present or future : Quel est Vhomme qui son sur de vivre jusqu''au soir. But the Past of the Subjunctive is used to express a thing past, as : II iCy a pas de hien auquel la Providence rCait attache un devoir. 470, If the verb in the Suhjvnctive is followed by a conditional expression, we use after the Present and the Future of the Indicative, the Imperfect oii\\Q Subjunctive instead of the Present, and the Pluperfect instead of the Past, as : Je doute que vous :^crivissiez cet exercice si rous n^y Uiez force. Je doute quevoxj^ eussiez i:cRiT cet exercice sivousn^y eussiez ete force. 471. After the Imperfect, the PJuiierfect, the Preter- ites and ConditionalSy the Imperfect of the Subjunctive is used to express a Present oi- a Future ; Anienophis voulait que son flls fut im grand conquerant. But the Pluperfect to express a thing that is past : Je doutais que vous eussiez £crit la semaine jmssee. Remark. — The Present of the Subjunctive follows the Past indefinite if we wish to express a permanent fact : Dicu a voulu que Vhomme voie sa bonte. The Past of the subjunctive follows the Past, ind., if we wish to express something past : II a fallu quHl SE son hien d6pI:ch6. Such are the rules penerallv' Riven for the concordance of the tenncs ; bnt they Me far from being absolute, tu caHCH of doubt, it will bo necessary to analyze carefully what Is meant to be convej-ed to the mind, whether a notion of the present, of the past or of the future. Himply or modified by consideratious ot aim- oltareoua actions, priority, posteriority or conditionulity. ihe principes de grammaiiie francaise. Exercise 65. \ 69 J 1 y Travailler c'est la loi de la natiire. L'oisivet(? p^se et tournicnto. Je plains I'homme accablo du poids de sea loisirs. Hatons-nous, le temps fuit et nous entraine avec soi. Aiiuez qu'on vons conseille et non pas qu'on vous loue. Dcs que le bruit des armo.s se fait enten- dre, dl's que le son du cor ou la voi-x du chasseur donne le sipial, le chien marque sa joie par les plus vifs transports. Thalos disait que la chose la plus forte dtait la necessitt^ parce qu'elle vient k bout de tout. Dieu ne veut pas que notre ccuur puisse s'attacher oh notre bon- heur n'est pas. Nous avons rencontre plusieurs messieurs en venant. Comportez-vous de manitre que vous soycz ainid et estinie do vos maitres. Thal^s est le premier, je crois, qui ait enseiguc que I'ame est immortelle. Drinking, [inf.) eating, sleeping, there is [voila) all his life. We must blush to connnit faults, but not to confess them. He is very much to be pitied. I will bo back in a moment. He was saying that wisdom is better than eloquence. My sister was singing whilst I was reading. I was writing when you came. When I was in Paris I often went to the Luxembourg.-' If I were richer I wo\ild travel much. Since twenty years, without interruption, the bell sounded the hours, and the dial {cadra)i) was showing all the minutes. ^Apoleon the first was exiled to St Helen^,® ^^'o went yesterday to see our friend. I have received the letter you have written to me. I have not done anything for more [depuis ^)/('.s) than a month. As soon as I saw him I recognized him. We had taken our breakfast when he came. He will write to-morrow. I shall have finished in f-Solnn, in dying ordered that his bones cihould be carried to Salamis, that they should be burnt, and that tlio ashes should be thrown through the fields. I must go in a place where I may enjoy rest. God has granted sleep to tlie wicked in order that the good should have some moments of tranquillity. We wrote him in order that he might come. I doubt that y(Ki would have done all that work if nobody had helped you. Do you think that I am not a friend of yours? I am looking for one of my relations who shall help me "n this difficulty. God has given intelligence to man in order that he may understand his Power. Madame do you forget that Theseus is my father and that he is your husband ? H !• i\ .r" ■i^ fi^i 'UN > on J. . o- 1 1. 170 PRINCIPE3 DE GRAMMAiRE FRAN^AISE. ir I * 1 i ; 1 , j 1 1 1 t t I 1 1 1 i.it REMARKS ON THE ENGLISH POTENTIAL MOOD. 472. No mood in French corresponds with the Pre- sent tense of the EngHsh Potential iSIood. 1. May and ccm are translated hy the present tense of the Indicative Mood of the verb Poiivoir^ as : Je PEUX Icfaire. II PEUT marcher. I may do it. he can walk. 2. Maij and r«7^ are also translated l)y the present tense of the Suhjunctivo of Pouroir, or the present of the Subjunctive of the radical verb, as : Apportole afin qiicje PUISSE le voir or ajiyi queje le voiK. Bring it that I mai/ see it. 3. Must is translated by some tense of the verl) Falloir, as explained on pages 90. 473, The Imperfect 'Tense of the Potential Mood in Engligh prefixes miylit, could, tvould, or shoidd to the radical verb. These forms of expression are often tran- slated into French by the Present of the Conditional Moody as : J'aimerais a voir votre frerc. I should like to see your brother. J'iRA-iS avcc vous, sije ri'^tais jms malade. I ivould go with you, if I were not sick. 1. But when might implies power, ability, it is tran- slated by the Conditional Present of tlie verb Pouvoir, and the radical verb is put in the Infinitive Mood, as : II POURRATT Jefaire, s'il le voulait. "• He mUjht do it, if he chose 2. When could implies power, and is spoken empliati- cally, it is translated by a past tense of tlio verb pouvoir, in speaking of past events, and by the Conditional present of Pouvoir^ in speaking of the present or the future, as : Je tie PUS ]X(s sortir hier. I could not go out yesterday. J'ePOURRAis sortir a present, si J 'avais mon chapeau. I could go out now, if I had my hat. JL. PRINCirES DE GRAMMAIRE FRAN(;!AISE. 171 9. \AniGn uwiJd implies wiUingnes!^, it is translated hy the Indicative imperfect of the verb vouloir, and the radical verb is put in the Infinitive mood, as : Si vous VOULIEZ veyur arec moi vous Jc vcrriez. If you would come with me, you would sec him. 4. Should, when it means ought, and conveys the idea of duty, is expressed by the . Conditional present of the verb devoir, as : Ces eyifants devraiknt allrr a Vccole. These children should go to school. 