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 I. t ■ 
 
 \ . /; : 
 
 : ; i : : 
 
 32X 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
-o 
 
 f€)- 
 
 INSECT FOES, I 
 
 AND 
 
 IS 
 
 I HOW TO DESTROY THEM.d 
 
 (1 
 g 
 g 
 
 rs 
 
 dtonomit (Sntomologjj. 
 
 in' 
 
 j. HOYES PANTON, M.A., F.G.S., 
 
 Professor of Natural History and Geology, in the Ontario 
 Agricultural College, Guelph. 
 
 lanlion, ©nt. : 
 London Pointing & Lithograi'HING Co. 
 
 1895. 
 
 gggggg^gQ)5^a5S5]S5a5[35S5S5i555S5535^ 
 
/■; 
 
INSECT FOES, 
 
 AM) 
 
 HOW vo \)i:s'[R()\ rHr:M. 
 
 (L^tonomit (L^utomoloqn. 
 
 i;v 
 
 J. IIOYHS rAXTOX, M.A., i-(;s. 
 
 froftSSiV of iVa/iirai Hii^'ivy and Gi'ol(\^y, in tlh- (hitai io 
 A^riciilhiral Collt';^i , (rUt'!/'/i. 
 
 Uonliaii, <I?nt. : 
 LoMJUN I'kin iiM, I'v LniUK.iiiAi'iiiNi . Co. 
 
 1S05. 
 
S G q ri 
 P3 
 
PRKFACE. 
 
 This book has been written for the i)uri)ose of 
 supi)]ying Teachers in rural schools with facts 
 relating to Economic iMitomoIogy. 
 
 The writer believes that if the last hour on 
 Friday were spent in giving a talk ujion this 
 subject, during a portion of the summer term, 
 and the pupils encouraged to make a collection 
 of the beneficial and injurious insects in the 
 section, they would very soon have a fair 
 knowledge of the subject, and the school jjos- 
 sess a good collection of insects. The first 
 edition of his Geology, written a year ago, to 
 furnish facts bearing upon the composition, 
 origin and formation of the rocks in Ontario, 
 being almost all sold, has encouraged him to 
 try and also make simple and attractive the 
 teachings of Entomology— a study of much 
 importance to the gardener, the fruit-grower, 
 and the farmer. 
 
 If agricultural science were taught in our 
 rural schools, one hour a week, as recom- 
 
mended by the writer, tlierc is no doubt a good 
 knowledge would be obtained of science, us it 
 is related to the work upon the farm, and we 
 would soon liave in our rural districts mapy 
 observers of nature ; many eager and intelligent 
 readers of ngricultural science ; a stronger 
 attachment to the farm, where nature is so 
 largely revealed ; and in every school a museum 
 illustrating the geology, botany and entomolo.iy 
 of the district. 
 
 J. HovKs Pan roN. 
 
 ( lUKl.l'll, 
 
 Maicli 1 1 , 1895. 
 
i]srDE:x. 
 
 I\>,l'( IS Imiikioc 
 
 Ajf,ifin,o ihc. Apple— 
 
 Horers .... 
 
 Cecropiaii Moth 
 
 Tent Catorpillai- 
 
 'I'ussdck Moth 
 
 Co(lliiij4 Moih 
 
 CanUerworni 
 
 I'all Webworin 
 
 Vellow-neckcd (.'ater pillar 
 
 lUul Molh 
 
 IMant-lice 
 
 l!aik-lice 
 
 AffL<tiii;^- /hi Phtiii — 
 
 Ciiiculio ... 
 
 rium Sphinx ... 
 Tclea Moth - 
 Kcd-huiuped CatL'ipillar 
 IMuni Scale - - - 
 
 Affc'it/iii^- the Peach and Pear — 
 
 Peach Horer - - . 
 
 i'ear-tree Slut; 
 
 Pear-tree Psylla 
 Affcctin^^ the Che} ry — 
 
 May Beetle . - - . 
 
 lo Moth ... - 
 
 Prfjmeihea Moth - 
 
 (1 11 IK 0K( HARD. 
 
 Paj. 
 
 ;es. 
 
 40-42 
 
 - 49.50 
 
 51. 
 
 52 
 
 - 
 
 52 
 
 5J. 
 
 54 
 
 ■ 55. 
 
 56 
 
 
 5>*^ 
 
 - 
 
 61 
 
 
 62 
 
 -65. 
 
 66 
 
 
 66 
 
 - 34 
 
 ■36 
 
 
 44 
 
 - 
 
 50 
 
 
 62 
 
 - 
 
 71 
 
 59. 
 
 60 
 
 - 27, 
 
 2S 
 
 
 70 
 
 - 
 
 3« 
 
 
 48 
 
 - 
 
 48 
 
H. 
 
 IM>K\. 
 
 I.NsF.t rs Inji'kioj's ro thk IIardk 
 .llfiutini,' Celery, Tcinato, ele.— 
 
 (Vlery Caterpillar 
 
 Tojiiato Worm - - - . _ 
 
 Potato HcL'ilc 
 
 Onion Fly -.--.. 
 
 Cucunihcr Hectle 
 
 Sijuash \\\\^ ■-.... 
 
 Currant Worm 
 
 Ajft'itiiii:; I he Cabhai^e — 
 
 Cutworms - 
 
 Cabbage Worm 
 
 Cabbage Maggot .... 
 
 Affeitiiig Ihe Slraicherry am/ A'asf/nny— 
 
 NN'hite Orub ...... 
 
 Strawberry Slug - . - . . 
 
 Raspberry Slug - - - . . 
 
 Raspberry liorer - - - . . 
 
 Tree Cricket 
 
 .IffectiniT the (]rnpe — 
 
 Crape lieetle - . . - . 
 
 Rose Hug ---.... 
 
 CoUlsmith Ik'etle - - - . . 
 
 I'elidnota Heetle 
 
 CJrape Sphinx 
 
 \'ellow Woolly Ik'ar 
 
 InsKCTS iNIirRlOUS TO THE I'lKI.D. 
 
 White drub ---._. 
 
 Turnip Heetle - - 
 
 I'ea Weevil 
 
 Wire worms .... 
 
 N. 
 
 Pages. 
 
 45 
 30 
 
 77 
 
 31. 32 
 
 . 64 
 
 26 
 
 - 4^^-48 
 
 54 
 
 - 76 
 
 38 
 
 28 
 
 28 
 60 
 83 
 
 32 
 
 39. 40 
 
 43 
 42 
 
 ■ 45> 4^^ 
 61 
 
 38 
 
 29, 30 
 
 -> -» 
 
 36, 38 
 
INDKX. 
 
 Ill 
 
 Inskcts Iniukious ro iiik I'IEI.k. 
 
 (Continued, t 
 
 Clover Ilorcr --.---- 42 
 
 drain Weevil ------ 4^ 
 
 Army Worm . - . . . - 1^0 
 
 Wheal Mid^e 72 
 
 Clover Midge 74 
 
 Hessian My 7.?, 74 
 
 Crane- Fly - • - - - - " 79» ^»o 
 Locust ...... ^ Si 
 
 Inskcis iNiiiRions 10 DoMKsiK Ammais. 
 
 Co f tic, etc. — 
 
 Lice ....... 67-08, .^i 
 
 liols, Ticks 7S-S0 
 
 Ilorn-l'ly - - - - - - • 7; 
 
' 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 The Importance: of Economic ExroMOLO(;v. 
 
 The study of insects in relation to man has 
 of late years commanded much attention, and 
 is usually referred to as Economic Entomol- 
 ogy. While there are some insects beneficial 
 to man, there are many injurious. Some 
 destroy his food, some injure his clothing, and 
 others attack the animals that are of use to 
 him. 
 
 Nearly loo species have been found jireying 
 ui)on his grain and forage crops ; upwards of 
 40 upon his vegetables ; 50 upon the grape ; 
 75 upon the apple. 
 
 The pine has 125 species as enemies ; the 
 oak, 300 ; the elm, 80 ; the hickory, 170 ; the 
 maple, 75; the beech, 150; while the unfor- 
 tunate willow battles against 400 insect foes. 
 
 The following statistics show what an im- 
 mense loss is sustained by man from insects : — 
 1854— The United States lost $[5,000,000 by 
 
 the wheat midge. 
 1 85 7— Canada lost $8,000,000 by the wheat 
 
 midge. 
 1864 — The United States lost $73,000,000 by 
 the chinch-bus. 
 
2 ECONOMIC i;n rOMOI.OC.V. 
 
 1870 — New York State lost $5,000,000 by the 
 
 cabbage worm. 
 1873 — The Southern States lost $25,000,000 
 
 by the cotton worm. 
 1874 — The United States lost $356,000,000 by 
 
 the grasshopper. 
 1884 — Canada lost $500,000 by the clover 
 
 midge. 
 The average loss of the United States from 
 insects during 1884 is calculated to liave been 
 $400,000,000, and for 1891, $300,000,000. 
 With such figures before us, in most cases 
 under the mark, we must conclude that the 
 study of a subject that will enable us to lessen 
 this loss is of great im])ortance. 
 
 Many of our injurious insects have been 
 imported, and with us seem to become more 
 destructive tlian in the country from which 
 they came. This may be accounted for by 
 their having fewer enemies to prey ui)on them, 
 such as parasitic insects and birds, and also 
 that wider areas are found here for their feed- 
 ing ground^. Before giving a description of the 
 insects that are injurious to the products of the 
 garden, orchard and field, let us consider what 
 the general nature of an insect is, and the 
 groups into which they have been classified. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 Thk Parts of an Inskct. 
 
 An insect may be described as having three 
 well-marked divisions: h(^ad, thorax, and abdo- 
 men; one pair of antennas (feelers), three pairs 
 of legs, usually two pairs of wings; respiration 
 by means of tube-like structures (tracheie), 
 simple and compound eyes and jointed limbs. 
 Most insects undergo metamorphosis — that is, 
 pass through a series of well-marked changes 
 in their development froni the egg to the adult 
 condition. 
 
 I'he following shows the place of the insect 
 in the animal kingdom : — 
 
 Kingdom, Sub-kingdom, Class, Sub-class, 
 Animal. Arthropoda. Insecta. Hexapoda, 
 
 The Arthropoda embraces two classes : 
 Crustacea, represented by crabs, lobsters, etc., 
 and Insecta. The Insecta contains three sub- 
 classes: Myriapoda, centipedes and millepedes : 
 Arac/inida, spiders and scorpions ; hexapoda. 
 the true insects. 
 
 From this it will be observed that spiders are 
 not true insects ; they have four pairs of legs 
 
4 
 
 F.coMtMic KN :omoi.<k;v. 
 
 and oilier characters which place them in 
 another division. 
 
 Among insects we find two typical mouths: 
 the masticatory or biting, characteristic of 
 beetles and the larv;u of many insects; and the 
 suctorial or sucking, represented in buttertiies 
 and plant-lice. A knowledge of these facts 
 becomes of importance in the application of in- 
 secticides. Insects with masticatory mouths 
 can be readily poisoned by applying some 
 poison, such as Paris green, to their food ; but 
 those possessing a suctorial mouth must be 
 treated with a subs'-ance that kills by contact 
 and not by being introduced into the digestive 
 system. Such insecticides as Kerosene Emu.siofi 
 and Pyrethrum powder are suitable for this 
 mode of treatment. Thus, by knowing the 
 nature of the mouths, we are able to suggest 
 what substance is likely to be effective in 
 destroying insects. 
 
 Head. — The head of an insect consists of 
 several parts, the most important of which are 
 those that enter into the comi)osition of the 
 mouth, viz. : /abrum, ov ui)i)erlip; ma7idibles, 
 or upi)er jaws ; maxilUc, or lower jaws ; and 
 labium, or under lij). In a masticatory mouth 
 the mandibles and maxilla' are highly developed. 
 
 I 
 
ECONOMK F.N rO\I(1I.(1(;Y, 
 
 in 
 
 while ill a suctorial the maxilhi; largely consti- 
 tute the sucking apparatus. 
 
 Upon the head are borne the anfefuue or 
 feelers, and the eyes. 
 
 T/iorax. — The thorax consists of three seg- 
 ments — ^usually distinct, but in some united. 
 The first ( prothorax) has a pair of legs ; the 
 second ( niesot/iorax ), a pair of legs and a pair 
 of wings ; the third ( tnetat/iorax ), also a i)air 
 of legs and, in most cases, a jiair of wings. 
 
 'I'he Diptera (flies, etc.) have only one i)air 
 of wings. In the absence of a second pair, we 
 sometimes find them represented by the so- 
 called ''balancers,'' structures resembling 
 knobbed antennae. The wings consist of two 
 layers, between which are the structures known 
 as veins or nerves, and certain vessels (trac/iece) 
 connected with respiration. In the beetles, we 
 find the first pair of wings much thickened. 
 The legs in insects consist of 6 to 9 segments, 
 modified according to the nature and habit of 
 the insect. 
 
 Abdomen. — This contains to 1 1 segments; 
 the last in some females is modified into an 
 a[)paratus (ovipositor) used in depositing eggs. 
 
 The digestive system in insects is quite com- 
 plicated, possessing several well-defined organs. 
 
O K(r)Nn.MI( KNlnMOIocv. 
 
 sucli as gizzard, siomach, small and Lirge intes- 
 tines. 
 
 'I'lic iii:ii/atory system varies much ; it has 
 no regular and definite course, as in higher 
 animals. 
 
 The heart is a long, contractile vessel, situated 
 near the hack, and consists of numerous cavi- 
 ties (usually eight) opening into one another by 
 valves; the blood moves in the direction of the 
 head, and passes from the heart to ch'fferent 
 parts of the body, into small si)aces in the tis- 
 sues, from which it is returned to the last cavity 
 of the heart, and proceeds towards the head, 
 and thus the circulation is kept up. The blood 
 is usually colorless or tinged with green. 
 
