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Canatrian Itatbnal Smts of Sit^oal ^aOn.
AN
ENGLISH GBAMMAE
yOR THE USE OF
JUNIOR CLASSED
»■*■
tr. W. DAVIES, B.D.,
SECOND MASTER OF NORMAL SCHOOL, PROVINCE OF ONTABia
1
^ttll^ori^eb bg t^e (Totmril of '^xAlk InBtmtion for #nlaiio.
TOBONTO:
WILLIAM WARWICK. WELLINGTON STREET EAST,
1877.
Entered according to Ast of the ParUament of Canada* in the
year one thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight, by the
Reverend Egerton Rybrson, LL.D., Chief Superintendent
of Education for Ontario, in the Office of the Minister of
Agriculture.
•
PREFACE.
1 the
J the
ident
er of
This Grammar is designed, as its title indicates, for the use of
Junior Classes in the Schools throughout the Province The
same definitions have been given in it as in the larger and more
advanced Grammar, authorized by the Council of Public In
struction ; and, where the mode of expression has been altered
the change has been made with a view to rendering the subjec '
more easily understood by the class of pupils for whom it ig
speciaUy intended. It may, therefore, be considered as an intro-
ductory Grammar to the Analytical and Practical Grammar, and
not by any means as intended to supersede it.
Keeping in view the fact that it is intended rather for be-
ginners in the study of Grammar, than for those more advanced,
the Editor has embraced in the Questions every point referred
to both m the body of the work, and also in the appended
remarks. Under the guidance of a judicious teacher these
Questions may be made useful to the pupil, by enabling him to
test himself, by way of question and answer, on the lesson which
may have been assigned to him for preparation. The teacher
however, should carefuUy avoid, as a general rule, asking the
questions in the identical form in which they are found iu the
Grammar. They are given with a view to aid the pupil rather
than the teacher.
It cannot be expected that in such a Grammar all the examples
of diflference in Gender, Number, &c., should be given. Much is
necessarHy left to be supplemented by the teacher.
The subject of Analysis has, it is hoped, not received too
prominent consideration, for it performs a very important part
m enabling pupils to read correctly and intelligently.
PREFACE.
The Rnlea of Syntax are the same as those given in the large
Grammar, with the following exceptions :~One Rule (Rule 7,
A. & P. G.) affecting the possessive, is embraced in the remarks
on Rule 6, and portions of the remarks on Rule 11 of the large
Grammar, are included in the Rule relating to the Verb. In
giving the number of the Rule, in the schemes for parsing, it
is not intended that merely the number of the Rule shall be
given, but the Rule itself ; thus the difference in the numbering
of the Rules will, practically, have no ill effect.
Neither Prosody, nor Punctuation, nor Composition, has been
referred to in this treatise,, otherwise the work would hare lost
its character of an Elementary Grammar. The last two subjects
may safely be left in the hands of the tet\cher, who can direct
the pupils most advantageously in both of tiiem when the classes
are writing to Dictation.
No exercises in False Syntax have been inserted— the reason
is explained in the Preface to the large Grammar. No lists of
Adverbs, Prepositions, &c., have been given, because it has been
deemed better to allow the pupils to find these out for them-
selves, by carefully observing what duty tbey do in their re-
spective sentences. In this way the pupil will not have his
memory burdened with a useless list of meaningless words.
Prefixed to the Grammar proper will be found a very elemen-
tary treatise, which, it is hoped, will render the study more
congenial to the younger pupils, and enable them to take up the
Introductory with more profit and pleasure ; while it may, at
the same time, serve as a sample of the simple language in which
children may be taught Grammar. The order in which the
various classes of words are treated, differs from that usually
given. It seems to be the more natural plan to consider the
various kinds of words in the order of their importance. It is
therefore suggested, that a similar method be adopted in con-
sidering the Parts of Speech in the Introductory Grammar.
Education Office, December, 1868,
Ora
Orti
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Etym
WORI
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CONTENTS
Q^^M^R. First StepB in u^**,^-
Definition andbi vision of.
fP.\RT I— ORTHOGRAPHY.
pRTHooRAPHT, Definition of. . . 23
Lbwkrs, Division of.. H
Formaof... ...■;;;;■;; • gj
Syllables..,.".*." 25
Spelling 26
Part II. -ETYMOLOGY.
Etymology, Definition of. . 07
Words. Formation of U
Kindof :: £
Parts of £pjsbcm, Definitions". '.'." ^
Tub Noun.. '"Sections 29
Divisions..";;;::: ^
Definitions... gj
Inflections1.rl^^'«-'- •••••• H
Gender H
Number .V ?^
Case ...'.'.*.:::;:: S
The Nominative '. '. '. '. 40-41
" Possessive.. 49
^ , " Objective....;.;; 43
Declension .... 1q
Parsing *^
Tabled. .•.::::::::::::,j^
Kindsof ;;:: f? ^
'An'and'The'. H ^"=
Inflection of.. ?a
Manner of Inflec"tin?; ; ; * " la
Irregular Comparison ..;";" 50
Rule^^nd Parsing .' ^
•; • • ; 63-64
Analysis 54
The yKRB~{continued) p„^
Regular ' ^«¥»
Irregular \ 'J
Defective .... I*
Impersonal....; ix
Auxiliary Iq
Inflections. I?
Voio.,... 74
Mood ;; li
Indicative';; ll.
Potential . . . . ; i?
Sxibjunctive , . ■ 77
ImiMjrati ve ;;;;"" 77
T « . -^'"^ysis..; ;;;:;■ 7a
Infinitive . . fu\
The Participi;" :;:;;; ^
Present and Past. 81
Perfect and Future; 81
Tense... ;^"*^^''.«; g
Present and Past".. . '. '. '.s^
p uturc QA
Tenses in differentMo^s 86
Analysis aa
Person and Number "' a?
Conjugation ... "'■ Si
To be and 'To love' in-
fleeted Qrt
Different forms. ^
Rules and Parsing. or
Irregular Verbs no
Table ,^f
Analysis 109
Adverb if"^
Division of.. ; fjf^
Inflection of . . i"^
Rule and Parsing;; :::.::::;s*
Table
Table.
Thb
•;••;••. 106
Anal.ysis iq^
107
TiiR Preposition
Pronoun . . .";'"'•""" ^* I _ ^ Rule and Parsing. ; ; ; \Z
Personal Prnn;;;„ ?5 j The Con.)unction iZ
Definitions. ]^
} \l
Tub
Personal Pronoun...;;;;;;; 66
Inflection of. . . " k?
Adjective Pronoun ....:;'" 59
Definition of. . . " ' 59
Division of ;;.; qq
Distributive ..;;;; 60
Demonstrative. . . ; ; 60
„ , ,. Indefinite fii
Relative Pronoun ;;;; 62
Inflection of. , . . go
Application of ; ; ; ; ' "63-64
Compound 64
Interrogative Pronour... 65
R^Ueand^Parsing ;; |
Verb ^''^^^'^^ ••'• 68
S;^*ir?.--"-'^^::::::;; %
<0
Rules an parsing.i; ; ; ; ; ; . ; }Jq
The Interjection
Syntax
.„ ,••.• Ill
_^nalysis III-113
^n Y ."^—SYNTAX.
Definition of j,^
RULES
The NouN-The Nominative 114
;; Possessive ; ng
The ADJECTIVE. ^''^''^'"^ |J«
The Pronoun.... "I
The Verb JJ8
The Adverb. . . ."; "f
Thr Preposition.;; Ul
The CoN-TriN'""'.— •'"*
The I.nter jI'ction " ; ; ." ." ." .' ; '.'/,'/'" ^B
FIRST STEPS IN GRAMMAR.
L The whole of oar language is made up of words; these
Words are, in their turn, made up of letters, and each of these
has its own sound*/
2. The twenty-six letters of our Alphabet are of two kinds,
Vowels and ConsonantSv^
3. The vowels are a, e, i, o, u, and w and y, except at the
beginning of a word or syllable.^
4. The consonants^ nineteen in number, are the remaining
letters,— viz., b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, 1, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, x, z.
At the beginning of a word or syllable w and y are consonants.^
Questions. —Of what is our language made upt Of what are words com-
posed? What is said about the sound of each letter! What are the two
divisions of letters ? Name the vowels. Name the consonants.
Exercise.— 1. Tell how many vowels and how many conso-
nants there are in the following words : — ^
Toronto, Kingston, Ottawa, violence,-^ intemperance, senate,
consonant, vowel, condition, toothache, interjection.
2. Tell in which of the following words w and y are consonants,
and in which they are vowels :— Fellow, carry, winter, young,
sowing, yew, mow, mowing, cow, sky, youth, glory, dye, yellow,
wind.
5. In learning gnimmar we must remember that we are learning
all about words. ^,.
6. Words are the material out of which we form sentences,
just as the mason or the bricklayer builds a house out of stones
or bricks, by joining them together, j.
7. Now in making our sentences we find that there are differ-
ent kinds of words, and that each kind has its own work to do.
These words we join together to form sentences.
111
y
t«
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WJ^^ ^/ «»• *J^«fe^ore. before going any farther, look at two
kinds of words which are meet frequently met with
9. If we wish to say something about some persOD or thinif.
we are obhged to name that person or thing. For example, ^l
say Charles or horse, therefore the word Cfuzrles or the word
horse 18 a nam©, This gives us the first kind of word y
rnP-nT"?"!!"! ""'"' ''"""^"^^ '''~'°^"' ^hat are we leaming about)
Cut of what material are sentenceH made ? To what may these words b!Zn
What is the use of the first kind of word ? ^
Exerdae,— Name six things in the school-room.
on a breakfast table,
used in a garden,
that grow.
X*Jame six kinds of fruit.
Give six names of persons./
10. Besides naming Charles or horse, we desire to say some-
thmg about them. For example, if we say Charles sings, or T/te
horse runs, we have told something about them, and thus have
made use of a telling word^v'
11. The uniting or joining of these two kinds of words gives
us the simplest form of a sentence, which thus consists of a
naming word and a telling word. ^
12. We thus see that every sentence—*.*?., statement of a fact
-iJonsists of two parts,--viz., the noun, or naming part/and
the verb, or telling part. ^ & f »
13. Now, if we had no other kinds of words, there would be
very little variety in our sentences, and our expressions would
be very clumsy.
14. Our language, however, has a variety of words, each one oi
which has its own peculiar duty,
16. We will now take our first sentence and see how it can,
by the aid of other words, be made to express a good deal more
than the two original words indicate.
12
(1. ) Charles sings.
Here we have tioo kinds of words
12 3 3 1
(2.) Charles sings a favorite song.
Here we have three kinds of words
•:•!.
•iv
f»> Chariea sings a favorite song sweetly.
Here we hwe/mr kinds of words.
(^0 ChaVle. .^g.'a favorite e^ng ve^ .w4tly f^, ^. „,Ler
and sister.
Here we have sevm kinds of words.
^ '^'S 14 4 ATI
(6.) Charles sings a favorite song very sweetly for his mother
^ I 7 2 76 28 4 4
and sister. They thank him, and say, Oh ! how sweetly
sung.
Here we have eight kinds of words.
16. Thus we find that we can use eight different kinds of
words m making up sentences. The eighth does net occur so
frequently as the others.
Que«ti0M.-What is the duty of the next most important kind of word?
What does the union of these two Jcinds of words give us? Of what does the
simplest knid of a sentence consist? What do we call the two parts of a
ri^nrn' u ""'"^^^ ^' '^' '""^^ " ^« ^*^ "° «*^«'- than these two kinds
Of words ? How many different kinds of words are there?
ISJ???''"-^^!™ three sentences telling what a horse can do.
*orm three sentences telling what a monkey can do.
* orm three sentences telling what a mouse can do.
part"!"" sentences with dog, cat, man, bird, for the noun
refb ^rt!"'^^ sentences with jumps, sings, runs, leaps, for the
17. Let us now look at these different kinds of words, and
see what name is appropriate to each one, and why it has that
particular name.
/
THE NOUN.
A Nonn is a name.
18, As a noun is a name, or a name is a noun, therefore the
word Charles is a noun, because it is a name ; the word horse is
a noun, because it is a 2. ;^ne; the word fun w a noHJl, becau*
it J8 a name.
19. Hence every name ia a noun.
QueatioM.-What is a Noun ? ^Vhat is a name? Wl.y is the word • Charles
a noun 7 the word • horeo ? tho word « fun ? '
wo^g^*^^"*'"^.* ^^^^°* *^^ ^^^^^ ^'"""^ among the following
nin?"' /"""' -^^^^y* l^and, house, hoe, and, or, but, axe, sell
peach, cherry, Toronto, large, when, cat, river bird if since'
goodness, bravery, bad larg*i, down.' John has ^ old hat a^d
leav^ '*^he la^r^ ^"' ^ ^^^'\^"^i• '^^^^ *^««« ^^e fu! of
2.x Put a noun in each of the foUowirg blank spaces ;—
She has a new-—-. knows hi. lessons. I saw .
^y 7-^8 ''e.ter than your . Thii^ is a red The
Z!: l^'y ^Ti^^'''l\■ i« tl^e capital of Ontario
can jump farther than . ^*'»nu.
THE VERB.
A Verb is a telling word.
20. Let us look at this verse, and then we shall ee wha* ii.
meant by the definition :—
In the barn a little mousie
Ran to and fro ;
For she heard the kitty cominjf.
t-ongr time asfo
21. Here we find two words which tell us something about
the mousie.' These two words are ran and hard; now, bf
cause tVy tell us something, they are called verbs.
the^eTthT/inr'* '? '^'''' '' ^"' '' ' *''"•"'? '^'"•'^ '' H«^ ^^»y verbs ar ,
there m the httle verse? Which are they ? Why are they verbs ?
Exercise.— ). Select ihe verbs in the following sentences.
2. Why are tney verbs ?
neThu/cries T'lr ''uV'"'' . ^'" '"*•' ^he man teaches.
h7i,»= il. A ■ '? '"'"'« contains ink. John caucht a fish
wst JUS master. George plays. Does Gewge pity ? The honl
VI
The
galloDs through the woods. The boys learn their lessons.
Bun smnes bnght.
3. Put a verb in each of the blank spaces.
Benjamin — -- to town. James a letter. Em-y her
Th« ;j.lf ' ^^*If .~T ^y '^^^S,V Thomas — ^down d the bed.
The girls J-. their lessons. The boat up the river. The
deer down the hill. Susan a good cirl I a book
The tree — by the, wind. Julia —^diSg^ntly. Fannie^
home. The bird its nest. Flowers by the gardener.
THE ADJECTIVE.
An Adjective is a noun-marking word.
22. Let us write a ?.fcntence containing a word of this kind,
and then apply the definition :— Charles killed the large black
dog.
23. Here we are told that * Charles killed a dog,» and that it
was a particular dog. This dog is distinguished from other dogs
by being black and large.
24. These two words mark the dog, and are, therefore, called
adjective-: or noun-marking words.
26. Besides these two words, there is another little word
which points out the particular black dog. This is the little
word the, which resembles, in use, the asr on a finger-post, and
has the force of an adjective.
26. The word an or a has also the force of an adjective.
27. In the language of grammar, an adjective is said to
qualify.
28. We may, therefore, use this definition :
^An Adjective is a qualifying word-
Qnestions.-What is an Adjective? What is a noun-marking word calied?
Give an example of an a^Jjective and a noun. Why is that word an adjective J
In the example gi ven which are the adjectives ? Could you put other adjectives
«n their place ? What is the use of f the ' in a sentence? What are adjectives
Mid to du m grammar ? Give another definition.
Exercise.— 1.^- Select the adjectives in the following sentences :
John is a good boy. Have you studied that long lesson?
Here are five httle boiys and six girls. Every man has some
i
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V
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tl
d(
ti
a(
si
so
ac
vu
fault. Love all men. That beautiful river has lovely creen
banks. Little kittens love new sweet milk. Iwill^veJouS
large ripe yellow peach. b*vo j^uu wus
nouns f ''''' ^"^ appropriate adjective to each of the following
Man, table hat, hand, knife, pen, boy, girl, cow horse
bullets, box, shoes, sun, moon, stars, leaf, piicure, stream. '
3. Join a noun to each of the following adjectives :—
Good, bad, fat, fair, thii^ that, happy, every.rich. high low
poor lazy, tall, short, strong, weak, red. ^ ' '
THE ADVERB.
/v The Adverb is a verb-marking word.
29. Like the adjective, this is also a marking word.
30. It is most frequently used to mark a verb.
31. It is found also with adjecuxres and other adverbs. It
IS, therefore, an adjective-maiking, and an adverb-markinff
word as well. ^
11^ l<? tells us when, where, how, or why, a thing is done.
33. To show that it is a verb-marking word let u& look at this
sentence : Mary sings sweetly. —Bete we are ncj only told that
•Mary sings,' but we are also told how she sings'; the word
' sweetly,' therefore, marks the word * sings,' which .c a verb.
34. That it marks an adjective may be seen in this sentence '
—Father gave me a ver2/ beautiful book.— Here we see not only
that the book is 'beautiful,' but the word 'very' marks the
degree of beauty ! thus we see that an adverb is also an adjec-
tive-marking word.
'35. Another example will show that it also marks another
adverb. In the example (Sec. 33) we were told that 'Mary
smgs sweetly: but the degree of sweetness may be marked by
some such adverb as 'very' or father;' so that we find an
adverb marks also another adverb.
36. In the language of Grammar, an adverb is said to modifv
— i. e.. to change. ''*
37. We may, therefore, use this Definition of the word.
Ad Adverb is a modifying word.
Vlll
Question8.-What is an Adverb ? What kind of word does it most frequently
marlc ? With what other kinds of words is it found ? What does an adverb tell
us respectingr any thing? In the sentence "The horse ran away, which ;ord
w the adverb? How do you know it is an adverb ? Which is the adverb in this
sentence 'Harry is very fond of candy? ' How do you know ? Pick out the
adverbs in this sentence. « Fido barked so loud that he woke the baby.' Why
Tadverb^ What does ' to modify • mean ? Givo another definition for
Exercise.—!. Select the adverbs in the following sentences :—
2. Tell why they are adverbs.
Charlie learns quickly. The dog bit the boy badly. Boys
SX onM ^^7 T^ '"^^^^y- ^^^ ^*y« ^ ™<*r ar^ exceed
mgly cold, 8ee how nicely my top spins. Walter skates well.
iLTT '\/^''^y- P^^y^^- ^^'^^y ™*es very quickly and
regularly. Mary sits gracefully. ^ 4"^^i"y »na
3. Insert an adverb in each blank space.
I am --— tired. The horse trotted . Tray is a old
^^•hii\^/r^— ^^\^« writes—.'X W was
Wn tl^^ sea-— rough. Go and sit , Read your
THE PEEPOSITION.
♦The Preposition is a joining word.
38. We will take a short sentence, and look into the words of
which It is made up.-« Charles hit James with a stone. ' ' "
39. In this sentence we have three names, ornouns, One toll-
ing word or verb, one noun-marking word, or adjective, and
one which joma the verb hit to the noun stone.
40. We notice that its use is to join these two words, and that
It IS placed before the word stone.
41. Hence we see that a preposition .joins WOrds
Wh^eJ^sTp,";;;^'' " • Prer-.mon,,0,ve „. example. What „ ,.s .« ,
te^ffi*"'' ^°'*'" *''^ prepositions in the following sea-
The horse ran down the street. I laid it on the table Tl,.
book hes under the chair. The meadow is behind the ba™
fj.f'";^.''J°1*-»«h> .apple. ..Monkeys canSfmb un
his homeliT^hooTLU mLl" "" "'"'"• "' """'«'' f™»
J
I
J
i
i
2. Place prepositionB in tho blank spaces •-.
THE CONJUNCTION.
The Conjunction is a sentence-joining word.
8i^l™'7'l^^.^''* j°^"^"*ff ^^'^^ b"* i* d°e« °ot join
simple words, bnt statements of facts.-i. .., sentences.
^efimt on.-John struck Harry and made him cry. ^e dog
will bite you, if you teaze him. ^
44. In the first example there are two statements made ;
therefore, there are two sentences. The first sentence is-' John
struck Harry ; ' the second one is-.< John made him cry.' They
^^^jomed by the word and; this word is, therefore, a conjoniJ^
45. In the second example also there are two sentences -
The dog will bite you '-and-* If you teaze him '-and th;se
sentences are jomed by the word i/, which thus becomes a con-
junction-
46. We thus sae that the use of this kind of word is to ioin
sentences. J""*
Onestions—Whatisa Conjunction? Ho^* does it diflFer from the prepoai.
tton? Give an example containing a co.-xjunction. Name the conjm^ct^n?
te^fs^fi^^®'"^^^''* *^^ conjunctions in the following sen-
He felf on ^h*« ,^'*"' T^^^^i- i^^"^" ^"^ «^^ ^« to-morrow,
writf ihnncl I -^ t""^ ^"* ^'^ **^^' "« «^^ "^either read nor
rhatt;red^Thn, '\*k'' ^^^'' ^^^V "" ^^« ^« '^^^^ t^** ^is teeth
ttl"^t.3?3\h^^\V''^' *^1.^*« °^"«t respected. lenry
all drnwm>"H ''\7" ^"c" latner me boat upset and they were
sure he^lt J ^"'^ «tudy hard, you will surely succeed. I am
sure ne will get a prize, if he works diligently. ^- ^ »"»
J!
THE PRONOUN. ^
A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun.
47. We could teU a story or keep up a conversation by means
of the SIX kinds of words of which we have been reading, but
the frequent repetition of the name, or noun, would be tire-
some, aiid would at the same time, make our sentences appear
^liir and awkward.
48. In order, then, to avoid this, we have a kind of word
which we very often use for. or instead of a noun; and hence
Its name Pronoun, i e., For-name.
49. The good of having such a useful little word may be shewn
by an example or two.
/ 50. If we were to say-* Stella fell and broke Stella's doll • '
or. J m cut John's finger with John's knife, '-either sentence
would be very cltimsy.
61. Now if Jn the first sentence we write her instead of
Stellas, and in the second h. instead of Jo/m's, see how much
more smoothly the sentences will read : ^Stella fell and broke her
aoll. John cut his finger with his knife.
62. Now because these words have been used for the nouns
they are called Pronouus.
iT^et it Lmev o ^" ''' '''^" '' "^ '^^ "« ?«•«"«""«? Whence d7es
It ^t M name ? G,ve an example shewing the use of this kind of word ?
±.xercise -1. Seh ,. the pronouns in the following sentences,
stand pronouns, write the nouns for which they
James brought his book and lent it .to Mary, and she read it
tZ Ti^^I^'^'f "'*^ V*' .^^^ *H"^^«d ^- brother foThav:
wUl excel TKn ^^^'^^ '*"^''" ^^" ' ^^ 1«^^^« f^^*' and he
ZothtroC.J^^'^^V^ \^^^^ ^o^' ^« obeys his father and
mother cheerfully, when they wish him to do anything for them
^. Write the proper pronouns instead of the nouns.
lef'broken''" P^Pnl?^ squirrel lying under a tree with the squirrel's
i^S ll'°:..^,rjP *r^ the squirrel home, and the squirrel's
Oloi^e wlSrev^^S^or^e;^'"'' '"''^^ ^''^^' ^^^ *^^°^«<*
I
i
XI
THE UBTTEBJECTION.
The Interjection is a sound or a word used only as
' a sound.
otWfi.™" ^^^ ""^ """'^ ^ ''"* '° frequently met with as the
,n!**f ^*r' ^°*''''^^ ^^^"^""^ ^"""^ *°y ""^ theothers, and expresses
some feehng or emotion of the mind.
*^\'^'MjT>r^"'"T]''^' '^^'' i^^«f«eli;ri./,wesay.
or "Hail t. ^^^*^«i/^^ to see a person, we say, 'Welcome!'
66. Now all these are Interjections.
J^^fT'T^^^^^ " '" Interjection? Does it occur as frequently as the
other kmds of words? What does it express? What feeling pL ri«^ L the
Interjection Oh ? to Ah ? to Alas ? to Welcome ? to HaU ?
te^fs^y^*"^' ^^^^'^^ ^^"^ interjections in the following sen-
HoUoo ! John, what are you doing with mv boolc ' Hush !
do not dLsturb the baby. Velcome^ my friLd BravoTbe
"Ts won ^'P' ^^'^ • ^^"''^ ""'' y°" ^'^"^ ' H""-h ' the
2 Put interjections in the blank spaces.
He is gone and how wretched I am. my friends
how miserable must that man be ! deliverer of thy oo«n-
morlo^""^ • ""'^ ^'' «^^°S *° ^^^^ ^ -h^i^ay to-
67. The different kmds of words are called in Grammar
Parts of Speech.
Questions.- What are these diiferent kinds of words caUed in Grammar T
Name t..e parts of Speech. Give the definition of each.
partf oflpeeS^' ^"^ *^^ ^^Uo^g sentences select the different
Speech^^ ^^^ *^^ '^''''^^ ^^^"""^ *'^ *^°^® particular Parts of
An old man went one day to market. A mouse was caught
m a trap and then thrown to the cat. A good shepherd takes
care of his sheep. A Newfoundland do^ is Ln^SuF^!!^ ilt^f
SltiUe.'"' "'''"• '^^^ Atlantic Ocean Vep-aratesim^n^ci
xu
HOW WOBDS ABE USED.
58. Aa the same man may carry on two or three different
trades, so words may have two or three different uses,— ». e.,
may belong to two or three different classes.
d9. This may be better explained by means of an example.
The word roundy for instance, may be —
(1.) A noun ; as, A round of beef.
(2.) An adjective ; as, A round table.
(3.) A verb ; as. He tried to round the point.
(4.) A preposition ; as, He ran round t\ie yard.
(6.) An adverb ; as. The earth turns round,
60. We thus see that we cannot tell to what class the word
belongs, until we know its use.
61. We have no difficulty, however, in finding the class, tho
moment we knoM^ the use of the word. In order to help us in
classifying words, we may ask the following questions :—
1. Is this word used as a Name ? If it is, it is a Noun.
2. Is this word used as a Telling word? If it is it is a
VERB. '
3. Is this word used as a Noun-marking word ? If it is it
IS an Adjective. « «», lo
4. Is this word used as a Modifying word? If it is, it is an
6. Is this word used as a Word-connecting word » If it is
It is a Preposition. * '
. ^.- ^^ ^^^ ^^^^ "^«c? as a Sentence-connecting word » If it
IS, it IS a Conjunction.
7. Is this word used instead of a noun ? If it is it is a
Pronoun. ^ «», *« « «»
8. Is this word used as Expressive of some feeling ? If it is
it 18 an Interjection. '
Questions. -Can the same word belong to different classes .' How wotUd
y»u illustrate your answer i What muat we know about a word before we
can determine its class ? How may a Noun be determined ? A Verb ? An
Adjective / An Adverb f A Preposition ? A Conjunction t A Pronoun?
An Interjection ?
ij^eruise.— In the following sentences assign the words to their
proper classes : —
XUl
ITie race horse Eclipse, ^on the race. Love is the fulffllinir
of the Law, therefore we should love our enemies. H^remS
but an hour. None but the industrious are sure of success
Have you seen the sciuare block of marble on the public muZl
Knew that he was tellmg an untruth. The doc becan to Wt
pindot o^rt Clnd ry^irbVatlL^l^S^ T^^
CHANGES IK WORBS.
62. Words do not always remain the same, but they undergo
certain changes. These changes are termed in Grammar Infl^-
^ 63. This change generally takes place at the end of the word.
Sometimes it is made in the middle.
64. The kinds of words that can be changed arenouns, verbs,
adjectives, adverbs and pronouns; the others, of course, cannot
be changed.
CHANGES IN THE NOUN.
Gender,
65. The first change to be noticed is that called Gender.
66. By means of this inflection we can tell to what sex the
person or thing belongs, of which the noun is the name.
^Tu^* ^°^"^®*^^®' *^® "^^^ ^^ "lales are Masculine; as, Man.
The names of females are Feminine; as, Woman. The names
of those things which are neither male nor female, are Neuter,
•^ c, neither masculine nor feminine ; as, Tree.
QuestinnB^Give the jrrammatical name for the changes that certain words
^-ndergo Where does the change generally take place? What kinds of words
Zl^ ^"^^l ^^"^ ''""* "' uninflected? What is the first change
tailed? What is Gender? Of what use is this inflection ? Of what irender
XIV »
Number.
68. The next change that we shall notice is that called
Namber.
69. If w^ are speaking, for instance, of one person or thing,
we use what is called the singular number : as, Boy.
