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Tha laat racordad frama on aach microficha shall contain tha symbol —^(moaning "CON- TINUED"), or tha symbol V (maaning "END"), whichavar appliaa. Mapa, plataa. charts, ate. may ba filmad at diffarant raduction ratioa. Thoaa too iarga to ba antiraly inciudod in ona axpoaura ara filmad baginning in tha uppar laft hand comar. laft to right and top to bottom, as many framaa aa raquirad. Tha following diagrama illustrata tha mathod: L'axamplaira filmA fut raproduit grdca d la gin^rositA da: Medical Library McGill University Montreal Laa imagaa suivantaa ont iti raproduitas avae la plua grand soin. compta tanu da la condition at da la nattat* da l'axamplaira fiim«. at w conformity avac laa conditions du contrat da filmaga. Laa axampiairaa originaux dont la couvartura an papiar ast imprimte sont fiimis an commanpant par la pramiar plat at an tarminant soit par la darniira paga qui comporta una amprainta d'Impraaaion ou d'illuatration, soit par la sacond plat, salon la cas. Tous las autres axamplairas originaux sont filmte an commandant par la pramiAra paga qui comporta una amprainta d'imprassion ou d'iilustration at en tarminant par la darniira paga qui comporta una talla amprainta. Un daa symbolaa suivants apparaitra sur la damiAra imaga da chaqua microficha, saion la caa: la symbols —»• signifia "A SUIVRE ', la symbols V signifia "FIN". Laa cartaa. pianchas. tableaux, etc., pauvent atra filmte d daa taux da rMuction diffirents. Lorsqua la document eat trop grand pour dtre raproduit en un saul ciichd, il est filmA it partir da I'angia sup^riaur gauche, da gauche d droita, at da haut 9n baa, 9n prenant le nombre d'imagas nteassaira. Las diagrammes suivants illustrant la m^thoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ^ ows» ^^ K c/'-" 3 SOME LABORATORY NOTES ON PAPOID DIGESTION. BY Lecturer on Chemistry, McGILL UNIVERSITY. Reprinted from the " Canada Medical & Surgical Journal." February, 1888. Reprinted from thti Canada " Medical k Surgical Journal." February, 1888. A Paper read hi/ Du. KuTTAN lufoir the Montreal Medico Vhirur- gicaf Soiicti/, Die. 23rd, 1887, entitled .SOME LABORATORY ZSTOTES ON PAPOID DIGESTION. Bv K. F. KuTTAN, B.A., M.D., Lecturer on Chemistry, McGill University. Fov some time it has been kuowu that the stems, leaves aud unripe fruit of a plant called Carica ]m2)aya contain a ferment capable of digesting proteids. This plant is found in the East and West Indies and in South America. The natives of many lo calities where this plant is indigenous make a practice of rolling their fiesh meat in caraca leaves to make it tender and easier of digestion. From the juice of this plant Dr. Finkler of Bonn University has made an albuminous preparation containing the ferment, which is now attracting much attention under the name of Papoid. Wurtz, however, was the first to isolate the ferment, to which he gave the name of papain, aud ascribed to it certain definite and characteristic reactions. About 90 per cent, of commercial papoid is soluble in water ; the residue consists chi< fly of coagulated albumen. The solution contains globulin, but it is highly probable that the ferment is 4uite independent of this albuminoid, as the globulin may be precipitated, leaving in the solution a large part, if not all, of the ferment. As papoid contains the ferment papain and also some albumen on which it may act, care must be taken to keep it dry. The unsatisfactory results obtained by some in its use are no doubt duo to previous exposure of the sample to moisture. A solution of papoid will always give the peptone reaction on standing a few hours. The greatest diHerencos of opiixion have been expressed by different experimenters as to the conditions moat favorable to the activity of papoid. Albrocht (Srhmi) 04 " 96.0 *♦ Experiment III. — Pepsin in .3 per cent, hydrochloric acid and papoid in a neutral medium ; other conditions as bei'ore ; time 15 hours : Undigested fibrin Per cent, digested, Papoid (rt) 378 grm. 62,2 per cent. Papoid (b) 322 " 67.8 " Pepsin (a) 232 " 76.8 " Pepsin (b).... 