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HOYES PANTON, M.A., F.G.S., Professor of Natural History and Geology, in the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph. lanlion, ©nt. : London Pointing & Lithograi'HING Co. 1895. gggggg^gQ)5^a5S5]S5a5[35S5S5i555S5535^ /■; INSECT FOES, AM) HOW vo \)i:s'[R()\ rHr:M. (L^tonomit (L^utomoloqn. i;v J. IIOYHS rAXTOX, M.A., i-(;s. froftSSiV of iVa/iirai Hii^'ivy and Gi'ol(\^y, in tlh- (hitai io A^riciilhiral Collt';^i , (rUt'!/'/i. Uonliaii, <I?nt. : LoMJUN I'kin iiM, I'v LniUK.iiiAi'iiiNi . Co. 1S05. S G q ri P3 PRKFACE. This book has been written for the i)uri)ose of supi)]ying Teachers in rural schools with facts relating to Economic iMitomoIogy. The writer believes that if the last hour on Friday were spent in giving a talk ujion this subject, during a portion of the summer term, and the pupils encouraged to make a collection of the beneficial and injurious insects in the section, they would very soon have a fair knowledge of the subject, and the school jjos- sess a good collection of insects. The first edition of his Geology, written a year ago, to furnish facts bearing upon the composition, origin and formation of the rocks in Ontario, being almost all sold, has encouraged him to try and also make simple and attractive the teachings of Entomology— a study of much importance to the gardener, the fruit-grower, and the farmer. If agricultural science were taught in our rural schools, one hour a week, as recom- mended by the writer, tlierc is no doubt a good knowledge would be obtained of science, us it is related to the work upon the farm, and we would soon liave in our rural districts mapy observers of nature ; many eager and intelligent readers of ngricultural science ; a stronger attachment to the farm, where nature is so largely revealed ; and in every school a museum illustrating the geology, botany and entomolo.iy of the district. J. HovKs Pan roN. ( lUKl.l'll, Maicli 1 1 , 1895. i]srDE:x. I\>,l'( IS Imiikioc Ajf,ifin,o ihc. Apple— Horers .... Cecropiaii Moth Tent Catorpillai- 'I'ussdck Moth Co(lliiij4 Moih CanUerworni I'all Webworin Vellow-neckcd (.'ater pillar lUul Molh IMant-lice l!aik-lice AffL<tiii;^- /hi Phtiii — Ciiiculio ... rium Sphinx ... Tclea Moth - Kcd-huiuped CatL'ipillar IMuni Scale - - - Affc'it/iii^- the Peach and Pear — Peach Horer - - . i'ear-tree Slut; Pear-tree Psylla Affcctin^^ the Che} ry — May Beetle . - - . lo Moth ... - Prfjmeihea Moth - (1 11 IK 0K( HARD. Paj. ;es. 40-42 - 49.50 51. 52 - 52 5J. 54 ■ 55. 56 5>*^ - 61 62 -65. 66 66 - 34 ■36 44 - 50 62 - 71 59. 60 - 27, 2S 70 - 3« 48 - 48 H. IM>K\. I.NsF.t rs Inji'kioj's ro thk IIardk .llfiutini,' Celery, Tcinato, ele.— (Vlery Caterpillar Tojiiato Worm - - - . _ Potato HcL'ilc Onion Fly -.--.. Cucunihcr Hectle Sijuash \\\\^ ■-.... Currant Worm Ajft'itiiii:; I he Cabhai^e — Cutworms - Cabbage Worm Cabbage Maggot .... Affeitiiig Ihe Slraicherry am/ A'asf/nny— NN'hite Orub ...... Strawberry Slug - . - . . Raspberry Slug - - - . . Raspberry liorer - - - . . Tree Cricket .IffectiniT the (]rnpe — Crape lieetle - . . - . Rose Hug ---.... CoUlsmith Ik'etle - - - . . I'elidnota Heetle CJrape Sphinx \'ellow Woolly Ik'ar InsKCTS iNIirRlOUS TO THE I'lKI.D. White drub ---._. Turnip Heetle - - I'ea Weevil Wire worms .... N. Pages. 45 30 77 31. 32 . 64 26 - 4^^-48 54 - 76 38 28 28 60 83 32 39. 40 43 42 ■ 45> 4^^ 61 38 29, 30 -> -» 36, 38 INDKX. Ill Inskcts Iniukious ro iiik I'IEI.k. (Continued, t Clover Ilorcr --.---- 42 drain Weevil ------ 4^ Army Worm . - . . . - 1^0 Wheal Mid^e 72 Clover Midge 74 Hessian My 7.?, 74 Crane- Fly - • - - - - " 79» ^»o Locust ...... ^ Si Inskcis iNiiiRions 10 DoMKsiK Ammais. Co f tic, etc. — Lice ....... 67-08, .^i liols, Ticks 7S-S0 Ilorn-l'ly - - - - - - • 7; ' CHAPTER I. The Importance: of Economic ExroMOLO(;v. The study of insects in relation to man has of late years commanded much attention, and is usually referred to as Economic Entomol- ogy. While there are some insects beneficial to man, there are many injurious. Some destroy his food, some injure his clothing, and others attack the animals that are of use to him. Nearly loo species have been found jireying ui)on his grain and forage crops ; upwards of 40 upon his vegetables ; 50 upon the grape ; 75 upon the apple. The pine has 125 species as enemies ; the oak, 300 ; the elm, 80 ; the hickory, 170 ; the maple, 75; the beech, 150; while the unfor- tunate willow battles against 400 insect foes. The following statistics show what an im- mense loss is sustained by man from insects : — 1854— The United States lost $[5,000,000 by the wheat midge. 1 85 7— Canada lost $8,000,000 by the wheat midge. 1864 — The United States lost $73,000,000 by the chinch-bus. 2 ECONOMIC i;n rOMOI.OC.V. 1870 — New York State lost $5,000,000 by the cabbage worm. 1873 — The Southern States lost $25,000,000 by the cotton worm. 1874 — The United States lost $356,000,000 by the grasshopper. 1884 — Canada lost $500,000 by the clover midge. The average loss of the United States from insects during 1884 is calculated to liave been $400,000,000, and for 1891, $300,000,000. With such figures before us, in most cases under the mark, we must conclude that the study of a subject that will enable us to lessen this loss is of great im])ortance. Many of our injurious insects have been imported, and with us seem to become more destructive tlian in the country from which they came. This may be accounted for by their having fewer enemies to prey ui)on them, such as parasitic insects and birds, and also that wider areas are found here for their feed- ing ground^. Before giving a description of the insects that are injurious to the products of the garden, orchard and field, let us consider what the general nature of an insect is, and the groups into which they have been classified. CHAPTER II. Thk Parts of an Inskct. An insect may be described as having three well-marked divisions: h(^ad, thorax, and abdo- men; one pair of antennas (feelers), three pairs of legs, usually two pairs of wings; respiration by means of tube-like structures (tracheie), simple and compound eyes and jointed limbs. Most insects undergo metamorphosis — that is, pass through a series of well-marked changes in their development froni the egg to the adult condition. I'he following shows the place of the insect in the animal kingdom : — Kingdom, Sub-kingdom, Class, Sub-class, Animal. Arthropoda. Insecta. Hexapoda, The Arthropoda embraces two classes : Crustacea, represented by crabs, lobsters, etc., and Insecta. The Insecta contains three sub- classes: Myriapoda, centipedes and millepedes : Arac/inida, spiders and scorpions ; hexapoda. the true insects. From this it will be observed that spiders are not true insects ; they have four pairs of legs 4 F.coMtMic KN :omoi.<k;v. and oilier characters which place them in another division. Among insects we find two typical mouths: the masticatory or biting, characteristic of beetles and the larv;u of many insects; and the suctorial or sucking, represented in buttertiies and plant-lice. A knowledge of these facts becomes of importance in the application of in- secticides. Insects with masticatory mouths can be readily poisoned by applying some poison, such as Paris green, to their food ; but those possessing a suctorial mouth must be treated with a subs'-ance that kills by contact and not by being introduced into the digestive system. Such insecticides as Kerosene Emu.siofi and Pyrethrum powder are suitable for this mode of treatment. Thus, by knowing the nature of the mouths, we are able to suggest what substance is likely to be effective in destroying insects. Head. — The head of an insect consists of several parts, the most important of which are those that enter into the comi)osition of the mouth, viz. : /abrum, ov ui)i)erlip; ma7idibles, or upi)er jaws ; maxilUc, or lower jaws ; and labium, or under lij). In a masticatory mouth the mandibles and maxilla' are highly developed. I ECONOMK F.N rO\I(1I.(1(;Y, in while ill a suctorial the maxilhi; largely consti- tute the sucking apparatus. Upon the head are borne the anfefuue or feelers, and the eyes. T/iorax. — The thorax consists of three seg- ments — ^usually distinct, but in some united. The first ( prothorax) has a pair of legs ; the second ( niesot/iorax ), a pair of legs and a pair of wings ; the third ( tnetat/iorax ), also a i)air of legs and, in most cases, a jiair of wings. 'I'he Diptera (flies, etc.) have only one i)air of wings. In the absence of a second pair, we sometimes find them represented by the so- called ''balancers,'' structures resembling knobbed antennae. The wings consist of two layers, between which are the structures known as veins or nerves, and certain vessels (trac/iece) connected with respiration. In the beetles, we find the first pair of wings much thickened. The legs in insects consist of 6 to 9 segments, modified according to the nature and habit of the insect. Abdomen. — This contains to 1 1 segments; the last in some females is modified into an a[)paratus (ovipositor) used in depositing eggs. The digestive system in insects is quite com- plicated, possessing several well-defined organs. O K(r)Nn.MI( KNlnMOIocv. sucli as gizzard, siomach, small and Lirge intes- tines. 'I'lic iii:ii/atory system varies much ; it has no regular and definite course, as in higher animals. The heart is a long, contractile vessel, situated near the hack, and consists of numerous cavi- ties (usually eight) opening into one another by valves; the blood moves in the direction of the head, and passes from the heart to ch'fferent parts of the body, into small si)aces in the tis- sues, from which it is returned to the last cavity of the heart, and proceeds towards the head, and thus the circulation is kept up. The blood is usually colorless or tinged with green. The respiratory system consists ol a series of tubes (trachciC) in the body, and from these branches rise, so that the air is conveyed to different parts, 'i'ht'se lubes are brought iiUvj relation with the outside air by small oi)enings (spirac/ecj, usually situated aU^ng the sides: two m each segment, one on each side. in some aquatic insects the spiracles open under the wings, while in maggots they are at the posterior end of the body. In all likelihood the wings assist in resjjiration, for we fuid E'.ONOMIC KNTOMOI.ncV. 7 irachcM' placed along some of the veins between tlie niemhranes of the wings. The nervous system consists of a chain of nerve centres (i^afii^Ila) located on the lower side of each segment and unired by a series of double cords. With this system the organs of taste, smell, touch, sight and hearing are asso- ciated. The sense of smell is connected with the antenna', in which nerves are found and certain pits known to assist i'. 'V\\<i sense of taste seems to be connected with the under jjart of the mouth. 'I he sense of t(juch is associated with the hairs upon the antenna', i)alpi, legs, and even the body. The sense of sight is located in the eyes, two kinds of which are found in many insects: simple and compound. The simi)le eyes are usually three in number ; the compound, two, made uj) of many divisions called facets. Some biuteitlies have 30,000 facets in one eye. The sense of hearing in grasshopi)ers is located just behind the first abdominal spiracle ; in the locusts it is located in the fore legs. Grasshoppers produce sound l)y rubbing their legs over tlie wings ; locusts rub the wings upon each other. 8 ECONOMIC KNTOMOI.OC.Y. The muscular system is internal, being located within the limbs, while in higher animals it is external. Most insects lay eggs, but some produce living young, and ?