70. As soon as we mention the names of more than One, we
use the plural number; as, Boys.
71. The plural generally ends in ' s ;' as Books. Sometimes it
endsin 'es;'» as. Churches, foxes, ladies, knives, heroes, &c. ;
sometimes in ' en ;' as. Children. Sometimes wo find a different
word ; as, Geese, teeth, mice, &c.
Questions.— What is the next chancre that the noun undergoes? What is
Number? What is meant by the singular number? What by the plural
number? Give examples. In what letter does the plural generally end? Are
there any other terminations? Can any one Rule be given for forming the
plural? Prove this by examples.
Exercise.-— What is the number of the following nouns, and
Man, chUd, hero, horse, books, apples, men, loaf, muffs, goose,
grove, brushes, watches, picture, table, pen, bottles, knife, fifes,
gulf, lamp, yard, fox, geese, mice, tooth, church.
Case.
72. This is the last change that the noun undergoes.
73. This inflection tells us the condition in which a noun is
with respect to some other word in the same sentence.
74. The noun has three cases : the nominative, the possessive,
and the objective.
76. The Nominative case is that about which an assertion is
made ; as, John sings. Here an assertion is made about /o/m,
therefore the noun John is in the nominative.
76. The Possessive case is used to denote the relation of pro-
perty. For instance, if we wish to say that a book belongs to
John, we say that it is John's book. The noun * John's ' is said
to be in the Possessive.
• There is no one Rule for the formation of the plural, for, though the singu-
lar number of words mav cnH in tVio aama icf f<>.< «« i»»f<>..c. it. j„« * r_iiL™
thattheoluralsarespelled inlhe same way; for example, Monarohs, oxen,
days, safes, strifes, giilfs, fifes, muffsv folios, Ac »wii«vu», uaou,
T
.;
h
t-
t-l
XV
77. In the singular number this case is known by an apog.
feropheand 's- added to the nominative; aa, John's. In^e
plural the apostrophe is placed after the' s ; ' as, Ladies'
78. The Objective case follows a certain kind of Verb. (Sec
U6.) and also a Preposition ; as, He struck JoAn with a. «
Here both nouns, * John ' and ' stick, ' are in the Obiective '
, Questiona-What is the last change? What does this change Si us'
How many cases have nouns? What is the Nominative ca8e?^Wha dl
he n^r?r «''""*'' """ '' *'^ ^« "^"^^ '" the singuarrHowTn
the plural? How is the Objective case known ? What is meant by"' si«Jr
am^er""^-'' "^'^ *^' '^' °^ *^^ nouns .in the foLwinTex-
2. Write the Possessive, Singular and Plural.
The dog bit the sheep. John struck Harry Marv'a Hnll i-
very pretty. The lion's mane is verv lorn? Snh nV P , "
and four peaches. He hit the horse wS^a stlk Thn.??^'l
SIX eggs. The frost killed the flowers ^^^ ^^"^ ^'"^
CHANGE IN THE ADJECTIVE.
Comparison.
De^^ef ' '°^^ '^'"^" *^** *^' ^^^""^^^ ^*^''«"'« ^*^*°f
80. The word degree means a step.
81. By means of this change we pass from one form of an
adjective to another.
/^ 82. We may illustrate this inflection by means of an example:-
^Itobein'thTv ""^^ ': "''■ "^ *^^^ ^orm the adjective is
said to be m the i'ositive degree ; the next day may be colder
this gives us the Comparative degree ; the thirlday may be th;
co^«., and this gives us the Superlative, or highest Vee
^ A /f T^ adjectives this change is effected by adding er
and est to the Positive, while in others it is made by prefi4ig
more and m ost, or less and least. ^
Its^?se1s\Sf?;'!.fc„^rL^.^h!«h will be often met with in Orar«niar
their signs telfus what \^ mkv'audWf'fSK^ *"" *'' ^oo«-niaker's sign. As
jx>intoutnartiailarchaS. o^infltuo^JJ! ^'''' ''' ^^® ''^^^ in gjammflr
XVI
Oa«(rtIonB.— How many changes docs the Adjective undergro? What is
this change called? What is the effect of this change? If we u«e the a<Jjoc.
tivein it« simple form, what name Is given to the Degree? What, if we
ascend a step higher? What, when we have reached the hijjhest step ? How
are very many jwijectives comparer ? Is there auy other way of compaiing
«4jeotive8.
/f Ezeroise—l. Compare the following adjectives by adding eif
and est :—
High, low, rich, poor, quick, slow, dull, cold, free, brave,
smooth, thin, thick, black, white, hot, steep, warm, rough
tough, bold, wise, young.
2. Compare the following adjectives by means of mor6 and
most, less and least :—
Anxious, fashionable, handsome, pleasing, benevolent, cour-
ageous, sensible, temperate, intelligent, beautiful, amiable, boun-
tiful, grateful.
* CHANGES IN IH£ VEEB.
Tense.
84. This kind of word has several (five) changes, or inflections.
85> The inflection, of which we shall first speak, is known by
the name of time, or tense.
86. It corresponds to our words to-day, yesterday, and to-
morrow.
87. The first tense is called the present, which tells us what
is taking place nOW ; as, I sing.
88: The next is called the past, and it tells us what took place
yesterday, or even before that ; as, I walked a mile yesterday.
89. The third tense is called the future. This tense tells us
of something that is going tO take place ; as, I mil see you to-
morrow.
90i Very many verbs form their ] a-^t tense by adding * d ' or
*6d * to the present. If the verb ^nds in ' e,' the letter * d* alone
is added ; as, Prove, proved.
r
ttMverU
ft
r
xvii
The Inflection of Tense-
1.
3.
i*KSSXNT.
Singular. • Plural
I move. 1. We move.
Thou move8t.2. You move
Past.
Singular. Plural.
1. I moved. 1. We moved.
2. Thou moved8t,2. You moved.
He mo^e.. 3. They move, 3. H^Z^y^T'-J. Theymo™:
PPTUEB.
fiiiKjular. Plural
\ \^^^^^\T^^ "^^r- ^ ^^ «^aU or will m'ove.
2. Thou Shalt or wilt move. 2. You shall or will move.
3. He ahaU or will move. 3. They shall or will move.
Que8tionB.-How many inflections has the Verb? Which of these are we
going to consider first ? What does • tense ' mean ? \Vhat does ' time mean !
To what words does this Inflection correspond? What Is the first tense
called? What does It tell us? Give an example of this tense. What is
the name of the second tense? What does it tell us? Give an example.
What is the third tense called ? What does it tell us? Give an example.
How ig the past tense formed in many verbs? How. if the verb ends in
e?' Howls the fut».re formed? Go through the three tenses of the verb
to move.
Exercise.—!. In the following sentences select the tenses.
2. Tell why the verbs belong to that tense.
James runs. John will study his lesson. The cat killed a
mouse. John caught a fish. I see a bird. The bottle holds
ink I cut my finger yesterday and it bled. The cow eats
resh grass. Wilham rides every day on horseback. He^ r^l
to town yesterday. I shall call. ^^^
3. Write the past and the future tense of the following verbs :—
Skate, learn, play, hate, laugh, contain, gallop, bum. remain
sharpen, look, push, wait, tumble, love, shove, loosen, tighten*
smile, remove, walk. * ^muucuf
in*to^'the\' W^^ *^® *^"^^^ ^^ *^® ^^^^^ ^° Example 3, accord-
Person and Number.
92. Besides this inflection of time, there are two others which
depend upon the nominative in the sentence.
-wy\ A 1
ci_-ccsaiii
ftl iS< iS
93- If the nominative be the name of a *>e . „
said to be in the first person, and the verb must agree with"iC
—that is, it must be of the same person; as, 1 talk.
I
W !
I
xvin
94. If the nominative bo the namo of a nereon spoken tO, it i«
Bwd to be in the gecond person, and there must be the same
agreement between the verb and the nominative ; as. Thou talkest.
95. A change takes place in the spelling of the verb, for
though we cannot say * Thou talk,' we can say « Thou talkeat'
96. If the nominative be the namo of a person or thing spoken
of, it is said to be of the third person, and the verb must agree
with It. Here, too, there will be a change in the spelling of the
verb ; as, He talks.
97. Th* nominatives given in the examples are all of the siniru-
lar number, and the verbs agree with them. We shall find that
there is the same agreement between the verb and the nomina-
tive throughout the plural number also ; as, we talk, you talk
they talk. '
98. It will be noticed that there is no change in the spelling
of the verb, whin the nominatives a^-e of the plural number.
99. We also see that the person and the number of the nom-
mative determine the person and the number of the verb.
100. Hence the two inflections which depend upon thenomina-
tive are person and number. *
Questions— How many inflections of the verb depend upon the nomina-
tive? When is the nominative of the first person? What do you mean bv
the verb agreeing >.ith it? When is the nominative of the second person?
What wdl be the person of the verb? Why must a change be made in the
spelling of the verb i What is meant by the nominative being of the third
person? What will be the person of the verb? Is this agreement confined
to the singular number? Is there any change in the spelling of the plural
number of the verb ? What is it that determines th« person and the number
of a verb? ^ Wh&t inflections depend upon the nominative ?
Exercise.— In the following sentences determine the m^-^rn
and the number of the verbs :— ' '
Philip studies. The music charms. George went to town
Ram falls from the clouds. The vessel sail? over the sea T
saw hira do It You are mistaken. He cut his finger. All 'the
wmdowsm the house are open. Tho leaves of %e book are
torn. The frost mjured the gram. Thou readest. We visited
Sued* the Z ''' '■ '"*''^* ^'''' promised to come. The wolf
Voice.
lOi. Besides the three inflections which have just been de-
J.
J,
fined there is another very important one, to which we mu.t now
direct our attention.
102. ThiH inflection may be beat understood by u.ing some
such example as thia.-I strike, and I am struck.
^ 103. Here we have two forms of the same verb, the first one,
I strike represents the nominative as doing Bomethinir.
104. In the other example the nominative is represented as
r/ 'T^^f^ ^'^' *" ^*' '' "^ '^^^ff the aition.
io«' ^1 ir 'f ^"'"^ '' '^"'^ ^" ^^"^^^ voice.
106. Voice 18, therefore, the diflFerence betweeA doinir and
107. Ihe foruier ia calbd the Active, and the latter the Pafr
nve voice. •^"■^
108. Before we can give the three tenses of the Passive
Voice, we must learn the three corresponding tenses of the verb
to De.
109. These tenses are as follows ;
Singular.
1. 1 am.
2. Thou art.
3. He is.
Present.
Plural.
1 . We are.
2. You are.
3. They are.
1.
2.
3.
Singular.
I was.
Thou wast.
He was.
Past.
Plural,
1. We were.
2. You were.
3. They werg^
Future.
1. I shaU or wiU be. i. We shall or will be
2. Thou Shalt or wilt be. 2. You eha J^^wUl b;
3. He shall or will be. 3. They shall or wil bo.
Jb« ' f k'T ""' ^ ^'^''' * P*'* ^^ *^^ ^^^^ ^hich, in the
verbs of which we are now speaking, is exactly tne same as the
Past tense ; as, I am loved, I was loved, I will be loved
111. Now you can go through the three persons and both
numbers of the three tenses of any verb in tL Prsivtvot^
as, I am loved, thou art loved, he is loved, &c. '
Questiona.-In the examples given of thfr next inflection, what do«« fh« a *
one represent? What does the second represent? '"X. T ^"*
tinjo ««fl^^i;^^ o ,.., . _- . . ^^""'* xtjpresentr What name is trivcn *^
How do we form - >assive Voice by means of them ? ' ^^'' ''^^^^
Exercise —1. Id the following sentences select the verbs that
are in the Active Voice, and those that are in the Passive,
2. Tell why they belong to that voice.
3. Pick out the tenses.
4. Go through tho three tenses of the verbs in both voices.
Robert walks The horse gallops. The tree was struck by
V,?^*P"S- An old man went to market. John struck WJlliam
William will strike John, Anne cut an apple. The monkey
pulled Harry's hair They danced and sang. Nuts are eaten
by squirrels The book was read by the boy. The boy read
the book. The house waa consumed by fire. The doc bit the
cat. The horse eats hay.
Note.-It will be quite enough to know the name of the fifth inflection.
13 called mood.
It
KINDS OF VERB
112. If we examine diflFerent sentences carefully, we shall find
that verbs are of difierent kinds.
113. Let us, for example, look at these two sentences, He
struck John, v. ho rar.
114. In the first of these the statement, or wkat we are tell-
ing about the subject * he/ would not be complete without the
word • John.' The verb is, therefor? incomplete.
116. In the second sentence, however, the statement is com-
plete without the addition of another word. The verb, there-
fore, is complete.
116. In grammar we call the first kind transitive, «. «., pass-
ing over, because the sense passes OVOr to another word. The
word which completes the idea is in the objective case (Sec. 78.)
117. The other kind of verb is called intransitive, *. c, not
passing over.
Questions.— Are verbs always of the same kind ? Give an example to prove
your answrr correct. In the examples given above, what name is given to
the first verb ? Why is this name given? What name is given to the second ?
Why? What is the grammatical name for the first kind? for the second?
What case follows transitive verbs ?
Exercise.— 1. In the following examples select the transitive
2. State why they are so.
xxi
' in the sprW A shot frnt fv,''' *"*"°'°' ""1^«« ** WossomV
Jane can ^sin| dfaw and pit hT'^'^ ^"^'^ ^^ ^^P*^^^'
' go away to-m;rrow Miln^t?«" t «a«^\ yesterday and will
ox. He gave a shmW S Jt w^ '''"^ * ^' '^"^^ ^^^* *^
horse r4 very sw^ftif ^''^ ^^""^ sixpence. He reads. The
THE ADVERB.
and^L^it*^' '^^'''*T' *^" ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^* one inflection,
ana that the same, namely, Degree
'leM^anf.i. lu®!*' byplac^^g 'more' and most- or
less and least ' before the word
y^^t'^lZ^lZV:"^^^^^^ *'^^^^«^^' Whatlsitthesa«.easf
«iie given to this inflection ? How is it formed ?
ad&er®'7nd '^fiT?^/lf *^«/?ll«™g adverbs, the first four by
ng er and est. the rest by prefixing 'more and 'most'
swee^fy wUtv^ W^' ^"^tV^' ^^^^^^' ^^^^ly, beautiiuUy,
"y, nonestly, bravely, sensibly, temperately, freely.
/ THE PRONOUN.
i,.i^^ '' *he Pronoun is used for the name of the person speak-
mg, It IS said to be of the first person ; as, r. ^
sai!f M k" 'I ir'^"* ^'' *^^ ""^^ ^^ '^^ P"'«°^ spojten to, it is
said to be of the second person ; a«. Thou.
o/?f^;'c !^!5 i^'^sed for the name of the person or thing sDOkei*
Of, It .s sa.d to be of the third person ; as. He, she, it^ ^ ®
124. As they are used instead of nouns, they will be of the
same gender and number as the noun, but not necessarily of th*
^mecase.
125. They form their nlural HiflPaKa«>fi.. * -_j
ditference m gender is represented by a different WOrd.
nrnn '^^^ *^''^ ^^^ ^'' ^" ^^^"^^^*> ^^°«P* i^ two of the
pronouns.
-m^memi'
XXll
i
127. These two arethe second (plural) and the third (neuter)
which have the nominative and the objective alike. '
128. The following table will show the inflections ;
Singular,
Nom. Poss.
1. M. or F. I mine, my
2. M. or Jb . Thou thine, thy
if. He his
o, < F. She hers, her
iV^. It its
Plural.
Poss.
Ohj.
me
thee
him
her
it
Obj.
ours, our
yours, your
theirs, their
us
you
them
Nom.
1. We
2. You
3. They
129.— 1. We thus see that ' I ' and ' Thou' stand for the names
of persons of the male or the female sex, and the gender is,
therefore, masculine or feminine. 2. 'He ' stands for the nnme
Jf a person of the male sex, and the gender is masculine. 3.
'She 'stands for the name of one of the female sex, and the
gender is feminine. 4. • It ' .stands for the name of an individual
thing belonging to neither sex, and the gender is neuter.
130. We also notice that while the first and the second have
a plural of their own, the third has the same plural for the three
genders.
Questions. How many inflection has tlie Pronoun? Name them. When
la a Pronoun said to be of the first person? Of the second? Of the third -
In which mflections will they correspond to their nouns? Do they form their
plural HI the same way as nouns? How fe difference in gender represented?
Which two have the Nominative and the Objective alike? Go through each
pronoun separately, singular and plural.
Exercise. -Tell the Person, the Gender, the Number, and the
Cvase ot the followmg Pronouns :—
I, he. him, her, us, you, hers, they, it, its, mine, me, their,
ills, them, thou, our, we, she, theirs, yours, my, ours, thy.
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
■writing the English language with cettrectness
PoL^lK " "'""P."^!? 0* WOr(b, and the,a word, a,«com. '
^dint ?s tr;:rr r " ' "«^'"^'*»'»™ ■ --«•-
/ 2. Grammar comprises four parts :—
I. Orthography, which treats of letters and syUablea.
II' Atymology, which treats of words.
t"S' S^*?' ""^'^^ *'"'**' °^ *^^ construction of sentences.
IV. Prosody, which treats of Accent, Metre, and Versification
QUESTIONS.
pf^:Ji'fs^^dl^;^eT/ ^k:^::\^z^r^T'fi
oar parte is Grammar divided = Of whT d^» oiL'° '"'l* *
treat ? Of what does EtyinoWv trel 9 H„w P'*'"'f»Pl'y
differ from Etymology? of^hat'^oeBftosodttTeat P ^^'"''
PART FIRST.
ORTHOGRAPHY.
.3 ^RTHOGRAPHV treats of the sounds of letters
and of the mode of con.bining them into syllables
^1. Meaning of letter. -A letter k ■ mark or character. «ed/
•V r=i,.usunE an elementary sound of the human voice
EnglilTp^if letters-There are Twenty-six letters in the
24
ORTHOGRAPHY.
y
^ 3, Division of Letter8.-Letter8 are either VowetaorCon-
BOTIBiTltS'
4. Vowels. -A Vowel is a letter which forms a perfect sound
when uttered alone. The pure vowels are five in number : a, ..
t, o u W and y are vowels, except at the beginning of a
syllable. *
y 5. Consonant8.-A Consonant is a letter which cannot be per-
fectly sounded except in connexion with a vowel ; hence its
name. The consonants are 6, c, rf, /. g, h, j, k, I, m, «, p, «, r,
«, t, V, X, z; and w and y at the beginning of a syUable.
> 6. DiphthongS.~A Diphthong is the union of two vowels in
one sound. Diphthongs are of two kinds, proper and improper.
(1.) A Proper Diphthong is one in which both the vowels are
sounded ; as, Ou, in out ; oi, m oil; ow, in cow.
-' (2.) An Improper Dipthong is one in which only one of the
vowels IS soui^ded ; as, Om, in court; oa, m boat.
; 7. Triphthongs. -A Triphthong is the union of three vowels
m one sound ; as, £!au, in beauty.
FORMS OF THE LETTERS.
4 Different forms of letters are used both in
printing and m writing.
5. In pHnting, Roman characters are most fre-
quently employed ; sometimes Italics are used, and
sometimes old English.
^ 6. In writing, the form called ' script is used.
Examples.
Alfred was king of England. —Roman.
A If red was king of England. —Italics
^WrM Wra^ Um of (Bmml~O^T> English. '
_■ 7. Besides these forms, which are named from
the t%jpe used, we have two other forms which de-
pend upon the use made of the letters. ' These'two
torms are capital and small letters : as. A a, B b
C c, &;c- '
LETTERS.
25
I or Con-
)ct sound
er : a, e,
ling of a
3t be per-
tience its
. P, Q, r,
'•owels in
iproper.
wels are
le of the
) vowels
3th i
m
it f re-
el, and
ed.
ISH.
from
--ii ViC-
e two
, B b,
8. Small letters form the body of the word.
Capitals are used for the sake of making the word
prominent and distinct.
EULES FOE THE USE OF CAPITAL LETTERS.
u^^i®v^'~^^ titles of books, and the heads of their divisions,
should be printed m Capitals. In toritmg the title of « book or
the subject of an extract from a particular author, use capital
etters for the important words , as, The Third Book of the
Canadian National Senes. 'An amusing story of King Alfred.
Rule U.— The first word after a period, also the first word
as, Who'diditi ^H^j;^"^* ^"^«*^«^' «^«"ld begin with a capital;
Rule III.— All the names and attributes of the Deity should
begin with a capital : as, God's Omniscience means His power
01 knowmg everything.
Rule IV —Titles of ofllce and honor, and all proper names
common nouns spoken to or of as persons, should begin with
capital letters ; as, The Governor General of Canada. ' The
Canadian people are truly loyal. O Death, where is thy sting ?
JNecessity is the mother of invention.
. Rule V — The pronoun I, the interjection 0, and the first letter
m every line of poetry, should be written with a capital - as
Yesterday I visited Hamilton. O majestic night 1
But yonder comes the powerful kinc of day.
Rejoicing in the East;
Rule VI.— A quotation in which the exact words ate given
should begin with a capital letter ; as, Shakespeare says. All the
world IS a stage. '
Rule VII.— Any word that we desire to make particularly
emphatic, or which denotes the principal subject of disccurse
may be written with a capital letter ; as, The Reformation The
Gunpowder Plot.
SYLLABLES.
> 9. A Syllable is an articulate sound uttered by
one effort of the voice , as, Farm, far-mer, ea-gle,
^^ 10. It consists of one or more letters ; as, A-e-
ri-al
t -1 mi . . _ _
ix. mere are as many syllables in a word as
there are distinct sounds , thus, in the word gram-
ma-ri-an, there are four syllables.
26
ORTHOGRAPHY.
12. Words are divided, according to the number
of syllables which they contain, into—
1. Monosyllables, or words of one syllable ; aa, Fox.
2. BiflSyllables, or words of two syllables ; as, Far-mer.
3. Trisyllables, orwcrdaof thret syllables ; as, BuUter fly.
4. Polysyllables, or words of many syUables .; as, Pro-cras-ti-
na-tion.
SYLLABICATION.
13. Syllabication is the division of words into
syllables
The following may be taken as a General Bule :—
Place together, in distinct syllables, those letters which make
up the separate parts or divisions of i word, as heard in its cor-
rect pronunciation : or, divide the word according to its comti-
tuent parts,—*, c, its prejix, root, and affix.
SPELLING.
14. Spelling is the art of expressing a word by
its proper letters, correctly arranged.
L Special Rules for Spelling. -The pupil is referred, for guid-
&noe m the special rules for syUabication and spelling, to " The
Companion to the Readers."
2. Point to be remembered. -The pupii must remember that,
though a word may be divided at the end ot a line, a syllable
should never be broken. This division of the word must be
marked by a hyphen,, placed immediately after the division • as
Trans-form. ' '
QUESTIONS! ON OETHOGEAPHT.
What is orthography f What is a Letter ? How many letters
are there in the English Alphabet ? How are they divided >
What IS a Vowe , &c. ? What different characters are u^ed in
printing and wntmg > How do Capital letters differ in use from
smal ones? What ,s the first Rule for the use of cIpitaT
&c. ? What is a Syllable ? Of how many letters dbes a svnable
consist ? How many syllables are thcrfi in a «.nr^ " wi!?. ?_ ®
Give the Geoerai Rule for di vidinir words into syllables ? "^
/.
lumber
er.
•ber-fly.
).cra8-ti-
Is into
!h make
its cor-
I consti-
►rd by
brguid-
) "The
er that,
pliable
lust be
>n ; as,
letters
vided r
Lsed in
le from
ipitala,
yllable
Ku la u
ation ?
i-^
27
PART SECOND.
ETYMOLOGY
2. InflectioTi Thi. ■ .T"'^'' ^^^^'^ *hey do in sentences.
word to ,U original source just as v,eZ7i T V""' *
its fountain-head. Jn tliis w»v „ f ^ " ""^ ''»<"' *<>
word . „i ,Sa,o„. ^ClZ^ZZ^T''' -'"''- '"^
/ ic » TTT WOBDS.
ii oAn'Idr '^ ^" ^'^^'="'^*^ -^-J -d as the
as,?o''h.Eye'r'' '='"^"* °^ ^°^«' -""^s only:
18. Words admit of a threefold division :
I. As to POKMATION.
IX. do Kind.
III. do Inplection.
19. With respect to formation, words are
I. Peimitive or Derivative.
■11. blMPLE or COMPOUSD
an _i « T. • KEiramoHs.
otter word in Tet''* '"'"* '1°"" *"* " '"'* <'»ivedfrom any
others ap::!;'! :x--;,ti;^ "- ^ ™»' ^- ^^d
word ^.!"!?£" r"» '= r '"-' '» -ot combined with », ^..
. . , ..i-ij^ iiuuse, Cily. "' '
4. A Compound word is one that is madfi „,. «* x
Bimple word* ; as, Manhood, horseml^' ^ *^' "' '""'^
28
ETYMOLOGY.
t
n. KIND Of W0ED8.
T 21, With respect to kind, words are either, —
1. NoiTNS; 6. Adverbs;
2. Adjectites ; 6. Prepositions ;
3. Pronouns, 7. Conjunctions;
4. Verbs; 8. Interjections.
f- 22. These are called Parts of Speech.
Origin of different Parts of Speech. -When we wish to make
known our thoughts we employ words, each one of which has
Its own meaning and nse. As our ideas are of diflferent kinds,
so also must be our words. The class to which these separate
words belong, depends? upon their meaning and USO For ex-
ample, if we wish simply to give the name of anything, we use
a noun ; if we wish to say anything about that noun, we use a
verb, &c.
m INFLECTION.
-^ 23. Some of these Parts of Speech undergo
certain changes of form or termination, and these
changes are called inflections ; as, Man. man's, men.
24. Other words undergo no such change ; as,
Yes no, then ; therefore, with respect to inflection
words are either, —
I. Inflected or
II. Uninflected.
Inflected.— Noun, Adjective, Pronoun, Verb, and Adverb.
Uninflected.— Preposition, Conjunction, and Interjection.
DEPINITIONS.
' Noun, or Substantive, is a, name, as of a person, place, or
thmg ; as, Cicero, Rome, boy, house, &c.
. An Adjf^ive is a word which is used to qualify nouns ; as,
Good, great, &c.
' A Pronoun is a word which properly supplies the placr of
nouns ; as. I, Thou, &e.
' A Verb is a worl which expresses existence, condition, or
action; as, He is ; He is sleeping ; He reads,
-rjjjvii ic uBcu uu moaiiy veros, iwl-
jectives, and other .dvorbs ; as, To run swiftly; 50 swift • at
simjlly.
<
LhiB^
t ]
I
HE
i to make
iiich has
it kinds,
separate
For ex-
'„ we use
we use a
ndergo
1 these
s, men.
56; as,
lection.
verb,
ion,
jlace, or
ins ; as,
placf of
ition, or
ha, ad-
Rrift; 81
INFLECTION.
f9
^b
I
A Prxpmition is ft word which shews the relation between
its object and some other word in the same proposition ; as, To
be tn Italy.
A Conjunction is a word which shews the particular manner
in which one part of a sentence is joined to another : as, The
father and the son resemble each other, mther the father or
the sou must go.
An iNTERjEcnov is simply used as an expression of feeling,
or as a mere mark of address ; as, Oh J Aim I Had t
INFLECTIONS.
% 25. The inflections of Nouns are, 6^e7ic^,JVttm6er
and Case. ' *
The inflection of Adjecttves is Degree.
The inflections of Pronouns are the same as
those of Nouns, together with Person.
The inflections of Verbs are Voice, Mood, Tense
Number, and Person. *
The inflection of Adverbs is the same as that
of Adjecitves.
QUESTIONS ON ETTMOLOGY.
Of w^t does Etymology treat ? What is meant by riassifica-
jSII * ^* ^^ Inflection ? What by Derivation ? W hac is a
^, Tin f ^^7 y°^^^ ^ divided? What is a Primitive
woriT What a Denvative ? What is a Simple worn ? What
a Compound? Hew many kinds of Words are there t Name
AYflSL^f^ f are these called? What is the origin of these
flf^ ? wi'?* ^^!i^ '• .^^^* " "^^^^^ ^y ^ ^«»d being in-
,?nf,^iL P^ti ^ ^^^ "'^^^"^ I**^« «^ Speech Name the
un<'- -^cted Parts. Give th^ definition of a Noun : of an Ad-
lec. o . of a Pronoun j of a Verb, &c. What are the Inflec-
jtions of Nouns ; of Adjective*. &o. ?
