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[~n Coloured pages/ Pagaa de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommagdas Pages restored and/oi Pages restauries et/ou pellicul^es r~n Pages damaged/ I I Pages restored and/or laminated/ "TH Pages discoioured, stained or foxed/ Pages detached/ Pages d^color^es, tacheties ou piquees L— i Pages dijitachees ^ Showthrough/ Transparence r~| Quality of print varies/ Quality inigale de I'impression Includes supplementary material/ Comprend du materiel supplementaire Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible D Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc.. have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totaJement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillot d'errata, une pelure. etc.. cnt itt Chariea sings a favorite song sweetly. Here we hwe/mr kinds of words. (^0 ChaVle. .^g.'a favorite e^ng ve^ .w4tly f^, ^. „,Ler and sister. Here we have sevm kinds of words. ^ '^'S 14 4 ATI (6.) Charles sings a favorite song very sweetly for his mother ^ I 7 2 76 28 4 4 and sister. They thank him, and say, Oh ! how sweetly sung. Here we have eight kinds of words. 16. Thus we find that we can use eight different kinds of words m making up sentences. The eighth does net occur so frequently as the others. Que«ti0M.-What is the duty of the next most important kind of word? What does the union of these two Jcinds of words give us? Of what does the simplest knid of a sentence consist? What do we call the two parts of a ri^nrn' u ""'"^^^ ^' '^' '""^^ " ^« ^*^ "° «*^«'- than these two kinds Of words ? How many different kinds of words are there? ISJ???''"-^^!™ three sentences telling what a horse can do. *orm three sentences telling what a monkey can do. * orm three sentences telling what a mouse can do. part"!"" sentences with dog, cat, man, bird, for the noun refb ^rt!"'^^ sentences with jumps, sings, runs, leaps, for the 17. Let us now look at these different kinds of words, and see what name is appropriate to each one, and why it has that particular name. / THE NOUN. A Nonn is a name. 18, As a noun is a name, or a name is a noun, therefore the word Charles is a noun, because it is a name ; the word horse is a noun, because it is a 2. ;^ne; the word fun w a noHJl, becau* it J8 a name. 19. Hence every name ia a noun. QueatioM.-What is a Noun ? ^Vhat is a name? Wl.y is the word • Charles a noun 7 the word • horeo ? tho word « fun ? ' wo^g^*^^"*'"^.* ^^^^°* *^^ ^^^^^ ^'"""^ among the following nin?"' /"""' -^^^^y* l^and, house, hoe, and, or, but, axe, sell peach, cherry, Toronto, large, when, cat, river bird if since' goodness, bravery, bad larg*i, down.' John has ^ old hat a^d leav^ '*^he la^r^ ^"' ^ ^^^'\^"^i• '^^^^ *^««« ^^e fu! of 2.x Put a noun in each of the foUowirg blank spaces ;— She has a new-—-. knows hi. lessons. I saw . ^y 7-^8 ''e.ter than your . Thii^ is a red The Z!: l^'y ^Ti^^'''l\■ i« tl^e capital of Ontario can jump farther than . ^*'»nu. THE VERB. A Verb is a telling word. 20. Let us look at this verse, and then we shall ee wha* ii. meant by the definition :— In the barn a little mousie Ran to and fro ; For she heard the kitty cominjf. t-ongr time asfo 21. Here we find two words which tell us something about the mousie.' These two words are ran and hard; now, bf cause tVy tell us something, they are called verbs. the^eTthT/inr'* '? '^'''' '' ^"' '' ' *''"•"'? '^'"•'^ '' H«^ ^^»y verbs ar , there m the httle verse? Which are they ? Why are they verbs ? Exercise.— ). Select ihe verbs in the following sentences. 2. Why are tney verbs ? neThu/cries T'lr ''uV'"'' . ^'" '"*•' ^he man teaches. h7i,»= il. A ■ '? '"'"'« contains ink. John caucht a fish wst JUS master. George plays. Does Gewge pity ? The honl VI The galloDs through the woods. The boys learn their lessons. Bun smnes bnght. 3. Put a verb in each of the blank spaces. Benjamin — -- to town. James a letter. Em-y her Th« ;j.lf ' ^^*If .~T ^y '^^^S,V Thomas — ^down d the bed. The girls J-. their lessons. The boat up the river. The deer down the hill. Susan a good cirl I a book The tree — by the, wind. Julia —^diSg^ntly. Fannie^ home. The bird its nest. Flowers by the gardener. THE ADJECTIVE. An Adjective is a noun-marking word. 22. Let us write a ?.fcntence containing a word of this kind, and then apply the definition :— Charles killed the large black dog. 23. Here we are told that * Charles killed a dog,» and that it was a particular dog. This dog is distinguished from other dogs by being black and large. 24. These two words mark the dog, and are, therefore, called adjective-: or noun-marking words. 26. Besides these two words, there is another little word which points out the particular black dog. This is the little word the, which resembles, in use, the asr on a finger-post, and has the force of an adjective. 26. The word an or a has also the force of an adjective. 27. In the language of grammar, an adjective is said to qualify. 28. We may, therefore, use this definition : ^An Adjective is a qualifying word- Qnestions.-What is an Adjective? What is a noun-marking word calied? Give an example of an a^Jjective and a noun. Why is that word an adjective J In the example gi ven which are the adjectives ? Could you put other adjectives «n their place ? What is the use of f the ' in a sentence? What are adjectives Mid to du m grammar ? Give another definition. Exercise.— 1.^- Select the adjectives in the following sentences : John is a good boy. Have you studied that long lesson? Here are five httle boiys and six girls. Every man has some i II V s < tl d( ti a( si so ac vu fault. Love all men. That beautiful river has lovely creen banks. Little kittens love new sweet milk. Iwill^veJouS large ripe yellow peach. b*vo j^uu wus nouns f ''''' ^"^ appropriate adjective to each of the following Man, table hat, hand, knife, pen, boy, girl, cow horse bullets, box, shoes, sun, moon, stars, leaf, piicure, stream. ' 3. Join a noun to each of the following adjectives :— Good, bad, fat, fair, thii^ that, happy, every.rich. high low poor lazy, tall, short, strong, weak, red. ^ ' ' THE ADVERB. /v The Adverb is a verb-marking word. 29. Like the adjective, this is also a marking word. 30. It is most frequently used to mark a verb. 31. It is found also with adjecuxres and other adverbs. It IS, therefore, an adjective-maiking, and an adverb-markinff word as well. ^ 11^ l .apple. ..Monkeys canSfmb un his homeliT^hooTLU mLl" "" "'"'"• "' """'«'' f™» J I J i i 2. Place prepositionB in tho blank spaces •-. THE CONJUNCTION. The Conjunction is a sentence-joining word. 8i^l™'7'l^^.^''* j°^"^"*ff ^^'^^ b"* i* d°e« °ot join simple words, bnt statements of facts.-i. .., sentences. ^efimt on.-John struck Harry and made him cry. ^e dog will bite you, if you teaze him. ^ 44. In the first example there are two statements made ; therefore, there are two sentences. The first sentence is-' John struck Harry ; ' the second one is-.< John made him cry.' They ^^^jomed by the word and; this word is, therefore, a conjoniJ^ 45. In the second example also there are two sentences - The dog will bite you '-and-* If you teaze him '-and th;se sentences are jomed by the word i/, which thus becomes a con- junction- 46. We thus sae that the use of this kind of word is to ioin sentences. J""* Onestions—Whatisa Conjunction? Ho^* does it diflFer from the prepoai. tton? Give an example containing a co.-xjunction. Name the conjm^ct^n? te^fs^fi^^®'"^^^''* *^^ conjunctions in the following sen- He felf on ^h*« ,^'*"' T^^^^i- i^^"^" ^"^ «^^ ^« to-morrow, writf ihnncl I -^ t""^ ^"* ^'^ **^^' "« «^^ "^either read nor rhatt;red^Thn, '\*k'' ^^^'' ^^^V "" ^^« ^« '^^^^ t^** ^is teeth ttl"^t.3?3\h^^\V''^' *^1.^*« °^"«t respected. lenry all drnwm>"H ''\7" ^"c" latner me boat upset and they were sure he^lt J ^"'^ «tudy hard, you will surely succeed. I am sure ne will get a prize, if he works diligently. ^- ^ »"» J! THE PRONOUN. ^ A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun. 47. We could teU a story or keep up a conversation by means of the SIX kinds of words of which we have been reading, but the frequent repetition of the name, or noun, would be tire- some, aiid would at the same time, make our sentences appear ^liir and awkward. 48. In order, then, to avoid this, we have a kind of word which we very often use for. or instead of a noun; and hence Its name Pronoun, i e., For-name. 49. The good of having such a useful little word may be shewn by an example or two. / 50. If we were to say-* Stella fell and broke Stella's doll • ' or. J m cut John's finger with John's knife, '-either sentence would be very cltimsy. 61. Now if Jn the first sentence we write her instead of Stellas, and in the second h. instead of Jo/m's, see how much more smoothly the sentences will read : ^Stella fell and broke her aoll. John cut his finger with his knife. 62. Now because these words have been used for the nouns they are called Pronouus. iT^et it Lmev o ^" ''' '''^" '' "^ '^^ "« ?«•«"«""«? Whence d7es It ^t M name ? G,ve an example shewing the use of this kind of word ? ±.xercise -1. Seh ,. the pronouns in the following sentences, stand pronouns, write the nouns for which they James brought his book and lent it .to Mary, and she read it tZ Ti^^I^'^'f "'*^ V*' .^^^ *H"^^«d ^- brother foThav: wUl excel TKn ^^^'^^ '*"^''" ^^" ' ^^ 1«^^^« f^^*' and he ZothtroC.J^^'^^V^ \^^^^ ^o^' ^« obeys his father and mother cheerfully, when they wish him to do anything for them ^. Write the proper pronouns instead of the nouns. lef'broken''" P^Pnl?^ squirrel lying under a tree with the squirrel's i^S ll'°:..^,rjP *r^ the squirrel home, and the squirrel's Oloi^e wlSrev^^S^or^e;^'"'' '"''^^ ^''^^' ^^^ *^^°^«<* I i XI THE UBTTEBJECTION. The Interjection is a sound or a word used only as ' a sound. otWfi.™" ^^^ ""^ """'^ ^ ''"* '° frequently met with as the ,n!**f ^*r' ^°*''''^^ ^^^"^""^ ^"""^ *°y ""^ theothers, and expresses some feehng or emotion of the mind. *^\'^'MjT>r^"'"T]''^' '^^'' i^^«f«eli;ri./,wesay. or "Hail t. ^^^*^«i/^^ to see a person, we say, 'Welcome!' 66. Now all these are Interjections. J^^fT'T^^^^^ " '" Interjection? Does it occur as frequently as the other kmds of words? What does it express? What feeling pL ri«^ L the Interjection Oh ? to Ah ? to Alas ? to Welcome ? to HaU ? te^fs^y^*"^' ^^^^'^^ ^^"^ interjections in the following sen- HoUoo ! John, what are you doing with mv boolc ' Hush ! do not dLsturb the baby. Velcome^ my friLd BravoTbe "Ts won ^'P' ^^'^ • ^^"''^ ""'' y°" ^'^"^ ' H""-h ' the 2 Put interjections in the blank spaces. He is gone and how wretched I am. my friends how miserable must that man be ! deliverer of thy oo«n- morlo^""^ • ""'^ ^'' «^^°S *° ^^^^ ^ -h^i^ay to- 67. The different kmds of words are called in Grammar Parts of Speech. Questions.- What are these diiferent kinds of words caUed in Grammar T Name t..e parts of Speech. Give the definition of each. partf oflpeeS^' ^"^ *^^ ^^Uo^g sentences select the different Speech^^ ^^^ *^^ '^''''^^ ^^^"""^ *'^ *^°^® particular Parts of An old man went one day to market. A mouse was caught m a trap and then thrown to the cat. A good shepherd takes care of his sheep. A Newfoundland do^ is Ln^SuF^!!^ ilt^f SltiUe.'"' "'''"• '^^^ Atlantic Ocean Vep-aratesim^n^ci xu HOW WOBDS ABE USED. 58. Aa the same man may carry on two or three different trades, so words may have two or three different uses,— ». e., may belong to two or three different classes. d9. This may be better explained by means of an example. The word roundy for instance, may be — (1.) A noun ; as, A round of beef. (2.) An adjective ; as, A round table. (3.) A verb ; as. He tried to round the point. (4.) A preposition ; as, He ran round t\ie yard. (6.) An adverb ; as. The earth turns round, 60. We thus see that we cannot tell to what class the word belongs, until we know its use. 61. We have no difficulty, however, in finding the class, tho moment we knoM^ the use of the word. In order to help us in classifying words, we may ask the following questions :— 1. Is this word used as a Name ? If it is, it is a Noun. 2. Is this word used as a Telling word? If it is it is a VERB. ' 3. Is this word used as a Noun-marking word ? If it is it IS an Adjective. « «», lo 4. Is this word used as a Modifying word? If it is, it is an 6. Is this word used as a Word-connecting word » If it is It is a Preposition. * ' . ^.- ^^ ^^^ ^^^^ "^«c? as a Sentence-connecting word » If it IS, it IS a Conjunction. 7. Is this word used instead of a noun ? If it is it is a Pronoun. ^ «», *« « «» 8. Is this word used as Expressive of some feeling ? If it is it 18 an Interjection. ' Questions. -Can the same word belong to different classes .' How wotUd y»u illustrate your answer i What muat we know about a word before we can determine its class ? How may a Noun be determined ? A Verb ? An Adjective / An Adverb f A Preposition ? A Conjunction t A Pronoun? An Interjection ? ij^eruise.— In the following sentences assign the words to their proper classes : — XUl ITie race horse Eclipse, ^on the race. Love is the fulffllinir of the Law, therefore we should love our enemies. H^remS but an hour. None but the industrious are sure of success Have you seen the sciuare block of marble on the public muZl Knew that he was tellmg an untruth. The doc becan to Wt pindot o^rt Clnd ry^irbVatlL^l^S^ T^^ CHANGES IK WORBS. 62. Words do not always remain the same, but they undergo certain changes. These changes are termed in Grammar Infl^- ^ 63. This change generally takes place at the end of the word. Sometimes it is made in the middle. 64. The kinds of words that can be changed arenouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and pronouns; the others, of course, cannot be changed. CHANGES IN THE NOUN. Gender, 65. The first change to be noticed is that called Gender. 66. By means of this inflection we can tell to what sex the person or thing belongs, of which the noun is the name. ^Tu^* ^°^"^®*^^®' *^® "^^^ ^^ "lales are Masculine; as, Man. The names of females are Feminine; as, Woman. The names of those things which are neither male nor female, are Neuter, •^ c, neither masculine nor feminine ; as, Tree. QuestinnB^Give the jrrammatical name for the changes that certain words ^-ndergo Where does the change generally take place? What kinds of words Zl^ ^"^^l ^^"^ ''""* "' uninflected? What is the first change tailed? What is Gender? Of what use is this inflection ? Of what irender XIV » Number. 68. The next change that we shall notice is that called Namber. 69. If w^ are speaking, for instance, of one person or thing, we use what is called the singular number : as, Boy. 70. As soon as we mention the names of more than One, we use the plural number; as, Boys. 71. The plural generally ends in ' s ;' as Books. Sometimes it endsin 'es;'» as. Churches, foxes, ladies, knives, heroes, &c. ; sometimes in ' en ;' as. Children. Sometimes wo find a different word ; as, Geese, teeth, mice, &c. Questions.— What is the next chancre that the noun undergoes? What is Number? What is meant by the singular number? What by the plural number? Give examples. In what letter does the plural generally end? Are there any other terminations? Can any one Rule be given for forming the plural? Prove this by examples. Exercise.-— What is the number of the following nouns, and Man, chUd, hero, horse, books, apples, men, loaf, muffs, goose, grove, brushes, watches, picture, table, pen, bottles, knife, fifes, gulf, lamp, yard, fox, geese, mice, tooth, church. Case. 72. This is the last change that the noun undergoes. 73. This inflection tells us the condition in which a noun is with respect to some other word in the same sentence. 74. The noun has three cases : the nominative, the possessive, and the objective. 76. The Nominative case is that about which an assertion is made ; as, John sings. Here an assertion is made about /o/m, therefore the noun John is in the nominative. 76. The Possessive case is used to denote the relation of pro- perty. For instance, if we wish to say that a book belongs to John, we say that it is John's book. The noun * John's ' is said to be in the Possessive. • There is no one Rule for the formation of the plural, for, though the singu- lar number of words mav cnH in tVio aama icf f<>.< «« i»»f<>..c. it. j„« * r_iiL™ thattheoluralsarespelled inlhe same way; for example, Monarohs, oxen, days, safes, strifes, giilfs, fifes, muffsv folios, Ac »wii«vu», uaou, T .; h t- t-l XV 77. In the singular number this case is known by an apog. feropheand 's- added to the nominative; aa, John's. In^e plural the apostrophe is placed after the' s ; ' as, Ladies' 78. The Objective case follows a certain kind of Verb. (Sec U6.) and also a Preposition ; as, He struck JoAn with a. « Here both nouns, * John ' and ' stick, ' are in the Obiective ' , Questiona-What is the last change? What does this change Si us' How many cases have nouns? What is the Nominative ca8e?^Wha dl he n^r?r «''""*'' """ '' *'^ ^« "^"^^ '" the singuarrHowTn the plural? How is the Objective case known ? What is meant by"' si«Jr am^er""^-'' "^'^ *^' '^' °^ *^^ nouns .in the foLwinTex- 2. Write the Possessive, Singular and Plural. The dog bit the sheep. John struck Harry Marv'a Hnll i- very pretty. The lion's mane is verv lorn? Snh nV P , " and four peaches. He hit the horse wS^a stlk Thn.??^'l SIX eggs. The frost killed the flowers ^^^ ^^"^ ^'"^ CHANGE IN THE ADJECTIVE. Comparison. De^^ef ' '°^^ '^'"^" *^** *^' ^^^""^^^ ^*^''«"'« ^*^*°f 80. The word degree means a step. 81. By means of this change we pass from one form of an adjective to another. /^ 82. We may illustrate this inflection by means of an example:- ^Itobein'thTv ""^^ ': "''■ "^ *^^^ ^orm the adjective is said to be m the i'ositive degree ; the next day may be colder this gives us the Comparative degree ; the thirlday may be th; co^«., and this gives us the Superlative, or highest Vee ^ A /f T^ adjectives this change is effected by adding er and est to the Positive, while in others it is made by prefi4ig more and m ost, or less and least. ^ Its^?se1s\Sf?;'!.fc„^rL^.^h!«h will be often met with in Orar«niar their signs telfus what \^ mkv'audWf'fSK^ *"" *'' ^oo«-niaker's sign. As jx>intoutnartiailarchaS. o^infltuo^JJ! ^'''' ''' ^^® ''^^^ in gjammflr XVI Oa«(rtIonB.— How many changes docs the Adjective undergro? What is this change called? What is the effect of this change? If we u«e the a The inflection, of which we shall first speak, is known by the name of time, or tense. 86. It corresponds to our words to-day, yesterday, and to- morrow. 87. The first tense is called the present, which tells us what is taking place nOW ; as, I sing. 88: The next is called the past, and it tells us what took place yesterday, or even before that ; as, I walked a mile yesterday. 89. The third tense is called the future. This tense tells us of something that is going tO take place ; as, I mil see you to- morrow. 90i Very many verbs form their ] a-^t tense by adding * d ' or *6d * to the present. If the verb ^nds in ' e,' the letter * d* alone is added ; as, Prove, proved. r ttMverU ft r xvii The Inflection of Tense- 1. 3. i*KSSXNT. Singular. • Plural I move. 1. We move. Thou move8t.2. You move Past. Singular. Plural. 1. I moved. 1. We moved. 2. Thou moved8t,2. You moved. He mo^e.. 3. They move, 3. H^Z^y^T'-J. Theymo™: PPTUEB. fiiiKjular. Plural \ \^^^^^\T^^ "^^r- ^ ^^ «^aU or will m'ove. 2. Thou Shalt or wilt move. 2. You shall or will move. 3. He ahaU or will move. 3. They shall or will move. Que8tionB.