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Lorsqua la documant ast trop grand pour Atra raproduit an un saul clich*. il ast film* * partir da I'angla supiriaur gaucha, da gauche * droite, at da haut an bas. an pranant la nombre d'imagas nicassaira. Las diagrammas suivants illustrant la mithoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 MiatOCOPY RESOIUTION TBT CHART {ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No. 2) 32 3.6 r mil 2.0 1.8 ^ /APPLIED IM/^GE Inc ^Sr '655 East Mom st'ett y,a Rochester. New vork 14609 uSA '■JB5 (716) *82 - 0300 - Phone ^= (""'6) 288 - t^S-- - Fq> m L 2 i i S "J DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, CANADA Hon. Vr. J. 'locHE, MlnU»«r; W. W. Cort, Deputy Minister FORKSTRV RIJA.WMI-IMLLKTIX No. 4.^ R. H. rAMPBFi.i Director ,)f Foiestry. TIMBEE AND SOIL CONDITIONS Si ) LIT 1 1 E ASTER^^ MAN I TOE A L. C. TILT, B. Sc. F. OTTAWA GOVERNMENT PRINTING BUREAU 1914 (!i'210--2 ■I'^ !! LETTEK OF TRANSMITTAL. Depahtmknt or tiik Intkhior, FoHKMTRV UkaXCII, Ottawa, July 15. 1!»13. Sir.— I bej? to submit herewith a report by Mr. L. C. Tilt, B.Sc. F., on the "Timber und Soil Condition!* of Sr.utheiistern Manitoba " and to reeonimend its publication as Bulletin No. 45 of this Branch. The rei)()rt outlines the result of work in the summer of VJ\2 by a party of which Mr. Tilt was the head. The obje<-t of the party was to inve.stipate tho' goil and other conditions of part of Southeastern Manitoba, with a view of nscertaininR whether the country was suitable for farming or would be of greater value if kept for fore..it growth. The country e.xamin«l included the valleys of the Whitemouth and Winnipeg rivers, and comprised, rouphly. the easternmost nine ranges, from the international boundary to a few mile;* north of the Winni|KV river— the forest reftion extendinjr east from tho Brokenhead river. A considerable proportion of the country was found suitable for a forest reserve, and n map is included in the bulletin showing this tract. <'los..r examination, how- ever, will be necessary to determine the final boundary of the re.serve. By far the greatest part of the country was found to be of the nuiskeff typ", much of which may, as the result of further examination and cxi)orimcnt in dealinf? with country of this class, be found suitable for afrriculturc. About twenty per cent of the .I.SIO square miles of country examined (not including tho Laurentinn area) is poplar land, which after beinp cleared will be suitable for farminp. A comparatively small part of the entire tract mention " ' -vp— a total of 287 I -e miles, or some seven per cent of the area— consists of jack ^,..10 land, which, beiL sandy and unfit for farniinp, is recommended to become part of the forest resei e. The Laurentian country is also forest land and should be included in the reserve; but further examination is lecessary to determine the boundaries of the territory to be included. Your obedient servant. W. W. CoRv, Esq.. C.M.G.. Dep fy Minister, Department of the Interior, Ottawa. R. 11. CAMPBELL, Director of Forestry. 62210— 2J J Al i I i I t'i ' '' Department of the Istkhior, Forestry Uranch, Ottawa, Mnn-h 30. 1013. Sir,— I beg to submit herewith n report on the work of the Kaxtern Manitoba Boundary Survey during the summer of 1012. I have the honour to be, sir. Your obedient servant, R. H. Campbell, Esq., Director of F'srestry, Depart 'out of the Intoridr, Ottawa, ranadn. L. C. TILT. wmm t. • TABLE or COHTEHTS. Introiliintiiin Ohji-ct of Siirvi'.v Ri'«uiim' i>f Surmiifr'« Wnrk IVwrii.M.in of Survey iind Soun-i' nf P.itn riant Ki'iriiiti Trro Spooiod Cliinntf N-' . ■ ility of Si'ttlors in Vicinity of Poiintry Kxiiiiiincil. , C -•'•. ation "if Country Prnirio iCijrion. To|«>Kriiiiliy iinil Priiinatrf OooioKy mill Soil ., Trnnsitiou Arm Houndiirics Altitude TopoKrnphy Drninntre (ii Idfry Trails Alit'iiatpd Land Fuctorn Di'tormining Types. Typt's Jack Pin- Typ«' Poplar Type Muskeg Tyiw ireavilyTimbercd Muskeff Lightly Timbered Mu:^keg Open Muskeg , Disposal of Muskeg Draiiiagi! Possibilities i<( Mu>keg. Laurentian Area Altitude Topography Drainage 11 II 11 12 12 12 12 1.1 1.1 11 11 11 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 15 15 1.5 lit 21 22 24 2.') 25 28 ■■ir- 10 FORESTRY BRANCH BULLKTIN NO. 45. Geology 29 Soil 29 Method of Travel 29 Damaffp 29 Classifieation into typ<'s 30 Jack Pine Typp 30 Poplar-Spruce Type 30 Muskeg 3j Willow TyiH> 32 Suitability for a Forest Kesene 32 New Forest Reserve 32 Trails 9o Kjf>i Ranger Stations 33 Fire Protection ;j3 Game Protection 3.5 Appendices — Note on Legislation affecting Snnnip Lands 35 Bibliography of Pent and Drainage 35 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. Plate 1.— Poplar Tyi)e near Sprague, Man Frontispiece Plate 2.- Sandy Land with Jack Pine Reproduction ii, Plato 3.— .Tnck Pine Prairie I7 Plato 4.— Open Stand of Jack Pine Poles 18 Plate '..—Jack Pine along Dawson Tra; 1 18 Plate •!•— White Spruce Reproduction around Abandoned Homestead 19 Plate 7.— Pure Tamarack ;Muskeg along Whitemouth River 23 Plate ».— Walking Dredge at Work along OiH^n Muskeg 26 Plate It.— Ditch Dug by Walking Dredge 20 Plate 10.— Whitemud Falls on Winnip<>g River 28 Plate 11.— Poplar Land Cleared for Iloinestead 31 Plate 12.— Stand of Jack Pino of Pole Size 34 Plate 13.— ileiidow on Dawson Trail 34 TIMBER AND SOIL CONDITIONS IN SOUTHEASTERN xMANITOBA. Uiiriiis ri'i'i'iit years, Miiiiitolia lias sharctl in the rapirred to the Provincial Cioverument and largely disposed of at about $10 per acre on very easy terms. Over 400,0110 acres of this •' Swamp Laud,'' which has been rotransferrcd to the Dominion floveniment, are within the district described in this report. Since the true agricultural value of this section of southeastern 'Manitoba had been reported on only in a general way, it was decid(^l by the Department of the Interior to mal