THE NOUN.
26. A Noun is a name, as of a person, place, or
thing ; as, CiceiD, Toronto, boy, house.
LLS^hLf^^^'T^J!^'^?.*^* «»"*»or m*y be ropposea
if o" -^^ --*"*'» *^^ "a*" "«me is Called iu grammar a HOQIL
I* ?• J^* ^ ^^ remembered.— The pupil must remember tluKk
It is rimply the nam© that is affected by fframmar : the pericS:
K^ place, or thmg, remains unchanged. W« taa,f iUnatnSe thtt
86
ETTMOLOGT.
>
>
I
by an example : ' Man ' is a human being, and as snoh we oui-
not say that he belongs to any * part of speech,' but the IUUII6 is
a noun. •
•3^ 27. Nouns may be divided into three classes:
Proper, Common, and Abstract.
1. Proper Nouns.— if the nouns are the names of individnai
members of a class, they are proper nOUns- Thus the name of
overy individual person or place is a proper nOUn; as, Victoria.
Toronto.
2. Common Nouns— But if the nouns are the names of things
of the same sort or class, they are COmmon nouns; thus, the
iioun 'Lion,' being the name of a class, or species, is a OOmmon
Jioun.
3. Abstract Nouns. — Besides the two classes mentioned above,
there is a class of nouns which are the names of qualities or
states, and which we can only think of as existing. Thus, wc
Icnow that ' snow ' is * white,' and * grass ' is * green,' but we can
only think of the quality or property of • whiteness ' or * green-
ness ;' these are of the class called abstract- This class of nouns
generally ends in ness, th, tion, ance, ence, hood, ty.
DEFINITIONS.
^ 28. A Proper Noun is a proper name, as of a
person, or place ; as, John, London.
29. A Common Noun is a name common to all
the members of a class of objects ; as, Man, ho^'te.
30. An Abstract Noun is a name of . lome
property, or quality, which can only be conceive^^ of
as having an existence ; as, Virtue, justice.
QUESTIONS ON THE NOUN.
What is a Noun ? How is a Noun known ? What point must
be carefully remembered? Give an illustration. Inw what
three classes are Nouns divided ? How may a Proper Noun be
known ? How do you kuow a Common Noun ? What is meant
by an Abstract Noun ? Give a definition of each.
EXERCISE ON THE NOUN-
1. Write out twelve names of things in the school-room.
2. Write out twelve names of things in the play-ground.
3. Write out twelve names of things in the fields.
■' n
TBE NOUN.
31
4. Select the nOOIUl in the following sentences s—
The ran shines. The dog barks. The fire bums. The fox
crept along the wall. The l^oat sails on thd water. The floweni
bloom. Birds build nests. The door is open. Water is good
for drmkmg Columbus discovered America. John studies
grammar History is a useful study. The rose is a beautiful
aower. Cain slew Abel The boy told an untruth. Mush-
rooms grow. The church bell tolls.
5. Write out twelve nouns that are names of things.
6. Write out twelve notms that are names of persons.
7. Write out twelve nouns that are names of places.
8. Write out twelve abstract nouns.
9. Arrange the diflFerent nouns in the sentences given abova
according to the class to which they belong.
ANALYSIS.
/ 31.—1. A Sentence is a combination of words
expressing a complete thought. (Sec. 1, 2.)
•^ 2. This complete thought is expressed respecting
some thmg—i.e., a Noun or its equivalent.
^ 3. The expression of this thought is made by
means of that part of speech called the Verb, with-
out which no statement can be Jnade.
' 4. The two parts into which each sentence may
be conveniently divided, are the Noun Part and
the Verb Part.
5. The division of a sentence into its two essential
parts IS termed Analysis.
1 Examples.
I TJe clock has just struck two.
She dwelt on a wild moor.
Noun Part.
She
Verb Part.
has Just struck two.
dwelt on a wild moor.
n
ETYMOLOOT.
/ AoaTyae, according to plan, the following gentenoea :—
The eye is the organ of sight. Blood flows from the heart.
Temperance promotes health. Iron is the most useful metaL
A bad workman quarrels with his tools. Words of many
ry liables are called polysyllables. The long expected friends
have arrived. The sea n England's glory. True friends adhere
to us in adversi*;/. Many of the descriptions given by travellers
are exaggerated. To love our enemies is a command givei. by
our Saviour. The wind moans through the trees. Subjects
must obey their rulers.
^ QUESTIONS ON ANALYSIS.
What is a sentence ? What two .parts of speech enter into
the structure of every sentence " How are they introduced ?
Into what two parts is every sentence dixided ? What is this
division styled ?
INFLEOTIONS OF THE NOON.
32. The Inflections of this Part of Speech
are, —
I Gender,
' Number,
Case.
Besides these Inflections, Person is also ascribed to noim8>'
PERSON.
y^ 33. Person, in Grammar, is the distinction be-
tween the speaker, the person or thing spoken to
and the person or thing spoken of.
1. A noun is in the first person, when it denotes
the speaker; as. I, Paul, have written it.
2. A noun is in the second person, when at de-
notes the person or thing spoken to; as, Thou, God,
seest me. — Hail, Liberty ! .
3 A noun is m the third person, when it denotes
the person or thing spoken of ; as. Truth is mighty.
QUESTIONS ON PERSON.
What is meant by Person ? When is a noun said to be in the
6rst Person ? in the second ? in the third ?
PTPPnTar aw umiaAUT
1. TeU the person of the following nouns*
2. Give your reason.
mI
THE NOUN.
as
he heart.
I metaL
)f many
I friench
[s adhere
ravelJers
givei. by
Subjects
iter into
oduced ?
t is this
Speech
on be-
cen to
enotes
, at de-
[, God.
enotes
3 in the
mI,
>., you may go home The ,x.™t\°L.*^^^^^^ j'"'^'-
« decree. I DuHun m«V. .J ".S^*- P»n<» made
Lucifer. ' '' '"*'"' » "*«<='««• »<><• »rt Wlen, O
noJi'b''^^''*"'""'^ or inflection thai marks the
OESDEB.
35. Gender is the distinction of Sex.
^36. This inflection enables us to tell whether th«
mdmdual person or thing, of which The noun is
tolS;.'^'°"^ *° *^^ -"'« - 'h*^ /^-^'erx! or
W to^Mch ^„ra. division ti^attdiS'^'r^T^r^
^. ot.S3d J^spS^^^^^^^ ^--
'■ Masculine, *
[ Feminine,
I Neuteb.
2. Feminine Gender-If the-person or thing belongs to the
4. Common Gender.-Sometimea the nouns ar^ fi,^
of person, belonging to either 8er • th« ^ ^ J "*"'""
common; as, Pareft. ""• ^' «'"^''' ^^^^^^'^^ i«
.<38. The Masculine and fWo Vr..^.. — _ ,.
tinguished from each other" bv^^""""'''' ^'^ '^^'-
^ I. Different Ivflections.
11. DiJTEEENT Words. "
u
ETYMOLOGY.
I. DIFPERENT INFLEOHONB.
39. The .inflections most frequently met with are
ESS and ine.
Masculine.
Abbott
Actor
Author
Baron
Count
Duke
Emperor
Governor
Heir
Jew
Example 3 or
Feminine.
Abbess
Actress
Authoress
Bareness
Countess
Duchess
Empress
Governess
Heiress
Jewess
THE Termination
Masculine.
Lion
Marquis
Negro
Poet
Prince
Shepherd
Sorcerer
Tiger
Viscount
Feminine.
Lioness
Marchioness
Negress
Poetess
Princess
Shepherdess
Sorceress
Tigress
Viscountess
Masculine,
Boy
Brother
Bridegroom
Cock
Drake
Earl
Father
Gander
Gentleman
Hf 'se
2. Examples of the Termination * Ine.'
Masculine. Feminine.
P®*"®' Heroine
Landgrave Landgravine
Margrave Margravine
n. DIFFERENT WORDS.
Feminine.
Girl
Sister
Bride
Hen
Duck
Countess
Mother
Goose
Lady
Mare
Mascxdine.
Husband
King
Lord (a title)
Man
Nephew
. Papa
Son
Sir
Uncle
Widower
Feminine,
\Vife
Queen
Lady
Woman
Niece
Mamma
Daughter
Madam
Aunt
Widow
' 40. The distinction is also marked by placing
Masculine and Feminine words before the noun
of common gender ; as —
Feminim.
Maid-servant
She-goat
Hen-Spaifow
of foreign origin retain their
original distinctions of gender; as, Administrator,
administratrix ; beau, bene ; &c.
'i
41.
Masculine.
M an-servant
He-goat
Cock sparrow
Some nouns
THE NOUN.
85
rithare
line,
3S
lioness
isa
ss
ess
lerdess
ress
3S
Lintess
tne.
a
ber
L
placing
e noun
t
V
L their
Jtrator,
\
42. Sometimes an object that is usually considered
as inanimate, is represented as a living person; it is
then said to be personified; as, Come, gentle SpriTig,
QUESTIONS ON GENDER.
What is the first inflection of nouns ? What is Gender ' Of
what use IS this inflection? How many genders are there?
V\hat IS meant by a noun being of the Masculine Gender? oi
the Femmme Gender ? of the Neuter Gender ? of the Common
Gender? How is the Masculine to be distinguished from the
r eminine ? VVhat two inflections are most frequently met with '
Illustrate the formation of the Feminine by means of a Prefix :
\\ Uat IS the rule respecting nouns of foreign origin ? What is
^ meant by person' cation? o o «««
EXEROiaE ON GENDER.
1. Write down the Feminine of —
Father, prince, king, master, actor, emperor, bridegroom, stag
buck, hart nephew, friar, help, hero, Jew, host, hunter, sultan
executor, horse, lord, husband, brother, son, bull, he-goat, &c.
2. Write down the Masculine of—
.^^t^^' T""^"' ^'""-i "^'^^^^ """' *"°*' ^eWe* duchess, abbess,
empress, heroine wife sister, mother, hind, roe, mare, hen
^dow"^^^ ^^ ^^ ^^^* daughter, ewe, goose, queen, songstress,
3. Give the gender of the following nouns, with reason :—
Man, horse, tree, field, father, house, mother, queen, count
lady, uing, prince, castle, tower, river, stone, hen,\;ao8e seaml
stress mountain, cloud, air, sky, hand, foot, head,^body S
Jion, tiger, mayor, countess, friend, neighbor, teacher, assistant*
guide, sun, moon, earth, ship, cat, mouse, fly, bird, elephant,'
form •1-^'^^^^^*^^ *^^* *^® answer be given in the foUowing
««^« nf°»^ • '^J^'^A *' 1*"^ S? maaculine genaer, because it is the
name of an mdividual of the male sex.
/ 43.^,The next change which the noun undergoes is
NUMBER.
I/' 44. Number is a variation in the form, to express
f kI^J® *7 «P®*^"i5 0^ <>^y one object, we use what is called
the singular number: but if we are speaking of several th^i^
then we uae auotJier larm, called the plilrai ; therefore - ^
36
ETYMOLOGY.
_ 46. Nouns have two numbers, the Singular and
the FLURAL. The singular denotes but one object •
as, i^ooA, tree; the plural, more than «ne ; as, Boolc^,
46. Nouns form their plurals in four different
ways.
^ I General RuLK^The plural is commonly
formed by addmg 's' to the singular; as, Book
OOOfCS. -^
/ The / 8 ' has two sounds, the sharp, and the flat, or ' z ' sound
St?fat)? ■'"" ""^'^ ^''''^''' "«' ^''^' ^^^^^)^
' ^Irh ^^'1^ ?'^^'''^ ^^ ' «'' ' sh,* ' ch ' (soft), * X,'
and z, form their plural by adding ' es ; ' as, Glass
glasses; ^)rush, brushes; church, churches; fox'
foxes; tc.v,z, topazes; but monarch, monarch's. '
^ 2. Most nouns ending in 'o' preceded bv a
consonant, form their plural in *es;' as, Car^o
cargoes. ' ' ^ \
• Exception8.~Canto, memento, octavo, two, zero, qrotto, junto
^PyoT ^^'*''' ''''^' ^^''' ''''^' ending S*^"eo?'
^ S. Nouns in'y' after a consonant form their
FS '"^ '^'' changing 'y' into 'i;f as. Lady,
4. Nouns in * y ' after a »vowel follow the general
rule ; as, Day, days. But ^nouns ending in ' quv '
form their plural in 'ies;' as. Colloquy, colloquies.
-t 5. Nouns in 'f or 'fe' form their plural in « es,'
changmg ' f mto W ; ' as, Wife, wives f life, Uvea.
/ Exceptions -Gulf, safe, fife, strife, and nouns ending in *:ff'
Ai •• ^tT^W^ k^ ^'^^ ^^T^^' *^^ ^^ 'rf,' form their plural in
/ B. 10 tnis, however, there ia an evponfinn i« +u« ^„ t _
WyH! ^" •* *''''" '^"^'^ *"•" *^'" Vl^ regularly;
THE NOUN.
87
LAR and
object ;
3, Boolcs,
lifferent
[nmonl
s, Boo
I
z ' sound,
) (sharp),
)ft). < X/
3, Glass,
i ; fox,
hs.
I by a
Cargo,
'tOf Junto,
in *eo,*
1 their
Lady,
general
I ' quy '
iwies,
in * es/
'ivea.
plural in
_f _
["he com-
yularly ;
III. The third way "of forming tJie plural is by
Mdren ^^ ' ^^ ^^^ ^^^g^lar ; as, Ox, Oxen ; chiM,
IV. The fourth way is by changing the vowel of
the smgular ; as,
Singular.
Man
Woman
Foot
Louse
Plural.
Men
Women
Feet
Lice
Singular.
Tooth
Goose
Mouse
Cow (formerly)
(now)
Plural,
Teeth
Geese
Mice
Kiue
Cows
6,?®i^*~/* °^"»* ^e bo™e ia mind that Abstract nouns have no
plural, as long as we consider them simply as names of notions •
^^lnrT''ir'^'''''''f^'!v*^'°'^°^^^« «^ things, they have
n.?lu^' J'''' example, the noun 'Beauty,' as 8ie name of ,.
quality, has no plural ; but we use th^> plural form beauties aa
meaning 'beautiful things.' The same W be Sid^?spe?tin^
*je names of individual persons, and the names of materials
\ f.W?''^''T.'^^r^"^*¥&^^f«f^ clwsname.th'LTtake.
\of^ioTd. The Georges of England. -Som.e golds ; i.e., Kinds
EXEECISE ON NDMBEE.
1. Give the plural of the following nouns, and the rules for
coZn^nl'"'.^ ' thus, ^00^ plural books. Rile.~The ^ural is
"T^lh^^^^fwh f^^',P/"^^>«^'*- Rule. Vouns S
S, . sll, oh' (soft), 'X,' 'Z,' form the plural by adding 'fi.'
Ormorebnefly, Nounsin *x 'form the plural by ad tog 'S'
Fox, book, leaf, candle, hat, loaf, wish, box, coach, sky.
army echo, loss, cargo, wife, story, church, table, glass, study
street, potato, sheaf, house, glory, monarch, flower, city, diffil
culty wolf, day, bay, chimney, journey, needle, enemy, ant, *ea.
key, tyro, grotto, nuncio, embryo, gulf, handkerchief, hoof, itaflf
cliff, reef, safe, wharf. * . ' '
i*no?^ T^** ''''?^7 '^^?°^ ""^ *^^ following K .uns, and why ?
Book, trees, pant, globes, toys, home, fancv. glass, state
fw' ^r«^«' P""^«' bears lilies, roses, glove, "silkT sk ies, hni'.
cameos ' ""'' ^^^'^' ^^^'"' P^*"^"'' ^^y«' mouAtain;
NOUNS IRREGULAR IN THE PLDRAL.
47. Therfi fl.rp nprfm'n rkQr»iilio>.u;^^ :«. x"L _ /•
•"'«• i^--^«.i^cixii<ico 111 tiiu lurma-
tion ot the plural of different nouns worthy of being
88
' i
ETYMOLOGY,
/
/a *m£^7^JZT^':1''' P^"^' ^'^^^
Singular^
Bi-other
Plural
Brothers
Brethren
bies
Dice
Geniuses
Genii
Indexes
Indices
Pennies
Pence
(one of the same family)
\ society)
(a stamp for coining)
(a small cube for gaming)
(a man of leanang)
(a kind of spirit)
(a table of reference)
(a sign in algebra)
(a coin)
(a sum or value) ^en^e
oo ^a 7?^""^ f^""^ ^^ "^^^^ '^ the singular only •
as, Gold, meekness, piety, &c. ^ '
f 50. Some nouns are used in the plural only as
thing, consisting of two parts , as. Bellows, drnwers,
mmK.^'^^ T""^ ^^^^ *^^ ^°^^ ^«™ '^ both
nTrn!? '-^^ i>e67' «W sivinc, Sc. ; certain build-
nfi' materials ; as, Bnck, stone, plank, in mass
mea^ .'^ ^^'"^ ^^^"^ "" ''«"^"' P^"'^' ^*^ * distributive
PLURALS OF FOREIGH NOUF
-f 52. Words adopted without change from forei<m
languages generally retain their ori Jnal pTu^r^
niiiu^^'J^r'^^*^^^ '"'' '" .eneraUy changed into 4;' as,
2. The terminations * um ' (Latin) and 'on' (Greek) are
changed mto 'a; 'as, Datum, data , automaton, automat^
formuT^ "'*"* ^' '^ ^''^^^^ ^°*« '»'•' ««> Formula,
4 ^e tenniBation 'is ■ (Latin and Greek) i» changed into
spedet termination 'es' is retained ;, as. Species,
«#. i u© terminations * s ' < av ' nc < i* * «
'ices ; ' Apex, apices. ' ®*' ^' «. are changed into
THE NOUN.
39
6. The foUowing are from the French, the Hebrew, and the
Italian :— •
, Fronch — Bean, beanx.
/ Hebrew— Cherub, cherubim.
\ Italian— Bandit, banditti.
Not©.— The general tendency of the language is to adopt manv
stlphs. "^^ ^^' *^'^ ^"«^^^ Plur5;7a8. MemorLdTs!
QUESTIONS ON NUMB£S.
dW** wS'!S^''V>.^>''i^' f^ singular used ? When the
plural . What does the singular denote, &c. ? How many wavs
R,l*?' WW l'"^''^ the plural? What is the fiSt |eS
f^«f5Lp^*^*''?t,'^^*^'*'*' '«•' Give examples. What is
the first Rule for the formation of the plural in ♦ es. ' &c. ? What
18 the third way m which the plural iiT formed ? Give^iamples
Give examples of Nouns which fomf'their plur^ by a cSge
nlr^i % ^^Zt '"v,*^^ T^^^^'"' ^^^^^ have Abstract^ NouS^a
plural ? What is the first peculiarity noted in connection with
^^f/^^^l*' '?""*t^«n of tlie plural ? Give examples of Nound
th"bpTui^^:rf "^ "^^' ^" ^^" ^« Foreign^ouns fo«u
': EXEEOISE ON NUMMIE.
l.^Give the plural of the following nouns :—
ta, foot, penny, mouse, ojc, child, woman, brother, goose,
tooth, erratum, radius, genius, lamina, phenomenon, axis, chorab
serapn, die, index, beau, bandit, penny, memorandum.
2 Of what number are the foUowing nouns ;—
Dice, arcana, fishermen, geese, teeth, woman, child, apparatus,
genu, geniuses, Matthew, children, brothers, formula, cherubim.
pence, seraph. ' ^*""""»
3. Tell why each word is of that particular Number.
53. The last inflection that the noun undergoes is
CASE.
54. Case is the relation which nouns and pro-
nouns hear to the other words with which they are
connected m sense.
tt
The old grammarians used to indicate the dependence of the
noun upon some other word by the successive- positions of a
40
ETTMOLOOr.
I !
•■other.' "f"** of our thought, from one thing to
66. Nouns in English have three cases.-
Objective.
as the ^^'.^t^fitdTZ P^"''^"" ^^-d»g
^ntence is said to b^ 7nth^^l''°'"' P^"^ »* the
Naming Cask; a., i/a'istolT^^"^"' "- ^''^
beforeS;Li?e^rZ%fi^^Ur'- '^ ^'^^^ J-*
m. 'When the word stanrlo »** ^
Of a prepositipn, it Widln f*^l^ * <!;«'»«<*«« verb
EIEBOISE OH OASE.
1. Select irominative Caset:-
weot'down. ^ Tr^'i« Sincerity is openness of hearf tu
«ours aince« d'S. '^ *^^ ^'^-^^ ^ "^^o^4e^ ftayj'^ J2e
^'leSSe^v^*^^^^-^-^^^^
« fUMeisive cases :—
..tJ?T^'« monument. Pravpri-^T,
aoldier's seDnlchr** t'i. %^Ver is the contrite ainn
Tell why, &c.
3. Select Objective case. :
otrontf r wtamn ^^ 1 .
'u..
THE NOUN.
41
wind shook the brancheii • T .«», ai.
Tell why, Ac.
!ono^7^'Zl^'?Jf^^:^^^^>:Tt^'^''^' •'e.P'en in the
c«u.e it names tlie thine Vbon? ll^VK l^"'*"""'*'''* <="»> •»•
' Nehon'a • i, in the D^^™ .^"'^ *^ "."tion is nude,
owner or po,«,.«,r. ^SSrisTih^^Si •'*.•" P""*" »"* **«
it receives tie «tion e^^rS" by the vefb''"'*"'* ""*' '"'""""
T Tn. , ?™^ «•» THE MMIHAnVE.
1. The subject of a finite verb is nut in th^
Nominative; as, The /fern,, reigns. ^
I. Subject-Under the head of analvsi. we fn„„J rt.*
•entenoe consiats of two oarts • «„^IT 1 ■*' """"^
Of; the other, what we^CVi^^^ ^'^^"'f *''° thing iqw^en
give the nameTrlowt^y *^f t ,'^/''«'<>"°«"f "'e.e'^we
-.ertion. the name "ffti::^ *^'''''*'"^." ««'"^8 ""e
have onf2,r^L 'f '*' ''•™« ' "omin.tive -befon. them,
nave one ,^, them . hence we have a« a ,e„ond Rule.
II. A Predicate Noun, denoting tie same npr<.««
or thing as its subject, agrees witl it iA^e • Ll
am a measenger. ■ ' '^' ^
cai"'afVPr'"r W^'^r ^^^ ite subject in
we'*i'S"*r^*'' "" "" '"'ffo"""-""!' for the same thing
»Vw Lett r "/*»■««»« » appOMtton with the other
tte ottef ^' "' appo«tiv6 tothat word which explain^
W.,.* • n QCESnoNS OH OAflB
is me»t''by'^Jo,e^„1 .''?'''w*J*7r'' P^r'^ "«^'y ' What
many caee/ha™ Noun," ole* h. Tfi' •.'?*'°". »='" ' «»»
is the Kule for ti,« w ^ • I? the definition of each. What
the Rule for Aro^tives* Hn^ *]^ Nommat ve? What is
•apposifcive?' ^PP^^'^^ves? How do you explain the word
1 SeWfK ^™^SE ON THE HOimrATIVE.
2 ^ J*,*^f,^«°^*tive8 in the following examplaa •--
2. Classify them according to the Rules. ^
i2
.1
N
I '
ETYMOLOGY.
called Jamea • He w^ta Trl V a **"^ ^^^ fought.* Heia
w« blind. Wm!ikTeS,t,r^r.'-^oS"' '"'^^
^- - THE POSSESSIVE CASE.
as, John. John's; nZ, nT^s. ''o«»inative ,
^^. When the plural ends in ' o ' +k« ^
59 The relation of the Dosse«?<?iv^ ,-c, «i
some imes omitted in order to avoidTarshne^ o
ness'sake; for conliience^ sTke ' ^' ^°' ^ooJ-
EUIE FOB THE POSSEBSOTE.
Any noun, not an fippositive. qualifvinff th^
meaning of another noua^ put in the pSsiv^
as, I lost my hrother's book. l-ossessive ;
OtTESTIOHS OR OASE-(oa.tiiiTOd).
times expressed f, WbZ i» .hi !!? T "I'^e^ Possessive some-
^Ssi^r *^« r„rr'4:,:??-T^/- ^p^nded^^
EXERCISE ON THE POSSESSIVE
nouns^lT *^^ ^^"««i^«' «i°«"i»r and plural, of the following
Child, prince, woman, kincr sai^»*i4. ♦„*«. r__...-^_ . . .
«». father, doke. dofc hAh.r».^;,rr^^^,^;^^^
cold
THE NDTJN.
2. Supply P issessive cases in the following ;
The— -*s crown. The 's sword. The -
s horse. The 's coat. The 's heat.
4>3
— s mano.
The 's
PoLISivir ""^^^ P-^^Powtion 'of and its ca.e, insert the
The shade o+Jhe holly. The work of the men. The dresc,ea
of the ladies The flag of the man-of-war. The son of a prince
A servant of the kmg. For the sake, of goodness. ^
' THE OBJECTIVE OASB.
.. ^hr'^^ Objective Case is the same in form as
the jNominative.
A word is said to be in the Objective case when it expresses
either (1) the object of aD action (denoted by a transitive verb
m the active voice) ; or (2) the object of a relation (denoted by
a preposition). ^
BULB POR THE OBJEOTPTE.
The Objective Case follows an active transitive
verb or a preposition ; as, he struck the table with
his hand.
QUESnONS OS OASE-(oontiniied).
>rn^'5ro?'^%*^«S}'J^'?*'''^ ^^® °^ * "O""^ differ in form from tte
Nominative ? When is word said to bo in the Objective Caae ?
What IS the Rule for the Objective ?
EXERCISE OH THE OBJECTIVE.
1. Select the Objectives in the following examples :■
2. State why the words are in the Objective.
John struck James. Knowledge expands the mind. He was
?h^*u I ^""T . ^'''^^ *« *^^ measure of knowledge. Children
ritS^kVy'^?tnSr ""^'^y^]^^^-^^^ H^
DECLENSION OF NOONS.
62. Nouns are thus dechned— •
Sing. Pujr. Sim. Plvjl Sing.
pZ' r^^' ]^^^ ^^ °»e^ John
Poas. Lady's ladies' Man'g men'- r^y^
nL ifl r. ''^'' ^*^' "^^^ JoS'
44
I
ETYMOLOaY.
Decline the following nouns in the same way : -
PAfiBINO.
sJtL^f""'"^* ^ ^^^ resolving or explaining of a
ing to the dehnitions and rules of Grammar
n^?'"^*^?""^' "'°*""« "' ">*» definition will be better
underrtood .f we take an example by way of illustration. We
meet, for instance, with the word -fo,,' and wish to parse it •
h^^r*"* *°*Tr " .*" "' P'°P*'' <"»« Of WOrd.> and to tell
howit ,, affected by other words in the sentence, or how it
±a, r- , 'f"' *"■" '* " *■"> •"««« Of" thing, (.•... a»
Svi r, """O"" Asitssexisnotkfownposi.
oo««on^Z!pSrXut.^lmW* Tt«^
p^ , ' OKDEE OF PAESnia THE HOTO.
Abstr. ) ■ Com. ) .5 H-. j ^ Obj. ) --
ijXAMPLE. —James lost his brother's knife.
Case
according to
Rule.
Relation
James lost.
brother's knife
lost knife.
Etymologfy and Syntax.
James. Noun, proper, masculine, singular
nommative to verb lost. Rule, "^"K"**^'
6ro«Aer.. Noun, com&on, masculine, singular,
possessive, depending on ^j/e. EuW ^
^K i:**"^,' common, neuter, singular, obiea.
tive after the verb ^05^;. Eule.
TABLE OF NOUNS
£iud.
I
Proper.
T-
Common.
^i
Abstract
THE NOUN.
Infieotionf.
45
Gender.
I
Number.
J
CMe.
9. Obj.
> Mas. Fern. Neu. Sing. Plur. Norn. Posh.
AITALYSIS.
XI, •^^•■~?* The part of a sentence which names the
thing about which the assertion is made (i.e. the
NOUN PART) is called the subject.
2. The subject of a sentence is, therefore, a noun
or some word or words used as a noun. '
3. Sometimes the subject is a simple nominative
without any accompanying words.
, .'*• T^^^ , nominative is sometimes called the
subject '^^^^*' and sometimes the * grammatical
6. If any words are joined to the nominative in
tormmg the subject, the subject is termed * complex '
or logical. ^ *
called attRbutes because they qualify or attribute
some quality to the thing named. (Sec. 65, 2.)