-How many inflections has the Verb? Which of these are we going to consider first ? What does • tense ' mean ? \Vhat does ' time mean ! To what words does this Inflection correspond? What Is the first tense called? What does It tell us? Give an example of this tense. What is the name of the second tense? What does it tell us? Give an example. What is the third tense called ? What does it tell us? Give an example. How ig the past tense formed in many verbs? How. if the verb ends in e?' Howls the fut».re formed? Go through the three tenses of the verb to move. Exercise.—!. In the following sentences select the tenses. 2. Tell why the verbs belong to that tense. James runs. John will study his lesson. The cat killed a mouse. John caught a fish. I see a bird. The bottle holds ink I cut my finger yesterday and it bled. The cow eats resh grass. Wilham rides every day on horseback. He^ r^l to town yesterday. I shall call. ^^^ 3. Write the past and the future tense of the following verbs :— Skate, learn, play, hate, laugh, contain, gallop, bum. remain sharpen, look, push, wait, tumble, love, shove, loosen, tighten* smile, remove, walk. * ^muucuf in*to^'the\' W^^ *^® *^"^^^ ^^ *^® ^^^^^ ^° Example 3, accord- Person and Number. 92. Besides this inflection of time, there are two others which depend upon the nominative in the sentence. -wy\ A 1 ci_-ccsaiii ftl iS< iS 93- If the nominative be the name of a *>e . „ said to be in the first person, and the verb must agree with"iC —that is, it must be of the same person; as, 1 talk. I W ! I xvin 94. If the nominative bo the namo of a nereon spoken tO, it i« Bwd to be in the gecond person, and there must be the same agreement between the verb and the nominative ; as. Thou talkest. 95. A change takes place in the spelling of the verb, for though we cannot say * Thou talk,' we can say « Thou talkeat' 96. If the nominative be the namo of a person or thing spoken of, it is said to be of the third person, and the verb must agree with It. Here, too, there will be a change in the spelling of the verb ; as, He talks. 97. Th* nominatives given in the examples are all of the siniru- lar number, and the verbs agree with them. We shall find that there is the same agreement between the verb and the nomina- tive throughout the plural number also ; as, we talk, you talk they talk. ' 98. It will be noticed that there is no change in the spelling of the verb, whin the nominatives a^-e of the plural number. 99. We also see that the person and the number of the nom- mative determine the person and the number of the verb. 100. Hence the two inflections which depend upon thenomina- tive are person and number. * Questions— How many inflections of the verb depend upon the nomina- tive? When is the nominative of the first person? What do you mean bv the verb agreeing >.ith it? When is the nominative of the second person? What wdl be the person of the verb? Why must a change be made in the spelling of the verb i What is meant by the nominative being of the third person? What will be the person of the verb? Is this agreement confined to the singular number? Is there any change in the spelling of the plural number of the verb ? What is it that determines th« person and the number of a verb? ^ Wh&t inflections depend upon the nominative ? Exercise.— In the following sentences determine the m^-^rn and the number of the verbs :— ' ' Philip studies. The music charms. George went to town Ram falls from the clouds. The vessel sail? over the sea T saw hira do It You are mistaken. He cut his finger. All 'the wmdowsm the house are open. Tho leaves of %e book are torn. The frost mjured the gram. Thou readest. We visited Sued* the Z ''' '■ '"*''^* ^'''' promised to come. The wolf Voice. lOi. Besides the three inflections which have just been de- J. J, fined there is another very important one, to which we mu.t now direct our attention. 102. ThiH inflection may be beat understood by u.ing some such example as thia.-I strike, and I am struck. ^ 103. Here we have two forms of the same verb, the first one, I strike represents the nominative as doing Bomethinir. 104. In the other example the nominative is represented as r/ 'T^^f^ ^'^' *" ^*' '' "^ '^^^ff the aition. io«' ^1 ir 'f ^"'"^ '' '^"'^ ^" ^^"^^^ voice. 106. Voice 18, therefore, the diflFerence betweeA doinir and 107. Ihe foruier ia calbd the Active, and the latter the Pafr nve voice. •^"■^ 108. Before we can give the three tenses of the Passive Voice, we must learn the three corresponding tenses of the verb to De. 109. These tenses are as follows ; Singular. 1. 1 am. 2. Thou art. 3. He is. Present. Plural. 1 . We are. 2. You are. 3. They are. 1. 2. 3. Singular. I was. Thou wast. He was. Past. Plural, 1. We were. 2. You were. 3. They werg^ Future. 1. I shaU or wiU be. i. We shall or will be 2. Thou Shalt or wilt be. 2. You eha J^^wUl b; 3. He shall or will be. 3. They shall or wil bo. Jb« ' f k'T ""' ^ ^'^''' * P*'* ^^ *^^ ^^^^ ^hich, in the verbs of which we are now speaking, is exactly tne same as the Past tense ; as, I am loved, I was loved, I will be loved 111. Now you can go through the three persons and both numbers of the three tenses of any verb in tL Prsivtvot^ as, I am loved, thou art loved, he is loved, &c. ' Questiona.-In the examples given of thfr next inflection, what do«« fh« a * one represent? What does the second represent? '"X. T ^"* tinjo ««fl^^i;^^ o ,.., . _- . . ^^""'* xtjpresentr What name is trivcn *^ How do we form - >assive Voice by means of them ? ' ^^'' ''^^^^ Exercise —1. Id the following sentences select the verbs that are in the Active Voice, and those that are in the Passive, 2. Tell why they belong to that voice. 3. Pick out the tenses. 4. Go through tho three tenses of the verbs in both voices. Robert walks The horse gallops. The tree was struck by V,?^*P"S- An old man went to market. John struck WJlliam William will strike John, Anne cut an apple. The monkey pulled Harry's hair They danced and sang. Nuts are eaten by squirrels The book was read by the boy. The boy read the book. The house waa consumed by fire. The doc bit the cat. The horse eats hay. Note.-It will be quite enough to know the name of the fifth inflection. 13 called mood. It KINDS OF VERB 112. If we examine diflFerent sentences carefully, we shall find that verbs are of difierent kinds. 113. Let us, for example, look at these two sentences, He struck John, v. ho rar. 114. In the first of these the statement, or wkat we are tell- ing about the subject * he/ would not be complete without the word • John.' The verb is, therefor? incomplete. 116. In the second sentence, however, the statement is com- plete without the addition of another word. The verb, there- fore, is complete. 116. In grammar we call the first kind transitive, «. «., pass- ing over, because the sense passes OVOr to another word. The word which completes the idea is in the objective case (Sec. 78.) 117. The other kind of verb is called intransitive, *. c, not passing over. Questions.— Are verbs always of the same kind ? Give an example to prove your answrr correct. In the examples given above, what name is given to the first verb ? Why is this name given? What name is given to the second ? Why? What is the grammatical name for the first kind? for the second? What case follows transitive verbs ? Exercise.— 1. In the following examples select the transitive 2. State why they are so. xxi ' in the sprW A shot frnt fv,''' *"*"°'°' ""1^«« ** WossomV Jane can ^sin| dfaw and pit hT'^'^ ^"^'^ ^^ ^^P*^^^' ' go away to-m;rrow Miln^t?«" t «a«^\ yesterday and will ox. He gave a shmW S Jt w^ '''"^ * ^' '^"^^ ^^^* *^ horse r4 very sw^ftif ^''^ ^^""^ sixpence. He reads. The THE ADVERB. and^L^it*^' '^^'''*T' *^" ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^* one inflection, ana that the same, namely, Degree 'leM^anf.i. lu®!*' byplac^^g 'more' and most- or less and least ' before the word y^^t'^lZ^lZV:"^^^^^^ *'^^^^«^^' Whatlsitthesa«.easf «iie given to this inflection ? How is it formed ? ad&er®'7nd '^fiT?^/lf *^«/?ll«™g adverbs, the first four by ng er and est. the rest by prefixing 'more and 'most' swee^fy wUtv^ W^' ^"^tV^' ^^^^^^' ^^^^ly, beautiiuUy, "y, nonestly, bravely, sensibly, temperately, freely. / THE PRONOUN. i,.i^^ '' *he Pronoun is used for the name of the person speak- mg, It IS said to be of the first person ; as, r. ^ sai!f M k" 'I ir'^"* ^'' *^^ ""^^ ^^ '^^ P"'«°^ spojten to, it is said to be of the second person ; a«. Thou. o/?f^;'c !^!5 i^'^sed for the name of the person or thing sDOkei* Of, It .s sa.d to be of the third person ; as. He, she, it^ ^ ® 124. As they are used instead of nouns, they will be of the same gender and number as the noun, but not necessarily of th* ^mecase. 125. They form their nlural HiflPaKa«>fi.. * -_j ditference m gender is represented by a different WOrd. nrnn '^^^ *^''^ ^^^ ^'' ^" ^^^"^^^*> ^^°«P* i^ two of the pronouns. -m^memi' XXll i 127. These two arethe second (plural) and the third (neuter) which have the nominative and the objective alike. ' 128. The following table will show the inflections ; Singular, Nom. Poss. 1. M. or F. I mine, my 2. M. or Jb . Thou thine, thy if. He his o, < F. She hers, her iV^. It its Plural. Poss. Ohj. me thee him her it Obj. ours, our yours, your theirs, their us you them Nom. 1. We 2. You 3. They 129.— 1. We thus see that ' I ' and ' Thou' stand for the names of persons of the male or the female sex, and the gender is, therefore, masculine or feminine. 2. 'He ' stands for the nnme Jf a person of the male sex, and the gender is masculine. 3. 'She 'stands for the name of one of the female sex, and the gender is feminine. 4. • It ' .stands for the name of an individual thing belonging to neither sex, and the gender is neuter. 130. We also notice that while the first and the second have a plural of their own, the third has the same plural for the three genders. Questions. How many inflection has tlie Pronoun? Name them. When la a Pronoun said to be of the first person? Of the second? Of the third - In which mflections will they correspond to their nouns? Do they form their plural HI the same way as nouns? How fe difference in gender represented? Which two have the Nominative and the Objective alike? Go through each pronoun separately, singular and plural. Exercise. -Tell the Person, the Gender, the Number, and the Cvase ot the followmg Pronouns :— I, he. him, her, us, you, hers, they, it, its, mine, me, their, ills, them, thou, our, we, she, theirs, yours, my, ours, thy. ENGLISH GRAMMAR. ■writing the English language with cettrectness PoL^lK " "'""P."^!? 0* WOr(b, and the,a word, a,«com. ' ^dint ?s tr;:rr r " ' "«^'"^'*»'»™ ■ --«•- / 2. Grammar comprises four parts :— I. Orthography, which treats of letters and syUablea. II' Atymology, which treats of words. t"S' S^*?' ""^'^^ *'"'**' °^ *^^ construction of sentences. IV. Prosody, which treats of Accent, Metre, and Versification QUESTIONS. pf^:Ji'fs^^dl^;^eT/ ^k:^::\^z^r^T'fi oar parte is Grammar divided = Of whT d^» oiL'° '"'l* * treat ? Of what does EtyinoWv trel 9 H„w P'*'"'f»Pl'y differ from Etymology? of^hat'^oeBftosodttTeat P ^^'"'' PART FIRST. ORTHOGRAPHY. .3 ^RTHOGRAPHV treats of the sounds of letters and of the mode of con.bining them into syllables ^1. Meaning of letter. -A letter k ■ mark or character. «ed/ •V r=i,.usunE an elementary sound of the human voice EnglilTp^if letters-There are Twenty-six letters in the 24 ORTHOGRAPHY. y ^ 3, Division of Letter8.-Letter8 are either VowetaorCon- BOTIBiTltS' 4. Vowels. -A Vowel is a letter which forms a perfect sound when uttered alone. The pure vowels are five in number : a, .. t, o u W and y are vowels, except at the beginning of a syllable. * y 5. Consonant8.-A Consonant is a letter which cannot be per- fectly sounded except in connexion with a vowel ; hence its name. The consonants are 6, c, rf, /. g, h, j, k, I, m, «, p, «, r, «, t, V, X, z; and w and y at the beginning of a syUable. > 6. DiphthongS.~A Diphthong is the union of two vowels in one sound. Diphthongs are of two kinds, proper and improper. (1.) A Proper Diphthong is one in which both the vowels are sounded ; as, Ou, in out ; oi, m oil; ow, in cow. -' (2.) An Improper Dipthong is one in which only one of the vowels IS soui^ded ; as, Om, in court; oa, m boat. ; 7. Triphthongs. -A Triphthong is the union of three vowels m one sound ; as, £!au, in beauty. FORMS OF THE LETTERS. 4 Different forms of letters are used both in printing and m writing. 5. In pHnting, Roman characters are most fre- quently employed ; sometimes Italics are used, and sometimes old English. ^ 6. In writing, the form called ' script is used. Examples. Alfred was king of England. —Roman. A If red was king of England. —Italics ^WrM Wra^ Um of (Bmml~O^T> English. ' _■ 7. Besides these forms, which are named from the t%jpe used, we have two other forms which de- pend upon the use made of the letters. ' These'two torms are capital and small letters : as. A a, B b C c, &;c- ' LETTERS. 25 I or Con- )ct sound er : a, e, ling of a 3t be per- tience its . P, Q, r, '•owels in iproper. wels are le of the ) vowels 3th i m it f re- el, and ed. ISH. from --ii ViC- e two , B b, 8. Small letters form the body of the word. Capitals are used for the sake of making the word prominent and distinct. EULES FOE THE USE OF CAPITAL LETTERS. u^^i®v^'~^^ titles of books, and the heads of their divisions, should be printed m Capitals. In toritmg the title of « book or the subject of an extract from a particular author, use capital etters for the important words , as, The Third Book of the Canadian National Senes. 'An amusing story of King Alfred. Rule U.— The first word after a period, also the first word as, Who'diditi ^H^j;^"^* ^"^«*^«^' «^«"ld begin with a capital; Rule III.— All the names and attributes of the Deity should begin with a capital : as, God's Omniscience means His power 01 knowmg everything. Rule IV —Titles of ofllce and honor, and all proper names common nouns spoken to or of as persons, should begin with capital letters ; as, The Governor General of Canada. ' The Canadian people are truly loyal. O Death, where is thy sting ? JNecessity is the mother of invention. . Rule V — The pronoun I, the interjection 0, and the first letter m every line of poetry, should be written with a capital - as Yesterday I visited Hamilton. O majestic night 1 But yonder comes the powerful kinc of day. Rejoicing in the East; Rule VI.— A quotation in which the exact words ate given should begin with a capital letter ; as, Shakespeare says. All the world IS a stage. ' Rule VII.— Any word that we desire to make particularly emphatic, or which denotes the principal subject of disccurse may be written with a capital letter ; as, The Reformation The Gunpowder Plot. SYLLABLES. > 9. A Syllable is an articulate sound uttered by one effort of the voice , as, Farm, far-mer, ea-gle, ^^ 10. It consists of one or more letters ; as, A-e- ri-al t -1 mi . . _ _ ix. mere are as many syllables in a word as there are distinct sounds , thus, in the word gram- ma-ri-an, there are four syllables. 26 ORTHOGRAPHY. 12. Words are divided, according to the number of syllables which they contain, into— 1. Monosyllables, or words of one syllable ; aa, Fox. 2. BiflSyllables, or words of two syllables ; as, Far-mer. 3. Trisyllables, orwcrdaof thret syllables ; as, BuUter fly. 4. Polysyllables, or words of many syUables .; as, Pro-cras-ti- na-tion. SYLLABICATION. 13. Syllabication is the division of words into syllables The following may be taken as a General Bule :— Place together, in distinct syllables, those letters which make up the separate parts or divisions of i word, as heard in its cor- rect pronunciation : or, divide the word according to its comti- tuent parts,—*, c, its prejix, root, and affix. SPELLING. 14. Spelling is the art of expressing a word by its proper letters, correctly arranged. L Special Rules for Spelling. -The pupil is referred, for guid- &noe m the special rules for syUabication and spelling, to " The Companion to the Readers." 2. Point to be remembered. -The pupii must remember that, though a word may be divided at the end ot a line, a syllable should never be broken. This division of the word must be marked by a hyphen,, placed immediately after the division • as Trans-form. ' ' QUESTIONS! ON OETHOGEAPHT. What is orthography f What is a Letter ? How many letters are there in the English Alphabet ? How are they divided > What IS a Vowe , &c. ? What different characters are u^ed in printing and wntmg > How do Capital letters differ in use from smal ones? What ,s the first Rule for the use of cIpitaT &c. ? What is a Syllable ? Of how many letters dbes a svnable consist ? How many syllables are thcrfi in a «.nr^ " wi!?. ?_ ® Give the Geoerai Rule for di vidinir words into syllables ? "^ /. lumber er. •ber-fly. ).cra8-ti- Is into !h make its cor- I consti- ►rd by brguid- ) "The er that, pliable lust be >n ; as, letters vided r Lsed in le from ipitala, yllable Ku la u ation ? i-^ 27 PART SECOND. ETYMOLOGY 2. InflectioTi Thi. ■ .T"'^'' ^^^^'^ *hey do in sentences. word to ,U original source just as v,eZ7i T V""' * its fountain-head. Jn tliis w»v „ f ^ " ""^ ''»<"' *<> word . „i ,Sa,o„. ^ClZ^ZZ^T''' -'"''- '"^ / ic » TTT WOBDS. ii oAn'Idr '^ ^" ^'^^'="'^*^ -^-J -d as the as,?o''h.Eye'r'' '='"^"* °^ ^°^«' -""^s only: 18. Words admit of a threefold division : I. As to POKMATION. IX. do Kind. III. do Inplection. 19. With respect to formation, words are I. Peimitive or Derivative. ■11. blMPLE or COMPOUSD an _i « T. • KEiramoHs. otter word in Tet''* '"'"* '1°"" *"* " '"'* <'»ivedfrom any others ap::!;'! :x--;,ti;^ "- ^ ™»' ^- ^^d word ^.!"!?£" r"» '= r '"-' '» -ot combined with », ^.. . . , ..i-ij^ iiuuse, Cily. "' ' 4. A Compound word is one that is madfi „,. «* x Bimple word* ; as, Manhood, horseml^' ^ *^' "' '""'^ 28 ETYMOLOGY. t n. KIND Of W0ED8. T 21, With respect to kind, words are either, — 1. NoiTNS; 6. Adverbs; 2. Adjectites ; 6. Prepositions ; 3. Pronouns, 7. Conjunctions; 4. Verbs; 8. Interjections. f- 22. These are called Parts of Speech. Origin of different Parts of Speech. -When we wish to make known our thoughts we employ words, each one of which has Its own meaning and nse. As our ideas are of diflferent kinds, so also must be our words. The class to which these separate words belong, depends? upon their meaning and USO For ex- ample, if we wish simply to give the name of anything, we use a noun ; if we wish to say anything about that noun, we use a verb, &c. m INFLECTION. -^ 23. Some of these Parts of Speech undergo certain changes of form or termination, and these changes are called inflections ; as, Man. man's, men. 24. Other words undergo no such change ; as, Yes no, then ; therefore, with respect to inflection words are either, — I. Inflected or II. Uninflected. Inflected.— Noun, Adjective, Pronoun, Verb, and Adverb. Uninflected.