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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mithoda. 1 2 3 4 5 6 -i?* .'iilMMA!i^:t^sai-mSSM&i 1 i J, .-* ^?-" " ^ilS »^) PZl u- Hi, / CATJ «#: u JVJ *l PXWWOOX'S OATSOBZSaiB. INNOCK'S / rxasT CATECHISM FOR CHILDREN; CONTAINING SUCH THINGS AS ARE JSTECESSARY TO BE KJSTOWN AT AN EAKLY AG FROM THE LONDON E0 C. H. BELCHER, HALIFAX, N. S. *. \- 1837, Quest Catechis Ansioe Q. Wi A. Th ledge. Q. Wf A. We want SOU] we may a Q. Hov A. We form a ri meet. Q. And A. Our different o quaint us \ Q. Wha THE FIRST OATBOBXS FOR CBIKDRBIV. CHAPTER I. Question, What is the meaning of the word Catechism 1 Ansiver. Instruction by question and answer. Q. What is instruction 1 A. The act of teaching, or communicating know- ledge. Q. What is the use of teaching 1 A. We are all born in a state of ignorance, and want some one to instruct us how to act so as that we may attain happiness in this world and the next. Q. How shall we learn to act well 1 A. We must first learn to th'nk correctly, and to form a right judgement about the things which we meet. Q. And how is this to be done? A. Our teachers inform us of the nature of the different objects with which we are to meet, and ac- quaint us with their use and value. Q. What is Ihis kind of knowledge called 1 4 FIRST CATECHISM A. Wisdom, which all men should labour to obtain. Q. What is the most important thing to be learned ? A. Our duty towards God, for **the fear of God is the beginning of wisdom/' Q. Who is God 1 A. The Almighty Being who has made us, and who created the heavens and the earth, with all things that they contain, Q. What do you mean by Almighty 1 A. Able to do all things, the Ruler and Governor of all. CHAPTER II. ■Of the Creation, Q. What is the meaning of the word Creation 1 A. The act of making a thing out of nothipg. Q. How did God make all things 7 A. By the power of his word ; for he commanded, and it was done. Q. How long was God making the world 1 A. Six days. Q. What was his work on the first day 1 A. On the first day God created the earth and the light. Q. What did God make on the second day 1 A. The firmament : that is, the air and the clouds. Q. What did Qod do o^ i,H tbiv4 d^ '? A. the 8( of the Q. A. and ih Q. 1 A. ( /ishes < Q. \ A. C and eve Q. W A. H apart th rest. I Q. Of A. Of earth, an are and immortal to the « G Q. Wh A, Not Q. Wh. «oul after A. In tJ ■s, \ labour to hing to be ar of God is nade us, and rth, with all and Governor ^ord Creation''. )f nothipg. le comma nded, rf orldl dayl le earth and the ;ond day 1 and the clouds. day "i POR CHILDRKN. 5| A. On the third day he separated the earth from the sea, and caused the trees and herbs to grow out| of the ground. Q. What was his work on the fourth I'xy 1 A. On the fourth day he made the sun, the moon,| and the stars. Q. What was the work of the fifth day ? # A. On the fifth day God created the fowls and fishes of every kind. Q. What was the work of the sixth day 1 A. On Ihc sixth day God created man and beast, and every creeping thing on the face of the earth. Q. What did God on the seventh day ? A. He rested from his work of creation and set apart the seventh day for a holy sabbath era day of | rest. CHAPTER HI. On the Nature of Man. Q,. Of what parts are we composed ? A. Of body and soul ; our body is formed of the earth, and when we die will perish, for "dust we, are and unto dust we must return;'* but our soul is immortal, and when it leaves the body must return^ to the « God that gave it." Q. What do you mean by immortal 1 A, Not subject to death . Q. Where are we to learn what becomes of the soul after death ? A. In the Bible. A2 FIRST CATECHIiM . i,.il receive life eternal." righteous shall 'e*^*'*' ' , ; Q. Who are the >v'<^«ed • ^„„„a„dments II A. Those persons who disobey tne of God. - Q. Who are the righteous . ^^^ A Those who perform their duty to u «• «°" '^ rShrkTw rrstamenttoloveGod A. We are told n the New „^i hbo„s as «Uh alUut hearts, and to lov ourselves. j„ this bv ourselves 1 Q. Are we able to do th'» ^y o ^^ ^^^.^^ ^^ A. No, but if we pray to Uoa n with his grace. o Who is the devil? Q,. w no tempts us to siu. A. The evil spirit thattemi CHAPTER IV. The Bible. , A. Thb book, -:^^\ ;;!:;;„ of^God's will to book which contains the re>ei mankind. . ..^elation 1 U. What do you "^'^^-^J^^i, the fountain of ^. Anexpanat- -b^^^^ „„,,,j,es we Sr.trnablel discover. Q. Hoi A. Int< mer conts tian dispe Q. Wh tion. A. The governme pie. Q. Wh A. The and His theraselve live with ( Q. Whe A. The (led into tl Q. Whi historical A. The; the creatic call of Abi count onl}; who are c( Q. Whr A. Thir natural wis Q. Wha A. The Iged tor the the wicked ent, and the timandments Qod and man. nt to love God neighbours as vesl e will assist us SiU> e word Bible 1 applied to that of God's will to .lion 1 I, the fountain ol by ourselves we (-er. FOR CHlLDRSZf. 7 Q. How is the Bible divided 1 A. Into the Old and New Testaments. The for- mer containing the Jewish, and the latter the Chris- tian dispensation. Q. What do you mean by the Jewish dispensa- tion. A. The system of laws th' * God provided for the government of the Jcv/s ^ who were his peculiar peo- ple. Q., What is meant by the Christian dispensation t A. The rules of conduct taught by Jesus Christ and His Apostles, shewing men how to conduct themselves in this world so as that they may ever live with God in the world to come. Q. What is contained in the Old Testament 1 A. The books of the Old Testament may be divi- ded into the historical, poetical, and prophetical. Q. What general account may be given of the historical books 1 A. They contain the history of the world from the creation to the flood, and from the flood to the call of Abraham ; from which time they give an ac- count only of the people descended from Abraham, who are commonly called Jews. Q. What are the prophecies 1 A. Things foretold by the Spirit of God which the natural wisdom of man could not have foreseen. Q. What are the contents of the New Testament? A. The four Gospels, or four histories of the life „IB81 CATECHISM 8 "j: ,. the Epistles or Letters Of '>^'>^''''"'IZ^^'£-^'^ to the Churches, Qt Paul and the otner ^v SdtheBooUofRevelaUons. CHAPTBa V. Of the History of Manki^i. .the first man and «oman that oca Q. Who were the nrsi made 1 , r. „ A. Adaro and Eve. ^^^^^ , image ov Ukeness^ ^^^ ^„3 jj,e ? Q. Where '^'d^" ^Vd^^ to keep U and take ca.e A. In the garden of Eden, to of i^- xu„ ,vnr(l Eden signify • „ ^ , ^ ^T'i:;-P-'V.e signifying also ahappy abode, -rwtteUd.-"^^--^^"^^^'""'''''' ^'\^^de they disobeyed God's commands. ^' Aanm's son 8 \ Q Who weve Adams A Cain and Abel. • t Which was his elder son 1 A. Cain. Q. Wh Abel ? A. Caii keeper of Q. Wh A. He Q. Wh A. Fro ed Abel's Q. Wh A. He outcast ai Q. Wh A. Seei Q. Wh A. The Q. Whs A. The Q. Wh£ A. The Q. Whj I A. .Fee] I but mostc : Q. Wh£ I discern by A. So] or Letters of je Churches, d. jman that God id after his own nd Eve ? it and take care rnify '». 5 garden of Eden someUi::ie9 called ,lso a happy abode, exp elled irom this od's commai^^^- FOR CHILDREN. 