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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mithode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 Bibliothdque, <:^^ Le S^Hiinaim ^''"' Sg-iJf^IlSlON OF THE FRpVlHi?^ .>. -■ op * -^ •2 ^*- - ■■ ■ «, ,,.■»■■ s Lower Cm ^■y-^%^} ^#: »^f X Sy|* -V, f;>w IT ha^ljcen judiciously remarked by ihh^athorof %ti .Jintft'^ eanMnals lliat the romarkable dis«'Ov«'ry oftjftj^fi'i^ World, ^l^lfy bail been receiving InbabJtdnta^trora the bldVor inbrft^baif^^l^ huudred years,) and those « vents, and actiaki|/k|tich a.r^«||m*> Heeted with H, can now be accurately Bat>ertain(^^ii«|i,||lGtM^^ recourse to such legends as havQ qajkeoed aiid 4isfigonl(l t^fao tearly annals fif most nations. ^ ^ ~ 1 , It is the purpose of the compiler of these JfmloZf th c^nfitte [lim'soll, (after noticing the Discovery by l<6/i^}|^&i('iXto sachet ea(r tM relate to Ctnada^ouly, $ -3 ffifvai^ai Brief Annals, &c. &c. HS*' Anno Domiiii H&2 ^t : .^■^." On the 3rd day of August Christopher Columbus set sail fi-oiu Palos in Spaiui with llu'ee vessels and niiieiy men ; and, on the IKli uf October follow ins;, discovered laud on one of lite Buliaioa Islands. Tbis , / was the (ji'.«>l certain kttovvled<;fl po»Sr!saed by rnoderu Europeans ;;: of any | art of the iNew World * "^^ 7 ^):^4 1497 Henry VII ot England arave permission to John Cabot,, i,; to iHke Mix sliip!<, with all things necessary for a voyage of '^ i discovery in North Anierica. Early in June in the same year, '^.^ Daving his son Sebastian with him, he discovered part of New- ;^ ; fuaiuilanJ ; he next sa^y and named the island of St John ; and, .• :. continuing H westerly course, he afterward- arrived at the Con ;''i^ tineitt, atupg the coabt of which be sailed, northeily, as far as 67 '' °\ andahaifN.L. ', M i:- rem'arkal.le that no fmther attempts towards discovery were. ^- male by ihe English for u,>wards of sixty years afterwards, if we ^ ^ except the proposed expedition of Elilot itnd Asliurst V, «_.-, Hugh Elli(>t aiid J'homas Ashurst, merchants of Bristol, •f' "^ with two other gentlemen, obtained a patent from Henrjt { • V^II, for the establishmeit of Colonies, in the countries then lately .|V; discovered by Cabot; lul it is not known whether they availed f;'. th< nisejves of this periuisaiou, vr laade any vo; ages to the Ke\r -- i^ World. ■'^\i'^t.\-''yfir,r ' '*": '^ Jean Denys, a Frenchman, sailed with bis pilot, Ca- :,yf mart, a native ot Kouen, from Honfleur to Newfound* ' land, and drew a map of the Ciulph of St. (iawreuctt and tho - adjacent coast. Thomas AuI'erS who meide a voyage in this year from Dieppe to Newfoundland, was the first who sailed up ifJba great river St. Lawrence to the cimntry of Canada This ffian carried oif some of {hi natives, ain) exhibited them in Paris. The cod fishery on the banks of ^Newfoundland h^d, by this time, attracted the attention of several Europeau patioQS.for there were fifty Spanish, French, and Portuguese ^hipa employf.d in it this year. * We say modern^ because we are believers In the success of the famousexptdiUouof MADoc.frumJTa/ctffin the 12tb Century .-£(1. ■'M vv ^1^:.: %:^. .-Kv '^iM :rif m' :---"^- 1506 1608 1517 M S3 V "**iwfc.**4-, 1 ^ # I52i2 1535 Newfoundland, seUled hy diflTerent notions before any part of Canada, is said to have contained at tliis period Hbout fiHy bo««3€9. ia27 "^^^ scheme fer discovering a passage fo the Ea^t Indies by the northwest being resumed in Englaiui, a voyage v.d« made,hyihe advice o^ Robert Thorfie of Bristol, with twf» ships, furnished out by Henry VIIl ; but it |)roved nnsnccessfu!, end even diiiRittrous, for one of tlie ships uas lost. Ht'.ktuyt i^ays this Master Thorne whj ♦' e notable member and ornantpni of his country," and that he exhorted the Kiufi with '* very wai^litie and ffubstantiall reasons, to set forth a discoveiie even to the North Pole." Cartier discovering now the river of Canada, whieh gradually obtained the name of St. Lawrence, sailed up; this noble stream more than follow him wUh two other ships, AH«d>out at his own expence, for the purpose of colonizing some part of the banks of the St. Lawrence. ~ 1*542 ''be Lord Roberval, himself, arrived in Canada this year, and built a fort, and wintered about f«5ur leagues above the leiianduf Oileaiis (which was a fir&t called the Kk cf u Ei'--: .-".t-'ft;' ^af^clius.) Furehas says this fart was " faire and strong '^ '^ 1648 '^^^^ first>ct of the. English Pailianaent relating to any part of America wh.^ made this year,--il)is was to p-^ottct and encourage the English fishery on the bairkj; of Newfoudiand. 1549 '" thiiyear L*>rd Roherval, acuoinpaqie-d by his bn)ih«r and a numerous train of advtnturf r*, again embarked Jor the river St. Lawrence ; but ihey were never heard of after- wards — a disaster which ae di-jcouraged the f^overnmeat and peo- ple of France, that for more than Suyenrs no further m^a^nres were taken for supplying thp few .seniors which remained in ^ 'anada. -,.