>on\e J) u pee. '^he develojiment of an insect is represented by four stages — ^^i,';^,'-, larva, pupa, imago. The larva (larva, a mask) is frequently without external organs and has a biting mouth; hence, is a great feeder and usually very destruc- tive to vegeta.tion, 'I'he larval condition con- tinues from two to six weeks in most ; but there are some in which it is more than a year, e. g., the wire-worm, white grub, and some "borers." Pupa (pupa, a doll). This is generally a resting condition, which, in summer, usually lasts but a short time (al)out two weeks) ; but if entered in autumn, continues till the next ^^l^ring. The term chrysalis (chrysos., gold) is often applied to this stage in buttertiies, be- cause in some it is dotted with golden spots. In most moths a cocoon is woven around the \m\)[.\. Nymph is applied to the young of such as do not undergo complete metamorphosis in development ; in such the young are much the same in appearance as the adult, but smaller, and usually wingless; e.g., grasshoppers, bugs, etc. FCOXOMIC Kr«f lOMOI.OCY. Q Ima^^o (imago, an image). This term is applied to the i)erfect insect, which is often harmless, as far as feeding upon vegetation is concerned. The following names show some of the common terms api)lied to these stages in some orders of insects : — Larva, l>Lipa Imago. Borer, grub, „ Beetle. Maggot, „ Fly. Caterpillar or worm, Cocoon, .... Moth. " M Chrysalis, . . , Butterfly, ^^'ymph, Nymph, . . . Grasshopper. CHAPTKR III. Cl-ASSIIR'ATFON OK InsKCI'S. For convenience in study, insects are divided into seven orders, the classitication being based upon the nature of the wings. The number and arrangement of tiie veins in insects is of great importance in grouping tiien^' into families and orders. 1. Hymenoptera (hymen, a membrane; pteron, a wing). The insects in this order undergo complete metamorphosis ; the mouth is partly masti- catory and partly suctorial ; the wings are membraneous. In this group we find the arch- itects, manufacturers, and guards of the insect world, e.i^.s, bees, wasi)s, ants, saw-flies, and ichneumons. Some have stings as organs of defence (bees), some pierce with an ovipositor other insects (ichneumons), and some use the ovipositor for piercing leaves, so as to secure a proper place for their eggs (saw-flies). 2. Coleoptera (ko/cos, a sheath ; pteron, a wing). This order is a very large one. The meta- morphosis is complete ; the first pair of wings is K( ONOMK KMO.MOI.OCV. II much thickened, while the second is fdmy, and all have u maslicatory mouth, e.^^., beetles. 3- Diptera f(//s, twice : ptcron, a wing). In this order there is only one i)air of wings. and comi)lete metamorphosis occurs. The mouth is suctorial. As many in the larval condition (maizgots) feed u.u^n decaying substances, they have been called the scaven- gers of nature. This order includes Hies, gnats, Ik-as, and mos(juitoes. 4- Lepidoptera (lepis, a scale ; pteron, a wing). The insecis in "this groiij) have suctorial mouths, wings covered with scales, and under- go complete metamor|)hosis, the larva, pupa and imago l)eing very marked. The moths and butterflies belong to this group, which is one of the largest among insects. Moths usually have feathered antenna', wings horizontal during rest, pupa generally covered with a cocoon oval in outline, and are most active at night, while butterflies have knobbed antcnmx^, wings erect during rest, pupa naked and angular, and are most active during the day. The larva' in this order are termed caterpillars. KCONfniK !• NIOMOI OCV. 5. Neuroptera (neuron, a nerve ; ptcroiiy a wing). This division incliuJcs a great variety of forms, wliicii by some are considered sufficiently mark- ed to be i)Iaced in separate orders. So widely different are some of the forms here, that tins division has l)een broken up into eight distinct orders. In some metamorphosis is complete, while in others it is incomplete (that is, the different stages in develo])ment are not well- marked). The wings are very full of veins ; more so than among the Hymenoptera. The moutli is masticatory. Dragon - tlies, May -Hies, white ants, lace- winged tlies, and bird-lice belong to this divi- sion. 6. Hemiptera {hcmi, half; pteron, a wing). Here metamorphosis is only i)artial, the larva and pupa resembling the imago, but wing- less and smaller ; the mouth is suctorial. The' lower part of the front wings in many is much more membraneous than the upper. This order embraces plant-lice, true lice, and bugs. 7. Orthoptera (ort/ios, straight ; pteron, a wing). The first pair of wings are stright, narrow, and KCONOMK KMO.\|(i|,()(,\. 13 tliickcned, wliilc llio second, folded like a fan, are membranous ; metamorphosis is partial, and mouth masticatory. The grassl.oppers, locusts, crickets and cockroaches belong to this group. The orders 1, 2, 4 have always remained the same in classifications adopted from time to tmie; 3,6, 7 have been modified very little; but 5 has been much divided. Latterly it has been, as already remarked, divided into eight orders, so that in the most recent classifications we find lO orders instead of seven, and some entomologist ^avor a cla.ssijication containing 19 orders. The following are popular methods of classi- fying insects : — • . ((?) According to their usefulness. Beuefiaal.~'X\s,i bee (honey) ; silkworm (silk); cochineal (dye); ichneumon (feeds on injurious insects). iV^AvW/y.— Those affecting the products of the tield (midges, etc.); the garden (cut- worms, etc.); the orchard (borers, etc.). Neutj-al.—^\\c\\ as are neither injurious nor beneficial. {b) According to their mode of injury. External feeders, such as caterpillars, etc. • Internal " " borers, etc. •'rv^'* •/-=?•<., . ^4 K( i-JNOMic f-:momoi,0(;y. Underground feeders, such as cutworms. Granary pests, such as pea-weevil, etc. Household pests, such as flies, etc. Parasites upon domestic animals, lice. etc. c. CHAPTHR IV. Hexeficiai, J]irds and Insects. In the study of Economic Entomology, it is essential that we know something about insec- tivorous birds, especially such as feed upon injurious insects, as well as to have a knowledge of beneficial and injurious insects. Many investigations have been carried on to learn what insectivorous birds are useful in assisting man to keej) in check his insect foes. Thousands of birds have been shot, and the contents of their stomachs examined, so as to ascertain with accuracy if the insects ealen were injurious. In some cases as many bene- ficial insects were devoured as those harmful. The result of careful examination into the subject has been to consider the birds named ill the following list as benefactors to the farmer, the fruit grower, and the gardener, and should, as far as possible, be protected and permitted to increase in number: King bird, pewee, night-hawk, swallow, whip- poor-will, American redstart, yellow-billed cuckoo, blue bird, white-bellied nuthatch, red- headed woodpecker, high-holder, hairy wood- i6 ECONO.MK KN J0M01.O(;v. pecker, downy woodpecker, golden warbler, red-eyed greenlet, yellow-throated greenlet," Wilson's thrush, brown thrush, cat bird, red- winged blackbird, crow blackbird, oriole meadow lark, indigo bird, song sparrow, grass hnch, chipping sparrow, chewink, purple finch, snow-bird, American goldfinch, horned lark! wren, chickaoee, golden-crowned kinglet, ruby- crowned kinglet, and American creeper. Among the most beneficial insects we find the following in the different orders : — Order /:'///^n^— Syrphus fly, Tachina fly. O. C^/^^//,v-,z.— Cicindela (tiger beetles),Cal- osoma, Harpalus (ground beetles), Coccinella (lady-birds). O. //^w///m?. — Reduvius, Anna (soldier bugs). aA>//;-^//^;7?.—Chrysopa (lace-winged flies). 0. Hymenoptera.~NQ^)2. (wasps), Chrysis (cuckoo flies), Ichneumons. ' ' 'l^he above insects are of great importance in keeping the injurious insects upon which they prey in check. The ichneumons are most valu- able in this respect. They are very numerous, and prey on many injurious insects, bv deposit- ing eggs in the larval forms. These eggs give rise to larval ichneumons that feed upon tiieir ( ECONOMIC ENl'OMOI.OdV. 17 host, which finally dies. About this time the ichneumons are developed, and escape as perfect insects. The lady-birds are destroyers of plant-lice; ground beetles prey on the potato beetle and several caterpillars, and the tiger beetles are great devourers of several species of insects. CHAPJ^ER V. Methods Adopted to Destroy Insects. Among the most important methods followed to overcome injurious insects are the following : T. Use of insecticides, such as Paris green and kerosene emulsion, 2. Poisonous gcis, generated in tents placed over shrubs and trees affected by scale insects, etc. 3. Entrapping the insects, such as codling moth and cankerworm. 4. Using barriers to check the progress of injurious forms, such as chinch-bug° army- worm, etc. 5. Protection of insectivorous birds and bene- ficial insects. 6. Using parasites, which cause insects to become diseased, such as certain bacteria that are scatterd among those to be destroyed. 7- Agricultural remedies, such as rotation of crops, varying the time of sowing, using good seed, using fertilizers, cleanliness in fields, drain- age, fall-ploughing, and summer-fallowing. In the study of Economic Entomology, it is of great importance lo make a collection. Most KCONOMlc KMOMOI.ocv. 19 collectors are satisfied to secure specimens of the imago ; but if it is desired to study them from an economic standpoint, specimens of the different stages in an insect's life should be secured. If injurious forms are to be con- sidered, it is of more importance to know the larva than the imago. The writer would, there- fore, recommend teachers who are interesting their pupils in entomology, to encourage them to collect eggs, larva, pupa, and imago of the injuri- ous forms. About sixty species would embrace most of our common insect enemies. Such a collection would be very instructive to the pupils, by showing the different stages in insect hfe. With these might be associated the most i)eneficial insects, the whole forming a very complete series of specimens, suitable for ob- taining a practical knowledge of insects. For information regarding how to collect, kill and mount insects, we would recommend " Entomology for Beginners," by A. S. Packard, and published by Henry Holt ^i Co., New York.' Square bottles, with neck turned ui) like the letter J, are very convenient for holding larvie. Shai)ed in this way, there is no fear of the pre- serving-fluid getting out. We find many larvae are readily kept in alcohol, diluted with about 20 ElONOMK f'.N lOMOI.OGV. one-third water. The above bottles (size, Yo oz.) can be obtained from Whitall, Tatiim <S: Co., 41 Broad street. Boston, at 40 cents a dozen. Pins and other entomoh)gical supplies can be obtained from W. E. Saunders, London, Ont. Insecticides are compounds or mixtures used to destroy insects injurious to vegetation. Paris Green. — (Arsenite of copper, contain- ing 50-60 ))er cent, of arsenic.) This is applied dry or in solution. In the dry form, it should be mixed with 50 to 100 parts of plaster, wood- ashes, flour, or air-slacked lime, and dusted upon the affected plants. The form in solution is usually I lb. of Paris green to 200 gals, of water ; but if the foliage is tender, 250 to 300 gals, of water may be used. This is the usual strength applied upon the plum and peach. As the green powder does not dissolve, it requires to be kept thoroughly mixed by constant stir- ring. One pound of lime to every 100 gallons will prevent injury to the foliage. The Paris green should be first made into a thin paste, in a small quantity of water, and then added to the full amount of water. London Purple. — This is an arsenite of lime, obtained as a by-product in manufacturing dyes. It is largely used instead of Paris green ; but ECONOMIC KMO.MOI.OCV. 21 being more soluble in water, it is not apt to injure the foliage, and, besides, its composition varies considerably, so that when used it is not likely to give as uniform results as Paris green. These arsenites are excellent against all leaf- eating insects. Kerosene Emulsion. —This is a mixture of coal oil and water. • (i) Riley- Hubbani Emulsion.