 The respiratory system consists ol a series 
 of tubes (trachciC) in the body, and from these 
 branches rise, so that the air is conveyed to 
 different parts, 'i'ht'se lubes are brought iiUvj 
 relation with the outside air by small oi)enings 
 (spirac/ecj, usually situated aU^ng the sides: two 
 m each segment, one on each side. 
 
 in some aquatic insects the spiracles open 
 under the wings, while in maggots they are at 
 the posterior end of the body. In all likelihood 
 the wings assist in resjjiration, for we fuid 
 
E'.ONOMIC KNTOMOI.ncV. 7 
 
 irachcM' placed along some of the veins between 
 tlie niemhranes of the wings. 
 
 The nervous system consists of a chain of 
 nerve centres (i^afii^Ila) located on the lower 
 side of each segment and unired by a series of 
 double cords. With this system the organs of 
 taste, smell, touch, sight and hearing are asso- 
 ciated. 
 
 The sense of smell is connected with the 
 antenna', in which nerves are found and certain 
 pits known to assist i'. 
 
 'V\\<i sense of taste seems to be connected 
 with the under jjart of the mouth. 
 
 'I he sense of t(juch is associated with the hairs 
 upon the antenna', i)alpi, legs, and even the body. 
 The sense of sight is located in the eyes, two 
 kinds of which are found in many insects: 
 simple and compound. The simi)le eyes are 
 usually three in number ; the compound, two, 
 made uj) of many divisions called facets. Some 
 biuteitlies have 30,000 facets in one eye. 
 
 The sense of hearing in grasshopi)ers is 
 located just behind the first abdominal spiracle ; 
 in the locusts it is located in the fore legs. 
 Grasshoppers produce sound l)y rubbing their 
 legs over tlie wings ; locusts rub the wings upon 
 each other. 
 
8 
 
 ECONOMIC KNTOMOI.OC.Y. 
 
 The muscular system is internal, being located 
 within the limbs, while in higher animals it is 
 external. 
 
 Most insects lay eggs, but some produce 
 living young, and ?>on\e J) u pee. 
 
 '^he develojiment of an insect is represented 
 by four stages — ^^i,';^,'-, larva, pupa, imago. 
 
 The larva (larva, a mask) is frequently 
 without external organs and has a biting mouth; 
 hence, is a great feeder and usually very destruc- 
 tive to vegeta.tion, 'I'he larval condition con- 
 tinues from two to six weeks in most ; but there 
 are some in which it is more than a year, e. g., 
 the wire-worm, white grub, and some "borers." 
 
 Pupa (pupa, a doll). This is generally a 
 resting condition, which, in summer, usually 
 lasts but a short time (al)out two weeks) ; but if 
 entered in autumn, continues till the next 
 ^^l^ring. The term chrysalis (chrysos., gold) is 
 often applied to this stage in buttertiies, be- 
 cause in some it is dotted with golden spots. 
 In most moths a cocoon is woven around the 
 \m\)[.\. Nymph is applied to the young of such 
 as do not undergo complete metamorphosis in 
 development ; in such the young are much the 
 same in appearance as the adult, but smaller, 
 and usually wingless; e.g., grasshoppers, bugs, etc. 
 

 FCOXOMIC Kr«f lOMOI.OCY. Q 
 
 Ima^^o (imago, an image). This term is 
 applied to the i)erfect insect, which is often 
 harmless, as far as feeding upon vegetation is 
 concerned. 
 
 The following names show some of the 
 common terms api)lied to these stages in some 
 orders of insects : — 
 
 Larva, l>Lipa Imago. 
 
 Borer, grub, „ Beetle. 
 
 Maggot, „ Fly. 
 
 Caterpillar or worm, Cocoon, .... Moth. 
 
 " M Chrysalis, . . , Butterfly, 
 ^^'ymph, Nymph, . . . Grasshopper. 
 
CHAPTKR III. 
 
 Cl-ASSIIR'ATFON OK InsKCI'S. 
 
 For convenience in study, insects are divided 
 into seven orders, the classitication being based 
 upon the nature of the wings. The number and 
 arrangement of tiie veins in insects is of great 
 importance in grouping tiien^' into families and 
 orders. 
 
 1. Hymenoptera (hymen, a membrane; 
 
 pteron, a wing). 
 The insects in this order undergo complete 
 metamorphosis ; the mouth is partly masti- 
 catory and partly suctorial ; the wings are 
 membraneous. In this group we find the arch- 
 itects, manufacturers, and guards of the insect 
 world, e.i^.s, bees, wasi)s, ants, saw-flies, and 
 ichneumons. Some have stings as organs of 
 defence (bees), some pierce with an ovipositor 
 other insects (ichneumons), and some use the 
 ovipositor for piercing leaves, so as to secure a 
 proper place for their eggs (saw-flies). 
 
 2. Coleoptera (ko/cos, a sheath ; pteron, a 
 
 wing). 
 This order is a very large one. The meta- 
 morphosis is complete ; the first pair of wings is 
 
K( ONOMK KMO.MOI.OCV. 
 
 II 
 
 much thickened, while the second is fdmy, and 
 all have u maslicatory mouth, e.^^., beetles. 
 
 3- Diptera f(//s, twice : ptcron, a wing). 
 
 In this order there is only one i)air of wings. 
 and comi)lete metamorphosis occurs. 
 
 The mouth is suctorial. As many in the 
 larval condition (maizgots) feed u.u^n decaying 
 substances, they have been called the scaven- 
 gers of nature. 
 
 This order includes Hies, gnats, Ik-as, and 
 mos(juitoes. 
 
 4- Lepidoptera (lepis, a scale ; pteron, a 
 
 wing). 
 
 The insecis in "this groiij) have suctorial 
 mouths, wings covered with scales, and under- 
 go complete metamor|)hosis, the larva, pupa 
 and imago l)eing very marked. The moths and 
 butterflies belong to this group, which is one of 
 the largest among insects. Moths usually have 
 feathered antenna', wings horizontal during rest, 
 pupa generally covered with a cocoon oval in 
 outline, and are most active at night, while 
 butterflies have knobbed antcnmx^, wings erect 
 during rest, pupa naked and angular, and are 
 most active during the day. The larva' in this 
 order are termed caterpillars. 
 
KCONfniK !• NIOMOI OCV. 
 
 5. Neuroptera (neuron, a nerve ; ptcroiiy a 
 
 wing). 
 
 This division incliuJcs a great variety of forms, 
 wliicii by some are considered sufficiently mark- 
 ed to be i)Iaced in separate orders. So widely 
 different are some of the forms here, that tins 
 division has l)een broken up into eight distinct 
 orders. In some metamorphosis is complete, 
 while in others it is incomplete (that is, the 
 different stages in develo])ment are not well- 
 marked). 
 
 The wings are very full of veins ; more so 
 than among the Hymenoptera. The moutli is 
 masticatory. 
 
 Dragon - tlies, May -Hies, white ants, lace- 
 winged tlies, and bird-lice belong to this divi- 
 sion. 
 
 6. Hemiptera {hcmi, half; pteron, a wing). 
 Here metamorphosis is only i)artial, the 
 
 larva and pupa resembling the imago, but wing- 
 less and smaller ; the mouth is suctorial. The' 
 lower part of the front wings in many is much 
 more membraneous than the upper. This order 
 embraces plant-lice, true lice, and bugs. 
 
 7. Orthoptera (ort/ios, straight ; pteron, a 
 
 wing). 
 The first pair of wings are stright, narrow, and 
 
KCONOMK KMO.\|(i|,()(,\. 
 
 13 
 
 tliickcned, wliilc llio second, folded like a fan, 
 are membranous ; metamorphosis is partial, and 
 mouth masticatory. The grassl.oppers, locusts, 
 crickets and cockroaches belong to this group. 
 The orders 1, 2, 4 have always remained the 
 same in classifications adopted from time to 
 tmie; 3,6, 7 have been modified very little; 
 but 5 has been much divided. Latterly it has 
 been, as already remarked, divided into eight 
 orders, so that in the most recent classifications 
 we find lO orders instead of seven, and some 
 entomologist ^avor a cla.ssijication containing 
 19 orders. 
 
 The following are popular methods of classi- 
 fying insects : — • . 
 
 ((?) According to their usefulness. 
 
 Beuefiaal.~'X\s,i bee (honey) ; silkworm 
 (silk); cochineal (dye); ichneumon (feeds on 
 injurious insects). 
 
 iV^AvW/y.— Those affecting the products of 
 the tield (midges, etc.); the garden (cut- 
 worms, etc.); the orchard (borers, etc.). 
 
 Neutj-al.—^\\c\\ as are neither injurious nor 
 beneficial. 
 
 {b) According to their mode of injury. 
 External feeders, such as caterpillars, etc. • 
 Internal " " borers, etc. 
 
•'rv^'* 
 
 •/-=?•<., . 
 
 ^4 K( i-JNOMic f-:momoi,0(;y. 
 
 Underground feeders, such as cutworms. 
 Granary pests, such as pea-weevil, etc. 
 Household pests, such as flies, etc. 
 Parasites upon domestic animals, lice. etc. 
 
c. 
 
 
 CHAPTHR IV. 
 Hexeficiai, J]irds and Insects. 
 In the study of Economic Entomology, it is 
 essential that we know something about insec- 
 tivorous birds, especially such as feed upon 
 injurious insects, as well as to have a knowledge 
 of beneficial and injurious insects. 
 
 Many investigations have been carried on to 
 learn what insectivorous birds are useful in 
 assisting man to keej) in check his insect foes. 
 
 Thousands of birds have been shot, and the 
 contents of their stomachs examined, so as to 
 ascertain with accuracy if the insects ealen 
 were injurious. In some cases as many bene- 
 ficial insects were devoured as those harmful. 
 The result of careful examination into the 
 subject has been to consider the birds named 
 ill the following list as benefactors to the 
 farmer, the fruit grower, and the gardener, and 
 should, as far as possible, be protected and 
 permitted to increase in number: 
 
 King bird, pewee, night-hawk, swallow, whip- 
 poor-will, American redstart, yellow-billed 
 cuckoo, blue bird, white-bellied nuthatch, red- 
 headed woodpecker, high-holder, hairy wood- 
 
i6 
 
 ECONO.MK KN J0M01.O(;v. 
 
 pecker, downy woodpecker, golden warbler, 
 red-eyed greenlet, yellow-throated greenlet," 
 Wilson's thrush, brown thrush, cat bird, red- 
 winged blackbird, crow blackbird, oriole 
 meadow lark, indigo bird, song sparrow, grass 
 hnch, chipping sparrow, chewink, purple finch, 
 snow-bird, American goldfinch, horned lark! 
 wren, chickaoee, golden-crowned kinglet, ruby- 
 crowned kinglet, and American creeper. Among 
 the most beneficial insects we find the following 
 in the different orders : — 
 
 Order /:'///^n^— Syrphus fly, Tachina fly. 
 
 O. C^/^^//,v-,z.— Cicindela (tiger beetles),Cal- 
 osoma, Harpalus (ground beetles), Coccinella 
 (lady-birds). 
 
 O. //^w///m?. — Reduvius, Anna (soldier 
 bugs). 
 
 aA>//;-^//^;7?.—Chrysopa (lace-winged flies). 
 
 0. Hymenoptera.~NQ^)2. (wasps), Chrysis 
 (cuckoo flies), Ichneumons. ' ' 
 
 'l^he above insects are of great importance in 
 keeping the injurious insects upon which they 
 prey in check. The ichneumons are most valu- 
 able in this respect. They are very numerous, 
 and prey on many injurious insects, bv deposit- 
 ing eggs in the larval forms. These eggs give 
 rise to larval ichneumons that feed upon tiieir 
 
( 
 
 
 ECONOMIC ENl'OMOI.OdV. 
 
 17 
 
 host, which finally dies. About this time the 
 ichneumons are developed, and escape as 
 perfect insects. The lady-birds are destroyers 
 of plant-lice; ground beetles prey on the potato 
 beetle and several caterpillars, and the tiger 
 beetles are great devourers of several species of 
 insects. 
 
CHAPJ^ER V. 
 
 Methods Adopted to Destroy Insects. 
 
 Among the most important methods followed 
 to overcome injurious insects are the following : 
 
 T. Use of insecticides, such as Paris green 
 and kerosene emulsion, 
 
 2. Poisonous gcis, generated in tents placed 
 over shrubs and trees affected by scale insects, 
 etc. 
 
 3. Entrapping the insects, such as codling 
 moth and cankerworm. 
 
 4. Using barriers to check the progress of 
 injurious forms, such as chinch-bug° army- 
 worm, etc. 
 
 5. Protection of insectivorous birds and bene- 
 ficial insects. 
 
 6. Using parasites, which cause insects to 
 become diseased, such as certain bacteria that 
 are scatterd among those to be destroyed. 
 
 7- Agricultural remedies, such as rotation of 
 crops, varying the time of sowing, using good 
 seed, using fertilizers, cleanliness in fields, drain- 
 age, fall-ploughing, and summer-fallowing. 
 
 In the study of Economic Entomology, it is 
 of great importance lo make a collection. Most 
 
KCONOMlc KMOMOI.ocv. 
 