7. The different attributes may be a noun in
apposition a noun in the possessive case, (either
form, Sec. 57, 59,) or a pre^ition followed by ite
case. ^
Examples.
{I.) Shakespeare w&a Sk poet.
^) Shakcpeare, iKepoet. flonririi«i m ibe «Aga ct Siiz,,
' '' »in."' " '' " i"""^"*^ *♦»» oXiiauBted ; or,
V P**^®'^°® ®/ ^ ^^^ was exhauitad.
(*.) lioxie bta the braae deserve tite fair
46
ETYMOLOGY.
In »ppo«tion ; in (3)T^K^'w? f' ' *''"< I""*"""" ■« « noim
Subject.
Attribute. Nominative.
VERB PAST.
The poet Shakespeare flourished in the reign of Eliza-
»>etli.
The master's
Of the master, the
patience
patience
was exhausted,
ditto.
Analyze, accordi^oV«i, th6 following sentences : ~ ^
the town. Paul the Anoil« » ^^^ general's skill saveS
QUESHONB OK ANALYSIS.
the?ubUnfVrtet:^^%^^^^ what is
itself, what is it cidled ? Wi!!. Vv,* Nominative is taken by
meanVtya ^4lex BubLJTw^^^^^^ jri ^»«jt? Whatis
wntence r Wh^S meS bv^ttrib« w ^""^f" ""^J"^.* «^ *
cUed! What different attrifeetmay^^^^^^^ ^ *^'^ '^
THE ABJECTIVE.
as, A ^t/bt'''"' ^ ' word used to ,^^^^^nouns ;
« Jl;«^^ ^ »ame.-It gets its name from being added tO
nouns to desonbe the things which they name. '
^ 8. Illastration.-From the duty that an adjective does, it may
be oaUed a noun-marking word. Thus : • The black man sold
the spotted dog to the old gentleman.' In this aent-n- *K^
words black, spotted, old, and the, quaUfy, or mark the nouM
«»*^ aog, gentleman. Black marks the noun man, wd
?\
THE ADJECTIVE.
47
Ihe^n^n ^J.'^'V^** "^ "^""^ ^*^'' "^^"^^ spotted marka
the noun dog, and aeips us to distinguiah the dog of which we
man, and helps us to mark out tJiat gentleman from geSemfn
ri'r", ^T?" r '^^^-^«^- Th« word the marU out t^a
parUou ar Wack man about whom we arespeakmir from
•mong all other black men : and so of the rest. *^ *^
66. There are three kinds of Adjectives-
I. Those which mark a thing from a daw.
II. Those which mark the peculiar quality of a thing.
III. Those which teU us the number or quantity.
diSed'Tn^"'^^*"" "'^'''^ <^^"°*« --^' -
I. Cardinal lw ,
U. Ordinal ( Numerals.
70. Cardinal Numerals tell us how many things
there are are m a series; a^, One, two, three, &c ^
7h Ordinal Numerals denote the place held by
an object m a series ; as, First, second, third, &c.
t ^2. Under the last named class of adjectives are
and ; distributives ' a^ each, every, either, neither.
1. Indefinites.— These numeral adjectives are so caUed be-
cause they imply number, but do not specify an exaxjt number
Z. I)lStributives.-^Numeral adjectives of this kind denote the
wnole of a number of objects taken separately.
[J^iTtv ?f ^' P-^^^. ^^ '^"^^^ ^^^ ^sed to
lQlJH.nTV (W liTr»i+ o. 'n^i-^ XI- _<• .1
iari;^-.4.;„ " ■""'■-,- ""!""' ^"^y pcixuim i/iie part of an
adjective and should be parsed as such; m, A gZ
[nag; a siJwr cup, - ^
I
48
ICTTMOLOGY.
i
* AN aad fEE.
74. Two of the fii^t class of adjectives an and
mL**^,°'^*"*~^''' ""^ " derived.from the Latin, «,d
me.M » Uttle joint Neither „£ the article, haa any meai^
unless It is joined to a noun, ^ meaning,
athinl'L^'" *»-:-™»«rtiole point, out the oIms to which
hoS.' '^ " "'°^ ***""' " ''°'"' " '''*"'*■• "r An age, an
(3.J • A • is used before a consonant ; as, A book ; also before
onmt,al y,or «,; a., A unit; a use, a eulogy, a ewe, mSy a
3. (1.) 'The. '-This adjective points out a partionlar indi-
ZT- S,^""" "^ inflividuala. of a certJSTII" ""y^
w;i,„ ^' """"V"""' P"*«»l« ml« already referred to.
Sometimes ,t gives to a noun or another adjective the force
i. i as, TAe apple is a delicious fruit. Me J^IJZ
(2.) How applied— ' The ' applies to either number, but • a '
to» adjective and a plural noun, as, A few days; a gre.?
WW Q^ESTIOlfS 05 TEE ADJECTIVE.
lU^^e^Tan^t^t^:/.,^^^^^^^^ u^e T
second c1m8^' Of «fw^I- ^ ^*5..'^ ^^% '^^^^'^ ^^ t^^ose of the
de&Ute"r *"S^''"i»*^'! uunieralT. " Why are they cJled'^ta!
• ffi,utiT^'H^ ^r/*"*^ 'diatributive./ .W 4, '
auOTDutiTea. How would you paraa the word 'gold ' in the
8 an and
ihe name
led as a
9 Latin, and
ly meaning,
USS to wLicli
the class of
An age, an
also brfore
the power
'6, many a
alar indi-
8 ; as, The
eferred to.
the force
ise and the
r, but * a '
e meaning
I a grett
bs name ?
?. ^ How
f the first
'se of the
I ? Name
few that
•se which
Cajrdinal
k TkT
lied 'in-
• ame the
I' in the
THE ABJECTIVE.
49
compound word' a gbld-ring'? Why do you thus parse it ' Bv
what name are the adjectives ' an ' and • the ' someC known?
What does -article ' mean. Of what use is the adSve « an * ^
When IS the form 'an ' used ? When the form ' a ' ? What force
has the adjective ' the ? ' What two ideas may be expressed bv
the words 'the cow?' How do these adjectives dX in theh^
application to nouns, with respect to number?
EXERCISE ON THE ADJECTIVE.
cli's !^*^° ^°llo™« exercises assign each Adjective to its proper
A terrible war had been waged for many years. The Britiah
co^.fields. It IS said, will be exhausted V three generations
The heavy brigade was drawn up in two lines. Each so dier
knew his auty, and every man was prepared to do it There is
much wisdor.an «ie words of the old man, but liltle arZt in
his speech. The bloom of that fair face is wasted the*^h^rr is
grey-with care. The disorderly soldiers were excelled The
general, envious of distinction, <5ashed into the enemas ranks
adfect^vM^^l*^ *^^ following sentences by supplying appropriate
seJ^V??^ ^°'* ^'' *°°S *^® ^^ ^**tl«. tlie at
Let the ■— - boy repeat nouns. A really man is rai«
ffflrtrof'rT^«*«^^l>fk« under the heavy stroke of-!!!:
affliction. God rewards the , and punishes the . Ccesar
b?o!:?*"i;tW^- ^^r ^i y°"' — f*the< buy that —
has bonah? f J^^'^ T~i ^^y^ ..^^'^'"^^ punishment. John
language^ Grammar teaciies the use of
.THE INFLECTION OP THE ADJECTIVE.
. P\ ™® 4djective in English admits of but one
inllection, viz., Degree.
I Degree.— The word means & step, and the c-bject of this
inflection is to shew increase or dUinution in the quality
which the adjective expresses.
2. Illustration. -« I vere to place three pieces of paper by
the side of one another, and say of one of the pieces that it was
wlute, I would be uaing one ' degree of comparison,' tbat which
amply expresses the possession of the oualiHr- If the — n ^
piece possessed the same quality of 'whitenew in a hiffher
degree, I would say that it was 'whiter ' than the first ^ece,
and thus use the 'second degree.' But if the third piece wai
"' ) .'S»
50
ETYMOLOGY.
II
III
Whiter ^ either of the other two, it woidd possess the qnaKty
m the highest degree. A fourth piece might possess the same
quality, but to an extent or degree even less than the first ; it
might, therefore, be said to be of a ' whitish ' color. This gives
us a degree nnder the positive, which we may caU the sab-
positive. We may then arrange the degrees like steps, thus :—
Sup. —Whitest.
Co mp.— Whiter. |
P OS.— W hite. I :
Snbpo s— Whitish , j
^ * j^* Adjectives which express qualities that admit
of degrees, have three degrees of comparison • the
Positive, the Comparative, and the Superlative.
-^ 77. The Positive expresses a quality simply
without reference to other degrees of the sanie
quality ; as, Gold is heavy.
'78. The Comparative expresses a quality in a
higher degree than the Positive ; as, Gtold is Lavier
than silver.
^ 79. The Superlative expresses a quality in %e
highest degree ; as, The wisest, greatest, meanest of
mankind. » ->
/ 80. To these we may add the Subpositive, which
expresses a quality in a slight degree.
MANNER OF INPLEOTINa. •
-^ 81 Adjectives of one syllable form the compara-
tive by adding er to the positive, and the superlative •
by adding est ; as. Sweet, sweeter, sweetest.
1. When used.— (1.) The Comparative degree is used when
two objects, or sets of objects, are compared together,— as to
how much of a common quality they have ; as, John's horse is
to both hcrses, but to John's in a greater degree than to Henry's.
This degree is generally followed by ' than.' '
%
THE ADJECTIVE.
61
be quality
the same
e first ; it
This gives
i the sob-
B» thus : —
Vhiteat.
it admit
on; the
[.ATIVE;
simply,
e same
by in a
heavier
T in ^e
\neBt of
\y which
mpara-
jrlative
led when
', — as to
horse is
aHoribed
Henry's.
(2. ) The Superlative is used when one object or set of objects
IS compared with tWO or more, indicatmg that one object pos-
Besses the quaUty in a higher degree than all the others, there-
fore m the hlghent degree ; as, James is the wwe«/ of the three
boys, Here the quality of ' wisdom * is ascribed to the three
boys, but m the highest degree to only one of them.
2. Adjectives in ' y ' after a consonant change ' y • into * i •
before 'er* and »estr », i^ry, drier, driest; happy, happier,
happiest , but • y • after a vowel is not changed ; as. Gay, gamr
gayest. * a » »
82. Adjectives of more than one syllable, are
commonly compared by prefixing more and moat to
the positive ; as, Nwmerou8, more nvmeroiis, most
numerous.
1. Comparison Ascending.— By means of these prefixes we
express an increase in quality, and the comparison may be
called comparison ascending. "*
2. Comparison Descending.— On the other hand, a diminn-
tion of deg^e is expressed by prefixing * less ' and * least ' to
the positive ; as, Sweet, less sweet, least sweet. This may be
termed comparison descending.
QtTESTIONS ON THE INFLEOnON OP THE ADJECTIVE.
How maiy Inflections has the Adjective? What is that in-
flection called? What does Degree mean? Illustrate, by an
example, the different iegrees of comparison. How do you ex-
plain the subpositive degree ? What class of adjectives admits
w;i,''®^°iP*"^?''- ^^^* *''^ *^® *^^«^ degrees of comparison?
wnat does the positive express ? the comparative ? the superia-
tive ? How do adjectives of one syllable form their comparative »
their superlative ? When is the comparative degree used ' Illus^
trate your answer. When is the superiative used? Hlustrate
your answer. What is the rule for adjectives ending in y»'
How are adjectives of more than one syllable compared ? What
does comparison ascending express ? What is meant by comnari,
son descenjjing ? '' *^
XI EXERCISE OU THE ADJECTIVE.
Iw^Oompare the foUowinar AdiflotivpH •-=
o>,^l1t™' ^'*''^' *^?"<l"il' '"er^'y. lively, solemn, pure, amiable,
nlJo T^'f^fl' f "''"^' '^*''"' "''^- P"«'' beautiful, cold, white
cross, deaf, glad, funny, great, hard, ki ,1, Jon^, wiM, niiiible
. tf
m
I
52
ETTMOLOOTi
2. Make sentences containing the following Adjectives :—
T,«Jff?' ^!)!;®"*' ^*PP^«»*' "l^'^rter, sweeter, darkest, broader,
hottest, redder most ample, abler, wiser, clearer, fitter, tem-
perate, most valuable, less able, least amiable.
IBBEaULAB G0MFABIS017.
83. Besides the ways given above for the forma-
tion of the Comparative and the Superlative, there
IS an irregular mode of comparison.
LIST OP ADJECTIVES lEEEGtlLAELT COMPABED.
^ Positive.
i Good
i Bad, «vU, iU
I Little
i Much, many
jFar
jFore
Late
Near t
Old
Aff
KForth)
Comparative.
^.otier
worse
less (lesser
more
farther
former
later (latter)
nearer
older or elder
after
Superlative.
best.
worst.
least.
most.
farthest.
foremost or first.
latest or last.
nearest or next.
oldest or eldest.
aftermost.
furthest.
further
Application.— The Adjective *much' is applied to things
measured; 'many' to things that are numbered ^ 'more' and
* most ' to both. * Farther ' and farthest ' relatl" to distance ;
'further' and 'furthest' to quantity; 'older and 'oldest'
refer to age, and are applied to both persons and things, while
' elder ' and ' eldest,' denoting priority of birth, are referred to
persons.
^ ADJECTIVES NOT OOMPAEED.
84. Certain Adjectives do not admit of compari-
son. These are, — ^
/ 1. Numerals ; as. One, two, third, fourth, &c.
2. Those formed from Proper nouns; as, English, American.
Koman.
3. Those that denote figure, shape, material, or position;
M, Circukr, square, wooden, perpendicular, &c.
V 4. SistributivAa ; as. eanh p^'f,^"
6. Those which already possess an absolute or superlative
signification J as. True, perfect, universal, chief, complete, Ac. •
THE ADJECTIVE.
ii9
' A A J. »^^IJB FOB THE ADJECTIVE.
y An Adjective limits or qualifies a noun or its
s^ctlf'^'' ""^ ^ '^'^^^^ P^^«^^ i« -Ws re!
ORDEB or PAESINa THE ADJECTIVE.
Example. I love the beautiful flowers of sprine.
Belation.
The flowers.
Beautiful flowers.
„, , ^ Etymology and Syntax
i/ie, Adjective limiting-flowers. Bule.—
No comparison, *»uw.
I beautifol ' '°°" l^'utM most
ComX'eoT bad \.*" Adjective being compared irregularly?
the"fkTcre"^s^y*r &„""?„" 'tt*t°''7; r^' -^^^
Kind of adjectives ar*? not cnmnarori 9 o • eiaest What
is the Rule for the ^ ective r^tl js SrnT^'P^' .^^**
adjective? J«^"ve . wnat is the order of parsing an
EXEEOISE ON THE ADJECTIVE.
ten^^fJ^''"'^^ *^ P^*°' *^« Adjectives in the foUowing sen-
It w^ a crSXand most uni'"«f -^ x? P^'P^'^dicular rock.
^^. He i, Lf'nW^g?,%SMJ^»«e"r jds
TABLE OP ADJECTIVES.
Kind.
Those marking
a class.
^.^**«^ ^^r^ing Those telling
the quabty. the number or
quantity.
.(
I
Cardinal. Ordin«L
IJ
/
54
ETYMOLOGY.
Infleotion.
Decree.
Poiitive.
— I
Superlative.
Comparative.
AUALTSIS.
rJ;J^r "^J^'''- P*'* "' *^® '^erb called the Parti-
ciple (ending m tng or ed) .having the force of an
a^ective. also becomes a complement of the sub^
3. A combination of words having the force of
an adjectiver-t.e., an adjectival or a particiM
phrase, may be used to complete the subfeci ^
,• . *-,,^°'»«*™es the order of a sentence is inverted -
i.e the verb part comes first. This, however nl^
sents no difficulty as regards analysis. ' ?
Eiplwiation of Enlargement -The attributes of the anbieel
oTtht :ls?T*'"''' ^'-r '"^^ «"""^« °- ""'^^ "-^^-
ver,v!!!i \v """"P"'' ^''»»I»y. A man, my notion «
very vague, and has very little in it ; but when I say An old
S„Th"°*"'°"'r "*- " ^"'"'^^^ "y feadditLof fte
UM« oM ™ ^ "'™'™'* " '""^ "^J*""^® '<»"»■; when I say, A
UtUe old man, my notion of the man is further enlarged by the
notion of h,s „^e. In this way many new ideae respecting him
might be introduced, and each new idea would give a new
enlarj:9ment "
Examples.
1. A truthful nerson ia <i.inr».,
2. (a). His listening brethren stood around.
(6). The vanquished army withdrew.
itive.
low the
ylex, we
Dject,—
Parti-
e of an
16 sub-
orce of
icipial
Hed, —
r, pre-
subject
I or idea
otion is
An old
\ of the
■ say, A
by the
nghim
^ new
THE ADJECnVB. 65
3. (a.) The boy, ignorant of skating, was drowned,
battle?'^ ^® general, having drawn up his forces, was ready for
4. Sweet are the uses of adversity.
Subject.
Attribute.
A, truthful
The, ignorant of
skating,
The, of adversity
Nominative.
person
boy
uses
ViRB Part.
is always respeoted.
was drowned,
are sweet.
du?ec?'~^^ article is frequently included in the simple
EXEB0I8E.
Analyze, according to plan, the following sentences :
The humble boon was soon obtained. The haughty elements
alone dispute our sovereignty. The most audacious to climb
were instantly precipitated. Full many a flower is bom to
blush unseen. Great is the power of eloquence. From rank to
rank your voUey'd thunder flew. A terrible war had been
waged for -many years. The golden light into the painter's room
streamed richly. The abandoned limbs, stained with the oozin-
Diood, wera laced with veins swollen to purple fulness. °
QUESTIONS ON ANALYSIS.
What modes of enlarging the subject have been noticed
already? Mention another. Give an example. Why may the
participle also be used as a complement ? What is an Adjectival
pnrase? What is meant by a sentence being inverted? Give
an example. °
THE PEOWOUN.
Se. A FnoNOUN is a word which propei^-r sup-
plies the place of a noun; as, John is a good boy-
he la diligent in his studies. *
■ If
I
i
/*
56
ETYMOLOGT.
B>l
rciU\'*^*^^"~^" *^^ ^^*"*P^« «^^«^ a»>ove the wme idea
but then the sentence would have been very clumiiv J^ •
useful substitute, aud to this subs STe^Cth": H"''
Pronoon, because it can be used for. or i^steadTa n^L,
INFLEOTIOJSrs.
87. These inflections are —
PERsoif. Number,
Gekder, Case.
OLASSIFIOATIOir.
88 As there are different kinds of nouns and
a J^e^tives, sp there are also different kin^'"^| pTo-
89. Pronouns may be thus classed :-- -
I. Personal Pronouns.
II. Adjective do
III. RELATrVB do
IV. Interrooativb do
I. PEESOITAL PEOIfOUirs.
90. Personal Pronouns ar^ or* ««n ^ i.
91. There are three PersntiQ /'<5n/» oo \ i
ti4.; rf."""* I"™" ■^"«' *» "■• !»»«» " thtog
THE PRONOrfN.
67
92. This last pronoun presents more varieties than
either of the others; thus, instead of a noun of the
mascuhne gender we use the pronoun * He ; ' instead
ot a noun of the feminine gender we use the pro-
noun bhe ; and instead of a noun of the neuter
gender we use the pronoun ' It.' If the noun is of
the plural number, the form of the pronoun is the
same, without regard to the gender,— viz., ' They/
93^ The Personal Pronouns are /, you or thou
tw, 8fie, It; with their plurals. Wc, you or ye. they. '
94. They are very irregular in their declension
as shewn in the following table :—
INFLECTION OF THE PEBSOITAL PRONOUNS
SiNOULAB.
P088.
1. M. or F,
2. M. or F.
SMaac.
Fern.
Neut.
Nom.
I
Thou
He
She
It
mme (yr my
thine or thy
his
hers or her
its
Plural.
P08S.
ours or our
yours or your
theirs or their
06;.
us
you
them
Norn.
1. We
2. Ye or you
3. They
1. Two forms of Possessive.— it will be noticed that some
pronouns have two forms of the possessive case, a long and a
short form. The short form is used when the nonn is OXpresi^d;
and its position is before the noun ; as, This is my book. The
long form is used when the noun is omitted ; as. This is mine.
If, however, the noun is expressed, the pronoun will foUow it :
as. This book is miM. ' His may stand either before or after
its noun ; as, This is his house, or, This house is hu.
•• *We.* — Thenlupfll ni ¥\xa. fl««*. «^ I :^ 1 ^ M
xo sigmfy ^e speaker alone, when he is in a position of respon-
woiuty. Thus we find monarchs, authors, and editors, unns it
instead of the singular form ' I. '
f.d
58
ETYMOLOGY.
3' ' Yta-'—Thia pronoun wa« formerly iised exclnaively in the
plural number, but it is now the gingalar pronoun, as well as
the plural ; it still, however, takes a plural verb. *Th0U ' it
now used only in the solemn style, such as addresses to the
Deity, Ac. , and sometimes in poetry.
4. The possessive fonns, 'hers,' 'its,' 'ours,' 'yours,' 'theirs,
should never be written with an apostrophe, thus, her\ &c.
5- Reflexive Pronouns.— We frequently find the words self
(sing.) and selves (plural) attached to the personal pronouns
Which are then caUed Keflexive Prononns.
6. 'Own.*T-The shorter possessives are rendered emphatio
kind reflexive by the addition of • own ' ; as It is Iter own.
7. * One.'— This pronoun, by means of which reference is made
to no particular person, is called the indefinite personal pro-
noun, and is thus inflected ;—
■^orti. Fos8. Obj.
One one's" one.
QUESTIONS ON THE PEONOUN.
What is a Pronoun ? Illustrate its use by an example. What
are Its mflections ? How are pronouns classed ? Why are Per-
sonal Pronouns «o called ? What pronoun is used instead of a
??T^x*^.ii® ^^^ P®*^®" singular? What pronoun is used. &c *
What different forms are there of the third personal pronoun v
N ame the i^ersonal pronouns, singular. Give their plurals. When
isthe short form of the Possessive used? When* the long?
What IS peculiar about the position of * his ' ? What use is some-
tunes made of the plural form * we ' ? What was the original use
** Z®" ' rx^°^ ^® certain long forms of the possessive wrongly
written ? How are the Reflexive Pronouns formed ? What force
lias the word * own ? flow is ' one ' inflected ?
EXERCISE ON THE PRONOUN, &o.
1. Go over the following list of Pr9nouns, and tell their Per-
»on. Gender, Number, and Case-.—
hih ^°"' ^"®' ''**• you, he, she, mine, your, they, them, thine,
him, ye, ours, me his, h6rs, her, theirs, myself, thyself it. its
ourselves, themselves. ^ ' ' '
2. In the foUowing sentences select the Nouns, the Adjectives,
and the Pronouns :—
Kef father gave her a book. Ye shali not toichit Mv
brother gave me the book. He liked the pears because they
THE PRONOUN.
5^
ToS, 4m you ?'■«*'" ''°''"'" "'" ■""="'«• *" '>i« "fdi" Put
8. rvrse the Nouns and the Adjectives aooording to form
«.son ''*""" "' "^'' °' '^'' ^""""'°'- "-» «'-« «••
6. M«ke short sentences containiuK the foUowing Pronoun. —
her:'s.*^'rre-sfZ;.the"fih^r' ■"«' """" -^-"' ^^
6. Substitute noMNs for prowouna in the following fable •—
A wolf roving about in search of food passed h^r\ An^^
where a child was crying, and its nurse Sng 7 As he stZ
latening he heard her tell it to leave off crying or she woSd
throw It to him So thinking she would be a! go^d aHer
r/^ t!''"''^ ^^'^^^ *^" ^""«^' ^" expectation oTa^cTpital sup'
per. But as evening came on, and it becamp n,iT«t i^I „ ^
heard her say that It was now cood am? +W ifH ' ^^ f^'^^
7. Substitute pronouns fornoares in he following: —
Long, long ago a boy set out to see the world The J.„^
wardtTu^thT^v'" ^' *' ''"''*• I" *»== ''"^ "ft J'""' ^d
f -Hhrf a &1rt.-l^\nrt^^^^^^^^^^^
gloomy den where a cruel wolf IivrH ThJ.tlu t- *
out when the wolf he^arf^he^'^XB oMhrwoST ^d''Z
^f sr^reTtiror^ ti'z xi'ii r *^"^ "^ ?
boy did not see the worlS after ^1 ^^^ ^° *''* *•""*" "«» ^^^
n ADJECTIVE PEOHOUHB.
95. The second divkion of pronouns partakes of
^e nature of the Adjective, and hence its name.
We have, in consequence, this
DEFIHITIOir.
96. Adjective Pbomouw« q.-^ «,„»j„ j
times like adjectives, to qualify a noun, and some-
times like pronouns, to stand instead of nouns.
'SI
•60
ETYMOLOaY.
97. They are divided into three classes :-
Distributive,
Demonstrative,
Indefinite.
OQ rn. ^ ^^ "™™11TOTE PMlfOTOB.
iects J teiT^'^''*? P'"""™' '^present ob-
observed JttkZt thetT ' ""*■ """ " '^ "«
ber »nd different !f™^„ otter proaoun. a« of tho pinral nim-
»„I.- Tu , P*™"". «*■» * «aoh • takes a verb in the «n
and are. ti.ZT^Z-^^^^^TTJ"'^^'^'''^'^^
these Christians loU oneloM^T ^'""•°'"'' ' -' ^^e ^oyr
«*^ ■*'T!?*5''*,"T'*-By "uPPlyincaome such word
." n."^ * '"^ '^^'"=*'^'' ^""-o »f «■« distributive, may be
QtrESHONS OH THE PEOMODH-(„onti«.ed.
t|or''^o'w*^^r?'d.^rd°? "Ur""^' «■« *« "efi^i-
Pronouns? Name ttem WhatT. 1 i'"**^* ""^ Distributive
•nd number? Illnstratohv ..ft P^nliar about their person
JPronouns. '""«'"<» by an example. Name the Keoiiprooal
has irom thn** '"T? °^ ^•J>''«^« Pronouns
foUowing ■"*'*'"''STBATiVE. Hence we have the
DETiHrnoir.
bei?«« ^f MONSTRATIVE Pronouns are so caUed
because thAV er^aniAr Al.., _i • _"y iXfcUCU,
.- -r ■-"/ v"u uujects to wiiich thej-
THE PRONOUN.
61
101. The pronouns which thus vovnt out the
objects and stand for their names, are, this, that, with
their plurals, these, those.
1. Their Uie.-If we are speaking of some object near us
and wish to avoid the repetition of the noun, we use the pro',
noun this ; if the object is remote from us, we use • that ' «o
also. If tLg reference is to something already mentioned. '*Uiii'
indicates the last mentioned . • that,' the first mentioned . as.
Virtue and vice are before you : l/n, leads to misery, that to
peace, '
2. As Adjectives -These words are frequently found in con-
nection with nouns, they then hava the forc« of adjectives, and
are to be parsed as such.
3. 'That' not always Demonstrative. -This word is not
always a demonstrative pronoun; it is sometimes a relative
pronoun, (Sees. 111. 116.) and then its place can be supplied by
' Who,' • which ; and sometimes it is * conjUllOtioa and then
introduces a new sentence, a careful attentioo to these direo-
tions will always enable a pupil to assign this word to its proper
class. Thus, in the sentence. ' Whoever said that, was mistaken/
the word 'tllat is a demonstradve pronoun, because it repre'.
sents, or stands in place of some thing In the sentence. ' My
brother gav3 me that book, it is a demonstrat ve adjectlTC, be-
cause it points out a particular book. In the sentence, ' The ship
t^uit sailed yesterday was lost,' it is a relative pronoun, because
we can use • which instead of it. In the sentence, • He said
that he would do it,' the word is a Conjunction, because it intro-
duces a new sentence.
QUESTIONa 0« THE PRONOir!l-<oontmTied).
i\J^?^ ^^ 5^® second division of Adjective Pronouns ? Define
WW ff ''f ^?J^''^^^- '^^^^ '8 *^« singular form of them ?
Wh!! rLPl^^f^ \,r)^«^° " *^e pronoun ♦ this correctly used !