^g Martin Froldsher was sent out by Queen Elizabeth, with ** three ^mall ships and disr.oveied EliKabe'b's Forehnd, and the straights which still boar his own name, He entered a %ay in N. L, vJ degreesj and carried off one of ilie natives, wiiomr Hakluyt ssys, " for very ciioler and disdaina bit his tongue in twaine v<-ithin his mouth," j^-y The discovery of ?upposed Gold ore by Frobifher in ** his voyage of last year encouraged the Society of Ad- venturers to send him out with three other ships to explore the coast of Labrador and Greenland, with an ultimate view of dis- cov^iing a passage to India ; but he again returned without suc- cess, though he brought away nearly 200 ions of his supposed gold, and with it a man, woman, and child, of the natives. — But Stow says in his Chronicle that " neilher the man, woman, nor child lived long ; nor did his guld prove ore, tmt droase ?' j ,-^Q Frobisher sailed again for this Horthern Continent witli ** no fewer than _yi//een ships In search of gold, and was foolish enough to carry home immet.je qnantUies of the saue glit- tering stones Cmo^t proliably niundic, mica, or talc) to the utter in of many adventurers -.Q- The French tnidetc Canada was renewed after an in- terruption of nearly 50 years. — The cause of which in- interruption was the carrying off the Indian king or thief in 153$ by Carticr, an outrage that could not be forgiven by the natives who would have no dealings, or intercourse with the French for f many years afterwards. Sir Humphrey Gilbert by virtue of a commission which he carried from Queen Elizabeth this year. took- possession of St. Johns in Newfoundland, and two hundred leagues every wniy around it, for the Crown of Ertgland, and pub- lished laws for the government of the territory. This formal pos- session, in consequence of the discovrry by the Cnbots, is con- sidered the foundation of the right and title of the Crown of En-* j^land to the territory of Wewfeundiaud, aud Jih« fishery un its banks , ^y:^'' •' ^"^v^"- ■ ' ^ ''•' '■"- '^'- J-^^vSi>- • ■ • ' ' Ir! :> ' v^,£-' The renewal of the Frentb Irade with Canada was. so auspt- pious, that three ships, ont of ibcui of 180 tuns, were empioytd this year in tbaUrade. v' •"-''"."• ' ■4'i-*'i.-i- ".-i?*?*^.''' ■■■■ •' ■'■"-' f^- 'SI; "M^- ^1^ t*- 1 ^-..•:c, ' ; t."- »>*< . / V r-y^:.*'^--- i ' , . p^f - _ -^ -.'.,,* ' . /* J"* ' >■- ''*•-. ' ■ " ' ' *■ . ' * . . ■ ' ** ;vTv:'-;i •/ <* ^ ' ■«■ V * r . " ■ •' . J^i-> - ► "'i. >■:. J586 iti Sir iValltr ttal«igh introdue«d (li« fashion of imokJog Tubacco in England It bud liaeti carried lltitliarfor the first time in 1576 by Sir John Hawlfins, but was tlien consiilarecl as a nera drug, and flow says in his Chroniuia that " all mm ibondcrtd what it meant " But Raleigh, and* Mr Law, had Itiarnt tha practice of smoking, thron^h pijas oiade of clay, from tba Indiaas u( Virginia. This sitfigulai (;lant appears to huvt^ haen used in all pn.rt8of North Araarioa. in the account of Cartiar'fl ▼oyaga in 15{(5, it t ppeats that it was used in Canada, and a par* ticular account is given of the manner of preserving it *' Ther^ ^roweth actrlain Wind of lierbe, wijeraof in summer they maire a great provision for all the ye^r, making great accuant of it, and Ouiy men use of it, and first ihey cause it to be dried in tha sunne,then weare itabaut their neelces wrapped in a little beastes skinne made like a little bagge, with a hollow piece of stone or wood like a fiipe : then when they ploasc they wake ponder of it« and then put it in one of the ends of the said cornet or pipe, and laying a cole of lire upon it, at the other ende sucke »u long Oiot they fill th^ir bodies full of smoke, till that it commeth o '* j( their month ane nostrilcs, even as out af tha teunellof achiiu- Bey." Haklijyr, iii. 324 1601 '^^^ Walrus or Morse must have been eommon in and about the Gulf of St. Lawrence ; for this year, we fina that a fleet of ships was fi'.ted out from the port of St. Malu, in France, for Canada, and to bunt loir Moraea about the bay of St. Lawrence, wbo«e teeth Were lold at a much dearer rate than Ivo* ry. They also obtained oil in vast quantity from the badies of those animals— An English Voyaj^er in Hakluyt says, there wera 1600 ot these crrc^tures kilted, this year, by one small bark at Ra- mea, an island ly is g within the straights of St. Peter> back of liawfoindlaiid, in N. Lat. 47, V .,Q» tteorge Drake, aa Englishman, made a voyage up tha Gulf of St. Lawi-ence to the Isle of Ramea, and carried home intelligence of the profitable trade of the French and otheii 2a these parts of Amuriea. ■> 150g '^^^ IVIai-quis ds la Roche received a commission from flenry IV, to conquer Canada ; but returned without doing any thing ef eooacquance, and shortly afterwards died of vexation, JU'r .. ^ ^ ..':^'^-a.v-o ..^4:%':, ■■.■':' '■■•y^ On tha daath of La Hoche, hii patent was renewed in favor of M. de Ch&uvin, who made a voyage up the St, Lawrence as far as Tadousac^ where he left some of his peo- ple ; and returned with a frelgl^t of Furs. The following year he ■ailed again and proceeded as fares TVofs Rivierts. latsi Piw>"0 du Cast, Sieur de Monts, a Oentlemnn of tha ^ bedcbambrtrto Henry IV. of France, received a pateitt of Ui» A»io,*k3aa larriiory fro« iha 40th to the 4«th deg, N. Ifar. 1600 t$ \ 'r f^oitttifoting hlqa Lienlertani General of tho country, xtilh powe^ itt cblonuft it wk) siibduR and convert the natives tu ChrisUaoilj, ** Samuel ChamplHin of Brouage in France, an(thoreil at ladua* 0ac (bis year, and made disooveriet* in the n^ighhoiiring territory. 