9 Q. What was the employment of Cain and of Abel ? A. Cain was a tiller of the ground, and Abel was a keeper of sheep. Q. What dreadful crime did Cain commit 1 A. He killed his brother Abel. Q. Why did Cain kill his brother 1 A. From indulging in envy, laecause God accept- ed AbePs oflfering, and rejected his. ,Q. What became of Cain afterwards ? - A. He was driven from his family, and became an outcast and wanderer on the earth. CHAPTER VI. Of the Five Natural Senses, Q. What are the ftve natural senses ? A. Seeing, hearing, smelling, feeling, and tasting. i Q,. What is the organ of seeing 1 ^ A. The eye. Q. What is the organ of hearing 1 A. The ear. Q. What is the organ of smelling 1 A. The nose. Q. What do you understand by feeling 1 A. Feeling is a sense spread over the whole body, but most eminently placed in the ends of the fingers. Q. What are the principal qualities which we can I discern by the touch 1 A* Solidity, hardness, softness, smoothness,, ¥1 I If 10 FIRST CATECHISM roughness, dryness, wetness, and the like ; but the most considerable are heat and cold. Q. What are the organs of taste 1 A. The tongue and the palate ? Q. What is the palate 1 A. The upper part of the roof of the mouth. Q. What is meant by the word organ? A. Any part of the animal body, that is capable of performing some perfect act or operation; thus, the eye is the organ of seeing; the ear of hearing; the nose of smelling ; the tongue of speaking, &.C. as before explained. CHAPTER VII. Of Time, and its Parts, Q. What is meant by time ? A. The period during which any thing lasts or continues. Q. What are the usual measures or divisions of time? A. Centuries, years, months, wee)£S, days, hours, minutes and seconds. Q. What is a century ? A. One hundred years. Q. What is the most complete division of time ? A. The year ; being the time in which all the sea- sons occur in succession. Q. How many seasons are there in a year 1 A. Four. Q. \ •A. S Q. W A. ^;3 ends in , Q. Wl • A, Su't Q. Wl A. ^ui ^'*pe, and « Q. Wh. A. JTini "^^en it is Q. Ho TV I A. Twel Q- What A. Janual p"'y, Augu^ December. Q. How A. Fifty. Q. How A. Seven.] Q. What A. Sundaj K Friday] like ; but the e rnoulb. an? ,ai is capable ot dion •, thus, the of bearing; tbe peaking, &c. as FOR CHILDREN. Jl Q,. What are they called 1 *A. Spring, Summer, Autumn, and Winter. Q. When does Spring begin and endl A. Spring begins about the middle of March, and ends in June. Q. When does Summer begin and end 1 .A. Summer begins in June, and ends in August. Q. When does Autumn begin and end 1 A. Autumn begins in August, when the corn is ripe, and ends in November. Q. When does Winter begin and end? A, Winter begins in November, and ends in March, when it is again followed by Spring. is* CHAPTER Vni. Of Time (continued,) Q. How many months are there in a year 1 A. Twelve. Q. What are their names ? A. January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, and ecember. Q. How many weeks are there in a year 1 A. Fifty-two. Q. How many days are there in a week 1 A. Seven, which all the se - ^ Q ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^.^ ^^^^^ ^ A. Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday,Thur$- ly, Friday, and Saturday. ,y thing lasts or es or divisions of ,ee]£8, days, hours, division of time? :e in a year tii ! U I Pi 112 l!*lil8T CATt:CHISM Q. How many' hours are there in a day t A, Twenly-four. Q. How many minutes in an hour 1 A. Sixty. Q. How many seconds in a minute ? A. Sixty. Q. When does the year begin 1 A. On the first day of January, hence called New Year's Day. Q. Which is the last day in the year ? A. The thirty-first of December. Q. Which is the longest day %* • ■ ' A. The twenty-first of June. Q. Which is the shortest day ?* A. The twenty -first of December. * Q. How many days does each month consist of 1 A. Thirty days hath September, April, June, and November; February has twenty-eight alone, And all the rest have thirty-one. But leap-year, coming once in four. Gives February one day more. Q. Why is every fourth year called leap-year 1 A. Because of its leaping over, or containing, a day more than the common year, Q. How many days are there in a year ? * The longest day at Greenwich is sixteen hours, thirty- four minutes, and five seconds ; the shortest day, seven hours, forty-four minutes, and seventeen-se^conds A. 9ixho Q. 1 A. J are add Bist of I having ( *3^-eight, Q. Wn "A. Lad a«d Christ Q. On V A. Ont Q. Why A. Becai ^'iJ^gin Mar countries, , Q. Whe A. On th Q. Why fiummer-daj ^' Becau, 'diddle of 11^ posed to the I ^- At wh I day-fali ? called New nth consist of le, lo. four, jd leap-yeaif 1 or containing, a year cteen hours, tWrty- 1-scicoftda rOR CHILDREN. 13 A. Three hundred and sixty ^five days, and about six hours. Q. What becomes of the remaining sixhourif A. At the end of every four years, the remainders are added together, making such fourth year to con- sist of three hundred and sixty-six days; February having twenty-nine days in that year instead of twen- ty-eight. This is called leap-year. CHAPTER IX. Of the Quarter Days. Q. What are the usual quarter-days 1 A. Lady-day, Midsummer-day, Michaelmas-^^ay, . and Christmas-day. Q. On what day does Lady -Day fall 1 A. On the twenty-fifth of March. * Q. Why is it called Lady-day ? A. Because it was devoted to the honour of the Virgin Mary, formerly universally, and still in some countries, styled Our Lady. Q. When does Midsummer-day happen 1 A. On the twenty-fourth of June. Q. Why is the twenty-fourth of June called Mid- summer-day ? A. Because it is generally considered to fie the .middle of that part of the year called Summer^ as op- posed to the other portion of the year called ' W^tn^er. Q. At what period of the year does Michaelmas- day-fall 1 B I.M 14 PiaST CATKCBIISf A. On the twonty-ninth of September. Q. Why is that called Michaelmas-day 1 ^ A. On account of its being marked in the calendar as the feast of St. Michael the Arch-angel, in honour of whom this festival was established in the year 487. |f Q. When happens the Quarter-day called Christ- ^ mas-day 1 A. On the twenty-fifth of December. Q. Why is that called Christmas-day 1 A. From its being the great Festival held in me- mory of the birth of our blessed Lord and Saviouir Jesus Christ. \ Q. For what are the quarter-days remarkable 1 A. They are the days on which most houses and lands are let and hired, rents and salaries paid, and many other transactions in life adjusted. CHAPTER X. Of the Divisio7>,s of a Day, Q. What are the divisions of a day 1 A. The day is divided into morning, noon, after- noon, evening, and night. Q. What is the Morning? A. The Morning is the first part of the day of i twenty -four hours, from the appearance of light till twelve o'clock at Noon. Q. What is Noon 1 A* Noon is, when the sun is highest, and due^ south ; being exactly twelve o'clock. Q. ' twelve down o Q. H A. T after ihi time the Q. Wh .A- Th« ^'"ff 0/ (h. ^^en anot O/ih ^J "^^'^^i^ 15 '•OR CHILDREN. Q. What is Afternoon? ^' The Afternoon is ihnf .. *• t-^elve o'clock at noon tii !l "^ •" °' """' '""'» down of the sun. "" "*"•"'? « "»e going Q- What is the Evening? A. The close of the day a litfl. !,./• "fterthe setting of the t„ • t'"' «'"'«'»«« ««« the light is vlfal ' ".^"'"'V; at nhich «• What is Nigh^, '^""'' »'"' " ""ed Twilight. 4 oKf ,i J^ P;;«o" Of ti«e fro.