5. "When should follows if, it is included in the radical verb, which must be put in the Indicative mood, imper- fect tense, as : S il VENAIT, que lui dirais-je ? . , If he should come, what should I say to him ? -^ 474. The Perfect tense of the Potential mood in English prefixes may have, can have, or must have^ to the past participle of the radical verb. 1. May have and can have, followed by the Past parti- ciple, are translated into French variously, as will be seen by the following examples : II est possible que je Vale fait sans le savoir ; or Je Vai peut-ctre fait, snris le savoir. I may have done it without knowing it. Comment avez-vous pu faire tayit de fautes ? How can you have made so many mistakes ? 2. Must have, followed by a Past participle, is vari- ously translated, as the following examples will show : II faut que vous Vayez vu, or Vous avez dd le voir. You must have seen him. II faut que ce soit lui qui ait cnsse la fcnetre ', il «'y «'"«'^ pas d' autre personneprds de la maison ; or (Vest iut fcul qui a casse lafenetrc, etc. He must have broken the window ; no other person was ne&r the house. Voire tMme est Dial ecrit ; ilfaut que votre plume ail ete mauraise. ' Your exercise is badly written ; your jjen must have been bad. 1 'il m I K 1 1' J! il ii ifilii- II ;i '"t i n If ti^ n 172 PRINCIPES DE GRAMMAIRE FRANCAISE. 475. The Pluperfect tense of the Potential moo?!, in English prefixes miglit have, could have, icould have, or should have, to the Past participle of the radical verb. These forms of expression are often translated into Prench by the Conditional past, as : Je vous AURAis DONNi; de Vargent si vous rrCcn aviez demandi. I would have given you some money, if you had asked me. Je SERAIS SORTI, sHl n'avait jms phi. I should have gone out, if it had not rained. 1. But coidd have and might have, implying power, ability, and followed by a Past participle, are translated by the Conditional past of j^^uvoir, followed by the Infinitive, as : Vous AURIEZ pu R^ussiR, you might have succeeded. 2. Shoidd have, implying dutg or obligation, and fol- lowed by a Past participle, is translated by the Condi- tional past of Devoir, followed by the Infinitive, as : Vous AURIEZ d6 le FAIRE vous-mcme. You should have done it yourself. Exercise 6G. Aidez-moi K faire ce travail. Je le veux bien. Menez I'enfant a la promenade, II ne veut pas. II peut courir. Apportez vos prix que je les voie ; afin que je puisse les voir. Voulez-vous venir avec moi cette apres-midi. J'irais volontiers avec vous si je n'^tais pas malade. Cot enfant ne fait pas ses devoirs parce qu'il ne veut pas ; s'il le voulait, il pourrait tres bien les faire. You may write to him that I will be here. We may do our work now, we shall play afterwards. I would like to see you always so dutiful (assidu). Take that child to school. He will not go. Whether he will or not, he must go. If I could lend you some money, I would willingly do so. You might live on your salary if you were a little_ more economical. You should have come with us to-day, we have"^ had a most pleasant day. If your brother should come, what should I tell him ? Tell him that he might have assisted that child. I could have succeeded, if the times had not been so hard, or I had had a better chance. I could not remain at home, he would have me go with him. Do what you can, and leave to God the rest. Could you run as fast as I ? I do not think I could overtake you (attrappci'). li y I'KINCIPES DE GUAMMAIRE FRAN^AISE. CHAPTER VI. PARTICIPLES. 173 r 476. The participles are so called because they parti- cipate of the nature of a verb and of an adjective — that is, they express an action or state, and also qualification. There are two Participles : The rarticiple j^ resent and The Participle past. The Participle present always ends in aiit, and is invariable, as : Une femme lisant, des femmes lisant. Participles, used as adjectives, and expressing a quality or state, are variable, and agree in gender and number with their nouns, as : Des enfants reconnaissants (grateful). SPECIAL RULES FOR THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE. The Presftnt participle is invariable : 477. 1st. "WTien it is or can be preceded by cw, as : Messieurs, en agissant ainsi, vous nous offensez. 2nd. "When it has a direct object, as : Nos enfants, remportant les prix ct Vecole nous font hien du plaisir. 3rd. When it can, without alt(>ring the meaning, be changed to any tense of the verb preceded by qici, as : Yoyez-vous ces oiseaux volant (qui volent) dans les airs. 478. The Present participle becomes an adjective, and varies, when it can, without changing the meaning, be preceded by some tense of etre and quiy as : Cest une femme ohligeante (qui est)) In English the verbal adjective is placed before the noun, and the present participle after it. In French they arc generally both placed after. ' 1 1' JH ' il iff 1 * i ]' > * r,' I! ' H \ ^- I V J h It } •s^,. 174 PRINCIPES 1)K GUAMMAIHK I'RAXgAlSE. The Present participle is often used as a noun, which ..- is never the case in French r Ln pCrhe est line afjreahlc recreation. Fishing is a pleasant recreation. f-'{ \ 1^^ The Present participle, so often nsed in English, '' ! to express an action, must he translated into French by the Indicative : Je la vols QUI parlk avec votre soeur. I see her sijoaking with your sister. 