restr.v, I left Ottawa on -May IS, accompanied by .Mr. F. S. Newman. We spent several days ascer- lainiug conditions along the Canadian Pacific railway, east of Whitemouth, and along the Canadian Northern railway from Marchand southeast to the United States l)oundar,v. It was then determined to niake a qui<'k reconnaissaiu'e of the country in the vicinity of the Whitemouth and Winnipeg rivers, u>ing these water-courses as base- lines. Accordingly we left Whitemouth lake by canoe on .Tune 1, and travelled northward d(jwn stream. .V rough reconnaissance was made of the country adjacent to and a few miles back from the river. This course was followed as far north as lake Winnipeg and also around Lac du lionuet and up the Oiseau (Bird) river for IS miles from its mouth. Iwo nieii and u team were liien procured at Spiague, near the United States boundary, to work north and west, and make a more detailed survey. Thus we travelled to the Dawson road and then down the Whitemouth river, determining, by the 11 C2210— .3 12 FOBE8TRY BRANCH BULLETIN NO. 45. " quarter-acre circular plot " method, the nature of the soil and timber. Wc pro- ceeded north to the Canadian Pacific railway, where the party was broken >ip on account of Mr. Newman Inning to return to rcs\imc his studies at the Faculty of Forestry, Tnivcrsity of Toronto, With the a^^sistance of Mr. W. Wardropo, tlio country was finished in a similar manner as far north as the Winnipeg river and then about ten days were spriit in the Laurcntian coinitry near Cro^s lake on the Canadian Pacific railway. After finishinjr the field work, I siH-nt about a week in Alinnasota near Duluth and International Falls inspectinpr some of the drainage operations being carried on there, leavinjj there for Ottawa, where I arrived on November 7. DESCRIPTION OF SFRVEV AND SOURCE OF DATA. ^1 I : Since there was such a lar^c territory o cover (over '.iJM) square miles), and a limited time in which to do the work, and as the part.v, which comprised only two members, had to work under the unfavourable conditions caused by tlie well-nigh impassable niuskcfrs. it was necessary to work on a larfie scale. Therefore, this is merely a preliminary study of conditions here, and does not by any means pretend to take the place of a workine are: — Ulaek spruce — I'iaa mciiidiia. Tamarack — Lnrix luiicina. Jack pint^ — Finns Banlsiana. I'oplar — Pninihis tremiiloiili s. Paper birch — liefiiln alhn var. jmpiirifvra. White cedar — Thiijn neeiileuiaJis. Whiti- spr\ice — Picen canadensis. Black ash. — Fraxinns niqra. Balsam poplar — Vopnlus hnlsamifera. Balsam Hr — Ahics halsamea. American elm — 1'Imu.i americana. Scrub oak — Qncrens tnaerorarpa. Manitoba maple — Am- Xeinindo. Red ])ine — Finns resinnsa. White i)ine — Finns strohiis. ('linitile. — The eliiiiale is practically the >ame a^ that of the re^-l of southern ^fanitoba, except that it is less siibject to winds than the more level prairie portions to the west. Although typically a continental climate, with an abundance of sun- shine throuj,'hiiUt tlie year and extremes of heat in snunner and cold in winter, with TIMBKIt AND SOU. COXIMTIONS IN SOITIIKASTKKX MANITOBA. 13 All uvcruirc nnmiiil prpcipitatiou ol 1.' to 20 inphos, it is still well suited tc> tlio frrowth of all cultivatt'il plants pommoii to this ci.tintry, with the possihlc cxpi ptinii of the larger fruits, such as apples, etc. One characteristic of the c'iimitc which is extremely favourable to (,'rowth conilitions is that 75 per eeiit of tlie precipitation takes place duriiijr the six nionths from April to Septemher. Salionalify of SvlHcrs in ViiinUii of Counlrii Examined.— Vr«m Ste. Anne, south and east to the rnitol States boundary, the settlers are iiear'y all French and French half-l.reed.s. Alon- tlio Whitemouth and Birch rivers south of the (Jrand Trunk Pacific railway the land is occupied exclusively liy (Jalicians, Hutheniana and Poles. The country in the vicinity of Whitemouth is a Ocmuin settlement, while St. Oeorpe. on the Winnipeg' river, is [Hiiplcd altojretlier hy FreiK-h Canadians who settled there about 1HS7. Clasxitirafion of Coiiiilnj. — This re-rion may be divided into three distinct dis- tricts according to soil conditions and the concomitant timber eonditions. These are as follows: — I. Prairie Ueftion. II. Transition Area. III. Laurentian Hej^ion. PKAIUIK KIKilON. I'uiiniirapliii ami Dniinaijc.—Aii shown on the maii. the eastern bonnilary of the prairie lies approximately in the vicinity of the Hrolionhead river. From here the prairie stretclies westward. Aioiifr its eastern edsre it is slifrlitly rolling;, but it rapidly levels down, formiiifr part of the irreat inland plain. Tlie plains are drained by rivers and creeks decidedly h>s numerous than in the roufrh rolliiifr I-aurentian country, and ditTeriiiff frcjm them in their almost impen-eptible curn-nt and meander- iiif,' course. The valley.s of the.se streams vary in wid there for many generations. The inestinnd)le value of the prairies as an agricultural resource is known th« world over, and need not lie dwelt on here. 6221(>— 3i 14 lORKSTUY BRANCH BUM.KTIN NO. TRANSITION ARKA. Boundaries. — This rofjicm is bounded on the west by tlie prniries and on the oust by the roiiph rocky Lnurentinn country. Griulinp nlraiff its wostem border into the prairies nnd on the east into the Laurentinn type, this strip of country extends southeasterly across the border into the United States. AH it mil'. — The avernjte altitude runs from about 800 feet in the northern part to 1,100 feet in the south au ii a direct line. Whitemoiith lake is alnmst surrounded by muskeg, the shores of wliich are floating bog, and. with onl.v three to si.x feet of water on a bottom of silty, slimy material, is very typical of a lake on the licight of lancl in a mu>keg district. The river on leaving the lake is only about eight feet wide and three feet deep. Its volume steadily increases as it is joiicd by the n\inierous streams tributary to it. the two largest of which are the we i branch of the Whitcmouth and ]?irch river, until, where it enters the WinnijHg river, it is about lilil) feet wide. The Lake of the Woods claims the drainage ; om the eastern part of these mus- kegs, while tlie Roseau and Rat rivers on the south, the Seine and Rrokenhcad on the west, and Catfish creek and the Winnipeg river receive the drainage from the remainder. The lack of drainage is the feature wiiich , with occasionally a small plain a few hundred acres in extent. The '' varies fro.n tine to coarse sand and may bo classed as site 1 for jack piiiJ. 