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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 /I' I^OWING IN AMERICA, B¥ ROBERT B. JOHIVSOIV, CONTAIMNO A TREATISE ON ROWING, TRAINING AND EXER- CISE, WITH ALL NECESSARY INFORMA- TION FOR AMATEUR AND PRO- FESSIONAL OARSMEN. ^ ALSO A HISTORY OP ROWING: ITS INTRODnCTTION AND DKTBLOPHENT IN AMERICA, BIOORAPniGAL SKETCHES OF PROMINENT OARSMEN, DESCRIPTION OF B0AT-BUirj)INO, DICTIONARY OF BOATINO TERMS, , '/ ■ \. ETC., ETC., WITH CONTRI- BUTI0N8 FROM WILLIAM BLAIKIE, JOSHUA WARD, 0. P. KUNHARDT, ROBERT BEN J. F. BRADY, STEPHEN ROBERTS, A. McC. DUNCAN, FULTON. MILWAUKEE. OOBBITT * JOairaOH, rVBUIBUS. UTl. ..^,JS!m M I (tV7 94 Kntcred. »o«ordlnf[ to Act of CongreM, In the ye»r ISTl, Bi UOBT. B. JOHNSON, In the Office of the Libr»rUn of Congress, at WMblnjton. ^:vr-^.;>' '•!:■" • t 'j^liai.'iMWlv. .. -. . , . .- ^,„A-.-l ->- ■J:,^-I^J>'* '".^.Sjrai ,s^-.^-t ' Ufcs'w*^'^* ***' '^ (tV7 96, •r ISTl, «biD7ton. M. .. .:,,x. ,, - . - . TO ; WILLIAM BLAIKIE, I BBNJ. P. BRADY, BOSTON. I NBW TOBK. Two honorable and honored American Amateur Club and College Oani- men, thli Work la inscribed, a* a (light recognition of their noble effort! in behalf of American Rowing, and as a mark of personal esteem, by THIS AUTHOR. 1 ;?\ \m Mif ■**-,■ -■•y*^ mimmsammm^ ACKNOWLEDGMENT. It is with the greatest pleasure that, in placing this Work before the Rowing Men of America, I am able to mention the names of a few who have cheerfully given all the assistance in their power, with no other reward than the knowledge of having done all that in them lay, to advance the cause of Rowing in America. If the "Work is not popular, it will not be because the Row- ing Men of the country neglected to try and make it so. To the following gentlemen, then, I return my sincere thanks as well as to a hundred others, some of whom I am not at, liberty to mention : — WILUAM BLAIKIE "<'•«"'> M*"" • BENJAMIN F. BRADY, New York City. JOSHUA WARD t"'"? u nl. STEPUKN ROBERTS Now York City. 0. P. KUNIIARDT,. -United Stale. Navy. J. II. GIRVIN. A;»'»"y> ^J- J. HARRY LEE Baltimore, Md. GEO. K. WRIGHT Milwaukee, Wl.. R. E. CLEMENS ^'^''' ^"'""" B. RUSSELL BERRY Milwaukee.Wls. A. MoO. DUNCAN, Savannah, Oa. PREFACE. ; this Work mention the isBistance in Igo of having f Rowing in ise the Row- it so. ncere thanks [ am not at, oaton, Mam. ' York City. nwBll, N. y. V York Cily. States tiavy. Ibany, N. Y. Itlmore, Md. raukee, Wis. ,Erle, Penn. vaukee,Wie. vannah, Oa. This littlo volumo, whoso object is to treat of Rowing, Training, Racing, Exoroiao, etc., in all their bearings, was ready for publication early last fall, but the parties with whom I had supposed a definite arrangement concluded for its publication, seeing fit to avail themselves of a very small hole through which to escape from their engagement, made it necessary to hold it over until the present time. The merely keeping back the publication of the Work, until this day, although a disappointment, would not be nearly so great, were it not that the delay has necessitated many changes in the arrangement of the matter, while some portions of the manuscript before intended for publication, have been left out entire, and others rewritten, making a task, which, much as I am devoted to the cause, I would ^villingly have escaped. While I am aware that many errors, j'l'St, from the nature and manner of its preparation, have c: ^pt into the Work, whether of theory or composition, or both, I must plead, as an excuse, that of John Locke, in the preface to his "Human Understanding:" "I will not deny but that, possibly, it might be reduced to a nar- rower compass than it is ; and that some parts of it might be contracted, the way it has been writ in, by catches, and many long intervals of interruption, being apt to cause some 6 I'KEKACK. ropctitifiriH. Hut to confess the truth, I am now too lazy, or too busy, to make it shorter." It has been saitJ that a fashion prevails, of late, with au- thors, in lieu of identifying the preliminary pages with the subject matter of the Work, to embody in them an apology for intruding, somewhat after the style of Mr. Paul Pry, and that the difficulty of disguising this under an "excuse" for publication amounts to more than the toils of authorship. The exception to this, says the same cynical authority, is to be found in the preface of an author who claims a philan- thropic motive for the publication of his book, while still an- other was forced to succumb to the entreaties of innumerable friends, and print his little collection. In my position, as author of this volume, I think I may be excepted, in both these degrees, from the above charge. .In the first, the ob- ject is to develop and encourage, among the youth of Ameri- ca, a love for exorcise, and more especially that of Rowing ; while, at the same time, it is a complete instructor upon everything pertaining thereto. In the second, although my friends were not so uncharitable as to urge mo to sacrifice myself upon the altar of literary ambition, in the manner re- ferred to, they yet accorded me such encouragement and as- sistance as led me to take the risk. Two years ago, a cer- tain Boat Club just organizing, desired to obtain a book which should teach them the proper system of Rowing and Training. They tried all the leading publishing houses, but no such Work was to be had. A little later, the Har- vard vs. Oxford Race, was about to take place, and innum- erable articles appeared in every newspaper in America, some stating that the Harvards did not pull an American "stroke," — others that they did. Some said that their "form" « PKr.tAcr.. too lazy, or ito, with au- Tfs with the 1 an apology aul Pry, and excuse" for thoinhip. authority, is iins a philan- rhilo still an- innumerablo position, as ited, in both first, the ob- th of Anicri- of Rowing ; itructor upon although my to sacrifice 10 manner ro- ment and as- 8 ago, a cer- btain a book Rowing and ihing houses, iter, the Har- I, and innum- in America, an American their "form" was diRcrcnt from flmt of the Knglishmen, and, just previ- ous to the rare, urticlen appeared in the prominent English journals, stating that " Harvard, at the last moment, adopts the Knglish " stroke." This, of course, with a view to pave the way to a possible defeat of the Oxfords. It was with these facts before me. and a knowledge that no special system of Rowing and Trnining appeared to be universally adopted in America, tjiat 1 undertook the task of writing a treatise on these subjects, and submitting thoni to the rowing fraternity of America. Boating has become so prominent among the recreative arts, in America, during the past few years, and interna- tional contests, giving rise to long and earnest discussion upon the relative merits of English and American training, have been so frequent that the want of some real American autliority has been severely felt, and. in this volume, 1 mod- estly lay claim to this authority. Wherever I have felt a doubt upon any point, I have not licsitated to consult the best authorities, before giving a posi- tive opinion, and where such authorities seriously conflict, I have advised a course that may be pur.'iued with safety. The contributions, by the gentlemen whose mimes accom- pany them, will add much of value to it, as they arc promi- nently known as boating men. In regard to the reliability of this Work, I can only say that, a year ago, I sent out circulars soliciting information and assistance, and that since that time, I have been in correspondence with the leading amateur and professional oarsmen on this side of the Atlan- tic, most all of whom have assisted we in many ways, and whose views upon these subjects can be traced, in various parts of the volume, by those acquainted with them. 1 H I'llKKARH. I at first intoiidotl, and litul jjrt'imrt'd, an &w,mui of all the prominont llacoH iu tlii? history of American Rowing, liuttht'Ho I have cut down to a hmuiU (lompaM, upon tho ad- vice of loading oaramon, aH tlic record would only bo com- plete to the date of publiention. I had also a history of all tho Clubs in AiTierica, wliich would have been publisliod, had tho Work appeared in time ; but I now tlirow them out. re- luctantly, as a catalogue is being jjrepared by a prominent boat-building firm, which will give them in full. In conclusion, I must bog that tho oarsmen of America bo not too critical in their examination of tho Work, but, taking tho will for tho deed, accept It as tho offering of one who de- sires to do what he can for the cause of American Rowino. ROBERT B. JOHNSON. MiLWAUKEB, March Ist, 1871. •ii ;i>unt of uU in llowiiig, pon tho ad- jly bo com- iatory of all bliHliod, had cm out, ro- 1 proiuinont America bo but, taking one who do- KV Rowing. HNSON. <^efk-J^M'--''^-f- I: ■n EXERCISE, ITS RBLATION TO HEALTH. However great may have been the advances of tlie mod- erns in science, and in multiplying the resources of art, they are still inferior to the ancients (more particularly the Greeks and Romans) in a knowledge and practice of tho union of physical with mental culture. Until of late years, there seemed to be no medium be- tween, on the one hand, an almost total seclusion of youth to the sacrifice of their health and bodily vigor, and on the other, a constant addiction to rough sports, to the neglect of all intellectual and moral improvement. If the youth, at school or college, indulged in exercise, it was either irregu- lar, forced, and violent, or so unnatural as to deform and re- tard the growth of the whole body, by the too exclusive use of a single limb. Looking at the subject in a medical light, it may be con- sidered a doubtful point, whether all the resources wliich chemistry has now placed at the disposal of a physician, in such a variety, of the most powerful mineral preparations and active principles of vegetables, are not counterbalanced by a neglect and ignorance of the combined power of regimen and methodical, yet varied exercise, on which many of the ancients laid such emphasis, and in the employment of which they were so often successful. 12 EXSRCISK. It is generally thought sufficient, with us, to cultivate the mind by written and oral instruction, and leave the body to rust or waste, as individual caprice may prompt. Every reader of history knows that the Greek and Roman youth were treated after a very different method. Strength of body and endurance of fatigue, were not then thought in- compatible with easy and graceful movements, finished de- livery in speech, and the sublimest speculations in philo- sophy. The education of the Greeks ( the Lacedaemonians ex- cepted) consisted of four principal branches, viz: The gymnastic exercises, letters, including oratory and philoso- phy, music and painting. The Gymnasia were schools for all manly exercises, to give robustness to the frami . and to preserve it iu the plentitude of health, while at the same time, it became the bettei pre- pared to endure the fatigues and privations of war. The five principal exercises practiced in these establishments, and subsequently in the national games, or festivals, were run- ning, wrestling, boxing, throwing the discus, or quoit, and leaping. To these, it is claimed by some, should be added the contest for the javelin. Not only was muscular power increased l)y these means, but the senses were rendered more acute, and the facQities for acquiring knowledge, through these important, and, indeed, only channels, were greatly increased. The connection between the efforts of the mind, and feats of bodily strength and agility, was formally ac- knowledged, not only in the practices of some of the most distinguished statesmen and philosophers of antiquity, but also in the fact of prizes being disputed in the Olympic games, for history, poetry and eloquence, as well as for the exercises already mentioned. Herodotus recited the nine books of his ^ EXERCISE. 18 cultivate tlio the body to ipt. Every ionian youth Strength of I thought in- finished dc- )na in philo- Ecmonians cx- , viz: The and philoso- reiscs, to give be plentitude e bettei pre- )f war. The ishnients, and la, were run- or quoit, and uld be added iscular power endered more edge, through were greatly i of the mind, s formally ac- j of the most mtiquity, but lympic games, • the exercises e books of hiB history at these games, and Sophocles is said to have expired through py, at receiving a poetical prize at them. Gymnastics has been defined : " The art of regulating the movements of the body, in order to develop its strength, to improve its agility, its pliancy, and its powers ; to preserve or re-establish health, it is intended, in fact, to enlarge the moral and physical faculties." Gymnastics maybe studied under several points of view, such as in reference to the means and processes employed, its application to the study r.f the Olympic games, and military exercises, and finally, its uses in hygiene and therapeutics, or to the preservation of health and cure of disease. Herodicus has been regarded as the founder of medical gymnastics, although Galen refers to Esculapius, as one of long anterior date, who gave directions on this head. Herodicus, by following his own maxims of exerciso, from being a valitudinary, became healthy and robust. He has been accused of being somewhat empirical in his directions ; and it was left for his pupil, Hipocrates, to give method and consistency to this branch of the healing art. The latter recommends gymnastic exercises in many parts of his treati- ses on diet and regimen. Celsus, his imitator and admirer, was very particular in pointing out the gymnastics applicable to the diseases of which he speaks. Galen, in his dififerent works, gives precepts on the appli- cation of methodical exercise. But the object of this intro- duction is not to urge a resort to gymnattics, or any special form of exercise, so that it be " exercise," and not an " air- ing," which some people are in the habit of taking every week, perhaps, every day, no matter which, in a close ba- rouche or other vehicle, which does not do them as much V \'i 14 BXEIlCtSE. good as if thoy were to reolino for an hour in a pitch-pi no coffin, as the surroundings in the latter position might possi- bly soften the heart, while those of the former would not cer- tainly toughen the body. The vanity of parents, by which they urge their children to excessive exercise of their mental faculties — that is, of the brain, is either productive of inflammation of this organ, ending in death, or throws it into such a state of lassitude as to give rise to mental imbecility, perhaps, downright idiocy, in after life. G rown and aged persons are too apt to forget that confinement in a close room, and continued application of the mind to one subject, for hours, which they allow them- selves, though not always with impunity, cannot be practiced by children whose organs, muscular and nervous, that is, of locomotion and sensation, require continued variety and space, and fresh air. Every part in the young is growing and impressible, and every part must receive its due propor- tion of stimulus and exercise. Without fresh air, and indulgence in bodily sports, respir- ation cannot be fully performed. Of course, the blood can- not undergo the changes which fit it for carrying nutrimental matter adapted to the wants of the several parts of the sys- tem, such as earthly matter to the bones, fibrin to the mus- cles, and so on. Digestion, of necessity, becomes impaired. The external senses are all in a state of forced inactivity, except, perhaps, the eye ; and this, instead of being exercised in looking at the innumerable objects in nature, is being ground down in attempting to read small print. A lack of sufficient bodily exercise is not only prejudicial to the mind and future usefulness and greatness, but it injures the health and destroys, irredeemably, the natural cheerfulness of early KXRRCISE 15 a pitch-pi tio might possi- eould not cor- thcir children :hat is, of tlie ' this organ, f lassitude as nright idiocy, apt to forget jd application y allow them- t be practiced is, that is, of variety and ig is growing 8 due propor- sports, respir- le blood can- g nutrimental ts of the sys- 1 to the mus- les impaired, ed inactivity, iing exercised ure, is being t. A lack of [ to the mind res the health Iness of early life, making it, l)y cruel anticipation, a depository of tlie anxieties and despondency of old ago. On the advantage of exercise in the open air, people are generally agreed ; but false theory, indulgence, excessive thirst after riches and literary renown, present so many ob- stacles, in the way of giving to this opinion more than the force of an abstract truth, that the majority of mankind suf- fer from neglect of a habit, — that of walking, — which it is in the power o£ nearly all to practice. We run with avidity, after dormant balances, steel and whalebone splints and the like, under the expectation of getting a little support for a weak back, or to correct a pro- pensity to stoop, or to lean a little to one side. But we re- ceive coldly, a demonstration of success, in correcting these infirmities, by the simple and natural process of exercise, and the consequent strengthening of the muscles of these parts, which, together with the ligaments, are the true sup- porters and bracers of the back bone. Out-door exercise can- not, with us, be so active, persistent, and varied, as in (xreat Britain, France and Germany, as there are few coun- tries in the world in which so marked a difference prevails between the temperature of winter and that of summer, as in the United States. These, it is true, embrace a diversity of climates, and yet the remark just made, applies to all the States in the Union, except the extreme Southern ones. So vivid a contrast between these seasons, requires of the inhabitants, a mode of living and stylo of dress, and even intellectual efforts, strongly contrasted. Wo ought, in the summer, to adopt all the precautions of even a rigid hygiene, but in the winter, to use a more substantial and nutritive aliment, in conjunction with numerous sports and athletic ifHS'TS^:: 16 BXERClBt'. cxerciscK, aR well to give present vigor as to prevent future disease, and a freedom from languor and debility may be ex- pected the following summer. Many of these will bo the more beneficial by being voluntarily had recourse to without the entreaties of friends or the formal advice of a physician. If the youths who glory in the excitement of an English game of "hockey," known in America by the homely name of "shjnney" could persuade their dyspeptical fathers and nervous mothers to walk out and witness their exhibitions, and occa- sionally to extend their walks around the water course or rivers, or around the ponds, which are the theatre for the display of agility and address in skating and sliding, these latter worthy personages would be more willing to retire to bed betimes ; would sleep sounder, and would awake in the morning with a less feeling of the horrors, than some of them are wont to complain of. But, more's the pity, this is not the case. Practice and experience are words of great power in the social concerns of life, and give their possessors much, and merited influence, over others less practiced and less ex- perienced. But feeling the deficiencies which kept themselves in ignorance of much that is useful and profitable in this life, are men sufiiciently alive to the means of protecting those over whom they have charge, from the sinister influences, which, in earlier life, may have pressed on them. The whis- perings of vanity are more readily listened to than the sug- gestions of wisdom, and the health of a child is oftentimes sacrificed to the love of exhibition in a parent. But it is not necessary to dwell any longer upon the criminal system, now so prevalent, of cooping up and restraining children in their desire, which is a natural and common one, to all creatures, to exercise the physical faculties which God has given them. m I V up cer thr of of tal cm hu he mc In is I tiv of pn les exi KXEIlOIfiE. 17 event future y may bo ex- will bo the 3 to without a physician, f an English raely name of B and nervous ns, and occa- ter course or eatro for the sliding, these g to retire to awake in the some of them ;y, this is not ' great power isessors much, I and less ex- ipt themselves tie in this life, )tccting those ter influences, 1. The whis- than the sug- is oftentimes But it is not 1 system, now ildren in their I all creatures, IS given them. I will allude, in a few brief lines, to the position of a grown up boy, or young man, at college. Wo here find the adoles- cent, hardly more gifted in the use of his senses and linib.«, than the child. He learns the various figures of speech, tlie l)cautics of classic authors ; but is often ignorant of the division of the kingdoms of nature, or of the dass of the vege- tables which furnish his daily food. lie goes into tho country, without even a knowledge of the implements of husbandry, still less of the way to handle them ; or, perhaps he goes on board a vessel, hardly knowing what a compass means, and fearful of climbing a few steps up the rigging. In fine, the well educated youth, as ho from college is sometimes called, enters the world unfitted to take an ac- tive part in its concerns, to appreciate the merits and wants of his fellow citizens, to aid or counsel them in any one practical enterprise or useful labor. And whence this help- lessness, this grown childliood? Mainly from a want of natural exercise. The object of exercise is to secure that vigor of body, which is indispensable to the performance of other duties, and that permanent strength of constitution, without which there is little hope of happiness or usefulness. It is justly regarded as the basis of success in other branches of educa- tion, the only means of ensuring to the pupil the power of employing, in future life, the acciuisitions which he makes at so great an expense of time and labor. For those who have not felt the sad evidence of this in years of debility, it is sufficient to point to the numbers of literary men who are annually obliged to abandon their pursuits, either partially or entirely, because the body is incapable of sustaining the it .,^^^s#,«fe£it'!WB.i.diiibsk*.W4«i«»^ i 18 BXERCISH, mind in its efforts. They need only observe tlio inuUitu.lo of others who, with ample intellectual preparations, maintain with difficulty, an artificial and painful existence, and whoso physical debility prevents them from exploring the depths of science, and soaring to heights of speculation, which they feel to be within their grasp, but pant in vain to reach. Disease will generally come suddenly, violently, and fre- quently enough, even when we do our best to avoid it, but to take no measures to ward it off, and even to court it, as is HO often done, and in so many different ways, is criminal in the extreme. The summer season puts us of the northern and middle latitudes, in nearly the same physiological condi- tion in which the inhabitants of southern climates are, most of the year round. If wc would avoid disturbance and dis- ease, headache and continued thirst, feverish heat and actual fever, flu.shed skin, or one covered with eruptions, we must imitate these latter in their usual diet, and substitute vege- table for much of the animal food we consume in the winter, drink simple water, or this fluid slightly acidulated, or deriv- ing flavor from dried fruits. We should rise early and in- hale, when not in marshy districts, the morning air ; avoid the hot noon and afternoon sun ; use the tepid or warm bath in the middle of the day, or in the evening, if the dinner has been very simple and light, and taken at an early hour. They who awake in the morning with a hot skin and active circulation, may, with advantage, have recourse to the cold bath, or to sponging the surface with cold water. But if ex- cess of any kind has been indulged in the night before, whether in eating or drinking, or dancing, till a very late hour, the cold bath ought to be omitted and the tepid or warm bath substituted for it. K:(KnciHK. 19 vo tlio multitutlo •ations, inuintaiii Mice, ami wliosu )riiig the depths tion, which they in to reach, olcntly, and fre- to avoid it, but to court it, as is •s, is criminal in of the northern ysiohigical condi- limatcs are, most :urhancc and dis- 1 heat and actual uptions, we must substitute vege- ,me in the winter, idulatcd, or deriv- rise early and in- Drning air; avoid !pid or warm bath , if the dinner has it an early hour. it skin and active ourse to the cold water. But if cx- the night before, », till a very late I and the tepid or 'JEf !'-"?^^t ' '• Health, to bo won, must be like maidens fair, and stately dames, diligently sought. A person ignorant or negligent of all the ruli'S of hygiono may for ii time retain comfortable liodily feelings — so will occasionally an eccentric beau, a " bete farouche " of a man, attract female regard, perchance love ; but both are surely trying critical experiments ; and, it must bo admitted that the rules of Cornaro in the first, and of Chesterfield, on Politeness, in the second instance, arc much safer and pleasantcr of general application. Country air is very grateful, refreshing and invigorating ; but it does not shield a person against a country sun at noon, or chilling dews at midnight. Drinking mineral water and sea bathing are often admirable recuperative agencies, but they are not anti- flotes against the eifects of gormandising, drinking freely of strong liquors at dinner, or heavy suppers, late hours and dancing. Rural scenes gladden the mind, and by imparting cheerfulness, improve the health ; but their influence will not extend through the walls and closed doors of a fashionable hotel, however romantic and picturesque a country it may be in ; nor will rouge, artificial flowers, and the German, even in such places, be substitutes for the fresh breeze fanning the cheek, flowers in all their native bloom, and variegated colors, gathered by the party himself, and a gallop on a docile steed, or a row on a placid stream. Fortunately, however, within the last year, since the opening of railroad communication with Colorado and Nevada, has placed it within the power of all to avail themselves of the healthful air and pure water of these mountainous territories, those who can be benefitted by these agents, can find them here, and at the same time will live on plain, pure fare, which is far from being the case at the water cures, so-called. 20 EXBRCIXE. The liypochoiidriiiP, whether from imloloneo or the oppress- ive cares of business nr study, or disiippointed love, (a pos- sible though not very probHl)le ease), will not recover the tone of his spirits by merely going into the country and visit- ing a watering place, and while there, spending his mornings ill a billiard room, and his evenings in flirting, witli the little interludes of yawning over a novel, or talking politics after dinner. Change of jilace, to be beneficial, by restoring the body to healthful vigor, and the nnnd to its lost equanimity and cheerfulness, must be aided by the rules of hygiene, which are little else than common sense experience, eating and drinking, sleep and exercise, in such measure and times, as the majority of those not perverted by vicious indulgence nor excessive love of lucre and fame, have ever most gener- ally adhered to. Two of the chief means by which Hygiea dispenses her l)enetits, to those of her votaries who visit min- eral springs and watering places generally are bathing, and drinking the waters of the famed f(junt. The benefits from the first, or liathing, are mainly referable to ablution, and the effects depending on the temperature of the bath, rather than to any mineral impregnation in the water. Of course, the citizen, doomed to keep the limits, can as well enjoy the bath, as he who climbs the Alleghany, or immerses himself in the waters of the Atlantic ocean. What are called medicinal baths may, indeed, from the influence of faith, pro- duce wonderful results in the same manner as miracles have been wrought in periods of superstition, at fountains which have been hallowed by some patron saint. Their natural efli- cacy was improved by their supernatural reputation. They were really salutary because they were supposed to be sacred. ■; - cfeg— y- KXKUCISK. l\ c or the oppress- ed love, (a pos- not recover the Duntry uixl visit- ing his mornings g, witii the little ,ng polities after l»y restoring the I l&i^eKJ,3>'«S^-^r^^->-5*'?5*^^' ■ isch? ^''' ■i'^ j»'7'-*a---tf 6ia^^(pn3y«i#fP*^ « Rowiixg as an Exercise. •.•j::^i?i^^v&^^^^p^^^''f^ jS>iiSii-.u!ii;. .iiS^asa®j(E«s«Sias& . -' '."An'-^'«i-':M^^'^-r'-*^-<'^^*'^^Si^i^^^Sf^S':^' ROWING AS AN EXERCISE. There arc those people who are always endeavoring to make use of everything or anything, which may. if even in the most insignif cant manner, serve to introduce them to public notice. Some go about lecturing upon all the sensational topics <.f the day; others, of the senatorial class, endeavor, by introducing some law, teeming with wise provisions and sug- gestions, (so they think,) to win public favor, as a modern Cincinnatus ; while the Divinity class, many of them, use what little ability nature has endowed them with, to the end „f combining the sensational, political and social doctrines of the day, with a few moral deductions from Scripture, and giving this from tlic pulpit, with the title of a discourse, as t^ie Lord's Word, which is to be the support of their hear- ers in their hour of darkness; their food and drink in pover- ty ; and, in time of sickness, their guiding star to future glory. As to whether or not, this system ensures popularity to the preacher, it is only necessary to call to mind the leading Divines of the present day, whose "sermons" are either printed in full in pamphlet, or in synopsis in the public prints, as the el)ullitions of great minds, which shouhl be given to the " people "—at twenty-five cents a copy. ^Uieiiii.^. i^VeHUPWMl^^ i,,i«K;«fi!k^»tfei«»&- -M y.i.5,*,sV««.ic*«*B»*SiBtSS<»^- ^-^-"-^li^rJefcy ROWING AS AN EXERCISE. 27 SE. ndeavoring to lay, if even in duce thein to sational topics endeavor, by isions and sug- T. as a modern of tlieni, use ritli, to the end iocial doctrines Scripture, and a discourse, as of their hcar- drink in pover- star to future ;s popidarity to lind the leading ns " are either 9 in the public vhich shoubl be s a copy. There is another clas.s of would-be popular men, who en- deavor, to the best of their ability, which, fortunately, is not very great, to write down many of the harmless amuse- ments and recreations indulged in at the different seasons of the year. They anticipate an amount of public attention and favor, by exposing " the danger to health " of indulging in these "baneful" sports, fully equal to the popularity which the recreation, or sport itself, enjoys with the people. And it is only by constantly maintaining this howl of " danger to health" that they succeed in attracting any at- tention whatever, for many, who recklessly violate every day, the most vital laws of health, are greatly alarmed and distressed at the prospect of disease from a source whence it is scarcely possible for it to come. The recreation selected as the subject matter of this book, — that of Rowing, — has been several times assailed, in different countries, by writers vainly aspiring to prominence, as something to be indulged in, if indulged at all, with the extremest caution, because of the " danger to health " like- ly to result from a too frequent or incautious use of the oar. Such remarks as these, from men of intelligence, can only excite, in the minds of those wlio know their falsity, a feel- ing of contempt for their author. But there are those, poor souls, who will never exert themselves to the pitch of think- ing for themselves, but get all their ideas of " nature and of (rod," from what somebody else has said or written. As a natural consequence, they are obliged to either accept or re- ject, in toto, everything they read or hear, and in the in- stance of reading a condemnation of Rowing, and not having any written defense, they feel compelled to raise their voices against it. .va«JS{*aea«K»*!J*3*fci«* ^ r-^^^i-^^^'-x^^^ ,'t-)—-i=!lis*&SK»!S«3SS»?S^ ■ 2^ ROWING AS AN EXBRCI8E. It is not with a view of endeavoring to remove the preju- dices of this class, formed in this way, that I intend to say a few words upon tlie advantages of Rowing, as an exercise ; hut to endeavor to induce those who either take no exercise at all or if any, other and less beneficial exercise than Rowing, to resort to it. The act of Rowing, when properly performed, keeps the whole body in a state of active and invigorating exercise, the muscles of each limb being used in a manner well calculated to strengthen and develop them, while, with the chest expanded and the head well up, a healthy state ot respiration will be maintained, and the muscular power of the stomach and lungs cultivated and increased. ^^ A man in Rowing, takes his place upon the " thwart with hi. body erect and legs "at ease," resting against the "Stretcher ;" at the moment of "reaching," or " taking ns arms shoot out straight and stiff from his body, the hands hold- in. the handle of the oar with a firm grip. The oar is then dipped into the water, and the whole " body force " thrown upon it ; the legs being straightened out simultaneously with the bac'kward motion of the body, until the oar becomes para- alell with the body, when the entire muscular power of the arm is concentrated in a sudden but continuous semi-jerk to the finish. The swaying backward and forward of the body, while the legs and arms are in motion, cannot fad of strength- ening, in a wonderful degree, the chest, back and stomach ; and as for the arms and legs, there is no exercise or occupa- tion in which man was ever engaged, where so much natural " work " is done as in Rowing. With regard to the effects of Rowing, Dr. Fniser, of the University of Edinburgh, made a number of observations with a view to ascertaining the effects of Rowing on the cir- ROWINd AS AN EXERCIJiE. 20 ve the preju- entl to say a an exercise ; no exercise at an Rowing, to ■ly performed, I invigorating in a manner n, while, with ealtliy state of ular power of thwart " with ig against the • "taking," his the hands hold- The oar is then force " thrown Itancously with ,r becomes para- ower of the arm semi-jerk to the 1 of the body, fail of strength- : and stomach ; rcise or occupa- 30 much natural r. Fraser, of the of observations (wing on the cir- culation, experimenting for the purpose, upon the crew oi' one of the University boats. The " sphymograph" was used automatically to record the pulse movements, and apart from any intrinsic importance, his observations may prove of some interest, in relation to recent discussions on the probably in- jurious effects of Rowing. The observations were prolonged throughout the greater jiart of the period of training. The changes produced wore of an extremely uniform character, not only on the different occasions, but also with the differ- ent members of the crew. He presents, in Humphry's Journal of Physiology, wood cuts of the tracings of the pulse of the "stroke oar." The tracings all show that an extremely large quantity of blood is being circulated, with great rapidity. It is obvious that in the great majority of the functional and organic diseases of the vascular system such a position could not possibly be maintained. The au- thor concludes that the subjects of these diseases arc there- fore completely incapacitated i'or violent Rowing exercise, and cannot be in a position to be injured by it. It is possi- ble that the presence of incipient forms of disease in the vascular system, might altogether prevent such exercise from being undertaken; but, he believes that all such diseases may bo detected by the use of the " sphjmograph " in time to prevent further mischief; the examination being made immediately before the boat is entered, and a few minutes after a moderate " pull " has been indulged in. Very little mischief, however, I am of opinion, need ever be feared, in this direction, or from the source named, and if violent Rowing seriously disagrees with a man, he will soon find it out, he may rest assured ; and, moderate Rowing will not injure any man, woman, or child, who is able to lift If .~^.>5t':S5*^Vi<^'itaH#^^2i^S'>''*«i?^~ ■ 30 ROWINO AS AN KXBBCISE an oar, and that is all I have to say to the quacks who cry oui against it, as they would cry out against everything else, calculated to improve the physical condition of mankind. Just in proportion as the health of communities becomes better, their practice and income becomes loss, and they would prefer, when sure of good pay, to prescribe nos- trums for an individual the whole year round, rather than to advise good and frequent exercise and a christian mode of living. It would be impossible for any one to learn, from read- ing, about the benefits of Rowing, as an exercise. It must bo tried to be appreciated, and any one who has tried it a few times is prepared to admit that, as a health-giving, body- strengthening moral exercise, it has no equal. ^TaftOiwiM^**'«* icka who cry crything olso, of mankind, itios becomes ass, and they irescribe nos- , rather than hristian mode n, from road- jisc. It must has tried it a -giving, body- Morality of I^owing. ^fi|e^SiLj^^s!gKiVS?&iv:^>Xi^' -^a*ii!.-'-^Si>^*Sp^ i.tf*W^,^tr-r^;;il:^ftfiiS^.OT4i!E?ri^«>V.- mmm ,\} tJi th R tL sp ly ru un CI ve: rej 8e\ erj pal wii ■i^^iiffB™'WWiw5f ,-,i9»*a^yf«!«Hif«aiw*?*fc*^' sm( "f. if I "ti MORALITY OF ROWING. It will not be necessary to say a great deal upon this sub- ject to those who are acquainted with the manner in which the amateur boat clubs of America are managed, and for those who are not, and are of opinion that the practices of Kowmg and dissipation are concommittants, I should advise the perusal of the " Constitution and By-Laws " of a..y re- spectable association in the country. Almost every regular- ly organized Boat Club, or Crew, has the most stringent rules, prohibiting the introduction of liquor in any shape, or under any circumstances, into the boats or boat-house of the Club. The Captains of all crews maintain the strictest sur- vedlance over their men, and any breach of regulations, in regard to the use of liquor or tobacco, costs the offender a severe trial. A course of dissipation, or even the most mod- erate use of alcohol and narcotic stimulants, is just as incom. patable with training f„r Rowing as shaking dice would be with the professions of a candidate for holy orders. No oarsman in the country would be so foolish as to engage m an aquatic contest at the same time that ho was smoking his half dozen cigars, and drinking his regular •'four-fingers " of gin and milk every day, and if he is, or If a crew are, and have to "pull" against men who have " trained and abstained," they will learn, to their cost, that -^^j^^^^ess^iSipiiaassmsmm'i''*^^^ "f*«^ k' :5l VOllAI.rrV OK llOWIM!. in order to be u Hucce.s.ful oarsnuu.. a n,an nu.st .xercim, often uixl keep cU-nn. It iH true, as has l-ren state.l in another ,.ort.on o th.« ,„oU,thatn.anyoarsnK.naoinanl,einai.l,utn.n.«^^ the intervals bot.eeu raees, hut tins .s no n.orc t he .ha g ed to training than it vouhl he to a tenM>oranec pledge, h t,,ey hee« hound hy one lor the san.e length of tnne 1 U'tion is not .hat n.en do when out of tra.n.ng but .h^> L training; and. in reply to the inauiry: " Arc the sur- roundings of a man in training ealeulated to n,ure b n morally!" I answer, most emphatically, no.-hut, on the elrary. according to the experiences of all t« and a" n,cn who have been trained, they are calculated to elevate and improve bis moral condition in the highest degree T is fact of constantly exercising, of ^aUy bat .ng and purifying the body, of eating nothing but good heaUby food, of keep' g regular hours for going to bed and r.s.ng. .s sure t benefit the mind and purify the soul, making happier and better christians of all who follow it. a .1 I lis me Kri Imv urcl torj wer usee by I the may navj OtllP the] prot num «* -- -r;^i :iii4i«S5«>Si&««»«>«B<'»j«»*-*"**''' js^fTstsss'rs'p^ss'T?? i KOWINO AXOFKNT AND MODKRN. If not an i.npos.iMo. it woul.l he atloa«t a .liffioult, a. well - prcfitloas task, to attempt to como at the preeiHO antiqui- ty of Rowing. * (Wtain it is. however, that the oar wan use.l an an inntru- ".ent w>th w Wh to propel ships, I„ng before the Christian Kra, and, although as a .natter of course, great in.provements have been n,a,le since that time, in ship-building and naval architecture, generally, as near as we can ascertain from his. tory, the oars used by X-orxes. over two thousand years ago were es«ent.ally of the same style as the flat-baded '-sweep " used at the present day. They were used in various ways y the anc.ents. amongst whom the Athenians were perhaps the most proficient and skillful in the use of the oar if we may judge from the success which attended many of their naval battles Sometimes they were used as paddles, and at oth.rs as sweeps, projecting from port-holes in the sides of the boat; the rower being concealed from view, for his bettor protection, as good oarsmen were scarce, and only a certain number wcjp educated in the use of the oar ' fss^r-'j?. WMi^l^^^iHil^*^'^''^^*''^^'^''''"'^'''^''^ 38 BOWING ANCIENT AND MODEKN. In the battle of Salamis, between the Greeks and Per- sians, about the year four hundred and eighty, before Christ, we are told that the Greeks employed a fleet of three hundred and eighty ships, requiring, it would seem, a con- siderable number of rowers. The Persians had a much larger fleet, but were miserably defeated in the battle, owing, it is said, to their being very much inferior to the Greeks, in naval skiU. Now, naval skill, af that time, as at the pre- sent, consisted in the rapid and effective evolutions of a ship, in movements offensive and defensive; and, as the Greeks showed themselves so much the superiors of the Persians, as well as of mopt other nations at that time, in that branch of art, it is only fair to concede to them the honor of being the champion oarsmen of their day. The Romans, at this period, and for several centuries after, were -ery backward in their acquaintance with nauti- cal affairs generally, but having at about the year two hun- dred and sixty, (B. C.,) determined to conquer Sicily," they set about acquainting themselves, somewhat, with the art of building and managing a ship. But they could not hope to contend successfully against the Carthaginians, who were, or would bo. their rivals, if the Romans succeeded in building a fleet, but who were now possessed of a powerful naval force, under the command of skillful mariners. The Romans, however, were never daunted by difficulties, and determined to make the best description of craft possible, under the circumstances. Fortune, at this time, as at many previous and subsequent ones, smiled upon them : a Cartha- ginian ship-of-war happened to be cast away on the coast of Italy, and with this for a model, in the space of sixty days from the time the timber was cut, they had a fleet of one K. i reeks and Tcr- eiglity, before il a fleet of three lid seem, a con- ns had a much he battle, owing, to the GreekB, ttc, as at the prc- ilutions of a ship, , as the Greeks the Persians, as in that branch of onor of being the several centuries itance with nauti- ho year two hun- nqucr Sicily," they it, with the art of could not hope to lians, who were, or edcd in building a iverful naval force, nted by difficulties, on of craft possible, is time, as at many m them : a Cartha- vay on the coast of }pace of sixty days had a fleet of one ROWINO— ANCIENT AND MODEKN. 