— Consi^l^ of half-pound of hard soap in one gallon of water. Boil till dissolved, and then add two gallons of coal oil, and mix thoroughly for about live minutes. When i)roperly mixed, it will adhere to glass without oiliness. This can be done by forcing it through the nozzle of a force-pump repeatedly until the mixture appears complete. It will then form a creamy mass, which thickens into a jelly-hke substance on cooling. In using, dilute with nine parts of soft water. This form is very commonly used and is easily prepared. If the foliage is very tender, the emulsion must be more dilute, 15-20 parts water. Whale-oil soap is better than the common hard soap, esj)ecially if the emulsion is to be kept for some time. Soft soai) may be used instead of hard, using one quart, Where the water is very /lan/, sour milk may be taken ; in 22 KCONOXf [(■ KNTOMOr.OC V. that case yoi, require only to mix the coal oil ^two gallons) and milk (one gallon) to get the emulsion, the soa|. not being reqt.ired. This emulsion is liable to spoil if kept long Kerosene em.,lsi„n is a most s.iccessful remedy lor plant-hce and scale insects. mMn,re.~0\na\n^<i from the powdered , ro'Hs „t a plant (Veratrum alhnm). May be applied dry or as a liquid. One ounce to three ■ gallons 01 water. Excellent against currant worm and cherry slug. jyref/rrum. - Made from the powdered Slower, of the genus pyrethrum, a plant of the ■sunllou-er family. It should be fresh, an^ iK^nce should be kept in closed vessels Used ^'^ dry form : one part pyrethrum, five to ei-ht P^ins fiour ,; or liquid: one ounce m three gallons water. A good remedy for cabbage worm Carl^o/u- Acid Enmision.-On^ part carbolic acid to hve or seven parts of a solution con- I'lst.ng of one quart soft soap, or one pound i^^rd, m two gallons water. This, applied to affected trees, destroys bark-lice and the borers It should be well rubbed upon the parts attacked. Carbolized Plaster.-\ mixture of carbolic acid and land-plaster: one pint of the former KCONOMK KN ro.\ioi,0(;v. 23 and fifty pounds of the latter. A remedv auainst flea-beetles. Tobacco. — The refuse from cigar manufac- tories answers the puri)ose. Take one pound of tobacco to three gallons of water, boil thirty minutes. Add water to make the three gallons, and it is ready for use. This is excellent to destroy plant-lice. Alkaline Wash. — A strong solution of wash- ing soda, mixed with soft soap until about as thick as paint. Ai)plied to the trunk of trees, destroys the borers, and gives a healthy, vigorous tone to the tree. Carbon Bisulp/iide. — This colorless liquid is a most effectual remedy to get rid of insects in granaries, but great care requires to be taken, as it is very inflammable and explosive, and may lead to serious results if any fire is brought near ; even a cigar or pipe, used where the vapor is being evolved, may prove disastrous. It readily volatilizes : the vapor is heavier than air, and is deadly to insect life. In using it, the liquid may be placed in a small shallow vessel and put on the top of the grain, in bins or barrels. 'I'hese are covered so as to keej) in the vapor, which sinks down through the grain, destroying insect life wherever it comes in con- 24 KCONOMK KNTOMOI.OCY. tact with it. After tlie operation is over, the grain will lose all odor in a short time, if exposed to the air. Some prefer taking a wad of cotton or tow, saturating it with the liquid, then plung- ing it into the middle of the bin and leaving it. 'IVo or three bunches, thus placed among the grain, will soon kill all such pests as are found in it. One ounce is about sufficient for two bushels of grain. In giving the remedies referred to in the following pages, wherever Paris green is mentioned, and no propc.tions named, it is understood to be the common formula : One ])Ound of Paris green to 200 gallons of water. This also is the case where hellebore and })yrethrum are recommended. It is considered unnecessary to repeat the remark in each case, that where the vigor of plants can be increased by the use of fertilizers, it is well to use them. A strong, healthy plant is always in a much better condition to withstand the attack of insects than a weakly one. Thorough cultivation and cleanliness are always to be followed as far as possible ; a want of the latter in many cases leaves sheltering places for Injurious insects, which are enabled to winter favorably and be- come a trouble the following season. Whereas , KCONOMIC KNTOMOI.OCV. 25 if weeds, etc., were not allowed to grow, no hiding places would be fiirnised, and many would perish from exposure. In nearly all cases, Paris green is an effectual remedy against insects that feed by chewing ; but in cases where its application might effect the fruit, some other remedy must be adopted. Kerosene emulsion is also a most successful general remedy when applied upon insects that feed by sucking the juices of plants, such as plant-iice. We thus have two insecticides which cover almost every case, and are no longer required to learn a diff^erent remedy for each pest, as was necessary not many years ago. The application of insecticides has also been made comparatively easy by the invention of spraying machines, which are rapidly becoming an important factor in gardening and fruit growing. CFIAPTKR \'r. Injurious Ixsecis i\ riir. Okdp'.k Hymknopikka. There are not many injurious inserts in this order; the principal being what are known as saw-llies, so-called because some of them are supplied with an ovipositor, with which they can bore into leaves and de|)0sit their eggs. Currant Worm ( Nematus ribesii). This insect is very troublesome upon currant and gooseberry bushes. It lay? its e}:^i:;s early in the spring, on the under side of the leaves, in rows along the veins.. These hatch in about ten days, and the young worms appear. The larva^ when full-grown, is about three-quarters of an inch in length, of a greenish color, spotted with dark spots, and has many legs. It spins a brown cocoon, of pa|)er-like texture, which is found sometimes on the ground among the dried leaves, or on the bush, attached to the stems or leaves. This represents \.\\q pupa con- dition. The i/Hiii^o ai)pears' in about two weeks after the pupa stage has beep, entered. The male is much smaller than the female, the body K(n\0\nc F.\ lOMdl o,;^• 27 black, with some yellow spots above, while in the feiihile the body is mouly yellow, iioth have four memhranoiis wings. A second brood is of common occurrence. RKMICDIKS. f. Hellebore, one ounce in three gallons of water, h may also be applied as a dry powder, mixing it with three or four parts Hour. 2. Pans green for the first brood, but care must be taken not to c )ntinue this if the fruit ikely to be affected. ap-Tree Slug ^AV-/^,-,? ////,, crras/). 'I'he^i.x^' are laid about June, in semi-circular incisions made through the skin of the leaf by the insect's ovipositor. 'I'he /an'a is about one-half inch in length, and is thicker towards the head, of a sonie- what greein'shblack color, and slimv. It has many legs, and gives off a disgusting odor. The J>u/>a is in the ground, two or three inches below the surface, in an oval cavity. This con- dition lasts two weeks. The /ma^o-a is a small, four-winged black tly, about one-fifth ofan inch long. There are usually two broods. This insect may be found attack- ng the i)ear, plum, and cherry. 28 ECONOMIC ENTOMOI.OC.Y. REMEDIES. 1. Spraying with Paris green, hellebore, or ])yrelhrum, in the common proportions. 2. Fresh-slacked lime, dusted upon the trees. Raspberry Slug* {Seiandria mbi). The eggs of this saw fly are ali-o deposited beneath the skin of the leaf. The larva is dark greenish, covered with transverse rows of white spines, and about half an inch long. The pttpa is in the ground. The imago is a small, four-winged black fly, which lays its eggs in the leaves of the raspberry. REMEDY. I. Spray hellebore, one ounce to four gallons of water. StrawberPy Slugf {Emphytus maculatus). The eggs are deposited in the leaf or stem. The larva is pale green, about three-fourths of an inch long. It enters the ground and becomes a pupa, from which the imago emerges as a small, black, four-winged fly, with two rows of distinct white spots on the body. REMEDIES. 1. Pyreth*-um powder,dusted upon the plants. 2. Paris green, if another brood appears after the fruit is gathered. > or ees. ted irk ite pa iy, IIS n. d 'S s CHAPTER VII. Injurious Insects in the Order coleoptera. This is one of the largest orders among insects, and in it are many injurious to vegeta''- tion. The stages m development are well- marked. Turnip Beetle (Phyllotreta vittata). The eggs are laid upon the roots of the tur- nip. The larva is about one-fourth inch long, and feeds, to some extent, upon the roots. It passes ihe pupa stage in the ground. The imago is a small, shining black beetle, with a yellowish, wavy stripe on each wing- cover, and is only about one-tenth inch long. It feeds upon the leaves, not only of the turnip', but, also, of the cabbage and radish; sometimes' doing much damage. It passes the winter be- neath clods of earth, etc., and in spring attacks plants of the criidferce order. It cannot do much harm after the fourth leaf comes upon the turnips. Several broods may appear in the season. ^o KCONOMIC KNTOMOI.OC.Y. RtMEDIES. 1. Paris green, mixed vviih twenty-five parts flour, or 50 plaster, by weight, dusted on the plants while the dew is on. 2. Some claim that if the seed is soaked in coal oil, and dried with lime, it will be success- ful in keeping the beetle away. 3. Coal oil mixed with sand and scattered on the plants. 4. Tobacco powder, dusted on tiie plants, gives good results ; or, Tobacco solution, one ])ound to two gallons water. Potato Beetle {Doryphora decem-Hncata). Tlie deep orange-colored egi:;s of this insect are laid in clusters {30-60) on the underside of the leaves, and hatch in a week. The larva is a voracious feeder ; when fully developed, it l)asses into the ground, where the pupa stage coniinues for ten days. . The imago (about half an inch long, and oval in outline) has five black stripes on each wing- cover, the general color being a yellowish- brown. One female will lay as many as seven hundred eggs, v/hile one pair in a season may be the i)arents of 38,000,000. When this in- sect is disturbed it droi)s from the leaf ]Many parasites ])rey u[)on the potato beetle, yet it K( ONOMIC KNIOMOI.O(;v. 31 survives against all its foes. Its native home is on the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains. In 1874 it reached the Atlantic States. This pest is too well-kpown to require further description. RFMEDIES. I. Paris green, with fifty times its weight of flour, or one hundred parts land-plaster, dusted on the plants. Paris green is generally applied in solution, using about one pound to one hundred gallons of water. 