„ the set- 'vhen another day begL '"""' '" ""' "«""»«. CHAPTER XI ''■^'''^''-^0''r''•• A- That part of the heavens wh.Vh • »>"". seen at twelve o'clock "''P'"'"* ">« ^- Which is the East t i 1^' Ut It 19 FIRST CATECHISM Q. Which is the South 1 ' A. The South is that part of the heavens in which the tun is seen at twelve o'clock. CHAPTER XII. Of Trade and Figures. Qlk What is trade ? A. The art of buying and selling goods. Q. What knowledge is the most necessary in trade 1 A. A knowledge of figures. of. What are figures ? A. Certain signs and characters made use of in reckoning. Q. What are these signs and characters ? A. These characters are as follow : I 2 3 4 One Two Three Four 5 i) f Five Six Seven 8 9 Eight Nine Cypher. Q. How do ybti write ten T A. Thus, 10, by putting a cypher on the right hand side of the figure 1. Q. You siiy these characters are made use of in reckoning, therefore let me hear you count from te» to twenty. A. 11 Eleven 16 Sixteen 12 Twelve 17 Seventeen 13 Thirteen 18 Eighteen 14 Fourteen 19 Nineteen 15 Fifteen 2Q Twenty, a A. a Q. \[ ca/Ied ? A. A] Q. iv A. Adi Q Wh A. Th, numbers • h the slg^ 4, and 5 Q. Hha A. Subi Q. Wh A. It is between tw thus 8^5 ^''O'n 8, the ^' What A. Multii ^' What t leavens in which cs. goods^ }st necessary in s made use of in racters ? 8 Eight 9 Nine Cypher. ^er on the rigfct ii'e made use of in )u count from te» Sixteen Seventeen Eighteen Nineteen Twenty, 22 Twenty-iwo of I^^^^^^-W 23 Twenly-three 24 Twenfy.four 25 Tiventy.five If 2J Twenty-gevoa 28 Twenty-eight 29 Twcnty^niae 30 Thirty. CHAPTER XIII calledp''^^"^'^— f computing hy,,,,, 3 A. Arithmetic. by the sign =; ,h„,, 3'7;^_f ^'g- "r as equality is 4. and 5 added together 'n,»i,' ^ ^ ■"*="* «>at 3, «• What is the seconrf ^f "^ ""' ""'» ^8. ^•iH'theYerrt^"'''-"-' ttus 8-5 = 3, sio-n'-L. """"'^^^ by the sign - • fr78,.here«„;;: ;'; ,i' '^ 5 he subtLted «• What is (he Ihi JllT' "'" '"' 3. A- Mul.ipiie,,,;^'' '"''"" Arithmetic! *Wl.atdoy„„mea„by„^eip,ic,.io„, B2 '*.. IS VIRit CATECMIStf. Multiplication is the repeated addition of the tamOi thus 7 multiplied 6, means the sum of six sevens added together : it is marked by the sign -f- ; thus, 7 -~ 6 ss 42, means that 6 sevens added together, or that 6 muUiplied by 7 will make 43. Q. Are there any particular names given to the quantities used in multiplication ? A. Yes ; the two numbers multiplied together are called /nc/ors, and the result is cnlled the product. Q. What is the fourth rule in Arithmetic ? A. Division. > Q. What do you mean by division 1 A. Division is a repeated subtraction, thus 40 di- vided by 5 means that 5 is to be continually subtract- ed from 40 until there is either no remainder or a re- mainder less than 5. It is marked by the sign-r ; thus 40-t5=8 ; or, as it is more usually expressed = 8 means that 5 can be subtracted from 40, 8 times, or that 40 divided by 5 will give 8 as an answer. Q. What names are given to the (quantities used in division. A. The number divided is called the dividend, that by which it is divided is named the divisior, and the result is called the quotient ; thus in the former ex- ample 40 is the dividend, 5 the divisor, and 8 the quotient. Q. What are the principal rules in the art of figures ? A. Those I have repeated; Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, and Division. Q- What ^' Farthii ^^ings are eq, o a penny. * This Table yi portions a '*»rMnt with ti, in the art of ^On CHILDAEW. A. The MuUiplicalion Table. X; '""' ""^ Multiplication Table.. 4 8 6 10 I? J2J4-times 4 is 16 12 60 9 iO 11 12 72 80 88 96 g^.'S-times »is8l iO 90 H 99 12 108 12 }|.6-times5is25 ^? 6 30 24| lO-timeslOislOO U 110 12 120 yyll-timea 1118121 84— — Jii32 l2-tiinesl2isl44 CHAPTER XIV. O IV Monei/, '■nZ'":^,"!""""^"^-" ■ !5^r- '"■=-- =ui- , ^ FIR«T CATBCHIMI '^ u «,«. of the silver money naw Q. What are the namet ol we « current in England 1 ^^f.,,,^,, and crown. A. Sixpence, «^"7^' "* . ^uing, a half-crown, Q. What 18 the value of a Bhiuing, I and a crown ? , . ^half crown A. A shilling 1. worth t eve p ^^^ ^ ^^^^^ is worth two shilling* and six penc five shillings. f ^l^e gold coins Q, What ave the names and value sovereign. ^ Q. What «. B:«l' - - ,„ „,ae and i.sued I A. They are sl.p <-! ll''» 1 ^^^^ j^e pro- 1 bv the bank of ^'^^''''\°^^„^'yoi the Bank to , pay the amount s«t 'o * 0>\.; ^^^^^ ^^^ ^.^^„, ' ,ar notes are issued ^^ ^""^^.^^j. pot all such tion in their own "«'S^;™"' .nicies may be , . .^hich represent money, A. Various, ''•^^•"•f ^JL" ^ ^aL„t,» ; somefor gome bank uoles are for iFltit J^OttlWJ* )Dey now crown. Btif-crown, ha\f crown nd a crown e gold coins ;andabdlf- orth twenty- ten shillings !cn. hillings, or a ade and issued tinted the pro- of the Bank to demand. Simi- vs, ior circula- tor all such rticles may he >vrittenuponil. I^j^^g; some for FOR CHILDRBN. 31 Kttl ]90tttt%KI ; A^ty» nr a hundred; some as high a« ®ne {TftOttHantl Jf>OUn*», t^nd upwards*. CHAPTER XV. Monty [coniinutd,) Q. What do the following characters denote; £. 8, d. q. 1 A. They arc the initials or first letters, of the Latin words— Lt6rM^;;„,,,,HU«aBtrotcW«,?i«»'> /•et.TtH cr; of «-^ «^^^- *rWhIt is. coast 1 A. Ac on the se Q. Ho A. Int EUROPEj part, cal includes I added. Q. W A. S\^ the Gen zerland» and Ireli Q. V/1 A. ill Empire, A?:abia. Q. W South A A. Tl Dominic CO, &c. Q. W A. Eg and Trip rroUildc^ ^ of dryland. las, islhmuBes, ;ontaining many niirely suttoimd- »at Britain. surrounded by k joins a peninsula ,ects two tracts ^^ ^us of Suez, v^ViicU land streicVm.? i*»*^ lope. FOR C^HILDREN. fiS A. A coast is that part of the land which bordera on the sea ; as the coast of Kent. Q. How is the whole earth divided? A. Into ' four, great parts, called quarters ; viz. Europe, Asia, Africa, and America. A fi(th part, called Australia, or Australasia, which includes the islands in the South Sea, has lately been added. CHAPTER XVIII. The pr::icipal Nations in the World. Q. WmcH are the chief nations of Europe 1 A. Sweden, Russia, Denmark, Prussia, HoUiAdv the German States, Austria, Turkey^ Praneej Swit- zerland, Italy, Portugal, Spain, and Great Britain and Ireland. Q. V/hat are the principal nations of Asia ? A. Russia, Turke:y, China, Japan, the Bir^nan Empire, Siam, Hindostan, Persia, Tartar})?, anHl Arabia. Q. What are the principal nations of North and South America ? A. The UnitedStates, British Possession^jSpattish Dominions, Portuguese Dominions, States of Meltl^ CO, &c. Q. What are the principal nation? of AiViba 1 ' A. Egypt, Ahy«sima> Morocco^ Algiers, Tuhif, and Tripoli. 3& FIRgT CATECHUM CHAPTER XIX. , „^ Productions of the E<^rth. Of the Elements and i''"" a WHAT are the four Elements. A. Earth, -^' fi'^^'ill" the earth divided j Ma and mineral kingdoms. A. Minerals ^ow , vege animals grow, ^2^l^\/Z tot class, or animal Q Of what, then, is me 'TofTthlfhas Ufe and feeling; viz. ».n. ,e..U, Wrd., fi'*'- »f J":Se kingdom 1 ^. What forms ^^J^f ^j^.^^t feeling ; .» "ees, A: Things that have Ute .hruhs, flowers, V'*'^'' ^''''^i ,,.,„gdom 1 '\. What forms the mmetal J. J ^^^^.