Wn^A ^* ,* ^^^* ^» ^^^" 'orce when joined to a noun ?
rplJ;5**/^" know when 'that is a demonstrative pronoun ? »
relative ? an adjective ? a coniunction ♦
3. IMDEHNITE PEOSfOONS.
lOi. The third and last division of adjective pro-
nouns IS that of Indefinite Pronouns
s
62
11
m
III
I?
JETYMOLOar.
103. A3 they (Jo not stand for
'^- thing. '•
an
av
particular per-
their peculiar
no^"' ;^""^» ^"^y ^ave acquire
name. Hence the following^
"uck some, hoi.oC, aj^h^ "''■ '^' '^'^V' oU.
1 In tl.« f „ ^^^ '"' "^ ™SOD». to.
£««tr5^Jt^»t &. *"?? ^-'«». i." brother.
*M aiirt»ken. He- prond^^i.-T P*"™ '^at told ym^
.Uver.™ dag out o^^™^rth%w. T"',? •».■"«• G^M ^d
J^An^,» tbe «„te„„e. «<.«„ a^t.tco,di„« to p,.™ ,
jo6.ThethJS!rrr%
Relative, and 18 7,<,p,?^!!. . *''® Pronoun is the
the thing ioCof S'^?'""'f'*"T <^^'^"Wn|
is dead. *"> 0^ as, The master wAo taught ul
it aS- ^rts'fttrse'^S t '^-'-edent„
before it. ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ clause going-
108. HenAn u
THE PRONOUN.
109. From thi
63
Relati
double duty porfomed by the
tie loJJowing
DEFINITION.
no. A Relative Pronoun, or, more mnr^PrW
a Conjunctive Pronoun, is one 'which KdJf
tion to being a substitute for the name of a peton
or thing connects its clause with the m^lTent
which It IS introduced to describe or modify '
~e... carnes back our thoughts to some word or fait wUch
goes before and is called the antecedent.
2. What the Antecedent may be -The .tecedent may be a
or an7f' r"r~'" "'"*"^ "^^^^^^ ^^-- <>* - -nZc.-
or any fact or thing implied in it ; as, A king who is just makes
w iiiout lohich .t IS impertment to read ; nor to act without
M. a ,B impertinent to think. The man .as saidt Te "Z
cent, which he was not. '*^
111. The Relative Pronouns are,—
M.andF. ■ M.,F.,orJV. ' jy
WHO. WHICH, THAT. WHAT.
112. They are thus declined,—
,, . Singular and Plural.
^ominative, Who Which Th^i ivk ^
Possessive. Whose Whose ^'Vone "**
Ol,ect.ve, Whom Which That What
. QUESTIONS ON THE PRONOQN ■ ^continued),
useir Wh\t^*W SX fJ^'-T'' ^'^ ^^^'-^ they
tutes
es? What othe'- namrwonf/K''^'"" besides being substi-
the definition Wbv ^TT. ^ ^^ T*"? appropriate ? Give
the Antecedent r W^lf pronoun called Relative
Kelatrvrptn^nsTl^^^^^^^^^^^ ^"^^^-^ ^''
Name the
A Dnr T/<l « mVAvi ^— ;^
1
I
64
ETTMOLOGT
things without life : as the do^ whwh hrks the
book which was lost
1. ' Which is applied also to nouns expressinc collections of
persons, when the reference is to the collection, and not to the
decided ■t'''"^''""^ '^ ' *"• ^^^^ cmmi^^c which met this morning
2. Other uses—It is also used (l) as an adjective, and (2) as a*
8i«)stitute for a sentence or a part of a sentence : as, (1) For
whtch reason he will do it. (2) We are bound to obey all the
i^ivme commands, which we cannot do without Divine aid.
oo ^^u ^^^"^ ^f applied to both persons and thines •
WW? ^^ ^^^^ '^^^'' T^^ d^g ^^' ' l>arks; The
book that was lost.
How^OWn.-AssaidinSec. 101. 3, this wo. belongs to dif.
ant snnV .T^'k ^^^^ ^* ^« * relative pronoun its place
can be supplied by • who or • which. '
• • yi ^^i^ '^ ^PP^^^^ ^^ *^^9s only, and is used
m both numbers ; as, Take what you want
1. Whet used—This relative is never used when the ante
cedent is expressed. It may. therefore, be treated as an inde-
finite- *"ww
2. Other uses— 'What' is sometimes used as an adiective ■ a
It « not material by what names we call them. I^'ne's "t
IS used as an adverb, having the force of ' partly ■
^^"^°^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^UNS
117. The Relative Pronouns, who, which and
WHAT, with the addition 'e.< are termed Com
POUND RELATIVE PRONOUNS '
Used as Adjeeti7SS.-Whatever, whatsoever, whichever and
.k.^oever, are often used before nouns as indefinite adj^v^
as, Whatever course you take, act uprightly »"J«C^Ves,
How ,• * ^?^8TI0NS-0N THE PRONOUN-Ccontinned).
ite^orinn"ilJP,P\l^l„.?r.".^ Ts this
example. " "How "is "' thaT' 'L^X^"v^''"rfrt; *" ^^^J^H"^® ? uive an
THE PKONOUW.
65
relatives. Why are they To tued ^^m^^*""* the compound
treated as adjectives? ^^^'^ ^'^ *^e'' *o b«
n« rp, .^V- INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.
t-ronoun with the exception of 'that/ which is
never interrogative. ' wnicn is
120. As their name implies, they are used to in "
troduce questions ; hence we have the Mo W
191 Txr ' DEFINITION. ^
r.L?'*'' ',"*^^^ *°* applied.-' Who- is inflected Uke the
relative, and applies to persona only; ' wHrh ' and • wh.t' . i
o pe^ons 0, things. The last Jo' ^7^ ^:! J^^^^
as S„Z ''^'t• "" "''^ re,poa8ively. they are r.glZl
l^A^^ ?„' ^7 f " r'" """ '^'^'- ^V« «»»»ot tell
w/i»c/l 18 he. I know not what I shall do.
BULE FOR THE PRONOUN. •
A Pronoun must agree with its antecedent-^ «
the noun for which it stands-in person^e^^r*
and number; as, All that a man hath T wfu give
for hw life. A tree is known by its fruit ^
nourthf ^® Pron/^un. - As the pronoun is a substitute for the
noun, the same rule applies to both.
Per. ) ^^^^^ OF PARSING THE PRONOUN.
BeCli 2nd [|- i^;;;; I -- N ^^- ) ac^rd.
Int. )^ 3rd )^ iVeu^ )0 pi„, (;| ^^'^ ^ i„g to
(To a«ree with its antecedent, according to Rule )^''''''*
•^^"mrnvrrd-^^
66
ETYMOLOdY.
Example.
He is the freeman whom truth makes free.
; Selation.
• He IB
makes whom
Etymology and Syntax.
ffej 3 Pers Mas. Gen. Sing. Norn, to is. Rnle.
tVhom, Kel. Smg. Mas. agreeing with its ante-
cedent he. Obj . after verb makes. Rules.
QUESTIONS ON THE PRONODN-(continned).
What is the fourth class of Pronouns ? What is their form ?
What exception is there? What is their duty? Give Se
dehnition How are these pronouns inflected? How do thev
differ in their apphcation ? Give an example of • which ' used
as an Interrogative Adjective. Give an example of ' what '
similar y used? What is the Rule for the Pronoun? WhS is
the Rule for its case ? What is the order of parsing the Pronoun ?
EXERCISE ON THE PRONOUN.
1. In the following sentences assign each Pronoun «o its proper
class : —
yj ^^^^ ^'*" "^"^ ^^"^ ""^ ^¥ ^^^^ *^^* I lent you. The prince
left his awn carriage, and entered that of the general. One
cannot always be sure of one's friends. It is an ill wind that
blows nobody good. What did the prisoner say ? Teirme what
the prisoner said ? The king, who is tke head of the slaTe, may
Hnnii«^f p'r''''"'^?* w? * "^^'"^^ ^hi^h ^^^ V^^ed both
Houses of Parliament. Who put that glove in my hat ? Every
to h1m"fwf! tfu 'k'^'''^ '.\'''^^^^^ y°^ ^ li«* «^ ^^^^' Give
to him thatasketh thee, and from him that would borrow of thee
turn not thou away.
2. Parse the Pronouns according to the plan given.
3. Form sentences containing the 'Personal Pronouns' in the
different cases. ,.
4. Form sentences containing the 'Relative Pronouns ' in the
different cases.
5> Do the same with the 'Interrogative Pronouns.'
THE PRONOUN,
a
Hi
. Bnle.
its ante'
Rules.
ir form ?
jfive the
do they
ih ' used
♦ what *
What is
ronoun ?
I
6
- e«-
04
i
B proper
J pnnce
One
nd that
le what
;e, may
5d both
Every
. Give
of thee
^ I-
§ 9
s
T
in the
in the
1
0^
68
ETTMOLOGY.
ANALYSIS.
122.— 1. The simple subject is sometimes enlarffed
by a clause mtroduced by a Relative Pronoun.
2. The Relative is, however, then used in what
may be termed a restrictive sense.
3. Such a clause is termed a Relative Clause.
1 Eestrictive use of the Relative. -This use of the Relative
will be beat understood by means of an illustration. If I say
* He answered the question which was asked him,' I restrict — » e '
limit the answer to a particular and individual question ; but
If 1 say He answered the question, which was quite satisfactory,'
I introduce an entirely new statement, -viz., that the answer
was satisfactory. In this last example the relative pronoun may
be regarded as having more of a connective force.
2. Eelative Clause. The pupil will notice that a clause con-
tains a predicate within itself, and thus differs from a phrase.
, EXERCISE ON ANi LYSIS.
If I f^.*^V'"'''''"^ sentences, read tie Subject; state whether
it 18 Simple or • Complex,' and why it is so :—
Sounds of music were heard. No otmnrfnnifxr «* ^ •
arrived. The moon moves round the earth in twentv-nineN*™
Repeated want of sucoew is apt to discon.age a student %;
™tera« warrxor,. rushing into the midst of fhe lSu?lost to
bra-^Sy'^-^L'T^^Ltht si^T iliTr^otheTTf '^<^'
tion. will alwav- h« A^^^i'A . " *^® mother of mven-
1 1*
• tt"tubiect'.':i°™« ''■"*■«»» •'y ^-PP-y'"* W~Priate
have instinct,
are termed molluscous,
forms a diphthong.
- 18 called a limited monarchy.
■; — ; *''6 termed carnivorous .
lies between the tropics. cannot
vie with the l)eauties of nature.
4. iixpiain the nature of these 'Complex Subjects.'
6. Analyze all the sentences according to second plm.
THE VERB.
69
ilarged
Q.
I what
A.USE.
Helative
ff I say,
ctf — I.e.,
on ; but
factory,
I answeiF
)un may
use con-
rase.
ivhether
ig good
at last
B J^ays.
;. The
lost his
•
'opriate
fought
inven-
opriate
cannot
THE VERB.
^^^^ ^^v?""^ '*" * '^'''^ ^^^c^ expresses exis-
tence. coTiditwn, or action; as, He is; he steeps • he
thfi?n^**'°i?r'^*"^*'^"* '^'''^ '' the most important of
the whole eight. It, very name implies this ; it is. in i^, the
word ma sentence, and without it no statement can be made.
That ,ts duty is to make ^ asb^rtion, may be thus illustrated.
In the sentence, 'James mH John after he had le/l the house '
we have two verbs, each telling us something. The first one
met tells, or aflirms sod thing about James, the second one
leil tells something about John.
^A^' ^^f /expecting which the statement is
made is called the Subject , as. James struck the
table.
125, Verbs admit of a two-fold division,—
L In respect of meamng.
n Do. form.
kinds ~-^^'*^' ^^ ^^^P®^^ ^^ m^amti^, are of two
I. Transitive.
II. Intransitive.
127. In respect of form, they are divided into-^
I. Regular.
II. Irregular.
III. Defective.
I. KIND.
128 The Transitive verb makes an assertion re-
ffiT^.'!!.'..^.^''^^^^^' ^"* ^^^^ statement is not in it-
•--„-ii. v0mpi6i;Ci
•.omnttT^f Intransitive verb, however, does make a
complete statement. Hence we have the following
P ?
70
ITTMOLOOT.
I
OEFIHITIONS.
io« .m I- A TEA5SmVE VEKR
an £oi f hT""""^ 7"''' il °"" ^'''"h expresses
an action that passes from the agent, or ^r to
some person or thing which standi as the oWert rf
the verb ; as James struck William
131. The Objkot, may, therefore, be defined as
that upon which the action of the verb terminates**
II. AH IHTEAHSmVE TEEB.
132. An Intransitive Verb is one which mak&q
an asseHion, and does not require an object to 001^
pleto Its sense ; as, The boy ran across the field
1. Of both kinds -The ««me verbs are sometimea used' in a
transitive, and sometime- in an intransitive sense. Thus In th«
sentence, 'JamessfrMo* the boy, ■ the verb is tranutive. ' Inthe
sentence. ■ The workmen ,«r„d-,' the verb is intransifiva
vel^h^r"**!! 7f »».'»»«« Transitive. -(1) Sometimes
verbs that are aituraUy transitive talje after them an oblBBt
which has the same or a similar signification. Thus, il iZ
•John «»,,• I use the intransitive forms of the verb • but ifl
consider the statement as incomplete, and wish to complete he
.dea^ the only object that I can employ is the kindred noun ,«»■
thus I can, with propriety, say, ■ John runs a race,' and thertte
verb becomes, in its nat.,ro, transitive.
(2) Many intransitive verbs acquire the force of transiti™
J'^^^ansitave,) J Jaugh at ; I wonder at.
fZ «1 K ^"""^^ ^^*^ *" iptrajisitiveand a transitive
aZ f II "'" '''^ ^'^^"^"*^y confounded. The siSppTf
"^d it once"*' "'1'T " "^* *'^^ '^^^ - ObjectS Im
would, at once, prevent their misapplication. These verbs are-^
INTRANSITIVE. TRANSITIVE.
?.«« Raise
^^® Lav
Sit ~ y
FaU
|i
Fell
This verb is sometimes intraRSltive, as, The
sun seta.
THE VERB.
71
expresses
ooer, to
' object of
efined as
ninates^
5h makes
• to corn-
field.
used in a
tius, In the
e. In the
ve.
Sometimes
a" object
if 1 aay,
: but if I
aplete the
ID 'race*;
i then the
ransitive
)i laugh;
I is a cer-
ansitive
)Ie appli-
;er them,
rbs are —
iets.
QUESTIONS OF THE VERE
What is a verb? What does its name imply? What fait,
duty ? Illustrate this by an example What do vn^ ml? 1
many kinds of verbs are there in respect ofmeaninff?-lin resne^
of forn. ? Name them, lu what ^Vy does the ifans tivrverb
Z^L^ statement ? lUustrate your answer. WhSt kbd o^
statement 18 made by an Intransitive Verb ? Illustrate Give
the dehnition of a Transitive verb ; of an IntraS^ veib
What 18 meant by the ' object ' ? Shew, by an e^rthalth;
tTJ^l^ '"^y k\^"*? *^*^«^*^^^ ^^ intraLitivJ. £w may^
mtransit ve verb be changed into a transitive ? Mention ^oth^
EXERCISE ON THE VEEB.
1. In the following sentences assign the verba to their proper
class, as regards kind. *^ ^
2. State why they belong to that particular class
3. Select the ' subject ' and the ' object ' in each sentence, and
give your reason.
Tom cut his finger, and the wound bled freely. The gardener
fell from a tree and lay on the ground for an hour The co^hf
man struck the horse and it kicked him. The sky became clTar
and the moon was bright. The sun rises in the SrSnrand seti
in the evening. The moon and stars shine by night. The b^v
FwSV^ '**'L^'^ ? *^« "^^^- So spake the ai^stS
Flowers bloom and die, I told him to lay it on the tafie • in-
8«fp?v rk'"" J"^ ''^^''* *"^ ^*y *^^^ ^^i«^««lf- I arrived in
satety. As the farmer was preparing to fell the tree, it fell
upon his head and killed him. ^he faw has power to prevent,
to restrain, to repair evil. ^ «*«"!<,
n^C^il^'iT''!."'*^,.*^^*' ^^ "s®^ fo*" parsing. Let the pupU
parse the Adjectives, Pronouns, and Nouns.] ^^
n. EOBM.
^ 133. As Stated in Sec. 127, the verb, in refinfinf of
lorm, IS divided into three classes,-~viz. Regular"
Irregular, and Defective. S »*>
184. The first two forms depend upon the manner
J
pi
■' If
m
72
ETTMOLOOT.
\n which the verbs form their past tense and their
past participle.
135. Hence, for these forms, we have the following
D.ilTiNinONS.
1- A BEQDLAR VEBfi.
136. A Regular Verb is one that forms its past
tense in the indimtive active, and its past participle,
by adding d or ed, to the i teacnt ; as, Present, love ;
pa^t, loved ; past participle, loved.
II. AN IREEQULAK VEEB.
137. An -Irregular Verb is one that does not
form its past tense in the indicative active, and its
past participle, by adding d or ed to the present ; as
Present, write ; past, wrote ; past participle, written,
m. A DErEOTIVE VERB.
Point of Difference. —The great point of difference between
these two forms is this : the Regular Verb is changed from
without by the addition of a syllable ; the Irregular is changed
ftrom within by some modification of the vowel in the root.
138. A Defective Verb is one in which some of
the parts are wanting. The following list comprises
the most important. They are irregular and chiefly
auxiliary : —
Present.
Can
May
Must
Ought
Past.
could
might
Present.
Shall
Will
Past.
should
would
[For explanation of auxiliary, see Sec. 143. 1
QUESTIONS ON THE VERB-(oontinued).
Upon what is the second division of Verbs based
classes are there ? Name them. What is meant
Verb ? Give an example. What is an Irregular
is the great point of difference between these two
is the change ' from without ' effected ? How the
within ? What is meant by a Defective Verb ?
verbs • regular or irregular' ? What is their chief
? How many
by a Regvlar
Verb? What
forms ? How
change ' from
Are defective
duty?
THE VERB.
78
nd their
Allowing
I its pos^
xrticiple,
3nt, love ;
does not
, and its
esent ; as
written,
•
:e between
aged from
is changed
B root.
some of
omprises
d cniefly
>uld
uld
low many
a Regvlar
b? What
(18 ? How
age ' from
defective
nCFEBSONAL AND AUULIABT VEBBB-
139. To the class of Defective Verbs also' belong
Impersonal and certain Auxiliary Verbs.
I. IHFEESONAL \rEBfiS.
i40 This class of verbs represents 4in action
without naming the subject ; as, It rains.
141. They are always in the third person singular,
and are preceded by the pronoun It.
n. ADXn.TARg VERBS.
142. Wc shall presently see that the verb also
undergoes certain inflections, or changes, and thut a
certain class of verbs helps them to form these in-
flections. This gives rise to that class called aux-
iliary, which may be thus defined :—
143. Auxiliary (or helping) verbs are those by
the help of which other verbs are inflected.
144. The verbs that form this class are : —
Do, Have, Be, Shall, Will,
May, Can, Must, Let.
145. With the exception of 'be* they are used
only in the present and the past tense ; thus, —
Present, Do, have, shall, will, may, can,
Past, did, had, should, would, might, could.
1- ' Must ' and ' Let '"—These two auxiliaries are uninflected.
2- Prinoipal Verbs*— Five of these are also used as principal
verbs,— viz., will, have, do, be, and kt,
QUESTIONS ON THE VEEB-<oontiiiiied).
What two kinds of verbs are included among the Defective
Verbs ? How does the first class represent an action ? Of what
number are Impersonal Verbs ? What Pronoun is always used
as their subject? Give an illustration. What is the origin of
Auxiliary verbs? Define them. Name the auxiliaries. In what
tenses are they used ? GiVe the past tense of each. Which two
are not inflected ? Which are also used as principal verbs ?
n
•X' li
•I
■M
m
74
ETYMOLOGY.
INTLEOTIONS OF THE VERB.
146. The verb has more inflections than any other
part of speech, being changed in form to express
VoicB, Tense,
Mood, Person,
Number.
■ J'^?^'^^^ gi-eater number of these changes are
effected by means of the auxiliary verbs (Sec
144.) ./ \ .
I. VOICE.
148. Voice is a particular form of the verb
which shews the relation of the mhject, or thing
spoken of, to the action expressed by the verb.
Illustration.— Ab already stated, no assertion can be made
without the verb, and then the assertion must be made respect-
ing some person or thing, to which we have given the name of
subject. Nbw, if I wish to make the assertion respecting John,
that • he strikes James,' John becomes what may be termed the
agent or a«tor, and James the object Now, because John is
represented as striking the blow, when 1 make the assertion
respecting him, I employ that particular form of the verb called
voice. On the other hand, if I wish to represent James as
receivmg the blow, I can no longer employ the same form as
before, but am obliged to usp an entirely different form. I,
therefore, express myself thus : ^James i. struck by John.' It
wm thus be seen that the same idea has been expressed by twO
different voices, and that this peculiar change takes place only
in tranudve verbs.
called ' ^^^^^^'^^^^ ^^""^^^ therefore, have two voices,
I. mie Active Voice
II The Passive Voice.
150. The Active Voice represents the subject of
the verb as opting ; as, James strikes the table
^ 151. The Passive Voice represents the-^ject as
uemg acted upon hy the agent; as. The table is
struck by Jamas.
THE VERB.
any other
xpress
mges are
bs. (Sec.
l)he verb,
or thing
k^erb.
m be made
de respect-
bie name of
jting John,
termed the
Lse John is
e assertion
verb called
James as
16 form as
form. I,
John.' It
sd by two
place only
^o voices,
ibject of
bie.
A)ject as
table is
»Ote.-In the Active voico tho subject and the Birant are the
are tie same. The Aotave vc , , .resscs that theiubiect aof.
QUESTIONS ON ^. C ^ mB-(oontinned).
How many inflections does xnc verb undergo ? Name these
inflections. How are the.e -V .,,.es chiefly produced ? Wh!t
do you understand by Voit , v .flustrate yoSr answer What
H^w Lrit ff^' S^ .^°i^^ ' How many voices aie thefe
How does th.. Active Voice represent the subject ? How d^l
the Passive •oice represent the subject ?
EXERCISE ON VOICE. .
1. In the examples select the verbs in the Active Voice.
2. Do do Passive Voice ; giving the reason
m both instances.
noSf V"1*^ stirreth up strifes, but love covereth all sins. What
cannot be preventecf must be endured. When spring returns,
^JT- rr' ^^^^^ ''^Z^"*""' -"^ ^i^'^d. he breathe^d. They
nin^ rt\rt? '^^^ .^''7'' J^*"?- He was struck by light-
nf^' . S ^\Shtning struck the barn. The sun shone with
intolerable splendor The naughty boys were punished. The
master punished the boys. « ^ ^ t «»"cu. ±uo
[This exercise may also be used for parsing.]
II. MOOD.
152. This inflection shews the manner in which
an ' attribute ' is asserted of the 'subject.'
Dlustrati011.--The meaning of this inflection may be better
explained by means of example. If I say respecting a horse
that 'he runs,' 1 merely state that an action (viz., running) is
going on ; but if I say that 'he can run,' I am now no longer
making a positive assertion about him, but am only saying that
he possesses the power of ninning. I have used the same word,
but the manner of its use has been diflFerent ; and it is this dif-
ference in manner that gives rise to mood. We shall, therefore,
hav« as many moods as there are manners, or ways of making
the assertion.,
1.53- XIt^ Vavl-k ni^rv^*^^ ^£ -.i— JilJJP.^ „'__■« ■!
- ". '"" '^i - «.v^iiixs;o wi KiA uiuereiit liioucis, eacn
. ot which bears a distinctive name, shewing the
manner m which the assertion is made.
i '<!
76
ETYMOLOGY.
I. THE INDICATIVE MOOD.
154. The first of these is the Indicative Mood
^w^feiefe- asserts something as a fact, or inquires after
a tact ; as, He is writiiig. h he writing ?
niustration.-lf I wish to make a simple Statement aboutany
person or thmg, or if I wish to ask a question. I employ the in-
dicative mood. For example, if I wish to say something about
Johns state of health, lean indicate-. .., declare-it in this
way: John e. well,' or 'John w sick.* If, on the other hand, I
want to inquire about his health, I use the game mood. but
change the position of the verb ; thus, Ts John well ? If an
auxiliary is used, the nominative stands between it and the
verb ; as, Has he come ?
n. THE POTENTIAL MOOD.
155 TTie Potential Mood expresses not what the
subject doe^^r^8, c^c but what it may, can, w.ust,
<&c. do or ' be ' ; as, We may walk. I must go.
1. Illustration. -It will be noticed that an assertion is made
respecting the subject by means of this mood as weU as by the
indicative, but in a different manner. If I were to say, 'Boys
Jove to play,' I would be using simply the indicative mood ; but
If Isay, Boys can play,' I affirm or state their ability to do so.
tZ.^J.^'"^' You^aygc-Necessity and duty are alsoex.
pressed by this mood, with a change of auxiUiary ; is, I must do
In^ " «^o«^rf obey your parents. We thus see that this
oTThe sXr ''^^^'^' ^''^^' ""^^^^ ^«^' - *^« P-*
«rf ' 5®^??°^^; -T^i« «^ood may V known by its signs, which
3 T^?J;.n'?' '""S^lV '<^««ld,' 'would/and 'should.' ;/.^#
3. Interrogativ^-Tliis mood can also be made interrogative
by^changing the position of the subject; as. May I go ?^ (Sec.
QUESTIONS ON THE VEKL-(continued).
rJl^t "^5 y'''' ?.^*° ^y ^«^<i • Illustrate your answer How
\\
h
J '''-
t
THE VERB.
77
G Mood.
res after
; aboutany
3y the in-
ting about
-it in this
3r hand, 1
lOOd, but
1? If an
and the
hat the
I, rn/ust,
go-
1 is made
w by the
J^, 'Boys
)0d; but
to do so.
the aiix-
Jalsoex-
must do
hat this
the part
8, which
)gative'
? (Sec.
How
epend ?
ustrate
^yZ is1K;So^VSS^S.»>^-d to as. a .ues-
position when an AuxiliLry L used ' Snw JT" ' J^^** ^^ *h«
Mood differ from the Indica^tive ? IlLst^Z fv'l*^" ^^*«^*»»1
Give an example shewing that 'thi«^. 5 ■ *^'f ^^ *^ example,
cessity, duty. ^ By whZigns is tWs '171? ""' ^^'^^^ °«-
mood be used to ^k a question ? ^ ^"^'^^ ^ ^lan this
lnfT.«fnii • ^^OISE ON MOOD.
Jn the foUowmg sentences dassifv +1,^ v ^
reason :— ciassuy the ^'ic,)d8, giving your
IoIS'nS:i1S'^'j7f dwell, „p<,„. Hi, rtatnre w« lofty
This wind miglt awaken thelefd %f "r^t? "» ^reweU S
He struck thi ly„. Our fathe^''- bled %f"" Tur"' '»"•
The camel can endure ereat h^t r?i;-,j * Y""" "''""s cold,
pa-nt,. He ran a, fastTLtJia. '''fCtt"dl'"'^^ *"'''
IRfl m. ,^?^ ™ S^^BJOTOTIVE MOOD.
tmgent ; aa. If it rai^ZA t ' "" """
1- Illustration.— We have alreadv s^pn f», * t x
thiTmoodTr^*^ '=°"""'^'* ^* *»« assertion we ei
d^ not tab! r"' '" *''* *''""'"'' 8*™" » ti>« doa^itU
I do not make a positive assertion, that • I shall not go -theri
« attached to it a condition.-' If it rain.--and this c«ndit"n
wST '^r*"' "' *'"' '""junctive mood Then^*::
which this mood IS generally kn.wn implies the existence of
.^£d *° "''°'' ^'^ ™"' " *"" ^"''""^ ».o"X ^
2- Its Sign. -This mood is preceded by certain conjunctions,
sucn as jf, ' nnlew,' ' tJlongh,' and a few other*. These form
as It were, a link between the two sentences.