1A03 Cbamplain, bein^ sent out Ht the head of a colony witlji three' sbips for the purpoiie of nmking a |iernianect sat* Herdent, this yeai' laid the foundation of QueFnission having*been given by Charles I to Da^' rid Kertk, and bis valiant kinsmen, to c^onquer the Ame- rican Dominions of France, Kertk had attacked Canada in July 1628, and still carriaril, 1029 \ bnd assigns (bis as iho reason why King Cmarlvs, al that trchtyi abKulutfiiy rebtored to France, those ttrritoiipt generally and with' out limits; and particularly Port lioijal, Qnt-hec, and Cape Breton, Vrom the rtatitutioii of ttiffse tenitoritfs to Franoe, muy tiu date4, the commencement of a long train ot evila to the British ColuniKS, and to Engiajid- to fhi.i transaction, in tha judgment of the able historian, last (|uots;c!. may he fairly traced hack the culoniai dit* putes of Inter times, aud the AmcriciMifevolution. 1635 ^^^'^ U««HAVTLT, having hecome a Jesuit, returned « projocf, whicl. hud U'cn interrupted by the English con' quest of Quebec, of fuundin^i; a unllege in that city : a buiuinaiV that had been planneo ten y. ars: before. I'iiib institutiun tucceed* cd ; and, it is said, was of essential service to tlu Colony — Many Frenchmen were now tucuuraj^ed to embaiji wttU their fapslltes, for Canuda. M. C'hamplaim died at Quebec thibvear— t.e was jmtly regrtUet) by the whole colx>ny of ISfW France, of widoh lie might be lud to be the parent. He had f^enetr-ation, cuurdgef constancy, pro« bity, and pattiutism — Charlevoix sayg of hiw, that he was '' un hiiloritnjidele et sincere, unvoi/ageur, ijui observe ioul ai^ecaftentiot^p un ecrivumjudicieux, un ban geomttre, el unhubilt homme (it luer," 1639 ^ nunnery ot French Ursniines was founded ut Quebec. Madame de la Pelttit, a pious Catholic btdy, uevoting both her time and fortune to this design, went to Quebac with three (Jrsulineg, attended by Le Jeune. Snpeiior of the Jesuit Qiisaion into Canntla. — Entering the cily under ^ general discharge of cannon^ they proceeded with much triumph, amidst the acclu« uiatians of the people, to the church, where Tt Deum was sun^, with great solemnity, for their arrival. Cuarlsvuix says that this Madame de la Pellrie had such zeal for the c<^DversioD aud comf'ort of ihe native Canadians, that she actually cultivated the aarth witU her own hands, to increase her power of doiog good.—The Hos- pital, culled /' Hotel Dieu, was founded in the preceding year at Sileri, by Madame la puchuasa d'Aiguillon. ^.t^vw 1648 Maisopneuve, a gentleman of Champttign, whoi, tli« preceding y ^ar, broughtover several families to Montrea^^ |)pw entered with theip into possession of their uew babitatioai and Chapel, on (his i»Iaud, with many religious ceri;mouies.— Ln 164o, the French king had vested the property of the ijtland iii 3t> associates, of whom Maisonncuve was one ; aod on the 15tii of October, 1641, he was declared Geveruor of the Iblaod.-— ( Qharltvoix Koxvc France.). . The French io Canada, in tbcir trade with the neieh- bQiing Indiaus had, for ieyerel years, beevi obstj-uctedl^f 1647 28 P:, mh W 1648 |!ie Mohawkt. Unable to fubdiift that formidalie tritts ^Tii^^^nt nn- dsUiic*. iboiit this timA, Ui«y 9«nt iVl. Marie af an ager.t tu solicit aid from the MnMnchutetti, with offart of liberal compensation hiif Ihn governnitnt of that colony rajacted tbe alluring proposal. It i(ual of peipetunl peace be- f waffn the Colonies« thoui;h the mother countries might be at war, although tbe French were much pleased with (he pioposal, and aniious to i;ouclud<' an a^ ;eraant uf this kind, ihn business tar< niinnted without f>uCRes9, b(>cnuse the Ebg'isb wertf firm in tbeir determination not to assist the French against (he Iroquois. 1649 '" '^'^ rnontb of March, One Thousand Iroquois sud< dcniy attacked the Huron Villaee of St. Ignatius, contain' ing 400 persons, ail of whom, thrta only excepted, ware massa- cred. If54 About this period the Erien, a numerous tribe of In- dians which inhabited (ha bordai's of L^ka Erie, werwsn efTectuany oxierminated by the Iroquois, that vi'ero it not f»r the oaine of thp Lake, we should h.ive n« memorial of thair former existKnca. — Charlevoix ealU tbam " la nation dcs Eriez, ou dii Chat'* JGTS The Orum'/rtgfl.t sent deputiM to Quebec to solicit Mis- siouHries of the French; a numbei^ of whom were ac- cordingly sent to that trihi^, and many of the beads of it became converts to the Clinstian Religion. ICfin Francis do Laval, Abhot of Montlgny, being oppcujnfed Bisho[i of CaiiRda, canio over and brought, lor the first time, soma Monks of other orders besides tlip Jesuits. The Rer John Eliot ooroplKted his translation of tbe Bibltf into the Indian language which was printe^ at Cam- brid;;o fae!itit!.7d " Mnmime Wunneetnpanatamwe Up-Biblum filo» JVutieeswe Nuekone 'J'icstamf.nt Kak JVonk Wuanu Tbstamekt," M da CoUrcellf s being appointed Governor of New France, transfortcd the ragianert of Carlgnan Salieres to CanaJa this year. It consisted of ir»GO foot, a great number of families, numerous ariechanic*; hired scrvaits, horsBi (the Jlrst $versetnin Canada,) cattle, andsh^i^^ere brought to IJHs coun- try at the sanle tirrie The 100 associaterw whom the property of the Colony was vested had grown'jjjveaVy of the expence of maintaining their colojiy ; and from fbeyaA* 1(?44 abanduaedihs Fur-Trade to the inhabitants, reserving tO tfcviise-lves, as thrir right of lordship, an annual payment of lOdQ: Beavers.