^^ ^^^ ,^f, ^ A. Such things as have n ustones and metals. CHAPTER XX. known? , , ^^^ ^e Earth. rlh divided 1 animal, veget- )W and li«c ; 89, or animal ng ; viz. man, ;dom'? eeling ; as trees, lom**. feeling nor life ; petals at this time alsl . ercury (or quick- FOR CHILDREN. $7 Q. Which is the heaviest of these metals 1 A. Platinum. Q. Which is the next heaviest 1 A. Gold. Q. Which is the lightest ? A. Tin. Q. Where is platinum found 1 A. In Peru; near Carthagena, in South America ; and, lately, in Russia, Q. Whence have we gold ? A. From New Mexico, in North America ; from some parts of South America; and from several places in the East Indies. Q. Where is silver found ? A. In the mines of Potosi, in South America : also in Norway and Swedei.. Q. Whence is mercury obtained 1 A. Mostly from silver mines. Q. Where is copper found 1 A. The best and purest is found in the Swedish mines ; but the largest mine is that upon Paris Mountain in the Isle of Anglesea. ^ Q. j^ow many kinds of copper are there ? A. Three : the common copper, the rose copper, and the virgin copper. Q. Whence have we iron 1 A. Iron is found in most European countries : its best mines in England are those of Colebrook- Dale, Shropshire, and those of the Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire. « FIRST CATBCWm Q. Where U tin found ?„j,ome- X ChieflyinCorn-UandDe ^^^^^^^ 3^^,, .:«.M in the mines ot Bon ' • r a«d the East Indies. Q. Whence have ^ve lead . ^^^ ^^^ „•„„ A. Lead abounds '""'^ "^^^byshive, Notthum- „emCormvaU,Devonsh«e, ue J beriand, and Durham. ^^^^ CHAPTER XXI- Of Mdals (coiainu^)- . Q. WHAT is beU->netal t 1 Copper mixed «.lh tm. Q. What is P««;*^ : „,a, and tin- ■ A A mixture of bias'. " Q. What is brass 1 ^^ ^ , ,„d the A- ^ TT-IvS venders it yeUo. and hard, calamine stone , '"^^ ;, „»u,mne '. ^- ^^'^Tfstletolately hard; generally of a. \V^ere is it found • (.,,^any, A- ^^^^^°"f ^^".nS "tbl indistinct mines, andseveral other countries or miKBd with other metals ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^a,, a. Where is plumbago, or t)ia ^A'chieayinCumberlandl q: w A. G( Q. W! A. Be Q. W A. Oi can easi Q. W A. Tc Q. W A. Ai J and some - xony, South he best mines re, Northum- atin. jopper and the yeUoW and hard, laminel hard ; generally of jd colour. ingland, Germany, er in distinct mines, ,ck lead, for pencils, FOR CRILDREtr. 29 q: What are the perfect metals 1 A. Gold and silver. Q. Why are these called perfect t A. Because they lose nothing by heat. Q. What is an imperfect metal 1 A. One that decreases by the heat of the fire, and can easily be dissolved or corroded by acid. Q. What does the word corrode signify 1 A. To eat away by degrees. Q. What is an acid ? A. Any thing sour or sharp. •j^- \ CHAPTER XXII. Of Metals {continued). Q. How many sorts of iron are there 1 A. Three ; forged iron, cast iron, and steel, or refined iron. Q. What is forged iron ? A. Iron beaten out with large hammers, when red hot, till it becomes softer and more easy to be bent. Q. What is cast iron? A. Iron cast into bars ; not forged. Q. How is steel made 1 A. By heating bars of iron with charcoal ashes and bone shavings. Q. For what purpose is this done 1 A. To render it whiter, and of a closer grain, after which it will bear a high polish. Q. What is white lead 1 )C2 rl»»T CATBCHX8M Z corroded by Ih. .»•«» »' A. Common !«»«»» *^°" A By house-pamters , '^tunottV.es^.Uor.Wte^eadvery.urtrun ^•.Ves-,b.ingaslowpo.son. a. Whatteloadstoae. i,o„ mine, of A. A rich iron ovo found Wnffland, Germany, B*"^*'. ^t^or .hat is it --'^:^;^,„, u anIncUnaUon X. For attracting K0». »""' =' towards the north. has the loadstone or Q. What other property •""S"**- „«t has two poles, one always pointing A. The magnet has wo i .^ ^^ ^^^t „,« not*, and the other south, henc in navigation. , ^^. What is n^^^SaUon^^^^ ^.^^.^.^.g any tes.e\ A The art of conducting or iy'iaLftomoneplac^other. CHAPTER XXIU. p/T.a, 7oiree, and 0/.ocolat.. ir^i^^^tlesofaneve^green^^^ i„g in China. introduced into England 1 Q. When >.a8 tea tot^^^^^ ^^^ g^^^^^ A. In the reign of Charles Q. Ho A. Th Q. Wl A. Im: request i a fine te where it Q. Wl A. Th from the having sr hlack tee a w A. On which ar Q. W A. Al plant ; 1 seasons, Q. W A. Tt Arabia t resemble Q. W A. A about th ground i formed i are sold Q 0t«am of and dry their yburtfuU iron mines of it an inclination ,e loadstone or always pointing it is of gret.t use jcting any II. kocolaU' tes8e\ green sbrub grovr- iced into England , geeond \ FOR CniLDRCH. 91 Q. How many sorts of tea are there 1 A. Three sorts of green, and five of bohea tet. Q. What are the names of the green teas 1 A. Imperial, or bloom tea, dear, and in great request in China as well as in Europe ; hyson, aldo a fine tea; and Singlo, so named from the place where it is cultivated. , ' Q. What are the black teas called ? A. The better sorts are souchong ; Camho, named from the province where it is reared ; and Pekoe, having small white flowers mixed with it. The other black teas are Congo, and common bohea. Q, What is gunpowder tea 1 A. One of the varieties of green, the leaves of which are dried with additional care. Q. What causes the different qualities of teal A. All the various sorts are the produce of one plant; but the leaves are gathered at different seasons, and dried differently. Q. What is coffee 1 A. The berry of an evergreen shrub growing in Arabia and the West Indies, the leaves of which resemble the laureL Q. What is chocolate 1 A. A composition made from the cacaonut ; a nut about the size of an almond. These nuts being ground into powder, and mixed with sugar, &.C. are formed into what are called chocolate cake^f such as are sold in the grocers' shops. FlRfT CATECHISM South AmencB. CHAPTER XXIV. Of mne, Beer, SpirW, t(C Q. WHAT is .Vine ? ^ ^^ A TVie fermenied juice ui b r Uui.teWn8toihePon«Suese. Q. What is Sherry . ^ .^ ^^t made X A sort of «'»V : sti-hence it- «»-•>• i„ .„d about Xeres. "»?»'". ^^ ^^^ ,i„e. .» a. Whence comes the KeQ Jch esteemed in England'. A. From Portugal. Q, Whence comes CUarap 8 a". From France. _ ^^ ^^j^^ , Q. Where do we get the ivn A From Germany. Q. What is cider ? *Vpres pronounced Zeres. I Champagne, pronow ther parti of ifC 5 of the Canary \ leira, but made nee its name, or Port wine, •« h wine ? FOR CHILDREN. 33 A. A pleasant drink prepared from applet. Q. What is perry 1 A. A drink prepared from pears, in the same man- ner as cider from apples. Q. What is vinegar 1 A. An agreeable acid made from wine, cider, beer, &c. Q. What is rum 1 A. A spirit distilled from sugar. Q. What is brandy? A. A distillation from wine. Q. What is gin 1 A. A compound liquor drawn from juniper-berries, disMlled with brandy or malt spirits. Q. What is distillation 1 A. The act of separating or extracting the virtues of any thing by means of a still. Q. From what substances are spirits mostly distilled 1 A. All saccharine or sugary substances; such at grain, sugar, grapes, turnips, beet-root, &c. . d from malt. ,nd dried by fire. lampa'i** CHAPTER XXV. Of Fruits. Q. What is the orange 1 A. The fruit of the orange tree ; its juice Is of 8 Seville, in Spain. Q. What is the lemon ^^^.f^,,, ;„ A A >weU-ltnown fiuit, gr" = Spain, Portugal, and Italy. Q. What i«,f V'^'°"„.„een tree, similar to the •^r?'; their very agreeable acid juice,. CHAPTER XXVI. Of Aromalic Spi««. *"'• t r.X's*''-"'-'""'"""' ,„d hot to the taste. ^^^jjjpioei Q.Whatistheman«go „,^.^^j,^^,„| A. This name includes evcr^ i the Weii- , but are now si Indies, and ungeT the province ot in plentifully i ,e, similar to the ^serves, the frui . citron vras first ,, and thence into citron particular- FOR CHILDREN. 