IV. THE mPEBATIVE HOOD.
^Itl Imperative Mood expresses a com-
IT2J' ,*" ^^■'•^^y; as. Read thou. BUsa me,
even me also. O my father.
tJt ,"!"^5*'°~'* «'*°''° ** *''« '"™« "* *« wood 'tews n«
tnat It IS chiefly used in civine an ordor a,. . ». ,_.i ^ .
n\
m
78
ETYMOLOGY.
verb by no means loses its distinctive character in this mood :
the only difference is in the manner in which the assertion is
made. No one of the other three moods that have been defined
could be used for the same purpose as this mood. If, for instance,
I were to ask a pupil to correct a mistake which he may have
made in any piece of written work, I would use the Indicative
Mood either assertively or interrogatively. If, on the other
hand, from, my superior position, I were to order him to do so,
I would no longer use the Indicative, but the Imperative
Mood; thus, 'Make the necessary correction.' We must not
suppose that this word implies only command. It is also used
to express entreaty and exhortation. Of the first of these no
better illustration can be given than the second example ur der
the definition. The Scriptural injunction, * Children, obey your
parents,' may be viewed as either exhortatory or imperative.
2. The Subject.— As a general rule the subject of this mood
is not expressed. The second personal pronoun is really the
nominative,
QUESTIONS ON THE VERB- (continaed).
Which ia the third Mood ? How does it express a fact ? When
IS this mood used ? What does its name imply ? By what sign
18 it distinguished from the other moods ? What does the Im-
perative Mood express ? What is its chief use ? Shew by an
example that an assertion is made by this mood. Shew by ex-
amples, that this mood expresses entreaty.
EXEROISB ON THE SUBJUNCTIVE AND THE IMPERATIVE.
In the foUowing examples select the verbs that belong to the
bnbjunctive and the Imperative Mood :—
If I were chained I might revile. If the king were not a
traitor, the convention must be rebels. Study to store your
mmd with useful knowledge. Though riches ihcreai-e, set not
your heart upon them. If he come before my return, ask him
lu I' ^T°"^^, ^"^ ^^"^ ^^^^ *^^"g ^^ ^ were ^e. Arise and gird
thys** ^ thou that sleepest. Banish envy and strife lest they
utte.-^ destroy your peace.
ANALYSIS.
158.---1. As th/> verb is the word that makes the
afiarmation, tk:.t part of the sentence which contains
the verb is called the Predicate.
THE VEBB.
lis mood :
Bertion is
m defined
' instance,
may have
idicative
the other
1 to do so,
iperative
must not
also used
I these no
pie urder
obey your
perative.
this mood
really the
t? When
w^hat sign
;sthe Im-
w by an
}w by ex-
TIVE.
)ng to the
ere not a
tore your
!, set not
, ask him
! and gird
lest they
kes the
ontains
79
\
2. The Predicate must always be either a verb or
something equivalent to a verb. '
IllU8tarati01l.~In order that we may have a sentence, there
must be a statement made about something, and this is done by
means of the verb- Let us take.* for instance, this sentence,
Robert runs. Here we are talking about Robert; the name
Robert.- therefore, is the Subject: what we say about Robert is
!.ll ?o' '""?''' ^^''^^^''> « ^^^ Predicate. Take another
examtK He is of unsound mind/ Here the word » He ' is the
Subject and the assertion, ' is of unsound mind,' is the Pfedl-
to ^verb ""''"^ '"* ' ^ "" ^''^' ^""^ ^^' ''^'^" expression is equal
• ^vP^^ir?^®^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^ i^s subject, (1) What it
IS (2) What it does ; (3) What is done to it ; as
(1) The boy is fond of stiuhj.
(2) The horse runs siviftly.
(3) The house was burned.
4. It is either a Grammatical or a Logical Piedi-
cate.
5 The Grammatical Predicate is simply thf>
verb ; as, John reads very nicely. fj^^
Predil^f! Logical Predicate is the Grammatical
Si ^t'J complements: as, John reads
Complements—All the words added to the verb, to fllJ im
the assertion, are caUed the complements. ' ^
[The Gramm atical S-i>)k ct Bid Predicate are printed in italics ] \
Subject.
The clocf'
Man
Diligent boys
Pbedicate.
has just struck two.
wars not with the dead.
learn quic! ly.
I
*
I
ElTMOLOOY
QUESTIOHS ON ANALYSIS.
What name is given to the Verb part of a sentenPfi » Wi,„ •
this name civcn' lllustrafp wVof i Bentence? Why ig
Predicate. Whai du y fs pe^T^^^^ ^°^
an example of each WhafCTnd«^nf P^ Predicate? Give
Define tfe Oranimatical Pr^diX and'gl'^a"^^^^^^ *^ '
IS meant by the Logical Predicate'? Giv^e an exampTe^^"' ^^*
:exeeoise on analysis.
2' State why they are so,
3. Analyze the sentences according to the scheme
n^pT^f/^H^l^f^l'*'^*'' ""^ "^S^*- Silver is one of the precious
metals. Habit becomes secotid nature Tl,o Ko«.,1 * precious
the weight of the atmosphere Vme flies Labor «T*.^' '^^\^
The wind moans through the trees ThA. -a ^^^^^^t^^s 'est.
the tropics. ^"'^^"g^ »^e trees. The torrid zone lies between
' V. THE INPINITIVE MOOD.
159. The Infinitive Mood gives the simpk
meaning of the verb without an| reference to Pe^
son or Number , as, To read. ^
1. Iliastration.-ln the example given in the definition, the
affirmation contained in the words ' to read ' is not made respect,
ing any particular person or persons ; therefore, this part of the
verb being used indefinitely, and with reference simply to the
act, has neither person nor number.
2. Its Sign. -The sign 'to' usually precedes a verb in the
infinitive Mood. This prefix is, however, omitted after such
auxiliariesas • may/ < can,' ' let,' &c., and the verbs * bid " dare '
(to venture,r ' need,' ' make,' * see,' *hear,' * perceive,' &c.
VI. THE PAETICIPLE.
• 160 A Participle is a word which as a verb
expresses an action or state, and, as an adjective'
qualifies a noun , as, He came seeing. Having fLn-
isfied our task, we may play.
161. There are four Participles in each Voice of
THE VERB.
81
Why is
t)ject an4
te ? Give
re there ?
e. What
1 and the
precious
ier shews
tens rest.
■I between
simpl-e
to Per-
fcion, the
i respect-
•t of the
y to the
[•b in the
:er such
' ' dare,'
verb,
ective,
9 fin-
ice of
162. They may be thus arranged :--
1- Present 8trMnT' n -^""^T^
IPO m, . ^^ PRESENT PAETIOIPLE.
106. Ihis Participle in the ApH'vo v^- i
aJways in • ing / and 'denotes 1 1£ or Ltf ^
confemumg and progre,ssive , as, Jame. islS/:
^ificatf ''"^"^ ^"''^'^ ^* ^- -Ws a pa.iv«
H. PAST P4ET1C1PLE.
+1, jj^- '" Pai'ticipJe is formed in some verbs h«
1^^- mi. \^ "^ ^EBf EOT PAETIOIPLE.
100, ihe Perfect PARTrrTPrv 4o «i
EX^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ - --Pleted al^ the
1- rnu. r. ^^^"TUBE PAETICIPLE.
repre;enIr/;.^'r''P^'' ^^'?' ^' ^ compound one, and
represents the action as 'about' to take place • t^
He IS about to leave Canada. ^ ' ^^'
D.fin .. ,^f S™N8 ON THE VEfiB~(continned).
Whatiul^y^^?^Y/ hi'L^^""^ ^^^ ititsoecnliar name ?
verbs is it om&d ' WhJT .V^^.- .^^A^'T' ^^^^' ^^at
ciples are there in each v^ce' RoTf''^^ ' J^^^ T^^ P^^^'
Participle active ^ Wh Jf ^1 -^^^ 5"^ y*"" ''"^^ *^e Present
this participlel^the Pas ivevif^^^^ ^^"^ '^ *^^ ^«^^« «
generally formed v iw^^.r*? ' , *^«^ " the Past Participle
Sifter in Vm from tl e others*^ nf'"' and Future Participfes
the Perfect Pa.f!!!!.l o^^'tT/^^" •. ^^P^i^ ^n action represented hv
— M-c ; now oy tUe iruture ?
ill
ill
S2
ETYMOLOGY.
EXESOISE ON IHE VERB.
Vokefand M^^-^"*^'''^®^ ^'^^"'^^ ^^^ ^^""^^ according to Kind,
avdS«d^ff *^n-^*' *°^ f^'^^ ?P^^^- Seeing the danger, he
InSttt nSjTr'' *^^ ^''''^. Phi»o«o?herT lived in^ tub.
industry IS needful m every condition of life : the price of all
the S; J 1 V^^^^J^^ to see the sun. We should always obey
frfi w * ""^ conscience. The train might have run off the
Teak S^'Xfit- "?^*- S>°^\¥"§ lo«t. aU virtue is lost
ont^r f h?r ""^^^^^^'^ «*«ry- .J saw him do it. Forbid them to
bon^ *^^.^°"«^' He may go if he feel inclined. Bribg me that
theft H.X^''"'':^ !?" ^"y ^^ *^^^*- '^^^ ^«y ^^s ^^'^"s^d of
tneft. Havmg mended my pen, I wUl write.
[This exercise may be used for Parsing.]
ANALYSIS.
fT.\^?r~l^'I^.^^'1 ^^^^ ^^^^ (^^c- ^^' 2 and 3),
that the Participle, and Participial phrase may be
enlargements, or complements of the subject.
Partid^k ^"^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ adjectival force of the
3. The Participle of the Active Voice of a tran-
sitive verb, besides qualifying the simple subject,
may have an objective case after it : as. The boy
seeing the storm coming on, ran home •
Subject.
Attribute.
\ The, seeing the
storm coming on
Nominative. '
boy
Predicate.
ran home.
EXEEOISE ON ANALYSIS,
te^es^.-^' according to plan given above, the foUowing sen-
The rfflicted nation mmivno "m.^ ~. :„_ i t . .*
" ' -"■° "iwijiiiy uvvi aoes to £u»
THE VERB.
83
? to Kind,
anger, he
in a tub.
'ioe of all
not of to-
days obey
n off the
ue is lost.
. them to
; me that
ccused of
and 3),
may be
of the
a tran-
subject,
he boy,
ing sen-
» bO £ild
^i^^f iL ' u\^^T^ deserving respect wiU generally se-
cure It. Boys who do their duty wiS be loved. A virtuous man
lrtV."^r"%°'""- ^?^> ^^^«°^ " ««^" ^^ HiB works He
worthv Th«*?nv"Tf^ '^^"^- ^ ^^"^^ *« 1«»"^ »« praise
m*?«fh« l^^^^^u ^f";^°& " commendable. He, shouting.
pi^ « spoUeT ^ '"''''' P"^"°'' ^"°8 P^' J«^ ^
f.'-^ibfVT^'' analyzing om% it would be well for the teacher
to make the pupil specify the particular kind of attribute that
the subject has ; for mstance, in the example given, the suWeCt
*boy has for Its attributes the adjective ' the, ' aAd the pffi
cipial phrase 'seeing the storm coming on,' If a nuXr of
tt/on«'fhiiT^!.*^' "°°P^" «^^j^^^' *^« P"Pil '"^^t be^ with
tne one that stands nearest to it.]
in. TENSE.
109. Tense is that modification of the verb which
expresses time.
170. There are three divisions of time, Present
Past, and Future.
171. In each of these divisions there aro two
tenses : the one representing the action or state as
|?er/ec^,— t. e., completed at the time referred to —
time^ ^^ representing it as not completed at that
172. Thus we have six tenses,— viz., the Present
thePresent-Perfer.t, the Past, the Past-perfect, the
Jfuture, and the Future-perfect
I. PEESENT.
173 The Present tense expresses what is aomo
on at the 'present time ; as, I see the bright sun.
174. The Present-perfect tense represents an
action or event as completed at the present time, or
in a period of which the present forms a part : as I
have sold my horse. I have walked six miles to-day.
Its Sip. -The sign of this tense is the auxiUiary ' have ' pre-
• H
84
ETYMOLOGY,
ii
n Past
o,^;'Jro:b-J'';,:r''/»r ""^ changing thevawe,
the . d 'bi:;!, anrir"; *i: ■*. '° °"''' '"'^''- »">
(^;»''r<^,(rf4"*,&r * '^'-»i«P mutes ;«Ari«erf,
reilLItJ^'^l'''^^^^' *"■ Pluperfect tense
before rtXirr"" "' *=^™* ^« completed, at or'
fore the mait arrTved '~ "' *''" ''"P ^""-''^ *«•
PreleSh7pp:IS/a:^;r " '' "^ ^"^"^ ' *''^-'
m. PUTURB.
v^ll see yZZ'JZC ' "" *™' *" ^■'"'^^' =« ^
anJ*^ Jin" ~^^' 'T°' *''" *"'"■•« "" ">« "--xiliarie, 'shall '
17^;.^'" ''°'""™ Mood, 'with its sign omS.
an ^tiont IveTwufbr *T! i"*'""^*^^ ^^^^^
fl pn,4o,- " y. ^ „^"^ "^^ completed at or before
TENSES IW PASSIVE.
tail?' Jthe'Tre VoS. '" ^''^ ^'^'"^ --»>«' ^'
teieso?^^^'"' all formed from the corresponding
tC^a^^t paHiS?K^;*S.en^^^^^^
THE VERB.
85
ok place
ihe vowel
•r • d ' ; aa
'Pped, and
as Kissed,
r tense,
d, at or
i sailed
iled be-
ry • had/
11 take
J ; as I
'shall'
jmitted.
S that
before
ot my
d 'will
ber of
iding
with
1 CI rnx, ™^^. ^^ DOTfiRENT MOODS.
i»i. Ihe Indicative Mood has ihn o,v *
and is, therefore, the most complete mood """'
Prcse!;tItdfhfr'*\*^°T ^"^ ^°»r t^n^e^. the
P^t!perS,' ^'■'''*'^"*-P«'-f««'. tl^e Past and the
hJonlv^flf„^r''™f"^^ *'°°°' '° ^^ proper form
Prl'Llll tSrr "^"^^ ''^ *-° *«--' t''^
Pre'rent^a" d ^ZTf' .^°°° S^ ^^^ *«««««. the
written 1* ■ ^' T° write-to have
the KL^p''7''^^^^^ ''°" *^"«««' the Present,
truRivin.^'f' '^"^ f"" ^"*"^° ; "-'■ Striking-
sirucK— havmg struck— about to strike
the six tenses. Definftre PrpTplf .^ *^^'?^ divisions ? Name
perfect. How is tMs ten's Wn , ^What d^o:s'tV'^ ^f^*"
express ? How is this tense formp'.? v n « !u*^f, ^^^ ^^^se
What is the sign of thfs ten«P^ wl Ff^^ It ^^^t-perfect.
express? What are its 8i^n« 9 k^^^A ^T *^^ ^"^^^e tense
How is this tense knownfL ""'' ^t Future-perfect tense.
Voice? How are thPv L 7» "'x'l"^ *^^«^« ^^ ^^^ Passive
the Moods * '^ ^^'^'^ * ^^°^« *l^e tenses of each of
. EXEEOISE ON TENSE, *
9 Z T ^f owing examples select the different Tenses.
4. btate why you thus classify them
The pigeon flies ,wiftw 15/ ^°" '^"™ ""^ S<>od to-day!
the sun had risen the ice ^^Ited Vm,^,i'^'''\ ''"''""• ^fter
1 Ua<l acen him when 1"^^ v^u: ^"e":!?,'/ .^^l''- 1";?"?"?*-
86
■
ETYMOLOGY.
ten o.clock. I have just recited my legwii. How beautifully
the snow falls! 1 had wntten a letter when he arrived. /
ANALYSIS.
, 187.--1. As th,e Grammatical Subject of a sen-
tence may l)e enlarged, or completed, as has been
shewn (Sec. 64, 7 ; 85. 1 , and 122, 1), so may the
Grammatical Predicate be completed.
2. If that Predicate is an Active Transitive Verb, its
completion is a noun or its equivalent in the objective
case; as, William the Conqueror j^overned England.
3. If, however, the Predicate is an Intransitive
Verb, or a verb in the Passive Voice, the comple-
ment is in the Nominative, as, Edward became
king. He was elected chairman.
4. The object may be whatever the subject may be;
as, Boys loVe play (noun). John hit him (pronoun)!
5. This object may, like the subject, have attri-
butes ; as, All good boys love their parents.
G. Both the Subject and the Predicate of a sien-
tence may be ' compound,'
7. A Compound Subject consists of two or more
simple subjects, to which belongs one predicate • as
You and / are friends, ' '
8. A Compound Predicate consists of two or
more simple predicates affirmed of one subject' as
Truth is great and will prevail. ' '
. [The word that joins the Simple Subjects and Predicates is
called a conjunction.] ^ '
Logical Subject.
Gram. Subject.
William
Edward
ItsComplements.
the Conqueror
Logical Predicate.
Gram. Predicate.
governed
became
Completion.
England,
king (nom.)
[Note,— The pupil will notice the*change made in naming the
t\^o parts of the sentence, and their divisions.] - •
THE VERB.
87
oautifully
a sen-
is been
lay the
^erb.its
bjective
ngland,
msitive
:omple-
became
nay be;
onoun).
J attri-
a tien-
►r more
Lte; as,
two or
5ct! as,
cates. is
etion.
and.
nom.)
ling the
EXERCISE ON ANALYSIS.
1. In the following sentences insert appropriate objects :—
The moth burned . Ellen can sing . James
will read -_ . George shot . Henry hurt
-r-. The squirrel eats . Boys love -". The rich should
never despise . Cain killed . Mary praises
The elephant has a -
The spider caught .
The dog tore
2 In the following, state whether the Complements are
Objective or Nominative Complements, and analyze according to
scheme :—
Columbus discovered America. Righteousness exalteth a
nation. William 'ihe Conqueror was the first of the Norman
line of kings. Learn to lab( and to wait. He preferred walk-
ing to ridmg. Avarice is a mean and cowardly vice. Great men
often do wrong. He was appointed physician to the Queen. The
last month of the year is called December. The hope of better
thing& cheers us. He seems very happy. The love of money is
the root of all evil, James proved himself a very good boy.
3 Tell whether the Subject in each of the following sentences
is Simple oi Compound :—
Virtue Is often neglected. Virtue and vice are often treated
?iru ' ^oc^*t®8 the philosopher was condemned to death.
What harm has that great and good man done ? Life is short.
What goodly virtues bloom on the poisonous branches of ambi-
tion ? Bonaparte's energy and ambition were remarkable. The
longest life of man is short. Furious Frank and fiery Hun shout
m their sulphurous canopy.
4. Tell whether the Predicate in each of the foUowing sen-
tences is Simple or Compound :— -
John desires to learn. He left his home and went to a foreign
land. Honesty is praised and (is) neglected. High on a throne
of royal state Satan exalted sat. George learns rapidly. They
were commanded to return to their own country. Talent is
strength and subtilty of mind. His perseverance is commend-
able, and should be rewarded. The houses were plundered and
burned.
PEESON AND NUMBER.
188.-r-l. Every tense of the Verb has three Per-
sons and two Numbers.
! ij
}
n
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
/.
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1.8
1.25 1.4
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Photographic
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^
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^^
<F.A
,v
\\
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;\
^3 WCST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, NY. 14580
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■»!?
8^
ETYMOLOGY.
I
2. These inflections are due to the Subject.
IllU8taration.~The change effected iu the verb by the differ-
ence m Person and Number of the Nominative, may be thus iUus-
trated. In the present tense of the verb 'love ' with the first
person^ pronoun we use the form 'love,' but this form cannot
be used with the second or third personal pronoun singular.
With the former we have to adopt the form ' lovest,' and with
he latter the form 'loves'; th^s. Hove, thou lovest, he
.7r!t 1 """'^ ^ '^^ *° '^ ^ *^" first, second, or third
pewons^ '' ^^"""^ *^' ^"'"^ '' ^^' «*°^^ *^^ *"
EXEEOISE OH PERSOIT AND NUMBER.
sentenoeV^^ Person and Number of each verb in the following
2« Give the reasons.
laaf eveS *llpwm^%^'*n ^^^^P^^^- I saw your brother
son vrsterfav The W« T *«-^«"^T '^"^^ '^^^^ ^^' ^^
rmeTetlTretLtd'^^Vo^^^^^^^^ ^^«^S« '^^,^'--
studies diligently. We sha^have ml' Th y wiU Tave'rSd'
AH cnme slall cease. I read the book which ^you lent me.
OONJUGATION.
189. The Conjugation of a verb is the re^lar
combination and arrangement of its several voiies
moods tenses, persoTis, and numbers,
190. The princmal parts of the verb are the Pre-
sent Indicahve, the Fast Indicative, and the Past
Particyyle In- parsing, the mentioning of these
parts IS called conjugating the verb. Thjs :—
EegularorWeak. "ufe' if^S '''''' ^^'^■
IneguFar or scrongr, Write wX writL.
INFLECTION OF THE AUXILIARIES MAT, CAN, Ac
191. Of the Auxiliary Verbs, the verb 'to be" is
both a principal verb and also an Auxiliary. By
prefixing it to the 'past participle passive ' of a verb
we form the Passive Voice. '
1.
o
3.
THE VERB.
89
le differ-
hus illus-
the first
n cannot
singular.
*nd with
^est he
or third
3 fcr all
bUowing
brother
his les
Lad gone
James
i^e read.
le.
'egular
voices,
Q Pre-
s Past
these
'rticiplc.
red.
itten.
be" is
. By
'verb,
/
nv"^^^^f.^^? ^f'^^^ ^®^^« «'^® ^^^y auxiliary, and
are defective in their Moods and Tenses.
oni^^'At^^l""-}^'^^^ (^^^^P* *^<>') help to form
some of the Moods and Tenses of the verb 'to be^
tneir inflection is now given. '
Singular.
1. I may.
2. Thou mayest.
3. He may.
Plural.
1. We may.
2. You may.
3. They may.
Singular.
1. I might.
2. Thoumightst.
3. He might.
Plural.
1. We might.
2. You might.
3. They might.
Singular.
1. I do.
2. Thou dost.
3. He does.
Plural.
1. We do.
2. You do.
3. They do.
Singulcr
1. I did.
2. Thou didst.
3. He did.
nrDIOATIVE MOOD.
Present Ten8e<
Singular.
1. I can.
2. Thou canst.
3. He can.
Plural,
1. We can.
2. You can,
3. They can.
Past Tense,
Singular.
1. I could.
2. Thou couldst.
3. He could.
Plural.
1. We could.
2. You could.
3. They could.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present Tense.
Singular.
1. I must.
2. Thou must.
3. He must.
Plural.
1. We must.
2. You must.
3. They must.
I
125
i
25
Singular.
1. I have. ).
2. Thou hast. 2.
3. He has or hath. 3.
Plural.
1. We have.
2. You have.
3. They have.
Singular.
1 shall or will.
Thou Shalt or wilt.
He shall or wilL
Plural.
1. We shaU or will.
2. You shall or wiU.
3. They shall or will.
Past Tense.
Singular. Singular.
1. I had. 1. I should or would.
2. Thou hadst. 2, Thou shouldst or wouldat
3. He had. a He should or would.
90
ETYMOLOGY.
Plural.
1. We did.
2. You did.
3. Tiiey did.
Plural.
1. We had.
2. You had.
3. They had.
1. We should or would.
2. You should or would.
3. They should or would.
Present,
1.
2.
3.
Singular.
1. I have.
Thou hast.
He has.
2.
3.
Present-Perfect, i.
2.
3.
DO and HAVE as Principal Verbs
.}I^^^^aT '^"JI^^?"^^, like the verb ^ tO be,' are also principal
verbfl' ^hus -["^ *^"^^^ ^" *^^ ^^'^^ ^*^ *® °*^®*' P"»<^*P*1
Singular.
I do.
Thou doest.
He does.
&c., &c.
I have done.
Thou hast done.
He hsis done.
&c., &c.
Idid.
Thou didst.
He did
&c., &c.
I had done.
Thou hadst done.
He had done.
&c., &c.
1 shall do.
Thou wilt do.
He will do.
kc, &c.
Past,
PastPeriect,
Future,
1.
2.
3
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
1
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
I have had.
Thou hast had.
He has had.
1 had.
Thou hadst.
He had.
IL-^had.
Thou hadst had.
He had had.
I shall have.
Thou wilt have.
He will have
Future-Perfect,
L I shall have done. 1.
2. Thou wilt ha V e done. 2.
3. He will have done. 3.
&c., &c.
1 shall have had.
Thou wilt have had.
He will have had.
INFLECTION OP THE VERBS TO BE' AND 'TO LOVE.'
Intransitive-
Singular.
1. I am.
2. Thou art,
8. He is.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Active Voice.
Present Tense.
Passive Voice.
Singular.
1. I love.
2. Thou lovest.
3. He loves or loveth
Singular.
1 . I am loved.
2. Thou art loved.
3. He is loved.
Id.
aid.
)uld.
principal
principal
had.
b.
; bad.
lave.
re
9 had.
lave had.
7e had.
^E.'
sa-
ved.
f
I.
o
3.
lutraiuiitive.
Plural,
We are.
You are.
They are.
1.
2.
3.
THE VERB.
Active Voioe.
Plural.
We love.
You love.
They love.
91
Passive Voioe.
Plural.
1 . We are loved.
2. You are loved.
3. They are loved.
Singular.
1. I have been. 1.
2. Thon hast been. 2.
3. He has been. 3,
'*resent-Perfeot Tense.
Sign, have
Singular.
T have loved. L
Thou hast loved. 2.
He has loved. 3.
Singular.
1 have been loved.
Thou hast been loved.
He has been loved.
1.
o
Plural.
We have been.
1-
- . You have been. 2.
3. Tney have been. 3.
SingtUar.
1. 1 was.
2. Thou wast.
3. He was.
Plural.
1. We were.
2. You were.
3. They were.
Plural. Plural.
We have loved. 1. We have been loved.
Yon have loved. 2. You have been loved,
xhey have loved. 3. They have been loved.
Past Tv i:..e.
Singular.
1. I loved.
2. Thoulovedat
3. He loved.
Plural.
1 We loved.
2. You loved.
3. They loved.
Singular.
1. 1 was loved.
2 Thou wast loved.
. He was loved.
Plural.
1. We were loved.
2. You were loved.
3. They were loved.
, Past-Perfect Tense.
Sign, had.
1 Tvi^Tu'"''- ^'^^"''*^- Singtdar.
I' Thnt^Tlu i- T had loved. 1. I had been loved.
3 i^Ldt*^'"'''^,- Thouliadstloved.2. ThouhadstbeenLed.
3. He had been. 3. He had loved. 3. He had been loved
Plural. Plural. ' pi^ral
1. We had been. i. We ha-l loved. 1. We had been loved
2. You had been. 2 Yoa had loved. 2. You had been loved
3. They had been, 3. They had loved. 3. They had Sen loved
92
DTYMOLOQT.
Intransitive, Active Voice.
Ftitare Tense
Signs, shall, ?m7/.— Inflect with each.
Paaiivo VoiM-
Singular.
1 . I shall be.
2. Thou wilt be.
8. He will be.
Singular.
1. I shall love.
2. Thou wilt love.
3. He will love.
Singular.
1. I shall be loved.
2. Thou wilt be loved,
3. He will be loved.
JRlural.
1. We shall be.
2. You will be.
3. TheywiUbe.
Plural.
1. We shall be loved.
2. You will be loved.
3. TheywiUbe loved.
Plural.
1. We shall love.
2. You will love.
3. They will love.
Futare'I'erfect Tense.
Signs, shall have, will /iaw<?.— Inflect with each.
Singular. Singular. Singular.
1. I shall have, been. 1. I shall have loved. 1. i shall hrve been
2. Thou wilt have 2. Thou wilt have 2. Thou wilt have '
^ „ ., ^ rj^een. [loved. [been loved.
3. He will have been.3. He will have 3. He will have been
[loved. [loved.
^ittral Plural. Plural.
1. We shall have 1. We shall have 1. We shall have been
o ^ 'uu ^^^^' ,, ., [Joved. [loved.
2. You will have 2. You will have 2. You will have been
« mv .„ ^ f*^®"- [loved. [loved.
3. They wiU have 3. They wiU have 3. Thev will have
V^een. [loved. ' [been loved.
) POTENTIAL MOOD.
Present Tense- •
Signs, may, can, must. —Inflect with each.
Singular. Singular. Singular.
o i?*y ^- . , ^- ^ ^^y ^0^6- 1- I may be loved.
2. Thou mayest be. 2. Thou mayst love. 2, Thou maysv be
o Ti L [loved.
6. Ue may be. 3. He may love. 3. He may be loved.
Plural. Plural. Plural.