39 hundred and thirty sail afloat. Meanwhile the ships were bm d,ng, those who had been selected as rowers were oblig- ed to ..practice their art seated on benches, erected for the purpose on the land." This was certainly an original and novel method of teach- ing men the art of Rowing, and whether it was an effective means or not, history does not state; but the llomans, al- hough courageous and self-reliant, were yet not rash enough to venture a battle with the Carthaginians, upon what, under other crcumstances. would have been equal terms, but which now, m consideration of the much more extensive ex- pcnenoc of the latter upon the water, rendered them greatly superjor to the former, resorted to an ingenious, and, as the «cquel proved, a successful device to conquer their enemies. They constructed what they termed a '.crow." which was. in fact, nothing more nor less than a modern pile-driver, with •■' long arm, and placed this, or one of these, for they had a number of them, i„ the bow of each of their ships, and when the enemy came to close quarters, this was sprung over he boat, usually sinking the\raft and leaving its occupants at the mercy of the victors. The Carthaginians observed these instruments i„ the boats of their antagonists, but only laughed at them, not thinking that they were so easily outwitted on their own element The Romans gained a decided victory, and were afterwards, as history shows, quite a powerful nation upon the water. Caesar, himself, we have good reason to believe, would have been lost upon the Adriatic, while pursuing Pompey mto Greece, had it not been for the skill of his at- tendants, who rowed the boat safely to shore. We are told that when Antony was at Tarsus, in Cilicia, he summoned 40 IIOWINO — ANCIUNT AND MODKKN. 10 (jleopatra to his presence. Having murdered hor brother, she was now sole ruler of Egypt, and reveled in the most ex- travagant luxury. At the mouth of the rivfer Cydmus. she entered her barge, the deck of which was adorned with gold, and its sails were purple. The oars, of which there were about twenty, were set with silver, and the rowers kept time to the sound of flutes and lyres. The Queen, dressed like a goddess, reclined beneath an awning embroidered with gold, while boy ts adorned like cupids, sat fanning her. Her female attendants were around her, in the habits of graces and the nereides, or sea-nymphs, and costly spices and perfumes were burned before her. The figure-head of her barge repre- sented a draggon's head, and was most elaborately carved. The mastf, of which there were two, were surmounted by golden crowns, and the entire craft was constructed and adorned in a style surpassing description. When the news of her approach reached Tarsus, it is said that all the people crowded to see her, and history says that Antony was left sitting alone on his tribunal in the market place. He«ent to invite the Queen to supper, but she in- sisted that he shoidd come and sup with her, which he did, trying afterwards, in vain, to equal the magnificence of her entertainment. Perhaps no person befor^ or since, has ever gone Rowing in such state as this Queen ; and, certainly very few of our oarsmen, upon "barge days," propel their craft to the music of "flutes and lyres." So that, although we have some very handsome barges amongst our clubs now-a- days, we can scarcely hope to equal that of "the pompous dame of Egypt. " The oars made use of, on that occasion, were of very moderate length, and tapered from the end of the blade, o P 0> ROWING ANCIENT AND MODERN. 41 hor brother, the most ex- Cydinus, she led witli gold, ih there were rers kept time dressed like a •ed with gold, Her female graces and the and perfumes jr barge repre- irately carved, lurmounted by mstructed and irsus, it is said story says that in the market per, but she in- , which he did, aificence of her • since, has ever I, certainly very opel their craft it, although we ur clubs now-a- f "the pompous I, were of very i of the blade. which was encircled by a 'silver band, to the handle, whicli was almost oval and handsomely tasseled. It is fuir to pre- sume that speed was not so much the object as display, in the "get up" of the barge. The Scandinavians, and Northmen generally, appear to have been rather behindhand, for many centuries, in all that related to the ar.t of boat-building ; for, we find them as late as (A. D.) nine hundred and sixty, making conquests of surrounding islands, in ships of the most unwieldly model, propelled by oars, looking, for all the world, like modern soup ladles, oidy that the handle merged gradually into the ladle portion, instead of being distinct from it. They were, however, skillful and fearless navigators, and understood thoroughly the use of their craft, and made many valuable conquests and discoveries. ,? Gradually the intercourse of the nations became more ex- tensive, carrying, as a consequence, civilization throughout Europe and the North. Each nation, emulous of its neigh- bor, put forth every effort to increase its possessions, and thereby its wealth ; and, as a consequence of this condition of things, the art of ship-building was fostered and develop- ed. By the year 1500, such progress had been made in ship-building and navigation as warranted the undertaking of the longest journeys by sea, and at this period, as wo know, it attracted more attention, in consequence of the dis- covery of the New World, than at any previous one in the world's history. Almost as late as the Sixteenth Century, some of the ships of Portugal, which was then a great maritime nation, were propelled mainly by large sweeps, canvass, as a matter of course, being used in conjunction therewith. The oars, or ' u If II 42 KOWINQ ANCIENT AND MODERN. more properly, sweeps, used at tlus time, were of good model, but, of necessity, very largo and heavy, to suit the service for which they were made. Many of the severest and most important battles were fought upon the water, and vic- tory, in almost all cases, was achieved mainly through su- perior seamanship, so that the safety and independence of the principal nations depended upon the " availability " of its ships and sailors. We have no means of knowing at what precise date tho crew were mustered who first " manned the capstan " or " spliced the main-brace ;" but, whoever they were, to them we give credit for having been the first to introduce a system of practical and successful boat rowing in crews. By this I mean that Rowing iu Crews, as practiced now among boat- ing clubs, had its origin in the navy, where, from almost the earliest history of all regularly organized navies, down to the present time, regular crews of men have been detailed to "pull" the various small boats carried by men-of-war. An officer has at all times accompanied crews in their expedi- tions in small boats, taking command, and usually acting in the capacity of Coxswain. It required, of course, that intelligi- ble orders should be given to the men, in order to insure promptness and expedition in the execution of all commands ; therefore it is, that the various orders now used in the dif- ferent navies were gradually adopted and retained. > They were all common-sense, and simple enough, and, for the most part, very appropriate. In many, and in fact, all the battles fought upon the sea, much of success depended upon the skill and efficiency of boats' crews in boarding and grappling. They were often obliged to "pull" their boat through a rough sea, exposed to a galling fire, which they ROWING — ANCIENT ANU MODBRN. 43 were of good y, to suit the ;he severest and water, and vic- ly through su- ndependenco of liability " of its recise date tho le capstan " or jr were, to them oducc a system ews. By this )w among boat- rom almost the 08, down to the sen detailed to en-of-war. An 1 their expedi- Uy acting in tho !, that intelligi- order to insure all commands ; ised in the dif- lined. * < ' lough, and, for md in fact, all ccess depended 1 boarding and ill" their boat ire, which they could not return, and after having reached the enemy's ship to board and endeavor to capture it. It is little wonder then, that the Art of Rowing, born and fostered in the navy, should make rapid progress, and that after Northern barbarism had been superseded by European civilization, and the recreative arts had been transplanted from their birth place in the classic hills and valleys of an- cient Rome and Greece to the Continent of Europe, Rowing should be taken hold of and encouraged as an art, which, although so little knowirin the days of the Caesars, was des- tined to rank first in the arts of the physical world. As Europe became populous and wealthy, recreation became the privilege of a large class of people, and the Continent being so liberally supplied with fine rivers and bays, naturally, boating was resorted to as the recreation affording most profit to health, and, as a consequence, an interest was taken in it among the upper classes, making it a popular and refined ex- ercise, which it has been ever since, and is likely always to remain. • England, particularly, although not on the Continent, has, from the earliest times, always nourished and encouraged among its people a fondness for athletic sports, and that she has been well repaid is seen in the vigorous character of her people, who have not, however, " cultivated their muscle at the expense of their brain," as the wonderful genius of her statesmen amply testifies. Rowing has, in England, taken the precedence of all other sports ; victory, with the oar, has brought to many a man there, as much glory and honor as triumphing over his fel- lows, in class competition, has to many another. The Eng- lish people appear to take naturally to active out-door exer- cise ; whether this arises from the nature of the climate, or 44 ROWING — ANCIBNT AND MODKRN I L, from some other cause, it is diflBcult to (lotormine ; but, cer- tain it is, they enter into their national sports heart and soul. The real cause, however, is probably to be traced to the age of Chivalry, when feats of agility and boldness often won for d man knighthood and the favor of royalty. America, from the mixed nature of its population, and from other causes, has had no such national characteristics engrafted into the lives of its people. It has, liowever, cul- tivated to a certain degree of perfection, all the recreative arts, and the imputation of being a "puny American" is fast becoming " played out." The Art of Rowing prospered in England; tho people took hold of it as a genuine means for the cultivation of both the physical and mental powers of man ; they encouraged it to such an extent, that it was adopted as "the" sport in the Colleges and Academies, wherever water could be found in sufficient quantity to practice it. The annual contest be- tween the two leading Colleges has become more popular with each repetition, and it is now safe to say that it equals, in intensity of excitement, the "Derby Day." In the United States, also, although not for so long a time, we have had annual contests upon the water between rival Clubs connected, for the most part, with Colleges in the Eastern States. Much as has been said about the little attention that has been paid to exercise or sport in the United States, in past years, when it is taken into consideration that until within a comparatively few years, most of our cities were very new, and that the wealthy class was very small and scattered, it is astonishing to note the attention that was paid to Rowing, and the number of flourishing Boat Clubs that were formed KOWING — ANCIENT AND MODERN. 46 I) ; but, cer- art and soul, id to tbo ago iften won for ulation, and liaraoteristics lowover, cul- ' le recreative mcrican " ia tho people ation of both mcouraged it sport in the be found in contest bo- nore popular hat it equals, y." In the a time, we )etween rival lieges in the tion that has tates, in past t until within rere very new, scattered, it is d to Rowing, t were formed in far off western towns, (at that time,) when " time was money," indeed," and little of it could be spared for any but necessary recreativi. Amongst the many thousands who were constantly migrating from Eastern States to the Great West, were some who were devotedly attached to the Art of Rowing ; and the influence and example of these, add- ed to the natural fitness of the magnificent Lakes and Rivers with which the country is blessed, to the prosecution of acquatic sports, gradually cultivated a taste for them among the people, which has ever been on the increase, and well organized Clubs, occupying well built houses and owning handsome "shells" and boats, of all classes, can now be found in almost every city and town. The West may, per- haps, make Ipss ado about her sports than some other sec- tions of the country, but she is none the less active or pro- ficient in them. Rowing occupies a place in American sports, to which none other can ever attain, and is of itself a refining and refined exer- cise, worthy of, and happily also receiving a large share of attention from the whole American people. I would wish to claim for Rowing everything that can be claimed for it, by even its most enthusiastic admirers, but I will not, as many have, go so far as to classify Rowing as a science. AJi human knowledge is said to consist of sciences and arts, and it is sometimes, if, indeed, not always, difficult to draw the lino of distinction between them. All the principles of sci- ence have some reference to practice, and the theory of every art may, perhaps, be called a science, but there is a differ- ence between them which, important or not, as it may be, is about as follows : A science is a system of general truths, relative to some branch of useful knowledge, and supported 4G KOWINO ANCIKNT AND MODERN. by evidence, cither demonstrative or liighly probable. .\n art is tbo application of the organs of the body, or thr facul- ties of the mind, to the execution of some design, directed by the best principles and rules of practice. A science is ad- dressed entirely to the understanding ; an art generally occu- pies both the understanding and the members of the body. A science is acquired by study alone ; an art cannot be ac- quired without much practice of the operations it contains. Accurate knowledge is all that is necessary in science. Emi- nence in art demands besides an acquaintance with rules and the habit of dextrous and ready performance. So that wo cannot designate Rowing as a science, and not being a science, it MUST be an art. But the glance which we have taken at the origin and progress of' Rowing, circumscribed and imperfect as it may be, is amply sufficient for our purpose, as, in fact, it is not really essential to the work, but may be accepted aa the literature of Rowing. » . ;i, 'I i 'f-- xfi' ROWING— MODERN. m; 11 The record of Boat Races in America seems not to have been very well kept, until within the past ten years, and the .accounts of races, anterior to 1860, are rather imperfect. The literature of Rowing,- although scant now, was indeed meagre then, and very few early races of interest are ro- nOWINO — MODKKN. 47 robablc. .'in or thr facul- a, directed by scionco is ad- cnorally occu- of the body. cannot bo ac- is it contains. cienco. Emi- ffith rules and So that wo oing a science, he origin and ect as it may fact, it is not jcepted as the % ' - !- .?'M .;»i; is not to have years, and the ;her imperfect, w, was indeed iiterest are re- corded, with the exception of those which took place in Now York City. It is very rcasonablo to .suj)pose tliat races used to occur fifty years and more ago, wlien what are now great seaboard cities, were only villages, but the inhabitants either failed to record them, or their descendants neglected to pre- serve the record. In 1859, the New York Dispatch repub- lished a partial account of a race that came oif in New York Harbor, in December, of 1824, between a crow of the British frigate "Hussar," then lying in the harbor, and a crew of Whiteliall boatmen, for a purse of one thousand dollars. Captain Harris, of the frigate, issued the challenge, which was accepted by the Whitehallers, and the 9th of December was appointed as the day of the race. The crew of the British boat had won a number of races in different partE of the world, and were considered almost invincible. The boat used by the Whitehallers was the "American Star," which had previously been in several races, in all of which she gained considerable honor. In the race, the Star took the lead at first, but the "Dart," which was the name of the English boat, soon came even. The Whitehallers now made a " spurt," and got the lead again, which they kept increasing, from time to time, until the finish, coming " home " about four hundred yards in advance of the English crew. The race was conducted with the utmost good feeling on both sides, and the crew of the British launch, which served as the "home stake " boat for the frigate crew, greeted the victors with three hearty cheers, and " struck " their flags. The distance was four miles, and is said to have been made in twenty-two minutes, in a heavy swell. An immense crowd congregated to witness the race, which created the 48 KOWINfl — MOOBHN. greatt'Ht "furore" of any tt(jiintiri oontcet up to that (late. Hoveral proininont races, however, occurred at a date considerably earlier than this, among which that between two rival crews, one of Long IsiandcrH, and the other of New Yorkers, deserves especial mention. This race came off in July, 1811, and was won by the New York crew, with ease ; they, however, having considerable advantage in their boat, which was more "seaworthy" than that of their competitors. The boat of the New York crew van placed ill the old Museum, from which it was transferred to Bar- num's, where it remained until that institution was consum- ed by fire, in 18G,5. Quite a number of races, none of them very important, took place occasionally, from this date until 1 83t<, when a Whitehall crew challenged a crew in Newark, N. J., to row a five mile race for one thousand dollars. The Whitehallers gained an easy victory, and had the lead from the start to the fini.J, coiul jirizo of (1()UI)10 Hcull 13.45. Daly irH, in lit. 4*^. iiiilos, and by the Ilar- , of the Ilor- flfty dolUirs, arcd huutH to cU race, the hundred and second prize, ur-oars, nian- r cities where a llegatta ider the aus- ec3 were for In the four- nce was three ;, The Maid red race, the jcader making id race, three Staten Island e, the Charles 3 won by tho UOWINd — .MODKUN. (if) Strangor Crrw, in l!l.-Jli. Tlie McKay wa.Vorcester, succeeded the above, on tho day following. There were four races : single scull wherries ; double scull wherries ; six and four-oared lap- streaks ; six and four-oared shells. Single scull race and a prize of fifty dollars was won l)y Josh Ward, who made two miles in 15.17 1-2. T. Doylo took tho second prize, ly dollars, in 15.33. In tho double scull race, Doyle and Colbert won in 18.18. Six-oared race, three miles, for lap- streaks, won by tho Harvard Freshman, in 20.13; prize seventy-five dollars. The Gersh Banker, of Newburgh, won the next prize, of one hundred dollars, in 18.37; beating the Harvard lapstreak, which made the distance in 19.44 1-2. Yale, Bix-oared shell, 19.10 ; prize fifty dollars. On tho 7th of August, a match race took place at Boston, between the Josephine, of that place, and the Mystic, of Charlestown, for a purse of two hundred dollars. Both boats were four-oared lapstreaks, and the distance was three miles. Josephine won tho race by a long distance, in 21-16. 5 I ^ 1 i J 66 ROWING — MODERN. August 8tb, an Amateur Race, for minors, w.tU two prizes, came off. Blaikie won the single scuU two mile race, and a pri.e of twenty dollars, in 15.40 S.L.I ogg won the second prize, of ten dollars, in 16.43. ^ , . „ On September 5th, the Regatta House offered pnzes for single-scull, double-scull and four-oared crows. The prize for single sculls, a bunting case watch, was won by Kinsley, who made the distance, two miles, in 17.15. The double- scull race was won by Doyle and Daily, in 1-34; F^ silver ice pitcher. The four-oared race was won by the Un- dine, manned by the Colbert crew, three miles m 24.53; prize silver tea sett. The Mystic came in in 25. -o. The Poughkeepsie Regitt. was held on the same day ^vith this. Leary won a five mile single-scuU race in 48.-6^ The double-scull race was won by Donahue and Brown, of Newburgh, in 38.26. The race for six-oared shells was be- tween the Gersh Banker, of Newburgh, and J-- ^cKay of Poughkeepsie. The McKay won the race, in 3.^0; the , . QO r,t^ Tbfi second day the first race Banker's time was 32.55. Ihe secona u y was for double-scull working boats, and was won by the Maggie, of New York, in 44.27. Fay won the single-scull racein 39.15. The George W. Shaw won the race tor four- cared shells, in 32.55. , ,.•*•„ On the 29th of September, the Alleghany Assocati n held its Second Annual Regatta. The >Ioo„light won llie three-mile single-scull race in 23.54. In the race for four- oared boats, the Adams won in 20.13; the Princess coming home in 20.15. The next race was for e.ght-oared barge , andwascontestedbytheVolante,Imperial, Undine and Alba- tros The Volanto won in 21.15, Imperial commg home in oi 38 The course was three miles, for the champion flag. ROWING — MODEnN. 6/ ors, with two I two mile race, Li. Fogg won the fercd prizes for ws. The prize ^on by Kinsley, ). The double- in 17.34; prize won by the Un- iiiles, in 24.53 ; n 25.23. n the same day II race, in 48.26. , and Brown, of ed shells was be- d James McKay, ce, in 32.40 ; the ay the first race was won by the on the single-scull 1 the race for four- ghany Association [oonlight won the the race for four- le Princess coming jight-oared barges, Undine and Alba- ial coming home in the champion flag. The Albany Regatta was held on October 11th and 12th. Dn the first day, the three mile six-oared race was won by the Bryant, in 24 minutes ; the Irving was second, in 26 minutes. This contest was attended with very little excite- ment, as the result was too much of a foregone conclusion. The race for four-oared boats followed, and was won by the G. W. Shaw, in 21,24 The third race was for double-sculls, and was won by Young and Piepenbrink. This race con- cluded the festival for the first day. The first race, on the second day was for six-oared shells, and was won by the James 3IcKay, of Poughkeepsie. The Zephyr, of Albany, won the second race, for six-oared barges. The fourth race, for single-sculls, open to all, was won by Josh "Ward. The race for the single-scull championship of Albany, was won V G. F. Baker. On November 5th, Josh Ward pulled a great single scull race with Burger, over a ten mile course, at Poughkeepsie, for five hundred dollars. Much interest was excited by this race, which was witnessed by great numbers of people. "Ward won the race and money, in 83 minutes. On the 23d of the same month. Decker and Fay had a sculling match for a purse of four hundred dollars, at Jersey City, over a four mile course. Won by Fay, in 25.30 ; Decker coming home in 25.34. The Annual Citizens' Regatta, at Boston, for 1861, came off over the usual course, on the 4th of July, of this year. The single scull race, two miles, was won by Josh "Ward, in 13.53; prize seventy-five dollars. The double-scull race was won by L'Hirondelle, two miles, in 12.54 1-2; prize one hundred dollars. The Stranger won the four-oared race ; distance three miles in 20.07, and took tne first prize of one ,i: OS nOWlNO— MODERN. ■I- 1, Ir..l and twenty-five dollars. The Geo. J. Brown took hundred ^"^^'''^^ , y^^ ;„ 2O.I6. The Bix-oar vaco the second prize, of fifty doUars, in ^v was won by the Amphitrite, Burnett Crew m 19.-,.. taking r Zt Jize of one hundred and seventy-five dollars. The ''fptember 24th. John Biglin and ^Ymia. Stevens had a five LlescuUing mateh, at Poughkeepsie, for two hundred dollars. Stevens won the race, in 38.45. r.f Tulv 1862, on the Charles Kiver. rre tit ..0 .i.e - -, f» M. ;;f ;2^-"'„ : Tvlc, Jr «n the second pri», ten d«U».,.n 18.14^ In b, rt. G«.. J. Brown, of »'77"'''l\f„",I/,'J Ae ie h«nd«d „d„.n^-fi« dollar.^ Te «1'--^^ ..end p,i«, fifty Ml«. " ^'.f„;a'\A,B.ion,in race »•« the .amo diatance, and mB mule OJ t Sk the prize being «- Wred ^ -r^^^^ The McKay took the second prize, of seventy M'thtlSth of August, of this year, Ward and Ha^nill Je matched in a three niOe race. o„ the ^^c^^^^^^^^^^^ purse of five hundred dollars. Hamill won this race ( t J 1 b w w w tl fo 4! th ra ed P( pi, du th oa «la Tu Or th( for -»=I-t. m J. Brown took ;hc six-oar lace n 19.2{^, taking B dollars. The -five dollars, in 1 Stevens had a or two hundred off on the 4th ed Crowinshield der eighteen, in 3 dollars. John 9, in 18.14. In Oarsmen, James winning the first took the second ,h took the first stance two miles. loUars, in 17.33. iles, and was won 21.01 1-2; prize } Tickler won the 1. The six-oared , by the Union, in eventy-five dollars, eventy-iive dollars. Ward andHamill he Schuylkill, for a 1 this race in 37.39. KOWINO — MODER.N. CO The next Annual Beacon Cup Regatta took place on the Charles River, on the 20th of June, 1S63. Hamill won the single-scull race, of two miles, in 18.05 1-2. The Geo. J. Brown won the three mile race for four-oared boats, in 19.40, and took the prize, one hundred dollars. The City Regatta came off on the 4th of J«Iy following, on the same course. The two mile race, for boys, was won by John Tyler, Jr., in 18.18. The single-scull race was won by Hamill, in 15.05. The double scull race was also won by Hamill, in the same time. The Geo. J. Brown won the four-oared race in 20.43. The Biglin Crew won the six-oared race in 20.08. On July 23d, Hamill and Ward pulled a five mile race for one thousand dollars, at Poughkeepsie. Ward won in 42.29. Their next race was on the 28th of September, at the same place, for the same amount. Hamill won this race in 37.38. On October 28th, Gil. Ward and William Stevens pull- ed a five mile race for a purse of four hundred dollars, at Poughkeepsie. Stevens won the race in 39.53. On July 4th, 1864, the next Boston Citty Regatta took place. J. H. Radford took the first prize for single sculls ; distance two miles ; time CO. 02 1-2. The C. B. H. won the double-scull race, same distance, in 19.08. The four- oared race boat, McClellan, won the first prize in her «lass, over a three mile course, in 25.30. The P. L. Tucker won the six-oared race, same distance, in 22.04. On the 19th of this month, Hamill and Ward rowed the "rubber" match, at Pittsburgh, over a five mile course, for one thousand dollars. Hamill won the race in 40.46. The Citizens of Worcester gave a Regatta on the 30th -jQ ROWINfl — MODERN. of July J. H. Radford won the singlo-scull race, of two miles in 16.36. The four-oared race was three miles, and was wonby the Geo. J. Brown, in 21. The six-oared raee was won by the Biglin Crew, in 19.08. On August 17th. the Geo. J. Brown, of New lork. and Twilight, of Pittsburgh, both four-cared boats, were mateh- ed in a five mile race, for one thousand dollars a side. The Brown won. in 33.30. ;iOn the 9th of November. Biglin and Hayes pulled a five mile mile race off Staten Island, for one thousand dol- lars. Biglin won the race, in 41.12. On July 4th. 1865, the Annual City Regatta took place on the Charles River. The single-scull race, two miles, was won by James HamiU. in 16.28 1-2. The four-oared race siz-mUes, was won by the Biglin Crew, in 43.3i On the same Jay the Boston Regatta come off. and naurly all the races were contested by the same parties as m the above regatta. The single-scull race, of two miles, was won by Hamill. in 16.28 1-2. The race for four-oared boats, was contested by the Sam. CoUyer, of New York, rowed by the Biglin brothers, and the Geo. B. McClellan, rowed by two men from St. John, New Brunswick, and two men from Boston. The distance was six miles, and the prize four hundred dollars. The CoUyer won the race handsome y. The Milwaukee Regatta took place this year, on July 4tn, over a three mile course. The race was for six-oared boats and was contested by the Dwight Keyes. the Kinnickinnick and the Waucoma. The Keyes and Waucoma were outrigger barges, the Kinnickinnick being a lapstreak skeleton. The Keyes won the race easily in 18.15. The 18th of July wit- nessed the race between the Sam CoUyer. of New York, rowed s \ ^ c c fi F I r C \ 1 V, Cl b T 3: V( 1 race, of two s three mili-'s, B six-oared race ^ew York, and ts, were match- rs a side. The Bs pulled a five thousand dol- gatta took place , two miles, was four-oared race, 43.32. On the id naarly all the as in the above es, was won by Bared boats, was •k, rowed by the n, rowed by two (1 two men from [ the prize, four s handsomely, rear, on July 4th, )r six-oared boats, he Kinnickinnick ma were outrigger ik skeleton. The i 18th of July wit- f New York, rowed ilOWINO — .MODERN. 71 by the Biglin brothers and Loary, and the Floyd T. Field, of Poughkeepsie, rowed by Stevens, Burger, Beneway and Wooden, for a purse of six thousand dollars. The race, al- though it attracted an immense crowd, was not so close as might have been expected, the CoUyer's crew winning by a good lead, in 31.10. The next Regatta of importance was that of the Citizen's, of Worcester. Josh Ward won the single-scull race, and seventy-five dollars. The four-oared race was three miles, and was won by the McClellan, of Boston. Yale and Har- vard contested the six-oared race, for two hundred dollars, Yale winning. Several very interesting races took place at inervals during the rest of this season, the most notable of which was that between the two four-oared shells. New York of New York, and Robert Earl, of Newburgh. The race was five miles, and came off' at Sing Sing, on the Hudson, for a purse of two thousand dollars. The New York was rowed by two of the Biglins, Blue, and Eckerson. The Earl was rowed by the four Ward brothers. Josh, Gil, Henry, and Charley. The Ward brothers won in 33.05. The New York's time was 33.47. On September 25th, the Pittsburgh Regatta took place. The four-oared race was for seven hundred dollars, and was contested by the New York, manned by the same crew as in the above race, and the Friendship, of Pitts- burgh, rowed by the two Hamill's, Jackson and Wolf. The race was five miles, and was won by the Friendship, in 32.26. The New York came home in 32.21. This was a very exciting and pretty race. On July 4th, 1866, we find the Boston City Regatta ■^ItWffi* ^ *' 72 UOWINO— MODKUN recorded. The single scull race, of two miles, was won by Walter Brown, in 17.10. The double scull race and one hundred dollars, was won by the J. Andrew, in 27.49 The Thetis won the four-oared race, and one hun- dred and twenty-five dollars, three miles, in tiO. 39. The six- oar race and one hundred and fifty dollars was won by the Una, of Portland, Maine, rowed by Walter Brown, stroke, and five others, in 20.41. On the 10th of July, Gil Ward and John McKiel pulled a single scull match over a five mile course, at Sing Sing, New York, for two hundred and fifty dollars. This was won by McKiel, in 41.00. Citizen's Regatta, at Worcester, Massachusetts, on July 27th, the single scull race, two miles was between Walter Brown and Josh Ward. Brown won in 15.15. Ward s time 15.53. The four-oared race was won by the Frank Queen, Walter Brown, stroke, and three others, in 19.41. The P. L. Tucker, manned by the BigHn crew, came in sec- ond in 20 10. The third race was for the Championship of Worcester, three miles, for four-oared boats. The Quinsiga- mond and the Union contested this race, which was won by the former, in 21.04. „ . ^ ,- On the 2l8t of July, a match race between the Friendship and New York, came off at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, for a purse of eight hundred dollars. The course was five miles, with one turn. The New York won the race, in 34.24. August 18th, the second race took place between these Doats, over the same course, for one thousand dollars, but the boats fouled, and the race was decided a draw. On the 5th of September, Fearon, of Yonkers, and Wal- dron, pulled a five mile, single scull match, for two hundred ROWINIJ MODERN. 73 Bs, was won ull race nuJ Andrew, in and one bun- 39. The six- is won by the rn. stroke, and -IcKiel pulled ing Sing, New is was won by setts, on July tween Walter 5.15. Ward's by the Frank lers, in 19.41. w, came in sec- hampionsbip of The Quinsiga- ich was won by the Friendship insylvania, for a was five miles, , in 34.24. ) between these md dollars, but draw. ikers, and Wal- for two hundred dollars, which was won by Fearon, 43.37. On the Igth of September, Walter Brown and Josh Ward pulled their groat three mile race, for two thousand dollars, in tlic Harbor of Portland, Maine. The race was very close, and was won by Brown, in 22.30, Josh coming home in 22.34 1-2. Then, on the 9th of this month, tlie City of Saii Francisco, away off on the Pacific seaboard, inaugurated its first Regatta. The singlo scull race was two miles, and was contested by four boats. The Unknown was the winner, in 18.25. The race for four-oared boats was threemilcs, and was contested by four boats, and won by the Union, in 24.00 ; the Kearsarge being second, in 26.00. The Springfield Regatta took place on September 20th. Tlio six-oared race was won by the J. W. Dickinson, three miles, in 20 18 ; prize two hundred dollars. The single scull shell race was two miles, and was won by Josh Ward, in 15.59 ; McKiel was second, in 16.03. The race for four-oared boats, was won by the J. A. Harding, of St. John, New Bruns- wick, in 21.08 1-4. The fourth race was a handicap, with an allowance of eleven seconds per oar. The Dickinson won in 19.11 1-4. In November, two most important sculling matches took place. The first race was between McGrady and Biglin. over the Elysian Field Course, of five miles, for a purse of five hundred dollars, and was won by Biglin, in 89.40. The other race was at Poughkeepsie, between Gil Ward and Stevens, five miles, for three hundred dollars. Stevens won, by three lengths, in 38.39. •, ; This closed the racing season for this year, and this is, perhaps, a fitting time to close this rather short summary of Boat Racing, from the time of its introduction into tlio i iv 74 AHEllICAN OOLLKOE KACKf. country, down to the year 1867. From 18G5 to 1871, a great many new Boat Clubs have been formed in all so tions of the country, of whose races nothing will bo said hero, but this department will be closed, with a brief history of our College Boat Clubs and Races. The foregoing history is not nearly so voluminous as it might have been made, but will convey an idea of the gradual growth and development of the Rowing interest in America, up to three years ago. The leading contests, since that date, are sketched in another portion of this Book. AMERICAN COLLEGE RACES. HARVARD AND YALB. The Annual Contest between the selected Crews of Har- vard and Yale Colleges, is an event to which the Students, the Alumni, the friends of both, and people, generally, in New England, look forward with keen interest. Since the first University Race, the interest has steadily increased, and these annual displays of college muscle arc to the col- legians and their friends, what the Annual Fair of their Agricultural Society is to the farmers of New England. The Race is talked of from early in the fall until it occurs, in the July following. AMKRICAN COLLECa RACKt<. 75 ) to 1871, a d in all so will bo said 1 brief history uniinouB as it I idea of the ig interest in ling contests, >rtion of this S. rows of Har- tho Students, generally, in t. Since the ily increased, to the col- Fair of their few England, ntil it occurs. The men who are to represent these old Educational Insti- tutions once selected, the greater part of their spare time for eight or ten months, is spent in training vigorously for the annual bout. People not versed in such matters, can have but a faint idea of the severe and thorough training which these picked crews submit to, for the sake of renown. They are supported, and urged, and cheered, by their fellow students and numerous friends, but the task must, at times, be harder than their studies. As the time draws nigh for the contest, their efforts are redoubled, and they are as good specimens of pluck and muscle, when they at last pronounce themselves ready, as can be found anywhere. This period is always welcomed by the students, who can then throw aside their studies and commence their vacation, with regatta week, at Worcester, the close of which finds them on their way home, exultant o'er the victory, or sorrowful o'er the defeat, of their much praised or badly abused six. Collegi- ans may be divided into three classes : The first is compos- ed of the reserved and thoughtful, who devote their whole time to study, and allow themselves no physical training whatever. Those who are interested in sports and pastimes, and train their bodily, as well as mental powers, form the second. And the third is made up of those who go to col- lege, as they go everywhere else, to have a good time, and who dabble in physical and mental exercises, and indulgences, without caring whether they learn or not— and to whom the incorrigible dullards are an appendix. The first are graduated with crammed heads and tremend- ous phrenological bumps, but have the weakest of all weak physical organizations. The second class come out with strong and healthy bodies and brains, and the third class n AMERICAN COr.I.«UK IIACR?. with fragments of all sorts of knowlodgc, and an uncontrol- able (lesiro to sec more of their father's money, which soemn to be the sum- total of their ambition. The kind of dov.dop- ment which training for races gives the rowing students, may, or may not be just what skilled physiologists desire to SCO— but certainly they stand high ,in their classes, and arc graduated in a thoroughly sound condition of mind and body. The careful observer in Worcester, to-day can readily per- ceive the three classes of students above mentioned. Thoy are all here. The Freshmen were glad to throw aside the Greek and Roman Antiquities, their French Elocution and Ethics, and come hither. The " Sophs." readily forgot their Khetoric, Geometry. History of Greece, Botany, Chemistry and German. The Juniors rejoice at an opportunity to avoid Natural Philoso- phy and Latin Exercises ; and, the Seniors, just graduated, feel dignified, and patronize the young Freshmen with a suavity, which the latter may well imitate three or four years hence. Here, also, are the law students, who have been considering the various branches of common law, equity, ad- miralty, commercial, international and constitutional law ; or, if commercially inclined, the law of agencies, partner- ships, insurance, shipping, etc., etc.. in books whoso covers, according to Charles Dickens, resemble underdone piecrust, if they resemble anything. Even the divinity student, whose mind is wrapped up in matters theological, and who may, perchance, like many Another young minister, budded or budding, have in preparation a criticism on some one of the old theologians (who read the Bible in every known lan- guage in which it was ever published, and gave to the AMKItlCAN COLLBOH RACKfl. 77 uncontrol- (liich Roertm of dovi;lop- j Btudonts, its desire to cs, and arc mind and readily por- ned. They r aside tho locution and Geometry, ■man. The iral Philoso- ) graduated, non with a or four years > have been , equity, ad- itional law ; ies, partner- hose covers, )ne piecrust, aity student, and who may, , budded or oe one of the r known Ian- gave to tho world, in compact shapo, tlio result of years of resonroh and hard labor), wliicjj is destined to draw forth applause fiom iome village church or lyc'euni, lias temporarily stopped tho dreamy reveries wiierein he exults in advance, over tho en- thusiasm which tho boobies who are to hear his essay, will eagerly award him, is here, though lio seems downcast and melancholy, as if ho were encouraging something which ought not to be. But ho is interested in the result, and re- mains, seeking the company of tlio medical and sciontifio students, who are, or should bo, more sedate than the high- spirited undergraduates. The Faculty is well represented, tho Professors are on hand, and it is seen that the Professor of Greek, who has always here and everywhere been as re- served as a hermit, has, for tho nonce, broken his elassio shell, and seems wholly engaged in discussing tho respective merits of the crews. Every gentleman seems to have had one of those invitations which read : " Your company with ladies is respectfully solicited," as each is I'^companied by an almost unlimited number of ladies. THE RACE. Punctually, at the appointed time, the Sophomore Crew of Harvard, appeared upon the the Course, the first race be- ing between the Sophomores of Yale and Harvard. 