— Preposition, Conjunction, and Interjection. DEPINITIONS. ' Noun, or Substantive, is a, name, as of a person, place, or thmg ; as, Cicero, Rome, boy, house, &c. . An Adjf^ive is a word which is used to qualify nouns ; as, Good, great, &c. ' A Pronoun is a word which properly supplies the placr of nouns ; as. I, Thou, &e. ' A Verb is a worl which expresses existence, condition, or action; as, He is ; He is sleeping ; He reads, -rjjjvii ic uBcu uu moaiiy veros, iwl- jectives, and other .dvorbs ; as, To run swiftly; 50 swift • at simjlly. < LhiB^ t ] I HE i to make iiich has it kinds, separate For ex- '„ we use we use a ndergo 1 these s, men. 56; as, lection. verb, ion, jlace, or ins ; as, placf of ition, or ha, ad- Rrift; 81 INFLECTION. f9 ^b I A Prxpmition is ft word which shews the relation between its object and some other word in the same proposition ; as, To be tn Italy. A Conjunction is a word which shews the particular manner in which one part of a sentence is joined to another : as, The father and the son resemble each other, mther the father or the sou must go. An iNTERjEcnov is simply used as an expression of feeling, or as a mere mark of address ; as, Oh J Aim I Had t INFLECTIONS. % 25. The inflections of Nouns are, 6^e7ic^,JVttm6er and Case. ' * The inflection of Adjecttves is Degree. The inflections of Pronouns are the same as those of Nouns, together with Person. The inflections of Verbs are Voice, Mood, Tense Number, and Person. * The inflection of Adverbs is the same as that of Adjecitves. QUESTIONS ON ETTMOLOGY. Of w^t does Etymology treat ? What is meant by riassifica- jSII * ^* ^^ Inflection ? What by Derivation ? W hac is a ^, Tin f ^^7 y°^^^ ^ divided? What is a Primitive woriT What a Denvative ? What is a Simple worn ? What a Compound? Hew many kinds of Words are there t Name AYflSL^f^ f are these called? What is the origin of these flf^ ? wi'?* ^^!i^ '• .^^^* " "^^^^^ ^y ^ ^«»d being in- ,?nf,^iL P^ti ^ ^^^ "'^^^"^ I**^« «^ Speech Name the un<'- -^cted Parts. Give th^ definition of a Noun : of an Ad- lec. o . of a Pronoun j of a Verb, &c. What are the Inflec- jtions of Nouns ; of Adjective*. &o. ? THE NOUN. 26. A Noun is a name, as of a person, place, or thing ; as, CiceiD, Toronto, boy, house. LLS^hLf^^^'T^J!^'^?.*^* «»"*»or m*y be ropposea if o" -^^ --*"*'» *^^ "a*" "«me is Called iu grammar a HOQIL I* ?• J^* ^ ^^ remembered.— The pupil must remember tluKk It is rimply the nam© that is affected by fframmar : the pericS: K^ place, or thmg, remains unchanged. W« taa,f iUnatnSe thtt 86 ETTMOLOGT. > > I by an example : ' Man ' is a human being, and as snoh we oui- not say that he belongs to any * part of speech,' but the IUUII6 is a noun. • •3^ 27. Nouns may be divided into three classes: Proper, Common, and Abstract. 1. Proper Nouns.— if the nouns are the names of individnai members of a class, they are proper nOUns- Thus the name of overy individual person or place is a proper nOUn; as, Victoria. Toronto. 2. Common Nouns— But if the nouns are the names of things of the same sort or class, they are COmmon nouns; thus, the iioun 'Lion,' being the name of a class, or species, is a OOmmon Jioun. 3. Abstract Nouns. — Besides the two classes mentioned above, there is a class of nouns which are the names of qualities or states, and which we can only think of as existing. Thus, wc Icnow that ' snow ' is * white,' and * grass ' is * green,' but we can only think of the quality or property of • whiteness ' or * green- ness ;' these are of the class called abstract- This class of nouns generally ends in ness, th, tion, ance, ence, hood, ty. DEFINITIONS. ^ 28. A Proper Noun is a proper name, as of a person, or place ; as, John, London. 29. A Common Noun is a name common to all the members of a class of objects ; as, Man, ho^'te. 30. An Abstract Noun is a name of . lome property, or quality, which can only be conceive^^ of as having an existence ; as, Virtue, justice. QUESTIONS ON THE NOUN. What is a Noun ? How is a Noun known ? What point must be carefully remembered? Give an illustration. Inw what three classes are Nouns divided ? How may a Proper Noun be known ? How do you kuow a Common Noun ? What is meant by an Abstract Noun ? Give a definition of each. EXERCISE ON THE NOUN- 1. Write out twelve names of things in the school-room. 2. Write out twelve names of things in the play-ground. 3. Write out twelve names of things in the fields. ■' n TBE NOUN. 31 4. Select the nOOIUl in the following sentences s— The ran shines. The dog barks. The fire bums. The fox crept along the wall. The l^oat sails on thd water. The floweni bloom. Birds build nests. The door is open. Water is good for drmkmg Columbus discovered America. John studies grammar History is a useful study. The rose is a beautiful aower. Cain slew Abel The boy told an untruth. Mush- rooms grow. The church bell tolls. 5. Write out twelve nouns that are names of things. 6. Write out twelve notms that are names of persons. 7. Write out twelve nouns that are names of places. 8. Write out twelve abstract nouns. 9. Arrange the diflFerent nouns in the sentences given abova according to the class to which they belong. ANALYSIS. / 31.—1. A Sentence is a combination of words expressing a complete thought. (Sec. 1, 2.) •^ 2. This complete thought is expressed respecting some thmg—i.e., a Noun or its equivalent. ^ 3. The expression of this thought is made by means of that part of speech called the Verb, with- out which no statement can be Jnade. ' 4. The two parts into which each sentence may be conveniently divided, are the Noun Part and the Verb Part. 5. The division of a sentence into its two essential parts IS termed Analysis. 1 Examples. I TJe clock has just struck two. She dwelt on a wild moor. Noun Part. She Verb Part. has Just struck two. dwelt on a wild moor. n ETYMOLOOT. / AoaTyae, according to plan, the following gentenoea :— The eye is the organ of sight. Blood flows from the heart. Temperance promotes health. Iron is the most useful metaL A bad workman quarrels with his tools. Words of many ry liables are called polysyllables. The long expected friends have arrived. The sea n England's glory. True friends adhere to us in adversi*;/. Many of the descriptions given by travellers are exaggerated. To love our enemies is a command givei. by our Saviour. The wind moans through the trees. Subjects must obey their rulers. ^ QUESTIONS ON ANALYSIS. What is a sentence ? What two .parts of speech enter into the structure of every sentence " How are they introduced ? Into what two parts is every sentence dixided ? What is this division styled ? INFLEOTIONS OF THE NOON. 32. The Inflections of this Part of Speech are, — I Gender, ' Number, Case. Besides these Inflections, Person is also ascribed to noim8>' PERSON. y^ 33. Person, in Grammar, is the distinction be- tween the speaker, the person or thing spoken to and the person or thing spoken of. 1. A noun is in the first person, when it denotes the speaker; as. I, Paul, have written it. 2. A noun is in the second person, when at de- notes the person or thing spoken to; as, Thou, God, seest me. — Hail, Liberty ! . 3 A noun is m the third person, when it denotes the person or thing spoken of ; as. Truth is mighty. QUESTIONS ON PERSON. What is meant by Person ? When is a noun said to be in the 6rst Person ? in the second ? in the third ? PTPPnTar aw umiaAUT 1. TeU the person of the following nouns* 2. Give your reason. mI THE NOUN. as he heart. I metaL )f many I friench [s adhere ravelJers givei. by Subjects iter into oduced ? t is this Speech on be- cen to enotes , at de- [, God. enotes 3 in the mI, >., you may go home The ,x.™t\°L.*^^^^^^ j'"'^'- « decree. I DuHun m«V. .J ".S^*- P»n<» made Lucifer. ' '' '"*'"' » "*«<='««• »<><• »rt Wlen, O noJi'b''^^''*"'""'^ or inflection thai marks the OESDEB. 35. Gender is the distinction of Sex. ^36. This inflection enables us to tell whether th« mdmdual person or thing, of which The noun is tolS;.'^'°"^ *° *^^ -"'« - 'h*^ /^-^'erx! or W to^Mch ^„ra. division ti^attdiS'^'r^T^r^ ^. ot.S3d J^spS^^^^^^^ ^-- '■ Masculine, * [ Feminine, I Neuteb. 2. Feminine Gender-If the-person or thing belongs to the 4. Common Gender.-Sometimea the nouns ar^ fi,^ of person, belonging to either 8er • th« ^ ^ J "*"'"" common; as, Pareft. ""• ^' «'"^''' ^^^^^^'^^ i« .<38. The Masculine and fWo Vr..^.. — _ ,. tinguished from each other" bv^^""""'''' ^'^ '^^'- ^ I. Different Ivflections. 11. DiJTEEENT Words. " u ETYMOLOGY. I. DIFPERENT INFLEOHONB. 39. The .inflections most frequently met with are ESS and ine. Masculine. Abbott Actor Author Baron Count Duke Emperor Governor Heir Jew Example 3 or Feminine. Abbess Actress Authoress Bareness Countess Duchess Empress Governess Heiress Jewess THE Termination Masculine. Lion Marquis Negro Poet Prince Shepherd Sorcerer Tiger Viscount Feminine. Lioness Marchioness Negress Poetess Princess Shepherdess Sorceress Tigress Viscountess Masculine, Boy Brother Bridegroom Cock Drake Earl Father Gander Gentleman Hf 'se 2. Examples of the Termination * Ine.' Masculine. Feminine. P®*"®' Heroine Landgrave Landgravine Margrave Margravine n. DIFFERENT WORDS. Feminine. Girl Sister Bride Hen Duck Countess Mother Goose Lady Mare Mascxdine. Husband King Lord (a title) Man Nephew . Papa Son Sir Uncle Widower Feminine, \Vife Queen Lady Woman Niece Mamma Daughter Madam Aunt Widow ' 40. The distinction is also marked by placing Masculine and Feminine words before the noun of common gender ; as — Feminim. Maid-servant She-goat Hen-Spaifow of foreign origin retain their original distinctions of gender; as, Administrator, administratrix ; beau, bene ; &c. 'i 41. Masculine. M an-servant He-goat Cock sparrow Some nouns THE NOUN. 85 rithare line, 3S lioness isa ss ess lerdess ress 3S Lintess tne. a ber L placing e noun t V L their Jtrator, \ 42. Sometimes an object that is usually considered as inanimate, is represented as a living person; it is then said to be personified; as, Come, gentle SpriTig, QUESTIONS ON GENDER. What is the first inflection of nouns ? What is Gender ' Of what use IS this inflection? How many genders are there? V\hat IS meant by a noun being of the Masculine Gender? oi the Femmme Gender ? of the Neuter Gender ? of the Common Gender? How is the Masculine to be distinguished from the r eminine ? VVhat two inflections are most frequently met with ' Illustrate the formation of the Feminine by means of a Prefix : \\ Uat IS the rule respecting nouns of foreign origin ? What is ^ meant by person' cation? o o ««« EXEROiaE ON GENDER. 1. Write down the Feminine of — Father, prince, king, master, actor, emperor, bridegroom, stag buck, hart nephew, friar, help, hero, Jew, host, hunter, sultan executor, horse, lord, husband, brother, son, bull, he-goat, &c. 2. Write down the Masculine of— .^^t^^' T""^"' ^'""-i "^'^^^^ """' *"°*' ^eWe* duchess, abbess, empress, heroine wife sister, mother, hind, roe, mare, hen ^dow"^^^ ^^ ^^ ^^^* daughter, ewe, goose, queen, songstress, 3. Give the gender of the following nouns, with reason :— Man, horse, tree, field, father, house, mother, queen, count lady, uing, prince, castle, tower, river, stone, hen,\;ao8e seaml stress mountain, cloud, air, sky, hand, foot, head,^body S Jion, tiger, mayor, countess, friend, neighbor, teacher, assistant* guide, sun, moon, earth, ship, cat, mouse, fly, bird, elephant,' form •1-^'^^^^^*^^ *^^* *^® answer be given in the foUowing ««^« nf°»^ • '^J^'^A *' 1*"^ S? maaculine genaer, because it is the name of an mdividual of the male sex. / 43.^,The next change which the noun undergoes is NUMBER. I/' 44. Number is a variation in the form, to express f kI^J® *7 «P®*^"i5 0^ <>^y one object, we use what is called the singular number: but if we are speaking of several th^i^ then we uae auotJier larm, called the plilrai ; therefore - ^ 36 ETYMOLOGY. _ 46. Nouns have two numbers, the Singular and the FLURAL. The singular denotes but one object • as, i^ooA, tree; the plural, more than «ne ; as, Boolc^, 46. Nouns form their plurals in four different ways. ^ I General RuLK^The plural is commonly formed by addmg 's' to the singular; as, Book OOOfCS. -^ / The / 8 ' has two sounds, the sharp, and the flat, or ' z ' sound St?fat)? ■'"" ""^'^ ^''''^''' "«' ^''^' ^^^^^)^ ' ^Irh ^^'1^ ?'^^'''^ ^^ ' «'' ' sh,* ' ch ' (soft), * X,' and z, form their plural by adding ' es ; ' as, Glass glasses; ^)rush, brushes; church, churches; fox' foxes; tc.v,z, topazes; but monarch, monarch's. ' ^ 2. Most nouns ending in 'o' preceded bv a consonant, form their plural in *es;' as, Car^o cargoes. ' ' ^ \ • Exception8.~Canto, memento, octavo, two, zero, qrotto, junto ^PyoT ^^'*''' ''''^' ^^''' ''''^' ending S*^"eo?' ^ S. Nouns in'y' after a consonant form their FS '"^ '^'' changing 'y' into 'i;f as. Lady, 4. Nouns in * y ' after a »vowel follow the general rule ; as, Day, days. But ^nouns ending in ' quv ' form their plural in 'ies;' as. Colloquy, colloquies. -t 5. Nouns in 'f or 'fe' form their plural in « es,' changmg ' f mto W ; ' as, Wife, wives f life, Uvea. / Exceptions -Gulf, safe, fife, strife, and nouns ending in *:ff' Ai •• ^tT^W^ k^ ^'^^ ^^T^^' *^^ ^^ 'rf,' form their plural in / B. 10 tnis, however, there ia an evponfinn i« +u« ^„ t _ WyH! ^" •* *''''" '^"^'^ *"•" *^'" Vl^ regularly; THE NOUN. 87 LAR and object ; 3, Boolcs, lifferent [nmonl s, Boo I z ' sound, ) (sharp), )ft). < X/ 3, Glass, i ; fox, hs. I by a Cargo, 'tOf Junto, in *eo,* 1 their Lady, general I ' quy ' iwies, in * es/ 'ivea. plural in _f _ ["he com- yularly ; III. The third way "of forming tJie plural is by Mdren ^^ ' ^^ ^^^ ^^^g^lar ; as, Ox, Oxen ; chiM, IV. The fourth way is by changing the vowel of the smgular ; as, Singular. Man Woman Foot Louse Plural. Men Women Feet Lice Singular. Tooth Goose Mouse Cow (formerly) (now) Plural, Teeth Geese Mice Kiue Cows 6,?®i^*~/* °^"»* ^e bo™e ia mind that Abstract nouns have no plural, as long as we consider them simply as names of notions • ^^lnrT''ir'^'''''''f^'!v*^'°'^°^^^« «^ things, they have n.?lu^' J'''' example, the noun 'Beauty,' as 8ie name of ,. quality, has no plural ; but we use th^> plural form beauties aa meaning 'beautiful things.' The same W be Sid^?spe?tin^ *je names of individual persons, and the names of materials \ f.W?''^''T.'^^r^"^*¥&^^f«f^ clwsname.th'LTtake. \of^ioTd. The Georges of England. -Som.e golds ; i.e., Kinds EXEECISE ON NDMBEE. 1. Give the plural of the following nouns, and the rules for coZn^nl'"'.^ ' thus, ^00^ plural books. Rile.~The ^ural is "T^lh^^^^fwh f^^',P/"^^>«^'*- Rule. Vouns S S, . sll, oh' (soft), 'X,' 'Z,' form the plural by adding 'fi.' Ormorebnefly, Nounsin *x 'form the plural by ad tog 'S' Fox, book, leaf, candle, hat, loaf, wish, box, coach, sky. army echo, loss, cargo, wife, story, church, table, glass, study street, potato, sheaf, house, glory, monarch, flower, city, diffil culty wolf, day, bay, chimney, journey, needle, enemy, ant, *ea. key, tyro, grotto, nuncio, embryo, gulf, handkerchief, hoof, itaflf cliff, reef, safe, wharf. * . ' ' i*no?^ T^** ''''?^7 '^^?°^ ""^ *^^ following K .uns, and why ? Book, trees, pant, globes, toys, home, fancv. glass, state fw' ^r«^«' P""^«' bears lilies, roses, glove, "silkT sk ies, hni'. cameos ' ""'' ^^^'^' ^^^'"' P^*"^"'' ^^y«' mouAtain; NOUNS IRREGULAR IN THE PLDRAL. 47. Therfi fl.rp nprfm'n rkQr»iilio>.u;^^ :«. x"L _ /• •"'«• i^--^«.i^cixiie67' «W sivinc, Sc. ; certain build- nfi' materials ; as, Bnck, stone, plank, in mass mea^ .'^ ^^'"^ ^^^"^ "" ''«"^"' P^"'^' ^*^ * distributive PLURALS OF FOREIGH NOUF -f 52. Words adopted without change from forei Formula, 4 ^e tenniBation 'is ■ (Latin and Greek) i» changed into spedet termination 'es' is retained ;, as. Species, «#. i u© terminations * s ' < av ' nc < i* * « 'ices ; ' Apex, apices. ' ®*' ^' «. are changed into THE NOUN. 39 6. The foUowing are from the French, the Hebrew, and the Italian :— • , Fronch — Bean, beanx. / Hebrew— Cherub, cherubim. \ Italian— Bandit, banditti. Not©.— The general tendency of the language is to adopt manv stlphs. "^^ ^^' *^'^ ^"«^^^ Plur5;7a8. MemorLdTs! QUESTIONS ON NUMB£S. dW** wS'!S^''V>.^>''i^' f^ singular used ? When the plural . What does the singular denote, &c. ? How many wavs R,l*?' WW l'"^''^ the plural? What is the fiSt |eS f^«f5Lp^*^*''?t,'^^*^'*'*' '«•' Give examples. What is the first Rule for the formation of the plural in ♦ es. ' &c. ? What 18 the third way m which the plural iiT formed ? Give^iamples Give examples of Nouns which fomf'their plur^ by a cSge nlr^i % ^^Zt '"v,*^^ T^^^^'"' ^^^^^ have Abstract^ NouS^a plural ? What is the first peculiarity noted in connection with ^^f/^^^l*' '?""*t^«n of tlie plural ? Give examples of Nound th"bpTui^^:rf "^ "^^' ^" ^^" ^« Foreign^ouns fo«u ': EXEEOISE ON NUMMIE. l.^Give the plural of the following nouns :— ta, foot, penny, mouse, ojc, child, woman, brother, goose, tooth, erratum, radius, genius, lamina, phenomenon, axis, chorab serapn, die, index, beau, bandit, penny, memorandum. 2 Of what number are the foUowing nouns ;— Dice, arcana, fishermen, geese, teeth, woman, child, apparatus, genu, geniuses, Matthew, children, brothers, formula, cherubim. pence, seraph. ' ^*""""» 3. Tell why each word is of that particular Number. 53. The last inflection that the noun undergoes is CASE. 54. Case is the relation which nouns and pro- nouns hear to the other words with which they are connected m sense. tt The old grammarians used to indicate the dependence of the noun upon some other word by the successive- positions of a 40 ETTMOLOOr. I ! •■other.' "f"** of our thought, from one thing to 66. Nouns in English have three cases.- Objective. as the ^^'.^t^fitdTZ P^"''^"" ^^-d»g ^ntence is said to b^ 7nth^^l''°'"' P^"^ »* the Naming Cask; a., i/a'istolT^^"^"' "- ^''^ beforeS;Li?e^rZ%fi^^Ur'- '^ ^'^^^ J-* m. 'When the word stanrlo »** ^ Of a prepositipn, it Widln f*^l^ * :Tt^'^''^' •'e.P'en in the c«u.e it names tlie thine Vbon? ll^VK l^"'*"""'*'''* <="»> •»• ' Nehon'a • i, in the D^^™ .^"'^ *^ "."tion is nude, owner or po,«,.«,r. ^SSrisTih^^Si •'*.•" P""*" »"* **« it receives tie «tion e^^rS" by the vefb''"'*"'* ""*' '"'"""" T Tn. , ?™^ «•» THE MMIHAnVE. 1. The subject of a finite verb is nut in th^ Nominative; as, The /fern,, reigns. ^ I. Subject-Under the head of analvsi. we fn„„J rt.* •entenoe consiats of two oarts • «„^IT 1 ■*' """"^ Of; the other, what we^CVi^^^ ^'^^"'f *''° thing iqw^en give the nameTrlowt^y *^f t ,'^/''«'<>"°«"f "'e.e'^we -.ertion. the name "ffti::^ *^'''''*'"^." ««'"^8 ""e have onf2,r^L 'f '*' ''•™« ' "omin.tive -befon. them, nave one ,^, them . hence we have a« a ,e„ond Rule. II. A Predicate Noun, denoting tie same npr<.«« or thing as its subject, agrees witl it iA^e • Ll am a measenger. ■ ' '^' ^ cai"'afVPr'"r W^'^r ^^^ ite subject in we'*i'S"*r^*'' "" "" '"'ffo"""-""!' for the same thing »Vw Lett r "/*»■««»« » appOMtton with the other tte ottef ^' "' appo«tiv6 tothat word which explain^ W.,.* • n QCESnoNS OH OAflB is me»t''by'^Jo,e^„1 .''?'''w*J*7r'' P^r'^ "«^'y ' What many caee/ha™ Noun," ole* h. Tfi' •.'?*'°". »='" ' «»» is the Kule for ti,« w ^ • I? the definition of each. What the Rule for Aro^tives* Hn^ *]^ Nommat ve? What is •apposifcive?' ^PP^^'^^ves? How do you explain the word 1 SeWfK ^™^SE ON THE HOimrATIVE. 2 ^ J*,*^f,^«°^*tive8 in the following examplaa •-- 2. Classify them according to the Rules. ^ i2 .1 N I ' ETYMOLOGY. called Jamea • He w^ta Trl V a **"^ ^^^ fought.* Heia w« blind. Wm!ikTeS,t,r^r.'-^oS"' '"'^^ ^- - THE POSSESSIVE CASE. as, John. John's; nZ, nT^s. ''o«»inative , ^^. When the plural ends in ' o ' +k« ^ 59 The relation of the Dosse«?3 — s mano. The 's PoLISivir ""^^^ P-^^Powtion 'of and its ca.e, insert the The shade o+Jhe holly. The work of the men. The dresc,ea of the ladies The flag of the man-of-war. The son of a prince A servant of the kmg. For the sake, of goodness. ^ ' THE OBJECTIVE OASB. .. ^hr'^^ Objective Case is the same in form as the jNominative. A word is said to be in the Objective case when it expresses either (1) the object of aD action (denoted by a transitive verb m the active voice) ; or (2) the object of a relation (denoted by a preposition). ^ BULB POR THE OBJEOTPTE. The Objective Case follows an active transitive verb or a preposition ; as, he struck the table with his hand. QUESnONS OS OASE-(oontiniied). >rn^'5ro?'^%*^«S}'J^'?*'''^ ^^® °^ * "O""^ differ in form from tte Nominative ? When is word said to bo in the Objective Caae ? What IS the Rule for the Objective ? EXERCISE OH THE OBJECTIVE. 