35 aromatic qualities ; such as pepper, nutmeg, ginger, cinnamon and cloves. Q. What is pepper 1 A. It is the fruit of a shrub growing in severtl parts of the East Indies. Q. What is nutmeg 1 A. The kernel of a !arge fruit (like a peach) which grows in the East Indies. Q. What are cloves 1 A. A sort of fruit or berry from the East Indies, where it grows on a tree twenty feet high, the leaves of which resemble those of the bay tree. Q. What is ginger 1 A. The root of an Indian plant, of a yellowish colour, and very hot to the taste ; used in cookery as a spice, and by apothecaries as a medicine. Q. What is cinnamon 1 A. The bark of an aromatic tree, growing in Ceylon. (\ juices. VI. 8, ^C. >r CHAPTER XXVII. Of GemSi andPreciotM Stones. Q. What means the word gem ? A. Gem is a common name for all precious stones, or jewels sweet to the smell, | q ^j^^^ j^ ^j^^ diamond 1 A. A precious stono^ being the hardest and most aluable of all gems. Q. Where are diamonds found ? ,e word spice 1 ,Uind of fruit that has ptnST CATECHISM A. OMyi^theEast Indies andinBraz... Q. What is «y'';\^ ^^ite like the diamond. J„:=-"ii=Uha..es..incipa«. fol:^ in the island of Madagascar. Q. What is a ruby . ^^ ^^ong I A red sparkling gem 0^ l-^fi^^^,.,,, ,„a i. precious stones ; lound in Hungarj. C- What is. an emerald- ^ ^^^^^ ^^^^y jy A lustrous stone, oi * " found in the East Indies. Q,, What is a topaz the diamond ^ ^•^^^''T^dor:— ^eilow. Uistobe 3rnt;i:dies.M.a.aandPeru. a cast of yellow. Ct. What is the sapphire . ^^.^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^^ A. A precious stone of ^ , .^..^ ^f peru are transparent, and very hard. Sappbu xnost esteemed. Q, What is the f ^»;Yahi.h red colour found m A. A precious stone of a hign the East Indies. Q. What is the amethyst . A. A on purp Q. M A. A light grc Q. W A. A sorts ; r from nea Q. Ar A. Nc different best peai the coast * Chrysolite, pronounced Kri..»-li«- ^il. 1 . principally t tank among Indies, and in \ gteen, mostly ter the <\iamond •, low. It is to be Iru. veen colour, with ,utiful sky colour, pbiresofPeruare red colour found in FOR CHILDREN. 37 A . A precious stone of a violet colour, bordering on purple. Q. What is the beryl ? A. A transparent stone^ brought from India, of a light green colour. Q. What is a cornelian 1 A. A precious stone, of which there are three sorts ; red, yellow, and white ; the finest are brou||;ht from near Babylon. Q. Are pearls like other precious stones 1 A. No, these beautiful ornaments are found in different kinds of shell-fish, especially oysters. The best pearls are obtained from the shell-fish found on the coasts of Persia. Kri»'-M>-^i^*' CHAPTER XXVIII. Of Hopsj Flax, Hemp, 8fc. Q, What are hops ** A. The flower of a curious plant which was brought to England in the reign of King Henry the Eighth. It grows to a great height, twining round long poles. Q. In what part of England are hops chiefly culti- vated ? A. In Kent, Surrey, Sussex, and Hampshire, flourishing mostly in a rich soil. Q. Of what use are hops 1 A. Hops are chiefly used as a bitter in brc Aing, to prevent beer from turning sour. D 38 o Whftt is ftax "^ itwatcd only in r\c\i ground, «ilh slender sla« t ttUsownthe --« ^ 'J^lee twocrtbre. linseed oil. ^ *Th- "« '•-^» "'''f , are gathered and .oaUed t ?he stalks of tbe fta^a« ^ ^^^ ,tem ; they ,X^r, to loosen ^/^^tument called a 6r«ke 1 beaten v,\i^ * ^""l* , j! Lits of tte stem, »»* :i removes all *;^^„^'Sres, .V.ch are pro^ Uaves only the smooth h.n 8 _^^^ ^„d the„ re^:or:-r-r^- ---"•■"" 'T: Why U the seed of -^^^^^^^^^^ settle, and much UUeflaX^_^^^j^„,,emp1 Q, What are principal j A. Rop Q. Whi A. The Q. Wh A. The sembling trunk of t Q. Wh A. Fro Q. Wh A. Int Q. Wh A. Bee Q. Ha^ party 1 A. Yej restorati^ lily in rich c8, and blue e'*f jds, generally two or three Tty? . it i« ^sed in [lent oil, called xre manufactur- ,ered and soaked 1 the stem ; they nt called a brake, of the stem, and 08, which are pro^ , thread, and then into linen, in his led linseed 1 hence we have the I, makes lin-seed. jmbling the common culture and use. e from hemp 1 FOR CHILDREN. 38 A* Ropes and cables. Q. What is tow 1 A. The refuse of hemp after it has been dressed. CHAPTER XXIX. Of Ivory. Q. Wh4t is ivory 1 A< The teeth or Tusks, in shape somewhat re- sembling a horn, which grow on each side of the trunk of the elephant. Q. Whence have we the besti A. From Ceylon. Q. Where is Ceylon 1 A. In the East Indies. Q. Why is this the best ? A. Because it never turns yellow. Q. Have the shavings of ivory any peculiar pro- perty 1 A. Yes ; boiled to a jelly, they possess the same restorative power as hartshorn. CHAPTER XXX. Of Paper, Parchment, Silk, Leather, fyc, Q. What is paper 1 A. A substance made from linen rags. Q,. How is paper made 1 A. The rags are first taken to the mill ; then sort- ed ; next put into an engine placed in a large trough filled with wat^r, af^4 th^^ fofi^ ^^^ beaten to a pulp. f. ^> 40 FIRST CATECHISM Moulds, or frames, are then dipped into the trough, and shaken about until the requisite quantity of pulp is rightly disposed in them ; when it is turned out, as paper, sheet after sheet, pressed, dried, rubbed smooth, sized, and made ready to receive writing, printing, drawing, &c. Q. What is size 1 A. A sticky substance like glue, made of parch- m^nt and vellum shavings. Q. What is common glue 1 A. The sinews and feet of animals boiled down to a strong jelly. Q. Are there not several sorts of paper 1 A. Yes ; the common writing and printing paper ; the Egyptian paper, made of the rush papyrua* ; bark paper, of the inner rind of several trees ; cotton paper ; coarse brown paper, made from old ropes, &c. Q. What is parchment 1 A. The skins of sheep and goats, prepared in a peculiar manner. Q. What is silk? A. The web of a sort of caterpillar, called the silkworm, which lives on mulberry leaves. These webs, after being wound off, are spun into silk thread by a machine, and this thread is afterwards * From the name of this plant, called papyrus^ which grows wild on the banks of the Wle» we derive our word] paper. wove are m Q. A. Q. 1 A. 7 pores o tutesaj A. An Q. Wh A. Aii extent of I people. A. A tii ^^^ head Q- Whi A. A Hi ^so caJJed] Q. Whal -A- A til Hus8ia; be some fanciV the ttougVi, tity of P«^P turned out, led, rubbed ,ive Meriting, ide of parcH- ,oi\ed dovjn to Biper 1 j>rinUug paP«^/» rush papyri > ^a\ trees; cotton from old ropes, 5, prepared in a Leaves. Thes« . spun into silk ead is aftetwatds FOR CHILDREN. 41 woven into the beautiful silk of which ladiei' gowns are made. Q. What is leather 1 A. The skins of various animals tanned and dressed. Q. What is tanning ? A. Tanning is a process which expels from the pores of the skin all the greasy particles, and substi- tutes a preparation oi bark, by which it is preserved. CHAPTER XXXI. Of Titles and Distinctions. Q. What is a title 1 A, An appellation or name of honour. Q. What is an emperor? A. A title given to the supreme ruler of a large extent of country, composed of various nations and people. Q. What is a king 1 A. A title given (as in England, France, &c.) to the head or chief ruler of a country. Q. What is a sultan 1 A. A title of the emperor of the Turks ; who is also called the Grand Signior. Q. What is a czar* 1 A. A title formerly assumed by the emperor of Russia; being a corruption of Caesar, on account of some fancied relation to the Roman emperors. ^ Czar, pronounced Zar. D2 „MTCA«CHW« 42 , TurUisVi empire. ^ ^ CHAPTER XXXU. Or * r T'ntland called 7 Q. What is me ^ ^^^ A The peerage of 1^«S^ . St 1 and bishops. Q What is a duUe . ^^ ^ p^i^cc. ^* The title of honour ne^xi i* ^^^^^^^Cr next below a duUe. . The title of honour n A. That degree next oei - viscount. vUcounf? * Q What degree '"^^'f" ^„ei above a baron, l' The next below an earl, an twhatUabaron^ ^^^„,t,,to{viscount. 