479, Some Present i:)articiples when used as adjectives are spelt differently, as : fatignaiit, intriguant, extrava- guanty which lose the u and become fatigant, intrigant, etc. Some lose the u and change g into c, as : cnnvain- quant, fahriquant, which become convaincant, fahricant. •Several change a into e, as : affiuant, excellant, which alter into affiuent, excellent. Exercise 67. On I'enresente souvent David jouant de la harpe. C'est trne femmo d un bon caractere, obligeant ses amis quand roccasion s"en prdsente. Cos hoinmes pr^voyant le danger se niirent siir leurs gardes. Ces hommes prdvoyants ont aper9u le danger. Nos trou- pes surprenant I'ennemi, n eurent pas de peine b. les vaincre. Les fabricants font beaucoup de profit k present. Get enfant negligeant tou jours de faire ses devoirs s'est acquis la r«^putation de ndgli- gent. See tlie dogs among the glaciers of Mount St. Bernard giving (prker) assistance to tlie travellers who lose themselves {li'egarcr), guiding them in the midst of darkness (tenkhres), making roads for them through torrents, and sharing with the most venerated men the perilous cares of an hospitable beneficence {bienfaisancc hospita- liere). The man who has no ruling {dominer) passion is like a man without character, neither are called to perform ^eat things. All the globes obeying the everlasting laws of gravitation are moving in the vast fields of the air. Your sister i^ a charming girl. Your arguments convincing {convaincre) the judges, brought about {amener) the acquittal {Pacquittement) of the prisoner. Tho manufacturers of Lyons nave become very rich. ^^f^^ M?^ .'1 1. . rmNcn'Ea de uhammaire rKAN(;Ai«E. 175 PAST PARTICirLE. 480. The Past jmrfinple when not jn-eocdiMl ny nii auxiliary verb, agrees like an adjective in gender and number Avith tlie noun or pronoun to which it refers : Dea lettres 6c rites. ' \ \ Remark.— fThe Participles attenda (considering), >'u'- ccpU (except)^ suppose (sup})Osed), vu (seeing), etc., when tliey precede the nouns, are used as prepositions, and therefore invariable : Toutes Iri-,W*Wil1 fHff PW "imM i %»IMmf-" 1 !l- » F I rillNCU'Ed Die CiUAMMAIlM': I'HANC'AISE. 17' liich j irect 487. TJin PaM ])arf/n'plp>i of Iniprrfional verJ»< arc always invariable : II cd ARHivi^ ilc (jrands malhcurs^ La famine qWiL Y a eu. 488. The Paxt participlr, prncedi'd In/ e\, moaning,' \^ of tliat, of Jiini, of t/ieni, etc., remains invarial)le, as it is not a direct object, as : Voulez-vou8 des plumes ? J'en ai achet6. 489. If, however, the Pad parficipl'' lias a direct r object independently of cji, the Past participle varies, as : Je LE3 EN ai blames. 490. If en represents a plural noun, and used as a r direct object, the participle varies, as : * Baleazar aim6 dcs peuples^ possMe plus dc tuesOus que son perc n'ex avait AMASSi^ par son avarice. 491. When Jp, signifying cpla, precedes the Past parti- y ciple, the participle remains invariable : Cettepoesie est aussi Idle queje Vavais PENsft T\\(i Past imrticiple, placed between the relative pro- noini rpie and the conjunction que^ remains invarial)le, the relative pronoun que not being the object of the past par- ticiple : VoUd la httre que f avals PENS6 que vous recevric:. 492. Past participle, preceded by a dir(M:t object, • followed by an infinitive, is variable or invarial)le. It is 'variable if the direct object l)elongs to the participle. It is invariable if it belongs to the infinitive, for example : Cettefemme chante bienje fat en'TENDUE chanter, (Test une belle chanson je fai entendu chanter. In the first example the i")articiple is variable, because the direct object /' belongs to entendu : The woman icas singing. In the second example the participle is invariable because the direct object belongs to the infinitive : The song ivas not singing, hut was sung. -^ I ■! IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (iV\r-3) // Q. V s Q- y. (/j (/. 1.0 I.! ilM liU 40 1^ 20 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 ■^ 6" - » v] ^ /a v^ .^■ A y /^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY 14580 (716) 872-4503 ^ % w. 1 I I .'. If 1 1 II''' 178 PRINCIPES LE GRAMMAIRE FRANgAISB. 493. Remark. — To know whether the direct object which precedes belongs to the participle or to the infinitive translate the sentence into English, and if the French J/ infinitive is translated by the English Present participle, the direct object belongs to the participle ; if it is tran- slated by the Past participle, then the direct object belongs to the infinitive : Je LES ai vus hattre, Je LES ai vu battrCt I saw them beating. I saw them beaten. 494. The Participle, joined to an infinitive by a preposition, follows the same rule ; it is variable if the I direct object belongs to it, invariable if the object belongs to the infinitive : Etudiez la h<^on Qu'on vous a DONNifeE A apprtndrCt Copiez la legon que vous avez oublU c^'appbendbe. Remark. — The regimen is known to belong to the Past participle when the antecedent can be placed after the participle. In the first example wo may say : On vous a donn4 la Ici^on a apprendre. But in the second we cannot say : Vous avez oublii la le^on d'apprendre. ! /. 495. The Past participle fait, followed by an infini- ^ tive, is always invariable, joined to it so closely that it forms but one expressioM : ,„^ Jelisai fait entrer. J*^ J f 496. Po^t participle, preceded by le peu. 3^ 'V Le peti, in French, has two meanings : it signifies ^.' absolute lack, want, absence, or else a small quantity. In the first case its participle remains invariable, in the second it agrees with the noun following le peu : Le peu d' affection que vous nCavez Umoig'stK ni'a encouragi, Le peu d' affection que vous m'avez Umoiani nCa dJkouragi. i>> PRINCIPES DE GRAMMAIHE l'HAN( AISE. I' 17'> object finitive French •ticiple, s tran- Delongs by a if the jelongs le Past ter the /f iragL 'ogi. Exercise 68. Voyez ce beau nays, cette terre illuminee par tin soloil splrndifl*^ rafralchie par lea bnses enibaumees de la iiier qui pt'netre an fond du golfe. Excepts ces trois tableaux, tons les antrcs me seniblent tr^s rcediocres. Ma sceur a dt^ t'levt^ dans la uu'nio pon^ii^n (boavff- ing-school) que vous. J'ai traverse les rues lea plus d' «c'rt<'.s ct je n'ai dprouvd aucune apprehension. Toutes les personnel que j'ai ar- retdes pour demander votre adresse ra'ont rdpondu poliment. Tons les dangers ont disparu. La plante inise en liberty garde 1' inclinui- 8on qu'on I'a forct^e Ji prendre. Les chants que j'ai entendu chanter ont 6t6 trJ's applaudis. Bossuet a cr^^ una langue que lui seul a parlde. II faut di'duire de la vie les heures qu'onadomii. Les travaux que ce travail m'a cofttt's, m'ont