1. Select the Objectives in the following examples :■ 2. State why the words are in the Objective. John struck James. Knowledge expands the mind. He was ?h^*u I ^""T . ^'''^^ *« *^^ measure of knowledge. Children ritS^kVy'^?tnSr ""^'^y^]^^^-^^^ H^ DECLENSION OF NOONS. 62. Nouns are thus dechned— • Sing. Pujr. Sim. Plvjl Sing. pZ' r^^' ]^^^ ^^ °»e^ John Poas. Lady's ladies' Man'g men'- r^y^ nL ifl r. ''^'' ^*^' "^^^ JoS' 44 I ETYMOLOaY. Decline the following nouns in the same way : - PAfiBINO. sJtL^f""'"^* ^ ^^^ resolving or explaining of a ing to the dehnitions and rules of Grammar n^?'"^*^?""^' "'°*""« "' ">*» definition will be better underrtood .f we take an example by way of illustration. We meet, for instance, with the word -fo,,' and wish to parse it • h^^r*"* *°*Tr " .*" "' P'°P*'' <"»« Of WOrd.> and to tell howit ,, affected by other words in the sentence, or how it ±a, r- , 'f"' *"■" '* " *■"> •"««« Of" thing, (.•... a» Svi r, """O"" Asitssexisnotkfownposi. oo««on^Z!pSrXut.^lmW* Tt«^ p^ , ' OKDEE OF PAESnia THE HOTO. Abstr. ) ■ Com. ) .5 H-. j ^ Obj. ) -- ijXAMPLE. —James lost his brother's knife. Case according to Rule. Relation James lost. brother's knife lost knife. Etymologfy and Syntax. James. Noun, proper, masculine, singular nommative to verb lost. Rule, "^"K"**^' 6ro«Aer.. Noun, com&on, masculine, singular, possessive, depending on ^j/e. EuW ^ ^K i:**"^,' common, neuter, singular, obiea. tive after the verb ^05^;. Eule. TABLE OF NOUNS £iud. I Proper. T- Common. ^i Abstract THE NOUN. Infieotionf. 45 Gender. I Number. J CMe. 9. Obj. > Mas. Fern. Neu. Sing. Plur. Norn. Posh. AITALYSIS. XI, •^^•■~?* The part of a sentence which names the thing about which the assertion is made (i.e. the NOUN PART) is called the subject. 2. The subject of a sentence is, therefore, a noun or some word or words used as a noun. ' 3. Sometimes the subject is a simple nominative without any accompanying words. , .'*• T^^^ , nominative is sometimes called the subject '^^^^*' and sometimes the * grammatical 6. If any words are joined to the nominative in tormmg the subject, the subject is termed * complex ' or logical. ^ * called attRbutes because they qualify or attribute some quality to the thing named. (Sec. 65, 2.) 7. The different attributes may be a noun in apposition a noun in the possessive case, (either form, Sec. 57, 59,) or a pre^ition followed by ite case. ^ Examples. {I.) Shakespeare w&a Sk poet. ^) Shakcpeare, iKepoet. flonririi«i m ibe «Aga ct Siiz,, ' '' »in."' " '' " i"""^"*^ *♦»» oXiiauBted ; or, V P**^®'^°® ®/ ^ ^^^ was exhauitad. (*.) lioxie bta the braae deserve tite fair 46 ETYMOLOGY. In »ppo«tion ; in (3)T^K^'w? f' ' *''"< I""*"""" ■« « noim Subject. Attribute. Nominative. VERB PAST. The poet Shakespeare flourished in the reign of Eliza- »>etli. The master's Of the master, the patience patience was exhausted, ditto. Analyze, accordi^oV«i, th6 following sentences : ~ ^ the town. Paul the Anoil« » ^^^ general's skill saveS QUESHONB OK ANALYSIS. the?ubUnfVrtet:^^%^^^^ what is itself, what is it cidled ? Wi!!. Vv,* Nominative is taken by meanVtya ^4lex BubLJTw^^^^^^ jri ^»«jt? Whatis wntence r Wh^S meS bv^ttrib« w ^""^f" ""^J"^.* «^ * cUed! What different attrifeetmay^^^^^^^ ^ *^'^ '^ THE ABJECTIVE. as, A ^t/bt'''"' ^ ' word used to ,^^^^^nouns ; « Jl;«^^ ^ »ame.-It gets its name from being added tO nouns to desonbe the things which they name. ' ^ 8. Illastration.-From the duty that an adjective does, it may be oaUed a noun-marking word. Thus : • The black man sold the spotted dog to the old gentleman.' In this aent-n- *K^ words black, spotted, old, and the, quaUfy, or mark the nouM «»*^ aog, gentleman. Black marks the noun man, wd ?\ THE ADJECTIVE. 47 Ihe^n^n ^J.'^'V^** "^ "^""^ ^*^'' "^^"^^ spotted marka the noun dog, and aeips us to distinguiah the dog of which we man, and helps us to mark out tJiat gentleman from geSemfn ri'r", ^T?" r '^^^-^«^- Th« word the marU out t^a parUou ar Wack man about whom we arespeakmir from •mong all other black men : and so of the rest. *^ *^ 66. There are three kinds of Adjectives- I. Those which mark a thing from a daw. II. Those which mark the peculiar quality of a thing. III. Those which teU us the number or quantity. diSed'Tn^"'^^*"" "'^'''^ <^^"°*« --^' - I. Cardinal lw , U. Ordinal ( Numerals. 70. Cardinal Numerals tell us how many things there are are m a series; a^, One, two, three, &c ^ 7h Ordinal Numerals denote the place held by an object m a series ; as, First, second, third, &c. t ^2. Under the last named class of adjectives are and ; distributives ' a^ each, every, either, neither. 1. Indefinites.— These numeral adjectives are so caUed be- cause they imply number, but do not specify an exaxjt number Z. I)lStributives.-^Numeral adjectives of this kind denote the wnole of a number of objects taken separately. [J^iTtv ?f ^' P-^^^. ^^ '^"^^^ ^^^ ^sed to lQlJH.nTV (W liTr»i+ o. 'n^i-^ XI- _<• .1 iari;^-.4.;„ " ■""'■-,- ""!""' ^"^y pcixuim i/iie part of an adjective and should be parsed as such; m, A gZ [nag; a siJwr cup, - ^ I 48 ICTTMOLOGY. i * AN aad fEE. 74. Two of the fii^t class of adjectives an and mL**^,°'^*"*~^''' ""^ " derived.from the Latin, «,d me.M » Uttle joint Neither „£ the article, haa any meai^ unless It is joined to a noun, ^ meaning, athinl'L^'" *»-:-™»«rtiole point, out the oIms to which hoS.' '^ " "'°^ ***""' " ''°'"' " '''*"'*■• "r An age, an (3.J • A • is used before a consonant ; as, A book ; also before onmt,al y,or «,; a., A unit; a use, a eulogy, a ewe, mSy a 3. (1.) 'The. '-This adjective points out a partionlar indi- ZT- S,^""" "^ inflividuala. of a certJSTII" ""y^ w;i,„ ^' """"V"""' P"*«»l« ml« already referred to. Sometimes ,t gives to a noun or another adjective the force i. i as, TAe apple is a delicious fruit. Me J^IJZ (2.) How applied— ' The ' applies to either number, but • a ' to» adjective and a plural noun, as, A few days; a gre.? WW Q^ESTIOlfS 05 TEE ADJECTIVE. lU^^e^Tan^t^t^:/.,^^^^^^^^ u^e T second c1m8^' Of «fw^I- ^ ^*5..'^ ^^% '^^^^'^ ^^ t^^ose of the de&Ute"r *"S^''"i»*^'! uunieralT. " Why are they cJled'^ta! • ffi,utiT^'H^ ^r/*"*^ 'diatributive./ .W 4, ' auOTDutiTea. How would you paraa the word 'gold ' in the 8 an and ihe name led as a 9 Latin, and ly meaning, USS to wLicli the class of An age, an also brfore the power '6, many a alar indi- 8 ; as, The eferred to. the force ise and the r, but * a ' e meaning I a grett bs name ? ?. ^ How f the first 'se of the I ? Name few that •se which Cajrdinal k TkT lied 'in- • ame the I' in the THE ABJECTIVE. 49 compound word' a gbld-ring'? Why do you thus parse it ' Bv what name are the adjectives ' an ' and • the ' someC known? What does -article ' mean. Of what use is the adSve « an * ^ When IS the form 'an ' used ? When the form ' a ' ? What force has the adjective ' the ? ' What two ideas may be expressed bv the words 'the cow?' How do these adjectives dX in theh^ application to nouns, with respect to number? EXERCISE ON THE ADJECTIVE. cli's !^*^° ^°llo™« exercises assign each Adjective to its proper A terrible war had been waged for many years. The Britiah co^.fields. It IS said, will be exhausted V three generations The heavy brigade was drawn up in two lines. Each so dier knew his auty, and every man was prepared to do it There is much wisdor.an «ie words of the old man, but liltle arZt in his speech. The bloom of that fair face is wasted the*^h^rr is grey-with care. The disorderly soldiers were excelled The general, envious of distinction, <5ashed into the enemas ranks adfect^vM^^l*^ *^^ following sentences by supplying appropriate seJ^V??^ ^°'* ^'' *°°S *^® ^^ ^**tl«. tlie at Let the ■— - boy repeat nouns. A really man is rai« ffflrtrof'rT^«*«^^l>fk« under the heavy stroke of-!!!: affliction. God rewards the , and punishes the . Ccesar b?o!:?*"i;tW^- ^^r ^i y°"' — f*the< buy that — has bonah? f J^^'^ T~i ^^y^ ..^^'^'"^^ punishment. John language^ Grammar teaciies the use of .THE INFLECTION OP THE ADJECTIVE. . P\ ™® 4djective in English admits of but one inllection, viz., Degree. I Degree.— The word means & step, and the c-bject of this inflection is to shew increase or dUinution in the quality which the adjective expresses. 2. Illustration. -« I vere to place three pieces of paper by the side of one another, and say of one of the pieces that it was wlute, I would be uaing one ' degree of comparison,' tbat which amply expresses the possession of the oualiHr- If the — n ^ piece possessed the same quality of 'whitenew in a hiffher degree, I would say that it was 'whiter ' than the first ^ece, and thus use the 'second degree.' But if the third piece wai "' ) .'S» 50 ETYMOLOGY. II III Whiter ^ either of the other two, it woidd possess the qnaKty m the highest degree. A fourth piece might possess the same quality, but to an extent or degree even less than the first ; it might, therefore, be said to be of a ' whitish ' color. This gives us a degree nnder the positive, which we may caU the sab- positive. We may then arrange the degrees like steps, thus :— Sup. —Whitest. Co mp.— Whiter. | P OS.— W hite. I : Snbpo s— Whitish , j ^ * j^* Adjectives which express qualities that admit of degrees, have three degrees of comparison • the Positive, the Comparative, and the Superlative. -^ 77. The Positive expresses a quality simply without reference to other degrees of the sanie quality ; as, Gold is heavy. '78. The Comparative expresses a quality in a higher degree than the Positive ; as, Gtold is Lavier than silver. ^ 79. The Superlative expresses a quality in %e highest degree ; as, The wisest, greatest, meanest of mankind. » -> / 80. To these we may add the Subpositive, which expresses a quality in a slight degree. MANNER OF INPLEOTINa. • -^ 81 Adjectives of one syllable form the compara- tive by adding er to the positive, and the superlative • by adding est ; as. Sweet, sweeter, sweetest. 1. When used.— (1.) The Comparative degree is used when two objects, or sets of objects, are compared together,— as to how much of a common quality they have ; as, John's horse is to both hcrses, but to John's in a greater degree than to Henry's. This degree is generally followed by ' than.' ' % THE ADJECTIVE. 61 be quality the same e first ; it This gives i the sob- B» thus : — Vhiteat. it admit on; the [.ATIVE; simply, e same by in a heavier T in ^e \neBt of \y which mpara- jrlative led when ', — as to horse is aHoribed Henry's. (2. ) The Superlative is used when one object or set of objects IS compared with tWO or more, indicatmg that one object pos- Besses the quaUty in a higher degree than all the others, there- fore m the hlghent degree ; as, James is the wwe«/ of the three boys, Here the quality of ' wisdom * is ascribed to the three boys, but m the highest degree to only one of them. 2. Adjectives in ' y ' after a consonant change ' y • into * i • before 'er* and »estr », i^ry, drier, driest; happy, happier, happiest , but • y • after a vowel is not changed ; as. Gay, gamr gayest. * a » » 82. Adjectives of more than one syllable, are commonly compared by prefixing more and moat to the positive ; as, Nwmerou8, more nvmeroiis, most numerous. 1. Comparison Ascending.— By means of these prefixes we express an increase in quality, and the comparison may be called comparison ascending. "* 2. Comparison Descending.— On the other hand, a diminn- tion of deg^e is expressed by prefixing * less ' and * least ' to the positive ; as, Sweet, less sweet, least sweet. This may be termed comparison descending. QtTESTIONS ON THE INFLEOnON OP THE ADJECTIVE. How maiy Inflections has the Adjective? What is that in- flection called? What does Degree mean? Illustrate, by an example, the different iegrees of comparison. How do you ex- plain the subpositive degree ? What class of adjectives admits w;i,''®^°iP*"^?''- ^^^* *''^ *^® *^^«^ degrees of comparison? wnat does the positive express ? the comparative ? the superia- tive ? How do adjectives of one syllable form their comparative » their superlative ? When is the comparative degree used ' Illus^ trate your answer. When is the superiative used? Hlustrate your answer. What is the rule for adjectives ending in y»' How are adjectives of more than one syllable compared ? What does comparison ascending express ? What is meant by comnari, son descenjjing ? '' *^ XI EXERCISE OU THE ADJECTIVE. Iw^Oompare the foUowinar AdiflotivpH •-= o>,^l1t™' ^'*''^' *^?"l rciU\'*^*^^"~^" *^^ ^^*"*P^« «^^«^ a»>ove the wme idea but then the sentence would have been very clumiiv J^ • useful substitute, aud to this subs STe^Cth": H"'' Pronoon, because it can be used for. or i^steadTa n^L, INFLEOTIOJSrs. 87. These inflections are — PERsoif. Number, Gekder, Case. OLASSIFIOATIOir. 88 As there are different kinds of nouns and a J^e^tives, sp there are also different kin^'"^| pTo- 89. Pronouns may be thus classed :-- - I. Personal Pronouns. II. Adjective do III. RELATrVB do IV. Interrooativb do I. PEESOITAL PEOIfOUirs. 90. Personal Pronouns ar^ or* ««n ^ i. 91. There are three PersntiQ /'<5n/» oo \ i ti4.; rf."""* I"™" ■^"«' *» "■• !»»«» " thtog THE PRONOrfN. 67 92. This last pronoun presents more varieties than either of the others; thus, instead of a noun of the mascuhne gender we use the pronoun * He ; ' instead ot a noun of the feminine gender we use the pro- noun bhe ; and instead of a noun of the neuter gender we use the pronoun ' It.' If the noun is of the plural number, the form of the pronoun is the same, without regard to the gender,— viz., ' They/ 93^ The Personal Pronouns are /, you or thou tw, 8fie, It; with their plurals. Wc, you or ye. they. ' 94. They are very irregular in their declension as shewn in the following table :— INFLECTION OF THE PEBSOITAL PRONOUNS SiNOULAB. P088. 1. M. or F, 2. M. or F. SMaac. Fern. Neut. Nom. I Thou He She It mme (yr my thine or thy his hers or her its Plural. P08S. ours or our yours or your theirs or their 06;. us you them Norn. 1. We 2. Ye or you 3. They 1. Two forms of Possessive.— it will be noticed that some pronouns have two forms of the possessive case, a long and a short form. The short form is used when the nonn is OXpresi^d; and its position is before the noun ; as, This is my book. The long form is used when the noun is omitted ; as. This is mine. If, however, the noun is expressed, the pronoun will foUow it : as. This book is miM. ' His may stand either before or after its noun ; as, This is his house, or, This house is hu. •• *We.* — Thenlupfll ni ¥\xa. fl««*. «^ I :^ 1 ^ M xo sigmfy ^e speaker alone, when he is in a position of respon- woiuty. Thus we find monarchs, authors, and editors, unns it instead of the singular form ' I. ' f.d 58 ETYMOLOGY. 3' ' Yta-'—Thia pronoun wa« formerly iised exclnaively in the plural number, but it is now the gingalar pronoun, as well as the plural ; it still, however, takes a plural verb. *Th0U ' it now used only in the solemn style, such as addresses to the Deity, Ac. , and sometimes in poetry. 4. The possessive fonns, 'hers,' 'its,' 'ours,' 'yours,' 'theirs, should never be written with an apostrophe, thus, her\ &c. 5- Reflexive Pronouns.— We frequently find the words self (sing.) and selves (plural) attached to the personal pronouns Which are then caUed Keflexive Prononns. 6. 'Own.*T-The shorter possessives are rendered emphatio kind reflexive by the addition of • own ' ; as It is Iter own. 7. * One.'— This pronoun, by means of which reference is made to no particular person, is called the indefinite personal pro- noun, and is thus inflected ;— ■^orti. Fos8. Obj. One one's" one. QUESTIONS ON THE PEONOUN. What is a Pronoun ? Illustrate its use by an example. What are Its mflections ? How are pronouns classed ? Why are Per- sonal Pronouns «o called ? What pronoun is used instead of a ??T^x*^.ii® ^^^ P®*^®" singular? What pronoun is used. &c * What different forms are there of the third personal pronoun v N ame the i^ersonal pronouns, singular. Give their plurals. When isthe short form of the Possessive used? When* the long? What IS peculiar about the position of * his ' ? What use is some- tunes made of the plural form * we ' ? What was the original use ** Z®" ' rx^°^ ^® certain long forms of the possessive wrongly written ? How are the Reflexive Pronouns formed ? What force lias the word * own ? flow is ' one ' inflected ? EXERCISE ON THE PRONOUN, &o. 1. Go over the following list of Pr9nouns, and tell their Per- »on. Gender, Number, and Case-.— hih ^°"' ^"®' ''**• you, he, she, mine, your, they, them, thine, him, ye, ours, me his, h6rs, her, theirs, myself, thyself it. its ourselves, themselves. ^ ' ' ' 2. In the foUowing sentences select the Nouns, the Adjectives, and the Pronouns :— Kef father gave her a book. Ye shali not toichit Mv brother gave me the book. He liked the pears because they THE PRONOUN. 5^ ToS, 4m you ?'■«*'" ''°''"'" "'" ■""="'«• *" '>i« "fdi" Put 8. rvrse the Nouns and the Adjectives aooording to form «.son ''*""" "' "^'' °' '^'' ^""""'°'- "-» «'-« «•• 6. M«ke short sentences containiuK the foUowing Pronoun. — her:'s.*^'rre-sfZ;.the"fih^r' ■"«' """" -^-"' ^^ 6. Substitute noMNs for prowouna in the following fable •— A wolf roving about in search of food passed h^r\ An^^ where a child was crying, and its nurse Sng 7 As he stZ latening he heard her tell it to leave off crying or she woSd throw It to him So thinking she would be a! go^d aHer r/^ t!''"''^ ^^'^^^ *^" ^""«^' ^" expectation oTa^cTpital sup' per. But as evening came on, and it becamp n,iT«t i^I „ ^ heard her say that It was now cood am? +W ifH ' ^^ f^'^^ 7. Substitute pronouns fornoares in he following: — Long, long ago a boy set out to see the world The J.„^ wardtTu^thT^v'" ^' *' ''"''*• I" *»== ''"^ "ft J'""' ^d f -Hhrf a &1rt.-l^\nrt^^^^^^^^^^^ gloomy den where a cruel wolf IivrH ThJ.tlu t- * out when the wolf he^arf^he^'^XB oMhrwoST ^d''Z ^f sr^reTtiror^ ti'z xi'ii r *^"^ "^ ? boy did not see the worlS after ^1 ^^^ ^° *''* *•""*" "«» ^^^ n ADJECTIVE PEOHOUHB. 95. The second divkion of pronouns partakes of ^e nature of the Adjective, and hence its name. We have, in consequence, this DEFIHITIOir. 96. Adjective Pbomouw« q.-^ «,„»j„ j times like adjectives, to qualify a noun, and some- times like pronouns, to stand instead of nouns. 'SI •60 ETYMOLOaY. 97. They are divided into three classes :- Distributive, Demonstrative, Indefinite. OQ rn. ^ ^^ "™™11TOTE PMlfOTOB. iects J teiT^'^''*? P'"""™' '^present ob- observed JttkZt thetT ' ""*■ """ " '^ "« ber »nd different !f™^„ otter proaoun. a« of tho pinral nim- »„I.- Tu , P*™"". «*■» * «aoh • takes a verb in the «n and are. ti.ZT^Z-^^^^^TTJ"'^^'^'''^'^^ these Christians loU oneloM^T ^'""•°'"'' ' -' ^^e ^oyr «*^ ■*'T!?*5''*,"T'*-By "uPPlyincaome such word ." n."^ * '"^ '^^'"=*'^'' ^""-o »f «■« distributive, may be QtrESHONS OH THE PEOMODH-(„onti«.ed. t|or''^o'w*^^r?'d.^rd°? "Ur""^' «■« *« "efi^i- Pronouns? Name ttem WhatT. 1 i'"**^* ""^ Distributive •nd number? Illnstratohv ..ft P^nliar about their person JPronouns. '""«'"<» by an example. Name the Keoiiprooal has irom thn** '"T? °^ ^•J>''«^« Pronouns foUowing ■"*'*'"''STBATiVE. Hence we have the DETiHrnoir. bei?«« ^f MONSTRATIVE Pronouns are so caUed because thAV er^aniAr Al.., _i • _"y iXfcUCU, .- -r ■-"/ v"u uujects to wiiich thej- THE PRONOUN. 61 101. The pronouns which thus vovnt out the objects and stand for their names, are, this, that, with their plurals, these, those. 1. Their Uie.-If we are speaking of some object near us and wish to avoid the repetition of the noun, we use the pro', noun this ; if the object is remote from us, we use • that ' «o also. If tLg reference is to something already mentioned. '*Uiii' indicates the last mentioned . • that,' the first mentioned . as. Virtue and vice are before you : l/n, leads to misery, that to peace, ' 2. As Adjectives -These words are frequently found in con- nection with nouns, they then hava the forc« of adjectives, and are to be parsed as such. 3. 