1 \ degree of nobiliiyn Q 'what is a lord 1 ^,^ ^^.e sons of a A:A^^^^«°^;CrtoCeiaestsonofaaearl. duke or marquess, and * a. What U a bishop? :9- town» *»^ ibc id' d called ? sf*. ,8COunt8,baroivs, w a prince. ^vraduke. .rquess, and above dabo^eabaton. dow that of viscount. to aU tbe sons of a eldest son of an earl, FOR CHILDREN. 43 A. A clergyman at the head of a diocese. Q. Why are bishops included in the peerage t A. Because all bishops are entitled to sit in the House of Peers, in right of certain lands, supposed to be annexed to their title. CHAPTER XXXIII. Of the Comomnalty of England. Q. Of what does the commonalty of England con- sist 1 A. Of baronets, knights, esquires^ gentlemen, tradesmen, artificers, labourers, &c. Q. What is a baronet 1 A. The only hereditary title enjoyed by the com- monalty. Q. How is the title of baronet obtained 1 A. It is given by the king for some eminent act; and, after death, it descends to the eldest son, or heir at law. Q. What is a knight? A. A title given to a person by the king, for life only. Q. What are the different orders of knighthood in Great Britain ? A. There are knights of the order of the garter, of the thistle, of the bath, of St. Patrick, of St. Michael, and St. George, and what are termed simple knights. Q. Which is the highest order of knighthood ? A. That of the garter, of which the king himself is the head. J I ' t^' '■»; ^i-ll- T. j 44 FIRST CAT£CHI8M Q. How are baronets distinguished in their coats of arms 1 A. By the representation of a bloody hand. Q. How are knights distinguished ? A. By a helmet. Q. What is an esquire 1 A. In law, esquires consist of the eldest sons of the younger sons of peers ; of the eldest sons of knights, and their eldest sons in succession ; of gen- tlemen possessing estates worth three hundred pounds a year ; uf barristers at law ; and of all per- sons holding offices of trust under the crown. Q. Are there no other persons addressed as es- quires 1 A. Yes ; the title is applied, by courtesy, to most persons not engaged in trade or in mechanical pur- suits. CHAPTER XXXIV. Of Accent and Emphasis. Q. What is meant by accent 1 A. By accent is meant the giving every word its pro- per sound, by laying a greater stress on one syllable than another ; as in the word al'phabet, where the accent is on the first syllable al ; but if I remove it, it will be alpha'bet, or alphabe't, giving quite another pronunciation. Q. What is meant by the double accent 1 A. The double accent is made use of, to shew that the consonant which is joined to the second or third syllable, &c. is to be pronounced also with the one preceding ; thus, a^'cid is pronounced as-sid. Q. } A. A the emj laying a to make itood. Q. Wi A. Pui printed c tences, fo pauses or Q. Hov A. The I their coats hand. eldest 8008 of eldest sons of ssion ; of gen- hree hundred and of all per- crown. idressed as es- )urtesy, to most rnechanical pur- is. ery word its pro- s on one syllable labet, where the ►ut it' 1 remove it, ring quite another accent 1 e of, to shew that le second or third also with the one ed as-sid. FOR CHILDREN. 45 Q. What is meant by emphasis 1 A. As the accent belongs to every word, so does the emphasis to every sentence : and it consists in laying a greater stress on one word than on another, to make the full force of the expression better under- stood. CHAPTER XXXV. Of Punctuation. Q. What is meant by punctuation? A. Punctuation is the art of dividing a written or printed composition into sentences, or parts of sen- tences, for the purpose of duly marking the different pauses or rests. Q. How many points and stops are there '} A. The principal are six, viz. A comma marked thus , A semicolon thus ; A colon thus : A period, or full stop thus . A note of interrogation thus 1 A note of admiration thus ! Q. What time must you stop at each of these points ? A. At a comma, while I can count one; At the semicolon, while two ; At the colon, while three ; At the period, while four; At the note of interrogation, while six. At the note of admiration, while six. „WT CATBCB..M A. The period marKs /^. The colon i3 useo ^ tor :u»t - ^' t\ii::;sUe depart ^ To divide a sentence iniF colon, to* o-»^°rrner;arithic.«esep«.ed not so closely connecie ^^r Or«"^'^' - '' ^'^rre;U those t.aru of I THe co-;>-S;:e;'closely -neeted « . ,entence, which hougi j^^^. el. require ^'-ej ».»- ^^^^ ^^ ,„gat»on1 io^-'^^rSsr-t. or an, sudden A It denotes suvpns emotion of the mind. ^^^ CHAPTER XXXVI. Q. What other marks or ofiuNvriting^ thesis marked.. thus I) A, A parenthesis m ^^^^ , An apostrophe ^^^^ ^ Acavet ..• ....thU9- Ahyphen- A A Ai A Ai Ai Pfi Q. Of^ A. The in reading injury to I The ap< The cai writing. The hyj dog, to-m< The pai discourse. The qu< marked ar The inc The se( parts or p The as something the page. Q. Wh A. Init as A. D. B. A.Ba plelc sen- member ol re dependant ^ colon, V)'J^ are separated those parts of y connected 'm them, interrogation • ked. iration? ,^ or any sudden ri. Writing' cters are made use husl) thus ' thus A .thus - FOR CHILDREff. 47 A paragraph • . ..thus IF A quotation thus " " An index, or hand thus (JJ* A section thus § An asterisk, or star thus * An obelisk, or dagger . . thus f Parallels thus || Q. Of what use are these marks ? A. The parenthesis is used to inclose words, which, in reading the sentence, might be omitted without injury to the sense. The apostrophe is used to abbreviate a word. The caret is used where a word is left out in writing. The hyphen is used to join words together ; as lap- dog, to-morrow. The paragraph is placed at the beginning of a new discourse. The quotation is used to signify that the words so marked are borrowed from other writings. The index points to something very remarkable. The section is used to divide a discourse into less parts or portions, The asterisk, the obelisk, and parallels, refer to something in the margin, or to notes at the lottom of the page. Q. What are abbreviations 1 A. Initial letters, signifying whole words ; such as A. D. for Anno Domini^ the year of our Lord ; B. A. Bachelor of Arts, &.c. 48 CHAPTER XXXVU. Bread. ,uch as «V.eat, rye. an . ^ ^j.^ „,ost « tutbreadingencrj. - «heaten flour. saU, ye ^. some, U ^^^'°l^l eaUed the common ^V-' and water. Th.s ^' rwhat U tV>en done . ^^„„, ,„ p.oper- nliS: en "vth ha. .een prepared fort baked mtbeo ,, „ffl„„r contain^ C°H;w m-y pounds aoe- -^;L^^^^ 80 .uar- weighs fou ten ounces Q. Arc peck loavc A. No; what size the pound Q. Whi quartern 1 A. Itsli Q. Wh white or f A. The bread. Q. Hoi A. Th< mixture c whole sul either th( Q. Wl A. Iti warm mi! of eggs, breads al bread. Q. Wl A. Un water. ' over cak &c. arc J is a baked ,'t some grain, dure of these-, most whole- ur, salt, yeast, mon white, or ur are added six 5t, and six quarts il is covered up lecbnically called ded, and the mass consistency. hours, till propet- ,s, and afterwards , prepared for that vcU of flour containi ould make 80 quar- ^,allo^ving three and )at. f weigh *? , roes intothe oven, It j FUH CHILDREN. 