V] IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 ^iia iiM S *- III M 8 I.I lUI 11114. 1 1.6 TTiL_i 1_?^ riiuiugiHpriic Sciences Corporation 'V / <9 O ^J^ ■^',^ i\ #n: i< 7, •^ '^ a 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEDSTER.N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 '^V^' ^^^ -^ ^ CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHIVI/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical MIcroreproductlons / Ir.stctut Canadian de microreproductlons historiques ID I Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. D Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur I 1 Covers damaged/ Couverture endommagie □ Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaurie et/ou pellicul^e r~n Cover title missing/ D D D Ls titre de couverture manque Coloured maps/ Cartes g^ographiques " < couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) I I Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Ralisignifie "A SUIVRE ', le symbols V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included In one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to -ight and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les csrtes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent Atre fllm^s A des taux de reduction dlff6rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clichd, ii est filmA d partir de Tangle sup^rieur gauche, de gauche i drolte, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n^cessaire. Les diagrammes solvents illustrent le m6thode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 THB "STRONG DRINK" DELUSION, WITH ITS CRIMINAL AND RUINOUS RESULTS, E X f* O S E D, BY NUMEROUS FACTS AND AKGUMENTS, ■i" t.-I WITH EXAMINATIONS OF REMEDIES. By John George Marshall. HALIFAX: PRINTED AND PUBLISHED AT THE " JOURNAL OiTIGE " ▲ NDSOIiD AT THE SEVBRAL BOOK STORES. A ■tM ■"■''-'.,.' 1 • • \l- n ^l .1 .. ! i'.|{i m > mw . I JiBnVlfiM. 0;; 7--^ 1 ^ > INDEX TO LETTERS, &c. I;.' No. 1. On the Wines, &o. of Scripture, 2. On the ♦♦ Moderate Use" of Intoxicating Drinks, as to Health and duration of Life, 3. On Habitaal Drinking, ending in Drunkenness, 4. On Eflfectfl of Example, in the Drinking Practice ; and on furnishing Intoxicating Liquors on .Social Occasions, 5. On the injuries as to Individual and Public Wealth and Prosperity, through the Drinking Cua- toms, 6. On Orimes and Sudden Deaths from the use of In- toxicating Liquors, 7. On Injuries to ReUgion, by the use of Intoxicating Liquors, 8. On Manufacture and Sab of Intoxicating Liquors, 9. On Laws heretofore, and now ia force, for regu- lating the sale of Intoxicating Liquors, 10. On Keliglon,— as a preservative from Drunken- nei^, 11. On JSducation,— aa a preservative from Intemper- ance, 12. On the «♦ Total Abstinence Reformation," 13. On Legal Prohibition of the Sale of Intoxicating Drinks, Paox. 5 31 39 47 56 85 94 113 1^ 182 185 139 145 J y. 'tt:; \ LETTERS ON TEMPERANCE No.. 1. ON THE WINKS. &cV OP SCBimBE. «ro 60 numerous and afflictins -and IhTL^ a^ T' * "''* tho apathy or indifference „f1tC.^aloi?" I™ T"' ■"* the progress of the work that ta !! 'Jin T .° ™P«'J"»o'>te to •tantly agitated and to „„.f • . " ?" ™*'" ''">"" ^ "»■ .i™ouVrrerr:pt:ihT:s^^^^^^^ may be cherished of mitigating and ^u^ij^l ? ""^ '"''» contributing toward, r^uLJ/^^tTl^'ZTi^'-'f mtcntion to publish a few letters on some of tZZT' ■ ^ the general subject, and as far as I am Till n ^« ^"'*' "^ reader them bot'h interes^g and JrXZ*" "'^ "''^«'""« *» For the purpose of preparing the way for fuluro facts »«rf ^• euosions, I will at once announce thf r„,m^.. ^ ''"' now made convincingly maSt bv IZ " I"'"""^ """■■ .ions of persons, and^^^otfitf trrr^'al tS"^'- no .«,„«y whatever, iortheuseof anylund o^Slu " « an »r^,„.., w.,.e, either with rkreneetotrCfh'TI' physical system, the vigor or exereiae nf m- • . „ *'""» " the ■« to the moral sentiment! or fS™ or th, ,' ""°'" ^ a»ti. Neither are they reJ:S;rtrSvri;rr:: ot tho employments of life m.fh« f.,ifii /'""^"»^« aiscnarge ? ■' ;>.»( 1^' $..' !5^. 6 But a teemit iglj formidablo objection is urgod against our total Abstinence movement, on the assumed ground, that there is ScMp- tural authority for the use of intoxicating drinks. This is advan- ced by ft number of persons, irho it may well be presumed, are not much accustomed to consult that authority, for the guidance of any part of their conduct. Strange as it may at first sight appear, it is chiefly urged among religious professors, and even by many in the sacred ministry itself. ViTith many of such inconsistent and unfaithful professors, this supposed authority, combined with ap- petite, — native or acquired, — and a fondness for the pleasing indul- ^ance, form the chief impediments to their uniting with our excel- • lent reform. I have long been convinced that this erroneous opinion liTould, with all such persons, produce that injurious result ; and. therefore, in the course of my Temperance advocacy, I have, by vrord and by writing, frequently endeavored to expose and remove this error, and to take away frcmi those persons that assumed but unfounded authority for their unchristian practice. A further effort for the same purposes, will be made in this letter. Could it be made to appear, that the scriptures of wisdom and truth, sanc- tiiyaed such a limited use of these liquors, as avoided every degree of drunkenness or excess, the enforcing of universal Abstinence, if not improper, would at least, not be imperative ; and the charge 80 often made by many of our clerical and other opponents, that we are endeavoring to supplement the gospel, would be in part, if not fully correct. Were such sanction, indeed, afforded, then, as none should presume to prescribe a higher standard of morality, than Infinite Wisdom has revealed in His pure and infallible word, the utmost that should, in general, be done, would be, — warning, itdvice and exhortation ; and to be so watchful and circumspect in the use of those liquors, as to avoid every degree of iutoxic^tior or excess. With reference to sue:, supposed Scriptural sanction, it is no sufficient argument or proof, to show, that in many passages of Divine Revelation, wine is mentioned with approval, and classed with other temporal blessmgs. The all important enquiry imme- diately arises, — on the answer to which the decision, as to such Scriptural sanction or prohibition, entirely depends. — What is the quaUty^ or description of the wine, mentioned approvingly ? And, here, I am prepared to take the position and shall fully maintain it, that there is no authority or sanction whatever, in any part of the sacred volume, for the habitual or ordinary use as a beverage (Jfi our total 3 is ScMp- ia advan- )d, are not lidance of it appear, jr many in stent and with ap- ing indul- ourcxoel- us opinion ult ; and. have, by nd reraovo jmed but A farther Could it utbjsanc- ery degree betinence, the charge lentfi, that in part, if i, then, as morality, iibleword, -warning, imspect in ttoxic^tior t • i,it IS no assages of nd classed liry imme IS to such rhat is the ly? And, f maintain iny part of a beverage of wine, of an intoxicating quality, or of any othel-MwrWIfcAiV 'cat,ng drink. I wish this expression intoZtin^^Zr^^ borne in minn , throughout what will here be adriiced, ai it is On the plam mining of these words, that the whole queilion turns and must be Scnpturally decided. It i. probable that Is topio has not been brought forward and explained With «,ffiZt f^quency, by temperance advocates, competent to discuss it Whether smcerely, or otherwise, it has, as already observed been the chief ground on which large numbers of religious W^Z^ more especially i„ the sacred ministry, have refr4«d, T^^ tmT ""il '^'. *««»P«>-ance movement. The investigaHon which Will here be conducted, will relate, merely, to wme and other uZ ors of a similar class, mentioned in the sacred volume, and not to d^st^lled sprnts, to which the Scriptures do not aflude, as it islt universally admitted, that the nefarious art of iheir ^anufe^^ was not discovered until after the close of Divine revelation. But' n reference to wine, and the other similar liquor before aUuded to there is no deficiency of statement or mention in the sacred Scrip- ,turcs as hey are there named or refermi to at least one hundrTd and fifty iimea. in some places tfeey are mentioned as divine bles- sings, or rewards, elsewhere in terms of prohibition, or warning against their use, .in some passages, as figurative or emWematical of divme wrath or punishment ; and in otiiers,~under the former dispensation --as sacred oblations or offerings. In viewing and comparing these various passages, e^seemtng incongruity, or rather contradiction, will readily be seen. This supposition L arise^ by reason of the liquor-desigaated in all of them, by the on* general appellation of t.m.,-being in some of such passages spoken of as a blessing, and in others, the use of it denouZTand prohibited. At first, this apparent contradiction caused my own inind some degree of embarrassment, but en solemn and diligent examination, and comparison of the several passages, I was kd to a clear and quite satisfactory conclusion on the point. That in vey many mstances, the wines and other similar liquors mentioned in the Scriptures, were of an intoxicating character is perfectly clear, but it is equally apparent, .hat in many other instenees, thejwevBun/ermemed, and consequently of an opposite de«»criptiot^. 1 IS, indeed, utterly impossible on any other ground, or in anr other way, than on this distinction and diSbrcnce f^ to those liquors, to reconcile the seeming opposition in many passages of Scripture, concerning them.-The foUowiag are a few such of f V I. 1^ '' I 4h ■\ |ifta[|^||i^|a.ii^Ich it appears,—" Ho will also bloen tho fruit of %ita^^ «om, and thy wine.'' Deut. vii. 13 ; " Thou shalt furnish hisli liberally out of thy flock, and out of thy wine-prefs, of that wherewith the Lord thy God hath blessed thee, &c." Deut. XT. 14.; "I ^ill give you the rain of your laud in hia due season, that thou mayest gather in thy corn, and thy wine, and thine oil.*' Bout. xi< 14v " Honor the Ix)rdwith thy substanco, and with the first fruits of all thine increase, so shall thy barns be filled with jjlenty, and thy presses shall burst out with new wine.^* Prov. x. 9.; "They shall flow together to the goodness of the Lord, for wheat and for wine, for oil, &c." Jer. xxxi. 11, 12, But here are a few passages in such seeming opposition : — " Wine is a mocker, Jbc." Prov. XX. 1.; "Who hath woo, who hath contentions, who hath babbling, who hath rednejs of eyes. They that tarry long at tl^ewine, &c." aad then follows the express and entire prohibition; /• Look not thou upon the wine, when it is red, when it giveth his color in the fjup, when it moveth itself aright, at the last it biteth iike a serpent' ind stingoth like an adder." Pro7. xxiii. 29., &c.; t" Be not among wine-bibl)er8, &c." Prov. xxiii. 20, 21., with many other passages of similar import. Surely tliese latter can- jiot refer to the same description of liquor, as that mentioned in the former texts, and therein promised and given as divine blessings and the rewards of obedience. Every serious believer in divine revelation, must be fully convinced, that there is no real contra- idction or discordance in the sacred records, as they were all indi- ted by the same infallible spirit of wisdom and truth. Any such seeming discordance, must be impu'ed to our imperfect apprehen- sion and knowledge, and in every such instance, should lead us to prayerful and diligent examination, in order to become truly in- formed on the subject, on which the diflSculty has arisen. This fhould be done by tho opponents of the Temperance cause, regard- ing this Scriptural question, having previously relinquished all prejudices and pre-coneeived pjtions concerning it. The distinc- tion already asserted, as to the wines mentioned in Scripture, has, iii recent years, been frequently advanced and explained, in the writings anc* public addresses of several learned and able men, ■omf of them admitted to be no ordinary critics in the languages in which the Scriptures were originally written ; and many of these not only learned and judicirtus, but of piety also. In the first rank of learned advocates on this side of the Scriptural subject may be mentioned the Reverend author of that celebrated work, fruit of lou Bhalt ine-preM, !." Deut, season, line oil.** with the lied with ' Prov. X. Lord, for ; here are i mocker, ions, who ■y long at thibition; ;iveth his ; it biteth 29., &c.; 21., with itter can- tioned in 1 blessings in divine / contra- 5 all indi- Any such ipprehen- ead us to truly in- en. Thie 0, regard- ished {ill e distino- bure, has, d, in the ible men, anguageli many of . In the al subiect ted work, U AntLBacohus," the author of " Tiroeh'Lo Tayin," %ttd D^. m n. Um, in Great Britain ; and in America the Rev. Mr. Mavih, Mr. Sergeant, Mr. Dolavan, and President Nott. and last fhoagh far from being least, the late Professor Moses Stewart,«f Andovw whose critical and able letter to Dr. Nott, publisWed a few year, ago, contains a treasury of knoirlodge on the subject? The diflSculty as to the eeeming contradiction in the Scriptaroe regarding the use of wine, has chiefly, if uot wtirely arisen, from the same generic, or general terra, being employed, in cv.ry pas- «age.— But, such general terms are more or less frequently ured in every language. Our own abounds with them.—The word " Water," is one. But there are various descriptions of water— talt water and fresh— rain water and river water,— dirty water and clean, mineral and dye water, and^ numerous other kinds, of very opposite qualities. But some of our opponents say, wine ig wne, and what else can you make of it. True, it is so, and ^' water is water,^' although there are such variouu kinds of i^. If any one of such opponents; however, were to ask for a glass of water to drink, he would be rather astonished and offended to«»i if presented with some of either of the <#en5»ve deacTiptiotag just mentioned. «' Shif' and '« Vessel " are also general t«rra8,b«t we know that the varieties of these are almost innumerable. Thew are steam-ships and sailing ships, barques, brigs, brigantines, schooners, shallops, sloops, boats, &c. some of thou^inds or hun- dreds of tons, and some of no tonnage at all ; yetull, are properly enough denominated ship as a general terra. We read in the sacred volume, that some of the diacipUs had gone out of their ships, and were washing their nets,— that on several occasions, our Lord entered into ships, and taught the people on the shore ;— that He and his disciples passed over lakes in ships ; that He was in the hinder part of the 5Ai>, asleep, while the dkiciples were toil- ing m rowing. In one of the passagosi-John 6— where ship i» mentioned, the same is, directly after, denominated a boat. Now does any one suppose, that the ships here mentioned were of the same, or like descriptions, as the large three masted vessels, which we now specially designate as ships, with topsails, royals, jibe, itudding sails and all the other sails, the riggiag, and parapher- nalm,&c. belonging to such a ship, in this our. day. Yet, even now, with us, all kinds of vessels which pass on the water, are, in Btnct propriety, denominated ships. It id a generic term. The snips thus mentioned in the sacred Scriptures, were^ doobtk ■!t. '■i- 1 M 10 ')• ftiitih the tame M the fighing &e other boats now in use with us, yet, in translatioa, wete named ships with sufficient propriety. Vegeiables, ia another of such generic words ; but of these, there are innumerable varieties, some wholesome and nutritious ; and others hurtful or poisonous, and therefore to be carefully avoided. No ianguagf can altogether -dispense with such £ aeral terms. The word Wine, in the Scriptures, Is one of the number, and in- cludes a great variety of that description of liquid, and in various forms ; both in the natural state, aod as prepared by artificial means. It may bo enclosed in the skin bottle of the grape, or as flowing ftom the pregs. It may be thick, or thin, sweet, or sour, preserved from fermentation, by one or other of various means ; or may, by simple fermentation, have become intoxicating, or by fcho addition of ardent spirits, or some noxious drug, be rendered far more stimulating and destructive. But all these, and other varieties of the liquid, are in strict propriety, as a general term, denominated wine. Bearing all these distinctions in mind, the dift- eront languagoo* S<}ripture in various passages regarding wine lAay readily enough, not only be perfectly harmoniaod, but be •hown to Iw entirely free from the presumptuous charge, of afford- ing any permission to the habitual, or ordinary use of any kind of wine, possessing the intoxicating quality. Having produced these explanatory foots and remarks, I now fairly advance the position intimated already, and shall more fully QEiaintain itj that, — there is not a solitary passage of the sacred vclumi, lohich affords the permission or sanction just mentioned. With reference to the passages of Scripture already s«t forth, where the wine is spoken of, as being in tho •' cluster,^'' as burst- ing out from the " wine-f r ess, *^— or, to be " gathered tit from th* field,^^ it must be perfectly evident, that in none of these oases, cauJkl the UquoB have been of an in!jxicating description, not having undergone the fermenting process. In the other Scriptural ^assagos cited, Where " wine" issaid to be '< a mocker," and where Jt is described as causing " tooe" and " babbling," and " redness of eyes, ''^ and biting ^^ like n serpent,", and stinging '* like an adder,'' with other pernicious effects, it i» just as certain, that it is t» be understood as being of the intoxicating character. The tho use of wine, may be traced and ascertained, either from the wOtrds of the text, or ftom the context, through the whole of the sacired volmne. At several periods, somo years agO; I carefully i ) with ua, propriety. ese, there 0U8 ; and avoided. a terms. , and in- Q various artificial .pe, or ag , or sour, 3 means ; ig, or by rendered od other al term, !, the diff- ing vrine 1, but be of afTord- uny kind a, I now korc fully he sacred entioned. *t forth, IS burat- from tht m oasee, ion, not) :riptural ad where ' redness ' like an , that it Jr. The roiu the le of the carefully Xi .. motioned, and in o.o o( U,, pampU«, o;^^ S publ^hed to tho United Kingdom . ft, ,«» i«t 2^,™! tat »g|v«,^„n,beri«g in aU »oar]j »ne wS ^/Z * th »nd with a Sincere deeire f ^^ any other li,,uor of an intoadcming qualily. " It must, in fairaeee, b« presumed, that' the tranalatoM nf jk. present authorised versio.n of the Bible. underrtooTTh, «rl t correotly. Now, in all tho passages referring either to tho liouo. »owly expressed f«m the grape, or to that of an into^ioaUng aS ««y have given this „„« generic term. Those pe.«S who eontend so .ealously for tho literal authority of Sor ptie "n everything relating to the subjeet, ought surely LeSttiili authority ,n referenee to the propriety of thaf^Jl trm tl ng that the spirit of perfect wisdom has in bothW ^iZ'C the o„. appellation. The truth is, there has blTveryZenS and long eontinuedmi^^pprehension, a,tothe.«as„„fo?aSw his particular appellation to the U,uor produced ^m theT» ft would seem that the mistaken idea that no liquor p^ueelft Jl' t:Z^'^°T. ''^-"edW,. hut that whioh'hasSIril'fe" men ation and become intoxicating, has arisen from the S la nearly all the wines which have ever been in use.in the va^iousptta of the world, e«ept in the vine countrses, have been of antoS tmg nature. The truth is, however, that it hasnot been so d^lt ^,becauseofi,sha,ingbee„/e™«,„,,„,i,.„.th„™ that proc«.-which are but circumstances respecting i"-^ would rather seem, that the reason why it hasten I l„tla ted. s^d with appropriate analogy is, that, the liquor is an ^"mct from the fruit of the vine. The word in the Latin. iZnuTt F^noh «„, and in English .in. ; and in other l«,g„'age.wS of tte same import expressive of ,. liquor obtained from tte ,,^° Kven OB the admission of those that eontend that the jnioe of X grape as It flow, from the press, should not b. called „T., J aufficientiv clear. t.h&^. i* .„ ^.^ ^ _ . "^'"^» " *• n«« „r Al ., " ' -" — ■ -'iiiiv-a, wifcu tuv Buricteat propriotT. »?u«Wor«,r«„rf,., juic from the grape, and «„, ij "J '\-' P ,.>'* ,' 19 II ^ 11 f ' ll irj beeu introduced! with httle change into nearly all the languages of Europe." This definitiouj of course, refers to the liquor, obtained •by the treading or squeezing of the grapes in the press, and this liquOT, we <}o not need inspiration to inform us-, is not in the least dagtee intoxicating ;• and yet, according to that writer's own defi- aitidn «f th§ original word j agrefeing with the trtinslations also", it in properly denominated itfine. If, then, the liquor thus procured, is soimmed, hy reason of its being obtained by the the process of squeezing or pressings it will follow, that the juice of the grape, M it' flows from the press is called wine, even with greater propri- ety, 'than that which is procured from the wine-vat after fer- menta/tion, in which proceBS no such pressure is employed. That in many passages of Scripture, wines of an intoxicating quality ar« mentioned or referred to, no person who has read the sacred volume will be 80 foolish as to question or deny. It is too deplorably evi- dent. All that is here contended for, and advanced by others wh<> .have written and spoken on the same side ai the subject, is that 4bere was a liquor designated in the Scriptures as toine which had aiot undergone fermentation, was not intoxicating, but was merely an extract from the grape ; and the use of which alone, was hy that authority allowed and recommended as a blessing. That eminent scholar and critic. Dr. A. Clarke, snys in his Commentary, **The Yayin of the Hebrews, the Oinos of the Greeks j and the Mustum 0^ the Romans, were merely the expressed juice of iho grape; in this staie^ the wine was anciently used." " Here, in passing, I may just briefly remark upon a part of that most extraordinary speech reported in one of the newspapers, -as having been delivered by M W , Bsqihre, in •the last session of the Provincial Parliament. The part I allude to, is this, — "The word used in the Septuagint version <)f the Old Testament, and the Greek of the New, which I have re- cently consulted, is Oinos, irom. which it is plain, that our word wme is derived, and I uodortake to assert, that whenever the word is used, it signifies the fermented juice of the grape. It was of the same nature "^b the wine of the present day.^- We have just ■een that the learned Br. Clarke asserts as positively as Mr. W — 4hat it was merely the expressed juice of the grape, and thai in this state the wim was anciently used." Which now of these op- posite authorities is to be bredited and considered "valid. I rather conclude that all persons of jnst discrimination, more especially ftU classical aharacterg will bold with the Dr. and that with the iguagesof , obtaibwl and this . the least ©•wu defi- Ds also', ft procured, process of ihe grape, wr propri- after fer- Bd. That ualitj are id volume rably eyi- thers who i, is, that 'hich had as merely e, was hy ig. That imentary, iknd the ice of ihe ft of that wspapers, iqihre, in e part I version of have? re- our word the word It was of lave just tfr. W — id thai in these op- I rather Bspecially with the whoie of them, indeed, the other opinion will just go for what it deserves, and that is—nothing at all. "' ^ • The same Hon. gentleman without any semblance of pious dis-' cretion but in part with a most unbecoming levity, has also brough forward the unhappy instances of the^ntem„ of those otherwise righteous and excellent characters Noah and Lot It 18 deplorably true, tha: each of these,-one of them in but a solitary instance, and the other on two occasions. -did transgress in that particular form, probably, however, from not being aware ot the intoxicating nature of the drink ! But surely Mr W - does not mean to insinuate that thei-e was any divine permission or sanction for their fatal indulgepce , or f,r any use whatever of the drink which caused their fall ; nor can he suppose, that these sad occurrences were divinely recorded as examples for our imita- H9m., Only daring impiety would conceive such a thought ' I now return from this unpleasant digression, and will proceed to specify a few more principal passages of Scripture, where wine is mentioned approvingly j and shall introduce some explanations and remarks concerning them, which I hope may be found appro- priate and profitable. And first, as to the wines mentioned in the Old Testament Scriptures. In the 18th chap, of Numbers, it is said that tne priests were to eat with their households, of '« all the best of the wme, the first fruits of it- and of - whatsoever was frst npe m the land," and which were brought by the people as their offerings unto the Lord. Witli reference to the Levites, after rendering unto Aaron the priest as an heavc-offering to the Lord a tenth part of the tithes, they were to have the remainder, and 1 was to be reckoned to them, as though it were the « fullness of the wme press," and in another place as the increase of the " wine press ;" and they were to cat it, with their household, as a reward or their service in the tabernacle. In Deut. xiv., it is said that the person bringing the titho offerings, and his son and daughter and the Levite, and the man-servant, and the maid-servant; were to cat thorn before the Lord. In all these passages the word eat is used but notdrink,-although the offerings were partly of " the first fruita of the wine^-and, therefore, it is highly probable, as some mfer and conclude, that the liquors were pertaken of, while m the grapes _and dates, which «Tere eaten. With reference to tiiutiunants mu.uL. xv. 14., it is commanded-" Thou shalt fur- msh him liberally out of thy flock, and out of thy floor, and out of thy wtne-press. This last gift must either have been from the •1 .p, (. 14 grape* deposited ia the prcM, or from the liquor as it flowed front the j>res9f in which oa«e, of course, it had none of the intoxicating quality. N^ of the passages which have here been cited, can possibly be understood to refer to any intoxicating liquor, as none of that character could b'^ furnished from the " wine-press.''^ If any such liquor had been intended, or alluded to, the expression, doubtless would have been wine-vat instead of wine-press. In the prophetical song contained in the 32nd chapter of Deuteronemy, it is mentioned as one of the blessings to Israel, — *' Thou diast drink the pure blood of the grape. ;" and in the same song and by way of contrast to this, it is said with reference to the heathen, the enemies of the Lord, — ♦• Their wine, is the poison of dragons, and the cruel vencm of asps," — the same as the wine mentioned in Proverbs xxiii., — ♦♦ Causing redness of eyes, and biting like a serpent, &o.', The first of these passages, is indeed, directly in point, to show that it was only the unfermented and unintoxicatin^ liquor^ the pure blood of the grape which was granted as a bl^essing ; and further, it proves as clearly, that such was indeed the kind of wine the Israelites generally or almost uni- versally used, in the earlier periods of their history, for it is said, — " Thou didst drink the pure blood of the grape." Dr. Clarke lays in commenting on the passage, — " Blo^d here is synonyraoua with juice, and it means red wine or the pure juice, of whatever eolor, expressed from the grapes." There are many other passages in the Old Testament Scriptures, too^ numerous indeed to cite and enlarge upon here, in which wine is "pokea of either approvingly or without any remark of a contrary nature, but it wiil be found on candid examination of the context, that in all of them, the unfermented and unintoaicating wine is intimated or intended. Such is the case in one passage in Nehemiah, where the people were to eat the fat, and drink the sweet ; in another where they are commanded to bring the offerings of the first fruit of all man- ner of trees, of the new unne, and of the oil ; and in other parts of the same book, where new wine is spoken of. Also, in Jere- miah xlviii. where it is said — ** I have caused wine to fail from the yriue-pressss ; none shall tread with shouting ;" which words evi- dently show that an unintoxicating wine is intended. Also in Joel i. 10. — ** The new wme is dried up,^* which plainly refers to the wine enclosed in the grapes. 7 both of these instances, a natural Uessing was withheld because of sins. But, it is urged by WMue in favor of the use of ifitoticating wed from ^xicatlng cited, can r, as none rC55." If spression, r. In the teronemy, i'hou didst ag and by ) heathen, poison of the wine eyes, and is indeed, nted and rhich was that such [most uni- it is said, )r. Clarke nonyraoua ■whatever r passages cite and (proviugly be found them^, the intended, he people here they f all Kian- 5her parts , in Jere- 1 from the (Tords evi- Iso in Joel ITS to the a natural toticating 15 liquor, that the people of Israel were expressly permitted to wr- ^0- strong, rinkr or " whatsoeL the'soul hou d k» after." Now, it is worthy of notice, that there is not a word I the w.ole of the passage concen,ing this sacred fe^tfvalaB I actual ^n«A,n^, but it is merely said,-" Thou shalt 1/ tie e before the Lord thy God ;" and from this expression," wouTd rathe, seem, that that the grapes and the sweet'or lusclou.TuU of the palm, or date were intended. As io the words strong dri^ ^u our common version, it may here be well to remark, thai there are not /«,a words in the original, one meaning strong and the other ^nnk, but only the one ^ord, Shechar or S^.caJ^ One iLrned author .ays, that the primitive idea or meaning of the woi^'^ sweetness and this s.eet drink^ ^ ^ ^.^lers itf was pXe^^ • olrttf/";'"'^'"'"" tI.e^.«of the palm trL,^dwa. ten called j.«/m w^ue, Dr. R R. Lees, another able cr/tic on Z original declares a like opinion in his Prize Essay, on this pas^ sf^r Zr^'?' "'""' *^^°"^ ^^°^ «' P'^P*^'-*-" of Tf ™; °o; «°*»'«Iy i^ovel, but has been suggested to the minda <)f many inteUigent philologists a«d commentators, long prior to the prevailing discussion, originated in opposition to the Temper- ^ce Society, as a last plea for the use of « strong dxinks." The followmg among many other*, a*e such philological authoritiei^ Kober Ainsworth, Professor Brewn, in 17.68.~The editor of the EncyclopaBdica Britannica,~the learned Thaddeus Mason Harris, Th?;' f ''; ?i' ''f ^'^^'^ ^"*^^° ^ ^««l«y^» commentator: Ihe late learned and eminent professor Mc.es Stewart, cf Andover College, m the United States, who has fully investigated respecting he wines, and the Skechar or Shaycawr of the Scriptures, in a letter addressed by him to President Nott-a printed copy of Uich I possess, gives ^mong many others, the foldowing illustrations and remarks upon the sul^ect.-" The Hebrew name is Shaycawr, which IS usually translated strong drink. The mere English read- er of <5ourse, mvariaWy gets from this, a wrong idea of the real "^^"^Vi 'T"'^'''''^ '^'^''^' ^« ^"^^^ *o i* *h« i^ea which the English phrase mw conveys among us, viz..-that of a strong truoxtcatmg drmk, like to our d^sfflled liauors. As to dLH«lla«o= Dy wnxcn aicncaio liquors are now prindpaUy obtained, it wai utterly unknown to the Hebrews, and indeed to aU the world, ^ ancient times. An intoxicating liquor, like to what we now name pure akohol, ehould never be thought of by any intelligent reader 1 1 * •/' ^' :,'i'' f re *\ iii of the Scriptures, when ho meets with the expression, '* ttong drink.'' The true original idea of Shaycawr, is— «' a liquor ob- tained from dates, or other fruits (grapes excepted,) or barley, millet &c., which were dried or scorched ; and a decoction of them wem mixed with honey, aromatics, &c." Again, in treating of the ori- ginal words, Yayin and Shaycawr, he remarks ;— Both words ara generic. The first means vinous liquor, of any or every kiad. The second, means i. corresponding liquor from ddtes and other fruits, or from ecveral of the ^ains. Both the liquors have in them them the saccahrine principle, ard therefore they may become alcoholic, but both may be kept and used in the unfermented state." «• Both comprise liquors fermented and unfermented. We should not oe surprised, then, in case wo find both spoken of, in such a way, that in one passage, it is regarded as a blessing, or an allowable comfort ; while in another, it is spoken of as a meafts of iiitox- kation and a curse. Wo shall see, that this is, in fact, true of both the words in question.*' " The text in Numbers vi. 3, which I have already commented on, makes it quits clear, that Shaycawr may be fermented or unfermented, which is the same as to say, that it may be of an intoxicating nature, or of an unintoxicating one." For the use of ic as a mere comfort, and not as a medicine, there is but one decisive case in the Bible,— and here nothing de- cides it to be fermented:' With regard to the distinction in the wines, and in the Shaycawr, he further remarks,— i* The ferment- ed liquor was pregnant with alcohol, and would occasion inebria- tion, in a greater or lesser degree, in all ordinary circumstances. The unfermented liquor was a delicious, nutritive, healthful bever- age, well and properly ranked with corn and oil. It might ba kept in that state for a long time, and even go on improving by age. Is there any serious difficulty now, in acquitting the Scriptures of contradiction in respect to this subject? I do not find any. •• Facts show that the ancients not only preserved wine unferment- td, but regarded it as of a higher flavor, and purer quality than fermented wme. What, then, is the difficulty, in taking the posi- tion, that the good and innocent wine, is meant in all cases where it is commended and allowed? or that the alcoholic oi intoxicating wine, is meant in all cases of«^rohibition and denunciation 1 I I cannot refuse to take this position, without virtually impeaching the Scriptures of contradiction or inconsistency— 1 cannot udmit that God has given liberty to persons in health, to drink alcoholic wine, without admitting that His Word and His Work^ are at vf tP :.■ , " $tong iquor ob- ley, millet them was )f the ori- (vorda ara ery kiad. md other } have in ly become lerf state." We should in such a allowable Boi ifiiox- st, true of i. 3, which Shaycawr as to say, itoxkating \. medicine, 10 thing de- ion in the leferment- )n inebria- umstanccs. hful bever- might ba ing by age. sriptures of find any. unferment' uality than ig the posi- ses where it ntoxkating ciation ? I impeaching nnot 'admit nk alcoholic 7orks are at rariance. The liiw against such drinking, Mhioh he has enatan.^''- 6d on our nature, stands out prominently— read and assonted to by all sober and thinking men. Is His Word now at variance WitU this? Without reserve, I am prepared to answer in the negatiik: But if it were even admitted, that the word Shechar, is rightly rendered— «' 5^row^ ng the instant ifluence ed else- further, watch- ;" is it en, wo- at any ' intoxi- od to a « Bciently periodi rticular 19 drank intoxicating wine, which He tella us in his Word if « "mocker" and produces -sorrow, babbling, and contentio«»,» and other great evils, and - bites like a serpent and stinjrs Nko an adder ;" and which he forbids us even to " look upon " \U has left us a perfect example, that we should follow his steps It 18 true he did not practice the same austerity as John the Bap- tist, who " fed on locusts and wild honey," but came eating and dunking, in general like others, but in the strictest temperance • and mixed with publicans and sinners, to instruct, reclaim, and' Bavo them. Yet, " Wisdom is justified" of each of them, and of all other classes of her children. These rei^irks may suffice as an- answer to that part ot the speech of Mr. W., noticed already, where ho has been so rash and presumptuous a« to assert, that tiio Saviour used the intoxicating wine. It has also been urged, that the wine used at the celebraiion of the passover and at the institution of the Sacrament, was of an- intoxicating quality. There is not however a word in any part of the Scriptures^ leading to the inference that such was the case, on- either occasion : but the opposite may, or rather must be inferred from a variety of circumstances relating to those ordinances. With regard to the passover, the use of wine of any description did not form a part of its original institution ; nor is there in any part of the sacred Scriptures, any direction, or intimaWon whatever, for Its use upon that occasion. It is true it did so come into use, but When, or for what reason, does not from ecclesiastical history, very precisely or fully appear. With regard to the nature ot the wine BO used. It can be very clearly shown, that the Jews down to the present time, have regarded the injunction, as to putting away aU leaven, at the time of the passover, as applying, not merely to^ bread, but to all kinds of fermented liquors; and, therefore have avoided using, or even having on their premises, any such liquors- during any part of the season of the passover. Among other proofs to this effect, which might readily be produced, the follow- mg passages in a published letter in 1844, from a converted Jew - residing m Manchester, in England, will to every unprejudiced mmd, bo sufficiently conclusive. The writer, for many years pre- vious to his conversion, was a Hebrew Rabbi, or teacher, among his peonle. Aft«r dee'>''''^':"« *»- j- -'^ •__ •• - * * J ■ . "'6 •'"= uiu-aa ui prGparitiit tne unt'er- mented wine for the sacred occasion, he says .