78 AMERICAN COLLBOE KACB«. Tho prize was a National Flag, of silk, upon a Btaff sur- mounted with a gilt ooglo, and a. triangular blue silk flag, ono side bearing date, " Worcoster, July '29tL, 1864," and the rovorso, " Oollego Regatta— Sophomore. " The llarvards had boon training for about eight weeks, and wore " well up," with an average weight of 134 lbs. The Yale boys did not appear until the signal was given. The Crows were as follows : — Harvards — 1860. Fred. C. Field, (Stroke.) S. A. B. Abbott, Ed. V. Wilkinson, Ed. H. Clark, Win. Blaikie, Chas. II. MoBurney, (Bow.) Costume— White shirts and handkerchiefa, trimmed with red. Yale— 1806. C. Rosevelt, (Stroke.) L. D. Bulkloy, A. B. Herrick, C. F. Bacon, J. Pierson, C. F. Brown, (Bow.) Costume— White shirts, trimmed with blue, and blue silk handkerchiefs. The course was a mile and a half and return. The Um- pires for both races were : Harvard— Richard H. Darby. Yale— Wm. Wood. G. W. Bentley, of Worcester, Re- feree. At 4.13, the word "Go!" was given, Harvard having the outside. Yale started off with about forty-one strokes the minute, and appeared to gain on every stroke. As long as the boats were in sight of the Judge's seat, Yale appear- ed to lead. Harvard, when a long way up the course, a Btaff 8ur- uo silk flag, 18G4," and eight wcoks, 34 lbs. The given. The •ney, (Bow) irimmcd with (Bow.) and blue silk a. The Uni- d H. Darby, orceater, Rc- arvard having ty-one strokes oke. As long Yale appear- ) the course, .illERICAN COLMtOB RACIij. T9 stopped for u few seco.idH to fix their cushions, but soon wont ahead again. On the return, Harvnrd was loading, and came home ea.sy victors, pulling their long stroke. Tlie time was : Harvard's, 19.05. Yale, 20,10. UNIVERSITY RACK. The Harvard crow wore supposed to be the best in the College. The Yale Students disparaged their crew as a bait for bets, stating that they had not practiced long enough, etc., etc. The Trainer said that they were in good condition, and if beaten, it would be by better men. The boats were from the same builder, James McKay, of New York, and wore, as in the Sophomore race, both Spanish Cedar shells. The average weight of the Harvard boys, was about 1561bs. ; that of Yale 149. Harvard was out for a half hour before the time, probably to their disadvantage. Yale did not appear until the signal was given. The distance was a mile and a lialf and return, and Har- vard was on the outside. The crews were— Harvakd. H. G. Curtis, (Stroke,) J. Greenough, R. S. Peabody, E. C. Perkins, ^•Nelson, Ed. Farnham, (Bow.) White shirts and red handkerchiefs. - :wmss^,mmi^fimssiiSSe»sSa!^iriKKMIUMisatiesi&fsiii, ^.i*sM*iC3Wjaa'..^n;*4-jrtti«w»»*' ii*-fiC!*J vr? T«!^ -" niture, as the :annot move. an enjoyable eveloped boys uad of Police- nd calms their ir rooma, how- choes through s of quiet peo- e. The quan- general thing, matutinal meal I procure a new )ottles is, com- »m through the iom and accura- Bure to cause a rould discount a I amusement for with its want of imence knocking [vay to a neigh- Bks, because the and damage the three, so much pulled up to the icinity, and then down the hill, at orse than Choc- AHBRIOAN OOLLIOB RACES. 83 The wagons go careening down the hill, damaging Wor- cester's favorite elms, fences, flower gardens, etc., and occa- sionally running smack into a house, which, if the wagon does not go clean through it and km all the inhabitants, will startle them into the belief that they " have awoke unto Judgment." This, and the like kind of pranks, usually leads to the ar- rest of some of the more prominent among the sports, and when this happens some funny scenes are very often pre- sented at the "arraignment." One young scapegrace, with the smallest of small pantaloons, and the most insignificant of undeveloped foreheads, accosts the Marshall in this wise : "See here. Mister Stick-in-the-mud, we're three hundred strong, and we'll wallop the feed right out of your force, if you don't let us go." T^ose who remain at the Bay State, and confine them- selves to the " bottlo and the song," enliven the weary hours in a manner such as a Harvard student knows how to do. The plaintive strains of "Champagne Charlie," "Mother, may I go and Swim," " Kaizer, Don't you want to buy a Dog," "Mary had a Little Lamb," "I wish I was a June Bug," etc., etc., echo and reecho through the halls the livelong night. The rooms of the sports are a spectacle, indeed, during this night of debauchery. " Gentlemen, for a night" are reclining in arm chairs, and chairs without arms. Bo« -s and shoes are cocked recklessly on tables and stands, amongst wash-bowls, vases, lamps and glasses. Cigars are plenty, and no one takes the trouble to spit in the spittoon, preferring rather to spit out of the window., and perhaps have the satisfaction of seeing it light on some ii 11^ g4 AMERICAN COLIiEaB BACEB. paBser by, who, knowing the folly of attempting to get any satisfaction, generally contents himself by crossing to the opposite side of the street and performing a series of panto- mimes, to the intense delight of the boys from school. This riotous behavior of the students is a plague to those who at- tend the races for tla purpose of enjoyment. HISTORY OF HARVARD ROWING. A good many years have elapsed since boating was first introduced into Harvard College, and it is doubtful if that venerable individual, the " oldest inhabitant " of the Col- lege waUs, could fix the precise date of the organization of the first Boat Club. Certainly, Harvard was one of the first institutions of learning in the country, to adopt boating as its chief and constant recreation, and it has cultivated, encouraged and nourished it, in a way worthy her great name and great men. ^ It is, however, well known that as early as 1844, a boat was purchased by a number of the students, which had previously been known in the Chelsea Regattas, as the Star, but which was rechristened the Oneida, a name that has ever Bince been borne by one boat or other of the Harvard Navy. This boat was manned with eight oars, and was con- iiia*K^»i^' AMBRICAN COLLEOK RACKS. 85 to get any ing to the IS ofpanto- hool. This ose 'wbo at- ^G. ing was first ibtful if that ' of the Ool- ganization of Qstitutiona of its chief and couraged and me and great s 1844, a boat t8, which had ,B, as the Star, e that has ever the Harvard 3, and was con- stantly in use, until the class of '58 disposed of her, retain- ing the name and colors. She was held by her new owner.'! for about one year, and was then disposed of to an outside Club. . '^ The excellent progress which the Oneidas' wore making, inspired their brother students in the Senior Class to attempt the formation of a Club. They purchaseJ an "eiglit," thirty-eight feet long. In 1845, the Freshmen bought a boat called the Undine, and in the next autumn a new boat was purchased by the class of 1847, which was forty feet long, and rowed eight oars. Thus, the College owned four boats in about fifteen months. The Oneida, up to this time, was the only one that knew the luxury of a sheltering roof Before the ar- rival of their new boat, the Club had purchased an old boat house, which, af er fixing up a little, was to be her home. The other boa's of the College, the Undine, Huron and Iris, had always been moored near Brighton bridge. A boat- house was erected in 1846, eighty feet long; each club paid thirty dollars a year for the use of it. All of the Harvard boats were placed in this house, whicli, when the new boat came, was "filled up." The new boat was a six-oared gig, twenty-six feet long, with stern- sheets. She was much heavier and stronger than any of the others, and most too heavy to be called a race boat. The Freshmen class of 1849, bought the old boat of the Oneida Club. The Oneida Club built a new boat, the Atalanta. The first boating contest in which Harvard was engaged with outside boats was between their boat, the Huron, and a boat from Boston, called tb^ Wave. It came oflF over the Cambridge course, in 1848. An eight-oared boat was pur- - iSiaaaivwamMmK' m % 86 AUXRICAN COLIBQB BACKS. chased, caUed the Ariel. The Oneida was BtiU owned by the class of 1849. And the Undine was bought by a club in the class of 1850. after her former owners had graduated. In 1849 there was bought by the " class of 1851." an eigbt-oar- ed boat called the Halcyon. In the autumn of 1849. the Harvard boats were : Undine, eight oars ; Ariel, six oars ; Halcyor, eight oars ; Oneida, eight oars. There was also a small pair-oar named the Viola. There was quite an excitement in 1847, over the great race to take place between the Oneida and Undine, over the Cambridge Course, in which the Oneida won hand- somely. A race also took place between the Oneida and Huron, in which the Oneida also won. In 1849 and 1850, the clubs just named were in excelent condition. When the Undine crew graduated, they sold their boat to a Boston Club. The Ariel crew were disbanded, and their boat was sold to some parties in East Cambridge. The Halcyon Club continued to flourish until they graduated, when they sold their boat to a Yale crew. From 1851 to 1854, the Oneida was the only occupant of the Harvard boat-house. But between these years occurred the first row- ing match with Yale College, at Centre Harbor, on Lake Winnipiseogee, August 3d, 185"2. Harvard had the Oneida crew, Yale the Shawmut, Undine, and the Atalanta. -In the first match, in the morn- ing, the Oneida won, and in the afternoon she came in first, likewise, and received as a prize, the black-walnut oars, which are now in Harvard Hall, aibong many otiier trophies. After the class of 1853 had graduated, they sold their boat and boat-house, to the next lower class of '54 and '55. In AMKBICAN OOLLEQE RACES. 87 owned by the J a club in the radaated. In " an eight-oar- of 1849, the Lriel, six oars ; ire was also a iver the great Undine, over Ida won hand- and Huron, in 850, the clubs id their boat to ded, and their mbridge. The hey graduated, From 1851 to if the Harvard 5d the first row- rbor, on Lake the Shawmut, eh, in the morn- he came in first, ck-vralnut oars, f otiier trophies, they sold their '54 and '65. In 1864, an eight-oared boat was built for the class of 185G, called the Iris. A floating boat-house was made for their Club, and stationed near where the boat-house now is, but it went to pieces, and the Club bought one-half of the Oneida's house. In 1865, the Oneida was bought by a class of Freshmen of 1868, and the Iris was sold to the class of the next year, who changed her name to Huron. In the spring of 1858, the Iris Club purchased a new boat, forty feet long. In the spring of 1856, there was rowed at Springfield, on the 21st of July, the second race between Yale and Harvard. The prize was an elegant sett of colors. The time allowed was eleven seconds per oar. There were entered four bouts— Iris and " Y. Y." from Harvard, and the Nereid and Nautilus, from Yale. The Iris came home first, in 22 minutes; " Y. Y." second; Neried third ; Nautilus last. The success with which the " Y. Y." was managed by the bow-oar, influenced most of the crews to steer their boats without coxswains. A change of ownership in tlie Iris and Oneida caused the name of the latter to be changed to that of Minnehaha. The " Y. Y.,'' the Undine and the Huron, were also 'sold to other classes in the College, the name of the Huron being changed to that of the Lotus. The Theo- logical students soon after procured a six, which they dub- bed the Orion. Two new boats, a six and an eight, were built this same year, for the Oneida and Huron clubs. • But the "]ou'i- est " event in the history of this eventful year, at Har/ard College, was the race at Boston, on the 4th of July, in which the " Harvard," built at St. John, by Coyle, and i i b8 AMKBICAN COLLEOK BACKS. carrying eight oars, won the second prize. The following spring the Minnehaha was sold, and the club purchased a new six, the Camilla. During the spring and summer of 1867, there were two important races engaged in by the Harvard Clubs. The first was the Huron, against the A'olantc, of Boston, for a suit of colors. The race was won by the Volante. In June, in the Uegatta on the Charles River, the "Harvard" eight was beaten by the Vuion, of Huston, six, because of V.aving to allow time. The following fall, the old Harvard, which could not be entered to advantage in the contests, was sold .to the students of Columbia Col- lege, N. Y., and a new light "six" procured. In June, 1858, at the second Charles River Rcgatta> the new boat won the three-mile race in nineteen minutes and twenty-two seconds. In July 1859, the first College Union Regatta was held on Lake Quinsigamond, in which were entered the Avon and Harvard, from Harvard ; the Yale from Yale ; and the At- alanta, from Brown University. The Atalanta and Avon were lapstreaks ; the Yale and Harvard being shells. The distance was a mile and a half and return. The Har- vard came home the winner by about five lengfhs. The Yale was second ; the Avon coming next, and the Atalanta bringing up the rear. Harvard's time was 19.18; Yale 20.18; Avon 21.13; Atalanta 24.40. The next day the Citizen's Regatta took place, and the Harvard and Yale were the only boats putting in an ap- pearance, although the Avon and Huron had both been pre- viously entered. The race was quite exciting from the first. Harvard showing a little ahead at the start, but Yale AMERICAN COLLEGE RACB9. ^'}» The following lb purchased a ind summer of ged in by the I, against the The race was 08 River, the on, of Boston, following fall, d to advantage Columbia Col- >d. '» «•' River Regatta, neteuu minutes itta was held on I the Avon and e ; and the At- lanta and Avon g shells. urn. The Har- e lenglhs. The id the Atalanta vas 19.18; Yale place, and the itting in an ap- d both been pre- cciting from the ! start, but Yale managing to creep up and turn the stake a length or two in advance. Yale won in 19.14. Harvard 19.16. At the Boston City Regatta of 1860, in the race for fours and Bixc.«, Bhfllls, Harvard entered with three Roston boats, and won in 18.53 U2. At the Boston City Regatta, of 1860, in the race for fours and sixes, shells, Harvard entered with three Boston boats, and won in 1 8. 53 1-2. On the 24th of the same month College Union Regatta No. 2, came off. In the first race, the Thetis, of the Harvard Freshmen Class, defeated with ease, the Glyuna, of Yale Freshman Class. In the next race, the Harvard Sophs, defeated those of Yale. The third and last race between Yale, Harvard and Brown, was won by Harvard in 18.53. In the Citizen's Regatta, the Harvard Freshmen entered the Thetis, the Yale Sophs the Thulia, and the Har- vard, Sophomore. A foul occurred between the Harvard and Yale Sophs, the Yale crew returning and the Harvards pulling over the course, and coming home in 19.44 1-2 ; Freshmen, 20.13. The foul was decided against Harvard, but no prize was awarded cither boat. At the Harvard Regatta, in June, 1864, there was a race for club boats ; won by the Sophomores in 20.20. Two days afterwards the race was repeated, and was won by the same crew in 19.50. On the 29th of the same month, the College Regatta came off at Worcester. The prize was a silk flag for the winner of each race, and was contended for by the Harvard Sophomore crew and Yale Sophomore crew, and was won by the Harvards in 19.04. The University race then came off, the Yale crew taking the lead at the start and winning with ease. \, j . ,, . i?r 90 AMBRICAN COLLKQI RACK. In the Citiions' Regatta, which followed, the Harvwda were beaten nx seconde by the Tucker, of New York. At the Harvard Regatta, July 5th, 1865, four Bix-oared hhclls entered, and the race was won by the Junior ClasB, in 20.43 1-2. YALE COLLEGE ROWING. The students of the twin Colleges of America appear to have discovered an interest in boating at about the same period, as we read of the Valo men having purchased a boat in li'43, which was used for one year, and then disposed of. In the same year, a "four" was purchased, named tho Nautilus. She was what was then known as a Whitehall boat, nineteen feet long. The "nobbiest" craft, how- ever, in the Yale fleet of this period, was an eight-oared "dug-out," forty-two feet long and twenty-four inches beam, which, from her model, was styled the "Centiped." The crew of this boat had a race with that of the Nauti- lus, which boat, in the opinion of the former crew, trim- med too much "by tho head," which was a fault very com- mon in those days, and which the crew of the Centiped kindly remedied on the night preceding the contest, by making fast a huge boulder to the after-part of the keel of the Nautilus, that boat, as a natural consequence, coming in AMERICAN COLLKUI RACE8. 91 the Harvurds w York, four nix-oared Juuior Class, appear to have I same period, sod a boat in a disposed of. ]d, named ttio s a Whitehall " craft, how- an oight-oared ty-four inches B "Centiped." of the Nauti- er crew, trim- ault very com- : the Centiped le conteet, by of the keel of jnce, coming in Itohind. The first craft really entitled to tho naw of raco- boat ever received at Yale, was a six-oarcd thirty-fi^)t boat, purchased in 1844. An oiglit-oared barge, thirty-eight feet long, was pur- chased, second-handed, in 1847. She went off one night, in a gale, without her crew, and was cast away on Long Island. Between the years lb48 and 1851, two other boats, both eigbtp, were owned by Yale ; one an old thirty-six feet boat, built in 1838, and tho other a thirty-eight foot boat, built in 1887. Tho latter was clinker-built, of red cedar, and was handsomely furnished. She also was cast away. In 1851, a boat twenty feet long pulling four oars, and railed the Phantom, was purchased and retained for one year, when it was disposed of in trade, with "boot," for the " Undine, which name now haunts every water-course in America. . ; , ' „ j From 1851 to 1855, several new boats were added to the list already quite numerous. Tho first of these was a fine barge, pulling six oars, named tho Atalanta. Tho next boat was one year old when purchased, pulled eight oars, and was used for three years by her owners, who scuttled her at their graduation, and sent her a-drift. She was recovered, however, by another clasF, and at a slight ex- pense, refitted for use. Two years later she cast herself upon the shore and went to peices. . In 1862, a ship which had won two races respectively in New York and Savannah, was purchased at Yale and rechris- tened the Ariel. The year 1853 witnessed an addition of two boats to : ' -^^a«JatB1Ca»r&WMati^»». itSfiOngsXz'fJt^t^ 7,lW---'J% .i«i-t%( J^-%1- _,;~,,, v. '.^^8?* ^- 9-J AMRRlOAN COLMOI RAOI*. the Yalo fleet, viz: Tho Thulia a nix-oarcd largo, ond tlio Nopontho, ft tliirty-fivo foot bont. This luttor boat, ono year aftor itn iiitro'luction to Y'lilo, broko looRe, like «> many of itH prcdeceHHont, •• i>.l ^'laecd i«N caroasa ulongsido thoso of its comrades, in tlio grnvtyurd of .lio Yalo Navy on Ijong In- land. Ill IKt'], tlic following boitswfitj owned by Yalo, to-wit ; Tiio Thulia. tho Knginccrs, tho Haleyo^, and Ariel. Tho ti'-st review in which all of the ubovo boatH took part, moro was hdd in 1H5!J. In the following yaar, four more boats wore added 'o the fleet; two forty feet race boats, tho Nau- tilufl and the Transit, a thirty-fivo feet four-oarcd race boat, th" tiowcna, and a pleasure bargo, named tho iMida, thirty fee* long. Tiio fleet being now pretty largo, but, ono addition was mad»> in the next two years, which was a six-oared racing boat, tho Nereid. During 1850 and 1S57 several changes wore made, tho llowcna and Jndine, being removed from tho Navy, and the names of two others of the boats changed. In 18.58, however, a sort of reaction appears to have taken place. During this year, five craft, of different dimensions and classes, were placed in tho House. They were a clinker- built four-oar, without Coxswain, named Olympia ; clinker- built six-oar, named the Yale ; a six-oarod bargo, tho Va- runa ; and tlio Cymothco and Lorelei, six-oar race boatfi. The first of tho " Yale Coramencemcnt Regattas" took place in 18.53, and was participated in by four boats. The next llcgatta was in 18.54, in whiich four boats pulled. *~=a«*»^»«««He' ,*,j»«a*«i«8BH».«(aa«a»>i'- i I i (1 largo, and ttor boat, ono :, like to many ido tho8o of itH fy on JjO'tg Ih- • Vnlo, to-wit ; \ricl. oatn took part, 'our more boatH »<)at8, the Nau- ncd race boat, iMida, thirty 9 addition was ix-oarod racing roro made, tho Navy, and tho pears to have dimensions and vcre a clinker- mpia ; clinker- [largo, tho Va- T race boatn. .egattas " took our boats, ich four boats ■ m i wiitm'i -•■ ' J't'.ti> ' w»i»>W.-.W. > «m-v^ '> .^ g »^'-' * " IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 S 134 '" I.I 1.4 1 1.6 1.25 ?,' P /} <^ /2 ^}. ^. '■^ y ti Photographic Sciences Corporation ■y 23 WESY MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 \ •^ \\ [v 6'^ ^rr?»«js^s8saii!9ss--' ^1 i ^ 1 CIHM/ICMH f ■ Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques O'^ yt!r 1 w ', fc n a ti 1 tl 1 u 1 1 ! I i a 1 S 1 M a d t AUKKICAN COLLEQK RACKS. 98 The Third Annual Race came off at Springfield, in July, 1855. Five boats pulled, tho course being three miles, with one turn, and the race was won by the Nereid. The Fourth Annual Race race occurred in October, 1856, four boats pulling, over a course somewhat less than three miles in length, the best time being twenty-one minutes and twelve seconds. The Regatta of 1357, brought three boats to the line two sixes and an eight, the course being reported as more than three miles, and the best time made being 22 min- utes and fifty-two seconds, by the Nereid. The first " Inter-Collegiate " Regatta took place in New Hampshire, at Centre Harbor, Lake Winnipiseogce, of which an account is elsewhere given. The Second Union College Race came off in 1855, at Springfield. Yale entered the Nereid and the Nautilus, with Coxswain. Harvard was represented by the four-oared boat "Y. Y.," and the Iris, the former without Coxswain. The race was a handicap, of eleven seconds per oar, the distance being three miles, with one turn, and was made in the following time : Iris, 22 minutes; "Y. Y." 22.47; Nereid, 24 ; Nautilus, 25 minutes. Yale College held her Sixth Annual Race in July, 1858, in which were entered the Olympia, Varuna, Nereid, Omi- cron, and a shell, by the Scientific Class, without Coxswain. The Varuna, which was also a shell, without Coxswain, won the first prize. The first race, of 1859, was between the Varuna and the Olympia, and was won by the Varuna. The first College Union Regatta between Harvard, Yale, 'I '■> -» 04 AMERICAN COLLEGE RACES. Brown and Trinity, took place at Worcester, July 2Qth. 1859. The following boats were entered : Six-oared shell, "Harvard," by Harvard College; "Avon," six-oars, lap- streak. Harvard College ; Brunonia, six-oars, Brown Uni- versity ; "Yale," shell, six-oar, Yale CoUege. Harvard was victorious in 19.16. Yale, W. 16. The next day the first " Citizen's Regatta" came off, and was participated in by two sixes, one from Harvard and one from Yale. Yale won this race in 19.14; Harvard's time being 19.16. In 1860, the Second College Union Regatta came off at Worcester. In the first race, the Harvard Freshmen defeat- ed Yale, by 19.40 1-2 to 20.20. On account of one of the Yale Sophs, taking sick, the crew were unable to pull, and so the Harvard men went over the course and claimed the race, making it in 20.17. In the University Race, Harvard, Brown and Yale all came into line. Harvard led off, and never went back, win- ning in 18.53. Yale, 19.5 1-2. Brown, 21.15. At the Citizen's Regatta, the following day, the Gersh Banker, from Newburgh, beat Yale as follows: Banker, 18.37, Yale 19.10. The Freshmen, of Harvard and Yale, also brushed this day, with the following result : The Thetis, Harvard, taking the prize on a foul. 1 er, July 2Qth. Six-oared shell, " six-oara, lap- 's, Brown Uni- Harvard " came off, and m Harvard and 1.14; Harvard's itta came off at I'reshmon defeat- taking sick, the rvard men went ig it in 20.17. iTO and Yale all went back, win- 15. day, the Gersh Hows : Banker, rvard and Yale, It: The Thetis, Practical Rowing, 1 I '11 -l-UllWWlBBBIPBBJg ~"M > '%. ■ w s i. PRACTICAL ROWING, To become even a passable oarsman, requires long and continual practice, and to become a first-class oarsman, re- quires, besides these, a certian amount of natural skill, to en- able the oarsman to adapt his powers to the work he has in hand. This was not so much the case, a few years ago, when the race boats were large and roomy, being, for the most part, what are termed outrigger barges at the present day, but in the delicately constructed shells in which most all races are pulled now-a-days, it is absolutely necessary for a man to be wide awake and prompt in his movements, as a "crab" would be fatal to a crew under full headway, in one of these crafts. There are a; great many different theorieg respecting the correct manner of pulling an oar, as there are also a great many different styles of rowing; but aU first-class oarsmen agree upon certain essential points, all of which are to be embodied in the directions to oarsmen about to be laid down. It IS, of course, to be supposed, that before entering a shell • boat to pull, that the crew have practiced sufficiently long in larger and heavier boats, to learn all but one thing, viz : How ''^ i 11 9b PBACTlCAt BOWINO to apply all their united strength, and to balance the shell at %::;sho":;d ha., leaded how to feather, how to sit steady in the boat and pull, how to use the body. arms, and legs and all the other essentials to a good style of rowxng. Dj tald direetions will now be given upon everything per a^n.g rowtg. by a pruetical application of which it « hoped tha all my aUain to at least a creditable profiency m the great international recreation of boat rowing. INITIATIVK. ! Before entering a boat to pull with, or as. one of a r jlar crew, the party should take some practice in a single boat raUers not particularly what style of boat is used, bo that t ben a skiff, and is not supplied with stationary oars as .owing in suci a craft as this would be worse than no prac- 'Tllon Whitehall boat, such as may ^e found upon aU , . • ♦!,« iioat Vioat in which to take tne of our lakes and rivers, is the best boat in wu 11 fi™,lv in his hands, thumb underneath, throw nis put all the strength into the pull, umu ^—^-■•^^.-aa^c-LiE : PBAOTIOAL ROWINO. 99 ce the shell at tr to sit steady rms, and legs, rowing. De- thing pertainig ,t is hoped that ;y in the groat one of a regular i single hoat ; it used, 80 that it ationary oars, as •86 than no prac- )e found upon all rhich to take the plished oarsman, somewhat to his idcd with a toler- niddle of his boat laving placed his 18 that, in pulling. j'vag grasped the rneath, throw his ven with his toes, cover the blades, e oars are brought to a right angle with the body, and the "stroke" is com- pleted. After the rower has obtained sufficient practice to pull a good, oven and tolerably regular stroke, with the body and arms, he should learn to utilize the muscular power of his legs. In order to do this, two leather straps may be attach- ed to the foot-board or stretcher, into which the feet may be slipped, and thus enable the rower to bend his legs, without endangering a loss of balance. After this, at every additional lesson, he will learn some- thing new, and will shortly be ready to take his place in a boat with others, for . . , . CREW PRACTICE. The majority of Boat's Crews in this country, are either fours or sixes, and the manner of practicing and training them is precisely the same. Race boats proper, at the pre- sent time, are of three kinds only : Lapstreak Skeletons, Wooden Shells, and Paper Shells. Outrigger Barges, as also gunwale-rigged boats, are often used for racing purposes, but they cannot properly be term- ed race boats, as all race boats are covered fore and aft, outrigged, and built only to sustain a specified weight. In most of the lapstreak skeletors, it is necessary to trim the boat, by sitting close agains .,! o opposite gunwale to that upon which the oar is pulled, r. that if the boat was origi- nally perfectly balanced, it must always have an equaUy balanced crew, otherwise rocking wUl be the consequence. In wooden and paper sheUs, there is seldom more than enough room for a man to get his body into the boat ; so that t 100 PBACTlCAIi BOWINO. ..trimming" in a Bhell. means for a man to ba ance km- «elf perJtly.. and pull .-in the boat "-that « not to «wing his body in a lateral direction, but foro and aft. Zl are generally buUt for certain crews, adapte o. pecially to the weight and reach of the men and wdl perfect' balance in the water, if the oars are placed m the.r T;;:;!'^! delicately constructed shells of tl^^ requires much more skill and accuracy of motion than to pull in a lapstreak; and. indeed, it is anything but afore- gone conclusion that, because a man pulls well in a heavy boat, he will pull well in a shell, as some men can never become sufficiently true and graceful in their movements, to make good pullers in a shell. Nevertheless, the proper way to become a good p«Uer, to practice first in a large boat. as. if one is a poor pulle in a stiff boat, he can hardly e.pect to pull well in a '' The positions of the men in the boat will, as a matter of eoursc'depend upon the kind of boat it i. f a ap^ streak of the kind mentioned, each man should sit jam g it he gunwale, the body very nearly straight, the head well up with the eyes looking straight aft. and no ou of Tht bor The shoulders -^^^^^^^-^'-^^:^^ wiUnot "drop." the body being at ease and the shoulders 'Ihe bfd/lLd not sway from side to side nor should the trms comeback "chasing each other." The position thXnd upon the oar is something that -.uir- a great deal of attention as. unless the hand is proper^ pla ^. cramped fingers will make the pulling hard work. There ^ '"illTlnw !■ PRACTICAL ROVING. 101 ilance him- ia, not to '0 and aft. adapted os- and will, if iced in their of this day, on, than to ' but a fore- in a heavy an " never" ovcments, to od poller, i» a poor puller ill well in » 8 a matter of i. If a lap- lould sit jam ight, the bead ad not out of that the chest I theshouldera le, nor should The position equiros a great roperly placed, work. There are different notions in regard to the proper position of tho hand, and perhaps most every oarsman will find out for himself tho manner in which ho can best use his hands, «nd yet it may be proper to state that the hands should, in a majority of cases, grasp the oar about six inches apart ; and a great many pullers do better by elevating tho thumb of the outside hand, as it is claimed that additional power is thereby gained. Whether this is, or is not the case, every one will be capable of judging for himself. The elbows, during the recover, should be thrown well forward, and in the pull, bo brought back close to tho sides. Tho time to put on the poWer, is when the oar is ex- actly parallel with the boat, and the pull should be continu- ous and uniform, from that time until the finish. One of the greatest differences of opinion among boa men, is upon this very subject of when the power may be applied to tho oar with the greatest advantage ; and, as on account of "other things not being equal," it is impossible to settle the question, every person must decide, as near as possible, for himself. But if he desires to take advice upon the subject, he had better follow that above given, of putting on the pressure just as the oar squares the waist. The reach forward is an important point to learn, and if not thoroughly under- ■tood, will inevitably cause a fatal mistake in the style of the rower. As the arms extend forward, the handle of the oar should weigh over the instep, but should not pass be- yond the toes, as when a man overreaches, he loses power, from having the oar enter the water at too great an angle. Prom bending so low, alsoj the muscles of the diaphragm •re cramped, and respiration is impeded, so that by ove mmmmmm^Kimm 102 PRACTICAL ROWIKO. reaching not only i. there Ic. n.u«.ular force to apply, but there i. al.o less wind to accompany the application^ The leg. should accompany the motion of the body «muK taneouBly! without any rocking motion and without any la- tcrfering with the motion of the arm.. The arm. and wri.t. mu.t be .traight and ^'ff " ^ Wade i. placed in the water, at which time it--the bkd^ Hhould be perfectly .traight. inclining neither fore nor aft BDouiu " r ■> .jj ^ , one and US in case t inclines aft. the .trolte wm do f f here i. much .peed on. will very likely --e t e row r to «lip from hi. .eat and put the other, out. On the ther handf if it incline, forward, a "crab" i. very hkely to CBul . from the fact that the inclined blade offer, an ir- r:^l surface to the water, and the pressure i. thu. ''"X^^' recover" should be .imultaneou.. on the part of every member of the crew, and should be propo'^'-;'^ '? number of stroke, pulled per minute. When wha termed a "spurt" is made, that is. when the stroke s to be duickened the stroke should not be shortened but the cover should be more rapid. The stroke sho^d be re u- lar neither too long nor.too short-but .ui table for the Z To set and maintain a stroke that will suit a «ew uch as we generally .ee pulling, i. a work of no .mall diffi- Ta ty. One man ha. long legs, another .bort ; one man Ta. short arms, another long. Yet the .troke must be uniform, and at the .ome time not too long for any one. The stroke oarsman should be a man of judgment and ex- pcrience, and one who will not commit the grieveou. error : setti;g too long a stroke, a. men. after ^""8 be short, jerking stroke. .0 much condemned, feel that the PRACTICAL KOWINO. 103 I apply, but tion. ) body aimttl- lout any iiv- , stiff as tho — tho blade— fore nor aft, poor one, and luse tho rower On the other rery likely to offers an ir- cssuro is thus ..." ^' )n the part of jroportioned to When what is he stroke is to rtened, but tho should be regu- luitable for the will suit a crew f no small diffi- short; one man stroke must be for any one. judgment and ex- e grieveous error fter hearing the d, feel that the longer they make tho stroke tho nearer thoy get to perfec- tion. A long armed man can accommodate himself to a stroke within his roach, but it is an utter impossibility for a short armed man to pull outside of bis reach. To bo sure, the crew should be as nearly as possible com- posed of men of tho same, or nearly tho same, build, but it often happens, that a man selected for a crew, on account of his superior strength or skill, is either too short, or too long, and where several such men of different deficiencies are in a crew, it requires nice calculation on the part of tlie stroke oarsman to give the right "card." An English work upon rowing published many years ago divided the subject into three parts for consideration ; first tho Seat ; second. Holding tho oar ; third, the Stroke. A man should sit well above bis work in order to command it proper- ly. The datum for ascertaining tho height at which this ad- vantage is obtained is the following: In a properly con- structed boat tho thwart is placed midway between the heel- board and the sill of tho rowlock. When a mat is added the man is sufficiently elevated to sit well above his oar's handle, and to wield it with facility. If ho sits too low he will row with a rounded, instead of a straightened back, and incur loss of power. If he sits too high ho will be himself un- steady and liable to roll ; he will also make tho whole boat unsteady by unduly raising the centre of gravity. He will also alter tho angle at which the oar lies over the gunwale toward the water; the least inclination is the best. The most commendable form of rowing mat is a thick twilled flannel, wound several times around the thwart, quite flat and extending several inches beyond the space actually covered in sitting. It is tied by two broad tapes fastened in W l i)L,UtJi3iJI, 104 PRACTICAL ROWING. a bow. undorneatb the thwart and against its forward edge. Half the miseries of rowing men, and half their faults result from the maladjustment of their seats. They were seldom until within a few years, flat enough, nor long enough, and usually, the thwart itself was too low. Of late years, how- ever, the improvements made in the art of boat building have obviated most of the objections put icrth ten years ago, when boating was in its infancy. FEATHERING. To see a well-proportioned, well-trained boat's crew pull- ing at good speed, and feathering in unison, is to see a sight worth looking at, and one which never fails to gladden the heart of every true oarsman. The oar is feathered just as it leaves the water at the finish of the stroke. The blade leaves the water at an angle of about fifty degree., and is feathered by a slight depression of the wrists towards the ^°A8 to the position of the blade after it is feathered, and while traversing the air for a new stroke, it is best to pre- serve a medium between a perfectly horizontal line close to the water, and a great elevation above it in a long curve. A high toss, composed of a single straight line up to the point of culmination, is quite inadmissable. When water is rough and lumpy, or when it is thrown up in a mass by a strong man behind, fhere is danger of catching it. if , the oar is low, while recovering forward in a high curve, catches the wind, causes an ugly flop m the water, instead of the clean, unsplashing cut, and in- volves a certain waste of labor. irwarJ edge. ■ faults result (rero seldom, enough, and 3 years, how- 3uilding have irs ago, when t's crew pull- to see a sight ;o gladden the hered just as 3. The blade iegrces, and is IS towards the feathered, and is best to pre- 1 line close to 1 a long curve, line up to the n it is thrown re is danger of )vering forward an ugly flop in Qg cut, and in- PRACTICAL, ROWINO. 105 A very gentle curve is the most commendable form, and as it is attained by a simple and inexpensive motion, and ensures safety in rough water, it is to be preferred. By a very slight depression of the hands, the blade is a little raised at the beginning of the traverse, and by a subse- quent check to that depression, it descends gently to the surface without any hang or splash. It is very essential that a crew be taught to feather with exactness and on time ; as, upon their success in feathering depends much of the beauty and efiBcacy of their style. Much more might be, and has been said, by different writers, upon the subject of feathering, but I am of opin- ion that if what is herein given, as the correct style of feathering, be put in practice, there will be no occasion to regret having followed it. Rowing men have different opin- ions upon the subject of feathering, as upon everything else connected with the practice of the art ; the Oxford men, for instance, feather quite high, while Cambridge, on the contrary, jUst skim the water, and although the "form" of Cambridge, or as we call it here, the " style," has been even fanatically condemned, yet it vanquished that of its proud compeer last season. But whatever the "style" of the feather, whether it be high, low, or medium, it should be practiced until nearly perfect. There are a great many faults committed by oarsmen, not only as beginners, but oftentimes, after seasons of prac- tice, which have been catalogued over and over again, with the correct manner of doing the work, much as a homoeo- pathic physician catalogues diseases with the appropriate sugar pill which is to effect the cure. ..U ™J.l',UJili!H.' 106 PRACTICAL BOWING. Perhaps the following advice, in verse, may not be out of place here as setting forth, in a few words, the secret of good rowing : " Catch your stroke at the beginning, Then let legs with vigor work ; Little hope has he of winning "Who his stretcher loves to shirk. Let your rigid arms extended Be as straight as pokers two ; And until the stroke is ended Pull it, without jerking through." CORRECTING FAULTS. Notwithstanding the fact that the faults of rowers have been so many times explained and published, there appears to be among many of our amateur crews so little attention paid to their correction, that it becomes a duty for me once more to expose the manner in which puUers either shirk purposely their share of the work, or from ignorance of the correct manner of rowing, expend their strength in the wrong way. Not keeping time is a grievous fault, and one very diffi- cult of detection. A practiced ear will generally detect a slight want of accord, for though the time may be seeming- ly very good, there is a barely perceptible difiFerence in the sound produced by an oar doing its duty, from that made by a shirker. This should lead the coxswain, if there be one, and if not the stroke, to examine the oars himself, and by careful inspec- tion he cannot fail of detecting the " loose screw." In a six not be out of the secret of of rowers have , there appears little attention iity for me once srs either shirk ignorance of the strength in the I one very diffi- nerally detect a nay be seeming- lifiFerence in the from that made B one, and if not by careful inspec- cre«r." In a six PRACTICAL ROWING. lOT oar, the difficulty to a coxswain of watching a crew and cor- recting their faults, is almost insurmountable; and where there is no coxswain, and the stroke oar is captain, there are so many difficulties in the way as to mak? it utterly impossi- ble. I say that in a *' six," or even a "four," where the work of detecting the faults of a crew devolves upon the stroke, it will be but imperfectly done, and then even, at the expense of other mistakes in the stroke himself, who has enough to do to see that his stroke is what it should be. By what means then is a crew to become go )'i pullers and have their deficiencies pointed out to them? MaLlfestly, there is only one way, and that is to have the trainer accompany the crew in another boat, or if it is a narrow river or stream on which the crew is pulling, he may run along the bank, the crew pulling slowly, so that he may be able to detect all their faults. If no regular trainer has been employed, the coxswain, if there be one, and if not some other competent party, should take his place. This plan has been regularly pursued by many of our best crews, and it scarcely needs a lengthy argument to convince any one of the benefits to be derived therefrom, or, indeed, it might almost be said of the absolute necessity of adopting some such plan. In England, they never think of entering an " eight " in a race, that has not been trained, or as they call it, " coached," in this manner. It is true, that in many of our crews, every man is heart and soul in the contest, and not in the slightest degree disposed to "shirk," intentional- ly, and yet many a man may be doing the very best he knows how, and then be pulling very poorly. ^ . 