49 weighs four pounds fifteen ounces, but loses nine or ten ounces in baking. Q. Arc quartern loaves, half-peck loaves, and peck loaves, now sold by Ihc London bakers ? A. No ; bakers may now make their loaves of what size and weight Ihey please, and sell them by the pound. Q. What does the loaf, now generally used as the quartern loaf, weigh 1 A. It should weigh four pounds. Q. What other kinds of bread are there besides the white or family bread 1 A. The princi|)al are the wheaten and the household bread. Q. How is each of these made 1 A. The wheaten bread is made of flour with a mixture or the fine bran ; and the household^ with the whole substance of the grain, without taking out either the coarse bran of the fine flour. Q. What is French bread ? A. It is a fine, or fancy bread, prepared with warm milk, instead of water, and having the addition of eggs, and fresh butter. This and the different breads above mentioned, are what is called leaveijcd bread. Q. What is unleavened bread 1 A, Unleavened bread is made of flour mixed with water. The sea and other biscuits ; the Jews' pass- over cake ; the oalen and barley bread of Scotland, &c. arc of this nature. £ \ 50 FIRST CATECHrsM CHAPTER XXXVIU. Butter. Q^ Row much oiwer » London annually t A. Fifty thousand tons. n What 18**°''^ . ut A Twenty hundred-we.gW. t What is a hundr^-8f ;„.,,, X one hundred and ^^^^^^ ^ ,,„d are supposed Q. Which of the oou"i'^^« ; i , to produce the g^-^^fg^^L Cambridge, which '"^J'rt^hSSon with fifty thousand : ^X^:::Z' PO-^^ does a firUin of t>u«er contain 1 A. Fifty po^^^^- CHAPTER XXXIX. Cheese. Q From what is cheese made ^ ^^^^^^ ^,^^ t Cheese is made from «»*' f ^^^^,, The thin ,ee„ taken off for ^''^ ""^cd by means of » Uquid which then remams IS e in common e consumed in ■■n' -is. 3ind arc supposed butter ? Jambridge, which I fifty thousand . firkin of butter IX. after ilie cream hab 3f butter. The thin | idled by means of a FOR CHILDREN. 51 rennet^ squeezed dry in a press, formed into shape, and then left to harden by time. Q. Which are the cheeses most esteemed 1 A. The English cheeses most esteemed are the Stilton, double Gloucester, Cheddar, and Cheshire cheese ; but the most celebrated is called the Stilton. Q. Whence does the Stilton cheese receive its name 1 A. From the small town of Stilton in Huntingdon- shire, which has long been celebrated for its cheese ; but the principal part that goes under this name is made at Melton Mowbray, in Leicestershire; and much is made all throughout the counties of Hunt- ingdon, Rutland, and Northamptonshire. Q. Is this the case with the other cheeses of which we have spoken ? A. Yes ; the Cheshire and Gloucester cheeses are still distinguished by the names of those counties ; but they also are made in many other parts of Eng- land. Q. Is that high colour which we see in cheese its natural one, or is it not 1 A. No ; its natural colour is white ; but the high colour which we generally see, is made by putting a little annatto with the milk before it is turned. No cheese will look yellow without this addition, which is perfectly innocent, but does not, in the least, add to the goodness of the cheese. * Rennet is an acid preparation, from the stomach of a calf. _ FIK8T CATECHISM Q. What is a"^^^^^; ^ Spanish dtug used in A. Annatto, «^^^^^1^°V' ;.^„„Vi> of a curious , • ^ Tt is prepared fi*om the puip oi dyeing. It is prep ..^^urggt indies, shrub, i^hich grows in theWest in CHAPTER XL. Manufactures. salt*. ^^^.a nf glass are there ? J Q. Ho^ many o ts oj 8^ ^e«>e<««I*.gl«M, the 6ottI«. Of gM'^-S'"**' * •' ^f Which of these ''»''« -:;:::cUi-. A. The most val«''''>« °^;''^^^';*,„rge»h««t«-' ,„a is almost «<='7;^;;£s of carriage.. looJiing-glasses, and for the vv.na J: t^UsrVeoce. or external covering ofa .^ — " « aI-,_ T .avflnt, ^^aS^S^^^^^ P^^'f JS word feaK, glass^^'J: It is BO called from the Arabum wo .^ water, and, Uch,having.beenbur.t oa^^^^^^^^^ .^ ^,, ,«h, or after evaporation, the wniie s alkali' FOR CHILDREN. 53 hdYugusedin of a curious reduced 1 Ittle substance, int, and alkaline here? 085 and the plaic- auablc ? is the plate-glass, ei or large sheets; jred for mirrors or ,ws of carriages. jrnal covering of a animal, it is picked tash, from the 3Lcvant. ord kalUglass^^rt' boiled in water; and, aining, is sal kah, or and sorted ; and then freed from every impurity. The wool-comber afterwards prepares it for the spin- ner, by whom it is twisted into thread, called worsted or yarn. Q. How is the yarn or worsted usedl A. It is woven in a loom into cloths, flannels, or stockings, of various degrees of fineness. Q. What is cotton 1 A. It is the produce of a tree, or shrub, that grows in warm climates. ' Q,. What are the purposes for which it is used 1 A. It is made into muslins, calicos, sheeting, bed furniture, curtains, &c. ^-''^'^ ' Q. How is it wrought into such articles 1 A. It is woven in a manner similar to wool. Q. How are carpets made ? A. Carpets are also woven, in upright looms, dif- ferent from those used for woollen cloths, cotton goods, &c. Q. What are hats made of 1 A. They are made of the fine hair of animals, felted or beaten, and then gummed together till the parts firmly adhere. Q. What are shoes and gloves made of 1 A. Of leather, or the hides of animals tanned. Q. Where are knives, scissars, and other steel articles made 1 A. Chiefly at Birmingham in Warwickshire, and .'^heflfield in Yorkshire. E2 51 FIRST CAT£CttI8M CHAPTER XLI. Various Sorts of Wood. Q. What is oak timber ? A. The wood of a tree which, from an acorn or small nut, grows to a large size. Q. What are the uses of oak 1 A. It is used by the carpenter for all sorts of wood- work, in churches and houses, and for buildiiig of ships, being remarkable for strength and durability. Q. What is fir or deall A. It is the wood of the pine or lir^ree, which at- tains a large size in Norway, and other cold countries. Q. What is mahogany ? A, Mahogany is the wood of a large spreading tree, which grows to an immense size in the West- Indies and in South America. Q. For what is it chiefly used 1 A. For the manufacture of tables, chairs, and other household furniture. Q. What is cedar ? A. It is the wood of a large tree which grows in eastern countries. Q. For what is it chiefly used in England >? A. In the manufacture of cabinet work, and black lead pencils. Q,. What are the properties of cedar 1 A. It has a fragrant smell ; and when converted into drawers, boxes, &c. it is supposed to protect their contents against moths, and other insects. A. It in the \ oabincft i an acorn or L sorts of wood- for buildiiig of and durability. Jtxee, which at- rcoldcountricB. large spreading ze in the West- les, chairs, and which grows m England? t work, and black edar 1 when converted pposed to protect [)iher insects. FOR CIKLDRSN. 