 19 
 
 collectors are satisfied to secure specimens of 
 the imago ; but if it is desired to study them 
 from an economic standpoint, specimens of the 
 different stages in an insect's life should be 
 secured. If injurious forms are to be con- 
 sidered, it is of more importance to know the 
 larva than the imago. The writer would, there- 
 fore, recommend teachers who are interesting 
 their pupils in entomology, to encourage them to 
 collect eggs, larva, pupa, and imago of the injuri- 
 ous forms. About sixty species would embrace 
 most of our common insect enemies. Such a 
 collection would be very instructive to the 
 pupils, by showing the different stages in insect 
 hfe. With these might be associated the most 
 i)eneficial insects, the whole forming a very 
 complete series of specimens, suitable for ob- 
 taining a practical knowledge of insects. 
 
 For information regarding how to collect, 
 kill and mount insects, we would recommend 
 " Entomology for Beginners," by A. S. Packard, 
 and published by Henry Holt ^i Co., New York.' 
 Square bottles, with neck turned ui) like the 
 letter J, are very convenient for holding larvie. 
 Shai)ed in this way, there is no fear of the pre- 
 serving-fluid getting out. We find many larvae 
 are readily kept in alcohol, diluted with about 
 
20 
 
 ElONOMK f'.N lOMOI.OGV. 
 
 one-third water. The above bottles (size, Yo oz.) 
 can be obtained from Whitall, Tatiim <S: Co., 
 41 Broad street. Boston, at 40 cents a dozen. 
 Pins and other entomoh)gical supplies can be 
 obtained from W. E. Saunders, London, Ont. 
 
 Insecticides are compounds or mixtures used 
 to destroy insects injurious to vegetation. 
 
 Paris Green. — (Arsenite of copper, contain- 
 ing 50-60 ))er cent, of arsenic.) This is applied 
 dry or in solution. In the dry form, it should 
 be mixed with 50 to 100 parts of plaster, wood- 
 ashes, flour, or air-slacked lime, and dusted upon 
 the affected plants. The form in solution is 
 usually I lb. of Paris green to 200 gals, of 
 water ; but if the foliage is tender, 250 to 300 
 gals, of water may be used. This is the usual 
 strength applied upon the plum and peach. As 
 the green powder does not dissolve, it requires 
 to be kept thoroughly mixed by constant stir- 
 ring. One pound of lime to every 100 gallons 
 will prevent injury to the foliage. The Paris 
 green should be first made into a thin paste, in 
 a small quantity of water, and then added to 
 the full amount of water. 
 
 London Purple. — This is an arsenite of lime, 
 obtained as a by-product in manufacturing dyes. 
 It is largely used instead of Paris green ; but 
 
ECONOMIC KMO.MOI.OCV. 
 
 21 
 
 being more soluble in water, it is not apt to 
 injure the foliage, and, besides, its composition 
 varies considerably, so that when used it is not 
 likely to give as uniform results as Paris green. 
 These arsenites are excellent against all leaf- 
 eating insects. 
 
 Kerosene Emulsion. —This is a mixture of 
 coal oil and water. 
 • (i) Riley- Hubbani Emulsion.— Consi^l^ of 
 half-pound of hard soap in one gallon of water. 
 Boil till dissolved, and then add two gallons of 
 coal oil, and mix thoroughly for about live 
 minutes. When i)roperly mixed, it will adhere 
 to glass without oiliness. This can be done by 
 forcing it through the nozzle of a force-pump 
 repeatedly until the mixture appears complete. 
 It will then form a creamy mass, which thickens 
 into a jelly-hke substance on cooling. In using, 
 dilute with nine parts of soft water. This form 
 is very commonly used and is easily prepared. 
 If the foliage is very tender, the emulsion must 
 be more dilute, 15-20 parts water. 
 
 Whale-oil soap is better than the common 
 hard soap, esj)ecially if the emulsion is to be 
 kept for some time. Soft soai) may be used 
 instead of hard, using one quart, Where the 
 water is very /lan/, sour milk may be taken ; in 
 
22 
 
 KCONOXf [(■ KNTOMOr.OC V. 
 
 that case yoi, require only to mix the coal oil 
 ^two gallons) and milk (one gallon) to get the 
 emulsion, the soa|. not being reqt.ired. This 
 emulsion is liable to spoil if kept long 
 Kerosene em.,lsi„n is a most s.iccessful remedy 
 lor plant-hce and scale insects. 
 
 mMn,re.~0\na\n^<i from the powdered 
 , ro'Hs „t a plant (Veratrum alhnm). May be 
 applied dry or as a liquid. One ounce to three ■ 
 gallons 01 water. Excellent against currant 
 worm and cherry slug. 
 
 jyref/rrum. - Made from the powdered 
 Slower, of the genus pyrethrum, a plant of the 
 ■sunllou-er family. It should be fresh, an^ 
 iK^nce should be kept in closed vessels Used 
 ^'^ dry form : one part pyrethrum, five to ei-ht 
 P^ins fiour ,; or liquid: one ounce m three gallons 
 water. A good remedy for cabbage worm 
 
 Carl^o/u- Acid Enmision.-On^ part carbolic 
 acid to hve or seven parts of a solution con- 
 I'lst.ng of one quart soft soap, or one pound 
 i^^rd, m two gallons water. This, applied to 
 affected trees, destroys bark-lice and the borers 
 It should be well rubbed upon the parts 
 attacked. 
 
 Carbolized Plaster.-\ mixture of carbolic 
 acid and land-plaster: one pint of the former 
 
KCONOMK KN ro.\ioi,0(;v. 
 
 23 
 
 and fifty pounds of the latter. A remedv auainst 
 flea-beetles. 
 
 Tobacco. — The refuse from cigar manufac- 
 tories answers the puri)ose. Take one pound 
 of tobacco to three gallons of water, boil thirty 
 minutes. Add water to make the three gallons, 
 and it is ready for use. This is excellent to 
 destroy plant-lice. 
 
 Alkaline Wash. — A strong solution of wash- 
 ing soda, mixed with soft soap until about as 
 thick as paint. Ai)plied to the trunk of trees, 
 destroys the borers, and gives a healthy, vigorous 
 tone to the tree. 
 
 Carbon Bisulp/iide. — This colorless liquid is 
 a most effectual remedy to get rid of insects in 
 granaries, but great care requires to be taken, 
 as it is very inflammable and explosive, and 
 may lead to serious results if any fire is brought 
 near ; even a cigar or pipe, used where the vapor 
 is being evolved, may prove disastrous. It 
 readily volatilizes : the vapor is heavier than 
 air, and is deadly to insect life. In using it, the 
 liquid may be placed in a small shallow vessel 
 and put on the top of the grain, in bins or 
 barrels. 'I'hese are covered so as to keej) in 
 the vapor, which sinks down through the grain, 
 destroying insect life wherever it comes in con- 
 
24 
 
 KCONOMK KNTOMOI.OCY. 
 
 tact with it. After tlie operation is over, the 
 grain will lose all odor in a short time, if exposed 
 to the air. Some prefer taking a wad of cotton 
 or tow, saturating it with the liquid, then plung- 
 ing it into the middle of the bin and leaving it. 
 'IVo or three bunches, thus placed among the 
 grain, will soon kill all such pests as are found 
 in it. One ounce is about sufficient for two 
 bushels of grain. 
 
 In giving the remedies referred to in the 
 following pages, wherever Paris green is 
 mentioned, and no propc.tions named, it is 
 understood to be the common formula : One 
 ])Ound of Paris green to 200 gallons of water. 
 This also is the case where hellebore and 
 })yrethrum are recommended. It is considered 
 unnecessary to repeat the remark in each case, 
 that where the vigor of plants can be increased 
 by the use of fertilizers, it is well to use them. 
 A strong, healthy plant is always in a much 
 better condition to withstand the attack of 
 insects than a weakly one. Thorough cultivation 
 and cleanliness are always to be followed as far 
 as possible ; a want of the latter in many cases 
 leaves sheltering places for Injurious insects, 
 which are enabled to winter favorably and be- 
 come a trouble the following season. Whereas , 
 
KCONOMIC KNTOMOI.OCV. 
 
 25 
 
 
 if weeds, etc., were not allowed to grow, no 
 hiding places would be fiirnised, and many 
 would perish from exposure. 
 
 In nearly all cases, Paris green is an effectual 
 remedy against insects that feed by chewing ; 
 but in cases where its application might effect 
 the fruit, some other remedy must be adopted. 
 Kerosene emulsion is also a most successful 
 general remedy when applied upon insects that 
 feed by sucking the juices of plants, such as 
 plant-iice. We thus have two insecticides which 
 cover almost every case, and are no longer 
 required to learn a diff^erent remedy for each 
 pest, as was necessary not many years ago. 
 The application of insecticides has also been 
 made comparatively easy by the invention of 
 spraying machines, which are rapidly becoming 
 an important factor in gardening and fruit 
 growing. 
 
CFIAPTKR \'r. 
 
 Injurious Ixsecis i\ riir. Okdp'.k 
 Hymknopikka. 
 
 There are not many injurious inserts in this 
 order; the principal being what are known as 
 saw-llies, so-called because some of them are 
 supplied with an ovipositor, with which they 
 can bore into leaves and de|)0sit their eggs. 
 Currant Worm ( Nematus ribesii). 
 
 This insect is very troublesome upon currant 
 and gooseberry bushes. It lay? its e}:^i:;s early in 
 the spring, on the under side of the leaves, in 
 rows along the veins.. These hatch in about 
 ten days, and the young worms appear. The 
 larva^ when full-grown, is about three-quarters 
 of an inch in length, of a greenish color, spotted 
 with dark spots, and has many legs. It spins 
 a brown cocoon, of pa|)er-like texture, which is 
 found sometimes on the ground among the 
 dried leaves, or on the bush, attached to the 
 stems or leaves. This represents \.\\q pupa con- 
 dition. 
 
 The i/Hiii^o ai)pears' in about two weeks 
 after the pupa stage has beep, entered. The 
 male is much smaller than the female, the body 
 
K(n\0\nc F.\ lOMdl o,;^• 
 
 27 
 
 black, with some yellow spots above, while in 
 the feiihile the body is mouly yellow, iioth 
 have four memhranoiis wings. A second 
 brood is of common occurrence. 
 
 RKMICDIKS. 
 
 f. Hellebore, one ounce in three gallons of 
 water, h may also be applied as a dry powder, 
 mixing it with three or four parts Hour. 
 
 2. Pans green for the first brood, but care 
 must be taken not to c )ntinue this if the fruit 
 
 ikely to be affected. 
 
 ap-Tree Slug ^AV-/^,-,? ////,, crras/). 
 
 'I'he^i.x^' are laid about June, in semi-circular 
 incisions made through the skin of the leaf by 
 the insect's ovipositor. 
 
 'I'he /an'a is about one-half inch in length, 
 and is thicker towards the head, of a sonie- 
 what greein'shblack color, and slimv. It has 
 many legs, and gives off a disgusting odor. 
 The J>u/>a is in the ground, two or three inches 
 below the surface, in an oval cavity. This con- 
 dition lasts two weeks. 
 
 The /ma^o-a is a small, four-winged black tly, 
 about one-fifth ofan inch long. There are usually 
 two broods. This insect may be found attack- 
 ng the i)ear, plum, and cherry. 
 
28 
 
 ECONOMIC ENTOMOI.OC.Y. 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 1. Spraying with Paris green, hellebore, or 
 ])yrelhrum, in the common proportions. 
 
 2. Fresh-slacked lime, dusted upon the trees. 
 
 Raspberry Slug* {Seiandria mbi). 
 
 The eggs of this saw fly are ali-o deposited 
 beneath the skin of the leaf. The larva is dark 
 greenish, covered with transverse rows of white 
 spines, and about half an inch long. The pttpa 
 is in the ground. 
 
 The imago is a small, four-winged black fly, 
 which lays its eggs in the leaves of the raspberry. 
 
 REMEDY. 
 
 I. Spray hellebore, one ounce to four gallons 
 of water. 
 
 StrawberPy Slugf {Emphytus maculatus). 
 
 The eggs are deposited in the leaf or stem. 
 The larva is pale green, about three-fourths of 
 an inch long. It enters the ground and 
 becomes a pupa, from which the imago emerges 
 as a small, black, four-winged fly, with two rows 
 of distinct white spots on the body. 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 1. Pyreth*-um powder,dusted upon the plants. 
 
 2. Paris green, if another brood appears after 
 the fruit is gathered. 
 
> or 
 
 ees. 
 
 ted 
 irk 
 ite 
 
 pa 
 
 iy, 
 
 IIS 
 
 n. 
 d 
 
 'S 
 
 s 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Injurious Insects in the Order 
 coleoptera. 
 
 This is one of the largest orders among 
 insects, and in it are many injurious to vegeta''- 
 tion. The stages m development are well- 
 marked. 
 
 Turnip Beetle (Phyllotreta vittata). 
 
 The eggs are laid upon the roots of the tur- 
 nip. The larva is about one-fourth inch long, 
 and feeds, to some extent, upon the roots. It 
 passes ihe pupa stage in the ground. 
 
 The imago is a small, shining black beetle, 
 with a yellowish, wavy stripe on each wing- 
 cover, and is only about one-tenth inch long. 
 It feeds upon the leaves, not only of the turnip', 
 but, also, of the cabbage and radish; sometimes' 
 doing much damage. It passes the winter be- 
 neath clods of earth, etc., and in spring attacks 
 plants of the criidferce order. It cannot do 
 much harm after the fourth leaf comes upon 
 the turnips. Several broods may appear in the 
 season. 
 
^o 
 
 KCONOMIC KNTOMOI.OC.Y. 
 
 RtMEDIES. 
 
 1. Paris green, mixed vviih twenty-five parts 
 flour, or 50 plaster, by weight, dusted on the 
 plants while the dew is on. 
 
 2. Some claim that if the seed is soaked in 
 coal oil, and dried with lime, it will be success- 
 ful in keeping the beetle away. 
 