108 PRAOTICAL BOWING. Making the latter part of the stroke in air, is another mistake, that needs close looking after, and will often be found to accompany the first named. Round rowing is not dropping the blade at once to its proper depth, but describing a segment of a circle, and thus, having to bring the oar up out of the water to feather, by which the boat is dragged under and her way impeded. Do not row with the elbows bent, either when on the stroke or the feather, or both. Do not keep the elbows out too far from the sides, as, although some very good oarsmen commit this mistake, it doubtless in them merely looks bad, but there is generally less force applied to the oar in that way than by keeping the elbows close. Looking at the oar, or at any other object out of the boat, should be sedulously avoided, as this leads to uneven swing- ing, and often causes the catching of crabs, which is the very thing that many suppose they will avoid by watching their oar. After a certain amount of practice, there will be no difficulty in keeping " eyes in the boat," and at the same time keeping perfect stroke. The twisting of the nock, in looking out of the boat, also tires and cramps the muscles, as any one may satisfy himself by trying it, and great inconvenience and weariness is there- by occasioned. There is also another phaze of this fault which is, during races, the looking around at passing objects, or observing the course of the coxswain, or at the competitors in the race. The coxswain will be able to attend to his business, and if he is not, the crew will rather hurt, than benefit their chances, by paying any attention to what he is doing. » Dropping the head down between the shoulders so that I'RACIICAL ROWINO. 109 lir, is anot'ier will often be I at once to its ircle, and thus, to feather, by impeded. Do I the stroke or ITS out too far )arsmen commit 5 bad, but there at way than by out of the boat, uneven swing- hich is the very r watching their there will be no it the same time f the boat, also ,y satisfy himself eariness is there- which is, during ts, or observing mpetitors in the to his business, ;han benefit their le is doing, boulders so that the chin rests upon the breast, is one of the most serious, as it is also about the most universal and constant, of the mis. takes made by inexperienced oarsmen. This affects the work of the rower in a variety of ways, the first of which is, that it greatly impedes his respiration, and shortens his wind, without which his muscle will be of little ava"l. In the next place, ho is liable, from having his head de- pressed and eyes lowered, to neglect the proper B\^ing, thereby rooking the boat. Again, the neck is as liable to become cramped and stiff, by having the head in this posi- tion, as in the one above spoken of. By keeping the head well up, and the back straight, but not stiff, there is no loss of wind, and all the strength expended is on the oar. Keeping one shoulder elevated above the other, makes un- even and tiresome work. Catching the water with un- straightened arms, has slackened tension as its consequence ; thus time may be kept, but not stroke, keeping stroke al- ways implying uniformity of work. The blado should be covered, up to the shoulder, and the manner of dipping the oar should be carefully watched by the instructor or coxswain, as in attempting to avoid one extreme there is likelihood of rushing into the other ; that is to say, that in making sure that they cover the blade, many pullers immerse the shank. Doubling forward, and bending over the oar at the feather, bringing the body up to the handle, and not the handle up to the body — in other words, meeting the oar, is a mistake (?) very common to lazy pullers or shirkers, and only requires detection to se- cure correction. Keeping both the wrists convex, is also a serious mistake, as the outside wrist should invariably be flat to ensure a fair "take." Oare should be taken not ot 110 PRACTICAL BOWINO. T strike the water at an obtuse angle— rowing the first part in the air. The feather should not be commenced too soon and then shivered, by bringing the blade into a plane with the water, while there is yet time for work ; thus the oar might leave the water in perfect time, and yet not keep stroke. This has been designated as one of the most subtle tricks in rowing, and is one of the principal ones involved in the science of shirking. Turning the elbows at the feather, instead of bringing them sharp past the flanks, is another mistake, which is generally unintentional, and makes heavy work of it for the puller. Slackening the arms prematurely, and cutting short the end of the stroke, is perhaps not so common as some of the other faults mentioned, and yet s sharp eye should be kept to see that they do not fall into this style of pulling. Another very annoying thing in pulling, is to see a man throwing water instead of turning it well aft oflf the lower an- gle of the blade. A wave caused in this way is extremely annoying to the oar next aft ; there should be no wash or wave of any des- cription traveling astern, but an eddy containing two cir- cling swirls. These, it is to be recollected, are faults to be often found in men who have puUed for years, on their " own hook," and flatter themselves that they are veterans at the oar. So they may be, in one sense, but it wiU require a deal of attention on the part of the instructor, to make a perfect oarsman out of one who has piUed entirely after his own notions, without any one to guide him in his work. However, if a man really has the "stuff" in him to be- PRACTICAL ROWING. Ill (ring the first be commenced the blade into ime for work ; rfect time, and ignated as one is one of the rking. ad of bringing itake, which is )rk of it for the itting short the D as some of the eye should be tyle of pulling, is to see a man oflf the lower an- innoying to the ave of any des- taining two cir- be often found r "own hook," rans at the oar. require a deal of make a perfect y after his own his work. " in him to be- come a good puller, he w 11 amply repay the little care that will be necessary to correct the faults in his style. THE COXSWAIN. When a crew are about to take to their boat for prac- tice, the Coxswain, or stroke, as the case may be, will hold the after part of the boat, while the bow oar holds the bow. The men then take their places in regular order, on the call of the Captain, and when all is ready, the Captain orders two men to shove off ; which being done, the crew lay on their oars, while the Captain repeats the orders which he is going to give, and the manner of executing them. The men being warned by an order, bend forward to take, and at the word, all give way together ; the stroke oar setting the stroke, and all the bodies, and all the men, swinging fore and aft together, the Coxswain, if there be one, remaining in a perfectly erect posture, without bobbing or bending bis body with the crew, as is often done by in- experienced steersmen. ' ' < ; t Although there may not have been too much said upon the subject of a crew pulling together, there has certainly been too little said about the Coxswain's work, and the manner in which it is usually performed. We are rapidly approaching the time when Coxswains will be tinknown in American races, other than barge races, and then, indeed, the " best crew " may win, which is not by any means, always the case, in the present system. It is but poor satisfaction to see a well built, well trained crew "sent off" on a course with good cause to hope for suc- cess, pulling as well as men ever pulled, and then have some m-Mi^r-t, — .-^J»-nu..y . - 112 PRACTICAL BOWINO. miserable baulk on tbe part of the coxswain destroy erery chance of iuccess. And yet any person who has ever witnessed many races, is no stranger to such a sight. It is therefore important that until such time as coxswains shall bo entirely abolish- ed, there should be some rules laid down for their guidance, which may tend to assist them, to some extent, however slight. In a race, the coxswain has everything in his own hands, and if he is either incompetent, from want of experience in steering a boat, or is timid and uncertain in his line of procedure, the most disastrous consequences are likely to result. The latter characteristic in the coxswain of an American boat, in a late international contest, turned what might have been a glorious victory, into a glorious defeat ; and should servo as an example for the future, to aU crews who intend entrusting their fortunes to the hands • of a coxswain. He should have a "clear eye and a steady hand," as the two indispensable requisites which go to make up a good coxswain; as oftentimes the course is made con- siderably longer than it need be, by certain nervous pulls at the rudder strings, which coxswains, in the heat and excite- ment of a race, are very apt to give, in the absence of any other means by which to "help along" (?) the boat. He should also be as light as possible, as the dead-weight in the boat should be reduced to the fewest possible pounds. This, however, should, as a matter of course, be a secondary consideration to procuring a person with good judgment and experience, for, although some of the cham- pion professional crews in England have employed boys of tender years, for coxswains, in some of their most important •I PRACTICAL ROWING. 113 destroy erery 3d many races, jforo important ntirely abolish- their guidance, sxtcnt, however his own hands, if experience in in his line of !S are likely to coxswain of an contest, turned into a glorious r the future, to es to the hands aye and a steady rhich go to make irse is made con- nervous pulls at heat and excite- 3 absence of any f) the boat. 3 the dead-weight fewest possible iter of course, be lerson with good )me of the cham- jmployed boys of jir most important and sharply contested races, there cannot be a doubt but that more way was lost to the crew, by the attention which the stroke oar was obliged to give to the course of the boat, than would have offset a few pounds more avordupois, ac- companied by a few additional years, placed in the cox- swain's seat. On the other hand, a person's nge is not always a gauge to his endowment of brains, and very many men of mature years, have acted in a manner more ridicu- lous than infant coxswains ever did. The coxswain should sit square in the centre of his seat, perfectly erect, so as to be able to observe the manner in which his men do their work, as also that he may keep a good lookout ahead, and steer a straight course. The yoke-lines should be drawn perfectly tight, and wound once around his hands, so that the slightest pull on either one will change the course of the boat in the desired di- rection. The mistaken mode of having a slack line generally causes a much stronger pull to be made than is required, which will then require a counter pull on the other side, and so there is often a continual jerking of the lines which makes hard work for the pullers. His body should be per- fectly erect, but in an easy position. He should get what purchase ho can on the stretcher of the stroke, and pay a good deal of attention to keeping from rocking the boat himself, which coxswains very often do, without being corrected for it. In regard to the swinging of the coxswain's body, it may be well to allude here to the fashion of bending the body so far forward as that the nose almost knocks against the 8 114 I-BACTICAL IIOWIN'I bottou^ofthehoat. thatUc.ccaBionall.io».ewiU.c.^^^^ inexperienced c«x8wain«. which act.on n.a,.y ot then Ipaly «Hh deafening yells to their n.en for n.oro ''t' have Been coxBwainB. when the «ord to .'Go'' ,as «ten. conunonee throwing their hodicB towards the Ttnmof the boat, as if endeavoring to heat the.r hranm r h si Un. yelling like Choctaws in the »o.t lless manner. This is not only the most r.d.culouH n leless style of steering that ean he ^^^^^^^J^^ also the most suicidal policy that a coxswain can pursue, twill, inevitably, steer a crooked course, besides rock- in. the boat from side to side, at every " revolution 'l! making short turns, if the men pulling the out. e oars are tronger'than those pulling the inside, they may be ca - Td upon for an extra exertion, but if they WP- ; ^ he lighter or weaker half of the crew, and are hable aft r- iLds to be overdone, it is better to ease the other s.d. ^Z of these means is better than to make Uberal use th rudder, which impedes the progress of the boat a ^ aJtime hat the men.are doing then, utmost; and .t wiU be found in practice that a boat wUl round a stake or pqmt of any kTnd. in less time by easing one side than by s eer ng Znd wiih full force on. whilst at the same time, the strength of the men is husbanded , H the crew pull in a river with a current, the coxswa n should study the course so as to take advantage o slack w te . Jgoing against, or the full current if going with it ; and U is he must do according to his position in the race. v.hich w.U be constantly varying in different contests and locahties. I'BACTICAL ROWI.Vd. 115 ) 1)0 wiliicf.^cJ in my of tlicin ae- r imMi for morn word to "Go" odics towards the , beat tlicir braiim tawB, in the most lost ridiculous and magined, but it is Bwain can pursue, irse, besides rock- ' revolution." ing the outside oars e, they may be call- they happen to bo and are liable after- jase the other side, make liberal use of of the boat, at the ■ utmost ; and it will nd a stake or pqint of side than by steering me time, the strength jurrent, the coxswain antago of slack water, ;oing with it ; and this in the race, which will ists and localities. Ho should never attempt to stoor a boat iii a race without having previously gone over the course a number of times, to familiarize himself with every object. The duties of the coxswain aro arduous, and such as require him in the first place to be naturally sharp, and afterwards to cultivate his "smartness" to its farthest extent. The relations of coxswain and crow are not the same in all clubs nor localities, but unless ho is a very young one, he should generally have tho control of the crew; and it is his duty to correct a puller, whenever he makes a mistake in his work, or hIiows a disposition to "soldier." WITHOUT COXSWAIN. Crews pulling without coxswains have duties to perform of a somewhat diflferent noture from those who carry a man to do their steering ; and, although they have more labor to perform, they are freed from the inoumberance of a " worse than useless coxswain." It was a grand step forward, when an American crow first resolved to " paddle their own canoe," and leave cox- swains to those who wore unable to do without them. It was a glorious triumph when an American crew crossed the briny deep and launched their craft upon the bosom of the Seine, resolved to demonstrate the practicability of their sys- tem. It was a triumph over the sneers and jibes of English boating men, who were jubilant over the prospect of defeat- ing them before the world, and thus to rebuke the audacity that had prompted them to abolish as worse than use- no I'HACTIOAL ROWINU. lew" what they contcnduJ, and Btill "do" contend, w an in- diBpenBoblo rcquiHite to a well pulled race. But the practice they had taken warranted thorn in going the diBtanco they did, and the cheerfulness and oonfidonco they maintained from first to last, wai fully proved in the race to have good foundation. Their sarcastic laughter as they pulled up the homo stretch, must have sounded like a death knell to the haughty and obstinate oarsmen, ui)on whom the tables wore now turned, and who, instead of "rebuking" the Ameri- cans, were themselves reminded that others besides English- men may understand something of the art of rowing. Although coxswains had been dispensed with, by many crews, for a considerable time, prior to the Paris Regatta, they were still made use of in many cases of clubs, which, though they conceded the steering with a "traveler " to be the more scientific mode of the the two, were yet undecided as to the expediency of adopting it in their own case ; fear- ful that too great an amount of practice would be required to enable them to pull a creditable or successful race. One by one, however, the first clubs in the country abolished the steersman ; and the international contest, in 1869, between Harvard and Oxford, created so much discus- sion upon this point, and brought out so many facts favor- able to the American system, that they were more strongly impressed than ever with the advantages of having their boats constructed to carry the crew only. The result is, that over threp-fourths of the racing boats now being built are coxswainless, and we venture the assertion that, by two years from the present time, there ^■■. untond, in an iii- 3(1 them in going I and oonfidonco ly proved in the d up tlio homo ^h knoll to the a the tables wore ig" the Amori- bosidoB English- jf rowing. 1 with, by many e PariH Regatta, of clubs, which, 'traveler " to be >rc yet undecided r own case ; fear- ould be required cessful race. in the country ttional contest, in d BO much discus- many facts favor- sro more strongly I of liaving their IB of the racing 1 we venture the esent time, there PRACTICAI, ROWINil 117 will not bo 4 single racing Hholl built for Amorii'an watorH «« carry a coxawaJO. In regard to a race in which all other thing* are equal, and one crow rarrios a coxswain, and in the other the Imw oarHman steers, " the rosult," says Com. Benj. F. Hrady, "dnpends upon what kind of coxswain one crow has, and what kind of a bow-oarsman the other." This is the whole thing in a nutshell, and should bo taken into consideration, by those who imagine that the mere fact of a crow not carrying a coxswain will ensure them victory over another which employs one. What Americans claim is, that a bow-oarsman can, witli sufficient practice, and there are scores who have it, do his work at the oar and steer the boat as well. This is denied by most Englishmen, who a-ssort the impos- sibility of a man's "doing two things at one time," as a flufBoient reason for understanding why one man cannot fill the two offices, of oarsman and steerer, while they are afraid to test their system with the American, by entering one of their boats with a "worse than useless" against an American boat steered by the bow oar. However, they will ultimately be obliged to adopt this system, as, although many of their oarsmen are obstinate and determined to frown down foreign " innovations," there are many others who are liberal-minded men, disposed to look favorably on anything likely to advance the cause. The ooxswainless boats are to be seen upon almost every boating course in America, and are doubtless familiar sights to every reader of this book. The bow-oarsman has his feet placed against a cross-piece in the bottom of the boat, to which are attached, one on each side, two wire 118 PRACTICAL ROWING. line., reaching aft through Binall "eyes" to the rud-^.er. „.aking a miniature "walking-beam" in the boat. By a slight pre«8ure upon either side, the course of the boat i8 „,aterially changed, and any one can see, at a glance, that great practice is required to enable a man to sit looking fstern and pulling in time, and as well as the others, to Btecr the boat on a straight course. • He should always, before starting on a pull, look well at the course, and then, after taking some object astern as a guide, endeavor to keep the boat in a straight line. Ihe Itroke oar wiU regulate the speed of the boat and, when necessary, call upon his men for •' a little more cider. In using the button oars, now so common, the button ot the oar should be kept just inside the thowle, the outside hand should take hold with the thumb up, while the inside grasps the loom just where the rounded off part joins the Lare, with the thumb underneath the oar. Let those who enter a boat of this kind, for the first time, not be discour- aged at the difficulties which beset them, but keep up courage, and remember that " practice makes perfect. SCULLING. When a man pulls two oars, he is said to be pulling a pair of sculls, and when boats are constructed for one or two men each to pull a pair of oars, they are said to be either single or double scull boats, as the case may b«^ The manner of rowing with sculls is considerably different from that of rowing with an oar ; as in the first instance two paddles, one in each hand, are made use of, while, in the : ',1: ■'.ill I PRACTICAL ROWING 119 to the rud'^'.er, ! boat. By a of tlie boat is a glance, that to Bit looking I the others, to ill, look well at ect astern as a ight line. The boat and, when ore cider." 1, the button of iwle, the outside while the inside ff part joins the Let those who , not be discour- n, but keep up ;es perfect." to be pulling a icted for one or ey are said to be case may bng..roko, (,. ealW,) .«eh '^'^^l^'^. lowing from some, wbo, et eouree, understood .11 .bout . " Their short stroke killed them." , Such superlatively nonsensleal remark. ..the above are .«LesLde h/me„ ealling tbemselve. o"--" * pretend to know «.m.thing about boatmg The toUj of »« . Irtions „. neve, better mu..r..cd than ,n a c^^^ d«_ „.t..h two year, ago announeing the result of the intoruni lboat',l,tlwhieh wa. added several gratuitous re- ml upon the manner in which the raee wa, pulled ; .no ::rbi:rrw!:i::tr- ^^ r:;rb,.Lvar.ha..^^^^^^^ rtercl'sT).Ho:!n.lf.rmof0.mbriageb.splaoea 'T™ '::;•• lt*t a «ul,.r to pull U the one that he en plthe best, that is, it is the on. best su,..d ,„ ev- e .way to his size and form. H be « « -» "* '»« "" ery wu.j , .,, j^ better time „n^ 1« ON ROWING AND TRAINING. BY WiLlIAM BlAIKIB, JosH0A Ward, C. P. KUNHARDT, Geo. R. Wriqut, R- E. Clkubns. B«Nj. F. Bradt, ROBT, FULTOW, STIPHXy ROBIRTS, A. MoC. Duncan, i I! M Contributions <*iliHi I HARVARD TRAINING. BY WILLIAM BLAIKIE. PreviouB to 1866, the stringent rales of the Prize Ring, on training, seem to have been almost literally followed; liquids and vegetables being used very sparingly, whUe roast and broiled beef and roast mutton, with dry bread, were the main and, indeed, almost sole nourishment of the man in training. Feverish blood and disposition, together often with an "aU-gone" feeling at the stomach, and a lean, hungry look, were the usual characteristic symptoms and appear- ance of the man so treated. I have known one trained in this manner, unable to sleep and forced to get up at midnight and bathe his head and neck to allay the fever ; another to pursue this course so far that on the day of the race, his physician prescribed his bed instead of his boat, he being regularly attacked by a fever. And I have seen very many become so tired of their food, taken, perhaps, in the fiercest heat of summer, as to perfectly loath it. But since that time the Harvard University crews have had a fuller and more reasonable bill of fare. Potatoes and rice % 138 IIARVAHD TRAININO. ,„ay bo scon as regularly on tbo tabic a« beef itself, and tie vegetables of tbc season are allowed in moderate quantities. Broiled steak or chops, potatoes in almost any style, without Rreasc. bread nearly fresh, tea if desired, water, or often milk rfprcferod. oatmeal porridge or gruel, and eggs poached or b(^led-not very hard-now render the breakfast of a Har- vard student in training, palatable and even attractive ; U is doubtful if a well cooked fresh fish, occasionally ought not to find its place on the table. The best roast beef or mutton procurable, potatoes, bread, cracked wheat, rice, oatmeal gruel, and the various vegtables in the market, often, if not regularly, make the dinner in- viting ; and a piece of salmon or a dish of poultry or game is an occasional visitor, aiding to vary yet more the programme. Tapioca, farina and other vegetable puddings make an admir- able substitute for heavy puddings as a desert. Milk, water, and tea again, and also butter and salt, in reasonable quanti- ties, are permitted. Bread and milk, or tea, butter, oatmeal gruel, dry toast and crackers, are the chief and often only articles taken at supper. Such was the bill of fare at the Harvard table in 1866. and it is not probable that it has changed materially since that time. It has sent the crew to the score, more likely to perspire freely and some pounds heavier in weight, than the old sys- tem, as well as being in better spirits and more fit to pull a tough, hard race. Aprize fighter needs a very thin cheek so that a blow on it wiU not close his eye, but an oarsman does not. and as an instance, the Oxford crew even showed a double chin on the day of their race with Harvard. The best mower in haying time is not usually the leanest, and ■ ULi-.-ani itself, and t'.c ite quantities, style, without or often milk gs poached or ■ast of a Ilar- ttractive ; it is f ought not to otatoes, bread, rious vegtables the dinner in- Itry or game is ihe programme, make an admir- , Milk, water, isonable quanti- nruel, dry toast rticles taken at larrard table in inged materially ikely to perspire lan the old sys- nore fit to pull a ry thin cheek, so an oarsman does ' even showed a Harvard. The the leanest, and HARVARD TRAINING. ]39 Kenurallv oats and drinks his fill of what ho likes best. UUAT EXKIICISE. About a half hours' careful rowing at a tolerable pace, with an occa.Monal stop or " easy," for instruction and rest, seems about sufficient for a morning. In the afternoon, nearly or quite an hours' rowing, with not more than two or throe rests will complete the days water work. The rate of speed in the afternoon should go up from thirty- five strokes a minute when commencing training, to racing gait during the last two weeks, and pulling over the proposed course once " on time," will be plenty of work for this last period. COACHING. Every stroke taken at any time sliould be taken "with care," and no slouchy rowing ought to be allowed in the boat. In order to detect any neglect of duty, as well as for the general purposes of a "coach." the bow oarsman has hereto- fore attended to the drilling of his men. But this gives him three duties, viz: His own pulling, steering the boat,' and watching and correcting the men. and. certainly, the first two of these will keep any ordinary man sufficiently busy. A much better plan would seem to be to have some judicious " coach " or instructor in whom the crew can place confidence accompany them in a conveyance in which he can 140 lUBTARD TRAIMINO. keep mlongBide, or nearlj bo, and devote his entire attention to detecting and remedying their faults. This last he should do promptly and fearlessly, and he will find that he can tell, to a nicety who is inclined, inten- tionally or otherwise, to shirk, and who are the staying ones. He can tell, too, whether they need more or less work, and guide himself accordingly. LAND EXERCISE. A three or four-mile walk, at a four-mile gait, starting, say, an hour after breakfast, will not, unless in extremely hot weather, prove too much for a vigorous young man, with ordinarUy good legs. The speed of thU walk should be reached gradually, and after, perhaps, if a man in the start is much out of condition, say two weeks slower going. A thorough rubbing of the entire body, until the skin is absolutely red, should "immediately" follow each row, and then a dry suit should be donned. Flannel is the best ma- terial for it. SLEEP. Eight hours should seem a good medium. If a man feels all right with a less amount than this, he should regulate his own hours ; but if he is nervous and excitable, he should have more. He should never lie abed awake in the morn- ing, but spring up at once, and take his sponge bath, or in warm weather, if convenient, a plunge into cold water. After each row, the Harvard men have, while hot and ^^^^BrV- tfgff" ^ TRAINING BV J08II WARD. rc attention ily, and he ined, inten- the staying lore or leas 141 it, starting, 1 extremely young man, walk should man in the reeks slower 1 the skin is ich row, and the best ma- i a man feels 1 regulate his e, he should n the morn- e bath, or in Id water, irhile hot and perspiring, taken a dip into the river and a few strokes, and this plan, which would seem more agreeable than pru- dent, is not reported to have worked injury. NUMBER OF STROKES. Without a Coxswain, the Harvard men have gone fast- est, on an average of forty-four or forty-five strokes a min- ute, through a three-mile race. With coxswain, forty or forty-one seems about equivalent. ROWING AND TRAINING, BY JOSHUA WARD, CAPTAIN Of WARD CRIW, RX-OHAMPION Or AHIRIOA. First, be sure that the men are in perfect health, so that they wiU be able to stand the work which they are about to commence. A mild medicme is usually required to cleanse the blood, as, unless the blood is in good order, and in very many cases it is in any other condition than a good one, the food taken will J. II > If. TUAISINO UV JOSH WAKU. not digest well. Alter the men are in good eoiiditiv.. tliey should have plenty of rowing and walking, first, s'lort drntni.- ces to bo gradually increased to what will bo their "card. The following is about the course of training I sliould ad- vise Upon gettinjr up in the morning take a sponge bath, dry well with a course towel, after which walk about two miles before breakfast. • Breakfast should consist of a good tender porterhouse steak, broiled rare, which should bo thoroughly masticated before swallowing. A.s a driid.. a cup of black tea. Drink no more than absolutely necessary either at meals or any other time. After breakfast, which should bo eaten slowly, no exercso should be taken for about an hour; at the expiration ot which time, the crew can get in the boat and row the same distance expected to be rowed in the race, and at a goo.l pace. • .11 After returning from the row, take a rub down with a dry towel, and then a moderate walk, until shortly before dinner time. Dinner should consist of roast beef or broiled chicken, with soft boiled eggs, etc. If any drink is taken, tea or water, in moderate quantity , should be used. After dinner, no exercise for about two hours, when the crow take the afternoon pull, which should bo over about the same distance and at the same pace as that of the morning. • After coming ashore, rub down as in the morning, with a coarse towel, and then take a moderate walk, returning homo about an hour before supper, which, when eaten at all should be a light one, composed of a little broiled meat with a piece of dry toast and a cup of tea. TRAININO BV JOSH WARD. 148 3od ooiiditif/ii they first, s'lort Jlsliiii- 1)0 thoir "card." lining I sliould ad- iko a sponge batli, li walk about two iondcr porterhouse roughly masticated black tea. Drink , meals or any other Hlowly, no exercise t the exjiiration of ; and row the same ace, and at a good ub down with a dry hortly before dinner f or broiled chicken, 1 moderate quantity, •ciso for about two J pull, which should t the same pace as 1 the morning, with a ■ate walk, returning hich, when eaten at a little broiled meat Lea. IwomcalH, at the leasf, should always bo taken; and where only two arc taken, they should, in all cases, bo what are known as breakfast and dinner, as both these meals or rather e.ther of them, are more essential to tho man i» ramang than supper, particularly if he, as I would advise '"•n o do. rises with the sun and retire., at about 9 o clock, or half-past, in tho evening. After a night's sleep, and after having left tho bed at five m tho morning and walked or ran two. three, or four m.lc8. as well as taking a bath, the system is generally quite importunate for sustenance by 7 o'clock or half-past This is not always the case, however, in regard to sup- per ; as, after having eaten a hearty dinner, at 1 o'clock without any other exercise thereafter than tho afternoon row' a man with very little practice can accustom himself to doinc without more food until the following morning, if ho retire at about nine o'clock. Up with tho sun in tho morning and pursue the regular plan of bath walk etc.. unless stormy. i„ which case exercise indoors should be substituted for the walk. The dumbells and clubs are proper implements to use for this purpose, and every man in training, whether amateur or professional, should have one or other, or b6th. . The man in training should always have plenty of exercise given him at regular and proper intervals. By plenty of ex- ercise I mean just enough neither too much nor too little ; and to be able to tell just when a man has just enough belongs only to those who have had an extensive experience in preparing men for aquatic or other contests. ^ r o HiB habits must, of necessity, be very regular, otherwise the course which he is pursuing will result in very little good. t 144 TEAIJUNQ BY J081I WARD. In regard to tbo o.rs which myself .nd brothcr,H-tbo \\ard Crcw-goncrally use ; they are .weeps, about twelve feet long a Ifive inches wide. A boat for our crew of our wouUl b orty-Bix feet lon«. and twenty inches wide. I" P'f ' «• ' 1.0 the legs, and in a four or six-oared boat puU forty -d Ity-twoLkos per minute- In pulling a pa. of sculls pull about thity-eight strokes to the minute, and use the ''we used spoon oars, and our boats were constructed with the stroke on the starboard side. , u- i. In sculling. I have always pulled open handed, but I think cross handed is the better style. * To make a succesful rower great practice will bo required, although in this, as in everything else, some learn much more rapidly than others. Myself and brothers were brought up near the Hudson, and have worked for many years upon the river. It was from having in early life to row as a business or means of livelihood, that we cultivated a taste, so to speak, for rowing, and also became good pullers. I have here upon the Hudson a fine place for rowmg, and ^ill be happy to undertake the care and training of any par- ty or parties who may so far honor me as to entrust them- Bolves to my care. Bowing has no equal among the recreative arts either in modern or ancient times. m D. brotlicrs— tbo Ward ,bout twelve feet long Brow of four would be wide. In pulling, we 1 boat pull forty and ing a pair of sculls, I minute, and use tbc were constructed with en handed, but I think • aotice will be required, , some learn much more Ihers wore brought up )r many years upon the ife to row as a business ted a taste, so to speak, lers. e place for rowing, and and training of any par- me as to entrust thcm- recreative arts either in I'OINTH ON ROWING AND TlUININa. BV MTKn.KN ROBiKTS. KX-C..AM.MON 8CUL.,KH OK AHKRlOi. It may not bo altogether out of place for ono who was at one time the champion scuUor of the United States ; who has been for many years actively connected with the history of boat-racing and boat-building, to endeavor to add a few points to this valuable and interesting work upon Rowing and Training. ' e . .. ABOUT RACING. When a race is to take place there should bo at least four judges and a referee appointed by the mutual agreement of the parties. The business of the referee should be to start the boats which should be bucked up to a line before starting. If, after tho boats are started, the referee thinks the start an unfair ono, he has, in my opinion, the right to call both boats back for a new start. If all parties distinctly hear the recall and one or more 10 °^-*'"'*— — ■■■■^-^r-r^mwiii-ria-. i-- i T .i Tr« i it ir,i -r-r i ijra 146 TKAININO BY STEPHEN ROBEKTS. refuse to return, pull over the course, and claim the race, they shall not be entitled to any purse, prize or other stake, that may have been rowed for. Both boats should make a straight line for the stake boat or buoy, and any boat deviating from such a course and foul- ing another boat, shall be ruled out of the race or regatta. No boat has a right to cross the bow of another until she has a clean water lead, or at the least one full length. Un- less there are two different stake boats or buoys, both boats nhould turn the one way. When two boats are approaching a stake, the boat that has the lead, if by only a single foot, has the inside track and the other boat must either turn outside or wait, until this boat is far enough ahead to preclude the possibility of a foul. When two boats come together with the oars, it is best that they should free themselves as best they may and con- tinue the race; but if any boat shall, after having been fouled in this manner, continue the contest, and bemg beaten, come home and claim a foul, they shall have no hearing. In order to make a legitimate claim of foul, it is necessary that a crew stop rowing immediately when buch foul occurs as a continuation of the race makes it a new one, in fact. In a case of a collision, the crew of either boat should not use their hands to shove off the other boats. A referee's decision is only required when the judges are equally divided, and in that case his decision is final : The referee should be a man post- ed in a aquatics and not interested in the race. SETS. ind claim the race, rize or other stake, i for the stake boat li a course and foul- the race or regatta, of another until she e full length. Un- r huoys, both boats :q, the boat that has ho inside track and • wait, until this boat bility of a foul, the oars, it is best ,t they may and con- , after having been sst, and being beaten, liave no hearing, f foul, it is necessary en fauch foul occurs, as w one, in fact. In a t should not use their L referee's decision is ly divided, and in that should be a man post- be race. TBAININO BY HTEPIIEN ROBKRTH. I47 TRAINING A CHEW. In training a crew for a race, the habits and mode of living of a man are to be consulted more than any set rules If ho 18 used to eating meat well cooked, it will not do to give him meat cooked rare, as this is apt to produce a looseness in his bowels. A man must eat according to the state of his sys- tem, and if he trains hard, eats meat, and ig troubled with ' loose bowels, he should train light and live on toast, bread and coffee or tea. for a few days, with puddings, or bread and mdk ; and if he is used to drinking, good fresh ale will not hurt him, but no liquor stronger than porter or ale should be used. On the other hand, if costiveness is present no longer than forty-eight hours should be permitted to elapse without a motion, and this should be brought about, if possi- ble, by making use of the suitable food and drink ; such for instance, as the veal steaks cooked rare, with cider or water as a drink. The main thing, in training a man or crew, is to dve him or them, plenty of the same kind of work performed in the race. Be careful, however, not to put on too much at first If a mUe race is to be puUed, twenty days train- ing will be required. The first day, row. say one mile; the second and thirJ day, about the same, or a little more, not too hard. After this, increase the distance a half mile every day. until five mdes are gone over at each row. Then, if there are no blisters on the hands, row the whole distance at racing pace. Every other day, row eight or ten miles, up to within i^a J4^ rUAlNINa BV STKl'UEN IIOBERTS. twenty-four hours of tl.e race. Less rowing than this should not he taken; more will not hurt. The time required to get a crew into good shape depends, somewhat, upon the nature of their business ; for instance, a crew composed of mechanics will not have to wait for their hands to become toughened, nor need they be afraid of any blisters appearing on their hands, to interfere with their puUing. Clerks, book-keepers, tape-measurers, etc., gener- ally require two weeks' more of training than men who have been always used to heavy lifting; but, when a man once does get into good training, his race becomes an easy mat- ter for him. The writer remembers, when pulhng for the Championship of New York, in a ten-mile race with Robert Martin, of Whitehall, that Martin led him for the first five miles, but not having been subjected to a sufficiently severe orOeal in training, he lost steadily from the turn, and came in a considerable distance behind. • During the preparatory training, the write '■ • wed ' over three hundred miles, to get into good con - Oo such occasions as stormy mornings and the like, when it was impossible to row, a long walk was taken, or heavy weights were lifted and thrown. Ti*. •owing than this d shape depends, iS ; for instance, a to Vfait for their be afraid of any ■ erfere with their urers, etc., gencr- han men who have when a man once nes an easy mat- 5u pulling for the i race with Robert m for the first five sufficiently severe ,he turn, and came write ' ••'^ed 9od con ' Oo e like, when it was \, or heavy weights ROWINCr, RACING AND TRAINING, AT TUB UNITED STATES NAVAL ACADEMV, BY C. P. KUNIIARDT. During the late war, there was little or no time to think of pleasure and recreation at the Academy, and it was not until the year 1865, that there were any regularly organized Boat Clubs there. Under Admiral Porters' inspiring influence, after the re- turn of the Naval School to Annapolis from Newport, where it had been located for several years, two fine lapstreak out- riggers, named respectively, the Essex and the Lizzie, were procured for the use of the Cadets. They were light and handsome craft, thirty-five feet long and twenty-five inches wide amidships; both pulled four oars apiece, and were ex- act mates, and were presented to the First and Second Classes. From these two Classes the crews were selected, and it became their duty to-undergo a system of training conform- able to the regulations of the Academy. Their diet was, of necessity, limited to that of the school at first, but was in time changed so as to approximate, as nearly as possible, to a regular course of training. Their time for practice J ^W1 ,50 BOWINO «I Tim 0. » « ACA»B«V. „d b«.l, crc. I..d t» -Wggle bani to «,»ply v„ll. tbo ro- "t»itc«f Ibce diffiouWc, bo,.vo,. two«.cclbni»r«. .2: ;Xd, di.fla,ing .n i«.»o„. .»o«n. „t »-» -d "Tbl'.,..raoc«k pl.~ in M.y. of .h. ,e.r 186T «» Be!.ndC,a»c,..c.„yingoff.be bono., .f.er . -..^pW and the name, of tbe .inner, woro : Drake, (Stroke) , Dot Inge-""" "'!""-■ ("""'^ "" "V T" „!'