55 Q. What is rose wood 1 A. It is the beautiful wood of a tree, whicbgrofws in the West Indies, and is much used in ornamental oabiniftwork. CHAPTER XLII. Liquids, Fluids, and Solids. Q. What are liquids 1 A. Liquids and fluids are substances which yield io pressure, and flow readily. Q. What is the differenoe 'between liquids and fluids. A. AH liquids are fluid, but a^l fluids are not liquids. Liquids are wet substances ; such as water, wine, beer, milk, &c., but fluids may be either wet or dry, Q. Give me an example ? A. Water, iit^bich'is wet, is a fluid ; hut air, light- ning, &c, which are c2ry, but possess the property of flowing f are also fluids, though not 'liquids. Q. What are solids 1 A. Solids are 'the oppOsites of liquids and fluids: they are substances which do not yield to pressure, and which cannot^ou?, or be poured, from one ves- sel into another ; as bread, wood, &c. Q,. Is sugar a liquid or a solid 1 A. Sugar is a solid. Q. When put into a liquid, it melts or dissolves: when- thus dissolved, has it become a liquid? I [■ i '1 'f :■' 'f.i I- 56 FIRST CATECHISM A. No ; it has lost the properties of a solid, and is said to be in a state of solution. Q. What is sugar 1 A. It is the di:ied juice, or sap, of the sugar-cane ; a beautiful plant,cultivated chiefly in the West-Indies. CHAPTER XLIII. Miscellanies. Q. What is rhubarb 1 A. The root of a tree, or plant, growing in Tur- key, and in other parts ; very serviceable in medicine. Q. What is Peruvian bark ? A. The bark of the quinquinna tree, growing in and about Peru, in South America. It was first dis- covered by the Jesuits, a religious society in Spain^ whence it is frequently called the Jesuits' bark. Q. What is gum Arabic 1 A. A kind of white gum brought from Turkey and Arabia. Q. WhatisoiU A. Oil (of which there are many sorts) is a liquid substance, obtained from olives, from various seeds, and from the fat of whales, and other fishes. Q. What is castor oil ? A. Castor oil is extracted from a tree, called by the Americans Palma-Christi, growing in the West- indies. Q. What is fullers' earth 1 A. A sort of mai-l, of great use in cleansing and prapan tershirc Q. W A. A and thoi sucking a solid, and is he sugar-cane ; le West-Indies. growing in Tur- ble in medicine. tree, growing in It was first dis- jociety in Spain, esuits' bark. from Turkey and sorts) is a liquid om various seeds, er fishes. a tree, called by wing in the West- }e m cleansing and FOR CHILDREN. 57 praparing wool ; it abounds in Bedfordshire, Worces- tershire, and Shropshire. Q. What is sponge 1 A. A soft porous substance found sticking to rocks, and thought to have animal life. It is remarkable for mucking up water. CHAPTER XLIV, Miscellanies [continued), Q. What is cork 7 A. The bark of the cork tree^ a kind of oak grow- ing in Italy, Spain, Portugal, &c. Q. What is common salt 1 A. Sea-water dried. Q. Whatisriee? A. A grain or seed growing in the £a9t and West Indies. The plant which produces it flourishes in low marshy places, and is reaped; rvhen ripe, as corn is with us. Q. What is mustard ? A. The mustard-plant seed ground into flour. It is common all over England. Q. What is ink 1 A. A liquid used to write with ; made of galls, copperas, gum, and water. Q. What are galls .?> A. They are excrescences, or lumps, found on trees, and are formed there by insects. Q. Whalt is copperas ? >'H 58 FIRST CAT£CHI8M A. It is a metallic salt formed by the action of sul- phuric acid (commonly called oil of vitriol) on iron. Q. What are pens 1 A. They are made from quills, or the long feathers that grow in the wings of geese. The quills of other birds are frequently used for the same purpose ; crow quills especially, by those who wish to write a fine running hand. Pens of late have frequently been made of Jtieel and silver. Q. How are candles made 1 A. By dipping cotton wicks into a vessel of melted tallow, which adheres to the cotton ; the operation is repeated until they have attaint a sufficient thickness. Mould candles are formed by pouring the tallow into metal tubes, or moulds, through which the wicks have been previously passed. Q. What is tallow 1 A. The fat of animals melted and purified. Q, Are candles made of anything else besides tal- low 1 A. They are also made of wax a substance col- lected by bees, and spermaceti, which is found in the head of some kinds of v/hales. CHAPTEU XLV. Historical Facts. Q,, When was the world created 1 A. About six thousand years ago. Q. What became of the fir.'it race of men ? A. ( they w called t Q. r A. Y were si ihem al scended Q. W A. Tl empires. Q. WJ A. Sc\ head, or Q. WI] A. Thfl Q. Wl A. Ei| Q. W; A. Ail iction of su\- ol) on iron. long feathers luills of other urpose ; crow ) ^vrite a fine quently been Bssel of melted the operation ir\ a sufficient ed by pouring , through which d. purified. else besides tal- a substance col- hich is found in n J. e of liicn ? FOR CHILDREN. 59 A. On account of their sini:<. which were very great, they were destroyed by a i^ood, which is usually called the Universal Deluge. Q. Did any escape 1 A. Yes, Noah and his three sons, with their wives, were saved in a kind of ship called an ark. From them all the men and women in the world are de- scended. Q. Which were the four great empires 1 A. The Assyrian j Persian, Grecian, and Roman empires. Q. What do you mean by an empire 1 A. Several great nations, governed by a single head, or ruler. Q. Which of the four empires was the greatest 1 A. The Roman ; and it also lasted the longest. Q. When was Jesus Christ born ? A. Eighteen hundred and thirty-six years ago. Q. Who was Mohammed 1 A. All imposter, who appeared in Arabia about six hundred years after Christ, and there founded a new religion. Q. What nations profess the false religion of Mo- hammed 1 A. The principal arc the Persians in Asia, Uic Turks in Europe, and the Moors in Africa. Q. By whom was Aniurica discovered \ A. By Christopher Columbus, a native of Genoa in Italy. I 60 FIRST CATECHISM FOR CHILDREN. Q. Who waf th« first that sailed round th9 world 1 A. Magellan, a Spanish admiral. Q. What do you moan by an admiral T A. One who commands a fleet, that is several ships. Q. Who was the first Englishman that sailed round the earth 1 A. Sir Francis Drake ; in the reign of Elizabeth. Q. What is meant by the Reformation ? A. The alterations made by Martin Luther in reli- gion. The principal was throwing o£f the authority of the pope. Q. What was the Revolution 1 A. The people of England being badly treated by James the Second, deprived him of his crown, and chose William, prince of Orange, as their king. Q. Who is the present king of England? ' A. William the Fourth. Q. From what family is he descended ? A. From the family or house of Brunswick, who inherit the English throne in right of the princess Sophia, a dau;^hter of James the First, from whom they are descended. Q. Has our present monarch any other dominions besides those of England 1 A. Yes ; he is king of Hanover in Germany, and has also extensive colonies in every quarter of the globe. THE EWD. >REN. Ind th9 worid 1 ill Ihat is several it sailed round of Elizabeth, lion ? Luther in reli- ffthe authority )adly treated by ' his crown, and their king. jgland.5 nded? Brunswick, who t of the princess 'irst, from whom other dominions •^er in Germany, every quarter of »1 it ^•Ll LIST 0F PINN(J((tX»S I^^TECHIfllil^^^ rOR SALK ^V ' -r* C. H. BELCHER. |AgricuUure, fAlgebra, ^strotlomy, itish Law, kible & (jrospel History, totany, iCbronology, v IConchology, , [chemistry, [christian Religioiy, ^tymotogy, » First CatechistQ, [eography, ►raWry, •; History of England, "A\. — '" Scotland, — France, -- Rome, — the Jews, Icthyology, Morality, Mental Philosophy, Mythology, Navigation, Ornithology, Perspective, Rhetoric, Spanish Grammar. tti..'-' Bot8|^ Nat^itPhilosophy, Pt.Ll - ■ 'P •v> r ■:■■ M ■ ■ '•'¥ !JS ;^ ^k.'^ii ,AiL*«Jt- > 4