'J is a small area, especially in the vu'inity of the southeast pa.i. of sec- tion 8, r^. , ■ 9, in which the soil consists of fine and coarse gravel and larger bould-rs which may lie classed as site 11. The inferior growth conditions are well exei )li- fied here in the short scrubby trees. There is no site III here, as there is on he barren rocks to the northeast. The soil on these ridges grades from fine sand, !!iro..gh coarse .sand and fine gravel to coarse gravel and, over limited areas, a boulder-strewn surface. The boulders are of granite and gneiss, ranging from six inches to :l jral *eet in dia- meter. 1(5 K()I!i;sTI!Y KICANt ' Mfl.I.KTIV NO. 4."i 11 Tlicrt" is pniftii'iill.v no liimnis iit 'ill in tlu' jiK'k i>ino tyix', •■x<'<'i)t pnilmlily a siniill iiiiiintily in tlif liollnws where the (•(.nton ■ nf llie surfiK'e fuciiitiites the coIUh- t'.in (if M'i;etiihle mutter. The Inck of huniiis liere is no douht duo to the sinirse uronnd-eiivtr c.f siniiU jihints und to the -niiill Mmnitity "^ litti'r i)ro(hieed by the jjieU pine 11- well 11-i to its riipid di-ii|>|ieiiriin<-e hy deeiiv. which is hiisten(>l on the jiorou> soil- where there is n free eirciihitiiiti of iiir. The croiind-eover is -in.r-e. (.wiiif; to poor jrrow'h eondilions. Thi' few jilnnts found there iire ehietly lichen-, -tniwlierry { Fi'Hiiniii). Ilorsi-tail { Eiiiilspliim) and Viirion- -peeie- of Cotiipositic. (Phntii 1.. C. Tilt ) riiitc •_'. Saiiily I.aiid with .luck I'inc UipiiHliiclicni :il' iii; \h:\ ■m Trail. Nnti- i(lariul iMiuIiit'rs '! Thi' iinderhni.-h is ;dso sparse; the only plant appeariiif.' to any extent is the several -peeies of ))liielierry (Varciuiinn), which attains it> est firowth in the jack- jiine type and in ^onle places a dense cover is fornie. -Stand Talile Showing .\veriiLre Nuiiiher Per Aciv of Trees of each Diameter Class in .lac>k-l>i!ie Tyiie-s. I': I Based on measurement of 1l'-."i acres. .Vverat:e iiumher of trees per acre. 114-02. Di.uiiftfT at llri ii-tlifi^;lit iiiit-iili- I'aiU. 1.,.,, ttmli 4 lii. ;oii! nwr 'A tt. Li-.-h 4 (i H 10 .Iacl< I'im-. tit •_• .■tl I «-7 1 1°, 2 Poplar. 8 2 0(I2 Tl.MBKU AND SOIL CUXKITIONS I.N SUl'TIIKASTEUN MAMTOHA. 17 OvLT all of tliis t.vpo the . ■■ e ocr-urs nliiio^c .'Iwiiys in jmro stnmli. Tlii-rc are occurri'iicL-a of jack pine -a . .itii pophir, l.iit thi->v are verj- much in the minority. Poplar occurs only -^parinirly in tli- type. I.iit when prpsi>nt aUo occurs chiclly as pure stanils. B'or tlic purpose of licscrihinK the density .if the stanil in this type, it nniy he divided into two chi .s: First, tliat part \vlii,li throii-h reiM'atcd hiirninur lias "hecn gradually <'( r..pt.at..il liri«, is mtliiT ciimiriin tliruusliDut tlir pminwuil n-si-rvc .scrubby tree or even with no trees whatever. These patch-s of prairii-like land <]ccur only in small areas, from an acre up to a few acres in extent. This condition is found scattered throuffh the jack-pine type wherever it occurs, and ini-l\ides about 15 to 25 i)er cent of the jack-pine type. The reniainder of this tyi>e i- ; lathed with a rather dense stand of jack |)ine, haviiifr. in tec'uiical lant.nKM'.>. a density of from 0-C tj 0-8. The fi.i'ater iiart of the timber 1 /re is in the afie-.'lass. (» to I'U years. On a ffood site a tree i! inches in diameter at breast-hi'if^ht and t. The seedlinf;> which were present have jjrown to sapliufis, whi.h are present in rather open stands. The stands of jack pine are thrifty except where tire has wounded the trees. Then, of course, there i.s little frrowth. The hu'k ..f density al>o h.is aii untavourable influence on the stand, pn Jueinsr -^hort, open-firown trees in-tead of Ions clear boles, the trees 4 to C inches in diameter at breast-height bein^ oidy •J5 to .'?."> feet hiirh. The poplar which prows here is still more atfeeted by the same intluenees, viz.. Hre and lack of deiisily, and ir,. r('f..rr pr.iduces ..uly small scrubby tiinbi'r. Practically the whole of this area has been burned over within the last 25 • ll.v thH word "riairii'." It must not bo cathiied tliat prairie soil-rondiiions are imiitied :i» Will as surface con.lit ^ns. The soil Is sand Mini therefore unfit for agriruUure. 18 lOUK.STKY IlliANCII lUt.I.KTIN NO. 4.' I 7 - I A'T'' ^w^ "•IS*^ &^>- >!!•■*> ./ : rs. TIMBKK AM> SOIL COSniTlONS IN SOI' r III..VSTK1IN NfAMTOItA. 1» y««iirs, so tliat nil tliiit is \u>\\ fiiiiml is .voiiiilt irriutii. 'I'lu'rc litis nUo Imii I'onsiilcr- iiMo (if flit' .jnck-|iim' tliiiluT tviH- i-miiv crti'd tn i>r:nrii' tlirniiijli tin- iicli'm nf ciiii-tMiit firi'''. 'Ilii- tvpc i« iittii'ly uii-iiiti'il I'.ir airrii-ulliiri' i>ii iii'''"iihl nf tin' ^amlv -nil. Sup- porting.' only a liiiiilid ll>ira, tin- lim^t t"""':!'!"'!'! imiMliir- <'!' wliii'li iitr tii(» jii'l; pitic ami llic acriiiiiiiaii.viiivr .slinil'- ami larl'ai'i - plant-, (lilm-lirrrv. Iimi--, tail, st'Mwlicriy. saml ciiiTry. I'ti-.) tlii- ->]\ lai-K irr.iwlii i litiun- l'a\ ..iiralil.' t > plaiiN siiicli as ai-'- ili-iiiil liy tlii> airriiailtiii-i-t. Kl-rwiiiT'' ill tlii- npnrt there i- a -iinL'-i'-liMP tliat a laVL' itiir,i..iis area (if tlli- type lie -et a-iile I'nr a I'lTe-t l!e-er\e. /'"/ /'"• Tyfir. 'I'lii- l.vpi eiipli - llie liravlir "I'i!- wliiiji liave .. pi'npi.rliiiU lit I'lay a- well as n i|iiaiilily in tlii« liner -ami- ami -..me -ilt. In a few pla.'e- al-n it ..I'eiir- win ri' tla' pniuiiil-waler level is eli.-er III the -urfaee liain in the jaek pine type. This type e.iver- almiit T''i7 -i|iiare mile-, nr Jll \»r ecnt nf the t.ilal ai-ra. The iiiii-t prniiiineiit -pieie, at pve-ent i- poplar, wliiel upii - ahniit »il per rent i.f thi' area. The while -prme e .vi-r- ali..iit l.'i per cent, while t.unaraek make- up the reinaimler. 1 / 1 ^' hi ■ lit ' i ■M ^.: 3- ^ #^^ ^m l'l,..ln 1 ( l.ll I'l.itiii. While Spiiui- l;. I li..ti..M 111 •uii.i V ml. .111.1 II. .nil -t..,.!. AIlliLiiLih p..plar is now tiie prevailing: -peeie- m the p..