— Reduced at i(in^lb to the iiumbec of 4i> A;|9clatcS; %lief made a total re^ 16)4 1665 ■ f ^.i^- ^ V.-<' . fYf i fimm i it . 't*m ' »v miittiai>3r-t,'^\ S t% ' 1 ■ ;'■<'»'■■■; r<-" ^* • '" ■>'■ ■ " - 4- -< \t .' 1' rYC-:^ ■-♦ ^ >;/; ■ l;';'^;-:-/ vij^r^' ■^3 ■' • ' "• algnation of all their rights, in 1662, to ihe Franrli King ; who, foot) afterwards, included New France in the Grant which h(| made of the French Colonist in America, in favourof the )Yest India Company fornof d by the grcnt Colhert. lfl6fi The Mohawks, Ijaving greatly annoyed the French, were attacked this year by a French army consifting o^ 28 companien of Foot and the whole Militia of the CoUmy -^ This f« mideble body of troops marched upwards of 700 miles, in the depth of winter, from Quebec, into the •ourttry of the Mo> hawks, with a view of utterly destroying them.^Biit the Indians retired, with their women' and children, into the df^plh of the woods, leaving; only a few ancient Sachkmb in th« ?'■■''- i, who ehose rather to die than desert their habitations. TUfxe were ipurdered by the French, and their villeges burnt *, yet, nothing of political importance wan gained by this espedition, which was commanded by M. de Tracy, in person, who was then upwards i^f 70 years old. iCay P^ace was at length establiiihed between the French and the Five Nations, which continued for several years, and they cultivated a mutual trade. The Sieur Perot, a French Missionary travelled more than 1200 miles to the westward .of Quebec, making proselytes amongst ihe Indians as he went a* long.;, V lAyn A terriV)Ie disease broke out amongst the Indians in tha - * northern parts of Canada, it swept off whole tribei, par- ticularly the tribe of Jillikameguct which has never since been heard of. — 'ladousao, the chief mart of the Indiiin Furtrade with t^ie French, was deserted, aa also Troia Rivieres, where the small* pox carried off 16(^0 Indians at once. 16*1 ^ gran#l Congress of Ihe French, and of many Cana- * dian Indians, was held this year at the Falls of St. Ma- ry ; where the Indians professed submission to the king of France, in a formal manner. 1672 *^ de Courcelles, Governor of Canada, built a Fort on the i^ north side of the out let of Lake Ontario, {near the modtrn Kingston) as a barrier aigainst the Iroquois, pretending, however, that he n;erely intended it as a piece of trade, and for their nmtu- al accomodation The Count Frontenac completed the Fort on L . Onta- rio, begun last yenr by CourecUis, and called it after hi% own name. The French likewise built a Fort at A^ichilimackinac, Father Marquette, in company with one Joiiet, a citizen of Que- bec, employed by M. Tdlon for the discovery of the Missisippi, f o« tered that noble river on tise 17th of June, and descended it to a point within three days journey of the Galf of Mexico, when tiiey returned to Canada. The French liad received information Sji this river from the Indians. Ferdinand da Soio had diseovf led 1873 ;-.r. 16S0 1682 1663 1684 Natiotis IjKi^ ttna^frjr 6n the Mississippi 130 y«an before, but tbe d^a<)t^^^ ^id not set! fil to sellle It. 1674. Qtiebiic was made a Bishopric ; . ^ f^^ ».::;>; V.-^^f 167S ^' ^*' ^*'* rebuilt tiie Fort Fr^ntieriac wiih sfohjs. He al.,, ; t ■ ■vV ■ « f^ -'■ r ■ f tfB, h».V« no dependents either on (he Onnnntio or thn Clorl«p4j» This speech, which affords an inlereiting specimen oiT (hespirit h.^d eloquence oi Ihe ahori^inuls, had this fine concUision -~«' My vnic« h the voice of all ihe Five Nations, — Hear wh<»t they say ; open your ears to wh»t they speak. — The Senekas, Cayugm, Onondagus^ «nd Mohawks., %ny, that wh^n they buried the hatchet at Cafara- cuay, in the presence of your predere^or, in (he very center of the Fort* aad planted the tree of pence in the same plate, it was tJien agreed that the Fort should be used as a place of rendezvous for menrhanls- and note? refuf»e for soldier*. — Hear, Onnunfio, you ought to take care, that so great a nunnher o( soidiifer;*, as ap- pear now, do not choke the tree of pea e. planted in so small a fort, and hinder it from shading both your country and ours* with i>e branches I do assure you, thait our warriors shaJI dance to tho Calumet of Pence under its feftves, and that wo will never dig up (lie ax to cut it down, until the Onnuntio or the Corlar shall either jointly or separately endca\ our to invade the country, which tiid (jircat Spirit had given to our ancestors — This bell confirms my words ; and this other, the authority, which the Five Nations havo given me" fini-aged at this bold reply, De la Barre retired to his (ant, anfl prudently suspended his menaces Tw<. days affe^, at the con > elusion of (he peace, the Indian chief and his retinue returned to their country, and the French army embarked in their canoes foe IWont'-eal. 1685 '^^^ inhabitants of Canada amounted (o 17.000 ;-m three thousand of whom were supposed to be cnpable of liearing arms. Chalmers says these numbers wer(^ taken fron» an accurate account mode by order of the Government. 