'That' not always Demonstrative. -This word is not always a demonstrative pronoun; it is sometimes a relative pronoun, (Sees. 111. 116.) and then its place can be supplied by ' Who,' • which ; and sometimes it is * conjUllOtioa and then introduces a new sentence, a careful attentioo to these direo- tions will always enable a pupil to assign this word to its proper class. Thus, in the sentence. ' Whoever said that, was mistaken/ the word 'tllat is a demonstradve pronoun, because it repre'. sents, or stands in place of some thing In the sentence. ' My brother gav3 me that book, it is a demonstrat ve adjectlTC, be- cause it points out a particular book. In the sentence, ' The ship t^uit sailed yesterday was lost,' it is a relative pronoun, because we can use • which instead of it. In the sentence, • He said that he would do it,' the word is a Conjunction, because it intro- duces a new sentence. QUESTIONa 0« THE PRONOir!l- 0^ as, The master wAo taught ul it aS- ^rts'fttrse'^S t '^-'-edent„ before it. ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ clause going- 108. HenAn u THE PRONOUN. 109. From thi 63 Relati double duty porfomed by the tie loJJowing DEFINITION. no. A Relative Pronoun, or, more mnr^PrW a Conjunctive Pronoun, is one 'which KdJf tion to being a substitute for the name of a peton or thing connects its clause with the m^lTent which It IS introduced to describe or modify ' ~e... carnes back our thoughts to some word or fait wUch goes before and is called the antecedent. 2. What the Antecedent may be -The .tecedent may be a or an7f' r"r~'" "'"*"^ "^^^^^^ ^^-- <>* - -nZc.- or any fact or thing implied in it ; as, A king who is just makes w iiiout lohich .t IS impertment to read ; nor to act without M. a ,B impertinent to think. The man .as saidt Te "Z cent, which he was not. '*^ 111. The Relative Pronouns are,— M.andF. ■ M.,F.,orJV. ' jy WHO. WHICH, THAT. WHAT. 112. They are thus declined,— ,, . Singular and Plural. ^ominative, Who Which Th^i ivk ^ Possessive. Whose Whose ^'Vone "** Ol,ect.ve, Whom Which That What . QUESTIONS ON THE PRONOQN ■ ^continued), useir Wh\t^*W SX fJ^'-T'' ^'^ ^^^'-^ they tutes es? What othe'- namrwonf/K''^'"" besides being substi- the definition Wbv ^TT. ^ ^^ T*"? appropriate ? Give the Antecedent r W^lf pronoun called Relative Kelatrvrptn^nsTl^^^^^^^^^^^ ^"^^^-^ ^'' Name the A Dnr T/arks; The book that was lost. How^OWn.-AssaidinSec. 101. 3, this wo. belongs to dif. ant snnV .T^'k ^^^^ ^* ^« * relative pronoun its place can be supplied by • who or • which. ' • • yi ^^i^ '^ ^PP^^^^ ^^ *^^9s only, and is used m both numbers ; as, Take what you want 1. Whet used—This relative is never used when the ante cedent is expressed. It may. therefore, be treated as an inde- finite- *"ww 2. Other uses— 'What' is sometimes used as an adiective ■ a It « not material by what names we call them. I^'ne's "t IS used as an adverb, having the force of ' partly ■ ^^"^°^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^UNS 117. The Relative Pronouns, who, which and WHAT, with the addition 'e.< are termed Com POUND RELATIVE PRONOUNS ' Used as Adjeeti7SS.-Whatever, whatsoever, whichever and .k.^oever, are often used before nouns as indefinite adj^v^ as, Whatever course you take, act uprightly »"J«C^Ves, How ,• * ^?^8TI0NS-0N THE PRONOUN-Ccontinned). ite^orinn"ilJP,P\l^l„.?r.".^ Ts this example. " "How "is "' thaT' 'L^X^"v^''"rfrt; *" ^^^J^H"^® ? uive an THE PKONOUW. 65 relatives. Why are they To tued ^^m^^*""* the compound treated as adjectives? ^^^'^ ^'^ *^e'' *o b« n« rp, .^V- INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. t-ronoun with the exception of 'that/ which is never interrogative. ' wnicn is 120. As their name implies, they are used to in " troduce questions ; hence we have the Mo W 191 Txr ' DEFINITION. ^ r.L?'*'' ',"*^^^ *°* applied.-' Who- is inflected Uke the relative, and applies to persona only; ' wHrh ' and • wh.t' . i o pe^ons 0, things. The last Jo' ^7^ ^:! J^^^^ as S„Z ''^'t• "" "''^ re,poa8ively. they are r.glZl l^A^^ ?„' ^7 f " r'" """ '^'^'- ^V« «»»»ot tell w/i»c/l 18 he. I know not what I shall do. BULE FOR THE PRONOUN. • A Pronoun must agree with its antecedent-^ « the noun for which it stands-in person^e^^r* and number; as, All that a man hath T wfu give for hw life. A tree is known by its fruit ^ nourthf ^® Pron/^un. - As the pronoun is a substitute for the noun, the same rule applies to both. Per. ) ^^^^^ OF PARSING THE PRONOUN. BeCli 2nd [|- i^;;;; I -- N ^^- ) ac^rd. Int. )^ 3rd )^ iVeu^ )0 pi„, (;| ^^'^ ^ i„g to (To a«ree with its antecedent, according to Rule )^''''''* •^^"mrnvrrd-^^ 66 ETYMOLOdY. Example. He is the freeman whom truth makes free. ; Selation. • He IB makes whom Etymology and Syntax. ffej 3 Pers Mas. Gen. Sing. Norn, to is. Rnle. tVhom, Kel. Smg. Mas. agreeing with its ante- cedent he. Obj . after verb makes. Rules. QUESTIONS ON THE PRONODN-(continned). What is the fourth class of Pronouns ? What is their form ? What exception is there? What is their duty? Give Se dehnition How are these pronouns inflected? How do thev differ in their apphcation ? Give an example of • which ' used as an Interrogative Adjective. Give an example of ' what ' similar y used? What is the Rule for the Pronoun? WhS is the Rule for its case ? What is the order of parsing the Pronoun ? EXERCISE ON THE PRONOUN. 1. In the following sentences assign each Pronoun «o its proper class : — yj ^^^^ ^'*" "^"^ ^^"^ ""^ ^¥ ^^^^ *^^* I lent you. The prince left his awn carriage, and entered that of the general. One cannot always be sure of one's friends. It is an ill wind that blows nobody good. What did the prisoner say ? Teirme what the prisoner said ? The king, who is tke head of the slaTe, may Hnnii«^f p'r''''"'^?* w? * "^^'"^^ ^hi^h ^^^ V^^ed both Houses of Parliament. Who put that glove in my hat ? Every to h1m"fwf! tfu 'k'^'''^ '.\'''^^^^^ y°^ ^ li«* «^ ^^^^' Give to him thatasketh thee, and from him that would borrow of thee turn not thou away. 2. Parse the Pronouns according to the plan given. 3. Form sentences containing the 'Personal Pronouns' in the different cases. ,. 4. Form sentences containing the 'Relative Pronouns ' in the different cases. 5> Do the same with the 'Interrogative Pronouns.' THE PRONOUN, a Hi . Bnle. its ante' Rules. ir form ? jfive the do they ih ' used ♦ what * What is ronoun ? I 6 - e«- 04 i B proper J pnnce One nd that le what ;e, may 5d both Every . Give of thee ^ I- § 9 s T in the in the 1 0^ 68 ETTMOLOGY. ANALYSIS. 122.— 1. The simple subject is sometimes enlarffed by a clause mtroduced by a Relative Pronoun. 2. The Relative is, however, then used in what may be termed a restrictive sense. 3. Such a clause is termed a Relative Clause. 1 Eestrictive use of the Relative. -This use of the Relative will be beat understood by means of an illustration. If I say * He answered the question which was asked him,' I restrict — » e ' limit the answer to a particular and individual question ; but If 1 say He answered the question, which was quite satisfactory,' I introduce an entirely new statement, -viz., that the answer was satisfactory. In this last example the relative pronoun may be regarded as having more of a connective force. 2. Eelative Clause. The pupil will notice that a clause con- tains a predicate within itself, and thus differs from a phrase. , EXERCISE ON ANi LYSIS. If I f^.*^V'"'''''"^ sentences, read tie Subject; state whether it 18 Simple or • Complex,' and why it is so :— Sounds of music were heard. No otmnrfnnifxr «* ^ • arrived. The moon moves round the earth in twentv-nineN*™ Repeated want of sucoew is apt to discon.age a student %; ™tera« warrxor,. rushing into the midst of fhe lSu?lost to bra-^Sy'^-^L'T^^Ltht si^T iliTr^otheTTf '^<^' tion. will alwav- h« A^^^i'A . " *^® mother of mven- 1 1* • tt"tubiect'.':i°™« ''■"*■«»» •'y ^-PP-y'"* W~Priate have instinct, are termed molluscous, forms a diphthong. - 18 called a limited monarchy. ■; — ; *''6 termed carnivorous . lies between the tropics. cannot vie with the l)eauties of nature. 4. iixpiain the nature of these 'Complex Subjects.' 6. Analyze all the sentences according to second plm. THE VERB. 69 ilarged Q. I what A.USE. Helative ff I say, ctf — I.e., on ; but factory, I answeiF )un may use con- rase. ivhether ig good at last B J^ays. ;. The lost his • 'opriate fought inven- opriate cannot THE VERB. ^^^^ ^^v?""^ '*" * '^'''^ ^^^c^ expresses exis- tence. coTiditwn, or action; as, He is; he steeps • he thfi?n^**'°i?r'^*"^*'^"* '^'''^ '' the most important of the whole eight. It, very name implies this ; it is. in i^, the word ma sentence, and without it no statement can be made. That ,ts duty is to make ^ asb^rtion, may be thus illustrated. In the sentence, 'James mH John after he had le/l the house ' we have two verbs, each telling us something. The first one met tells, or aflirms sod thing about James, the second one leil tells something about John. ^A^' ^^f /expecting which the statement is made is called the Subject , as. James struck the table. 125, Verbs admit of a two-fold division,— L In respect of meamng. n Do. form. kinds ~-^^'*^' ^^ ^^^P®^^ ^^ m^amti^, are of two I. Transitive. II. Intransitive. 127. In respect of form, they are divided into-^ I. Regular. II. Irregular. III. Defective. I. KIND. 128 The Transitive verb makes an assertion re- ffiT^.'!!.'..^.^''^^^^^' ^"* ^^^^ statement is not in it- •--„-ii. v0mpi6i;Ci •.omnttT^f Intransitive verb, however, does make a complete statement. Hence we have the following P ? 70 ITTMOLOOT. I OEFIHITIONS. io« .m I- A TEA5SmVE VEKR an £oi f hT""""^ 7"''' il °"" ^'''"h expresses an action that passes from the agent, or ^r to some person or thing which standi as the oWert rf the verb ; as James struck William 131. The Objkot, may, therefore, be defined as that upon which the action of the verb terminates** II. AH IHTEAHSmVE TEEB. 132. An Intransitive Verb is one which mak&q an asseHion, and does not require an object to 001^ pleto Its sense ; as, The boy ran across the field 1. Of both kinds -The ««me verbs are sometimea used' in a transitive, and sometime- in an intransitive sense. Thus In th« sentence, 'JamessfrMo* the boy, ■ the verb is tranutive. ' Inthe sentence. ■ The workmen ,«r„d-,' the verb is intransifiva vel^h^r"**!! 7f »».'»»«« Transitive. -(1) Sometimes verbs that are aituraUy transitive talje after them an oblBBt which has the same or a similar signification. Thus, il iZ •John «»,,• I use the intransitive forms of the verb • but ifl consider the statement as incomplete, and wish to complete he .dea^ the only object that I can employ is the kindred noun ,«»■ thus I can, with propriety, say, ■ John runs a race,' and thertte verb becomes, in its nat.,ro, transitive. (2) Many intransitive verbs acquire the force of transiti™ J'^^^ansitave,) J Jaugh at ; I wonder at. fZ «1 K ^"""^^ ^^*^ *" iptrajisitiveand a transitive aZ f II "'" '''^ ^'^^"^"*^y confounded. The siSppTf "^d it once"*' "'1'T " "^* *'^^ '^^^ - ObjectS Im would, at once, prevent their misapplication. These verbs are-^ INTRANSITIVE. TRANSITIVE. ?.«« Raise ^^® Lav Sit ~ y FaU |i Fell This verb is sometimes intraRSltive, as, The sun seta. THE VERB. 71 expresses ooer, to ' object of efined as ninates^ 5h makes • to corn- field. used in a tius, In the e. In the ve. Sometimes a" object if 1 aay, : but if I aplete the ID 'race*; i then the ransitive )i laugh; I is a cer- ansitive )Ie appli- ;er them, rbs are — iets. QUESTIONS OF THE VERE What is a verb? What does its name imply? What fait, duty ? Illustrate this by an example What do vn^ ml? 1 many kinds of verbs are there in respect ofmeaninff?-lin resne^ of forn. ? Name them, lu what ^Vy does the ifans tivrverb Z^L^ statement ? lUustrate your answer. WhSt kbd o^ statement 18 made by an Intransitive Verb ? Illustrate Give the dehnition of a Transitive verb ; of an IntraS^ veib What 18 meant by the ' object ' ? Shew, by an e^rthalth; tTJ^l^ '"^y k\^"*? *^*^«^*^^^ ^^ intraLitivJ. £w may^ mtransit ve verb be changed into a transitive ? Mention ^oth^ EXERCISE ON THE VEEB. 1. In the following sentences assign the verba to their proper class, as regards kind. *^ ^ 2. State why they belong to that particular class 3. Select the ' subject ' and the ' object ' in each sentence, and give your reason. Tom cut his finger, and the wound bled freely. The gardener fell from a tree and lay on the ground for an hour The co^hf man struck the horse and it kicked him. The sky became clTar and the moon was bright. The sun rises in the SrSnrand seti in the evening. The moon and stars shine by night. The b^v FwSV^ '**'L^'^ ? *^« "^^^- So spake the ai^stS Flowers bloom and die, I told him to lay it on the tafie • in- 8«fp?v rk'"" J"^ ''^^''* *"^ ^*y *^^^ ^^i«^««lf- I arrived in satety. As the farmer was preparing to fell the tree, it fell upon his head and killed him. ^he faw has power to prevent, to restrain, to repair evil. ^ «*«"!<, n^C^il^'iT''!."'*^,.*^^*' ^^ "s®^ fo*" parsing. Let the pupU parse the Adjectives, Pronouns, and Nouns.] ^^ n. EOBM. ^ 133. As Stated in Sec. 127, the verb, in refinfinf of lorm, IS divided into three classes,-~viz. Regular" Irregular, and Defective. S »*> 184. The first two forms depend upon the manner J pi ■' If m 72 ETTMOLOOT. \n which the verbs form their past tense and their past participle. 135. Hence, for these forms, we have the following D.ilTiNinONS. 1- A BEQDLAR VEBfi. 136. A Regular Verb is one that forms its past tense in the indimtive active, and its past participle, by adding d or ed, to the i teacnt ; as, Present, love ; pa^t, loved ; past participle, loved. II. AN IREEQULAK VEEB. 137. An -Irregular Verb is one that does not form its past tense in the indicative active, and its past participle, by adding d or ed to the present ; as Present, write ; past, wrote ; past participle, written, m. A DErEOTIVE VERB. Point of Difference. —The great point of difference between these two forms is this : the Regular Verb is changed from without by the addition of a syllable ; the Irregular is changed ftrom within by some modification of the vowel in the root. 138. A Defective Verb is one in which some of the parts are wanting. The following list comprises the most important. They are irregular and chiefly auxiliary : — Present. Can May Must Ought Past. could might Present. Shall Will Past. should would [For explanation of auxiliary, see Sec. 143. 1 QUESTIONS ON THE VERB-(oontinued). Upon what is the second division of Verbs based classes are there ? Name them. What is meant Verb ? Give an example. What is an Irregular is the great point of difference between these two is the change ' from without ' effected ? How the within ? What is meant by a Defective Verb ? verbs • regular or irregular' ? What is their chief ? How many by a Regvlar Verb? What forms ? How change ' from Are defective duty? THE VERB. 78 nd their Allowing I its pos^ xrticiple, 3nt, love ; does not , and its esent ; as written, • :e between aged from is changed B root. some of omprises d cniefly >uld uld low many a Regvlar b? What (18 ? How age ' from defective nCFEBSONAL AND AUULIABT VEBBB- 139. To the class of Defective Verbs also' belong Impersonal and certain Auxiliary Verbs. I. IHFEESONAL \rEBfiS. i40 This class of verbs represents 4in action without naming the subject ; as, It rains. 141. They are always in the third person singular, and are preceded by the pronoun It. n. ADXn.TARg VERBS. 142. Wc shall presently see that the verb also undergoes certain inflections, or changes, and thut a certain class of verbs helps them to form these in- flections. This gives rise to that class called aux- iliary, which may be thus defined :— 143. Auxiliary (or helping) verbs are those by the help of which other verbs are inflected. 144. The verbs that form this class are : — Do, Have, Be, Shall, Will, May, Can, Must, Let. 145. With the exception of 'be* they are used only in the present and the past tense ; thus, — Present, Do, have, shall, will, may, can, Past, did, had, should, would, might, could. 1- ' Must ' and ' Let '"—These two auxiliaries are uninflected. 2- Prinoipal Verbs*— Five of these are also used as principal verbs,— viz., will, have, do, be, and kt, QUESTIONS ON THE VEEB-^-d to as. a .ues- position when an AuxiliLry L used ' Snw JT" ' J^^** ^^ *h« Mood differ from the Indica^tive ? IlLst^Z fv'l*^" ^^*«^*»»1 Give an example shewing that 'thi«^. 5 ■ *^'f ^^ *^ example, cessity, duty. ^ By whZigns is tWs '171? ""' ^^'^^^ °«- mood be used to ^k a question ? ^ ^"^'^^ ^ ^lan this lnfT.«fnii • ^^OISE ON MOOD. Jn the foUowmg sentences dassifv +1,^ v ^ reason :— ciassuy the ^'ic,)d8, giving your IoIS'nS:i1S'^'j7f dwell, „p<,„. Hi, rtatnre w« lofty This wind miglt awaken thelefd %f "r^t? "» ^reweU S He struck thi ly„. Our fathe^''- bled %f"" Tur"' '»"• The camel can endure ereat h^t r?i;-,j * Y""" "''""s cold, pa-nt,. He ran a, fastTLtJia. '''fCtt"dl'"'^^ *"''' IRfl m. ,^?^ ™ S^^BJOTOTIVE MOOD. tmgent ; aa. If it rai^ZA t ' "" """ 1- Illustration.— We have alreadv s^pn f», * t x thiTmoodTr^*^ '=°"""'^'* ^* *»« assertion we ei d^ not tab! r"' '" *''* *''""'"'' 8*™" » ti>« doa^itU I do not make a positive assertion, that • I shall not go -theri « attached to it a condition.-' If it rain.--and this c«ndit"n wST '^r*"' "' *'"' '""junctive mood Then^*:: which this mood IS generally kn.wn implies the existence of .^£d *° "''°'' ^'^ ™"' " *"" ^"''""^ ».o"X ^ 2- Its Sign. -This mood is preceded by certain conjunctions, sucn as jf, ' nnlew,' ' tJlongh,' and a few other*. These form as It were, a link between the two sentences. IV. THE mPEBATIVE HOOD. ^Itl Imperative Mood expresses a com- IT2J' ,*" ^^■'•^^y; as. Read thou. BUsa me, even me also. O my father. tJt ,"!"^5*'°~'* «'*°''° ** *''« '"™« "* *« wood 'tews n« tnat It IS chiefly used in civine an ordor a,. . ». ,_.i ^ . n\ m 78 ETYMOLOGY. verb by no means loses its distinctive character in this mood : the only difference is in the manner in which the assertion is made. No one of the other three moods that have been defined could be used for the same purpose as this mood. If, for instance, I were to ask a pupil to correct a mistake which he may have made in any piece of written work, I would use the Indicative Mood either assertively or interrogatively. If, on the other hand, from, my superior position, I were to order him to do so, I would no longer use the Indicative, but the Imperative Mood; thus, 'Make the necessary correction.' We must not suppose that this word implies only command. It is also used to express entreaty and exhortation. Of the first of these no better illustration can be given than the second example ur der the definition. The Scriptural injunction, * Children, obey your parents,' may be viewed as either exhortatory or imperative. 2. The Subject.— As a general rule the subject of this mood is not expressed. The second personal pronoun is really the nominative, QUESTIONS ON THE VERB- (continaed). Which ia the third Mood ? How does it express a fact ? When IS this mood used ? What does its name imply ? By what sign 18 it distinguished from the other moods ? What does the Im- perative Mood express ? What is its chief use ? Shew by an example that an assertion is made by this mood. Shew by ex- amples, that this mood expresses entreaty. EXEROISB ON THE SUBJUNCTIVE AND THE IMPERATIVE. In the foUowing examples select the verbs that belong to the bnbjunctive and the Imperative Mood :— If I were chained I might revile. If the king were not a traitor, the convention must be rebels. Study to store your mmd with useful knowledge. Though riches ihcreai-e, set not your heart upon them. If he come before my return, ask him lu I' ^T°"^^, ^"^ ^^"^ ^^^^ *^^"g ^^ ^ were ^e. Arise and gird thys** ^ thou that sleepest. Banish envy and strife lest they utte.