. The ...tbor ..a fair, -tb but alight .*• Tme, '""Ctrjeat di..d,an.ag. .nder .bieb nJdabip- Jr, »d .bL no atnount of praetic. p.»ib.. to obt... .„!': Mnmng again until tb. end of ^-P'-^-Jj^ ,Mek tin,., of n»«.i.y. .•■ boating natter. "«" -^'' ^ „o training .r p.a.tice ean be earned .., and tb. elnb. ar. virtually disbanded for tb. time of the en»».. Upon their return boating i. reaumed and pro««ted with •»" 'T' '•'Tbr:nh::hi;:'i-^»^"°''- about four months out of the wnoie y , able at the Academy for boating purposes, and as a conse auence outside clubs have a great advantage m pomt of prac- Se Another thing to be considered is the shifUng nature Ttheir crews ; as one class graduates every year .spl-^^^ supplied by new pullers, which was at one time foun. so de lEMY. to Study hourfl, nply v.itli tho ro- of an oarsman in two oxccllont crows lount of muscle and tho year 1867, the rs, after a sharply les, with one turn, Drake, (Stroke) ; rith Jasper, as cox- slight tide. Time, r which midshipmen io possible to obtain tie Academy in June, .f September, during tters are laid aside, as n, and the clubs are Bruise. I and prosecuted with make up for so much sts in. So that only ear can be mado avail- loses, and as a conse- intage in point of prao- is the shifting nature every year it's place is one time found so de- ROWINO AT TUJ5 U. 8. N. ACADBMY. 151 trlmental to tho rowing interests of tho Academy, that boats were given to the third and fourth classes, so that at the pre- sent time, when a class ent >rs the school, a crew is selected therefrom which has to contend for the aquatic honors of tho institute for the succeeding course of four years. By this means, the crews of the present day have attain- ed to a state of high physical culture, who can, in point of strength and vim, be compared favorably with any crew that is often seen. A series of Annual Regattas have been established, which are participated in by the members of the different Classes, the crews' competing for handsome silk flags and sUver badges. The noble sport of Rowing is now perma- nently established as a part of the course, and being re- garded with favor by the auihoritie8,.i8 sure of being faith- fully nurtured. The second important race took place in the spring of 1868, in which the former Second Class, whose names are given above, again carried off the honors, winning the race with ease, in thirteen minutes thirty seconds, over the same coarse rowed in 1867. From this time forth, more atten- tion than ever was given to the sport, and new and lighter boats were demanded. A six-oared mahogany sheU was ordered from Stephen Roberts, of New York. She was forty-eight feet long by twenty inches beam and was fitted for a coxswain. The stroke was on the port side. The victorious crew of the Class of 1868, with two new members, formed her com- plimeni, but she did not enter any races until the spring of 1869. By that time, she passed into the hands of the "Decatur" Club, of the Class of 1869, and a crew was put J 162 ROWlNfl AT THE U. H. W. ACADKMY. in training to pull her, in a rather unequal ^-^-^•^g'""^^ a new four-oared paper shell. ImUt for the ^^-«/ !"«' by Messrs. Waters. Balch & Co.. of Troy, New York. This latter boat was the trial boat of a number of similar ones that were to follow. She is a beautiful st,eeimen of racing craft, pulling four oars, without coxswain, and her model and finish were praised by everybody. ' The first race was a severe test of the qualities claimed for her, and she fully sustained them. The names of her crew were : W. M. Wood, (stroke.) Holiday, Hubbard. andMer- riman (bow,) and those of her opponent, the six-oared shell ; Garvin, (stroke) Osborne, Paine. Bolles. Wright and Stewart, (bow.) with WUson, as coxswain. The time appointed for the race was May. 18G9. and on account of the Urst Class graduating but a few days after that appointed for the race, Lould not be postponed, but was pulled despite the inclem- ency of the weather. It blew a regular gale, and the usu- allv quiet waters of the Severn were greatly agitated, sending Jat rollers in from the bay. As the raV,e was sure to come off, an immense crowd lined the shores to witness the struggle for the Championship of the U. S. N. A. Both boats were prompt in taking their places at the starting buoy, ready for the "Word," which was soon after given by Admiral Potter, who was present in bis barge. The difference between boats and crews soon became appar- ent, as at the start, the paper shell fairly jumped ahead of %r!r; the latter, however, pulled a ste^y stroke and being to leeward, and consequently more she tered than Lir opponents, had a slight advantage, and steadily gained ADKMY. [ual contest, against the Class of 1H70, roy, New York. a number of similar eautiful suecimen of , coxswain, and her ody. 5 qualities claimed for he names of her crew J, Hubbard, and Mer- it, the six-oared shell ; 1, Wright and Stewart, le time appointed for int of the First Class ppointed for the race, icd despite the inclem- ar gale, and the usu- eatly agitated, sending the ra'cc was sure to shores to witness the [J. S. N. A. r their places at the " which was soon after was present in his ews soon became appar- tairly jumped ahead of. pulled a steady stroke itly more sheltered than ige, and steadily gained KOWINO AT TUB U. 8. N. ACADEMV. 151J until thoy reached the turn, at which point they were one quarter of a length ahead. The stake was one and a half miles from the starting point and here the "Decatur " crew were pulling forty-one strokes to the Nautilus (paper) thirty-nine strokes. The boats turned without much choice and the homo- stretch began ; the paper boat drawing steadily ahead, and, at about halfway home, had fairly distanced the "six.'' They had now reached the heavy water, ami in a few min- utes the "Decatur" swamped; sinking with all hands in her. She had completely filled and broken her back, the crew being obliged to swim for the nearest boats. The paper shell gained an easy victory, arriving home in twenty-one minutes and sixteen seconds, having fifteen seconds to spare for the two extra oars of their competitors. The race could hardly be termed a perfectly fair one, as in fine weather, there is scarcely a doubt but that the pa- per boat would distance the wooden one. The second paper fcheli received from Messrs. Waters, Balch & Co., was a mate to the first one, and belongs to the Class of 1871, the present second class of the Academy. The race which came off in April last, between the two four-oared boats, was looked forward to with great interest by all hands, for many months previous. The Nautilus crew pulled the Quaker City Club, of Phila- delphia, in May, and achieved a creditable victory. A six-oared cedar shell was received in April, from Elliot, of Greenpoint. She is forty-nino feet long and eighteen inches wide, and combines the American and English model ; the sides towards her bow have considerable "flare out," and are brought up to a vertical position at the stem, by' a 154 IIOWINC AT TUB V. 8. N- AOADKMV. 11 very graceful curve or bend. She pulls » biarboard Btroke, and seems to bo a very fast and handsome craft. It is intended soon to procure another six-oared sheU ; this one to be of paper, as they are very favorably impressed with the merits of this class of boats at the Academy. The boats at the Academy are. therefore, two four-oared paper sheUs ; two six-oared shells, besides two four-oared lapstreaks, all in good condition. The members of the clubs are all midshipmen of the vari- ous Classes, and are about thirty-five in number. The boats are all kept in a capital boat house, buUt under the lee of a largo wharf, so that the water U always smooth in the vicinity. A number of improvements were made, however, during the spring ; the floor was replanked, and is now three feet above the water level. In front of the house is a long float, which rises and faUs with the tide, and leading up from it to the boat house is an inclined plane. The shells can thus readily be carried down to the platform and then thrown into the water without touching anything. On returning from a pull, the crew step out, pick up the boat, and carry the whole thing into the boat house where they are capsized on horses. In regard to training for these races, it can only bo done, as before stated, in the time not consumed in study and other important academic duties. Upon returning from the regular cruise, usually in Sep- tember, the crews set to work to get the boats, in working order, and in a few days, reguhir practice begins. The course is pulled over once or twice a day, besides going to any places of interest up or down the " Severn, " to make the rowing consume about an hour and a half per diem, and I t t\ I ii a 11 S ie ti re A ldhmy. pulls » biarboard ad handaomo craft, lix-oarcd ehell ; this i'avorably impregaod b the Academy, fore, two four-oarcd idea two four-oarcd ahipnion of the vari- number. The boats ilt under the lee of Iways smooth in the were made, however, ilanked, and is now ont of the house is a bhe tide, and leading inclined plane. The to the platform and ching anything, w step out, pick up into the boat house , it can only bo done, nsumed in study and ruise, usually in Sep- the boats, in working practice begins. The day, besides going to B "Severn,'' to make I a half per diem, and UOWINO AT TIIK U. M. N. ACADK.MV, 155 in this way the few wana weeks before winter are passed. Kxercise in the Gyninasium is also regularly maintained ; practicing with dumb-bolls, clubs and weights, for strength, and exercising on both the horizontal and parallel bars for the development of the chest. This course is continued through the winter, taking care not to got too much of a good thing Immediately upon the opening of spring, Rowing is again taken up with vigor, and the course gone over daily. About six or eight weeks before the time for the regular spring races, all members go into strict training. They are restricted to training diet, and follow up, as nearly as possible, all the other require- ments. The crews rise at 5 o'clock A. M., and exercise, or take a pull until 6 A. M., then breakfast at 6.45. .Studies are then taken up, until 12-30 o'clock. Exercise may ♦hen be taken until 1 o'clock, when dinner 18 taken, after which studies are resumed until 4 o'clock P. M. Between this time and six and a half P. M., the crews take their second pull, after which supper is served ; they retire at 9.30 P. M. The coxswiiin's orders used at the Academy are the following : •• Up-Oars. "— Upon starting (say in a lapstreak. ) " Let-Fall."— To return to the rowlocks. ' ' Give-Way. "—Bend forward and commence pulling. "Hold-Water port." )^ "Give-Way starboard."!^" *""'"«• " Hold-Water all."— To stop the headway. " Stern-All."— To back the boat instead of rowing. " In-Bow."— To make fast. " Way-Enough."— Stop rowing. IfiG ROWINCl AT TUB l'. H. N. ACADBMY. .. Tosh." — liift the oars in the boat. Racing in the Navy is not confined to tlu Academy alone, liut is indulged in by our mon-of-warH men, wlioncver oppor- tunity offers, in all quarters of the globe. Last season, there were several contests between the sail- ors of the United States war vessels and those of foreign countries, in various quarters of the globe, in most of which the Americans were victorious. The boats used by them are, however, of course, much different in shape and size, from the race boats used by shore clubs. They arc usually ship's cutters, or gigs, pulling sometimes single, sometimes double-banked oars. A spirit of rivalry exists abroad, upon this subject of boat racing, and consid- erable pluck and muHclo are always required, and often brought into requisition, by the different crews, to maintain the honor of thoir flag. To bo satisfied that our sailors are superior to those of most other nations in the use of the oar, it is only necessary to refer to the number of victories achieved by United States sailors over those of France, Kngland and Prussia, during the post two years, in the (Hiinese Seas. The last of these races occurred last fall, between a twelve-oared gig of the United States ship Sabine, and the cutters and gig.s of a whole French squadron at Cherbourg, France. The latter had long been practicing for the trial, whereas, the Sabine's crew had hardly ever pulled together, up to the time that they received the invitation to join the race. The contest came off, and was viewed by multitudes of Frenchmen, to whose great surprise and chagrin, the Sabine crew distanced her numerous competitors, " with the greatest of ease." ACAD8MY. t. to th(- Academy alone, 9 men, wlioncver oppor- obo. itcsts botwcon the sail- Is and those of foreign globe, in moftt of which le boats used by them ent in shape and size, lubs. gigs, pulling sometimes ■8. A spirit of rivalry boat racing, and consid- .ys required, and often eront crews, to maintain ificd that our sailors are itions in the use of the I the number of victories over those of France, past two years, in the red last fall, between a ites ship Sabine, and the 1 squadron at Cherbourg, practicing for the trial, rdly ever pulled together, he invitation to join the ras viewed by multitudes jrpriso and chagrin, the reus competitors, " with KOWINO AT THK I', s. N. ACAUKMY. r ■ This same crew of the Sabine wore so.,,, after boaton by I a crew pulling two more oars, in the United States' ship Franklins' gig, the contest taking place in Villa Franca, Italy. .07 UOAT CLUBS OF THE UNITED STATES NAVAL ACADEMY. First Class, or Class of 1870.-' < Nautilus Boat Club "- One four-oared Paper Shell; One four-oared Paper Shell (new) ; one six-oared Cedar Shell. Second Class, or Class of 1871.-One four-oared Paper Shell. ' Third Class, or Class of 1872.-Oue four-oared Lap- streak. ' Fourth Class, or Class of 1873.-One four-oared Lap- streak. ^ ACADEMY BOAT CLUB. COMPOSED OF MEMBERS OF ALL CLASSES. One six-oared Paper Shell ; One six-oared CeJar Shell. 15S UOWINO AT TIIK C. C. N. ACADKMV NAMKS OF CIA'D, CLA.xH OK 1H70, OKOANIZRD IN IS6«. Wood, W. M.; Ilublmrd, J ; Kunlmrdt, C. P.; Meriiuui, a. A.; Angur, J. J'. (;.; C'msl.y, 1'. II,; Utloy, J II.; Nye, II. €.; llollidiiy, W. S.; p.mt, J. A.; Jaeolw. II. iM.; Sponcor, T. S.; Diniock. M. €.; ^lilton, J. IJ.; Koelor, J. D.; (irroenc; II. U, MEMUBHS OF CI.IJ11, CI.Ai say that there has properly " trained 3 ; as the manner of cretion of the indi- abide by the coun- its, diet, etc., most g and evening puU raining a crew it is ■client results, and is vould do well to en- •ssible matter, to ex- c brought as near to ploys one. , •. , 161 JrZ""' "*''™^'" *»•« «'g« ''"'i barges only; all the hells being constructed to dispense with them, and it is safe to predict that they wUl soon come to be a thing of the past, m all Amencan shell races. Whether with or without a cox- swam 18 the more practical or scientific, dei^cnds, in .. „eat measure, upon the nature of the course pulled, and the effici- ency of the bow oar ; but an experienced crew can well «et along without one. While the fact has been several Mmes proven that a good coxswain ha. been the means of winning a race with an acknowledged inferior crew. COXSWAIN'S ORDERS Among the clubs of the Association, are given as follows : Ut. " Oars. "-The crew raising their oars to an angle of forty-five degrees and then placing them in the thole pins. 2d. " Out"-The crew running their oars out to the pro- per distance for rowing, the blade being paraUel with the gunwale of the boat. 3d. ..Give-Way."-At the word "Give" throwing the handle of the oar forward well over the toes. The blade being at a proper angle to strike the water ; and at the word way dipping the oar in the commencement of the pull. 4th. '.W.igh.".-To stop rowing. I "Weigh-Port." ) 6tb. ^•^E8fiy.AU."--To slacken speed. 5th. "Weigh-Starboard." w ^ To turn right or left. 162 ROWINa UY BEN.T. F. lUlADY. 7th .'Oars-Apeak."-To salute when at rest. The oars to he raised perpendicularly, the handles resting on the floor, and the blades running fore and aft. ^ ,>,-.,«.',- ; - . 8tli. " Weigh- Across," j , , j ' • ~ "Apeak." \ To salute when under headway llunning the oars across both gunwales. ^^^^^ ^^ ,.,,^ , 9th " Let-rall."-To regain former position. At the word "Let," raising the oar about four inches, and at the word "Fall," throwing it into the thole-pins, the blade " first " touching the water 10th "Across-Ship."-To get the oars in the boat. At the word " Ship," raising the oar at a distance to clear the heads of the crew, and dropping it lightly in the centre of the boat. nth "Trail-Oars."-In passing through bridges, cul- verts, etc.. unshipping the oar and trailing it at the side of the boat. 12th. "Recovcr-Oars."-To regain former position. - The number of strokes pulled by the association crews it would be impossible to designate, with any degree of accuracy, as all rowers have their own peculiar styles ;and >n many eases a man, or a crew, may start at the rate of t^^J-^/^ ^^J „,inute and increase to forty, and finish at. or near, thirty-two. In practicing a crew, a " pull." and " tire out," « certain y de- trimental to proper training, as a crew should "never be over worked. . . The mode of dipping the oar. among the association crews. DY. at rest. The oars resting on the floor, ben under headway r position. At the r inches, and at the hole-pins, the blade ars in the boat. At distance to clear the ly in the centre of the ihrough bridges, cul- iling it at the side of former position. le association crews it my degree of accuracy, ^les ; and in many cases ite of thirty-six to the at, ornear, thirty-two. re out," is certainly de- 3W should "never "be a the association crews, KOWINO BT BENJ. f. BRADV. 163 row with the W'£ straight, elbows well at the sides As will be see, in the constitution, the assocfSn vcst.s its power ma boar J of delegates, composed of three members fro.u each club, who in turn elect a commodore and an executive committee, who have full power to make all arrangement, for Regattas and Reviews, select judges, procure prizes, etc. Ihe position of commodore has been held by the followiujr gentlemen : ° 1866 and 1867, ; ' ; ^^ ^ _ Benj. F. Brady' 1868 and 1869, . r. ., « , . i'avid Banks, Jr. ^^^^ Benj. F. Brady. The Clubs composing the Association number in the aggre- gate about three hundred and fifty members. . . ►. •i 4,iiv> ^^{-'*^"'Kt.?i:.-A• - : ■ - y M > 1 '■\-. - .It: i is, as a general rule, to immerse about one half the bla.lo • 1^ row with flio 'la, V =t,„:™Vi -11.. ... ' ii ROWING AND TRAINING, BY OEOKO , R. WBIGUT, .X-PRMIDBNT N. W. A. B. A. on Boating. Kowing, au ^j^,.^ ^ ,«„t.gMM 'heart of Kowing j^_ .h„l, bod, ,hiA Hi- ■>» "'"^ -'; ^;^' Tier. i. n. amuBement in the worW wnitu finestqualitiesof manhood than Rowing- ^^ I feel greatly complimented - J-«^^:J2^^^^^ contribute a few ^-^ ^"'^ ^^^I Iplj. -t that I that it is with some relncUnce h^ I «»P ^ ^^^^^ „udge the time or trouble, but that I appreeia y Lbility to write anything on this ««^3-t. jh^ - 1^^^^^^ of interest to any one. ^--"^'^^^^^.t ; 'Vdy. JoB^ already contributionB from Messrs. Blaikie. m y. ROWINO BY 0. B. WRIGHT. 165 NG, N. W. A. B. A. learned of your in- i early date, a Work Training, as I have ive, to posBCBS Buch a it-door sport so de- same number of ad- is not a muscle in the play, thereby im- •e body. There is no a better test of the ag- ng asked by you, to ?ork, but must confess 1 comply, not that I I appreciate my utter jject, which will prove J I do, that you have Blaikie, Brady, Josh Ward, Roberts, and numbers of other men, who have been boating men aU their lives, and are so ably qualified to write on that topic. Under these circumstances, it seems to me that it is not in the power of a Western man to add anything which can possibly throw any light on the subject. However, if any remarks from mo will contribute to the pleasure of yourself, or any one who has the interest of boatmg at heart, I, shall be delighted. A Work such as you are now preparing, is one which has been often and badly wanted for some years, particularly throughout the Western States, where boating is, compara- tively speaking, a new thing. For instance, the "Milwau- kee Boat Club," an organization which has existed since the faU of 1856. although the oldest Boat Club in the West, and one of the oldest in the country, even after so many years of experience, is to-day, far below the standard which they should long since have arrived at, simply because they have not had the benefit of the proper instruction either through a Work on the subject, or from some one pro- ficient in the Art of Rowing. Notwithstanding a large number of Boat Clubs have been organized through our Western country, during the past fifteen years, I am satisfied that more interest has been manifested and more steady progress made in this manly sport, during the last three years than there was during the previous eight or ten. Up to the year 1866, there seemed to be nothing to keep organizations of this description to- gether. Boat clubs, although within a short distance of each other, were either ignorant of their close proximity or lacked the "pluck " to enter the lists and measure oars with their neighbors of the same stripe, and as the mere ob- ■ IS ■li 1C6 ROWING BY (1. B. WRIOUT. iect of exercise was not sufficient, in a majority of cases, to keep up the proper and necessary interest, the orgamzat.ons one by one. dropped out of existence, and either left the. boa^. and other property to rot where they stood, or parted wxth them for a mere song, to a fresh organization which had t» day, and eventually followed in the footsteps of its prede- Twas not until the month of October. 1867. that any real interest or excitement in boating matters in the West, seemed to manifest itself. This wa3 occasioned by a friendly race between the Mil- waukee Boat Club and Detroit Boat Club, which took place on the Detroit River, on the 3rd of October 1867. In conver- sation with a number of our Western boating men. duringthe last year or so, I find they are inclined to sneer or laugh at that little race, either on account of the style of boats used or the time made in the ra«e. or, perhaps, the condition of the two crews, but if they will only think for a moment they will agree with me in saying that that small event did more towards building up the cause of Boating m the West, than all the interest manifested in various localities, or the sums of money spent on boats, previous to that time. It was the very next spring that, encouraged with the success our undertaking of the former season had met with, a few ot the most sanguine of us undertook the organization of a boat- ing association, believing in the old adage, that "m union there is strength" and that if it was practicable to once unite our boating interests, we would then have something to work for, and keep up our organizations, besides affording an op- portunity of meeting, at least once each year, and discussing Ltters of interest and giving each a chance to prove the pro- ROWINO IIV O. R. WRKillT. 107 ^ of cases, to keep mizations, one by left their boat* or parted with ion which had its epg of its prede- 1867, that any ers in the West, between the Mil- rhich took place on 1867. In conver- ngmen, during the to sneer or laugh the style of boats liaps, the condition link for a moment, lat small event did )ating in the West, IS localities, or the ( to that time. It sdwith the success met with, a few of anization of a boat- ,ge, that "in union ticable to once unit© B something to work les affording an op- year, and discussing ice to prove the pro- gress they might have mode during the year. At first, to be candid, it was rather doubtful where we were to got the clubs from, as wo then only knew of two. But "whore there's a will, there's a way;" and persevering, we finally succeeded in gathering together the fragments of a suf- ficient number of boat clubs to ensure our ultimate success, and on the 29th of October, 1868. seven organized Boat Clubs sent delegates to the City of Milwaukee, and then, and there, the first regular, and, I sincerely hope, permanent organizations of our Western Boating Men was formed, for the purpose of —as the Constitution of the Association declares— a friendly union of aU clubs and individuals interested in the healthful exercise of boating, for the more effectual promotion and pro- tection of their rights and interests, and to give, annually, a Regatta, during the month of July, at such a point as should previously be agreed upon. The Association accomolished the desired object and proved a success, and I feel certain that all parties who contributed, no matter at how much sacrifice to themselves, towards starting it, feel amply compensated for their labor. All the old Boat Clubs throughout the West were reor- ganizcd and new ones started, and the foUowing year, 1869, on the 8th and 9th of July, at the City of Toledo, Ohio, the Northwestern Boating Association gave its first Annual Regatta, which was admitted by all to be the grandest affair' of the kind ever witnessed in the West. It was during this Regatta that the question was raised whether any difference in timeshould.be allowed between the different classes of boats (for, at that time, there were not two boats alike in the Association) and after considerable debate on the sub- ject, it was finally agreed that no difference should be allow- 168 ROWINO BY U. K. WRIOHT. cd Thi8 decision may have caused, at the t.iu.. some little dissatisfaction among the crews and clubs, but they have since seen that it was a wise one. as it forced all clubs who expected to compete for prizes the next year, to ' procure first-class boats, which was demonstrated at the ^d Annual Kegatta of the Association, held at Detroit last ^° With very few exceptions, every boat entered for those races was of the latest model, dispensing with the services of a coxswain. The Regatta at Detroit passed off splendid- ly, being, if possible, a grander success than the one held t^,e previous season, and we have every reason to behevo and expect that each years' meeting will exceed the last one. and that at no very distant day. the Northwestern Amateur Boating Association will be one of the strongest organizations in the country. The time made by the winning boats at the two Hegattas held under the auspices of the Association, when compared with that made by some of our Eastern brethren, may per- haps seem to them, and to the community at large, as bemg rather "thin," but time, patience and perseverance will overcome innumerable obstacles, and the day may soon come when our Western boys will crowd their rivals on the home '' Notwithstanding our Eastern friends have the advantage of us in being able to procure their shells at home we are plucky enough to send down there for them, and at the present time, every Club in the Association has at east two eastern built shells in their possession. It would be a treat to our friend, Charles B. Elliott, if he could witness the large number of his beautiful shells on the water at the BOWIN(i Ulf a. R. WRIGHT. 169 it the tiiui., soino d clubs, but they e, B8 it forced all the next year, to nstrated at the 2d M at Detroit last t entered for those g with the services passed off splendid- I than the one held y reason to believe rill exceed the last r, the Northwestern one of the strongest " at the two Regattas ion, when compared brethren, may per- ity at large, as being nd perseverance will c day may soon come sir rivals on the home I have the advantage jUs at homo, we are or them, and at the ociation has at least sion. It would be a t, if he could witness 8 on the water at the same time, which we have at our Regattas. It is not my intention to enlarge very much on training, as I should only prove my own ignorance on the subject, and prefer, therefore, to leave that to yoursolf, and will content myself with making a few sugge^iiona, w^ich will, of course, be of very little interest to those who have here- tofore given the matter of Training any great amount of attention, but may be of some use to beginners throughout our western country. In the first place, in reference to boats, I should advise any Club or Crew who expect to do any pulling, to procure a first-class shell of the latest model, without coxswain. If you have no one among your number who understands shells, leave the dimensions of your boat on- tirely ii, the hands of the builder, and you will not lose anything. When you get into her for the first time, don't make up your minds that she must turn over with you— it is not at all necessary. A shell, with a crew in her, pro- viding the rowlocks are properly guarded (as they always should be, by a small wire wound round the top) may be swamped by a tug or steamer without turning over. The art of steering, by means of a traveler, is one which can only be learned by practical experience, but wiU not prove a very difficult matter, and with a fittle confidence, is soon acquired. The great beauty of steering in this way is to use the rudder as httle as possible, for every time you bring it around it re- tards your boat. Of course, at the turn, you make use of it to bring the boat round, but on a straight course you can keep your boat on her course by cautioning the men on one side or the other. For instance, if she is going a little to the port side, caution the port side to put on a little more " beef, " or command starboard to "ease up " a little, and in this no KOWINfl BY (I. K. WRKIIIT. way you bring her back witl.nut checking her speed. It isnotncccsBuryfor the bow oarsman (who, in n.ost cases. ,„anagc8 the traveler) when he has a straight course, to bo constantly turning round to see where he is going to, as, if before starting ho takes a mark on the shore in a hno with the stake, and once gets his boat into this lino, ho will have no difficulty in keeping her all right, until he gets very near the turning point, when he will have to look round, in or- der to make as short a turn as possible. The true principle of training, says an able writer on that subject, is "to nourish the body as rapidly as possible, and at the same time get rid of the ' loose ' or ' soft ' flesh In many instances, the training done by our Western Clubs has been either a perfect farce, or in the other extreme, has been too severe. In my opinion, an over-trained man is worse than one not trained at all. as he has. not the back bone to carry him through; while the latter, if plucky, will stick it out, although ho may injure himself in doing so. The trouble seems to bo that Olubs, notwithstanding they have a whole winter and spring before the Racing Season, which gives them time gradually to get themselves into the proper condition, neglect to do so until a month or six weeks before they are going to pull, and then expect to at- tain, in that short time, what wiU naturally require three times as long. A fatal mistake is sometimes made in taking violent exorcise immediately after arising, and, consequently, on an empty stomach. This is one of the best ways in the world to run a crew into the ground. A walk of three or four miles, com- mencing at a slow and easy gait, increasing the speed grad- ually, and ending with a trot for the last three quarters of a r. ing her spcctl. It ho, in most casen, light courso, to b« is going to, as, if lioro in a lino with lis lino, ho will have il ho gots very near look round, in or- ablc writer on that lly as nnRBiblo. and ' or 'soft' flesh." y our Western Clubs the other extreme, I over-trained man is has. not the back atter, if plucky, will limself in doing so. lotwithstanding they the Racing Season, themselves into the itil a month or six id then expect to at- .turally require three taking violent exercise juently, on an empty 1 in the world to run a ee or four miles, com- easing the speed grad- iast three quarters of a IJOWINO uY (1. H. WRKIIIT. 171 niilo, is as violent oxeroigo as should, in my opinion, over bo. taken in the morning before breakfast, but under no circuni- Htanoes should they attempt to pull at that time. Neither Hliould a crew lie allowed to pull more than once eaoli day ' on time." I don't moan by this that they should only pull once a day, for I think thoy ought to have a pull in tho morning, about an hour after breakfast, and again about five or six oolock (not later than seven, as the evening air is apt to bo damp, ) and at this time thoy should pull over tho course, easy tho first time, and then after they are warmed up a little, try it on time. The eflfect of pulling on time, whenever you get into your boat, is to wear yourself out, instead of improv- ing your condition. Tho most essential part of training is the perfect regulari- ty which should govern all one's actions. Men in training should always be up at six in the morning, and never out of bed after ton at night ; their exercise should be taken at cer- tain hours each day, and meal hours should bo equally aa regular. So far as the matter of food is concerned, I have no faith, whatever, in bringing a crew down from their accus- tomed diet to a certain fix«d bill of fare. In selecting ma- terial for a crew, you are supposed to make choice of perfect- ly sound and healthy men, and if you have this at the start, I can't see how you will be likely to improve them by feed- ing them on "raw meat," which, in some cases, is almost re- pulsive, and is taken more as a child takes castor oil, (be- cause it has to,) than as a refreshment. Of course, ex- cesses of all kinds should be avoided, but if a man is accus- tomed to eat well-done meat, let him do so still, and if he pre- fers it rare, let him have it rare. But giving the men the lib- erty to choose there own diet, does not include the privilege 17t BOWINO BV tl. R. WKKlllT. of indulging in oyst«r Buppcr«. or i.-o creutn, ut I'i V. M. ; for. n« I B»id lH,f..re. irregularitioi. of .11 kinds are to b« avoided. Fast women, whiskey and tobaco are the three indulgences most difficult for a crew to break off, if the desire for them l„s once iH^en acquired, but they are the perfectly healthy nmns' worst enemies. No crow can ever put themselves m any sort of c«n.lition unless they persistently avoid each and every one of them, and they must see, on reflection, that no amount of training will benefit them one particle, so long as an appetite for these vices is gratified. If your men are in the habit of taking a glass of ale or porter, at dinner, each day. I should let them do so still, but shouKl not recommend this to thono who are not accus- tomed to it, for the less liquids used at a meal the better, as they retard digestion. If the men complain of boils, (which will, in most cases, make their appearance on men I'erfoet diaoipline ia absolutely nocesaary ; there must bo but one " Captain," and all the balance uf the crew should be literally machinea, subject to his control. This, every one who triea training must make up hia mind to, before he becomes a candidate, and resolve to patiently submit to what is only reasonable. I admire eioeedingly, the plan which has been almost uni- versally adopted by our more experienced Eastern boating men for selecting material for a orew, vis : To firdt make choice of a Captain who is supposed to be the one best qualified for that poaition, and then let him aeleet hia crew. It used to be customary here, to have a committee select the crew, and thia plan haa, in many cases, given great dissatisfaction, as prejudices and preferences are very apt to govern the selection made, instead of relative worth and capability. By adopting the former plan, you place the whole matter in the hands of one man, and hold him responsible for the condition and qualification of his crew — and he will invariably select men because he feels they are capable of filling the bill, and is not liable to let per- sonal feeling have much weight in the matter, where his own reputation is at stake. When a Trainer is employed, I do not think he should form one of the crew, as with the present style of shells, every one has all ho can attend to properly, to mind hia own business, without watching and cor- recting the movements of any one else. The Trainer should cither ride along the bank, where he can observe and Is K !' W 174 ROWINa BY a. R. WEIGUT. ^arn each man of his irregularities, or, if this is not prac- ticable, he should row alongside in another boat. The principle of having a separate course la,d out tor each boat (which has been adopted by the N. VV. A. 13. Association,) is, in my opinion, an excellent idea, as it re- moves all possibility of the boat's fouling, either on the course or at the turning point, and consequently • makes it a very easy matter for the judges to give their decisions, and never renders it necessary to have a race repeated. Where separate courses are laid out, the course to be pulled over by each bout should be decided upon prior to the race, by the Captain or Coxswain of each boat drawing lots. With these few general hints, I shall conclude, and leave the task of laying out a course of training, in all its more minute details, to yourself or some one else, who has had more experience in the matter. >v] ili I #|i!f «.!■...£-»' «=' » ( : s^ikCff r<'i;-'* at rm^ ^• . . ;, « ,' ■■.»!■., *!■♦■{ *v ' ■■> t, "i ( ' •r^' } -. '-t JH . ■ 4., lUT. )r, if tbip is not prac- ther boat. to course laid out for by the N. VV. A. B. excellent idea, as it re- fouling, either on the lonsequently • makes it a ive their decisions, and race repeated. Where rse to be pulled over by rior to the race, by the irawing lots, ihall conclude, and leave aining, in all its more one else, who has had *jl?s#* *i?, :!M' W^ft."" J- M,,«-- .*<; jf< ftw !-ii>ri' 1 'f "^- ■ ' . W'.iiv'ii- t-'-' > :; ■ '■- ■■ ■■■' ,^'^''''"' - ,« ■W'^iV '"1 "i''!*-!' '.! .ii^'iiJri L.«iii,>?:i ■< UNDINE CLUB, ERIE— METHOD OF TRAINING. BY R. E. CLE.MEN3. In the morning, running or walking exercise, for about an hour, to help the wind; after which no more exercise is taken until evening, at which time an hour's rowing is gener- ally taken during regular training. The diet is beef steak or a roast, cooked rare, good, sweet bread, either brown or white, or both, and vegetables ; very little butter or grease of any kind ; no coffee, tea or stim- ulant of any description, cold water is the drink, and no limit is placed upon the quantity of food eaten. Rowing in thd morning is not considered good trc'iiing, as they find that they cannot rise from bed, and step into a boat, and take a long pull, without great fatigue. Their style, of stroke is about thirty-eight or forty to the minute, and employs the arms, back and legs, bracing firmly against the stretcher, and thowing the head back to facilitate respiration. The place for the stroke oar, in the "Volante," is on th8 "port" side, in the "Minniola," starboard, in the shell, Port. 176 METHOD OP TBAININO BY E. K. CLEMENS. Coxswains are used in all of the boats, exuoptiug the shell, which is traveler-rigged. This Club is one of the Northwestern Amateur Boating Association, composed, like a majority of amateur clubs of the United States, of business men and clerks, for whom it is almost impossible to go through a regular course of training. The Club expect, however, to figure more prominently in the aquatic world, . in the future, than they have done in the past. J-:^' gjTJJWMaTtftf i W'*! '** s^jj„i,ie™i»iaB«»*i*«<**''*«"'*'*''' E. CLEUENS. boats, exuopting the irn Amateur Boating of amateur clubs of nd clerks, for whom it a regular course of ! more prominently in bu they have done in ; y-1^ ROWING AND TRAINING IN GEORGIA. BV A. m'c. doncan, savannah. With reference to the various iuquirics made in your Cir- cular of February, I will answer as they are propounded : With this I send you copies of the Rules and Regulations governing the three Boat Clubs in Savannah, as also a copy of that for the Regatta Association. From what I can learn, it has been seldom that the stroke has been upon the port side. Prior to the formation of the Amateur Club, in 1859, the oars were made of yellow pine, well seasoned, with round looms, and straight blades. In 1859, the spoon blades, with round looms, and made of spruce pine, were first introduced. Since then no other material than spruce pine is used, more because of the facility with which they can be obtained; some doubt being entertained as to their superiority over a Xtmt aiie^BjitfgftB tf ii ri i ^)»i « BW » ^^ i 1fea^j^^ I i i'TW li iuVLlji Sg^* J.-S iioWINO BY A. m'c. DUNCAN. . well Hcasonc.V yellow pine straight blade. A. to dimen- sions of oars, in length, from twelve to fourteen cet-wUh Wades .from six to six and a half inches w.de at the t.p. Only one set of square looms have been tried, viz : last year, and liave been discarded since. . , ^, , No system of training has ever been fully practiced, though attempts to approximate to that system laid T.owa in Stone- l.enge. have i^eea irregularly and inadequately aiade. As to the stylo of stroke that has been , aerally pu^^d- a long reach forward, pulling with the bac. arms stiff or straight, until the body passes a perpendicular The average stroke is about thirty-six to thirty-eight per ""The'canoe boats retain their momentum, it seems longer than the shells. All boats, previous to last je", have re- quired a coxswain, but we have with us now a boat wi hout coxswain, the "Queen," which will appear in our next Ko- ^' We are anxiously seeking information upon the point, as to whether she should make any aUowance to the boats with Iswain., and if an allowance is to be made, how the same is to be estimated, and upon what basis. As to the etiquette among crews meeting. I may gladly «ay. that while there has never been any set rules reco^ized inown of. the behavior of rowers is invariably marked by eourly to' each other. To halt and peak the oar. h. ,.een practiced somewhat as a salute, the coxswain hfting b« hat. It has been sometimes the rule to peak oars, immedi- ately after passing the terminal buoys in a race. On the con- clusL of a race, it is considered a proper compliment to escort the winning boat to her resting place. ^ , , ^^ . .'l i i i M>i i r i r i irM « NCAN- blado. At to dimcn- fourteen feet — with wide at the tip. Only cd, viz : last year, and fully practiced, though BHi laid '.'