-- All the Jew- then, with whom I have ever been acquainted, are in the habit of using umntoxtcating wine, at the passover ; a wine made in thiV . '*i 20 a I eountrj, exprewly for tUo occasion, ftud gonerully bj thcrasolvca. In short, the Jews, as far as I know, use a porfe ;t)y utiinioxicating wine at this delightful feast, the reasoji why they do so, being that the use of the common fermented wine, would be a contravention of the laws of the passover." Doubtless, it must have appeared to the Jews as highly proper, as well as significant, that only un- fermented wine should be used on that occasion, as it would most typically and suitably represent, the grace and holiness required in the worship and service of Jehovah. Those who were spiritu- ally enlightened, would also view the use of such wine, as in suit- able accordanco with the " unleavened bread," which was emble- matical of the character of the Messiah, for whom they were looking, that jBi^re " bread of life," which was to come down from heaven. In regard to the wine at the institution of the Sacrament, it is if pc^'ible, still more certain, that it was of the unfermentcd de- scription. As if to exclude any doubt on the point, it is not even called loine, in any one of the three Evangelists, where the sacred institution is described ; but in all of them, the words are, — the " fruit of the vine." This is the only description of wine, which comes directly from God, as expressed from tiie grapes; •' ihapure blood of the grape," as He elsewhere describes ic. This ordinance of the Sacrament, was instituted at the time of the Passover ; at at which festival na we have seen, no leaven or fermented article was allowed to be in any part of the dwellings of Israel. Throughout the inspired volume, the type or cmblaai divinely selec- ted and employed, is always the most appropriate, and significant, and in accordance with the thing or subject signified. Surely, no enlightened and truly regenerated soul, can hesitate to conclude, that the precious blood of our spotiess Redeemer, — by meditation on whose sufferings and blood-shedding, the souls of his believing followers are nourished, invigorated, and cheered, as the Jews liter- ally were, by " the fruit of the vine"— is typified with infinitely more propriety and accordance, by the " pure blood of the grape," the unfermented wine, one of the chief temporal blesssings bestow- ed by the Lor/,.„„V,„ of the juice, thereby «tSg the ^1' laginou, matter, e«e„tial to fermentation ; or by keeping the cjic co„t.,ning the fr«h j.,ice, .nhmerged for a co/.iderahlf timet col,l water, or m «,me other mode, kept under the temperature at wh.eh (enucntafon would commence; thu, allowing the fermen- table matt.,r to .u!»ide, and in that way obtaining %ho Jra°d de,e„,ua juienof the fruit. Wi„« pLrved in cachTf"h« toode,, are men ioned in the work, of ancient author,, in eevri It T fl' "'"' """° °f "•»■» """" ">" «"» of our Sa" d,>e«lT *^r """r' ''"™ Siv™ parUeular receipts and stated, that those were denommated the 4«( winee, which po«eM- CU no.Uo.,ca,.ng quality. But, further, wine, aceording"^ to 2 at leaet of these mode,, is made at the prc«,nt day, in part, of V mcL IffTT' ""'T""™' '""*"'"■=• of -nquctionaUe veracity. Of late year, it ha, been occa,ionally imported into Europe, and frequently into the Unil»l State,, from ,ome of the i^iastorn countries. of t^rh^'^r 1^?' T^'" ' ^''*"'^ °" '^'' ^'"° ^ "^>^' i" the City of Edinburgh I dwelr upon this point among othor«, and at the close of my address, that celebrated oriental traveller, James S Buckingham, Esq., the chairman of the meeting, fully verifiS that the Mahometans, to whom inlo^ticating drink of ev9ry kind .forbidden, carr ed with them in their jou?niee, the .n/brinL camM T 1 T''"^ "*"'^""S ''''' ^"^ incidents which came to his knowledge, in travelling in those Eastern countries, as the manufacture and the use of the unfermented wines. Ue .^a^d, what by other travellers in those countries, is known to be 1 1 ; . r "'''^^/" *'^' ^^°^' ^^ «^^''«"' ^hich are esteemed 6 .nbed both those for sale abroad, as well as for use in the coun- *hlf • "ir'"' '''"''''; '*""'' ''^'''' ^" ^^'^ ^^»6 ^"''Jcct, have stated, hat xn the present day in the East, and in wine countries generally unfajnen^ed wme is well known and commonly used ; Ld thai the modern Turks, always carry the unfermented wine with them 24 % en long journiefl." The author of Anti-BacchuH, has declared iu that work, chat ho made nnfermcnted wine in England, according to the receipt given in the work of an ancient Eastern writer, who lived about the same time as our Ijord, and that it " kept goo """ """ »f ''""^.i-thesehemeof Prowdence. In our own land, wine has beeome so e«lusively a mere luxury, or what is worse, by a species of manufacture an 'IT"! T"'''- *'"" """^ ""^^ *""^»«'. why the b"; so often speaks of mne, in conjunction with c»™, a^d tlfe other slTe supphes of animal life. Now, in passing through the relio^of vuneyards, m the East of France, one must at once 113 that he vne greatly flourishes on slopes, and heights, where t 1 n» too poor and gravelly, to matatain either corn fo food,- o p^L age for cattle. But what is the frovidem.al *„>, i^ renTrin: .f Its fru.t beeome solely, either an arl.cle of lu^rv or an LI ™' Look at the peasant, at his meals, in vine bearing districtll^" " Wood of the grape." In this, its nal.ve and original statlTis ay»«, «,„p&and u,/,alcsome liquid, not an mtoc»/,„^ but' nutntive beverage. Hence to the vine dressing i-«anf;f A„. erre for example, an abundant vintage, is as'iipo^nt ^1^ overflowing daa-y to the pastoral peasant of Ayrshir^. And hll by such a view of the subject, are the language and tb.lnTo'r Scnpure .,na.cateifrom tke ».y a„earaL of fa.ouZg2u i m^aylu„r,ou,, or posi'.oely noxious, when it so oonsta^lv magnifies a well replenished wine press, in a rocky ^d moult oas country, like that of Palestine, as one of the richest bouX of a gracious Providence, not to the rich, or mighty of the Trth but to man as man, with his manifold wantsUinflli,.™^ Missionary Record, April, 1840. "f""ues.— » The recommpn(la*-iQn <•« '^:y^-i.l-_ ., r- stomach's sake, and'thineoftnSuies •-' hsi'tr'T '" "^ .inually Cited, by those who cont::rr krdr^ ^ ^'e^ This ,s strictly a medical case, relating to disea^, or bodily Mrm: 2G mi ity, and according to the plain tenor and meaning of it, can afford no authoriiy whatever, for any use of intoxicating wine, as an ordinary he veragQ. From the words — " drink no longer water," (or water only,) it would appear, that Timothy was practising such extreme abstemiousness, and self-denial, that his health, or even life was thereby much endangered. His continuance in life, was of much importance to the church, and' therefore, thi«) command was given to him, by Divine authority, to " use a littlu wine," but it was only for his '* stomach's sake," and his " often infirmities." Ancient authors, mention wines in Eastern countries, especially m Greece, where Timothy was thon labouring, made from the myrtle, squill, horehound, &c., and which were very beneficial for sto- mach complaints, and certain other disorders. Which kind of wine, then, is it most probable, the Divine spirit of wisdom and benevolence, speaking by Paul, would intend should bo used, and which, the most likely that Timothy would understand ho was required to take. — " the pure blood of the grape," the " new wine," so repeatedly mentioned as a l)lcssing, and which was in- vigorating, and healthful, especially when filtered or refined by boiling, or otherwise, — or else, some of the medicinal wines just mentioned ; — or, on the contrary, the fermented and intoxicating wine, which the same Divine Spirit says, is a " mocker," and pro- duces babbling, and woo, and redness of eyes ; and which «' bites " and " stings," and which all are commanded not even to " look upon." It was the intoxicating wine, which in the case of St. Martin, the Canadian, as declared by Dr. Bcaument, even when taken small or moderate quantities, invariably produced injlama- tion, and other injuries in the stomach. On the whole, it is un- questionably evident, that in the case of Timothy, some of the former descriptions of wines wove intended, and would bo used- As a closinp; citation of Scripture, in regard to the use of intox- icating wine, the following solemn and expressive passages, already in part incidentally mentioned, contain the most direct prohibition of any such use : — " Who hath woe, who hath sorrow, who hath contentions, who hath babbling, who hath wounds without cause, who hath redness of eyes. They that tarry long at the wine, they they that go to seek mixed wine. Look not thou upon the wine, when it is red, when it fiveth its nolour in the cup, when it moveth itself a right ; at the last it bileth like a serpent and stingeth like an addeir." There are two kinds of liquor, mentioned here, both oi ih^nx. iyitoxicating \ — " wine," and «' mixed wine." the latter , can afford no, as an ;er water," itisingsucli th, or even Q life, "was 1 command wine," but ifirmities." specially ni the myrtle, ial for sto- 5h kind of wisdom and b used, and nd ho wa8 the " new lich wa8 in- rofined by wines just ntoxicating ,".and pro- 3h«' bites" 1 to " look case of St. even when ed injfama- le, it is nn- lome of the bo used* se of intox- ges, already prohibition r, who hath hout cause, ) wine, they n the wine, m itmoveth tingeth like I here, both the latter 27 having hpen made more intoxicating and etupiiyi„g, by drugs or other potions^ The evil effects from their use, as destib^ed SZ passages are numerous and most deeply ufflieting. With reZ- once to the use of them, there is no warning or caution to be guarded and ^. put a knife to the throat," as i'n this same chante of Proverbs, with respect to eating. No direction to drink L XT.'"i''''T^"f'^''"^ to avoid e.c...,but immediate" after the description of the ruinous effects, the express and divine command is given :-'^ Loo. not thou upon M.W," evident^ applying alike to both kinds of drink, mentioned in the text. Th^ IS the verjrstrongest form of expression that could be used, to sig- nify that a person should not partake at all, but should turn away los by looking on its tempting appearance, lie should be ensnared and captivated, and be induced todrinkof it. This passage alone J there were no other of smilar import, should be quito rufficien to prevent every individual who profe«.es to be influenced and guided by the authority of the inspired volume, most especially all mm.siers of religion, from ever drinking intoxicating liqL of any desmption It is an unqualified and eagres. proMmol of its use mdited by tne same Divine Spirit, who mentions "new wine "as a reward or blesdng to those who shall "honour the Lord with their substance, and the first t>f their fruits," and is recorded by the .«,,^^ ^nsp^red writer, and in the same book of Proverbs The prohibitory passage is as binding now, and unhappily is «tiil al appropriato and needful, as when first divinely indited From viewing and comparing these two passages, as well as nume- rous others on the subject, the following truths or positions arc made perfectly evident :-First, that two kinds of u,J, of d"r c«; ^pc.^ quaMes, are mentioned in the Scriptures ; and secondly that the one generally called the " new wine," and which was Iji ' fermented, 0, intoxicating, was given and recommended as a bless- IndU' r/l .V't?""^' *'^ '"''"^'''''''^ ^^-^' -- -nd--a able d « ^.P""' '"*''"*^- '^''^"^^ '- ^-^' thi« -vari- able distinction there is not the least incongruity in th3 various passages of Scripturo, regarding the use of tine; or any "X hquor We must all, of course, feel perfectly assured, th'lt neith- er on this subject, or on any other, can there be any -eal contra- diction in the Kucred rnnmvia 'V] ,-._,, , . ^ ^'*_*^"n5ra Having ttcated s„ fully. „g,«^„g ^„, ,^- ^^ j,^.;^^.^,, p.^,^_ W J.:*l f ^^' 'I •i '.I i; m: 28 ages ot Scripture, where wine is spoken of approvingly, or on the contrary, with disapprobation, I feel that before cloalilg the subject it is nothing lebs than a christian duty, to offer some further plain and pointed ;8trictures, on the speech of Mr. W , already partially reviewed. Even on the m9st cursory view of this extra- ordinary speech, there is plainly exhibited throughout it; such in- descretion of spirit, such rashness, and extravagance of assertion, such prxlpably incorrect, and improper citation of Scripture, and, above all, such an unbecoming levity of remark, in association with the language of Sacred writ, and the events recorded in some of its passages, as cannot but be offensive to every mind of serioug reflection, and sincerely enquiring after truth. These obvious and distinguishing marks impressed on the speech, as has happened in many similar instances, must, not only dispel any thought as to rational conviction, but on the contrary, exhibits the performance as carrying along with it, its own refutation. In truth, on a re- view of the!^ whole, it would seem, that instead of intending any effect, of a rational or convincing description, asto the subject in debate, the speech was intended as an exhibition of that native humour, or that innate propensity^ for the jocose and ludicrous, for which the speaker has obtained no small degree of celebrity. But, in all good will, he may here be cautioned and advised, never more to indulge his humourus yein, in connection with any por- tion of the sacred records. By doing so, he will inevitably expose himself to the merited censure, of every religioi and properly regulated mind. From various considerations which need not here be explained, I can truly say, I sincerely regret, that occasion has in that quarter been given, to require and justify the remarks which have just been offered. In regard to such parts of the speech, as affirm Scriptural authority for the use of intoxicating wine, the facta and illustrations offered in this letter, will so amply suffice, as an answer, that no further refutation can be requisite. Possibly, in the [course of these intended lettters, I may in an appro- priate place, offer a few remarks on some other points, discussed in the learned gentleman's speech. I now turn with very different feelings, to another speech , though ol a very aincroni; churuiJLur, ucxivci^vi ■an vis-.- - — .; — ? the same Parliamentary Hall. I allude to the one by tho Hon. L. M. W . It is evident that this gentleman had taken some trouble to investigate and inform himself on the subject, though or on the he subject ther plain -, already ;bis extra- ;; such in- assertion, ture, and, issociation 3d in some of serioug avious and Lppened in ight as to rformance li, on a re- nding any subject in lat native ludicrous, celebrity, ised, never h any por- bly expose I properly jplained, I at quarter have just , as af&rm , the facta ffice, as an Possibly, an appro- j, discussed ch , though Qct. and in y thfj Hon. taken some lOt, though 30 op Bona parts of it, not so fully and accurately as could be dosired. To say the least, however, in regard to the style and spirit display- ed in bis speech, he has treated the subject in a serious and be- coming manner, and like a man of sense and a gentleman, ife has declared he is willing to accede to [the prohibition proposed, as respects the ardent spirits, but not so, with reference to wine,' and the other fermented liquors ; and thus far he is to be com-' mended, both for candour and benevolence. He has discovered and admitted, the dtstinction and difference on which I have teeat- ed, as to the wines mentioned in Scripture ; but in one place like a number of others, he has fallen into the error of concluding, that the sacred volume sanctions the use of such of them as are of an intoxicating character. This is the very point, to be shown by our opponents, by some explicit proof from that sacred authority ; but, the Hon. gentleman has assumed such Scriptural sanction, or approval, without any such proof to establish it. In the part of his speech, here alluded to, he says :— " But to those who support this measure, in uncompromising stringency, and its applicatioa to all fermented liquors, and who maintain, that none of the lat- ter were permitted to the use of man, by the Divine writings, I commend the following passage from Grindrod, a celebrated advo- cate of the temperance cause.^He says :— «* A class oi fermented liquors were, however, more or less in use, amon^ the ancien* Hebrews, which when taken in moderate quantities, were not ca- pable of producing even a slight degree of intoxication." Thus writes a celebrated advocate of temperance and yet, the advocates of temperance, and of this bill, within these walls, ask us by coer- cive legislation, to prohibit the introduction into this province, of the innocent wine thus commended to our use, — and thus proved to have been lawfully used by the ancient JHebrews." Now, hero it is, that the Hon. gentleman has committed the mistake ;-— that because Dr. Grindrod has stated, what doubtless is the fact, that . weak fermented wines were in use among the Hebrews,~but of which, he even intimates a doubt if they contained any portion of alcohol,— the Hon. gentleman has leaped to the conclusion, that such fermented liquors, are thus commtnded to our use, and are thus proved to have been lawfully used by the Hebrews. It will be observed that Dr. Grindrod has not said a word about even these weak wines, being laiofully or unlawfully used ; nor Las any J«acred scripture been cited, nor can any such be adduced, to show the lawfulness of their use. By this expression, is, of course, to bounderstood,— a rfn"mc;)ermw?(7n to that effect. That intoxi- 4 p.. ■1 ■', ■:''i I I. \ If 'I ,<*'f ■ %^ 30 eating ^ines, of various degrees, and some of the most potent de- icriptions were used by the Hebrews, we know full well, foi drunk- enness is frequently mentioned in Scripture, as o'oo of their heinous sins. We read there, in various passages, of the drunkards of Ephraim, and of Judah,and of the awful woes denounced against them in consequence ; " Woe to the drunkards of Ephraim,''— Isaiah, xxviii. 1. " The drunkards of Ephraim, shall be trodden under feet." — " But they also have erred through wine, and through strong drink are out of the way, the priest and the pro- phet have erred through strong drink ; they are swallowed up of wine ; they are out of the way through strong drink ; they err in vision, they stumble in judgment."— And, again, " Awakt yo drunkards, weep and howl." — Joel i. 5. Had it even been stated by Dr. Grindrod; that such slightly fer- mented wines, were laaofulhj used among the Jews, this could only have been taken as his own opinion, and the temperane© body would not have been bound by it ; but he has said nothing what- ever, regarding a divme permission for using them. Nor can the learned gentleman, or any other person, show such permission, in any passage of the sacred volume. The mere fact of their use by the Hebrews, need not ard cannot be denied, but the divine per- mission, which is everything on the point in discussion, is entirely wanting. The Hon. gentleman, by his own showing, has gratui- tously presumed such permission, or lawful use without either the authority of Scripture, or even Grindrod's opinion to support it. In short, notwithstanding his acknowledged talent, and skill in logical argument, he has fallen into the error, which many before him have committed,- of assuming as true, the very position to be proved, and on which, in this instance, as far as Scripture is con- cerned, the whole que^ion of lawfulness oruunlawfulnessdiQ^Qn^s. Although differing with the Hon. gentleman, or a few other parts of his speech, of lesser importance, I do not think it needful to offer any comments respecting ihem. Having dwelt to such an extent on this seriously interesting sub- ject, I shall close with announcing, that,. I am willing and shall be ready at any appointed time, to meet any opponent, learned or un- learned, in pvJ)lic discussion ; and . taking the authorised English version of the Scriptures; will contend against, and refuie the posi tion, that tho sacred volume, shows any permission or sanction for the use, as an ordinary beverage, of any kind of intoxicating liquor, JOHN G. MARSHALL. December, 1851. was. age. . 1 ■ ♦ I potent dd- foi drunk- ir heinous nkards of ed against iraim,*' — >e trodden wine, and I the pro- wed up of hey err in A.wak«. yo ightly fer- could only me© body ling what- or can the mission, in leir use by livine per- is entirely las gratui- either the upport it. td skill in lany before sition to be ure is con- ss depends. X few other I it needful 'esting sub- nd shall be rned or «n- ed English te the posi • anction for mg liquor, SHALL. -' II No. 11. On the ''Moderate Use" of IntoxicaUng Drinks ai to Health and and duration of life. thoT^ ^"' ^""''r ^ """^^'^'^ *" *^^ ^''^> *^^* ^'^ *^« progress of tho T<,mperance reform, the illusion that into:.icating drinks were requ,s.te for the more effective discharge of the empfoymentsTna dutaea of hfe. ha« been nearly, if not entirely dispelled' Abound- ing facts and experience, have, indeed, not only fully exposed the fallacy of that opinion, but have conclusively shown thafall those employments and duties are far more advanlagpously fulfilled by beea made, f»^ publicly exhibited and explained, in the course of the same excellent movement. One of these, or what may well be turned one of the radical truths on the subject, is this,-that the of those liquors, is always more or less injurious to the bodily func tions and energies, and so permanently impairs them, as to shorten the duration of life. This is the position I advance, ^nd shallt! dearor to sustain m the present letter. Scientific testimonies and carresponding facts, on this point, have, of late years, been so abundantly afforded, as to render the conviction of t'Lat ruth aU ThatTv ''T''* *' *''"^^* ^^*"«« ^' F«j"di«^ mind That habitual or frequent intemperance, directly shortened life was of course alwaysand universally known, for drunkards have m all ages, and countries, been constantly passing away from that cause ; myriads in all, and many while fn very etly oHn middle age. In regard to all these, this Scripture is manifestly Inriiti rally fulfilled, ;'The wicked shall no' live out h^f 'hi day*" te on of hfe, by the a».«„ ..«e of to li,„„„, L woSf »t.on»Ily be led to eonclude, « priori, aa logicLa ;o»ld Z tot the «un. .rtide, which when u«d to e,ce», iny»ri.bl, L^jl .\\:\ 32 '!l. lifo, will, by oven a limitod and habitual use of it, woner or later, produce the like result, of curtailing existence. Such indeed, iB not only a common sense conclusion, but a perfectly truthful one, on the point. But, yet, even able physiologists, or the medi- cal faculty, veith but rare exceptions, did not, until after some progress had been made in the temperance reform, seem to have discovered, or if they did so, did not disclose as they ought to have done, tor the benefit of mankind, this great and most valuable truth. Some occasional testimonies to this effect, few and far be- tween, were, it is true, afforded in that quarter, previous to our reformatory movement, but now, many thousands of the medical faculty, have spoken out plainly, end by certificates and essays, and other modes, have explained and confirmed the truth on the subject. In respect to theory, or merely scientific opinion on the point, this testimony is of the highest validity, by reason, that the members of that faculty, from the studios and nature of their pro- fession, must, as a matter of course, have far more extensive and accurate knowledge ot the bodily system, and the precise effects of meats and and drinks, and other articles, upon the functions and powers of that system, than any other persons, generally sper.king, can be supposed to possess. A few of such te8tim%lliee will how be exhibited. Long before the commencement of the temperance reform, that eminent physician Dr. Cheyne, Physician General to the Forces in Ireland, stated, "That the observation of twenty years had convinced him that were ten young men, on their twenty first birth-day, to begin to drink one glass of ardent spirits, or a pint of port wine, or sherry ; and were they to drink this supposed moderate quantity of strong liquor, daily, the lives of eight out of the ten, would be abridged by twelve cr fifteen years." And again he remarked, " the hurt and daijaage which all fermented liquors do to an animal body, is evident from many considerations." Dr. Harley, physician to the Prisons in Dublin, says : " I cannot hesi- tate to recommend the entire disuse of such a poison, rather thaa incur the risks necessarily connected with its moderate use." Dr. A. C. Lee, states :— All writers on Materia Medica, now rank alco- hol, among the most powerful and .fatal of Narcotic vegetable poisons. Dr. Gordon, says :— " It would be difficult to find a more destructive poison than ardent spiritB.'- Dr. Beddoes deeiuiias in strong terms, on the '* mischief which ensues from wine, taken constantly in moderate quantity. Professor Hitchcock says :— •' The use of spirits, even in the greatest moderation, tends to shorten '(■■/ »< flooner or ch indeed, ly truthful ' the medi- after some n to have ;ht to have i valuable nd far be- ous to our hiO medical ind eseajs, ruth on the aion on the m, that the f their pro- tensiye and se effecfs of actions and y spenking, 38 will BOW temperance General to Q of twenty ;heir twenty spirits, or a lis supposed eight out of And again nted liquors ions." Dr. cannot hesi- rather than use." Dr. w rank alco- kic vegetable ) find a more I declaiias in wine, ta^en ock says : — ds to shorten 33 Ufe. Dr. :Oarwin, Dr. Lambe, Dr. Johnston, and Dr. McNish, as well as many others of some eminence in the profession, have made declarations to the sama effect. The last named Physician, has said :— " Men indulge habitually, day by day, not perhaps to the extent of producing any evident effect, either upon the body or mind, at the time, and fancy themselves all the while, strictly temperate, while they are, in reality, undermining their constitu- tions, by slow degrees,— AiV/m^ themselves by inches and shorten- ing their existence several years." To these medical testimonies, may, lastly be added, the very comprehensive certificate, drawn up a few years ago, and which has received the signatures of as many as 2000 of the medical faculty ;— several of them physicians to the Royal Court, and others, among the most eminent in the profession. In this certificate are the following declarations, among other, rpsarding the injurious effects of, mcroiy, the use of intoxicating drinks :—«« That a large portion of human misery, including disease, is induced by the use of alcoholic or fermented liquors, as beverages." And, as if, to render this testimony more pointed and conclusive, the converse declaration is added in the certificate : — " That total and universal abstinence from alcholic liquors, and intoxicating beverages of alt sorts, wou!d greatly contribute to the health of the human race." In the Report of the Committee of the House of Commons, in 1834, on the evils to the country from the use of ardent spirits, it is stated, that : — " All the medical men, examined in great num- bers before the Committee, we/e uniform in their testimony, that those spirits were always, absolutely poisonous and destructive to the human constitution, whether taken in greater or lesser quan- tities." Surely, all these testimonies are more than suflScient to demon- strate the truth of the positions announced at the commencement of this letter, that health is impaired, and life is shortened, by the habitual, though most limited use of intoxicating drmks. The admitted fact, by the whole of the profession, that alcohol is a poison, is conclusive to show, tliat the habitual use of each and all of such drinks, must be productive of those fatal results. S'acts innumerable, and constantly occurring, corroborate and con- litm. tuQ truth of the scientific tesiiuiony. Numbers of persons, who were never known to be in a state of what is generally termed intoxication, but have always been considered as such moderate drinkers, have passed out of life, by internal diseases of variowi fc= ^^ ..■il'!' , ' i * 3 04 dcBdriptioiui, more especially, by complaints of the atomach, of tbt livor, thcr kidnejB, and tho organs of circulation generally, and vrhich scientific examinfviion hau shown, were produced by the habitual, though not excessive use of intoxicating drinks. As practical proof that alcohol is a poison to the animal eystem I may here briefly mention several instances of the deaths of chil- dren, from small quantities of spirits. These instances were rela- ted to me during my journeyings in this province, on the Temper- ance subject, and in the course of a tew years ; and my informants wore all persons of respeccability, and were personally acquainted with the facts. In one instance the young child of a drun'kard, was crying at night, and the parents supposing the distress was caused by some pain in the stomach, they gave it a small quantity of spirits, in order to relieve and quiet it, and the child was laid in the mother's arms, a«d became quiet, but in the morning, was found to be dead, with such discolorations on the body, as proved that it was destroyed by tho liquor, though but a small portion had been giv^. lu another part of the province, a man who was but a '* moderate" drinker of spirits, gave thoughtlessly, a small quantity of it to his child of about 4 years of age, who was then in good health. In a very short time, the child fell into convul- sions, which were continued, with occasional intervals, and in about 24 hours the child died, evidently from the effects of the liquor^ This case was personally related to me by the father him- self. In another instance, and in a different community, a bottlo containing spirits mixed with water, commonly called grog, was given by a mother, to two of her ycung children, to carry to their father and others, who were at work some short distance off. On the way they met a boy, somewhat older, probably of about 8 or 9 years, who asked them to let him drink from the bottle, and they all drank of tlie liquor, and lay down in the field, and fell asleep. They were found in that situation, and the two younger children were wakened and recovered, but the older boy never awoke, but had fits, and in a short time expired. In rather a thinly populated community, in another section of the province, three young chil- dren within a few years, died suddenly through drinking spirits, two of them on one occasion. x The last instance I shall njiention, is the most awful of all. It occurred a few years ago, in a part of the Island of Cape Breton. An intemperate man, brought home a jug of spirits in the evening And hd and soma of his accyiaintances of like character, continued driti his ing Jng gcnl k Ofifil ch, of th« rally, and d by the 9. lal system [is of chil- were rela- B Tomper- iformanta cquainted drunkard, stress was [ quantity I was laid ning, was as proved 1 portion I who was f, a small was then ;o convul- 3, and in its of the ,ther him- , a bottle grog, was y to their 1 off. On )out 8 or , and they ill asleep. r children /Toke, but populated >ung chil- g spirits, fall. It le Breton. 3 evening continued drinkhig throughout the night : and in the morning when two of his young children awoke, he gave to each of them, without intend- ing any evil, a small portion of the spirits, and shortly after drink- ing it, both of them expired. This case was related to me by a gentleman residing but a few miles from where the fatal eventa occurred, and he was informed of the particulars by the father himself. In all these instances, the quantities of spirits taken, small, doubtless, comparatively small, but in each of them* as wo see, the dose of the poison was sufficient to destroy life. In like manner, the dose of a pint or a quart taken at a araught, will, in nearly every instance, immediately destroy a man, as has happened, indeed, in numerous instances, though similar quantities of any harmless-liquid, would cause little or no inconvenience. It is not the mere quantity but the poisonous quality , which in every instance, produces the fatal result. Another description of proof, that the use of spirituous liquors of any and every kind, is poisonous to the human constitution, and abbreviates life, is derived from the fact, mow well established, that in numerous individual instances, and in whole classes of persons, abstaining from those liquors, the average duration of life, is far higher, than among the rest of society, who indulge in that use, though most of them only in a limited manner. The average in society at large, is considered to be, about 33 years. But among the Quakers, or Society of Friends, taking the whole body^ and in several countries the average through a long course of years past,, has varied from 45 to 50 years. In the year 1850 it had risen to the latter high number, as 1 saw from one of their publications. We know they are physically formed like all other human beings, and of course, under similar circumstances, are liabre to the same diseases and casualties as others ; and they follow all the same varied occupations as the rest of society. But as regards the duration of life, they have the great advantage over others, which has just been shown. What can be the cause of it ? No other can be rationally assigned, then this,— that, as a body, they are generally abstemious or temperate, as to all their bodily appetites and indulgences, and, very generally, have been entire abstainers from all intoxicating liquors, and almost universally so, frrtm t.hft arrlArif anirifa TKat» Kn«>a a^/w Un«.. lu^. ~_a: j i.i i friends ot the temperance cause. Here, I may mention another large fact or proof of the like description, the particulars of which were related in my preienoe. \^ ^^■A *>: *l O. M « ,f'^ I ae in a public meetiog near London, bj Dr, Lorell of the medical profowion Ho etatad that some years previoua, when travelling in Bohemia, he saw persons working on the public roads, many of whom wore of advanced ages, aeveral of them, indeed, as he was informed , over 90 and even 100 years. Being somewhat doubt- ful as to the correctness of this information he applied to the pastor of the parish, who informed him to the same effect. On the Dr. remarking, that there were no persons in Great Britain, at 0uoh advanced ages who were able to work as laborers, on the public roads, he was reminded that the people of Great Britain, used spirituous liquors, but those aged persons, he was told, had always used water, and other simplu beverages only, except a little weak wine occasionally, at a wedding. We have now, therefore, two descriptions of proof before us, showing the abbreviation of life, by the habitual though limited use o{ intoxicating drinks ;— first, abundant scientific and profes- sional testimony, corroborated and confirmed by facts, constantly oocuriug throughout society ; and next, the converse evidence, of the prolongation of life, by entire abstinence from all those liquors. In view of all the foregoing facts and testimonies, and the numerous others which are at hand on the subject, surely the solemn and momentous truth may be pointedly applied,— that no individual is at liberty to follow any course of living, or of conduct not of necessity, or required by duty, by which his health ia impaired, or his life is ehortened. By acting in any such manner, he violates that law of self-preservation, wisely and graci- ously made a part of our being, by our benevolent creator, and by the exercise of which, in seasons of danger and extremity, by the use of all means in our power, we cling tenaciously to life. And, further, he sins against that creator who gave him that life, and continues it to him, and who justly requires in His exalted service, the most effective employment of all the bodily, as well as other powers and energies, so long as he may be divinely permitted to remain upon the earth. He also trangresses against all who may be dependent upon him, and who are entitled to his support and protection, for the utmost period that Heaven may permit him to live, and they may requi»e his assistance. With reference to social claims and obligations, he likewise violates duty by thus wilfully dTinr'i'.Aninv hia Aaxra Tha rlitrlna /lanii«^^:n^:»~ »^..^_.^..1_ - l: x. _ J ., „,,,,,.^ wvi!«tn,iajiivt: ■cj.^-i =asi^- ayyuvB lU ■ttch an offender — " If any man defile (or destroy) the temple of God, (the body,) him shall God destroy." He defiles his body, by 37 lowing « practice, which ^nlrZT " S""™' «■< l>« " foL purpose, i, tbi,:-.:,^.Z^^V Vt1''""^^''^i «>r tl,. From even « .light eSZ'/'t ^ '"""^ •""» "" "■<»••• •^ " found, it'murj^ret; d rr;; !r :■"■"" '"■■' "^ •Pi»tite,beperfe„tj3,eriden?thattL° • . °^ by prejudice or wl«t„er, to drinking of any Wnd "'.V"'"T° '""' "" ""'^•^'' tion which applies the «J2^°t ! °"'" "* * ''"««' """r""- but it i, an outrageous a^*°r ''T' " ^"^ "^ "'■»'«™r. •erve in viadicatlTorttn T/T'"'*™''' "''''''' ''"'"rt," to P««u. I'he.eai^^oVehet^r: V''""^'' """^i-ofa tlene«, ™bmiaeion. atd .tier tl',' f "5"" •"' ""=°'"'^' «»- bridge scholar m Remark! g"n:o:Lrif«'"'''°"- ^ '^'™- «ays:-"The Greek word nronerl^r !