retenu pendant longtemi)s loin de la socidt^. Le peu d'attention qu'il a donn«? a ses atfaii'ea I'a mis dans Tembarras. ^ A letter well written. A horse beaten by a man. The transla- tion is well written. Those houses are very well built. i.»Iy brother has written a letter. Aly sister has written a letter. My brothers have written a letter. There is the letter he has written. Do you wish to see the letter she has written ? You can see the letter they have written. Her brother was punished. The boys will be pim- ished. My sister is come at last {et\fin). She had employed herself. The boys have shown themselves very courageous. The men have defended themselves. These letters are well written. My brother has made a mistake. Here is the mistake he has made. My sister has made a mistake. Here is the mistake she has made. Where is the letter I have given him? I have eaten a peach. The peach that you have eaten, and the strawberries that 1 have eaten. Has she given you any money ? Has your mother sold her house ? Which house has she sold ? What gowns has she bought ? She is loved by (cic) her subjects. Mary has repented c f her fault^^ It is a fine hymn, I heard it sung. I know the song which you are talking about, I heard it sung last week. France enjoyed more calm under his reign than she had ever enjoyed. Think about all the cares you have cost me. Copy the letter vou had forgotten to copy last evening. The years she has lived among us have been entirely lost. The Bible was not translated in the vulgar tongue, or at least the translations that had been made of it were ignored. The affair is more serious than we had at first thought^ I was not iimch flattered at the small (peu (f ) attention that he paid (fain) to his duties. The clothes I got made last year were very dear, but they were good. The house my father lias had built will never bring him back the large sums which it has cost him, if he were ft)rced to sell it. The little security I have seen to return to Naples has caused me to give it up (tf renoncer) for ever. The difficulties which I knew you would meet with, have prompted me to come to your help. The rain we have had (faii'e) this spring has much advanced vegetation. / A \ i' h ■> /fC- f^ 180 TRINCIPES DE GRAMMAIRE FRANgAISE. CHAPTER VII. ADVEKB. 497. xidverhs are generally placed immediately affrr tha verb in simple tenses, and hcticeeji the auxiliarij and ' participle in compound tenses, as : Je vais souvent d la pSche (fishing). lis ont TOUJOURS parle en ma faveur. 498. Remark. — The adverb is never placed in French, S as in English, between the subject of the verb and the verb, as : Mon fils y va souvknt, my son often goes there. 499. AdverlDS of place and interror/ation are placed in ^French as in English : Of^ vouhz-vous aller ? where do yon wish to go ? Comment fait-on cela 1 hoxo is that done ? 500. The adverbs anjoimrjnd, demain, hier, apre^ ■^ demain^ avant-hier may be placed before or after the verb, but never between the auxiliary and the participle, as : 7? /af« 6€au 4 501. Adverbs do not usually admit complements, would be incorrect to say : Dessus la terre, dehors la Dutison. To be correct, say : Sur la terre, hors de la maison. 502. They, however, admit of a complement : 1st. Wlien they are used in opposition, as : Lea ennemis sont dedans et dehors la ville, 2nd. "When preceded by a preposition : II a iiri cela de dessous la table. It ^': PRINCIPES DE GRAMMAIRE FRANgAISE. 181 503. Biaucoup is not modified as the English much. ^ever say trap beaucoiq), tres hemccoiq), ni hcaucoup^ they are harharisnis. PI Its and davanfage both mean more ; but they arc not used indiscriminately. Phis is commonly followed by the conjunction qiw. or the preposition de. Davantaije takes no complement : Annilxd avail Tix:^ de ginic que Scipion ; mais quant aux ressuurces Scipion en avail da vantage. Davantage must not be used for le phis^ a? : La lecture est Voccupation que faime davantage, but que faime lb PLUS. 504. Phis de, is used before a number, as : i/'at fait PLUS dk vingt millcs. Plus que is used in comparison : II est PLUS grand QUE vous. 505. Plus tot means sooner. Phttot " rather. Viendrcz-vous a sept hcures ? J''iraiplus tOt. PlutCt perdre que de mcntir. 506. Si, aussi, modify adjectives and adverbs : II est SI bon. EUe etait AUSSI habile que vous. 507. Tant and autant modify the verb : II fit tant de bruit qu'il se fit mctire a la porte. Remark. — Si is used for oiii, -when it is opposed to a negation, or in answer to a negative question : Vous dites que non et moije dis quesj. Ne viendrez-vous pas avec moi f Si. 508. T^ adverbs m^st not be used to modify a verb, when both express the same circumstance : C^est CHEZ rous o^ je vais, is wrong. "We must say : C*est chez vous cJue jc vais. w. t Cht^ 182 TRINCIPES DE GRAMMAIRE FRAN^AISE. . !, ^ ! ADVERBS OF NEGATION. 509. NON and ne, wo, not^ are the two principal adverbs of negation ; ne is used before a verb expressed, and noil when the verb is understood, as : Ne venez-vous pas ? non. Ne is used with a verb and is generally completed by pas or 2>oint, Puint is stronger than pf^s. The nouns ^?i at vu aucutij he has not said anything. I have not seen anybody. I do not see at all. I have not seen any. Ne is used alone : 1st with a verb having several sub- jects or complements joined by ni : Ni V' NI la grandeur ne nous renderU kcureux. 2nd. After the verbs pouvoir, oser, cesser, longer : Je NE PUIS, je NE sais, je n'o«c wu« le dire. 510. After savoir, p)as or p>ointi is omitted, when uncertainty is to be expressed, as : II ne SAiT ce quHl dit. But to express a thing positively, pas and point must be used, as : II ne sail pas icrire. 511. 