1. We may be. . 1. We may love. 1. We may be loved.
2. You may be. 2. You may love. 2. You may be loved.
1^. They may be. 3. They may love . 3. They may be loved.
oloa-
r.
loved,
be loved,
e loved.
be loved,
be loved,
be loved.
ir.
rve been
[loved.
b nave
en loved.
ave been
[loved.
I.
lave been
[loved.
lave been
[loved.
have
en loved.
ir.
loved.
8V' be
[loved.
e loved.
I.
be loved,
be loved.
be loved.
:/
IntnuuitiTa.
THE VERB.
9n
PmiIt« Voice.
Active Voice.
Q. PpMont-Porfect Tenie.
1. I may h.ve be.„. ,. I ^Tafioved. 1. I ^rr^een
a Ti.o« may.t We 2. Thou .n.,,* have 2. T^o. u^^yAZf'
a. Hem»,Uveb«n. 3. Hemayhavlired. 3. He J^,^^
Plural p/ , [loved.
1. We^ayWcbeen.,. V^.r^X ' ,. We J^ebeen
2. You m.y have 2. You may hi™' 2 You mav .. """'^
[been. n" j *°" "'^^y "ave
». They xuay have 3. They „ay ^^.'^ 3. They ^fcr''
S^r^ • °^' '^*'' '^^W-I-flect with each.
2. Thou^^utbe. ^: »4a.ove. Ji iClt^'-^-
aHen^hUe. 3. He might love. 3. He might beK.
1. We mipht be i "W^ Stfi' Plural.
y m^gnt be. 3. They might love. 3. They might be ) ^
8,-m>- ' ^.^ Past-Perfect Tense. '
8.«».. »H,.a„.. g^. w. «»^. ^„, ^„ ^,,_
3. He might have 3. Ho might have 3 H«r«,- l^u"" ^T^"
. w «- """■ LJ'^ --«''*'»|?.^-
.. Wemighth.™ . we^^r^ave ,. WemSt™. ^
3 Theym^htWo 3 They might?r<- 3. Theymfc^re^'
a ^ ^''''*''^*^- ib^en loved, j
a
H
IntnuudtiTe.
Singular.
1. If I be.
2. If thou be.
2^ If he be.
Plural.
1. If we be.
2. If you be.
3. If they be.
Singular.
1. If I were.
2. If thou wert.
3. Ifhewer^.
Plural,
1. If we were.
2. If you were.
3. If they were.
Singular.
2. Be, or DO thou.
ETTMOLOOY.
Aotive Voloe-
BUBJITNOnVE MOOD.
PieMnt Tonse.
Singular.
1. If Hove.
2. If thou love.
3. If he love.
Plural.
1. If we love.
2. If you love.
3. If they love.
Fsft TeiuM'
FmiIt* VoIm-
Singular.
1. If I beloved.
2. If thou be loved.
3. If he be lovedL
Plural.
1. If we be loved.
2. If you be loved.
3. If they be loved.
Singvla/r.
1. If I were loved.
2. If thou wert <yr
[were loved.
3. If he were loved.
Plural.
1. If we were loved.
2. If you were loved.
3. If they were loved.
DCFEBATIVE HOOD.
FrmMiit Tenue.
Singula/r.
Singular.
2. Love, or love thou. 2. Be thou loved.
3. Let him be loved.
3. Be he, or let him be .3. Lot him love.
Phiral, Plural. Plural.
2. Be, or be ye. 2. Love, or love you. 2. Be ye or-you loved.
3. Be they, or let 3. Let them love. 3. Let them be loved.
[them ba. ^
Fatnn Tense.
SiiMular.
2, Thou sLali be.
Singular.'
2. Thou shalt love.
Plural. Plural.
2. Yeoryouihallbe. 2. Ye or you shall
[love.
INFINITIVE MOOD.
To be.
Tohax'e been.
To love.
To have loved.
Sir^ular.
2. Thoushalt beloved.
Plural.
2. Ye or you shall be
[loved.
To be loved.
To have been loved.
I VdM-
loved,
be loved.
I loved
uraL
i loved.
>e loved,
be loved.
fulcvr.
re loved,
wert or
were loved,
ere loved.
'urtU.
'ere loved,
vere loved,
were loved.
. loved.
L be loved.
wal.
••you loved,
m be loved.
nUcw.
dt be loved.
ural,
ott shall be
[loved.
ed.
^een loved.
Intnuuitive.
Prewnt, Being.
Pwt, Been.
«rfeot, Having been.
"*"«, About to be.
THE VERB.
Aotive Voice.
PAETIOIPLES.
Loving.
Loved.
Having loved.
About to love.
95
PanlTo Voioe.
Being loved.
Loved.
Haying been loved.
About to be loved.
QOESTIOUS ON THE VE£B-(oontiinied).
auxilury f How are tEe other i.uxiliaries n«ed t ^' " ""
ECEECISE OH IHE VERB.
e,d.o?tS%«u:""« ""'*"' ""^ "" Mood «,d the Ten« ot
w • i\itei Xo h!? b^ • ^zr-wiz^'T
They must be. Thev should have been. If T to Thon'i.^-
Though he were. l/ 1 had been. Though I were uZZVu
trk'h.vJte' '^«^'«- He doe. fort S. "oZ^
was comforted. Mary is loTed^d"espeS He^l "I^
DIFPEEBKT POBMS.
K, 1^*- .We obtain the Proqbessive form of a verb
by adding its present participle active to the verb
^^through all its moods and tenses; as, I am
195. The EtoHATic form is obtained bv addin^r
as, 1 oo run; I did run. *
96
ETYMOLOGY.
196. The verb is made to deny, by placing the
word ' not ' after the simple form ; as, Thou )ovest
not ; and in the compound form by placing it be-
tween the auxiliary and the verb ; as, I do not love.
When two auxiliaries are used, it is placed between
tbem ; as, I would not have loved.
197. The verb is made to ask a question by plac-
ing the nominative, or subject, after the simple foi-m;
as, Lovest thou ? and between the auxiliary and the
verb in the compound forms ; as. Do I love ? When
there are two auxiliaries, the nominative is placed
between them ; as, Shall I have loved ?
198. Interrogative sentences are made negative
by placing the negative either before or after the
nominative : as, Do not I love ? or, Do I not love ?
PASSIVE VOICE.
199. The Passive Voice is inflected by adding
the past participle passive to the verb * to oe,' as an
auxiliary, through all its moods and tenses, (See
Sec. 191.)
The same thin^ expressed by both Voices.— The Passive
Voice, in the finite moods properly affirms of the subject the
Buffering, or the receiving of the act performed by the actor ;
and in all tenses, except the present, expresses passively precisely
the same thing as is expressed by the corresponding tense in the
' otive voice ; thus, • Csesar conquered Gaul," and • Gaul ivas con-
tercd by C«Bsar, ' express the same thing.
QUESTIONS 01^ THE'VEEB-(oontinned;
How is the Progressive form obtained? How the Emphatic?
How is the verb made Negative ? What is the position of the
>»'ord * not ' when there are two auxiiiaries ? How is the verb
made Interrogative ? What is the position of the Nominative
when there two auxiliaries ? How are Interrogative Sentences
made Negative 1 How is the Passive Voice inflected ? What does
the Passivi Voice properly affirm of the Subject v Illustrate by
example that all its tenses, except the present, express precisely
the Bftme thing as the corresponding tenses in the Active Voice.
The VERBr
fe»
Lcing the
ou )ovest
ig it be-
not love,
betweeu
by plac-
ple f onn ;
r and the
? When
is placed
negative
after the
Dt love ?
adding
e,' as an
es, (See
I
rhe Passive
subject the
the actor ;
ily precisely
ense in the
lul loas con-
Emphatic?
tioo of the
is the verb
NTominative
! Sentences
What does
lustrate by
Bs precisely
ve Voice."
EXEE0I8E OH FOBMS AND VOIOB.
grisaive FoC:!^'"'"^^ ^''**- ^"'"^ *^« ^^^^' ^^^^ Pr^
He itood, ^ ^ • * '*"• ^® **"fi^*- He stands.
Form^i*^^' *^' ''"'''^«. ^""^ *^^ Progressive into the Simple
Wc are ^vriting. They were singing. We might be walking
They are commg. Thou urt teaching He has £ mo^g '°**
EmphJtk Fol!" "^ '^°^' ^^"«« *^^ -^^« »^- «-- intb
4. Change the examples ^6. 2) into the Negative form • thii«
We are not wnting-intK) the interrogative Tm mX^^
w-ritmg f-mto the negative interrogative form ai Are\^ ,^t
wntmg 7 or, Are uot we writing ? ^ ' ' ^'® ^® °^*
Pwsive Vofoe''l«rf\f T *^^^^' ?^^«^ *^« ^«'^ ^^^ the
is written ' ''^"^^ ''*'' ^ "^^^ ' Thus, the letter
BULES FOE THE VEEB.
I A verb agrees with its subject nominative in
person and number ; as, I read Thon readest. He
reads, &c.
II. A Transitive Verb in the Active Voice is
followed by an objective ca^e; a^, We love Aim.
Jle loves U8,
III. The Predicate Substantive, after a verb is
put m the same case as the subject before it as 'it
IS fie. bhe walks a qiteen. 1 took it to be him, &c.
^^:. '^l!^ infinitive Mood may depend on a verb,
an adjective, or a noun ; a^, Cease to do evil. Ho is
anxious to learn. He ha.s a desire to learn.
Iran. ) ^
Intrau. ) 3
OEDEfi OP PABSINa THE VEEB.
T, , Voice
^eg- ( -r. _ Mood
Irreg.
Q
Prin, Parts, Tense
Person
a
o
rergon I ^
Number / ^
Concord
according
toiUTLS.
see
l&ITMOLOGY.
ExAMFW.— They have loved.
Belation.
'Have
They have
ttmed.
Etymology and Syntax.
«otw.--An auxiliary of time (present -perfect),
//aw for^d. -Trans. Reg.. Love, loved; loved.
ina. rres.'Perf.S. Plu. agreeing with subject the^f,
EIEKOISE OH THE VEEB, dko.
1, Pawe the verbs in the following exercise.
2 Parse all the other words.
> good man loves God. John can write a letter. William
has written two letters. You should honor your parents I
have seen George. You have deceived me. Fishes «wim. You
will be sick if you eat that fruit. Men should obey their rulers.
Avoid vicious company. Idle boys should be despised. Ask no
questions. Will your father come? Have you studied "your
lesson? Can you parse a verb ? '
ntREOULAl; VERBS.
200. T^e Irregular Verbs, or those of the
-' Strong Conjugation ' may bo conveniently divided
into three classos :
1 Those with one fonn in the Principal Parti.
r?f* £?• two distinct forms do. do.
Ul Do. th.»-eo distinct forms do. do.
201. Of this kind of veih thei^ are about one
hundred and seventy.
202. A^selection is given below.
CLASS I.
PretenL Pott
Burst burst
Cut cut
Hit hit
Let let
Put put
Rid Hd
Set set
Spread spread
Thrust thrust
GLASS n
awaked or awoke nwe^ked.
beat beaten,
bent bent,
bound bound.
Wed bled.
J
Pcul Participle.
burst.
cut.
hit.
let.
put.
rid.
set.
8j;n-ead.
tumst.
Awake
Beat
Bend
Bind
Bleed
i
^
^
Ivl
V.
'*W.MtfV%* %/t
UJtHNiOU.
irfect).
loved,
bjeot tfiey.
ir. WiJliam
parents. I
awirn. You
their rulers,
ed. Ask no
tttdied your
le of the
y divided
Parti,
do.
do.
a^bout one
iciple.
Present,
Bring
Bum
Buy
Catch
Como
^Creep
Crow
Dig
Feed
Feel
Find
^Flee
Qet
Grind
Rang
Hold
Keep
-Lay
Lead
Leave
Lose
Make
Meet
Pay
Read
Run
Say
JSeek
Sell
Send
Shoe
Shoot
Sit
Spend
Spill
Stand
Sting
Strike
owing
TeacF
Tell
Think
Weep
Win
Wind
Wring
THE VERB.
Pcut
brought
burned or burnt
bought
caught
came
crept ,
crew
dug
fed
felt
found
fled
got
ground
bung or hanged
held
kept
laid
led
left
lost
made
met
paid
read*
ran
said
sought
sold
sent
shod
shot
sat
spent
spilt
stood
stuns
struck
swung
taught
told
thought
wept
won
^ound
wrung
PaH PaKicipU.
brouffht.
burnt.
bought.
oaughl.
come.
crept.
crowed.
dug.
fe£
felt.
found
fled.
got.
ground.
hung or hanged.
held.
kept.
laid.
led.
left
lost.
made.
met.
paid.
read.*
run.
said.
sought.
sold.
sent.
shod.
shot.
sat.
spent.
spilt.
stood.
stuns.
struck or stricken,
swung.
taught.
told.
thought*
wept.
won.
wound.
wnmg.
xii«ae Me pronounced m if tpelt ' red.'
,p:-
I i
/!
" «
100
Pruini,
AriM
Bear, to cany,
Bear, to bring forthf
Begin
Bite
Break
Choose
Dare, to vetUw^i
Do
Draw-
Drink
Drive
Eat
PaU
Freeze
Give
Grow
Hide ^
Know
Lie
Mow
Ride
. Ring
See
Sew
Shake
Shew
Sinff
Sink
Slay
Smite
Speak
Spring
Steal
Strive
Swim
Tak«
Tear
Throw
Tread
Wax
Wear
Write
«biTMOLOGnr.
CLASS
Past.
arose
bore or bare
bore or bare
began
bii;
broke
chose
durst
did
drew
drank
drove
ate
.*eU
fiew
froze
gave
gi'ew
hid
knew
lay-
mowed
rode
rang
saw
sewed
shook
shewed
sang
sank
slew
smote
spoke
sprang
stole
strove
swam
took
tore
threw
trod
waxed
wore
wrote
m.
How inflected.— Verbs of this
manlier similar to that adopted
Regular, or Weak conjugation.
Pa»i Partidiftle,
arisen.
borne.
born.
begun.
bitten or bit.
broken.
chosen.
dared.
done.
drawn.
drunk.
driven.
eaten.
fallen.
flown.
frozen.
given.
grown.
hidden.
known.
lain.
mo-wn,
ridden.
rung.
seen.
sewn.
shaken.
shewn.
sung,
sunk.
slain.
smitten.
spoken.
sprung.
stolen.
striven.
swum.
taken,
torn.
thrown.
trodden.
waxen.
worn*
written.
conjugation are inflected in a
with choie belonging to, the
St
THE VERB.
rUcigile,
r bit.
a
o
p
f
— S
M
ID
at
(4
M
O
m
E-i
Li
o
I-
i I
im
8
-J
04
^
a
— e
a
o
iflocted in a
{iiig to. the
I
-l-f
mSl^Smm^ZZmm
I
iil
II
th
102 ETYMOLOGY.
AKALYSIS.
203. — 1. As long as the sentence contains but
one predicate, it is called a Simple Sentence • as
Dihgeiit boys learn quickly. ' *
2. \^hen it contains more than one principal pre-
jicace, i.e., when it expresses two or more independ-
ent thouqrhts, it is called a Compound Sentence •
5*8, Time is short, but eternity is long. *
/Q^ ol^ox^^m,.®?^®^ ^^'® j^^^^^ ^y ^ conjunction,
(bee. 218.) This connective is sometimes omitted.
4. The sentences may be analyzed separately, each
of them being called r Principal, or an Independent
Sentence.
ExAMPLBfl.— .Diligent boys learn quickly^ (Simple.)
Time is short, but eternity is long. ^Compound. )
SurriKoi.
KiKD.
Diligent boy
letun quickly.
Time is short.
Eternity ia long. Prin.
LoaiOAL SUBJBOT.
Attributb.
Prin.
Prln.
Diligent
NOMINATIVB.
LoaiCAL PRBOIOAn.
boys
Time
Eternity
learn quickly.
l8 short,
is long.
- nw** ^'^'^^Ctive may, for the present, be omitted from the
flcneme of analysis.]
Q[J2STI0N8 ON ANALrsiS-
nrS?"*J '* * ??P?® Sentence ? When it contams more than one
&OW .I'Vi,'^^** i! ^* 'f^^'^l ^'^^ "^ Compound Sentence
SS^A u^ 8«»»<»oce8 lomed ? (s this connective always in-
sorted? How are Compound Sentences analyzed ? "* •J^" "*
EIER0I8E Oir ANALYSIS.
1. Compose six Simple Sentences.
|. Uompose three Compound Sentences with Simple Subject.
a. Lomposa three Compound Sentences with Compound Sub.
THE ADVEBB.
103
tains but
ENCE ; as^
cipal pre-
independ-
ENTENCE ;
ijunction,
3mitted.
tely, each
iependent
I.)
impound.)
[i PRBDIOATI.
1 quickly.
short.
long.
i from the
B than one
Sentence,
klwayi in-
I Subject.
)und 8ab<
t>oundP?e^'*to""**^**'^°®' ^^^ Compound Subject and Oom-
6. Select the Simple and the Compound Sentences in the fol-
lowing examples.
6. Analyze according to plan.
The curfew toUs—the kneU of parting day. The boding owl
BcreamB from the rumed tower. She was not only beautiful, but
modest. A part of the exports consists of raw silk. Every sicht
and every sound amazes him. The sentinel stars set their watch
in the sky The man walked and the boy ran. The grain must
he Bown, else no crop need be looked for. The man is industrious,
therefore he will succeed. Night came slowly on. How did you
succeed at your examination? He was poor, hU industnous.
ine boat was upset and they were drowned.
TH£ ABVEBB.
204. An Adverb is a wcrd used to modify verbs,
adjectives, or other adverbs; as, Ann speaks dis-
tinctly , she is remarkably diligent, and reads very
correctly.
lUuitration.— When we say that the adverb modifies, we
mean that it effects some change in the word to which it is an-
nexed. Let us illustrate by a familiar example, and then its
grammatical application will be plainer. A cup of coffee or tea,'
for instance, has a peculiar bitter taste ; if wo add a Uttle sugar
the flavor becomes modified, or changed ; if we add a little more
sugar it becomes mere modified. Now, let us apply this to the
example given in the definition. If we were simply to say, ' Ann
speaks,' it would be only stating the fact that she has the power
of speaking, but we would know nothing about her manner of
speaking. By adding the word 'distinctly' we moiify, or
change the statement, so that the meaning is no ..ager the same ai
if we said ' Ann speaks.' In a similar way the words • remark-
ably ' and • very ' effect a change in the words * diUgent ' and
* correctly.' ^
DIVIBIOK OF ADVERBS.
^' 206. Adverbs are divided, according to their use
into those of '
Tim§, Place, Manner, Oame.
IM
JfeTtllOLOGlr.
I i
■
iLeeay. i^- How does she sing? Very
^m. Adverbs of Cause express why a thing is
adlll^:Steefeh'"^^^ "°t ^'^''^'^ -« ««"
called AdverWal pTr«prT\''-^'r* ^h'<=h are
adveV^'^ *^ ^ '^''^'^ '" the same way as
IKPLEOnOBOPIHEADVEEB. /
/.Mfest. ' '"" '^*'*' ''^ '^uns/os^er; she rims
oftenek ^^'^'-''^ ^' ^nd 'est', as. Often, o/<ewcr,
of L' S^:s^i4 '■:,;^-- - the c an^,,
^orst. Little, less, Teaat &c ' ' ^^^- ''''^-
-- weetly, ^.. ;weetl/:^wisia; -^I^S'
What is an Adverh ? wu i. j '^"^JWJ.
f
(juestfon
iiately.
question
fwhere,
an action
iswer the
;? Very
fching is
we call
'hich are
djectives
) way as
> under-
is CoM-
he runs
fie as in
^ftener,
mrison
worse,
he ad-
reetly,
^, least
mean ?
rmany
THE ADVERB.
105
EXEBOISE ON THE ADVEEB
2. ToU why they are adverba
3. Tell to which of the four cUaae, they belong, «cd wby.
rSthfL^r'^OneTit ^7 ""y «««". JTrtt^'.^
ftlmort dir"uv ■ 1 will lU«Jl long enough John returned
down the incline. P^^' ^^® **■"" ^"^ quickly
blanlc';p":e:.'''"^"'*' *'™"" " ^""'"'^ ^'^' ^ ^e
The Bteeple ia three hundred feet high He wult*^
tWoT^o-irfeh'e'eC' ''%'"?'T-^?2^^"-"~
daya and— -_?!„; '"j—- . He pereevered lor many
pmdeut. I waitedTrl;;:' hours "" T o""*" v"
^ther goes often to town hiL^fath'^r*— ^ZI ^^^rmine^S^^
Henryal^'o/X'" "" '"^'^ ""'**"' J""-'' --~ ^^d
RULE FOR THE ADVERB.
H™ t ' niodify verbs, adjectives, or ad /erbs ; aa.
He speaks cZi«^tnc% , John is remarkably diligent
and reads very correctly. '^ uuigemi,
ORDER OP PARSING THE ADVERB.
.il""'' )y,A'.- {^f^'^' ) Inflection
Adverb of ] Place, ( Modifying \ Adjective. I when
( Manner,- &c.) '^' | ^^^f ' j admissible.
^P^ ETYMOLOGY.
ElCAMPLia.— He reads very correctly. He came at last
Balation
Beads eorreetly.
Very correctly,
^ame at hut.
Etymology and 8]mtax. ^
(7orr«rf/y.— Manner, modifying reach.' Rule.
Pane, eocorrjing to this plan, the adverbs in the exercise riven
ftbove. **
TABLE OF ADVEBBS.
Kind.
L-
TiMI.
When?
'I
Place. Manner.
In reply to the questions,
Where ? How ?
Infleotion.
Decree.
I
Cause.
WF.y?
I I
^««Iar. Irregular.
AiTALYSIS.
*^ ^^^r\ '^^^ Grammatical Predicate of a sen-
tence, besides being completed by means of an ob-
lective or a nominative case, (Sec. 187, 2.-3.,) may
have a further complement in the shape of an ad-
verb or Its equivalent.
2. The Predicate is then said to be extended, and
the name ^Twion is given to that part of the
Logical Predicate.
EXABTPLSS.
Diligent boys learn their lessoiiS quickly.
The birds sing sweetly in summer.
Th€ wind being /avorabkt the fleet aet sait
THE PREPOSlTIOWr.
107
LoeiOAii SiTBJiSor.
Loaioib PRBDioAta.
Orammatioa]
Subject
Its Comple-
ments.
diligent
Grammatical
Predicate.
Completion.
Extension.
Boy
]eara
their lessons
quickly.
Birds
the
sing
.
■weetly, m
(summer.
Fleet
the
set
sail
the wind being
(favorable.
EIEEOISE OK ABALY8IS.
'LlrhM'tmA'S^'"'"" "^"' *"" ■objectivo'«.d tk
2« Analyze according to plan.
He walked very quickly Scipio routed the forces of Hamii
bal. George leainb his lessons rapidly Am i^or^LZT^^
desire of Hying. Pompey was defeaC'^by ci^.^^'K eon!
quereaU things. The sun rose brightly over the eastH hilS
He killed a man maliciously with I sword. Spri^ rSSrn^g
the swallows re-appear. The bird flew up into the tree Thev
came to see me to-day. The first two verses were Wtii^v
sung. The church spte stood gleaming wSte! *>«a«*»f^y
THE PEEPOSITIOir. ^ *
217. A Preposition is a word which shews the
relation between an object and some other Vord in
the same sentence ; as He came from Hamilton to
Toronto by rail.
1. Ulnataration*— The pupU may, perhaps, see more clearly
^^ meant by relation, by carefuUy studying the following
B* ♦F
"^ — - — (
C»
D*
A*
F»
E*
108
ETYMOLOOY,
m
fhA *"' O'T'-^^"". or inside the square. B is above, or .t,.r
B^ua-e T>. '^"'''- f '^ "'^^^'' ^^ ^'"^«^'*' - *^^-^ the
square F F is acro«.. or athwart the square. The teacher may
1? r .;T^ *^"'"^'^^ '^ '^"'^g ^ I--^^^ -^ - book by
means of which he can shew the different relations, or positions
that the ponca .ay bear to the book ; .s. On. a.ay frol, ^c.
J: ?. "^^'^^ '' sometime, between nouns ; as, Hatred of
nee sometimes between an adjective and a uoun : as. Fond of
6.hing-sometimes between a verb and a noun, or ^n odverb
and a noun ; as. He kiUed him with a sword ie lived coZ
tently i^'^A his principles. «e iived consis-
un, . . « QUESTIONS OW THE PREPOSITION.
epoiitions ahewt.hfi rAiaf,-^« v " classes ot words do
ing
prepositions shew the relation ?
CI* XV J^^^O^SE ON THE PfiEPosmON.
ahl^'therdltiorr^^^^^ ^^' *^" ^^*-- -1^** -ords they
The book lie? on the table JjtZT '' ''^^^'^''^- *° ^^« Pa^e^^te-
Bridges are made across river^ ry.T^A ^«"^Pr^.° ^" adversity,
mouth. He went through The' Je Ti"" V^*^" '"'^* ^ ^'
thick6(t. Heisrespectelathome ^''^ ^^'^ ^*« *^^«
A T> . .-^^^ ^^^ ^^^ PREPOSITION.
A Preposition is followed by the Objective Ca^e
[As the pTnoi'^ '"^"^^ ™ PREPOSITION.
LAS the Preposition expresses a ' double rpUfinn ;*.
the r^, baok to s„„e idL already me:Mldma\^X^'
some other jdea. which complete, *the thought ; thi 'dS^
lation must be given in ordor thn+ +v.^ .. • , uouoie re-
ExAMPLE~le threJ fw^^^^^^^^ ""'^ ''''^'''*'-
Belation
Threw ?o«i{A force,
Threw against wall,
Parse, according to this
cise given above.
Etymology and Syntax.
Rule ^''^^' ^*'^^'''^®'^ ^y * ^°''ce ' in obj.
^^ams^.~.prep. foUowedby VaU' inobj.
Prepositiona in the Exer-
THE CONJUNCTION.
109
>ov€, or aver
the square,
r below the
eacher may
3 book, by
>r positions
rom, efrc.
Hatred of
.8, Fond of
an odverb
ved consis-
the mean-
f words do
i^orda they
the horse,
is parents,
adversity,
leat in his
into the
ve Case.
it carries
rward to
louble re-
omplete.
3 wall.
LX.
se ' in obj-
Oi'inobj.
ihe Exer-
THE CONJUNCTION.
218. A Conjunction is a word which shews the
particular manner in which one part of a sentence
1.S joined to another ; as. You and James may go,
out John must stay at home.
Illustration.— In the example given, there are in the whole
sentence no less than three Statements; the first is, * You may
go ; ' the second, ' James may go. ' Now, since their construction
IS similar, being both of them principal sentences, they are
joined by the conjunction ' and ' ; thus, ' You may go and James
may go.' Now, joined to these two sentences there is another,
also prmcipal in its nature-'but John must stay at home.'
This is joined to the other two by the conjunction ' buf This
kind of union giv3s us one kind of Conjunction. Let us take
another sentence-' You will succeed, if you work hard. ' Here
there are two statements, one of which— 'You will succeed '-
18 principal, and the other-' if you work hard '-subordinate.
The latter is joined to the former by the conjunction ' if.' The
union between subordinate and principal sentences gives rise to
the second class of conjunctions.
219. Hence we have two kinds of Conjunctions.
CO-OHDINATE and SUBORDINATE.
DEFINITIONS.
I. Co-ordinate Conjunctions are those which
connect similar constructions , as, God sustains the
world, and He governs it.
II. Subordinate Conjunctions are those which
connect subordinate, or dependent, with principal
constructions ; as, Boys learn quickly, when thev
are attentive. x ^ v
io ffi^^ frequently join one subordinate clause to another that
IS also subordmatfe. ]
QDESTIONS ON THE OON JUNCTION, r
theieT WW ^°''T*'°°,^ ^^;f "^*^y ^^^ «^ Conjunctions are
natJ Con&n ? ^'""'^'^ Conjunction r What isa .Subordi-
110
ETYMOLOGY,
111
BXEBOISE ON THE CONJUNCTION. x
1. In the following aentences select the Conjunction^ and t-eli
Whether they are Co-ordinate or Subordinate. ' "
nJJ^r V P'*'"^? ?^<i,i»eg;ected. The moon and stare were
ahining. You will be despised, and he wiU be honored. It
you would succeed you must labor. He was poor, though he
might have been och. Wisdom is better than riches. CHmb
not lest you fall . Because he is good he is happy. I come, and
2. Insert Conjunctions in the blank spaces.
He cannot come to-day, he is sick. 1 will treat him well
he has injured me^ Religion purines refines the feel-
ings. He was dismissed fie would not attend to business
No tree bears fruit in autumn it blossoms in the sprinc*
You must be mad or foolish. My poverty not my will
corsents. The sun cannot shine, it is cloudv. - the
servants • thr master is to blame John and James
were there. 'They had no sooner risen they began to study.