-^ destroy your peace. ANALYSIS. 158.---1. As th/> verb is the word that makes the afiarmation, tk:.t part of the sentence which contains the verb is called the Predicate. THE VEBB. lis mood : Bertion is m defined ' instance, may have idicative the other 1 to do so, iperative must not also used I these no pie urder obey your perative. this mood really the t? When w^hat sign ;sthe Im- w by an }w by ex- TIVE. )ng to the ere not a tore your !, set not , ask him ! and gird lest they kes the ontains 79 \ 2. The Predicate must always be either a verb or something equivalent to a verb. ' IllU8tarati01l.~In order that we may have a sentence, there must be a statement made about something, and this is done by means of the verb- Let us take.* for instance, this sentence, Robert runs. Here we are talking about Robert; the name Robert.- therefore, is the Subject: what we say about Robert is !.ll ?o' '""?''' ^^''^^^''> « ^^^ Predicate. Take another examtK He is of unsound mind/ Here the word » He ' is the Subject and the assertion, ' is of unsound mind,' is the Pfedl- to ^verb ""''"^ '"* ' ^ "" ^''^' ^""^ ^^' ''^'^" expression is equal • ^vP^^ir?^®^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^ i^s subject, (1) What it IS (2) What it does ; (3) What is done to it ; as (1) The boy is fond of stiuhj. (2) The horse runs siviftly. (3) The house was burned. 4. It is either a Grammatical or a Logical Piedi- cate. 5 The Grammatical Predicate is simply thf> verb ; as, John reads very nicely. fj^^ Predil^f! Logical Predicate is the Grammatical Si ^t'J complements: as, John reads Complements—All the words added to the verb, to fllJ im the assertion, are caUed the complements. ' ^ [The Gramm atical S-i>)k ct Bid Predicate are printed in italics ] \ Subject. The clocf' Man Diligent boys Pbedicate. has just struck two. wars not with the dead. learn quic! ly. I * I ElTMOLOOY QUESTIOHS ON ANALYSIS. What name is given to the Verb part of a sentenPfi » Wi,„ • this name civcn' lllustrafp wVof i Bentence? Why ig Predicate. Whai du y fs pe^T^^^^ ^°^ an example of each WhafCTnd«^nf P^ Predicate? Give Define tfe Oranimatical Pr^diX and'gl'^a"^^^^^^ *^ ' IS meant by the Logical Predicate'? Giv^e an exampTe^^"' ^^* :exeeoise on analysis. 2' State why they are so, 3. Analyze the sentences according to the scheme n^pT^f/^H^l^f^l'*'^*'' ""^ "^S^*- Silver is one of the precious metals. Habit becomes secotid nature Tl,o Ko«.,1 * precious the weight of the atmosphere Vme flies Labor «T*.^' '^^\^ The wind moans through the trees ThA. -a ^^^^^^t^^s 'est. the tropics. ^"'^^"g^ »^e trees. The torrid zone lies between ' V. THE INPINITIVE MOOD. 159. The Infinitive Mood gives the simpk meaning of the verb without an| reference to Pe^ son or Number , as, To read. ^ 1. Iliastration.-ln the example given in the definition, the affirmation contained in the words ' to read ' is not made respect, ing any particular person or persons ; therefore, this part of the verb being used indefinitely, and with reference simply to the act, has neither person nor number. 2. Its Sign. -The sign 'to' usually precedes a verb in the infinitive Mood. This prefix is, however, omitted after such auxiliariesas • may/ < can,' ' let,' &c., and the verbs * bid " dare ' (to venture,r ' need,' ' make,' * see,' *hear,' * perceive,' &c. VI. THE PAETICIPLE. • 160 A Participle is a word which as a verb expresses an action or state, and, as an adjective' qualifies a noun , as, He came seeing. Having fLn- isfied our task, we may play. 161. There are four Participles in each Voice of THE VERB. 81 Why is t)ject an4 te ? Give re there ? e. What 1 and the precious ier shews tens rest. ■I between simpl-e to Per- fcion, the i respect- •t of the y to the [•b in the :er such ' ' dare,' verb, ective, 9 fin- ice of 162. They may be thus arranged :-- 1- Present 8trMnT' n -^""^T^ IPO m, . ^^ PRESENT PAETIOIPLE. 106. Ihis Participle in the ApH'vo v^- i aJways in • ing / and 'denotes 1 1£ or Ltf ^ confemumg and progre,ssive , as, Jame. islS/: ^ificatf ''"^"^ ^"''^'^ ^* ^- -Ws a pa.iv« H. PAST P4ET1C1PLE. +1, jj^- '" Pai'ticipJe is formed in some verbs h« 1^^- mi. \^ "^ ^EBf EOT PAETIOIPLE. 100, ihe Perfect PARTrrTPrv 4o «i EX^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ - --Pleted al^ the 1- rnu. r. ^^^"TUBE PAETICIPLE. repre;enIr/;.^'r''P^'' ^^'?' ^' ^ compound one, and represents the action as 'about' to take place • t^ He IS about to leave Canada. ^ ' ^^' D.fin .. ,^f S™N8 ON THE VEfiB~(continned). Whatiul^y^^?^Y/ hi'L^^""^ ^^^ ititsoecnliar name ? verbs is it om&d ' WhJT .V^^.- .^^A^'T' ^^^^' ^^at ciples are there in each v^ce' RoTf''^^ ' J^^^ T^^ P^^^' Participle active ^ Wh Jf ^1 -^^^ 5"^ y*"" ''"^^ *^e Present this participlel^the Pas ivevif^^^^ ^^"^ '^ *^^ ^«^^« « generally formed v iw^^.r*? ' , *^«^ " the Past Participle Sifter in Vm from tl e others*^ nf'"' and Future Participfes the Perfect Pa.f!!!!.l o^^'tT/^^" •. ^^P^i^ ^n action represented hv — M-c ; now oy tUe iruture ? ill ill S2 ETYMOLOGY. EXESOISE ON IHE VERB. Vokefand M^^-^"*^'''^®^ ^'^^"'^^ ^^^ ^^""^^ according to Kind, avdS«d^ff *^n-^*' *°^ f^'^^ ?P^^^- Seeing the danger, he InSttt nSjTr'' *^^ ^''''^. Phi»o«o?herT lived in^ tub. industry IS needful m every condition of life : the price of all the S; J 1 V^^^^J^^ to see the sun. We should always obey frfi w * ""^ conscience. The train might have run off the Teak S^'Xfit- "?^*- S>°^\¥"§ lo«t. aU virtue is lost ont^r f h?r ""^^^^^^'^ «*«ry- .J saw him do it. Forbid them to bon^ *^^.^°"«^' He may go if he feel inclined. Bribg me that theft H.X^''"'':^ !?" ^"y ^^ *^^^*- '^^^ ^«y ^^s ^^'^"s^d of tneft. Havmg mended my pen, I wUl write. [This exercise may be used for Parsing.] ANALYSIS. fT.\^?r~l^'I^.^^'1 ^^^^ ^^^^ (^^c- ^^' 2 and 3), that the Participle, and Participial phrase may be enlargements, or complements of the subject. Partid^k ^"^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ adjectival force of the 3. The Participle of the Active Voice of a tran- sitive verb, besides qualifying the simple subject, may have an objective case after it : as. The boy seeing the storm coming on, ran home • Subject. Attribute. \ The, seeing the storm coming on Nominative. ' boy Predicate. ran home. EXEEOISE ON ANALYSIS, te^es^.-^' according to plan given above, the foUowing sen- The rfflicted nation mmivno "m.^ ~. :„_ i t . .* " ' -"■° "iwijiiiy uvvi aoes to £u» THE VERB. 83 ? to Kind, anger, he in a tub. 'ioe of all not of to- days obey n off the ue is lost. . them to ; me that ccused of and 3), may be of the a tran- subject, he boy, ing sen- » bO £ild ^i^^f iL ' u\^^T^ deserving respect wiU generally se- cure It. Boys who do their duty wiS be loved. A virtuous man lrtV."^r"%°'""- ^?^> ^^^«°^ " ««^" ^^ HiB works He worthv Th«*?nv"Tf^ '^^"^- ^ ^^"^^ *« 1«»"^ »« praise m*?«fh« l^^^^^u ^f";^°& " commendable. He, shouting. pi^ « spoUeT ^ '"''''' P"^"°'' ^"°8 P^' J«^ ^ f.'-^ibfVT^'' analyzing om% it would be well for the teacher to make the pupil specify the particular kind of attribute that the subject has ; for mstance, in the example given, the suWeCt *boy has for Its attributes the adjective ' the, ' aAd the pffi cipial phrase 'seeing the storm coming on,' If a nuXr of tt/on«'fhiiT^!.*^' "°°P^" «^^j^^^' *^« P"Pil '"^^t be^ with tne one that stands nearest to it.] in. TENSE. 109. Tense is that modification of the verb which expresses time. 170. There are three divisions of time, Present Past, and Future. 171. In each of these divisions there aro two tenses : the one representing the action or state as |?er/ec^,— t. e., completed at the time referred to — time^ ^^ representing it as not completed at that 172. Thus we have six tenses,— viz., the Present thePresent-Perfer.t, the Past, the Past-perfect, the Jfuture, and the Future-perfect I. PEESENT. 173 The Present tense expresses what is aomo on at the 'present time ; as, I see the bright sun. 174. The Present-perfect tense represents an action or event as completed at the present time, or in a period of which the present forms a part : as I have sold my horse. I have walked six miles to-day. Its Sip. -The sign of this tense is the auxiUiary ' have ' pre- • H 84 ETYMOLOGY, ii n Past o,^;'Jro:b-J'';,:r''/»r ""^ changing thevawe, the . d 'bi:;!, anrir"; *i: ■*. '° °"''' '"'^''- »"> (^;»''r<^,(rf4"*,&r * '^'-»i«P mutes ;«Ari«erf, reilLItJ^'^l'''^^^^' *"■ Pluperfect tense before rtXirr"" "' *=^™* ^« completed, at or' fore the mait arrTved '~ "' *''" ''"P ^""-''^ *«• PreleSh7pp:IS/a:^;r " '' "^ ^"^"^ ' *''^-' m. PUTURB. v^ll see yZZ'JZC ' "" *™' *" ^■'"'^^' =« ^ anJ*^ Jin" ~^^' 'T°' *''" *"'"■•« "" ">« "--xiliarie, 'shall ' 17^;.^'" ''°'""™ Mood, 'with its sign omS. an ^tiont IveTwufbr *T! i"*'""^*^^ ^^^^^ fl pn,4o,- " y. ^ „^"^ "^^ completed at or before TENSES IW PASSIVE. tail?' Jthe'Tre VoS. '" ^''^ ^'^'"^ --»>«' ^' teieso?^^^'"' all formed from the corresponding tC^a^^t paHiS?K^;*S.en^^^^^^ THE VERB. 85 ok place ihe vowel •r • d ' ; aa 'Pped, and as Kissed, r tense, d, at or i sailed iled be- ry • had/ 11 take J ; as I 'shall' jmitted. S that before ot my d 'will ber of iding with 1 CI rnx, ™^^. ^^ DOTfiRENT MOODS. i»i. Ihe Indicative Mood has ihn o,v * and is, therefore, the most complete mood """' Prcse!;tItdfhfr'*\*^°T ^"^ ^°»r t^n^e^. the P^t!perS,' ^'■'''*'^"*-P«'-f««'. tl^e Past and the hJonlv^flf„^r''™f"^^ *'°°°' '° ^^ proper form Prl'Llll tSrr "^"^^ ''^ *-° *«--' t''^ Pre'rent^a" d ^ZTf' .^°°° S^ ^^^ *«««««. the written 1* ■ ^' T° write-to have the KL^p''7''^^^^^ ''°" *^"«««' the Present, truRivin.^'f' '^"^ f"" ^"*"^° ; "-'■ Striking- sirucK— havmg struck— about to strike the six tenses. Definftre PrpTplf .^ *^^'?^ divisions ? Name perfect. How is tMs ten's Wn , ^What d^o:s'tV'^ ^f^*" express ? How is this tense formp'.? v n « !u*^f, ^^^ ^^^se What is the sign of thfs ten«P^ wl Ff^^ It ^^^t-perfect. express? What are its 8i^n« 9 k^^^A ^T *^^ ^"^^^e tense How is this tense knownfL ""'' ^t Future-perfect tense. Voice? How are thPv L 7» "'x'l"^ *^^«^« ^^ ^^^ Passive the Moods * '^ ^^'^'^ * ^^°^« *l^e tenses of each of . EXEEOISE ON TENSE, * 9 Z T ^f owing examples select the different Tenses. 4. btate why you thus classify them The pigeon flies ,wiftw 15/ ^°" '^"™ ""^ S<>od to-day! the sun had risen the ice ^^Ited Vm,^,i'^'''\ ''"''""• ^fter 1 Ua ^^ ') help to form some of the Moods and Tenses of the verb 'to be^ tneir inflection is now given. ' Singular. 1. I may. 2. Thou mayest. 3. He may. Plural. 1. We may. 2. You may. 3. They may. Singular. 1. I might. 2. Thoumightst. 3. He might. Plural. 1. We might. 2. You might. 3. They might. Singular. 1. I do. 2. Thou dost. 3. He does. Plural. 1. We do. 2. You do. 3. They do. Singulcr 1. I did. 2. Thou didst. 3. He did. nrDIOATIVE MOOD. Present Ten8e< Singular. 1. I can. 2. Thou canst. 3. He can. Plural, 1. We can. 2. You can, 3. They can. Past Tense, Singular. 1. I could. 2. Thou couldst. 3. He could. Plural. 1. We could. 2. You could. 3. They could. INDICATIVE MOOD. Present Tense. Singular. 1. I must. 2. Thou must. 3. He must. Plural. 1. We must. 2. You must. 3. They must. I 125 i 25 Singular. 1. I have. ). 2. Thou hast. 2. 3. He has or hath. 3. Plural. 1. We have. 2. You have. 3. They have. Singular. 1 shall or will. Thou Shalt or wilt. He shall or wilL Plural. 1. We shaU or will. 2. You shall or wiU. 3. They shall or will. Past Tense. Singular. Singular. 1. I had. 1. I should or would. 2. Thou hadst. 2, Thou shouldst or wouldat 3. He had. a He should or would. 90 ETYMOLOGY. Plural. 1. We did. 2. You did. 3. Tiiey did. Plural. 1. We had. 2. You had. 3. They had. 1. We should or would. 2. You should or would. 3. They should or would. Present, 1. 2. 3. Singular. 1. I have. Thou hast. He has. 2. 3. Present-Perfect, i. 2. 3. DO and HAVE as Principal Verbs .}I^^^^aT '^"JI^^?"^^, like the verb ^ tO be,' are also principal verbfl' ^hus -["^ *^"^^^ ^" *^^ ^^'^^ ^*^ *® °*^®*' P"»<^*P*1 Singular. I do. Thou doest. He does. &c., &c. I have done. Thou hast done. He hsis done. &c., &c. Idid. Thou didst. He did &c., &c. I had done. Thou hadst done. He had done. &c., &c. 1 shall do. Thou wilt do. He will do. kc, &c. Past, PastPeriect, Future, 1. 2. 3 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 1 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. I have had. Thou hast had. He has had. 1 had. Thou hadst. He had. IL-^had. Thou hadst had. He had had. I shall have. Thou wilt have. He will have Future-Perfect, L I shall have done. 1. 2. Thou wilt ha V e done. 2. 3. He will have done. 3. &c., &c. 1 shall have had. Thou wilt have had. He will have had. INFLECTION OP THE VERBS TO BE' AND 'TO LOVE.' Intransitive- Singular. 1. I am. 2. Thou art, 8. He is. INDICATIVE MOOD. Active Voice. Present Tense. Passive Voice. Singular. 1. I love. 2. Thou lovest. 3. He loves or loveth Singular. 1 . I am loved. 2. Thou art loved. 3. He is loved. Id. aid. )uld. principal principal had. b. ; bad. lave. re 9 had. lave had. 7e had. ^E.' sa- ved. f I. o 3. lutraiuiitive. Plural, We are. You are. They are. 1. 2. 3. THE VERB. Active Voioe. Plural. We love. You love. They love. 91 Passive Voioe. Plural. 1 . We are loved. 2. You are loved. 3. They are loved. Singular. 1. I have been. 1. 2. Thon hast been. 2. 3. He has been. 3, '*resent-Perfeot Tense. Sign, have Singular. T have loved. L Thou hast loved. 2. He has loved. 3. Singular. 1 have been loved. Thou hast been loved. He has been loved. 1. o Plural. We have been. 1- - . You have been. 2. 3. Tney have been. 3. SingtUar. 1. 1 was. 2. Thou wast. 3. He was. Plural. 1. We were. 2. You were. 3. They were. Plural. Plural. We have loved. 1. We have been loved. Yon have loved. 2. You have been loved, xhey have loved. 3. They have been loved. Past Tv i:..e. Singular. 1. I loved. 2. Thoulovedat 3. He loved. Plural. 1 We loved. 2. You loved. 3. They loved. Singular. 1. 1 was loved. 2 Thou wast loved. . He was loved. Plural. 1. We were loved. 2. You were loved. 3. They were loved. , Past-Perfect Tense. Sign, had. 1 Tvi^Tu'"''- ^'^^"''*^- Singtdar. I' Thnt^Tlu i- T had loved. 1. I had been loved. 3 i^Ldt*^'"'''^,- Thouliadstloved.2. ThouhadstbeenLed. 3. He had been. 3. He had loved. 3. He had been loved Plural. Plural. ' pi^ral 1. We had been. i. We ha-l loved. 1. We had been loved 2. You had been. 2 Yoa had loved. 2. You had been loved 3. They had been, 3. They had loved. 3. They had Sen loved 92 DTYMOLOQT. Intransitive, Active Voice. Ftitare Tense Signs, shall, ?m7/.— Inflect with each. Paaiivo VoiM- Singular. 1 . I shall be. 2. Thou wilt be. 8. He will be. Singular. 1. I shall love. 2. Thou wilt love. 3. He will love. Singular. 1. I shall be loved. 2. Thou wilt be loved, 3. He will be loved. JRlural. 1. We shall be. 2. You will be. 3. TheywiUbe. Plural. 1. We shall be loved. 2. You will be loved. 3. TheywiUbe loved. Plural. 1. We shall love. 2. You will love. 3. They will love. Futare'I'erfect Tense. Signs, shall have, will /iaw- ' ^.^ Past-Perfect Tense. ' 8.«».. »H,.a„.. g^. w. «»^. ^„, ^„ ^,,_ 3. He might have 3. Ho might have 3 H«r«,- l^u"" ^T^" . w «- """■ LJ'^ --«''*'»|?.^- .. Wemighth.™ . we^^r^ave ,. WemSt™. ^ 3 Theym^htWo 3 They might?r<- 3. Theymfc^re^' a ^ ^''''*''^*^- ib^en loved, j a H IntnuudtiTe. Singular. 1. If I be. 2. If thou be. 2^ If he be. Plural. 1. If we be. 2. If you be. 3. If they be. Singular. 1. If I were. 2. If thou wert. 3. Ifhewer^. Plural, 1. If we were. 2. If you were. 3. If they were. Singular. 2. Be, or DO thou. ETTMOLOOY. Aotive Voloe- BUBJITNOnVE MOOD. PieMnt Tonse. Singular. 1. If Hove. 2. If thou love. 3. If he love. Plural. 1. If we love. 2. If you love. 3. If they love. Fsft TeiuM' FmiIt* VoIm- Singular. 1. If I beloved. 2. If thou be loved. 3. If he be lovedL Plural. 1. If we be loved. 2. If you be loved. 3. If they be loved. Singvla/r. 1. If I were loved. 2. If thou wert e loved, be loved. fulcvr. re loved, wert or were loved, ere loved. 'urtU. 'ere loved, vere loved, were loved. . loved. L be loved. wal. ••you loved, m be loved. nUcw. dt be loved. ural, ott shall be [loved. ed. ^een loved. Intnuuitive. Prewnt, Being. Pwt, Been. «rfeot, Having been. "*"«, About to be. THE VERB. Aotive Voice. PAETIOIPLES. Loving. Loved. Having loved. About to love. 95 PanlTo Voioe. Being loved. Loved. Haying been loved. About to be loved. QOESTIOUS ON THE VE£B-(oontiinied). auxilury f How are tEe other i.uxiliaries n«ed t ^' " "" ECEECISE OH IHE VERB. e,d.o?tS%«u:""« ""'*"' ""^ "" Mood «,d the Ten« ot w • i\itei Xo h!? b^ • ^zr-wiz^'T They must be. Thev should have been. If T to Thon'i.^- Though he were. l/ 1 had been. Though I were uZZVu trk'h.vJte' '^«^'«- He doe. fort S. "oZ^ was comforted. Mary is loTed^d"espeS He^l "I^ DIFPEEBKT POBMS. K, 1^*- .We obtain the Proqbessive form of a verb by adding its present participle active to the verb ^^through all its moods and tenses; as, I am 195. The EtoHATic form is obtained bv addin^r as, 1 oo run; I did run. * 96 ETYMOLOGY. 196. The verb is made to deny, by placing the word ' not ' after the simple form ; as, Thou )ovest not ; and in the compound form by placing it be- tween the auxiliary and the verb ; as, I do not love. When two auxiliaries are used, it is placed between tbem ; as, I would not have loved. 197. The verb is made to ask a question by plac- ing the nominative, or subject, after the simple foi-m; as, Lovest thou ? and between the auxiliary and the verb in the compound forms ; as. Do I love ? When there are two auxiliaries, the nominative is placed between them ; as, Shall I have loved ? 198. Interrogative sentences are made negative by placing the negative either before or after the nominative : as, Do not I love ? or, Do I not love ? PASSIVE VOICE. 199. The Passive Voice is inflected by adding the past participle passive to the verb * to oe,' as an auxiliary, through all its moods and tenses, (See Sec. 191.) The same thin^ expressed by both Voices.— The Passive Voice, in the finite moods properly affirms of the subject the Buffering, or the receiving of the act performed by the actor ; and in all tenses, except the present, expresses passively precisely the same thing as is expressed by the corresponding tense in the ' otive voice ; thus, • Csesar conquered Gaul," and • Gaul ivas con- tercd by C«Bsar, ' express the same thing. QUESTIONS 01^ THE'VEEB-(oontinned; How is the Progressive form obtained? How the Emphatic? How is the verb made Negative ? What is the position of the >»'ord * not ' when there are two auxiiiaries ? How is the verb made Interrogative ? What is the position of the Nominative when there two auxiliaries ? How are Interrogative Sentences made Negative 1 How is the Passive Voice inflected ? What does the Passivi Voice properly affirm of the Subject v Illustrate by example that all its tenses, except the present, express precisely the Bftme thing as the corresponding tenses in the Active Voice. The VERBr fe» Lcing the ou )ovest ig it be- not love, betweeu by plac- ple f onn ; r and the ? When is placed negative after the Dt love ? adding e,' as an es, (See I rhe Passive subject the the actor ; ily precisely ense in the lul loas con- Emphatic? tioo of the is the verb NTominative ! Sentences What does lustrate by Bs precisely ve Voice." EXEE0I8E OH FOBMS AND VOIOB. grisaive FoC:!