1. After ^ y a and depuis que, ne is used alone if the verb is in a' coppound tense : II y a hien longtemps que nou^ ne I'avons vu. Depuis que je ^e lai vu il a hien changL 2. But the negation nmst be completed if the verb is in a simple tense : ^^ II y a six mois que noiw vkleyoyons pas. Depuis que nous NE le voponslfLVS, il a bien changi. FRINCIPES D£ GRAM3iAIIl£ FRAN^AISE. 183 X 512. Avj is used in French and not in English, in many cases where there is no negative idea : 1. After a comparative^ and autrey aiitrcment : Voire frire est plus jkune que je ne le penmis. Valua visite a sea amis. No pouvez- VOU8 pas faire ccla jKmr domain ? Non, jo no poux pas. Jo n"ai vii aucuno dcs personnes quo je desirais voir. II ne sait sur quel pied danser (lie is at his ^vit s cuii). Vous avez beau dire et bca\i faire, je no bougerai d'ici avant d'etre payt^. > 11 est i^lus af^e quo je no pen- sais. S'en faut-il beaucoup que la somme n'y soit. Je crains ciue nous n'ayona de la pluie pour notre i)ique-nique domain. Cocne- val est trt'S fougueux, jjrenez garde ae tomber. J'aime les poesies de Walter Scott j maia i'aimesesromans encore davantage. Nous axons plus do fnut que 1 an dernier. Prenez gai-de qu'il no se fiisse mal. Have you ever seen a more beautiful picture ? Where are you going. To-day it is fine ; it will rain, perhaps, to-morrow. Milton IS not less sublime than Homer. Has lie not been there? He does not cease Bpoaking of you. I camiot think of it without shuddering (frcmir). He docs nothing but laugh. Si)eak of it to nobody. I called the servant, whv does he not come up when he is wanted ?, SiHjak lower for fear they may hear you. I will luit go unless yoii go yourself. I am afraia it will snow. Nobody denies that there is atJod; the whole universe reveals his existence. You have more fruit than last year. I do not think that your brothers have studied their lessons. That child has grown very much since I saw him. How does he live now that {depuis que) we do not see him ? She si)eaks better than she ^y^ites. I cannot (saurais) finish that work to-day. Science is estimable but virtue is more so. Never speak evil of any one. CHAPTER VIII. PREPOSITION. 515. Prepositions are placed in French l)oforc the words they govern ; in English they are sometimes placed after : A quiicrivez-vous? \ to whom are you wrifliig ? ^■^ ./«.» ^^, ../.,* «,««. ^ whom are you wntmg to ? Diirant is the only exception. We say : Sa vie durant, during his life. ^ riiiNcirEs DE GRAJDiAiiE nu>'<;AibE. 165 516. The propositions <>, und. 521. When prepositions require a different comple- ment, it is necessary to give to each the complement it requires : II y a desfleurs autour de la table ct dcssus. And not : II y a desjieurs sur ct autour de la table. REMARKS ON SOME PREPOSITIONS. 522. ^n, dans, in. The sense of en is vague, indeti- nite and more extensive than that of dans. Eh is generally used before the name of a division of the earth, a^kingdom, etc. Dans before a word restricted by an article or a deter- minative adjective : En Europe, en France, en Ameriquc. Dans VArrUrique meridionale ; dan^ ma chambre. / 186 i! f 1| PRINCIPEa DE GUAMMAIBE FRANgAISE. A is used before ritames of cities, towns, etc. A LondreSf k Paris, k Montreal. A is used with the article before names of countries, masculine, outside of Europe : II est AU Brisil, au Canada. Remark the difference between the sentences : Le giniral est k la campagne, the general is in the country. Leginiral est dans la campagne, the general is in the field. Le giniral est en campagne, the general has taken the field. 523. In expressions of time, dans is used for in to express a single acty en for in to indicate a progressive one : Je vous repondrai dans deux jours. Je serai il Boston en huit heures. 524. Chez, means to, at the house of Chez mot, J^ai un chcz moi, Chez Ics anciens. at my house. I have ^ home. ancients. among 525. Au TRAVERS, throiKjh, requires the preposition de after it, d> travers, does not. Ex. : Au travel's li'une forct. A travers les champs. An travers is used when there is dithculty in the way, \nd c> travers when there is none. V \ 526* Avant, before, denotes priority of time. Ex. II est arrivi avant vous. Dirant, before, denotes place, position in, presence of: II a dit cela devant moi, en ma prisence. 527. Before, havinjij no noun or pronoun after il, is N^enerally expressed by auparavant. Ex. : Un an auparavant. » 5 28, Ppiis DE, AUPRfes DE, pr6t A. The preposition I Pr^ de, denotes j^'^'oximity, aupr^s de adds to the idea oi projdmityy that of assiduity, sentiment. I riu^'CI^Eij de grammaibs: frak^aise. 187 / X \ Pi'H (), disposed to, ready. Ex. : >' ' II passu TRks nE moi. On n^est hcureux 535. The conjunction aiul, imiting in English, t\yo ~^ verbs that relate to the same subject, is not translated in French and the second verb is put in the infinitive : Venezme parlerf come and speak to me. 536. The conjunction que may be used for many Tvt^on junctions : / For afin que^ that : Venez que je vous voie. A moins que^ unless : Je ne iais pas qub je ri'aie ioif. L^' 6^ •'^' ■^ e ^, / .'^. 190 PRINCIPES DB GRAMMAIRE FKAN^AISE. ^-^ ^^ v!. J '! \ V \^Avant que, before : Vous ne partirez pas QUE vous n'aycz dtnL .^ Ccpendanf, yet : II aurait tout Vor du monde Qu't? ne strait pas content. ^ De peur que, for f f : ^ Rcntrcz de bonne hcure que votre pkre ne vous gronde, Df'jjuis qup, since : Combien y a-t-il QUE vous Stes dans ce pays-ci t >. JusquW ce qiLP, till : Attendez que nous ayonsfini nous sortirons ensemble, ^ Parce que, becausi.'. : J Sije ne vous vols pas lundi, c^est QVKJ'aurai des affaires ailleurs. . Lorsque, when : Je lui parlai Qu'ti etait encore au college. ^ Pourquoi, why: Que ne repond^z-vous quand Je vous parle f Soit que, whether : Clv^ilptrde son proces ou QvHl le gagne it sera niecontent. Si, if : Si vous alliez le voir d que vous voulussiez vous charger d'une commis- sion je vous la donnerais. Que is used in certain exclamations between the adjec- tive and the verb etre : Tnsense que vous ites f i Que is also used in certain phrases which may be I called idiomatic : Qu'i7 sefdche ou non. ff^est peu QUE deposseder des richesses. (Test vn devoir QUE d'obliger ses scmblables, II ne laissepas que d'itre ban. Je crois que non. r. ^ PRINCIPES DE GRAMMAIRE FRANCAISE. 191 W- \< The two terms of a comparison must be connected by ' que and not by commr : II est jihis ijrand QUE vous. 537. When two members of a sentence commence by pliis^ viiPiw, Dumifi, aatanti they must not be united by any conjunction : Plus on etiulic La Fontaoie, plus on raime. 