|ilar type, there Minis to In" little ilmiht that whit(. -pniee is the elinia\ r..re-. ..ver lliis area, or. in other Words, that it' this area were proteeti >1 frnin all nnnariir.il ehanjre-, sm-li a- tire, liiin- b(>rintr. ete,. the -tanil which WLiiil he pre-ent /.fli-r a I'ew i;enerat imi- would he the ■--aiiie a- f.iriner'v. vi/.: piiro \\ ■ -prm-e. heiie.:' the ultiinale erealioii ..f thi. va.r- ioiis ^r.iw ih-faeli.rs of the -ite. Till' evideue.. wliii'l! indi'Mle- tha.? tl;i- tran-ifioii from mie type of v.'iretat i.ni to another has taken plaee in thi- di-triei i- very -trikini.:-. Fir-t, there are several small islands still remaiiiiiiLr whieh lia\e nut heeii luirned over, and >r ns!-t of pure spriiee, while the hrnle on all side- i< p.iplar. SeiMiidly. a irreat deal of fho poplar lias a tine iimlerirrowtli of y..un;r white spnn'e. whieh i- raiiidly . lii'iulway and aftpr tw«ul»t overtop the implur; the hitter will dip off. Itiivini? oin-o niorp tin- oriKiiml cliiiiMX foront of pun- npnico. '•'it' I'Kid iipi'd hy thp poplnr is xlitrhtly \r*^ rolling t,hn:i the iiirk-piiie ridffpn. Pophir aljio oocupicn nearly all the dppn-'sioiK of any nizp, win'- iIhto hint hpon a urciitiT ti'iidcncy for rliiy and the finer HiiinU to l.c di posited. Tlip soils, aH bt'forp nipntioncd, iirp inndc np of tlip tiin'r sands with a mixture of -ilt and cliiy so that tlipse noil* Rrndo into lonm* iiiij clay* They nsnally are ouloured t . a depth of finr to six inehi'!* hy the admixture of deeorap.r.Mtl leaves and hranohes. The suhsoil is praetieally identical with the «oil e.\eei)t for the ahseiice of the ve^'etalile matter. The humus, as a mle. consists of well decoinpoKr-d vppretnhlo matter to a depth of one to two iiichi>s covered with a layer of litter of leaves nml hrniiphlpti to a thieUne-s of two inches or more. The (fioiiiid-eover which may he classed us f lirly dense here conwists of huiu'h- IxTiy U'oniiiM tanailrnsis), -ar-iiparilla ( Aiiiliii), strawherry {Fnuinna), violet (Violii). wild pi'ii (Lathynis). hesidcs >fra--. ferns anil moss. (See Frontispiece.') The underhrn.^h covers a larKc part of the soil, s|)ecially the youngest brule, which h.is a dense covcr of the smaller woody plants, consistiiijr of hazel (''ori/lim). nioiint:iiii maple (.Ir, • snicttiim), wild rose (/.'«.« niirnliiT of litfs pci- acre, lO.'i-TS, k' ■I Diaiiii'tir lit lire ist-llt ight. Popjur. 1 v- iriic€>. i:t 2 (1 01 ISalsiini Kir. U Ul 11 111 P.ircli 4 I IK Im-s. .•.2 1 :tip r. 4 2 112 4 1 ti 4 ,s 111 'llio poplar UMially m'ciirs a.s a pure stunil, but occasionally tne admixtnre of tamarack, >i.ruce and birch which are . -ent. make up 20 per cent of the total iiiimber of stems. The density of the youuj; scrub poplar on tin. brules is about O-l!, while in the older stands, which are deci.kil exceptions here, the ileiiMty may ri.se to 0.7, althou^'h it avonifies i)-3 to 0-fi and consfipH-ntly short, nuich-brauclicd timber is the result." The (,'reater part of the timber is in the lower ajie-ela.ss, viz.. to 20 .vears. That found over 20 years is a very small part of the total. No special study was made of the ;rrowth of poplar, but the few ob.servations made sliowi> in- iire pn'tteiit only o' 'T limited •rt^iH Imm-iiii4<- nf the "pen utiiiiil'it whii'h prmliii'e tlu' 'ipfn-Kf'WtU »cruliby -i-e*. FircA, frost and fiinui liiiv<' ii(>nt> ■■unniiic'iililf tliiinnttu iiniiiii(r thc> p ir. Firew have niiKliHoi«l tyix^ hvro tu «in'h lui cxtfiit llmt hiinlly iiny of - fuutiirva i« now prc-cnt. Tlu> oriifiui;!, or c-liniiix, t.v|N' on tlii* site wiis, no doi i, a pure Htiind of -prufo. Aftrr a Hrc, tin- poplar, which in it-* youth in a very rjii ' would Hoon I'ovpr tliP nr»'a. Tho >ouuix ^'prtu'O may ronio in later, l>iit j Would wioii destroy tho «t't>d-hfarintr spruce tree* -o that »oon there w.r »ttx| to reproduce iliat tree over the area. The |Hiphir, on the other han a Very litfht -ecd which i* ca«ily carried by the wind, would -non take |hp the whole country. Frost has also done much damnKe in fhi'i type. The halsani poplar, of (iilead, the species most susceptilile to this aiffucy. is ntfected to a V(m extent, es|KH'ially aloUK .howcd that from i rty to fifty per cent of the larirer ii'ce.s (aliove fo\ir in<'hes in iliameti-r at lircastiiciirht) arc badly cracked by the frost. Of the funiii, two are specially destructive. Tlr False Tinder vunjju.s {FomeH iijniiiriiiM), which is so prevalent on the poplar in ali i>arts of Ctnatla, change* the wood to a while pulpy mass. It has affected fr.pin twenty to •' iv ixr fent ( f the aspen anil was also found on the balm of Oileail. The M' •rtrt-'"ot (t nea iiiip iriiiii). in its transformation of the wood and partly itiui.' \u«i "• einhles the former fundus; it is also very common amonjf \\iH body of this futisrus is very black in colour and niiu-li brn patches. ■lis. i he frui snui irrt'su! Mliski';/ Till', illy . Ill til' illh..|l aloii^ if the -S- II" lamikesr- This tv|H', which is onmipresent in this district, is 1--4 the border of the dreat L:iurcntiiiii Sliielil, which extcms Wood- horthwe-t aloUK the Winnipi); river to Lake \Vinn;|Ht Thi- ty|)e includes all that hind which lies near tla 1' vel ot lake-, as well as jiractically all the water.-linls, or hei^'lit- " Ijnd. u perceptible in ero>sinK from the head of one stream to anoffeB-r. \\t\ ate measurements were taken rofrnrdinsr the slope or praili ,1 ..f tti tieally all seemed to have a deeid"(l dip from the level, vvr::.,>h over easily perceptible to the eye. The current seen in siii the -tp through the inuskefrs also indicated a dei'idcd slope. :iis pr I would be as much as 0.:> per cent. Of course, tlier" in irens 1 almost perfectly level, but they are in the minority; fbi -.• are ni' -' than half a mile wide, and as a rule surround Moatiiij.' bofrs. Drainatre is tl.. one factor of soil conditions which her: ir.ipnrtance. This factor, unaided, Inis been the cause of the i)i • j^rowth conditions peculiar to nuiskejr formation. Lark of dm if one of two ways: first, in a pot hole which has been the re-n't second, whore there is very little sloiie and probably an imivnetrai'i. which will prevent -ubtcrranean drainiijro. The layer of docomposed vesefablo matter hero ivliich take- tho pbici- of can hnrdly be clllll^| by the name of soil, since it contiiins no mineral matter ; 11 except the small (iiiaiitity which is included in the cumposition of ■ .'etablo ni.iiier and probably a small portion deposited froni the frround waters. It -hoiild properly be called jx^nt.