2. Shaking the vines and collecting the drop- ping beetles. Cucumber Beetle {DiabrotUa vittata). The eggs are deposited in the soil about the stems of the plants, and as soon as hatched the larva feeds upon the roots. It is about half an' inch long, with three pairs of legs in front and a leg-like structure on the last segment. It passes the ////rt! condition in the soil. The //;/^z^.'^ is about one-fourth of an inch long, and is some- what yellow, with black stripes on its back. It feeds upon the leaves and stems of plants attacked, and passes the winter, as a beetle, under any rubbish which will afford shelter. It feeds upon the squash and melon, as well as upon the cucumber, and is a very difficult insect to overcome. 32 FX'ONOMic kntomolo(;y. REMEDIES. 1. About the only siiccessfal remedy is to cover the plants with boxes, having fine gauze netting for the bottoms, or to make frames of hoops covered with netting, so as to form a kind of dome over the plants. 2. A liberal use of tobacco powder has given good results. 3. Some report success frum sprinkling soot. Grape- Vine Beetle {Haltica chalybea). The eggs are deposited on the under side of the leaves. The larva is about one-third of an inch long, brownish, with several black dots on the body. The pupa condition is passed in the ground, and continues for about three weeks. The hnago is a small, polished beetle, about one-fifih of an inch long It passes the winter in sheltered spots, under leaves, or around the roots, and is very destructive in spring to the young buds, and afterwards, in the larval con- dition, to the leaves. REMEDIES. 1. Paris green, three ounces to fifty gallons water. 2. Dust pyrethrum powder upon the vines attacked. 3. Jarring the vines in the morning and col- lecting the beetles. FXONOMIC ENTOMOI.OCV. Pea Weevil {Bruchus pisi). The ^i^r^ are laid on the pods, as soon as they are formed and the seeds set. The larva, as soon as hatched, bores into the pod, reaches the peas and works into them, eating much of the substance, but leaving the germ untouched, rhe////^ is in the pea, where it can readily be seen. The imago emerges in spring, as a small beetle, about one-fifth of an inch long, dark colored ; head well-bent under the body^ which is oval in outline ; short antenna', and the wino-- covers shorter than the body. Sometimes th^'e imago appears in autumn, and passes the winter in some sheltered place. kp:medies. 1. Sow unaffected peas. Seed containing bugs will germinate, but do not produce vigor''- ous plan's. 2. Seed 'vept over for a year in closed vessels vvil. he frtc cf bugs, as they would be dead by that t! .7^e. 3- Heat ihe peas to 145^ Fahr., as soon as gathered. 4- Place the grain in an air-tight vessel; pour some carbon bisulphide in a saucer on top, and cover the whole up for forty-eight hours. The heavy vapor will sink among the 34 !•'.< ON O M I (■ K N rOM ( ) I ,< )( ; \' . ])eas and destroy ilic bugs or any insects in or among the grain. One ounce is said to be sufficient for loo pounds of grain. As this compound is very ihflannnable and volatile, great care should be taken not to bring any h'ght near it. Lately a case came under the writer's notice, where a |)erson had used this substance by simply placing it in an open vessel and setting it upon the grain, without covering the whole, so as to keep the vapor in, and, of course, much of its effects were lost, while at the same time this inflammat>le vapor was to some extent escaping in the gr, ,,iry and barn, where it might liave been ignited from a ]Mpe, or match, and led to serious r>. ult... If ihe i)eas treated are exi)osed to the air a short time the offensive odor will pass away. Plum CuPCUlio {Conotrache/us nenuphar). The e^\^ of this insect is deposited in the plum. 'I'lie larva burrows in the fruit, where it ma- tures in three or four weeks. That affected soon falls to the ground, and the larvae leave the i)lums, j)ass into the ground, and become pupce, in which condition they remain for about six weeks. FCONOMlc KN |■().M(1I,n(;^■ 3 5 'I'he ima^^o is a small i;rayi>li-|,r()\vii beetle, one-fifth of an inch long, with a black hump on the middle of each wing-case. It has a curved snout and a stout body. 'I^he beetles conceal themselves during the winter, in sheltered spots, and appear ii^ the spring about the time the trees are in bloom ; but, some i)a.ss the winter as ////,^. This insect does not confine itself to plums, but is found upon the cherry, peach, and even apple. A single female may lay as many as two hundred egss. In laying her egg, she first m d<es a small hole in the plum ; into this the egg is placed; she then cuts the crescent marking around it ; this is supposed to be done fi)r the puri)ose of checking the growth of the cells near the egg, and thus prevent its being injured. Plums marked in this way are said to be /'stung "—a rather poor term, as the mark is made with the insect's curved snout. REMEDIKS. r. Jarring the trees, morning and evening. Where this is done, very many beetles drop from the tree, and may be collected iij)on a sheet placed below. Many plum growers prefer this to any other remedy. To j)reven^ injury to the KCONOMIC F.N rOMOI.OC.V tree, a limb n^.ay be sawn off, leaving a small ])art, which can be used to strike against so as to jar the tree. 2. Gather and destroy the affected plums as they fall. 3. Spray Paris green, one pound to about two hundred and fifty gallons of water ; especi- ally if the foliage is tender, two pounds of lime added will prevent injury to the leaves. S])ray- ing once before the trees bloom, as soon as foliage is well started, again as soon as the petals fail, and repeat about a week later. Wire worm-Click Beetle {Agriotes). The eggs are usually laid in grass-land. The larva is several years in developing, generally three. Ac there are several species that are known as wireworms, we shall give the general character of the larvte : Long, slender, one-half to one inch in length, yellowish-brown, hard and wire-like, with six legs at one end. They attack the roots, about one inch below the surface, and burrow deeper during winter. Me/anotus communis and Agriotcs manciis are among the most common ; the former are about one inch long and twice as thick as the latter, which is not over half an inch, in leniith. K'< ».\OMic KNIOMOI.ocv. 37 The />///yii staiie is entered in eoily fall, and soon changes to a beetle. At this stage the insect is very tender, and does not leave the cavity in wliich it was i)iipa until spring. The /mai^o is a dark gray beetle, in most si)ecies, and when i)]aced on its back is able to spring over with a sort of click ; hence, the name "click-beetle" is sometimes given to this insect. The larv;xj of these beerles do great damage to grasses, grains, corn, and potatoes. They are sometimes confounded witii i,cr.M'i)edes and millipedes, both of which have many legs, while the wire worms have only six. At Cornell Experiment Station, this insect was very thoroughly studied, and all the remedies known tried. The result was that scarcely one of them proved a success. One of the most miportant results attained by the investik'arions was that when the imagoes are first developed in the pui;a cells, they are very tende-, and that if the cells in the earth be broken in the fall, the beetles die. REMEDIES. 1 . Fall ploughing. 2. Pieces of potato put in the ground will attract these worms, and if examined from time to time, will be found to contain wireworms, JS KCONOMK KSK.tMOI.oCV. wlnrh iiKiy be clestroyed. Tliis is only practi- cable in i^ardens and small areas badly aftccted. A small stick may indicate where the ]JOtatoes are. 3. Salt has a tendency to drive the worms down into the ground, and thus give the crop time to make some headway and withstand the attack. White Grub, May Beetle [Lac h n st c r n a Jusca). The eg}(s are laid at the roots of grass. The lai'va is a large, soft, white grub, about an inch and a-l.alf long, usually curled at the posterior end. It takes three years to develoj). and is sometimes very destructive in old pas- tures, and iri gardens, to strawberry plants. The pupa is in the ground. The iina^:;o, an inch long, is a large, plump, brown beetle, often observed buzzing around in the summer even- ings, about the end (if May. It feeds ui)on t!ie foliage of the cherry and plum, K KM K DIES. 1. Spraying with Paris green, for the beetles. 2. In gardens, dig uj) the plants attacked and kill the grubs. 3 !'\iri ploughing. • !•■( oNOMK KMOMOI OCV. 39 4- Summer-fallowing. Many birds are very fond of these grubs. Rose Bug: or Rose Chafer [Maa-odactyius subspinosus). This insect attacks many i)lants, such as grape, rose, cherry, apple, i)!um, pear, and ])each. The egi:^s are laid beneath the surface of the ground, and hatch in about two weeks. The larva feeds on tlie tender roots of grass, etc., and si:)ends its first season in the ground, where it hibernates. The ////^2! stage is entered in sj)ring. The imago apijears about the time the grapes are in blossom, and becomes a verv serious pest. It is in this stage that the insect is most injurious. Fortunately, the beetle lives only a month. It is about half an inch long; has a slender body; long, sprawling legs, and is of a brownish color,' covered with a sort of yellowish-gray down that can be rubbed off This is a difficult insect to overcome. REMEDIES. r. Spraying with a mixture made from three or four pecks of freshly-siacked lime, and one quart of carbolic acid, in fifty gallons water. 2. Kerosene emulsion. ■\o KCONOMic KN r(m(ii.ot;v. 3. Iarrin<f ilic vines iittackcd, in the moniing, will secure manv. Round-headed Borer {S,i/>n-(/a caudida). The ^Xi,-".? are deposited ai)()iit June, near the base of the trunk of the ai)])le tree. '\\\q. larva eats its way tiiroiigh tiie outer bark to the inner, and takes about three years to deveioj). It works in the ^apwood, where it forms Hat, shallow cavities, filled with sawdust-like cast- ings, i'hese are often seen on the bark, and indicate where the "borer" is at work. As it reaches maturity, it cuts a ])assage ui)wards into the solid wood, and then curves towards the bark. In this channel it enters \\\t pupa stage, about s])ring. W^hen fully develo])ed. it is an inch long, with a round head that distin- guishes it from the flat-headed borer, which also affects the ai)])le tree. The inuv^o is a slender beetle, one inch lo. ^, with two broad, whitish stripes on the win^ covers, and long jointed antennse. It appears about June. RKMEDIKS. I. Examine the trees in autumn, and where the sawdust-like castings indicate the ])resence of the '• borer," a stiff wire may be pushed in Ki <1N<)M1( KN lO\I(»|.()(,V. 41 aiul llie larva killed, or soinctiiiu-s tiu* larva can he cut (Mil wiih a knife. 2. About the hej^inniny; of June, apply the foUowinj^f mixture to the trunk of the tree :— One pound of hard soaji, or one (juart soft, in two gallons of water ; heat to hoilini^, and add one l)int crude carbolic, acid ; make a second a))pli- cation in three weeks. This can be well done by using an old scrubbinu-brush to rub it in. Flat-headed BOPen Chrysolwt/insfcmorata). This insect also attacks the trunk of tiie apple tree, but lays its 0^^:^:^$ higher up the tree than the preceding one. 'I'he larva is a i)ale yellow, an inch long, and has a well-marked flat head, much wider than the body. It is some- times found even in the limbs, and is not so long in developing as the round-headed borer. It cuts flat channels in the sapwood, and some- times girdles the tree. Castings and discolored bark indicate its presence. It fmally bores into the solid wood, and becomes a ptipa for al)out two weeks, and then emerges as an imai:;o about half an inch long, somewhat flat, and of a greenish-black color, with three raised lines on each wing-cover. The legs and under side of the body present a coppery lustre. 