538. On. The conjunction oa can join only similar parts of a sentence, namely, two nouns or two adjectives, / or two infinitives, as : Nous irions d la chasse OU d la piche, or : Cha,iser ou pecker ; But not : A la chasse OU 2Kchei'. 539. Qnoiqyp, in one word, means aJfhourjh. , j Qnoi qu(\ in two Avords, means whatever thing : Quoiqu'jV soil malade il vcut sortir. Quoi qvKjcfasscje vexieux le contenter. 540. Quand, conjunction, means the same as lorsque (when). Quant (), preposition, means as for : Quand vous viendrez vous mefcrez plaisir. Quant a vousy vousfcrcz comvie il vous plaira. Farce que and par ce que. These expressions must not be taken the one for the other. The first means /or the reason that ; the second, from or b^ the thing which. ,^ This last is not a conjunction. i- ! 541. Conjunctions are followed by the Indicative, Infinitive, or Subjunctive mood. The Indicative after conjunctions expresses certainty^ the Subjunctive uncertainty : Je le verrai avant qH''il aillk a la campagne. Je Vai vu aussitCt qtCil est revenu. Observe that certainty generally belongs to the present and the past ; uncertainty to the future. il (^' . ^ . .jc^/k^- *?^< /-U>-«^ >. -- v.v.^i./r [ ,^ <-/ - te de tous les mots (^ui se trouveut dans une ^^hraae : EXEMPLE. Les cigognes sont des oiseaux de passage ; elles obsei'- vent une grande exactitude dans leur depart d'Europe, qui a lieu en automne. Lk8 Art. simp. ff^m. plur. d^t cigognes. CIGOGNES Subs. com. fem. phi. suj. de sont. Verba subs, prtis do Find. 3me pers. plu. 4me conj. Art. cont. mis pour de les, de prd. lks art. mas. plu. Subs. com. mas. plu. att. de cigognes. [ddt. oiseaux. Proposition. Subs. com. maa. sing. rVl.^^^Y^s• mou'Tiit prop, prin., sujet UAssas, simple et iiu;(jmplex(^, mourut j^ourfid monrant (le verbe est toujoura aire), fat verbe, mourant attribut simple et incomploxe. h m\ im. I it VJG PRINCIPES DE GRAMMAIRE FRAN^AISE. 1 H! ' I II if iif It f I I Comme un liuros meurt, proposition inridente, ellipti- (jue ; sujet heros, simple et incomplexe, verbe esty mourant attribut simple et incomplexe. Qui oserait affimier unt telle chose t Cette phrase contient deux propositions dont la pre- miere, qui est principale absolue et sous entendue — yom^ d' exclamation (exclamation). To those marks may be added : 1. Les points de suspension ( ) which indicate an in- terruption in the narration : J^appefai de Vexil,je tirai de Varmie Et ce mime Seneque, et ce m6nie Buii'hiis, Qui dejmis... Rome alora estimait leurs vertus. Racine. 2. Le tiretj which indicates a change of speaker . Chemin /aisant it vit le con du chien pele. QWest-ce Idf lui dit-il. — Rien. — Quoi I rieiiJ — Peu de chose. — Mais encor f Lafontaine. It ia used also to unite several parts of one single word, as : chou-Jieur, or pronouns to a verb : demandez-le-leur. 3. La parenthese which is used to enclose some expla- natory w*)rd3 which do not properly belong to the sen- tence : Maia un fripon d^enfant {cet dge est sans pitU) Frit safronde et du coup tvxiplus d^A moitii La volatile malheureuse. Lafontaink. 4. Les guillemets ((quotation marks) are used same as in English. TRINCIPES DE GRAMMAIRB FRAN9AISE. 197 OF CAPITAL LETTERS. LETTRES CAriTALES. 548. The French use the capital letters pretty ii>';Mly ns the English. They do not, however, put any in adj (.'<•- lives qualifying nouns, as : Les Femmea savantea. Le Bourgeois gentilhomnie. 2. In nouns which are not proper nouns : Un 4vSqu€, a Bishop. They use them : 1. in proper names, 2. at the com- mencement of a verse, 3. when the words of some one are quoted, 4. in the adjectives Grand^ Saint, when they are a part of a proper n ' un : Saint Augustin. Henri le Grand. Rue Saint Jacques, But small letters are used in saint Jean, saint Pl^/'rc Tlie Academie writes mer Mediterranee^ les Pays-Bos. ABBREVIATIONS. 549. There are certain French abbreviations which may be useful to know, they are : M. for Monsieur. Messieurs, anglais Alrssrs. Madame. Mademoiselle. Maitre title of a notary etc. Compagnie, anglais Co. !Monseigneur. Sa sainteto His Holiness. son altesse. son Excellence, son Altesse Royalc. Etc., etc. MM. (( Mme. (( Mile. (( Me. (( Cie. (( Mgr. {( ^. 8. (< 8. A. a 8. Ex. (( 8. A. R. (< ;.* T^ 198 rUINCirES DE GRAMMAIII!: IRAN^AISE. EASY XAIUIATIVES. J- 4. N. H.— Thcro l-t 'omtiolKlifrnrpnpn lifltwoon tbeldlomsof tho EiipliHliaml Frcncli lunfjimpeH tli;it if in iilr-i ."t impoKslMi! for ^/f/(nnf^» to inako rcallv ttood Iraniliv- tioiiH into Fr' iip!i. A I ..v n) tinje at tiio jilace of meeting, {roidez-roiis.) " liiiit^t," replied the ])rince ; " I would rather {aiincr muux) miss^^l teu ai)poiutments than occasion injury to the field of a poor coun- trvman.'' . i . , Alphonso king of Aragon, was liding one d;'.y on horseback. A ]iago who v.as walking before him, wounded him throuj^Mi hei-dless- iiess, l)y jMiIling the branch of a tree, which struck him in((/)tlie eye, and made the blood gusli out. This accident at first friglitened all the lords of his suite, Mho instantly liasteaed, and drew near {s'approcfKr (/<) h'un. Tlie king, notwithstanding the pain that he felt, cheered tliem, and then said to them (piietly (with a tranquil air) " What gives mo the most concern, {/teiiu) i.s tho sorrow of this poor page, who is the cause of my woimd.'' A Wounded soldier having been forgotten on the field of battl(\ one only friend, his companion, his dog, had remained near {au}>r' s dc) him. Inconsolable, without food, he had passed two days over his master's body, resolved not to survive him {liii). Suddenly he ])er- ceived {Prct. Ind.,) some slight movement. The eye of his cherisshed master opened again (Past Ind. of se ruucrir) to the li^ht. lie breathes! He still lives! The generous animal covers him with (de) caresses, he licks his wounds, he warms his iey-cold d/hiccs) limbs. The soldier lifts himself up {t^c suulcrc)-), but, exhausted by n \v; ^ CVNl/vO\jAv^^ ^ ri;i.\v.ii';:.s d;: »ji;AM.MAiKi; r;;.\NrAisi:. 