* r? ,ir .■;rdly aii-^ir- . tehes places iijch re I to less ■unit in and the occur in frlaciatiioi ; .1 iilisoil (.f il • IVat In the partly deconiposwl veROtable matter containing less than 1 per rent mineral matter or none at all. Muck is more nearly decomposed ami contains 5 to 23 per cent of mineral matter. 22 roUKSTBY BIlANril Bl'I.LETl?! KO. 45. I- i Where a niii»kttr i» foiimi with u ■■oii^iilcriihin *Io|m', the hick of druiniiKe i* liki'ly ihie to iiii iiii|»ii<'triilil»' Atriitiitii nf h<>iihli-r-i-hiy, Ktrntitioil rluy or iimbiihly boK-iriiti ort'. tin- hi»t-riiinii'i| haviiiu lircii le nmtti-r. A cro«i«- sect ion of thi> |ifiit or |i;irtly ili'ciiiiiikiMil veuotnlilc iiiiitti r will i-liow it to 1m' roverrd nt tlic •urf:i<'»< with irriiii "iiiinu'iiiiiii iiio^,*; iowir ilnwii. althiuiuh the mm^* i* foiiipo'etl of the ^.'iino iii fi-iitiiri!! ilis- tiiiiriii-liinir it ih n vc«it;ilili' innltiT until, •W'MTiiI fi'ct down, tho tihroiis macs can hanlly l>f di-tiijirui-hi-d n* viyctation nt nil. SpliMii'iMin iwiy* [■* the om; plant which i* nnivcr»ally present on muskcj;'*, not only lnTc liiit nil over the Xorthcni State- ami Cnnadn. llc-iidcs jicveral species 01 xphaiinum, there nre nUo uMually proent hypniim nnd polytriehum, two other mo.si-, jiciilcs the li'W hii«h cranhcrry ( Viiiriiiliim nriiromi.i), winterherry (//c.r). pitchi r p!ant (Snrivrrni'i) nnd orclii.\ Tlic ■■wanip Mn-li iH'lulii />»»ii7(i) is the most alaindant sjhmmi's of shruhhery eoveriiitf the mii>Uetf«. Tlicn" are also preen* !ii wever, f-ahrador te:i (f,v'lii"), leutlier-lcaf i('ii.isiiiiilni) nnd the sn^wherry {('hiiiginrs). Miiskeirs arc ratlaT free from tires on aei'inint of tlie damp situation. There nre several examples, however, in this district, wlierr' a lijrhtly tiinlMTcd muakeff has iK'en cuMvcrtcd into an open nniskcfr hy the a<'tion "f tires. Tlic larva' of the lart'o larch suvvlly (Si'innluH vi irhsoiiii), which defoliates nnd therehy kills the tainarai'k. have done a (rrcat deal of dama^je. They are respnnsd)le for till' death of I'.'i to .'I' iier cent of the tainar;ii'k in this typ,>. Tiie dwarf mi-tlct.ie ( AtiiKtliohiiiiii piisilliim) is ri'spnnsilile fur larire hi-.i.-h- like L'piwths occurring on the Mack spruce ami occasinmilly on the whitr- «prnce as well. Mu \ \Mi ei;iieat oVerlie^ the .-ub^oil to a depth of h..t nioro than about three feet; (i) where the original liollow has been entirely filled with vejretablc matter and so a solid foundation is formed and increased prowlh follows. In surveyor's reiiorts and by people gonorally th > Is leferred to .as "tamarack swamp." TIMBKR AND ttOII. CONIUTIOM* IX WHITIIIEAHTKKX MAMTUBA. 23 Till true " tiiinnrni'k nwiimp" occur* mily over limited iinu-. u* ovrrtlow luiiJ ahuK a -trfiiiii. Ilcrn tlicrc i< no Inycr .f , nt. l>ut u-u;ill.v iiti uliuinliiiit u;'..wth of ftTii« Willi mi'lcrtiru^-h of willow uml rMi".> ..r fin-t 'inirM-k ^ fotiml. hut this ii« uii exception, nii.— Sf:niil TiiMc Sliowiiiij Ave nii-'c NuiuUer Per Aito of Tr<'e* of each I»iaIuetl•r-('la.-^* in Ilcavilv TiiiilH reil Mu>keu TyiM'. Tiaspd on mea-unnient of IS acres. Average nuniher of trees per ac e. ! \>\-:t\t OiitMil.' I'.ark. ... I I'.lii.k |o 14. Ill 2 .*. 2 ■».) 1 H .-) •m; -j ti ■> ■2 1 1 i; 24 KOKKSTHY BRANCH Bt'I.T.F.TIN NO. 4l">. There are in the mu.-keg type ocrasionnl areas of pure taniurack. The follow- ing table shows an averaRe-acre stand of this kind: — Taiii.k No. 0. — Tiilpjc .'^ho^vill(r .\veriipt' Nimilicr Per .\ere of Trees of cac-li Dianiefer Class in Pure-Tamarack Nfuskog Type. Ba.se(l on measurement of (!•."> aores. AveraRe number of trees per acre, total, 127-4. Diuihi'tcr at Hrt-iwit lieifflit Oiitsldt' Hark. I'liiiiarHck. ■I.. ti. . 8. 1(>. . 12. 14. Hi. 18. . 11 » 22 7 41 « ai 8 IK 2 7 » .'i « 13 Si J :| ( Av(ni>,'i- ht-ifflit uf trt-HM 1(1 ti. 10 inclii'K, 60 tn (>"> ft-t-t.) Density in tho he.Tvily timbered muskear varies from 0-5 to 0-7 over the whole area. Of course, islands of pure spruce will have a density of 0.0, but this is only over very limited areas. The atxc varies from sc«llinfis to 1.5()-year-old trees. These, latter, in the case of spruce, would have a diameter of about 10 inches at breast-heifrht and a hoifrht of ,')0 feet. A .'SO-vear-old treo would be about ."i inches in ilianieter and 20 feet bipb. The tamarack does not grow quite as fast as the black spruce; a 5()-year-old tree would be about the same size, but a 150-year-old tray would be about inches in diameter. In the i>oplar type, however, a l.'iO-year-old tamarack woidd bo about 12 to 14 inches in diameter at breast-hoiprht, this fact indicatiufr the superior Rrowtb- conditidus of the poplar type. This type may be classed as site 1 1 for tamarack and black .-spruce. Tamarack are found KTowint; on a better site, i.i\. in mixture with iwiplar. The black spruce eanii t compete with the other species on the better sites, hence is found only on the [loor sites. The reproduction of both siK'cies is rather poor within tho inu:-keEC itself, but as one ai)proaihc> the borders, it improves very mucli. From this it may be deduced that the miiskpniee l>einir clear ot' limbs for abrait -'SO feet. The frrowth-ciuiditions. however, are uufavourabii'. as about 1.") to 20 years are recpiired for a ."-inch tree to frrow to the tl-iueh class. Liijlilhi 'I'imhireil .Vi(\/.-,|/.- -This subty|)e covers about 1,000 square miles, or -10 per cent of the total area of muskeg in thi.- district. It (iitl'ei's fioni the heavily tiiuliered luu.-kejr in the size and density of the timiiei-. a- the naiue would sulrire^t, and also in those conditions which briufi about this dilference of ■rrowtli in the tiu'ber. The tiiulier on this type seldom attains a size frreatcr than :> to I inches in diameter at breast-heiirht and 'J.'i feet hiirh, ami irrades down to nier(> shrubs a few feet hiirb. Tiie ditferencc in e i- nnu'h le-- '!i;m in the licnvily timbered tyiH--. It.-ii.^ fri'iii 0-2 to O'.l; in fact drainajr(> <'onditions are so poor that this type is very similar to a floatiiifr liopf in many portions. This sulitype Would lie classified as a i)oorcr site than the heavily tindiered nuw- ke^'. luid therefore may !»