1fifi7 ^** ^''^" y^*"^ ^^^ French Cabinet took meau(#/ \ -r ' 'ij* '»* '^i^s^^m^^^f^l^- i l^' R- f'" 1689 i|k|»y had arfpr#)Rehed within a quarter iuri1[«a|;ue f: oto <1ia aliief lpiUa»;e ihe Senekas, the war sbuut arose, hi terrific tsSttci, in* termL(Sted with a diicl^arge of tire arms frum ati siU^s. This sur- priee threw the French iuto confusiuii, «nd tbe^Senek^s fell upon them whh great fniy ; but the French fndians being rallied, hi the end repuUed them. In thit action there ie'l about 100 of ths French, to French Indians, and 80 Senekas- The next day Ok- nonviile couticued hi« match with the intention of burning the village ; hut he found it already in ashes. The Senekaa had burnt it and fled. Two old men only were found in the casllr, who were cut into pieces and boiled, to make soup for the French al- lies. — (ate Colden.p.lS.) The valour of the French army wa« next cnployed in destroying the torn of the Indian plantations, which they efftctuaity accoinpli^thed ; and thus ended the efore that fortress until Ihe 5th of October The largest ships carried 44 guns. X simultaneous attack on Montreal, by way ef Lake Champlain, nt the same time, was designed, hut the army was compelled to re' tr^at bv sickness (as it is ^aid ;) and the fleet, after many dii asters, arrived at Boston on the 19tb of ffovember. '%r.: 1690 -.>'■ ■A. • \ . .A- 1 ■ -^ #.v> * '^^rts^l^W^^^' \ '-«■■■'" ,; *• ■ ■ y ■/-' -^ ■ /--^^f 53 ■ ^ 1693 \ ' i'- vjl' rM •^.•* JV .■"•>' . f .*; fX '■■ ;,*•• •e* • 1 . r«>.. i'-' u :;?.■; Count FroBtena.T infadrtd the country of \\\^^foh(mk» from Carmdn, hut his atrny, hflcr encountering tho gretit* est hBrdshiftg, and losing 80 men killed, nnd 30 wounded, iounil it nectissuty to return wilhoui accomplishing any thing material. A great quantity of Fur had been accumulated by the French at Michilimakinau ; but ili'; Fict JS'ations had no etfRctually blocked up the passage between that [ilnce and Canada, ibat they hud re* d at Cata- raMuay, On approaching Onoiida£;a, thr Indians hearing of the forniidable power of the French, by a Seneka de-erter. thon^ht It (>rudeQt to retire, aJtc* settii.ii fire to their poor fort and lifitk 1eatta£;»s. All the French did here was to destroy a very exten- sive field of corn. The Chev. de Vaudreul was dispatched v ith 6, or 70<> men to destroy another field of corn, belonging to the Oneidas, at no great distance, which >va9 act<' mplished ; and these f^at?, with the capture --f 35 Oneidas who staid to welcome the f refich, in one of their little foils, were i»ll the atchieveinerts of this grand enterpHze. The fact was, the French eiperiencrd tb« insurmountable difficulty of sup,'0rting lo large an army in a wil- derness, and they were obliged 'o return to M§nlnalon the lOth oi Angust, wifhnut doing anything more. 1698 Count Frontenac died, aged 78 years. Charlbvoii speaks thus highly of liim. *' He retained all the firm- nesa, andall the vivacity q( his best yeais; and ditfd, as he had lived, beloved by most, esteemed by all, and with the elorpUf having, without scarcely any succoars from France, sustained and augmented a colony, 0()en and attacked on all tides, and which hcs had found on the point of ruin." M do Callicrs, succeeding the Count Prontenac as Governor of Canada, termitiated the di^iputes between the French, and the Five JVatiom, by agreeing to hare an exchange of prisoners at Onondaga Colpen says this fieace was esteemed by the Canadian 'as th^ s;reatesi blessing heaven crJS " VVhen the French Commissioners came t • Onondaga, Becanesorn met them without the jjate, and crimplifoented them ■with Ihrf^e strine;;^ of wampum, " By tht first he wiped away their tears for the Frtnrh, ivho had been shin in the i«ar; by the second he opened their mouths, that they mivht speak freely ; l)y the third he elenned the mat on which they were to sit, from the blood that had been spilt on both sides,'' ':'.■ ._„_ A lecent mi^lortune of the Canadians, in the los3 of a large and richly laden ship, proved eventually a signal benefit; for it compelU'd the colonists to raise hemp and tlax Mkh'ich, by permission of the French Court, they manufactured into Jinens and stuffs, lo the great advantage of the colony. This ship was called the 6'«i/je and was captured by the Engli-h. She was l)oua»! io Quebec, and bad on board the B>shop of I hat City, a great nuralier of ecclesinstit-s and layman o( large fortunes, wi'b a general cargo of (he estiinHted value if 1,000,000 Ihrcs- A plan was {ornitd by Lord Sundkrland, Secretary of Slate, for the subversion of the French power in Ca- 1699 gei 1709 ■f :M .... *ii>iX' iati^:';^ .. ^, Xjo 1710 1712 1714 1715 1727 mi ''•''■■'3 •»:v^S| Uada, Acadia, inti Newfoundland, by ^ ..... iuj\;e^ .jora ^ng;dU4i, and hei Colonies in Arneiica, but it was not carried into effect. Col Schuyler, impressed willi a dt»«p sense of ths oecesfiity for viporous measures against the Freoch* rnaie a voyage irom N Yurk to England on puipo?