.owa in Stone- jquately aiade. seen y lorally pulled- he bac i, arms stiff or )enflicular. jr-six to thirty-eight per icntum, it seems, longer s to last year, have re- i us now a boat without appear in our next Ko- ,tion upon the point, as wance to the boats with , be made, how the same asis. J meeting, I may gladly 1 any set rules recognized is invariably marked by and peak the oars, has 8, the coxswain lifting bis lie to peak oars, immedi- ys in a race. On the con- a proper compliment to ng place. , , «. ,.„,, KOWINO UY A. M C. DUNCAN. 170 On the part of the crew of a boat toward its coxswain, full respect is maintained and a cheerful alacrity displayed in obedience to orders. Of single sculling, wo have had but one opportunity of forming an opinion, and such an "impromptu " effort as was then made, to Jevelop this very interesting and benefiting branch of the sport, could not be regarded as giving any sug- gestions as to the style, or other details. ,Mtwg n »P^|. '. i» i i J^ ' J iT J a ^ T ,■; J Training AMATEUR AND PROFESSIONAL. Ig ESSIONAL. I ^■■finJ |i| -HUt^MtL. .^ ^ t. j»4)r^iuj>tf&WC«^ TRAINING. INTRODUCTORY AND HISTORICAL. Animals, of all classes, from the figliting cock up to man, lUo liighcBt type of the physical creation, have been, for centuries, systematiiially schooled and trained for purposes of rivalry in physical contests of all descriptions. The game cook, from having been originally a barn-yard fowl, has, by the system of breeding and training, been transformed into a feathered pugilist, the sole purpose of whose existence is to peck out the eyes and brains of as many of his own kind as possible, for the profit of his owner, until ho himself shall pay the inexorable penalty of the pitcher which goes too often to the well, and is finally broken. The practice of bull fighting, in which one of the fiercest and most implacable of brutes, is pitted in a contest of life and death against man, is of great antiquity, and much time has been spent in speculating and commenting upon the moral effects of such exhibitions as bull-fights upon people who engage in and encourage them. Of the moral lessons to be learned from such exhibitions, it is not the TRAINING. 188 rOllICAL. ing cock up to man, in, liavo been, for rained for purposes rlptions. ginally a Lam-yard and training, been the sole purpose of i and brains of as r the profit of his ixorable penalty of well, and is finally n which one of the is pitted in a contest ;reat antiquity, and ig and commenting s as bull-fights upon icm. Of the moral tions, it is not the province of thin Work to treat ; but, one fact becomes patent to the most prejudiced, and that is the wonderful courage, agility and endurance displayed by the man, who relics solely on his muscular strength, steady ncrvo and faultless sight. If there be any doubt in regard to the morality of bull- fighting, there is certainly none respecting that of rat and dog bating. A rat-pit contest, depraved and disgusting as it certainly is, yet furnishes another instance of the un- quenchable passion of men for witnessing bloody and fero- cious exhibitions, no matter at the expense of how mucli physical torture, provided only there is blood drawn and life lost or greatly imperilled. This passion for destroying life seems to be the cardinal one of man's nature, and one which doubtless he will never overcome, until the fulfilment of that prophecy : "Peace on earth, good will to men." We are told that the civilization of to-day docs not know the wicked institutions of the " dark ages," but there is good reason to believe that there are some among us who, "having eyes see not, and having ears hear not;" else, why does the nineteenth century witness the spectacle of two millions of men engaged in the work of human slaugliter ? Training, or exercise and regimen was resorted to, origin- ally, we have reason to believe, for the preservation of health among mankind and the removal of disease. Physiologists now know, as they have known for centuries, that the human body is composed of solids and liquids, which are successively abSQrbed and deposited. A continuous renovation is the con- sequence of this physical law, and the nature of this reno- vation, as a matter of course, will depend upon the nature of our food and general habits. - « ^ sa 'a > .; 184 TIIAININU. If this absorption and renovation is iuipuded, ill l.oaltli on- .uc, in obedience to tl.e law of cause and effo.=t. and it Ims always bct-n found that no medicinal or other agent u «o effectual a promoter of Lcalthy absorption and socrotion as exercise, judiciously taken. Health, strengthand activity, both bodily and mental, are ni- vuriably the accon.panimontB of a course of physical training. It may bo said that training i« not resorted to at the pre- sent day as a means for overcoming disease, and although T admit the truth of the assertion, it does not disprove my state- ment. There arc two reasons why physicnl exercise is not resort- ed to by a great many persons afflicted with disease, and thoeo particularly of bilious and rheumatic natures. One is that although the name of the diseased is legion, the doctors of physic and the " pscudo" M. D's. are, numerically speaking, especially the latter class, by no means insignificant, and the competition for trade is immense. The stomach of a patient, to most of that elass of the com- munity who style themselves doctors, always acts as a medium by which the doctor conveys nauseous medicines into the sys- tem of the patient and filthy lucre into his own pocket. In a majority of cases, the much abused stomach presents too great a temptation as the vehicle for conveying benefit (?) to both parties to he resisted, and the patient, whUe being informed that in olden times he would have been bled (which would perhaps have cost him a shiUing) for the same complaint from which he is being releived in so agreeable a manner, scarcely reflects that he is being <' hied " now, although, in a different way, much more profusely. It is not politic, then, for doctors to prescribe pure air and c r t d a a P m Hied, ill l.oaltli on- (l effect, and it Ims other agent is bo II and eecrotion a» and mental, are in- ,f physical training, rtcd to at the pro- jae, and although I t disprove my stato- [crcise is not reaort- ,h disease, and thoBO turos. One is that gion, the doctors of imerically speaking, tsignificant, and the lat class of the com- lys acts as a medium idioines into the sys- B own pocket. In a ch presents too great I benefit (?) to both while being informed n bled (which would same complaint from le a manner, scarcely though, in a different irescribe pure air and TIlAINlNii 185 cxerLiMts which c.wt nothing, in pn-feronco to adulterated decoctions, which will serve to keep the patienta' s^at.nnin a disturbed condition, and make a protitublo ea.so for the physi- cian The distaste of the pill-BWiilhn.'ing (tonununity of the present day, to the gigantic bolussos made use of by the most ancient of the " pathios," and their evident pnf.-renee for uiediiiiie, in some shape, to exercise and training, ^ a moans fur procuring freedom from their complaints, lias developed a new " pathy, or school of medicine. The intinifesninial doses of this school are always agreeable to the palate, and are ea.si- ly taken, and are said to be infallible for euro, where cure is possible. ft is no wonder then, tliat when immunity from disease can be purchased at so trifling a personal inconvenience a.s the swallowing of a few sugar pellets, a large majority of the community should .refer that method to physical training which necessitates regular hours for eating and sleeping, temperate habits and cleanliness. If one whose habits are gross can be cured of an indispo- sition by taking a little medicine, while at the same time he is permitted to gluttonize to his fullest desires, it is scarcely to be doubted that he will prefer taking that medi- cine, rather than to adopt a course of treatment which would require him to moderate his appetite. It is in those reflec- tions that we can find an explanation to the question : Why do not people take more pure air and bodily exercise and less of the doctors' medicine ? But, if mountebank physicians are to be accused of criminality in the manner above referred to, what is to be said of the thousands of patent medicine venders who enter into the manufacture of medicinal cure-all. or rather kill-all poisons, on such pi; *■: •«.«'««»ii»»-"»nlM^^ If IHO TRAININO, a ,-.g,.nlic ..1.- an .0 ..e on every Me .n all largo eU.OB? Th. i.nn.cnHe fortunes anmsHed by tlu-^o tr.ffickerH .n the .,.iHf..rtuneH of .nankina. in nufficient oviden.o ^.f the n.n\. ,.,,on whi.h U.ey carry on their nefariouB bu«; m.k. ami > JatiBticB couM 1.0 procure.1. showing the amount ot what .. tern.e.l patent medicine that \n annually eonsumeJ m .ho United StateB. it would preBont a frightful .peetuelo, eBpeual- ly when we reflect upon what iB certainly v-ry probable to-wit : that in nine eases out ..f ten, the«c very agents wh.eh arc given and taken as euros for diBoase. really produce and uttgravate disease. Until the (Jovcrn.uent refuses to frrant licenseB to persons engaged in such enten.nse., bowe.er. there i» likely to be an increase of the trafi^r, rriher than a diminution of it^ „.n„" ia ., That portion of the community styled " gulUblo is .1 very large one. and any person happening to bo "out of HortB" that sees bis or her, identical ca«e described m every paper and magazine ;-a long list of symptoms. w,th a fear- ful warning of what •• may " be the result of delay, can scarce- ly be blamed for snapping at tho bait and purehas.ng just L bottle upon the wrapper of which he learns that from „ight to ten bottles will be needed to elfeet a cure, and certifi- (.atoP are attached as proof of this Btatcment. Tt is being 80 continually dinned into our ears that no age has been so prolific as tho present, in wonderful discovenes and inventions, that one cannot wonder much at people be- licving that medicinal compounds can bo prepared m vats full. poBBOSsing curative properties for diseases of all kinds, no mat- tor what the dissimilarity of circumstances that environ them. ' ' , c 1 Bodily exercise in America, amongst the class of popula le ill nil largo clticH ? so trMfSckerH in the ndcn.'t' "f tho fic'tlc iouB l)u»i )i .''fi. in'l '* he niiKHint 'A what ii illy cdnsumcJ iu tho t'ul sppctiiclo, espoilal- tniiily very probable, two very agents which 10, really produce and iiuent rcfusoB to {rrant eritcviuisoa, bowercr, he traffic, rr.ther than tylud " gullible " is a pcning to bo "out of case described in every ymptoms, with a fear- lult of delay, can scarco- it and purchasing just h he learns that from licet a ciiro, and certifi- tement. nto our ears that no ago n wonderful discoveries ider much at people bc- be prepared in vats full, eases of all kinds, no mat- nmstances that environ mi the class of popula I ■ lym- 't fim^&SiSjif:!-'---- ' ~ '• Jjm.-smsjit;-i, ' t,_ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) fi 1.0 |50 '"'^" ^ us, >- .- WUl. 1^ 1^ Km 1.6 1.1 1.25 A" .^ ^ < o s" L Photographic Sciences Corporation ■y 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 "^^SETg!^^^ ) !r^^ '-^;% ^ S" CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. j^-. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques THAINING 187 tion which has been styled ' ' well-to-do, ' ' suffers greater neglect than in any other country in the world. This is not by any means to be attributed altogether to laziness, as the "push " and "snap " of Americans is proverbial the world over; but the passion for wealth has become so universal and wide spread, pervading all classes, ages, and sexes alike, that the considerations of health, and it might also be said, of spiritual happinesp. are made secondary to the attainment of riclies. But this passion is inherent in man, and like many others, only requires the necessary exciting causes to devclope it. America supplies these causes to a greater extent than any foreigner can imagine. Enterprises of all magnitudes are forever being undertaken, and to the credit of the American people be it said, are usually successfully accomplished. So far, it has been all work in this country, but every day brings " spare hours " to a larger portion of the popu- lation, and the preachers of the doctrine, "cleanliness is next to Godliness." are multiplying in our midst. Uodily and mental strength and vigor among the ancients seem to have been the stepping stone to prominence and distinction. And the proof of the one always lent greater force to the claims of the other. It is stated that Herodicus was among the first to apply gymnastics and other exercises to the cure of dis- ease, and CelsuB says that Asclepiades so radically adhered to this doctrine of expelling disease and preserving health, by means of muscular exercise and regimen, as to have al- most entirely abolished medicinal compounds from his prac- tice. He advocated and invented several systems of gesta- tion for health, which became very popular among tlie Romans, and while still quite young, he publicly declared that he would renounce all claim to the title of physician, i !■ ^mmimmmmiiMm^ms^^-" -gg TKAININQ. Hhould he ever be attacked by disease or f^}^^\^^'2 .ge. This boast, rash though it was, -f .^^^f 7°"\"J. fulfilled, as his death was caused by a fall m about b.B h«n Sh ear. Physically, he was a type of por^-t -nh^^^; as well as a living example of his own ^y^^^' J^^^^" body is a machine, which it requires more mce care Jo ke P in order than any of the vast numbers subsidiary to M. wd and power, and a "loose screw " in it will tel as sure^ and as quickly as in any other. All the different parts o the body are in communication with each other, either directly or through a common medium. To keep the body m good condition, each seperate portion of it must be kept m a healthy state, and this can only be done by -^''W.sb.ng and maintaining a healthy vital force, whose action will affect alike muscles, bones, lungs and nerves. Exercise, of necessity, strengthens every portion of the body whether of the inteUeetual, locomotive, or vital system. In regard to the first of these, the intellectual syatem. Sir J Sinclair observes that physical training improves the mental faculties, doubtless, by facilitating digestion giymg tone to the stomach and ready perception to the mind. Ihat the locomotive system is greatly benefitted, it wiU require no argument at all to prove, as every one has evidence of thwmhis own person. The vital system must be benefitted by train- ing, as bottom or wind, is the main stay of the system, with- out which muscle would accomplish but little. A man in training always draws a longer breath, and can retain it much longer than when out of condition. The principles of training are not very numerous, and the rules are not at all difficult to foUow. In the first place, the bowels are evacuated, by which means the stomach and intes- ^1 TUAININfl. 189 dio but of oxtremo id blasphemous, was il in about his hun- of perfect manhood, lyatem. The human •e nice care to keep lubsidiary to its will ill tell, as surely and fferent parts of the ther, either directly p the body in good must be kept in a e by establishing and ose action will afifect every portion of the otive, or vital system, tellectual system, Sir raining improves the ting digestion, giving on to the mind. That tted, it will require no m evidence of this in his )e benefitted by train- ly of the system, with- ut little. longer breath, and can f condition. rery numerous, and the In the first place, the } the stomach and intes- tines are purged of all impurities. In the second place, the deleterious excressenccs, such as boils and all humors of this description, are carried off by the process of sweating. In the third place, the daily run and gymnastic exercises improve the respiration, while the diet and sJeep, regulated properly, develop and maintain the strength of the entire body. The art of training was known to the ancients centuries ago, and practiced by them to an extent that would doubtless surprise many of our present day progressive people, who, though they solemnly avow their belief in all that the Bible teaches, yet go so far as to doubt what Solomon says is a fact, that " there is nothing new under the sun. " The athleta)" of Greece, who contended for the honors in the public games, usually under- went a ten months' preparatory training. They were com- pelled to abstain from the use of liquor and to cease all vic- ious indulgences. The distinction and notoriety, connected with excellence in the exercise of the palaestra were probably the causes which operated to lower it from the rank of a liberal art to that of a degraded profession, which was embraced only by the lowest class of men ; the same kind as those of the pre- sent day, who fight for the championship of the prize ring. The combatants, however, then as now, were splendid speci- mens of physical beauty, and were regularly trained for their contests. The athletao were subjected to the evacuating process, which a majority of them preferred to purging, and in the early stages of training, their diet consisted of boiled grain, new cheese, and dried figs. After subsisting for a time upon these articles, animal food —most always pork, was added to them. The fact that ■I lil^' 190 TKAININO. this food was found to increase their bodily vigor. i« ovidonecd by Galon, who say., that if they lived but for a s.nglo day upon any other kind of food, their strength was mamfest ly i„paired upon the day following. Modern trainers djffer w.th aneient ones, to the extent of rejeeting itfof her fr^ their articles of diet, as experience has proved to them that U is almost the worst animal food they could use. But if they differ in regard to the character of the meat used, they agree as to the manner of preparing it. Roast or broiled are about the only ways of preparing meat for men in training, at pre- sent, as they were then, and unfermented bread is preferred to that prepared by leaven. Water was not allowed but iu small quantities, and even now. many trainers restrict their men to a certain quantity of liquid, though this system is pernicious, and. I am happy to say. is fast losing ground, in favor of a more liberal and beneficial one. The principal schools of the athletse were at Capua and Ravenna, in Italy, places noted for the purity and healthful- ness of their atmospheres-as pure air was considered by the ancients a chief requisite of health, though modern teach- ers and law-makers, seem to entertain an opposite theory. They exercised mostly in the open air, thereby becoming ac- customed to aU the changes and vicissitudes of the weather, which soon ceased to trouble them, and also served to toughen their skins, a quality peculairly necessary to them, but which is not essential to a well-trained oarsman of the pre- sent day. Occasional flogging was also resorted to. to teat their powers of endurance, and to enable them to bear with patience, bodily pain and suffering. As considerabie blood was usu- c t n n q di m 01 In fei fa< y vigor, is ovidonccd Dut for a single day ngth was manifestly rn trainers differ with g it altogether from roved to them that it dd use. But if they neat used, they agree t or broiled are about n in training, at pre- ed bread is preferred quantities, and even to a certain quantity 0U8, and, I am happy )f a more liberal and » were at Capua and I purity and healthful- air was considered by , though modern teaoh- lin an opposite theory. r,. thereby becoming ac- itudes of the weather, I also served to toughen loessary to them, but id oarsman of the pre- i to, to teat their powers ,0 bear with patience, lerable blood was usu- TIIAIM.N,). jQj lk..r fat ™, „„tri,i„„, „„,, „r„„gfc„i„g. ' ""•'" Upon the ooLclusion „f il,<,i, „„.i j„i| «nl.l t glowed, anJ tWn .„„„i„,ed „i.u „;,. jf,,,;,,, ,™ «xpe„.„ocd, . .„.,, ,„.„„. „f „„„ ■ •- Th.pr,„ipal„„,,.„„.eaed.hi,tat .t .1,. aZZt ^y. .nd ,., .ucoedcd 1,, a «.^„ .f „,. „,„„ ft. ,„„„„ z:rzj"°, """.''"'^ ~ »* '-"«■' •» -I sionalJy, and then always in the morning It was supposed that bodily vigor was g, e.tly increased by sleep, and t e candidate was permitted to sleep as many hour, as he chose. The method of training among tbTaT c|.nts was fuUy as strict, and. indeed, more so. thfn t at ^ the present day. and the difference in the kind of food „d reg.men. partly owing to t.e difference in climate and man ner of hvmg. but mostly to the fact that the physical quaht,es and characteristics of an ancient athlete we're e" d fferent .„ nature from those of a man in training at ho present day. for rowl.g or other similar contest. The extent to wUch the physical capabilities of a man ™ay be developed b, training is simply .ondorful. and Tf only a theory would scarcely be credited, but every one has seen u practically demonstrated i„ the daring feats of pro. Wna gymnasts and prize fighters. It is an'indisplbt fact, that by emptying the cellular substance, e.tenuatbg the 19'i THAI NINO. .t ,l,c ..r, or in a pcdctri.n ""';" j^^j ,,j forty r«" »8« ; ^^'fXa, „dW.«d,ing ...foU^cd chief aullionty of tU» I>c™"' According to kU ky both prof...ion.l. and "« /;;;'^ J.„,„.Uc Jcthod, the candidate, '<''»"'.'"'"'" J/; '/ '"„ c„>„.c condi^on, entered «„on ^ "72:"'o,Ucr-. .al.awa, generally prcfcrrcil, ami iroi ^ l,c..cen - /»- f^ „X, licU L, graduai,, in- hc eemn.cnced regular ^^ j^_^.^. c„„ed fro. U. P™»ry - ' J-„,„,\,„ ,, ..nal.y Zr:y:::"™nin:e.erci»e.o*ce..en..f «.„ty or .„„.y-.o„r *. eve,7 d-y^ ^^^^^^ _.^„ ^ ,.„ The party »a, obi gcd '<> « „n ,1^ „,ilc .p-lnll at the top of In. apced, an ■1„. at a nioderate pace, coming in at about I >n :^":!i:l.i»t«l ot beefsteak, or mutton-chop, under- 1 s t T r o P a iiproving the bot- ert himself to his ither in tho ring, ining practiced by he method pursued Uarchiy was tho iching vras followed According to his I to be in tolerable th a regular course Glaubers salts was and a half to two terval of four days c physicing process, II vfas gradually in- r stages of training, uism, and he usually le to the extent of ) o'clock, run a half and then walk six It about 7 to break- mutton-chops under- walk of six miles, at n without his clothes lie walked four miles, which was beef-steaks , as at breakfast. Im- half a mile, at the top TRAININCI. If);} of his speed, and walk six miles at a moderate pace. This concluded the dally oxereiso, and bed was taken at about 8 o'clock. Animal diet alone was prescribed, and beef and mutton were preferred ; all fat and greasy substances were prohibited, as likely to Induce bile, and consequently injure tlie stomacii. Lean meat was generally made use of, be- cause it contains more nourishment than fat, and fresli meat was preferred to salted. All spices and seasonings, with the exception of vinegar, were prohibited. Tho lean of fat beef- steaks, rather under-done, and accompanied with a very little salt, is recommended. Mutton being reckoned easy of digestion, was permitted occasionaly to vary the diet, and the legs of fowls were also esteemed. Broiling was tho usual mode of preparing meat as the train- ers understood that the nutritive qualities were then better preserved than by roasting or boiling. Biscuit and stale bread were the only preparations of vegetable matter allow- ed, and everything likely to induce flatulency was carefully avoided. The quantity of aliment was not generally limited by tho trainer, but was left to tho discretion of the party himself, whoso appetite was supposed to guide him in this re- spect. Liquor was, and is to-day, invariably made use of by English trainers, and old homo-browed beer taken cold was perferred. For those who objected to malt liquors, about one-half pint red wine after dinner was allowed. It was required -that only tho very smallest quantity of liquid should be made use of After continuing this course for about four weeks, the party took a four-mile sweat, by running four miles in flannel at the top of his speed. Immediately upon returning, one J0^ TIIAININU. pint of hot li.iuor wna taken, to promotu j,ur«i.initi<-n. Tliin compound cinbraceJ one ounce of caraway ^oe.l, an half ounce of coriander seed, one ounce of li.iuorice root, Imlt an ounce of sugar candy, mixed with two bottles of cider, and boiled down to one half. He was then put to bod in his flannels, and being covered with six or eight pair of blankets and a feather bed. was allowed to remain for twenty-five or thirty minutes, when he was taken out ond fubbed perfectly dry. Ho was then wrapt in his great coat, and ordered to take a two-mile walk, at a gentle pace, returning to breakfast, which, on such occasions, consisted of a roast fowl. After this he proceeded with his usual exercise. These sweats were continued weekly, till within a few days of his contest, or, in other words, ho was subjected to throe or four of these operations. If the stomach was foul, an emetic or two was given about a week before the conclu- sion of the training, and he was then supposed to be in the highest condition. Besides his ususal exercise, the party was advised and encouraged to employ himself in the in- tervals, in every kind of exertion that tended to activity, such as golf, cricket, bowling, throwing quoits, etc., so that during the whole day, both body and mind were constantly occupied. Groat changes have taken place in the method of training since that time, and, indeed, within the last ten years. Al- though the exercise is not less severe now than then, the diet is much more liberal and altogether more christian in character. I jiiirf-iiinitioii. Tint* wuy Koeil, nil half liiiuorice root, linlt' vo bottles of cider, lion put to bod in X, or ciglit pair of wed to remain for was taken out and in bis groat coat, and le pace, returning to onsisted of a roast usual exercise. Y, till within a few bo was subjected to he stomach was fonl, sk before the conclu- upposed to be in the exercise, the party y himself in the in- ; tended to activity, I quoits, etc., so that mind were constantly he method of training 8 last ten years. Al- now than then, the her more christian in PRACTICAL TRAINING. Lifting weights and swinging clubs, ' There's lots of that to do ; And pulling large and heavy boats, Is part of training too. So when you've done your morning run, The day wears on apace, And when evening comes, your rowing, Preparing for the race. —a. b. j. The subject of practical training will now be taken up, and its relations to different classes of individuals, fully dis- cussed, in order th' ,t trainers may bo enabled to classify their men according to their physical conditions. A trainer is, oftentimes, called upon to take charge of and prepare for a race, a crew, of whose previous history and personal habits, he knows nothing; and ho is usually expected to put them in the best of condition, within the space of a few short weeks. It bchoovos a man who undertakes the care of ■| « .■.i9«0»Si^i*U£^^ VM\ TUAININO. a iTi'W, in tlll^• iinimuT, if liodcHin-H to nuiiiitaiu his rq.uta- *,ion, to i.uiuiro into ami nscortnin. ..s fnr as poHBihlo. what ,hc previous lial.its of cn.l. un.l every ean.U.lnte have been, an.l to luiprcKH him with the importance of his position and tlio Uiffieultics likely to beset him. A course of training, to prove really beneficial, must bo ac- cepted as a pleasant task, and not ns a disagreeable piece of work, which is compulsory and not at all desirable. ISeforo ....mmencing, every man shoul.l be made to undergo a thorough physical examination, in order that any unsoundness may bo .letected, as none but perfectly healthy men should ever bo selected to undergo a vigorous course of training. Tho object of training is to strengthen and utilize every portion of "the frame, in order that the body may put forth its utmost power, in a long continued effort (such as would bo impossible to a man in ordinary condition) without feeling any injurious effects. A boat's crew, in good condition, can pull a five or six-mile race, exhaust almost every particle of muscular strength, come homo blinded from congestion, and yet incur no danger of serious consequences, whatever ; and, in a majority of cases, a few moment's rest will enable them to repeat tho effort. Grit, when it constitutes one of tho eharactcristics of a well-trained man, will usually ensure suc- cess at the oar, but unless accompanied by good condi- tion, it is likely to prove a misfortune to its possesor, if pushed in a hard race. The excitement consequent to a boat race, taken in connection with the "warmed up "feeling that' comes over a man, arc agents that will cause him to over-exert himself, without realizing it, at the time, if not well trained. A good many men have doubtless injured themselves [liiitain his rt'i>uta- Qg jioHBihlo, what (liilnte Imvo ))i!en, if his position and loficial, niuHt bo nc- sngrocalilo ])it;oc of ilcsirablc. IScforo undergo a thorougli iisoundness may bo icn should over bo raining. n and utilize every ly may put forth its (such as would bo )n) without feeling good condition, can St every particle of rom congestion, and iccs, whatever ; and, •est will enable them istitutes one of tho 1 usually ensure suc- licd by good condi- ) to its possesor, if consequent to a boat warmed up" feeling tt will cause him to , at the time, if not < injured themselves TIlAINl.Nii. I!l7 by undertaking feats of phyNieal strength, \„>\uml tliuir al)ility to perform, and it would bo fur better to sacrifleo tlie honor that accompanies success, tliun to sacrifice ono'n health ill attempting to attain it, if either is necessary. It is claimed liy sonio oarsmen, tliat ii nuiii wiio is "in good health," and about to undergo a course of training, does not require any medicinal treatment ut all, and not very strict regulations as to diet and exorcise. With all such, however, 1 beg, most uncompromisingly, to differ, for several reasons. In tho first place, tho class designated by them as being in good health, embraces all those who uro not confined by sickness, wiiich is far from being tho ease, as a man miglit carry impure blood in Lis veins for a lifetime, and never bo sick. In tlio second place, as to strictness of diet and regimen ; abundance of muscle, great breathing capacity or lung power, pure blood, «nd solid flesh, are indispensable requisites to a well trained man. These are obtained by a suflicioncy— not a super- abundance— of sleep, pure air and water, good nutritious food and regular exercise ; and by those agents only. Only certain kinds of food and certain liquids can be made use of for training purposes with advantage, and if these are discarded, and every man is permitted to tickle his own palate, it is diflScult to discover how good condition is to be attained. We will suppose, then, that a crew of sound men have been selected to undergo a course of train- ing, and explain the manner of preparing them according to their respective conditions at the time of such selection. There will not be one man in a hundred, .probably, who has not been, up to that date, a pretty constant smoker, orchewer, or drinker ; very likely both of these, very probably all three. ■ HI m vfiS B pr i.iB i ramMii i BiiiiWi i ^iri siKsj-Jaisagiaaiiitawii^s 198 TKAININO. Those cccses. have, p.rhaps. heen indulged by .en je ofwho^leadsedentary lives, .hileothersareengag^^^^^^^^^^ buBines.. The prospeet of forcing one of a rae.ng c ew v,m usually exert a very benefieial effect upon a man; strength usually extrt j practices, and en bis detcmination to discard his vicious p buov him up for the work he has m hand. And the diffi Ity listing the temptations which on every s^e bes t hi. is fully as great as that of performing his c ewjo k- The mode of treating a man who is run down by e^osc ap plication to business, in conjunction. P-'-P«; J^^^/^ Ling, is somewhat different from that '^^^^^^Y^'^. ""^'^ exercised pretty constantly, but has ■^^^^^^\l^;'''^l a too liberal use of tobacco, spirits, and ^ ceteras. T^« result to th. health of both, has been pretty much the a", mpaired digestion, disturbed and irregular repose nd c'onse uent enfteblement of the whole system- ^o. rank personal habits, and individual temperam n s. wdl necc; Jrily vary the bodily conditions of the candidates, and TXrttTL mode of living^ often^^ Jst difficult to handle, but, as a general thing now-a- Iv tW are found to live in a rather Christianlike ma - "^ The favorite son of a wealthy sire leaves home to ;• b h'edtlion at one of our col..e«. .d has abun. ance of means furnished ^^;^::^^ bv considerable active exercise. If healtny a Dy I.OI1B1 „„eiu„tif.n will be gradual, and, per- nnderminine of his constitution win u«= g undermining „„. noticeable. But the change comes TRAINING. 199 idulgcd by men, some rs are engaged '.n active B of a racing crew, will pon a man; strength- vicious practices, and hand. And the diffi- ch on every side beset brniing his crew- work. run down by close ap- ,, perhaps, with good at required for one who has injured himself by B, and etceteras. The been pretty much the i and irregular repose, . whole system. Social lual temperaments, will IS of the candidates, and of living, very often the a general thing, now-a- rather Christianlike man- thy sire leaves home to colleges, and has abund- h which to gratify every presume that he is not a dissipation is accompanied :f healthy and robust, the will be gradual, and, per- le. But the change comes araed and blood-shot eyes. arc tho cxterniil evidences of weakened digestion, feverish blood, and tottering mind within. When a man carries with him every evidence of weakened frame and great debility, it would be sheer wickedness to start him in active training, as the result would be likely to bo anything but beneficial. Ills preparation must be very gradual and cautious, as, otherwise, he will be totally unable to perform his duty, as his strength must inevitably fail him. His vices must be dropped at the start, and a moderate amount of exercise commenced. In addition to this, his diet must be cautiously changed, and a course of bathing entered upon. In a short time his appetite will improve, his strength return, and his sleep bo sound and long. The amount of work to bo done can then be increased to any extent desirable, and tlie man is once more in good condition. There is another individual selected for a crow, whose living has not been nearly so high as the former one, but whose dissipation, or use of tobacco and liquors, has been fully as great. His food is, perhaps, very spare, and his daily labor not very active or severe. His pipe is scarcely ever out of his mouth between meals, and then only for the purpose of admitting a bunch of "fine-cut," or a glass of liquor. His energies soon begin to fail ; he seems as if in a continual fog, and his flesh becomes soft and doughy. He is unable to assign a probable reason for his condition, other than tho want of proper exercise, and so having, perhaps, occasionally rowed a little, he resorts to a boat, with the ex- pectation of finding an increase of power. The result of his pains is unexpected and unsatisfactory, and the party is usually apt to become so disgusted with the trial as to defer 200 TKAIMNU. I utlier uttenipts at restoring hia hoalth by him from any exercise. Hut he must not despair, as his case is by no means liopeless, if he acts with judgment and discretion, and does not expect too great a return of health, from too small an investment of labor. There are other classes of individuals who are chosen as members of racing crews, especially in cities and places where the club is not connected with an educational or any similar institution. One of these occupies the posi- tion of book-keeper, cashier, or copying clerk, in some ofhce, store or bank. His whole attention is given to adding up columns of figures, settling mathematical results or, perhaps, maintaining an arduous and responsible correspondence This makes so liberal a draught upon his muscular and nervous strength that he loses all life and energy, and at last finds himself scarcely able to stand up to his desk, or to con- centrate his thoughts upon his work. He may, it ^s true rise early, take a walk, or if his means permit, a horse-back ride, and expect that such exercise as this will serve to keep him in good health. But while his system is daily subjected to such a drag, he can only lind temporary relief and support in this method of exercising. Another class of men who sometimes suffer severely from over-taxation of their mental systems, are students of law, medicine, divinity and science. Authors, writers and lecturers too, very frequently lose their health by too close application of their r.iinds to their re- spective pursuits, prompted, as it often is, by a very laud- able ambition for success and distinction. ^ Merchants, and business men generally, are not altogether I t 1 r r li I a t h I i a L TUAININO. 20 1 ig hu hoalth by is by no means ^rction, and docs rom too BUiall an iv-ho are chosen as cities and places an educational or occupies the posi- erk, in some office, iven to adding up results or, perhaps, le correspondence, his muscular and energy, and at last tiis desk, or to con- tie may, it is true, lermit, a horse-back this will serve to [lis system is daily id temporary relief suffer severely from are students of law, frequently lose their Liinds to their rc- is, by a very laud- y, are not altogether free from the injurious consequences whicli ensue from » too So many hours for study, so many for sleep, exercise, etc., should be the rule. But it is seldom that an ambitious man, as long as his II i 202 TRAINlNfl. „,ind holds out, will devote any of bis tin.c to cxorose and if he docs, it will be very likely of such a nature a. wdl do him very little, if any good. When such an one »s bout toenterlponacourse of physical traimng. ne s ould . possible, relinquish during this tin.e, altogether, h,s books or accounts, and devote his time entirely to exemse and rest If he cannot do this, and a great many, not their own masters, cannot, he should shorten his hours of study as much as possible, and endeavor to follow, as near as he can tl»3 m- Jctions upon training contained in this Book. H^s u « for study should be divided so as to leave intervals of considerable length between for exerc.se. Breakfast should be taken at about 7 o'clock, afte which the party should maintain perfect quiet for a half hour The breakfast should be substantial, but not heavy, It cot- fee has been used, it should be continued; but none other than black tea ought to bo used. Study should commence at 8, and continue until ll,;vhen a good long walk should be taken for one hour ; commencing at a moderate pace, and increasing gradually. Upon arriving home at 12 o'clock, the party, who will most likely be perspir- ing freely, should lie down for twenty minutes, in some place not exposed to a draft, and rest. He should then get up and exercise with a pair of dumVbells or Indian clubs for a half hour; after this, sponge off the face, neck and breast. Dinner should be concluded at about 1 1-2 o'clock and a siesta of thirty minutes taken. From 2 o'clock to 5, read- ing, study, or whatever the man's business may happen to be, can be resumed. , . .• „ At this hour he should resort to his boat, and startmg ,?lowly, gradually increase his speed, as in the morning TUAINING •203 mc to exercise, and a nature as will do uch an one is about ning, no should, if iltogethor, his books cly to exercise and many, not their own ,ur8 of study as much ear as ho can, the in- liis Book. His hours leave intervals of le. ' o'clock, after which uiet for a half hour, it not heavy. If cof- nued ; but none other itinuc until 11, when a hour ; commencing at a J. Upon arriving home lost likely be perspir- minutes, in some place e should then get up 1 or Indian clubs for a B face, neck and breast. t 1 1-2 o'clock, and a )m 2 o'clock to 5, read- asiness may happen to his boat, and starting ed, as in the morning walk, until a pretty rapid stroke is attained. This should last about three-quarters of an hour, so that 6 o'clock will find him at homo undergoing his ablutions, preparatory to the evening meal. Supper shonld be taken at 6 1-2, after a rest of about 20 minutes or so. When supper is concluded, no more study or la- bor of any kind ought to be taken, but any light exercise that will, at the same time, servo to amuse him, should be resorted to Croquet, or any similar lawn game, when the weather is favor- able, will be very agreeable ; when the weather is inclement, such games as checkers, cards, backgammon, etc., will serve to pass away a few pleasant hours until bed time shall arrive. Ho should retire at about 10, so as to have an abundance of rest, and bo able to rise on the following morning at 0. When the party first commences this preparatory training, his exercise should at first be rather gentle, so as to obviate any dangci' from overexertion, and afterwards gradually in- creased. If he has been a pretty constant smoker or chcwer, he should coase tliis from the earliest possible moment. The use of liquor should also bo abandoned, and nothing but coflfee, water, milk or tea used as a drink. On no account, should any of the nocturnal delicacies of the summer season, such as ices, julips, creams, etc., be partaken of, as their effects upon the system are anything but salutary. By following the advice given, it is certain that the over-worked man may either recover what strength he has lost, or develop largely what he may at the time possess, so as to be enabled to engage in active training, and contend successfully in almost any Rowing match. The next individual whom we are sure to meet in almost every selected crew, and whoso physical condition we are bound to look into and consider, is he who " has liv- 11 ■f I 204 TUAININli. cil not wisely, but, too well." Hois, emphatically. TIIK MAN OF GOOD CHEER He may be a man who is not constitutionalV W '. ^nc who exercises a great deal, but yet pays a serf-like homage to his stomach. His only difficulty, in getting into good condition, will arise from a want of self-command ; an in- ability to say " no !" when his stomach calls for more. If he is pecuniarily well off, the difficulty is even greater than if he were otherwise circumstanced, as there is then no pros- pect of touching a tender chord, by a pull at his purse- strings, to which very many men are so sensitive. He may bo situated almost anywhere, and his mode of living will be the same. " Eat, drink and be merry, for to-morrow we die," is an injunction only too universally followed, and a candidate in training, who has acted upon this principle, will need to exert his will-power to its utmost, in order to fulfill the requirements. If he has been only a moderate drinker, he will suffer no evil consequences by quitting the use of liquor entirely, from the start. But, if he has been a severe drinker, great care should be exercised in the man- ner of reducing his potations, as dangerous consequences are likely to ensue from too suddenly ceasing the use of alcoholic stimulants. The best plan is to gradually decrease the quantity of liquid taken, and to substitute something else for the balance. The following draught has been very frequently prescribed by trainers for their men : Aromatic confection, 10 grains; sal. volatile, 1 drachm; bicarbonate soda, 5 grains ; sweet gentian, 1 drachm ; water, 1 ounce ; to be TRAINING. 