> taken a~ >ite III. TIMBElt AND SOIL CONDITIONS IN SOUTHEASTKKN MANITOBA. The -lope or Briulii'iit will be found to be practicnlly zero, since eouutry of this type is almost a Hoatinf; bo^. The underlirii>h, althoU);h consistinf; of the same sjK-i-ies as the former sub- tyiH.', is (leeidedly more dense on aceount of the open jjjrowth of timber. While the same tree speeies— tamaraek and >pru<'L — are found here also, there is a ti-ndeney for the tamarack to ijredominate and even in many ea.-is to ;rro\v in pure stands. The typical tiniber-ffrowth lure is a inire >tand of tamarack, avcraLrinj,' about 1 inch in diameter at breast-h( iwht and aliout H> feet bii^h, (irowinsi in a rather open stand. Several plots taken in this type showi'^l an averajrc of .">>() stems \k'T acre, average diameter at breast-heipht 1 to !•.'> inchc<, avera^'e heisrht Id to 1.') feet. These tamarack sapliiifrs are from Kfty to a hundred years old and only about an inch in diameter. Very often it is impossible to di-avrn the annual rinjrs of growth, even witli a hand lens. Hence it is ver>' evident that jrrowth-conditions ar(> ver,v i)oor and timln'r of commercial si/e woiilen prairie. Dlxiioroil of ,Vi/.v/,(i/.s. — Land with urowth-eonditious similar to those f.nuid at present on the mu.-kejrs is of no use for airriculture; nor can timber be produced on any of it during a reasonable time. On part of it no timber production is possible. The drainafxe of these mtiskegs would not lessen tlio flow of water in tlie White- mouth river surticiently to lower the water table on the farms adjai'cnt to it, and thereby cause a lack of moisture in the soil. If such was found to b(> th(> case, however, it would be a simple matter to rest^rve an area of m\i-ke^r surroundinjr Whitemouth lake to peri)etuate the water-supply of that river. If conclusions can be r this i)eat soil for afrriculture, althouiib still not dclinitely decided, i- beyond the thcorc'tical stajre. f!^^ 26 FORESTRY BRANCH BULLETIN NO. 45. I'latc 8. Walking DicdRp at Work on Oikmi Miiski-n. (Tp. 4, Hgc. 7, east ol Principal Meridian.) (Photo L. C. Tilt ) (Photo L. C. Tilt.) riati >).— Ditch hii^,' Ipy Walking Kr.tlgf, Showing Road .AlonK.siile Ma-ca and also lika that of the ?ra is circular. Over a small area and in detail, the surface is much broken and very uneven, but in a broad view it is strikingly flat and plateau-like. The degree of evenness may be appreciated from the fact that differences of elevation of from SO to KM) feet in a ridge or knoll are visible for many miles. Another extremely iniiwrtant feature of this region is the immense number of lakes studilcd with rocky islands, and the accompanying network of watcr-co\ir-es. The slojie, in general, of this area is to the north and west, the land falling at' an ever.. -8 gradient of eight feet to the mile, which is at least double the grade over mirst of the Laurentian country farther north, and wliich accounts for the wonder- ful source of water-i)owcr on the Winnipeg river. IMiite 10— Whiteinuil Falls on \Vinnii»'g Kiver. Thia fall ol 21 fci't in capable o( developing 38,(HW horse power. (Photo f. Tilt ) The immense number of small pot-holes, the result of severe glacia' ■ ,. is the factor determining the numerous muskegs, a few acri>s in ex*'^'^*. which dot the surface of this type of country. Drainayr.—TiK whole of this part of the Laurentian area drains into the basin of the WiiHiipeg river. The only rivers of any importMuce tributary to that river are the Whiteshell river, which joins it in township U, range 14. the Whiteinouth river, which drains the muskegs to the south, entering it at township i:">, range 11, the Oiseau (ISird) river, which drains into Lac du Bonnet at its eastern extremity, and Maskwa (Bear) river, which joins it near its mouth in township IS, range 10. The water-power capable of development on the Winnipeg river is considerable in quantity. This resource is of mucb "reatcr value on account of its p.-oximity to the city of Winnipeg. Within the "c of Manitoba, the Winnirvg river con- TIMBER AM' SOIL CONDITIONS IN SOUTHEASTEK> M.iNITOBA. 29 tnins eleven falls with an average of over 22 feet fall, eapablo of a tot.il :lc>vel(:pnicnt of about 400,00<* horse-powor. Of this, only 4(i,()tX^ horse-ixiwor arc levelopw), which is in use liy the city of Winnipe)?. At Piiint I)u Hois, there is a pi'uoratinK station develoi)iiiB 2,'i,000 horse-power of the 8:5,000 whii-h it is capable of producing. At Piniiwa. the remaininR 21,000 horse-power which, is produced fiimishea power to the Winnipeg Kiwtric railway. Groloyy. — The preolojry here is typica'. of ai) the Laurentinn «'ountry. Two limited areas of Iluroniiiii formation are present. O.ie extends ns a narrow tmiRue alonpr the Oisenu (Hird) rivor in township 17, ranpe 1:1. The other is near Falcon lake, in 'iwoship «, raniie 17. These consist c,f hnrnbl-'nd(-s<-hists and li^'ht chlorite schists, which are cut by quartz veins carryinjr pold ti' a sli^'ht extent, similarly to a great deal of the Laurentinn country west of Lake .-^uperio'. The Star Lake Mining Company is at iiresciit doing some development work in the vicinity of township !», range 17. With the exception of the-e two small arci'.s of lluronian Mck, the whole dis- trict is \iiiderlaid with a fine-grained roi-k, which, although irriiiiite in appearance, is giieissic in structure, of a pink or light red cohmr. Soil. — Another feature peculiar to the Laurentian country is the scarcity of soil. Practically all of the residual soils, the result ol the various agencies of decay on the underlying rock, hive been removed thro\igh severe ghiciation. They have not only been graded down into the hollows but have been transported southward by the great glacier. Many of the hollows are as devoid of soil as the ridges and kiiol's. which are almost enfirely bare. However, along the valleys of streams and on the •southern exposure of many of these ridges, there is considerable soil, consisting chietly of gravel and coarse sand, the fragments of which are angidar. This latter fact indicates that their formation has been due, not to the action of water but rather to glaciers. Along the streams where all the best timber is found, liie soil, being alluvial, contains considerable clay ami finer sand, so that it is decidedly more fertile than the gravel previously meiitioneiil of trails. 