• °*"'° P»*»««' »^« of manner or deportmc'„?T ' T'^' ^""'^" °' "«''*- .pirit. The same Stcu I L Tr"^,' "" '""•»™^«/< /-"''-^ iii. 3.; Titus iii. 2.; James •" 17 , p °™S ^'^^^ -'■ Tim one of these passage itC^V' "°' "• ^^■' »'' '» O"-"? acquaint*! with the original Greek mite, /.' "''«°' "^^ ^'" passage in question :-..Let „„ „„ ' 7"* **""' ooncoming tho Tertmins m his oration a^ll p!, " ''" ""f' °^ o-planation- of thy cle^, , few Xd . St • 7T "■." ^^S^'-H^r u. churches,-. I ^seeeh vol Mho i!t 7"* *» ™» "^ 'b. St. James, d«cribing Se ^01^^" "/^™f ""'*^''"»'-' is first pure, then pJoeal^le *r& T' \ ""'.t'"™' »^ -' » these three places, renderedlf^l , '"'' "* ^'^^ "ord in is the same as in PhU hT" f™"'""^: S»'"'»««.•and.genUo• - bave no appu°a^ot What r:rs:h- :?r""»':-'' -™ jot, some to cover over their lusts a» f . *«*m^. And passage ; the, ought tot^hlM T '""""S *bis beautiful U"gtbewor/„fi'dlt;^-f'- '~i-tthus..han.. authority on the point, says in eommen! \ *°'' "" ""^^ »bolar knows, that tie SCT^-r *''"""•-' ^'^-y >aean,,toy«W,because"a'perL°nwr„'-"'°°',.""* " "l'"''*'. yielding disposition, T„ IS^V^T f " °' «^"°> " "^ » Pbilippians should'drSt a STdem tt'^^r'^'- '^'*' 5 "''™° I«'''on''f ?»«<»., becauM ¥ • (: * the Lord was at hand,' is one of the most outrageous inferpreta- tions thaft was ever given to a passage of holy writ. The wholo context shows that he only intended to say :— 'Let your gentleness and metekness, be known to all men : The Lord is at hand.' Having enlarged ou this moderation subject, to such an extent, it is quite time to bring it to a close. For Scriptural authorities,, against any use whatever of intoxicating drink, as an ordinary beverage, I must refer the reader, to my l«|ter on the wine subject, recently published ; in which many such au.uoritief ire ciied, and remftrkfl,and illustrations offered, which were deemed, appropriate- «» No III. Db Habitual ])rMi,geadi»g in Bf„„ienBe«. of life,-nataml, iZllual 11 ' ""*" ^"^ ^*''°y-«" form, «»t P~pects,io.'i:^l„ tn-J^^^'^'"^ -th,g„ish,thofai. pumuit, and interest of life nTT,^ ^""S"" "''^ "'""on, toot can benan,ed,in„tot if ll 7^""™ ''"™'™ "f '=o«- produces a tithe, «; ^y Xr L t' ^ ™''^' ''"'='' and ruin. Thie ,s n„Tast 'r uT*^ !. """'"" °^ '"^ "ffl'"""" »ow,aIn.™t -iver,:.™:d:i.rtLr '•:„"' ''"""' from other evil and iniurious n™^M„». 7^ ' ^"^ "*P<^<='" diBtinguished, by this on Z ™1 ' "*'P«o'''% ■"»*«) and of mischief, Jr Ltchedne™ hT??"""'' *'"'* "'^•' " "o form *nd i„j„ri„; coISL herarel " f""'""^' '" °"«* I^d afflictiieandruinr; o„rir° T""'"' ^^™P«o»« "om »d modes of enjo;ren;:iTc :r ThT "T"'"^ ""'- his dealings, may yet bekindiH V ^."^^ """> ^^o " ™just in interests afd com"rt ^it'tt^'u"'^, ''"^''«"' ^ if The man of pleasure orlbXtZ u the »p™it;rori:en:t^d?^^^^^^^ ■■ -* or even occasionally iM™ner»r '' ^'" ">o iabituoUy, <=our,e, violate every fol™^?! ^T' T'' "' " """'» of reference to hi, „« J, ' T .""'^ ?.='°"P*'0'' of duly, whether with varied relations of' life i',;';^^^''- '", ""^ '""'"' ^'"^f' i" the the principle, and dn i" „f "L " ^"T^' "" ''' ''^'^^^ "t or un&ithL in hi, d^f Wsftoh" °" '""""""^ "">"• u«iung,, tajse tohis engagements, unjust, and I > 40 in all the most material respects, really unkind, if not, as in very many instances, violent or brutal in his family. With reference merely to transactions of trade or business, he is of little or no use to society, and often a nuisance, or a burthen upon it. In short, the career of intemperance, from its commencemcBt, through the •whole of its course, to its final termination in this life, is marked by impiety, unrighteousness, affliction and premature death ; and its eternal results, are irretrievable ruin and misery. But all these destructive effects have been so repeatedly described, and urged upon the public attention, so much more ably and impressively, than I could possibly hope to do, that I shall forbear to dwell on those evils any longer in general terms. I propose in this letter to treat of the imminent danger of the drinking practice, with refer, ence to the formation of the habit of drunkenness, or gross intem- • perance. It may, probably, be said of all who have reached that deplorable condition, that in the commencement of the ensnaring practice, they did not wilfully intend to become drunkards, merely for the love ©f drunkenness itself. Though at the very first, having no natural desire ''or the intoxicating drink, yet when >y repeated indulgence the appetite is formed, and they are brought to love the driyk, for the immediate pleasure it yields to the taste, still, almost universally ,'they would wish to avoid the drunkenness. They would desire to ej^un this result, and yet retain and continue the enjoyment, such as it is, of freely imbibing the beloved liquor. But this cannot be, they must take the one with the other. Lik» every other course of evil, it must and will have its afflicting and. ruinous consequences ; and these must be endured, or the perni- cious course be abandoned. They who " live aft< - the flesh," must reap corruption and death. This is the eternal law of Heaven, which neither as to these, or any other transgressors, will be sus^ pended or reversed. The mere desire of the habitual drinker, or in very many instances, even his endeavours to avoid, either the chains of appetite, formed by indulgence, or the drunken termina- tion, cannot avail to save him from those fearful results. It is readily admitted that some who continue in the practice, do escape its most deeply ruinous consequences ; but by very far the greatest proportion who follow it, are, sooner or later involved, either in habitual, or frequent intemperance, and thus, are personally, com- peiied to eApeiieuco those consequences, and otten bring many of them upon others also. This is the position, indeed, which I now take, and mean to maintain by fact .and reasonable argument,— 'm 'tii 41 than ,mo.thirdi of tkem soonm. „. '['/"'»»'''?. ■» general, more aware, tha.at the first ■^r,nou.oe^t^^,°'^^^-J ^ "'" hare be«, conetantlT oooutm^ ° ^ ''""'°™' *""'• "•"'"'> ont period, of Hmf rt"" fct^ ™no"a countriee, and in differ- greTof theten,pe:;*5ol fi^J: '^J'"'>'f ^- ^"^ P- ch.»g. for the Tetter, throZ' ai o al ! ? -"""'^Wo to the extent of induken^, i„ i I ^'"^^^ '" «fe™09 generally speakin^TbutTil -e m""" "'. ■"."«'-«°S -J^nke, drinker., thTpoeitti:';:^'-;;';; "°Str:If"'' S"'''"" ment.whiehwiU here be ad^nced o .npport ir,^,r.' °'«- be employed in relation to neriod. '"fP"" "' 7'"' >>»weyer, naenee^ent of that reformatorH leL a^d wh "^ *",""■"- whole of .ooie• tho vending, have become either' „,s„r ZZl Tl 'f^'"' '«"' yet, all of (hem, like all oth»7l! »™=»«>« l"nd of inebriates, — , i« what tZT: cZarrr >i' '""''"^ Tliis remark as to th^ Pn«,«. «»o r ^3 Of 13 pereong, the whole number who kept taveraa In two vil- lageB, well known to mo, In this province, 9 became drunkard* ; and 3 of the remaining 4, were intemperate drinkers. Of tlie 22 of the game class of persons in three of our other villages 17 became drunkards, and all the rest, but one, were also intemperate. Iwo taverns were kept in one of our country settlements, each by 3 persons in succession, being 6 in all; and the whole number became drunkards. All the tavernkeepers in one county town through a number of years, became drunkards, and several of their families also. The whole number of taverns kept in one of our townships, through a course of years, were 12, and a^l the men who kept them, sooner or later, became drunkards. A person who had known all the tavernkeepers on one of the main roads from Halifax, for a distance of 00 miles, and during 40 years or more, informed me that nearly the whole of them became drunkards ; and in every instance, some of the family also • and that the greater number of the members of those families' came to death, distress or ruin in one way or another, through the traffic, and the free use of the liquors. Both of the parents, and aU the children, in one of those families died from drunkenness It would be wearisome and saddening both to detail and to read all the instances of the same description which came to my know leage in this Province alone, let it suffice to say, that in the course of my journeyings through the land on the temperance subject I was informed of similar results, as tp this class of persons and their families throughout the different sections and counties. On one of my visits to Fredericton, the capital of New Brun- swick, a gentleman stated to mo, that during his residence there of about 40 years, nearly all the tavernkeepers there that he had known, became drunkards ; and in every instance, some child or children of the family also. Throughout my journios in England and Scotland a few years ago, I was informed in very many places, of the same result,, as to this class of persons, and in every country indeed, where I hava sojourned, or travelled for any time, the information received on this point, concerning them has been to the same effect. I have read published statements regarding them generally, in the United persons, numbering in all in the Provinces and countries I have mentioned, many hundreds of thousands. Surely, the uses a« to 4S tbem waa dangerous indeed, with referenrv* *« « i ^ ret the, »I1 ^^^^^ i„ „' ,taTj'^'::^„«;'» ""^ -"""ienne* In oneof our owu counties, sereral yean.,,,' „f * place, being tl,e whole mimte who hlthf™^!'?"™™'" <"" /i^r of them cmc to prematurrdeaths bv tl "r* "'°''«°»' K>n was older than anv of the four »«..!;; ^'"= •'*/'* Per- .urvived all the others'for m.„y ^^rT ""' '""'"""«' "^ "^? :;'uit r "ei^^.r/rr r 'r ^- -^^ thwogh a course of years L'.'.i f «"'fl'i«>«y assert, that •night be considered /^cS; XZnlT, f ' ^"^' ""^ or ten, who were either habituardrir, »»nber„p n,„, time, and some of them fre„ue '.if ^ ' "' ""' *■'"" *>^ <» grater or lesser degree ST"; V ?.'™"^ "i* drink, in a .0 reason to think,'.h:; m^^ZT'l^"''''''' """ ' ""' ted to the use of intoxicatinri ""' "^ "»" "ddie- habitual a.un,.ards,7nnraX'^:S:r;^r r '^ ' :::t^'sorr ^'-"-' ''-^' oTt- rrjiiaT^ Of the whole number of 10 membera of nmfi, i «on, who formerly resided in anoZr ect o^^^^^^^^^ ^'''''' them became drunkards Tl,«r. • *^® Province, 7 of the member o. the sit two tlnerir"'' *" "'"°""'»' "»' other sections and parts of The pZ J °'''' "''""S '" *' the use of the intoxicating drlrTn^ I™ ''"""'^ "'*'''«'«' "> the same proportionate numbZf '« ? f*'"^1«entlj, that about oocasional drunl^rds or "rebl '0^^^ T '"'" '"'^""'" « Some instance, ,n^y maynow t ril °'r' " description.. Of 50 male heads ,,f f»:.-i ^ ' "" *" "onimunities. Whole numbe^t^oThLrrc;^^^^^^^^^^ «■<. tinned settlement of thfe ^1.? / T"' ""''^ '■" ""o eon- of intoricaHng liouol .f w^' :°'' *ho were habitual drinker, remainmg 20, VbuX teLlt™' 'r*^'"'' »'' "^ «« 24 of the whole numW t.T!"'' T'? " '« "temperate. Of through the habituafexo^sive" ur„pT' "1- """ " "■»"' *«* of th. other,, uaquesliriiv h.l !r!.'T»"' ""-i «ev.r.I k»bitu»l„«,of »h.'„t. "" """' *""" f""" 'h» ■ -9" h'. *- , I 44 S«me fow years ago, a highly iwpectaWe geBtkman, of abont 70 years of age, in one of the towns of this provinoe, where he had constantly rcBided from his youth, stated tome, that formerly, and belbre the temperance reform oommenoed, PwQ-thirds of the naal© heads of families, in i\vy town, were drunUrds, or intemper- ate persons. A gentlemaai in another section of the Provino^, informed me, that in the. village where he resided,^th» ^' " "'° W'Mumeis of upon tho ^ndfrr „f r* -" "" °°'"""'"'y "«'"«»"<'" P^babty evTn'lr of th a'tt tin onheT " "t"^' ™"-' -^agoniiMfeenSSritlfSr^^" '■"^-^^ .en.onat.t;drthrpVfrrUr7au\rk^^^^^^^^^^^^ using intoxicating drinks is onA nf ♦»,. . practice of ousde^iption. ihis:ustr;."piw;eXTf:rr''?«^'- and intoxicating natnre of the liqCrs a^d ft!' T"""""" eideration of the enticementa of Zm;^* »™» »,«'■«•" C""- the f«,li,h custom of mutual and TTT^'^""°'"'''»^^'"P>''- often from ignoranoo oTthe lotelrSl^.^"'^ "' " " ''""^ • inability, ftL ph/e oa or vaSther t '"T '"'•"'^' ■"" ■"■ ously, the preciL eifect, a, t^tatetL "7'!. ™"""'"° ■"*"■ % will produce, during <>nT::^^ZtS''^Z'"'^^ that although he haf bT: a onge" or Zt^r tf-'" T'^"''' tice. and ha, .till ™.-.j .,._ . ,= . '""^^^ '"»<' "> 'be prac- he ha, seen n„mb,rs M;;:rrnThlL'rthr7T™' '*"' to avoid it, to the end of the courl tJ!, ?' "'" ™""?"'« character,, and indeed to eve JTc of uf I"«™P'"ou, • ^ u lo every one of u>, m paesmg through I ,t'>' 4G th» tomptations and dangera of our eartfdy probation, these gmcf- 0U8 and anfttlhble warnings will constantly, and moro or lees for- hi ^if?'^ ""uT" ^i ^'T *''* *'^"'^*' '« -*'^"'^«*^' '^^^ heed lest he fall. "A prudent man foreseeth the evil, and bideth himself, Dut the simple paas on and are punished. " And here ay reader, I mey ask you, what think you now, of my position, and of the facts and reasons produced to explain ^nd establish Its truth. Ponder the subject well, not only from what has here been advanced, but also in the light of your own observa- tions and experience, and whether you are now an habitual or occasional drinker, or ^even an abstainer, the time employed ixv leading thi3 letter, may aot have been spent in vain No. IV. EK«t, of tompie 1,, ,fte Drinking Prnc.icc, m on fnrnl.hin. I»l«x>cal,ng liquors on Social Oecasim ^ pernicious affects of that „„„* • ^^ ''"o»' 'nvariablv »-;". to children a^d ^ZT' "°k^ '^ '"^""°°°^' *'"° "-"•^ theto is no other ^Coou't^r". "'''''' ^'"""y- ^"'"'P' Wed, and so .Zy!,^/!^, ™''"'"°'' «'""'• - «» '»''diiy fot one. In genera,, th^^d tt '/hZr 2' T"^"' " "■" «aough, thought to beri^ht nZ .. % """' *"■'' ™*""'J lowed by child^n and othe™T„ » f r™"^' "° ""1'"'""^ «"- those habits aro current wilrfl ?''^ ' ""'"' ''P^""""?. ^h^" ral society. Move^rr ^^VV °""""°' """ *«™>>'=» of gene- of conducl «. Sr t ™I°'''».™d-»-i particular, invariably commenced Tnt tZTTT^ Practice, is almost ensnaring associations indircnmsurr^™"- '''"'^' *«'= but rather a matter of cour rttaTn;. "'"' ™^ '"''™'°«' all others, the children a„Toth« suhl V"'"."" ' '""'"• ^'-"^ follow the example of its head 'Z '' "^ " '^""'y' «''»•'''» U more powerful than ITZ* att "T °""™' """ «'^»«P''' more fre,uently veriflX n ^o 2™ 7 1"^^""' 'T' """' " relationships of life tL ^P'"^'"'^''^' *han m any of the other an. the J.e sltni.^^^^^^^ • here, to detail or describe hem Tn' . '*"°'' ^^ ^^^^^^^^ «t -. in all therelationfand ffairs :fT^^^ ^^^"f^ ^^"^'^"^' good, or for evil, than rnosfc ^^^10 bttt' ""'"'r'"'"*'^^ ^^' imagine. There can «.....,„ u? .P^"' ^^ *^«^' ««« ' ""^ *'"^ »' *''™ of d„o«. during a Lve;e CO d Iht !^ T T"' '^ '^'"^ ""' third was kiUed^ia a drunl^.n V fl C„r t^ T^'T"' ""^ *"' a drunkard, and in conseo uenl nf ' K J daughters married part from Mm. abortTn^re ^eL" "^'"^ "'"'"'• "-<■ » »eai::r:itrrpi;tst^ '"crt-n- sons were of similar character. " "" "'^ '"^ A family consisted of the parents and Ave sons and two dau^h daughtt ; ^TuXJVr '""^ ^'" ^"-k-dsT^rt youngest son'IrS r"a t.:' Z^^^t '"'"^'-'^- ^"^ also drunkards ° """^""^ "' ""> '^^"8'"™ "ere to death from the same cause"' '" """"^"' ';'""' """ '' " "^'^ ^'^^ Throughout several towns and viiio««„ • P^ovince. Where I have loV ^n '^^^^Z^Tr'^l 4i * •*".' 1 t i 50 •umber ef parents, who were excessive or intemperate drinkers, one or more of their growa-up sons, in nearly every instance,' ttemmo similar characters; and in some of the cases, all the mal« children became deeply intemperate. I will close these statements of facts, relating to the effect of example, lowHing to drunkenness, with the brief relation of threo most fatal instances of the kind ; each of them attended with cir- cumstances of the most awful description :— A young man in the mercantile buainess, fairly educated, and well informed, became addicted to the use of spirituous liquors, and chieflyinconsequenceof his intemperate habits lost all his pro- perty. Ho joined a temperance society, soon after opened a shop m another town, and for a considerable time continued faithful to his pledge, and was succeeding in business. Being at a wedding wine was handed round, and he at first refused to take any, but seeing the minister who had officiated, partake of it, he reasoned with himself, to this effect :—'« If a minister of religion may take some wine, surely, on such an occasion, I may do the same ;" and fleeing the minister partake of it a second time, he also took some. He was m coneequenco, again taken captive by intoxicating dnnk, withdrew from the temperance society, and became a wretched drunkard. He stated to the gentleman, who gave me all the particulars,— also a minister of religion,— that it was chiefly the example of the minister at the wedding, which caused his fall After a time, while still a drunkard, he ran away from his family to another country, and his wife became heart-broken in conse- quence, and died about six months after he left her. The following is another fatal instance of the power of the evil example :— A minister of religion took wine in the presence of a young man who was an abstainer, and persuaded and induced him to partake of it. The latter soon after became a drunkard • and when but young, wa ^ brought to his death-bed, through intemper- ance. The minister visited him during his illness, and the young man. on seeing him come into the room, refused to let him come near to his bed ; and repeatedly called out to persons in the room to take him away, saying to the minister :— " You, by your exami pie and persuasions, have brought me to ruin of body and soul " or words to a similar effect. ' The third fatal occurrence, is as follows •__ «a «,«„,!.«- ^r __ evangelical church who was, what is generally called a "moderate Unnker," had a drunken son, who wa^ al)out to join the temper- tl The son continued hi, Z^ ^"^^^"Jerauly, « *, „„ „<,) bmughttohi,de»lh-W an7wM« T""""'-'"'' "" "■•"'by inghin,,«id:_..5f~/d'f^^^^^^^ been in this co^iitionj" Tho 1 ™ '^\""'' ^°" """" »<" b"™ replied :-. If .^/L JneTl^MZT'^- "h 'T '^^ """ «noe «K=ie.y, and ad,i«d mo to do tie el^e I ""'T ""' '""''«'- beend^ing, but enjoying beaUb " CI ."oH eT °°'""™ ■ng and fatal occurronce,, took plaoe in on. If .. "" '"°°"'' example at tbe weddine led to th! <■ . , ■""""»'■ wbo» »t"Uli,e,I bolievo,oi?in^b^,l^'r" """"'• "° " o^bSZ^i—^-^teb?--^^^^ JNow, can any one doubt, that in all tfc« ■ . example of the parents, and then, "nisteJ '°'"?°'''' «'""•"•» ence, in lading to tbe habitual ..^f.?' " "^ P""'""''""' biflu- ebUdren, and other, oo«a/d to' Td'^*'"'''' "'«■» . fatal results, which tbo«, cases ekTbt ^""^'^ ""^ °'^<«- tbe^ut;:fntirri:trm:rhi;':'^''^°^^^^^ ■^•occurred in thia ^ti^i^ ^ ^T^^'y f - ■■. The, witnessed. By „a, of relief to tbe feeWs of thT' ' /^'""""^'y an encouraging variety, aU but one of hf .*^"^'^''. >»"i as opposite character to those already ril.^' n' ^ "' " *''«"? once of the good e.a«,pk, onThe suS' '°f "'"«''»'" "'oinflu. - a country Communiry,Vhere kS L L": "' '"^ ""'"S. jwara ago, at the close of mv addr.™ , '^"'P«™'"» «>m« urgent^, <.Ued upon an iaS^^^tunhS.^ T"'' ""^ forward and take the pledge, sayine th!t 7^ /. J''"'*' *" «" do the same. One Lsi siS' f J '^ ^^ '"' ">«? ^"M forward, and said to h^rinlTerti: ?*""' *'"''«"'«'' fectl, hear him,-" D„ vou LT^ Jt""',,''"' '" *•"" ^-""^i ^^■ --fuaing,and^he^sorwrth„s:f r;.'' "^ '^'™'^'' «aBontobelieve,somlor:all^°h?ll*l'?.'',™'-^ ^ '^ve =rrcr:;~^?^^:-S"'|ar-^^^ .^ I 52 liouring, I feel convinctjd, Chey refrained from uniting in congo- qiience of his refusal. Here, then, was a marked teat, or pfoof, of tho power of exampla and fullyMjonfirms all the remarks in the previous part ol this let- ter, r-garding its general operation and influence. Even prejudice itself, can scarcely fail to admit, that on moral and benevolent grounds, this man utterly failed in his duty to those friends and and neighbours, over whom his influence was so specially powerful. From among thp number of instances of a different and pleasing description, which occurred in different parts of this province, and camo under my personal notice, or were made known tome on the best authority, the following have been selected :— A man and his wife, and several of their children, attended a temperance meeting, at which the wife urged her husband to unite with others, in forming a society, but he refused. The wife waited until near the close of the meeting, apparently in the hope, that ^le would go forward ; but finding he still declined, she directed her name to be taken down as a member, and immediately several or all of the children present, did the same, having, doubtless, been waiting for one or both of the parents to set the example. In another instance, all the members of a large family were, for some time, opposed to the temperance cause. At length one of the ' young daughters joined a temperance society ; an! through her example, and continual persuasions and influenc the rest of the children, and finally the parents, all joined the sov lety. In two other instances of favorable example, two ministers of religion, by their self-denying influence were the chief instruments of the good which was done. In each of tho congregational, in which these truly benevolent gentlemen officiated, a drunkard had frequently been admonished and advised, as to his intemperate hatits, and urged to unite with the temperance cause. Each of them pleaded the example of his minister, as to the use of the drink, and said to the effect that it was time enough for him to join the cause, when his minister did it. On being told of these statements, both of these minie'ters united v/ith the temperance cause, and then, respectively, used their persuasions and influence with the drunkards, and succeeded in inducing them to abandon entirely the drinking habit, and become members of *emperance ■ocieties. 'The facts in both these instances, were stated to me, by the ministers themselves, who also mentioned, that the individuals thus reolaimod, had, thereafter, continued sober and orderly ill tig io conso 53 go-pel of love and p„u^, but „„ al, ^5^^'^^° 7"'«'.'» «•« Wnovolont cou»nand,-.. G„ and do thou S^^' - ' » TT' Plj, such bright and useful example, unt v? "' ""'''P- b^n but ratoly exhibited • but Zf T '^ '^™' y"»" 1=»™ for-nerlyal. b/t uni,t^;th'r.:o;t . e:h°''^f'^ the sacred »i^ietrvit«,lfThf.^ ,."''""'' ™'"""»««'«>- el»in.sa„dthedutira^^g f^" tTf"^"' T" *"'^- '» ««> .Oe hoi, ana beuevoient chf J^St^l^ ■::|^r '""'"' "^ of the greater i«;;rtr "'I'ar;r IST ""'' ''^^"^'<' «.d aubjeot. on which religious .„rmom?drt- °™'' °°°"™» of necessity, be either for g!„d or for evif tf-':™""™"' """"' ' •8 lights of the world »nH » J^ J , ■ ^"""sfans Me described sibly be assigned tZ a^ T . * °" °""™'' ">»' "" Pos- not'^orelyf^^f-thlr 7h^^;,?;r«l-'' """r^' '" '^^ others- and to let all therr'" worL 1',"" " 'l' "■'"«' "^ With reference to the subject under iln^L^'H"''""^-" benevolent injunctions, ha!„, almost unTerXw!, d.vme and re;^htr:he^u:::rbtrT"-^^^ And wL ,„ direfutr.^tre "^rX. 1^? t " world, eternity alone can fully reveal ^ ""' sys'^TJhirrr^ay a'pT' tte^t'^'^-^''^ '° '"» ""■""■■« dicussid and m^sS ctv^ou':?:':::t'="'r' """''' It is in intimate eonnectijn wUh 0,12^1 ,?'"« ^''°"1'«»»^ Of; and has ever been proli.?:!; ^ "awt' 'ZC T"T extremely dangerous, and a, it may now b^ tZ.H • , """ rulpailen^,., of furnishing into'iltTn^drk: iZT ""t soe.»l entertainment. Next to the sale and »rof^l5fd ■ ?^ °^ public taverns, and other similar t,la^»« If T- ""'"' " -ess probably, thi» partTt j;!: ^e"^ Tr^'tb"'"'''- prolific of debasem™* affl.-*.' -^ .. . '"i' "»* been the mopt nwnoement of the temi^™^"' °?"' ""J"' '■''""'<"" ^ 'bo coii- «id to b.veb:^„trr"Lt^mT^"'T^r''^'= ««atmajority,notwiths.and.ng.:'d:'i^ti:eCat,:^f;t! 64 !>«< i' ^ticntly exhibited, in the deplorable experience of the youthful and other votaries and victims, in' all those social circles where the tisage is followed. Such is the recklessness of those who follow it^ that neitjher those fatal results, nor considerations of personal health, or security, nor the welfare of friends and neighbors ; not even the safety and happiness of children, or relatives, nor it may be, the occasional warnings of conscience, nor any other motive ot reason, will avail to induce them to abandon the ensnaring and ruinous practice. They know of the evils, and in very many instances^ are compelled to feel their bitterness, in their family circles ; and yet they wilfully cjing,wlth mad infatuation, to the cause which produces their sorrows. A few awful occurrences, which resulted from the usage, may here be given, which will serve more impressively to exhibit its' culpable and dangerous nature, • than any mere general description could possibly do. These instances, also, took place in this province, and were made known to me, personally ; and under circumstances to confirm their truth- fulness. A person visited a man and his wife^ two aged friends,, taking with him, several bottles of different kinds of intoxicating liquor, which he set before them. They all drank together, ibr some time, and the visitor on departing, left with them some of the liquor which remained. Soon after his departure, the female drank some of it, and on the whole, indulged to such excess, that n a few minutes after drinking the last portiwi, she fell dead on the floor. In another village in the same section of the province, a man wrent to the house of an aged couple, with a jug of ardent spirits, of which they all partook together. The female was decrepid, and could not mo^re about, without the support of a crutch orstaliV In a few hours after they had been together, a neighb(!mr went into thehouse, and found the old woman lying dead, in the fire, part of her head being dreadfully burnt, and one of her arms nearly burnt off* Peep intoxication had, doubtless, brought her to that awful endUpVhe husband, and the man who had furnished the liquor, were lying on the floor of the same room, so deeply in- toxicated that they knew not what had befallen the woman. In another part of the province, not very thickly peopled, during not many years, and within the limits of but a few miles, two instances occurred, of temales being burnt to death, inconsequence of the excessive use of intoxioating liquon, furnished to them by others on social occasions. 55 The mvriadM of f h! ? ^"'''"y ^^ ^^''^ P'-^^^'^^e alone. r^n closing the subject, it may well be remarked '-can it b. f haf ..iviae ana- tre^t atlt^lf ^'^.r^;:^^^ '/k''^ ?i; I 'I- «.^ No V. On the ijijiirles as to InuividHal tmd PublicWcaltli and Prosperity, through the Drinking Customs. lu tliis age of selfishness, and of ardent desires and active pur- suits for the acquisition of gain, it may safely be concluded, that the contents of the present letter, will, very generally, bo consi- dered of more importance, than any of the investigations previously submitted. The subjects now to be examined, will exhibit the effects of the consumption of intoxicating drinks upon the pecu- niary interests of individuals and society, and the pursuits and affairs in general, of a trading or business description. And, here, also, the facts and arguments will almost exclusively relate to the pursuits and interests of our Provincial population. It can scarce- ly be needful to remark, that, m such a youtful country as this, 80 limited in territory, and with such a spare population ; the cir- cumstances by which these are circumscribed and surround, call fpr more than ordinary prudence, industry, and economy, to enable ^then;^ to employ and improve the resources and means in their power, for raising themeeive?, individually, and the country in general, to any good degree of pecuniary prosperity ; and for laying the foundations of continued advancement. It is now very well known, that the natural resoui-ees of the province, are nume- rous and readily available, probably as much so, as in any country which can be named, of similar e?:tent. Many of these natural resources, were, indeed, always very generally known, and means and exertions were partially employed, for securing the advantages they offered. But owing to several counteracting causes, our local resources and advantages have not obtained for the couptry, gene- rally, in any adequate degree, the prosperity which ehould have been realized. One of the principal causes of the failures, the embarrassments, or merely partial success, in many of the jpyinci- pl branches, and pursuits of commerce and of bueinees in genera^ ; 57 «4; nil.:; ^rrt rL=r;i-::^ --{ J .,. '"vestigace at all concerning it • of:ii r„ public pr<»perity, „M„b .HirJ ra p ir^^J" ^ '" .0 the e,Ublfehmo„t and mai„.ena„oo'orpubl\e!l , a„rr gineral prosperity of a countrv if m,... , ," ' ' ^ ""^ general main. th»t 1.? ^' ' ""°'^' ""^ ""'"'"led, as a ^ to curate and 1 1 and"'',,''? '"' ''"°"'""^' '" ''"'««-' thebi..r,ofit;:'rtiii^::s';:%™;it'r '•" »iuu ueciaeajy, in the experience of sevoril mn^-.^^ x- ^nent. than « really the caT P«l f, "'' '"^ ^ ^"^^"'- countries wh.r« tv Perhaps, there are scarcely any countr es, whei;p this erroneous or exaggerated opinion is m l genera,,, entertained, than in these NorS American Co,ros valent iZr' "^ :""*^^" ^" ^'^^ «^--' —s for su 1^ I pr 1 088 bly, ,tjnay, m part, have been owing to selfish and asntrn!; politicians having ffiven if n f^..«« „ ^ aspiring .nf, nf»,n.„;.. . _i^. ''" '^ ^ ^^''" ^"^ ^ «"rroncy, which it Avould o 'nut.i. i^iom rather extQiisive examination of history. •rf" jt'f* .■^; 58 li ■:-,?*.*- Ancient and modom, and from eome considerable 4>ijecrvation (u:ui Toflection, I have for some time past, been brought to the firm con- clusion, that, taking all things into consideration, both of those great social institutions, hy the direct operations and effects of their ordinances and measures, have been instrumental in causing far greater injuries to the interests, not only of religion and morality, but also as regards the public and social prosperity, than will be balanced by all the good they have directly accomplished.. From these sources have almost invariably proceeded the -waax and slavery ,-r-the persecutions for religious opinionsj^r-oppressivo and pjirtial laws and taxations, — the monopolies, the prejudices, the favoritisms and oppa-easions of class, and of party, with numerous other evils, which have desolated and afflicted the social state. And these evils have not been confined to any one iorm, or organi* zation of society, or government. All of them, whether monar. chial, aristocratical , or republican, if not in an equal, yet in a greater or lesser degree, have been instrumental in causing, and very frequently, in perpetuating, as far as in their power, those great hindrances to eocial prosperity and happiness. This, in truth, is but one of the manifestations of the corrupt nature and tendencies of our fallen humanity; and in its principles it will ever exist, though by prudent and fluitaWe means, those injurious manifestations may be greatly alleviated or reduced. Of course, or rather of necessity we must have governments and legislative bodie8,hQwever cooiposcd, and, doubtless, some of them, especially our own, have established a,nd secured many social advantages and enjoyments. Inclosing these rather digresei.o remarks, it may, however, with truth be observed, that the people generally, must seek and expect their prosperity, under the mvour of Heaven, chiefly from their own persevering industry and prudence; and their sober, moral, and economical habits. While exercising these sterling qualities, however, it will by no raeans^ be Amiss, that they constantly keep an observant eye, and a prudent check, or control, upon tlie plans and measures of tlieii' rulers I now proceed to exhibit and examine, in a direct and detailed manner, the injuries as regards the public or provincial pro^rity, in pecuniary or business alFairs, which have ensued from the drink- ing habits of our people. And here, also, a right understanding of the subject, and a correct decision upon it, must depend, far more upon facts as to individuals, families, and communities, than upon any mere supposition, or theory. It may, however, in some Bcrvation qxhA the fina con- }oth of those iffectB of their causing far ud morality, than will be shed.. From te woM and ppressive and ejudiees, tlie th numerous social state, n, or organ i- ether monar. al, yet in a causing, and power, those «8. This, in i nature and ;iples it will ose injurious Of course, d legislative MjOepecially mntages and irks, it may, erally, must of Xleayen, idoBce; and 'cising these Amiss, that Qt check, or ind detailed [ prosperity, n the drink- iderstanding depend, far inities, than rer, in some 59 mcas.,re be useful in the first place, to offer for consideration a aipposed case, m the way of illustration ; and to prepare for the Jl?7'°^ '"'^ T' '°;' '■"^''^' throughout the whole of the rre^t discussion, the reader must constantly bear in mind, that public wealth or prosperity, is, of course, to be estimated and deeded according to the degree in which ail the necessaries, and the staple commodities and advantages which are essential, to the support, and the comfortable enjo^^ment or life, are possessed by the population, in general. The case, then, theoretically supposed T.1II be that of a community, composed of a 100 families, owning" property of various descriptions, and in a great variety of amounts- aLSin?"' ^T *'' r'°^' o^«-^Foporty, or stock, of coul amounting m value, only to a certain sum, say £20,000. Eet it be^presumed. that in this community there are persons filling the situations, and following the usual and various trades and employments, found in such communities, in all civilized cofintnes. There is a minister of religion,-^ physician and surgeon,-a schoolmaster, possibly an attorney,^a Vopkeep'er or ^o---acarpenter,~a tailor,-a shoemaker, and a blacksmith, with other useful tradesmen ; a proportion of labouring families and as a matter of course, a groggery, or very probacy two of them Now let it be supposed, that all the male heads of the^ femihes, with grown or growing up sons,^to say notbin^of tht women,^are fojlowing the drinking customs, as all commlzn ties large and small,formerly did, and nearly all of them etill are do 2' And, here, it may be remarked, that if an individual drinks on£ iivo glasses of spirits daily , this will amount to 2s. 4d. in the week and to upwards £6 in the year; but three glasses daily,^LS morning at dinner, and at night,>-would formerly have fcl neSilO T^ "*;'f '"^' ^^' this would amount to near y £10 m the year. In the community described, some of the only the £6 yearly, others the £10, some £12, or more, while hlbL ti rf '"'''" '"' ^*'^'' ^P^«^ ^^ *^-' -temporal Jabits, the Whole amount on which they can in any way lay^he^ hands. The incomes of th« f„«,n;./A..„ .,.. V. / ^ several profewwD,, or caltog, would of oourae, be of »arioa» amounts; but let «= .upp„«, that the average i^ tbewhX " £100 » year to «,oh f™ily. From tin, ...,m, „„,t of cour^-.b^ <^.v I'H (iO doJuctOil acoording to tho ron^HJctivu circumHtttnees, tlio ilO or JCIO or X 12, or largor huiuu ; uud all in tho uuturo of, what in couimouly a " daiil Ions ;" uti tho conxumption of tho drink, dood no* of itnolf, dispunso with any of tho real wants of tho family, us to ibod,' clothing, and oihor things ; or with tho cost of proouriug them. Uut this is by no moans tho wholo of tho loss. Tho JCG, or other «um, IS only tho loss from tho drinking of tho ono person, tho inalo head of tho family. Still, to say nothing of tho wilo and girls, —theroaru hoys audyoung,nion in tho family, and again-^to pasM by tho very young ones,— who must also have their «' woodrappio" at times.—thoso Iwys and young men, •• Kory," and '• Dick," and *• Sam," as a matter of course, must do like their fatherland daily tttko some of tho comfort. And this is dono with tho full know- ledge, and often- by tho invitation of parents. And whether tho li(luor is all drank iu tho lUmily, or part of it in tho houaos of neighbours, tho km is the same, iu the end, as to the community. Somebody in tlio first instance must bear H, but it so far lessens tho amouni of tho aggregate stock or property. And, indeed, whether the drinking by the sovoral members of tho family, 'ain tho family, or out of it, tko loss, in such instance, is about tho same, for according to tho understood courtesy, or rule in tho matter, a return in kind, is,- of oourso, expected, and is invariably rendered sooner or later. But there are even further items of loss Here aro some of them :— Tho time spcn* in drinkingat tho taverns, —which maiy be counted as loss, in regard to profitable labour,— besides oftea unprofitable or losing bargains through intemperance or excitement by liquor, and not unfrequently, sjicrifices, or losses,, by forced or premature sales of farm produce, or other articles, to raise money tO' purchase tho drink, or other '* necessaries;'* or tb keep up some credit at the tavern, or in some other quarter. Taking into account all these, as well as other items of loss, tho whole of which cannot bo precisely ascortained, or computed, tho entire average loss, taking ono family with another, may well be put down at £20, to each of them. In ovory community, even in one as small as tho one hero under review, there will always bo some, who will drink on, and sink deeper and deeper in reckless; ness, vice, and misery, until their means are altogether exhausted, their bodies prostrated, and rendered even incapable of labour", thnir liiinrla nnrl mz-kralo /InKna^l »»<) i&UiUiCS impoverished, and misery and destruction attend them and theirs ^u every hand. And what is to be done with these debased, and ot truly ilwtitute Uiiiga. T|,o„ ,„„.i „„, , '""■«« and w^tchcdnJ. ™ "" „ " '^""^ '" ''""'' "'"' "'//partially lookaftoMhomri,'" "'""^' "•"" »"J thorn alivo f«„ Z','''T • •■■'','"'--" .nodati„nefrCZL Ln'''?"