206 emphatically, lEEll utionaPy lazy ; one a serf-like homage getting into good '-command; an in- calls for more. If ) even greater than lere is then no pros- , pull at his purse- sensitive. He may ide of living will be T, for to-morrow we illy followed, and a upon this principle, itmost, in order to n only a moderate ices by quitting the But, if he has been xercised in the man- ous consequences are g the use of alcoholic crease the quantity nething else for the been very frequently Aromatic confection, bicarbonate soda, 5 ater, 1 ounce ; to be mixed together. This will prove especially beneficial to thoHo who experienco that " going " or falling sensation, which is the result of abuse from alcoholic and narcotic stimulants. The above dose may bo taken daily, or oftcner, if it is found necessary, until the necessity for it ceases to exist. The diminution of liquid should go steadily on until it is found safe to do without it entirely. Liquor should bo avoided by a man in training — or out of it either for that matter — as something as dangerous to his safety as a lee shore is to the storm-tossed mariner. There is not the same danger in summarily quitting the use of tobacco as in ceasing the use of liquor, and, therefore, no excuse can be found for its use. In diminishing the quantity of liquor, malt liquor will, if unadulterated, be the best, but where this does not prove sufficient, wine, or spirits, in small quantity, can be made use of, and for this purpose, an occa- sional glass of brandy and water, or claret, must be allowed. When the claret does not disagree, it proves an excellent win« for gradually lowering the stimulus. Where the diges- tive system has been very much disordered, the claret should be mulled and taken warm. Excess in smoking and drinking produces abnormal secre- tion of the kidneys and skin, and this is the means by which nature endeavors to dispose of the poison absorbed by these agents. The efiFect, however, does not always im- mediately cease on the removal of the cause ; hence the thirst continues, and some liquid must he taken to quench it. For those who can afford it, and for whom it is agreeable, claret and soda are very good, or porter, or beer, mixed with equal proportions of soda water. Purgatives, in such cases, must be used with extreme care. No person accus- «SWSe**?^W9SB*WH? 20( TUAlNINtl. , ,- • «,;n 1,0 able to bear strong aporionl tomtd to bigb Uvmg, will bo ablo ._^ jur), »""• ° -iu tK« Mtroniest caution. night. If the passages are of a slate or y ;..bluepm ought tohe ta.eu^a ---^.a^h^a draught in the mornuig. Sho«W ^^^ ^ ^^^ show itself, and the bowels act mo^ t ^^ ^^^^ any number of days, a wmeglas^ful ot a .iLateaspoonfulco.pound-^reo^ «^ be taken two or three -- ^ ^^y^^/J „^ ,,,y i«, twenty to a considerable extent, and the bowels ar y ^^^^ to twenty-five drops of laudanum may be adde ^^ aose; and if watery, with gnpmg p ns. wenty _^ ,Hrty drops of diluted sulpur. acid ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ,^. I„ a majority of cases, .he tone ^ J^^J ^,^ ,^,. -trrrrr^Cti^ had better be con- ^--;-7rrs!:::;r^t^^ should be paid, as the success o ^^^J^^^^ ^ ,, ,„, „uch upon the health of the mmd a <^ th« ^^^^ ^^^^^,.„,, of the mind is something which receive v y ht from trainers, and it therefore becomes necessary TRAINING. 207 bear strong aporicnl or Buffering Boino w- ilj administered, tbcy (st caution. f the livor present, u „g of the following in- ce Benna, with a tea- water. Or. in liott »*" piUs may bo taken at ite or clay color, » five ,t night, and the above i. tendency to diarrhoea ,re than once a day, for ful of decoction of bark, are of the same, ehould If the trouble euflts, iwelB are very lax, twenty a may be added to each ng pains, twenty-five to ;id may be given with it. : the Btomaeh wiU be rc- id the diarrhoea wiU disap- rioian had better be con- 88, the mind should be di- time that the body is being this point great attention ,f the treatment depends as das of the body. The care receives very little attention. jecomes necessary to impress its importance upon them. Witliout some light aniusemont or recreation, the training beoomca so much hard work, and fails in its object ; it tires out the candidate, but does not restore his equanimity. If the proper amusement is furnished to satisfy the mind, the trials and labors of training will scarcely be felt, and if felt at all, will be in such a manner us to create a desire for a contiuanco of it. Men in training, of the class now under consideration, should keep each other's company as much as possible, and by this means they will meet with less temptation and find less difficulty in overcoming it. The diet should constitute a variety, and yet be substantial and nutritious. Roast mutton or beef, mutton chops, beef- steaks or poultry, may be used. Good fresh fish and game are not injurious, and certain kinds of pastry, if properly pre- pared, will do no hurt. Rigid dieting should be postponed until the period of active training, as the stomach will not usually stand it ftkr a protracted period. < An immersion in cold water should be taken every morning, and in very cold weather, the temperature of the water should be between sixty and seventy degrees. A wet cloth should be used with which to rub the body until it glows. In the accomplishment of this portion of the work, the help of an as- sistant will be very desirable. If the reaction is speedy, a calico shirt may be put on, but if otherwise, it might be best to don flannel, especially in cold weather. It is not neces- sary to make use of flannel often, however, as one who is so delicate as to require it, will scarcely be strong enough to undergo a course of vigorous training. This then, comprises about all that is necessary to say upon •2(»S TUAININO. „.is m.l.io..t to thoHC who.,, rrcviouH hubitH have boon onc« ot .n«Hipation. butwl.o.attboHun.o tUno. have oxe™ Icon- H-ulcrably in the open air. There in another ela.« of u. - vi.lualH who live well, and take little or no cxcrcne. Ihm elaBS of WELL-FKP IDLERS Have pursued the same viciouH practices a« the preoediug, l,ut have not in.itated them in their physical exerc.se. Their case is the most precarious of any. and w.U generally prove the most difficult to handle. A greater amount of self-command, is required by one of this set than by any other, but as a matter of course Ins will-power, like that of hi« body, has become enfeebled fromlaxik of use, and will need considerable time to restore it to its natural condition. Exceptions to this rule will very often be found m cases of men who. though thoroughly given dp to d.ss.pat.on. have great determh.ation of character, and if they once Bay • " I will quit drinking and smoking." it is done. Occasionally, a man will be selected, of immense frame and great physical power, with weak and vacillating mind. Who will either "blow hot or cold." as the fancy strikes him It will bo best not to place very much reliance upon him, as he is just as likely as not, at the last moment, to throw off all restraint, and declare, emphatically, that he " won t ,lo so and so. The amount of vigilance required to keep him out of mischief will scar-cely bo repaid. Idleness and dissipation, in his case, have either led to a dislike for exercise, or are produced for want of it. l>ut it liitH have bocii ones of , linvo oxor-iflcd con- aiiotlicr cluHH of indi- nr no exercise. Tliis itices as the preceding, leir physical exerciBC. ny, and will generally I, is required by one of I matter of course, lii» has become enfeebled liderable time to restore iften be found in cases ven lip to dissipation, iter, and if they once king," it is done. ,cd, of immense frame ; and vacillating mind, " as the fancy strikes (rery much reliance upon the last moment, to throw tically, that ho "won't" filance required to keep repaid. lase, have either led to a [ for want of it. But if THAININO. •200 the trainer decides to undertake the care and preparution of such a candidate, he must proceed cautiously and gradually, both as to diet and exercise. The person selected may bo a good natured agreeable man, who was led into his vicious course by some one else of stronger mind and temperament. He may also be rescued by such an one, if he is willing to spend the time required to get him into trim. It will bo necessary to " watch " him continually until he is thoroughly i)roke in, and the influence and example of those around him begins to tell. The method of curing him of his vicious habits, and the evil consequences that have resulted there- from, will bo similar to that advised in the case of " the man of good cheer. ' ' The medicine etc. , must be regulated accord- ing to the requirements of the case, and after a short season of preparatory training, he will be ready to engage in active work. In a majority of cases, men of these two classes will bo found either with a greater abundance of solid flesh than will be convenient to carry in the race, or they will bo bloated by liquor. The nature of their indulgences, how- ever, has a good deal to do with this, and some will be found thin, haggard and worn, (in consequence of the long and serious derangement of their digestive systems. ) Upon ceas- ing the use of the exciting agents of this derangement, how- ever, they will generally accumulate flesh and muscle very rapidly. In considering the cases of men of this class, it has been taken for granted that they have an abundance of time to train, and that they are at liberty to devote what time they please to their work. Another class of men who often require relief from their business are those who have adhered too closely to light 14 1 -f ^t^m - m 9ts3^'-i ■.^«grr.K!e«HS^E^*5SSfi5^'- •Jin •niAlSlN'i [1 MKCIIANIOAL LABOR. V .rout .nauy u..u .l.o.e occupation i. in-cloor. injure ! 1 . f ;mo is lilicly to impede the circulation, phcre in ^bicb they breath and *^«J^^;^ „ight-print- of truinlng, «« almc«Ul«J W ,..>», y .He. Uvc. ^-^-''^'Xl. :«*»■■'■• ""' '"" Thcrc.ro, to taBUto. ">«"y T* . , w and their con- „„.t of their time i. .pent in h.„c.t W, d the ..itution, have .uffcrcd very >'f / "> J" ° ' eauBO, than tho,c con.e,acnt to thc.r hnsme.,. -»»«»l»««H»«--«*l'*»*"''-''-'' •""* ' \ THAININU. an lion is in-tloors u>jv»ro although the uuturu t.l' lenil)le boilily exercise. rk all tlay. ^^^ ""^ '" *^ rtheii them Tcry much. [ and poorly ventilated, n confined in woUen, to- nr description, generally !upation8 that arc charac- sertion, especially of the ffhich the body is confined Ic the circulation. up to the case and cxcr- xtcnt, and with a healthy 8 from disease, from cause ,ncd above. The atmos- tho exhalations from the y, and, as for night-print- cupation causes a constant tely breaks it down, plate engaging in a course ,nd it a very easy task, as oBt part, ones of sobriety, lipated mechanics, but the nest labor, and their con- ttle injury from any other their business. In liny of the 1'inerj.aMicies Mpokeu of h»«rt>il(l»efore, ihc reuu"- ®^1P''^****^^- -j^^ffSCP^^'^Sf^^'''"' TnAININO. 213 ally increased to a run. be sufficient at the corn- possible. Then rub per- take an ablution with a one hour and a half after aaentioned, reakfast for about three pull at regular speed for id a half, or two hours, ng row and dinner, which isible, in accordance with rk. will be in order, until be- is again to bo taken, and in the morning for about 3out seven o'clock, after md no more food or drink b is absolutely necessary. 1 reading, singing, or any half after supper to a single 'AST. ly considered, and many yet I porridge is far superior to leal. But to those who en- tertained an aversion to this diet, which many do, a pint of table beer, homo-made, and not too strong, with a liberal allowance of bread, was given. A small quantity of beef or mutton was also allowed. Oat-meal porridge " is " very good, if agreeable ; but where distasteful, I should not certainly recommend the table beer as a substitute, for the reason that beer or liquor of any kind, in active training, is not only not beneficial but positive- ly injurious. Light biscuit or bread, slightly stale, or even dry toast, with broiled beef or mutton, may, in most cases, be accepted as good and safe to be eaten, and not very likely to disgust the partaker. As a drink,' water in small quantities, pure milk, or black tea, which is best taken clear. It is not desirable to stint the appetite, unless very enormous, or where there is a great superabundance of fat, and even then it will, in most cases, be found more advantageous to reduoe the weight by work than by starvation. Broiling the meat is generally recommended, because, by that means less nutriment is lost than by any other mode of cooking*, but an occasional roast or fry, will serve to vary the routine, and will do no hurt. The steak should be kept on tlie gridiron till properly done through, as the food is thus rendered much more palatable to most personst and certainly more digestible to all. Coffee is not generally recommended, nor very generally used, in training, and I will not advise the use of it, though I think that the effects of coffee, when procured whole, well ground and properly cooked, is not by any means as injurious as some would have us believe. ^jv?sfa»?a^*^'" 214 TRAINING. .ea. .hieh .1. ";-;\:. « V. ^Lr' i. *. -on. should bo green; blacK tea, » fc of a country o JiffeTcnt kinds of America-, and if, npon trial ^'"^'^ J" ,^,^ food are found to agree ^vith a man, he Bhoulci without stint. •' - " - ^ , , DINNER. ' ' ;:,; sir:;.. - — -'■;,:: *■ -tuvfiK^^si^^^"'" TRAINING. 215 ; to he compared to a > . In any case, whatever is used should not be continued too long without a change, as nothing so thoroughly disorders the digestive functions, as sticking too closely to one kind of food. This should be constantly borne in mind by the tramer, as there is no reason why he should confine himself to any particular articles. As a desert, he may allow every third day a pudding com- posed of either tapioca, farina or cornstarch, or a common bread pudding, not too heavy, wiU be as good as anything else. This served up with green currants, blackberries or gooseber- ries will be by no means disagreeable to the palate, or un- wholesome to the stomach. While allowing this pudding, it is meant that it shall be prepared lightly, and that it, as well as the preserve sauce, shaU be used with discretion. The main article of diet at dinner, in moderately warm climates, should, as a matter of course, be beef or mutton, with bread, but as it would be next to impossible for any person to tram on these articles alone, those above mentioned have been pre- scribed for judicious use as auxiliaries. I exists to the use of it abound in our fresh ifficult to mention any all lo<;alitie8 of the in be obtained, makes tely used, will be very d not be continued too ) thoroughly disorders closely to one kind of 1 mind by the trainer, confine himself to any trd day a pudding com- rnstarch, or a comn.on s good as anything else, lackberries or gooseber- B to the palate, or un- )wing this pudding, it is tly, and that it, as well , with discretion. The lerately warm climates, or mutton, with bread, for any person to train entioned have been pre- TRAINI.VO. SUlTEll. 217 The trainers of a few years ago, or many of them at least, maintained that no supper should bo eaten by a party in training, but experience has proved that unless the training is of so long duration as to thoroughly accustom the stomach to the long fast from dinner to the next morning, it is much bet- ter to allow a light meal in the evening. For this meal, oatmeal porridge is perhaps 'the best thing to use, with dry toast. A soft boiled egg may be taken every second or third night, without pepper or salt. Meai is not necessary at night, except for persons of very delicate con- stitution, who may require unusual support. For such per- sons a small steak and a little fried potato may be prepared ; taking care to broil the steak, and not to use grease with the potatoes. For those who are not obliged to use meat, a little cran-' berry sauce, not too sweet, may be taken on their bread in conjunction with the porridge. When in season, blackberries and stawberries may be allowed, in small quantities, but not unless perfectly sound and fresh, as otherwise a sour stom- ach would bo likely to result. As at the two jJrevious meals, water, milk or tea, may be taken in moderation. After this meal nothing more should be taken until the following morn- ing, unless in cases where extreme thirst is felt, which can best be allayed by a drink of cool water or milk. The trainer requires great skill and experience to enable him to bring out his crew in proper condition, without either overworking them or leaving them " slack." All should be 30 trained as to be able to perform an equal amount of work. •218 TRAINING. H8 nothing is 80 likely to work harm to a crew as difference e— L among L n—cr. If one man pegs out^ar y in the race, someone else has got to doh.s share of the wk nr at least try to do it, and thus run the risk of over exert :; r rrailing himself, whilst the inevitable result of such TLtes of things will be that either " starboard or port, as the case may be, wUl pull round. ' ^nd so you have unequal and homely rowing, beside losing .h; lest, nonce, in order to have the crew un. ormly and properly ti-ained. care should be taken not to tint ;lnd eai, those who may have been accustomed to liberal S nor to allow anything more than what is herein pre- scribed to those who " train well." "for instance, the habit is gros,. -d the appetite goo will be necessary to allow only the plainest food, and to vary ';;ls ^caution, enough and not too much, is sure ^ • he taken, and the amount of work wiU ensure its d.ges- ''°if on the other hand, the constitution is delicate, v.ith a wlut of appetite, want of digestion, and too great a loss of flesh, it is desirable to allow as much change as pos- "tome persons are purged by oatmeal, and. - ; «^^";' ^^ course, luld avoid porridge, with others, all the bread olbe toasted to prevent diarrhea, whilst with som when constipation is present, coarse brown ^^-ad mad from the genuine undressed flour, is a good remedy for that toublesome evil. Hot bread, or biscuit, should never be In, but fresh bread is always allowable. Graham bread for persons whose bowels are not regular, will bo an excel- TKAININO. 219 , a cvew as difference ne man pegs out early his share of the work, the risk of over exert- jvitablo result of such }tarboard"or "port," ly rowing, beside losing ye the crew uniformly taken not to "stint" len accustomed to liberal lan what is herein pre- andtho appetite good, it ainest food, and to vary not too much, is sure to k will ensure its diges- itution is delicate, with ion, and too great a loss as much change as pos- leal, and, as a matter of ,th others, all the bread rhoea, whilst with some, ,arsc brown bread, made is a good remedy for that biscuit, should never be Uowable. Graham bread, regular, will be an excel- lent article of diet. Fur mutton chops, the best part is the leg of a two or three year old wether; for steaks, the inside of a sirloin. In the early days of practice, and in the race itself, great distress sometimes occurs ; there is considerable blue- uess of faco from congestion, and the breathing is labored and difficult. The best remedy for this state is a little brandy and water and good frietion on the feet, legs, and thighs, or, if it still persists; a warm bath at ninety-eight degrees. REDUCING WEIGHT. Superfluous flesh is something which must, as a matter of course, be got rid of before a man will be in condition to enter a race. To this end, various means are used, all of which, however, produce sweating, by which the weight is to be reduced. Corpulent persons, in training, should not make use of fat-producing food, as it would be impossible to produce good condition by sweating to reduce weight, while at the same time the quality of food eaten, tends to an accumulation of flesh. Milk, fresh bread, and butter, should be used cautiously, and, perhaps, not to use butter at all, would be the better plan. It is not desirable to dose a man with medicine, while in training, any more than at any other time, but much good can be often and tapidly accomplished by the aid of a little potent medicine, judiciously administered. If no evidence of organic derangement presents itself, there will, of course, bo no necessity for using medicine, but if such derange- ment does exist, the better way will be to use a little 220 TRAINING. medicine. If there is torpid liver a ^ V^ J^^^ taken before retiring at night, and a couple of so d^uz powders, or a bottle of magnesia in the -"-«• ^ ^^ does not effect the desired object, castor oil, or salts and senna may be used. , IZ will «.a... b. r.,.W, ..d .bi. .U .^«1, P- dep,.,., .~»»d .1.. ta„i, tog., ..c. ""f2L'^^] he.lft, »ctio„ of the., org.™, ."d aro, of course, to the .hoi. fram. h., .a additl.™! deadweight to earr,. The ™Lhg P.00... o.".pri- ••'»'•'• .rtiacW«»^ -'"■ cinal sweating. , , ^ ^ , ■I ' ji-f ', 7 . < , ■ ■", NATURAL SWEATING h producd b, .ne-bg th. portion, whieh it i. de.,rea 'o ,11. inh^vyH.™.!.. If th. n.ek and che.t are pie- . .,.,.,■ .h,e.o, four undo, .hirt. ..y h. put . .^ « comforter or .h.«l wound round th. neck. « men i. corpulent, f..ten .ever.! th.ctae.se. of «ann.l m Znt ^H b, mean, of one or t.o bolt, pawd around rjd If it « ""^ '» «*»- "« "°°""' °' '"' r: IbcUp d,a..n..oor three pair of drawer, or pan..- '°me„.lli."re.a,, ti."p.rty .hould ...rt at a mederato pace, and inerea» to a dog-trot, which ,. to be kept »p ab.« forty minute., when the party .hould return to c t I 11 t u t a t' F d fi TUAININO. 221 10 pill miglit ^^ iouplo of spidlita norning. If this oil, or salts and of two or three ition. More than 8 will surely prove intestines. Fatty interfere with a 3, of course, to be from this cause, and id weight to carry, artificial and medi- NG which it is desired to and chest are plc- r be put on, and a neck. If the abdo- cnesscs of flannel in belts passed around ,e amount of fat upon [)f drawers or panta- Btart at a moderate I is to be kept up for should return to the house and lie down with all his clothes on, between two feather bod-s or several heavy blankets, for twenty or thirty minutes. Then get up and remove, first the clothing from the upper part of the body, and then from the lower limbs. Sponge well with hot brine, and rub down with coarse towel or flesh gloves, after which dress rapidly, so as to run no risk of catching oold. This system of natural sweating is more beneficial than any other. AIITIFICIAL SWEATING. This mode of reducing weight has been, for a great many years, resorted to by certain practitioners, and is effected by wrapping the body in a sheet which has previously been soaked in cold water, afterwards putting on a flannel or wool- en gown, outside of which again a heavy blanket or shawl. Then place the patient beneath a feather bed or heap of clothes, leaving the mouth uncovered. From twenty to thirty minutes produces a reaction, and bathes the whole body in perspiration. This is to be kept up for about fifty minutes, when the party should remove all the clothing' and take one plunge in cold water, if convenient, or if not, make use of a sponge, rub dry, with crash towel, rapidly, and don the clothing. This method is usually preferred by the men, as it increases the flow of spirit, and imparts a "oorkiness " to the frame, which is foreign to any other methed. The principal draw back to it is, that with many persons it pro- duces boils, which are usually constant enough in training, - from unavoidable causes, and not at all to be encouraged where it is possible to avoid them. ^ I .>•>•) TUAISINO. SWKATINa BY MEDICINE Th very ropular. VUh son^c ,non. and '. P'"^-*'* ;;>; t Jing ie of antimony, sweet spirits mtre. or Dovors '"iSicinial agent, sneh as those, however, weal^n the Jy tlh an extent as to .a.e them inadmissable. and therefore not to bo recommended. ]t •"• .?» '< ««-':i-. ' * • t i.iJ ■> "' \i,.- .^'• 1 .I'll- • >• » /< . " .'t. > i ' ,. I - -M-i '■. » ' -i I..''. ■» .., , '! ,•». '•; .•»•.■.> '■ ; . . . .W )ICINK and ip produced by rits nitro, or Dovcrs' however, weaken the liem inadraissable, and AMATEUR TRAININr.. 1 .1 -.iH .:s...f . ■ . It . ' ;. ^ \. -i By Amateur Training is meant those who follow a system of training without the aid or instruction of a Trofessionnl Trainer. A great many of the gentlemen amateurs of to-day, have not the time to spare that is required to carry out a com- plete and systematic course of training. Many, and perhaps, a large majority of the members of the leading amateur Boat Clubs of America, are engaged in business during the very hours which could be the most advantageously devoted to training ; and it has always been and still is, a moot question with them, how to get into good condition for a race, with- out neglecting their business duties. To all such, I will endeavor to give, in as correct detail as possible, snch instructions for amateur easy training, as will not certainly make them the equals of perfectly trained pro- fessional oarsmen, but of those of their own kind, against whom only, if they have any sense, they will try to contend. If the members of the crew be mechanics, or clerks, or de- pendents of any kind, their hours of business will not, it is to be supposed, bo longer than from seven till seven ; or 22i TRAINIMU. if any person chtfi-n for tlio urew Iiuh to work more hours than tht'Kf, lie had better either step out of tho urcw, or else out of his aituntioii, for if ho uttempta to fuUfil his buHini'Hs obligatioDB. and ut tlio Bniiiu time bin duly, ua one of a racing crew— one or other, hia budineas or iiiu boating, will be sure to suffer. In most of the Northern States and Provinces, there in a winter, generally a l"ng o»«. >*h»«'» >i«^>r^» uii exeellont opportunity for jiersons to keep themselveH in good healthy condition and a state of muscular development, by frequent use of the duml.-belltf, tho horizontal bar, and Indian clubB. Winter offers this excellent opportunity, becauso at that time of year, out-door sports, excepting those connected with tho ice, are laid on tlie shelf; and one wl-o iins been confined during tho doy to busiucss, will take hold of tho clubs witl) more pleasure and gusto than ho would on a summer evening, after having worked all day in a heated office, and walked tbc dusty streets, becoming exhausted and unfit for work. Besides this, during cold weather, more animal food, which is the fuel of tho body is oaten, which, taken in eonncction with' a walk home on a bracing winter evening, produces an almost irresistible inclination to exercise, that is in direct op- position to the feeling of lassitude almost universally present in extremly hot weather. Therefore, all men who expect to achieve any success with the oar, should be regular in their physical exercise during the winter months ; if tobacco and liquor are discarded it will be so much the better. If a gymnasium is accessible, by all means it should be resorted to, as here apparatus may be found suited to the development of every portion of the frame. Tho body should be gradually and cautiously strengthened by judicious ! e] P' ti tl ti w b( m w T nl or ac P< so lo & uc oil in af pr na bi si: th ■ ■ SWSffi-^SV*''' II work uioro hour.-* t of tho crow, or ;UI)tH to fullfil hiw le liiH duly. U8 one cMii ur liiH bouliiig, 'rov incus, tlioro is fforda un oxoclloiit c8 in good healthy piiicnt, by frequent r, and Indian clubs. r, because at tlint hose connooted with ;o hns been confined d of tho clubs with I a summer evening. Bee, and walked tho iifit for work. B animal food, which takeu in connection vcning, produces an that is in direct op- univcrsally present I men who oxpoot to be regular in their ths ; if tobacco and 1 the better, means it should be found suited to the frame. The body Ithcned by judicious THArNI3IU. 336 exercise, until in such condition as to predudi', as far a^ poBiiblo, the danger of injuring ones' self from over exer- tion ; the clubs, bells and bars, should be mainly used as tho instrameiitH best calculatwt to develop tho muscular por- tion of tho body that is numt hc lively, engaged in rowing. If opportunity is had in tho gymnasium or elsewhere within shelter, to indulge in a regular morning run, it should be taken advantage of, as this will contribute greatly to the maintenance of health, and also facilitate every move to- wards getting into good condition for the summer work. The gymnastic exorcises, if properly carried out, will bo nil that is necessary to keep tho body in a healthy and vig- orous condition during the winter ; and, tho individual will accordingly have not more than one half as much labor to perform, in getting into training condition, when the sen- son opens, as the man who, at the close of the last toason, left off all active bodily exoroise, and at tho same timo gave himself up to a liberal indulgence in tobacco and sp'rit- uous stimulants. As to the time at which gymnastic exer- cises can be engaged in with the most advantage — tho even- ing — that is to say, commencing not sooner than one hour after tho ovoning meal, has, in a great majority of case.^, proved the most suitable and comfortable, and very fortu- nately, also, the most convenient. However, if a man's business hours are such as to give him leisure from four to six P. M., he will certainly derive great benefit by devoting that time, or a part of it, to bodily exercise. As soon as the weather is sufficiently pleasant to allow of the morning run being taken in tho open air, it should be «>- After having eaten his supper, he should rest, say read, or fifteen minutes, and then start at a comfortable gait, for the boat house. ^ If perspiring, he should sit down and cool off. before aking off his coat to get into the boat, as going out upon the river or lake, ho must inevitably eatch cold, if in such a condition. Having taken his place in the boat, he follows he directions laid down in regard to rowing, as well as those of the Coxswain or Captain of the crew If the crew pull -bare "-that is naked to the waist- they will certainly pull rapidly, and not rest upon the water, exposed to any draughts or currents of air. but where shirts are worn, many labor under the delusion that they can lay upon their oars with impunity, for any length of time even though their thin shirts be dripping wet and their heads bare. It would scarcely seem necessary to say anything here in regard to such conduct, more than to condemn it as court- mg danger which might easily be avoided ; and yet there are so many who pursue this course, either through total want of common sense, or for some incomprehensible rea- son that I feel justified in cautioning all persons who have any regard for their health, to give no encouragement to such a system, by pulling in a crew which follows it up. If any rests are made, they should be but momentary, and not long enough to incur any danger. As a matter of course, such rests will be necessary, as, otherwise, the weariness occasioned by long and severe pulling, prevents a crew from noticing and correcting faults in their style 1 n S ■i. a. Mi ' i if 230 TRAINING- 230 e,U.., .H. mou'l. "»y ".^ . ™"tnl 1 wl, ieb .ill .c. rt. handB, .«. ."d J»";" ^""'"J.,,. .ke evil c.n- .eneaeially o„ .1.0 .«« ^*- ^^J'-' ,ee ... of .00. scqueneos.liiok ate K, api ,i,U .hil. the bod, i. in « P«»P";"™j„,„ ,„g, „, .tor coding home, .Meh « •» j'':;.'''':: "LLsea, .1.. V-V U„. ,. ..on .. Ita l«' »"'' JX, « the la.e.., by ::riii:nif;~prHy«-"«^.»--°'"-^-- -rrro...a..ieed..io-.n.— ^^^ ,„,e,a,. laid aown tor 1,. S";^'"" .^ .^^.^ ."^ „.„ ta.o TRAINING. 231 nil, no water or ut when thirst ater, as well as -which will act ut the evil con- free use of cool re going, or after y our amateurs, loused, the party at the latest, by r room, and where lirections that are carry out a course before said, in as imatcurs need ex- trainer will utterly ito good condition, rew, observes what And here, indeed, ; Getting men into this, I mean those I in a boat's crew, that, but who will to be essential work, 1 is the great 'danger itimes, each member :ept, as much as pos- sible under the survcilancc of the Captain, who should bo a man of good judgment and experience, and one who will occasionally "test" his men, by one means or another, in order to detect any defects in them likely to lessen their chances of winning. The importance of observing the rules of training should be impressed upon all candidates for the position of oarsman in a racing crew, as flunking, or soldiering, has more than once spoiled a race for what was, in reality, the best crew. ^iirfiSM* ■Ji DIGESTIBILITY OF FOOD. KIND OF FOOD. Cucumbers, Turnips, Milk, Cabbage, Apples. Potatoes, Fish, . Venison, Pork, . Veal, . Beef, . Poultry, Mutton, Wheat bread, Corn Beans, Rice, Butter and Oils, Sugars and Syrups, now PREPARED. Raw, . Boiled, . Fresh, . Boiled, . Raw, Boiled, Broiled, (t Roasted, Baked, (( Boiled, am't of nutrim't. , 2 per ct. 4 " , 7 " . 7 " . 10 " . 13 " . -20 " 'I'l " . 'H " . 25 " . 26 " .27 " . 30 " . 80 " . 80 " . 87 " . 88 " . 96 " . 96 " TIMK TO DIGKST. 3.30 2.15 4.30 1.50 2.30 2.00 1.30 .5.15 4.00 3.30 2.45 3.15 3.30 3.30 2.30 1.30 1.00 3.30 3.30 OOD. im't ok TIMK TO utuim't. DIGBST. 2 per ct. 4 " 3.30 2.15 7 " 4.30 7 " 1.50 10 " 2.30 13 " 2.00 20 " 1.30 22 " 5.15 2-1 " 4.00 25 " 3.30 26 " 2.45 27 " 3.15 30 " 3.30 80 " 8.8C^ 80 " 2.80 87 " 1.30 88 " 1.00 96 " 3.30 96 " 3.30 DIGESTIBILITY Or FOOD. (Digestibility of Food — Continued. ) mm KIND OF FOOD. PREPARED. Pigs' Feet, . Soused, Tripe, . . 11 J'^ggs — whipped, . Raw, Trout — salmon — frcsii Boiled, " << 11 . Fried, Sago, . . Boiled, . Tapioca, ( ( Mutton — fresh, . Broiled, Corn-Cake, . Baked, Pork Steak, Broiled, JIutton — fresh, . Roasted, Bread — wheat, . Fresh-bak'd. Eggs — fresh, Hard-boiled . Beef, Fried . Veal— fresh, Broiled, Fowls — domestic. Roasted, Beef— old hard salted, . Boiled, Ducks — wild, . Roasted, Cabbage, . Boiled, Pork — fat and lean, . Roasted, Bread — wheat, . Baked, Liver— beef, fresh. Broiled, Eggs — raw, ' Broiled, Cabbage — raw, . Vinegar, Milk, Raw, . Milk, Boiled, Eggs — fresh, . Roasted, 233 TIME TO DIGEST. 1.00 1.00 Ida tm IJO 1.45 2.00 3.00 3.00 3.15 3.15 3.30 3.30 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.15 4.30 4.30 5.15 3.30 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.15 2.00 2.15 ^fj 234 BIGKSTIBItHY 0» »00D. (Digestibility of Food-Continued.) KIND 0» FOOD. Turkey — wild, . Turkey — tame, . Turkey — tame, . Goose — wild, . Lamb — frosli, . Parsnips, . Potatoes, . Cabbage — bead. Chicken— full-grown, Ueef— with salt only, Eggs — fresh, . Bass— striped, fresh, Ueef— fresh, lean, HOW FRXPARED. Boasted, Boiled, Boasted, Boasted, Broiled, Boiled, Boasted, Baw, • Fricasseed, . Boiled, . Boiled salt, • Boiled, Bare-Boasted n I m TROUBLES IN TRAINING. BOILS. The process of training, drives out all the impurities from the system, and in so doing develops what are called boila. These result from decomposition of cellular membrane and in- flammation beneath the surface of the cuticle. The decom- posed portion has to slough off, and seems to exert a poisonous influence on surrounding parts, which interferes with the pro- cess of absorption, and creates a circle of rod callous skin, usu- ally painful, around the dead part. In most cases the boil remains stationary for some time, and if it becomes thick, impedes the circulation in the interior of the circle. The best mode of removing these is either to divide them with a knife, or to apply a stimulating poultice, of a greasy nature, like flaxseed. This produces a healthy suppuration and granulation, and causes a renewal of the part. But the sensitiveness of the part affected, is usually so great as to make it almost impossible to use the knife, and where this is the case, a mercurial and opiate plaster spread on leather should be used. The combined effect of this is to stimulate and relieve, but V .1 II 030 TBAININO. ^ removal of tho cauBO-that ib a temporary ccBsation of work will bo nocoBsary to effoet a cure. For thoBO who arc subject .0 boilB. fifteen grainH nitrate silver dissolved -n" -"- ° water, will often prove a good preventive. Th.s should bo painted over the part predisposed to boils, every n.ght. It blackens the skin but will cause no unpleasantness. CIIAPPINO. Men who pull early and late in tho season often experience inconvenience from this affection in hands or feet The remedies for this are very numerous and common y known. A mixture of glycerine and honey is mfalhble. or the glycerine alone will generally prove effective _ . ^ The mode of application is to simply rub the glyeer.ne over the part troubled, and leave it on over night. BU8TBKS OU WATER BOILS. • \ - ■ ' Tho» »».Ily occur from getting the hand. .-... or arc to b. t„«.,a «po« p.lm. th.. .re .oft and .nu.ed to l,.rd Ulor Z kJer bL.« of i..elf, collodion Aonld bo appbed .* a brn.K it the part, doc. not object to .be p..n^ Jb .henld be renewed about tbreo timce a day »»<■' ''« *;° rr„Ttr':ld'rle ll Vuen .b. e«o„ .LTto. mneb pain, apply a .bin layer of mcdreated eo«o» under a Wd glo,e, or if preferred, very "^ P"„^, arable; of e.ur», it i. bo.t not to ,m while the band ,. TUAININU. ■ccBsationofwork, go who art subject ed in imo ounce of I. This should bo I, every night. It santncfis. tender from blisters, but if it becomes absolutely necessary, a glove should bo temporarily worn, no matter what the reme- dy used. The hands should not bo wot or washed for twenty, four hours after the application of any remedy. When a blister forms, and before it comes to a head, or bursts, it should be pricked with a needle, and pressed, and this should be repeated as often as the blister forms This ex- cludes the air and allows time for the scarf skin to form. ion often experience I or feet. rous and commonly oncy is infallible, or iffcotive. r ub tho glycerine over light. >I1.8. hands wet, or arc to unused to hard labor, should bo applied with ;t to the pain. This I day until the skin is lave seen one of these oportions, and prevent When the collodion or of medicated cotton y finely pulverized gum row while the hand is *, ( .-e f'** ' .t.'j" li-^ , * '■! 'f* h.i % ''t* 1.", p '*H'» '. ,.' .,;, . ,. 1; ., ; •: . iv"' ". •:'<., • -* i , S I l.tf '1, , ■" . ' t ,W ' I I S ' TRAINING NOT INJURIOUS. ,e„a ta tor « n-*^; "y;-:;.,, „ ^ .H. »», but incline .„ ft, opmon that """J j'" " . „f ^,^„, ,ho were . jrltten *. »... r..- c.nsti«i.n, ».y »- For instance, it after Having p.«„i .0 . d,.ngM ,bilo chanpng b.. J^-;-^;; »^ ,, ^, Ldered .1, tb.t in tb. con... ot . &' •'"I" backing «nd ccgb™* , . j„ mentioned, .^bt'Li:::;!:.,^-"^ a boat-race. ^..— *...«T«'"*~''*~~""""*"' _i mous. onstitution and loss of 10 follow a systematic cises. of one kind or when training is perse- bo tho case, but incline lis statement have been g of persons who were r while training for, or a person of delicate, or it constitution, may in- ireful. in his morning run and srspiration, he stands cx- ia flannels, it is not to be a few weeks he is heard ill seldom be mentioned, lost health in training for TRAININO. Or again if the party starts for a run on a cool, frosty morn- ing and is so taken with the "bracing" character of tho atmosphoro, as to put in his " loudest" for a couple of miles, ho need not wonder if he shall oven raise a little blood at tho finish ; but all this does not prove that training is in any way injurious, but merely that the candidate himself has not been judicious in his practice. But is not this same thing happening every day in tho year, to persons engaged in every imaginable pursuit ? Do not all classes of persons expose themselves daily, in the most reckless manner while engoged in business, and pleasures of various kinds ? And the result of this exposure can be seen in tho mortuary reports of the various cities. But it may bo said that the oldest and most experienced of our athletes and trainers, have deteriorated and waxed weak, while yet young. I know of no instance of tho kind, and do not believe that any such case exists. That is to say, I do not believe that any man ever lost strength of body or mind, from having trained too often for contests, where such oounw of training was not followed by a course of dissipation, or where disease was not contracted by careless exposure. The idea that because a man is brought somewhat nearer to a state of physical perfection, by what is styled "artificial" means, than he usually is in, he must, upon ceasing the use of those means, or continuing to use them beyond a certain time, Bufiier a decrease of physical power proportioned to the increase obtained thereby, is ridiculous But here is what an eminent physiologist says upon the subject : " The ordinary belief that the athlotio constitu- tion cannot be long maintained, appears to have no founda- tion ; nor does it appear that any ultimate injury results 1.^ 1 i* ■t... i.». ' 4g, ' fjato.<.i! J' ii.