'I he only trails which are present are the portages, which tran>forni the water routes into continuous routes of travel. Damnijc. — P'ircs have rii»eatedly swept the whole of the country tinibe ed with jack pine, as well as all of the smaller muskegs and areas of spruce and poplar. There is not more than two to five per cent that has not been so over-run and this small area consists ehiefiy of the larger areas of muskeg. Consequently, what renuiins is young growth, the greatest part of it in the youngest age class of from to 20 years. It has not only di'stroyetl the old timber, but the rei)eated burning has destroyea ranee on a porous soil. The sround-covcr is also sparse, consistiuK of several sjK'cies of lichens, of which reindeer moss (Cladonia inngiferina) is probably the most important. There are also flowering plants, amona which are saxifrapro (Saxf fraya), harebell (Campanula rolundifoUa) aiul columbine {Aquilegia). Theimder- brush consists of raspberry (Rubu-s), juniper (Jiinipenis commiini.f) and wild rose (A'oAd). which form rather a sparse covering. The tree species composiuR this type are jack pine and poplar, with a few black spruce in moss-tovered areas. This may readily be called a pure type, as any species but jack pine is an exception. It is probably 90 !•" fent pure. Since there are numerou- small areas, which consist of bare rock, on which nothing can grow, the density of the whole type will be affected. All these areas of bare rock which are over one-(iuarter acre in area would total about 15 to 25 per cent of the jack-pine type. Of the remaining 75 to S5 per cent the density may be said to be about 0-3 to 0-5. Practically the whole of the young stand of jack pine on this type is included in the ago-class from to 20 years. In dense stands of saplings 2 to 3 inches m diameter i-.t breast-height, sample plots have shown as many as 4,000 stems per acre. An average of the who'.o area would show (iOO to SOO per acre, less than two mches in diameter at breast-height. Eeprwluction of jack pine always follows a fire where the timber which has been burned is of sufficient age to produce seed. Frequently, too, there is sufficient seed lying dormant in the ground to produce a good crop of seetllings after a fire. The reproduction of jack pine is. no doubt, favourably infliieiu-ed by a fire, which probably opens the cones, and cracks the soepr\ice which i< devclopinp. Mushrg. Mn.-kop occupies two situations in tais district. It is found in ii.it-holcs. where draiuiipc is Inii)ns.-ible on account of the inipi'ni'tralil'> r(.ck subsoil. It is found al.-o alonp slrcanw, where there is very I'ttle liiradieut. aiil :it ' heads of lake^ wiiich arc no doubt in tlie tlrst stap' cf that cvolut ionury in- k'Ii is >liiwly rlianpinp till' wlinlc. (iv priili^ibly only part, of the lake into a ll ...tr l>nL'. It includes about twenty per cent of the total area, i'hc pronnd-cover. unili rbnish, etc.. are similar to those niuskeps previoiisly described in the rei)ort. s|)lunrnnni beinc prednminant in the pround-cover. The unly trees found in tlu niu-kcp ■.\ro the black spruce and tamarack and occasionally a ^niall i):iiicr birch. Mixed :-tands of tauiarack and spriu^'c are the rule, but in small nmskeps rf an acr(> or >o, n imro stand of >[)ruce will usually be found, tamarack >eeiuiTip to thrive better in deeper 82 FORK8TRY BRANCH BULLETIN SO. 45, »oil«. The Renerul description of this t.vjw may be reKiirded to bo similar to that of the inwliuiu tiinliered muskegs in the Transition Area, which it very much resembles. Willow Ti/io: Althoutfh occupviuR only u small area, probably about 1 to 2 iH>r cent, this type includes the best alluvial soil in the district, lyiiii? alonjr watcr-cour«'s. especially at the conHuence of two streams. The soil consists of glacial material overworked by the water action and deiwsited as a heavy clay or loam soil. The mantle of decayed vet^etable matter coverint? it makes it extremely fertile. The fertility is evidenced bv the rank growth of red-top {Aijruntii, alha) and other wild grasses. There are two subtypes of this main type: first, meadow, partially or wholly covered with willow and red dogwood brush, and .second, op«'n hay meadow. SLITAniMTY FOB A FORKST RESKRVF.. This Laurentiau country is evidently totally unsuitcd for agriculture. The only other alternative is to protect the young growth thereon, so as to produce timber, which will help to supply the market, which the ever increasing use of wood is developing and which is rapidly depleting the supply. Although the examination made of this section of the Laurentiau country has been rather superficial, it has been sufficiently close to warrant the suggestion that it be set aside as a forest reserve. The examination has been too cursory, however, to warrant setting down a line to bo taken as the southwest boundary for this proposed reserve; but, in general, the line will be as shown on the accompanying map, as the southwestern edge of the Laurentian district, extending from Falcon lake (in township 8, range 16) north anil west across the Winnipeg river to a point near the mouth of that river at Fort Alexander. The country for about two to five miles on either side of this line will have to be . Xi-i'iined, to definitely locate the line which will divide the agricultural and non-airriciiltural land and at the same time to indicate the southern boundary of this Laurentian forest reserve. The presence of frequent muskegs along this pro- posec altered in n few places when a doner examination i» made. The followinir boiindary is HiifrKCHted : — BeKinniiiK at the northeaxt corner of section 21, township 4, range !1, thence east 8 miles, thenco north l.T miles, thence east 7J miles, thence north 3 miles, thence east 1 mile, t' »nce north 1 mile, thence east .I miles, thence north .1 miles, thence west 5 miles, thence north 2 miles, thence west 1 mile, north 1 mile, west 12 miles, south 1 mile, west IJ miles, south 'i miles, east IJ miles, south miles, west IJ milis. south 1 mile, we.-t 1 mile, south 1 mile, west 1 mile nnd south 8 miles to point of beginninif. TABLE NO. 7.