?'^'' ""■"'"'"'o all of them, will euffcr more 'ITIT " 'T'"^' ^- "■*« ««<"> and to tho X20 direct, or Icunl^ Z '"n "' "'''"°'"' '" """"'O" or improvident eondu'ct™ 9^ ^^^0 ^a,T" .f '"°'' ™'^'««" pecuniary ta,a^» to sLn* and, n " ""'«"* '» "«" "" injuries in this roepoct to thnT^H T "'''"' ""' >"> 'h^ ^hoolmaster, and rdte^^tl Zy t ^ a'" 'T f "?' """' "" . the families. The farm„. tTZ^ 1™' •'" '"'<''° "^ "■« rest of ' Peraaps oven in par. thVS rotXtr:Kt:f ;: -,!- ''?-.4l cured for hiia»tilf and his family. Poor " snip," or '"cabbagft," the tailor, will suffer in a similar manner ; also tlie carpenter, tho ma8on,and more or less, indeed^ every other family throughout the community. Even the man of the law, should there unhappily be one, will fare very little, if at all better than the rest. With all his capias's, and fieri facias's, he can neither put money in the pockets of his clients — of course not in that of his adversary, — nor, in many instances can he take it out of the pockets of either of them. When he can find no goods of the tippler, and lays hold of his body, the Insolvent Act comes into play, and his intended victim, escapes from his legal grasp. If he turns round, and sues, his client for his fees, and perhaps disbursementa made, it fre- quently happens, that he has to bewail a similar disappointment and loss. Now, all this, is no fancied or exaggerated picture. It has been actually wad fully realized, over and over again, through- out nearly, if not every part d" the province, and through the whole of its local and domestic history. Who does not see that such a community^ cannot possibly attain a state of prosperity, or general welfare. If Very special circumstances, of a favorable description, do not occasionally intervene, it must, to a certainty, sink deeper and deeper in general embarrassment, depression and loss; if, indeed, it escape irretrievable desolation and ruin. In all the respects and particulars described, as tweeting and afflicting the community of 160 families, the same will be true, of a com- munity of thousands, or a province or nh-tion of hundreds of thou- sands, or millions. The same injurious cause, will produce similar and proportionate embarrassing, and disastrous results, in regard > to the prosperity of individuals and families, and, consequently to the pnblic wealth and happiness. It will now be important to investigate and ascer^fiin, from fact* and experience, what have been the actual results of the drinking practice, with reference to individuals and families ; and as to some of the principal departments of trade ; and the business pursuit» of the general population of the province. It is, so universally known, that in eVeiy community in the land, some, and in not a few instances, even many individuals and families, have been brought to wretchedness and ruin, from drunkenness, and become burthaiHon the tsecuniarv means, either of their friends, or the public, that it is a self-evident truth, that thus far, at least, the general prosperity must have been retarded and injured. But, let US, from facts, examine a littl* mor»-cloeely, as to the result* to ;l 'cabbage," rpenter, the )ughout the unhappily est. With lOney in tho dversary, — >t8 of either kd lays bold lis intended d, and sues, lade, it fro- ppointment picture. It n, through- hrough the not see that lOspenty, or a favorable a certainty, pression and i ruin. In md afflicting }, of a com- 'eds of thou- duce similar bs, in regard > >nsequently [i^from factfr the drinking id as to some 1^18 pur8uit» ) universally ^nd in not a , have beea and become ends, or the at least, the id. But, let tie result* tc the general interests, from what is called, the " mod^aie •• but . ^'^nae of the intoxicating drinks. And. here, I wiH give .^ lew of such facts, and which are but a small sample, of the Jrg! Bumber of the like description, which either came uider my 'r sonal notice, or where authenUcally brought to my knowledge w^thL 1^ aZ' '^'' T "^'"""^ ^^'^ "^^ '^^ Highlander! who was then an abstamer, he stated, that he had never been a drunk- ard,jor(,f my recollection serves me,) had ever been deeply intox- ^ted, bu he said, in effect, that he had, like othe«, bel^i" the constant hab.t of using the liquor in his family, ile said, thai TVr". ^r^''"'' ^^ ^^ ^"^'^ ''»*^ ^ mercantile firm, with winch he dealt, an account which had been running on for about U r^l ; rl'r""'^ ^' "P^^'^- ^^ ^50, and that the hefi of t, a^ the old Highlandman expressed himself, was for rum. He lurther to d me that on the occasion of raising a barn, a large number oi neighbours, as usual, being convened to assist him, he procured, as I think he said, somewhere about >it,.^^//a»5 of spirit, for the use of all engaged, and that before the work was completed and the day closed, it was all consumed: and he was obliL to sendoff and procure a further supply. Now, the liquor alone consumed on that occasion, would at that time, have cost, nearly If not quite £3. This was in the nature of an entire loss to him ' vud a serious one too, and instead of being of any benefit to thi rest, was of more or less injury, to one and all of them. In form- • times similar instances were constantly taking place, in everj iwnship and setUement of the province; many thousand, in all uring our limited history, and some are still occasionally occufl mg. Formerly, and, indeed, not seldom, in more recent vears a aouseor barn could not be raised, or land cleared, or other special work accomplished, without the excitement and aid of the strong drink, which it was fully expected, would be freely dispensed at the frohc, or "bee." as. they call it in Canada, and seldom war there any disappointment. The whole amount yearly lost withiL the province, in this way alone, was formerly very considerable. Xhe following instance, may serve to give some tolerably correct idea, of the amount of the yearly expenditure for spirituous liquors by only o^e of the numerous band of « moderatedrinkers," as th^ ?.rs geaexaiij,- etillud .—A person who had been an habitual drinker" was induced to join an abstinence society, and a few days after' m conversing with some persona, in my presence, be was com' mended, or rather applauded, for having taken the step, by reason li: *' ': ^,■| ji •■!♦ ,, I M &B was uxcntioned, that he had never iKsen an inteiupcrate drinker. The man rather rebuked those who made the remark, saying, ♦•you need hot talk to me in this manner ; do you know what my liquor esponsea amounted to in a year ;" and then went ou to eay, that lie kept an account of them for one year, and that they amounted to eighteen pounds, yet, this individual was rather extoUeds for being merely a •* moderate drinker. " Of course, part of the sum was for liquor furnished to guests and others. Many thousands of similar instances have been annually occurring in our province, and the destructive work, is, even still, extensively going on. It is very well known, that in the principal classes, almost uriivei-sal- \j, fifties and even hundreds of pounds, were annually expended and lost, by single families, in a similar manner. Such reckless wasro and loss, must, as a matter of course, greatly injure the pecuniary interests of individuals and families, and consequently, embarrass and impede all business affairs, and retard and limit the prosperifcy of the country , and its welfare generally. A few other individual instances of expenditure in this way, may here be added. They will, it is tiue, be rather of the extravagant class, but also, will be but specimens, from among numbers of the same description. A poor man, with a family, in rather a populous settlement, had dealings, yearly, with a trader in his neighborhood, to a sum, between £7 and £10 and two- thirds of it were for rum. A master shipwright received in the autumn £160 for his wages. In the next spring it was all expi'nded, almost exclusively for spirituous liquors, and principally in one tavern, and besidca he was then indebted in that tavern about thirty pounds. During about a year, while engaged in assisting to build a vessel, he received a daily allowance of 3 glasses of spirits, and at the completion of the vessel, there were 400 half -pints hesidea, scored up against him. lie personally informed me of these circumstances. A few years ago, he joined a temperance society, but when I saw him some time after, appeared to be much weakened in mind, as well as body, from his former excesses. A merchant in the province, who ttaded with the "West Indies, and dealt largely in rum, accumulated much property, and died, leaving about £3000 to each of several sons and daughters ; nearly all of whom became drunkards, and squandered away tliCir poi: tions. Several years ago, ne most of them were dead, through intemperance. Two of the sons became extremely poor, one of them §0 destitute, that when he4ied, ho had not a shirt in which to be #■••••-» c drinker, mg, ••you my liquor eay, thftt amounted toUeds for of the sum ausandtt of province, on. It i» umversal- tended and tless wasro pecuniary embarraea prosperity individual led. They also, will escription. ;mcnt, had to a sum, his wages. luBively for ,nd besidea ',y founds. Id a vessel, nd at the des, scored um^tances. when I saw in mind, as ''est Indies, J, and died, ers ; near>y r tiiCir per- d, through one of them which to he 66 laid out. ThoHo instanetH of lo8a and ruin, may more than uuffle. With foference to individuals and families. Ui us, now, look at only a few instances concerning communities, given from among many others of similar descriptions. Before the temperance reform -had advanced to any considerable extent, in one of the small harbours, many cargoes of fish, and other articles, had from time to time, been sent out of it, and nothing but rum brought back to the place in return. The men would meet in taverns, and drink and idly spend their time, and carry homo spirits on Saturday night, for use on the Sabbath. It need scarcely bo said, that there was much intemperance, embarrassment, and poverty, and lack of sufficient accommodations, and ordim\ry comforts in this community. Hero is another instance, of even a worse description :— In one continued settlement, of about G miles, there were ia 1844, ;iyg or SIX persons, selling spirituous liquors. The inhabitants, generally were very poor. At a house were trtveUors were accustomed to stop for rcfreslmients, the best entertainment I could obtain on one occasion, when I caUed there, in the year just mentioned, was bad tea and dry ircat/— there being scarcely any butter, as I was told, throughout the neighbourhood ; otAy watery molasses iox XhQ tea' and some very poor and grizzly beef. Yet all the people, belong- ing to live or six groggories, were maintained in this coihrnunity, chiefly by the rest of the drinking population within it. At a similar inn in another settlement, about a mile distant across the water, my entertainment, as a traveller, at or about the same time, consisted of wild or mountain tea without milk, and the lodging was very mean and poor. Nearly all the inhabitants in this settle- ment also, and up and down the same coast, for about thirty miles, were tten, and 1 believe, stUl are, very poor, and in debt, and' to' all appearance, in as bad circumstances as they were 20 years pre- vious, or probably, the most of them even worse. Like the people in the other settlements, they had ever been using spirituous liquors habitually and very freely. If the people in these communities, had been sober and industrious, they could have obtained all need- ful articles for their comfortable support, at places not very dis- tant, at little more than half the prices, which, through their «nni£ing anu impfoviacnce, they were oitca compelled to allow for a mean and scanty supply, from the resident or transient tra-' ders, who took adi-antage of their necessities, and practised extor- tioB upon them. 1 ii Jk\ ;^<'.^,l «'*'-■'. ■ If «• ■ 4 4 »■■ J,- Only one initaiu« oiore, as to commuDiticB. In one year and nine mo/iMs withiu no very distant period, spirituous liquors to the amount of £33,000 according to entrioe in the Customs and Excise, where imported for home consumption, into one county town in this province ; and, doubtless, were consumed lu the county, during that time. The population of the county, was then, probably, about 18,000, including all ages. The further quantity of spirituous liquors brought into the county during that period, legally and illegally, would amount at least to £12,000, making £45,000, in all. This would give about £25,000, for the one year of the time Taking the usnai average of G to a family, there would be 3000 families in the county, each of them on an average, wasting their substance, and suffering a loss, at the rate of £8 yearly, as the laere pecuniary injury. Some of them, by destroying far more than this proportion, would be utterly im- poverished and ruined, and many more, deeply embarrassed &nil injured. The people of this county, until very recent years, were indeed, generally poor and embarrassed in their circumstances ; and to my certain knowledge, their drinking habits was the prin- cipal cause of their continuing so long in that condition. Thej posessed on the whole, natural advantages, equal if not oupehor, to &^y other section of the province. It may be remarked, that the population of this county, wore but little, if at all mo^ addicted to the use of inioxicating drinks than the people of many if not most of our other cmxnties. Some facts and remarks may now be given, as to the injurious effects of the great consumption of intoxicating liquors, upon the chief branches of trade, and the other principal pursuits and em- ployidcuts within the Province. And, hero, I may be excused for remarking, that being a native of the Province, and having resid- ed in it between sixty and seventy years, and for many years to- gether, in the different sect? is of it, where those principal branches V>f trade and other employments wore carried on most ex- tensively, and having been occupied much the larger portion of those years, in such public situations and engagements m afforded me the best means of becoming acquainted with the effects of the universal use of strong drinks, upon those branches of trade and business, and pecuniary affairs generally, among us ; I feel justified in speaking rather confidently on the subject under discussion. In treating of such principal occupations and pursuits, the fisherifs may first be brought under review. Perhaps thore is no class ol" year and liquors to stoms and )D0 county ed lu the ujoty, was le further uring that ) £12,000, [)0, for tho ) a family, hem on an it the rate r them, by itterly im- rassed s.nd 'ears, were mstanco^ ; the prin- on. They ; oupehor, .rked, that i all mo^ lo of many } injurious , upon the ts and em- xcused for ving resid- y years to- principal n most ex- portion of M) afforded )ctB of the trade and ei justified ission. In e fisheries io elaas ol' 67 ^persons ^bo. partly from the nature of their occupation, and fro« yeralotWcircumstanccg, have been more given to the free ub* of intoxicating liquors, than fishermen have been, in all regions a«d as much so in this Province as in any other country, in former' yeare, if not indeed at the present time. It would almost «ecm as If they thought they could not, or ought not, to set or take up a T:^^ '^'^^I^fr' "^ «"*'<>'<'»«>. or do anything else about the fish, without the assistance of strong drink. To a certainty ' their practice, universally, was very m.?ch after that fashion Not an owner or crew even of a boat, thought of going to a fishing station, without the usual and requisite supply of the irticle ; and when that was out, whether the catch had 1)een good or bad, a fresh supply, as a matter of neces,Uy, was si^odily procured. If it could not conveniently, be obtained from t' . merchant who fur- nished the outfit, it wag got from one of th. nsient traders who iike vultures, were hovering around, ready .^ fnrnish it, and to gnisp m exchange, the fish, cured or uncured, which, in ost in- Btaaces should, in common honesty, have been kept for the mwt- chant wha furnished the first supplies. It is well known, that our fishermen, as a class, have ever been deeply embarrassed with debt; and numbers ofthem. constantly in indigent circumstances, and dosti^.te of many of the ordinary convenience* end comfort* of life. It IS perfectly clear, that the consumption of intoxicat- .ng drinks was ono of the principal eauseaof their depressed con- dition. It was formerly, with nearly every fisherman and is even now with very many of them much the same as it was with tfa* old Highlandman, of whom I was previously writing, with hisac- comt of £50 wifh the merchant. The "heft." or a large part of the fishing supply, was for rum. It will be but a mod^te computation to say that the owner of each boat, during the fiafa mgseasons, and through the I'cstof the year, incurred debts for liquor for himself, and servants and family, to the amount of £15 or £18, or more. Then, in many instances^ there would be los* of time; spent in the drinking habit, or waiting for th« fish to strike in,— of sacrifices of fish at reduced prices, promptly to ob- tain cash, or neetled supplies, with other items of los*. The wholo ^rj.f d_^a^backs, especially if the fishing ^ason had been UBf«- vora^uc, nould uuon swell the whole loss, including the liquor ac counts to at least £25. or, in some instances, oven more Manr of the fishermen being in this situation frou year to year, ^her were unable to pay in full, the merchantt who had supplied them I- • I m and these, in consequence, in not a few inBtancos, had, au thejr tieemed to think, no other way of Baving themselves from cmbar- rasament or ruin, but by charging the fishermen exorbitant prices for the supplies they furnished, which, of course, was a furtljer injury to the fisherman. By reason of all these losses, and their continuance from year to year, fishing lots and homesteads, and in some instances farms became deeply mortgaged or made over to the merchants, who, when themselves in any strait or embarrass- ment, could not from such securities or sources, raise the money tboy needed, to keep their own credit good, or safely and profita- bly carry on their business. The following instance, among the thousands of a similar kind, will serve to show the loss in a pecu- niary view, and the consequent drawback as to prosperity, through the vast consumption of intoxicating li ^uors in the fishing occu patiorf. The circumstances were related tp me by the individual concerned, who resided in one of our Western fishing settlements. He stated that he followed the employment in a small shallop, with two or three hired men, and that for the use of them all, ho ran off as much as a puncheon of rum in the coarse of the year. Most probably, somo utiiers occasionally assisted to empty it. He said that the liquor was furnished to the men, according to cus- tom, as the usual daily allowance, free of charge, and that besides this loss, the men through intemperance, would occasionally cut and injure the fish, so as to lessen their value. The puncheon of rum, in those days, would have cost about £25 or upwards, which, with the injuries to the fish, and the loss of time by the men, through their occasional intemperance, would certainly swell the whole loss to £30 at least. It will readily be seen that this was a serious drawback as to profit, or rather a serious loss, in all seasons ; and in one of scarcity of fish, would, together with the amount for wages, and keeping of the men, and all expenses of the shallop &c., be almost ruinous to the ^' skipper. ^^ Whether the fishing was m boat, shallop, or other vessel, the customary al- lowance of spirits was the same^ and as the whole of the class, skippers and men, — and whether on shares, or otherwise, were fol- lowing the same practice, the loss in every season, and in various ways, was deeply injurious to all of them. Moreover, the fishing QOCUDatiOB from "itH very nature, beinff always oxtremelv ijrecari- ous, it is no way surprising, but rather a matter of course, that under all those unfavorable circumstances, the fisheries,. generaUy •peaking, have not been either a source of profit to those concern- elv Tirfififtri- ed in them, whether merchant* maa^i^... «. waeyoertaioly would b»™ d«„K t, C7„ 8r""'- «17 carted on to ™ch an «t«.t to mTnv^' Tf I, T °™" Had it been prndentlyoonduotod, a„d«S if ^! ^T*^' been »eh a ™,t c«n,„n,pU„n of l2!S™ h n "'" m the bn.ine«, it wonld jndeed. ^^^lu^Hl^'^^T^ to th„» engaged in it, an abundance of tlurml !l!^rr o""grp™^;^'"'^- -■'■-<'-«-«^4~t inSt! ftLV" ^t.*"* "'" ^ """^ ""'fi'^™* '» »!>« th. FcTZ^ ^'' "^ ''"'^^' *»» «■>» «-» j™t menibned ;^.j r;^. tbe ^^ s^;;;r ennt:;:^ st ent .towage. B^ there ^L^^^^Z^-JroHLr "r'- merei, the ea«tem wotion'of the ftovinr fmm »v1^ ??'*' '" ooj.ide,able<,uantitie,,wo„,eari,'^r;2,r,ttgh'^^^ a long couree of years. Aethe lumber ™ then abunSnri^ m general readily procu«d,a«l the price, both to the aaw' a^d the merchant, were often high and nrolitahk .~) T^ut'. had been prudenu/and ^conolSy^^a'T^;' *°i'T'*' hare been &irly reimnerative -Jh,L ~°'''""^''' "»"« "'"V .1,™.M 1. remuaeratnc,— all the persons cnaiBed in it 1Z ^^ T ""' '?P'"™« "■''' ciroultanoe, ff^fyl ^ an„n.horofyean,.«ttr«l:,^:i:!?- -r. f»' vjnce Biready mentioned naarlvkll ««1« -■"•--•« -i tnc pro- «.gag«l in L bu.ine:^^' fa the leSS T; ™' " "*"■ good pine timber, in the port of rS" w!!** oTeT '"" "^ •0. • '■-Sood reason to ren.en.heriX\-;^r~S - I' 7A ir^ my residence in. that^own,and being about to change-my condition, as the saying is, and having a house undergoing repair, so great was the demand for ton timber, for immediate shipment, that it was rather as a favor, that I procured a small quantity c^ it, from the pond of one of my merchant friends, at the rate of iwa guineas per ton. It was in that year, or the preceding one^ that the inci- dent occurred, which I will now relate. I was sittkig in the even- ing, in that room of the inn, ivhere I lodged, which was reserved for the more respectable guests, when a man from the other end of the house, came into the'^room, in rather a ree/in^ state, and hold-^ ing up a silver watch, in each hand, exclaimed ''a few tons of timber will soon pay for these." And, doubtless, they would do it, at the current price of tlie timber which 1 have just mentioned ; and this man being able to make a ton and a half, or two tons a day. It is probable, he purchased the watches from some specula- ting master of a ship, and the price of them would bu about £3 10 each. Four tons of timber, delivered in the merchant's pond, would more than have paid for them. I knew this man's coureo until about the time of his death. He contiaued making timber, and also in his drinking habits, and from time to time, came under my professional practice, in. the courts, eitlicr as plaintiff or defen- dant. From all tvhich I heard concerning him, I have every reason to believe, that to the last he continued intemperate, and died poor, and embarrassed with debt. It is saddening to reflect, that there were so very many more like him, in that day pursuing the same ' icklcss and vicious course. It eeemed then to be a settled or understood thing, that the timber colJld neither be made in the woods, nor drawn out to the water, nor rafted to the pond, nor moved, measured, nor shipped ; nor indeed anything whatever done with it, without the inspiriting aid of the drink. Such was the state of things, in this respect, that the following incident occur- red, in which a friend was concerned, as he personally informed me. A party was towing a raft of timber for him across a harbor, and when within iialf a mile, or less of the place where they were to deposite it, they halted and sent a boat ou shore for a fresh supply of spirits, and remained stationary until tliey prociired it. The merchant, in order to obtain the timber, supplied the liquor freely, and largely, »ud geueiaily on cruUlt ; and Ihu people one and all, drank it as freely and as fully ; and, in consequence, in the great majority of cases, either sooner or later embarrassment or ruin, was the final result. 71 A gemieman residing near one of the riveva nf fj,« «.. • "SJI ttr' '"' 'r"".'-''' ""» '"^^^ f— eral year. mormrf me that soapoely o« in to™,y, of the potaons eniaePd m the former ton timber business at that river BroLred i„ T ^ he said to the effeet, that it .a, chiefly owilg'to'S™;':' a large party of persons were engaged for weeks together forcing ^mber down thexivor, in cold weather, and being £;; ™n! when tho worlc was eompleted, they all ooneladedT that thTsnirita "«d wh.le so engaged, did more harm than good ^ rhe last .tern of information, on the point which I shall her. offer^ concerning this branch of business, "s indeed conclus^ t weU t^ i«d7:^ i'f"' of the injury, from the drinking p^oJce'. ^ prosperity, fl^e partrculars of this information, as they will now be g,ve„, were, in substance, communicated to ^o pers^X by with the ton t,mber trade, and knew all about it, having, for that toe been elerk and book-k^ner to a large mercantile ^itobH h .tatdtlarthr''"^''''"''™'^ ™^=^ in the business. He fe^Ct Z "T™'""^ "y """ '»'»'"«hment alone, from from 300 to 400 puncheons of rum, besides other spirituous li™o« -n a year ; and that seve,al other merchants in the plaT Jl«Tm por^ large quantities of .uch liquo., of different kini Z-' ly he wl,ole, so mportcl, were for cons„™pti„„ i„ rt„t port "nd mtead.,>^„t places; and chiefly among the per^ns en^l „ , Ind 2M • "' '■"'"•" '''''' """ " '''« ««»'atcd,°that „ and alwut the manulhoture of every ton of timber, and n br nl- mg .t down the river into a pond for shipment, the o was con an ed about a gallon of rum. The price of the t mber to the Tanu [hatr'o?\"'^ ;' '" "" ™"''""'- ™"' °" "o "verage durrg that penod about twentyfive shillings. Tho price of tJ,c JZ of rum when retailed through several hands, and in small fuan .fes at a tune, to the persons engaged in making the timber "' he woods,-hauling it out to the water,-rafting it perfTapl t^n or fifteen m.les or more, to the timber h„„™« L..,RT , than e.ght Shillings ,he gallon, or probabl7mor;:"'lfe'";h'r was about „,«.*>rf of the value of the timbl-, lost to th «r,t; engaged ,n making tho article, and disposing of it to the merfhs^ l^.dcs los. of time, and other hindrance, to profit. thrJ^^Z' ■i ■> »*f n uIodaI tpells of latemperaoce, and from oth«r cauaea connected witli the drinking practice. Such was th« state of things in gen- eral, throughout the whole of the business, as carified on formerly, in this provitice, and also, sw I have reason to believe, in the other North American Provinces. How could it be possible, that a busings conducted under such improvident circumstances, wquld, generalljf speaking, be ultimately, or permanently profitable to those engaged in it, It certainly was not so, but I undertake posi- tively to assert, what indeed is now generally, and by many de- plorably known, that this branch of business, formerly, and wheq the prices were higher than now, was a failure, as to improving the circumstances of those engaged in it, and consequently, as to advancing, the general prosperity. Farmers and others becamo impoverished or embarrassed, and the merchants with whom they dealt, ^ing unable to procure from such debtors, the ttmouuts they required to keep their own credit good, with those who sup- plied them abroad, or at home, in very many instances, they wore broken up and ruined. And this embarrassment or ruin was spread more or less through the whole of the business. I have no hesitation in affirming, that the vast consumption of intoxicating liquors w&s the chief primary cause of those evils. In asserting thiSf and throughout the argument, 1 entreat the reader to bear ;a mind, the indubitable truth, that the amount expended in spiritu- ous liquors, whatever it may be, is, in every instance, just so much of an actual and &cx&l loss ; as the use of them, even in the least degree, m not at all requisite, in the conducting of any trade or Jbusiness whatever, and because such use, will not of course, lessen the expenses of food or clothing, or of supply, or accommodation, of any other description. Attention may now bo turned, to another branch cf business, which has always been extepsively prosecuted throughout the various parts of the Province. I allude to the ship-building. And with reference to this important subject, as bearing on indi- vidual interest, and public prosperity, without going through the same., or similar reasons or arguments, as those employed in rela- tion to the business last reviewed, I will merely introduce tyio facts, qt items of information, which were personnally communicated to iu^ i-U^ jciit.iii'ca \i\!i^'- t\ ^v i.1 parties, a gentleman very extensively engaged in the ship-bailding interest, for whom a numbr ruin was I have no ntoxicating n asserting r to bear ;u in spiritu- ist so much in the least ny trade or arse, lessen umodation, if buisiness, ighout the p-building. ng on indi^ hrough the red in rela- e tyro facts, uuicated to ip-b'iilding the largest T«ry one ol" 73 his vewels when they were launched from the itocka, cost hi-n Ho, 'fulhnss, tor each tan of the measurement, for pu-its wh^^ accorcimg to thecu.tom he gratuitously fumishU to th Jemp^; of 800 tons, the loss to him would amount to i:200. ami ho replied thatit was really a loss to him to that amount. X "Z^t anotherco„«aunity,also very largely engaged i. the same business ^T1^::TIV''^ ''^ temperance cause had been Z time established, and in consequence, the previous custom of givine o each workmen a glass of spirits, three Umes a-day. had 2 d^^ntmued. the change had produced a savmg to him, of ^ a-ye^r. Ihese instances will suffice to show, tl,at the drawbacks to prosperity in the sh.p^buildin, interest, from the drinking cu.! toms, were of very serious importance. The gypsum or pkister trade, is an« ther of the employments, in which a very large portion of our population has long been enL god. I do not profess to be intin tely ac.juainted xvith this busi- nesfl, or with the customary modes and methods of conducting it ■ but this 1 have always heard and understood, that it has not in general, been lucrative, or profitable to thoFe engaged in it l4o- bably. It numbers as many persons, in poor and embarrassed cir- cumstances, as any other occupation that can be named, umona us All engaged in this business, whether as quarwers. labourers or carriers, were, from all that has been stated and known concen^ng them, quite as much addicted to the strong drinks, as the people in any other class, or occupation. IX, then, they expended oftheir earnings, and means in that way, in the same proportions as the fishermen, and those in the timber trade,^nd there is no reason • suppose that they; were at all recreant to the prevalent custom,- the result with them, would be much the same, in a pecuniary view a^d "^7^^« *^«««^«»fo't^ «"d advantages of life, as embarrassed and afflicted the others. Some few years ago, in a conversation with a gentleman, intimately acquainted with the whole business --having been engaged in it one way or another, a great part of his life,--he stated, that those who followed it, were generally in poor and embairassed circumstonces ; and he expressly assigned as the cause of it, their excessive consumption of spirituous linnL ^usequeuyy.this branch of business, has also failed of promVt"i.B the general prosperity or welfare. Now, let attention be turned to that interest, or employmeiit among us, which, unquestionably, is of the very first impo^ i ft'-: 74 and value. I mean, of oourse, our agricuUural or furming interest. On thla eubjcct, I do profess to liavo acquired some eouslderable degree of knowledge, from personal obberyation and experience ; and have also from time to time, received varied and authentic information, as to the effects of the extensive use of intoxicating liquors among this numerous class of our people, in reference to their pecuniary and general prosperity. Although, it must be admitted, that this Province, taken throughout, will not raifl as high as many other countries, with regard to the favorable circum- stances of soil and climate, still, it cannot be said to be of a really inferior character, as to farming capabilities and resources ; but on the contrary, in general possesses all of them in a very fair proportion, and some even, in a very high degree. All who are •well acquainted with it, must admit, that, almost throughout, it is rath r uncommonly favorable to the production of grass, and for all grazing purposes ; and, consequently, as to the raising and fattening of cattle. Also fgr the raisin* of vegetables, of nearly all the most useful descriptions. In the larger part of the province many, or indeed most of the principal, and most useful orchard and garden fruits, are also produced, m ordinary seasons, in great abundance. On the whole, therefore, our farming population, have no good reason, a«, any time to complain, or to say, that they eould not, or cannot, succeed in obtaining all reasonable accommo- dations and eomforts, and securing continued prosperity, by reason of their labouring under any permanent natural disadvantages, of a serious description. Such of them, as have not attained to those favorable circumstances, have, in general, like those in the = other classes treated of, failed to do so, in part, if not chiefly, from their habitual and extravagant consumption of intoxicating drinks, atd the consequent loss and evils already described, and, therefore, have only themselves to blame. That the constant use of those liquors, was the primary or principal cause of their embarrassments and failures, will now be shown, by some sti iking and .indubitable facts, and some reasonable inferences, plainly arising from the whole of their improvident conduct. There is dbe continued agricultural settlement of upwards of 20 miles, well known to me, for about 15 years, — during which period i visitea ana pasoed ilirougli it liiaiiy times ia the year ; and be- came well acquainted with its local circumstances, as to natural capabilities and advantages, and the habits of the population, generally, f , thoreforfl, feel qualified to write with eonCdeooe ig interest. )U8iderable icperience ; authentic (toxica ting iference to i must be ot raifl EH Ae circum- of a really resources ; a very fair 11 who are ughout, it grass, and rising and of nearly le province I orchard 3, in great opulation, that thoy accommo- , by reason Ivantages, stained to lose in the iefly, from ng drinks, therefore, Q of those ■rassments id ubi table from the irds of 20 ich period ; and be- to natural )pulation, conCdenoe concerning it, as regards its prosperity or improvement. It mi-bt seem invidious to name it, and, moreover, it is but onr, among rather a number of others, in the Province, under similar unfavo rable circumstances. T hesoil in this community, was uncommonly good, producing, when cultivated even with ordinarjr prudence and care the most abundant crops of grain and grass, and the other most useful products. 1 was informed that from one of thtf fields as *any as ten. crops of icheai, or more, had been taken in succes' sion without manuring, so naturally rich was the soil. Upwards ot 40 years ago, to my persona! knowledge, very considerable quantities of wheat and flour, of the best qualities, were seM from the settlement, to adjacent markets, and always sold at good prices, --tho flour at from SOs. to 25s.. the hundred weight. Tin inha- r)itont8, almost universally, were deeply involved in the drinkiMK liabit. And, now, let us see what were the consequences. Almost invariably, the following were some of them .—Drunkenness and much consequent loss of time and labour,~neglect of due farming arrangements, and the requisite care and attention in preparing the ground,-timely repair of fences, and sowing, and planting T^eeding, and taking in crops, and of partially preparing the fields, lor the crops of the ensuing year. Those alone, were evils sufficient to retard, or prevent their worldly prosperity and comfort Unt, then, there was the actual cost or expense of the liquor which m many instances, would amount to, at least £20 yearly' for the whole family. One of the last times I passed through the settlement, about 36 years after I had first known it, and in the month of June, or later, I perceived the front fields of three adjoin- ing farms, quite uncultivated ; the fences down, and the ground thickly over run with weeds. With some exceptions, as to improve- ment in houses and other buildings, the whole settlement with reference to agricultural advancement, domestic accommodations and comforts, and to general prosperity, seemed to be, in much the same condition, as when I first passed through it, the 36 years pre- vious Havmg known much of its previous history, I feel perfectly confident, that the excessive drinking habit, was the primary or almost an/y cau5., which marred or prevented its improvement, and the real comfort and prosperity of the neonle, » sm : Another instance to the same effect, may "be given, and of a still mo«), narked description. While holding my judicial offices in the Island of Cape Breton, at the conclusion of a term of the courts m one of the counties, I was signing the judgments iu the suit^ -1 f M /.