They will succeed — ^ they are industrious. ^
RCLES FOR THE OONJONCTION.
I. Co-ordinate conjunctions unite similar con-
structions : as, He and / intend to go ; he gave it
to Mm and me.
II. Subordinate conjunctions connect dependent
with principal constructions as, // I have erred
pardon me. '
ORDEB OP PARSING THE CONJUNCTION.
[For convenience in parsing, Conjunctions may be considered as
jommg • words m construction. *] / vunsiuereu as
Co-ordinate )^ ( the words,
Q u J- X r ;S io»^^°« j tfae clauses, RaLE
Subordinate ) W (the sentences
of which the verbs are — & — .
Example. --He started for India, but stopped at the Cape.
Started but stopped
.fiw^, co-ordinate, joining the sentences of
J^\ch the verbs are started and stopped.
, A'arse, according to this plan, the Conjunctions in the exer.
ewe given above.
>n% and telJ
stars were
onored. It
though he
es. Climb
'. oome, and
k him well,
23 the feel-
>o business.
;he spring,
lot my will
the
md James
D to study.
lar con-
3 gave it
jpendent
/Q erred,
isidered as
OLE
-&— .
Cape.
atences of
L stopped.
I the exer«
THE INTERJECTION.
Ill
ooA A ™E INTERJECTION.
fopirni ^^.^^TERjECTroN 18 a word that expresses
221. Interjections may express—
1. Astonishment ; as, Lo <
2. Joy. as, Hurrah
3. Sorrow , as, Alas :
* 4. DisL'ust ; as. Fie I
5, Calling ; as, Halloo !
Rul? ^"^^^'i^^^t'y there is no necessity for any
QUESTIONS ON THE INTERJECTION
ex^estd V?hii"p':^^^^^^^^^ feelings may be
the Interjection ? '^ ' ^^^** ^^^**>^on i« expressed by
^.u , ,u ^^^^^^8E ON THE INTERJECTION,
belect the Interjections in the loilowing sentences •_
P^^oeSoTrS^rJ^ r^^^^ my friend, to this
won. Pshaw I I do notcarp V ?t'^' ^'i'""^^ ' *^^ victory is
is gone, and, on : h^w wr'^'iledtam! '" "^ '^^ *'^ '^^«*- «^
994. 1 r» ANALYSIS,
ciDal spn^^*''"''^'' Sentence is made up of one prin-
Ses a Sn' ■"".'^ ""' r ™°^«' subordinate '^en-
f'!?!!.-;:,^'.,^"™^ dream that they can silence. ^Cn
-■■-J ••"'. tne storm of passion. " ' ■
112
ETYMOLOGY.
4. The Subordinate sentence does not make
complete sense by itself, but must be taken in con-
nection with the principal sentence ; as, Some dream
that they can silence the storm of passion.
6, Subordinate sentences are of three kinds, —
I. THK NOUN SENTENCB.
II. THE ADJECTIVE SENTENCE,
m. THE ADVBRBIAL SENTENCE,
DEPINITIONS/
2S50. The JSouN Sentence is one that occupies
the place and follows the construction of a noun.
22 ). The Adjective Sentence is one that oceu-
pies the place and follows the construction of an
adjective.
227. TJie Adverbial Sentence is one that takes
the place and follows the construction of an Adverb.
Examples. — Some dream that they can silence, when they
will, the storm of passion.
A man who keeps his word is respected.
Sbntknob.
Kun).
LoaicAii Subject
Logical Prbdicatb.
Gram.
Subject.
Its
Comple-
mpnts.
Gram.
Predicate
Comple
tion.
Exten-
sion
a
Some dream
Prin.
to t>.
Some
dream
Sent, b
b
that they can
silence the storm
of passion
Noun
to a.
ui Obj
TI)fcy
cansil'i'jc*;
wtnrv of
litt^' an
Senr
c
when they will.
Adv
to 6
They
a
Sent.
will
when
a
A man is
!<;'.;.eeted ,
Prin.
to 6
Man
is respcct-
(ed
•
6
wiio keeps his
hto word.
Adj.
tea.
who
keeps
his word
THE INTERJECTION.
113
not make
m in con-
)me dream
inds, —
I occupies
a. noun,
that oc<;u-
ion of an
that takes
n A dverb.
when they
•rbdicatb.
nple
on.
Exten-
sion
t.6
i.': Of
. OD
Sear
when
•
rord
.ng the .ubordmate «„tence to the prinoipd. In thi. (the a ri)
column the pupil will pla.e any conneotive that i. not adven,iU
« weU a. conjunctive in its nature. If it. adverb "^rL^
prom»ent, .t muet be placed in the eiteniion column.]
0DE8TION8 OH AHALT8I8.
Sentence* " Sentence? «. Adjective Kentence ) anAdverbiiJ
EIEB0I8E OH AIALT8IB.
orlJl^etn *»::."* "*'"'" "'"'*''* ^"^ »" *« S-""
2. State why they are so.
na^e^^^ "^^^ ^^ Subordinate Sentences are of the class you
4. Analyze according to plan.
It was 80 cold that I could not staLi. I wefin fliA mni^ u^
cause I weep in vain. Little did I Lam thT! should H^e to
thought that ten thousand swords must have leaned from S,p ;
R^Sn W-r" "n".«" ^^1^, ? ^"«^ *^** threatened h^er^tHnsul
Kam fertilizes those fields which spread their bountv to S'^
SeSd"" LLi'""^'r^? ""*^«' *^^^ly ti;it\rfcannot1>
«W t ^' ^*^y P'^^P*'® ^^^*y« <io as little as thev can A
short-hand wnter must ^rite as quickly as an orator speaS' n
ThSt Sf«^' f '^^ *^"* *^/ ^^^^ is round. StCp^^^^^
you give talsehood, and the former will soon prevail He mav
^hoT^rTe^er'fr::" '^' ^^"'"^^'^- ^hey^fight for fL\S
moreuaiLrfhJ fv: f'' ^on^iniona were less extensive, but
Tome agiil ' *^^ Emperor's. I am afraid he will Aever
I
""^ ■^"iSjmT'
114
PART THIRD.
SYNTAX,
(n .r^'^^.v"'*' ''* *'^° relations which words bear
RULES.
THE NOMINATIVE.
RiTLE L— The subject of a finite verb is put in the
Nominative ; as, John reads. / run. ThFy sp^ak
1. The Subject.— This is either a noun or a fiiih«+lf„+. r
noun ; a^. Johi i. a good boy ; /./is%rrrindustrW ^^^^ ''' '
rJi f'^.*-T^- Verb. -By this is meant any part of a verb ex
cept the infinitive mood and the participles. '
nnnn Ff-f v^ ProilOUn Impropor.-It is improper to use both a
just! ' ^ ^ ^® •'"^*' ^^^'^^^ be—The King is
,.«*' ^!^^ Understood.— The nominative, esDeriallv in +),«
EULE II^A Predicate Noun, denoting the same
person or thing as its subject, agrees with it in ca^'
as, I am a messenger. '
inA'..,^]'®'' ^"P*^- ";'''"' 'Pffidicato nominative' is found after
J;»rr'^? ™'s-aSe"'l.r;''^'" ^"^ p-'™ -'-> ». ™oti
noLS,^r3«»^«;tJ^,:^-ini».^-y — ap.dicate
« ^^. ^ffreement. — When we say that one word afrreea wifh
«e« er\„rberr» *"* '"^ one^orrespondTTo tor^theTt
geiu^er, number, case, or person.
SYNTAX.
116
''ords bear
nstruction
put in the
'y speak,
titute for a
a verb, ex-
use both a
tive to the
'he King is
lly in the
erb under-
ller than /
ihe same
b in case ;
Found after
, Who art
I predicate
jrees with
e other in
^ Rule III— An Appositi ve agrees with its subject
m case^; as, The cities Toronto and London arb in
Or t/ario.
Explanation of Term,~A noun or pronoun, annexed to an-
other noun or pronoun, for the sake of explanation or emphasis, is
called an Appositive.
Rule IV. — A Noun whose case depends on no
other word is put in the Nominative Absolute ; as,
The rain having ceased, the day was delightful.
1. Most Ff'eqnent Use. -—The noun is generally found with a
participle, ns in the example given in the Rule, but sometimes
leiwj and having been are omitted ; as, Her wheel [heingi at rest.
This said, that is, This having been said.
Now, man to man and ateel to steel,
A chieftain's vengeance thou shalt ieeX,— Scott.
2. Exclamations. — Exclamations may be considered as
• nominatives absolute ; * as, the times ! the mannera/
A horse I my kingdom for a horse l~ 3hak,
Rule V.— A Noun, which is the name of the
person or thing addressed, is put in the Nominative
of address ; as, Flato^ thou reasonest wfell.
THE POSSESSIVE.
Rule VI. — Any noun, not an Appositive, quali-
fying the meaning of another noun, is put in the
Possessive ; as, I lost my brother's book.
1- The Governing Word sometimes Omitted— The noun
governing the possessive is often understood ; as, This book is
John's [book]. St Paul's. This takes place when the sense is
clear without it. It is always omitted after the p jsessive case
(long form) of the personal pronouns ; as, This book is mine,
thine, ours, &c.
2. Use of Sign.— (1) When several nouns come together in
the possessive case, implying common possession, the sign of the
possessive is annexed to the last, and understood to the rest ; as,
'Jane and Lucy's books,'— that is, Books the common property
of Jane and Lucy,
(2) In separate possession, both have the apostrophe.
116
SYNTAX.
t AA ?\V'^' to such a phrase, the substantive which it Hmfts
18 added the sign of the possessive must be annexed to the Ct
as, 1 called at Smith the bookseller's shop. '
(2) In compound terms the last onlyl'as the mark • as The
Queen of England's crown. ^ * *^' "^^^
THE OBJECTIVE.
Rule VII.— The Objective case follows an act-
ive transitive verb or a preposition; as, He struck
one taote with his hand.
.f\3^^^^^?^'^'^^^J^ '.-This word reiers ratner to theorder
of the sense and construction, than to the placing of the words
Sometimes the position of the objective is^^before the vlrb ';
"^lUamm ' *'' ' Almighty hurled headlong. The^en
fJ^\?^^ Known.—As nouns shew no difference in inflection
for the nominative and the objective, this case is mSked by
position and meaning. *«aax».ou uy
^^^•^^.^^^^"fO Verbs. -This kind cf verb is not followed by
an objective case, except ""wo« yy
(I) When the noun agrees in meaning with the verb • as H«
hved a wretched life, and died a miserable death ' '
pond. ^^^° "^^^^ '" * causative sense ; as, Walk the horse to the
4. Omitted Objective^ometimes theobjective of the relative
p^ronoun is omitted : as. The person (whom) I wanted to see, has
6. Objective of Time, &C.—(1) Nouns denoting time value
^IGHT, or MEASURE, are commenly put in the objective c^e!
without a govermng word,-after mtransitive verbs and adiec-
tives; as, He was absent six months last year. Cowards die
many «tmes before their death. A child two years old. It cost
a shilling It is not worth a cent It weighs a pound. The wall
issix/eei high, and two /eenhick. © z' «* j-uowaii
RrP^Z^^ """^ ^^ ^'^u ^^ ^^^ objective of time, value, weight,
&c., as the case may be. ° *
6. After Adjectives.— The objective is found after the adjec-
tives near, nest, nigh, like, worth. .
fe„
SYNTAX.
117
rm is j'oined
to either ;
le booksel-
:h it limits
io the last ;
^ ; as, The
1 an act-
"e struck
bo theorder
the words.
le verb or
The green
t inflection
narked by
}llowed by
b ; as, He
orse to the
he relative
to see, has
IE, VALUE,
ctive case,
md adjec- .
wards die
i. Tt cost
The wall
B, weight,
the adjec-
THE ADJECTIVE.
a
Rule VIII. An Adjective limits or qualifies
noun, or its equivalent; as, A truthful person is
always respected.
1. Adjectives used as Noons.-ID 'Qualifying •adjectives pre-
ceded by the * limiting ' adjective 'the' have the force of ab-
stract nouns, if the idea expressed is singular ; as, Longinus on
the sublime. The perception of the ridiculous does not neces-
sarily imply bitterness.— //are.
(2) If the idea conveyed is plural, the adjectiye then has the
force of a common, or concrete noun ; as
The rich and the poor meet together.
In the last example the word • persons ' may be supplied, but
in the other examples we can supply no word.
2. Adiective in Predicate.— Sometimes an adjective is found
forming part of the predicate ; as, The rose smells sweet. It
would be incorrect to say the rose smells sweetly, —i. e.. ina
sweet manner, because that would represent the rose as perform-
ine the operation of smelling in a particular manner. Again,
'She looks cold,' and 'She looks coldly on him,' convey very
different ideas ; so also do ' He feels warm,' and 'He feels warmly
the insult offered him/'
3 Incorrect Use of Adjectives.-This predicate use of the
adjective, however, does not justify the use of an 'adjective
as the modifier of another 'adjective.'
4. Double Comparatives andSuperiatives-Thesearesome.
times met with iS old writers; for instance 'This was the
most unhindest cut of B,\i.'-8hak. Their use is to be avoided.
5. *T3lis' and 'That.'— As these adjectives are singular in
their application, they must never precede plural nouns ; there,
fore, such expressions as ' these kind ' or ' those sort, are mcor-
rect— they shorn • be ' this kind ' or ' that sort.
6 Other Parts of Speech as Adjectives-Participles and
even nouns are used with the force of adjectives ; as. Me
wears the waving crest. He wears a gold ring.
7. When participles are used as adjectives, they retain the
form but not the government ot the participle ; as, The man
that is most sparing of his words is often the most deserving ot
attention.
118
SYNTAX.
I
L
THE PBONOUS. ,
Rule IX. — A Pronoun must agree with the
noun for which it stands (its 'antecedent') in
person, gender, and number ; as, A tree is known
by its fruit.
i. ^* ^® Pronoun for Collective Nouns— A pronoun referring
to a collective noun in the singular, should %e in the neuter
smg^lar ; but when the noun expresses many as individuals
the pronoun should be plural ; as, The army proceeded oni/a
march. A civilized people has no right to violate Ua solemn
obligations. The court were divided in their opinion.
^' ®?^?^*®^ Pronoun in certain cases.— (i) When singular
nouns of different genders are taken sr^arately, they are repre-
sented by a repetition' of the pronouns of the correspondinj^
genders! thus, If any man or woman shaU violate hia or her
pledge, he or ahe shall pay a fine.
(2) Pronouns referring to singular nouns or other words of
the common gender, taken in a general sense, are commonly
masculine j as, A parent should love his chUd. Every person has
his faults. No 6ne should commend himself. The want of a
singular pronoun of the third person a d common gender is
felt in such constructions as these. * '
r..f: ^?<>^ouns to be Used in Personification. -Pronouns re-
presenting nouns personihed, take the gender of the noun as the
fhr"^!"? ^xF^T""' ^\ '^y^^' "^^^^ ^"dd«««' ^r«°^ h^r ebon
throne The lion said to the asa, who had been hunting with
nm. But pronouns representing nouns taken metaDhorMJallv
agree with them m their literal sense ; as, F^^ith^p2;
which m ita strength upheld the state. ^
singular or plural noun, ZJ'' Z^ylloTl^^'^r^^^
• W«n«'Lt/'?^"^*^ T^ ^« i"««^^^«*- (2) In^ thV^me way
'r^Ld ifnf ^' fM°*''5\ reviewers, and authors, instead of
I, and 18 always followed by a plural verb.
thLTvl?-®*?!;**"^^® Pronouns. -These pronouns take after
them a verb m the singular, and a pronoun in the third DOrson
smgular ; as. Each of us haa his o^ work to do. ^
rni?l T^^?! and 'That.'— In using these two pronouns, we must
remember that this ' refers- to something near the speaker or to
tne subject last mentioned ; ' that ' refers to something more
remote, or to the subject first mentioned : as, Virtue and vice
ojre contrary to each other ; that ennobles the mind, this debases
SYNTAX.
119
with the
edent ') in
' ia known
loun referring
in the neater
individuals,
ceeded on Ha
te Ua solemn
3.
^'hen singular
ley are repre-
sorresponding
te his or her
er words, of
•e commonly
y person has
e want of a
n gender, is
?roriouns re-
noun as the
3m her ebon
unting with
phorically,
IS th.Q pillar
the nomina-
e't( either a
plural verb;
3 same way
, instead of
s take after
ird person
IS, we must
eaker or to
thing more
le and vice
his debases
7. Pronoun in an Answer. — In answering a qaestion the pupil
should bear in mind that the pronoun or noun contained in tne
answer must be in the same case as the word asking the ques-
tion ; as. Who did it ?— /. Whom did you see ? — James.
8. Omission of Relative— The relative in the objective eastt
is often omitted ; as. Here is the book (which) I promised you.
The relative in the nominative case is hardly ever omitted except
in poetry; as,
In this, 'tis (>od (who) directs ; in that, 'tis man.— Pope.
9- Omission (^ Antecedent-— -The antecedent is sometimes
omitted both in prose and in poetry, but especially in the latter ;
as, ^
Who lives to nature rarely can be poor.
Who lives to fancy never can be rich.
THE V£RB.
Rule X. — 1. A Verb agrees with its subject
nominative in person and number ; as, I read, thou
readest, he reads.
2. Two or more Substantives, singular, taken to-
f ether, have a verb in the plural ; as, James axul
ohn are here.
3. Collective Nouns take a plural when the idea
of plurality is prominent ; as, The College of Cardi-
nals elect the Pope.
4. When a verb has two or more singular nomina-
tives connected by or or nor, it agrees with them in
the singular number : as. Neither James nor John
attends.
1. Kouns connected by 'and' with Singular Verb— (i)
When substantives connected by * and ' denote one person or
thing, the verb is singular ; as, Why is dust and ashes proud ?
(2) Singular nouns, preceded by 'each,' 'every,' *nO,' though
connected by 'and,' nave the verb in the singular; as. Each
book and each paper was arranged.
2. Adjuncts of the Nominative— The adjuncts of the nom-
inative do not control its agreement ; as. The miUy with all its
appui bCiiiiucco, was ucstroysu,. xuc TiUTfiifST 03. paupers mcrc^Oo*
120
SYNTAX.
t
I
3. 8epapt»dSubjecteofI)ifferentPersonfc&c.~Wlientwo
or more substantives, taken separately, are of different pewons
or numbers, the verb agrees with the one next it, and the plural
subject 18 usuaJiy placed next the verb ; as, James or I am in
tfie wrong. Neither the captain nor the sailors were saved.
4- Sequence of Tense.— (I) When one verb depends upon
another, the proper succession of tenses must be attended to •
as, He telk nie that he will. He promised that he loould do so.'
(2) Propositions regarded as universally true are generally put
m the present tense, whatever tense precedes them; as, Plato
believed that the soul is immortal.
The force of this remark
way:—
He may speak if he can,
may be better illustrated in this
i<
might '*
He can write
«' could *«
He will go
*' would "
could,
if he may,
*• might,
if he may,
might,
&c..
((
if he will,
'* would,
if he can,
** could.
&c.
if he be inclined.
** were **
if he choose.
** chose,
if he think fit.
" thought "
u 5vThe Infinitive Mood. —(1) This mood has no nominative
but has Its subject in the objective; as, I saw Am jump.
Here him la the subject of the infinitive mood, the obl'ect of the
verb saw being ' him jump.' (2) This mood is found after verbs,
adjectives, and nouns ; as, I told him to do so. Anxious to learn.
A desire to improve.
6. Sign Omitted— 'To,' the sign of the infinitive, is not used
after the verbs 'bid,' 'dare,' (intrans.) 'need,' (used as an
auxiliary) 'make,' /see,' 'hear,' 'feel,' 'let,' in the active
voice, and after let,' in the passive ; as, I saw him do it. You
need not go. r » '
7 Participles.— (1) The Participles often require other words
to complete the sense, and are , therefore followed (as verbs) by
the objective case ; ' and they may stand either before or after
tneir nouns ; as, Leaning my head upon my hand, I began to
hgul-e to myself the miseries of confinement. —Sterne.
^?) They sometimes refer to some indefinite word which is
mnitted ; as, Granting this to be true, what is the inference '
Here we may supply the pronoun we, which stands in the nom-
inative absolute.
(3) The past tense and the past participle of a verb must not
be interchanged ; as, I done— ior ' I have done,' or, I have drank
— for * I have drunk.'
i rmr V . ) ii .i i Ta i W ii n W M i
5.7-^!Vli6n two
rent persons
md the plural
es or I am in
e saved.
lependa upon
attended to ;
s ivould do so.
generally put
m ; as, Plato
irated in this
3e inclined.
were **
hoose.
hose.
think fit.
hought **
lominative
'' him jump,
bject of the
after verbs,
0U8 to learn.
, is not used
(used as an
the active
do it. You
other words
IS verbs) by
ore or after
I began to
I which is
inference ?
Q the nom-
b must not
liave drank
SYNTAX.
121
Rule XI.— ^A transitive verb, in the active voice,
is followed by the Objective case ; as, We love him.
He loves ua.
Double Objective.— (1) Certain verbs, as * ask,' 'allow.'
'lend,' 'give,' 'tell,' 'send,' 'pay,' 'cost,' &c:, are followed
by two cbjectives ; the one standing for the person receiving,
the other for the thing given. The former is called the
indirect object; the other the direct. ,...».
(2) other verbs, such as * ' name, ' appoint, 'call, 'choose,
&c., have also a double object; the nearer object being the
direct ; the remoter object the indirect-
Rule XII. — The predicate substantive, after a
verb, is put in the same case as the subject before
it ; as, It is lie. She walks a queen. I took it to
be him.
Caution. — Mistakes frequently occur in translations from not
attending to this Rule. Thus the translation, ' Whom do men
say that / am ? ' is incorrect ; it should be • Who,* &c. This
caution is especially necessary in ordinary conversation ; thus we
frequently hear such expressions as, ' Who do you think I saw
to-day ? '—this should be * Whom,' &c.
THE ADVERB.
Rule XIII. — Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives,
and other adverbs ; as, John speaks distinctly, he is
remarkably diligent, and reads very correctly.
L Adjectives Used Adverbially.— Though we find that ' ad-
jectives' are used in the Predicate of a sentence with the force
of ' adverbs,' it does not follow that they may be used as modi-
fiers' of adjectives ; thus it is incorrect to say, It is an excessive
hot day, &c..
2. Adverbs Used as Adjectives,— Adverbs are often, though
inelegantly, made adjectives, and used to qualify nouns ; as. The
then ministry,— The above remarks, ^ i. Such expressions are to
be avoided. This point, therefore, must be remembered, ' Adjec-
tives must not be used as adverbs, nor adverbs as adjectives.
3 Negatives.— Two negatives are equivalent to an affirma-
tive, and should not be used unless affirmation is intended ; as ,
I can not drink no more, should be, I can drink no more ; or, I
cxMiot drink any more.
•4. 'Hence,' 'thence' 'whence.'— As these adverbs mipiy
motion from, the use of the preposition ' &om ' with them is
122
SYNTTAY
I I.
B
THE IBEPOSITIOH.
Rule XIV.— Prepositions are followed by the
Objective case ; as, He was killed in battle.
*wimu mter \x, , as, He spoke against the meamre.
• /o\ W J^^ ^^^^ ravines' and dells among.—Scott.
i«lativfi^*So?f '^**!7®"i: ""^u®P*'*i*''?°« »'«^®»' «*and before the
Sf^r^t ^*l' and when the relative is omitted they are placed
after the v<^rb ; as, That is the person I spoke of Snoh !n
arrangement of words is suitable foi^impL convewational sti?
lrre^^^"^:^:''^^i!- *? ?---»»*-*! ^trLtSJ^^SilTp^^^^^^^^
arrangement: 'This is the person o/w/tom 1 spoke.'
shmiM K?^?^i°^?^?P^^*^*^^'.-(^) C^'^ain words and phrases
should be followed by appropriate prepositions The niii^il rvm
become acquainted with tLs^only fy extensive practicl!^
A few examples will explain this remark
A ^„« • V I * ree /row.
Agree with a person ; to a propo- Fruitful'in.
Jiin^o "* another; «pon a GratefuUo a person
Appr'^lcTr' "'"^'^'- g-teful/o.fSvorr
A^veat Umder from.
aT nf J ^ , . Improve upon,
%./ \ P/™°'' '. /''^ * *bin§ ; Interfere zoith.
after what we wish to hear of. Long /or.
Associaet^e^A. Mafo/, (material).
Banish/,,;^,,,. Occil/or.
Bo^SJ'' * P^'^^'* ^ *"*° * ^^^^' Opposite to.
Bf'-st o/.
J.ush at.
Call on. a person : at a place.
Capacity /or. ^
Careful of, in.
Chwige (exchange) for; (alter)
to, into.
Compare with in respect of i ninic of.
Persevere in.
Prefix to.
Quarrel mth.
Reflect upon or on.
Restore U).
Smile at.
Swervfe from.
Think 0/
SYNTAX.
123
by the
aplies, the
(times it is
before the
are placed
Such an
inal style,
)refer this
id phrases
pupil can
!e.
2. The prepositions * among ' and * between * are frequently
misapplied. • Between ' is used when there is reference to two
objects or classes of objects ; • among> ' when there are moro than
two ; as, He divided it between James and John. He d^ rided it
arnong James, John and Henry.
THE CONJUNCTION.
Rule XV. — Co-ordinate Conjunctions unite simi-
lar constructions ; as, He and / intend to go. He
gave it him and me.
Rule XVI. — Subordinate Conjunctions connect
dependent with principal constructions; as, If I
have erred, pardon me.
1. 'Than,' 'As.' — The case of the noun or pronoun after the
conjunction— (1) 'than,' which follows comparatives, and the
words 'else,' 'other,' 'otherwise,' and 'rather'; also— (2) after
* as ' depends upon its relation to its own clause ; as,
(a) I visit tiie doctor oftener than lie (visits.)
Do, do. him (I visit him.)
(6) He loves her as much as I (love her.)
Do. do. me (he loves me. )
2. Correlative Conjunctions. — Certain words in the antece-
dent member of a sentence, require corresponding connectives
in ^he subsequent one ; thus, —
(1) In clauses or words simply connected —
Both requires and ; as, Both he and I came.
Either or ; as. Either he or I will come.
Neither nor ; as, Neither he nor I came.
Whether or; as, Whether he or I came.
Though yet ; as. Though he slay me, yet wiU I trust in
Him.
Not only — ; — hut also j as. Not only he hut aho his brother
goes.
(2) In clauses connected so as to imply comparison—
Th£ comparative degree requires than ; as, He is taller than 1 am.
Other requires tfian ; as, It is no other than he.
Else than ; as, What else do you expect than this ?
124.
As
SYNTAX.
^0
iSo
requires so (oxpresaing eqimlity) ; as, As thy day ia, «,
' shall thy strength be.
as (with a negative expressing inequality) ; a«,
He is not so learned as his brother.
that (expressing consequence) ; He is so weak that
he cannot walk.
Such as (expressing simttarUy) . as. He or such as he.
Suci' t/^at (expressing consequence) ; as, The change is
such that any one may perceive it.
THE rNTERJEOTIOir.
Rule XVII —Interjections have no grammatical
comiection with other words in a sentence; as,
• Alasf poor Yoricli.* -^Shak.
^ Stern then and steel-girt was thy brow,
Dun-Edin/ OJ how altered now.— /^coW.
1. After interjections, pronouns of the first person are com-
monly m the objective case ; those of the second in the nomina-
tive ; as, Ah me. /— thou !
2. In neither of them, however, does the case depend on the
interjection. The object is commonly thought to depend upon
some word understood; thus, Ah [pUy] me /-Ah [what will
hecome of] me ! The nominative form is commonly the ' indepen-
dent by address. •
thy day ig, so
'.quality) : M,
If.
I 80 weak that
such as he.
?he change is
'ammatical
!e; as,
t,
Jon are com-
the nomina-
jpend on the
lepend upon
ti [what will
lie 'indepen-
( f