— rLASSIFICATION OF T\TES. The types met with in this proposed reserve and their areas are as follows : — An-i in >S<|iiarti IVH. IVrcfntatfM of Ti.ul. 260 lOO 16U 65 21 21 - . Over 50 per cent of the jack-pine area in the whole district described is included within this proposed reserve. Therefore the description of the jack-pine type pre- viously jfiven in this report, which was based portly on this area, is applicaljle here, as are also the descriptions of the other tyjws. Within this area recommended for reservation there are three actual home- steaders. There have also been several other homesteads taken up, but these have been abandoned. Trails— h\ the jack pine through townships 5 and C, rauRe 10, there is a net- work of wajioii roads which as a rule ore in very good condition. In section 29, township 7, ronge 11, these trails join the Dawson road, which is an excc[)tionally fine road running completely across this area in township 7. There are several othor trails wiiicli cross nniskegs and are, therefore, passable only in the winter. Raiujer iStations.--Thvrp are several fine sites for a ranger station, with a good supply of hay and woter close at hand. These are in section 8, township 7, range 11; section 2S, township 6, range 10, and the best one is in section 14, township 7, range 11, where the Dowson road crosses the Whiteniouth river. Fire Protection.— If a fire-ranger is placed in this area to watch iwople who travel through, there should be little danger from fire. During the past there has been no one near to extinguish fires, which were left to burn. The chief cause of fires is the blueberry pickers and hunters. In the northeast quarter of section 12. town- ship 8, range 0. there is a very fine site for a lookout tower from which nearly the whole area could be patrolled. Game Protection.— The chief species of game in the area is the prairie chicken, which is found in the open jack pine and scrub. There are also a few red deer and an occasional moose and black bear. If all gome, in this section to be reserved, we. nrotected for a few years, it would soon be well stocked with the game previously mentioned, and, if protected for o considerable length of time, tie chickens would rapidly increase and begin to stock the country surrounding it. 34 KOHKKTBY BHAXCn nri.J.KTI.V NO. V>. n I |.|fe:| 'I'hoto I,. C. Tilt. I'latf 1-.'. Stiiii'l Mf .(:nk rim- »f V'>\<- 9'm; «itli 0|wii l\»rk likt- Stand in Konifroiiml. Photo I,. C Till) riatf 13. — .Mh:u1hw iin l>inv>..n Trail :il Ki.nl '•! Wliitrmniith Hivcr. Tliis i.-' a tini' site for a raniri-r Miation TIMBBB AND SOIL COXDITIOXg IN BOrXUKASTEBX MANITOBA. APPENDICES. iit. NOTE ON LEOISLATIOX AFFK( TINT, SWAMl' LANDS. The ''Better Term* Act" of ISH.l provides thi.t nil Cmwu l.-.myh in the pro- vmce of Manitobu, which may be shown t.. the satisfnetioii of tho Dominion Govern- ment to be swiimp lanils, shiill be tninsferre-d to tlu' provin''.' nml .'tiiirc wlioliy to Its benefit and m^p». To carry out this provision of the Act. Swiitnp Land f'onimis- sioners were ni)pointpd to make inspection, and lands of wliid, more than half the area is subject to overflow durin» ..rdinary provailinp ondifinns were to be cla-ised ns iwanip land*. I'p to IHftO the s.loctioM was by \,.ga\ -ulMlivisions. for the next ten yeors by quarter-sw-tions and sections and then by leiral suLdivisions aRain. In nil. 2..^!>.l,0-27 acres were selected as »wamp land, and of these 2.01i>.41t5 ncrrs, bemff found available in the record- of the department, were transferred to the province of Manitoba. T'nder the provisions of the Manitoba lionnd.irios Exfensinn Act of IftlL', which provides that all swamp lands traii^ferrwl to the province an-part IV. Mineral IJes.nirees of the Tnitixl States, Calendar Year 1894: Non-metallic Products. Washiiifrtoii, U.S.A., 1^0.1). Shiitt^ Fraiik T. : Wcvlcrn Prairie S.,ils. tluir Naliiie and ri,iiipo,iii,,n, (bulletin No. 6. Second Series, Agricultural Department. Ottawa. Can.ida, Aupust, 1910.) Sievers. F. .T.. and Whitson, A. K. : The Development of Ma' "• Soils (Bulletin No. 20o, T niversity of Wi consin, February, 1011; Ajrrieulturai Experiment Station, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A.) . se FDiiKHTitv hiiAM'ii Hrii,»:Ti.\ .No. 4.V ^^. f^^- ■■W^ imusM.y.. KllioU. v. <;.: Kn.iM.m.. .,( K..ri„ L,„..U (Fur ' llullr.i,. \„. i^;. l-„i,,,i s,.,u^ iVimrtimnt .,f AKri.ulturr. \V.„|,i„Kf.m. r.S.A.. I!M»|). ' • I'lN^ Klli.,»t. (■. (; ; l{,.,„.rt ,„, I)n.i„aK.. lhv,..titf.iti.,n.. IINKI Unit.,! Stut.., |)..,mrt- innit of .Wri.i.lturi-, Hulh-tin N... UT. \V.„l,ihKi„i,. I'.S.A.. I!mH). J..n.»., K. H.: Tl... I»rir...i,.l.., ,..,.! I'n,.-ti. f I.,,,,.! |ir„i,„.«.. (lt„||..tin N„. uh. ,h,. I iiivirsity ..» \\ is.oii-iii. Mill 1. \Vi .i,,. I'.s.A.. I!i|ti), ICilph. (;..„rK,. A.: I)n.i.,„tf.. \V„k in .Min..,.„>t,. (Il,,l!..in .V„. 1. Stof iMaiuM-o ( <>mmis-u.ii, Anjfii-l. llMi'). St-imte I{i-|M.rt. hm-iiim'tif \... JT. tlUt ('..iicri'^. \V.i»liiiiKt..ii, I'.S.A.. llNilt. Stutf I)r..ii.M»f,. C.niiiiis.Mon. K..,..rt .,f, „„ .S,,.,,, DminnK.^ Work' ii. Minh.H„tn AujfiiHt i, l!hw, ti. Aiijriij.t 1, HUM. St..wart. .Fohn T. : l{..|H.rt on th,. |)r.,in,.K.. of ,1,.. K.-frn I'nrt. „f C,.,^ Tniill t.riin.l V„rk>. W ahh iinft()n. I'.S.A.. UtOT.) Wright. .1. O : K.VHVutin(f Machiner.v l'«.,l in HiuuiuK !)if,-l.,.H un.l Jiuil.li„K J_.fvifH (I nMcd Stiit.'< l»<-|)artnifnt of AKriniltMr... <'ir.iil.ir X... 74. \Vi.».hin>;t..n. I .S.A., 1!NI7 ). Suummry „f Fi..|.l-n„t.-. IMun. an.l l:..|H,rt, of Dominion 1 • Sn-vrvor- and |.„|,. li^luMl reports ot til., iioolotriral Snrv.v. Canadian I'aril .{ailwav Survv. ,n.l otlu.r otIuMal r.i.,.rt, on th.. IV ,vin..,. of .Manitoha. i-M..,! nn,l,.r ti... anth.'.ritv of til.. .Mini>ttr ..t III.. Int.rh.r. Doinii.i.m (;oV(.rnni..nt, Ottawa. Iv.i:!. Stnt«n» iK'iHirt- !•!•. tlu; 111 inline ii("«i)tii, Tniill. Stiitcs lililiiii; iiKtiiii, l1 I II ill- .', ;iii(l rilv (,f •ry 02!>()1 - 1 L/I.H£ PLAN OF LANDS EXAMINED IN South-East MANITOBA -SHOWING PROPOSED FOREST RE5E^\/E: ^omined m 1112 by - l^CTIK-, B5c f" Co/no//ec/ 6r - ^ ^ Z/ - 7o^c?/'Oc 3/ - ^/)i/e Spruce 'Se - S/ocA 'Jprucs ^- 77 - /yA//e- Cet/t7^. L anc/s hc/d une/er frt/e >MiiciK^.>5?:iS';*^5!r:i5 A & «. .1. ■ -iA!^.t^.