-.l T6 ivhieh had b«en determined ; and thera wen 32 or mora of thwa ta favor of one country trader, keeping a shop in one of the settle- ments of HiQ county, and dealing largely in the ardent spirits. The judgments were all against persons residing within, probaibly ksfl than 20 miles around him, all following agricultural pursuits. The soil and other natural /Klvaut^gt,^, of far the greater part of the settlement, were v 1 ^' -iyxi promising ; the most of it, indeed, as to soil, equai o almost any portion of the IslantJ^^ or Proyince. While siguiog these judgments, I remarked to the Attorney attending,—'* 1 am signing a great many judgments for this Mr. D.,--I suppose to the amount of £1000." Yes, sir, he answered, to more than £2000. They w la lor various sums, from £10 up to £150. One of them for about the latter large sum, was against a -man who owned, and dwelt on, one of the most pro- ductive and best farms, directly on the main post road, with a con- siderable portion of rich intervale land, in the front, and a fine stream of water running through tlie farm. The people of this community, were universally addicted in an extreme degree, to the use of intoxicating liquors, chiefly ardent spirits, and as Mr. ^ . ani several other traders around him dealt largely, if not chiefly in thote liquors, the people could always readily procure them, and generally speaking, through every day, and week, and year, they continued to drink them. Such being the state of things there can be no doubt, that a large, if not a principal part of tha several debts, for which the judgments for Mr. D , were given, was for the strong drinks. It would appear that he was not per- fectly satisfied with the security of his judgments, for shortly after, as I was told, he took mortgages on the farms of the debtors, in a number, if not all of the cases. In many of them, of the larger amounts, the debtors from their drinking habits and other unfavo- rable circumstances, would never be able to relieve themselvei from that embftrrasttnent. One of the injurious consequences of it in many instances, would inevitably be, that the young men of the family, seeing no prospect of their inheriting any part of their fiither's pmperty, free of the incumbrance, would be induced or ineome instances compelled, as it were, to leave the country, for some of the other cotoniee, or foreign lands. Such d^wjtuiws — ~~' •-•! n.-„".ii~.,, ^_ s.i..a^», iiiv,.c u» ivoo injunouo 5o 6very youtiiiui country like this, and materially retard its ^neral prosperity. « With reference, not merely to the single or smaller communities, lint to wholp counties and sections of the Province, such of them 77 ^tyCT! T ,f"fT' '" *■"" «'«°»»»«»«.. ana agri. «ui«uro, ^^^nTL^t'j ^^ oreoadition, than ia countiee aad MetionVof th. ^ * T"' its MODl. ?!7 > """."^ accoamodatioM and eomfortsof Probably, thero is scarcely an individual Jn *i,« u-^ • has visited throughout it Jn J «w , ? Proymce, who ca^ne. wT^;!':^^ th:rCtt^s;.si with communities Mun«« „-T L P*"°8~'°"™"''«' seotion,, of the ProvlZ !^ *""""='• ""^ '^«<""' ^i* to those wUhht^^rwT^l,'"'* -'■""■vantages, similar according as their «».*. J*- generally, if not invariably existed eztensiveiTndul^^^^^^^ '^-^ .^--ore or les. In fi,. 1» JZ^^'^ V"^ "*^ ^f *he intoxicating drinks. one instance of comparison or rnnfra-f ?^, ''^^ *®**«'' give merely «^ ..eot, op^i.px:r .h^s„:;:r 11- i 71- .f>: ife'- Dot requisite, and indood it might seem invidious to name them, or even to mention to what section of the province they belong, ilg to such, or the like particulars, let it suffice to say, that until very recent years, tlfoy were situated in the same county, — arc inhabi'- tod by people of the same country ; and, except as to the use of intoxicating drinks^ their ordinary habits and customs, and modes of domestic life, are very similar, or rather the same. The par> tioulars concerning each of ihem, which will here be given, caiS* to my knowledge j)ersonally, through a coursoof years, and there- fore, I can write with confidence, as to their perfect correctness. The circumstances and state of the drinking community will first be given. They followed, for their livelihood, farming opera- tions, almost exclusively. The settlement was about 30 miles in extent, and nearly, if not every farm lot was occupied. The soil tliroughout, although not of the first quality, was generally of a fair or ordinary description of upland ; and with good cultivation was well adapted for yielding fully average crops of grass and potatoes, and the dffferent kinds of grain, especially oats. Of course, under these circumstances, horned cattle, swine, and sheep could easily be raised, and fattened for market. A large and fine sheet of water flowed along the whole front of the settlement, out of which they could take several kinds of fish, nearly every^day in the year. At about 12 miles distance from one end of the settle- ment, there is a small town, and about 18 miles distant, several rather populous communities ; at all of which places, the people of this settlement could always obtain a ready sale for their farm produce, and at very fair prices. Numbers of them accordingly, resorted to those markets with their articles for sale, nearly every working day in the year. And, almost invariably on the sled or drag, on which their produce was being conveyed to the market, a keg or kegs would be seen, to carry homo on their return, a fresh supply of the strong drink. On one occasion, when passing along a street of the market town, I saw on a sled of one of these people, a carcase of pork split open, and a keg inside of it. The appear- ance might suggest the fanciful and humourous thought of the pig having swallowed the keg, but it is tolerably certain, that before the whole scene or transaction was closed, the conteutsof the keg, swallowed down a larcre Dortion of the nrice of the vis. As a general rule, these people, before commencing their return from the market town, became intoxicated more or lees, from their free indulgence at the taverns, or from their own recently purchased 70 stock. Times without number have I aoen them, in smaUer and iarger parties, reeling or plunging, and. at times hLirZn^^t »ng along the road. From what has al.cadv b««„ 2tf i^ • pernicious tobacco, .r >ro so, m the fiUhy and and^slalirl': ''T' ^T^''' "^ '^"^*«' '" ^ domestic ana social view, from such sensual anrt ..esottiuc practices Thnir farms in general, from year to 't. ^^ ♦»,,.%/? ' j^. during ^Meh I wL L*",.,;.;;, ^L' "f'^riS 0U8 , and the dwelUng houses and other building,, gonerali, ,n at»ut a ainiilar condition. On taking a view of the m,cr J o° Iitlle to bo seen, that eould bo called decent and comfortable aeeommodations for ordinary civilized life. In not a frof ^m -old and young, male and female. And as to the daily table • of ; "^.'^'^ "'"' ^ '•'"'^- J" 8»o~l fto very I^t pa of .t, was the constantly presiding dish or bowl of 50^7 pro bably some poor and salt herrings, or other kind of &h Trc^Xn' ally, a slender portion of poor and tough, or grirfymeaT 7" Bo^eof the houses -no bread, except at li^es, a?dtn ™ tral ! Of the coarsest and darkest kind. In ncarlv all +h« 6""^™"y they wonld indeed manage to have L S^ t,t t'l^'^ lacking the mellowing and pleasing influent of rg„tZ"h frequently, .t is true, with the addition-such as it wl^l^of ,t «fe4«rf u,atcr,„,ola,scs.- generally milk and but J b^T^a! s,onally none of the latl.r. There was one house, wh re in^ho oarher period of my joumeyings through the.s^Uement J ftt quen ly stopped, in order to procure some.kind.of rWhiSnt fo; myself and my horse. On several of tho oartier oeeasrsTIdd obtain tolerably fair aceommodatiori ii, the way of .f«,^ but^h y ^med through, the cours, of ,oa« to bosI„ki„g i^ ' „ "J* ^ oven ,„ tJ,„.r*poct.:.Oneioon, and they were prejanng^to. commence what they would call lheirA«ir ■ I .Wltnossoditho whole nffikiV, m,. , .. '""" ""OTIT. 1 .spruee taolo-no d.sh nor. plate, neither, knife nor (bri,»r sp'Mn- i ■i.'.' %. m 80 ■**'"■■■ far a« my recollection Borvea me,— no meat or fist, nor bread, but after the water was poured off from the potatoes, they were emptied from the pot on the middle of the table, and the whole family, some five or six, or more, eat round the table, and pedied the potatoes with iheir fingers, and ate them, — and this was the whole of their dinner. There were Momo grown up eons and daugh- ters among then. Some, if not all of the family, like the others around them, were habitually, and at times, yerj freely indulging in the strong drink, and huxssarCtly consuming tobacco. As to the bed places and bedding, of one and all of the people of this settle- ment, I will not attempt to describe them ; nor would it be delicate to speak particulariy, of all the orders of the animal creation, securely and happily lodging in them, throughout the various seasons of each succeeding year. A traTeller who valued his cam- fort, and had any care about cleanliness, would have no hesitation in preferring some clean straw or hay from the barn, spread on the floor, with merely his own cloak, or coat for a covering ;: and even with all this prudent forethought and seemeng security, he would not always bo safe, from the intrusion of restless and hostile neigh- bours. It cannot surely be needful any further to describe their poor and degraded state. The whole of it may be concisely sum- ^ med up, in saying, ♦hat from first to last through the 20 years that I knew than J they continued with few exceptions, in much the same low condition; in regard to anything like ordinary temporal accommodations and comforts ; and in very many instances, were also embarrassed with debt. Knowing their habits and general domestic history, I have no hesitation in asserting, that the extra- vagant use of strong drink and tcbacc& was the primary and prin- cipal cause of those evils. It could not have been otherwise, when as I am fully convinced, many of the families wasted of their sub- stance, in those merely sensual and pernicious indulgences, at the rate of £25 yearly, and some of them oven more ; beside* ali fche other attendant and mischievous consequences . Attention must now be turned to tho circumstances of the other community, already alluded to ; in order to see hycompariaon and contrast, the vast difference between the two with reference to numerous advantages and comforts ; and to exhibit the real pri- mary cause of that difference. This 4Community composed of people of the same nation as the other, was formed from the wilderness, at a later period than the one first described, and under many ckcuswtaneea of deon privation and hai'dship. ^hey algc nor bread, , they were the •vfhole md peded hifl was the md daugh- the others t indulging. As to the this settle- be delicate I creation y he various 3d his carn- I hesitation read on the ;: and even ', he would stile neigh- cribe their cisely sum- ^ years that much the y temporal mces, were ad general ; the extra- r and prin- wise, when ' their sub- ices, at the ded all ishe i the other ^ariaoti and sforence to e real pri- »mposcd of from tho , and under 61 followed farming occupations for their livelihodd. Thev were from 25 to 30 miles from any markets for their produce with mountams intervening ; and for some time no way for land con- veyance, deserving the name of a road. Consequently, they wore under the necessity of conveying by water such articles as they bad for sale, and often with much peril in passing, with boats only through the open sea. However, they boldly and perseveringly siaruggled with ^heir unfavorable circumstances, and in the course of only a few years, procured not only sufficient food for their comfortable subsistence, but, with the market returns of tho sur- plus, supplied themselves with such foreign productions as they needed, for their accommodation and comfort. By their honesty and punctuality in their dealings, they established with the shop, keepers m tho places where they carried their produce for sale such a character, as good customers, that those shop-keepers rejoiced to secure the trade and tie supply of as many of them as possible. If, at any time, they had impoverished and destitute persons among them, they maintained them by their own benevolent contributions, for, I have good reason to believe, that during the long period I have mentioned, there never were any persons belonging to that settlement placed as paupers on the township, and relieved from ita funds. They seemed universally desirous of securing suitable lite- rary instruction for their children ; for at an early period they established schools in the different parts of the settlement ; and at one time in later years, they had to my knowledge, as many as 10 or 11 Bcliools among them. All these were supported by their own voluntary contributions, with the partial aid of the Provincial grants, whicWjeing distributed among them all, was to each, com- paratively, buc very slender. They were always uncommonly exact and punctual in paying their proportion of County-rates and charges. For raising the same, they did not, as was said, even go through tho legal formality of makmg tho assessment and collection, but nlade up the sum required by voluntary contributions, as seemed to be just and equitable, according to their respective means and ability ; and then sent the money to the County Treasurer, and there ended the matter. They early established a branch Bible Society, and p^id punctually and liber- ally indeed, towards the support of that most excellent cause — most of the time from £25 up as high as £50, or more, in the course of about a year. On one occasion, they deposited in my ■ -I :^. ■•'I fSvT jjOuCu vi' i*iO, 82 fi'-"# paid oyer to the treasurer of the Auxiliary Bible Society for this Province. One iwrson who is still residing in the settlement, in- formed mo some years back, that on one occasion, ho paid to th^ same treasurer £54 as the contributions of the inhabitants^ and further said, that the sums which from time to time,7ze alone had paid to tho treasurer, as such contributions, amounted to upwards of £200. They procured tho sacred Scriptures in return, whicli were statedly perused among them, fo» they,were a people, as might well be presumed, observant of the ordinances and duties of religion, and were especially strict and faithful in keeping tho Sabbath, " according to tho divine command." And now, I will come directly to tho point at which I have been aiming, and all along preparing my reader. They were a people, who at the very first, adopted the principle ot entire abstinence from intoxicating liquors ; and at the earliest period of the reformatory movement, formed a temperance society; and generally if not universally, were faithful to their pledge. By the influence of their spirituJfl pastor, aud the force of public sentiment among them, the poisonous and destructive drinks were not permitted even to enter the settlement. On my meeting with one of the in- habitants, soon after their temperance society had been formed, I asked him, how it was succeeding, and he answered,— "Very well indeed, sir ; there are now one thousand and forty members belong- ing to it, and there are only/owr individuals, or four families in the settlement,— (I forget which of the two expressions he used) — who do not belong to it." And now, from all these circumstances, I feel fully «varranted, in boldly and explicitly asserting, that ihoiv prudmt and righteous principle of entire abstinence from " intoxicating liquors" was the primary and chief cause of their comfortable and prosperous cir- cumstances ; and their honest, moral, and orderly conduct ; and indirectly, at least, if not directly, their respect and regard for religious means and observances. I trust I have kept clear of exaggeration, in the descriptions given, of the respective state and condition of tliose two communi- ties. The truth, only, and all tho material truths concermng them have boon plainly and fairly given. They all, eitiier came within my own knowiedg?, personally, or such few of thorn as were made known to me in any other manner, were from tho lost authority. Whoover candidly, and free from prejudices, or preposesecd feelings will examine and compare all the circumstances stated, cannot fail ibitants,; and ors" was the 83 to perceive, that the use of stronsr drink in f k„ al^siinence from it, in the X^ wis Ihe t " '"'' '"^ "''''^ estrone and otherwise unac^itTble *^1 P""^"? ^'^^^^ ^^ t^* The entire eontrast, in thert^t^L f^^rou'f tTL sufficient to eatisfv every mind thar Tn '/ ,^ * *^ ^ ^"^'^ drinks is of faf.i a ' ^"^ ""^^ ^^ *^« intoxicating armies, is of fatal mflueoce as to public or jreneral wpnhh J 5 thing, always and oven in an 'ncrtZ'-ZTiX^l^ZZ ■' pecuniary rosourcos, and domestic woUaJT^'tTi^ ? aoaationsandaomforts- anH °;™ "''"'»™' »» '» temporal aocom- tiog liquors, acted t Wmo L" t Zk of" ?: 7, '" "*"""- munity just now described : and i is'^S^^it Zf T sorely as to poounia-y «./.A and r«J,2^ Cwtr 1*^1°' pcrou3 would have been all our SL^ricultnJl ,a- . '^ mtore..; and -.ow far moreTd Je? ^ll^mr ,"1"^:: and enjoyments of our general population. ^ ' i. ^ No VI. fto- Crimes and Sudtlni Deaths from the im of Intoiieutiuo Iiiinors. T1.1; injurieB from the um of Spiritaou, liquors to the peiKfi? mtere te of mdiviauals and .ociet;, as exhibiej J^^^al st tLl o '"?°f''-^''«''"'«"="='y social or polilioal vio#; = But fl 080 con,paral.vcIy, arc but the smallest or lo»4t doseripiioi of afliietion aod rum. It is ,or.ai„iy a fa, less evil that a person should squander any eonsi ie^ble portion, or even the wl,Tof h.ssubstance in sottish praet,=es. .'..n to be thereby led „tl„ eomm,ssion of erimo, by whieh his life or liberty is fo'rfeited or bo hurned to an undone eternity, either by an in,mcdiatoae of s'uMde or m any other sudden or violent manner. Of some of these greater evils, from the driniing praetiee t sha I treat .n the present letter. It is now so universfuy and pi« feetly known, that the u.o of intoxieating liquors, is the grand" and far most prohSoeauso of erimes,of suieides, andother su£ deaths, hat it eannot be requisite to go about to prove it by anr' s almost daily bang made more and more evident, by thedeclara- ^onsof judg..., poliee magistrates and olBeers. keepers ofCl we Ms. and .. .er legal eharaoters, and not merely in one, or a few bat .n eve.y eountiy. This kind of testimony hfs, in reint yea."' been broiight out more fully, than it would ofherwise have be™"!:' .1 ^r^'T""'™"""'- ^'"o "ftto means of more ilres- v^ed fronfof' ho"?"'" t"' "" '"= """'^ '""J-'' '' ^ '»" viewed as one of the favorable results of that movement. About leclared, thtit Jour-fiflhs of the crimes in England -« J .-- mto.ica,ing liquors/ There is scarcely anyT^^^qu;^ ZP "'■ '■■:\ s '-'I Clmony 66 hotvovtT, of the like nature to be found on record, until after tbo ustablisiiment of the Temperance cause. Other judges," no doubt, t)eforo and after Lord Hale's time, saw the same abounding causu of crime, but, until recent times, it seemed to be an unavoidable evil, and therefore, little was said about it, either by judges, or any others in high or official stations. Certainly, nothing was done by them, of any judicious or consistent description, for effec- tually removing the evi.'. Possibly, many of them in those days of darkness on the subject, ihought, as some in high places do oven now, that the masses must have their enlivening glass, and doubtless, many of those influential characters, also loved the same osciting indulgence, and practised accordingly. This, indeed, may well be preiguraod, for the great body of them, judges included adhere to the practice in the present day of superior enlightenment, despite all considerations of personal danger and injury, and of eclf-denymg and benevolent example to their families, and others around them. However, it is so far well, that judicial characters, in the discharge of their solemn duties, are now, so frequently and pointedly declaring and denouncing this cause of crime ; and thus indirectly y if not directly, assisting th$ reformatory movement. Some of them, indeed, at times, afford it a measure of dir&^t favo- rable notice. In. addition to my rather extensive legal practice, of about 15 years, having presided in a court with criminal jurisdiction, for i8 years, I may of course be considered qualified to write with eome special degree of experimental knpwledge, in reference to critne, being one of the most abounding and afflicting results of the drinking customs among us. It may answer a good purpose therefore, if I here give a few facts and particulars on the point, which came directly to my knowledge, during the course of my judicial duties, "^he following are only such few of them, as it seems needful to mention. , . ■J.}-! :? fit; Of eight murders, and other cases' of homicide, which took place, in about te7t years, in merely that section of the Province, in which I officiated as judge, six of them, if not more were corn-* mitted by persons under the immediate influence of intoxicating liquors ; and of eleven of such cases, in a further "course of years, eight of them occurred through the same cause. Two of them by young men, and under very awful circumstances, took place within a few miles of my own dwelling, and within ahout/owr months of each other. From all the narticukrs. it was tierfoctlv evident. I ftfter tbo no doubt, liog causu iiavoiclablu judges, ox >thiug was I, for effec- boso days places do glass, and li the samu is, Indeed, IS included ;htennient, ry, and of md others iharaoters, uently and ; and thus □aovement. iirect favo- about 15 lictjoii, for write with ference to results of d purpose the point, irse of my hem, as it rhich took I Province, were com-* itoxicatin^ le of years, [>f them by lace within • months of :ly evident, thai neither of them would have occurred if *he strong drink had IK. been freely u^ed, at the places of public resort for sottishness. In the fir8 ease, the person killed, was ayouth of about 20 years, who was stabbed in the bowels, by u companion of a lesJage. Ihey had previously been on the most intimate and friendly terms, hv L^ 1 ^ thesame vessel, and through the fatai indulgence by both m the accursed drink, the quarrel arose, which terminated 80 awfully. In the other, case, the individual killed, was rather an old man with a wife and 8 children, and the persons by whom ho was so barbarously beaten, as shortly resulted in his death were two rather young men. They had no pmious malice against the man they destroyed ; probably had never previously seen him - and received no provocation on his part, to excite them to thei; brutel conduct. It was the maddening drink, alone, which pre pared for, and induced the horrid deed. Those were the only murders committed in that section of the Province, or, as I believe in '^ny part of it, during that year; and both, as is seen, were committed through the same debasing and infuriating cause. In the year previous to these awful events, or in the one succeeding, another case of murder took place, within the same section of the Province, and on no less solemn an occasion, than immediately after a /unera at which all the parties had attended. During their return, through the influence of the strong drink, given or procured on the occasion, the quarrelling and violent fighting took place, which resulted in that fatal event. Of many hundreds of cases of breaches of the peace, whicJi came under my investigation and decision, while in the discharge of judicial duties at least seven-aghls, I may confidently say, were traceable to the use of intoxicating liquors A few remarks may here be offered for reflection, as to the evils of crime, with reference to domestic and social considerations. It IS certainly a great evil, under both views. It is always so, of course to the individual who commits the crime, in regard to reputation and punishment; and also to all connected with him by lamily ties For any debasing or heinous crime, most especially they will all be more or less grieved and afflicted; and in manv such msteoices, will experi^^noe a degree of family degradation, or shame. Suppose th. case of a murder or of any other violent and attrocious crime, committed by a person, having living par«its, and -..-,„„ „ ,,^,,^^ ^ p_gj..j-jy ^^^^^^^ -^ ^..^ belonging to tb« L 96 yAialii ruuge, of,wliat, in an enlttrg;ed vkw, way be teiuacd thi? *' family circle." It is not easy to imagino, or cstiuiato, in an}, adequate degree, the whole measure, so to speak, of the humili' ation and Buffering, which will be cspericnccd throughout that circle, hy the act of that one vicious and guilty individual. And what myiyads of instances of such widely extended aflBictions, have occurred, through the use of the intoxicating cup! Crime, id further an evil to society^ both in respect to the pernicious example, and also the expemes and burthen inseparably connected with it, ))y reason of the numerous official persons, constantly employed and paid,' in and about apprehensions for crimes, and aleo in their inveetigation, decision, and punishment. If ninc- tent/i$ as flomo say, or if only three-fourths of tlie crimes, in this or any other country, are canned by the use of intoxicating liquors then, of course, about the sarjie proportion of the whole expenses relating to crime, are to bo attributed to the same cause. If then, there were no moral or other good considerations on the subject, , deemed worthy of regard, in a public view, this financial or pecu- niary one, should at least, engage the attention of all legislative and other political economist*, and merely as guardians of the public funds, should induce them to do their utmost, io provide the only adequate remedy of the evil, that of, — the entire prohibi- tion and removal of the cause wluch produces it. In further treating of the greater crimes and evils frem the same cause, — suicide, or self-destruction, may ncx*. be noticed. It may safely be asserted, that like as in other countr es, nearly all the - <5a8es of this awful crime, which have occurred throughout the domestic history of our Province, have been induced thxough ex- cessive indulgence in the maddening drink. The only instances of the kind, which took place in one section of the Province, and during only a few years, were by three drunkards, two of whom, dwelt in one of our smaller towns. The following are the parti- culars of another case, of the same awful description, which oc- curred in one of our counties. A farmer, and also, mechanic, at his setting out in life, was sober and very industrious, erectcd'a good house, improved his farm, and accumulated and placed inoway a4i interest. After some time, be frequented taverns, and became a drunkard, often beat his wife, and neglected his business. : He came home, one night, much intoxicated, and after setting by the iSre a short time, he took a large stick, and beat his wife with it in a most violent manner, while she wag lyins: in bed. He then ! I I eiuaed the ate, in tiny he hurailU ;liout that lual. And afiSictlona, pi !'i. Crime, pernicious r connected coustniitly ;riincB, and . If ninc- lep, in this ing liquors le expenses . If then, ;he subject, al or pecu- legislativo ians of the 4o provide ire prohibi- n the same i. It may rly all the ighout the hxough ex- nstances of >vince, and of whom, the parti- which oc- 2chanic, at 5, orectcd"a md placed kverns, and isbuflincsB. setting by 8 wife with L HofhAn %. went out, aud wan (uuiiU tlu „cxt motniii,, ,i„,„i i • . . :-eok, ^>y a rope ftatoned to a a J i„ lT.' L™„' v!^""*, '^ f" instances of .1,0 «.,„o ..voUing and iorrid c^l .^17' "'T Bame cause, have boon broughUo my taowl^r.tr,, "'° length of time, in varions parU of thirProvt- r "r ^f* were by n.o,nbo. of the L./...; tITUZ:' TZ same desenpt,„„, have occurred in this city of Halifax !^„ „• i in about only /,ra nwnlhs pa.-;. In truth I Jnnlf ,? ' '""" ing of a caseot suicide, in'any par" 'the S itH "l""'- oeourred in the different parts of LvttZ 1 ZT'' already alluded to, where the l«rn =,„•„;,,„ "'° '""" wh.,. eoatained a'populat": "n^trer: ^HoriVr nm. other person,, i„ about 11 years, died suddenly through th^ exeesstve use of strong liquors; >. „f t,,o„ by 't, „ "J'' ' taken, respectively, „n one occasion. There Tas i t ^ 1^ .nstanco of sudden death, in the same plae dul^t, '11^ " In one country settlement, containing l„t a HuX^^^uf' /o«r sudden deaths occurred in the course of 1^ '^'"°'' ' through iuto.,eatio„. And in one ^.^Z /LulTo^^^rtr same county, several sudden deaths also took p acTt „„ long period, from the same cause. ^ ' " "" ''"^ Jn one of our Counties, a gentleman and his wife infor,ff»^ that .n about fifteen minutes, ther called L Z!.""'^ ""^ 'u,en,y eases of sudden death, 'oecaln t T„t";:^tl"°''T, "' only one section of the country ; and thev stated th„T' . """ if they had reflected some time onger al to su!h T 1 "■"*«'" have re^llected as many more, wirhCod :>"?': t^t' sameluaits. In ono nf fhn ;*,o*o .. "^'^J"^"J, withm the While into.icat^,Tj'„r : r r« Tn Tz^"-' Sabbath, "thegrZ ' uH r ' "'""'""^ '""'<'"' *''» ""^t person then in't^ co^of ™Th;7 "'T™ °' »™ " """"'"^- '""" '"»"'" "to resided in the ««, (. I i *9a M)ttkment, anU were drunbvrds, on eeparnte oecneioni, but within about one year, foil dcful on tlie floor, while dancing, having jiiet before, l>oen drinking Bpirituoiis liquorn to exccBH. In one of our populous country communities where mich liqttore were formerly used to great excess, but now the reform movement extensively prevails, — the Temperance Society appointed a Com- mittee, to investigate and ascertain the number of deaths, which, through a course of years, had taken place there, suddenly, or otherwise, directly through the use of intoxicating liquors. They ascertained as many as/or/y cases of that nature, the particulars of many of which, were most awful and afflicting. The Society at first intended to publish them, but refrained from doing it, because the feelings of many of the relations and friends of the decoased, would be thereby much affected. In a family of 5 sons, 4 of them have died through the excesiivo use af spirituous liquors, some of these suddenly. The remaining one was a druqkard, and alpo the wife of one of "the others, and through intoxication, she was burnt to death. Her clothes took fire, while intoxicated, and her husband carried her into the sti-eet, while she was in flames, and she was so fearfully burnt, that she very soon expired. Tlie husband still continued a drunkard, and in the very next year, on the same day of the month, on which she died, and nearly at the same hour, lie through intoxication, was seized with fits, and almost immediately expired. In one of our villages, many sudden deaths formerly occurred by fire, drowning, suffocations or otherwise. Of such cases, five or six were brought to recollection, in a few minutes, and mentioned to me, by a gentleman residing there. The/a/Aer, and two uncles, of a gentleman in one of our town- ships, came to death through the nse of intoxicating liquors ; two of them by inflamation of the brain, and one by drowning. In the same community, in which those persons had raided, and also in the adjoining one, several other persons, within not very many years, died suddenly, from the same cav»se. In one small settlement, five persons within not many years, were brought to death suddenly, through in toxica t»on.' One of them, being with others, drinking and jJaying cards, he put his hand in tho fire, to try, as he said, how he could " stand the fite of hell. ' ' The next morning ho was found dead , on the road. The other /fwr w«e drowned from a boat, on the Sabbath. All of , but within having just mich liqtiorB m movement ted a Com- kths, which, mddcnly, or uors. They particulars le Society at git, becauso he deceased, the excessive le remaining others, and clothes took ■,o the sti'eet, nt, that she mkard, and 3n which she ication, was occurred by ises, five or d mentioned >f our town- iquors ; two )wning. In ed, and also t very many riany years, on.' One of he put his knd the fire I road. The ,th. All of 91 i^ToC:::;t:ii:^"^^^^^ "'"^^ ^--' ^^« ^^uor wi^ In a conversation with a law friends, they mentioned to me after a few minutes recollet^tion, about 18 or 20 cal nf n' % ''■ '*mi (idi iimi.,.^ ,. .:''.:%. ,„ , .^..^ j'.'^';,.* a'-' ■f ? 1 f I ■ uTint . ■ ■■■ ::9.-r ii'/i.j:!. ;'■ ':■'- ': : : ' . .N ■ ■ ' . .« . ^a'it&as'if&.y/i-^^i.,: .■.. ■> .1,'. • -J ^^Usm% w^ very prevalent neglect of pious and benevokui duty, may well he consid^ed to be one of the principal causqi of the very generally ow and formal state of religion at present, and the chief reason that gracious and favorable answers are so seldom, and so partially afforded to those supplications which are ccxistantly being offered m the most Evangelical churches, for a revival of pure and spiri- tual Christianity There are, it is true, numerous institutions and .agencies m active operation for fcc% accomplishing religious, moral, and benevolent purposes, more than were known in any previous period of the history of our world; and we cannot be sufficiently thankful for them, nor too liberal and active in sup- portiug them. But, still, it may tafely be asserted, that there are ,not correeponaing and equ.I exertions on the part of the churches, atid of professors of religion, individuaHy, to remove and eradicate ^e coun eracting and pernicious causes, which so constantly and powerfully militate against those excellent institutions ; and in such an extensive degree, prevent the pious and benevolent purposes fhey are designed to accomplish. Some of those coun. acting causes are manifestly apparent, among many professors of religion. in,-^thQvamttesaud expensive displays in apparel, and pergonal decoratlons.-in the furnishing <;nd decorations of their dwellings ^In sumptuousness and extravagance, in the enjoyment of the table,-in 5.n5ua/ indulgences in various other modes ; and in short, by that mere worldly conformity, against which they are so expressly and graciously warned and commanded. Unhappily for th.msd.es, and for others, they do not exemplify that ^se and Si r r ^;/^ *^r '"'^''''''' particulars, which they have been divinely called and appointed to exhibit. It has often ^te Jaid, ctid with the strictest propriety, that the chrlstiwS ohurch, is the appropriate insti-umentality for the - moral reg^ne- ration of hewortd; and such, she was graciously designddf and Orfgh oerta^tily to be ; but. alas, that it should be so t^., thaT as yet, she has most gneviously failed in fiilfilling that toission of mercy and righteousness. Mere woridly and irrellgioiis ehiiracfers who propbse fbr atteinment, their favorite obfecte; are afmost in^ rmWy consistent and prudent, as to the means they eztploy to ^eol, them ; and steadily pursue their designs, frequently, even, by^ cleuial,and voluntary saerific^s, and by the most strenuous and -rseveridg exertions. But, it is deplorably true, that 'Hi I /I 1 Ml . 'tl ' Si 7^. .A U..,tH^ w ... ^ d6 of the only perfbot uystem of truth and'punty, are not, m general •o wise, Consistent, or active, and thus, is so frequently and life- rally fulfilled, the declaration of infallible wisdom, that,—" the children of this world, are, in their generation, wiser than the children of light." In this matter of the drinking practice, most especially, the churches have, all along, most grieviously erred, and been guilty of unfaithfulness, by conforming to the sensual, ensnaring, and ruinous example, of a careless and ungodly world. As every individual who desires to obtain salvation, must forsake every sinful course, association, and fellowship, and " watch and pray," and give all diligence, to secure the happy result, so the church, collectively, in order that she may, as designed and com- manded, be,~" the salt of the earth,"--"the light of the world,'* —and lie,—" a city set on a hill," and fulfill her high and holy mission, she musi; abjure, and come out from alJ. the ensnaring p-nd corrupt observances, and customs of an ungodly world ; and, thus, be fitted to be wMt her glorious Head would honor her in becom- ing,— the " moral regenerator" of a world, " still lying in wicked- ness." If this divinely commanded course is not taken and steadily pursued, it will be worse than vain, for the churches to pray for and expect, from any of the means they employ, any very general or extensive revival of pure Christianity, even in the countries now, comparatively, considered, the most evangelical. Divine grace, to enlighten and assist, has been purchased by an inestimable prico, but, not only must it be earnestly and persweringly sought, but evary hindeirance to its reception and to its hallowing and saving influences, must be sincerely and entirely put out of the way. Such ministers of religion, and other professors, who have any real real or desire for the revival of pure Christianity,— by the large increase of true conversions,— the wider extension of missionarj operations, and,— their gieatly increased success,— frequently Vewail, as they have reason to do, how few of those blessed results are being accomplished, as compared even with the existing ager^- ctes employed for effecting them There is muxjh reason to appro- iiei^, that the chief part of the blame and guUt in the mattqr, rests with the chui;ch itself. It is here that ^he reform pl^st cpm- mence, before any such revivals, and other happy results can bo lusfifturally expected to follow. By the sensual practices, and the vain and sinful customs of a corrupt and ungodly world, professors of religion, as the natural effects of such unfaithful conduct, aife deplorably lacking, in that zeal and activity, and thai spontaneous T^ m gonerftl r and lite- it,—" the than the ;tice, most asly erred, le sensual, dly world. Bt forsake watch and lit, so the and com- le world,'* I and holy Qarin^^nd and, thus, in becom- in wicked- nd steadily » pray for jry general Q tries now, le grace, to table price, sought, but and saving if the way. ive any real y the large missionary -frequently tssed results sting ageQ-, n to appro, the matter! L must cpm- ults can be ces, and the Ij professor* conduct, ftjce spontaneous 07 ^f?!