 3. Coal oil mixed with sand and scattered on 
 the plants. 
 
 4. Tobacco powder, dusted on tiie plants, 
 gives good results ; or, Tobacco solution, one 
 ])ound to two gallons water. 
 
 Potato Beetle {Doryphora decem-Hncata). 
 
 Tlie deep orange-colored egi:;s of this insect 
 are laid in clusters {30-60) on the underside of 
 the leaves, and hatch in a week. The larva is 
 a voracious feeder ; when fully developed, it 
 l)asses into the ground, where the pupa stage 
 coniinues for ten days. . 
 
 The imago (about half an inch long, and oval 
 in outline) has five black stripes on each wing- 
 cover, the general color being a yellowish- 
 brown. One female will lay as many as seven 
 hundred eggs, v/hile one pair in a season may 
 be the i)arents of 38,000,000. When this in- 
 sect is disturbed it droi)s from the leaf ]Many 
 parasites ])rey u[)on the potato beetle, yet it 
 
K( ONOMIC KNIOMOI.O(;v. 
 
 31 
 
 survives against all its foes. Its native home is 
 on the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains. 
 In 1874 it reached the Atlantic States. This 
 pest is too well-kpown to require further 
 description. 
 
 RFMEDIES. 
 
 I. Paris green, with fifty times its weight of 
 flour, or one hundred parts land-plaster, dusted 
 on the plants. Paris green is generally applied 
 in solution, using about one pound to one 
 hundred gallons of water. 
 
 2. Shaking the vines and collecting the drop- 
 ping beetles. 
 
 Cucumber Beetle {DiabrotUa vittata). 
 
 The eggs are deposited in the soil about the 
 stems of the plants, and as soon as hatched the 
 larva feeds upon the roots. It is about half an' 
 inch long, with three pairs of legs in front and a 
 leg-like structure on the last segment. It passes 
 the ////rt! condition in the soil. The //;/^z^.'^ is 
 about one-fourth of an inch long, and is some- 
 what yellow, with black stripes on its back. It 
 feeds upon the leaves and stems of plants 
 attacked, and passes the winter, as a beetle, 
 under any rubbish which will afford shelter. It 
 feeds upon the squash and melon, as well as 
 upon the cucumber, and is a very difficult insect 
 to overcome. 
 
32 
 
 FX'ONOMic kntomolo(;y. 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 1. About the only siiccessfal remedy is to 
 cover the plants with boxes, having fine gauze 
 netting for the bottoms, or to make frames of 
 hoops covered with netting, so as to form a kind 
 of dome over the plants. 
 
 2. A liberal use of tobacco powder has given 
 good results. 
 
 3. Some report success frum sprinkling soot. 
 Grape- Vine Beetle {Haltica chalybea). 
 
 The eggs are deposited on the under side of 
 the leaves. The larva is about one-third of an 
 inch long, brownish, with several black dots on 
 the body. The pupa condition is passed in the 
 ground, and continues for about three weeks. 
 
 The hnago is a small, polished beetle, about 
 one-fifih of an inch long It passes the winter 
 in sheltered spots, under leaves, or around the 
 roots, and is very destructive in spring to the 
 young buds, and afterwards, in the larval con- 
 dition, to the leaves. 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 1. Paris green, three ounces to fifty gallons 
 water. 
 
 2. Dust pyrethrum powder upon the vines 
 attacked. 
 
 3. Jarring the vines in the morning and col- 
 lecting the beetles. 
 
FXONOMIC ENTOMOI.OCV. 
 
 
 Pea Weevil {Bruchus pisi). 
 
 The ^i^r^ are laid on the pods, as soon as they 
 are formed and the seeds set. The larva, as 
 soon as hatched, bores into the pod, reaches the 
 peas and works into them, eating much of the 
 substance, but leaving the germ untouched, 
 rhe////^ is in the pea, where it can readily be 
 seen. The imago emerges in spring, as a small 
 beetle, about one-fifth of an inch long, dark 
 colored ; head well-bent under the body^ which 
 is oval in outline ; short antenna', and the wino-- 
 covers shorter than the body. Sometimes th^'e 
 imago appears in autumn, and passes the winter 
 in some sheltered place. 
 
 kp:medies. 
 
 1. Sow unaffected peas. Seed containing 
 bugs will germinate, but do not produce vigor''- 
 ous plan's. 
 
 2. Seed 'vept over for a year in closed vessels 
 vvil. he frtc cf bugs, as they would be dead by 
 that t! .7^e. 
 
 3- Heat ihe peas to 145^ Fahr., as soon as 
 gathered. 
 
 4- Place the grain in an air-tight vessel; 
 pour some carbon bisulphide in a saucer on 
 top, and cover the whole up for forty-eight 
 hours. The heavy vapor will sink among the 
 
34 
 
 !•'.< ON O M I (■ K N rOM ( ) I ,< )( ; \' . 
 
 ])eas and destroy ilic bugs or any insects in or 
 among the grain. One ounce is said to be 
 sufficient for loo pounds of grain. As this 
 compound is very ihflannnable and volatile, 
 great care should be taken not to bring any h'ght 
 near it. Lately a case came under the writer's 
 notice, where a |)erson had used this substance 
 by simply placing it in an open vessel and setting 
 it upon the grain, without covering the whole, 
 so as to keep the vapor in, and, of course, 
 much of its effects were lost, while at the same 
 time this inflammat>le vapor was to some extent 
 escaping in the gr, ,,iry and barn, where it 
 might liave been ignited from a ]Mpe, or match, 
 and led to serious r>. ult... If ihe i)eas treated 
 are exi)osed to the air a short time the offensive 
 odor will pass away. 
 
 Plum CuPCUlio {Conotrache/us nenuphar). 
 
 The e^\^ of this insect is deposited in the 
 plum. 
 
 'I'lie larva burrows in the fruit, where it ma- 
 tures in three or four weeks. That affected 
 soon falls to the ground, and the larvae leave 
 the i)lums, j)ass into the ground, and become 
 pupce, in which condition they remain for about 
 six weeks. 
 
FCONOMlc KN |■().M(1I,n(;^■ 
 
 3 5 
 
 'I'he ima^^o is a small i;rayi>li-|,r()\vii beetle, 
 one-fifth of an inch long, with a black hump on 
 the middle of each wing-case. It has a curved 
 snout and a stout body. 
 
 'I^he beetles conceal themselves during the 
 winter, in sheltered spots, and appear ii^ the 
 spring about the time the trees are in bloom ; 
 but, some i)a.ss the winter as ////,^. This insect 
 does not confine itself to plums, but is found 
 upon the cherry, peach, and even apple. A 
 single female may lay as many as two hundred 
 
 egss. 
 
 In laying her egg, she first m d<es a small 
 hole in the plum ; into this the egg is placed; 
 she then cuts the crescent marking around it ; 
 this is supposed to be done fi)r the puri)ose of 
 checking the growth of the cells near the egg, 
 and thus prevent its being injured. 
 
 Plums marked in this way are said to be 
 /'stung "—a rather poor term, as the mark is 
 made with the insect's curved snout. 
 
 REMEDIKS. 
 
 r. Jarring the trees, morning and evening. 
 Where this is done, very many beetles drop from 
 the tree, and may be collected iij)on a sheet 
 placed below. Many plum growers prefer this 
 to any other remedy. To j)reven^ injury to the 
 
KCONOMIC F.N rOMOI.OC.V 
 
 tree, a limb n^.ay be sawn off, leaving a small 
 ])art, which can be used to strike against so as 
 to jar the tree. 
 
 2. Gather and destroy the affected plums as 
 they fall. 
 
 3. Spray Paris green, one pound to about 
 two hundred and fifty gallons of water ; especi- 
 ally if the foliage is tender, two pounds of lime 
 added will prevent injury to the leaves. S])ray- 
 ing once before the trees bloom, as soon as 
 foliage is well started, again as soon as the 
 petals fail, and repeat about a week later. 
 
 Wire worm-Click Beetle {Agriotes). 
 
 The eggs are usually laid in grass-land. 
 
 The larva is several years in developing, 
 generally three. Ac there are several species 
 that are known as wireworms, we shall give the 
 general character of the larvte : Long, slender, 
 one-half to one inch in length, yellowish-brown, 
 hard and wire-like, with six legs at one end. 
 They attack the roots, about one inch below the 
 surface, and burrow deeper during winter. 
 Me/anotus communis and Agriotcs manciis are 
 among the most common ; the former are about 
 one inch long and twice as thick as the latter, 
 which is not over half an inch, in leniith. 
 
K'< ».\OMic KNIOMOI.ocv. 
 
 37 
 
 The />///yii staiie is entered in eoily fall, and 
 soon changes to a beetle. At this stage the 
 insect is very tender, and does not leave the 
 cavity in wliich it was i)iipa until spring. 
 
 The /mai^o is a dark gray beetle, in most 
 si)ecies, and when i)]aced on its back is able to 
 spring over with a sort of click ; hence, the name 
 "click-beetle" is sometimes given to this insect. 
 The larv;xj of these beerles do great damage 
 to grasses, grains, corn, and potatoes. They 
 are sometimes confounded witii i,cr.M'i)edes and 
 millipedes, both of which have many legs, while 
 the wire worms have only six. 
 
 At Cornell Experiment Station, this insect was 
 very thoroughly studied, and all the remedies 
 known tried. The result was that scarcely one 
 of them proved a success. One of the most 
 miportant results attained by the investik'arions 
 was that when the imagoes are first developed in 
 the pui;a cells, they are very tende-, and that if 
 the cells in the earth be broken in the fall, the 
 beetles die. 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 1 . Fall ploughing. 
 
 2. Pieces of potato put in the ground will 
 attract these worms, and if examined from time 
 to time, will be found to contain wireworms, 
 
JS KCONOMK KSK.tMOI.oCV. 
 
 wlnrh iiKiy be clestroyed. Tliis is only practi- 
 cable in i^ardens and small areas badly aftccted. 
 A small stick may indicate where the ]JOtatoes 
 are. 
 
 3. Salt has a tendency to drive the worms 
 down into the ground, and thus give the crop 
 time to make some headway and withstand the 
 attack. 
 
 White Grub, May Beetle [Lac h n st c r n a 
 
 Jusca). 
 
 The eg}(s are laid at the roots of grass. 
 
 The lai'va is a large, soft, white grub, about 
 an inch and a-l.alf long, usually curled at the 
 posterior end. It takes three years to develoj). 
 and is sometimes very destructive in old pas- 
 tures, and iri gardens, to strawberry plants. 
 
 The pupa is in the ground. The iina^:;o, an 
 inch long, is a large, plump, brown beetle, often 
 observed buzzing around in the summer even- 
 ings, about the end (if May. It feeds ui)on t!ie 
 foliage of the cherry and plum, 
 
 K KM K DIES. 
 
 1. Spraying with Paris green, for the beetles. 
 
 2. In gardens, dig uj) the plants attacked and 
 kill the grubs. 
 
 3 !'\iri ploughing. • 
 
!•■( oNOMK KMOMOI OCV. 
 
 39 
 
 4- Summer-fallowing. Many birds are very 
 fond of these grubs. 
 
 Rose Bug: or Rose Chafer [Maa-odactyius 
 
 subspinosus). 
 This insect attacks many i)lants, such as 
 grape, rose, cherry, apple, i)!um, pear, and 
 ])each. 
 
 The egi:^s are laid beneath the surface of the 
 ground, and hatch in about two weeks. The 
 larva feeds on tlie tender roots of grass, etc., 
 and si:)ends its first season in the ground, where 
 it hibernates. 
 
 The ////^2! stage is entered in sj)ring. The 
 imago apijears about the time the grapes are in 
 blossom, and becomes a verv serious pest. It 
 is in this stage that the insect is most injurious. 
 Fortunately, the beetle lives only a month. It 
 is about half an inch long; has a slender body; 
 long, sprawling legs, and is of a brownish color,' 
 covered with a sort of yellowish-gray down that 
 can be rubbed off This is a difficult insect to 
 overcome. 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 r. Spraying with a mixture made from three 
 or four pecks of freshly-siacked lime, and one 
 quart of carbolic acid, in fifty gallons water. 
 
 2. Kerosene emulsion. 
 
■\o 
 
 KCONOMic KN r(m(ii.ot;v. 
 
 3. Iarrin<f ilic vines iittackcd, in the moniing, 
 will secure manv. 
 
 Round-headed Borer {S,i/>n-(/a caudida). 
 
 The ^Xi,-".? are deposited ai)()iit June, near the 
 base of the trunk of the ai)])le tree. '\\\q. larva 
 eats its way tiiroiigh tiie outer bark to the inner, 
 and takes about three years to deveioj). It 
 works in the ^apwood, where it forms Hat, 
 shallow cavities, filled with sawdust-like cast- 
 ings, i'hese are often seen on the bark, and 
 indicate where the "borer" is at work. As it 
 reaches maturity, it cuts a ])assage ui)wards into 
 the solid wood, and then curves towards the 
 bark. In this channel it enters \\\t pupa stage, 
 about s])ring. W^hen fully develo])ed. it is 
 an inch long, with a round head that distin- 
 guishes it from the flat-headed borer, which also 
 affects the ai)])le tree. 
 
 The inuv^o is a slender beetle, one inch lo. ^, 
 with two broad, whitish stripes on the win^ 
 covers, and long jointed antennse. It appears 
 about June. 
 
 RKMEDIKS. 
 
 I. Examine the trees in autumn, and where 
 the sawdust-like castings indicate the ])resence 
 of the '• borer," a stiff wire may be pushed in 
 
Ki <1N<)M1( KN lO\I(»|.()(,V. 
 
 41 
 
 aiul llie larva killed, or soinctiiiu-s tiu* larva can 
 he cut (Mil wiih a knife. 
 