^'"'"^^ ^''**- ^"'"^ *^« ^^^^' ^^^^ Pr^ He itood, ^ ^ • * '*"• ^® **"fi^*- He stands. Form^i*^^' *^' ''"'''^«. ^""^ *^^ Progressive into the Simple Wc are ^vriting. They were singing. We might be walking They are commg. Thou urt teaching He has £ mo^g '°** EmphJtk Fol!" "^ '^°^' ^^"«« *^^ -^^« »^- «-- intb 4. Change the examples ^6. 2) into the Negative form • thii« We are not wnting-intK) the interrogative Tm mX^^ w-ritmg f-mto the negative interrogative form ai Are\^ ,^t wntmg 7 or, Are uot we writing ? ^ ' ' ^'® ^® °^* Pwsive Vofoe''l«rf\f T *^^^^' ?^^«^ *^« ^«'^ ^^^ the is written ' ''^"^^ ''*'' ^ "^^^ ' Thus, the letter BULES FOE THE VEEB. I A verb agrees with its subject nominative in person and number ; as, I read Thon readest. He reads, &c. II. A Transitive Verb in the Active Voice is followed by an objective ca^e; a^, We love Aim. Jle loves U8, III. The Predicate Substantive, after a verb is put m the same case as the subject before it as 'it IS fie. bhe walks a qiteen. 1 took it to be him, &c. ^^:. '^l!^ infinitive Mood may depend on a verb, an adjective, or a noun ; a^, Cease to do evil. Ho is anxious to learn. He ha.s a desire to learn. Iran. ) ^ Intrau. ) 3 OEDEfi OP PABSINa THE VEEB. T, , Voice ^eg- ( -r. _ Mood Irreg. Q Prin, Parts, Tense Person a o rergon I ^ Number / ^ Concord according toiUTLS. see l&ITMOLOGY. ExAMFW.— They have loved. Belation. 'Have They have ttmed. Etymology and Syntax. «otw.--An auxiliary of time (present -perfect), //aw for^d. -Trans. Reg.. Love, loved; loved. ina. rres.'Perf.S. Plu. agreeing with subject the^f, EIEKOISE OH THE VEEB, dko. 1, Pawe the verbs in the following exercise. 2 Parse all the other words. > good man loves God. John can write a letter. William has written two letters. You should honor your parents I have seen George. You have deceived me. Fishes «wim. You will be sick if you eat that fruit. Men should obey their rulers. Avoid vicious company. Idle boys should be despised. Ask no questions. Will your father come? Have you studied "your lesson? Can you parse a verb ? ' ntREOULAl; VERBS. 200. T^e Irregular Verbs, or those of the -' Strong Conjugation ' may bo conveniently divided into three classos : 1 Those with one fonn in the Principal Parti. r?f* £?• two distinct forms do. do. Ul Do. th.»-eo distinct forms do. do. 201. Of this kind of veih thei^ are about one hundred and seventy. 202. A^selection is given below. CLASS I. PretenL Pott Burst burst Cut cut Hit hit Let let Put put Rid Hd Set set Spread spread Thrust thrust GLASS n awaked or awoke nwe^ked. beat beaten, bent bent, bound bound. Wed bled. J Pcul Participle. burst. cut. hit. let. put. rid. set. 8j;n-ead. tumst. Awake Beat Bend Bind Bleed i ^ ^ Ivl V. '*W.MtfV%* %/t UJtHNiOU. irfect). loved, bjeot tfiey. ir. WiJliam parents. I awirn. You their rulers, ed. Ask no tttdied your le of the y divided Parti, do. do. a^bout one iciple. Present, Bring Bum Buy Catch Como ^Creep Crow Dig Feed Feel Find ^Flee Qet Grind Rang Hold Keep -Lay Lead Leave Lose Make Meet Pay Read Run Say JSeek Sell Send Shoe Shoot Sit Spend Spill Stand Sting Strike owing TeacF Tell Think Weep Win Wind Wring THE VERB. Pcut brought burned or burnt bought caught came crept , crew dug fed felt found fled got ground bung or hanged held kept laid led left lost made met paid read* ran said sought sold sent shod shot sat spent spilt stood stuns struck swung taught told thought wept won ^ound wrung PaH PaKicipU. brouffht. burnt. bought. oaughl. come. crept. crowed. dug. fe£ felt. found fled. got. ground. hung or hanged. held. kept. laid. led. left lost. made. met. paid. read.* run. said. sought. sold. sent. shod. shot. sat. spent. spilt. stood. stuns. struck or stricken, swung. taught. told. thought* wept. won. wound. wnmg. xii«ae Me pronounced m if tpelt ' red.' ,p:- I i /! " « 100 Pruini, AriM Bear, to cany, Bear, to bring forthf Begin Bite Break Choose Dare, to vetUw^i Do Draw- Drink Drive Eat PaU Freeze Give Grow Hide ^ Know Lie Mow Ride . Ring See Sew Shake Shew Sinff Sink Slay Smite Speak Spring Steal Strive Swim Tak« Tear Throw Tread Wax Wear Write «biTMOLOGnr. CLASS Past. arose bore or bare bore or bare began bii; broke chose durst did drew drank drove ate .*eU fiew froze gave gi'ew hid knew lay- mowed rode rang saw sewed shook shewed sang sank slew smote spoke sprang stole strove swam took tore threw trod waxed wore wrote m. How inflected.— Verbs of this manlier similar to that adopted Regular, or Weak conjugation. Pa»i Partidiftle, arisen. borne. born. begun. bitten or bit. broken. chosen. dared. done. drawn. drunk. driven. eaten. fallen. flown. frozen. given. grown. hidden. known. lain. mo-wn, ridden. rung. seen. sewn. shaken. shewn. sung, sunk. slain. smitten. spoken. sprung. stolen. striven. swum. taken, torn. thrown. trodden. waxen. worn* written. conjugation are inflected in a with choie belonging to, the St THE VERB. rUcigile, r bit. a o p f — S M ID at (4 M O m E-i Li o I- i I im 8 -J 04 ^ a — e a o iflocted in a {iiig to. the I -l-f mSl^Smm^ZZmm I iil II th 102 ETYMOLOGY. AKALYSIS. 203. — 1. As long as the sentence contains but one predicate, it is called a Simple Sentence • as Dihgeiit boys learn quickly. ' * 2. \^hen it contains more than one principal pre- jicace, i.e., when it expresses two or more independ- ent thouqrhts, it is called a Compound Sentence • 5*8, Time is short, but eternity is long. * /Q^ ol^ox^^m,.®?^®^ ^^'® j^^^^^ ^y ^ conjunction, (bee. 218.) This connective is sometimes omitted. 4. The sentences may be analyzed separately, each of them being called r Principal, or an Independent Sentence. ExAMPLBfl.— .Diligent boys learn quickly^ (Simple.) Time is short, but eternity is long. ^Compound. ) SurriKoi. KiKD. Diligent boy letun quickly. Time is short. Eternity ia long. Prin. LoaiOAL SUBJBOT. Attributb. Prin. Prln. Diligent NOMINATIVB. LoaiCAL PRBOIOAn. boys Time Eternity learn quickly. l8 short, is long. - nw** ^'^'^^Ctive may, for the present, be omitted from the flcneme of analysis.] Q[J2STI0N8 ON ANALrsiS- nrS?"*J '* * ??P?® Sentence ? When it contams more than one &OW .I'Vi,'^^** i! ^* 'f^^'^l ^'^^ "^ Compound Sentence SS^A u^ 8«»»<»oce8 lomed ? (s this connective always in- sorted? How are Compound Sentences analyzed ? "* •J^" "* EIER0I8E Oir ANALYSIS. 1. Compose six Simple Sentences. |. Uompose three Compound Sentences with Simple Subject. a. Lomposa three Compound Sentences with Compound Sub. THE ADVEBB. 103 tains but ENCE ; as^ cipal pre- independ- ENTENCE ; ijunction, 3mitted. tely, each iependent I.) impound.) [i PRBDIOATI. 1 quickly. short. long. i from the B than one Sentence, klwayi in- I Subject. )und 8ab< t>oundP?e^'*to""**^**'^°®' ^^^ Compound Subject and Oom- 6. Select the Simple and the Compound Sentences in the fol- lowing examples. 6. Analyze according to plan. The curfew toUs—the kneU of parting day. The boding owl BcreamB from the rumed tower. She was not only beautiful, but modest. A part of the exports consists of raw silk. Every sicht and every sound amazes him. The sentinel stars set their watch in the sky The man walked and the boy ran. The grain must he Bown, else no crop need be looked for. The man is industrious, therefore he will succeed. Night came slowly on. How did you succeed at your examination? He was poor, hU industnous. ine boat was upset and they were drowned. TH£ ABVEBB. 204. An Adverb is a wcrd used to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs; as, Ann speaks dis- tinctly , she is remarkably diligent, and reads very correctly. lUuitration.— When we say that the adverb modifies, we mean that it effects some change in the word to which it is an- nexed. Let us illustrate by a familiar example, and then its grammatical application will be plainer. A cup of coffee or tea,' for instance, has a peculiar bitter taste ; if wo add a Uttle sugar the flavor becomes modified, or changed ; if we add a little more sugar it becomes mere modified. Now, let us apply this to the example given in the definition. If we were simply to say, ' Ann speaks,' it would be only stating the fact that she has the power of speaking, but we would know nothing about her manner of speaking. By adding the word 'distinctly' we moiify, or change the statement, so that the meaning is no ..ager the same ai if we said ' Ann speaks.' In a similar way the words • remark- ably ' and • very ' effect a change in the words * diUgent ' and * correctly.' ^ DIVIBIOK OF ADVERBS. ^' 206. Adverbs are divided, according to their use into those of ' Tim§, Place, Manner, Oame. IM JfeTtllOLOGlr. I i ■ iLeeay. i^- How does she sing? Very ^m. Adverbs of Cause express why a thing is adlll^:Steefeh'"^^^ "°t ^'^''^'^ -« ««" called AdverWal pTr«prT\''-^'r* ^h'<=h are adveV^'^ *^ ^ '^''^'^ '" the same way as IKPLEOnOBOPIHEADVEEB. / /.Mfest. ' '"" '^*'*' ''^ '^uns/os^er; she rims oftenek ^^'^'-''^ ^' ^nd 'est', as. Often, o/ under- is CoM- he runs fie as in ^ftener, mrison worse, he ad- reetly, ^, least mean ? rmany THE ADVERB. 105 EXEBOISE ON THE ADVEEB 2. ToU why they are adverba 3. Tell to which of the four cUaae, they belong, «cd wby. rSthfL^r'^OneTit ^7 ""y «««". JTrtt^'.^ ftlmort dir"uv ■ 1 will lU«Jl long enough John returned down the incline. P^^' ^^® **■"" ^"^ quickly blanlc';p":e:.'''"^"'*' *'™"" " ^""'"'^ ^'^' ^ ^e The Bteeple ia three hundred feet high He wult*^ tWoT^o-irfeh'e'eC' ''%'"?'T-^?2^^"-"~ daya and— -_?!„; '"j—- . He pereevered lor many pmdeut. I waitedTrl;;:' hours "" T o""*" v" ^ther goes often to town hiL^fath'^r*— ^ZI ^^^rmine^S^^ Henryal^'o/X'" "" '"^'^ ""'**"' J""-'' --~ ^^d RULE FOR THE ADVERB. H™ t ' niodify verbs, adjectives, or ad /erbs ; aa. He speaks cZi«^tnc% , John is remarkably diligent and reads very correctly. '^ uuigemi, ORDER OP PARSING THE ADVERB. .il""'' )y,A'.- {^f^'^' ) Inflection Adverb of ] Place, ( Modifying \ Adjective. I when ( Manner,- &c.) '^' | ^^^f ' j admissible. ^P^ ETYMOLOGY. ElCAMPLia.— He reads very correctly. He came at last Balation Beads eorreetly. Very correctly, ^ame at hut. Etymology and 8]mtax. ^ (7orr«rf/y.— Manner, modifying reach.' Rule. Pane, eocorrjing to this plan, the adverbs in the exercise riven ftbove. ** TABLE OF ADVEBBS. Kind. L- TiMI. When? 'I Place. Manner. In reply to the questions, Where ? How ? Infleotion. Decree. I Cause. WF.y? I I ^««Iar. Irregular. AiTALYSIS. *^ ^^^r\ '^^^ Grammatical Predicate of a sen- tence, besides being completed by means of an ob- lective or a nominative case, (Sec. 187, 2.-3.,) may have a further complement in the shape of an ad- verb or Its equivalent. 2. The Predicate is then said to be extended, and the name ^Twion is given to that part of the Logical Predicate. EXABTPLSS. Diligent boys learn their lessoiiS quickly. The birds sing sweetly in summer. Th€ wind being /avorabkt the fleet aet sait THE PREPOSlTIOWr. 107 LoeiOAii SiTBJiSor. Loaioib PRBDioAta. Orammatioa] Subject Its Comple- ments. diligent Grammatical Predicate. Completion. Extension. Boy ]eara their lessons quickly. Birds the sing . ■weetly, m (summer. Fleet the set sail the wind being (favorable. EIEEOISE OK ABALY8IS. 'LlrhM'tmA'S^'"'"" "^"' *"" ■objectivo'«.d tk 2« Analyze according to plan. He walked very quickly Scipio routed the forces of Hamii bal. George leainb his lessons rapidly Am i^or^LZT^^ desire of Hying. Pompey was defeaC'^by ci^.^^'K eon! quereaU things. The sun rose brightly over the eastH hilS He killed a man maliciously with I sword. Spri^ rSSrn^g the swallows re-appear. The bird flew up into the tree Thev came to see me to-day. The first two verses were Wtii^v sung. The church spte stood gleaming wSte! *>«a«*»f^y THE PEEPOSITIOir. ^ * 217. A Preposition is a word which shews the relation between an object and some other Vord in the same sentence ; as He came from Hamilton to Toronto by rail. 1. Ulnataration*— The pupU may, perhaps, see more clearly ^^ meant by relation, by carefuUy studying the following B* ♦F "^ — - — ( C» D* A* F» E* 108 ETYMOLOOY, m fhA *"' O'T'-^^"". or inside the square. B is above, or .t,.r B^ua-e T>. '^"'''- f '^ "'^^^'' ^^ ^'"^«^'*' - *^^-^ the square F F is acro«.. or athwart the square. The teacher may 1? r .;T^ *^"'"^'^^ '^ '^"'^g ^ I--^^^ -^ - book by means of which he can shew the different relations, or positions that the ponca .ay bear to the book ; .s. On. a.ay frol, ^c. J: ?. "^^'^^ '' sometime, between nouns ; as, Hatred of nee sometimes between an adjective and a uoun : as. Fond of 6.hing-sometimes between a verb and a noun, or ^n odverb and a noun ; as. He kiUed him with a sword ie lived coZ tently i^'^A his principles. «e iived consis- un, . . « QUESTIONS OW THE PREPOSITION. epoiitions ahewt.hfi rAiaf,-^« v " classes ot words do ing prepositions shew the relation ? CI* XV J^^^O^SE ON THE PfiEPosmON. ahl^'therdltiorr^^^^^ ^^' *^" ^^*-- -1^** -ords they The book lie? on the table JjtZT '' ''^^^'^''^- *° ^^« Pa^e^^te- Bridges are made across river^ ry.T^A ^«"^Pr^.° ^" adversity, mouth. He went through The' Je Ti"" V^*^" '"'^* ^ ^' thick6(t. Heisrespectelathome ^''^ ^^'^ ^*« *^^« A T> . .-^^^ ^^^ ^^^ PREPOSITION. A Preposition is followed by the Objective Ca^e [As the pTnoi'^ '"^"^^ ™ PREPOSITION. LAS the Preposition expresses a ' double rpUfinn ;*. the r^, baok to s„„e idL already me:Mldma\^X^' some other jdea. which complete, *the thought ; thi 'dS^ lation must be given in ordor thn+ +v.^ .. • , uouoie re- ExAMPLE~le threJ fw^^^^^^^^ ""'^ ''''^'''*'- Belation Threw ?o«i{A force, Threw against wall, Parse, according to this cise given above. Etymology and Syntax. Rule ^''^^' ^*'^^'''^®'^ ^y * ^°''ce ' in obj. ^^ams^.~.prep. foUowedby VaU' inobj. Prepositiona in the Exer- THE CONJUNCTION. 109 >ov€, or aver the square, r below the eacher may 3 book, by >r positions rom, efrc. Hatred of .8, Fond of an odverb ved consis- the mean- f words do i^orda they the horse, is parents, adversity, leat in his into the ve Case. it carries rward to louble re- omplete. 3 wall. LX. se ' in obj- Oi'inobj. ihe Exer- THE CONJUNCTION. 218. A Conjunction is a word which shews the particular manner in which one part of a sentence 1.S joined to another ; as. You and James may go, out John must stay at home. Illustration.— In the example given, there are in the whole sentence no less than three Statements; the first is, * You may go ; ' the second, ' James may go. ' Now, since their construction IS similar, being both of them principal sentences, they are joined by the conjunction ' and ' ; thus, ' You may go and James may go.' Now, joined to these two sentences there is another, also prmcipal in its nature-'but John must stay at home.' This is joined to the other two by the conjunction ' buf This kind of union giv3s us one kind of Conjunction. Let us take another sentence-' You will succeed, if you work hard. ' Here there are two statements, one of which— 'You will succeed '- 18 principal, and the other-' if you work hard '-subordinate. The latter is joined to the former by the conjunction ' if.' The union between subordinate and principal sentences gives rise to the second class of conjunctions. 219. Hence we have two kinds of Conjunctions. CO-OHDINATE and SUBORDINATE. DEFINITIONS. I. Co-ordinate Conjunctions are those which connect similar constructions , as, God sustains the world, and He governs it. II. Subordinate Conjunctions are those which connect subordinate, or dependent, with principal constructions ; as, Boys learn quickly, when thev are attentive. x ^ v io ffi^^ frequently join one subordinate clause to another that IS also subordmatfe. ] QDESTIONS ON THE OON JUNCTION, r theieT WW ^°''T*'°°,^ ^^;f "^*^y ^^^ «^ Conjunctions are natJ Con&n ? ^'""'^'^ Conjunction r What isa .Subordi- 110 ETYMOLOGY, 111 BXEBOISE ON THE CONJUNCTION. x 1. In the following aentences select the Conjunction^ and t-eli Whether they are Co-ordinate or Subordinate. ' " nJJ^r V P'*'"^? ?^n% and telJ stars were onored. It though he es. Climb '. oome, and k him well, 23 the feel- >o business. ;he spring, lot my will the md James D to study. lar con- 3 gave it jpendent /Q erred, isidered as OLE -&— . Cape. atences of L stopped. I the exer« THE INTERJECTION. Ill ooA A ™E INTERJECTION. fopirni ^^.^^TERjECTroN 18 a word that expresses 221. Interjections may express— 1. Astonishment ; as, Lo < 2. Joy. as, Hurrah 3. Sorrow , as, Alas : * 4. DisL'ust ; as. Fie I 5, Calling ; as, Halloo ! Rul? ^"^^^'i^^^t'y there is no necessity for any QUESTIONS ON THE INTERJECTION ex^estd V?hii"p':^^^^^^^^^ feelings may be the Interjection ? '^ ' ^^^** ^^^**>^on i« expressed by ^.u , ,u ^^^^^^8E ON THE INTERJECTION, belect the Interjections in the loilowing sentences •_ P^^oeSoTrS^rJ^ r^^^^ my friend, to this won. Pshaw I I do notcarp V ?t'^' ^'i'""^^ ' *^^ victory is is gone, and, on : h^w wr'^'iledtam! '" "^ '^^ *'^ '^^«*- «^ 994. 1 r» ANALYSIS, ciDal spn^^*''"''^'' Sentence is made up of one prin- Ses a Sn' ■"".'^ ""' r ™°^«' subordinate '^en- f'!?!!.-;:,^'.,^"™^ dream that they can silence. ^Cn -■■-J ••"'. tne storm of passion. " ' ■ 112 ETYMOLOGY. 4. The Subordinate sentence does not make complete sense by itself, but must be taken in con- nection with the principal sentence ; as, Some dream that they can silence the storm of passion. 6, Subordinate sentences are of three kinds, — I. THK NOUN SENTENCB. II. THE ADJECTIVE SENTENCE, m. THE ADVBRBIAL SENTENCE, DEPINITIONS/ 2S50. The JSouN Sentence is one that occupies the place and follows the construction of a noun. 22 ). The Adjective Sentence is one that oceu- pies the place and follows the construction of an adjective. 227. TJie Adverbial Sentence is one that takes the place and follows the construction of an Adverb. Examples. — Some dream that they can silence, when they will, the storm of passion. A man who keeps his word is respected. Sbntknob. Kun). LoaicAii Subject Logical Prbdicatb. Gram. Subject. Its Comple- mpnts. Gram. Predicate Comple tion. Exten- sion a Some dream Prin. to t>. Some dream Sent, b b that they can silence the storm of passion Noun to a. ui Obj TI)fcy cansil'i'jc*; wtnrv of litt^' an Senr c when they will. Adv to 6 They a Sent. will when a A man is !<;'.;.eeted , Prin. to 6 Man is respcct- (ed • 6 wiio keeps his hto word. Adj. tea. who keeps his word THE INTERJECTION. 113 not make m in con- )me dream inds, — I occupies a. noun, that oc<;u- ion of an that takes n A dverb. when they •rbdicatb. nple on. Exten- sion t.6 i.': Of . OD Sear when • rord .ng the .ubordmate «„tence to the prinoipd. In thi. (the a ri) column the pupil will pla.e any conneotive that i. not adven,iU « weU a. conjunctive in its nature. If it. adverb "^rL^ prom»ent, .t muet be placed in the eiteniion column.] 0DE8TION8 OH AHALT8I8. Sentence* " Sentence? «. Adjective Kentence ) anAdverbiiJ EIEB0I8E OH AIALT8IB. orlJl^etn *»::."* "*'"'" "'"'*''* ^"^ »" *« S-"" 2. State why they are so. na^e^^^ "^^^ ^^ Subordinate Sentences are of the class you 4. Analyze according to plan. It was 80 cold that I could not staLi. I wefin fliA mni^ u^ cause I weep in vain. Little did I Lam thT! should H^e to thought that ten thousand swords must have leaned from S,p ; R^Sn W-r" "n".«" ^^1^, ? ^"«^ *^** threatened h^er^tHnsul Kam fertilizes those fields which spread their bountv to S'^ SeSd"" LLi'""^'r^? ""*^«' *^^^ly ti;it\rfcannot1> «W t ^' ^*^y P'^^P*'® ^^^*y« ». ™oti noLS,^r3«»^«;tJ^,:^-ini».^-y — ap.dicate « ^^. ^ffreement. — When we say that one word afrreea wifh «e« er\„rberr» *"* '"^ one^orrespondTTo tor^theTt geiu^er, number, case, or person. SYNTAX. 