** to convince the ministry of the absolute nfces^ily of reducing;- Canada to the crown of Great Biitain. He was acconapauied by Five Indian Chiefs, who gave (heir assurances of fidelity to Qu-oi-n Anue and aolicited her assistance against Iheir corainon enemy, (he French. The a|>{)eai'aiice of these Sachems iii England eicitad much iof terest. The Merchiyits of Quebec raised 60,<*00 crowns for the purpose of rornj letiog the fortifications of that City. At this period Canada could rai^ie no more than 4484 men able to benr arms, from the ag* of 14 to 60; but she had. heside>, 28corQpaf.ics of marines, who were paid by the King of Fravice. aud these contained 627 soldiers, — (Charlevoix.) Ginsena was discovered in Canada Uiis year, by F||- tli^r Lasitan, a Jesuit. John Thoinai, a praying Indian of tke Mohawkt, who had been amongst the first converts to Christianity, and always e steady friend to the Eiigbsb, died this year at the ad- vanced age of 110 years 1749 Acadia, being ceded to Great Britain by the treaty of Aixla Ciiapelle, changed its name to Nova Scotia. Par- liament, aware of US importance resolved t0 colonize it forth* vrith, and Vi»te«l £40.000 in aid of that purpose. Advantageout terms being offered 3760 adventurers accepted tham, and settled at the bay of Chebuclo £ve4'y ssldierand teaman was allowed 60 acrc^ ; an Ensign 200 ; a Lieutenant, 300 ; a Captain , 460 j and every otficer «t higher rank, 600 acres ; together with 30 for •very sf.rvant They were furnished with instrumonts for fishing •nd agriculture, had thair passage free, and provisions found them Cor the first year after their arrival — (Utioett ) At this time the Militia of Canada amounted to lft,G00 men» the rp 1000 ; and the compahits of marines to 626, ^(hniv Hist. XL. 190) s ^^-g. Thisy»ar was remarkable for a terrible Eartfaquuko that was felit throughout a great part of America: iti motion was undulatory, tud it occasioned a great deal ef mis . chief in towns and viltaget. Its course was from the M. West to the S.East. ItseKtent upwards of 1000 miles, until it passed into the ocean in the direction of the West India Islands from the Che- Ml pea' -Bay. 1756 ^' ^^ MoVTCALM succeeded the B«roy Dieskau in tbo chief command of the French Forces in f anada. It was in this year, at the capture of Fort William ]Heiir/;|u»t tbii honicU lUAMacr* of m%ay hundred \it\' :;r / ■.■>. ■?, '4f*J»'.|V''»"^"#^''-'-i«"i' ;i^liBid British officrrd and soUlien, hy the Indians in the French iieWIcft, va« pej'milted by Montcalm and bis officers ; to »b*ir ttternal di^^race, and in dirr^ct violatirvn ot' a solemn compact — (For a shocking account of thit butchery see Carver's Travels.). At this period the whole colony of LouisitLua is &aid Ut have contained no ir'^'^e than 10.000 souls, whiles and negroes. — Mon^ freal contained about 6,0(i0 Inhabitants, 17S8 ^y ^''* acquisition «)f Fort William Henry, tha French had now full possession of the Lakes Chain plain nnd fitbrge J and, by (he destrudion of Oswego they had acquired the dominion of those other Lakes which conaect the St. Lawrenee with the waters of the Mississippi. I'he fir&t afforded the easiest adiflissio'i fiom the nortb^ra colonies into Cunada, or from Cana- da into thosa Colonies ; the last united Canadu to T.ouisiana- But 1b«» strong arm of Britain had nOt yet been put forth with all the energy of its power, guided by the wisdom and foresight of the immortal Chatham, who had baeu recently t'laced at the bead of a new administration, and it was aot long before the aspect of affairs was changed in his part of the woild. Adin. BoscAWKN arrived with a formidable fleet at Halifax %nfl Oen. Absrcrombie was shortly at the head of 60,000 men, the most powerful army, till then, ever seen in America Loui<&}trgA, aad the whole of Cape Breton ; Isia Royal ; St. John's, and their dependencies, wt^re speedily conquered and taken possession of by Boscawek &.Gen.AMHURST. Fort Fronte- liac; ou L. Ontario, which then possessed 60 pieces .>f eannon. 16 laortarj, a large number of small arms, and a va»t quantity of proviS4onf, military stores, anu merchandize, surrendered at dia- t*.retionto a force under Col. Bradstreet, who had been dispatched on this service by Gan. Abercrombie, from before Ticonderoga. ^I'ine armed vessels likewise fell into the hands of Col. Biadstreatf w'lio dest)-^yed both the Fort and the vessels, and .<)ncb stores aa hfe could not carry away. Fort du Quesnt was captured by Gen. Forbes^ who named it Pittsburg in complement to the popular minister. This was a memorable year for Canaba ; io whicli the va^t and daring project which had been so oftea formed, and abandoned, was at length carried into effect ; that of making an immediate, arxJ entire, Cokqucst of the Covktry by Gkkat Britain; which was accompliijhcd br the immortal Wolfi> and his brare Associates, in the Taking of Qvbbkc. We ciiu- not pretend to go into any detail uf this famous atchievemeni in a work lik ; this. Whilst the operations were parried on against Quebec, Sir Wm. Johnson secured the conquest of Upper Canada, by the Capture of rs'r agora, and the defeat of the entire French force in thai quarter, _ 1759 r^-*^. 