^"*^/"*"^'^^""""'^' the extension of genuine religion wW should ever 5e found to distinguish them.L which S ajdeed enable them to shipe as " lights in the world." aJto p^th. gracious ica^M their influence, through Ihe re^ ^ ^Bysuoh merely sensual and worldly practices, and con- W.he8 the " carnal mind.und " fleshly appetites," Ire cherish- ed and strengthened, and. as an invariable coLquence. legist oTtru" r'' " T r""'' ^-ncHnation. either to self-don al or the use of scriptural means, or exortions for personal salvation ^ *^^-^--l/«al and activity for the spiritual welfae of others. Moreover, by the waste of substance in the sensual Ld other conformities alluded to. there does not remain the pTunit^ abihty to contribute as liberally as requisite, for the employm!n^ re igion either at home or abroad. Thus, those interests are retarded and injured, in the twofold manner,-of defect of L" desire and activity ; and of-pecuniary means for their assi atce One of the principal agencies, by which both these evU reTu. have endued, has unquestionably been,-the drinking customs which have been so long and umversally prevalent^ ThtuTh every successive age professors of religion, lay -and clerical, very much hke the rest of society having adhered to those corrupt anJ ensnaring customs, the evil consequences, just now specified were perpetuated, and like all other courses of evil.-becVme thlrX more and mor. deeply injurious ar.d afflicting. It is so palpably tjue, and so universally known, thut nearly all such profeLrs hrough the latter ages of the church, and in the countries cS the most christian, have not merely countenanced, but have been deeply involved, in the use of intoxicating drinks, that no specif proofs or remarks on the point can be required. It is, doubUes. one of the remote, if not immediate causes, which, in these hW year* have compelled or constrained, the ministerial and other official characters in the churches, to resort to those means, now so frequent y employed, of Bazaars and festive entertainments, some, If not all of which, either in their nature, or ip the modes of con- ducting them, do really seom to be inconsistent with spirUualily of mmd.and ^^ seriousness ^nd. propriety of .christian demeanour. It would seem, indeed, that it has been found by sad experience, that such means alone, will sufficiently avaU,, for obtainiL those ^m^nv^s^^n Wm ^ , r^ r-.Vy. '^ ..-..^-..,, ^hich, if theLsual VI? ^.>^. ■i-:^ i habit here treated of, and other sinful and ^improper practiceo were not indulged in, would \)q Bpontaneously and liberally a£forded as the offerings of pious gratitude, and christian charity. If the professors of that religion, which is q^entially pure and benevo- lent, had endeavored to conform their daily behaviour, to the spirit and principles, as well as plain and authoritive precepts of that holy and infallible revelation, which has been graciously given for their guidance, they never would have indulged in the ensnaring >iid Corrupting use of intoxicating drinks, and thus, the Church, at least, would have been saved from the degradation and injuries which through her disobedient conformity, to this merely sensual custom of a reckless and unrighteous world, has so long and deeply afflicted her, and impeded her usefulness. Whatever palliations, or excuses, may be offered for that conformity, during the very earli- liest period of the drinking customs, yet after their destructive consequences to the interests of religion, were made fully manifest by nnnjerous instances of the. degradation and ruin of ministers and members of churches, as well as by other peruicious effects, there remained no longer any possible excuse, or mitigating circum- Btance for the long continued, and still enduring prevalence of that corrupt and ruinous cojaformity. Even now, after the light and warnings on the whole subject, afforded to the church, through xaatiy recent years, how few, comparatively, of her ministers and meknbers, throughout most of the various sections, are entirely abstaining from that conformity, of now increased sinfulness ; and are found^exhibiting their example, and exercising the means in their power, for relieving the church from this cause of blame and reproach. T deliberately select and employ the term,— reproacA, for now, vrhen the numerous evil effects to the interests of Mlgion, as well as society in general, from the drinking customs, * have been so plainly and fully made known, it is in the judgement of truly enlightened piety, and of all right thinking persons, and most especially, in the light of divine revelation, a cause of reproach, that a church, which isdesigned by its Holy and benevo- lent Head, to be the" moral regenerator of the world," is eten atill, iff tbe countries called the most christian, so extensirely affordiiig Its sanction, as well as example, to those customs, whioh by universal admission, occasion, by tar the greater proportion of tlib crimes, and other enormous evils, which degrade and offllot, not only the world of the guilty and careless, but eveh that churd* it»elf, in all its department* and inter^ts. There Is every pidus practices 1; afforded f,^' If the d beuevo- th« spirit }ts of that f given for ensnaring le Church, id injujfies ily sensual and deeply liations, or very earli- iestructivo y manifest f ministers ous effects, Dg circum- snce of that light and h, through nisters and re entirely ilness ; and means in blame and —reprotichf interests of g customs,* judgement ersona, and % cause of nd Ibeiieyo- i** ' is eten eittosurely oms, which Dportion of md affiot, hat churoH every pidud '4 . beneroieSTTand rational motive to Induct the cKnrnh »W't; *'. lecUve capacity, to take the opposite 8t^,t^^:^^ particular, and~throughout the tn^e-^n^h^^^^^^ and ncrikli'm«. ^a-i^i i • ,, luiure,— m that of k dltorderetf -^^m. ?^^'^^' ^^«ga" around her b^l-deW.'^ ^^'«"o^^^«^ rue Church is divinely and impbratlvfely oate"^'*iA| A- -^ v a and decided action, for this reason ^11^^ ^- - ■ ^^P^f which may be urged that-as^^' ^- ' J""''^*^' ***^4' vfld fhaf ;», ^7'. *^*^*« ^o«g. experience has clearlv br^' •^ ar,d p™, that they tat« not into tetfte^J^ji^: ne who runs mav read '» nnrl if ♦»,„-^ "'»u"ctc, inac «««, thfe alone, il .Tsnolt^l^T IZiT^J""'"^'- for thofr in.tai.» ..i,! .-«. '■" proteMors, should b« quite sufflcieiiV ^ A farther rearon why all christian proftssor., eeneciall,' tafi lUtogelher renounce it, arises from the fact tZ ..k'^ ^'. ™" Rence. involve, the w«te of th"ldt p^pltt' If'T ?''^- aro only steward,, and which the Lord !^7.?, ff ^' "''"''' ""J' <-d« of Hi. pro^d»cr;:t ^o^hi^'h^ds'^rrit' '°."^: and for the disposal of which he wiU l„tot ° t »f. t^^'J'' account. Prom the reckless or n^rli^f''! •' ""^ ''shteodi .0 «^ -»y personr^^^eT;,:^^ ru^,~-.» '"* would ■seem, thai, with„;. any refetaXStel'^'^T' 'k aathori^Tr ^ i^^'^^' *Jio«« who pwfe«s to be guided by th^ ■ »i .' 'I V 'i 'it r I- ■.' * it •■ ^''' il,« bountiful contriUtttioM and gath«n«a*. *- tJ«^^««BK «BiT adornment of the «.cxed temple, he exclaimed,-" But who am h an4 what i^mj people, that- we should be able to offer bo, wiU,a|l,, :t thi. ior^f- 'n tlungs come of thee, and of Mme o.nJm wo given theo." The »me truth was present to iixe mmd of the pZTnd natie^t Job. who, when deprived of all h.sva^uab^e LsesBions S the malice of Satan, aubmieaively said,-* •The Lord ^:d tie Lord hath taken away," and he » bl^. the name of the Lord." It ia a plain scriptural truth, and of etnct obli^- tion, that we are but stewards as to our worldly possesstons, Wc« M t^ time, example and influence, and uU other talents and means ia our power, for promoting the divine purposes of grace and m«cy , towards our needy and sinful race. It is ^'^-J^^ f ^^^^^^^^^ that, " it is required of stewards that a man be found faithful,/ and,-to quicken and urge to fa.thfulness,-the solemn and •larmi ng interrogatory is added,-- if ye have not been faithful in the unright^us mammon,-the mer^ worldly property commit, ted in trust,-" who wUl commit to your trust the true rtc^^J^ those of grace and glory. The steward who has b^en unfaithfo) in the employment of the earthly possession^ committed to^^ clarge, has no scriptural right to expect that tlie 'Jgh^^ J]^^^ -the God of truth and ju8tice,-will adorn his soul with holy 9-i^^ heavenly graces, and thereby prepare him for the "J^"«»o*>« J^^ eternal blLednees, and grant him admittance therfe The inspired fo^Tor t>are^/e,-which ever it may b^ taken to be,-of he rich man and the beggar Lazarus, is admonitory, and awfully alarming on the point. Our Lord has, further, left us a warning le^n,of pointed and universal application, to the same effect, foy after he had wrought the miracle, for the supply of the necessities of M Lu5anrf, with the few loaves and fishes. He gave the benevolent direction,-" gather up the fragments that remain, that nothmg Llost." Even thos6 fragments were useful, and should not be destroyed, or left to perish. In short, no individual has anght to appl/any portion of earthly possessions, committed to his trust, I; the order of the Divine role and Providence, m the vain and •xpensive adornments of apparel, furniture, or equippage; or in „e^ sensual and ensnaring indulgences, or in any mode what- rver/whichtonds to cherish and gratify that "lust of the flesh. Zu^t of the eye, and pride of life," wliich are so exj^essly declared to be from beneath, and not from above ; and which are, theprfore, divinely prohibited. Moi»t especially, should no professor whoam jlf owilliagly ^ own h^^o iindpf tbo is YoluablQ "The Jjord 1 tiip Qfuno rict oblig^- ssionSf UM and means grace and ly dwlarod, faithful,';' olemn and sen faithful pty commit- e richfiSf^^-v \ unfaithful itted to iliis teout judge, ith holy fti^ mansiota of The inspirod -of the rich lly alarming Qg leseon,of for after he Bities of fim B benevolent that nothing kould not be lias aright to to bis trust, the yain and ppage; or in y mode what- i of the flesh, e so exprsssly nd which are, Id no professor Ml of a selfHionying and benevolent chrisUanity, indulgo in an* such sensual and .inful gratifications, while, in every lan'd, th^ are so «any feUow beings in poverty and distress, in various /ormT! a^d Bible a ract, and Missionary Societies, Sabbath Schools, and Humane Asylums, and many othej benevolent and moral iiititu- t.ons and movements, novr in operation, and aU of which are needing and calling out for pecuniamy assistance, to carry o^' more fully their excellent purposes. Whatever, therefore, may bo ' the portion of worldly substance, of which a professing San maybe possessed, whether hundreds, or thousands, or tens of thousands of pounds, if, after providing justly but not luxuriously, for those immediately dependent upon him, he faithfully dispense, out of the surplus fur the relief of the distress afound him, and for promoting the exceUent objects just now mentioned, he will have nothing to spare, and he should have nothing to spare, for indulgence m the use of intoxicating drink, or in any other mielv semual or Wious appetite, or vain and selfish gratification of any description. But, alas, religious professors in general, hava long and grieviously forgotten their solemn and deep respouslbilit, m this important particular of pious and benevolent du^. • A further and most imperative reason, wfty all professors of religion should abstain from intoxicating drinka, is Ibrnished bv the startluig fact, probably not known to most of them: that in the preparation of many of those liquors, in the most ordinary use. the Divine command for the observance of the Sabbath is constanUy violated, by the work done on that sacred day in wd about their production. The liquors here referred to, are those produced by malting, brewing and distilling, in aU of which pro- cesses, in order to their perfect completion, some tcor* must be done, and is, invariably, performed on the Sabbath. This profane fact which is admitted by the brewers and distiUers themselves is here merely announced. The proofs to establish it, wiU most appropriately be given in a subsequent letter, in which the making ©f those liquors, and the sale of intoxicating diinks, generally wiU , be treated of, in a special and detailed manner. Certainly no argo. ment should be needed, to convince every individual who professes to reverence the ^bbath, as an ordinance of God, that he should forever abstain from the use of aU liquors, thus invariably made by the wilful and profane violation of that sacred day. But, further, every professor of our benevolent Christianity should abstain from all intoxicating drinks, on the srouj^qi; th. "^ m ^*j iiduenod of hii ewwnpl* upon others, etpocitlly th has "tasted of the good Word of God, f H "^tronh: world ,„ come," conscience will reproach him; h^~ 'm condemn h,m ; the Holy Spirit will be grieved and withdraw Tni darkness, doubt, and distress, will inevitobly ensue ^"1!° ou. Bemg, is, also, a Spirit o! j^rUy, and^il, „ot fbideX :h::fh'raZ:h;r '"•'- -"''' '""-"^-"^ -y^^^^- But. DOfwihlv. nomarti./» «>.„ J_x- __ ., - _ have ju'st- been ^r;^:;:^^^^^^:^::^^ few or none of the like description, have occum^ ,tl ' " Provmcia, border,. It would, Lj. be caurr,^r„^ ^d .1 M *•'•? *•■•. .-v 10« tliMikiulDeai, if luoh exemption had always marked our histopfr or if, even now, we could claim it as our happy privilege. On the contrary, there are large numbers, in the various parts of our land, more eepeeially in the capital, —as well as in some of our larger towns, who, through the drinking habits, keep away from the public ministrations and ordinances of religion, and wholly neglect the prescribed duties and means, both public and private, for securing the blessings of the great salvation. Many o£ them, while those public means are close within their reach, and on th« day divinely reserved for religious exercises, are to be found in the places of public resort for sottishnoss ; or indulging elsewhere, m the ruinous drinking customs. Such conduct and practices, like every other sinful indulgence, increases the disinclination for all pious observances and duties, and, thus, the interests of religion are more and more extensively and permanently injured. More- over, the enticements and example of such reckless characters, are constantly corrupting and leading others astray. Facts and instances, among our own population, similar to those which have been given concerning Sabbath-schools in the parent countries, need not here be specially produced, but it may suffice to observe, that as the same pernicious cause, wherever m opera- tion, will produce similar destructive effects, there is every reason to conclude, that there have been some, if not many of the youths instructed in our Sabbath-schools, who, from the seducing associ. ationsand influences by which they are surrounded, and especially from the corrupting example X)f parents, and having been early initiated into tlie drinking customs, so far from havmg be^fc brought into the more intimate communion of the Church ,^ have become dissipated or degraded characters ; not even useful in any good degree, to society at large. Some of them, from time to time, have been suddenly cut off, or have otherwise been taken away, through their intemperate habits. How else, is it to be accounted for, that comparatively so fow from among the large numbers of the young people who have been instructed in our Sabbath-schools, are to be found in intimate fellowship with our most evangelical or christian churches. I have no hesitation m expressly asserting, that the drmking habiis, have formed one oi thfi first, amone the leading causes of this defect. But, further, with reference to members of churches, and other* who composQ the stated or usual congregations^ formerly, tb« whole of thorn, habitually followed tlie drinkmg cuatome; and m h- ■>■ design, ezpoaing any o{ thJt»ultZT^^ ' °' "'f^'.^-y goo-i -otivea and i„ oo.plianoe with Z«rd„.f 1 rr''"'"' aissures me, havino- undnrfoVn^ *^ u ! ,^' ^^ conscience ■«nd as the greatest alnf ttl th„raff! ". °T'"« ''*»"»"' ^'teligioa, it ™., inorder°to rimthhLtf"^ ^^ '°'"^''°' BiblyrequiBite to produce Z^^ZTc^tS'^'r '"""P^"" whiel, have been giVea reTardir ■. ^""'^ " "">*" churehes, and on tho o'th^f ^^ ^ „ """" "'"' '"™''«" of most al», be ble „ „ Ld fhT ""t^'T^ '"""^ »"="'»• « and incid^ls Ze w ,■ ' I "^''^ ""^ "'""^ "f ""eBe 5.et. pablieation,. Mor™,or U JSl hf T '"*'"' ^""O '» ™rio„. those unhappy fari^V^:! :X;di !' i", ""T'™''"« rteir:t:'b":;t '^: ~~orr..r 1.VO ueen giren, tut terms have been usmi nP »!.„ "/ application and import. Neither ihe H • °'°" ^"^ holy Christianity, nor th'e memory or chfr^ctt'oT^"^ "' '" and devoted, can, ,r, the estimatfon of 2 In- . ™'^ ^'"" -juriously affected, by tho men L ofTuf ' 'fhl^T' "^ occurrences. It is a fiorm«rr.,i « i ^ ™®® unhappy Which have afflic.:: .1" Ln^l ^ f aH tt 't^ °'^ the bLm o'f piot;":h:trerothv:: ^ 1^.:°' r:r od the extension of the Redeemer's kCdom & f "'.""■ sacrjd truth, however, require that in thftitin! t f ''" °' results of the drinking practice such «f » ^ , '""'°"' {„> ,. ... .. . p i^'^^i'ce, sacn of them asTnlnfA *« *u. '""•'""•"' ™'«'""> should especially be .el fnr/t \~^"~"' '":' T .^":e^LTe:-fi«^^^^^^^^^^^ -eHsh a desire for the sp "ea^^V.^e^td^S™—':'' «»- But now it may be asksd, what Lave the churohes m «u9h, fceen doing to remove ihe plague and the stoin of intemperance from their own pale, and to counteraet and limit it throughout society? Almost literally nothing, may be promptly and pqpi- tively answer3d. There is an old, and as far as it goes, an exoel- lent homily, in one of the evangelical churches, which was occa- sionally read, but no pointed or effectual measures were taken, in the way of prevention, or Jadicious and scriptural discipline, to put away the cause of the evils ; with the exception, indeed, of the wise and exceUent regulation, or rule, by the truly pious and devoted founder of one of the large denominations, which arose a little over a century past. But, alas, such is the weakness and inconsistencies of man, and his proneness to seneual indulgence, that even this prudent and pious regulaUon, has been but too Jightly regarded. Although the experience of ages had manifestiy shown that the drinking practice, was the radical cause of intem- perance, and all the consequent evils, which afflicted the church, and society at large ; and further, that no mer:ly reguUtmg and palliating measures, either legal or otherwise, ^;ere adequate or available to prevent or remove those evils, yet the churches slum- bered on, as to any pointed or decided action, with reference to ' that ensnaring and ruinous practice. Not only so, but the profane ^'erime of actual drunkenness, has not often been alluded to, and ' ' denounced in the pubUc ministrations of the churches. Even . since 'ihe origin and continued progress of the Temperance reform, but little has been done by the churches in their organized capacity, *i'n most of the countries called christian, directly to assist and ' lorward that excellent work. It is a sad and humiliatmg truth, " Ihat in the parent countries, and in these N^rth American colonies, ''as well as in most other christian lands, the churches have all '^ftlong' remained in a false and discreditable position, in regard to ''that reformatory movement, with the honorable, though as yet ■'ibut partial exceptions, of one or two of the smaller denominations, in those older countries, and the Baptists and United Presbyterian denominationa within this Province. It is but just and proper, however, to mention here, that all through the progress of that reform, tliere have been many individuals, both lay o.n^clerml of all the different denominations, who have directly favored and ■ recommended it. The unravorabio remarks Jusl maae, aro micuu- cd, and must be considercdto api% to the churches, m iheir full ' and organwcd <^a^u^city. xUthoujjh drunkenness, desolations, and B as NUQh, ^mperoDCC iiroughout and pq^i- }, an exoel- i was oc assist and atmg truth, can colonic, les have all in regard to ough as yet nominations, Presbyterian and proper, )gres8 of that nd clerical of favored and ie, aro intend- rin their full solationSj and ,•« Wl ;l«att»,at*»ft«,ttongyo ""rtZ oHr*',"™'- "^ '"" "^ «f An'^inomiknne^^t'^ < «<4at,on of the plam practical duties of a religious life -lof ensnaring and iuxurwus costoms and practices, even by proflors ■ Of «..g.on, as weU as the others, who compose tLose s^e^^Z. Ktuve, that all the prevalent corrupt and e»»n«nW««S^ . wh,ch sadaager and injure the interest, of vitalpiety fnd ™riw'.. of demeanor, should be more freouently brought foJ^H in th5 TZlT^T-"^- ^'"' " ""s"" "' P^taSr^thttr. done^t.0 merely in general or passing allJion,, but by Zr72 introducing and enlarging upon themfin the «»; o^solemXb'uke ^m frt'C Z'^'T"" ""'' '"'"""^- " would certo'nV S- „f7^ "^ "™'''"'"' "*"■' "h"' ""ta « one of the chief :rrrtX-^rs:;:..tfs:ur:3^^^^ of in?.,r^ f« „n *i, ,. . ^ ""''^^' ^"^J stui, one of the chief causes ot injury all the religious interests, surely, it should at lef^JZ occasionally, brought prominentiv fnrl.ii L IJlTLt ^'*'' ^ for the purpose of just animadversion' a'nd'c^uSr'^"' """'^'' hven If there were no manufacturers, nor venders of the ruinous Lquors, nor any individual, habitually using them, tol^Zn^ "'4 M 1,1^ I' -f ■ ■' within those congregations, still it mtouIU s^^eut to ht needful, ead irould^ undoubtedly, he consistent i^fith solemn ministorisA dutj attd faithi'ulness, and might be profitable also, pointedly to warn, from time tp time> against those fatal drinking customs, which iUib «o preyalent among us. But, when, on the contrary, it ia so notorious, that in eoveral of the Sabbath congregations, in this city»„there are some, '*vho are constantly engaged in the mont/flB"! turcy and in all of them, numbers of others, who are extensively engaged, in the sale of those liquors, which are continually proM^^ ducing death, an4 crime, and various afflietioi^d turoughout society; and, further, such iar greater numbers, who are habitually or < frequently using them, surely, it would seem most especially requisite, and conformable wit.h ministerial responsibihly and duty> that this viriiole system of iniquity said rtun^ should most pointedly^'' and, even, with comparative frequency, be introduced and enlarged, upon, in those solemn ministrations. But, even, further still, it would be no jnore than a compliance with appropriate duty, fiir the churches, as such, to use all further means in their power t«ff subvert and entirely remove, that Jwrolifio cause of direct injury to thei?, own spiritual prosperity, as well as to all the interets of iociety generally. Such a truly pious and zealous course of minisA ' trations and cqnduct, would be, but a plainly dutiful complianed with these sagred and imperative injunctions :—'^ 'ast ye up, cast ye flp, prepare the way ; take up the stumbling block out ^ tfe»'>* way of my people.-' When thi3 solemn command, is faith fuf)f'' fulfiUqj} by the church, in regard to the subject here under di*.' eussion, and other practical and prevalent vices and evils, thea may she be said to " Arise arid shine fortib," in hear divinely inten [»rifOW .iilO'SJtiiio ^nij^fijftay hm pitoi^oi itiU ■o.mmr,- .xmv.i liotji) " t ; ('I'm f^ti <* mw ^'r-' ; ? r 11- m^M ifui, sad i»l duty to warn, 'hioh aM it is sa , in this tensively ally.proM t society; taally or specially and duty ointedly, enlarged' i: still, it duty, ftr powfer td injury td iterets of of minis^ mpliance I up, cast utdf tl» ' faithfuls^' nder dis«' ('ils, then [y intend^ eed, may' rtlijnoiaf;or'( — : 3r;oq odi Io sDOil &>»f»({' „»^, No Till. .. iJf iiV',;ii'\ flu tlMi Mannfa«o« and Sale ttmMai'iftnon. nWftAglcte now to be treated of, from th,' very aoii'^i, y fijjii. lVWtl**lt h thbnght, that thOKosual kppoti'te, uaturfuv sue-' iT^rj *:; '"'^■>«™ ^■"i ««■??!? or tie mtoiio»t,v d;,-^' a S« and^: Jh™ a«d u.e, have created ancT eLiel, r^'- ZHft ! .V ^'''P-*'< '"'^"'S™"'. »':<*"ionea the crime." a»d bther dead y evife whWh have eonstantly follo^oa 'iU Ts^''' There never was, and scarcely ever can he,.d£^ ^^i^f&ST pe«ers,on of the intentions r^Abouptiof^t ^ ^]^p^ donee, than totake theg^iin and other|wa«fete, dSSife'l'" sustenance and real comfort and enj-oyoent^df ha ur„S ^ i ■?•' only destroy them, in reference to tlif ^^ i belevolo^i " -' ^ ^;^*^.r «^.>.^^Und fi.rnish,i;dirtl^^^'S culit on asill use, the perverted artd 'poisom„s Joduclions wiSi*' ous ejll8 ^hich h&was and afflict society ; and mar or ruin alJ ^^'^ be^ interests of lian, both as' to time^^d eteS S H ^^'^^ ^ ■<-« 114 i I frequent and entire disregard of all righteoua and truly benevolcint considerations, when they come in opposition to the natural desire for sensual indulgences. As regards all the classes of persons engaged in the manufacture, the sale, and the use of those liquors, their conduct exhibits the Wmrfin^ nature of every unrighteous and evil course, as declared in the virords of Divine Wisdom, and fully confirms the truths contained in these li^es of the poet : — • •• Faulii in the life breed errort in the brain And iKtte reoiprocallj thote again." ' That such have been the pernicious effects of this wicked xxiwrnr tioh, ia evident from the fact, that through ver;^ many ages, an4. in domparatI*">ly the most enlightened and religious nations, thii > wasteful and unrighteous perversion of the design of Providano^, was universally thought, not only to be justifiable in itself^bu^, in perfect accordance with wise and bounteous providential ar- rangements. In no class of society, and neither in the church, nor , out of it, was scarcely, a voice ever rawed, or a murmur breatbedij;: denoting doubt or suspicion, as to either the lawfulness, or exp)^^;; diency of the practice. Only in recent years, has there been any investigation into the real truth on the subject ; and it would seem that, as yet, but^somparatively few, admit and denounce the evil, although its destructive effects have everywhere been so abounding and are made so manifest to all. With refierence to benevolence, or even common humanity, but most especially as regards religious principle and duty, there is every reason to refrain from the manufacture of those destructive, drinks. Those three^ may be specially mentioned, as showing its guilt : — the destruction o^ food, while there are so many needy and destitute in every land; — next, — the profanation of the S(Math,hj the work on that sacred day, invariably done in and about their production ; — and further, because those drinks instead of being needful or Useful, aa an ordinary beverage, always powon, and impair the physicEltystem, — injure the intellect, and morai and spititual feelings and interests, and occasion, as admitted^ by all, f&f' the greater proportion of the crimes, the sudden, and awful deaths, tnd the numerous variety of other g?e^t^i(il#, w|i^U injiijife, , and afflict the dom^afc and social state. : . , -' ; ,'* r '■ Whatever, may be imid by those wjiose minds and consciences are hlih^SM by sensual appetite, such destruction of food, in the manu- tenevolclht iral desire >f penons e liquon, teous and and fully it n • ked iuvea- ages, and tions, this roTidenp^, itself^ but lential ar- burch,nor breathed, B, or expe- e been any rould seem :e the eviU abounding lanity, but fj there is destruqtlYe lowing ita ' needy and Sabbath^ by bout their d of being oisoHf and moraj. and ited by all, and awful Iw^hinjuie sciences are the manu- fa^we of those drinks, isalways contrary to a spirk of enlightened and genuine piety and benevolence, and of every other good prin- ciple and feeling ; but there are particuUr seasons and circum- stanoea, which render it especially selfish and unrighteous. Such a season occurred in the Unit^ Kingdom, a few years ago, when about three milUons of persons in Ireland, and many thousands in Scotland, were in extreme destitution ; ^nd, in the former country yadt multitudes perished in consequence. But, while those mil- lions were pining with famine, and the multitudes perishing, the manufacturers were destroying, und the great bulk of the popuhi- tion,— for the gratification of a merely sensual and a debasing appetite,— were e every Ufe, and amply to jrelieve and sustain the whole number of the ^destitute. And all this selfishness, and cruel sensuality, was per- petrated by persons favored with the benign revelation, and pro- ..fessing the holy religion of that bounteous and compassiomite iiemg, who has ctfmmanded us, to be " pitiful," and " merciful " and to " love as brethren ;" and who has declared, that to such Is ^y forbear to deliver those that are drawn unto death, he will render according to their works ;" and that - whoso stoppeth his ears at the cry of the poor, he shaU cry himself, but shaU not be heard '* ,,^ The destruction of grain in making the liquors referred to, tends io keep the general market price of that description of food higher than It otherwise would be. Ibis must necessarily, be one of the injurious results of that destruction, for, if the gram thus continu- ally being lastroyed, were as continually brought into the market for sale as food, this increased supply yrould reduce and keep down the prices, to fair and equitable rates, and thus would all the con- sumers of the food receive the benefit of such reduced prices But especially would the poor and those of slender means, be enabled to procure that adequate supply of their actual wants, which owing to the high prices of flour and grain, and consequently of other articles ol sustenance, they are frequently unable to ob- tam. Thus, that destruction of grain, is, m this view, flagrantly unrighteous as regards the whole qi society, but especially so W4th reference to the labouring and poorer classes, a!,d aU othetii w^9,arein circumstances of distress or pecuniary embarrassment. .rfjilere,,rt is but right to re»^rk, that there are several establish- UM5nte in, and adjacent to, this our Proviaoial capital, which destroy in the whole,, considerable qqantities of gr^in in th* ■■ t . .,(•-> > peodaoUonofiomeoi' thoae Uquorti; &iid thereby perpetrate ^ererftl of tb# ivtVDM inf.;,- and, therefore, are profane and «nn>to« eZ "^f^"""' nhrietian, when about to partake of any of fhosTSf '°v« with perfect trnth, though rith an outr'lge on ItTa^'' ""«" tency, solili^^, after the following mannfr -" ihe'Zl Tt I am about to take, ha, been produced by the de,t^i.i™ . "'"'"• tion of food, which would have sufficed Cvete of mv fi ?T .ng or di,tre.ed feUow being,, one adequafe Z" f it J *""^: made by a direct violation o( the law, and the iJiJleT r! Sabbath ;-and it i. the >iq»or w^h , p^t" l^'^^^nJ deatb : '^d orime, and wrotchedne™, of every dewrMon!^^ every part of the civilized and ctoti^irworu"? Se^T^'' pointed and truthful reflection,, surely, unles, "tien^t bl^2 and h., h»rl utterly perverted, he will instanUy Tv thl^ =r^:reii^,!:;,;L^--\>^-- -n, though they weremade i-na far d.>tan7tnri,t;!:Sfyg™;^ fir 118 •», wrii the pQraon who usea them on the very spot where that pro- duction took place. In a religious and moral point of view, there can be no difference whatever, between them, as regards the crimi- nality of the sanction and encouragement therelj afforded. Human laws evea in christian countries, do not, it is true, as jet interfere with any ot those profane and unrighteous proceedings, but with a few exceptions, rather encourage and promote them. But they are all marked before that omniscient, and infallibly righteous Ruler of the Universe, who declares that He *' will bring every work into judgement, with every secret thing whether it be good, or whether it be evil ;" and " will render to every man, according to his work ;" and, who iias so strictly command- od : — »« Have no fellowship with the unfruitful works of darkness, but rather reprove them." But, further, the use of those intoxicating drinks is continually producing in every land, — diseases and sudden and premature deaths,— crimee, destitution, and suffering, — debasement of intel- lect,— destruction of moral sentiment and feeling, — of natural affection, and spiritual influence, hope, and desire,— disregard of laws human and divine,— violence and blasphemy, with innumer- able other vices, and n..iserie8; the extent and direful consequences of which, no tongue or pen oan at all adequately describe. AH these, and various other forms of evil and misery, have ever been occurring from that ruinous cause, throughout this land, about as extensively in proportion to population, as in most other countries. And, still, the manufacture and sale of those drinks, the primary and radical causes of all those crimes and afflictions, are suffered to remain in full and vigorous operation ; and not only so, but are legally licensed and protected. An attempt must now be made, to exhibit in a somewhat special manner, the iniquitous nature and character of the traffic in intoxi- cating drinks. From the magnitude and varied forms of the ruinous effects wliich attend and follow it, this can only be done, in a very inadequate and imperfect manner. The facta and remarks which will be given, on the subject, will relate to this Province, almost exclusively. To attempt to describe in full, the destructive effects of that traffic, even throughout the brief history -r ».,. ^...n Kn^ii-n/l nrkniilofinn trrkiilfl VkA Anlv tn invite and ensure disappointment. Scarcely any space of time, or powers of thought or language, would euffioo for the purpose. Some of the chief afflicting results of that pernicious occupation, as regards this that pro» view, there I the crimi- ■j afforded, rue, a3 yet rocoedings, note them. 1 infallibly He "will ng whether 3r to every J command- )f darkness, continually prematuro nt of intel- -of natural lisregard of h innumer- onsequences scribe. All iQ ever been id, about as )r countries. ;be primary are suffered only so, but vhat special Be in intoxi- )rmB of the Qly be done, } facts and late to this in full, the iricf history ) and ensure s of thought )f the chief egards this 119 Province, as well as some other conntries, Iiave beeit exhibited and' enlarged upon, in my former letters. The present design is, to show as cl^rly and forcibly as I may be able to do, the wicked and truly odious character of the traffic itself, in all its modes and departments. Whatever may be said in the way of partial miti-^ gation or excuse, with reference to former periods, when nearly all were m darkness, as to the supposed necessity for a limited habitual use of those liquors, there cannot be even such partial excuse at present, when it has been made so perfectly evident, by the esperi- once of miHiona through rather a long course of years, and in various countries and climates, that, not only no such necessitv exists, but that better health of body and vigor of mind, as well as various other personal and natural advantages, are secured by entire abstinence from oven their most limited use. The discovery, as It may well be termed, and the full manifestation of this mit favorable truth, most strikingly show the heinous character, both of the manufacture and the traffic in the present day ; and vastly increase the criminality of those who are still engaged in the destructive employments. Their guilt is further increased by the circumstance, that the crimes, and numerous other fatal and afflicting results, which their occnpations produce, have, for many recent years,~and in various modes,-been far more continu- ously and fully exhibited and described, than had ever been done during any previous periods. Again, they are further culpable, on the ground, that it is now clearly made known by the scientific and impartial testimony of great numbers o( the most skilful physioligists, and experienced medical men, that one and all of the intoxicating liquors, aro poisonous to the bodily system, and when habitually used, though only in a limited degree, invariably shorten life. All those manufacturers and traffickers, great and small, know as perfectly as the rest of society, the natui-o and extent, and tho varied forms of the vicious and afflicting coneequenccs; of their respective occupations, and many of them, indeed, far moreexten- sively, than most other persons are enabled to see them. Thev aro also, as well aware as others, of the temperance, or reformatory movement, and of its moral and benevolent design ; and further,that - -T.rj- uuuusrj wnere it has been established, it has already aecomphshed the most happy results, in duninishing crime. Sab- Lctir, ?.' ^'«^^^'^"^ destitution, and numerous other social evls ; and m introducing in their stead, in numerous instance. tso i f ■i^y '••••^ ^« Opposite bleisings of health and industry, of comfort and peace, in families and communities; and, in Tarious other ways, promoting their proiiperity and real enjoyments ; as veil as in forwarding the interests of piety, morality, and benevolence. All this knowledge, botb. of the evii and the good, renders the persons whose conduct ?a here commented on, most deeply culpable, ai \ places them under increased and awful responsibility, to abandon instantly, their immoral and destructive occupations. Thete occu- pations have, indeed, already become so disreputable, in the view of aU right thinking persons, and by the 'brce of public sentiment to a great extent, that it may well be presumed, that none who Iiave any fair degree of regard for even ordinary respectability of character and conduct, would now be found engaged in them, were it not for the merely sordid cosnideration, of the immediate pecu- niary gains they thereby secure. It is this selfish and grasping spirit, which has all along, blinded and actuated those who have been employed in those immoral and corrupting as well as really disgraceful occupations. Bome of the more ignorant and unprin- cipled among them may, probably, still endeavor to excuse them- selves, by saying, as has often been urged, by such characters, that if they did not manufacture and sell those liquors others would do it. But, how worse than vain and futile, is such an excuse. As regards correct moral principle, it is not at all better, than that of the man, who should say, that because thefts'&nd frauds, and other lucrative crimes have ever been occurring, and^most probably will continue to the end of time, he may as well accumulate gain by such nefarious practices, provided only he can do it, under such circumstances, as to evade and escape the human laws and inflio- tions concerning them. On every rational and moral ground, and under every truthful view that can be taken of the subject, the manufacturers and vendors of the intoxicating drinks, by put- ting them in free and general use, are most eflpecially at the present time aggravated transgressors against moral pud benevolent prin- ciples, and incur the heaviest burthen of responsibility and guilt. No sophistry can evade the conclusion. Page after page of infal- lible revelation, both old and new, have substantially decided the matter. Even under the less spiritual and inferior Jewish econo- my, it was the express Divine appointment, that tue person w«o owned an animal, which was " wont to push with his horns," should keep it safely confined ; but if he permitted it to go at largo, and it killed auy person, both the owner and the animal ;.] atbtt and her waya, ell as in ncd. All le persons able, ar i ) abandon aete occu- the view ientiment none who ability of lera, were iate pecu- grasping vho have as really 3 unprin- ISO them- ;ters, that would do juse. As m that of and other )ably will 3 gain by ider such ad inflio* I ground, Q subject, 3, by put- le present lent prin- md guilt. 