111 Frcncli 1 trail. (lii- ro aililcd, )\ will ho u Freuoli which ined by a ]n»rt('r to him, olferod 'ofii.sed. finding^ tone ot hing, if crowns, ho Hix- ipilgms \ f harvest (* " '•'^'' irvostod I back that he €z-rous.) uL wiiut ('/'<( ) tail nut instinct dir(>cted by love ueeoiiiiili>li? With an eager scent ('/ .).the do:^' (|nestions space, and l)onnding with ('/?)Jny, lie s(!ts oif like an arrow, returns still more quickly, and brings to his fainting master the half of a loaf which he hari discovered in the midst of the dead bodies {cailavi'ca). The reply which the famous Cornelia, mother of the Gracchi {Orartjvcs), niadt; ti) entered into their mother's room, " Behold," said she to the lady of Cam- pania, showing them to her, "behold my jewels and my orna- muutb ' " THE TULIP AND THE ROSE. A ttillp and a rose were neighbors in the same garden. They were bf)th exceedingly beautiful ; yet the gardener i)aia {avoir. ...pour) most care and most attention to the rose. The tulip, vain of her exterior charms, and not being al)lo to boar the thought of being abandoned for another, reproached {to) the gardener with his |)artiality. " Why is my beauty tnus neglected V " she asked him. " Are not my colors more brilliant, more \ariegated, and more attractive, {ciiyftunutct) than those of the rose? why then do you prefer her to me, and l>estow (') «'Ji her all your affection?" "Do .lot be discon- tented, beautiful tulip," answered the gardener ; " I know your beauties, and I admire them as they deserve (j<), but there are in my favorite rose odors and internal charms which beauty alone cannot afford {^ rocurcr) me." External beauty strikes at first sight {tVabord), but we slioidd prefer internal merit. MAHMOUD, KHAN OF TARTARY. f A poor woman complained to Mahmoud, Khan r>f Tartary {Khan * Jm 2'rt)'i^' J\ society was always absent (write, fie had always the mind absent) / ' m and thoughtful, so much so {a tel point), that he often spoke to hi^ ^ friends without knowing them. SWISS ANECDOTE. An inhabitant of the canton of Schwitz came on^ day to {vers) his neighbor Gaspard, who was working in a meadow, and said to hiai, *' My friend, thou knowest that we are at variance ab<^ut {avoir un diffirend pour) this piece of ground : I have ap\)lied to the judpe, because neither of us is sufficiently learned {instruit) to know which of us is right ; therefore, we must both appear before him to-mor- row.'X " Frantz," answered Gaspard, "thou seest that I have pmowed the whole of the meadow ; I must get in (ramasscr) the hay to-morrow ; I cannot go." " What is to be done ?" (wTito, what is it necessary to do?) resumed the other, "how can I disappoint (manquer de parole a) the judge, who haf fixed uijon {choisi) to-mor- row to {pour) decide on {de) tne affair? liesides, I think it necessary to know to whom the ground belongs before {avant de) gathering the crop." They had thus disputed for some time, when Gaspard ( seized the hand of Frantz, and exclaimed, V* I'll tell thee what {Je vais te dire ce quHl y a), my friend : go to Scnwitz alone, explain to the judge thy reasons and mine ; argue on both sides (write, the two sides) ; why should I go thither, myself ?" " Agi-eed," {ainsi conclu) said Frantz ; since thou trustest me with the management {conduite, f.) of this business, depend upon it (jvrite, be assured) I shall act for the best {de mon mieux)." The affair bein^ thus settled, Frantz set off next day for the town, explained his reasons, and argued pro and con {pour et contre) with {de) all his mighty As soon aa the verdict {jugement, m.) was given {prononce^, he hastened {se hdter) to {de) return to his neigh- bor. " I congratulate thee, friend Gaspard," cried he, as soon as he perceived nim, "the meadow is thine {Vapparti€nt)y2kndi I am glad that this business is finished." From {depuia) that day, says the Swiss Chronicle, ^from which {d^oii) this anecdote is extracted (ttrer), the two peasants lived in perfect friendship. THE YOUNG FLY. A young fly was with her mother on a chimney wall ^the wall of a chimney) quite {"^sez) near a pot, in which soup was boiling. The old fly, who had business elsewhere, said to her daugnter on (en) flying away : " Stay where thou art, my child do not leave :.1'« i '^A' rUlNCIPES 1)E ORAMMAIRE IRAN(;^AISE. 201 thy pliice until my return/' "Why, mamma?" ankcd the littlo one. " Becau.so 1 am afraid that thou wilt go (subj. pros, of »'a/>- tH'ochcr) tc-o near tiiat boiling spring." It in tiio p«>t that she calUd by that name, (aiimi) " And whjj must I not go near (s'approckcr) it?" '• Because thou wouldwt fall in. (dedans) ana ho drowned in it. (/'// noyerais) "And why would I fall into it ?" (i/) ''I cannot toll thee the reason ; but trust (troire) to (en) my cxperioncoVJEvery time that a fly has taken it into her head, (s^ui'mr) to fly over one of these snrmgs, from which (d'oii) so many vapors rise, {s'exhalcr) I have always Been that she fell in without ever rising from it again." The mother thought she had said (write, to have said) enough, and flew away. But the little one laughing («e vwquer) at her advice, said to herself : ** Aged people are always too careful. Why wish to deprive me of the innocent pleasure of flu^taciog a little over thitt smoking spring StHavo I not wings, and am I not nrudent enough to avoid accideins? In short, mamma, it is in vain for you to tailc. {vous avez beau dirc)^ and to gjlage your experience to me, I will amuse myself in fluttering (to flutter) a little around the spring ; and I should like (je voudrais bieti) to know what would make me go down (rfeswndre) into it (y). So Baying (in saying that) she flies off ; but she was scarcely over {au dessus de) the iM)t, when, made giddy (Hourdic) by the steam which was rising from it, she fell in. (s'lf laissa tombei') Before ex- piring, she still ngjd time to utter these words : " Unhappy are the children who do not listen to {ecoutci') the advice of their parents ! " THE ABENAKI. ); During one of the wars in America, a company of Abenakis {Ab^nakis), a tribe of Indians, defeated a small body {un