3ry^^^ ■■'!; V .rt^^. y ■' ' ■ .' '. ^' 4" 97 ■^. Quebttc contftined, at the time of its c&pitulation about 1 C^OQfl^' fouls. — (Prccissur LJmerique) Gen. Wolfe, who expired in th0 9ims(>i victory, was •nly 33 yean of ege — He posseised those inilitMiy talents, which, with the advantage of yean and oppor- tunity of actions, '' to moderate his ardour, expand his faculliest and ^ive to his intuitive perfection and scientific knowledge tbf coireultipss of judgment perfected by ex[»crience," would have phiC'^d turn on a levr.i • ilh I he mo-t celebrated generals of any age cr nativ.'i.' After he had rac«'ived his oiorial wound, it wai wjl|i reluctance that he sutft^red himself to be conveyed into ibe rear.— , Leaning on (he shoulder of a Lieutenant, who Icnelt down to sup* purt tiim, be was seized with the agonies of death ; but, hearing the words " tkey rwM," he exrlaii^ed, '< Who nm ?" •* The French, r«j)litd his supporter, '< Then I die happy " said tho General, and expired. — A d' ath more gtoriou?, say* li«LsnAM is no wliere to be fousd in the annals of history, Mowtcalm was every way wor- thy to be a corapetitwr ol Wol/k, He had the truest military ge- nius of any officer, whom the Freneh had ever employed in Ane- ricm. After b« had received hi? mortal wound, he was carried into the city ; and when infornifd, thatii was mortal, his reply was, **■ I t.m glad 9f t7."— On being told, that he could lurvive, but a few liours, "'So much the belter," he replied, ^^ I shall nsHhm Hot to set the surrender of Qitebec." 1760 ^^*® ^*" *^^ Quebec did not produce the immediate sub- mission oi Canada After the battle on the Height.* of Abraham the French army retir«d to Montreal, — Thii army, the Gomuiandof wbicn devolved on iVI de Levi, still consisted often balialiorisof regulars, and it was. reinforced, after the action, by 6,000 Canadian Militia, and a body of Indians. With these forces an attempt was made ft»r the rf covery of Quebec ; but it was un- successful On the 8th of Saptember, Montreal Detroit, Michilh- niakmac, and all other places within the governiuent of Canada, were surrendered to his Britannic Majesty ; and, the destruction of an arn^ement, ordered out from France in aid of Canada, com- pleted tho annihilation of the French power on the continent of JVorth >mwrif,a. By the second article of the Treaty of FontainhleaUf Frawce rf.nounces and guarantees to Great Britain, all JVb- va Scotia and Acadie, and HkeioiseCAVAVk, the Isle of Cape Bre- ton, and all other Islands, in the Gulf and River »/ St, Lamrence."^ By the sBOic article it was sti|)ulated that the French in Canada may freely profesa the Roman Catholic Religion, as far as the laws of Great Britain permit ; that they mmy enjoy their civil rights, retire tohen they please, and may dispose of their Estates to British Sub" jecis. ;-;,:< A Proclamation >va3 issued by his Maj««ty the King of Qreat ^ritain^ ia the moiath of October, «leelario|( Ui« (rOT«ru»eiitof 1763 ' .'*■> iyiitti***-,- mm ,,,j ,'• 'So- * ^R^^i^^^^i^P *t■,■^ as |ttiilMc!ob« "hounded on tfu Labrador Coast by the River St. ^hn. and from thtnct by a line draum jroni lli head of (hoi nver JK^rough the Lake St John to Ik'isonih end of '.ake Mymiaa; i-^ . ftom vfhence the aaidlin^., crossing the river i.ifi mto f'le Jorth coast of ttit Bity of Chnkurs. and tht coast of tht. Ouif of .V^ Mwrence to Cape hosiers, and from thence crossing //jV nvniik )f $he river St. Lawtence by the west tw' of the island of dalxcosli, ur* minettesat the aforesaid river St. John. In testiracny of (he " Boyal prn?*? and npproha'ioii of ilu< con- duct uiid bfavery uf the Onficet's and soldippb of thr army iinJ to reward th« same,'' — the Gt>vernoi-9 were em/iov Tod ti> f.ajit lands, without fee or reward, to such rcdured Olfit«r;^ a; naj served in America din'ing the late war. and to sncii juivato scd* diers, as had been, or should bf?, dt>haii {cd ii AmRrica, and wore actually itsiduig there &.c &:c (set the P.ocL) To a Field Officer, - • - - 6n» to Acres, ' " a Ca|»tain, - . SOrtO '{>; a Suhaltern or Staff Officer. "iOlK). ' ^ aiN(jn roujoiissiotied Ofiictr, 200. -"!•► a Private, - • • 60 At this time Canada com »iucd upward.^ of 65,000 Inhabitants. «• (Stokes) The exports frooa Great BritaiN to Canada amouated this year to £8,623, 15s lid. It may be remarked that Canada and Halifax submitted to the famoud Stamp let whii^ii occtiiiotied ao much tur- moil in the Proviaces new constituting the United Stales. The Shawanese Indians, including mea, woBien, and children, we're reduced to 600. — (Jim Jinnals ) A^cominittee Oithe American Insurgents vrws appeint* ed to seduce the Canadians from their loyalty to the crown of Great Britain ; and ministers of the Gospel were em- ployed, as agents, for this abominable purpose. The form of the eirculara used on thi& occasion is preserved in the American Annals. «wMe The revelted Coioniei, by a Public Address, called on 1770 ^jj^ people of Canada to uaite with them. Gen. Schuy- 7l«r afterwards tells them toat he haa received positive or«ler9 from Congress " to clurtsh every Canadian" I \ ;;; The famous discomfiture of Movtoumkrt and Ar5ol$) in th«Ir 'fttackon Quebec, in which the lurmer lost his life, occurred late (November) this year. Early in the summer Canada was entirely frsed from IbejprMfiiM tC U)« Xaaurgem Are/ o^ iiie An«r)a\«{y >m-'^-t-'--<-fr . ■ ■■ - . , ■..