42 KCONO.MIC KNIOMOI.OC.V. REMKDIFS Are the same as for the round-headed l)orer. Clover- root Borer (/y)A7^^^^ /;7>//V). The <i,y^ are deposited at th.e crown of the root. The larva, about one-eighth of an inch long, burrows down into the root, where, after a time, it becomes a ///'/'<?. Tlie ima^^o is a short, thick-set, brownish- black beetle, one-tenth of an inch long. It may spend the winter as larva, pupa, or imago. It is in the second year of the clover that it becomes most injurious. REMEDY. T. Mow the clover but once, and pasture or l)lough under the second growth. Frequent rota- tion of the clover crop seems to be the only preventive. Spotted Pelidnota [Pclidnota punctata). This large brown beetle, one inch long, with three black spots on each wing-cover—one on each side of the thorax and one in the centre— jjreys u])on the grape. On the under side of the body it i)resents a green, metallic lustre. As it is never very lumierous, it may be hand-picked and destroyed. H< (Wo.MlC KN;o.M()I.(,(;v 43 Goldsmith Beetle {Cotalpa /ani\.era). This is another large l)eetle found upon tlie grape, and is about the same size as the preced- ing one. The wing-covers are a h-c,dn vellou- the edges and beneath the body are\.f ^ metal- lic histre. This is not a serious pest, and mav also be hand-picked. Grain Weevil {Ca/an./ria .ramria). This insect is a very small beetle, one-eighth ofun mch long, found among grain in\he granary, ft has a well-marked snout, and is of a brownish color. The writer had several speci- mens sent him from different parts of Ontario during 1894. showing that ,t is more common than formerly. kKMKDV. The best remedy for this and ail other pests among stored grain is carbon bisulphide The gram may be put in a barrel, and the licniid poured into a saucer placed on the grain, then cover the whole so as to keep in the vapor ^vh.ch will sink down among the grain and kill every insect. One ounce is about enough tor one hundred pounds of grain. It must be remembered that vapor of this substance is very mllammable. CHAPTER VIII. Injurious Insrcis in thk Ordkr Lkpidop- TERA. This very extensive order, embracing the moths and butterflies, contains many enemies to the fruit grovver and vegetable gardener. Many of the larvae of these insects are voracious feeders uj)on the foliage of trees and (:)ther l)lants. The different stages in development are very marked in this group. Plum Sphinx {Sphinx drupife7'aruni). '^^\\Qeggs are deposited singly upon the leaves. The larva is fully three inches long and thick in proportion, of aj)ple-green color, with seven oblique white bands on each side, bordered in front with light })uri)]e. The air spiracles or breathing ])ores on the side of each segment are very marked. A long, horn-like structure is on the last segment. The brown ////'tz-case in the ground is naked, and has a short tongue-case. The ima^^o is a large, grayish-colored moth, with strong wings taper- ing to a point, which, when ex[)anded, are three and a-half inches iicross. KCONO.MIC FATO.MOI.OCV. 45 the KKMEDY. I. Hand-picking, as there are not likely to be many, and they are readily seen. Tomato Worm {P/i/e-af/iontius celcus). The e^^,;s are deposited on the leaves of both the tomato and the potato. The larva is three inches long, and has a horn-like structure on the last segment, and the breathing Dores are very distinct. The general color is a hght green, with oblique whitish bands on each side. The picpa case resembles that of the plum sphinx, but has a much longer tongue-case, and is also in the ground. The ima^^o is a large, gray motli. with five orange spots on each side of the body. REMEDY. Hand-i)icking, or Paris green.. Grape Sphinx {Darapsa myrou). This sphinx preys upon the grape. The /ar7'a two inches long, with red feet, is pale green' with pale yellow stripe down each side. Seven spots, varying in color, are along the back. 'Vhepu/>a is in a cocoon,formed bv a (aw leaves being drawn together. The ima^^o appears about May. The spread wings measure about two 46 KCONOMK KN roMOl.OCiY. and a-lialf inches ; the fore vvinij^s are dark oh've- green, crossed by bands of greenish-gray, while the hind ones are reddish. rf:aiedy. Hand-|)icking. Philampelus achemon, Thyreus Abbotii, Deilephila lineata. Also large sphinx moths found upon the grape from time to time, but are not very common. A minute description of any of these moths in the family Sphingidx would require too much space for an elementary work of this kind. Conse- (piently, only a few s|)ecies have been selected and briefly described- -sufficiently, we thmk, to enable them to be identified. Where larvae are large, they are not usually numerous, and there- fore may readily be got rid of by hand-j)icking. Cutworms {A^^rotis^ Maniestra, Hadcna). The cutworms which are generally found doing so mu("h damange to garden crops, usually belong to one or other of the above genera — many of them to Agrotis. As their characters are much alike, we shall refer to them in general terms. The lame are about one and a-Iialf inches long ; smooth, naked, and presenting a greasy-looking appearance. The color varies, but is generally some shade of green, gray, l''<<^NO.Ml( F.NTO.NK.I.OCV. 47 brown, or black, and most are night feeders ^Mien disturbed, they cnrl up at both ends J^on>p .>onhne their ravages to the ground, and are known as the "ground cutworms." Amon.^ tlic most common are A^rofis ypsilon. A. sut Kothira, A. tesselata. Others, which defoh'ate trees, are termed -ch'mbing cutworms," the most common being A. saucia. A. Cochranii A. scandens, A. claudcstina. The pupa sta-J IS passed m the ground. The moths ap.pear ?n midsummer. Most have the front wings of a mottled gray appearance, with some spo's • the limdwmgs are of a much hghter color ^The expanaed wings measure one to three inches across. REMEDIES. 1. P^^n'sgreen.sprayed upon trees attacked by the "clmibing cutworms." will be successful • 2. In gardens, poisoned baits may be success- fully used, such as small bunches of clover cabbage leaves, etc., dipped in Paris green solm.on (one pound Paris green to one hundred gallons water), and placed near the attacked plants. Ihe cutworms will feed upon these and be destroyed. 3- '.Vhen putting out cabbage or tomato plants, they may be protected by putting a piece 48 kconomk; kn i(>.\i()i.o(;v. of paper around them in such a way as to pre- vent the worm getting at tiie stem. 4. Dig out the worms and destroy, where l^lants have been eaten. lo Emperor Moth {Autoweris lo). This insect is found, sometimes, upon the cherry, but is not a serious pest. It is referred to here merely on account of its being such a conspicuously marked, and beautiful moth. The moth ai)pears about June. It measures two and a-half inches across the expanded wings, which are of a deep yellow color, in the male, and in the female (much the larger — three and a-half inches across) of a purpiish-brown. The hind wings in both have, near the middle, a large, round blue spot, with whitish centre. Promethea Moth {Caiiosamiu prontethea). The larva of this large moth is sometimes found upon the cherry and i)oplar, but is not very troublesome. The /ai-Tci, very marked, is two inches long, bluish-green, with eight small warts of a deep blue color on each segment; the top of the third and fourtli segments bears short coral-red horns, and near the end is a yellow horn. The pupa is enclosed in a silken cocoon, which is very conspicuous, hanging from twigs ECONOMIC KNTO.MOI.O(;v. ^^y by a slender, string-like structure two-thirds of an nich long. The o^^a^^o differs in the sexes 1 he v.',ngs of the male are brownish-black • those of the female are light reddish-brown • both have an eye-like, dark spot near the tip of the front wmgs, which measures three-quarters of an inch across. CeCPOpian Moth (Sam /a cecropia). This is one of our largest moths. The larva IS sometimes found feeding upon the leaves of the apple, but it is so large that it is readily seen and may be picked off. The eggs of this insect are of considerable size and of a brownish color. The larva is four inches long; pale green; the third and fourth segments bear coral-red warts the others have yellow, except those on the' second and last, which are blue. It is about an inch in diameter. 'n-i^ptcpa is in a cocoon fastened to the side of a twig. The cocoon consists of an outside tough layer, and an inside loose one. It is three inches long. l^he imago is a very large and beautiful moth measuring from five to seven inches across the expanded wings. The wings are brown, the front being somewhat reddish. Near the mid- 50 KCONOMu: EN ro.MOLO(;v. die of each is a kidney-shaped white spot. The front wings, near the tip, have an eye-Hke spot, and near the shoulder are of a dull red color. REMEDIES. T. Hand-picking. 2. Gathering the large cocoons readily seen on the trees. Polyphemus Moth {Tdca polyphemus). This is another large and beautiful moth, resembling theCecropian,but is yellowish-brown in color, and not quite so large. The eggs are large and cream-colored. The larva, usually upon the plum, is three inches long, and much thicker in the middle, tapering towards each end ; this serves to distinguish it from many of the other larvce, which are about the same thickness the whole length of the body. There is a V-shai)ed band on the last segment. The pupa is in a compact cocoon, with some leaves interwoven in it, and is of an oval outline. It usually is found upon the ground. The imago is a large, ochre-yellow colored moth, five to six inches across the wings. An eye-like spot is near the middle of each wing, bordered with yellow. The F.CONOMIC KMnMoi.ocv. s SI REMKDV. .. Hand-picking. A large Ichneumon (Ophion macrurum) frequently preys upon the larva of this and the Cecropian moth American Tent Caterpillar (C/isiocampa AjHcricana). The eggs are deposited on small twigs, in rin<r- hke ckisters, oval in outline, two to three hundred in a mass, and the whole coated with a sort of varnish. The larva is hairy, with a white stripe down the centre of the back, and is two inches long ihey construct - tents." or silken webs, in the forks of the branches ; these they leave, mornincr and evenmg, to feed upon the folia-e of the trees attacked (usually the apple). The//,/., is in a cocoon, generally found beneath the top- board of fences and similar places of shelter The covering consists of two layers, with a sort of sulphur-like substance between. The imago IS a reddish-brown moth, with two oblique whitish lines across the wings, which measure one and a-half inches when spread. Clisio- campa sylvatica, the forest tent caterpillar, is another species in the same genus, found Jlso preying upon the foliage of the api)le tree. The pnncipal points of difference are: The eg^-mass 52 FX'ONOMIC KNrOMOI.Of'.V. is not oval in outline, but is cut off s([uarely at each end ; the larva, instead of having a white line down the back, has a series of white dots, and the oblique line on tiie wings is darker than in the ])receding; otherwise the two s])ecies bear a close resemblance to each other in appear- ance and habit. They feed upon several forest trees as well as on the apple. REMEDIES. 1. Collect and destroy the egg-clusters in winter. 2. Crush the "tents" when full of caterpillars. 