5 of infal- icided the ish econo- B horns," to go at he animal ^1 131 wwro to b« Bloned to death ; and, if it merely did soma inferior injury, either to person or property, the owner was required to pay a penalty, in the nature of compensatioB, even beyond the amount of the actual loss. Even, according to fallible and imperfect human laws, in numerous instances, the individual who commences an act, not immoral in itself, but in its inception, werely of a heedless or inconsiderate description, yet if in its operation, or any of its transitory, or final effects, it becomes injurious to others, he who so first commenced it, is legally liable to answer, and to suffer for such injurious results, though they were occasioned in a direct manner, by the hands of others. Tho following Teported case, decided in one of the highest English courts, fully illustrates the truth of this position :-— A man, merely for sport, threw a lighted squib into a market place, crowded with people. It was bandied about, through the crowd by several hands, from one place to another, for a while, and at length struck a person in the face and exploded, and destroyed the sight of one of his eyes. The man' who first threw the squib, was indicted for that destruction of the eye, and was convicted and punished accordingly. Now, it may be remarked, that when he threw the sqnib, he had no malicious or evil design, prompting him to the act, and neither intended, or thought of doing any^hurt, either to tho individual injured, or to any other person, but merely threw the squib to cause some sport or merriment. Neither did he prompt, or cause the other persons to throw the squib around; nor was it his hand that directed it against the person injured. Yet, he was convicted and punished, for the injury done, and righteously so, for it was he vrho first put in motion the instrument which caused it. So it should be, as to the person by whom any cask, or other quantity of intoxicating drink, is thrown into society. Is a squib more dangerous than a puncheon of rum, or a cask of brandy, or whiskey, or gin. A thousand squibs might be cast into a market place, and no similar mischief, or any other injury be done, but every cask of the intoxicating dring, is certain to cause some degree of injury, to all who partake of the poison, as well as do further evil in a general or social view. We all know, that in not a few instances, the effects of its use are of the most fatal descriptions. So cer- tain &re all those drinlrn. when 'nut into use. tc GS.nsA T)f(r*ii'^i'>n'> consequences, that every manufacturer, and wholesale and retail dealer, when standing by the cask of liquor, which he is about to sell, or tap for use, might say with the most perfect truth mi4 il 122 y-'- ■ ■ i 'K'v oorrectnesf),— -** Now this cask of drink wjU, to a certainty, cause more or less drunkenness:— It will certainly injure, in some degree, the bodily health of some, and help to shorten their days : —It will as certainly be the means of waste or loss to some of thd whole amount which it cost, and probably enough will directly oontribute to bring destitution and wretchedness, upon some family or families : — It will, certainly, more or less disturb and injure the rational powers of sotn6,and rend(^r them l6ss capable to discharge judiciously and faithfully their religious, moral, and other duties : It will, as certainly help to debase or injure the moral feelings of epme : — And, lastly, it is quite within the range of possible events, that this liquor may induce the commission of some atrocious crime, or lead to some suicide, or other awful destruction of life. Now, if any are disposed to think, that this is a merely fanciful, or exaggerated picture, I will merely ask, — have not all such perni- cious and destructive effects, been always occurring, and are they not continually taking place, in this our land, and in every other country where those ruinous drinics are put into use 1 Even within a few months past, not less than 7 or 8 persons, within my know- ledge, alone, have been brought to sudden death through the use of those drinks, in this capital only ; and how many premature deaths there have been in the Province, during the same period, from the same cause, none can say or even conjectuie. Neither, will any think of computing, or even imagining, the nam ^r of instances of drunkenness, crime, and profligacy, and other vils, which those drinks have caused among our limited populudon, during that brief period. And who are the persons, who have thrown those fiery and destructive agents, into society ? We all know, thoy are thoae who manufacture, and who by importation, and wholesale and retail, are continually sending them forth, to poison and destroy. They may all of them be righteously placed, in the same category of condemnation and guilt. It may be admif* ted, as in the case of the lighted squib, that they do not previously or deliberately intend, that those crimes and evils should occur, but they know full well, that such effects are continually taking place, and that, they are instrumental in producing them. All these remarks, and the whole extent of condemnation, apply not merely to the small retailer, but are equally, if not indeed, more forcibly applicable to the wholesale importer and vender, inas- much ad he is more extensively instrumental in diffusing the direct o^use of thoM crimes and evils, and, consequwitly, incurs th« tp, cause in some eir dajB : ne of thd directly le family njure the lischafge r duties : clings of le events, UG crime, 5. Now, iciful, or ill perni- are they ery other 3n within ay know- 1 the use remature 3 period, Neither, iim ^^ of ber Vila, pulacion, who have We all tortation, forth, to y placed, be admif- reviouely id occur, ly taking m. )n, apply t; indeed, der, inas- lihe direct icurs th« guilt on a larger acale. Being blinded h,r ♦»,•?* r • ma, pc^ibl, ia..gi„e that Le i/i„„o It, bl^L ho d^ nT'ii^' l.« own hand, i„„^iia,efy admioister tLTZytgZ^.T^, unbiassed examination will readily show th^iZlT: Jiow, he is. in reality, involved in' ^ir ! aT JZlr:: " I*t «s now oxainine a case of eomparative In „I ^ t *• red Ume, without number. Her?"a merehL^t " °"="'- and other valuable property ; is of reapeotablo standing T^I'. Tl^rT'y'-*'^'' '"""'' '"-»-Wered to Va Crfi; ctarch H ' '"'«"'"» «'«•'• P»''"'I« an official or pillar in the who is licensed by the law of th^ /««^ * «Bi*oiisnment, is a man, jw...w.wL::rdre:^^^^^^^^^^ itctri;r-:;\^r^ntThr':;^rr^ atane., as to his ...*. m the tra^ The ;„:!:„ Jf^rS; haying beeomo empty, he applies to the former.- -bo ha, -n rally supplied him,-and who, straightway goes' dowtl^TlT warehouse, hhnself, or send, one of hif «,rvantf,Tuh his frtn^W customer, who having selected the ikrv artirh ;» ■ • '™™y conveyed to the arun£ry 0,^:i7,;:^^k^Zr7'^'^ usual the enslaved and reckless drinkersfassombleTn^ho ete^;. and in partaking of the liquor just received, becoming deS of the ht le reason they at any time possessed, and bebg S with passion, from some real or supposed provocation a fespe»t contest ensues, and a person is killed or grieviouslj mimed T cated salhes forth into the street, and instead of vLmxL^^t staggers mto a dock, or over the end of a wharf, 'a^Kf^'.* while another, m a simUar utat* "f J«k.«^ ^ - -. """^.' impover^hed and suflering faiily,- anr;'n:;rj'b;:;rviL':: among ttem and compel, them to go out, to endure the rta^rf a sevcKl, cold or boisterous night. While some of these s^l^.^ 1^4 ! ■■> :' ^eurring, the reipected merchant who supplied the destructive potton which produced them, is quietly seated, Tfith genteel and happy friends, at his own, or some other festive board, quafl&ng and enjoying their refined and favorite liquors, of a similar character ; and having not the slightest compunctious feeling, or thought, of personal blame for the sale made in the morning ; but if he thinks of it at all, he does so v^ith pleasing emotions; as being so much added to his gains. Now, is this an exaggerated case, or is it mere supposition? Quite the reverse. Multitudes of instances, of «ach of the descriptions exhibited have occurred in every land 'Where the ruinous traffic has existed. And, now, to the point of the guilt or innocence of this genteel and respectable wholesale dealer. A blinded and complaisant world, ignorant, or regardless, of the immutable and comprehensive distinctions between right and wrong; and calling - evil, ^oorf, and good, e««7," will, doubtless exonerate, and fully acquit him. But a truly enlightened under- •tandmg and conscience, an unprejudiced judgement, and a truthtul and benevolent heart, will at once condemn him, as being m a moral view, a principal accessory to all the crimes or miseries which occurred. And, can it be supposed, that less strict and righteous will be the decision of the Searcher of hearts, who has pronounced ft .. woe unto him who giveth his neighbor drink ;" a " woe unto him through whom an oflfence comes ;" and who has commanded, ^«' let all your worksbe done with charity;" and,—" abstain from all appearance of evil." But, probably, some in the lowerclassof the traffickers, will endeavor to justify or excuse themselves on the ffround that they are licensed by legal authority to follow the *«sine88. But, to this, it is a quite sufficient answer, to say, that where moral subjects are in question, human legislation, of itself, can never form a just or righteous standard , as to guilt or innocence, .-or all at alter or impair, the intrinsic and eternal distinctions and principles as to good and evil, either in a religious or moral point of view. . . 1 . X Some facts and instances may, here, be appropriately given, to Bhow the immoral and destructive character of the business of vending intoxicating drinks ; and the awful responsibility and guilt of those engaged in it. They occurred in this Province, and i^jBe. to. tnv knowledee .n the most authentic manner. A trader sold a gallon of rum to two persons, who drank of it, unta they became deeply intoxicated, and in consequence fell out •f a boat, in which they were endeavouring to return home, and tivepdttOH nd happy affing and charaotor ; bought, of : he thinks g BO muoh le, or is it istancee, of every land le point of esale dealer. less, of the right and 11. doubtless sned under - d a truthful being in a series which id righteous pronounced " woo unto commanded, abstain from ower class of lelves, on the > follow the to say, that on, of itself, 3r innocence, tinctioDi and moral point ;ely given, to e business of nsibility and Province, and I drank of it, lence fell out :n home, and 125 wore both drowned The trader was informed of the oircumstonoe the next day; and being thas broiight to reflect on theeT^ guUt of the traffic, immediately relinquished it. and JoM a t^ pereu.cesoc.ety. This instance was related to'me lyTJZ Within a few years, in obe small town, containing a rwnulatlor r^^n t . T '^''""'"' ^^^"""' P'^^"'^* ^^d drank at plarof retail m that town, came to death, from that cause, and whuT in they had taken at those places. Of the four taverns, which^for a course of years, were lioenBed in that town, I have seen a rfirf Wy, through drink, in each of three of them Some spirituous liquor was purchased from a retailer, of which two of the persons who procured it, immediately drank to intoxi- cation and on a quarrel ar»ing between them, they f^ght Tn the steep bank of a river near the tavern, and while ^ting fell into the stream, inconsequence of being drunk, and were both (h^w^^ whilo enclosed in each others grasp. arowned, In one of our small country settlements, a man kept a smaU shop, and retailed spirituous liquors. Through his traffic in S he was instrumental to the death of two of hil near relatives w^ were drunkards. Three other men, who had got drunk ^hia shop, perished on the ice, in consequence, the same night, white returning homewards. He was also, instrumental to the d^Th of an intempemte female, to whom he furnished several kinds of liquor .71. /'"^^ *' '"°^ '^'^«' ^° ^""^ ^^''^^^^on, that she fdl suddenly dead. Here, were ,.> deaths through liquors funTishS by one retarler, and brought to the knowLge'of n Te^f How many more he was instrumental in destroying, by the So* means cannot be known till eternity shall reveal it One very marked instance, showing the danger and guilt of the traffic, may here be mentioned, which occurred in a t^n in this Province and came under my own immediate notice. A person landed there m the morning from a vessel, and during the day usk of t^ evemng, went out of one of them, where he had been drinking, and staggered down a wharf dire«tlv n.n..;.. „4 i'lunged over it and was drowned. The body wa^Sawrupln about half an hour after, and was taken to thesame tavein which 1.0 had just before left. On my being called upon, as chi I mag s IM ■t i tfftto, to give directioM for the diaposal of the body, the man having been a stranger in the place, I repaired to the tavern, and there I saw the dead body extended on the floor, and sav? the keeper of the tavern, and ^-nother publican, at v^ose house also, the man had been drinking, looking silently on the body, evidently, under feelings of guilt ; conscience, the monitor of God in the soul, doubt- less, forcing upon them the awful conviction, that they had been directly accessory to the death, and would be responsible for their guiltiness at the eternal tribunal. And, well might such a piercing conviction be produced, when infallible truth has recorded these awfuldenunciations,—'- Woe unto him that giveth his neighbor drink, that puttest thy bottle to him, *:.at makest him drunken also ;— * ♦ Woe to that man by whom the offence cometh . ' ' Within no very long period after, both those tavern-keepers followed their victim into eternity. Both the larger and the smaller dealers in the destructive liquors, but especially the latter class of them, by their guilty traffic, bring down retributive afflictions and evils upon themselves, or families, and, generally, on both. The consequence of the rumous occupa- tion, with reference to the drunkenness of the retail veuders, has been so extremely frequent, that numbers of persons in every com- munity, will be found ready to declare it, from personal knowledge. The following, are only a few of the more striking, proofs of it, which have come to my knowledge, within this Province alone. In one country settlement, there had been only three taverns kept through a course of years. All the men who kept them, became drunkards ; two of them came to ruin in their circum- stances ; one of these died suddenly, while from home j the other fell into despair of mind, attempted suicide, aad wasted away in body. A friend endeavored, m vain, to encourage him to hope for mercy, but he died in that despairing state. The wife of the third tavern-keeper became a wretched drunkard, and is dead, and he subsequently, lived in the bouse of one of his children, where ho was treated as a servant. The whole number of taverns kept in one township, through a course of years, was twelve. All *he men who kept them became drunkards. Ten of them came to ruin -in their circumstances, being obliged to part with their properties on which they had kept the taverns. .4// the tavernkeepers who lived in one of our county towns, through a course of years, bocame drunkards, and several in their families also. y, the man Avern, and < the keeper K), the man itly, under ioul,doubt- y had been ie for their I a piercing »rded these is neighbor im drunken " Within owed their ive liquors, raffic, bring or families, )U8 ocoupa- endeis, has I every coa- knowledge. troofs of it, ice alone. iree taverns kept them, [leir circum- )j the other ted away in I to hope for of the third ead, and he n, where ho p, through a hem became rcumstances, hey h»d kept ounty towns, veral in their 1^7 twit!.' . «™ '" ""■"'"• " '"'» '» "-^i' ei«»m.tMc^ through the traffic, ot free use of the liquor,. ™«w<»» ro ahow that although the veodera of tW liquoM. both bv ,t„>w ^leand retoil, while actuated by their Iu.t of gai^ a^e io^t J" 2^7-:",^ f coneequenee, of their ruino'u. t'raS Trh^ «« uot without «,me accumtiou. of conMienco, I „av hero ^Z an .uetance on the point. Some few year, agi, being atout " lecture on the Teniperance subject, in one of ou? ProvinciaUo™ on me a.id disclosed the circumstances of his case, a, reeardrth. trr^;":' "■.«•« --""y-ha^ded n« the foUoZg ,tt^ ^ pu tour mo™"^.""'"' *°'''- " J"^"' 18«- P^» » Retailed by me, in 16 years, 192 puncheons of rum, at £40 each. £"680 Water put in these, could not be less than 170 1 5 AT*. L- , £7850 1 5 After a time, when I thought myself rich, I embark- ed m ship-building, and in three years and a half, lost by 3 ships and their cargoes, exactly £7850 1 5 How the matter lays, God knows, but I believe, that the curse 0/ God followed the traffic. I see it, may He forgive me." He was then an insolvent, with a family rather numerous, I believe He was afterwards committed to prison, and secretlj found his way out of it, and escaped to a distant country. With reference to the wholesale merchants, or dealers in the desteuctive liquors, some of them, while in this life, meet a iust retributive Providence, by-beinK bereaved of their iniquitous gain8,~by family afflictions, and in other forms. And. furthfir u nas ioug been a general and true remark, that, if not durinV their own lives deprived of those gains, they entirely, and often speedily, pass out of the hands of those who have succeeded to I •:ll 128 theii* posseaeion. So truly are the words contained in the wrip- turaa fulfilled :— " He hath swallowed down riches, and he shall vomit them up again." He shall not be rich, neither shall his substance continue, neither shall ho prolong the perfection thereof upon the earth." "As the partridge sitteth on eggs, and hatcheth them not, so he that gathereth riches, and not by right , shall leave them in the midst of his days, and at hjs end shall ))o a fool," & I '! ■'1^ No IX. ClH the Laws. li«petofore, aod now, iu foree, for fefiilating Ihe sale of latoxieatiog Liqnors, In my former letters, having treated bo fully concerning the greater evils to individuals, the church, and society, from the uw of intoxicating drinks ; and endeavored to show the immorality and guilt of those engaged in manufacturing and vending them it \ be well to notice, and examine the principal remedies, or methods which have been proposed, and some of them partially carried out, to limit, or, if possible, prevent those evils. Of such remedial methods, that which seems to be the first in order, isr- legal regulation, or restraint. In almost every country, and it is thought, nearly coeval with the commencement of the sale of thoso drinks, legal restrictions, more or less stringent and penal were devised and enacted, with the view of checking, or preventing the injurious consequences to society, which, as it would seem, it was at the very first, apprehended would attend their indiscriminate and unrestricted sale. In conformity with the very first principle of the social constitution, namely ,-the public safety and welfare -and according «» every righteous consideration, and to sound political policy, the pernicious effects which, every where, became immediately apparent, from the use of those drinks, should have induced every government, without the least delay, to prohibit altogether, their manufacture and sale, except forstrictly medicinal or other mdispensible and useful purposes. But, instead of any thmg of this kind being done, the unlimited manufacture of the destructive liquors, was freely permitted, and their sale as ordinary drinks^ was legally authorized and licensed, and even encouraged, asa a public revenue was derived from such traffic. But, waiving for the present, all considerations and opinions, as to the unright^ ousnesa and bad poliey, of such legal license.-which points will 130 probablj bo adverted to, and more fully discussed, in a subsequout letter, — the subject now to be examined, is that of, — the effect of the legal restrictions already intimated, in regard to limiting or preventing th^ anticipated evils of the trafiBc. Fact and experience alone, can here decide ; and they have long since, and in every land, most fully and manifestly decided the matter. So numerous, ■0 constantly occurring, and so fearfully pernicious, have those evils been, in every land where such legal restrictions have been in force, that it is scarcely credible to suppose that they have, in any degree whatever, prevented, or even limited, those afflicting results. Probably, from a consideration of the magnitude and number of those results, the restrictions and penal provisions, have, in several countries, from time to time, been made more pointed and severe ; but, still, the evils have contmued to be nearly, if not quite, as numerous and destructive as before. But, further, with a strange inconsistency, while the law so licensed the sale of the intoxicating liquors, by the same authority penalties were imposed for every act of open drunkenness. And so pernicious and degrading, did the law makers justly consider that offence to be, that for a, fir it repetition of it, in addition to a second fine, the offender was made liable to be bound with sureties to keep the peace, and be of good behaviour, for a limited time, as it was fairly presumed, that such an offender, in every probability, would be led to disturb the public peace, and commit other offences ; besides the injurious effects of his evil example. And for a third offence, the law provided that the offender should be openly placed, for a time, in the public stocks. But, did these severe and degrading inflictions and punishments, in ierrorem, restrain or prevent either the commission, or the repe- tition of the offence? Not at all, may be confidently answered. Perhaps, there has scarcely ever been a magistrate, in the British dominions, or in any other country, who has been better qualified than I am, from extensive experience, to afford information and testimony on the point. On my first entering upon the office of a magistrate, feeling conscientiously bound, — by the solemn obliga- tion of the oath 1 had taken, to carry into effect, all the laws against evil doers, as iar as empowered to do so, and noticing upon our Provincial statute book, the law a?''ided to, against all open drunkenness, and daily seeing drunkards about the town where I a(4/%/4 5ip fsccs.HionalW in nf.liAr 1 T within my jurisdiction, I commenced the performance of my official duty, and convicted and fined, without distinction of persons, rank ubicquout e oiSeot of miting or experience 1 in every lumerouB, ave tboM ve been in ve, in any ig rosulta. number of , in several id severe ; quite, aa 1 a strange toxicating for every adtngf did for & first was made )e of good , that such the public 3 effects of vided that :bhc stocks. aishmenta, r the repe- answered. he British r qualified lation and office of a mn obliga- . the laws icing upon t all open m where I I T my official fsons, rank 131 ness. In this discharge of public duty. I persevered for 7 or 8 yea« during which time, I convicted and fined several hundle^ ofi^nA . VJ''' V^'"" °''^'°"'' ""'^''"^ ^^^ «^"d incorrigible ofienders to the stocks. If all tne convictions aud warrants and er processes which I wrote, or filled up. in the cour^of Iho^ proceed ngs, were gathered together, and shaken open. I veril, believe they would fill a bushel measure, or more. But some maJ t^r^C J.f °'' '" '^'' ''"'''''" °f proceeding, prevent the exhibition of drunicenness in public f I answer no ; probably not m the least degree. The only benefit I can to a certainty, say was done, was that of increasing the funds for the relief of tho poor ; as tho fines for drunkonnea, are legally appropriated for frestSl'T- ^^«^^«^r"'' P«-^*^<^again;t'dr'unkenne2 are still in force among us, but, I believe scarcely a magistrate no J, ever thinkB of carrying them into effect. I„ former times, a ve^; few magistrates, in the parent lands, as well as in other parts being rather more conscientious and zealous, than the rest of thei^ brethren, did occasionally, convict and punish such offenders, but u Tu'^ ^ '^y' *^^* '^ *^° «*^*^*^«"* 0^ every one of them could be had, It would be about to the same effect, as that ju^ giv.n, of my own acts and doings on the subject. In short, the expenenco of ages has clearly shown, that neither penalties no. punishments for drunkenness, nor any legal regulations or restric- lons whatever, have been available, in any, even, supposed degree, to prevent or restrain drunkenness, or any of tho other crimes o^ evils of tho pernicious and inveterate drinking system. ''1 l IH' No. X. .'. » ' i' ■ , - , ■<^, 6q Rellgiou,-— as u preservative from Druukeiinesii. Another general remedial measure, proposed for preventing the evils from the use of intoxicating drinks, is that of, — Religion, or bringing all persons more fully under religious means and influ- ences, and imparting religious instruction, as universally as pos- sible. This, is still urged, by very many among religious professors and more especially by ministers of religion, who are either opposed to the total Abstinence movement, or who refrain from affording it their sanction or assistance. Their assertion is to the ejffect, that Religion, or the Gospel, is quite sufficient of iteelf, to eflfect the whole reform required, and, therefore, that the total Abstinence means and operations, are either not all needed, or, if requisite for drunkarks, are, certainly, not required for membera of liristian Churches. This is a subject, which requires precise and accurate examination and remark, in order to fix and elucidate the true points of difference of opinion between the persons, who urge the religious remedy, and those, who, quite equally with them, believe in the power and efficacy of divine truth, and religious instruction, and who also favor and advocate the total Abstinence reform. There is a, fallacy or misapprehension, involved in the main point of difference, which it is requisite, should be accurately exhibited and explained, in order to its removal. If, when the first men- tioned persons say, that religion or the gospel, is sufficient to effect the required reform, they meant, that this remedy of religion, included in it, an entire abandonment of the use of all intoxica- ting liquors, all religious total abstainers,, would at once agree with them ; and all difference on the subject would come to an end. But, this is not at all what they mean, if required to explain, it will soon appear, that they mean, that the religion or gospel to which they refer and which they insist is the genuine enting tbe zUgiorij or ind infltt- ly as pos~ professors ;r opposed fibrdlpg it ijOfeet, that effect the \.bstinence quisite for ' ■■ liristian 1 accurate the true > urge the m, believe istructloD, !e reform, ain point r exhibited first men- it to effect f religion, intoxica- >nce agree )me to an quired to eligion or 3 genuine 133 Ckmiian rd,gio,i, oontainej ia ti.e New a'estament tteintuivM Z „ .' u ''"-■"" f'-'^^. « quite sufficient to retrain from that ovil result. In oppoBition to this unseriptuiul iueaX Z op,u.„„, they who support the total Abstinence J^lZtTs reyelat on, ,f righUy understood, in ite spirit and princinles and faithfully carred out in practice, would. indeed.raStiv •ufflcent remedy on the subject, for this pkin and ein^plH^n^ hat o„r ;,u„ and tenevolenl religion, in ite precepts aTd proSs' lis eihortat.ons, TOndngs, and tiireatenines and i„T ?*°""*'°j and hallowing influences, strikes at Zy^^Jn^^.l*" '^'^ and evib fro. the drinking habits, by 11^ Sc^ opt^T any use whatever of the intoxicatinc drinks Tb™ J "fP^^^*** all Who profess the " pure and un!efil™";olS o^trib,"^ i^Tgo itfr 1 '^"f'^ p-4.''trkft:^fo!ii^ and go m the way of undeiBtanding,"_should " walk cir^.T S whi:l" """'• •""' " ™-"-i»""> " aliainti tsht" usts, which war agamst the soul,- should " watch and ntav thM they do not enter into temptation," should—" „^,h7 P™y 'hat inhere "««,.„„ , , f "•"ou, snouw — not bo among mme omers J><»:«« «« 4-^ 4^v,;<3 i.m ^f ouil otmooinlltT. fvnlv arriinhi.mt enlightenment, f(,tn\o>puriftc^wn, the most soarchino; and thorough. itly, it may J erhas been, •f that most uo Christian refore, Yrlien :Aey profess, intoxicating n, and speak eirs, has not itemperance, a, have been ted practice. !, been found I from intem- lo so now, or ist the means [ instruction us, and m-^re id yet, down" nkenness had ;tent. Many bmong profes- If, then, the habitual use icient preven- is the reason, n apv age, or veil us others, sin of intem- g professors, f will prevent of the Bible, f intoxicating ly, in fbrmer i\y injured, in )art, in one of )ty, the church 'nlv arrivhimt ivnd thorough. ]Vo. XI. Oii,--E(iucalioii,— as a preservative from Iiitempcranfe. Another proposed preventive of the greater evils from the use ot in.05icating drinks, is.-that of extending to the utmost, Hte. rary mstructlon, or what is generally termed-" Education,^! among the laboring classes, who compose the large majority of the population, in all civilized countries. It is generally supposed by those v.ho suggest this remedy, and by others also, that those .lasses indulge in such drmks, to greater excess than the rest oi' society. The advocates for this remedy, say, in effect, that by such universal diffusion of literally instruction, those labouring tTT T^ *'''''^ '''''''''' ^"^ «-^^i«^' «-«i^ ^ desire for Z lui knowledge, of various descriptions, that thej would be induced to spurn and abandon the besotting and degrading drinking habit, or, generally speaking, would, at least, avoid its criminal and ruinous consequences. Thereis a rather numerous, and, certainly, well intentu,ned class of persons, who poss^ high literlry attain- m nts ; and who by their writings, and other exertions, s^m tol fully impressed with the belief, that the m«t effectual agency fo^ he moral and social elevation of the masses of the population, i^ very respect IS that,-of inteUectual training, or cuL're, throi^gh he impartation of literary, or secular instruction. Many spect LrrhT'f '': ""J^"' '^ *^^' '' '''^ plausible descrip- tions, on both sides of the questions,-as to the natural connection or sympathy between the mental and the moral faculties, in the onstitutionlof . ae rational human being ; and-^s to the inUriable or definitely beneficial effects, or otherwise, of the improvement of .he/om.., upon the to. class of those faculties; but it is no at all requisite, here, to enter upon any precise investigations, or ^u .uc. uny pomtea or detailed observations, or suggestions,' on hose merely theoretical, or speculative subjects. It iSy, me ly be remarked, that it isperiectly appar^at^d unmvJyZ^C i I i 136 . ,>.. 'zed, that there are, in that mysterious and compound living essence called the human spirit, the two classes of powers or faculties ; the one, generally denominated, — the mental or intellectual, and the other — the moral ; and, that they are, in various respects, different in their nature ; and as to the purposes and objects towards which ihey are directed and exercised. From this difference, as well as from A variety of other considerations, and circumstances, it would a priori y and ^s a matter of mere theoretical sentiment, or opinion, be sufficiently evident, that there might bo a very general, or even high degree, of intellectual training and attainment, and at the same time, but little, if any, improvement in the moral sentiments and feelings. And on the other hand, from the same considera- tions, it is equally supposable, that a very high, and admirable degree of the last mentioned graces, may be attained, and diffuse their beauteous and ennobling, as well as useful effects, where there is but a very slender improvement in the intellectual facul- ties ; and nono at all, indeed, as to mere literary attainments. But for a just, and certain decision on this point of sympathetic, or naturally corresponding improvement of the moral sentiments, and conduct, through the cultivation and improvement of tho intellectupl powers, by educational, or literary instruction, appeal can only bo safoly? or properly, had to the facts and results of inva- riable or general experience. This is, indeed, the most appropriato and safest test, to be applied, as well on moral and social, as on merely natural subjects. Referring to this test, it has been found, in so very many instances, that the improvement of the intellect- ual powers, by literary instruction, or what is generally called, — " education^^ has not been associated with moral improvement, either in principle or conduct,— -a fact indeed, so very obvious even to common observers, — that one would, at first, be really astonished that intelligent and reflecting persons, observing the events passing around them, should fall into the mistake of concluding, that as a necessary, or anything like a general result, moral improvement should attend or follow mere mental training, and literary attain- ments. It is far from my thought, or intention, by these remarks to slight, or attempt to depreciate the advantages attained, and attainabiu, thifOuga liieraijf insuuciion. xikj u-ru, uuuwucBts greatly available for good, but we also know, that they have, in innumerable instances, been employed chiefly, or only for evil. Notwithstanding tho frequency of which latter result, howeyer, I Ing essence ilties ; the /, and the 8, different irds which as well as 3, it would »r opinion, U, or even ad at the sentiments considera- admirable ind diffuse sets, where ual facul- tainments. m pathetic, lentiments, mt of the on, appeal ilts of inva- ppropriate jcial, AS on een found, ) intellect- j^ called, — provement, jvious even astonished nts passing ;, that as a iprovcment arj attain- rcmarks to lined, and , UUUUblCBS jy have, in J for evil, howeyer, 1 187 reel as sincerely desirous as any of the advocates for this educational remedy can possibly be, that all useful literary instruction should be universally diffused. My object, here, is, merely U show, that such suggested remedy, never did, and in the nature of things it never ca/i,._in regard at least to the evils from the drink'ing practice accomplish the end or purpose proposed. The intellectual, and the moral faculties are, in most, if not in all respects, separate and distinct. The former have in countless instances, been highly cul- tivated and Improved, while the latter have still remained callous and debased. Long continued eKperience has here spoken out. and afforded its marked dicision. At first view, indeed, it may seem rather extraordinary, but stiU It 18 the humiliating fact, that thofte countries, both in ancient and modern ages, who have been the most distinguished for their lite- rary attainments, their science and art, have even in the palmiest days of such advantages, been comparatively, the most addicted to the use of intoxicating liquors. This was not -only, in general, true,^f the Babylonian and Roman Empircs,-of some of the ' btates of Greece, and other ancient nations, possessing all the literary attainments, and science then known to the wcrld • but It was the case, even in the highest and best educated classes among them. 