■"«■:■.■ ,'-, . ■ ■■ ' 1765 oil in 2773 1774 ' 1' •»>-,i ¥».■-', I *e«<( •f.''- ■m ^ /■•) i d r- id ftm '^'M « ■•.",. ,• le /• 2' " ^ 18 m »r V. - te .Wk ■>$■;• ... '".5- '^^•ili 1780 iincler 6en, Arnold, who had continued the bloclrfid* of Qne^Mitf for soiiie tim»^. Thr 19th of May vras distinguislif d by tli« phenpni9n(lB uf a renaaikable darkness in the northern parts of Amt- rlca^ nnd is sti>l calind <' thi dark day" In most parts of tha cnuittry whare it pievailed,1he darkness was so great that personf i»erp unable to read common print, deternaine the tiwie of day i dine, or manag" their doniesitic business, vvilhout additi^nni light* It commenced between 10 and 11 A M. it appeared to grow by a succeiision of cl uls from the northward and Was most pitchj «boul 2 o'clock, F. M Ih^ Mem. of Amer Acad, say^, " Can- dle'< were lit^litcd uf> in thr houses; the birds, ijaTing sung their evening songs, di!«ap|)rared and became silent; the fowls retired to roost ; the cocks were crowing all around, as at daybreak; objrcti conid not bt^ distinguished hut at a vary little distance j and every th'ng bore the »i»j'«f.i'atice and gloom of night." 17«'^ The Province of Quebec contfiied by enunieratiorrj"^" 113.1HM> Inhabifan.i. Knpli«h and French ; exclusive of J0,0()0 Loyalists. »»ho had rpcetaly settled in the upper parts of the Province (Cell Hist S^c- VI 49.; ,»e^ Lord DuRCHESTBR (Sn Guy Carleton) arrived at Que- bec, with tlie Cotjjmiv?jiei7 Bunswick, and their de- pendencies and the Inland of NsHfound'^nd. .«g. By an Act of Pailiirmeiif, t);e Province of Quebec was divided into two .s«pa.n)e Frt»vince.s, to be called, ''The Provihces of Upper and LoWKR i'anada On ths occasion a "•ery inte'cstiig debate • lok place inlhe Houe of Commons: — Mr Pitt said it appeared to his vlajesty's Ministers, ^r5/ that the ©nly way of consulting the interest of the internal siturttion of tho Froxinre of Qaebf'C, artd"5H*ndering it profitable to Great Bri- tain, wastouive it a LcgislatllTBT as nrn" as circumstances would admit, according to thn priBcipItf^'of the British Constitution. In the next place, it appeared to thirm that liidr v)as no probtibiUiy of ftconciling the jarring imcrsfils and opjm'sitf views of the inhabiUtnis, bvf by giving them iuo Legislahirfs h was conceived this form of Government aasbe^t adf»|«ted to put an end to all the difficulties «»f a legal sort, and to render tlip n-gulalion? mot'c useful to the subjects of thai country /7e hdicved there was such a rooted op^ position of inttrcts of one description amj the o//icr, that tf there was a Constitution, coiisistin;; of a Hon.se of Assembly, in which the parties might be nearly halanced, the consequence, at least fof a long series of years, would \>^. a great dtgree of animosity, and a grea! degree of confusion. It seemed 'o his Majesty's servants the most desirable thing, if they cou'd not i;ive '•ati.Htatition to aH descriptions of ti.en. to divide the Province, and to contrive that one diTisioa should coMiety as mucb as postibla of ihoM> %f \::: ..'td-^.-y :■'">,- •'>■>' ■ h' f-' >';■■ • )• •/' 40 <•%."•' <•• 1»bo wtr« well inclined tnvrardi tha English Lawi, end that the othAr nart sliould consist ot' a deuiiJed |>re|inrid(*rHriry of Ihe ancient inhabitants, who ntv attnched to the French Laws. ll \va« ill Upper-CanodH particnlarly that they were to eif)ect a threat ^nddition of English inhabitanlA. The oAnsequence was, that fit was not divided Troin the rest, the Cunadinm tnrming a in&jop- Ity of five to one, the grievance wwuld be every ^ear inoreMHing, in proportion as the popiilution incren^ed. It >«as inienritd to give a fru Comlitution to rannija, according to British ideas of Freedom This«could not be done without a division of the Pro- vinces, to prevent the cla.«hing of opposite interests, which must o> therwiee necessarily ensue. Many oftbediitlcultif!! and serious inconvenirnnes, c.en at that time foreseen by Mr. Fox — as likely to arise from this division •f interests it) theCAMADAs, havirtg been actunlly experienced, (to 8uch a degree b^ to render necesi^aiy an appaoi to the Imperial Pariianieut, on the part oT Upper-Canada.) It is no\f proposed, (1822) to re-unite the Provinces under one Legislature, and, it is expected, that this important question will be finally Jetermined in tht next Session of the Briti&b Farliamant. ■V Yorkf Upper Canada. Jiovwiber I, 1822. '^i*^' * ■ W ^ '^> I » ''. ■•* ,^.-T- .f • w - ,*•■•, ' \» ■% '" ' * "y #■-'-, . •'- ■1^ ■.'•- *^; ''*:■■-■■" . r" •>.. ■ :^.' .«v ;£-' • , :«■.-■ ,;:f_ ;■■;. r<' ' »-'