 2. About the hej^inniny; of June, apply the 
 foUowinj^f mixture to the trunk of the tree :— 
 One pound of hard soaji, or one (juart soft, in two 
 gallons of water ; heat to hoilini^, and add one 
 l)int crude carbolic, acid ; make a second a))pli- 
 cation in three weeks. This can be well done 
 by using an old scrubbinu-brush to rub it in. 
 
 Flat-headed BOPen Chrysolwt/insfcmorata). 
 
 This insect also attacks the trunk of tiie 
 apple tree, but lays its 0^^:^:^$ higher up the tree 
 than the preceding one. 'I'he larva is a i)ale 
 yellow, an inch long, and has a well-marked flat 
 head, much wider than the body. It is some- 
 times found even in the limbs, and is not so 
 long in developing as the round-headed borer. 
 It cuts flat channels in the sapwood, and some- 
 times girdles the tree. Castings and discolored 
 bark indicate its presence. It fmally bores into 
 the solid wood, and becomes a ptipa for al)out 
 two weeks, and then emerges as an imai:;o about 
 half an inch long, somewhat flat, and of a 
 greenish-black color, with three raised lines on 
 each wing-cover. The legs and under side of 
 the body present a coppery lustre. 
 
42 
 
 KCONO.MIC KNIOMOI.OC.V. 
 
 REMKDIFS 
 
 Are the same as for the round-headed l)orer. 
 
 Clover- root Borer (/y)A7^^^^ /;7>//V). 
 
 The <i,y^ are deposited at th.e crown of the 
 root. The larva, about one-eighth of an inch 
 long, burrows down into the root, where, after 
 a time, it becomes a ///'/'<?. 
 
 Tlie ima^^o is a short, thick-set, brownish- 
 black beetle, one-tenth of an inch long. It may 
 spend the winter as larva, pupa, or imago. It 
 is in the second year of the clover that it 
 becomes most injurious. 
 
 REMEDY. 
 
 T. Mow the clover but once, and pasture or 
 l)lough under the second growth. Frequent rota- 
 tion of the clover crop seems to be the only 
 preventive. 
 
 Spotted Pelidnota [Pclidnota punctata). 
 
 This large brown beetle, one inch long, with 
 three black spots on each wing-cover—one on 
 each side of the thorax and one in the centre— 
 jjreys u])on the grape. On the under side of the 
 body it i)resents a green, metallic lustre. As it 
 is never very lumierous, it may be hand-picked 
 and destroyed. 
 
H< (Wo.MlC KN;o.M()I.(,(;v 
 
 43 
 
 Goldsmith Beetle {Cotalpa /ani\.era). 
 
 This is another large l)eetle found upon tlie 
 grape, and is about the same size as the preced- 
 ing one. The wing-covers are a h-c,dn vellou- 
 the edges and beneath the body are\.f ^ metal- 
 lic histre. This is not a serious pest, and mav 
 also be hand-picked. 
 
 Grain Weevil {Ca/an./ria .ramria). 
 
 This insect is a very small beetle, one-eighth 
 ofun mch long, found among grain in\he 
 granary, ft has a well-marked snout, and is of 
 a brownish color. The writer had several speci- 
 mens sent him from different parts of Ontario 
 during 1894. showing that ,t is more common 
 than formerly. 
 
 kKMKDV. 
 
 The best remedy for this and ail other pests 
 among stored grain is carbon bisulphide The 
 gram may be put in a barrel, and the licniid 
 poured into a saucer placed on the grain, then 
 cover the whole so as to keep in the vapor 
 ^vh.ch will sink down among the grain and kill 
 every insect. One ounce is about enough tor 
 one hundred pounds of grain. It must be 
 remembered that vapor of this substance is very 
 mllammable. 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 Injurious Insrcis in thk Ordkr Lkpidop- 
 
 TERA. 
 
 This very extensive order, embracing the 
 moths and butterflies, contains many enemies 
 to the fruit grovver and vegetable gardener. 
 Many of the larvae of these insects are voracious 
 feeders uj)on the foliage of trees and (:)ther 
 l)lants. The different stages in development 
 are very marked in this group. 
 
 Plum Sphinx {Sphinx drupife7'aruni). 
 
 '^^\\Qeggs are deposited singly upon the leaves. 
 The larva is fully three inches long and thick 
 in proportion, of aj)ple-green color, with seven 
 oblique white bands on each side, bordered in 
 front with light })uri)]e. 
 
 The air spiracles or breathing ])ores on the 
 side of each segment are very marked. A long, 
 horn-like structure is on the last segment. The 
 brown ////'tz-case in the ground is naked, and 
 has a short tongue-case. The ima^^o is a large, 
 grayish-colored moth, with strong wings taper- 
 ing to a point, which, when ex[)anded, are three 
 and a-half inches iicross. 
 
KCONO.MIC FATO.MOI.OCV. 
 
 45 
 
 the 
 
 KKMEDY. 
 
 I. Hand-picking, as there are not likely to be 
 many, and they are readily seen. 
 
 Tomato Worm {P/i/e-af/iontius celcus). 
 
 The e^^,;s are deposited on the leaves of both 
 the tomato and the potato. The larva is three 
 inches long, and has a horn-like structure on 
 the last segment, and the breathing Dores are 
 very distinct. The general color is a hght 
 green, with oblique whitish bands on each side. 
 
 The picpa case resembles that of the plum 
 sphinx, but has a much longer tongue-case, and 
 is also in the ground. 
 
 The ima^^o is a large, gray motli. with five 
 orange spots on each side of the body. 
 
 REMEDY. 
 
 Hand-i)icking, or Paris green.. 
 Grape Sphinx {Darapsa myrou). 
 
 This sphinx preys upon the grape. The /ar7'a 
 two inches long, with red feet, is pale green' 
 with pale yellow stripe down each side. Seven 
 spots, varying in color, are along the back. 
 
 'Vhepu/>a is in a cocoon,formed bv a (aw leaves 
 being drawn together. The ima^^o appears about 
 May. The spread wings measure about two 
 
46 
 
 KCONOMK KN roMOl.OCiY. 
 
 and a-lialf inches ; the fore vvinij^s are dark oh've- 
 
 green, crossed by bands of greenish-gray, while 
 
 the hind ones are reddish. 
 
 rf:aiedy. 
 Hand-|)icking. 
 
 Philampelus achemon, Thyreus Abbotii, 
 Deilephila lineata. 
 
 Also large sphinx moths found upon the grape 
 from time to time, but are not very common. A 
 minute description of any of these moths in the 
 family Sphingidx would require too much space 
 for an elementary work of this kind. Conse- 
 (piently, only a few s|)ecies have been selected 
 and briefly described- -sufficiently, we thmk, to 
 enable them to be identified. Where larvae are 
 large, they are not usually numerous, and there- 
 fore may readily be got rid of by hand-j)icking. 
 Cutworms {A^^rotis^ Maniestra, Hadcna). 
 
 The cutworms which are generally found 
 doing so mu("h damange to garden crops, usually 
 belong to one or other of the above genera — 
 many of them to Agrotis. As their characters 
 are much alike, we shall refer to them in general 
 terms. The lame are about one and a-Iialf 
 inches long ; smooth, naked, and presenting a 
 greasy-looking appearance. The color varies, 
 but is generally some shade of green, gray, 
 
l''<<^NO.Ml( F.NTO.NK.I.OCV. 
 
 47 
 
 brown, or black, and most are night feeders 
 ^Mien disturbed, they cnrl up at both ends 
 J^on>p .>onhne their ravages to the ground, and 
 are known as the "ground cutworms." Amon.^ 
 tlic most common are A^rofis ypsilon. A. sut 
 Kothira, A. tesselata. Others, which defoh'ate 
 trees, are termed -ch'mbing cutworms," the 
 most common being A. saucia. A. Cochranii 
 A. scandens, A. claudcstina. The pupa sta-J 
 IS passed m the ground. The moths ap.pear ?n 
 midsummer. Most have the front wings of a 
 mottled gray appearance, with some spo's • the 
 limdwmgs are of a much hghter color ^The 
 expanaed wings measure one to three inches 
 across. 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 1. P^^n'sgreen.sprayed upon trees attacked by 
 the "clmibing cutworms." will be successful • 
 
 2. In gardens, poisoned baits may be success- 
 fully used, such as small bunches of clover 
 cabbage leaves, etc., dipped in Paris green 
 solm.on (one pound Paris green to one hundred 
 gallons water), and placed near the attacked 
 plants. Ihe cutworms will feed upon these 
 and be destroyed. 
 
 3- '.Vhen putting out cabbage or tomato 
 plants, they may be protected by putting a piece 
 
 
48 
 
 kconomk; kn i(>.\i()i.o(;v. 
 
 of paper around them in such a way as to pre- 
 vent the worm getting at tiie stem. 
 
 4. Dig out the worms and destroy, where 
 l^lants have been eaten. 
 
 lo Emperor Moth {Autoweris lo). 
 
 This insect is found, sometimes, upon the 
 cherry, but is not a serious pest. It is referred 
 to here merely on account of its being such a 
 conspicuously marked, and beautiful moth. 
 
 The moth ai)pears about June. It measures 
 two and a-half inches across the expanded 
 wings, which are of a deep yellow color, in the 
 male, and in the female (much the larger — three 
 and a-half inches across) of a purpiish-brown. 
 The hind wings in both have, near the middle, 
 a large, round blue spot, with whitish centre. 
 Promethea Moth {Caiiosamiu prontethea). 
 
 The larva of this large moth is sometimes 
 found upon the cherry and i)oplar, but is not 
 very troublesome. 
 
 The /ai-Tci, very marked, is two inches long, 
 bluish-green, with eight small warts of a deep 
 blue color on each segment; the top of the 
 third and fourtli segments bears short coral-red 
 horns, and near the end is a yellow horn. 
 
 The pupa is enclosed in a silken cocoon, 
 which is very conspicuous, hanging from twigs 
 
ECONOMIC KNTO.MOI.O(;v. ^^y 
 
 by a slender, string-like structure two-thirds of 
 an nich long. The o^^a^^o differs in the sexes 
 1 he v.',ngs of the male are brownish-black • 
 those of the female are light reddish-brown • 
 both have an eye-like, dark spot near the tip of 
 the front wmgs, which measures three-quarters 
 of an inch across. 
 
 CeCPOpian Moth (Sam /a cecropia). 
 
 This is one of our largest moths. The larva 
 IS sometimes found feeding upon the leaves of 
 the apple, but it is so large that it is readily seen 
 and may be picked off. The eggs of this insect 
 are of considerable size and of a brownish color. 
 The larva is four inches long; pale green; the 
 third and fourth segments bear coral-red warts 
 the others have yellow, except those on the' 
 second and last, which are blue. It is about an 
 inch in diameter. 
 
 'n-i^ptcpa is in a cocoon fastened to the side 
 of a twig. The cocoon consists of an outside 
 tough layer, and an inside loose one. It is 
 three inches long. 
 
 l^he imago is a very large and beautiful moth 
 measuring from five to seven inches across the 
 expanded wings. The wings are brown, the 
 front being somewhat reddish. Near the mid- 
 
50 
 
 KCONOMu: EN ro.MOLO(;v. 
 
 die of each is a kidney-shaped white spot. The 
 front wings, near the tip, have an eye-Hke spot, 
 and near the shoulder are of a dull red color. 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 T. Hand-picking. 
 
 2. Gathering the large cocoons readily seen 
 on the trees. 
 Polyphemus Moth {Tdca polyphemus). 
 
 This is another large and beautiful moth, 
 resembling theCecropian,but is yellowish-brown 
 in color, and not quite so large. 
 
 The eggs are large and cream-colored. The 
 larva, usually upon the plum, is three inches 
 long, and much thicker in the middle, tapering 
 towards each end ; this serves to distinguish it 
 from many of the other larvce, which are about 
 the same thickness the whole length of the 
 body. There is a V-shai)ed band on the last 
 segment. The pupa is in a compact cocoon, 
 with some leaves interwoven in it, and is of an 
 oval outline. It usually is found upon the 
 ground. 
 
 The imago is a large, ochre-yellow colored 
 moth, five to six inches across the wings. An 
 eye-like spot is near the middle of each wing, 
 bordered with yellow. 
 
The 
 
 F.CONOMIC KMnMoi.ocv. 
 
 s 
 
 SI 
 
 REMKDV. 
 
 .. Hand-picking. A large Ichneumon 
 (Ophion macrurum) frequently preys upon the 
 larva of this and the Cecropian moth 
 
 American Tent Caterpillar (C/isiocampa 
 
 AjHcricana). 
 The eggs are deposited on small twigs, in rin<r- 
 hke ckisters, oval in outline, two to three 
 hundred in a mass, and the whole coated with 
 a sort of varnish. 
 
 The larva is hairy, with a white stripe down 
 the centre of the back, and is two inches long 
 ihey construct - tents." or silken webs, in the 
 forks of the branches ; these they leave, mornincr 
 and evenmg, to feed upon the folia-e of the 
 trees attacked (usually the apple). The//,/., is 
 in a cocoon, generally found beneath the top- 
 board of fences and similar places of shelter 
 The covering consists of two layers, with a sort 
 of sulphur-like substance between. The imago 
 IS a reddish-brown moth, with two oblique 
 whitish lines across the wings, which measure 
 one and a-half inches when spread. Clisio- 
 campa sylvatica, the forest tent caterpillar, is 
 another species in the same genus, found Jlso 
 preying upon the foliage of the api)le tree. The 
 pnncipal points of difference are: The eg^-mass 
 
52 
 
 FX'ONOMIC KNrOMOI.Of'.V. 
 
 is not oval in outline, but is cut off s([uarely at 
 each end ; the larva, instead of having a white 
 line down the back, has a series of white dots, 
 and the oblique line on tiie wings is darker than 
 in the ])receding; otherwise the two s])ecies bear 
 a close resemblance to each other in appear- 
 ance and habit. They feed upon several forest 
 trees as well as on the apple. 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 1. Collect and destroy the egg-clusters in 
 winter. 
 