281 " 71.9 " Experiment IV. — Papoid and pancveatin in 1 per cent, solution of sodium carbonate ; other conditions as before ; time 18 hours : Undigested fibrin. Per cent, digested. Papoid 37 grm. 63 per cent. Pancreatin 02 " 98 " 6 ExPEBiMKNT v.— Pivpuid iu .-' p«r cent, nolutiou of sodium ciir- boniilc ivud pancrciilin in u 1 per cont. solution ; other cou- .liliouH as in Exporiinont 1 ; time 20 hours: l/iidiyeiited fihrin. Pupoid i:5l gi»>- I'ancretitin 1-2 Per cent, digested. 8().U per ccut. 87. 3 " Experiment VI.— In order to determine the conditions under which papoid is most active, its action on I grm. of Hbrin iu the presence of different quantities of alkali was estimated with the following result ; time 18 hours : (/lid lycHted fibrin, Papoid 4- 1 per ct. Na^ CUs .4-4 gvm. Per rent, digested. .50 per cent. + f) " + 2 " in neutral solution. In 3 p.c. hydrochloric acid. .28 .12 .18 .96 72 88 82 4 Experiment VIL— The action of papoid in neutral solution on diphtheritic membrane compared with that of pe[isin : (a) Papoid digested completely .3 grm. of diphtheritic membrane in 20 hours. Pepsin had only partially dissolved the same weight of mem- brane at the end of 36 hours. (6) Papoid dissolved completely .n grm. of membrane in 23 24 hours. In these experiments a 5 per cent, solution of papoid or of pepsin was added to the undivided membrane, and the whole kept wet during the time specified. The menxbrane was reduced to a clear fluid jelly by papoid, but only partially attacked by the pepsin undei the same conditions. » Experiment VIII.— Does acid destroy the proteolytic action of papoid as it does that of trypsin ? To ascertain this, .2 grm. of papoid was added to 1 gramme of fibrin in a .3 per cent, solution of hydrochloric acid in duplicate. Both mixtures were made up to 50 cc. and left in the incubator for three hours. At that time one mixture was estimated and the other made faintly alkaline with sodium carbonate and left in the incubator for 13 hours longer. Tl.e ftoid mixture showed no aigo8tion,_no reaction in.licatin- poptoucw could bo obtftined. " At the end of 13 houvH the other mixture gave a ro.'iduo of 23 gnu., showing that 77 per cent, had been digested. The proteolytic ferment of papoid is therefore not destroyed by being kept in an acid medium for three hours at blood heat ; its action is only suspended. The conclusions to be drawn from these experiments are obvious. Papoid evidently contains a powerful proteolytic ferment whicn resembles trypsin both in the conditions under which it IS most active and in its mode of digestion. It corrodes .he librm, dissolving each piece away from the surface to the centre and does not gelatinize the whole mass like pepsin. Moreover,' one can readily obtain leucin in the products of di-'estion' Tyrosin could not be obtained by the writer, but its presence was determined by Dr. Martin, who worked with larger di-estiou mixtures. " Papoid, as shown in Experiment II, is quite inactive in small quantities in an acid medium of ..T per cent, hydrochloric acid A certani amount_.3 to 7 per cent, of the fibrin-was dissolved by It, but no true digestion occurred, as peptones in any quanfi'v were absent. • • ^ i j The results of Experiment VIII, however, show that although It IS inactive in acid its functions are only suspended, the ferment 18 not killed. This is interesting, in view of the frequent use of papoid for treatment of dyspepsia. If the stomach be normally acid, its activity will probably be suspended entirely • if, however, the acidity be very slight, papoid will probably act' Its greatest action, however, takes place in the small intestines" where the medium is alkaline or neutral. The ferment is most energetic in a faintly alkaline medium, about .2 per cent of sodium carbonate. J^apoid is especially useful for removal of diphtheritic mem- bnme. The conditions present in the pharynx are just those which retard the action of pepsin and pancreatin, but do not mtiuence papoid. The medium in which it is required to act is practically a neutral one and the temperature low, there is present besides, a lai-e excess of the products of digestion which does 8 not ntt'vd papoitl- indeed it is most ouergetic in a concentrated medium. Moreover, i)iii)oi