«l ' .,l-,A' i;r-- •' 240 TRAINING. from the system being persevered in for some time. That trained men often fall into bad health on the cessation of the plan, is probably owing in part to the intemperance and other bad habits, of the class usually subjected to this dis- cipline. The effects of trainers' regimen are hardness and firmness of the muscles, clearness of the skin, capability of bearing continued severe exercise, and a feeling of freedom and lightness, (or 'corkiness,') in the limbs. During the continuance of the system, it is found that the body recovers, with wonderful facility, from the effects of injuries ; wounds heal very rapidly ; and cutaneous eruptions usually disap- ^'ciearncssandvigor of mind. also, are stated to be the results of this plan ; and it is probable that where persever- ing attention and intense application are necessary, a modi- fication of this system, in which due allowance should be made for the diminished quantity of exercise, would be found advantageous. The method of training employed by Jack- son, a celebrated trainer of prize-fighters, as deduced from his answers to questions put to him by John BeU, was to begin on a clear foundation, by an emetic and two or three purges. ni:? r,! i i ; . i. J Beef and mutton, the lean of fat meat being preferred constituted the chief food. Veal, lamb, and pork, were said to be less digestible, ('the last purges some men.' ") Fish was said to be " a watery kind of diet," and em- ployed only by jockeys, who wished to reduce weight by sweating. Stale bread was the only vegetable food aUowed. The quantity of fluid permitted was 3 1-2 pints per diem ; but fermented Uquors were strictly forbidden. Two full meals, with a light supper, were usually taken. The quan- ir some time. That m the cessation of the ;he intemperance and subjected to this dis- len are hardness and the skin, capability of a feeling of freedom ,e limbs. During the hat the body recovers, ts of injuries ; wounds iptions usually disap- arc stated to be the le that where persever- ire necessary, a modi- ) allowance should be lercise, would be found ng employed by Jack- hters, as deduced from )y John Bell, was, to metic and two or three t meat being preferred, jb, and pork, were said iS some men.' ") rind of diet," and em- [ to reduce weight by vegetable food allowed. I 3 1-2 pints per diem ; y forbidden. Two full ually taken. The quan- TRAINIKO. 241 t.ty of cxorc.se employed, was very considerable, and such as f w men of ordinary strength could endure. This ac- unt expends very much with that which Hunter gave^f long rl^"^"^^" ^"^'-«' -'- ^'-^ *o - ou! on a were U de med necessary, but it is not, in my opinion a every one likely to enter upon active training, wiU klw en^gMo take care of himself then, as weL No one need ever refrain from fear of injury, from going nto trammg because he has trained so many times before af LT7 T ^^."-^^ ^'- -tinuous or successive train ng i« beyond a possibility, ^' 16 ■sMixmti Miscellaneous. BOAT-BUILDING. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. R'-' 'NG RULES, DICTIONARY OP' TERMS, ETa BOAT-BUILDING. SINGLE SCULL BOATS. !& P>.»k is « J^ :„ i" °V ""'• ""■»«' '•!». Th. In the middle, where the man aifa th. • about five inches deep so That th /' ' ^"'^^°"'^ about ten. inches deep ^ '"' ^''^ ''^^^^ ^ tack, the knees also be "; 1 l "" ""'^ ^''"'^''^- *-. Which is ve:,ii;:!X^^^^ oil su: Xrzrt 'r' ^-i -'' ^^^'^ -«""• - tight. " *'^'" ^""^^^"^ and made water- 246 BOAT-BUILDING. A DOUBLE SOULL l8 constructed upon the same principles, but a slightly dif- ferent model, being a little deeper ana longer. Tbe length of a single scull race boat is from thirty to thirty-two feet, by twelve or fourteen inches beam ; that of a scull boat for prac- tice or pleasure, should be twenty-eight or thirty feet long, bv from eighteen to twenty-two inches wide. A double scull boat should not be less than sixteen inches wide, by from thirty-two to thirty-five feet long ; s.:: inches deep forward, five inches deep aft, and eleven inches in the middle, where the rowers sit. The material used for cover- ing a two pair is the same as for a single. The rowlocks used for single and double scull boats, are made from either three eighths round iron, or three eighths pipe for the braces, and by being galvanized, will keep better ?rom getting rusty. The pipe*owlocks are only one half a» heavy as the solid iron ones, and are in every way sufficiently "Th^e solid iron rowlocks cost about five dollars each, the pipe costing double that sum, as it is double the work to make them. , , , A single or double scull boat should have the rowlocks spread about five feet, to row nine feet six inch sculls, but if the sculls are made light, a man can row with ten feet sculls, and if rowing cross-handed, ten feet four inch-sculls may even be used. , , ^ x „# The sculls used now-a-days are made, for the most part of spruce timber, which is lighter and stronger than pine ; and as at a slightly dif- er. Tlie lengtb irty-two feet, by ill boat for prac- thirty feet long, an sixteen incbefr long ; sis inchea ven inches in the il used for cover- 5 BCuU boats, ar© or three eighth* , will keep better ) only one half a» ry way sufficiently dollars each, the )uble the work te have the rowlocks i. inch sculls, but if irith ten feet sculls, nch-sculls may even or the most part, of er than pine ; and as BOAT-BDILDINO. 247 for the stylo, spoon blades are now mostly altogether u.ed as they hold the water better than the plain blade. When a man pulls cross-handed, he requires a button on his oar to keep it from slipping outboard ; this is made of leather, and is secured by nails, and should be put on with a slant or curve, so that there is no jam to the oar in reaching. FOUR-OARED BOATS. Four-oared Racing Shells are from nineteen to twenty-two inches wide, seven inches deep forward, and six inches deep aft, and thirty-five to forty feet long, with a wash-board where the rowers sit. The outriggers on a four, are about twenty inches out- board, are made of one half-inch round iron or one-half inch pipe, the rowlocks costing, solid, five, and pipe ten doUare each. A SIX OAR Is from nineteen to twenty-two inches wide, and from forty-five to fifty-two feet long, seven and a half inches deep forward, and six and a half aft. and about twelve inches deep amidship, where the oarsmen sit. The rowlocks are the same as in a four, and the oars now used are mostly spoon fashion, and should be in fours and sixes, about twelve and a half to thirteen feet long. Shell boats are sometimes manufactured on a large n-odel and called clinker-built, or lapstreak shell., but they^ are heavier than a smooth work shell, and not "so fast 248 DOAT-DUILDINO. A WHITEHALL BOAT Is a smooth work boat, nineteen feet long, pulling four oars or two pair sculls, with oak timbers, plunked with about six inch boards, oak kool and caulked scams, and oak gunwale. A hipstrcak, or clinker-built boat is made of boards, six inch wide, planked six on a side, the timbers being put in aft4jr the boat is planked \\p. There is no such boat in this country as an in-riggod ; if they are not out-rigged, they are what is correctly termed gunwale rigged, with thowle pins through tho gunwale. They sometimes make an outrigger out of bent wood, but it takes almost as much iron to brace tho wood, 88 to make it of iron entire. Lapstreak and Whitehall boats are made of oak and whito cedar, tho shells being made of Spanish cedar and hack- matack. Ash oars and sculls are cheaper than spruce, on account of having a plain blade, which enables them to be made by machinery, while the spruce spoon blade has to be made of heavy timber, dug out by hand. A beginner who will learn to row with spoon sculls, will become so much attached to them as never to change. long, pulling four its, plunked with cd scams, and oak ide of boards, six bora being put in f as an in-riggod ; what is correctly pins through tho out of bent wood, ) tho wood, tea to lo of oak and whito li eedar and haok- )ruce, on account of m to be made bjr has to be made of h spoon sculls, will rer to change. ■iMHI PAPER BOATS. _ Among the many peculiarly American ideas, so prevalent a tho present t,me. the very Yankee notion of constructing b^^ out of paper, is deserving of special notice, as bearing partacularly upon the subject matter of this work. Many Tir^- T. ""I'"' "" ''"''' '"' ''' '''' *•-• *»>»* there « estabhshed ,n th.s country a large manufactory, which has been .„ successful operation about three years, and >^hich turns out annually, large numbers of beautifuHy filhed p easure and racing boats, of all si.es. But such is' the case and the favor w.th which these boats are received by the oars! men of Amenca, would seem to indicate that they will final- ly be un.versa]y adopted, not only by Boat Clubs; for racing purposes, but by sportsmen, for hunting and fishing, and by the proprietors of watering places for pleasure rowing heard f , boats, if any there be. may comprehend their m de of eons trucfon and availability for different purposes. I w:llg.ve a short desoriptioa of the moans by which bo ts are constructed out of paper. '-" "oats 250 PAPER BOATH. I„ 18G7. Mr. Ocu. A. WaterH. «lulo experimenting ^vith pa- per, conceived the idea of so preparing it. that it could bo r-oud- L over formH in single sheets, so as to make a very strong, durable, and useful boat. In 18«H. l>e and iu« ia her. Mr EUsha Waters, of Troy, New York, took out patents lor th b purpose, in the United States and England, boon r Lrds. a company was loru.ed under the name of Waters. Llch & Co.; consisting of Mr. Elisha Waters. Col. G o^ T Balch late of the U. S. Ordnance Department, and tLo two sons of Mr. Waters, for the manufacture of paper boat., ^^Xir;£;is«Uuatedon the banks of theH^on River, about a mile above the City of Troy, near the State Dam The slack-water created by this dam extends back nearly five miles, making one of the finest boating courses m the country. Over this course every boat js tested by the Boat Club composed of Mr. Waters and '"« --^-"''^^ bave become experts in their handsome shell, m ^h^h they exercise every week. Great ™P— "^^.^J^^^^T recently made in the preparation of the paper, which enable, rmanufacturers to prepare the sheets of any re,u.ed «.« and thickness suitable for a great variety "^ ^oats. wbde U is absolutely impervious to the action of water, and mueH stronger, lighter, and tougher, than any wood. The method of designing and modeling paper, boats, re- quires high mathematical knowledge and rare mechamcal Zl, to secure the proper lines and proportions, and balance. %rpi;tr sheets are moulded over wooden forms, in a „.oist state and when dried, are taken off in a single piece :ilut joint or seam on either outer or inner surface, and PAPBK BOATS. 261 imcnting with pa- it could bo r'ould- ,ko a very strong, 1 liis lather, Mr. n\ patents lor this iiid. Soon aftor- naine of Waters, ^'uters, Col. Geo. partinent, and thfr iro of paper boati, iks of the Hudson )y, near the State dam extends back , boating ooursea ia it is tested by tho his workmen, who ne shell, in which ivemonts have been japcr, which enable* of any required sieo ty of boats, while it of water, and much I wood. ig paper boats, re- md rare mechanical )ortionB, and balance, wooden forms, in a off in a single piece, or inner surface, and I thus causing tlio least possiblo friction, for easy and rapid pas- Bago through tho water. Tho Hkin and decks arc made of tho strongrat paper which can bo manufactured, moulded into the modol desired on solid fc.rma of wood, tlio exact shape and size of tho required boat ; supported luid kept in shape by a framework of ligl.t wood, and Knishod up witii fittings of wood and metal in tho usual manner. The paper skin is finish- ed witli liard varnislics, and presents a solid, horny and perfect- ly smooth surface to the action of tho water, unbroken by joint, lap, or .scam from stem to stern. This surface can bo pol- ished as smooth as a mirror, if desired; it canrtot bo cracked or split like wood, no ordinary degree of heat or cold affects its shape or hardness ; hence these boats are admir- ably adapted for use in all climates. All the shell boats are provided with compartments in the fore and after bodies, which are strictly air and water-tight : these increase the buoyancy of the boat ; the cockpit is only largo enough to accomodate the load, and hence can ship but little water. The boats preserve their rigidity and shape, and retain their original underwater lines more perfectly than any shell boats ever made, and they gain no weight by use. The kind of material used for the skin of tho boat, enables the manufacturers to produce underwater lines which cannot be produced in wooden shells, except they be worked out of the solid wood, and even where this is practicable, it is found almost impossible to keep such lines in their original form for any length of time. Tho experience of over three years, and the constant im- provements which the manufacturers have been making in their work, has enabled them to overcome the objections made to some of their first boats, and to add a finish of construction i I : 251! PAPBIl BOATS. which all narsinon will npijrcciuto. In their shells thoj pay pnrticuliir nttuntion to tl.o perfect air and water-tightness of the conipartnieiits ; to the convenient and firm adjustment of tho foot brueen which is a great point in itself, and to tho stiff- ness of the hulls in boats of light weight. The gigs and canoes fur li.ihing and travelling arc built after the best models used at the North und South, and form a distinctive feature of their business. » For tiie construction of hunting or fishing boats, a light and strong frame of wood is prepared, composed of from ton to fifteen pair of ribs and suitable stem and stern pieces, out from the natural crooks of hackmatack roots. These arc firmly framed to two gunwales, each composed of a single piece of clear spruce, and to a pine kelson extending tho length of the floor of the boat, tho whole forming, when in po- sition, tho skeleton shape of tho desired model. , Over this frame, and inscperably attached to it, is stretched a paper skin, from an eighth to three-sixtccnthi of an inoh thick, made from now, unbleached linen stock. This paper is made impervious to water, and then covered inside and out- side with a hard clastic varnish, presenting to tho water, a surface so smooth that- tho friction, when tho boat is. in mo- tion, is tho very least attainable. The stem and stern posts aro protected by galvanized iron or brass, and bcckets are at- tached, by which the boat may bo drawn in either direction. Strips aro attached to the bottom to protect it from wear in hauling it upon shore, and wale strips of ash pratect the up- per edges from wear or abrasion. These boats aro so constructed as to afford great roomi- ness to a hunter for stowing hia traps, steadiness, safety and speed. Tho wooden boats, after which these have been I ssM^ma I'APBR OOATS. 268 sir Bhclls thoy pay water-tiglitncHfl of n adjustment of the f, anil to tlio stiff- 'hc gigs and canncs boHt niodclH used tinctivo feature of ; bonta, a light and sod of from ton to 1 stern pioeea, cut roots. ThcBO arc npusod of a singlo Ison extending tho )rming, when in po- odel. , id to it, is stretched xtecnthi of an inoh stock. This paper ^ercd inside and out- ing to tho water, a n tho boat is. in mo- item and stern posts and bcckets are at- in either direction. >tect it from wear in ' ash pratect the up- afford great roomi- 3, stcudiuess, safety hich ti.esc have been I modeled, have been in use for over ton years, and are pro- nounced by the first l.uutnrs in the country, the best Hport- ing boats nmnufacturcd from wood, and excelled only by those manufttcturcd of paper. With fishing and hunting, however, we have nothit.g to do, and this department of the business has only been jjuss- ingly mentioned, as sh..wing the variety of craft manufac- tured by this firm. To presume that wooden boats are to be done away with in a year, would bo unreasonable, m time is required to work such a change as the total abo- lition of wooden racing and pleasure boats, but if any evidence is wanted to show that Paper Boats are every day gaining popularity, it can be found by referring to tho accounts of prominent races pulled during the past three years, in a majority of which paper boats were used by the most noted crews and oarsmen, both professional and ama- teur. They were pulled by tho winners of fourteen matched races, in 18G8, twenty-six match races during the season of 1869, (their second year in use.) and fifty in 1870— and they are to be found dotting many a lake and river, from Maine to Mexico. It has been said by some prominent American oarsmen, who are prejudiced against this class of boats, that they are a fraud, a failure, and what not, and that thoy never can compete with wooden boats, etc., etc., but the records of the races belie these assertions, and certainly the manufacturers would never have gone into the business on the scale they have, and invested money to tho extent they have, unless they were fully confident that thoy could contend successfully with the builders of wooden boats. The prices of these boats have suflFered a reduction every year, and when* they shall be so low as to place «iBi.£iMani^<;«in»A 254 PAPER B0AT3. a favorable diflForence in price between them and wood- on boats, it will be demonstrated to the satisfaction of all that they merit everything that is claimed for them. AH who have been connected with boat clubs know that they suffer very often from pecuniary embarrassment, and naturally enough, an organization which has scarcely more than sufficient money in the treasury to purchase a boat, will be shy of risking its corporate existence on a paper boat, of which they perhaps know nothing, when for the same money they can buy a cedar shell modeled after those that have been in use for years. But time will demonstrate the superiority of Paper Boats over wooden ones, as it did the superiority of the steam en- gine over the stage coach, although ^e do not mean this as a comparison of speed between the wooden and paper boats. Before leaving this subject of paper boats, I will calUhe special attention of the reader to the annexed letter from Annapolis, which is in reply to a letter of inquiry (written by me) to its author, who is a gentleman of the highest vera- city, and one for whose word I am personally able to vouch. Annapolis, Md., November, 1869. RoBT. B. Johnson : ^ Dear Sir— Your letter inquiring in regard to Paper Boats ■ A ******** 18 received. ■ ■ ■ ,ni.iu4.i^.aiw>»^u>"- ' - '- »"^' ' W"''T '»^^"' • PAPKB BOATS. 255 ccn them and wood- the satisfaction of 1 claimed for them. 1 boat clubs know that ry embarrassment, and hich has scarcely more to purchase a boat, will nee on a paper boat, of len for the same money I after those that have eriority of Paper Boats riority of the steam en- (#e do not mean this as a ooden and paper boats, sr boats, I will call the the annexed letter from iter of inquiry (written sman of the highest vera- irsonally able to vouch. Md., November, 1869. ; in regard to Paper Boats ' *. ♦ * * This class of boats have eveiy advantage over the cedar built shells, while, to my knowledge, not a single objection ■exists. Their advantages over cedar shells arc : By far greater strength ; less weight ; greater durability ; they re- quire hardly any care ; never leak, and never warp. They can be moulded into any shape whatever, to suit the designer's lines, which wooden shells cannot, so that any fineness of both extremities is easily produced. Their great beauty and parlor finish is also not to be overlooked. Our oldest shell is nearly three years old, has seen very rough usage, and is as good as new. The chances are in favor of its lasting another throe years. The only expense wo have had during this time, is about one dollars' worth of oopal Tarnish, with which we have given her a couple of coatings. At the same time, another Club possessed a wooden aholl ; she is now nearly broken up with age, (three years' old,) and hardly a foot of her is to be seen that has not heen patched in some way or other. In last year's (1869,) race, our four-oared paper shell beat a " six-oared " cedar shell, by long odds, although the ■crews were pretty well matched, making the three miles in eighteen minutes thirty-five seconds. I would regard the purchase of a wooden shell as waste of money The firm which manufactures Paper Boats (Waters, Balch & Co., of Troy, New York,) also sup- ply splendid oars with their boats. It may be some time before they come into general use, as there is always some prejudice against anything new. The Academy boats are all built to pull without a coxswain, but the manufacturers make them either with or without, just as those ordering them prefer. 256 PAPBR BOATS. But before closing I would say that I advise persons wish- ing to purchase boats, to get paper ones " by all mcanfe." Yours &c., C. P. KUNHARDT, U. S. Naval Academy. .11 so persons wish- ly all mcanfe." ival Academy- BIOaRAPIITCAL SKETCHES. HBNRY COOLTBU. Henry Coulter was born in the thriving village of Man- the northern bank of the Ohio River, in the month of Febru- ary 1842. Like Hamill, at an early age, he developed a taste for boat- ing, and many of his leisure hours during boy-hood were spent in endeavoring to become proficient in feathering the spruces. In the summer of 1867, ho bad acquired so much skill in manipulating the blades, that his friends matched him.against Fred Wolfe, in a five mile contest for two hundred and fifty dollars a side. This was to have been decided on August 24th, 1856, but in the interim. Coulter had effected a more desirable match with the veteran. Bill Jackson, and from poli- cy, he paid forfeit to Wolfe. He rowed Jackson, on August 24th, 1867, for five hundred dollars a side, over the lower Monongahela course, and achieved his maiden victory as a single sculler, by beating his opponent four lengths ; the time given being 38.20. 17 . ,i,iJim 268 BIOGRAriUCAL gKBTCHEf. This clever porformaucc gained hiin many backers, and he Booti took a leading position in the aquatic world. Since that time he has pulled in many of the best rac.s in this country, and his name still occupies an enviable position among our professional oarsmen. . , j Coulter stands five feet eight and one half inches high, and weighs about one hundred and sixty-eight pounds. n JOSH WARD. Josh was born in the same year with Hamill, and com- menced his rowing career about the same time. His birth place was Newburgh, New York. Josh is a fine specimen of a man, standing perhaps a little better than six feet in height, and races at from one hundred and fifty to one hundred and sixty pounds. His first bid for aquatic honors, was at the age of nineteen, when, with his brother Henrr. he pulled a two-pair sculls, in a regatta at his native place, on the 4th of July, 1857. over a four-mi e coarse, the Wards winning in 33.30. From this time until October, 1^59. he rowed in some six match races, both as sculler and rower, in most of which he was victorious. On the nth of October, 1869. there was a regatta oft Staten Island, for a purse of one hundred dolluvs and the championship, in which were entered Fay, Daw. and Han- con, all good oarsmen. The course was five mile., with one turn, and W urd pull- ed a twenty-five foot boat, built by Donohue. . Ward eame home a long way ahead, in about the best time ev^r made, viz : - Thirty-five nnnutes and ten seconds . After this race, made in time never yet equaled. W ards %. mimmmmmmm BIOORAPIIICAL 8KBTCHB8. 259 sackers, and he rid. lie best T&o'cs in nviablr pogition inches high, and lunds. amill, and com- ime. His birth g perhaps a little Tom one hundred His first bid for , when, with his J, in a regatta at over a four-mile m this time until ich races, both as .ictorious. ^as a regatta off d dollaib and the , Daw, and Han- n, and Ward puU- iie. ibr.ut the best time d ten seconds." et equaled, Wards' reputation became wide-spread, and he wae looked upon as the best sculler in the United States. Ho took part in numerous regattas, at Boston, Poughkeep- sie, Pittsburgh, I'Liladelphia and other places, and achieved a reputation which has made him the pet oarsman of America. Josh Wards races have been numerous, and his triumphs gloriouB, and he has a record which he can always refer to with pride. He is a good natured, convivial and thoroughly American Oarsman. JAMES HAMILL. James Hamill was born in Pittsburgh, the Smoky City, in 1838, stands about five feet six inches high, and presents a wonderfully muscular front. When in training, he pulls the scales at about one hundred and fifty pounds, but when out of condition, weighs consid- erabli' more than that. He commenced his career as an oarsman, at quite a tender age, and has not yet retiVed from the arena. Hamill's career, like that of every champion athlete, no matter whom, has been a series of triumphs and defeats, of which he may well feel proud, for he has never been defeated by any but a first- class oarsman. Ho has beaten, intermittingly, Wolfe, Josh Ward and others, lie still lives in Pittsburgh, from whence he is oc- casionally heard threatening to pull some one for the cham- pionship. » 260 BIOOKAPIIICAL aKKTCUBS. -r- WALTKB BROWN. T1.0 name of Walter Brown 1ms been pronilnenMy boforo the American people for a number of years, as an oarsman of superior ability, and bis history contains a list of a great many victories, gained over some of the best oarsmen in America. lie was born in Madison; Greene County, New York, Oc- tober 7th, 1840. He rowed at a hundred and fifty to a hun- dred and sixty pounds, and stood five feet nine inches high. Ills first race was in 1858, at Newburgh, and he and Edmon- ston won a doublo-scuU race, against seven competitors, two miles in sixteen minutes. lie has defeated Ward in two races, and went to Eng- land, in 1869, intending to pull the champion English scull- ers, but forfeited his money in his first matcsh, from indispo- sition. . Brown always pulled a very good oar, and has pulled in scores of races, some of which have been for large sums of money. He died last month, (March 1871,) from the effects of a cold caught while attempting to clear the ice from in front of his Boat iiouse, at Boston. His death leaves the single-scull championship of America without a possessor. ! oiiunon'ly before as an oarsman of a list of a great best oarsmen in , New York, Oo- nd fifty to a hun- nine inches high, id lie and Edmon- i competitors, two nd went to Eng- )ion English scull- tcsh, from indispo- and has pulled in for large sums of am the effects of a ce from in front of ves the single-scull isor. ma mr n t t n RULES FOR BOAT RACES. ENTRIES. RuLii I.-Tli(. priviicgesor Kntry kIiuII he ,lcoi(U-»W- ;i r\^,t). 968 RUI.KS IfOK BOAT RA0B8. r; :.":." :ni.: - ■ :j;r;':r:..'r. I tZ ba-H a,e r.w...^. > .'u, tb„.. bo,. ..„>U -u.,- tbe -;'" " d.cl«,;.n .ball be ™->«-' "--'^'■'^ '" ^''^ "■"'•■''''"'" 'H:^^^^^^^^^ ifln th.. water b..l.l by tb« tblnl bom.lho .U..-..K.on »1k>I1 b.- in It faxor. or ln:tba...nbe founb boat- vie, ver.u." Oonu... n.-o, fo..> .»u.t be ....o U. the Jud,..H before Ibey -ball «iv.. lb. cb.W.,,, or avvanl tbc „. i«e. ... PUIVBU:tlK9. U„.. iv'-l" n.»tcb rac.». tb. cb>lK.n,..l p.H.v .ball bavo the prlvil»RO of ,.„.„.„« tbo .im.. at wbieb .ucb race nbaU o.xur. a,. . tbe -- ^^^ ;" ,1 »l,all be l-ulled. Tbe cour., nball bo ei.lu,. witb or a,aln«t be tido, and J'l bo Ht,Ub.. or with a .u,„. at the optic, of tin- party cba. lengcd^ Iho cball ':....« Uy ba, .be privilege of na,..h.« tbo ela. of boat, to bo u.od. AUTIIOUITY OK JUDtJKS AND IIKKEHEKS. R„« V,_J,.d,o». unlo..tbcydl.agrcc,havc,H>wor to .et.le all I"-"""!" dUpute. ." » rLe! Sbould they bo e,ually divided upon any .ubjcc. the , rtlo:..nu.tbo.ub™;.ted to tbo Kefe.e,, fron. -^"^ '^^^^^'^^^^ Leal lu ca-e, „here a ooUlmon or Um'. oftwo boatn occur., ^vhi^.b "ball b. declltl unavoidable .„d unintentional, ,.,e jud.es b.ve tbe r.«bt to order a 11 U n in City Ue«atta«, tbe Judge, may regulate all tbe eonditl.n. and :.ro 1, ,y r-ty for ungentlentanly or unbeeon.in. conduct. J- •'•O'J^ bo four JudgoB, two at the starting point, and two at tbe out »taUe. Tho Referee Bbould be at tbe etart.i.g Doinl. .. ,, TIMK AliLOWANOK. RW. Vl-It 1. uBual for, bell boat, to allow lapWreak, a certain number of second.h,arace, which 1, a very just provision, a, the ■-■-Y"J°" doubt, po,se«s greater speed .ban .ho lal.or. Tbe „.n,ber of second, to b. Jowd Will, of course, depend upon whether bo.b boats carry Co„wn.n.i t umber of extra oars, etc. .beiis .bould allow fpstreaK. eight «,cond. Jor mile, if equally manned. Hoa.s pullin« extra oar. shall allow Ato «.oond. iwr mile for eac'a oar. • ,^ OUAMPlONSini? HONORS. , > < J; , RBL. VII.-Tbe Profe«io„«l Oban,pio„sbip of tbe United Statosshall be do- liijai- ■ Imiil or oars, ruid X boiil Icuvcii lilt own ofkci'i>l"K''"-'' I'"*' y lUrccl BClloii ol lhi> ukc tlio M'coiid lioaU' luy two »li:kll f''»li l''" Icti llu' loul occurred ; i;jI1 lie in lU frtvor. or fonl must be ni» 10 ijiiie. I liavo the prlvileRO of c courno ui>o" wl'loli ftliiilnBt tlic tido, and urty clmllcnBCd. ThO' if boats to bo u»od. REK9. Kottlr nil quMtlona Id upon any Bubjcot, tho «e di'clBion there l» no occurs, whlr.li Bhall b« 10 tho rlRht to order a nil the conditions, and ouduct. There should at the out stoke. Tho reaks a certain number us the lormer, without ••mlier of seconds to be bouts carry Coxswains ; 1,'pstrcahs eight seconds , shall allow flfo sooond* lulled SlatOH shall be do- BUr.BS FOR BOAT HACKS. 268 elded as follow. ; A pariy claiming the I'liauiiKon-liip ,hall bo propan-il to maintiiln the sumo, upon the tollowin« oon.lltion., ; l^i. n,, ,„ bouml lo ao- cept a oMallonKc iroin uny ..lilzc,, ,,(■ ti,o Ui.H-.l .Stalo«, w.ll.in tlihty days from thu date of rooolvlni? such dial l.i.ijo, a,„| to |,uil tl,o nioo within ninety day« lioin Iho Hanio date. If Iho ohuiioMK.iig parly m. ,l.-8;ro-. Tl.o time and place lo be ;,t tho „ptlon o,' tho clmllon^.v! ,,ur,y. 2,1. The olr.ilon^e.l party ha» Iho rl«hl to ,„iino the mnounl of Iho ,iako . bo pullod lor; but tho ohal- lcM,i{lnK paily, If ho ,o do.-lre», may ro«trlol tho «iako to tho Hutno amount won by tho churapiou hlniHcIf, when he achicvuu that honor. Tlio champion 1- not hound to pull for a lo«« amount tlun the Make at the mato~h in which he wonthooham;.lon»h!i.. Tho ohallo»«I.,« parly muHt lira dop.^it a lorlu.i of suoham-.unt u» tho ohall. nijod parly shall re.puro, -o thai it doon not exceed more than hall Ih'. ,tako, which tho latlor U ohnnod to covor, l.oforo any artl- cics of aj ouKaKhiK in the contest. He is, howevor, obliged to accept a Hocond challcutfo from tho samepaity, and pull a race witliln ninety days from the date of tho llrst race, provided the challcnBing parly -ball deposit a stake equal in amount to that forfeited by the champion, if the champion falls t, -coond tln>o to appear, tho challeng- Ing party shall bo .-.dJudKod to have won the champlon«hip and the stake. Tho challenged parly ha« the prlvllogo of making tho cour«« equal In length to that upon which ho himself achlovod the championship, and is not obliged to pull upon one longer. ROWING KTIiJIJCTTK. Dpon UaclMg Day, each Crew, upon coraln:; uj. to the line, should salute th Judges and Referee ; If In a shell, the Coxswain or Captain will simply raise his hat ; If a Inpslroak, Ihe Crew should peak oars. When coming home, the victorious crew should peak to the vanquished, and escort them to their resting place. During Practice, if Crew, meet, they should simply exchange salute* through the Coxswain, or CaptalBs, who will touch haU to one another. BOATING TERMS. ALVIIABBTIOALLY ARRANOBD. ABterii— Behind. Apioii-Attadud tothc 8lein liiM.le Uir boaV, U. itii'iikn iirf imiled. AthwiirL—AcroBii. Amliloliip"— liitl'e middle. n ,liich the middle »nd opp»» nackwator-BMCTsc the action of Rowing. nack-Unurd-Th;. 1b what the Uowcr ro«t. hi. back aga.nrt. Blndinir-Slrcak-Tlu, lirst plank put on u smooth ^™rk boat ' H r -k' ^ panor tho oar. or the portion which i. dipped ""-';''-^- '^ Uot.1.,0,.- An iron hooU «lth a point o« tho back, ftxed to . long pole. Uv pull or pucli nboftt. Boatinif-Tl.o act or practice of .aiUiK in a boat. Boaliibie— Navi'-'aUlo for boiilB. BaU-Ilope-Palnter, a rope to fasten a boat. Bow-Oar— The o.w nearest the bow of the boat. "hook -A knee futed In at the bow, and secured to tho gunwale, and ''Bu'tton..-Thc attachment which balances the oar in Itl place. , Buoy— Buoy is used u» a etake. BOATINfl TIRM8. ||p Bjr-thc-lliittd— Wlion the bow !• luwsr In the wolor than tb« (tarn. Dy-lho-StciTi — When the «lcrn ilrawa more water In proportlou than the bow, la not trae on the wutar Una. ID. h the middle and oppet Oanoc — A bo.it formeil of the body or IrunU ol u treo, hollowed out by cutting or burnluK. The Indlaim niao tnulce lltfht cuiioci from iinmll brunclicn of trcoa •nd dry birch bark. Coiawnlii— The our who iteera the boat. Grub — When the water cittvlii'g the o.ir nnil turni it« blade, ao thiitthr Rowor eannot extricate it without muchdlllioulty, it U called " oatohinti a crub." Crew — All bi'loiixliiK to till) bout. Oranh — Bimily overact, or thrown on one aide. Ollnkvr- Work— When the lower ed|;e ol' every plank overlaya the neit below It, like alute on the roof of n houae. D • DMh— The Rower uthiK Ihc utmoxl of hia power to propel the boat. DeuOul — Canoe. Dory— A liftht ll:it-botlom row boat, with both endti ralaed, havlnij nearly the form ol' u akilf. : againat. ■k boat. lipped into the -wBtor. fixed to k long pole, ify ircdto the gunwaloa and it( place. Bosy-All — EtwlriK, or ceaaiug to row. ■oalDg — To cease rowing'. Plahlng— Laying the cnda of two piecea of timber together and faatciiinii a third piece to both. Veatherlni{~-Turnliig the blode of the oor from a perpendicular to a horizon- tal position. VIoor— The water-line model of a boat. Foul — To runaifainst. Foot-Boards— FloorlnR ; loose boards placed Inalde the boat, running fore-and- aft, resting on the floor timbers bcitwcen the footlings. Footling! — Faetenod to the floor timbera on each aide of the foot-boardi, Foro-and-Aft — Lengthwise the boat. • )•«..) .r. <2gQ BOATINO TIRMB. r„„.->nd.Afl 8.rM. bn.....M...o. running fur«..n.«..fl ut t>.« top of .hr fo«*- ^r ;.:2 :r:r:;::. how.. .«.. n.™.... 0.rboara.9.rc«U...r.,t«n.. lo floor .l.nb.r.. «..a to tUo .t.u« .»,. -Tn- pOKt, 111 till' l""'!' Olvc-Wtiy— CommencliiK to row. | (lunwale-Thu ln.l»u«»ii moniBii- fiinUmod. llci. ig boatii from Uic hou«« m iWm to itornatlho r till! kosl. g ou Ihu floor timboni. of Iho timber*, to allow he woll-holo. md tbo handle. Bqaare eiresUng on th« floor of Oi»r«m,ui---A llowur, or ojiu wliu liii|>(ila >i b.iit by rmi i'ia (i| ottr«. Ouinuui'i— llDwIiPcU. •iiiiiilluu upon li Irmiii) DutijoorJ from the nuiiwslo. Outrlgi,vr-llnru«— Siiimr.' nicrii <'iliikiir-I.Mi'l, eio. P»lnti'r...A riipu (iiilic l>ow of tin- t,u.»t iito.l to I'iuion It. Port—Loft or lurlxMinl «i.|c of a bout. Piilllinf—Kowinu, RuKUll.'i, prOfioiiruuil ll"Ki'ltii— A ruco liotwi'cii two or iiiori' Ixiuln. Uii.Mir--Tlir IjiNiriiinoiil liy wliieli Ihu bout In itoeiRil. Rowin,< l)lM.i..ll,it»lo(l-KiMpltm the tmiMN love! witli tliu loomn, iin.l »I. wiiyn Imvlim a Hpnco butwceii tlu< lajti'V. Bowiiiii Ovcr-lliiii.lcul— lluvlni'^'^ ,,. t i. j fi )i> if )^ ' ! ' ' 268 BOATING TBEM8. 8tern.P0.t~Thc piece of timber erected on the extremity of tl.c keel to«np. port the rudder, nnd tormlnnles the boatbchlml. Stcrnmoat— Furtheet in the rear. ,,.„„„ .»,« Stern-ChaBe-Whena boat astern I. trying to overhaul one In adm.ee, the endeavor is' called a «tern-cliniie. Stcrii-FaHt^ A rope UBCd to confine the atern of a boat. Shlp~-lMttein« the oarg in the rowiockB. Shoot-When the oarH are in the water and the power of the rower. 1« ap- . plied, the boat recelvcB an impetus which Ib called the shoot. Shutter-Streali—Bolwceii the board and lower streaks. Starboard— RiRht side of boat. .u„ rfirtino Stake-lioat-A boat moored at the end of the course, oppc'te the sUrtlng point. Stiff— Not easily careened or thrown to one side. Stowin'—Repiacinc articles in their proper position. Skiff-A liuht, fl.t botton, row boat, ^rcnerally without a keel and raised at both ends. The bottom of a skitt' would form nearlv one-.iKth of n circle. They arc built in various styles in dift\n-ent localiti.'s. Skeleton Hoats-Skeieton boats arc constructed for a certain weight, and ore used as race boatK. None others arc Bkeletoiis. Streaks-Planks ; they fonn the outside, and on a .mooth-:.ork boat are ■ placed in the following order, romn.cncinK at the keel : 1st. Gurhoa.d streak. 2d. Board streak. 3d. Shutter streak. 4th. U,wer streak. f.th. Bindmt; streak. 0th. Ui.per streak. , , , , , Stretcher-A moveable piece of umber, tUed ueros., the floor of the boatfor the feet of the oarsman. Stvoke--The Bwcoii of lui oar in rowing. , Stroke-Oar— The sternTuosl oar. Strokesman— The n;an who rows tlie aftermost onr. Stern-SIieetfi-That part of the boat which is between the aftermost seat of the rowers and the stern,, usually in a barge or working boat, furnished w.lh '"'swiveU-Metal rowlocks, working on a pin inserted in the gunwales. - , ■•»; '^ - ' ''^ Thwart-The seat or bench of a boat on .vhich the rower sit« ; the «at being piaccd athwart the boat. Trave\er-An upparatus by which one of the pullers steers a boat. Thole-A pin inserted in the gunwale .f a boat to keep the oars In the rowlocks when used in rowing. Taut— (Webster spells it taught)~Ti!:ht, not slack. Thwart,Knces-By which the thwarU are fastened to the sides of the boat f Ltremity of tlio kuel to snp- rhaiil one In ail*»iice, the power of the rower* 1» •!>- . 1 the shoot. !aks. luree, oppc.'fc the Stirling ivithont a keel and raised at early ono-«ixtli of a circle. I.'P. (ir a certain weight, aad arc a a smontli-work lioat aro ki'ol : 1st. Ourhoaid streak, lower stri'ak. 6tli. llindinu; Mos.t llic floor of the boat for >t«cen the afterniobt peat of vorking boat, furnished with ertcd ill the gunwales. : ich the rower site ; the scat puilors steers a boat, joat to keep the oars in the lack. faeteued to the sides of the iriii >' ii i| I BOATINO T15RM8 269 Thole..St?•*-• ■■'■' Have been rowed bj the winners of NINETY RAGES since their introduction in 1868, viz :— 14 in 1868 ; 26 in 1869 ; and 50 in 1870. For racing anr*. training, they are preferred to those of wood by the midf ; ipmon at the United States Naval Acade- my, by numer'is Scat Clubs, and by numbers of the best Oarsmen in the jountry. Our New Circular and Price List for 1871 is Now Beady, and will be mailed free on application by letter. We have in press, and shall publish in April, our AN- NUAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE AND OARS- MAN'S MANUAL FOR 1871, one La^rge Quarto Yokune of 230 pages, printed in colors oi^ l^ted paper, containing fifty fine illustrations on wood, and four large folding plates, (12 z40 inches.) ^brongly bound ih muslin. Price 9&'00. BRIEF OF CONTENTS : iKTBODVcnoH.— CBAPTBk I.— QeDenl hlitory of rowlog aa a meani of physical training, in Bnglaod and the United States, during the pait fifty yean. Ohaptib n.— Oeueral olauiflcation and deBcription of boats. Wood- en and Paper Boats compared. Oeneral discuseion of the details of Racing Boats. Pam I.— Detailed description of all tbe different varieties of l>oats, oars and scolls buiit by ns, fully illustrated. Details of care and repair, coat of shipment, &c. Part II Hints to oarsmen on rowing and training. Books to be consulted. Best boats fok '' ;^nners and adepts. Hints on the organization of boat •lubs, Ooples of the Constitution and By-Laws of five prominaot otubs in the United States. .< ■J I <1- PAPER BOATS. (Brief of Contents — Oontinued.) Past III. — On boat racinf;. Kulea adopted by tbo hiKbcat nuthoritieit. Imce* won by Paper Boatx, 1898, '60 aud TO. UarvurJ vb. Yale, aiv\ Oxiord vs. CambridKe raoea, and tboseof the raoiit prominoiit B^xatta ArmucI- ationsin the )}. fl. s . ■ ■ . , Past IVi^iomVlute list of thu'oout^aiid tt^wWciubi of* ihJ United HVAa» and Canada, on tbe 30tb of November, 1870, willi full dctiillBof oaoti 'iJlI.'^Jub, l« regard' ta tKelrofflonr9,''oi-!»Anlzn{lon,'i;6'ust\tii'iion and Hy- Lnw8, Boat Jloufcs, Houts. Ha^imatRd value of property, uiid dff- orlption of the course each uses for rowing. Pari V. — Plan!<, Hoctions, elcvallona and donenptive dutuiix of Boat Ilousei*, ooiUng froiQ tl60 to $5,000, with bUto of miturlil anil ah neccssaVy ,^d»'af<"'l><»"'llng purposw. ( ^^i ]g tiuiai^ili>iiiui ■n\i (.M i.i-Jl* Our New Oiroalar tot 1«71, givfes' the i.JP3 RiTer Street,- Troy,- NIWYdrk.'.'. ) .,«, ,0»t !«., M, ,.,il,..!. ,^'U-'k l.-.:m.l ••<:, !..... !.u-;y>'3 .tl -SO-'-Kn j /.'!/: All H-y^/.K m '!n«ttfe»-.. ' ...^-Hl.^ij V ad.) est nuthoritieii. U:icei« 1 ve. Yalu, aim Oxiord alnoiit BuKatta Aaituci- or thJ United StjldH itli full dctittlHof uur)i •i;6'ust\tli'ilon an'(J H'y- or property, uiid di?* ' utuiU of Boat IIoueuM, irlit ftni) tA\ neccDsnl'y ljl>,tol(ll ' ()A? !t»*?»,H v.fii^i YACHTS, YAWLS, ROW AND RACE BOATS AND OARS MADE TO ORDER, ON SHORT NOTICE. Old Boats taken in Exchanqi}. •M-' ^.ui STEPHEN ROBERTSV MANUPACTURKR OF SHBt/LS, BARNES, YADHTS, \VbbD ANi5Ml;fei:i'c LIFE BOATS AlO^b gi^EAM YACHT BOAff BtH!M)aRv -^ <''*> ** 114th Stbibt, Hablim Ritib, and 368 Sooth Sxmbj; ■Mil'" :^aw%-..< f^-i»i 4..-; A' «. ^l- -- '.". ;.M-" '., ' ■ » ,.-M illi?v .ninr ■'"■•(! I \'' jSiV toBi. i,-d^ wt...m ')* i*«. 6 -tut.Jli'J'. BOATS Air» OABJS'mnxvfio^Vib^ (fi fat ^AdifMf NoTiOB, in the Best StyK of t¥e Art, and at Lowest Ftmm ■>) )jci«i5i'*'»5;v Wve p«r Mnt. off for otdan reeelvod between (be mootbi df MnU0li«r |M}< Ingersoirs ; G-reat American I3oat AND OAR BAZAAR. /■.'I ■' 17 /.'.'■ 1- ,f «i ; ■«•"■: (OvR Bazaab, 169 South Stribt, Nkw Yobk, was Es- TABLI8BID IN 1828.) LARGEST AND CHEAPEST ESTABLISHMENT OF THE KIND IN THE WORLD ! *rii Our Boats have won more Regattas than those of any other T^n Builders in the United States. All kinds of Sail and Stiah Yachts. INGERSOLL'S METALLIC LIFE BOATS AND, H BAFTS. J|9^0n1 HuMDBBB B9AT8 ON BAUD. " At th* pratant time, there are in thU city l^renty Ftrme, engaged in Boat BuUdlng. Baoh of theae Shop* employti an arerage of three men, with the exeeption of INOBBSOIX'S BAZA4B, irbare from On HrniDani to Ttan HunsBiD men are eqiplored. Thia is the Largeat Boat Bnllding Bitahllah- ment in the World."— [From New York OommeKlal Advertiaar. WOODBN ARD ntON BOATS or all «ihd9 aks ^gifir OBItTIOKB OV HARD ARD BUILT TO OBDBB. STEAM YACHT bob TEN PERSONS, Sbtbr Hur- mmi I11---1W n I3oat A.R. W YOBK, WAS Es- ILISHMENT OF LLD I «j ban those of any Bs. All kinds of BOATS AND t,.i ' FiniM, engaged in Boat di three men, with the HI HmiDBni TO TbBM loat Bailding Xitabllfb- iTUtiaar. . «IHD8 ASS ^J|/k■ IB. NS, SaTaM Hva- .HI**'"* "T*- •V«ff1v^ X ''*'^, .-^ ,aAMai>w i e*iJWiutw i ■, mmM!M^M.xMm*u-im ' i--^-s.s,-,f.'i'^; ir .n.Jte.4,!. %vr^"yi > ^