3. Apply Paris green. Tussock Moth {Notohphus IcHcosti^ma). The e^^^:;s are in clusters on dried leaves, wjiicli remain attached to the tree. 'The larva is an inch long, yellowish, and hairy ; the head and two wort-like structures are red ; these are followed by four cream-colored tufts along the back. Two long black plumes project forward and backward. It feeds on the apple and some shade trees. The pupa has two forms : that of the male, small and pointed ; that of the female, larger, and usually near the eggs. The inuii^o differs very much in the sexes : the female is wingless, while the male has wings of an ashen- gray color. A small black spot occurs on the '.if KCONO.MIC KNTOMOLOCY. ,rely at . white i dots, sr than is bear ippear- 1 forest ters in ■pillars. i). leaves, 2 larva le head ese are )ng the 'or ward d some that of female, : iinaij^o male is I ashen- ; on the 53 outer edge, near the tip, and a small moon- shaped marking near the outer hind angle. The wings, spread, measure one and a-quarter inches. The female, shortly after emerging from the ])upa, lays her eggs on or near the old cocoon. REMEDIES 1. Collect the eggs and destroy them. 2. Paris green, sprayed. Codling: Moth {Carpocapsa pomondia). The eg^^s are laid on the calyx of the young apple, while it is turned up. The larva is haPf an mch long, and burrows its way into the apple, where it feeds till fully developed, then crawls out to enter the pupa condition, which lasts two weeks. Affected apples fall to the ground, and often contain the worm in them, but it generally leaves the apple before this! The cocoons are frequently under the bark and other sheltered spots. The writer has found as many as ii8 under a band of tow placed around the trunk of the tree to catch the larvae after leaving the apples. The imago is a tiny moth, the front win-s ashen-gray, the hind ones light, with a sathi lustre. Though there must be many, still they are seldom seen. 54 KCONOMK KN I O.M(M rev. It appears about the time the trees are in bloom, and is one of the worst pests that attack the ap[)le. UK.MKDIKS. r. l-'eed to liogs the fallen ai)ples, which may contain the larvae. 2. Trap the larva', crawling up and down the trinik, by bands of rough cloth, or tow, under which they will crawl and spin their cocoons. 3. Paris ^reen, sprayed ; first api)licati()n, as soon as the blossoms fall; second, eight to twelve tlays after ; third, when the fruit is from one-ciuarter to one-half inch in diameter. Cabbag-e Worm {Pier is rapce). The e^^s are laid u})on the leaves. The larva is. an inch and one-half long ; it is green- ish, with a light yellow line down the back and along each side. It matures in two weeks, and there are several generations in a cocoon. The pupa is naked, and usually under fence-boards, and in sheltered i)laces, near where the caterpillar has been feeding. It is angular, and has a silken thread around the middle, suspending it. This condition continues about ten days. The imat^o is a common whitp butterfly, found tiying about gardens. It 1 few black markings. are in attack :h mav vvn tlie under >coons. ion, as ght to s from I'.CONOMIC KNTOMOI.ncV, 5$ The green- ck and ;s, and 1. under , near It is md the ntinues 1 whi' ' t 1 The female has two sjmts near the nnddle of each front wing, wliile the male has only one T]iewmgs,cxpanded, measure two inches across. R KM E DIES. No insect has had more remedies published for Its destruction than this. 1. Pyrethrum powder mixed with six to ei-rht parts flour, and dusted upon the nlants, is o"ne of the best. Some use it in solution : one ounce pyrethrum to three gallons of water. 2. Water, 130 F., applied, will kill the worms . and not mjure the cabbage jjlants. 3- I'aris green on young plants. 4. Kerosene emulsion, until the plants are heading. Cankerworm [Anisopta-yx vemata). This insect attacks the apple, plum, cherrv, and basswood, but is usually found on the apple. There are two species: one, the above, appearmg in spring, is known as the " sprin- cankerworm," and one, in the fall, as - faU cankerworm." The eggs are laid in irregular masses, upon the twigs. The larva varies much in color in each species, from a greenish-yellow to a dark brown. It is slender, an inch long, and moves with a loop-like motion; hence, the term " meas- 56 ECONOMIC ENTOMOl.OCY. uiing-worrn " sometimes is used. Having fully developed, it passes to the ground, where it enters iht pupa stage. It can drop from the trees by a silken thread. The imago appears in spring. The female is without wings. The male is ash-colored, and has wings. A. pome- taria is much the same as the preceding, but the imago appears in the fall. The wingless females in both species crawl up the trunks to lay their eggs on the twigs. REMEDIES. 1, Use means to trap the climbing females. This may be done by putting a band of some material, smeared with tar, around the tree, or using what are known as " tree protectors," a sort of funnel-shaped structure, that is fastened around the tree, three or four feet from the ground ; these prevent the females from getting up the tree. 2. Paris green will destroy the larvae feeding upon the foliage. Army Worm {Leucania unipuncta). The eggs are laid at the roots of grass, usually in low-lying spots. The larva is a general feeder upon wheat, grass, oats, etc. They fre- quently move in great numbers, devouring everything green on the line of march. It is FX'ONOMIC ENTOMOLOCV. 57 one and a-qiiarter inches long, with three nar- row, yellowish stripes along the back, and develops in four weeks. The pupa is in the ground, but sometimes on the surface. The imago is a gray-colored moth, with a small white spot near the centre of the front wings, which measure one and three-quarter inches across, ^t may pass the winter in the half- grown caterpillar, or larval condition, or as a moth. During the summer of '94 they were plentiful in several parts of Ontario. REMEDIES. 1. Spray the edge of the field, where it may be safely done, with Paris green, as the " army" of worms advances to feed upon it. 2. Plough a furrow between the field and the approaching worms, and have the perpendicular side next the crop. As the worms advance, they cannot get over the furrow for a time, and may be killed by thousands while in it. 3. Form windrows of straw, and as the worms get into them, set fire to the straw. 4. Burn over pastures and meadows in the spring and fall. As the insect breeds largely in rank grass (such as is seen bordering swamps), these can be burned 5« ECONOMIC KNTOMOI.OC.V. Fall WebWOPm {Hyphantria amea). The egi::;s are laid in patches on the under side of leaves, near the end of a branch. The larvae spin a web over them as they feed, covering themselves and the leaves they are feeding upon. This is sometimes quite large, and is readily seen towards the close of summer. The larva, when developed, is an inch long, the body thickly covered with yellowish hairs in tufts. It feeds on the cherry, apple, and pear. ''\\\^ ptipa is in the ground, or beneath some- thing on the surface. The imago little IS a pure over an inch while moth, raeasurmg a across its expanded wings. REMEDIES. 1. Cut offthe web and destroy the caterpillars. 2. Spray with Paris green. Celery Caterpillar {Papi/io asferias). This is a very beautiful, swallow-tailed butter- fly, found feeding upon celery, parsnip, carrot, and parsley. The eggs are deposited on the leaves. The /arrhi (one and ahalf inches long) is very marked, with yellow and black lines crossing the body, which is of a general pale green color. It has a pair of peculiar, horn-like structures just behind the head ; these can emit an unpleasant odor. ECONOMIC ENTOMOI.(.)(;V. co The pupa is in a sheltered position, and is suspended by a silken thread, passing under it and attached to the board, etc., where the chrys- alis is located. The imago is a very beautiful butterfly, black, and handsomely marked with yellow and blue markings. The wingp meas- ure two to three inches across, and have a swallow-tail appearance. REMEDIES. 1. Hand-picking. 2. Dust pyrethrum powder on the young larvce. P. turnus resembles the above, but its pre- vailing color is yellow, instead of black; in size and form, it is much the same, but feeds on the apple. Peach Borer {Sannina exitiosa). The eggs are laid on the bark or in crevices on the surface of the ground. The larva, a whitish caterpillar with i6 k,,s, bores into the wood, and works downward into the larf^er roots \ a i^w hairs on tubercles are scattered over the body. The pupa is in the tree, within a rudely-constructed cocoon. The imago is a small moth, with transparent wings and wasp- like body. 6o ECONO.M IC KNTOMOLOt i Y. REMEDIES. 1. Cut out the borers in fall or spring. Their location may be seen by removing some of the earth from the base of the tree. 2. Remove the earth and apply boiling water. 3. Mound up the trees (one foot) late in sj)ring, and remove the soil in September. 4. One bushel of lime, one bushel of ashes, and one pint of crude carbolic acid, with thirty gallons water, make an excellent mixture to apply upon the trees. In using this, remove the earth and apply it for about two feet up the trunk, in the end of M^y or beginning of June. Aegeria rubi is a moth which bears a close resemblance to the preceding ; it affects the canes of the raspberry, by depositing its eggs in them just above the ground. These give rise to borers, which are sometimes very injurious. About the only treatment for this is to cut out the " borer," or pull up and burn the attacked canes. Apple BucCUlatrix {Bucculatrix pomefoli- ella). This is a small but beautiful moth, with narrow, much-fringed wings; sometimes injurious to apple trees. The cocoons are very small ECONOMIC ENTOMOI.OCV. 6i (half-inch), white and ribbed, and occur in num- bers upon the under side of twigs. They have been quite common lately in many orchards. REMEDIES. 1. Remove the cocoons in winter. Althoush small, they can easily be seen upon the twigs. 2. Paris green will destroy the larva, if aj)- plied as soon as the petals fall. Yellow-necked Caterpillar {Datana mm- istra). The larva of this insect usually appears upon apple trees in the early part of the sum- mer. They feed together in considerable num- bers, and when disturbed or at rest ihey assume a peculiar position — something of an imploring attitude. They are striped along the body. The imago is a moth with light-brown wings, striped across with brown of a darker shade. It measures two inches across the expanded wings. REMEDIES. 