detach- ment) of British {anglaises) troops. The vanquished could not escape from (a) enemies more nimble than they in running (« la course), and eager (acharnes) to pursue them. A young English officer, chased {prcss^) by two savages, who came up {aborder) to him with raised battle-axes (the axe raised), had no hope of escaping Ise dirober a) from death. At the same time, an old Indian, armea with (de) a bow, approaches hhn and prepares to pierce him, with (de) an arrow, but after having taken aim at [ajuster) him, he lowers his bow suddenly, and runs to throw him self between the young officer and the two barbarians, who were going to massacre him. The latter retired with respect. The old man took the Englishman by the hand, encouraged (ras- surer) him by his caresses, and conducted him to his cabin, where he treated him with a kindness which never varied, (se d^mentit.) He made him (of him) less his slave than his companion ; he taught him {to him) the language of the Abenakis, and the rude arts practised (en usage) by (^hez) these people. They lived very happily together (much pleased with one another). One thing onljr gave uneasiness to the officer ; sometimes the old man used to fix his (the) eyes upon him, and after having looked at (regarder) him, he dropped (let fall) some tears. ,/U^' (\ T\ I no-j I'UINCU'L.'i hi: (JllAMMAlKi: I iJA.NTAlSi:. On (") tho return of tln' sjirin;,', tlii> <;>v.aRrs ri"l)u>t to I't'.ir tho fiitiguns of wai , \\<\.t (.ut vitJi them, Jiconinpiinicd by ('/') liis prisonnr. Tho Aln'-imkin iiijuched iiioro tlmn {fie) two hiiiKlicd Ifiij^iic-* through (a tvarem) tho forests; at hist tlii;y lurivt'd ut a phiiii, wJicre tncy discovered a I'ritish eiicainpiiieiit {cnDiji). The old man showed (f'dvc voir) it to his prisoner, watching (in ohsorvinp) hin countenance. "Thero ai'e thy brotherH," said ho to him; "there are tho enemies who are awaitin)^ us to give UH battle. Fjisten ! I have saved thy life (I to thci^ have saved the life) ; 1 liav; taught thee to nuiko a canoe, a bow niid arrows, to handle the battie-axe, ami to surprise the beaver in the fi.icst. \\'hiit wast thou v/hen I led theo to (^An^v) n»y hut? Thy hands w'»'re those of a child; they served neither to ttrocuro thee food, nor to di'fend thee. Thou knewest nothing. Thou owest every thing ti» me. Wilt thou unite thyself to thy brothers, and lift up tho hatchet against us?" Tho Englishman declared that ho would ratlicr (would like bettor to) l(is(? his {tht} life a thousand times, than shed tho blood of hi.-* dolivoror. The Abt'naki covered (put the two hands over his face) his face with both his hands, bending down (en baissanl) his [tfu) head ; and after having {fnjhi. yi/orv/)been sometime in this attitude, ho looked at tho young Knglishman, and said to him, in (dc) a tone of mingled (with) ((/'■) tenderness and grief, "Hast thou a fi . .erV" "My fatliLi," said tho young man, " was living when T left ( 'ad Inliis.) 1 saw my son fall in battle {combat) ; ho was at my side ; ho was covered with wounds when ho fell. But I have avenged him!" He pronounced those words with vehemence, (/ojrc.) All his body trembled. He wps almost stifled with {par) groans, which he would not suffer (lost thou see that beautiful sky resplendent with {dc) light? Hast thou any pleasure in (('/) looking at it?" "Yes," rei)lied the Englishman, "T have 1>leasuro in looking at that beautiful sky." " I have none," said the Indian, in shedding a torrent of tears. Some moments after, lie shows to tho young man a nuignolia in bloom {en Jfenrf<). "l>ost thou see. that >)eautiful tree?" said he to him, "and dost thou lo«»k at it with pleasiue ? " "Yes," replied the young man, '" I have plea.sure in looking at it." " I no longer have any," said tho In- dian hastily ( avec precipitation ) ; and immediately ho added : ** Depart ! go back to thy father, that he may still nave pleasure in seeing the rising (the sun which rises) sun, and the flowers of the \ i WW ' PUINCU'ES DE GKAMMAIKK I'laNrAlSi:. AXKCDOTK ABOUT DR. YOUNCi. 20:J Thr'.t proiit writer wiis R^inp: ono day in a boat, with a fow ladien, to \'uu\liall, and snn^ht to amuse tlieni by playing? an air on tho fliito. Tii('ii> wiTo beliind thrni noma «)tticerH, who wito g'nun to tho saino place. The doctor cfaHed playing aH Hoon as \u) Haw them approachinj^. Ono of tlieni asketl him for what rt-ason ho was put- ting his H\it(^ in his jxicket. " F(»r the same reason that I tot»k it out, because that pl(asp.s nie," replied the doctor*'^- Tho })\v^i\ of Mars answered him \\ ith an imi)eriouH tone, that if hodidnot nnmediately talco back his flute, he was going immediately to throw him in the Thames. The doctor, in the fear of frightcTiing the ladies, swallowed that insult with the l)e8t gnico he could, took nis flute and continuelay during' all the time they were u[ion the water. He per- ceived the olhcer in the evening walking alone, aside; he went Ktrai;^'iit to him, anfl said to him, with great co«»lness : " It was, sir, to avoid disturbint? my company and yours, that I acquiesced to your arrotrant injiniction ; but in «>rder that yeared so furious and so determhied, that the officer w.as ol)liged to submit. *'A\'el]," said the doctor, '* y: BRITISH SAILOR. Whilst the French troops were encamped at Boulogne, i)ublic attention was nuich excited by the daring attempt at escape mad«i by an English sailor. This ])erson having escaped from the depot and gained the borders of the sea, the woods near which served hiiu f(»r Concealment, ccmstructed, with noother instrument than a knife, a b;»at, entirely of the bark of trees. When the weather was fair, he mounted a tree and looked oiit for the English flag ; and having at 1 1st observed a British criiiser, lie ran to the shore with his boat on his back, and ho was about to trust himself in his frail vessel ^' ;4. 204 PRINCIPES DE GRAMMAIRE FRAXgAISE. I , il ^ lii to the jwavcs, when he was piu'sued, arrested and loaded with chainsji/ Kver5rbody in the army was anxious to see the boat, and Nauoleon, having at length heard of the affair, sent f