'lUe same has been true^ in genen-,1 amon'^ modem nations. Where are the people, among whom secular education has been more generally diffused, or who, comparatively speaking have made greater advances la literary attainments, and science* generaHy, than the peopleof Scotland,— of England,— of Sweden' and Norway,— of several of the German countries,— of the Ameri- can Union.— and, of these North American Provinces ? Yet, it is well .known, that down to the commencement of the Abstinence reform, in none of the other modern nations, or countries, possess- ing, comparatively, inferior educational advantages, have the population been so generally addicted to the use of intoxicating liquors, or been so deeply afflicted; thereby, as the inhabitants of the countwes which have just been named. And this, not merely among those, not favored with literary instruction, but in nearly i! not quite, an equal degree, among their most educated &nd lit/- rari/ classes. If through the history, even of the chosen people of leracl, m the ages of their highest literary eminence, the principal and most educated classes among them, in addition to their other sins, and corruptions, were, very generally, involved in the vice of •"''■it • \ 138 ■J < intemperance. The inspired prophet, uttered a * ♦ Woe to the drunk- ards of Ephraim," — and, further, with reference to the highest characters among them, declared, — " they also have erred through toine, and through strong drink, are out of the way ; the priest and the prophet have erred through strong drink ; they are swal- lowed up of wine, they are out of the way through strong drink." ThQre is abundant proof, that in several modern nations also, who are distinguished above others, for educational advantages, and literary attainments, tlie vice of intemperance is still moat deplorably prevalent. In one <^f the Scottish Reviews, is the following passage: — "Is there any country more favored witli religious and secular instruction, than Scotland ; and are there many, more drunken. How, then, can the want of this be the cause of the evil, or the eltenaion of it, its cure 1 An English writer has truly said, — "Sweden and Norway, were, and are, amongst the most educated nations of Europe ; the rudiments of instruction are universally attainable. There, the parish miniflter, the schoolmaster, and the parent, have wrought together, to give to coming generations, a healthful moral and instructional discip- line; yet in Sweden, the proportion of criminals, is as great as in the worst manufacturing towns in Great Britain ; and old Norway too, has been unable to preserve itselt, from the rapid inroads of vice, over her country. What is the cause ? — Intemperance ! The practice of universal distillation is the destroying agent. And Scotland, great, brave Scotland, the land o£ genius and intelligence, with all its schools, and ministers, and books, bears the same re- cord." The foregoing facts and remarks may more than suffice to show, that the proposed educational remedy, or preventive of the evils, from the use of intoxicating liquors, is quite insufficient for the purpose ; experience having so fully proved its inadequacy to effect the desired reform. I he drunk' le highest d through the priest • are swal- g drink." tions also, ^vantages, still most VB, is the ored witli are there is be the n English , and are, diments of 1 minister, er, to give nal discip- rreat as in Id Norway inroads of ince ! The ;ent. And ntelligence^ esame re- e to show, I the evils, nt for the ,cy to effect No. XIJ. Oil the "Total Abstlnenee Beformatioa." tfiBmeasure for present examination, as being intended to bring a final end the iniquitous drinking sj^stem, with all its desola ting evils, IS that of,-the excellent total abstinence Beform This eeeks, for success through advice and exhortations, put forth in a variety of forms, and addressed to the mental powers, and moral fri°f • ?,^^'^^S^* consideration, it must be perfectly evident, that for obtaining the desired favorable results, the persons to whom such advice and exhortations are addressed, must possess such an amount of conscientious, or moral principle, and benevo- lent feeling, that the reasons and motives for abstinence, urged upon them, will be suflieient to overcome all the existing obstacles on the part of sensual appetite, custom, interest, fashion, and of every other description. That the requisite measure of such principle and feeling, has not been possessed by much the larger portion of those to whom such persuasions and motives have been addressed IS perfectly clear, from the/ac., that they have not ye^ abandoned the drinking practice, and, in any way, identified them- selves with this moral and benevolent movement. Such is the case m nearly every country, although, in many of them, the reform' has been going on for 15 or 20 years, and in some of them, for evm a longep period. This excellent movement, however, notwithstand! mg the numerous and formidable impediments it has had to en- Tn. n'; /' ^^^'7'''"^ ^^'^°»i^«^«°' accomplished an astonishing amount of good, m every variety of form. In multitudinouf instancy, it has been instrumental, -in reclaiming the most degra- dedinebriates,-in saving still greater numbers, from that deplo- rable condition,— in diminishing nr54np r-a-ir^n^.-c ^ ....^„ disease and death, and other ^o.i ^ikn^ i^r^^:^ .^^^ subserving and promoting the interests of religion, as also, -in gen- orally reduci.g the destructive drinking habit. It is n.t intended i im I hovrerer, uow, to enter upon any flpocial enumeration, or ostimatCr^ of the blessed results of this truly benevolent enterprise. My present design is, rather to show, that although, this movement is, in iteolf, so excellent, and as far as it has advanced, has been attended with the most salutary and happy consequences, yet, for the reasons which will presently bo offered, it will not, and cannot of itself bo universally successful. The experiment by those moral' and persuasive moans, has now, in very many countries, and for numbers of years, been perseveringly tried, and yet, the great body of the people, in all those countries, still continue in the habitual use of the fntoxicating drinks ; and all the great evils of that use, arc still abounding. Some of the reasons for this state of things will now be offered, in order to show, that nothing short of an entire prohibition of the sale of those drinks, will be avail- able to prevent those evils in the future. Those who oppose, or decline to assist the Abstinence reform, may be viewed in classes. The first who may bo referred to, consist of those, who, by the continued, and often excessive use of the pernicious liquors, have thereby become so ensnared and enchained, that when the tempta- tion is in their way, they seem to be, and many of them really are utterly unable to resist it ; though feeling and knowing, that tho indulgence is destroying them. They are of the number of those, who are described in the sacred scriptures, as being held by tho cords of their sii-s." Of course, as to the most of these, the urgency of moral considerations and motives will be of little avail. The next who may be mentioned, — and who every where form a numerous body, — are those of our fallen and frail humanity, who are comparatively, but very slightly affected by benevolent motives on any subject which is directly opposed to the gratification of sensual and selfish desire, or appetite. The reasons for this, need not be particularly specified. It is a well known fact. One instance, in proof, may here be mentioned. Many years ago, I was urging an educated and influential gentleman to assist in forming a Temperance Society, on the old, or first principle, — that that of abstinence from ardent spirits, — and the gentleman, after mentioning several objections, cut short the discussion, by saying to the effect, that he liked some brandy and water, after dinner ; that he thought it did him good, and that he would continue to t4«1»«« «^ ^I^K A«i/« A «*/\ «*A oh *%i« w\ r\A««ci ^\-mrr\9% v%/\Tsy ««tIi/% T\«i^w\ I « In v«/w ^ l«i% drink, are acting in a similar manner. A rather numerQus class who may nost bo mentioned, arc those .% W r estimator prise. My )vement it), , has been !8, yet, for »nd cannot hose moral m, and for the great ue in the oat evils of ' this state king short 1 be avail< oppose, or in classes, ho, by the uors, have he tempta- L really are :, that tho r of those, Bid by the these, the ittle avail, ere form a inity, who nt motives fication of this, need !act. One 3ars ago, I assist in pie, — that man, after by saying 3r dinner ; mtinue to , are those who say, that the litUe tjiey take of those li(^uors, does them no harm ; and that they car take them or let them alane. These per- sons, also, seem to be ao eLtirely engrossed about dearly beloved sd^^ that they cannot be brought to understand, that they should think or act for the safety or welfare of others, in the way of benevolent example. Another clfiss, is formed of those, who are so entirely taken up with the pursuits of gain, or somb of the other selfish concerns of this life ; or else, are so mentally idle and careless, that they either cannot, or will not, investigate, or reflect, on any of the points oj bearings of the subject. AH of these, are quite satisfied to follow without hesitation or enquiry, the long continued and general custom. There are also some, and probably, not d very few, who hat^ occasionally such misgivings or movements oi conscience or feelmgi' with regard to their being in a right position, while indulging in the drinking practice, that they designedly refram from any par- ticular inquiry or search for information regarding the temperance movement, but purposely keep away from temperance meetings •• and avoid, as much as they conveniently can, all investigation or thought on the subject. I once heard a public declaration to this effect, made by a candid gentleman, as to himself, shortly after he had united with the movement. There are also, very large numbers, and chiefly in wL t are call- ^ the genteel classes of society, who are principally influenced or governed by the fashionable customs, or courtesies of life las they are termed, in regard to the use of those liquors ; and who tJecausd the persons with whom they generally associate in inter- (Jhang'es of hospitality, indulge in their use, still continue to fum- ish and partake of them. Probably, they never advert to moral considerations on the subject, with reference to example— the waste of property,— the danger of excess,— or in any other respect. Without inquiry or reflection, and whether for ^-oorf or forevi/,- they are perfectly satisfied to adhere implicitly to the customary routine, and practices in this respect, as well as to other vain and pernicious customs, which are sanctioned and observed by their fashionable compeers and companions. They have neither the principle, nor the courage to act in any different manner. There is aiso a cIubb of persons, who, from prejudiced views, or unfavorable prejpossessions, hastily formed,^on their earliest infor- mation and thoughts on the temperance Bubject,— have been led to 18 Ha s»> I (JjiJjOBO, or reject it. Through pride of opiniuu, perliapa, often •xpre&9ed ; uild from an aversion to Hecming ever to fall into any ^rror or mistake, they still refrain from granting their countenanca Or support to the movement, although now convinced of its beuo^ ficial cflfecta. Those who opposo or neglect the Temperance movement, on thd asserted ground, that tlie principles, and the means and ministra- tions of religion, form the only warrantable remedy, have already been noticed. Their mtsfdken views in regard to the spirit and principles of pure and practical Christianity, as b6aririg on tho subject, have been briefly, but plainly stated, and expdsed. No- thing further, therefore, need hero be said, in regard to the objec- tions of that class of persons. They are still very numerous aiiithe movement, or refrain from assisting it ; buti* will readily be seen, that those which have been specified, com- |)ri8e, m the whole, by far the greater portion of society. During the early period of the reformatory movement, very con- siderable numbers, influenced, of course, by various considerations, .chiefly, itmay be hoped, of commendable descriptions, unitea with the cause. In its later progress, notwithstanding tho several organizations, designed tho better to facilitate tho work, and the numerous and constantly increasing means, and exertions, put forth to extend and render it trinmphant, its most sincere and san- guine advocates and friends, must now admit, that it has not secured that degree of public sympathy and support, which can at all warrant tho expectation, that, by the means of a 7nerely moral or persuasive description, it will ever prove universally successful The converts to the cause, by such means, have, it is believed in most countries, been smaller in numbers, during several of 'the later years, than during similar periods, in the early history of thevvork. The reasons ofthis, may be chiefly, and satisfactorily lound, m what has already been advanced, concerning the various classes of persons, whose adverse positions, and characters, have been stated and described. Bj far the greater part of the popu- ^ lation, in ail countries, where tho reform has been established seem to have finally made iip their minds concerning it, and to have taken their stand, either on one side, or other, of the subject jBut. nowever tnn.f Tnn.i7 J-iQ ^v. — ;_ _ j-_.i--.it . ^ . ^ ...„., „avic In a, uy^iuraoio ctHflj/t/y. that, in ^very land, where merely the means of a moral or persuasive natura have been used, to carry forward the reform, the sale and use of the ruinous Iiquors,{are still greatlyVevalonfc, and a« the invariabi* I 1 I I m. ^44 rMults, drunkenness, crime, and destitution, disease, and death, and every other form of degradation, and ruin, are still awfully abounding. Such is truly the case, as to all those evils, in this our Province, at the preseut '^ay, as we all very well know, although the reform has long been established, and earnestly advocated, within every part of our borders. The only available and adequate method of bringing to an end this whole system of iniquity and wretchedness, will be proposed and discussed, in my next and con- cluding letter. 1 ■ . I cind death. U awfully , hi this our although advocated, id adequate liquify and X and con- No XIII. Oa the Legal Prohibilion of tlie Sale ofliitoxicaUflg Driflk,. The chiefmeana hitherto proposed, or employed, for prerentinir the evils from the use of intoxicating drinks, and which were examined m the four last letters, having been shown to be iuBuf, ficient, theimportant question may now be a8ked,-what else can be attempted, or done, that will be adequate, or available, toeffedt the purpose? Is there, really, no possible remedy which can be devised and employed, to prevent, in the future, the occurrence of those destructive and deadly evils ? Must they, of necessity, con- tinue throughout the whole remaining • history of civilized atrd chrisaan society. Must myriads of degraded, but responsible, and immortal beings, still be withheld from the means and ministra- tions, the hopes and enjoyments of the great salvation,— must the hopes of the Church, from the Sabbath School, and other modes of educational instruction, and from the religious and moral training anddisciplme of parents, be still so extensively blighted —mast the Christian church still be bereaved of her ministers and mem- bers,— must society, still longer, be burthenedand afflicted, throuffh crimes and pauperism, -must the truly pious, benevolent, and temperate, be still taxed and oppressed, through this prolific sourde ofvice and ruin? In short, must all the crimes and afflictions from this monster cause of evil, still continue to be added toall the unavoidable ills of our suffering and sorrowing humanity i TTo have reason to be thankful, that in these countries of civil liberty and privilege, there is no such necessity. One remedy, and that a perfectly availing, and indeed the tifih adequate one, jet remains for our adoption, and employment. It isthat of,— the entire prahibition of the traffic in intoxicating dunks, by legal enactment. It has now been made most convinc- ingly manifest, in various countriil, that no other measute wUl avail, for entirely preventing tha l^'ls which have ever followad- !♦■? \ ■X „ ^ftt traffic. It Los already boon tried, and with signal Buccess, iu jtho free, and truly enlightened State of Maine, which has set th« first noble exapiple on the subject. And if it has succeeded there, and has also beca adopted with success, in several other States of the American Union, why may it not succeed in every other country called civilized and christian ? No sufficient reason can bo shown to the contrary. To say the least, both duty and interest require that the trial should be made, and without the least further delay. But, there arc some who object and say, that every such pro- hibitory enactment, is arbitrary and contrary to natural right, as well as to British constitutional freedom, and privilege. This objection, though seemingly plausible, on its first suggestion, by reference to certain primary and fundamental principles in tho organization of society, and of civil government, and to various legislative proceedings, under tho fi-ee British constitution,— can yeadily be shown, to be without any just or available foundation. It will be admitted by all who are, even tolerably, versed in tho constitution of civil society, that its primary and principal design is,— to secure tho general safety, prosperity, and happiness. In all well constitnted governments, therefore, it is perfectly understood, and implied, that \^ individual or class interests, are clearly found to interfere with those general advantages, and blessin such particular interests must yield , or be placed in abeyance, oi itirely set aside. It is true, such has not always been the case, in actual experience, yet, the principle has remained the same, and has ever been recognized as sound and correct, and to be kept in view, in civil, institutions generally, and in all legislative, and legal pro- ceedings. To say the least, it has been professedly recognized as valid in all well defined constitutions of government, whether Monarchical, or Republican. Each of them, accordingly, has been vested with powers to attain and preserve tho social advan- tages of the general safety, and welfare, and to prohibit and remove, every proceeding and influence, which would prevent or impair them. Independent of any special provision, or declara- tion, on the point, it is, indeed, necessarily implied in the social compact, and interwoven in the framework of every government, founded on just and well defined principles. Few persons, indeed, are aware, in how many instances, under the most liberal forms of government, individual pursuits and interests are restrained or prohibited, where the public morals, heaitli, or prosperity^ or ■uccdsa, lu tas set th« jded tliere, r States of er country bo shown ;st require fit further such pro- 1 right, as ego. This jegtion, by ties in tho to various ition, — cau bundation. ■sed in tho pal design CSS. In all inderstood, jarly found nn such 01 iitirely 3, in actual nd has ever in view, in legal pro- cognized as it, whether lingly, has cial advan- rohibit and prevent or or declara- the social jovernment, )ns, indeed, ral forms of istrained or osperity, or 141 rho fol owing, ae instances, from among many othor. of .toito tTf-TT^Z"" '""' =»»«"■«<"■. ^ viy generally f.™». able to.ndm„a freedom may, here, be appr^itely LJt ot •7^?.? "''"°"»n» «» *» ■""king, or keeping gunpowder or combust, ble materials, using squibs, or roekel', I ^jublio ph;e^ rubbish. &c..-selling u-iwholesome bread, or meat, or any other rm.s.ons injurious to health.-iutrodueing contagiourdSse^ " depositing substances, or following occupations offensive to Ih, laughter houses, tanneries, smelting houses,-also where the pib- hc moras are concerned, such as,-gaming houscs,_lolterier_ -fighting niatches,-houses of notoriously ill-fame,-with a sreat vane y of other occupations or practices injurious' to the pS ^oral, or ,afet^, heaUh, or hapjaness. Theie are also, larand rogulations on various subjects, individually restricuve. which do not naturally involve, or refer to any moral duty, such as regnla. nons concerning public revenue, and lawful comfaeree, trade^'and S'» T^"-" !''"-'"e "f ««™ges,-e.amini„g traveller! bag W. and in various other particulars, enjoined and remired under goveruments, by far the most liberal and regard fut of indi vidual liberty; and all which regulations, are intended to Jui, ' and promote the jnihlk interest and welfare With regard to the subject matter directly under diseusWOn tl,« governments of most, if not all civilized countries. haVcev rtuot .0 raffle m lotoxicating liquors, under regulations ahd^Crt tions,„„re or less stringent. Why have they done so, may I^ asked while no such regulations have been made, ugardine th^ sale of linens woollens, or hardware, or any other arHcllfm^ ohandue ? Doubtless. Legislature, have imposed such restriction eonoerning those liquors beca„«, they plainly foresaw, that the" unrestricted sale would be injurious to the public welfare. It t not requisite here to remark as to how far Ihey have erred; and been blameable in licensing the sale of those perriicions drink, and .11 esiaMishiug and deriving a revenue from t'he desolating and deadly tralBe This one thing however seems sulficiently plain hat If for the prevention of public injuries, thev havo the right' to place the trade iu those liauor.,«M,.,. l,„,!...,:., , ....VS.'" t.ons, as to persons, placca, and .i.^ntitiosVand in other re.po.tH, 148 ■I t 'i ' ' ' ''\■'^. ', ,• -u ■ .% M tjiej have evet been doing, thej tave, as an eaaential u^reUient m their very constitution, and in accordance with that pnmarjr principle of society already adverted to,— the right to prohibit Stogether, the sale of them, as articles of beyerage, if experience has re^ly proved, that notwithstanding all the most stringent and penal regulations ever imposed, such sale has, indeed, been preju- dicial to the public interest. But in judging of this point, vf e are not left merely to inference, or theoretical conclusions. There are many of the very highest authorities, and under the most free sys- tems of government, directly in favor of the social right, and the constitutionality of such an entire prohibition of the traffic. In seven, or more, of the most free States in the American Union, such prohibitory enactments have already been passed, the State of Maine having nobly taken the lead, in thus striking the only effectual blow at the foundation of this system of crime and rum. Several of the Judges, in the highest Courts of the American Union, have giyen their decisions, in favor of the constitutional right to pass such a prohibitory enactment. But, further, tho legislature of the Province of New Brunswick, has actually passed euch a law, with reference to certain descriptions of intoxicating Uquors. This law, as in all other cases of Colonial enactment, has undovjrone the examination of the Parent government, as to its being cousistent with the principles of the British Constitution, and' the general laws of the Empire, and has received the Royal Sanction, and has been in operation throughout that Province. But, beyond all other authority in the British dominions, the action'of the Imperial House of Commons, with reference to the manufacture and sale of certain kindii of those liquors, affords the most conclusive proofs, as to the constitutional right, to pass such a general prohibitory law, as is here contemplated, either in tho Imperial, or in a Colonial Parliament. As late as the year 1834, on the motion of that eminent philanthrophist, James S. Bucking- ham, Esqr., then a member of the British House of Commons, a jeso/utlou was passed, under which a committee was appointed to enquire and report as to the •' Vice of intemperance, especially among the labouring classes, and in order to ascertain, whether 4ny legislative measures can be devised, to prevent the further spread of so great a national evil." That committee, -which consisted of 38 of tho principal members of tho House,— examined a great number of witness^r^^elonging to various professions, and occupations ; and after ^nuiug their investigations for a rJ: is^reUieat t primary > prohibit; ezperienoQ ingent and K)en preju- int, we are There are st free sya- it, and the traffic. In Jnion^ such e State of g the only e and rum. Q American QStitutional further, the lally passed ntoxicating enactment, 3nt, as to its oustitutlon, the Royal *rovince. ninions, the >ence to the , affords the to pass such ther in the e year 1834, S. Bucking- ^lommons, a ippointed to le, especially Ain, whether the further itee, — which ,— examined fessions, and .x: P— » 149 considerable time made a full report on the whole subject. This import was received and adopted by the House ; was printramon^ x^ records; and it was ordered that a numb^oTcS"! should be printed and circulated, for the information of the Inle generally After setting forth some of the prin^ral pfb^^^^^^ resulting from the manufacture and sale of the sLfiedTauI™ among which are mentioned,-the enormous destrSn o S' given by a bountiful Providence, f(fr food, and converted i^?' poisonous drinks ; and also, referring to the' crimes anT^u^! i^m, and other great social injuries, and afflictions by Sr Z report goes on, to treat of the remedies to be applied for the prevention of those evils in future. The followingTe «>me of Its principal clauses, and recommendations :-« Thaf the 11 sow f:ttv ? al^r 1^ ' .° '1 ^""'^""' elements.' ~<. That the power to upply correction, by legislative means, cannot be doubted without supposing thesober,tho intelligent, the just, and themti;^^^^^^ of the community, unable to control the excesses of the iio^nT and disorderly, which would be to declare our incapici yTmX' sq/ej^. After suggesting some immediate i.gulationa and restric tions by way of a paa-tial remedy, the report suggest^ and recom mends the following ultimate remedies S The^fhsokr/rS tm^ of the jjortation, from any foreign country, or from ^ot colonies, of d^stilkd spirits, in any shape. "-The equalWarol,^ proh^,^t^on of all distillation of ardent spirits from'^'Z :^and -The restrtctton of distillation from other mnterials, to the Dur poses of the arts and manufactures, and medicines ; and the con" hning the wholesale and retail dealing in such articles, t^ chemiste d uggists, and dispensaries alone." And, in the concluding pLrl of «ie Report, among other particulars, there ib one regardingVhe public expression of the determination of the house, to intioduco early m the ensuing session, some general and comprehensive law for he progressive diminution, and ultimate suppression of aU the e^st^ng f<^mes, and means of intemperance, a^ ihe root and parcntof almost every vice." **^u«. aaa These proceedings of the British House of Commons, most . decisively show, that the Legislature has the constitutiona rSh to pass any prohibitory law on thoi^.t. n-hJoK .i,„„ ^11' to bejoquisite. For, if they have a 0k to pas7the Zni^^ 19 '' 150 ■ '? •1; ' • * J I ing certain specified intoxicating drlul:8, as a matter of oourad, they have the right to paae such a law, concerning such drinks of every description, should tho public welfare require it- Asd, ik may further bo remarked, that if the Imperial Parliament have the right to pass any such prohihitory enactment, a British Colo- nial Legislature has tho right to do the same, as regards the inter- nal traffic, it heing a suhject of merely local regulation. That this position is correct, is evidently shown, by the Imperial sanction given to the New Brunswick prohibitory law, already alluded to., Havinff shown in several of the previous letters, that there is an -urgent necessity, for the immediate establishment of such prohibi- tion in this Provhice, some concluding remarks may be offered in reference to the duty of all well disposed persons, to employ their influence and best exertions, for obtaining its enactment at the earliest period. The public mind throughout tho Province, is very generally awakened on tho subject, and is desiring, and seeking information, and prepared to esaraino attentively, regarding the measure. Beyond all other periods, therefore, in the history of tho temperance movement, tho present is the time, for the professed friends and advocates of the cause, as weP. as all other persons who desire the social welfare, to. arouse themselves to united, vigorous, and persevering action, for procuring such prohibitory enactment. This is tho great crisis of the movement, when tho all important and arduous struggle with its numerous and powerful opponents, will commence in earnest, and must be resolutely and vigorously continued, until victory shall crown,-as it most assuredly will,- the efforts of truth, benevolence and humanity. The professed supporters of the AbstiBence reform, are most especially required to arouse themselves to renewed zeal, and acti- vity, in the noble cause they have espoused. To such decided and vigorous action, they are imperatively called, as well by the volun- tary obli-'ation they have assumed, as by a regard to consistency, ^ to morallnd benevolent principle, and to the social welfare. The claims of High Heaven, and of suffering humanity, are upon them to fulfill their part with courage, and persevering energy. Tbey have every virtuous motive, and also strong encouragement, thus to acquit themselves. They are fully convinced of the excellence of tho objects, for the accomplishment of which they are striving, ^ and they are already suffioiently informed of the excellent results, - ,._ . , • .' ,^iLi-T. :., .,,->/%fhf.r land hnvfjfnllowed the oi aiuerent aescupuuiis, w:~i----, ni wuwi!'!;. jj-ju, ii„. ja,-^.. . measure. 151 )f oourad, L drinks of . AAd, it aent have Itisli Colo- the inter- That this 1 sanction illuded to. there is an jh prohihi- I offered in Qploy their ent at th« LncOjisvery md seeking arding the ) history of le professed persons who d, vigorous, enactment. II important opponents^ 1 vigorously ■cdly will, — in, are most al, and acti- decided and by the volun- consistency, relfare. The re upon them lergy. They gcment, thus ;he cxcellenco ■ are striving, iUent results, * Q followed the But, not merely the professed adherents of the temperance reform but all who are sincerely desirous of moral, intellectual, and social improvement, and the welfare of their country generally, are, also under deep responsibility to afford their zealous exertions, towards obtaining the prohibitory measure. They cannot but know with certainty, the wide spread and deadly evils which have ever attend- ed the use of intoxicating drinks. They also know, that no legal enactments, of a merely regulating or restrictive description, have ever had the effect of preventing the occurrence of those evils, or even limiting them, in any perceptible degree. For many years^ they have also, been more or less attentively observing the pro'^reai of the Abstinence reform; and the' various means, perseveringly employed, for advancing it ; and, they cannot but be also aware, that the drinking customs, are still most extensively prevalent, and are still, constantly producing their destructive effects throughoat all departments and ranks of society. There are but few, comparatively, who have not at one time or other, through that fatal cause, been called to mourn over the degradation , or hopeless departure of some who were near and dear to them. Some have experienced the anguish of the ruined hope* they fondly cherished in regard the children they 4early loved, and in whose honorable position, and success in life, their own happi- ness, was so intensely involved ; while others, have long and deeply sorrowed because of the ©pen and degraded intemperance, the bodily and mental disease, and imbecility, or the wretched' and hopeles death of a husband, a parent, a brother, or of one or more, in some of the other endeared relations, or attach^ ments of life. Surely, then, from feelings of natura^ affec- tion, as well as from a sense of religious, benevolent, and patriotic duty, all reflecting and well disposed person , should afford their influence and exertions, towards procuring the prohibitory meaeur?, as the only method for removing the destructive and afflicting* scourge. aiost espeqially, hoAvever, are those entrusted with legislative authority, under pressing obligations, forthwith to establish tho required prohibition. As men presumed to be of rather superior intelligence, they of course, must know that their first and special duty, is, to deliberate and act, with reference to the general safety^ prosperity, and happiness of theii; country. For these purposei alone, are they placed in tlioir haJtiPablQ and responsible positions. They are, therefore, under the most solemn responsibilitleB to act :J / 152 to the utmost extent of tbeir delegated powers, for the supprea- Bion and removal, of every cause of injury to those social interests. 'Xhey may also, be supposed to know, that the real prosperit^r of every country, must depend chiefly on the sober, moral, and indji'strioua habits of its people. They, must also know, that the use of intoxicating drinks, is the principal cause of crime, and pauperism, and other groat social evils : and impairs in a most extensive and afflicting degree, the public prosperity and happiness. And, further, they are fully aware, that all the legislative enact- ments, of merely regulating descriptions, which have ever been made, however penal and severe, have been quitp ineffectual, for preventing those public evils. They, very justly, consider it to bo *heir legislative duty to continue in force, the laws and regulations against public gaming, — unlawful and riotous assemblies, — the sale of tainted or unwholesome provisions, — against the introduo-. tion of infectious diseases,— driving of carriages,— and on numer- ous other subjects, bearing on public morality and safety, health and happiness. But, surely, they must be very well aware, that none of those causes of immorality and injury, or indeed all 6f them combined, are found to be so injurious to the safety, and comfort, and the moral welfare of society, as the sale and use of intoxicating drinks. Why, then, should a legislature in this enlightened age, and in a professedly christian country, hesitate, or refuse to prohibit altogether, the sale of those liquors, as an ordinary beverage. This, is the extent of the prohibition required. They might still be used, for mechanical and medicinal yurposes, if indispensibly requisite. The proceedings in the Britisu House of Commons, and the Royal assent given to the New Brunswick Act, on the subject mentioned in a previous part of this letter, — having clearly shown, that there is no constitutional impediment to the passing of such a prohibitory enactment, it may be hoped, that our Provincial Parliament, will be so impressed with consider^ ations of public duty, and social welfare, as to yield to the unmer- ous and urgipnt petitions for the measure, which have already bepn presented, and will apply that only effectual remedy, which sourl morality, benevolence, and patriotism, so indispensibly requiia. By passing such required prohibition, that honorable body will juetfy secure the lasting gratitude of every eenuiue patriot, and .truly benevolent person, in the land ; and will be instrumental in preventing to an extent, Which cannot be estimated,— crime, and 'Seath, and wretchedness, and introducing, in their place, all the ttessings and advantages, which so largely contribute to the pros- perity of a country, and to th^fecuo, and rational enjoyment of «rv%''«««A ««*«»• m Bupprea- intsrests. )rosperIfc3f oral, an^ , that the rime, and 1 a most appiness. ive enact- ever been ctual, for ar it to bo gulations lies, — the introduc- m numer- by, health rare, that jed all of ifety, and nd use of e in this ', hesitate, lors, as an L required, purposes, ;isn House Brunswick 3 letter, — npediment bl hoped, h consider^ he unmer- ready fcepn lich souri ly requna. body urill itriot, and imental in crime, and CO, all the the pros- oyment of