1. Cut off twigs containing a crowd of larva) and destroy them. 2. Spray with Paris green. Yellow Woolly Bear {Spilosoma Virgmlca). This white moth, which is sometimes, in the larval condition, found feeding upon the grape, 62 KCONOMK" RNTOMOI.O(.Y. resembles the imago of the "fall v.'ebworm" upon the apple, but is larger, and has some black dots on its wings. It does not occur in sucli numbers as to do much injury. Red-humped Caterpillar {Oeikmasia con- cinna). The larviie of" this moth is found on the plum, cherry, aj)))le, and pear, and sometimes does considerable damage. The laj'va, an inch long, is easily identified : the head and a huinj) on the fourth segment are red : narrow black, yellow and white lines extend along the body ; two rows of black prickles along the back, and shorter ones along the sides. The pupa is in the ground, or beneath leaves. The i?nago is a moth, with front wings of a brown color on the inner margin, and grayish on the outer, with a dot near the middle, and a si)ot near each angle of the hind wings. REMEDY. I. Si)ray with Paris green. Bud Moth {Tmetocera ocellana). This insect is found attacking the buds upon the ai)ple, and sometimes proves very injurious. The half-grown larva winters over, and appears in spring as a small brown caterpillar, just about the time the buds begin to open, and ECONOMIC extomoi.O(;y. 63 feeds upon them. It measures about lialf an inch when full-grown. By rolling up one side of a leaf, and securely fastening it with silken threads, it forms a tube, in which it enters the pupa stage, having lined the little chamber with a closed woven layer of silk. This condition lasts ten days. The ima^^o is a small moth, resembling the codling moth in size and form. It is of an ash-gray color. The front wings have a whitish-gray band across the middle \ the hind wings are a dusty brown. The expanded wings measure half an inch across. REMEDY. I. Spray Paris green (one pound to two hundred and fifty gallons of water) just as the buds are opening, and again in seven to ten day, or before the blossoms open. CHAPTER IX. Injurious Insects in ihk Order Hemipikra. This order embraces such insects as the plant- lice and bugs. Most of the injurious insects of this division live on the juice of plants, upon which they feed. They may be destroyed by kerosene emulsion. The insects in this group do not pass through a series of well-marked changes, from the young to the adult form. The Squash Bug" {Anasa tristis). The larva resembles the imago, except in size. The adult insect is a rusty-black, flat bug, yellow on the under side, half an inch long, and has an offensive odor. It winters in the adult form, underneath leaves, boards, etc. The eggs are laid on the under sides of the leaves, in June. They soon hatch out the young bugs. REMEDIES. 1. Hand-picking, morning and evening, when they are less active. 2. Kerosene emulsion, diluted with twelve parts water, is effective. 3. Small boards placed in the vicinity of the plants become hiding places for them, and serve as traps beneath which many can be destroyed. K.CONOMIC F.NTOMOI.OCiv, 65 Aphidae (Pi„nt-iice). These miiuite, greenish insects affect the fol.age of nearly all plants. They pres „ a :S,r<^''."^"'^.">''-rlire.,,istor;. tL that appear ,n spnng are fe.nales, and, gener- a .on after generation,they produce living /o , a I females, until the close of summef, whe^n males appear n, the last generation. ^.„, , " appear to agaui produce living young for several generattons. Many species of therT, secre a sweet substance, of which ants are very fo^^ so m.,ch so that they search for planMice in order to get it on the leaves near th'e lice. 1 are sa,d to even carry the Aphid.e to their nests and keep them there to supply ,|,e sweet liquid' a,>d thus ave them, as we keep cows to stt^ly milK. -^//"^ ««/M-nfests the apple. REMEDY. I. Kerosene emulsion, diluted with ten parts vater sprayed, will destroy them. Plan ■ ice a e often very troubleson.e in greenhouses, ad are usually treated with tobacco smoke To bacco stems are put in a vessel and burned • the closed greenhouse becomes filled with the smoke, w ,ch kills the lice. Solution is a , form m wh.ch tobacco is used to kill p,a„t.,i e 66 KCONOMIC KN lO.MOI.ddV. it is made by putting one pound of tobacco stems, leaves or dust, into two or three gallons of water, and boiling it for about twenty minutes ; as soon as cold, it is fit for use, and can be sprayed upon the plants with good effect. A. brassicce api)ears on the cabbage ; Myztcs ribis,ov\ the currant ; A. maidis^ on corn; Myzits ccrasi, on the cherry ; J/, persicce^ on the jjeach; A.pninifolii,Q>\\ the plum; Siphotiophora avence, on wheat and oats. These are all mem- me?s of the family ApJiididcp.^ and where ])rac- ticable, are destroyed by kerosene emulsion, diluted with ten to fifteen parts water,or tobacco, in solution, or as smoke. Oyster-shell Bark-louse {My /Hasp is pom- orum). The ei:;^^s are beneath the oyster-shell shaped scale (one-sixth of an inch) upon the twigs and other parts of the tree, and are of much the same color as the young bark. They hatch in the end of May or the beginning of June. The /arvce are very minute, almost invisible, and appear as small specks moving on the twigs of the ap])le tree. As soon as hatched, they seek the ends of the young twigs, where they become fixed, and continue to suck the juice from the twigs. Soon a scale forms over them, by a sub- KCONOMIC KM(r\|ni.O(;v. 67 Stance issiiin^r from their bodies, in the form of waxy threads. All under the scales, the shape of an oyster-shell, are females that de- posit their eggs under the scale. The scale covering a male is more oolong, and is very rarely seen. I. In winter, or early spring, scrai)e off the rough bark from the trunk and large limbs, and nib in with a scrubbing-brush t^he following solution :-One quart soft soaj), or one-quarte" pound hard, in two quarts boiling u-aier ; take seven parts of this and add one'i)art carbolic acid; then,when the young lice are moving (May or June), si)ray with kerosene emulsion, diluted with ten parts water. Lice {Hceniatopinus), Our domestic animals are often infested with lice. There are two types,— one suck, the other bite,— each belonging to a different order of insects ; the first belong to the Hemiptera ; the . , second to the Neuroptera, or Mallophaga,' one of the orders into which the Neuroptera has been divided. The first are what we will now consider. They live upon animals, by sucking their blood. The eggs are stuck to the hairs^, and soon hatch ; the young lice resemble the 68 kconomh: kn roMoi.ocY. adults, l)ut are smaller. The following are the common species (all l)elonging to the same genus) : — Hiematopinus eurystinus, short-nosed ox-louse. //. 77/////, long-nosed ox-louse. H. asini, horse-louse. If. suis, pig-louse. J/. /)i/i/erus, dog-louse. kKMEDIKS. 1. Kerosene emulsion, ten to twelve i)arts water. 2. Rub with an ointment, three i)arts lard, one part coal oil. 3. Tobacco solution, one ])ound boiled in two gallons water. Woolly Aphis {Schizneura la7iigera). This insect may appear on the twigs or roots. When it appears on the twigs, it is in the axils of the leaf-stalks as masses of cotton-like ma- terial ; this covers the young lice, and is • secreted by them. During summer most of these lice are wingless, and, like the other Aphida^, produce living young. Those that attack the roots cause knot-like structures that readily indicate infested roots. Both forms are very minute (one-tenth of an inch long). K( O.NOMIC KN lO.Moi.ncV. 69 in kKMEDIKS. 1. Pour scalding water on the roots, if the roots are exposed, as in transphmting ; a tem- perature 120° to 150^' F. is sufficient. 2. Kerosene emulsion will destroy those upon the limbs. 3. Refuse tobacco powder, worked in about the roots, is claimed to destroy the root form. Scurfy Bark-louse {Chionaspis fnrfurus). This resembles the oyster-sh.ell bark-louse in its general life-history, but the scales are more oval, and slightly taper to one end ; grayish - white in color, and very minute (one-tenth of an inch). The scales of the males are more oblong. The eg^^s beneath the scales hatch about the beginning of June, and the young lice proceed to suitable places, where they become fixed, and suck the juice from the small twigs. REMEDY. Same as for bark lice. San Jose Scale {Aspidiotus pemidosus). This insect is attracting considerable atten- tion at the present time. At first it was con- fined to California, but has now reached the Northern States, and may be expected in Ontario before long. It has also appeared in 70 E( O N O M 1 ( • K N TO M 1 ,0( ; V . British Columbia. It attacks most fruit trees, a,nd also currants. The scale is roun.d, Hat, and pressed close to the bark, which it resembles in color. It is very small (one-eighth of an inch in diameter). About the middle is a small, round, black point. Tliis may a[)pear yellow- ish. Sometimes the scales are very numerous, and overlaj). The insects are half-grown in wmter, but remain under the scales till shortly after the trees leaf out. REMEDIES. 1. Abe ui May- June spray with kerosene emulsion : dilute with nine parts water for apple trees ; peach, fifteen. Make three aj^plications, at intervals of ten days. In winter an aj)plication may be made with stronger emulsion, diluted with four parts water. . Pear-tree Psylla {Psylla pyricoUi). The body of this minute insect (one-eighth of an inch long) is crimson, with black bands across ; the wings are trans[)arent, and, when it is at rest, slope over the body. When the leaves are attacked, they turn yellow, and the development of the fruit is arrested. REMEDY. Spray kerosene emulsion soon after the leaves unfold, and later, if the young insects appear. KCONOMlc K.\ lOMOI.OCV. 7' Plum Scale {Lecaninm). The brown scale of this insect, when fully developed, is much larger than any of the pre- viously described, being the fifth of an inch in diameter. The small scales move, about the beginning of Ai)ril, making their way to the under side of the limbs. Here they remain, and mature, growing very rapidly muil full development is attained at the end of May, when they begin to lay eggs under the scale.' The matured scales are oval in the females, and much smaller and more oblong in the males which last but a short time. The young insects appear about the first of July, j)rocee(l to the leaves, and locate themselves on the under side to feed by sucking the juice. From this thev emigrate, about Se])tember, to the under side of the branches, and hibernate, as small scales less than the size of a i)in-head. their growth bemg comparatively little during the summer. REMEDY. Kerosene emulsion, applied as follows :--- ^ I. Beginning of July, Kerosene emulsion diluted, SIX to eight parts water. 2. October, the same, but diluted only four parts water. 3. Some time in the winter, the same as iNTo. 2 . 4- About the begining of April, the same as No. 2. CHAPTER X. Injurious Insects in the Order Diptera. In this order the insects have only two wings; the hind pair are lacking. Some small forms are very troublesome to field crops. Wheat Midge {Diplosis tritid). The egi^s are deposited between the chaff of the wheat-heads during warm, damp evenings, and in the shade, about the middle of June. The larva is very small (one-eighth of an inch long), of an orange color, and feeds on the young kernel. Moisture is very f^ivorable to its development, but it can remain for months in a dormant state, if the conditions are not suit- able, and then become active when they are. It remains in the head till the stalk is wet, and then pas?es to the ground, where it enters i\\Q pupa stage. The imai^o is a very small fly (one-tenth of an inch long), yellowish body, with two clear, glossy wings. REMEDIES. 1. Sow early-maturing wheat, as the midge is less liable to attack it. 2. Ploughing deep in the fall buries many larvas and pupae. ECONOMIC ENrOMOLO(;Y. 7, 3. Screenings often contain pup^e, which mav be readily destroyed. 4. Sow midge-proof wheat. ^'^essmn Fly (CeaWomyia./esMu-/or J. 1 his IS another insect which attacks the wheat Pall wheat is very favorable for its development. Ihe eg^s are laid on the upper surface of the fall-wheat blades. As soon as the /arz'^e hatch they descend to the base of the sheath, where they uecome imbedded in the stalk. They take about three weeks to develop, and then become////^, which resemble a flax-seed. The ^vnuer is usually spent in this condition. In spring the ima<r,, appears, and lavs eggs for another brood. The second brood is found i^'gher up on the stem, at the tirst or second jomtsfrom the root. The imago is a minute, two-winged fly, with a dark-brown body and dull, smoky-brown win^^s REMEDIES. 