 2. Crush the "tents" when full of caterpillars. 
 
 3. Apply Paris green. 
 
 Tussock Moth {Notohphus IcHcosti^ma). 
 
 The e^^^:;s are in clusters on dried leaves, 
 wjiicli remain attached to the tree. 'The larva 
 is an inch long, yellowish, and hairy ; the head 
 and two wort-like structures are red ; these are 
 followed by four cream-colored tufts along the 
 back. Two long black plumes project forward 
 and backward. It feeds on the apple and some 
 shade trees. The pupa has two forms : that of 
 the male, small and pointed ; that of the female, 
 larger, and usually near the eggs. The inuii^o 
 differs very much in the sexes : the female is 
 wingless, while the male has wings of an ashen- 
 gray color. A small black spot occurs on the 
 
 '.if 
 
KCONO.MIC KNTOMOLOCY. 
 
 ,rely at 
 . white 
 i dots, 
 sr than 
 is bear 
 ippear- 
 1 forest 
 
 ters in 
 ■pillars. 
 
 i). 
 
 leaves, 
 2 larva 
 le head 
 ese are 
 )ng the 
 'or ward 
 d some 
 that of 
 female, 
 : iinaij^o 
 male is 
 I ashen- 
 ; on the 
 
 53 
 
 outer edge, near the tip, and a small moon- 
 shaped marking near the outer hind angle. The 
 wings, spread, measure one and a-quarter inches. 
 The female, shortly after emerging from the 
 ])upa, lays her eggs on or near the old cocoon. 
 
 REMEDIES 
 
 1. Collect the eggs and destroy them. 
 
 2. Paris green, sprayed. 
 
 Codling: Moth {Carpocapsa pomondia). 
 
 The eg^^s are laid on the calyx of the young 
 apple, while it is turned up. The larva is haPf 
 an mch long, and burrows its way into the 
 apple, where it feeds till fully developed, then 
 crawls out to enter the pupa condition, which 
 lasts two weeks. Affected apples fall to the 
 ground, and often contain the worm in them, 
 but it generally leaves the apple before this! 
 The cocoons are frequently under the bark 
 and other sheltered spots. The writer has 
 found as many as ii8 under a band of tow 
 placed around the trunk of the tree to catch the 
 larvae after leaving the apples. 
 
 The imago is a tiny moth, the front win-s 
 ashen-gray, the hind ones light, with a sathi 
 lustre. Though there must be many, still they 
 are seldom seen. 
 
54 
 
 KCONOMK KN I O.M(M rev. 
 
 It appears about the time the trees are in 
 bloom, and is one of the worst pests that attack 
 the ap[)le. 
 
 UK.MKDIKS. 
 
 r. l-'eed to liogs the fallen ai)ples, which may 
 contain the larvae. 
 
 2. Trap the larva', crawling up and down the 
 trinik, by bands of rough cloth, or tow, under 
 which they will crawl and spin their cocoons. 
 
 3. Paris ^reen, sprayed ; first api)licati()n, as 
 soon as the blossoms fall; second, eight to 
 twelve tlays after ; third, when the fruit is from 
 one-ciuarter to one-half inch in diameter. 
 
 Cabbag-e Worm {Pier is rapce). 
 
 The e^^s are laid u})on the leaves. The 
 larva is. an inch and one-half long ; it is green- 
 ish, with a light yellow line down the back and 
 along each side. It matures in two weeks, and 
 there are several generations in a cocoon. 
 
 The pupa is naked, and usually under 
 fence-boards, and in sheltered i)laces, near 
 where the caterpillar has been feeding. It is 
 angular, and has a silken thread around the 
 middle, suspending it. This condition continues 
 about ten days. The imat^o is a common whitp 
 butterfly, found tiying about gardens. It 1 
 few black markings. 
 
are in 
 attack 
 
 :h mav 
 
 vvn tlie 
 under 
 >coons. 
 ion, as 
 ght to 
 s from 
 
 I'.CONOMIC KNTOMOI.ncV, 
 
 5$ 
 
 The 
 
 green- 
 ck and 
 ;s, and 
 1. 
 under 
 , near 
 It is 
 md the 
 ntinues 
 1 whi' ' 
 t 1 
 
 The female has two sjmts near the nnddle of 
 each front wing, wliile the male has only one 
 T]iewmgs,cxpanded, measure two inches across. 
 
 R KM E DIES. 
 
 No insect has had more remedies published 
 for Its destruction than this. 
 
 1. Pyrethrum powder mixed with six to ei-rht 
 parts flour, and dusted upon the nlants, is o"ne 
 of the best. Some use it in solution : one 
 ounce pyrethrum to three gallons of water. 
 
 2. Water, 130 F., applied, will kill the worms . 
 and not mjure the cabbage jjlants. 
 
 3- I'aris green on young plants. 
 
 4. Kerosene emulsion, until the plants are 
 heading. 
 
 Cankerworm [Anisopta-yx vemata). 
 
 This insect attacks the apple, plum, cherrv, 
 and basswood, but is usually found on the 
 apple. There are two species: one, the above, 
 appearmg in spring, is known as the " sprin- 
 cankerworm," and one, in the fall, as - faU 
 cankerworm." 
 
 The eggs are laid in irregular masses, upon 
 the twigs. The larva varies much in color in 
 each species, from a greenish-yellow to a dark 
 brown. It is slender, an inch long, and moves 
 with a loop-like motion; hence, the term " meas- 
 
56 
 
 ECONOMIC ENTOMOl.OCY. 
 
 uiing-worrn " sometimes is used. Having 
 fully developed, it passes to the ground, where 
 it enters iht pupa stage. It can drop from the 
 trees by a silken thread. The imago appears 
 in spring. The female is without wings. The 
 male is ash-colored, and has wings. A. pome- 
 taria is much the same as the preceding, but 
 the imago appears in the fall. The wingless 
 females in both species crawl up the trunks to 
 lay their eggs on the twigs. 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 1, Use means to trap the climbing females. 
 This may be done by putting a band of some 
 material, smeared with tar, around the tree, or 
 using what are known as " tree protectors," a 
 sort of funnel-shaped structure, that is fastened 
 around the tree, three or four feet from the 
 ground ; these prevent the females from getting 
 up the tree. 
 
 2. Paris green will destroy the larvae feeding 
 upon the foliage. 
 
 Army Worm {Leucania unipuncta). 
 
 The eggs are laid at the roots of grass, usually 
 in low-lying spots. The larva is a general 
 feeder upon wheat, grass, oats, etc. They fre- 
 quently move in great numbers, devouring 
 everything green on the line of march. It is 
 
 
FX'ONOMIC ENTOMOLOCV. 
 
 57 
 
 one and a-qiiarter inches long, with three nar- 
 row, yellowish stripes along the back, and 
 develops in four weeks. The pupa is in the 
 ground, but sometimes on the surface. 
 
 The imago is a gray-colored moth, with a small 
 white spot near the centre of the front wings, 
 which measure one and three-quarter inches 
 across, ^t may pass the winter in the half- 
 grown caterpillar, or larval condition, or as a 
 moth. During the summer of '94 they were 
 plentiful in several parts of Ontario. 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 1. Spray the edge of the field, where it may 
 be safely done, with Paris green, as the " army" 
 of worms advances to feed upon it. 
 
 2. Plough a furrow between the field and the 
 approaching worms, and have the perpendicular 
 side next the crop. As the worms advance, they 
 cannot get over the furrow for a time, and may 
 be killed by thousands while in it. 
 
 3. Form windrows of straw, and as the worms 
 get into them, set fire to the straw. 
 
 4. Burn over pastures and meadows in the 
 spring and fall. As the insect breeds largely in 
 rank grass (such as is seen bordering swamps), 
 these can be burned 
 
5« 
 
 ECONOMIC KNTOMOI.OC.V. 
 
 Fall WebWOPm {Hyphantria amea). 
 
 The egi::;s are laid in patches on the under side 
 of leaves, near the end of a branch. 
 
 The larvae spin a web over them as they feed, 
 covering themselves and the leaves they are 
 feeding upon. This is sometimes quite large, 
 and is readily seen towards the close of summer. 
 The larva, when developed, is an inch long, the 
 body thickly covered with yellowish hairs in 
 tufts. It feeds on the cherry, apple, and pear. 
 ''\\\^ ptipa is in the ground, or beneath some- 
 thing on the surface. The 
 
 imago 
 
 little 
 
 IS a pure 
 over an inch 
 
 while moth, raeasurmg a 
 across its expanded wings. 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 1. Cut offthe web and destroy the caterpillars. 
 
 2. Spray with Paris green. 
 
 Celery Caterpillar {Papi/io asferias). 
 
 This is a very beautiful, swallow-tailed butter- 
 fly, found feeding upon celery, parsnip, carrot, 
 and parsley. The eggs are deposited on the 
 leaves. The /arrhi (one and ahalf inches long) 
 is very marked, with yellow and black lines 
 crossing the body, which is of a general pale 
 green color. It has a pair of peculiar, horn-like 
 structures just behind the head ; these can emit 
 an unpleasant odor. 
 
ECONOMIC ENTOMOI.(.)(;V. co 
 
 The pupa is in a sheltered position, and is 
 suspended by a silken thread, passing under it 
 and attached to the board, etc., where the chrys- 
 alis is located. The imago is a very beautiful 
 butterfly, black, and handsomely marked with 
 yellow and blue markings. The wingp meas- 
 ure two to three inches across, and have a 
 swallow-tail appearance. 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 1. Hand-picking. 
 
 2. Dust pyrethrum powder on the young 
 larvce. 
 
 P. turnus resembles the above, but its pre- 
 vailing color is yellow, instead of black; in size 
 and form, it is much the same, but feeds on the 
 apple. 
 
 Peach Borer {Sannina exitiosa). 
 
 The eggs are laid on the bark or in crevices 
 on the surface of the ground. The larva, a 
 whitish caterpillar with i6 k,,s, bores into the 
 wood, and works downward into the larf^er 
 roots \ a i^w hairs on tubercles are scattered 
 over the body. The pupa is in the tree, within 
 a rudely-constructed cocoon. The imago is a 
 small moth, with transparent wings and wasp- 
 like body. 
 
 
6o 
 
 ECONO.M IC KNTOMOLOt i Y. 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 1. Cut out the borers in fall or spring. Their 
 location may be seen by removing some of the 
 earth from the base of the tree. 
 
 2. Remove the earth and apply boiling water. 
 
 3. Mound up the trees (one foot) late in 
 sj)ring, and remove the soil in September. 
 
 4. One bushel of lime, one bushel of ashes, 
 and one pint of crude carbolic acid, with thirty 
 gallons water, make an excellent mixture to 
 apply upon the trees. In using this, remove 
 the earth and apply it for about two feet up the 
 trunk, in the end of M^y or beginning of June. 
 
 Aegeria rubi is a moth which bears a close 
 resemblance to the preceding ; it affects the 
 canes of the raspberry, by depositing its eggs in 
 them just above the ground. These give rise 
 to borers, which are sometimes very injurious. 
 About the only treatment for this is to cut out 
 the " borer," or pull up and burn the attacked 
 canes. 
 
 Apple BucCUlatrix {Bucculatrix pomefoli- 
 
 ella). 
 
 This is a small but beautiful moth, with 
 
 narrow, much-fringed wings; sometimes injurious 
 
 to apple trees. The cocoons are very small 
 
ECONOMIC ENTOMOI.OCV. 
 
 6i 
 
 (half-inch), white and ribbed, and occur in num- 
 bers upon the under side of twigs. They have 
 been quite common lately in many orchards. 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 1. Remove the cocoons in winter. Althoush 
 small, they can easily be seen upon the twigs. 
 
 2. Paris green will destroy the larva, if aj)- 
 plied as soon as the petals fall. 
 
 Yellow-necked Caterpillar {Datana mm- 
 
 istra). 
 The larva of this insect usually appears 
 upon apple trees in the early part of the sum- 
 mer. They feed together in considerable num- 
 bers, and when disturbed or at rest ihey assume 
 a peculiar position — something of an imploring 
 attitude. They are striped along the body. 
 The imago is a moth with light-brown wings, 
 striped across with brown of a darker shade. 
 It measures two inches across the expanded 
 wings. 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 1. Cut off twigs containing a crowd of larva) 
 and destroy them. 
 
 2. Spray with Paris green. 
 
 Yellow Woolly Bear {Spilosoma Virgmlca). 
 
 This white moth, which is sometimes, in the 
 
 larval condition, found feeding upon the grape, 
 
62 
 
 KCONOMK" RNTOMOI.O(.Y. 
 
 resembles the imago of the "fall v.'ebworm" 
 upon the apple, but is larger, and has some 
 black dots on its wings. It does not occur in 
 sucli numbers as to do much injury. 
 
 Red-humped Caterpillar {Oeikmasia con- 
 
 cinna). 
 The larviie of" this moth is found on the 
 plum, cherry, aj)))le, and pear, and sometimes 
 does considerable damage. The laj'va, an inch 
 long, is easily identified : the head and a huinj) 
 on the fourth segment are red : narrow black, 
 yellow and white lines extend along the body ; 
 two rows of black prickles along the back, and 
 shorter ones along the sides. The pupa is in 
 the ground, or beneath leaves. The i?nago is a 
 moth, with front wings of a brown color on the 
 inner margin, and grayish on the outer, with a 
 dot near the middle, and a si)ot near each angle 
 of the hind wings. 
 