116 ''ords bear nstruction put in the 'y speak, titute for a a verb, ex- use both a tive to the 'he King is lly in the erb under- ller than / ihe same b in case ; Found after , Who art I predicate jrees with e other in ^ Rule III— An Appositi ve agrees with its subject m case^; as, The cities Toronto and London arb in Or t/ario. Explanation of Term,~A noun or pronoun, annexed to an- other noun or pronoun, for the sake of explanation or emphasis, is called an Appositive. Rule IV. — A Noun whose case depends on no other word is put in the Nominative Absolute ; as, The rain having ceased, the day was delightful. 1. Most Ff'eqnent Use. -—The noun is generally found with a participle, ns in the example given in the Rule, but sometimes leiwj and having been are omitted ; as, Her wheel [heingi at rest. This said, that is, This having been said. Now, man to man and ateel to steel, A chieftain's vengeance thou shalt ieeX,— Scott. 2. Exclamations. — Exclamations may be considered as • nominatives absolute ; * as, the times ! the mannera/ A horse I my kingdom for a horse l~ 3hak, Rule V.— A Noun, which is the name of the person or thing addressed, is put in the Nominative of address ; as, Flato^ thou reasonest wfell. THE POSSESSIVE. Rule VI. — Any noun, not an Appositive, quali- fying the meaning of another noun, is put in the Possessive ; as, I lost my brother's book. 1- The Governing Word sometimes Omitted— The noun governing the possessive is often understood ; as, This book is John's [book]. St Paul's. This takes place when the sense is clear without it. It is always omitted after the p jsessive case (long form) of the personal pronouns ; as, This book is mine, thine, ours, &c. 2. Use of Sign.— (1) When several nouns come together in the possessive case, implying common possession, the sign of the possessive is annexed to the last, and understood to the rest ; as, 'Jane and Lucy's books,'— that is, Books the common property of Jane and Lucy, (2) In separate possession, both have the apostrophe. 116 SYNTAX. t AA ?\V'^' to such a phrase, the substantive which it Hmfts 18 added the sign of the possessive must be annexed to the Ct as, 1 called at Smith the bookseller's shop. ' (2) In compound terms the last onlyl'as the mark • as The Queen of England's crown. ^ * *^' "^^^ THE OBJECTIVE. Rule VII.— The Objective case follows an act- ive transitive verb or a preposition; as, He struck one taote with his hand. .f\3^^^^^?^'^'^^^J^ '.-This word reiers ratner to theorder of the sense and construction, than to the placing of the words Sometimes the position of the objective is^^before the vlrb '; "^lUamm ' *'' ' Almighty hurled headlong. The^en fJ^\?^^ Known.—As nouns shew no difference in inflection for the nominative and the objective, this case is mSked by position and meaning. *«aax».ou uy ^^^•^^.^^^^"fO Verbs. -This kind cf verb is not followed by an objective case, except ""wo« yy (I) When the noun agrees in meaning with the verb • as H« hved a wretched life, and died a miserable death ' ' pond. ^^^° "^^^^ '" * causative sense ; as, Walk the horse to the 4. Omitted Objective^ometimes theobjective of the relative p^ronoun is omitted : as. The person (whom) I wanted to see, has 6. Objective of Time, &C.—(1) Nouns denoting time value ^IGHT, or MEASURE, are commenly put in the objective c^e! without a govermng word,-after mtransitive verbs and adiec- tives; as, He was absent six months last year. Cowards die many «tmes before their death. A child two years old. It cost a shilling It is not worth a cent It weighs a pound. The wall issix/eei high, and two /eenhick. © z' «* j-uowaii RrP^Z^^ """^ ^^ ^'^u ^^ ^^^ objective of time, value, weight, &c., as the case may be. ° * 6. After Adjectives.— The objective is found after the adjec- tives near, nest, nigh, like, worth. . fe„ SYNTAX. 117 rm is j'oined to either ; le booksel- :h it limits io the last ; ^ ; as, The 1 an act- "e struck bo theorder the words. le verb or The green t inflection narked by }llowed by b ; as, He orse to the he relative to see, has IE, VALUE, ctive case, md adjec- . wards die i. Tt cost The wall B, weight, the adjec- THE ADJECTIVE. a Rule VIII. An Adjective limits or qualifies noun, or its equivalent; as, A truthful person is always respected. 1. Adjectives used as Noons.-ID 'Qualifying •adjectives pre- ceded by the * limiting ' adjective 'the' have the force of ab- stract nouns, if the idea expressed is singular ; as, Longinus on the sublime. The perception of the ridiculous does not neces- sarily imply bitterness.— //are. (2) If the idea conveyed is plural, the adjectiye then has the force of a common, or concrete noun ; as The rich and the poor meet together. In the last example the word • persons ' may be supplied, but in the other examples we can supply no word. 2. Adiective in Predicate.— Sometimes an adjective is found forming part of the predicate ; as, The rose smells sweet. It would be incorrect to say the rose smells sweetly, —i. e.. ina sweet manner, because that would represent the rose as perform- ine the operation of smelling in a particular manner. Again, 'She looks cold,' and 'She looks coldly on him,' convey very different ideas ; so also do ' He feels warm,' and 'He feels warmly the insult offered him/' 3 Incorrect Use of Adjectives.-This predicate use of the adjective, however, does not justify the use of an 'adjective as the modifier of another 'adjective.' 4. Double Comparatives andSuperiatives-Thesearesome. times met with iS old writers; for instance 'This was the most unhindest cut of B,\i.'-8hak. Their use is to be avoided. 5. *T3lis' and 'That.'— As these adjectives are singular in their application, they must never precede plural nouns ; there, fore, such expressions as ' these kind ' or ' those sort, are mcor- rect— they shorn • be ' this kind ' or ' that sort. 6 Other Parts of Speech as Adjectives-Participles and even nouns are used with the force of adjectives ; as. Me wears the waving crest. He wears a gold ring. 7. When participles are used as adjectives, they retain the form but not the government ot the participle ; as, The man that is most sparing of his words is often the most deserving ot attention. 118 SYNTAX. I L THE PBONOUS. , Rule IX. — A Pronoun must agree with the noun for which it stands (its 'antecedent') in person, gender, and number ; as, A tree is known by its fruit. i. ^* ^® Pronoun for Collective Nouns— A pronoun referring to a collective noun in the singular, should %e in the neuter smg^lar ; but when the noun expresses many as individuals the pronoun should be plural ; as, The army proceeded oni/a march. A civilized people has no right to violate Ua solemn obligations. The court were divided in their opinion. ^' ®?^?^*®^ Pronoun in certain cases.— (i) When singular nouns of different genders are taken sr^arately, they are repre- sented by a repetition' of the pronouns of the correspondinj^ genders! thus, If any man or woman shaU violate hia or her pledge, he or ahe shall pay a fine. (2) Pronouns referring to singular nouns or other words of the common gender, taken in a general sense, are commonly masculine j as, A parent should love his chUd. Every person has his faults. No 6ne should commend himself. The want of a singular pronoun of the third person a d common gender is felt in such constructions as these. * ' r..f: ^?<>^ouns to be Used in Personification. -Pronouns re- presenting nouns personihed, take the gender of the noun as the fhr"^!"? ^xF^T""' ^\ '^y^^' "^^^^ ^"dd«««' ^r«°^ h^r ebon throne The lion said to the asa, who had been hunting with nm. But pronouns representing nouns taken metaDhorMJallv agree with them m their literal sense ; as, F^^ith^p2; which m ita strength upheld the state. ^ singular or plural noun, ZJ'' Z^ylloTl^^'^r^^^ • W«n«'Lt/'?^"^*^ T^ ^« i"««^^^«*- (2) In^ thV^me way 'r^Ld ifnf ^' fM°*''5\ reviewers, and authors, instead of I, and 18 always followed by a plural verb. thLTvl?-®*?!;**"^^® Pronouns. -These pronouns take after them a verb m the singular, and a pronoun in the third DOrson smgular ; as. Each of us haa his o^ work to do. ^ rni?l T^^?! and 'That.'— In using these two pronouns, we must remember that this ' refers- to something near the speaker or to tne subject last mentioned ; ' that ' refers to something more remote, or to the subject first mentioned : as, Virtue and vice ojre contrary to each other ; that ennobles the mind, this debases SYNTAX. 119 with the edent ') in ' ia known loun referring in the neater individuals, ceeded on Ha te Ua solemn 3. ^'hen singular ley are repre- sorresponding te his or her er words, of •e commonly y person has e want of a n gender, is ?roriouns re- noun as the 3m her ebon unting with phorically, IS th.Q pillar the nomina- e't( either a plural verb; 3 same way , instead of s take after ird person IS, we must eaker or to thing more le and vice his debases 7. Pronoun in an Answer. — In answering a qaestion the pupil should bear in mind that the pronoun or noun contained in tne answer must be in the same case as the word asking the ques- tion ; as. Who did it ?— /. Whom did you see ? — James. 8. Omission of Relative— The relative in the objective eastt is often omitted ; as. Here is the book (which) I promised you. The relative in the nominative case is hardly ever omitted except in poetry; as, In this, 'tis (>od (who) directs ; in that, 'tis man.— Pope. 9- Omission (^ Antecedent-— -The antecedent is sometimes omitted both in prose and in poetry, but especially in the latter ; as, ^ Who lives to nature rarely can be poor. Who lives to fancy never can be rich. THE V£RB. Rule X. — 1. A Verb agrees with its subject nominative in person and number ; as, I read, thou readest, he reads. 2. Two or more Substantives, singular, taken to- f ether, have a verb in the plural ; as, James axul ohn are here. 3. Collective Nouns take a plural when the idea of plurality is prominent ; as, The College of Cardi- nals elect the Pope. 4. When a verb has two or more singular nomina- tives connected by or or nor, it agrees with them in the singular number : as. Neither James nor John attends. 1. Kouns connected by 'and' with Singular Verb— (i) When substantives connected by * and ' denote one person or thing, the verb is singular ; as, Why is dust and ashes proud ? (2) Singular nouns, preceded by 'each,' 'every,' *nO,' though connected by 'and,' nave the verb in the singular; as. Each book and each paper was arranged. 2. Adjuncts of the Nominative— The adjuncts of the nom- inative do not control its agreement ; as. The miUy with all its appui bCiiiiucco, was ucstroysu,. xuc TiUTfiifST 03. paupers mcrc^Oo* 120 SYNTAX. t I 3. 8epapt»dSubjecteofI)ifferentPersonfc&c.~Wlientwo or more substantives, taken separately, are of different pewons or numbers, the verb agrees with the one next it, and the plural subject 18 usuaJiy placed next the verb ; as, James or I am in tfie wrong. Neither the captain nor the sailors were saved. 4- Sequence of Tense.— (I) When one verb depends upon another, the proper succession of tenses must be attended to • as, He telk nie that he will. He promised that he loould do so.' (2) Propositions regarded as universally true are generally put m the present tense, whatever tense precedes them; as, Plato believed that the soul is immortal. The force of this remark way:— He may speak if he can, may be better illustrated in this i< might '* He can write «' could *« He will go *' would " could, if he may, *• might, if he may, might, &c.. (( if he will, '* would, if he can, ** could. &c. if he be inclined. ** were ** if he choose. ** chose, if he think fit. " thought " u 5vThe Infinitive Mood. —(1) This mood has no nominative but has Its subject in the objective; as, I saw Am jump. Here him la the subject of the infinitive mood, the obl'ect of the verb saw being ' him jump.' (2) This mood is found after verbs, adjectives, and nouns ; as, I told him to do so. Anxious to learn. A desire to improve. 6. Sign Omitted— 'To,' the sign of the infinitive, is not used after the verbs 'bid,' 'dare,' (intrans.) 'need,' (used as an auxiliary) 'make,' /see,' 'hear,' 'feel,' 'let,' in the active voice, and after let,' in the passive ; as, I saw him do it. You need not go. r » ' 7 Participles.— (1) The Participles often require other words to complete the sense, and are , therefore followed (as verbs) by the objective case ; ' and they may stand either before or after tneir nouns ; as, Leaning my head upon my hand, I began to hgul-e to myself the miseries of confinement. —Sterne. ^?) They sometimes refer to some indefinite word which is mnitted ; as, Granting this to be true, what is the inference ' Here we may supply the pronoun we, which stands in the nom- inative absolute. (3) The past tense and the past participle of a verb must not be interchanged ; as, I done— ior ' I have done,' or, I have drank — for * I have drunk.' i rmr V . ) ii .i i Ta i W ii n W M i 5.7-^!Vli6n two rent persons md the plural es or I am in e saved. lependa upon attended to ; s ivould do so. generally put m ; as, Plato irated in this 3e inclined. were ** hoose. hose. think fit. hought ** lominative '' him jump, bject of the after verbs, 0U8 to learn. , is not used (used as an the active do it. You other words IS verbs) by ore or after I began to I which is inference ? Q the nom- b must not liave drank SYNTAX. 121 Rule XI.— ^A transitive verb, in the active voice, is followed by the Objective case ; as, We love him. He loves ua. Double Objective.— (1) Certain verbs, as * ask,' 'allow.' 'lend,' 'give,' 'tell,' 'send,' 'pay,' 'cost,' &c:, are followed by two cbjectives ; the one standing for the person receiving, the other for the thing given. The former is called the indirect object; the other the direct. ,...». (2) other verbs, such as * ' name, ' appoint, 'call, 'choose, &c., have also a double object; the nearer object being the direct ; the remoter object the indirect- Rule XII. — The predicate substantive, after a verb, is put in the same case as the subject before it ; as, It is lie. She walks a queen. I took it to be him. Caution. — Mistakes frequently occur in translations from not attending to this Rule. Thus the translation, ' Whom do men say that / am ? ' is incorrect ; it should be • Who,* &c. This caution is especially necessary in ordinary conversation ; thus we frequently hear such expressions as, ' Who do you think I saw to-day ? '—this should be * Whom,' &c. THE ADVERB. Rule XIII. — Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs ; as, John speaks distinctly, he is remarkably diligent, and reads very correctly. L Adjectives Used Adverbially.— Though we find that ' ad- jectives' are used in the Predicate of a sentence with the force of ' adverbs,' it does not follow that they may be used as modi- fiers' of adjectives ; thus it is incorrect to say, It is an excessive hot day, &c.. 2. Adverbs Used as Adjectives,— Adverbs are often, though inelegantly, made adjectives, and used to qualify nouns ; as. The then ministry,— The above remarks, ^ i. Such expressions are to be avoided. This point, therefore, must be remembered, ' Adjec- tives must not be used as adverbs, nor adverbs as adjectives. 3 Negatives.— Two negatives are equivalent to an affirma- tive, and should not be used unless affirmation is intended ; as , I can not drink no more, should be, I can drink no more ; or, I cxMiot drink any more. •4. 'Hence,' 'thence' 'whence.'— As these adverbs mipiy motion from, the use of the preposition ' &om ' with them is 122 SYNTTAY I I. B THE IBEPOSITIOH. Rule XIV.— Prepositions are followed by the Objective case ; as, He was killed in battle. *wimu mter \x, , as, He spoke against the meamre. • /o\ W J^^ ^^^^ ravines' and dells among.—Scott. i«lativfi^*So?f '^**!7®"i: ""^u®P*'*i*''?°« »'«^®»' «*and before the Sf^r^t ^*l' and when the relative is omitted they are placed after the v<^rb ; as, That is the person I spoke of Snoh !n arrangement of words is suitable foi^impL convewational sti? lrre^^^"^:^:''^^i!- *? ?---»»*-*! ^trLtSJ^^SilTp^^^^^^^^ arrangement: 'This is the person o/w/tom 1 spoke.' shmiM K?^?^i°^?^?P^^*^*^^'.-(^) C^'^ain words and phrases should be followed by appropriate prepositions The niii^il rvm become acquainted with tLs^only fy extensive practicl!^ A few examples will explain this remark A ^„« • V I * ree /row. Agree with a person ; to a propo- Fruitful'in. Jiin^o "* another; «pon a GratefuUo a person Appr'^lcTr' "'"^'^'- g-teful/o.fSvorr A^veat Umder from. aT nf J ^ , . Improve upon, %./ \ P/™°'' '. /''^ * *bin§ ; Interfere zoith. after what we wish to hear of. Long /or. Associaet^e^A. Mafo/, (material). Banish/,,;^,,,. Occil/or. Bo^SJ'' * P^'^^'* ^ *"*° * ^^^^' Opposite to. Bf'-st o/. J.ush at. Call on. a person : at a place. Capacity /or. ^ Careful of, in. Chwige (exchange) for; (alter) to, into. Compare with in respect of i ninic of. Persevere in. Prefix to. Quarrel mth. Reflect upon or on. Restore U). Smile at. Swervfe from. Think 0/ SYNTAX. 123 by the aplies, the (times it is before the are placed Such an inal style, )refer this id phrases pupil can !e. 2. The prepositions * among ' and * between * are frequently misapplied. • Between ' is used when there is reference to two objects or classes of objects ; • among> ' when there are moro than two ; as, He divided it between James and John. He d^ rided it arnong James, John and Henry. THE CONJUNCTION. Rule XV. — Co-ordinate Conjunctions unite simi- lar constructions ; as, He and / intend to go. He gave it him and me. Rule XVI. — Subordinate Conjunctions connect dependent with principal constructions; as, If I have erred, pardon me. 1. 'Than,' 'As.' — The case of the noun or pronoun after the conjunction— (1) 'than,' which follows comparatives, and the words 'else,' 'other,' 'otherwise,' and 'rather'; also— (2) after * as ' depends upon its relation to its own clause ; as, (a) I visit tiie doctor oftener than lie (visits.) Do, do. him (I visit him.) (6) He loves her as much as I (love her.) Do. do. me (he loves me. ) 2. Correlative Conjunctions. — Certain words in the antece- dent member of a sentence, require corresponding connectives in ^he subsequent one ; thus, — (1) In clauses or words simply connected — Both requires and ; as, Both he and I came. Either or ; as. Either he or I will come. Neither nor ; as, Neither he nor I came. Whether or; as, Whether he or I came. Though yet ; as. Though he slay me, yet wiU I trust in Him. Not only — ; — hut also j as. Not only he hut aho his brother goes. (2) In clauses connected so as to imply comparison— Th£ comparative degree requires than ; as, He is taller than 1 am. Other requires tfian ; as, It is no other than he. Else than ; as, What else do you expect than this ? 124. As SYNTAX. ^0 iSo requires so (oxpresaing eqimlity) ; as, As thy day ia, «, ' shall thy strength be. as (with a negative expressing inequality) ; a«, He is not so learned as his brother. that (expressing consequence) ; He is so weak that he cannot walk. Such as (expressing simttarUy) . as. He or such as he. Suci' t/^at (expressing consequence) ; as, The change is such that any one may perceive it. THE rNTERJEOTIOir. Rule XVII —Interjections have no grammatical comiection with other words in a sentence; as, • Alasf poor Yoricli.* -^Shak. ^ Stern then and steel-girt was thy brow, Dun-Edin/ OJ how altered now.— /^coW. 1. After interjections, pronouns of the first person are com- monly m the objective case ; those of the second in the nomina- tive ; as, Ah me. /— thou ! 2. In neither of them, however, does the case depend on the interjection. The object is commonly thought to depend upon some word understood; thus, Ah [pUy] me /-Ah [what will hecome of] me ! The nominative form is commonly the ' indepen- dent by address. • thy day ig, so '.quality) : M, If. I 80 weak that such as he. ?he change is 'ammatical !e; as, t, Jon are com- the nomina- jpend on the lepend upon ti [what will lie 'indepen- ( f