1. Sow fall wheat as late as possible. 2. Burning the stubble of wheat fields may destroy many in the - flax-seed " condition. 3. Sow some wheat in the field early, so as to attract the fly, and after a time, when the eggs are deposited, plough this under and sow the regular crop. 74 ECONOMIC K\TOMOI.O(;V. 4. Burn any refuse which may contain the pupa.' (" iiax-seed"). Clover -seed Midge (Cecidomyla U^^nmi- Jiicola). This insect lays its eggs in the heads of the clover. The larva feeds upon the forming seed ; it is of an orange color, and very small (one-tenth inch long). The picpa is in the ground, or under rubbish on the surface. The imago is a very small tiy, appearing about June and Sejnember. REMEDIES. 1. Stop growing clover-seed, and thus raise no second brood. 2. Pasture the clover till the beginning or middle of June, and then let it grow for seed ; this avoids the first attack. 3. Cut the clover before the end of June (when the larv?e are mature and enter the ground). This will destroy the first brood, and a second will not ai)pear. 4. Mow when the heads are green and just forming ; leave this as a . ulch ; a new crop of blossoms will come between the regular crops and escape the midge. K( ONOM iC I'.N lOMOl.dCN'. / > lid ist of ps Horn-Fly {Haematobia serrata). The Cii;gs are laid on the surface of the dung of cattle, and from these the lai-vce are hatched, which, when mature, enter the ground to assume \\\t pupa condition for a few days. The ii/uii^o is a small fly, resembling the house-fly, but very much smaller. These tlies settle at the base of the horn, so as to be beyond the reach of the animal. By inserting their beaks into the skin and sucking the blood from the wound, they irritate the cattle, and are especially trouble- some to milch cows. More injury is sustained from rubbing by the cattle than from the bites of the fly. They take only three weeks to com- plete their life-history, and consequently there are several broods in the season. They Crst appeared in Canada in 1892. REMEDIES. 1. Rub points attacked, svith fish-oil, to which a little carbolic acid has been added. 2. Apply kerosene emulsion, diluted with twelve parts water. A better emulsion is made by substituting fish-oil for kerosene. 3. lobacco dust will also keep off the insects, by dusting it upon the back, tail and neck of the animal, and upon the base of the horns. rH."!!!'!! 'JWIUIB W"«li»»llW 76 KCONO.MIC KNTOMOI.OC.Y. Sheep Tick {Me/ophagus ovinus). These insects differ from any we have referred to among the Dij^tera, as the e^^gs and hirvie are within the female, and the pupic are deposited in the wool of the sheep. From these egg-like bodies, or pupce, the "tick" or iniago comes; although without wings, still it possesses other characters which indicate that it belongs to the order Uiptera, but is a degraded form. The " sheep dips " of stockmen are effectual in destroying this parasite. Cabbage Mag'gOt {Phorbia brassUce). This small, slender fly, resembling the house- fly, lays its eggs near the crown of the root. These give rise to sniall vvorms that bore into the root and feed uj)on its substance. The pupce are in the ground, and are brown, egg-like bodies. REMEDIES. 1. When putting out the plants, a teaspoon- ful of carbon bisulphide i)oured into a hole, near the plant, will prevent the fly depositing its eggs. 2. Apply Kerosene emulsion about the roots. 3. Coal oil, mixed with sand and then sprinkled near the i)lants. ECONOMIC ENTOMOIOC.v. / / 4- A piece of tarred paper, three inches square, cut so as to place the plant in the centre, forms an excellent protection. This niay be done by cutting a slit into the centre. i:'lace the paper about the crown of the plant and this will keep the fly from depositing its eggs. ^ Onion ny (P/ior/>ia ceparu,n). Much the same as the preceding, but the eggs are laid on onion bulbs. REMEDIES. i.^ Remove the affected onions, which can readily be recognized from their sickly, yellow- ish appearance. These will have worms in them, which should be destroyed. 2. Sprinkle Kerosene emulsion near the onions. 3. Change the onion-bed each Horse Bot {Gastroph a us equi). year. Hie eggs are deposited on the front 1 ere Uie horse can lick them ; each haT wh small lid. egs, etc. a The Ia?-va is w in the stomach of the h hich it has reached by the horse lick hatched larvae from the orse, ing newly- eggs and swallow them. It is ofan ugly, grub-like fo WYl Ion g, with eleven segments. Si rm, an inch pnies on each 7S K(ON(VMI( KN roMOI/K'.V. segment enable it to keep attached U) the walls of the stomach ; there are also two hooks at the head. Jt develops in three weeks, then is passed out of the horse, and enters the />?^/>(i condition in the ground, Tlie imai^o is a large, coarse fly; the body of the female is wedge- sha])ed, while that of the male has a more rounded outline. REMKDIES. 1. Remove the eggs. 2. Api)ly carbolic acid to the parts where there are eggs. Ox Bot {Hypoder))ia lineata). This insect causes the so-called " warbles " of cattle, or boil-like swellings on their backs, in sj)ring and early summer. These e^gs are dej^osited on the back, and the larva burro v/s into the skin, and there pro- duces the lumps seen upon cattle affected. These injure the hide and affect the quality of the beef. The larva is fully an inch long, and has the breathing-pores located in the posterior part of the body. They are near the 0})ening of the lump or swelling. When matured, the larva gets out of the swelling, reaches the ground, where it ]jas5es the pupa, and then emerges a coarse, hairy fly. KroNlMiC FNTOM.)I.O(;v 79 REMKiJIES. 1. Press out tlie maggot and kill it «.llk,ll the larva, and rubbing o„ the same i„ summer keeps the fly away. Almost any greasy substance tubbed over the lumps, so as I" ':'°"-' "1' "'>= openings, will kill the larva; by preventmg them getting air. Sheep Bot {C,-y,/,„/aem/a 07'is). The /arvce of this insect are in the nostrils of tlie sheep, and work their way into the upper part of the head, but not into the brain, as is supposed by some. < ■ ■ The pu/a is passed in the ground, and not >" the head, from which, the larva, pass when matured. TJie ima^o^o is smaller than the ox-fly. REMEDIES. ^^^J.^ Smear the nose with tar; this keeps away 2 Larv..^ in the nose may be killed by pushmg up a feather, dipped in a weak solution of carbolic acjd, or in turpentine. ^V^ne-ny {Tipu/a o/eracea). These eggs are laid in autumn, in the ground or on the surface in low places ; they ar^ black and shming. The /anm is legless, grayish, and So ECONOMH KN roMoi.n(;v. wrinkled, one inch long ; the tail ends abriii)ily, and has four tubercles above and two below. The////rz is in the ground ; it has spines which enable it to rise out of the ground by wriggling up when developed. The /ma^ro resembles a very large mosquito, and appears about the end of summer, in low-lying spots. Wet weather is favorable to the development of the crane-tly. rp:.medies. 1. Mow neglected ground and burn rubbish, so as to destroy the sheltering places of the insects, and also any eggs which may be laid in such places. 2. Sow as late as possible ; the pupa condi- tion is entered about the middle of May. 3. Summer-fallowing and draining lessen the conditions favorable to their development. CHAP'1'KR XI. Injurious Insects in-ihkOrdkr Okihopii.ra. This order has coiiiparativtdy few injurious insects. Init those have been in some cases a great source of injury. 'Hie young are much the same as the aduh, except in being wingless, and of smaller size. Rocky Mountain Locust {Mclano^l us sprctus). The ^xv.y are laid in the ground, usually in such places as the roadside. The larva under- goes several moults before full develoi)ment is reached. There appears to be seven stajjes in development: One in the egg, two in the larv:i, three in the pu|)a, and one in the imago, 'I'he imai^o is migratory in its habits ; has long wings, and resembles our form JA feiiiur- rulnum (our common red-legged grasshopper), l)ut the latter has much shorter wings. This insect, i)roperly speaking, is a locust, and what is usually called a locust (the green locust) is a grassho'pper, but the term grassho])i)er has been so long in use that it is likely to be still a})))lied in the same way. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 25 IM 1112.2 m 12.0 1.8 i-4 IIIIII.6 ^ % <9 ^ /}. e. ^ ^. c*J O ■rf M Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y M5S0 (716) 872-4503 f\ iV ^^ \ \ % V m 6^ ^ <^ <> 4^ V w \ \ C^ 82 KCONOMIC KMOMOl.OtJY. Ri:.MEI)IES. 1. Put Straw in heai)s, and as the grass- hoppers light iii)on them, set fire to the straw. 2. Use a " hoi)per doser." This is a pan, something hke a scrai)er, and niay be of the following size or larger: Eight feet long, one foot wide, one foot high at the back, and one inch at the front, with sloping sides. In the bottom of this is placed some tar or cnai oil, and the ap- paratus drawn over the fields when the gras.s- hoppers are young. They jump into it by tliousands and are killed. 3. Some make a mixture by weight : five parts bran ; sugar, one ; arsenic, one ; mix the bran and arsenic first, then add the sugar dis- solved. Place this in spots near where the grasshoppers are. They will feed upon it readily. Some make the poisonous mixture by mixing one liundred pounds bran, two quarts molasses, and three pounds Paris green ; a little water may be added. 4. Harrowing in autumn, or ploughing, will expose the eggs. 5. Ditches are sometimes dug, so as to catch the insects, wliich are killed as they collect in them. KrONOMIC KN'rOMOI.OdV. «3 Tree Cricket {CEcant/ius n'mcus). This insect lays its e^^;^s in rows one to two inches long, in the canes of the raspberry, during autumn. The puncturing of the cane makes it weak and easily broken. It does not feed upon the raspberry foliage, and is only trouble- some as far as it injures the canes by dej)ositing its eggs. Tlie adult is a ])ale green cricket, three-quar- ters of an inch long. It feeds upon plant-lice and other insects, and, to some extent, is bene- ficial. KKMEDV. 1. Cut out the affected canes and destroy the ejigs. CHAin^ER XII. Injurious Inskctsin thk Order Nkukopiera. This order is also one witli but very few in- jurious insects ; those that we refer to Iiere are by some writers ])ut into another order: Mal- lophaga {niallos, wool ; p/ia^cin, to eat) ; one of the eight orders into which the Neuroptera has been divided. Bird Lice. There are several species of these insects that attack the domestic aniinals, but nearly all belong to one genus : Trichodecies, T. parum- piiosus. \.\\)Ow the horse ; 7\ spluerocephaliis^ '^\\ the sheej) ; T. sca/aris, on cattle ; T. latua, on the dog; M'enopon palliiiuin^ on the hen. ' 'i'hey do not feed by sucking blood, but ui)on wool, feathers, e|)idt:^rmal scales, etc., and have strong biting jaws, 'i'hey are peculiar to birds, and hence spoken of as " bird-licc;." They lay their eggs ou the hair, etc. RKMKDIES. 1. The same CiS those given on i)age 68, for lict, and the following: — Four ounces staves- acre (powdered), four ounces soft soap, one ECONOMIC KN iDMOl.ocv. •S5 ounce carbolic acid, one gallon of water, boiled half an hour, and applied weekly, is recom- mended by some as effectual. 2. ( )ne pound of lard, mixed with two ounces powdered sulphur, then add (luarter-pint of kerosene, is rei)orted as gO(3d to rub on poultry. 3. Dust pyrethrum powder upon die infested parts 01 hens, and rub, from time to time, their perches wiih coal oil. ,>^. — NOTES.