 REMEDY. 
 
 I. Si)ray with Paris green. 
 
 Bud Moth {Tmetocera ocellana). 
 
 This insect is found attacking the buds upon 
 the ai)ple, and sometimes proves very injurious. 
 The half-grown larva winters over, and appears 
 in spring as a small brown caterpillar, just 
 about the time the buds begin to open, and 
 
ECONOMIC extomoi.O(;y. 
 
 63 
 
 feeds upon them. It measures about lialf an 
 inch when full-grown. By rolling up one side 
 of a leaf, and securely fastening it with silken 
 threads, it forms a tube, in which it enters the 
 pupa stage, having lined the little chamber with 
 a closed woven layer of silk. This condition 
 lasts ten days. The ima^^o is a small moth, 
 resembling the codling moth in size and form. 
 It is of an ash-gray color. The front wings 
 have a whitish-gray band across the middle \ the 
 hind wings are a dusty brown. The expanded 
 wings measure half an inch across. 
 
 REMEDY. 
 
 I. Spray Paris green (one pound to two 
 hundred and fifty gallons of water) just as the 
 buds are opening, and again in seven to ten 
 day, or before the blossoms open. 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Injurious Insects in ihk Order Hemipikra. 
 This order embraces such insects as the plant- 
 lice and bugs. Most of the injurious insects of 
 this division live on the juice of plants, upon 
 which they feed. They may be destroyed by 
 kerosene emulsion. The insects in this group 
 do not pass through a series of well-marked 
 changes, from the young to the adult form. 
 
 The Squash Bug" {Anasa tristis). 
 
 The larva resembles the imago, except in 
 size. The adult insect is a rusty-black, flat 
 bug, yellow on the under side, half an inch long, 
 and has an offensive odor. It winters in the 
 adult form, underneath leaves, boards, etc. The 
 eggs are laid on the under sides of the leaves, in 
 June. They soon hatch out the young bugs. 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 1. Hand-picking, morning and evening, when 
 they are less active. 
 
 2. Kerosene emulsion, diluted with twelve 
 parts water, is effective. 
 
 3. Small boards placed in the vicinity of the 
 plants become hiding places for them, and serve 
 as traps beneath which many can be destroyed. 
 
K.CONOMIC F.NTOMOI.OCiv, 
 
 65 
 
 Aphidae (Pi„nt-iice). 
 
 These miiuite, greenish insects affect the 
 fol.age of nearly all plants. They pres „ a 
 :S,r<^''."^"'^.">''-rlire.,,istor;. tL 
 that appear ,n spnng are fe.nales, and, gener- 
 a .on after generation,they produce living /o , 
 a I females, until the close of summef, whe^n 
 males appear n, the last generation. ^.„, , " 
 
 appear to agaui produce living young for several 
 generattons. Many species of therT, secre a 
 sweet substance, of which ants are very fo^^ 
 so m.,ch so that they search for planMice in 
 
 order to get it on the leaves near th'e lice. 1 
 are sa,d to even carry the Aphid.e to their nests 
 and keep them there to supply ,|,e sweet liquid' 
 
 a,>d thus ave them, as we keep cows to stt^ly 
 milK. -^//"^ ««/M-nfests the apple. 
 
 REMEDY. 
 
 I. Kerosene emulsion, diluted with ten parts 
 vater sprayed, will destroy them. Plan ■ ice 
 a e often very troubleson.e in greenhouses, ad 
 are usually treated with tobacco smoke To 
 bacco stems are put in a vessel and burned • 
 the closed greenhouse becomes filled with the 
 smoke, w ,ch kills the lice. Solution is a , 
 form m wh.ch tobacco is used to kill p,a„t.,i e 
 
66 
 
 KCONOMIC KN lO.MOI.ddV. 
 
 it is made by putting one pound of tobacco 
 stems, leaves or dust, into two or three gallons 
 of water, and boiling it for about twenty 
 minutes ; as soon as cold, it is fit for use, and 
 can be sprayed upon the plants with good 
 effect. A. brassicce api)ears on the cabbage ; 
 Myztcs ribis,ov\ the currant ; A. maidis^ on corn; 
 Myzits ccrasi, on the cherry ; J/, persicce^ on the 
 jjeach; A.pninifolii,Q>\\ the plum; Siphotiophora 
 avence, on wheat and oats. These are all mem- 
 me?s of the family ApJiididcp.^ and where ])rac- 
 ticable, are destroyed by kerosene emulsion, 
 diluted with ten to fifteen parts water,or tobacco, 
 in solution, or as smoke. 
 
 Oyster-shell Bark-louse {My /Hasp is pom- 
 
 orum). 
 The ei:;^^s are beneath the oyster-shell shaped 
 scale (one-sixth of an inch) upon the twigs and 
 other parts of the tree, and are of much the same 
 color as the young bark. They hatch in the 
 end of May or the beginning of June. The 
 /arvce are very minute, almost invisible, and 
 appear as small specks moving on the twigs of 
 the ap])le tree. As soon as hatched, they seek 
 the ends of the young twigs, where they become 
 fixed, and continue to suck the juice from the 
 twigs. Soon a scale forms over them, by a sub- 
 
KCONOMIC KM(r\|ni.O(;v. 
 
 67 
 
 Stance issiiin^r from their bodies, in the form 
 of waxy threads. All under the scales, the 
 shape of an oyster-shell, are females that de- 
 posit their eggs under the scale. The scale 
 covering a male is more oolong, and is very 
 rarely seen. 
 
 I. In winter, or early spring, scrai)e off the 
 rough bark from the trunk and large limbs, and 
 nib in with a scrubbing-brush t^he following 
 solution :-One quart soft soaj), or one-quarte" 
 pound hard, in two quarts boiling u-aier ; take 
 seven parts of this and add one'i)art carbolic 
 acid; then,when the young lice are moving (May 
 or June), si)ray with kerosene emulsion, diluted 
 with ten parts water. 
 
 Lice {Hceniatopinus), 
 
 Our domestic animals are often infested with 
 lice. There are two types,— one suck, the other 
 bite,— each belonging to a different order of 
 insects ; the first belong to the Hemiptera ; the . 
 , second to the Neuroptera, or Mallophaga,' one 
 of the orders into which the Neuroptera has 
 been divided. The first are what we will now 
 consider. They live upon animals, by sucking 
 their blood. The eggs are stuck to the hairs^, 
 and soon hatch ; the young lice resemble the 
 
68 
 
 kconomh: kn roMoi.ocY. 
 
 adults, l)ut are smaller. The following are the 
 common species (all l)elonging to the same 
 genus) : — 
 
 Hiematopinus eurystinus, short-nosed ox-louse. 
 
 //. 77/////, long-nosed ox-louse. 
 
 H. asini, horse-louse. 
 
 If. suis, pig-louse. 
 
 J/. /)i/i/erus, dog-louse. 
 
 kKMEDIKS. 
 
 1. Kerosene emulsion, ten to twelve i)arts 
 water. 
 
 2. Rub with an ointment, three i)arts lard, 
 one part coal oil. 
 
 3. Tobacco solution, one ])ound boiled in 
 two gallons water. 
 
 Woolly Aphis {Schizneura la7iigera). 
 
 This insect may appear on the twigs or roots. 
 When it appears on the twigs, it is in the axils 
 of the leaf-stalks as masses of cotton-like ma- 
 terial ; this covers the young lice, and is 
 • secreted by them. During summer most of 
 these lice are wingless, and, like the other 
 Aphida^, produce living young. 
 
 Those that attack the roots cause knot-like 
 structures that readily indicate infested roots. 
 Both forms are very minute (one-tenth of an 
 inch long). 
 
K( O.NOMIC KN lO.Moi.ncV. 
 
 69 
 
 in 
 
 kKMEDIKS. 
 
 1. Pour scalding water on the roots, if the 
 roots are exposed, as in transphmting ; a tem- 
 perature 120° to 150^' F. is sufficient. 
 
 2. Kerosene emulsion will destroy those 
 upon the limbs. 
 
 3. Refuse tobacco powder, worked in about 
 the roots, is claimed to destroy the root form. 
 Scurfy Bark-louse {Chionaspis fnrfurus). 
 
 This resembles the oyster-sh.ell bark-louse in 
 its general life-history, but the scales are more 
 oval, and slightly taper to one end ; grayish - 
 white in color, and very minute (one-tenth of an 
 inch). The scales of the males are more oblong. 
 The eg^^s beneath the scales hatch about the 
 beginning of June, and the young lice proceed 
 to suitable places, where they become fixed, 
 and suck the juice from the small twigs. 
 
 REMEDY. 
 
 Same as for bark lice. 
 
 San Jose Scale {Aspidiotus pemidosus). 
 
 This insect is attracting considerable atten- 
 tion at the present time. At first it was con- 
 fined to California, but has now reached the 
 Northern States, and may be expected in 
 Ontario before long. It has also appeared in 
 
70 
 
 E( O N O M 1 ( • K N TO M 1 ,0( ; V . 
 
 British Columbia. It attacks most fruit trees, 
 a,nd also currants. The scale is roun.d, Hat, and 
 pressed close to the bark, which it resembles 
 in color. It is very small (one-eighth of an 
 inch in diameter). About the middle is a small, 
 round, black point. Tliis may a[)pear yellow- 
 ish. Sometimes the scales are very numerous, 
 and overlaj). The insects are half-grown in 
 wmter, but remain under the scales till shortly 
 after the trees leaf out. 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 1. Abe ui May- June spray with kerosene 
 emulsion : dilute with nine parts water for 
 apple trees ; peach, fifteen. 
 
 Make three aj^plications, at intervals of ten 
 days. In winter an aj)plication may be made 
 with stronger emulsion, diluted with four parts 
 water. . 
 
 Pear-tree Psylla {Psylla pyricoUi). 
 
 The body of this minute insect (one-eighth of 
 an inch long) is crimson, with black bands 
 across ; the wings are trans[)arent, and, when it 
 is at rest, slope over the body. When the 
 leaves are attacked, they turn yellow, and the 
 development of the fruit is arrested. 
 
 REMEDY. 
 
 Spray kerosene emulsion soon after the leaves 
 unfold, and later, if the young insects appear. 
 
KCONOMlc K.\ lOMOI.OCV. 
 
 7' 
 
 Plum Scale {Lecaninm). 
 
 The brown scale of this insect, when fully 
 developed, is much larger than any of the pre- 
 viously described, being the fifth of an inch in 
 diameter. The small scales move, about the 
 beginning of Ai)ril, making their way to the 
 under side of the limbs. Here they remain, 
 and mature, growing very rapidly muil full 
 development is attained at the end of May, 
 when they begin to lay eggs under the scale.' 
 The matured scales are oval in the females, and 
 much smaller and more oblong in the males 
 which last but a short time. The young insects 
 appear about the first of July, j)rocee(l to the 
 leaves, and locate themselves on the under side 
 to feed by sucking the juice. From this thev 
 emigrate, about Se])tember, to the under side 
 of the branches, and hibernate, as small scales 
 less than the size of a i)in-head. their growth 
 bemg comparatively little during the summer. 
 
 REMEDY. 
 
 Kerosene emulsion, applied as follows :--- 
 ^ I. Beginning of July, Kerosene emulsion 
 diluted, SIX to eight parts water. 
 
 2. October, the same, but diluted only four 
 parts water. 
 
 3. Some time in the winter, the same as iNTo. 2 . 
 
 4- About the begining of April, the same as 
 No. 2. 
 
CHAPTER X. 
 
 Injurious Insects in the Order Diptera. 
 
 In this order the insects have only two wings; 
 the hind pair are lacking. Some small forms 
 are very troublesome to field crops. 
 
 Wheat Midge {Diplosis tritid). 
 
 The egi^s are deposited between the chaff of 
 the wheat-heads during warm, damp evenings, 
 and in the shade, about the middle of June. 
 The larva is very small (one-eighth of an inch 
 long), of an orange color, and feeds on the 
 young kernel. Moisture is very f^ivorable to its 
 development, but it can remain for months in a 
 dormant state, if the conditions are not suit- 
 able, and then become active when they are. 
 
 It remains in the head till the stalk is wet, 
 and then pas?es to the ground, where it enters 
 i\\Q pupa stage. The imai^o is a very small fly 
 (one-tenth of an inch long), yellowish body, 
 with two clear, glossy wings. 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 1. Sow early-maturing wheat, as the midge 
 is less liable to attack it. 
 
 2. Ploughing deep in the fall buries many 
 larvas and pupae. 
 
ECONOMIC ENrOMOLO(;Y. 7, 
 
 3. Screenings often contain pup^e, which mav 
 be readily destroyed. 
 
 4. Sow midge-proof wheat. 
 
 ^'^essmn Fly (CeaWomyia./esMu-/or J. 
 
 1 his IS another insect which attacks the wheat 
 Pall wheat is very favorable for its development. 
 Ihe eg^s are laid on the upper surface of the 
 fall-wheat blades. As soon as the /arz'^e hatch 
 they descend to the base of the sheath, where 
 they uecome imbedded in the stalk. They 
 take about three weeks to develop, and then 
 become////^, which resemble a flax-seed. The 
 ^vnuer is usually spent in this condition. In 
 spring the ima<r,, appears, and lavs eggs for 
 another brood. The second brood is found 
 i^'gher up on the stem, at the tirst or second 
 jomtsfrom the root. The imago is a minute, 
 two-winged fly, with a dark-brown body and 
 dull, smoky-brown win^^s 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 1. Sow fall wheat as late as possible. 
 
 2. Burning the stubble of wheat fields may 
 destroy many in the - flax-seed " condition. 
 
 3. Sow some wheat in the field early, so as 
 to attract the fly, and after a time, when the 
 eggs are deposited, plough this under and sow 
 the regular crop. 
 
74 
 
 ECONOMIC K\TOMOI.O(;V. 
 
 4. Burn any refuse which may contain the 
 pupa.' (" iiax-seed"). 
 
 Clover -seed Midge (Cecidomyla U^^nmi- 
 Jiicola). 
 
 This insect lays its eggs in the heads of the 
 clover. The larva feeds upon the forming 
 seed ; it is of an orange color, and very small 
 (one-tenth inch long). The picpa is in the 
 ground, or under rubbish on the surface. The 
 imago is a very small tiy, appearing about June 
 and Sejnember. 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 1. Stop growing clover-seed, and thus raise 
 no second brood. 
 
 2. Pasture the clover till the beginning or 
 middle of June, and then let it grow for seed ; 
 this avoids the first attack. 
 
 3. Cut the clover before the end of June 
 (when the larv?e are mature and enter the 
 ground). This will destroy the first brood, and 
 a second will not ai)pear. 
 
 4. Mow when the heads are green and just 
 forming ; leave this as a . ulch ; a new crop of 
 blossoms will come between the regular crops 
 and escape the midge. 
 
K( ONOM iC I'.N lOMOl.dCN'. 
 
 / > 
 
 lid 
 
 ist 
 of 
 ps 
 
 Horn-Fly {Haematobia serrata). 
 
 The Cii;gs are laid on the surface of the dung 
 of cattle, and from these the lai-vce are hatched, 
 which, when mature, enter the ground to assume 
 \\\t pupa condition for a few days. The ii/uii^o 
 is a small fly, resembling the house-fly, but 
 very much smaller. These tlies settle at the 
 base of the horn, so as to be beyond the reach 
 of the animal. By inserting their beaks into 
 the skin and sucking the blood from the wound, 
 they irritate the cattle, and are especially trouble- 
 some to milch cows. More injury is sustained 
 from rubbing by the cattle than from the bites 
 of the fly. They take only three weeks to com- 
 plete their life-history, and consequently there 
 are several broods in the season. They Crst 
 appeared in Canada in 1892. 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 1. Rub points attacked, svith fish-oil, to which 
 a little carbolic acid has been added. 
 
 2. Apply kerosene emulsion, diluted with 
 twelve parts water. A better emulsion is made 
 by substituting fish-oil for kerosene. 
 
 3. lobacco dust will also keep off the insects, 
 by dusting it upon the back, tail and neck of 
 the animal, and upon the base of the horns. 
 
rH."!!!'!! 'JWIUIB W"«li»»llW 
 
 76 
 
 KCONO.MIC KNTOMOI.OC.Y. 
 
 Sheep Tick {Me/ophagus ovinus). 
 
 These insects differ from any we have referred 
 to among the Dij^tera, as the e^^gs and hirvie are 
 within the female, and the pupic are deposited 
 in the wool of the sheep. From these egg-like 
 bodies, or pupce, the "tick" or iniago comes; 
 although without wings, still it possesses other 
 characters which indicate that it belongs to 
 the order Uiptera, but is a degraded form. The 
 " sheep dips " of stockmen are effectual in 
 destroying this parasite. 
 
 Cabbage Mag'gOt {Phorbia brassUce). 
 
 This small, slender fly, resembling the house- 
 fly, lays its eggs near the crown of the root. 
 These give rise to sniall vvorms that bore into 
 the root and feed uj)on its substance. The 
 pupce are in the ground, and are brown, egg-like 
 bodies. 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 1. When putting out the plants, a teaspoon- 
 ful of carbon bisulphide i)oured into a hole, 
 near the plant, will prevent the fly depositing 
 its eggs. 
 
 2. Apply Kerosene emulsion about the roots. 
 
 3. Coal oil, mixed with sand and then 
 sprinkled near the i)lants. 
 
ECONOMIC ENTOMOIOC.v. 
 
 / / 
 
 4- A piece of tarred paper, three inches 
 square, cut so as to place the plant in the 
 centre, forms an excellent protection. This 
 niay be done by cutting a slit into the centre. 
 i:'lace the paper about the crown of the plant 
 and this will keep the fly from depositing its 
 eggs. ^ 
 
 Onion ny (P/ior/>ia ceparu,n). 
 
 Much the same as the preceding, but the 
 eggs are laid on onion bulbs. 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 i.^ Remove the affected onions, which can 
 readily be recognized from their sickly, yellow- 
 ish appearance. These will have worms in 
 them, which should be destroyed. 
 
 2. Sprinkle Kerosene emulsion near the 
 onions. 
 
 3. Change the onion-bed each 
 
 Horse Bot {Gastroph 
 
 a us equi). 
 
 year. 
 
 Hie eggs are deposited on the front 1 
 
 ere Uie horse can lick them ; each haT 
 
 wh 
 
 small lid. 
 
 egs, etc. 
 
 a 
 
 The Ia?-va is 
 
 w 
 
 in the stomach of the h 
 
 hich it has reached by the horse lick 
 hatched larvae from the 
 
 orse, 
 
 ing newly- 
 
 eggs and swallow 
 
 them. It is ofan ugly, grub-like fo 
 
 WYl 
 
 Ion 
 
 g, with eleven segments. Si 
 
 rm, an inch 
 
 pnies on each 
 
7S 
 
 K(ON(VMI( KN roMOI/K'.V. 
 
 segment enable it to keep attached U) the walls 
 of the stomach ; there are also two hooks at 
 the head. Jt develops in three weeks, then is 
 passed out of the horse, and enters the />?^/>(i 
 condition in the ground, Tlie imai^o is a large, 
 coarse fly; the body of the female is wedge- 
 sha])ed, while that of the male has a more 
 rounded outline. 
 
 REMKDIES. 
 
 1. Remove the eggs. 
 
 2. Api)ly carbolic acid to the parts where 
 there are eggs. 
 
 Ox Bot {Hypoder))ia lineata). 
 
 This insect causes the so-called " warbles " 
 of cattle, or boil-like swellings on their backs, in 
 sj)ring and early summer. 
 
 These e^gs are dej^osited on the back, and 
 the larva burro v/s into the skin, and there pro- 
 duces the lumps seen upon cattle affected. 
 These injure the hide and affect the quality of 
 the beef. The larva is fully an inch long, and 
 has the breathing-pores located in the posterior 
 part of the body. They are near the 0})ening 
 of the lump or swelling. When matured, the 
 larva gets out of the swelling, reaches the 
 ground, where it ]jas5es the pupa, and then 
 emerges a coarse, hairy fly. 
 
KroNlMiC FNTOM.)I.O(;v 
 
 79 
 
 REMKiJIES. 
 
 1. Press out tlie maggot and kill it 
 
 «.llk,ll the larva, and rubbing o„ the same i„ 
 summer keeps the fly away. Almost any 
 greasy substance tubbed over the lumps, so as 
 I" ':'°"-' "1' "'>= openings, will kill the larva; 
 by preventmg them getting air. 
 Sheep Bot {C,-y,/,„/aem/a 07'is). 
 
 The /arvce of this insect are in the nostrils of 
 tlie sheep, and work their way into the upper 
 part of the head, but not into the brain, as is 
 supposed by some. < ■ ■ 
 
 The pu/a is passed in the ground, and not 
 >" the head, from which, the larva, pass when 
 matured. 
 
 TJie ima^o^o is smaller than the ox-fly. 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 ^^^J.^ Smear the nose with tar; this keeps away 
 
 2 Larv..^ in the nose may be killed by 
 pushmg up a feather, dipped in a weak solution 
 of carbolic acjd, or in turpentine. 
 ^V^ne-ny {Tipu/a o/eracea). 
 
 These eggs are laid in autumn, in the ground 
 or on the surface in low places ; they ar^ black 
 and shming. The /anm is legless, grayish, and 
 
So 
 
 ECONOMH KN roMoi.n(;v. 
 
 wrinkled, one inch long ; the tail ends abriii)ily, 
 and has four tubercles above and two below. 
 The////rz is in the ground ; it has spines which 
 enable it to rise out of the ground by wriggling 
 up when developed. The /ma^ro resembles a 
 very large mosquito, and appears about the end 
 of summer, in low-lying spots. Wet weather is 
 favorable to the development of the crane-tly. 
 
 rp:.medies. 
 
 1. Mow neglected ground and burn rubbish, 
 so as to destroy the sheltering places of the 
 insects, and also any eggs which may be laid in 
 such places. 
 
 2. Sow as late as possible ; the pupa condi- 
 tion is entered about the middle of May. 
 
 3. Summer-fallowing and draining lessen the 
 conditions favorable to their development. 
 
CHAP'1'KR XI. 
 Injurious Insects in-ihkOrdkr Okihopii.ra. 
 
 This order has coiiiparativtdy few injurious 
 insects. Init those have been in some cases a 
 great source of injury. 'Hie young are much 
 the same as the aduh, except in being wingless, 
 and of smaller size. 
 
 Rocky Mountain Locust {Mclano^l us 
 
 sprctus). 
 
 The ^xv.y are laid in the ground, usually in 
 such places as the roadside. The larva under- 
 goes several moults before full develoi)ment is 
 reached. There appears to be seven stajjes in 
 development: One in the egg, two in the larv:i, 
 three in the pu|)a, and one in the imago, 'I'he 
 imai^o is migratory in its habits ; has long 
 wings, and resembles our form JA feiiiur- 
 rulnum (our common red-legged grasshopper), 
 l)ut the latter has much shorter wings. This 
 insect, i)roperly speaking, is a locust, and what 
 is usually called a locust (the green locust) is a 
 grassho'pper, but the term grassho])i)er has 
 been so long in use that it is likely to be still 
 a})))lied in the same way. 
 
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 WEBSTER, N.Y M5S0 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
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82 
 
 KCONOMIC KMOMOl.OtJY. 
 
 Ri:.MEI)IES. 
 
 1. Put Straw in heai)s, and as the grass- 
 hoppers light iii)on them, set fire to the straw. 
 
 2. Use a " hoi)per doser." This is a pan, 
 something hke a scrai)er, and niay be of the 
 following size or larger: Eight feet long, one foot 
 wide, one foot high at the back, and one inch at 
 the front, with sloping sides. In the bottom of 
 this is placed some tar or cnai oil, and the ap- 
 paratus drawn over the fields when the gras.s- 
 hoppers are young. They jump into it by 
 tliousands and are killed. 
 
 3. Some make a mixture by weight : five 
 parts bran ; sugar, one ; arsenic, one ; mix the 
 bran and arsenic first, then add the sugar dis- 
 solved. Place this in spots near where the 
 grasshoppers are. They will feed upon it 
 readily. Some make the poisonous mixture by 
 mixing one liundred pounds bran, two quarts 
 molasses, and three pounds Paris green ; a little 
 water may be added. 
 
 4. Harrowing in autumn, or ploughing, will 
 expose the eggs. 
 
 5. Ditches are sometimes dug, so as to catch 
 the insects, wliich are killed as they collect 
 in them. 
 
KrONOMIC KN'rOMOI.OdV. 
 
 «3 
 
 Tree Cricket {CEcant/ius n'mcus). 
 
 This insect lays its e^^;^s in rows one to two 
 inches long, in the canes of the raspberry, during 
 autumn. The puncturing of the cane makes it 
 weak and easily broken. It does not feed 
 upon the raspberry foliage, and is only trouble- 
 some as far as it injures the canes by dej)ositing 
 its eggs. 
 
 Tlie adult is a ])ale green cricket, three-quar- 
 ters of an inch long. It feeds upon plant-lice 
 and other insects, and, to some extent, is bene- 
 ficial. 
 
 KKMEDV. 
 
 1. Cut out the affected canes and destroy 
 the ejigs. 
 
CHAin^ER XII. 
 
 Injurious Inskctsin thk Order Nkukopiera. 
 
 This order is also one witli but very few in- 
 jurious insects ; those that we refer to Iiere are 
 by some writers ])ut into another order: Mal- 
 lophaga {niallos, wool ; p/ia^cin, to eat) ; one 
 of the eight orders into which the Neuroptera 
 has been divided. 
 
 Bird Lice. 
 
 There are several species of these insects 
 that attack the domestic aniinals, but nearly all 
 belong to one genus : Trichodecies, T. parum- 
 piiosus. \.\\)Ow the horse ; 7\ spluerocephaliis^ '^\\ 
 the sheej) ; T. sca/aris, on cattle ; T. latua, on 
 the dog; M'enopon palliiiuin^ on the hen. ' 
 
 'i'hey do not feed by sucking blood, but ui)on 
 wool, feathers, e|)idt:^rmal scales, etc., and have 
 strong biting jaws, 'i'hey are peculiar to birds, 
 and hence spoken of as " bird-licc;." They lay 
 their eggs ou the hair, etc. 
 
 RKMKDIES. 
 
 1. The same CiS those given on i)age 68, for 
 lict, and the following: — Four ounces staves- 
 acre (powdered), four ounces soft soap, one 
 
ECONOMIC KN iDMOl.ocv. 
 
 •S5 
 
 ounce carbolic acid, one gallon of water, boiled 
 half an hour, and applied weekly, is recom- 
 mended by some as effectual. 
 
 2. ( )ne pound of lard, mixed with two ounces 
 powdered sulphur, then add (luarter-pint of 
 kerosene, is rei)orted as gO(3d to rub on poultry. 
 
 3. Dust pyrethrum powder upon die infested 
 parts 01 hens, and rub, from time to time, their 
 perches wiih coal oil. 
 
 ,>^. — 
 
NOTES.